\
THE STANDARD CYCLOPEDIA OF
HORTICULTURE
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
NEW YORK • BOSTON • CHICAGO
ATLANTA • SAN FRANCISCO
MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED
LONDON • BOMBAY • CALCUTTA
MELBOURNE
THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD,
TORONTO
THE JH^L
STANDARD CYCLOPEDIC OF
HORTICULTURE
A DISCUSSION, FOR THE AMATEUR, AND THE PROFESSIONAL AND
COMMERCIAL GROWER, OF THE KINDS, CHARACTERISTICS AND
METHODS OF CULTIVATION OF THE SPECIES OF PLANTS GROWN IN
THE REGIONS OF THE UNITED STATES AND CANADA FOR ORNAMENT,
FOR FANCY, FOR FRUIT AND FOR VEGETABLES; WITH KEYS TO THE
NATURAL FAMILIES AND GENERA, DESCRIPTIONS OF THE HORTI-
CULTURAL CAPABILITIES OF THE STATES AND PROVINCES AND
DEPENDENT ISLANDS, AND SKETCHES OF EMINENT HORTICULTURISTS
BY
L. H. BAILEY
Illustrated with Colored Plates, Four Thousand Engravings in the Text,
and Ninety-six Full-page Cuts
IN SIX VOLUMES
VOL. VI— S-Z
AND SUPPLEMENT
PAGES 3043-3639. FIGS. 3516-4056
THIRD EDITION
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
LONDON: MACMILLAN & CO., LTD.
1919
The rights of reproduction and of translation are strictly reserved
** **< ' • " •- • ' ' '".
» •* • " e* ? 2 c'*e i."8 '
V. fo
COPYRIGHT, 1902
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
REWRITTEN, ENLARGED AND RESET
COPYRIGHT, 1917
BY THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
Set Up and Electrotyped. Published March 28, 1917
Reprinted May, 1917; March, 1919
AGRJC. DEPT,
J. HORACE MCFABLAND COMPAHY
HARBISBURO, PENNSYLVANIA
FULL-PAGE PLATES
Facing page
CI. Well-filled mixed border, with lilacs predominating (in color) . Frontispiece
CII. Sambucus canadensis, the American sweet or summer-flowering elder . . 3068
CIII. Greenhouse group of parent and hybrid sarracenias . . ... . . 3084
CIV. Seed-growing in California. — Drying and turning lettuce stalks on the sheets;
cutting onion heads (Photographs by C. C. Morse & Co.) . . . 3134
CV. Solidago ulmifolia, one of the Common goldenrods 3187
CVI. Spinach. — A plant of Long Season variety; spinach field near Norfolk, Virginia. 3205
CVII. Effective shrubbery border. — Spireas in good form 3235
CVIII. Strawberry.— The Climax variety (in color) - . . 3260
CIX. Sweet peas of the Spencer or waved type 3284
CX. Commercial field of sweet potatoes in the Middle South 3296
CXI. Syringa (lilac), Madame Lemoine 3325
CXII. A good type of commercial tomato. — Brinton Best (in color) .... 3352
CXIII. Tsuga canadensis. — The hemlock spruce of the northeastern United States and
Canada 3383
CXIV. Tulip varieties bf the Tulipa Gesneriana type (in color) 3402
CXV. A market-garden of the modern type nea"r a city, with overhead irrigation . 3437
CXVI. Viburnum tomentosum . . . . . . . . .. . 3458
CXVTI. Victoria and nymphaea in a good setting 3480
C XVIII. Washingtonia filifera var. robusta . .~ ....... 3506
CXIX. Wisteria sinensis hi a striking effect 3517
CXX. Zinnia, Giant Yellow and Scarlet . . . . 3549
SUPPLEMENT
Page
General statement; statistics of the Cyclopedia 3553
Collaborators in the making of the Cyclopedia 3555
Cultivator's guide to the practice articles . 3562
Additional species 3565
New combinations in Latin names 3574
Finding-list of trade names 3575
Index to the six volumes, of synonyms, vernacular names, and others not in regular
alphabetic sequence , 3611
(v)
497722
SABAL (possibly a native name in South America,
but the author of the genus does not explain). Pal-
maceae, tribe Coryphese. Spineless palms, low, tall, or
almost stemless.
Trunk slender or robust, ringed or nearly smooth,
creeping or erect, ascending at the base, clothed above
with dead If .-sheaths: Ivs. terminal, orbicular or cune-
ate at the base, flabellately multifid; segms. linear, bifid,
filamentous on the margins, induplicate in the bud;
rachis short or long;
ligule short, adnate
to the rachis; peti-
ole concave above,
the margins smooth,
acute ; sheath short :
spadices large,
elongated, decom-
pound, at first erect,
the branches and
branchlets slender,
recurving, pendent;
spathes sheathing
the branches and
peduncles tubular,
oblique at the
throat: bracts and
bractlets minute:
fls. small, glabrous,
white or green: frs.
small, globose,
black, the short
style basal . — Spe-
cies probably 20, if
Inodes is not sepa-
rated. Fla. to Ven-
ezuela, and in Mex.
Here belongs the
palmetto or cabbage
palm of the south-
ern states. The
best botanical ac-
count of the genus
is Beccari's, Le
Palmae Americane
della tribu delle
Coryphese, pp. 10-
83 (1907). Most of
the species can be
cult, in the tem-
perate house, but
any that may come
into the trade from
S. Amer. would re-
quire stove condi-
tions. <S. Palmetto
can be grown out-
doors from Charles-
ton southward. 5.
texana and 5. exul are handsomer species, and hardy in
parts of Texas.
The arboreous species of Sabal have been separated
by Cook (Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, 28:529) as Inodes.
These species also differ in their foliage. "The leaves of
Sabal are adapted for standing erect and avoid resist-
ance to the wind by being split down the middle. The
leaves of Inodes which are held horizontal from an
erect axis have attained the unique adaptation of a
193 (3043)
decurved midrib which braces the sloping sides of the
leaf and effectively prevents the breaking above the
ligule."
The cabbage palmetto (5. Palmetto) grows in groups
of a few specimens to several hundreds or even thous-
ands in the rich black soil on the banks of the St. Johns
and Ocklawaha rivers of Florida, forming a glorious
sight. They are found northward to South Carolina,
but they attain their fullest development in Florida,
where they always
form an important
feature of the land-
scape. Generally
they grow in dense
groups, but they
are more beautiful
in all their parts
where they have
room enough to
spread. In south-
ern Florida under-
neath the crown of
leaves is often found
a dense wreath o'f
ferns (Polypodium
aureum), which
heightens the charm
of these palms con-
siderably. On the St.
Johns the trunk is
often covered with
the trumpet creeper
(Campsis radicans),
or it is hidden by the
dense foliage of the
cross- vine (Bignonia
capreolata), both of
which form a beau-
tiful ornament,
especially when in
flower. These sug-
gestions of nature
are often followed
by planters who
have a feeling for
nat ure - like land-
scape effects. The
cabbage palmetto
thrives even in the
poor sandy soil, and
it is greatly im-
3516. Sabal Palmetto, the cabbage palmetto of the southern states.
proved by cultiva-
tion. Even good-
sized trees are not
difficult to trans-
plant if the whole
stem is carefully
dug out and all of
the roots and leaves are cut off. If the stem has been
set at least 3 feet deep and the soil is kept well
watered after planting, the palmetto is almost sure to
live. In addition to the palmetto, all of the sabals men-
tioned in this work are cultivated by the undersigned
on high pine land in southern Florida. Under these
conditions the sabals have proved a great success, as
also all species of Phoenix and all Cqcos of the australis
type, while the species of Washingtonia, Erythea,
3044
SABAL
SABAL
Livisljona, and- Tmeh^carpus have been an entire
failure." vS. Bl&ckbww&auti -is, in the judgment of some,
the fiaest of. all the. fan-lea.ved-palms that can be grown
ifr'FJoVdav 1A11 -the £pe$ies that 'form trunks are objects
of great 'b'eaUly'wheh^fell "grown. They need to be well
fertilized, or the lower leaves will suffer and finally die,
thus detracting much from the elegance of the speci-
men. They all grow naturally in rich black soil, but they
all thrive exceedingly well in the sandy pine-woods soil
if well fertilized and watered; in fact, they can hardly
be fertilized too much, and the more nitrogenous manure
and water they get the faster they grow. When trans-
planted they must be set deep. In planting palms make
a hollow about 6 feet in diameter and about 2 feet deep
in the center. This center, which receives the plant, is
the deepest point, while the ground all around is
slightly sloping. Care must be taken to remove the
sand after heavy rains or the crown will soon be buried
and the little plant dies. As the palm first forms the
3517. Sabal glabra.
trunk in the soil and as the growth is rather rapid, this
precaution is not necessary after the plant has attained
a few feet in size. (H. Nehrling.)
A. Trunk evident, usually tall.
B. Foliage very glaucous.
uresana, Trel. (Inbdes uresdna, Cook). Trunk 15-
35 ft. high and upward of 1 ft. diam.: Ivs. glabrous,
very glaucous ; petiole stout, concavo-convex, unarmed,
about 40 in. long, nearly 1 in. wide and nearly %in.
thick; blade about 40 in. long and wide, multifid, with
coarse straw-colored fibers from the sinuses, the center
arcuately recurved: fr. of a single developed carpel,
depressed globose, %in. or less in diam., edible, green,
or when dry dingy brown and somewhat glossy, the
mesocarp then cottony; endocarp whitish straw-color,
glossy within; seed polished, dark chestnut-brown,
labyrinthiform-rugose, much depressed. Sonora, Mex.,
in the vicinity of Ures; intro. to cult, in S. Calif. R.H.
1910, p. 59. Described and figured in vol. 12 (1901) of
Kept. Mo. Bot. Gard. — "From the two arboreous pal-
mettos of the United States, S. uresana differs markedly
in its pale, very glaucous foliage, and in the size of its
fruit, which is of thrice the diameter of that of S. Pal-
metto, and usually a third larger than in S. mexicana,
with the former of which species it agrees in having but
one of the three carpels developed and fertile while in
S. mexicana two or even all three are not infrequently
developed. Considering the extent to which this section
of Mexico has been visited by collectors of seeds it
would be remarkable if this attractive plant should
not prove to be already in cultivation in European
gardens."
BB. Foliage green or essentially so, at least above.
mauritiaefSnnis, Griseb. & Wendl.; also spelled
mauritiiformis. Trunk middle-sized, but occasionally
attaining 60-80 ft.: Ivs. finally 12 ft. across; blade
suborbicular, longer than the petiole, glaucous beneath,
multifid to the middle, with loose fibers between the
bifid lobes: spadix very long and much branched,
appearing below the Ivs.: fr. globose or inverted pear-
shaped, about 1^ in. long. W. Indies. — The name
mauritiseformis does not appear in the American trade,
but S. glaucescens, Lodd. and Hort., probably belongs
here, according to Grisebach. Nehrling writes: "S.
glaucescens of the trade rivals S. Blackburniana in
beauty and rapidity of growth. Its Ivs., though smaller,
have a beautiful bluish green color."
Palmetto, Lodd. (Inbdes Palmetto, Cook). CABBAGE
PALMETTO. Fig. 3516. St. erect, 20-80 ft. high: lys.
5-8 ft. long, cordate in outline, recurved at the summit,
shorter than the petiole; segms. deeply cleft: spadix
spreading, shorter than the Ivs.: drupe black, ^-Km-
long. N. C. to Fla. and Bahamas. S.S. 10:507. A.F.
12:628. — S. Mocinii, Hort., is referred to S. Palmetto by
Voss, but Nehrling describes it as a stemless
plant from Mex., more beautiful than the dwarf
palmetto, bearing immense Ivs. on strong
stalks, the Ivs. attaining a height of 6-8 ft.
Others think S. Mocinii is the same as S.
Blackburniana. S. Palmetto has been confused
in the European trade with S. texana. Very
commonly planted as a shade and avenue
tree in the southern states.
Blackburniana, Glazeb. (S. umbraculifera,
Mart. Inbdes Blackburniana, Cook) . St. 30-
40 ft. high, thickened at the middle: blade
ample, orbicular, glaucous, rather rigid,
shorter than the petiole; lobes ab9ut 40, ensi-
form, bifid, filamentous, rather rigid: spadix
more branched than in any other species: fr. inverted
pear-shaped, about 1^ in. long. W. Indies. G.F.
4:307. G.C. II. 2:777. Loudon's Gard. Mag. 5: 52-7,
with several figures. R.B. 35, p. 189.
causiarum, Becc. (Inbdes causidrum, Cook). PORTO
Rico HAT-PALM. YARAY. Trunk to 40 or 50 ft. and
2 ft. thick, columnar or nearly so, light gray or nearly
white: If .-bases splitting into fibers and more or less
remaining as long ribbons: Ivs. about 12 ft. long,
the blade and petiole about equal in length but both
surpassed by the infl., the petiole keeled near the end
above: fr. J^-^in. diam., grayish, with a finely rugose
or nearly smooth chestnut-brown seed.
texana, Becc. (S. mexicana, Auth., not Mart. Inbdes
texana, Cook). Robust palm, to 50 ft. and 2% ft. diam.
of trunk which is bright reddish brown: Ivs. 5-7 ft.
across, shining and yellowish green, the segms. often
parted and filamentose, the petiole stout and equaling
or exceeding the blade: terminal branchlets of infl.
slender: seed about 3^in. broad, with a prominent
micropyle. S. Texas. S.S. 10:508.
exul, Bailey (Inbdes exul, Cook). A strong vigor-
ous tree with large crown of vivid green Ivs., and green
trunk due to the color retained in the sheathing lf.-
bases: Ivs. otherwise much like those of S. texana:
branchlets of infl. thickened: fr. solitary, with large
seed not wrinkled above nor hollowed below. —
Described from handsome trees planted at Victoria,
Texas, probably native of Mex. Hardy and promising,
princeps, Hort. Large species with a stout trunk
which is covered with the persistent bases of the old
Ivs.: Ivs. very large, about 5 ft. long; blade divided into
about 100 segms., chartaceous, green; segms. all
SABAL
SACCHARUM
3045
rather shortly cleft at the apex, about 3 ft. long by 1 ^£
in. broad, acuminate, pointed: fruiting spadices pend-
ent, about 6 ft. long, forming a very dense panicle:
spathe tubular-funnelform, striate, obliquely truncate:
fr. black, shining, globose. Habitat unknown; cult, in
S. Calif. — Resembles S. Blackbumiana.
AA. Trunk none or creeping.
glabra, Sarg. (S. Addnsonii, Guerns. S. minus or
nunor, Pers. Corypha minor, Jacq. not Linn.). DWARF
PALMETTO. BLCE PALM. Fig. 3517. St. short, buried
in the earth so that the palm appears stemless: Ivs. 2-3
ft. long; blade circular in its outline, somewhat longer
than the petiole, glaucous; segms. slightly cleft at the
apex: spadix erect, much longer than the Ivs., 3-6 ft.:
drupe }£in. thick, black. Southern states. B.M. 1434.
— Often cult, outdoors in the southern states. There
are different forms, apparently unknown to the trade.
megacarpa, Small (S. Etbnia, Swingle). SCRUB
PALMETTO. Low shrub, the sts. elongated, creeping, and
contorted: Ivs. standing 4-5 ft. high, the sharp-edged
petioles exceeding the nearly orbicular blades which are
1J^-2J^ ft. across, deeply cleft at apex and segms.,
longer than body, filamentose: infl. 2-2 ^ ft- long,
ascending but becoming prostrate, branching: perianth
yellowish white: fr. nearly globose, K~Mm- diam. Fla.
The following are mostly trade names, but at present they can
be only imperfectly described: S. cseruliscens. Bull. A native of Col-
ombia intro. in 1875. Apparently only the juvenile state has been
described. Lvs. elongate, linear-lanceolate, plicate, with a bluish or
glaucous green color which is very strongly marked on the under
surface. Xehrling writes that he cannot distinguish at present his
specimens of S. cserulescens from S. glaucescens. — S. dealbata,
Hort. "This species," writes Xehrling, "reminds one of S. Mocinii,
although it is smaller in all its parts. The Ivs. are numerous, glau-
cous green and of a fine fan-shaped form. Compared with the sabals
that form a trunk, these stemless species have little beauty,
though they look well as foliage plants in company with Cycas
revoluta and Dioon edule." The name "dealbata" means whitened,
but it app.ears to be unrecognized in botanical literature in con-
nection with Sabal. — S. Ghiesbrechiii, Hort., is S. Palmetto, at least
so far as some gardens are concerned, but Beccari considers it an
European name applied to cult, plants of S. Palmetto. — S. glauca,
Hort. Pitcher & Manda, 1895, may possibly be meant for S.
glaucescens. — S. haranensis, Lodd., according to Xehrling, "is a
more upright grower than S. Blackburniana, has a slender st. and
the If.-stalks are longer and thinner. The Ivs. have a bluish green
color while young, changing to a fine dark green when they get
older." Habitat unknown and the name has no botanical standing.
— S. Hodgendorpii, Hort., is Livistona Hoogendorpii- — S. jatdnica,
Hort., Pitcher & Manda, is possibly meant for S. havanensis, since
Sabal is an American genus and is not known in Java. — S. longifdlia,
Hort., according to Xehrling "has very numerous, long and slender
Ivs. which are bright green above and silvery below." — S. longi-
pedunculata, Hort., according to Xehrling, "is a stemless plant
with smaller Ivs. than those of S. Mocinii and very long and
slender stalks." Reasoner adds that the Ivs. are glaucous green.
The last two are known only by these trade names, and are not
certainly referable to any maintained species. L H B t
SABATIA (named after Liberatus Sabbati, an Italian
botanist of the eighteenth century)) also spelled Sab-
batia. Gentianacese . Hardy annual or biennial (rarely
perennial by stolons) herbs, making showy garden or
border plants, although little grown.
Leaves opposite, sessile or clasping: fls. showy, rose-
pink or -purple or white, in cymose panicles terminating
the branches; calyx 5-12-parted, the lobes slender;
corolla rotate, 5-12-parted, usually with a yellow eye:
caps, globose or ovoid, 2-valved. — About 18 or 20
species, N. Amer. and Cuba, mostly on the coastal
plain. Sabatias require a light sweet soil. Seed may
be sown in fall or early spring. The plants are easily
transplanted. Some of them grow in brackish places.
A. Fls. 5-parted, rarely 6-7-parted.
brachiata, Ell. St. slightly angled, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs.
linear to linear-oblong, obtuse, obscurely 3-nerved at
the base: fls. showy, light rose to white, 1-1 J^ in. across,
in thyrsiform panicles, the lateral peduncles bearing
usually 3-fld. cymes; calyx-lobes linear, shorter or nearly
equaling corolla. Ind. to N. C. and south.
lanceolata, Torr. & Gray. St. simple, 1-3 ft. high:
Ivs. about 1 in. long, shorter than internodes, ovate-
lanceolate or ovate, acute, 3-5-nerved, the floral re-
duced to subulate bracts: fls. about 1 in. across, white,
fading yellowish; calyx-lobe more than half length of
corolla. May-Sept. Pine-barrens, N. J. to Fla.
angularis, Pursh. St. somewhat 4-wing-angled,
1^-2 ft. high: Ivs. ovate, 3-5-nerved: fls. fragrant,
showy, light rose to white, 1-2 in. across, in much-
branched pyramidal or somewhat corymbose cymes;
calyx-lobes linear, much shorter than the corolla.
Rich, light soil in open fields. W. Canada to Fla.
AA. Fls. 8-12-parted.
dodecandra, BSP. (S. chloroides, Pursh). Apparently
perennial, usually in brackish marshes near the coast
from Long Island southward: to 2 ft. high: Ivs. oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, blunt or somewhat acute: calyx-
lobes herbaceous, 3-5-nerved; corolla rose-colored or
white with yellow spot at base of each oblong-spatulate
or oblanceolate segm. S. Kennedyana, Fern., is the
New England representative, of fresh pond-shores,
earlier-flowering: freely stoloniferous, to 2H ft.: basal
Ivs. oblanceolate-acuminate; st.-lvs. shorter, firm, lance-
acuminate and subulate: calyx-lobes not herbaceous,
linear-subulate; corolla-lobes cuneate-obovate, rounded
or emargmate at summit, with much broader yellow
8P°t- L. H. B.f
SABIA (from its Bengal name, Sabja-lat). Sabidcese.
A genus of about 20 species of woody vines or sarmen-
tose shrubs native to India, China, and Japan, with
alternate petioled entire deciduous Ivs. and axillary,
solitary, or cymose, rather small and dull-colored,
greenish, purplish, brownish, or yellow fls. followed by
small blue drupe-like frs. Fls. perfect, 5-, rarely 4-
merous; petals short, semi-orbicular to ovate; petals
oval to oblong; stamens shorter than petals; ovary
superior, 2-ceUed, each cell with 2 ovules: drupes
usually reniform, blue, solitary or 2 and slightly coher-
ing at the base, 1-seeded; stone reticulate.— Only the
following recently intro. species is in cult., but little is
yet known of its cultural requirements; at the Arnold
Arboretum it is growing well under ordinary conditions
and has proved hardy. Prop, is by seeds and probably
by cuttings. S. Schumanniana, Diels. Climbing shrub,
to 10 ft., glabrous: branchlets green: Ivs. petioled,
oblong-lanceolate, rarely elliptic, acuminate, broadly
cuneate at the base, bright green, reticulate beneath,
H-4 in. long: fls. greenish to greenish-purple, cup-
shaped, 3^in. across, ia slender-stalked, nodding,
usually few-fld. cymes; peduncle filiform, 1-1^ in.
long: fr. reniform, Mm- broad; stone slightly com-
Eressed, reticulate. W. China. — The drooping blue
•s., if freely produced under cult., apparently constitute
the chief ornamental feature of this species.
ALFRED REHDER.
SACCHARUM (saccharon, old Greek name for sugar).
Graminex. The sugar-cane group, little grown for
ornament, although making bold specimens.
Tall grasses with stout culm and ample panicles, the
branches many-jointed: spikelets small, slender, 1-fld.,
surrounded by long silky hairs. — Species 12, in tropical
regions, mostly of the Old World. Differs from Erian-
thus in having awnless spikelets. The most important
species is the sugar-cane, which is extensively cult,
in tropical and subtropical countries for the production
of sugar. Prop, by cuttings of the st. Native coun-
try unknown, but probably E. Asia. Cult, from time
immemorial by cuttings, for which reason many varieties
have lost the power to flower or at least to produce fertile
seed. Rum is produced from the fermented molasses.
officinarum, Linn. SUGAR-CANE. St. 8-20 ft. high,
1-2 in. thick. Dept. Agric., Div. Agrost., Bull. 20:18.
G.W. 8:261 (under the name S. officinale) .— The differ-
ent cult, varieties are distinguished by color and
height of st.
3046
SACCHARUM
SACCOLABIUM
spontaneum, Linn. Less tall and stout than sugar-
cane, freely blooming, found in the Medit. region,
where it is sometimes cult, as a hedge-plant, and
throughout the tropics of the Old World. A variety of
this, S. segyptmcum, is shown in Gn. 11, p. 78; 16, p. 323.
ciliare, Anders. Lvs. very narrow, channeled, glau-
cous, the lower erect. Intro, from India.— Said to make
large clumps and to be hardy at Santa Barbara, Calif.,
but not known to bloom there. A. S. HITCHCOCK.
SACCOLABIUM (name refers to the saccate label-
lum). Orchidacese. Epiphytic herbs with erect leafy
stems increasing in length by continued growth at the
apex, grown in warm glasshouses.
Leaves distichous, leathery and fleshy, usually chan-
neled: infl. lateral, in the cultivated species a long,
densely fld. cylindrical raceme; fls. medium or small;
sepals subequal, free, spreading, the lateral pair not
decurrent on the base of the column; petals similar,
sometimes wider; labellum united with the base of the
column, spurred, the mouth of the spur open; pollinia
on a filiform stipe. — About 20 or more species. Can be
prop, by offsets and by cut-backs. Fresh stock is con-
stantly imported.
This interesting genus embraces a number of pretty and
distinct species from Borneo, Cochin-China, India, Java,
and Philippines. They are closely allied to the genera
Aerides, PhalaBnopsis and Vanda, and require some-
what similar treatment, but dp not always acclimatize
themselves as readily to artificial cultivation unless
given a location with more or less natural surroundings,
although some of the more free-growing species, like S.
ampullaceum, S. curvifolium, S. coeleste, and S. Hender-
sonianum, can usually be grown successfully in the
cattleya or cypripeoUum department. The large-
growing species with thick succulent leaves require a
warm moist atmosphere where the winter temperature
can be retained at 65° to 70° F. by night and about 75°
during the day, and in the summer or growing season
10° in advance of this. All succeed best when suspended
from the roof in panSj baskets or on blocks where they
can have free circulation of air about them at all times,
receive indirect benefit of the sun's influence, which
will harden their tissue, and where the compost may
readily and frequently dry out, during the resting
period especially. Grown otherwise the more succulent
species, such as S. giganteum (a Vanda), make soft
weak tissue, which is susceptible to wet-spot, a usually
fatal disease. Clean chopped sphagnum, freely inter-
spersed with broken pieces of charcoal, is the most
satisfactory growing material, and this should not be
pressed in so firmly as entirely to exclude access of au-
to the roots, but the plants must always be firmly
secured with pieces of charcoal, potsherds or other
similar material, or securely fastened with copper wire
to keep them in position, otherwise being more or less
top-heavy they are liable to work loose, under which
conditions they cannot become properly established.
Shading should be applied to the glass from February
until November to break the sun's direct rays, but dur-
ing the remainder of the year when the solar light is weak
its direct influence will be found beneficial. In bright
weather in the growing season the plants need a liberal
supply of water, both at the roots and over the foliage,
but during the resting period and in wet inclement
weather, water and syringing must be carefully and
sparingly administered. Judgment in this respect
is very essential to the successful culture of these
plants. The supply of saccolabiums is kept up by fresh
importation. These cultural directions apply also to the
genus Rhynchostylis. (Robert M. Grey.)
A. F Is. rose-colored.
Hendersonianum, Reichb. f. Dwarf: Ivs. 4-6 in.
long, strap-shaped, subacute, distichous on the sts.
but spreading in various directions: raceme upright,
about as long as the Ivs.; fls. forming a cylindrical mass,
bright rose, %jin. across; dorsal sepals orbicular, con-
cave, lateral ones larger, obovate-oblong; petals obo-
vate; labellum a blunt, straight spur with 3 teeth at the
mouth, white. Borneo. B.M. 6222.
ampullaceum, Lindl. Fig. 3518. Dwarf: st. 6-8 in.
high, with 2 rows of Ivs. : Ivs. strap-shaped, channeled,
apex truncate and dentate : racemes nearly erect, 4-6 in.
high; fls. deep rose-color; sepals and petals ovate,
veined, spreading out flat; labellum linear-falcate, one-
half as long as the petals; spur slender, straight. May,
June. N. India. B.M. 5595. P.M. 13:49. J.H. III.
32:463. Var. moulmeinense, Hort., is a geographical
variety with stronger growth and larger fls.
AA. Fls. orange or scarlet-orange,
curvifdlium, Lindl. Sts. short: Ivs. linear, 8-10 in.
long, 2-toothed at the apex: racemes somewhat droop-
ing, 6 in. long, dense; fls. 1 in. across, bright orange-
scarlet; sepals and petals ovate to obovate, spreading;
3518. Saccolabium ampullaceum. ( X M)
labellum orange, blade linear, truncate, spur obtuse.
May, June. Burma, Java. B.M. 5326 (as S. miniatum).
I.H. 13:493.
cerinum, Reichb. f. St. short, thick: Ivs. strap-
shaped, obtusely 2-lobed: raceme dense, half drooping;
fls. orange, with a paler spur; sepals oblong; petals
ovate. Sunda Isls.
AAA. Fls. white, spotted with blue.
coeleste, Reichb. f. Plant rarely 1 ft. high, with
decurved Ivs. and erect, densely fld. racemes 6-^9 in.
long: fls. white, with the front of the lip and the tips of
the segms. sky-blue; sepals and petals cuneate, oblong,
obtuse; labellum rhomboid, spur compressed, curved.
July, Aug. Siam. J.H. III. 28:87; 46:25.
SACCOLABIUM
SAGE
3047
S. btllinum, Reichb. f. Sts. short: Ivs. 7-12 in. long.: fls. fleshy,
1 !4 in. across; sepals and petals spreading, somewhat incurved,
similar, obovate-oblong, yellow, blackish-purple-blotched; h'p sub-
globose saccate and with a lunate blade, the former white, purple-
spotted, the blade 2-lobed, pubescent above, fimbriate-denticulate,
white, with the disk orange-yellow, purple-spotted. Burma. G.C.
III. 39:419. J.H. III. 48:423. — S. Blumei, LinoU.=Rhynchostylis
retusa. — S. datypdgon, LindL Allied to S. bellinum. Sepals and
petals yellow: lip white with purple markings. Nepal. — S. fragrant,
Par. & Reichb. f. Fls. numerous, white, violet-scented; Up mauve-
purple. Burma.— -5. F&rslenbergianum, Schlecht, InfL branched ; fls.
rose-red with paler spur and white column. Siam. O. 1912:68. —
S. giganteum, LindL=Vanda densiflora, — S. glomeratum, Rolfe.
St*. trailing, often 1-3 ft. long: racemes densely many-fld.; fls. small,
yellow, spotted and striped with brownish red. Borneo. G.C. III.
&i:317. — 5. grdciU, Lindl. "A very elegant little species, with
slender growths and long decurved racemes of many small white fls."
Ceylon. — S. guttaium. Lindl.=Rhynchostylis retusa. — S. Harrisoni-
anum, Hook.=Rhvnehostylis violacea var. Harrisonianuni. — S.
Uldttre, Hon., probably =Vanda densiflora var. illustre. — S. penan~
giarium. Hook. f. A small plant, only a few inches high: fls. with
light yellow sepals; side lobes of lip and wings of column narrowly
margined with purple. Malay Penins. — P. jJatyadcaratum, Rolfe.
Dwarf herb: 6s. very small, with sepals and petals yellow, spotted
with brown. Burma. — S. prarm<5r*um, LindL =Rhynchosty Us
retusa. — S. Regnieri, Hort, Plant smaU: fls. in short racemes,
orange-colored. — S. reiusum, Voight=Rhj-nchostyUs retusa. — S.
Kheedii. Wight=Rhynchostylis retusa. — S. rubescens, Rolfe. Sts. a
foot tall: Ivs. oblong, 5-6 in. long, 1-1 H in. broad: racemes 3-^5 in.
long, many-fld. ; fls. Hm. long, light rosy purple; dorsal sepal elUptic,
obtuse, Jiin. long, lateral sepals ovate; petals elliptic, obtuse, >iin.
long: lip 3-lobed. Annam. B.M. 8121. — S. sarcochibridts, Schlecht.
Racemes spreading, short: fls. small, lasting only a day, white; sepals
and petals with violet-red spots on base; Up with orange-yellow side
lobes. Philippines. — S. riolaceum, Reichb. f.=Rhynchostylis vio-
GEORGE V.
SACCOLOMA (from Greek for sac and edge, refer-
ring to the indusia). Polypodiacex. A group of tropical
ferns, somewhat related to Davallia. They are pin-
nately divided, often of large size, and with scaly
petioles; petioles and pinnae not jointed to their points
of attachment: indusia attached along one side at
the base.
inaequale, Mett. (DavaUia brasiliensis, Hook.). A
large stove fern with creeping rootstock: Ivs. as much
as 6 ft. long, twice-pinnate or more. Common in the
American tropics. R. C. BENEDICT.
SADLERIA (named after Joseph Sadler). Poly-
podiacex. Arborescent ferns suitable only for the warm-
house: about 3-4 }-£ ft. tall: lys. large, tufted, double-
pinnate, all similar: sori continuous, close to the mid-
rib on each side: receptacle elevated; the involucre nar-
row, of the form of sorus, leathery, at first wrapped over
the sorus, later spreading. — About 5 species, Hawaiian
Isl. S. cyaihemdes, Kaulf. About 3-4 ft. high: the
stipe strong, erect, 6-18 in. long, naked except at the
base and there clothed with long-linear scales: fronds
4-6 ft. long, 9-18 in. broad; pinna? 8-12 in. long,
Yr-%J&- broad, cut down to the rachis into very many,
connected, linear pinnules, ^g-^iin. long, acute or
bluntish. Hawaii. G.C. U. 7:761. G.Z. 22, p. 122.
SAGE (Sali'ia officinalis). A sweet-herb, used for
seasoning, and somewhat in domestic medicine.
For at least three centuries this shrubby fibrous-
rooted perennial from southern Europe has been widely
cultivated in kitchen-gardens for its aromatic whitish
green wrinkled oval leaves. These are arranged oppo-
sitely on ascending or decumbent branching stems which
seldom exceed 18 inches in height. In early summer the
upper parts of these bear generally blue, though some-
times pink or white flowers, followed by almost black
spheroidal seeds borne in the open cups. The name
Salvia is derived from salvo, to save, in reference to the
plant's use in ancient medicine; the name sage, from
its supposed power to make people wise by strengthen-
ing the memory. In modern medicine it is but little
used. In domestic practice, however, it is credited with
tonic, sudorific, carminative, anthelmintic, and sto-
machic properties, and is frequently used as a gargle
for aphthous affections of the mouth and pharynx.
Its pleasant, though powerful-smelling, bitterish leaves
are used for flavoring sausages and some kinds of cheese,
for seasoning soups and stews, but mainly for dressings
with luscious strong meats such as pork, goose, and
duck. Among culinary herbs it ranks first in America,
being more widely cultivated than any other except
parsley, which is more largely employed for garnishing
than as a flavoring agent. When possible the young
leaves should be used fresh, for unless carefully dried
they lose much of their aroma, which is due to a vola-
tile oil and which even with careful curing rapidly dissi-
pates. For best results the shoots should be gathered
before flower-stems develop, because they are then
richer and because later cuttings may be made. For
drying upon a commercial scale, since this plan is
thought to involve too much labor, the plants are cut in
August if seed has been sown early, and the stumps, if
not too short, produce again in late autumn; or if grown
as a secondary crop, which is the common way, they are
cut only once — namely, in autumn. Plants grown from
cuttings (see below) will often produce three crops in a
season. Upon a small scale, a warm airy room is best
for drying, the plants being either laid loosely upon
racks or the floor, or hung from the ceiling and walls.
Upon a larger scale, a fruit-evaporator with a steady
current of warm air at about 100° F. may be used. After
drying, the leaves are rubbed to a powder and stored
in air-tight vessels.
Sage does best in an open sunny aspect and a well-
drained mellow loam of medium texture, rich in humus
and nitrogenous matter. Stable-manure or a fertilizer
containing potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen should
be applied before the plowing, if done in the spring.
Fall plowing is generally preferred when sage alone is
to occupy the land. In each case plowing should be as
deep as the surface soil will profitably permit. Thor-
ough fining of the soil must precede, and clean cultiva-
tion follow planting, the plants being set in drills about
15 inches apart and 10 inches asunder for manual culti-
vation, or 18 to 21 inches apart and 10 inches
asunder for power cultivation. The former method
is, as a rule, more profitable though more laborious.
After harvesting (see above) if the bed is to be
permanent, northern plantations should be mulched
with marsh-hay or other material free from weed
seeds. For garden practice it is common to divide
the clumps biennially, since the plants become strag-
gling if left longer. Upon a commercial scale, however,
it is better to rely upon cuttings or seedlings.
Propagation may be by seed, cuttings, layers, or
division. Seed, the vitality of which lasts three years,
maj' be drilled thinly in flats in greenhouse, hotbed, or
coldframe in early spring; or out-of-doors as soon as the
ground becomes dry enough, in specially prepared beds
of fine soil, covering them about H inch deep. In the
former case the plants must be pricked out and hard-
ened off to render them stocky and hardy before trans-
Slanting; in the latter, they are taken directly to the
eld. This operation may be performed from mid-June
until late July, the plants being not less than 2 to 3
inches tall. The former method, which is considered the
better, is the common commercial practice. Cuttings
may be of mature or of immature wood. With each,
shade and moisture are essential to success. Mature
wood cuttings, made in early spring, should be ready
for the field in less than six weeks; immature, taken
from outside shoots just before they would form blos-
som-heads, are left in the cutting-bed until the fol-
lowing year. Such plants are usually more prolific
than those grown from mature wood or from spring
seedlings, and are, therefore, best when sage alone is
to occupy the land. But when it is to follow some early
vegetable, mature wood cuttings or seedling plants will
probably be found best, though little or nothing can be
cut before September. As practised by market-garden-
ers in the vicinity of New York, each of the above
methods has its advocates, but practically all agree upon
the plowing and harrowing of the ground in June or
3048
SAGE
SAGITTARIA
July after harvesting an early crop, such as beets, cab-
bage or peas. About twice in the three weeks after
setting the plants, the field is raked to destroy sprouting
weeds and to keep the surface loose, after which, if well
done, but slight hoeing is necessary. In September,
when the plants crowd each other, each alternate plant
or row of plants is cut for sale and the remainder
allowed to fill the space. At the first cutting each plant
should make about two marketable bunches; at the
second at least three. This practice not only insures
plants full of leaves at each cutting but at least doubles
the quantity in the end.
In America the green broad-leaved varieties are in
far greater demand than the colored and the narrow-
leaved kinds. The best variety known to the writer is
Holt Mammoth, which is exceptionally prolific of large
leaves. It is said to produce no seed. M G. KAINS.
SAGENIA. A generic name for a group of tropical
ferns here referred to Tectaria, from which there is no
valid distinction. For S. decurrens see Tectaria decur-
rens.
SAGERETIA (after Augustin Sageret, French
botanist, 1763-1851). Rhamndcese. A genus of about
15 species of armed or unarmed often scandent shrubs
native to the warmer parts of Asia, in Amer. from N. C.
to Mex., with opposite or nearly opposite, entire or ser-
rulate, small, deciduous or persistent Ivs. and with
minute whitish fls. in terminal or axillary spikes or
panicles, followed by small berry-like, mostly purple
irs. Fls. perfect, 5-merous; the hooded petals and the
stamens not exceeding the sepals; disk cup-shaped,
5-lobed; ovary superior, 2-3-celled with a short 2-3-
lobed style: fr. a small globose drupe with 2-3 leathery
nutlets. — These plants are little known in cult. S.
theezans has been recently intrp. by the Dept. of
Agric.; according to F. N. Meyer it may be useful as a
hedge-plant and its fls. have a delightful fragrance
which attracts numerous insects; it is apparently not
hardy N., while S. pycnophylla has proved hardy at the
Arnold Arboretum. The American S. minutiflora is
not recorded as being in cult., but may possibly have
been planted in collections in the southern states. The
frs. of some species are sweet and edible. Prop, is by
seeds and probably by cuttings like berchemia which it
resembles in habit and general appearance. S. theezans,
Brongn. Spinescent shrub, to 6 ft., with slender spread-
ing branches: Ivs. persistent, or subpersistent, short-
petioled, ovate or oval, obtusish, subcordate or rounded
at the base, minutely serrulate, lustrous above, gla-
brous or at first slightly villous beneath, J^-l in. long:
fls. sessile in villous spikes Hj-1 in. long or sometimes
longer and forming terminal panicles leafy at the base;
sepals slightly pubescent outside: fr. purplish black,
about Km- across. Fls. in autumn; fr. in spring.
China. S. pycnophylla, Schneid. Similar to the pre-
ceding species: Ivs. smaller, J^-Jiin. long, rarely nearly
%in. long, sometimes acutish: fls. white, glabrous, in
slender glabrous spikes H-1J^ in. long, usually only
1-4 at the ends of the branchlets. W. China. S. minuti-
flora, Trel. (S. Michaiixii, Brongn.). Spinescent,
straggling or trailing shrub: Ivs. short-petioled, leath-
ery, ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, serrulate, pubescent
while young, glabrous and lustrous at maturity, J^-l Y^
in. long: fls. -j^in. across, in terminal and axillary slen-
der sometimes panicled spikes: fr. J^in. across, often
gibbous, purple. Fls. in autumn: fr. in spring. N. C. to
Fla. and Ala. ALFRED REHDER.
SAGINA (Latin, fatness; perhaps alluding to the
forage value). Caryophyllaceae. PEARL WORT. Annual
or perennial tufted herbs, sometimes used for edging.
Leaves awl-shaped: fls. small, usually compara-
tively long-stemmed; sepals 4-5; petals 4-5, entire or
slightly emarginate, minute or none; stamens equal in
number to the sepals or twice as many; ovary 1-loculed,
many-seeded; styles of the same number as the sepals
and alternate with them. — About 50 species, natives of
the temperate and colder regions of the world.
subulata, Wimm. (S. pilifera, Hort. Spergula pilif-
era, Hort. Spergula subulata, Sw.). PEARLWORT.
An evergreen, hardy, densely tufted little plant, cov-
ering the ground like a sheet of moss: Ivs. very small,
stiff, aristate on the margin, linear: sts. branching and
creeping: fls. white, studded all over the plant on long,
very slender peduncles. July-Sept. Corsica. R.H.
1896, p. 435. R.B. 20: 153. Var. aftrea has Ivs. marked
with yellow. A good rock-plant in shady places. Cult.
similar to arenaria. Prop, by division.
F. W. BARCLAY.
SAGITTARIA (sagitta is Latin for arrow, referring
to the arrow-shaped leaves). Alismacese. ARROWHEAD.
Perennial hardy herbs useful for foliage effects in bogs
and shallow ponds and also for their white buttercup-
like flowers.
Plants of mostly erect habit, aquatic, the Ivs. and
scapes arising from more or less tuberous or knotted
rootstocks: Ivs. typically arrow-shaped, with long basal
lobes, but sometimes long and linear: fls. imperfect,
monoecious (staminate fls. usually in the uppermost
whorls) or dioecious, with 3 white broad petals and 3
small greenish sepals, the stamens and pistils numer-
ous, the latter ripening into small achenes; infl. com-
posed of successive whorls of 3-stalked fls. Sometimes
the Ivs. are floating. The number of species admitted
is variable, but Buchenau in the last treatment of
the genus in Engler's Das Pflanzenreich, hft. 16 (iv. 15,
1903) describes 31.
Temperate and tropi-
cal regions of the world
though lacking in Afr.
and Austral.
Sagittarias are
mostly used for colo-
nizing in the open, but
S. montevidensis — now
the most popular spe-
cies — is grown in in-
door aquaria or plunged
in open ponds in the
summer. The arrow-
heads are perennials of
easy culture, although
likely to be infested
with aphis. Propaga-
tion is by division, or
sometimes by seeds.
A. Sepals of pistillate
fls. (usually in the
lower whorls) erect
after flowering, and
the pedicels of these
fls. thick: carpels
not glandular.
montevidensis,
Cham. & Schlecht.
folia; often known as S. ery large> sometimes
variabilis. ( x 1A) growing 6 ft. tall, with
If .-blades 1-2 ft. long:
Ivs. arrow-shaped, with
long, diverging, sharp
basal lobes: fls. very large (2 to nearly 3 in. across),
the rounded petals white with a purple blotch at the
base. Argentina to Brazil, Chile, and Peru. B.M.
6755. Gn. 27:8. G. 17:273. G.W. 4, p. 68. G.Z.
30:241. I.H. 31:543.— First known as a cult, plant
from seeds sent to England in 1883 from Buenos Ayres
by John Ball. It is now a popular plant for aquaria
SAGITTARIA
SAIXTPAULIA
3049
and lily-ponds. Tender to frost. It is sparingly
naturalized in the southern parts of the U. S., on both
the Atlantic and Pacific sides.
AA. Sepals of pistillate fls. reflexed after flowering:
pedicels of these fls. slender: carpels somewhat
glandular.
B. Bracts at base of whorls united, as if only 1.
subulata, Buch. (5. natans, in part. S. pusitta,
Nutt. . Slender and simple, 'usually only a few inches
high: Ivs. linear or narrowly oblanceolate, rigid: fls.
few, usually in 1 whorl, white, >£-%in. across, the
filaments broad. N. Y. to Ala., along the coast. —
Offered by dealers in native plants. A plant once sold as
S. natans is said to have come from the Amazon Valley;
from this the form known as "Xew Era" was derived;
and a cross of the latter with "5. lanceolata" (S. land-
folia?), native in La., gave the form "Francis M." S.
natans, Pallas, the accepted species under this name,
is native in X. Eu. and Siberia.
BB. Bracts 3, at base of the whorls.
c. Lvs. usually distinctly sagittate.
latifdlia, Willd. (S. varidbilis, Engelm.). Fig. 3519.
Very variable in stature and shape of Ivs., ranging from
a few inches to 3-4 ft. tall: Ivs. mostly broad-sagittate
with long basal lobes, but running into very narrow
forms: fls. clear white, about 1 in. across, usually
mono?cious. the filaments slender: achene winged, with
a lateral or oblique beak. Common everywhere in
margins of ponds and lakes, and offered by dealers in
native plants for colonizing in bog-gardens and in lily-
ponds. There is a double-fld. form known as S. vari-
dbilis fl.-pl., Hort., which probably belongs here. G.
29:31."
sagittifdlia, Linn. OLD-WORLD ARROWHEAD. Rhi-
zome thick and tuberous, stolon-bearing: Ivs. broad and
sagittate, very variable in form and size: scapes erect,
simple or branched, overtopping the Ivs. : bracts narrow-
ovate, free or slightly connate at base, shorter than the
pedicels: petals large, white; filaments glabrous: achene
nearly or quite orbicular and in this respect differing
from the allied American species. Throughout Eu. and
Asia. — By some authors the American S. lalifolia and
others are considered to be con-specific. Var. flfire-
pleno, Hort. (S. japonica, Hort. S. japonica fl.-pl.,
Hort. i. is a form with double fls. common in cult. G.C.
111.30:171. Gn. 74. p. 67. G.M. 44:779. G.W. 3,
p. 621. J.H. III. 43:219.— S. chinensis of most trade-
lists is apparently one of the many forms of this spe-
cies. There appears to be another S. chinensis in the
trade, with lanceolate Ivs., the botanical position of
which is undetermined.
cc. Li-s. usually oblong or linear and not sagittate.
D. Filaments slender, tapering upward, cobwebby.
lancif olia, Linn. Erect and somewhat rigid, glabrous,
the scape sometimes reaching 5 ft.: Ivs. lanceolate to
narrow-oblong to nearly linear, nerved from the thick
midrib: fls. white, in several whorls. Swamps, Del. to
the tropics.
DD. Filaments abruptly broadened, pubescent.
graminea, Michx. Erect and simple, glabrous, 2 ft.
or less high: Ivs. reduced to phyllodia, flat, broad-linear
to lance-elliptic, pointed: fls. small, white, in 2 or 3
whorls. Newfoundland to Gulf .
S. macTOphylla has appeared in trade-lists as "a variety with large
foliage and tall lax spikes of white fls." Its botanical position is
uncertain as there are two distinct things of this name, one a valid
species, the other a large-lvd. form of S. sagittifolia.
F. TRACT HuBBARD.f
SAGUERUS (East Indian name). Palmacese. An
older name for Arenga, but discarded by the "nomina
rejicienda" of the Vienna rules. Arenga mindorensis,
Becc. (Saffuerus mindorensis, O. F. Coot), has recently
been intro. by the U. S. Dept. Agric. from the Philip-
pines. It is described as a palm 5-10 ft. high, and proba-
bly of decided ornamental value for greenhouses and
probably also in S. Calif, and S. Fla. Yet little known
in this country.
SAGUS RUFFIA: Raphia.
ST. JOHN'S-WORT: Hyperieum.
SAOTTPAULIA (from the discoverer of the plant,
Baron Walter von Saint Paul). Gesneriaceie. Hairy
often stemless perennial herbs, used for greenhouse
flowering, the blossoms providing an attractive blue.
7
3520. Saintpaulia ionantha. — A young plant
just coming into bloom. ( X H)
Leaves long-petioled, ovate: peduncles radical (or
axillary in the caulescent species), 1-5 in. high, bearing
several (or 1) fls. in a loose cyme: calyx small, deeply
5-lobed; corolla wide-campanulate, tube short, the
lobes elliptic, blue; perfect stamens 2; ovary hairy:
caps, oblong, loculicidally 2-valved; seeds small,
ellipsoid. — Four species, Trop. Afr.
The end of March is a good time to propagate saint-
paulias, when the ripened leaves should be cut off with
about an inch of the stalk attached, and inserted in the
sand-bed, covering only a small part of the leaf-blade.
The sand should not be kept too wet during the process
of rooting. Their propagation from seed and general
culture is similar to that of gloxinia. The plants may
be flowered the entire year or given a period of rest by
partly withholding water. (G. W. Oliver.)
ionantha, Wendl. AFRICAN VIOLET. L'SAMBARA
VIOLET. Fig. 3520. Stemless, hairy: Ivs. many, 1H
in. long, ovate or subcordate, thin, regularly crenate,
clad on both surfaces with many short and a few very
long white hairs: peduncles 1—4 in. long, 1-6-fld.:
calyx-lobes linear; corolla-lobes not very equal: caps,
narrow-oblong. Trop. Afr. Gt. 42:1391 and p. 323.
Gn. 47:133; 74. p. 103; 79, p. 13. G.M. 37:62; 55:97.
G.C. 111.13:685. Gn.W. 25:345. G.W. 10, p. 343.
R.H. 1893, p. 321. Var. grandifldra, Hort., has much
larger fls. than the type, the fls. intense violet. Var.
variegata, Hort., has the Ivs. variegated with light
yellow turning to white.
kewensis, C. B. Clarke. Lvs. entire, with numerous
long white hairs: calyx-lobes oblong-linear : caps. 2 or 3
times as broad as the preceding and more shaggy,
white-hairy. Trop. Afr. B.M. 7408. R.B. 20:109 (both
as S. ionantha). — Very closely related to S. ionantha
and confused with it.
S. pusilla, Engler, and S. Goetzeana, Engler, of German East
Africa, appear not to be in cult. p TRACT HlJBBARD.
3050
SALAD PLANTS
SALIX
SALAD PLANTS are those with soft and edible
leaves or stems, or both, that may be used raw or in
the preparation of uncooked dishes.
The principal salad plant in America is lettuce,
which is used exclusively, but not always expertly, for
salads. For full directions for growing lettuce in the
garden and under glass, see Lettuce and Forcing. Next
to lettuce the best-known salad plant in this country
3522. Pistillate cat-
kin of Saliz discolor.
(Natural size.)
3521. Stamina te catkin
of Saliz discolor.
(Natural size.)
is probably endive, which is excellent, especially when
well-blanched plants are to be had in the winter.
Chicory is much like endive, as regards its treatment
either in the garden or in the salad-dish. Like endive, it
is frequently seen in the larger city markets. The com-
mon dandelion should be mentioned in this category.
When forced and blanched it makes a salad fit for the
most cultivated epicure. For ordinary home cultiva-
tion and use, however, the common garden cress
(Lepidium sativum, not water-cress, nor upland cress)
ranks next to lettuce in value. Its rapid growth and
high flavor equally recommend it. This plant is said to
be a great favorite in English gardens and forcing-
houses, where it is grown in mixture with white mustard
and is pulled very young and eaten roots and all. Corn
salad is another plant sometimes grown in gardens and
used for salad-making. It is most acceptable to those
who do not relish the pungency of mustard and cress.
Chives is used by many persons as an ingredient of let-
tuce and other salads; also young onions. Many other
plants are used in various places and by various persons
for salads.
Besides the salad plants proper, many vegetables are
used in a cooked or raw condition for salads. Such are
cabbage, cauliflower, brussels sprouts, potatoes, lima
beans, beets, Jerusalem artichoke, and the like. With
salad plants may also be included pot-herbs, or "greens."
The plants especially to be mentioned in this category
are swiss chard, beet-tops, spinach, kale, endive, wit-
loof and mustard. Many other plants find occasional
or local favor. See Greens.
The only general cultural directions which can be
given for salad plants are that blanching is often desir-
able and a quick unchecked growth is always a requisite.
An abundance of rapidly available fertilizer and plenty
of water are therefore to be insisted on. A warm light
soil, in the best mechanical condition, is necessary for
the same reasons. F A WAUGH<
SALIC6RNIA (Latin, salt and horn; saline plants
with horn-like branches). Chenopodiacese. GLASSWORT.
MARSH SAMPHIRE. A group of about 12 widely scat-
tered species of leafless seashore herbs, hardy or tender,
annual or perennial. This and other chenopods which
grow in large quantities in the Medit. region were
formerly used in making soap and glass, as they yield
a large percentage of soda. The ashes of such plants
were known to the trade as barilla. The species have
probably never been regularly in cult, and have no
horticultural interest.
SALISBURIA: Ginkgo.
SALIX (ancient Latin name of willow). Salicacese.
WILLOW. Dioecious trees and shrubs, planted for the
foliage and interesting habit, for shade, screens, and
cover; flowers in catkins, mostly in spring and in many
species very early.
Erect, or some arctic and alpine species prostrate,
glabrous, pubescent or tomentpse: Ivs. simple, alter-
nate, mostly elongated and pointed, the stipules per-
sistent and prominent or caducous: buds with a single
bud-scale: fls. in lax scaly spikes (aments or catkins),
each fl. subtended by a single entire scale and nearly or
quite destitute of perianth; the staminate fl. with 1, 2, or
3-6 stamens; the pistillate fl. of a single pistil composed
of 2 carpels and 2 more or less divided stigmas; at matu-
rity the pistil dehisces, setting free the small appendaged
seeds. — Species and species-like hybrids probably 300,
widely spread in the northern hemisphere and a few in
the southern hemisphere; no native species are reported
in New Zeal, and Austral. In temperate regions, they
are mostly plants of water-courses, shores, and swamps;
but a good number run into the far N. and the high
elevations where conditions of moisture are maintained.
The wood is light, soft, and porous. For the stami-
nate and pistillate fls. of willow, see Fig. 1528, Vol.
III. The catkins or "pussies" are also shown in Figs.
3521 and 3522 herewith. In rare cases, a willow may
be monoecious.
Many hybrids have been described based on speci-
mens found in nature that presented characters inter-
mediate between recognized species. Artificial hybrids
have also been made between many species. The dice-
cious habit of the species seems to facilitate cross-
pollination, and it is probable that the intermediate
forms so frequently met with and designated in the
monographs as varieties are natural hybrids. Upward
of one hundred hybrid willows have been described as
3523. White willow on a stream, holding the bank from
washing. (See No. 7.)
growing in Europe. Although as many or even more
species occur in America, fewer hybrids have been
detected here. The hybrids described as growing in
America are for the most part between native species
and those introduced from Europe. Because of the
hybridity and the fact that the sexes are separated, the
genus Salix is considered to be very critical and difficult
for the systematist.
SALIX
SALIX
3051
The role that the willow plays in the north temperate
regions is to a certain extent analogous to that of the
eucalyptus in subtropical regions; it flourishes in wet
ground and absorbs and transpires immense quantities
of water. It has been used to plant around cesspools for
sanitary effect. But while most of the species occur
spontaneously in wet ground or along stream-banks,
the willows may be cultivated in various situations.
The white willow (S. alba) has been used very effectively
to fix stream-banks against erosion. (Figs. 3523, 3524.)
Its root-system is very extensive and when well estab-
lished withstands the effect of heavy rapid streams as
well as wave-action. S. arctica and several allied spe-
cies are among the few woody plants extending into
extreme arctic regions. The arctic species are among
the most diminutive of woody plants. As one goes south
the species increase in size. Some of the species of North
Temperate, Tropical and South Temperate zones are
large trees. The arborescent species all form wood very
rapidly. Specimens of white willow which may not be
of great age look venerable from their great thickness
of trunk and size of top. The wood is light in weight
and color, finely and evenly porous. The wood has
been extensively used in manufacture of gunpowder. It
has also been used for many other purposes. Certain
species have been extensively cultivated for many years
in Europe for materials with which to manufacture
baskets. S. viminalis appears to be the favorite species
for this purpose. Basket willow is now extensively
planted in central New York, and considerable manu-
facturing of this material is under way. It is probable
that the Chinese and Japanese willows recently
described will yield useful forms for American plant-
ing; in Plant® Wilsonianae, III, pt. 1, describing
Chinese plants, Schneider admits regularly 183 species.
As ornamental trees the willows present little variety.
The bright yellow catkins of some species are attractive
in spring. They are considerably used as "nurse trees"
nigra), is an adaptation to facilitate the natural dis-
tribution of the species. Certain it is that twigs broken
from the tree by the wind are carried down streams and,
becoming anchored in the muddy banks, grow readily.
It is one of the most aggressive trees in occupying such
places. Willows may also be propagated by seed. The
'
3524. Same tree as in Fig. 3523, in summer dress.
for slower-growing trees that require partial shade while
young. The red and yellow branches of certain willows
are very bright and cheering in winter. The weeping
forms are very popular, but they are often planted with
little sense of fitness. The cultural remarks under
Populus will apply to willows.
The species of willows are readily propagated by cut-
tings. It has been suggested that the brittleness at base
of twigs of some species, notably the black willow (S.
3525. Old roadside trees of Saliz alba.
seeds are very small and contain a green and short-
lived embryo. A very short exposure of the seeds to the
air will so dry them out that they will not germinate.
The safest way to secure seedlings is to plant the seeds
as soon as the capsule opens.
alba, 7.
fragilis, 6.
pyrenaica, 35.
americana, 30.
herbacea, 33.
ramulis aureis, 8.
amygdaloides, 3.
Hindsiana, 15.
regalis, 7.
annularis, 9.
Humboldtiana, 5.
repens, 36.
argentea, 7, 36.
humilis, 20.
reticulata, 37.
argophylla, 15.
incana, 29.
retusa, 38.
aurantiaca, 8.
interior, 14.
rigida, 27.
aurea, 8, 9.
irrorata, 28.
rosmarinifolia, 29.
babylonica.8,9,10, 11.
Jacquinii, 34.
rostrata, 19.
balsamifera, 16.
japonica, suppl. list.
rubra, 14.
Bebbiana, 19.
lauri folia, 5.
Russelliana, 6.
blanda, 8, 11.
longifolia, 14, 15.
Safsaf, 13.
Bonplandiana, 1.
lucida, 4.
Salamonii, 10.
britzensis, 8.
muliinerris, 17.
sepulcralis, 10.
Candida, 25.
myreinites, 34.
sericea, 22.
Caprea, 17.
myrtilloides, 26.
serpyUi folia, 38.
cordata, 27.
nigra, 2, 30.
Sieboldii, 12.
Cottetii, 32.
palmsefolia, 17.
sitcbensis, 31.
decipiens, 6.
pendula, 8, 9, 17,
splendens, 7.
discolor, 18.
27,30.
tricolor, 17.
dolor osa, 11.
pendulina, 11.
tristis, 21.
elegantissima, 12.
pentandra, 5.
viminalis, 24
falcata, 2.
petiolaris, 23, 29.
viridis, 6.
Forbyana, 30.
Petzoldii, 11.
vitellina, 8.
Jlutiatilis, 14, 15.
purpurea, 30.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Species of the usual upright kinds.
B. Scales of ament green, deciduous:
mostly trees.
c. Stamens more than 3.
D. Foliage persistent ............
DD. Foliage not persistent.
E. Buds small.
F. Lvs. green beneath ........
FF. Lvs. glaucous beneath .....
EE. Buds large: hs. very shiny
above ...................
CC. Stamens 2 or 8.
D. Large trees
1. Bonplandiana
DD. Shrubs
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
nigra
amygdaloides
lucida
pentandra
fragilis
alba
vitellina
babylonica
Salamonii
blanda
elegantissima
Safsaf
longifolia
argophylla
balsamifera
3052
SALIX
SALIX
BB. Scales of ament black
above, persistent: mostly
shrubs.
c. Stamens 2.
D. Caps, hairy 17. Caprea
18. discolor
19. rostrata
20. humilis
21. tristis
22. sericea
23. petiolaris
24. viminalis
25. Candida
IJD. Caps, glabrous 26. myrtilloides
27. cordata
28. irrorata
29. incana
cc. Stamen 1 30. purpurea
31. sitchensis
AA. Species of the arctic-alpine
kinds: dwarf often pros-
trate shrubs 32. Cottetii
33. herbacea
34. myrsinites
35. pyrenaica
36. repens
37. reticulata
38. retusa
1. Bonplandiana, Kunth. A branching
shrub or low tree with coriaceous Ivs. 5-6 in.
long, dark green above and glaucous beneath:
aments usually precocious in the axils of
mature Ivs. Native of Mex. and the S. W.
U.S.
2. nigra, Marsh. BLACK WILLOW. Fig.
3526. Tree, 30-40 ft. high: bark flaky, often
becoming shaggy: twigs brittle at base: buds
small: Ivs. lanceolate, green both sides, finely
and evenly serrate: aments 1-2 in. long;
scales oblong, deciduous; stamens 3-6; ovary
ovate-conical, glabrous; style short but dis-
tinct. E. N. Amer. Var. falcata, Pursh. Lvs.
elongated, narrow and falcate.
3. amygdaloides, Anders. PEACH -LEAF
WILLOW. Tree, 30-40 ft. high: bark longi-
tudinally furrowed, less inclined to be flaky:
Ivs. broader, glaucous beneath, on rather
long, compressed petioles: aments loosely fld.;
ovary lanceolate-conical; style very short.
Cent, and W. N. Amer.
4. lucida, Muhl. Shrub or low bushy tree,
6^-15 ft. high: branches yellowish brown and
highly polished: buds large, flattened, and
recurved at the apex: Ivs. large, broadly
lanceolate - acuminate, serrate, dark green,
shining above: aments large, appearing with
the Ivs.; scale pale green, deciduous; stamens
4-5; ovary pedicelled, rather obtuse, gla-
brous. E. N. Amer. — A beautiful plant, de-
serving of more extensive cult.
5. pentandra, Linn. (S. laurifolia, Hort.
S. Humboldtiana, Hort. not Willd.). BAY-LEAP
or LAUREL-LEAF WILLOW. Shrub or small
tree, 8-20 ft. high: branches chestnut-color:
Ivs. large, elliptic to broadly oblanceolate,
acuminate, shining and dark green above,
paler beneath: aments appearing after many
of the Ivs. are fully developed, not conspicu-
ous. Eu. and Asia.
6. fragilis, Linn. (S. viridis, Fries. S. Rus-
sellidna, Smith). BRITTLE WILLOW. Fig.
3526. Tree, 50-60 ft. high, excurrent in
habit and of very rapid growth: branches
brown, obliquely ascending: buds medium size, pointed:
Ivs. large, lanceolate-acuminate, glabrous or slightly
hairy when young, scarcely paler beneath, glandular
serrate: aments appearing with the Ivs. (the staminate
3,
3526. Leaves of
willow. 1, Salix petio-
laris ; 2, S. Candida;
3, S. purpurea; 4, S.
myrtilloides ; 5, S.
nigra; 6, S. fragilis.
(Xjfl
tree rare in Amer.), seldom bearing good
seed, slender; scales deciduous. Eu., N. Asia.
Gn. 19, p. 517; 55, p. 89.— Frequently cult,
and also growing spontaneously in many
places. A company of promoters induced
many American farmers to plant hedges of
this willow some 50 years ago. Many of these
occur now throughout the country, the trees
being 40-50 ft. high. A stake cut from a tree
and driven in the ground will soon establish
itself and grow into a tree. Var. decipiens,
Hoffm. Twigs yellow: buds black in winter:
Ivs. smaller and brighter green. Probably a
hybrid with another species.
7. alba, Linn. WHITE WILLOW. Fig. 3527;
also Figs. 3523-3525. Large tree, with short
and thick trunk, not excurrent in habit:
branches yellowish brown: Ivs. ashy gray and
silky throughout, giving a white appearance
to the whole tree, 2-4 in. long, elliptical. Eu.
Gn. 55, p. 87; 61, p. 7. — Heretofore associated
with the next species, from which it differs in
color of twigs and vesture and color of Ivs.,
as also in its general habit. It is only
occasionally seen in Amer. Var. splendens,
Anderss. (S. alba var. argentea, Wimm. S.
regalis, Hort.). Lvs. densely silky on both
sides, nearly silvery-white while young. The
forms of this species not easily distinguish-
able from one another, can be readily distin-
guished from the following species.
8. vitellina, Linn. (S. bldnda, Anderss.).
YELLOW WILLOW. Becoming a very large and
venerable appearing tree, the rather short
trunk often 4 ft. or more in diam. It is often
pollarded. The crown is deliquescent and
rounded in outline. Branches yellow: Ivs.
silky-hairy when young, glabrous when ma-
ture, glaucous beneath, the whiteness inten-
sified after the Ivs. fall: aments appearing
with the Ivs. Abundant in E. N. Amer.
Mn. 8, p. 25 (erroneously as S. alba). — Dis-
playing many variations, the most obvious of
which are: Var. aurea, Salisb. (var. aurantiaca,
Hort.), branches golden yellow, especially
just before the Ivs. appear in spring. Var.
britzensis, Hort., bark red. These as well as
other choice varieties are grafted. Var. pen-
dula, Hort. (S. aiirea pendula, Hort. S. alba
var. vitellina pendula, Rehd. S. babylonica
aurea&udS. babylonica ramulis aureis, Hort.).
Tree of weeping habit, similar to S. babylon-
ica, with yellow branches. M.D.G. 1898:88.
Gn. 55, pp. 15, 22. S.H. 2:361, 371.
9. babylfinica, Linn. (S. pendula, Moench).
NAPOLEON'S WILLOW. Fig. 3527. A tree of
weeping habit, 30-40 ft. high, with long
slender olive-green or purplish branches:
buds small, acute: Ivs. 2-6 in. long, atten-
uate at base and apex : aments appearing with
the Ivs., slender, the pistillate green, 1 in. long,
caps, small. China. Gn. 1, p. 371; 34, p. 527;
39, p. 73; 55, p. 92. S.H. 1:261. F.E. 19:574.
G.W. 2, p. 31. — Long known in cult, and
often grown in cemeteries. Tender N. Var.
annularis, Forbes, Ivs. twisted back so as to
form a sort of ring.
10. Salam6mi, Carr. (<S>. babylonica var.
Salambnii, Carr.; sometimes erroneously
spelled Salcmonii or Salmonii). Hybrid be-
tween S. alba and S. babylonica. Similar to
S. babylonica, but less pendulous: tree with ascending
branches and pendulous branchlets: Ivs. similar to
those of S. babylonica, but sparingly silky-pubescent
on both sides: pistillate catkins with more pubescent
6.
SALIX
SALIX
3053
axis and long-ciliate scabs. Originated in
M.D.G. 1898:89. Gn.55,p. 19. S.H.2:373.—
S. sepulcralis, Simonkai, belongs here.
11. bUnda, Anderss. (S. Petzoldii, Hort.
S. babylonica var. dolor osa, Rowen; possibly
also S. penduhna). WISCONSIN WEEPING
WILLOW. A hybrid of S. babylonica and S.
Jragilis. Tree with spreading limbs and pen-
dulous branches; branches brownish green or
brown: Ivs. lanceolate or narrow-lanceolate,
long - acuminate, serrulate, glabrous, dark
green above, glaucous beneath, 3-6 in. long
and }'3-?4Ui- broad: fls. with the Ivs.; stamens
2; ovary short-stalked, glabrous, with one
gland at the base, half as long as the pedicel.
Of garden origin.
12. elegantissima, Koch (S. Sieboldii,
Hort.). THURLOW'S WEEPING WILLOW. Tree
with more spreading habit and larger crown
than S. babylonica: branches long and pen-
dent, yellowish green, sometimes blotched
with brown: appears to be more hard}' than
S. babylonica. Origin unknown. M.D.G.
- :88. Gn. 55, p. 24. S.H. 2:363.— Said to
be of Japanese origin; probably only a form
of S. blanda.
13. Safsaf, Forsk. EGYPTIAN WILLOW. A
tree in general appearance like S. alba or S.
babylonica. Several varieties have been de-
scribed. The mature Ivs. are bright green
above and glaucous beneath, 3-5 in. long and
over J^in. wide. X. E. Afr., where it is fre-
quently cult, along highways. — Intro, into
Italy many years ago.
14. longifolia, Muhl. (S. rubra, Rich., not
Huds. 5. interior, Rowlee. S.flundtilis,S®rg.,
and other recent authors in part, not Xutt.}.
Fig. 3527. Varying in stature from a low
shrub to a small tree, usually growing along
streams and lake-shores: twigs smooth and
brown to densely tomentose and gray: buds
plano-convex, with an obtuse and rounded
apex, very small: Ivs. nearly or quite smooth,
sparsely canescent to extremely canescent,
sessile, linear-elliptical, remotely dentate, the
teeth narrow, sometimes quite spinulose:
stipules conspicuous, ear-shaped, obscurely
denticulate, deciduous: aments of late spring
on short lateral peduncles, which bear 4-6
Ivs.. those borne later in the season on much
longer leafy branches, very loosely fld.: fls.
fascicled in clusters of 2-5 on the axis, a dis-
tinct interval between the fascicles, first ap-
pearing in May and often bearing a second set
of aments in early summer; scales usually
glabrous or somewhat hairy toward the base,
narrowly oblong, yellowish, deciduous after
flowering; filaments crisp-hairy below, smooth
above: caps, sessile, clothed when young with
appressed silvery hairs, becoming nearly
smooth at maturity; stigmas short, sessile.
Cent. X. Amer. — The pistillate ament, lax at
anthesis, becomes more so as the caps,
mature, and by this character the species can
easily be distinguished from related species.
15. argophylla, Xutt. (8. longifolia var.
argophylla, Anders. S. fluvidtilis var. argo-
phylla, Sarg. S. Hindsiana, Benth.). Tree
or large shrub, 12-18 ft. high, forming dense
thickets but not growing in clumps: branches
nearly glabrous and exceedingly tough: bark
turning from brown to bright yellow or orange
just before blooming, making a thicket of it
a most conspicuous object : Ivs. narrowly lan-
ceolate, closely sessile, entirely or rarely min-
France.
Probably
,7
3527. Leaves of
willows. 7, Salizalba;
S. S. babylonica; 9, S.
longifolia; 10, S. ros-
trata; 11, S. tristis;
12, S. discolor. (XM)
utely and remotely denticulate, clothed equally on both
sides with an appressed silky pubescence, which more
or less conceals the veins; stipules obsolete:
scales oblong and obtuse in the staminate
ament, narrower and more acute in the pistil-
late; lower half of the filament densely crispy
hairy: caps, lanceolate, covered with straight
appressed silky hairs, closely sessile; stigmas
sessile; mature caps, often nearly glabrous. —
Occasionally the Ivs. remain upon the plant
over winter, the young shoots appearing in
then* axils in spring. Ament surpassed in
length by its leafy peduncles; appearing in
May in Ore. and X. Calif, and flowering
intermit tenth- all summer. This species is dis-
tinguished by its narrowly lanceolate, entire
Ivs., obsolete stipules, small and rather nar-
row aments, erose scales, and hairy caps. S.
argophylla occurs on the Pacific slope from
S. Calif, to Brit. Col. It is a western repre-
sentative of the long-lvd. willows. Xot ad-
vertised, but a beautiful species common along
streams and irrigation ditches.
16. balsamifera, Barr. Fig. 3528. A much-
branched clean-looking shrub, with shining
colored twigs, sometimes almost tree-like:
glabrous: Ivs. short -oval to lance -oblong,
rounded and sometimes somewhat cordate at
base, glandular-serrulate, thinnish and fra-
grant, dark green above and pale or glaucous
and also prominently reticulate beneath:
fertile aments becoming lax and open, the
slender pedicels of the carpels much longer
than the glands, the style short. Along the
northern borders of the U. S. and far north-
ward ; an attractive species. G. F. 6:29
(reduced in Fig. 3528).
17. Caprea, Linn. GOAT WILLOW. Fig.
3529. A small tree, 12-25 ft. high, with up-
right branches: Ivs. large, 2-5 in. long, 1-3
in. wide, rounded or subcordate at base,
rugose, very variable: aments appearing be-
fore the Ivs., large and showy, especially the
staminate ones. Eu., Asia. — The typical" form
often occurs in yards where it has sprouted
from the stock upon which the more popular
but scarcely more ornamental variety, pen-
dula, has been grafted. Var. pendula, Hort.
KILMARNOCK WILLOW. Dwarfed form, grafted
on stock about 4 ft. high, and forming a
weeping shrub. Often planted in yards. S.
multinerris is supposed to be a hybrid, and
probably belongs with S. Caprea. S. Caprea
var. tricolor, Hort., is said by F. W. Kelsey
to be a round-headed tree, with ''tricolored
foliage;" probably a form of S. aurita. S.
palmsefolia, Hort., is said by F. W. Kelsey to
be of vigorous growth, with large, deep green
Ivs. and reddish purple young wood.
18. discolor, Muhl. PUSSY WILLOW. Figs.
3521, 3522, 3527. A shrub or short-trunked
tree. 10-20 ft. high: buds very large and
nearly black: Ivs. smooth and bright green
above, whitish beneath, irregularly crenate-
serrate: aments appear early in spring, before
the Ivs., closely sessile, enveloped in long,
silkj- hairs. E. X. Amer. — Worthy of more
extended cult, and thriving in dry ground.
19. rostrata, Rich. (P. Bebbiana, Sarg.).
Fig. 3527. A small tree, 10-20 ft. high, with
short but distinct trunk: buds of medium size,
conical, brown: Ivs. dull green and downy
above, prominently veined and hairy beneath:
aments appearing with the Ivs., the staminate
beautiful golden when in flower; scales narrow
3054
SALIX
SALIX
and shorter than the pedicels : caps, long-rostrate. E. N.
Amer. — Prefers dry soil and can be used to good advan-
tage against walls and in rockeries.
20. hfcmilis, Marsh. PRAIRIE WILLOW. A shrub,
3-8 ft. high, varying much in stature, and in size and
shape of Ivs. : branches hairy: Ivs. oblanceolate to
oblong, nearly entire, more or less
revolute: aments densely and many-
fld. E. N. Amer. — Grows in driest
situations.
21. tristis, Ait. DWARF WILLOW.
Fig. 3527. A diffuse shrub, 1-1 ^ ft.,
with long deep-set root: branches gray,
slender: Ivs. small, 1 in. long, linear- X;
lanceolate, very short-petioled: aments
small and rather few-fld.; stamens
orange-red. E. N. Amer.
22. sericea, Marsh. SILKY WILLOW.
A shrub usually 4-8 ft. high, diffusely
spreading from base: branches often
reddish: buds obtuse and rounded at
apex, cylindrical: Ivs. very silky beneath, sometimes
becoming less so at maturity: aments densely fld.,
appearing with the Ivs.; stamens often orange-red:
caps, short-pedicelled, ovate-oblong, nearly truncate at
apex. N. E. N. Amer.
23. petiolaris, Smith, not Hort. Fig. 3526. A low
shrub, 3-5 ft. high: branches slender, the whole plant
much slenderer than S. sericea, with which it frequently
grows : buds smaller and more pointed : Ivs. only slightly
silky when young, soon glabrous, more evidently toothed :
aments rather loosely fld.: caps, rostrate and pointed,
distinctly pedicelled. Cent, and N. E. N. Amer. — S.
petiolaris of the trade is S. incana.
24. viminalis, Linn. OSIER WILLOW. A shrub or
small tree, 10-20 ft. high: branches slender and straight:
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, beautifully silvery, 4-10 in. long;
margins revolute, entire: aments appearing before the
Ivs., golden yellow. Eu., Asia. — Most often seen in plan-
tations for basket material, for the production of which
the plants are cut near the ground every year. Willow-
culture in experienced hands is often profitable. (For
details, see Simpson, Osier Culture, Bull. 19, Div. of
For., U. S. Dept. Agric. 1898.) This species does not
thrive in this country as well as in Eu.
25. Candida, Fluegge. HOARY WILLOW. Fig. 3526.
A shrub, 2-5 ft. high: young branches hoary, becoming
smooth and red with age: buds reddish, rounded at the
(Xfc)
3529. Staminate catkins of goat willow. — Salix Caprea (X1A)- No. 17.
apex: Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, 2-4 in. long,
dark green and wrinkled above, covered below with
dense white tomentum, revolute: aments sessile, appear-
ing before the Ivs.; staminate of reddish anthers: caps,
densely white-woolly, with red style and stigmas. N.
Amer. — This species hybridizes freely with S. cordata,
and several natural hybrids have been described.
26. myrtilloides, Linn. Fig. 3526. A shrub, 2-5 ft.
high, with rather slender brown twigs: Ivs. oblong or
elliptic-oboyate, usually obtuse at both ends, entire and
smooth, reticulate-veined : aments rather few-fld.: caps,
reddish, glabrous. N. E. N. Amer. and Eu. Usually
grows in cold peat-bogs. — Probably not in cult. The
plant sold under this name is probably some form of S.
purpurea, which S. myrtiUoides closely resembles in
general appearance.
27. cordata, Muhl. (S. rigida, Muhl.). HEART-
LEAVED WILLOW. Fig. 3530. A large shrub or small
tree, 10-30 ft. high: branches stout: buds large, flat-
tened against the branch: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, green
on both sides, finely serrate, glabrous and rather rigid
at maturity: aments rather slender, appearing with the
Ivs.: caps, glabrous, greenish or brownish. N. Amer. —
This is a variable species and undoubtedly some of the
forms included in it are hybrids; several supposed
natural hybrids have been described. Var. pendula,
Hort., is a decumbent form.
28. irrorata, Anders. COLORADO WILLOW. A dense
diffuse shrub, 8-12 ft. high: branches stout, covered
with a white bloom: buds large: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
3-4 in. long, J^in. wide, green above, glaucous beneath,
undulate serrate: aments all appearing before the Ivs.,
sessile, very densely fld.; staminate golden yellow: caps,
glabrous, nearly sessile. Rocky Mts.
29. incana, Schrank (S. petiolaris, and S. rosmarini-
folia of American gardeners, but not of botanists).
Shrub or small round-topped tree, with long, slender
branches: Ivs. linear, revolute, 2-5 in. long, very narrow,
green above, white-tomentose beneath: aments long
and slender, appearing with the Ivs.: caps, glabrous;
filaments of stamens more or less connate. Eu. — This
species is frequently grafted upon hardy stock (S.
Caprea) when sold from nurseries.
30. purpurea, Linn. (S. Forbyana, Smith. Vetrix pur-
purea, Rafin.). PURPLE OSIER. Fig. 3526. A shrub or
small tree, spreading at base, with long, flexible branches :
Ivs. oblanceolate, serrulate, glabrous, veiny, 3-6 in. long,
often appearing opposite: aments sessile, slender; pistil-
late recurved; scales purple; stamen 1: caps, small,
ovate. Eu. — Planted as an ornamental shrub and
escaped in many places. Also grown as a basket-willow.
Var. pendula, Dipp. (S. nlgra pendula, Hort. S. ameri-
cdna pendula, Hort.) . Branches pendent. Gng. 4 : 243.
SALIX
SALPICHROA
3055
31. sitchensis, Sans. SITKA WILLOW. A shrub, 10-12
ft. high and more: Ivs. obovate, glabrous, clothed
beneath with silky hairs which have a beautiful satiny
luster: aments appearing with Ivs., long, cylindrical and
graceful, also satiny. N. W. N. Amer. — This willow,
which, so far as known, has not been used as an orna-
mental plant, is one that would be at once novel and
beautiful. The characteristic luster
of the Ivs. is preserved in plants in
cult.
32. Cottetii, Kerner. A low shrub
differing from S. retusa mainly in the
larger size of the whole plant as well
as its Ivs. Cent. Eu. G.W. 9, p. 542.
33. herbacea, Linn. A very dwarf
species usually not more than an
inch or so in height, forming dense
mats: Ivs. orbicular, serrate, usually
emarginate at both base and apex.
Alpine regions of Amer. and Eurasia,
White Mts.. X. H.
34. myrsinites, Linn. (S. Jdcquinii,
Host). An alpine shrub a foot or less
high, either erect or more or less
creeping: Ivs. short-petioled, lanceo-
3530. Leaves of late, coriaceous, shining, green both
Salix cordata show- sides. Arctic and alpine regions,
in* stipules. (XH) 35. pyrenaica, Gouan. A dwarf
caulescent shrub usually more or less
depressed in habit, with slender brown shining twigs :
Ivs. membranous, about 1 in. long and half as wide,
entire, ciliate on the margin. In the alpine regions of
the Pyrenees.
36. repens, Linn. A shrub of variable stature and
vesture: Ivs. oval to linear, entire or remotely serrulate,
shining above, silver-silky or glabrous beneath, stip-
ules wanting. X. Eu. and Asia. Var. argentea has
silvery-silky Ivs. G.L. 22:325.
37. reticulata, Linn. A depressed shrub with few
oval or orbicular Ivs. glaucous beneath, green above,
rugose-reticulate: aments slender, borne on a long
peduncle. Arctic regions of both hemispheres.
38. retusa, Linn. (S. serpyllifblia, Scop.). A de-
pressed shrub: Ivs. characteristically "parallei"-veined,
obtuse or slightly retuse at the apex, entire, less than
J^in. wide. Alpine regions of Eu. and Asia.
S. aglaia, Hort.=S. daphnoides. — S. amygdalina. Linn. (S.
triandra. Linn.). Usually shrubby, to 12 ft.: branchlets glabrous,
rarely slightly silky: Ivs. lanceolate, glabrous, pale green or bluish
below, to 5 in. long: fls. shortly before or with the Ivs.; stamens 3;
ovary long-stalked, glabrous. Eu. — S. B&keri, Seemen, is probably
a form of S. lasiolepis. — S. Bockii, Von Seemen. An ornamental
dwarf species: Ivs. oblong or oval, Ji-J^in. long, mucronate, dark
green and glabrescent above, silvery with silky appressed hairs
beneath: aments 1-2 in. long, produced in Oct. and Nov. before the
fall of the Ivs. China. — S. chrysocoma, Dode, is a hybrid between
S. babylonica and S. vitellina.— S. daphnoides, Vill. Ten to 20 ft.
high: twigs violet: Ivs. narrow-oblong or linear-lanceolate, very
acuminate, 3-6 in. long. — S. Hdnkensonii, Dode. Apparently a
natural hybrid between a species of the group of S. nigra and one of
the group of S. babylonica. — S. heter&ndra, Dode. Possibly hybrid
between a species of the S. purpurea group and one allied to S.
pentandra. Shrub: Ivs. lanceolate-obovate or narrowly lanceolate,
3-4 in. long, remotely serrate, glabrous, light green above, whitish-
glaucous beneath: male aments about 1 '4 in. long: Caucasus. — S.
hypoltiica, Seemen. Shrub, to 10 ft. : Ivs. elliptic to lanceolate, acute,
glabrous at maturity, glaucous below, 1-2 in. long: aments with the
Ivs. 1-2 in. long. Cent. W. China. — S. japdnica, Thunb. (S. baby-
lonica var. japonica, Anderss.). Shrub, to 6 ft.: Ivs. ovate-oblong to
lanceolate, remotely serrate, glabrous, grayish green beneath, to 3
in. long: aments slender, 2 >£-3 V£ in. long; ovary glabrous. Japan. —
S. lasiolepis, Benth. ARROYO WILLOW. Shrub or tree, .8-25 ft. high:
Ivs. oblong, suborbicular, obovate or linear acute, obscurely serru-
late, 1 12-5 in. long: aments appearing before the Ivs., sessile, densely
silky-tomentose in the bud, suberect: caps, glabrous or puberulent,
short-pedicelled. Calif. — S. lispocladus, Dode. Lvs. ovate-lanceo-
late, about 2H in. long, serrate, light green and shining above,
whitish glaucous beneath: male aments appearing late. Caucasus. —
•S. magnified, Hemsl. Shrub, to 20 ft. : Ivs. oval to obovate, shortly
and obtusely acuminate, glabrous, pale beneath, to 8 in. long and to
5 in. wide; petiole purplish: stammate aments to 7 in., pistillate
to 11 in. long. W. China. A remarkable willow, but tender X. J.
H.S. 39, p. 137, fig. 148.— S. MatsuMna, Koidzumi (S. baby-
lonica var. pekinensis, Henry). Tree, to 40 ft.: branchlets ascend-
ing or pendulous, greenish: Ivs. narrowly lanceolate, serrulate,
glabrous, 2-1 in. long: aments with the Ivs., about Viin. long. N.
E. Asia. — S. Medemii, Boiss., of the Armenia-Persia region is an
upright species 12 ft. and more high with oblong somewhat serrate
Ivs. abruptly pointed. — S. Medwedewii, Dode. Shrub or small tree:
Ivs. very narrow, up to 4 in. long: female aments appearing late, cylin-
dric, 1 & in. long. Caucasus. — P. oxica, Dode. Lvs. large, glauces-
cent, giving the tree a bluish appearance. Cent. Asia. — S. persica,
Boiss. Similar to P. babylonica. Trunk pale ashy gray or brownish:
Ivs. very shortly stalked, somewhat falcate, long-acuminate, serru-
late. Persia.-^->S. RehderiAna, Schneid. Shrub, to 10 ft.: branchlets
sparingly hairy or glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate, crenulate, whitish and
silky beneath, with yellow midrib, 2-5 in. long: aments precoci9iis,
about 1 in. long; anthers purple at first ; ovaries glabrous. W. China.
— S. renecia is a hybrid, of which S. cinerea is a parent. — S. Tominii,
Dode. Tree with spreading branches: Ivs. obovate to lanceolate,
3Ji~^ in. long or more, remotely serrate: male aments at first coni-
cal and rosy at apex, afterward ovate-cylindric, Ji'in. long. W.
Asia. — S. trfdndra, Linn.=S. amygdalina.— S. Wallichiana, Anderss.
Shrub or small tree: Ivs. ovate- to oblong-lanceolate, entire, silky
beneath like the young branchlets, 2-3 in. long: stamina te aments
1 in. long, pistillate 3-5 in.: caps slender, silky. Himayalas, Cent,
and W. China. — S. zygostemon. Hook. f. & Thorn. Probably a
natural hybrid between S. purpurea and S. Medeniii.-piS. Wtnt-
icorthii, Hort., is described as a tall upright rapid-growing willow
with brignt red bark: botanical position to be determined.
W. W. ROWLEE.
SALPICHROA (Greek, tube and skin; in reference to
the form and texture of the flower). Syn. Scdpichroma.
Solanacex. Shrubs, subshrubs, or herbs, sometimes
grown in the warmhouse and now used for outdoor
planting in southern California.
Leaves often small, entire, long-petioled: fls. white or
yellow, 2-3 in. long (Section Eusalpichroa) or only
about y<$&. long (Section Perizoma); calyx tubular or
short, 5-cleft or -parted, the lobes linear; corolla tubular
or urn-shaped, without a crown in the throat; lobes 5,
acute, often short induplicate-valvate: berry ovoid or
oblong, 2-celled; seeds numerous, compressed. — About
10 species, extra-trop. S. Amer. The species described
below is said to have the advantage of being an exceed-
ingly rapid climber, covering walls within one season
with a thick mass of foliage and will thrive in alkali
soil and under intense heat. The small white berries
are sold everywhere in Paraguay as "cock's eggs." It
grows with astonishing rapidity from the fleshy roots,
which, however, are destroyed by frost. If black scale
secures a foothold, it is well to cut the plant down to the
roots.
rhomboidea, Miers
(Salpichrbma rhom-
baideum, Miers). A
half-hardy climber,
somewhat woody,
with green, flexuous
branches: Ivs. small
(blade J^-%in. long),
ovate - rhomboid:
fls. small, usually less
than Kin- long, soli-
tary, nodding, white;
corolla short, con-
stricted at the middle
and at the throat, and
bearing on the inside
a fleshy, woolly ring:
berry ovate - oblong,
yellowish or white,
edible, but of poor
flavor. Argentina. G.C
III. 24 : 450. R. H.
1897:531. Gn. 35, p.
367. F.E. 32:448.—
The plant appears to
be offered as Withania
origanifolia, although
the genus Withania
itself has good stand-
ing.
F. W. BARCLAY. 3531. Salpiglossis sinuata.
3056
SALPIGLOSSIS
SALSIFY
SALPIGLOSSIS (Greek, tube and tongue; alluding to
the form of the corolla and the appearance of the style).
Solanaceae. Viscous-pubescent half-hardy annual, bien-
nial, or perennial herbs, chiefly used for garden flowers,
but sometimes also grown in the greenhouse; of rich
and attractive colors.
Plants about 18 in. high, erect, covered with short
glandular hairs: Ivs. entire, wavy-margined, dentate or
pinnatifid : fls. long-stemmed, large, funnel-shaped, rang-
ing in color from various shades of purple and blue
through numerous reds and yellows to creamy white,
and usually beautifully marbled and penciled with
several colors; calyx tubular, 5-cleft, corolla funnel-
form, widely bell-shaped at the throat; lobes 5, plicate,
emarginate; stamens 4, didynamous: caps, oblong or
ovoid; valves 2-cleft. — About 8 species, natives of
Chile.
The usual species in cultivation is S. sinuata, which
was formerly divided into about 6 species mainly on
the color of the flowers. S. sinuata has greatly improved
in size of flowers and range of color until it is at the
present time " amongst the very finest half-hardy
annuals. The varieties of salpiglossis require the general
treatment given half-
hardy annuals. They pre-
fer a deep light rich soil
not given to sudden ex-
tremes of moisture and
dryness. The seeds may
be sown indoors by the
middle of March or later,
or may be sown outdoors
in early spring. Care
must be taken that the
early sown plants do not
become stunted before
being planted out. They
bloom for several weeks
in late summer. The
flowers are useful for cut-
ting and last well. The
plant is also excellent as
a greenhouse annual for
late winter bloom. Seeds
for this purpose may be
sown in late summer. (F.
W. Barclay.)
sinuata, Ruiz and Pav.
(S. varidbilis, Hort. S.
Barclayana, Sweet. S.
hybrida, Hort. S. grandi-
flbra, Hort.). Fig. 3531.
Hardy annual, 1-2 ft.
high, suberect, branched,
sticky-pubescent, with fls. 2 in. long and wide, rang-
ing from straw-color and yellow through scarlet
nearly to blue, with great variation in venation and
markings: lower Ivs. petiolate, elliptic-oblong, wavy-
toothed or pinnately cut; upper Ivs. more nearly
entire: bracts sessile, entire. Vars. azurea, aurea, coc-
cinea, ptlmila, nana, Hort., are offered. V. 23:129.
Gn. 29:166; 40, p. 75. R.H. 1849:361. G. 14:269.
Gn.W. 22:659; 25:586. J.F. 4:395. Var. superbis-
sima, Hort., has a more columnar manner of growth
with a thick, unbranched stem. G.C. III. 22:363.
A.G. 18:860.
S. atropurpiirea, Graham. St. procumbent at base, then erect,
about 2 ft. high : Ivs. scattered, various in shape, lanceolate-elliptical,
elliptical, or ovate-elliptical, flaccid, sinuated, the segms. generally
blunt and entire: fls. deep rich purple on rather long pedicels. Chile.
B.M. 2811. Included in S. sinuata by many authorities. — S. stra-
minea, Hook. (S. picta, Sweet. S. straminea var. picta, Hook.).
Included in S. sinuata by many authorities from which it differs in
the color of the corolla, which is whitish tinted yellow at the throat
and often purple-veined. The top of the style of S. straminea is
toothless while that of S. sinuata is toothed. Chile. B.M. 3365.
Probably not in the trade. R TRACY HTJBBARD f
3532. Salsify or vegetable
oyster. (X1A)
SALPINGA (Greek, trumpet, referring to the shape
of the calyx). Melastomacese. Erect glabrous branch-
ing herbs, including the warmhouse foliage plant known
to the trade as Bertolonia margaritacea.
Leaves often unequal, oblong or lanceolate, long-
petioled, under surface plum-colored: fls. spicate, on
terminal, simple or dichptomously branched peduncles,
secund, sessile or pedicellate; calyx glabrous, tube
tubular or campanulate, 10-ribbed, the lobes short,
tuberculate outside; petals 5, oblong or obovate;
stamens 10; ovary free, oblong, 3-celled: caps. 3-edged,
included in the terete, thickened, ribbed calyx. — Four
species, Guiana, Brazil, and Peru.
margaritacea, Triana (Bertolonia margaritacea,
Hort. Bull. Gravesia guttdta var. margaritacea, Nichols.).
Tender perennial herb: st. 1^-4 in. high, erect,
obtusely 4-angled, simple: Ivs. long-petiolate, thin-
membranaceous, ovate, base rounded or frequently
distinctly emarginate-cordate, upper surface dark dull
green, white-spotted between the veins, lower surface
pale green, reddish or bright rose: cymes terminal,
slender-branched, the branches red, rather long; fls.
white or sometimes whitish rose; calyx-tube purplish,
10-ribbed, the ribs red; segms. green with pink tips;
petals erect or erect-spreading, acute or rather obtuse:
caps, pale, obscurely 3-sided. Brazil. F.S. 16:1697.
S. longifdlia, Triana (Bertolonia longifolia, Cham.). St. short,
herbaceous: Ivs. oblong, rarely ovate-oblong, base rounded or
slightly cordate, upper surface bright green, glabrous, lower surface
paler, scurfy-pubescent: cymes terminal; fls. white: caps, pale,
3-sided. Brazil. — S. secunda, Schrank & Mart. St. subshrubby,
erect: Ivs. narrow-ovate or ovate-oblong, base rather obtuse or
short-alternate, upper surface light green, lower surface paler:
cymes terminal and axillary; fls. unknown: caps, pale red-brown,
narrowly oblong, subcylindrical. Brazil.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SALSIFY (formerly sometimes spelled salsafy) is
Tragopogon porrifolius, one of the Compositae. Fig.
3532. A garden esculent, grown for the fleshy root.
This root has the flavor of oysters, hence the plant is
sometimes called vegetable oyster and oyster plant.
Salsify is perfectly hardy. The seeds (which are
really fruits) are sown in early spring, about as soon as
the soil can be prepared, in drills where the plants are to
stand. The drills may be 2 to 3 feet apart, if tilled by
light horse-tools, or half that distance if tilled only by
hand. In the rows, the plants are thinned to stand
3 to 6 inches apart. The plant requires the entire sea-
son, in the North, in which to grow. The roots may be
allowed to remain in the ground until spring, for freezing
does not harm them. In fact, they are usually better
for being left in the ground, because they do not shrivel
and become tough as they often do in storage. If they
are kept cool and moist in storage, however, the quality
is as good as when the roots remain in the ground. At
least a part of the crop should be stored, for the table
or the market during winter and early spring.
The plant is biennial. The second spring, a strong
stalk 2 to 3 feet tall is sent up from the crown of the
root, and in spring or early summer an abundance of
light purple flower-heads are produced. The flowers, or
heads, close about noon. The leaves are long, linear,
and grass-like.. The roots are small, well-grown speci-
mens being about 1 foot long and unbranched, and
about 2 inches in diameter at the top. The skin is
grayish white. Salsify is easy to grow, and it has no
serious pests. It is a vegetable of secondary importance
commercially, although it should be in every home-
garden, particularly in the North, where it thrives best.
Eight to ten pounds of seed is sown to the acre. There
are few varieties, and these have no marked charac-
teristics except in size. The Mammoth Sandwich
Island and Improved French are probably the best
varieties. Salsify is native to southern Europe. In
some places it has escaped as a weed. See Tragopogon.
Black salsify is Scorzonera; Spanish salsify is
Scolymus. L. H. B.
SALSOLA
SALVIA
3057
SALSOLA (Latin, salsus, salty; the plants grow in
salty places). Chenopodiacex. Weedy annual and per-
ennial branching herbaceous plants of some 50 species
of very wide distribution, mostly on seashores and in
saline "soils, of no horticultural interest. Lvs. narrow,
usually awl-shaped or long-pointed, commonly fleshy:
fls. very small, sessile in the axils
(Fig. 3533), perfect, provided
with 2 bractlets; calyx 5-parted,
the segms. winged on the back;
petals 0; stamens usually 5;
styles 2: fr. a flattened utricle,
with a horizontal seed. Of inter-
est because it includes the Rus-
sian thistle, S. Kali, Linn., var.
tenuifolia, Mey. (S. pestifer,
Xels.), now a widespread weed
along railway rights of way and
very abundant in the prairie
and plains regions; of relatively
recent intro. from Eurasia. With
good tillage and short rotations
it is not to be feared; when
young or growing, it may have
some value as forage. It is a
bushy annual (Fig. 3534), and
when broken off in autumn forms
one of the tumble-weeds, and is
carried long distances before
the wind.
SALVIA (Latin name used as
far back as Pliny, meaning to be
well or healthy, referring to the
medicinal properties of some
species). Labiatse. SAGE. Herbs,
subshrubs, and shrubs, certain of
which are of economic use, such
as sage and clary, while others
are grown for ornament both
indoors and out.
Leaves entire, dentate-incised
or pinnatisect; the floral Ivs. are
frequently changed to bracts,
rarely similar to the cauline
Ivs.: floral whorls 2- to many-
fld., variously arranged, spicate,
racemose, paniculate or rarely
all axillary: fls. variously
colored, rarely yellow, and vari-
ous-sized from large and showy
to minute: calyx ovoid, tubular or campanulate, 2-
lipped; corolla-tube included or exserted, limb 2-lipped;
perfect stamens 2, the connective linear, transversely
articulate with the filament: nutlets ovoid-3-edged or
rather compressed, smooth. — Upward of 500 species
widely distributed in the temperate and warmer regions
of both hemispheres. Sal via was monographed in 1848
by Bentham in DC. Prod., vol. 12, and an index to the
407 species therein described is found in Buek's
Genera, Species et Synonyma, etc., pars iii. In 1876,
Hemsley gave an account in The Garden (9:430-4)
of 65 species which had been in cult, up to that time.
See also A Synopsis of the Mexican and Central
American Species of Salvia, by M. L. Fernald (Proc.
Am. Acad. Arts Sci., vol. 35, 1900, and Contrib. Gray
Herb. Harvard Univ. X. S. Xo. 19). In the work just
cited 209 species are described and there is an elaborate
key. Within the generic limits of Salvia the variation
is astonishing. The color of the fls. ranges from scarlet
through purple and violet to azure-blue, white and even
pale yellow, but there seems to be no good pure yel-
low. Fig. 3535 indicates something of the range in
form of corolla and calyx. Some fls. gape wide open,
others are nearly tubular. In some the upper lip is
longer than the lower, in other cases the lower lip is
3533. Sprig of Russian
thistle, i Natural size)
longer than the upper. The lower lip is always 3-lobed,
but frequently it does not appear to be so, for the lateral
lobes are much reduced while the midlobe is greatly
enlarged, often deeply lobed, and becomes the showy
part of the fl. The ca^oc is small and green in some,
large, colored, and showy in others. In many cases, as
S. leucantha, the corolla and calyx are of different
colors. The bracts range from minute and deciduous to
a larger size and more attractive color than the fls.
There are usually about 6 fls. in a whorl, sometimes 2,
sometimes many. In spite of these and many other
wide variations, few attempts have been made to split
up Salvia into many genera, presumably from the feel-
ing that the structure of the stamens makes the Salvias
a natural, not an artificial group.
Cultivation of salvias. (Wilhelm Miller.)
Three salvias are cultivated for their leaves, which
are used in seasoning and also in medicine. These are
the common sage, S. officinalis; clary, S. Sdarea; and
S. Horminum. For commercial cultivation of S. offi-
cincdis, see Sage.
Clary is a perennial plant, but is cultivated as an
annual or biennial. The plants run to seed the second
year, after which it is better to pull up the old plants.
The seed may be sown in spring, in drills 12 to 20 inches
apart or in a seed-bed, from which the seedlings are
pricked out in May. In August the first leaves may be
gathered and the plants will continue to yield until
June or July of the following year.
Clary (S. Sdarea) and its near relative, S. Hor-
minum, are plants of exceptional interest. They are
cultivated for their culinary and medicinal value and
also for ornament, but their ornamental value lies not
in the flowers (which are usually insignificant) but in the
colored bracts or floral leaves at the tops of the branches.
The various varieties are known as the Purple-top
clary, Red-top clary or White-top clary; also Red sage
and Purple sage. The two species (S. Sdarea and S.
Horminum) seem to be much confused in the cata-
logues.
Among the salvias grown for ornament there are
two large cultural groups, the hardy and the tender.
The hardy species are mostly border plants, blooming
in spring and early summer. The tender species are
3534. Plant of Russian thistle.
generally used for summer bedding, sometimes for con-
servatory decoration in winter. Many of them bloom in
summer and late fall, especially when they are treated
as half-hardy annuals.
As regards color of flowers, there are also two impor-
tant groups, the scarlet-flowered, and the kinds with
blue, purple, violet, white, or variegated flowers. Of the
scarlet kinds, S. splendens is the most called for; of the
blue-flowered kinds, S. patens is the most popular of
the bedding class, and S. pratensis the most sought
of the hardy class. S. patens probably has the largest
flowers of any of the blue-flowered kinds in cultivation.
The most widely used of all salvias cultivated for
ornament is Salvia splendens, or scarlet sage. This is
3058
SALVIA
SALVIA
one of the most brilliant red-flowered bedding plants in
cultivation. It is generally grown in large masses. It
does best in full sunshine, but may be used in shady
places to light up dark woody recesses. It should have
a dark background of some kind by way of contrast. A
well-managed mass of scarlet sage may be maintained
in full splendor from the middle of July to frost. It is
propagated by either cuttings or seed. It is rather
troublesome to keep cuttings or plants over winter, as
they are particularly liable to attacks of aphis and red-
spider. It is, therefore, important to get seed of an
early-blooming variety of compact habit, and to sow the
seed early indoors or in a frame in time to get good
plants to set outdoors in May. A good raceme is over a
foot long, with 30 or more flowers in a raceme, and 2 to 6
flowers in a whorl, each flower being 2 inches or more
long. Some varietes have erect racemes, others pendu-
lous, and there are white varieties, together with some
intermediate colors. A poorly managed bed of scarlet
sage gives a few flowers in September and is cut off in a
short time by frost. Wet seasons delay the bloom, and,
if the soil is too rich in nitrogen, the plants will make
too much growth and the flowers will be late and rela-
tively few. The same principles of cultivation apply to
other tender salvias used for bedding. Florists some-
times lift a few plants of scarlet sage before frost, pot
them and find that they make attractive plants under
glass for a month or two. One advantage that S.
splendens has over many other red-flowered salvias is
that its calyx is as brilliant scarlet as the corolla.
INDEX.
acuminata, 27.
fulgens, 36.
porphyrata, 50.
sethiopis, i4.
gesnerffiflora, 37.
pratensis, 20.
alba, 12, 20, 21, 22,
gesnerix folia, 37.
prostrata, 32.
23, 27, 28, 32, 35,
gigantea, 21.
Przewalskii, 11.
45, 51.
albiflora, 2, 20.
glutinosa, 7.
Goudotii, 42.
pseudo-coccinea, 43.
punicea, 43.
albo-cserulea, 39.
Grahamii, 34.
purpurascens, 2.
amarissima, 30.
grandiflora, 3, 27, 32.
purpurea, 12, 32.
angustifolia, 27.
Greggii, 35.
pyramidalis, 32.
argentea, 15.
hians, 10.
ringens, 4.
aristulata, 44.
himalayaca, 10.
Roemeriana, 43, 50.
atropurpurea, 32.
Horminum, 12.
Roezlii, 33.
atrosanguinea, 32.
Hoveyi, 40.
rosea, 20, 43.
atroviolacea, 20.
ianthina, 40.
roseo-carminea, 32.
aurea, 2, 5.
icterina, 2.
rubicunda, 20.
azurea, 27.
involucrata, 38.
rubra, 12.
Baumgartenii, 20.
Issanchon, 32.
rubriflora, 2.
Bethellii, 38.
japonica, 51.
salicifolia, 2.
bicolor, 18, 32, 43.
kurdica, 16.
sahatori, 20.
Boucheana, 36.
lactea, 43.
Sclarea, 13.
bracteata, 13.
lantanx folia, 42.
semperflorens, 32.
brasiliensis, 32.
latifolia, 2.
Sessei, 33.
Bruanti, 32.
leucantha, 31.
Simsiana, 13.
cacalisrfolia, 46.
lilacina, 45.
Souchetii, 32.
canariensis, 6.
longistyla, 44.
spelmina, 25.
Candelabrum, 1.
lupinoides, 20.
Spielmanni, 25.
cardinalis, 36.
lyrata, 49.
splendens, 32, 43.
carduacea, 47.
major, 43.
sturnina, 2.
carminea, 43.
microstegia, 16.
euperba, 13, 20, 43.
clandestina, 25.
Milleri, 2.
sylvestris, 22.
coccinea, 43.
Montbretii, 17.
Tenorii, 20.
colorans, 32.
nana, 32, 43, 45.
tenuior, 2.
columbarise, 48.
nemorosa, 23.
tricolor, 2.
compacta, 32, 43, 45.
nipponica, 8.
turkestanica, 13.
controversa, 26.
nubicola, 7.
uliginosa, 29.
crispa, 2.
nutans, 24.
variegata, 2, 20.
cyanea, 41.
officinalis, 2.
verbascifolia, 16.
Deschampsiana, 38.
patens, 45.
Verbenaca, 25.
dichroa, 19.
patula, 15.
verticillata, 52.
erecta, 32.
pendula, 32.
violacea, 12, 32.
farinacea, 28.
Pitcheri, 27.
virgata, 21, 23.
filamentosa, 43.
plectranthifolia, 10.
vulgaris, 12.
flore-aWo, 22.
porphyrantha, 50.
yunnanensis, 9.
KEY TO SUBGENERA AND SECTIONS.
A. Corolla without a hairy ring inside.
B. Anterior portion of connectives deflexed, linear,
longitudinally connate or closely approximate.
Subgenus III. JUNGIA.
Section 7. CALOSPHACE. Species 27-46.
BB. Anterior portion of connectives deflexed,
abruptly dilated, connected at the callous
extremity. Subgenus II. SCLAREA.
C. Calyx ovoid, the upper lip concave, 2-grooved,
teeth 3, very short and connivent.
Section 6. PLETHIOSPHACE. Species 18-26.
CC. Calyx tubular or campanulate.
D. Upper lip of calyx truncate, the teeth small
and remote; upper lip of corolla erect and
concave. Section 4. HORMINUM. Species 12.
DD. Upper lip of calyx 3-toothed, the teeth
straight, scarcely connivent, the middle
one often very small.
Section 5. ^ETHIOPIS. Species 13-17.
AA. Corolla with a hairy ring inside.
B. Anterior portion of connectives connected, con-
nate or approximate. Subgenus I. SALVIA.
C. Calyx-teeth scarcely altered in fr., the upper
lip of calyx subentire, somewhat 3-toothed.
D. Upper lip of corolla erect, almost straight,
concave. Section 1. EUSPHACE. Species 1-4.
DD. Upper lip of corolla bent or falcate, com-
pressed.
Section 3. DRYMOSPHACE. Species 7-11.
CC. Calyx-teeth membranaceous - dilated in fr.,
the upper lip of calyx 8-cleft or 3-toothed;
upper lip of corolla erect or weakly bent, not
or scarcely compressed.
Section 2. HYMENOSPHACE. Species 5, 6.
BB. Anterior portion of connectives remote.
Subgenus IV. LEONIA.
c. Connectives very short, deflexed and subulate
anteriorly. Section 12. HEMISPHACE. Species 52.
CC. Connectives directed forward, bearing fertile
anther-cells anteriorly.
D. Floral Ivs. deciduous; bracts minute.
E. Upper lip of calyx entire or minutely 3-
toothed.
Section 11. NOTIOSPHACE. Species 51.
EE. Upper lip of calyx truncate, 3-toothed.
Section 10. HETEROSPHACE. Species 49, 50.
DD. Floral Ivs. persistent and imbricated.
E. Lvs. and bracts spiny.
Section 8. ECHINOSPHACE. Species 47.
EE. Lvs. and bracts not spiny.
Section 9. PYCNOSPHACE. Species 48.
Subgenus I. SALVIA.
All Old-World species.
Section 1. EUSPHACE.
Shrubs or subshrubs, rarely herbs.
A. Lvs. all entire.
B. Calyx viscous-pubescent 1. Candelabrum
BB. Calyx villous or pubescent but not
viscous.
c. Base of the oblong Ivs. narrow-
rotundate 2. officinalis
cc. Base of the ovate Ivs. broad-rotun-
date or cordate 3. grandiflora
AA. Lvs., at least the lower, pinnatisect 4. ringens
1. Candelabrum, Boiss. Subshrub, half-hardy: st.
shrubby at base, villous: Ivs. entire, petiolate, oblong,
both surfaces villous, canescent-tomentose beneath:
Sanicle elongated, lax; the floral whorls remote, 3-5-
d.; calyx pedicellate, campanulate, somewhat 2-
lipped, 5-toothed, viscous-pubescent; corolla with the
upper lip yellowish, whitish streaked, the lower violet.
July. S.Spain. B.M. 5017. F.S. 13:1344.
2. officinalis, Linn. SAGE. Hardy, white-woolly
subshrub, 6-12 in. high: sts. shrubby, the flowering
branches tomentose-pubescent: Ivs. entire, 1-1 H in.
long, petiolate, oblong, base narrowed or rotund, the
lower white-tomentose or lanate beneath or on both
surfaces; the floral Ivs. sessile, ovate, acuminate at the
base, membranaceous, striate: racemes subsimple;
floral whorls few, many-fld., distinct; calyx campanu-
late, membranaceous-colored, striate, pubescent or
villous, the teeth subulate-acuminate; corolla purple,
blue or white. Medit. region. June. — A common
and variable species. Var. albifldra, Alef., has Ivs.
3-4 times as long as broad: fls. white. Var. aurea,
Hort., is a compact rather dwarf form about 1 ft.
high, with golden yellow foliage. Var. aurea varie-
gata, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. crispa, Alef.,
has broad, crisped and variegated Ivs. Var. icterina,
SAL VIA
SAL VIA
3059
Alef., has green-and-gold Ivs. Var. latifdlia, Alef., has
Ivs. twice as long as broad; one of the common cult,
forms. Var. MflJeri, Alef., has rather red and spotted
Ivs. Var. purpurascens, Alef., has somewhat reddish
foliage and is said to be preferred in England for kitchen
use on account of its strong and pleasant taste. Var.
rubriflora, Alef., has Ivs. 3-4 times as long as broad,
and red fls. Var. salicifdlia, Alef., has Ivs. 4-7 times as
long as broad. Var. sturnina, Alef., has green-and-white
Ivs. Var. tricolor, Vilm. (S. tricolor, Hort., not Lem.),
has Ivs. of three colors, gray-green, veined with yel-
lowish white and flesh-pink, later becoming velvety
rose-red or deep red.
Var. tenuior, Alef., has Ivs. about 3—4 times as long
as broad and blue fls. This is the form commonly cult,
as a kitchen herb.
3. grandifldra, Etling. Shrub, 2 ft. or more high: st-
woody, white-lanate; the flowering branches tomentose:
Ivs. entire, petiolate, ovate, acute, the base broad-
rotund or cordate, pubescent, the lower ones lanate
beneath; floral Ivs. herbaceous
or the uppermost membranace-
ous, ovate, acute: racemes sub-
simple; floral whorls 6-10-fld.,
distinct ; calyx campanulate,
colored, striate hispid; corolla
blue. June, July. Asia Minor. —
Rare in cult. The name is some-
times used in horticulture for
plants which belong under S.
azurea var. grandiflora or S.
splendens var. grandiflora.
4. ringens, Sibth. & Smith.
Hardy shrub, 1-2 ft. high: sts.
glabrous or spreading, pilose at
base, viscous-pubescent above :
Ivs. petiolate, irregularly pin-
natisect, the segms. unequal,
ovate -oblong, base rotundate,
both surfaces villous, scarcely
canescent beneath, the petioles
long-cilia te ; floral Ivs. membran-
aceous, deciduous: raceme sim-
ple: floral whorls about 6-fld.,
lax, remote; calyx nodding,
tubular - campanulate, striate,
villous-viscous, the teeth rather acute; corolla reddish
purple or light blue, the tube recurved-ascending, the
throat very broad. Summer. Greece. Gt. 2:226.
Section 3. DRYMOSPHACE.
Herbs, usually tall and glutinous.
A. Corolla yellow.
B. Plant about S ft. high: Its. ovate-
oblong 7. giutinosa
BB. Plant 6-12 in. high: Its. otate-tri-
lobed or triangular g. nipponica
AA. Corolla blue or purplish.
B. Raceme simple, spike-like: Its. pur-
ple beneath 9. yunnanensis
BB. Raceme more or less branched.
c. Floral whorls 6-fld 10. hians
cc. Floral whorls about 2-fld 11. Przewalskii
See S. flora, G. Forest, in supplementary list, which
probably belongs to this section.
7. glutindsa, Linn. (S. mibicola, Wall.). Perennial,
about 3 ft. high: st. herbaceous, erect, glutinous-
pilose, divaricately branched: Ivs. petiolate, the lowest
7-8 in. long, the upper smaller, ovate-oblong, acumi-
nate, dentate, the base cordate-sagittate; floral Ivs.
EL
Section 2. HYMEXOSPHACE.
Shrubs or subshrubs, rarely herbs. Oriental and
African species.
A. Lrs. orate-subrptund 5. a urea
,**- Lts. hastate-triangular 6. canariensis
5. aurea, Linn. Shrub, 3 ft. or more high, white-
tomentose: Ivs. }-j-l in. long, petiolate, ovate-sub-
rotund, obtuse, entire or sinuate, leathery, hoary; floral
Ivs. sessile, villous, persistent: racemes dense, 2-4 in.
long, somewhat branched; floral whorls 2-fld., approxi-
mate: calyx broad-campanulate, villous, the lips mem-
branous dilated, veined, and colored, the lobes ovate-
rotundate; corolla very beautiful, golden yellow, the
galea somewhat falcate. July. S. Afr. * B.M. 182.
G.C. II. 26:745. — Intro, into Calif. According to one
grower the fls. are at first sulfur-yellow turning very
quickly to a rusty color.
6. canariensis, Linn. Shrub, about 6 ft. high: st.
shrubby, white-lanate: Ivs. petiolate, lanceolate, has-
tate-triangular, subglabrous; floral Ivs. ovate-lanceo-
late, membranaceous and colored: racemes branched;
floral whorls approximate, distinct, about 6-fld.; calyx
incurved-campanulate, the lips dilated membranaceous,
colored: corolla purplish, the galea somewhat falcate.
Canary Isls. — Probably not in common cult.
194
3535. Types of Sal via. At the left S. car duacea; unique for its fringed flowers. Next is S.
leucantha, example of kinds in which the flower does not gape widely. The two at the right, S.
hians and S. Sessei, are interesting for the size and lobing of the middle lobe of the lower
lip. (A11XH)
ovate, acuminate: racemes simple; floral whorls dis-
tant, laxly few-fld.; calyx tubular; corolla pale yellow,
often 1^ in. long, the tube exserted with its throat
broadened. July. Eu. and Asia.
8. nipponica, Miq. Herb, 6-12 in. high, slightly
branched: sts. ascending-erect: Ivs. petiolate, opposite,
ovate-trilobed or triangular from a truncate cordate-
hastate base, the basal lobes horizontal-spreading, the
midlobe ovate, larger or equal, all short-acuminate,
dentate-crenate, sparsely birtellus-pubescent above and
especially so on the nerves beneath; cauline Ivs. 1-33^
in. long; floral Ivs. ovate, entire:- racemes rather lax,
2-4 in. long; floral whorls frequently 4-fld.; calyx
obconic- or subcampanulate-tubular, pilose, glandular-
punctate; corolla whitish glandular, puncticulate when
dry, tube hah* exserted. Japan.
9. yunnanensis, C. H. Wright. Perennial herb, about
1 ft. high: rhizomes creeping, bearing fusiform tubers:
Ivs. 1 J^-3 x %-l in., the radical frequently very long
and slender-petioled, oblong, crenate, green above,
purple beneath: spikes simple; floral whorls 4—6-fld.;
calyx glandular; corolla cobalt-blue, 1 in. long, pubes-
cent outside. China.
10. hians, Royle (S. himalayaca, Hort.). Fig. 3535.
Hardy perennial, about 2 ft. high: st. herbaceous, erect,
villous: Ivs. long-petiolate, ovate, base broadly cor-
date-sagittate or truncate; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate:
racemes somewhat branched; floral whorls 6-fld.;
calyx campanulate, striate, bluish, glutinous; corolla
3060
SALVIA
SALVIA
showy, blue, tube exserted, broad, the limb short,
gaping, the upper lip falcate. June. Cashmere. B.M.
6517. B.R. 27:39. R.H. 1845:145. Gt. 35: 1221. Var.
plectranthifdlia, Paxt., has fls. which are rather smaller,
less hairy and deeper violet than the type.
11. Przewalskii, Maxim. Sts. ascending, 3-5 ft.
high, herbaceous, pubescent, glandular above: radical
Ivs. long-petioled, crenate-dentate, hoary-tomentose
beneath, acute, cordate-oblong; cauline Ivs. acute,
hastate-cordate; floral Ivs. ovate, acute: racemes com-
posite, spike-like; floral whorls distant, about 2-fld.;
calyx campanulate, striate, glandular, the teeth acute,
short-triangular; corolla violet, the tube long-exserted.
June. China.
Subgenus II. SCLAREA.
All Old-World, herbaceous species.
Section 4. HOBMINUM.
Annual herbs.
12. Horminum
12. Horminum, Linn. Annual, about 1^ ft. high:
st. herbaceous, erect, villous: Ivs. petiolate, oval-oblong,
base rotund or cuneate, obtuse, crenate, villous; floral
Ivs. very broad, acute, persistent, the upper ones
variously colored: racemes simple; floral whorls dis-
tant, about 6-fld.; calyx tubular, pubescent; corolla
light lilac or pale violet to reddish violet or purple.
June-Aug. S. Eu. Var. alba, Hort., has white floral
Ivs. Var. purpurea, Hort., misspelled purpureum f(S.
Horminum var. rubra, Hort.), has bright carmine-
red to brilliant purple-red floral Ivs. darker veined. Var.
violacea, Hort. (S. Bluebeard, Hort.), has light violet-
blue floral Ivs. somewhat larger and darker veined.
Var. vulgaris, Hort., has violet-blue floral Ivs., with
darker veins.
Section 5. ^ETHIOPIS.
A. Lvs. or lobes of the Ivs. oblong-lanceolate
or linear 17. Montbretii
AA. Lvs. or lobes of the Ivs. broad-ovate.
B. The Ivs. hoary-tomentose 13. Sclarea
BB. The Ivs. green, the white wool lax.
c. Floral Ivs. all ftoriferous 14. sethiopis
cc. Floral Ivs., the uppermost, sterile.
D. Plant about 2 ft. high: panicle
strongly branched 15. argentea
DD. Plant scarcely 1 ft. high: panicle
slightly branched 16. verbascifolia
13. Sclarea, Linn. (S. bractedta, Sims, not Soland., in
Russ. S. Simsiana, R. & S.). CLARY. Biennial, 2-3
ft. high: st. herbaceous, stout, erect, villous: Ivs. often
8-9 x 4-5 in., petiolate, broad-ovate, erose-crenate, base
cordate, hoary, the uppermost clasping; floral Ivs. very
broad, acuminate, concave, membranaceous, colored,
their base white, their tips rose: racemes paniculate;
floral whorls distant, about 6-fld.; calyx campanulate,
striate, pubescent-hispid, the teeth rather spiny-
acuminate; corolla whitish blue, the tube included.
Aug. S. Eu. B.M. 2320. B.R. 1003. G.C. III. 44:268.
Gn. 64, p. 249. G.M. 57:173. Var. turkestanica, Hort.
(AS. turkestanica, Hort. S. turkestanidna, Hort.), grows
3 ft. high, has quadrangular sts. tinged with pink, basal
Ivs. on long petioles and long spikes, 2^ ft. high, of
large white fls., tinged with pink. There is a form
offered in the trade under the name of S. turkes-
tanica superba, Hort., which has "dense branched
pyramids of silky foliage and conspicuous rosy bracts,
and white fls." S. bracteata, Soland., in Russ., is a valid
species belonging to Section 1. It is a subshrub about
1-1 Yt ft. high, with purplish fls. and a native of Asia
Minor and Syria. Probably not in cult.
14. aethidpis, Linn. Perennial, 6-12 in. or more
high: st. herbaceous, erect, white-lanate : lower Ivs.
petiolate, narrow at base; cauline Ivs. cordate-clasping;
all incise-dentate, densely white-lanate on both sur-
faces; floral Ivs. very broad, acuminate, persistent,
concave, lanate: racemes paniculate; floral whorls dis-
tinct, 6-10-fld.; calyx campanulate, leathery, lanate,
plicate-striate, the teeth aU subulate-spinose; corolla
white, the upper lip often reddish, tube contracted at
the middle; connectives not toothed. S. Eu., N. Afr.,
and the Orient. — Probably not common in cult. S.
sethiopis, Brot., not Linn., equals S. argentea, which see.
15. argentea, Linn. (S. pdtula, Desf.). Biennial,
2-4 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, villous: Ivs. radical
and lower cauline, 6-8 x 4-6 in., broad-ovate, sinuate-
lobate, the lobes erose-
crenate, lanate; floral Ivs.
very broad, acuminate, con-
cave, persistent: panicles
divaricate-branched; floral
whorls remote, 6-10-fld.,
the uppermost abortive;
calyx campanulate, striate,
the teeth all subspinose;
corolla showy, rose-white,
whitish, purplish or yellow-
ish, the galea or upper lip
much longer than the lower.
June. Medit. region of Eu.
and Afr. F.C. 3:112. Gn.
73, p. 517. — For some reason
this species is considered a
hardy perennial by Ameri-
can seedsmen. The foliage
is white-woolly, making it a
very decorative plant.
16. verbascifdlia, Bieb.
(S. microstegia, Boiss. &
Bal.). Perennial: st. her-
baceous, erect, viscous-vil-
lous: lower Ivs. petiolate,
broadly ovate, base cordate,
sinuate-lobate, erose, thick,
very wrinkled, scarcely lan-
ate above, white tomen-
tose-lanate beneath; floral
Ivs. very broad, acuminate, concave, persistent, vil-
lous: panicles twiggy branched; floral whorls 2-6-fld.,
approximate, distinct, the uppermost abortive; calyx
campanulate, striate, viscous- villous; corolla white,
beset with blue hairs, galea very large and falcate.
Caucasus region. Var. kurdica, Hort., is offered in
the trade.
17. Montbretii, Benth. Perennial subshrub, low: sts.
erect, the base white-lanate, the top viscous- villous:
Ivs. lanceolate, the lower petiolate, the upper clasping,
crenulate or obscurely pinnatifid-dentate, laxly white-
lanate above, densely so beneath; floral Ivs. very broad,
lanate beneath: racemes simple; floral whorls 6-10-
fld.; calyx oblong-tubular, viscous-pubescent; corolla
blue. Asia Minor and Syria.
Section 6. PLETHIOSPHACE.
A. Corolla 1 in. or more long.
B. Pedicels longer than the calyx.
c. Lower Ivs. incise-palmatifid 18. bicolor
cc. Lower Ivs. oblong-orate or ovate-
lanceolate, sinuate-serrate 19. dichroa
BB. Pedicels shorter than the calyx.
c. Sts. subsimple, 1-3 ft. high 20. pratensis
cc. Sts. 4-6 ft. high: panicles branched,
very large 21. virgata
AA. Corolla Y-iin. or less long, rarely as
much as %in.
B. Lvs. incise-pinnaiifid 26. controversa
BB. Lvs. entire, crenate or erpse-dentate.
C. Racemes erect and strict.
D. The Ivs. all oblong-lanceolate or
narrowly oblong.
E. Under surface of Ivs. canes-
cent 22. sylvestris
3536. Salvia pratensis.
SALVIA
SAL VI A
3061
EE. Under surface ofhs. pubescent
but not canescent 23. nemorosa
DD. The hs., at least the lower ones,
broad-orate or ovate-oblong.
E. Plant scarcely 2 ft. high: cor-
olla scarcely Jim. long. . . .25. Verbenaca
EE. Plant 4-6 ft. high: corolla
usually about J-i'in. long. . .21. virgata
cc. Racemes nodding at the top 24. nutans
18. bicolor, Lam. Biennial, sometimes perennial (?),
hardy: sts. herbaceous, erect, 2-3 ft. high, scarcely
branched: Ivs., the lowest petiolate, broad-ovate,
incise-dentate. pinnatifid or palmate-lobate ; the upper
sessile, lanceolate, all cordate at base and glutinose-
pubescent; floral Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
reflexed: racemes 1 J^-2 ft. long, many-fld.; floral whorls
distinct, about 6-fld.; calyx campanulate, striate,
glutinose-hispid, the teeth subulate-acuminate; upper
fip of corolla hooded, bluish violet dotted with yellow,
the lower one white, but said to fade quickly to a rusty
brown. May-July. Spain and X. Afr. B.M. 1774.
G.M. 40:487. P.M. 9:271.
19. dichroa, Hook. f. Half-hardy perennial: sts. 2-3
ft. or more high, quadrangular with obtuse thickened
yellowish angles, which are retrorsely ciliate: radical
Ivs. petioled, 6-8 in. long, oblong-ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, obtusely and very irregularly sinuate-
serrate, pubescent; upper cauline Ivs. sessile-oblong or
elliptic-oblong; floral Ivs. ovate, long-acuminate,
reflexed: raceme 1 ft. or more long, many-fld.; floral
whorls 2-3-fld.; calyx subcampanulate, glandular-
pubescent, strongly ribbed, green; corolla 1-1 K in.
long, upper lip bright blue, arcuate, pubescent, lower
lip 3-lobed, the lateral lobes pale blue, the midlobe
orbicular, pendulous, white. Aug. Atlas Mts. of X.
Afr. B.M.C004. G.C. III. 40:177. Gn. 72, p. 78.—
By some authorities this is considered the same as S.
bicolor.
20. pratensis, Linn. Fig. 3536. Hardy perennial, 2
ft. or more high: root sometimes tuberous: sts. herba-
ceous, erect, subsimple, pubescent: Ivs., especially in
the southern varieties, more or less blood-red maculate;
radical Ivs. petiolate, oblong-ovate, obtuse, crenate or
incised, base cordate, bullate-rugose, glabrous above,
pubescent beneath along the petiole and nerves; cauline
Ivs. few, sessile; floral Ivs. cordate-ovate: racemes vis-
cous, subsimple; floral whorls 6-fld., distant; calyx sub-
sessile, campanulate, viscous- villous; corolla bright
blue, rarely reddish or white, large, 1 in. long. June-
Aug. Eu. Var. alba, Hort., has pure white fls. Var.
albiflora, Hort., is a white-fld. form; perhaps this and
the preceding are the same. Var. atroviolacea, Hort.,
has dark violet fls. Var. Baumgartenii, Hort. (S.
Baumgdrtenii, Heuff.), has violet fls. Var. lupinoides,
Hort. (S. lupinoides, Hort.), is said to grow 2 ft. high and
to have bluish purple and white fls. Var. rdsea, Hort. (S.
salratdri, Hort.), has rosy purple fls. Var. rubicunda,
Hort. (5. rubicunda, Wender.), has rose-red fls. Var.
superba, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. Tenorii,
Hort. (S. Tenorii, Spreng.), is said to grow 2 ft. high and
to have deep blue fls. Var. variegate, Hort. (S. variegata,
Waldst. <fc Kit.), has light blue fls. with the midlobe of
the lower lip white.
21. virgata, Ait. (S. gigantea, Desf.). Hardy peren-
nial, 2 ft. or more high: sts. herbaceous, erect, branched,
pubescent- villous: radical Ivs. petiolate, broad-ovate,
base cordate; lower cauline Ivs. short-petioled, broad
ovate-oblong, base rotund or cordate, upper ones ses-
sile and smaller, the uppermost cordate, clasping; all
the Ivs. erose-crenate, rather glabrous above, pubescent
or hispid on the nerves beneath; floral Ivs. ovate-acumi-
nate somewhat reflexed: racemes branched, elongated,
few-fld.: floral whorls 6-fld., distant; calyx short -pedi-
celled, campanulate. striate, villous- viscous; corolla
light blue, the tube included. S. E. Eu. and the Orient.
Var. alba, Hort., a white form, is offered in the trade.
22. sylvestris, Linn. Hardy perennial, 6 in. to 3 ft.
high: sts. herbaceous, paniculate above: Ivs. often small,
scarcely 2 in., sometimes 3-4 in. or more long, the lower
petiolate, the upper sessile, all oblong-lanceolate, cre-
nate, base rounded or frequently cordate, glabrous
above, paler, pubescent or canescent beneath; floral Ivs.
orbiculate, acuminate, colored: racemes elongated, some-
what branched; floral whorls 6-40-fld., distinct; calyx
ovate-tubular; corolla purple-violet. Aug. Eu. and
Asia. Var. alba, Hort. (S. sylvestris var. flore-dlbo,
Hort.), is a white-fld. form.
23. nemordsa, Crantz (S. virgata, Hort., not Ait.
S. virgata nemordsa, Hort.). Fig. 3537. Perennial, 2-3
ft. high, much branched: radical Ivs. short-petioled,
cauline sessile, lanceolate, 2J^-3 in. long, the upper Ivs.
gradually reduced in size, glabrous and dull green above,
pale and finely pubescent beneath: fls. small, in very
long slender spikes terminating all the branches, up to
16 in. long; floral whorls approximate, 6-fld.; corolla
bright violet or purple. June-Oct. Eu. and W. Asia.
G.M. 56:714. R.H. 1913, p. 471.— The fls. are some-
times described as being bronzy purple. Var. alba,
Hort., is said to grow 18 in. high and to have short spikes
of white fls. This may be the same as S. sylvestris var.
alba, as 'S. nemorosa, Linn., is a synonym of S. sylvestris.
24. nutans, Linn. Hardy perennial, 2-3 ft. high:
sts. herbaceous, subsimple, pubescent to nearly naked:
Ivs. few, the lower long-petioled, ovate-oblong, 4-5 in.
long, double-crenate, the base subcordate; floral Ivs.
minute, orbicular: racemes short, 1-1 % in. long, pan-
iculate, long-peduneled, nodding after anthesis; floral
whorls about 6-fld., approximate; calyx reflexed,
pubescent; corolla violet, the galea straight and spread-
ing. July. S. E. Eu. B.M. 2436.
25. Verbenaca, Linn., also spelled verbenacea. (S.
Spielmanni, Willd.). Hardy perennial, 1-2 ft. high:
sts. herbaceous, erect, pubescent or villous: Ivs. often
3-4 in. long, broad-ovate
or oblong, crenate, gla-
brous; the lower long-
petioled, base narrowed;
the upper broader, ses-
sile, base cordate, floral
Ivs. ovate-rotund, acu-
minate, villous, persist-
ent: racemes elongated,
simple or somewhat
branched; floral whorls
remote, about 6-fld.;
calyx ovate, hirsute; co-
rolla blue, rarely white,
galea straight or some-
what falcate. June-
Sept. Eu. and Orient.
Var. clandestina, Bri-
quet (S. clandestina,
Linn.), is a smaller and
more slender form than
the type, with narrower
Ivs. and more purple fls.
and the upper lip of the
corolla is longer arched.
Eu. — S. spelmina, Hort.,
is a name appearing in
American trade-lists for
a plant which grows 2
ft. high and with deep
blue fls. in July. Presumably an error for Spielmanni.
26. controversa, Ten. St. herbaceous, pubescent or
yillous: Ivs. oblong, incisely pinnatifid, the lobes oblong-
linear, very obtuse, incise-crenate, bullate-rugose, the
margin revolute, both surfaces somewhat pilose; floral
Ivs. ovate-rotundate acuminate: racemes branched,
long, white- villous; floral whorls 6-10-fld., the lower
remote, the upper approximate; calyx ovate, very long
3537. Salvia nemorosa. ( X Ji)
3062
SALVIA
SALVIA
hirsute-lanate, the teeth minute; corolla small, some-
times minute. Medit. region. — Not common in cult.
Subgenus III. JUNGIA.
All American species.
Section 7. CALOSPHACE.
Herbs, subshrubs or shrubs.
A. Lvs. rugose: corolla-tube slightly ex-
serted, straight, ventricose or broad-
ened above, the lips subequal or the
upper longer.
Subsection ERIANTH^E.
(See also Nos. 36, 39, 43 and 44.)
31. leucantha
AA. Lvs. seldom rugose (rugose in Nos. 36,
39, 48, and 44).
B. Corolla about %in., occasionally a
little longer.
Subsection BRACHYANTH.E.
c. The Ivs. cordiform 30. amarissima
cc. The Ivs. linear, lanceolate, or ovate-
lanceolate.
D. Calyx densely white or violet-
lanate 28. f arinacea
DD. Calyx pubescent or slightly to-
mentose but not densely lanate.
E. Floral Ivs. lanceolate-linear:
floral whorls about 6-fld. ... 27. azurea
EE. Floral Ivs. broad-ovate: floral
whorls 10-20-fld 29. uliginosa
BB. Corolla %-5 in. long.
Subsection LONQIFLORE.
c. Base of some or all the Ivs. hastate
or angulate-cordate.
D. Under surface of If. hispid or
pubescent 45. patens
DD. Under surface of If. spft-villous
and reddish or whitish 46. cacaliaef olia
cc. Base of Ivs. sometimes cordate, but
not angulately so.
D. Calyx inflated-campanulate . . . .33. Sessei
DD. Calyx not inflated, usually tubu-
lar-campanulate.
E. Lvs. membranaceous 32. splendens
EE. Lvs. more or less coriaceous.
F. Tube of corolla not ventri-
cose.
G. Base of Ivs. narrowed. . .42. Goudotii
GG. Base of Ivs. rounded or
cordate.
H. Calyx glabrous, the
teeth acute 43. coccinea
HH. Calyx soft-pubescent,
the teeth long seta-
ceous-acuminate . . .44. longistyla
FT. Tube of corolla ventricose.
G. Corolla usually bluish,
purplish, or violet.
H. The Ivs. cuneate or
narrowed at base. . .39. albo-cserulea
HH. The Ivs. round, round-
truncate, or cordate
at base.
I. Under surface of If.
glabrous 40. ianthina
II. Under surface of If.
pubescent 41. cyanea
GO. Corolla usually scarlet or
crimson, sometimes
turning purple with
age (cf. No. 33).
H. Lvs. %-l in. long.
i. Blade of If. ovate or
broad-oblong 34. Grahamii
ii. Blade of If. narrow-
oblong to linear-
lanceolate 35. Greggii
HH. Lvs. more than 1 in.
long.
I. Lower surface of If.
pubescent 36. f ulgens
37. gesneraeflora
ii. Lower surface of If.
glabrous 38. involucrata
Subsection BRACHYANTILE.
27. azurea, Lam. (S. acuminata, Michx., not Cav.).
Perennial, 1-6 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, glabrous:
Ivs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate or linear, rather obtuse
or acute, base long-narrowed, somewhat serrate, both
surfaces green and glabrous; floral Ivs. lanceolate-linear,
deciduous: racemes simple, elongated; floral whorls
distant, about 6-fld.; calyx green or bluish, subsessile,
tubular, striate, the 3 teeth broad, rather acute; corolla
blue. Aug. S. C. to Fla. and Texas. B.M. 1728. Var.
grandifldra, Benth. (S. Pitcheri, Torr.), which differs
in being cinereous-puberulent, in its denser infl. and
tomentulose-sericeous calyx. G.C. II. 14:685. Gn.
19:600; 61, p. 309. G.Z. 26:121— Probably the plant
formerly offered as S. Pitcheri var. angustifolia, Hort.,
belongs here. It is quite probable that some of the
material in the trade as S. azurea var. grandiflora is in
reality S. farinacea. Var. grandiflSra filba, Hort. (S.
azurea var. alba grandiflora, Hort.), is a white-fld.
form of the variety.
28. farinacea, Benth. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high: st.
herbaceous, erect, tomentose: Ivs. petiolate, ovate-
o.blong, or lanceolate, rather obtuse, irregularly serrate-
crenate, rather glabrous, both surfaces green or the
lower canescent; floral Ivs. small, deciduous: racemes
elongated, simple; floral whorls many-fld., subsecund,
remote or the uppermost approximate; calyx subsessile,
tubular, purplish colored, densely white-lanate; corolla
purple or violet, the tube scarcely exserted. Summer.
Texas, where it is reported as growing in rich soil. Gn.
9:430; 28, p. 59; 78, p. 226. R.H. 1873:90— A showy
frequently cultivated species, the fls. quite attrac-
tive, the darker corollas being set off by the mealy
lighter violet-white calices. Var. alba, Hort., is a
white-fld. form with the midlobe of the lower corolla-lip
obcordate, 2-lobed.
29. uligindsa, Benth. Sts. herbaceous, erect, 2-6 ft.
high, virgate, branched, glabrous or villous: Ivs. 2-4
in. long, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate,
base narrowed, glabrous or pubescent; floral Ivs.
membranaceous, broad-ovate, acuminate, deciduous:
racemes dense, long-peduncled, somewhat branched;
floral whorls many-fld.; calyx campanulate, variable,
sometimes colored; corolla blue or white, tube some-
what or nearly included. Brazil, Argentina, and Uru-
guay. B.M. 8544. Gn. 77, p. 484. G.M. 56:711.
R.H. 1912, p. 469.
30. amarissima, Ort. Perennial, about 2 ft. high:
sts. herbaceous, erect, branched, pilose-hispid: Ivs.
petiolate, ovate-cordate, crenate, canescent below;
floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, deciduous : racemes simple,
densely fld.; floral whorls distinct, subremote, about
10-fld.; calyx tubular-campanulate, striate-villous, the
3 teeth rather acute; corolla blue. Aug. Mex. B.R.
347. — Probably rare in cult.
Subsection ERIANTHJE.
31. leucantha, Cav. Fig. 3535. Shrub, about \V~2,
ft. high: st. shrubby, with elongated branches which are
subterete, and white-lanate, the wool finally caducous:
Ivs. short-petioled, lanceolate-linear, acute, crenate,
base rotundate, pubescent and rugose above, white-
lanate beneath; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, deciduous:
raceme elongated, often purplish, 6-10 in. long; floral
whorls many-fld., the lower remote; calyx subsessile,
ovate, densely lavender- or violet-lanate ; corolla white,
white-lanate outside. June. Mex. B.M. 4318. Gn.
21:328. — Probably not very common in cultivation, at
least in N. Amer.
SALVIA
SALVIA
3063
Subsection LONGIFLORE.
NobUes.
32. splendens, Ker-Gawl. (S. cdlorans, Hort. S.
brasiliensis, Spreng.). SCARLET SAGE. Figs. 3538, 3539.
Tender shrub or subshrub, treated as an annual, about
3 ft. high: st. shrubby with glabrous branches: Ivs.
petiolate, ovate, acuminate, crenate-serrate, base
cuneate, rotundate or cordate, both surfaces glabrous;
floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, colored: racemes terminal,
spikelike, 6 in. or more long; floral whorls about 2-fld.
(2- rarely 6-fld.), about 30 fls. in a raceme; calyx cam-
panulate, membran-
aceous, scarlet, gla-
brous or villous, teeth
3, broad-ovate, acute;
corolla scarlet, gla-
brous. Autumn.
Brazil. B. R. 687.
L.B.C.11:1089. Var.
alba, Hort., has
creamy white fls.
Var. atropurp&rea,
Hort., a form with
dark violet-purple fls.
Yar. atrosanguinea,
Hort., has deep crim-
son fls. Var. bicolor,
Hort., with large
spikes of scarlet-and-
white fls. Var. Bru-
dnti, Hort., dwarfer
than the type hi
habit and brighter
scarlet fls. G.C. II.
14:781; III. 6:653.
Gn. 21:328 (good).
A. F. 5:331. Var.
compdcta, Hort.,
dwarfer habit, ra-
cemes thicker and
more numerous, fls.
brilliant scarlet. Var.
compacta alba, Hort.,
a whitish variant of
the preceding variety.
Var. compacta erecta,
Hort., a dwarf form
with dark scarlet fls.
Var. grandiflora,
Hort., is a tall-grow-
ing large-fld. form.
G.M. 43:853. R.B.
27:12. The following
variants of this va-
riety are offered : Var.
grandiflora erecta,
Hort. Var. grandi-
flora nana, Hort.
Var. grandiflora pen-
dula, Hort. Var.
grandiflora prostrdta,
Hort. Var. Issanchon,
Hort. (S. brasiliensis
var. Issdnchon, Hort.), has the calyx white, striped red
and a rose-white corolla, habit similar to var. compacta.
Var. nana, Hort., is a dwarf form, rather early flower-
ing, the fls. bright red. Var. purpurea, Hort., is offered
in the trade. Var. pyramidalis, Hort., is offered in the
trade. F.E. 31:325. Var. roseo-carminea, Hort., is
offered in the trade. Var. semperfldrens, Hort., is
characterized as an early and continuous -flowering
form. Var. Souchetii, Planch. (S. Souchetii, Hort.), is
probably the same as var. compacta. There is a white-
fld. variant of this variety known in the trade as S.
Souchetii var. alba, Hort. Var. violacea, Hort., is
3538. Salvia splendens.
offered in the trade. — S. nana, HBK., is a valid species
belonging to Section 7. It is herbaceous, with a per-
pendicular, thickened tuberous root, almost stemless,
with subsessile radical lys. forming a rosette, and blue
fls. Mex. Probably not in cult.
Inflate.
33. Sessei, Benth. (S. Roezlii, Scheidw.). Fig. 3535.
Subshrub, about 1J^ ft. high: sts. shrubby with rather
glabrous branches: Ivs. 2-3 in. long, somewhat leathery,
petiolate, broad-ovate or ovate-oblong, acuminate,
base rounded cuneate or narrow, both surfaces gla-
brous or pubescent; floral Ivs. smaller, the uppermost
minute, deciduous: panicle short, lax; floral whorls
few-fld.; calyx inflated-campanulate, scarlet, glabrous;
coroUa scarlet, almost 2 in. long, pubescent. Summer.
Mex. F.S. 14:1407.
Fulgentes.
34. Grahamii, Benth. Shrub, 2r-3 ft. high: st.
shrubby with glabrous or very slightly pubescent
branches: Ivs. petiolate, oval, obtuse, base rounded or
cuneate, irregularly crenate in the center, subglabrous;
floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, ciliate, deciduous: racemes
elongated, more than 1 ft. long; floral whorls 2-fld.;
calyx tubular, striate-nerved, pubescent, frequently
colored; coroUa deep crimson or when older purple, the
midlobe of the lower lip, which is large and obcordate,
has two small white spots. Summer. Mex. B.R. 1370.
L.B.C. 18:1798. G.W. 15, p. 48.
35. Greggii, Gray. Shrub, 1-3 ft. high: sts.
glabrous or obscurely farinaceous; the
branches slender: Ivs. coriaceous, 1 -ribbed,
almost veinless, oblong, entire, base narrowed
to a short petiole: racemes 2-3 in. long, 6-8-
fld.; calyx narrowly campanulate, slightly
pubescent or glandular; corolla red or pur-
plish red, about 1 in. long, the tube strongly
ventricose-gibbous, the throat abruptly con-
tracted, the lower lip large and showy.
Autumn. Texas and Mex. B.M. 6812. Var.
Slba, Hort., is a white-fld. form.
36. fulgens, Cav. (S. cardindlis, HBK.).
CARDINAL SALVIA. MEXICAN RED SALVIA.
Perennial shrub, 2-3 ft. high: the numerous
branches almost glabrous or pilose-hirsute:
Ivs. petiolate, 1-3 in. long, ovate, acute, cre-
nate-serrate, base cordate, pubescent above,
white-tomentose or lanate beneath; floral lys.
sessile, ovate, deciduous: racemes 6-12 in.
long; floral whorls 6-fld., rather distant; calyx
Dpr pedicelled, tubular-campanulate, pubescent;
corolla showy scarlet, about 2 in. long,
villous. July. Mex. B.R. 1356. L.B.C. 20:
1910. — The fls. are darker red than those of
S. splendens and the calyx is said to be dull
colored and conspicuously striate. Appar-
ently not very frequently cult. Var. Bou-
cheana, Benth. (S. Bouchedna, Kunth), has
the Ivs. narrowly deltoid-ovate, truncate or
subcordate at the base. Mex.
37. gesneraefldra, Lindl. & Paxt. (S. ges-
neriaefolia, Lem.). Perennial herb about 2 ft.
high (possibly sometimes a subshrub): the branches
numerous and glandular -pilose: Ivs. ovate-cordate,
short-acuminate, crenulate-dentate, puberulent-ciliate
and rugose-plicate above, densely long-pubescent-canes-
cent beneath: floral whorls 5-^6-fld., with very short
pedicels; calyx green, tubular-dilated; corolla scarlet, 2
in. or more long, the tube globose-inflated, throat
slightly constricted, short- pubescent. Said to flower in
April and again in Nov. Colombia. F.S. 20:2131.
I.H. 1:32. J.F. 2:179. J.H. III. 48:191.— Considered
by many to be only a variety or form of S. fulgens
which it closely resembles.
3064
SALVIA
SALVIA
38. involucrata, Cav. Half-hardy subshrub, several
feet high: sts. shrubby; the branches elongated: Ivs.
petiolate, 2-3 in. long, ovate, acuminate, crenate-
serrate at the middle, the base rotund-cuneate, gla-
brous; floral Ivs. bract-like, sessile, broad-ovate, acumi-
nate, colored, deciduous after anthesis: racemes spicate,
in fl. subglobose, at length 4-6 in. long; floral whorls
about 6-fld., approximate; calyx tubular-campanulate,
striate, viscous, often colored, the teeth setaceous-acu-
minate; corolla rose, tube ventricose, generally long-
exserted, sometimes short, galea villous. Aug. Mex.
and Cent. Amer. B.M. 2872. B.R. 1205. R.H. 1858,
p. 239. H.F. II. 2:204.— The floral Ivs. are large,
showy, and rather a rose-purple, the fls. frequently
shading toward purple. Var. Bethellii, Hort. (S.
Bethellii, Hort.), is a horticultural form with large,
cordate -oval Ivs. and bright rosy crimson or puce
fls. borne in large terminal whorled spikes. F.M.
1881:464. G.C. II. 15:49. Var. Deschampsiana, Verl.,
grows 3 ft. or more high: Ivs. cordate-acuminate: fls. in
ovate spicate terminal clusters: bracts ovate, caducous,
they and the calyx bright red; corolla bright rose.
French garden origin. R.H. 1869:134, desc.
Cyaneae.
39. filbo-caerillea, Lind. Subshrub, about 3 ft. high:
sts. erect: Ivs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, 4-6 in. long, crenate-serrate, decurrent into
the petiole, nearly glabrous above, softly pubescent
beneath: racemes simple, 6-12 in. long; floral whorls
4- to many-fid.; calyx green, campanulate-tubular,
glandular-pubescent; corolla-tube and upper lip cream-
colored, lower lip rich indigo-blue sometimes tinged
with violet or purple. Summer. Mex. F.S. 13:1340.
Gt. 7:96.— Rare in cult.
40. ianthina, Otto & Dietr. (S. Hdveyi, Hort.).
Perennial, about 2 ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect,
puberulous: Ivs. ovate-subcordate, acuminate, crenate,
rugose, paler beneath; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate,
colored: infl. terminal; floral whorls 6-fla., clustered;
corolla large, intense purple-violet. June. Habitat
uncertain, probably Mex. or Peru. F.S. 9:884. R.H.
1854:61. G.C. II. 15:145.
41. cyanea, Benth. St. shrubby: branches 4-angled,
hoary-pubescent or glabrous: Ivs. petiolate, ovate,
acuminate, serrate-crenate, pubescent, or frequently
canescent beneath; floral Ivs. ovate, acuminate, mem-
branaceous, deciduous: racemes simple; floral whorls
laxly 6-10-fld., subsecund; calyx tubular, bluish,
glandular-villous; corolla blue, the tube exserted and
ventricose. Mex. and Cent. Amer.
Tubuliflorx.
42. Goudotii, Benth. (S. lantansefblia, Hort., not
Mart. & Gal.). Shrub, about 2 ft. high, with the
branches red-puberulent or glabrous: Ivs. about 3 in.
long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, serrate-
crenate, base narrowed, both surfaces pubescent; floral
Ivs. lanceolate-subulate, deciduous: racemes simple;
floral whorls 6-10-fld., subsecund; calyx tubular-cam-
panulate, the teeth ovate, ciliate-margined; corolla red,
more than 1 in. long. Colombia. R.B. 25:121.
43. coccinea, Linn. (S. rosea, Vahl). Annual or
sometimes perennial and subshrubby: st. herbaceous,
erect, 1-2 ft. high, canescent-pubescent : Ivs. petiolate,
1-2 in. long, ovate, acute, crenate, base cordate, pubes-
cent above, hoary-tomentose beneath; floral Ivs. ovate,
acuminate, deciduous: racemes simple; floral whorls
remote, 6-10-fld.; calyx tubular-campanulate, striate,
often purplish, the teeth acute; corolla scarlet, glabrous.
July. S. C. to Fla. and Texas, Mex., W. Indies, Trop.
Amer., and cult, and occasionally escaped in India and
Austral. — Probably all of the material grown as this is
not true to name, possibly the larger part of -it is in
reality S. splendens. Var. tricolor, Hort., has the upper
lip white, the lower lip brilliant carmine-red. Var.
lactea, Hort., has white fls. Var. major, Regel (S.
filamentosa, Tausch. S. Roemeriana, Hort., not
Scheele), becomes a subshrub up to 4J^ ft. high, is apt
to be less canescent-pubescent and has larger bright
scarlet-red fls. June to late autumn. Gt. 7:232. Var.
nana, Hort., is a dwarf much-branched form. Var.
nana carminea, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var.
nana compact a, Hort., is a dwarf er and more bushy
form than the variety proper.
Var. psevldo-coccinea, Gray (S. pseiido-coccinea,
Jacq.), grows 2^-4 ft. high, and has the st., petioles, and
often the margins of the floral Ivs. conspicuously beset
with hirsute hairs. Mex. and Cent. Amer. B.M. 2864.
&(
3539. Salvia splendens. No. 32.
J.F. 2:35. Var. punicea, Hort. (S. coccinea var.
splendens, Hort. S. superba, Hort.), differs from the
type in being larger, slenderer and later-flowering and
in having fls. of a brighter red, more velvety and more
closely placed. Var. punicea nana, Hort., differs from
the variety proper in being dwarfer and the twigs more
branched. Var. rosea nana, Hort., is offered in the
trade. Var. splendens, Hort., equals var. punicea,
Hort.
44. longistyla, Benth. (S. aristulata, Mart. & Gal.).
Plants reaching a height of 14—15 ft. : sts. herbaceous(?),
erect, tomentose-villous: Ivs. petiolate, broad-ovate,
3-5H x 2-4J^ in., acuminate, crenate, the base broad-
cordate, rugose, both surfaces soft pubescent- villous;
floral Ivs. ovate, long-acuminate, ciliate, deciduous:
racemes 15-25 in. long; floral whorls 6-16-fld.; calyx
elongate-tubular, base striate, soft-pubescent, the
teeth long setaceous-acuminate; corolla red-pink, long-
exserted, rather more than 1 in. long. Mex. B.M. 8590.
Hastatae.
45. patens, Cav. Half-hardy perennial, 1-2 % ft.
high: sts. herbaceous, erect, pilose: Ivs. petiolate, ovate-
SALVIA
SALVIA
3065
deltoid, crenate, base hastate or in the upper Ivs.
rotund, both surfaces hispid; floral Ivs. lanceolate-
linear: floral whorls few. remote, with large fls.: calyx
campanulate, villous, the teeth setaceous-acuminate;
corolla blue, 2 in. or more long, the tube broad. Sept.
Mountains of Mex. B.M. 3808. B.R. 25:23. B.
3:109. F. 1840:222. F.S. 5:503. P.M. 6:1. R.B.
26:85. R.H. 1909:156. H.U.I, p. 39.— The most
commonly cult, blue salvia. Var. alba, Hort., differs
only in having white fls. F.S. 5:503. Var. compacta
nina, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. lilacina, Hort.,
has lilac-blue fls.
46. cacaliaefdlia, Benth. Tender perennial: sts. herba-
ceous, erect, about 3 ft. high, pubescent: Ivs. petiolate,
broad-deltoid, the base angulate, broad subhastate-
cordate. rather thick, pubescent above, reddish or
whitish and soft-villous beneath; floral Ivs. small:
racemes branched; floral whorls 2-fld.; calyx campanu-
late, pilose, the teeth aristate-acuminate; corolla deep
blue, pubescent, the tube very broad. June. Mex.
B.M. 5274. F.S. 22:2318. Gn. 21:328.
Subgenus IV. LEOXIA.
Section 8. ECHTXOSPHACE.
47. carduacea, Benth. Fig. 3535. Perennial, 1 ft. or
more high: sts. herbaceous, erect, subsimple, white-
lanate: Ivs. petiolate, pinnatifid, laxly lanate beneath,
the lobes ovate, sinuate-dentate, with spiny, acuminate
teeth; floral Ivs. and bracts imbricate, very spiny:
floral whorls remote, densely many-fld. ; calyx inflated,
lanate; corolla lilac, the midlobe of the lower lip fimbri-
ate. July. Calif. B.M. 4S74. G.C. II. 19:56. Gn. 65,
p. 365; fO, p. 238. A.G. 25:589. — A unique species on
account of its thistle-like foliage.
Section 9. PYCXOSPHACE.
48. columbariae, Benth. Half-hardy annual :st. erect,
slightly branched, 6-12 in. high: Ivs. deeply pinnatifid,
wrinkled, rather glabrous, the lobes oblong-linear,
obtuse, erose-dentate or incised; floral Ivs. bract-like:
floral whorls solitary or 2, capitate, far remote from
the cauline Ivs., densely many-fld., hemispherical;
bracts broad-ovate, membranaceous, acuminate; calyx
ovate, pubescent; corolla blue, the midlobe of the
lower lip crenulate. Summer. Calif, and adjacent
Mex. B.M. 6595 (fls. lilac). — Not showy and appar-
ently not in common cult.
Section 10. HETEROSPHACE.
A. Lrs. lyrate 49. lyrata
AA. Lrs. pinnatifid, they or the terminal Iff.
roundish or reniform-cordate 50. Roemeriana
49. lyrata, Linn. Hardy perennial with a thickened
root: sts. herbaceous, erect. 8-24 in. high, subsimple,
pilose: radical Ivs. 2-3 in. long, lyrate, erose-dentate,
both surfaces hispidulous; cauline Ivs. few, oblong-
lanceolate, the base long-narrowed; floral Ivs. oblong-
linear: racemes subsimple, interrupted; floral whorls
6-fld., lax, distant; calyx tubular-campanulate, nod-
ding, pilose; corolla blue-purple, about 1 in. long. May
and June. Conn, to 111., south to Fla. and Texas. —
Not frequent in cult.
50. Roemeriana, Scheele (S. porphyrdntha, Decne.
S. porphyrata, Hook.). Perennial, 1-2 ft. high: sts.
sparsely long, spreading, hirsute: Ivs. or terminal n't.
roundish or reniform-cordate, coarsely repand-toothed
or crenately incised: lower Ivs. usually with 2 or 3 sim-
ilar but smaller (subsessile or slender-pet iolulate) Ifts.;
floral Ivs. mostly shorter than the pedicels: raceme
loose and elongated; floral whorls few-fld.; calyx some-
what pubescent; corolla deep scarlet, puberulent, about
1 in. or more long, tubular-funnelform. Julv. Texas
and Mex. B.M. 4939. F.S. 11:1080. R.H. 1854:301.
Section 11. NOTIOSPHACE.
51. japonica, Thunb. Perennial subshrub, about
1J^ ft. high: sts. herbaceous, erect, branched, glabrous:
Ivs. 3-4 in. or more long, petiolate, pinnatisect, the
segms. ovate, acuminate, the base narrowed, incise-
dentate or pinnatifid, glabrous; floral Ivs. lanceolate:
racemes 4-^5 in. long, many-fld., subsimple; floral
whorls distinct, about 6-fld.; calyx tubular-campanu-
late, glabrous, striate; corolla dark lilac or blue(?), the
tube scarcely exserted. Japan. Var. alba, Hort., is a
wbite-fld. form.
Section 12. HEMfsFHACE.
52. verticillata, Linn. Perennial, 2-3 ft. high: sts.
herbaceous, erect, pilose-hispid: Ivs., the base cordate,
lyrate, the uppermost lobe the largest, ovate-rotund or
entire, sinuate-crenate, both surfaces hispid or lanate;
floral Ivs. deflexed and bract-like: racemes branched,
often a foot or more long; floral whorls 20-40-fld.,
remote; calyx villous, corolla lilac-blue, the tube
included. July and Aug. Eu., Asia Minor and Cau-
casus region.
The following species have been in cult, or are not sufficiently
known to be classified: S. amaena, Sims=S. lamiifolia. — S. angugti-
fdlia, Cay. (Sec. 7). Perennial herb, about 2 ft. high, with subsessile
oblong-linear Ivs.: calyx often bluish; corolla blue. Mex. B.R.
1551. — S. arbdrea, Hort., is offered in the American trade, as like
the scarlet sage, but growing in a tree-like form. Possibly only a
variant of S. splendens. — S. asperata, Falc. (Sec. 5). Stout herb,
about 2 ft. high, with broad subcordate-ovate Ivs. : corolla yellowish
white. Himalaya. B.M. 4884. — S. austriaca. Linn. (Sec. 6). Per-
ennial herb, about 2-3 ft. high, with broad-ovate Ivs. : corolla yellow-
ish, the upper Up spotted red. S. Eu. B. R. 1019. — S. boliviano,
Planch. (Sec. 7). Subshrub about 4 ft. high, with ovate-cordate Ivs.:
calvx dull purple or green and purple; corolla bright scarlet, 3 in.
long. Bolivia. B.M. 6714. F.S. 11:1148.— S. Cdmertonii, Regel
(Sec. 7). Subshrub, 3-5 ft. high, with ovate or cordate-ovate Ivs.:
corolla brownish purple, 1 in. long. Probably Mex. Gt.4:180. Con-
sidered by some as probably the same as S. elegans. — S. eam-
phorata, Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. candidissima, Vahl (S.
odorata, Willd.) (Sec. 5). Subshrub or herb, about 3 ft. high, with
ovate, lanceolate or orbicular Ivs.: corolla white. Orient. — S.
conescens, Mey. (Sec. 5). Sts. herbaceous, 2 ft. high, white-lanate
at base: Ivs. lanceolate-oblong, entire or sinuate-lobate: corolla
purple. Caucasus. B.R, 24:36. — S. Celotiana, Hort. Shrubby,
with dark bronze-green foliage: corolla reddish violet. Hardy in
S.W. England and Ireland. Botanically unknown. — S. ceratophyUa,
Linn. (Sec. 5). Sts. herbaceous, white-lanate at base: Ivs. deeply
pinnatifid, 7-8 in. long, with linear lobes, both surfaces lanate: cor-
olla about 1 in. long, yellowish white. Orient and Asia Minor. F.C.
1:5. — S. chamxdry aides, Cav. (Sec. 7). Subshrub about 1 ft. high,
with ovate-oblong Ivs. which are hoary-tomentose beneath: calyx
often purplish; corolla blue, the lower lip very broad. Mex. B.M.
808. L.B.C. 6:576. — S. confertiflara, Pohl (Sec. 7). Subshrub,
about 3 ft. high, with ovate-oblong Ivs., base cuneate: racemes elon-
gated, up to 2 ft.; floral whorls numerous, many-fld.: calyx reddish;
corolla small, not gaping, reddish inside, vellowish or reddish out-
side, covered with yellow wool. Brazil. B.M. 3899. H.U. 3, p.
203. — S. ctmfiusa, Benth. (S. interrupta, Hort., not Schousb.) (See.
1). Hardy shrub, about 4ft. high, with tomentose-pubescent
branches: Ivs. interrupted pinnatisect, white-lanate beneath: calyx
colored, striate and pubescent ; corolla whitish. S. Eu. — S. dlicolor,
HBK. (S. mexicana minor, Hort.) (Sec. 7). Shrub, 2-3 ft. or more
high; with ovate-lanceolate Ivs.: spikes S-9 in. long; calyx striate;
corolla shining violet. Mountains of Peru. B.M. 6772. G.C. II.
19:341. — S. elegans, Vahl (Sec. 7). Perennial herb, 3-4 ft. high with
ovate acuminate serrate Ivs. hispidulous pubescent or tomentose
above, glabrous beneath: corolla blood-red, more than 1 in. long.
Mex and Guatemala. B.M. 6448. — S. eriocalyx, Bert. (Sec. 7).
Shrub with divaricate hoary-pubescent branches: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate: racemes simple and short: calyx densely lanate, fre-
quently reddish: corolla white. Japan. R.H. 1844:1. — S. flata, , G.
Forest. Plant, 8-20 in. high: sts. ascending, erect, more or less pilose
above: basal Ivs. long-petiolate, 1 J*-6 H x 1-3 ^ in., hastate-tri-
angular or hastate-ovate, more or less pilose on both surfaces, cre-
nate, double crenate, or crenate-serrate: racemes composite; floral
whorls 4-8, subremote, generally 4-fld.; calyx pilose; corolla canary-
yellow with purple markings, about 2 H in. long: galea slightly lanu-
ginose. W.China. — S. Forskdhki, Linn. (Sec. 3). Hardy perennial,
1H ft. high: st. herbaceous, somewhat viscous-villous: Ivs. broad-
ovate: corolla violet. Orient. B.M. 988.— S. Gardneridna, Hort., is
offered in the trade. — S. globdsa, Hort. Biennial: Ivs. in a flattened
rosette 16-18 in. long, 10-12 in. broad, deeply cut, clothed with a sil-
very white tomentum: fL-st. 3 ft. or more high, much branched, the
branches forming a sphere: fls. large, white. Asia Minor. R.B. 3< :
28. — S. Gretffii, Hort., is offered in the trade as a wooded snrub^ tfr
3 ft. high: fls. a soft shade of cerise, produced all summer. G.M.
57:713. — S. Heerii, Regel (Sec. 7, probably}. Subshrub, 2-5 ft.
high, with cordate-ovate or lanceolate Ivs.: corolla scarlet. Peru.
Gt. 4:115. — S. indica. Linn. (Sec. 5). Perennial herb, about 3 ft.
high, with broad or oblong-ovate Ivs., the floral ones ovate-cordate,
reflexed: corolla yellow spotted with purple. Syria. B.M. 395. — S.
interrupta, Schousb. (Sec. 1). Hardy subshrub, 3-4 ft. high, with
3066
SALVIA
irregularly pinnatisect Ivs., the extreme segm. much larger than the
others: corolla showy, dark violet-purple with a white throat.
Morocco. B.M. 5860. — S. lamiifdlia, Jacq. (S. amcena, Sims) (Sec.
7). Shrub, about 2 ft. high, with ovate, serrate-crenate Ivs.: corolla
lue, the upper li
B.M. 1294. B.R. 446. L.B.C. 4:377.— S. lavenduloides, HBK. (S.
. , . , .
blue, the upper lip covered with whitish blue wool. W. Indies.
lavenduliformis, Neum.) (Sec. 7). Perennial herb, with very short-
petioled, oblong-lanceolate Ivs.: spikes 2-3 ft. long; corolla pale blue,
small. Mex. R.H. 1845:445. — S. leonurcM.es, Glox. (S. formosa,
L'Her.) (Sec. 7). Shrub, about 3 ft. high, with ovate or rhomboid
Ivs.: the floral whorls in the axils of the cauline Ivs. not racemose;
corolla scarlet. Peru and Brazil. B.M. 376. — S. macrostachya, HBK.
(Sec. 7). Shrub, about 6 ft. high, with subrotund-ovate Ivs., their
base deeply cordate, the auricles rounded; the floral Ivs. large, green:
corolla blue, the lower lip longer than the galea. Peru. B.M. 7372.
— S. oaxac&na, Fern. (Sec. 7). Shrub, much branched: Ivs. ovate, pale
green and strongly rugose above, white-tomentose beneath: floral
whorls mostly 2-fld. ; corolla cardinal-red, nearly 1 ^4 in. long. Mex. —
S. oppositifldra, Ruiz & Pav. (Sec.7). Half-hardy subshrub, about 2 ft.
high, with ovate, pubescent Ivs.: floral whorls 2-fld., secund, calyx
striate; corolla scarlet. F.S. 4:345. P.M. 15:53. Gt. 4:212. — S.
princeps, Hort. (Sec. 7). Subshrub, 3-6 ft. high: Ivs. large, ovate-
serrate, with the principal veins prominent: spikes large, terminating
the branches; calyx colored; corolla brilliant carmine-rose, slightly
ventricose, Ifts. small. Mex. R.B. 33 : 257. Resembles S. splendens.
— S. prunettoides, HBK. (S. brunellodes, Voss) (Sec. 7). Several
herbaceous sts. from a perennial base: Ivs. ovate-oblong, both sur-
facesgreen: corolla blue. Mex. P.M. 11:175. Var. purpurea, Hort.,
has the fls. purplish red. — S. rutilans, Carr. (Sec. 7). A plant
with a small green calyx and usually 2-fld. floral whorls. Prob-
ably a horticultural form of S. splendens. R.H. 1873:250. G.C.
II. 15:117(?).— S. scabiossefdlia, Lam. (S. Habliziana, Willd.)
(Sec. 1). Perennial herb, \-\lA ft. high, with pinnatisect Ivs.:
segms. 3-5-jugate, frequently in pairs or 3's: corolla white. Tauria.
B.M. 1429 and 5209. — S. scapiformis, Hance (Sec. 11). Perennial
herb: Ivs. radical, broadly ovate or oblong-oordate: scapes 6-10 in.
high; the floral whorls numerous; corolla amethystine. Formosa.
B.M. 6980. — S. Sieheana, Hort., is described as perennial, and having
large light lilac fls. — S. Soidiei, Duthie. Perennial, about 2 ft. high:
sts. herbaceous: Ivs. dark green, triangular, rugose: fls. numerous,
tubular-lipped, delicate shade of blue. China. — S. striciifldra, Hook.
(Sec. 7). Shrub, about 2 ft. high, with ovate, pale green, slightly
fleshy Ivs.: fls. stiffly erect, tubular and golden red. Peru. B.M.
3135. P.M. 11:247.— S. taraxacifdlia, Coss. & Bal. (Sec. 1). Sub-
shrub, 6-18 in. high, with Ivs. 2-4 in. long, pinnatisect, terminal
lobe 1-1 % in. long, ovate and irregularly sinuate-toothed, all white-
tomentose beneath: corolla pale pink with a yellowish disk to the
lower lip and a purple-speckled palate. Morocco. B.M. 5991. —
S. tricolor, Lem. (Sec. 7). Half-hardy shrub, about 2 ft. high, with
small ovate Ivs. rounded-obtuse at the apex, with a terminal tooth:
corolla white, the lower part of the large lower lip reddish. Mex.
I.H. 4:120. F.S. 12:1237.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SALVtNIA (Antonio Maria Salyini, 1633-1729,
Italian scientist). Marsiliaceae. An interesting plant
for the small home aquarium. Salyinia is a genus of
fern-allies found mostly in the tropics and comprising
about a dozen species, only one of which, S. natans,
Linn. (Fig. 3540), is cultivated.
Plants floating, with slender sts. bearing apparently
2-ranked, oblong Ivs. 4-6 lines or even 1 in. long: upper
surface of Ivs. covered with papulae or minute warts;
lower densely matted with brown pellucid hairs. The
plant is supposed to have no true roots. What look like
roots are believed to be finely dissected Ivs. ; one of these
occurs with each pair of the foliage-lvs. Many aquatic
plants have these 2 types of foliage, e. g., the water
buttercup, Ranunculus aquatilis. Salvinia looks much
like a flowering plant but it is a spore plant and has
2 kinds of spores,
large ones and
minute ones.
These spores are
I produced in small
oval bodies known
£===_===- as sporocarps, i. e.
3540. Salvinia natans. (Xaboutl) "spore-fruits." Of
each cluster of
sporocarps, 1 or 2 contain 10 or more sessile macrospor-
angia, each of which contains a solitary macrospore.
The other sporocarps in the cluster contain numerous
microsporangia, each of which contains numerous
microspores.
The plant is of easy culture in summer, but many
persons have lost it over winter by not understanding
its habits. It is an annual and often dies in the winter
after ripening a crop of spores. Secure a broad pan, fill it
half full of loam and then fill the pan with water. After
the water has cleared place the salvinias on the sur-
face. In the winter watch for the formation of the
spore-capsules. These grow in masses near the top of
the clusters of root-like leaves. After the plants die
the spore-capsules will remain in the soil. The plant
often passes the winter in greenhouses in a growing
condition, producing no spores. R c BENEDICT.!
SAMANEA (a corruption of its native Spanish name
of zamari). Leguminbsse. Spineless or rarely spiny
trees or shrubs of the American tropics, where one or
two of them are much planted for shade.
3541. Samanea Saman.
Leaves several- or rarely many-pinnate; Ifts. 1- to
many-pinnate: fls. in globose heads: pods straight or
somewhat curved, rigid, more or less constricted, flat,
thickened or subterete, leathery or fleshy, indehiscent or
rarely but slightly so; septate between the seeds. Dis-
tinguished from Enterolobium by the nearly straight
pods and from Pithecolobium by its indehiscent sep-
tate pods. — About 30 species.
A. Lvs. 2-4-pinnate; Ifts. 2-8-pinnate.
Saman, Merrill (Mimosa Samdn, Jacq. Pithecolo-
bium Samdn, Benth. Enterolobium Samdn, Prain).
RAIN TREE. ZAMAN. SAMAN. Figs. 3541, 3542. A
large tree, reaching a height of 60-80 ft., with wide-
spreading branches; branchlets velvety pubescent: Ivs.
2-4-pinnate; Ifts. 2-8-pinnate, oblique, ovate-oblong
or suborbicular, up to \Y<i in. long, shining above,
pubescent beneath: peduncle 4-5 in. long: fls. in heads,
in short pedicels; calyx J^in. long, pubescent; corolla
about J^in. long, yellowish; silky, villous; stamens
20, light crimson, shortly connected: pod sessile,
straight, thick -margined, [leathery-fleshy, glabrous,
indehiscent, 6-8 in. long, J^-l in. broad, flattened
or subterete. A native of Cent. Amer. and the W.
Indies, but now widely distributed in the tropics as an
ornamental shade tree. Blanco, Fl. Filip. 309. Jacq.
Fragm. 9. G.C. III. 11:557.— The Ifts. fold together
on the approach of rain. A rapid grower. The pods
contain a rich sugar-pulp and are eagerly eaten by
cattle and horses. The seeds are of little food value as
they are not digested and often cause slight digestive
troubles. The pods when eaten by cows are said to
increase the quality of their milk.
AA. Lvs. 5-12-pinnate; Ifts. 20-30-pinnate.
arbdreum, Ricker (Mimosa arbbrea, Linn. Mimosa
filicifblia, Lam. Pithecolobium filicifblium, Benth.
Pithecolobium arbbreum, Urban). A magnificent tree,
50-75 ft. tall, ferruginous-tomentose : Ivs. 8-12-
pinnate; Ifts. 20-30-pinnate, oblique, falcate-oblong,
obtuse, %-%in. long, glabrescent: peduncles axillary
or above the axils, 2-3 in. long: fls. white, sessile in
globose heads, often pubescent; calyx 1 line long,
corolla Mm- long: pod red, tomentose when young,
becoming glabrous, terete, fleshy, constricted between
the seed, slightly curved or twisted, 2-3 in. long,
^-J^m. broad, finally somewhat dehiscent; seeds
black. Trop. Amer. p. L. RICKER.
SAMBUCUS
SAMBUCUS
3007
SAMBUCUS (old Latin name for the elder, also
spelled Sabucus). Caprifolidcese. ELDER. Ornamental
mostly woody plants grown for their handsome foliage,
showy clusters of white flowers, and the attractive red
or black berries.
Deciduous shrubs or small trees, with stout very
pithy branches, rarely perennial herbs: Ivs. opposite,
odd-pinnate, with serrate Ifts., with or without stipules
and stipels: fls. small, usually perfect, white, in terminal
compound cymes or panicles, usually 5-merous, rarely
3- or 4-merous; calyx-lobes minute; corolla rotate with
short tube and oval to oblong-lanceolate lobes ; stamens
with short filaments; ovary inferior, 3-5-celled; style
short, 3-5-lobed: fr. a drupe with 3-5 1 -seeded nut-
lets.— About 20 species in the temperate and subtropi-
cal regions of both hemispheres. Some species, particu-
larly S. nigra and S. canadensis, possess medicinal
properties; the fr. of these species and also that of S.
cterulea is used in cookery, also elderberry wine is made
from it. The hard wood, the large pithy shoots which
are easily hollowed and the pith are put to various uses.
Monograph of the genus by Count Schwerin in M.D.
1909, pp. 1-56.
The elders are large and rather coarse shrubs, rarely
tree-like, or perennials spreading by suckers, with
pinnate foliage and large flat or panicled clusters of
white or creamy white small flowers followed by red or
black, rarely glaucous or in some varieties green or
yellow fruits. They are well adapted for mass planting
and are very effective as well in bloom as in fruit in their
proper places. They prefer rich and humid soil and
most species are hardy North; S. cserulea and its var.
neo-mexicana are hardy at least as far north as Massa-
chusetts. Propagation is by seeds which germinate
readily and by hardwood and greenwood cuttings, also
by root-cuttings; the perennial species and also S. cana-
densis by suckers.
acutiloba, 2.
latisecta, 1.
purpurea, 4.
albicocca, 5.
leucocarpa, 5.
pyramidalis, 1.
albo-variegata, 1.
linearis, 1.
pyramidata, 1.
arborescens, 5.
maxima, 2.
racemosa, 4, 5.
aurea, 1, 2, 4.
nana, 1, 4.
rosiflora, 4.
cserulea, 3.
neo-meiicana, 3.
rotundifolia, 1.
canadensis, 2.
nigra, 1.
Schweriniana, 6.
chlorocarpa, 1, 2.
ornata, 4.
serratifolia, 4.
delicatissima, 2.
pendula, 1.
submollis, 2.
dissecta, 5.
plumosa, 4.
tenuifolia, 4.
flavescens, 4.
plumosa-aurea, 4.
velutina, 3.
glauca, 3.
pteridifolia, 4.
virescens, 1.
heterophylla, 1.
pubens, 5.
viridis, 1.
intermedia, 3.
pubescens, 5.
xanthocarpa, 4, 5.
laciniata, 1, 2, 4, 5.
pulverulenta, 1.
A. St. woody.
B. Berries black or dark purple, rarely green or white:
pith white: cymes fiat.
c. Fr. not glaucous.
1. nigra, Linn. EUROPEAN ELDER. Large shrub or
tree, to 30 ft., with deeply furrowed bark: all parts
when bruised exhaling a disagreeable odor: branches
gray, strongly lenticellate: Ivs. dark green, usually
pubescent beneath while young; Ifts. 3-7, usually 5,
short-stalked, elliptic, acute, serrate, 2-6 in. long:
cymes 5-rayed, to 5 in. across: fr. black, lustrous, 3-
celled, 34~Mm- across. May, June: fr. Aug., Sept. Eu.,
W. Afr., W. Asia. S.E.B. 4:637. R.F.G. 12:780. H.W.
3, p. 132. G.C. III. 10:405. Many varieties: Var.
pyramidata, Lav. (var. pyramidalis, Dipp.). Habit
columnar. Var. pendula, Dipp. Pendulous or pros-
trate. Var. nana, Schwerin. Forming a globose bush
about 3 ft. high; weak-growing. Var. rotundifdlia,
Endl. Lfts. 3, rarely 5, broadly ovate to suborbicular.
Var. laciniata, Willd. (S. laciniata, Mill.). Lfts. regu-
larly and finely dissected. R.F.G. 12:780. A handsome
and distinct form. Var. heterophylla, Endl. (var.
linearis, Kirchn.). Lfts. irregularly cut and erose and
partly reduced to the midrib; slow-growing form. Var.
latisecta, Hesse. Lvs. broadly Iqbed. Var. albo-
variegata, Endl. Lvs. variegated with white. J.H.S.
33, p. 360, fig. 47. G.W. 11, p. 474. Var. pulverulenta,
Sweet. Lvs. finely dotted and sprinkled with white.
Var. atlrea, Sweet. Lvs. golden yellow. G.W. 2, p.
565. Var. viridis, Ait. (var. chlorocdrpa, Hayne. Var.
virescens, Sweet). Fr. pale green, striped whitish.
M.D. 1908:8, fig. 2.
2. canadensis, Linn. AMERICAN or SWEET ELDER.
Fig. 3M3. Shrub, to 12 ft., stoloniferous: branches pale
yellowish gray, slightly lenticellate : Ivs. bright green ; Ifts.
usually 7, short-stalked, elliptic to lanceolate, acute or
acuminate, sharply serrate, sometimes pubescent on the
veins beneath, 2-5 in. long: cymes 5-rayed, to 10 in.
across: fr. purplish black, usually 4-celled. June, July;
fr. in Sept. Nova Scotia and Man. to Fla. and Texas.
B.B. (ed.2)3:268. G. 27:541. M.D.G. 1899:169. Var.
submollis, Rehd. Lvs. grayish green and soft-pubes-
cent beneath. 111. to Ark. and Texas. Var. mfixima,
Hesse. Lvs. larger: cymes to 18 in. across. Very vigor-
ous grower. G.W. 11, p. 397. G.M. 51:451. Var.
acutiloba, Ellwanger & Barry (var. laciniata, Cowell).
Lvs. much dissected, the lower Ifts. pinnatifid, the upper
ones incisely serrate and narrowly lanceolate. A very
handsome and distinct form. F.S.R. 1, p. 151. Var.
aurea, Cowell (var. delicatissima, Schwerin). Lvs.
golden yellow: berries cherry-red. F.E. 22:433. Var.
chlorocfirpa, Rehd. Fr. greenish: Ivs. pale yellowish
green. — The handsomest and most effective of the
elders in bloom, also attractive when weighed down
with its large clusters of purplish black berries.
cc. Fr. glaucous.
3. cserulea, Raf. (S. glauca, Nutt.). Large shrub or
small tree, occasionally to 50 ft.: branchlets rather
slender, bloomy when young: Ifts. 5-7, oblong, long-
acuminate, coarsely serrate, the lower Ifts. often 3-
parted or pinnate, bright green, glabrous, 2-6 in. long:
fls. yellowish white, in flat cymes 4-6 in. wide: fr. sub-
globose, Jim. thick, blue-black, whitened by a thick
bloom. June, July; fr. in Aug. and Sept. Brit. Col. to
Calif., east to Mont, and Utah. S.S. 5:222. G.W.
8:116. Var. velutina, Schwerin (S. velidina, Durand).
Young branchlets and Ivs. covered with a dense and
short whitish pubescence. Calif. Var. neo-mexicana,
Rehd. (S. glauca var. neo-mexicana, A. Nels. S. inter-
media, Carr.). Lfts. 3-5, narrow-lanceolate, grayish
green, slightly pubescent beneath. New Mex., Ariz.
M.D. 1909:8, fig. 1.— This species is similar to S.
canadensis, but habit looser and taller, very striking
with its large clusters of bluish white frs.; the typical
3068
SAMBUCUS
SAMPHIRE
form and var. neo-mexicana have proved hardy as far
north as Mass.
BB. Berries red, rarely yellow: pith light brown: cymes
convex or paniculate.
4. racemdsa, Linn. RED-BERRIED ELDER. Shrub, to
12 ft.: branches light brown; young branchlets gla-
brous or nearly so, 2-3 J^ in. long: infl. ovate or oblong,
dense: Ifts. 5-7, ovate or elliptic to ovate-lanceolate,
glabrous, 2-3 in. long: fls. yellowish white: fr. scarlet,
%in. across, 3-seeded; nutlets yellowish white, minutely
rugose. April, May; fr. in June, July. Eu. to E.
Asia. H.W. 3, p. 133. R.F.G. 12:781. Var. nana,
Carr. Dwarf compact form. Var. plumosa, Carr. Lfts.
incisely serrate to about the middle, teeth long and
3543. Sambucus canadensis.
narrow, purplish when unfolding. Var. plumdso-attrea
Weezelenburg (var. serratifdlia aiirea, Barbier). Foli-
age like that of the preceding form, but golden yellow.
Var. ornata, Carr. (var. pteridifolia, Carr.). The first
Ivs. of the shoot are like those of var. plumosa, the later
ones more finely dissected like var. laciniata. Var.
laciniata, W. Koch (var. serratifdlia, Hort.). Lfts.
regularly and deeply dissected, green when unfolding.
R.F.G. 12:781. Var. tenuifdlia, Carr. Lvs. finely and
deeply dissected with very narrow segms., purplish
when unfolding. Var. purpfcrea, Sweet (S. rosiflora,
Carr.). Fls. purplish or pink outside, purple in bud.
G. 3 : 175. Var. flavescens, Sweet (var. xanthocdrpa,
Zabel). Fr. yellow with orange cheek. M.D. 1909:8,
fig. 6. — This species, like the following, is not conspicu-
ous in bloom, but the clusters of scarlet fr. are very
attractive in June and July. The cut-leaved forms are
very graceful.
5. pubens, Michx. (S. pubescens, Pers. S. racemosa
var. pubens, Koehne. S. racembsa var. pubescens, Dipp.,
not Miq.). Shrub, to 12 or sometimes to 25 ft. : branch-
lets and Ivs. on both sides finely pubescent while young,
sometimes nearly glabrous at maturity; Ifts. 5-7, ovate-
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, serrate, pubescent
beneath, rarely nearly glabrous: infl. ovate or pyram-
idal, looser and broader at the base than that of the
preceding species, to 4 in. long: berries scarlet; nutlets
minutely rugose. May: fr. in June, July. New Bruns.
to Alaska, south to Ga., Colo, and Brit. Col. B.B. (ed.
2) 3:268. Var. dissecta, Brit. (S. racembsa var. lacini-
ata, Rob. & Fern., not W. Koch). Lfts. deeply and
regularly dissected. Var. leucocarpa, Bernh. (var.
albicdcca, Brit. Var. xanthocdrpa, Cock.). Fr. whitish
or amber-yellow. Var. arborescens, Dipp. Tree-like;
less pubescent.
AA. St. herbaceous: plant stoloniferous: cymes flat: fr. red.
6. Schweriniana, Rehd. Herbaceous or suffruticose,
stoloniferous, glabrous, 3-5 ft.: Ifts. 5-7, oblong-lanceo-
late, the lower ones short -stalked, the upper ones adnate
and decurrent, acuminate, very unequal at the base,
serrate, 3-5 in. long: cymes flat, long-stalked, 5-rayed.
puberulous: fr. salmon-red, 3-seeded, Kin. thick,
nutlets broadly ovoid, smooth. W. China. — Hand-
some with its clusters of bright red fruit; it spreads
rapidly by suckers and may become a weed difficult to
eradicate, therefore it should not be planted where it is
likely to become troublesome.
S. callicdrpa, Greene (S. leiosperma, Leiberg. S. racemosa var
calliearpa, Jepson). Allied to S. pubens: shrub to 10 ft.: Ifts. oblong
to lanceolate, pubescent on the veins beneath while young: infL
broadly pyramidal or hemispherical : nutlets smooth. Alaska to Calif .
Japan. M.D. 1909:8, fig. 5. G.F. 10:175. Mn. 2:21 (as S. pubens).
— S. chinensis, Lindl.=S. javanica. — S. fibulus. Linn. Herbaceous,
stoloniferous, to 5 ft.: Ifts. 5-9, elliptic-lanceolate, serrate, pubes-
cent; stipules large: cymes flat, 3-rayed; fls. white or pinkish, anthers
purple, fragrant: fr. black, J4in. across. Eu., Afr., W. Asia. R.F.G.
12:779. S.E.B. 4:638. — S. Fontenaysii, Carr. (S. cserulea X S.
nigra). Intermediate between the parents: Ivs. bluish green: cymes
large: fr. black, bloomy. Garden origin. — S. javanica, Reinw. (S.
chinensis, Lindj. S. Thunbergiana, Blume). Suffruticose, to 6 ft.:
Ifts. 5-7, elliptic-lanceolate, the upper ones sometimes decurrent,
long-acuminate, sparingly pubescent while young, to 8 in. long:
cymes flat, 5-6 in. across, with scattered large aborted fleshy fls. : fr.
ovoid, red. Japan, China to Malay Archipelago. — S. leiosperma, Lei-
berg=S. calliearpa. — S. melanocdrpa, Gray. Allied to S. pubens.
Shrub, to 12 ft.: Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, pubescent beneath while
young, 4-5 in. long: infl. ovate: fr. Min. thick, black, rarely reddish
brown. Brit. Col. to Calif. G.F. 10:135. M.D. 1909:8, fig. 4. I.T.
5:173. — S. mexicana, D.C. (S. canadensis var. mexicana, Sarg.).
Tree, to 30 ft.: Ivs. 5-9-foliolate, sometimes bipinnate; Ifts. ovate-
lanceolate, long-acuminate, pubescent on both sides while young,
later only below, 2-6 in. long: cymes flat, 6-8 in. across: fr. nearly
black, ribbed, J4in. across. W. Texas to S. Calif., Mex. 8.8.5:221.
In Mex. planted sometimes near houses as a shade-tree and for its fr.
— S. microbotrys, Rydb. Allied to S. pubens. Shrub, to 6 ft., glabrous
Ifts. ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, to 5 in. long: infl. small
nearly hemispherical, about 2 in. long: fr. scarlet. Calif, to Colo, ano
Nev. — S. Sieboldiana, Graebn. (S. racemosa var. Sieboldiana
Miq.). Closely related to S. racemosa: Ifts. oblong-ovate to lanceo-
late, smooth, not rugulose above, more finely serrate, to 4 or occa-
sionally to 8 in. long: fls. and frs. smaller. Japan, China. S.I.F. 2 : 74
(as S. racemosa). — S. Slmpsonii, Rehd. Allied to S. canadensis.
Small tree, to 15 ft., with deeply furrowed bark: Ifts. usually 5.
elliptic to elliptic-oblong, lustrous above, glabrous, 1 J-£-3 in. long
cymes with 4 or 5 rays, the central ray as long or longer than the
lateral rays: ovary 5-celled. Fla. S.T.S. 2:175. — S. Thunbergiana,
Blume=S. javanica. The plant cult, under this name is S. racemosa
or possibly sometimes S. Sieboldiana. ALFRED REHDER.
SAMPHIRE (Crithmum maritimum, which see) is
the name corrupted from sampier, itself a corruption of
the French Saint Pierre (St. Peter), given to a succulent-
stemmed half-hardy perennial, well known as sea-fen-
nel, parsley-pert, and St. Peter's herb upon rocky coasts
above high tide in Great Britain. It belongs to the
family Umbelliferae. The plants, which attain a height
of 1 to 2 feet, have somewhat linear glaucous-green
fleshy leaves, J^ inch long, small white or yellowish
flowers, which appear in umbels during July, and
oblong yellowish fennel-like smallish seeds of light
weight, which ripen in early autumn and lose their
germinating power within a year. For more than three
centuries the crisp and aromatic leaves and young stems
gathered in August or September have been used in
salads and vinegar pickles. Samphire rarely reaches
perfection in gardens far from the seacoast, unless
SAMPHIRE
SANGUINARIA
grown upon sandy or gravelly soil, and watered fre-
quently and plentifully with weak salt- and soda-solu-
tions. " It may be propagated by root-division, but
better by sowing the seed as soon as ripe, the plants
being thinned to stand from 1 to 1J^ feet asunder in
rows 2 to 1Yi feet apart.
Golden samphire (Inula crithmifolia) , a native of the
marshes and seacoast of Great Britain, is an erect
hardy perennial, Ito 1 J 2 feet tall, with small, fleshy leaves
and 'yellow flowers in small; umbel-like clusters.
Though grown and used like true samphire, for which
it is often sold, it lacks the pleasing, aromatic taste of
the genuine. It belongs to the family Composite.
For marsh samphire, see Salicornia. M. Q. KAINS.
SAMUEL A (Sam Farlow Trelease, who participated
in field-studies of the species). Liliacex, tribe Yuccex.
Yucca-like large plants.
Short-trunked mostly unbranched soft-pulped trees,
resembling the baccate yuccas except in their gamophyl-
lous perianth which in one species has a long slender
tube resembling a tuberose. As in Yucca Treculeana, but
to a greater extent, the bracts of the ample panicle are
long and add much to its attractiveness. — Two species,
one Texan and the other of the Mexican tableland.
Hardy only in the S. where, as in Calif, and along the
Riviera, they are said to be beginning to be cult.
Monograph by Wm. Trelease in Kept. Mo. Bot. Card.,
vol. 13, pp. li6-19.
Faxoniana, Trel. Lvs. in a dense round head, 2-3 in.
wide and 3 ft. long, nearly smooth, deeply concave,
pungent, with long coarse curving white marginal fibers:
infl. loosely branched, 3 ft. or more long; fls. white,
2-4 in. across, with conical tube about %in. long: fr.
1 by mostly 2-3 in. S. W. Texas. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card.
4:4, 5: 13:73-5, 82, 85. S.S. 10:499.
carnerosana, Trel. Infl. 5-6 ft. high, compactly
branched, with very large white bracts; fls. white, 3-4
in. across, with cvhndrical tube }^-l in. long: fr. 1J^ x
2-3 in. E. Mex. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 13:7&-9, 80, 85,
87, and frontispiece to p. 27. WILLIAM TRELEASE.
SANCHEZIA (after Jos. Sanchez, professor of bot-
any at Cadiz). Acanthacfie. Showy warmhouse plants,
grown for flowers and foliage.
Strong erect herbs or half-shrubby plants: Ivs. large,
opposite, entire or slightly toothed: fls. orange, red, or
purple, united into heads or spikes at the ends of the
branches, or rarely paniculate; calyx deeply 5-parted,
segms. oblong; tube of the corolla long, cylindrical,
somewhat ventricose above the middle, limb of 5 equal,
short, rotund lobes; perfect stamens 2, inserted below
the middle of the tube, with 2 aborted stamens between
them; anther 2-celled, the cells mucronate in front;
style long, with one division small, spurlike; ovary on a
thick disk, 2-loculed. with 4 ovules in each cell. —
About 11 species in Peru, Colombia, and Brazil.
nobilis, Hook. Plants stout, erect, smooth, except the
infl.: st. 4-angled: Ivs. 3-9 in. long, oblong-ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, obtusely toothed, narrowed into
winged petioles, connate: fls. 2 in. long, yellow, in heads
subtended by bright red bracts, the heads forming a
panicle. Ecuador. B.M. 5594. F.S. 23:2437. G.W.
10, p. 610. G.Z. 11:16. H.F. II. 9:346. Var. glau-
cophylla, Lem. (var. variegata, Hort.). Lvs. varie-
gated with pale yellow or white along the veins. F.
1867, p. 154. I.H. 14:528 (as S. nobilis); 16:580.— A
hothouse plant which is very attractive when well
grown, but which becomes straggling and weedy if
neglected. Grown mostly for its foliage. S. parvibrac-
teata, Sprague & Hutch. Allied to S. nobilis, from
which it differs in having wingless petioles, smaller
bracts with fewer (3-5) fls. and longer staminodes.
Corolla yellow. Trop. Amer.
HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
SANDERSONIA (named after John Sanderson).
Liliacex. Herb, suitable for the greenhouse: sts. sub-
erect, simple, leafy: Ivs. linear-lanceolate: fls. showy,
orange, solitary in the axils, without bracts; perianth
persistent, urn-shaped to globose, somewhat inflated;
stamens 6; ovary sessile: fr. unknown. — One species,
S. Afr. Treatment the same as for gloriosas.
aurantiaca, Hook. Rootstock tuberous: st. simple,
1-2 ft. high, leafy to the apex: Ivs. sessile, alternate,
linear or lanceolate, 2—4 in. long: perianth bright yellow,
y*-\ in. long. Nov. Natal. B.M. 4716. R.H. 1868, p.
311. J.F. 4:408.
SANGUINARIA (Latin, blood; referring to the yel-
lowish red juice of the plant). Papaveraces. BLOOD-
ROOT. Low spring-blooming perennial used for borders
and for rock-gardens.
3544. Bloodroot. — Sanguinaria canadensis. ( X H)
Rootstock several inches long, about Hm- thick, hori-
zontal: Ivs. radical, cordate or reniform, usually only 1
from each root-bud, on petioles about 8 in. long: fls.
white, often tinged with pink, 1-3 in. across, mostly
solitary, on scapes about 8 in. long, appearing just
preceding the full-grown Ivs.; sepals 2, fugacious; petals
8-12, in 2 or 3 rows, oblong or obovate, early deciduous:
caps. 1 in. long, oblong, 2-valved. — A single species
common in woods of E. N. Amer., running into several
forms (see Fedde in Engler's Pflanzenreich, iv, 104).
The bloodroot is a showy spring flower usually found
in woodland, but not a true shade-loving plant, since its
growth is made, to a great extent, before the foliage of
the trees expands. In cultivation it prefers a rather
light soil, biit will grow anywhere. It will do as well in
sunlight as in shade and will even grow amongst grass,
if care be taken not to mow down the leaves until it
has perfected the root growth and buds for the follow-
ing season. The roots are best transplanted after the
leaves have ripened, August-dug and -planted roots
being best, but they may be moved when the plants are
in flower. The roots are offered at such low prices by
collectors that the plant should be used to a much
greater extent for spring gardening.
canadensis, Linn. BLOODROOT. REB PUCCOON. Fig.
3544. Described above. April, May. B.M. 162.
G.F. 8:215. G.C. III. 51:284. G. 31:447; 34:329.
Gn.M. 3:134. Var. major, Hort., is merely a form with
large fls. J.H. III. 52:457. Var. plena, Hort., has
more numerous narrower petals. f\ \y. BARCLAY.
3070
SANGUISORBA
SANSEVIERIA
SANGUISORBA (Latin, blood and drink up, from
reputed styptic properties in folk-medicine). Rosacese.
Chiefly perennial herbs, grown as salad plants and also
sometimes used in the hardy border.
Leaves unequally pinnate; stipules adherent to the
petiole: fls. small, often polygamous or dioecious,
crowded in a dense head or spike at the summit of a
long, naked peduncle; calyx-tube persistent, with 4
broad petal-like spreading deciduous lobes; petals none;
stamens 4-12: achene (commonly solitary) inclosed in
the 4-angled dry and thickish calyx-tube. — About 35
species, natives of the North Temperate Zone. See
Poterium.
minor, Scop. (Poterium Sanguisdrba, Linn.).
BURNET. Perennial, growing in clumps, glabrous or
sparsely hairy: Ivs. long, odd-pinnate, narrow, the
small Ifts. 6-10 pairs and orbicular to oblong and deep-
toothed :sts. 1-2 Yi ft. tall, terminating in small globular
or oblong heads: lower fls. in the head staminate, the
others perfect, the stigmas purple, tufted and exserted.
Eu., Asia, and naturalized in this country. — Sometimes
grown in the herb-garden for the fresh young Ivs.,
which are used in salads. It is also an interesting plant
for the hardy border. Also recommended as a pasture
plant, particularly for sheep. It thrives in dry soils.
canadensis, Linn. Taller, larger in every way than
the above: Ifts. oblong to almost triangular-oblong,
truncate or cordate at the base, long-stalked, obtuse,
sharp-toothed: fl.-heads cylindrical, 2-6 in. long, the fls.
all perfect, whitish. Low grounds, Mich., east and south.
— An interesting plant, worthy a place in the hardy
border, and sometimes sold for that purpose. It pro-
duces much foliage. Grows 5-6 ft. tall.
S. atrosangutnea, Hort., is a form listed in the trade as having
wiry sts. 3 ft. high bearing heads of rich crimson fls. Possibly the
European S. omcinalis, Linn. F TKACY HuBBARD.f
SANICULA (name said to be from sanare, to heal;
or perhaps from San Nicolas). Umbelliferse. SANICLE.
BLACK SNAKEROOT. Perennial rather tall glabrous
herbs, useful sometimes as a ground-cover.
Leaves few, palmately lobed or parted, those from
the base long-petioled : umbels irregular or compound;
fls. greenish or yellowish, capitate in the umblets, per-
fect and with staminate ones intermixed; involucre and
involucels few-lvd.: fr. globular, carpels not separating
spontaneously, ribless, thickly clothed with hooked
prickles. — About 39 species (Wolff, Das Pflanzenreich,
hft. 61), temperate regions of the world. The sanicles
have no particular horticultural merit, being rather
weedy in habit; but they are useful in wild-gardens
and for colonizing hi woods.
A. Fls. yellow.
Menziesii, Hook. & Arn. St. solitary, 1-2% ft. high,
branching: Ivs. round-cordate, 2-3 in. across, very
deeply 3-5-lobed: fr. about 1 line long, becoming dis-
tinctly pedicellate. Calif, and northward.
AA. Fls. purple (rarely yellowish).
bipinnatifida, Douglas. About 1 ft. high, with a pair
of opposite Ivs. at the base and 1-3 above, long-petioled,
triangular to oblong in outline, 2-3 in. long, pinnately
3-5-lobed: fr. sessile. Calif, to Brit. Col.
AAA. Fls. greenish white.
mariUndica, Linn. St. stout, lJ^-4 ft. high: Ivs.
bluish green, the basal long-petioled, the upper sessile,
5-7-parted: fr. sessile. Atlantic to Brit. Col. Common
fr woods. Fi TRACY HuBBARD.f
SANSEVIERIA (after Raimond de Sangro, Prince of
Sanseyiero, born at Naples 1710. The spelling Sanse-
viera is not the earliest). Lilidcese. BOWSTRING HEMP.
Herbaceous perennials, essentially tender foliage
plants, although beautiful in flower, adapted to the
coolhouse. They are grown for the stiff erect Ivs.,
which are usually variegated.
Rhizome short, thick, sometimes stolonif erous : Ivs.
in a basal rosette, thick cartilaginous, frequently
elongated, rather flat or terete: scape simple, tall, stout:
fls. greenish white, medium-sized or long, clustered in
an often dense raceme; perianth-tube slender, some-
times very long; stamens 6; ovary free, 3-celled. — Trop.
and S. Afr. and India; the most recent treatment is by
N. E. Brown in Kew Bulletin, 1915, where 54 species are
described. The genus is important in yielding fiber.
Sansevierias are easily propagated by division or
they may be raised from leaf-cuttings about 3 inches
long. These cuttings form roots in sandy soil after
about one month, after which a long stolon-like bud is
formed, which produces the new plant at some dis-
tance from the cutting. Sansevierias are well adapted
to house decoration, since they do not require much
sunlight. A rather heavy soil suits them best.
A. Lvs. fiat or nearly so.
thyrsifldra, Thunb. (S. guineensis, Willd:). Lvs. 2-4
to a growth, from a stout creeping rootstock, erect and
smooth, to \Yi ft. long and 3K in. broad, lanceolate,
acute or obtuse, on both sides marked with pale green
transverse bands which become obscure with age,
tapering into a channelled petiole: fls. greenish white,
fragrant. Trop. Afr. B.M. 1179 (properly 1180).
AA. Lvs. concave.
zeyldnica, Willd. Lvs. 1-3 ft. long, 8-15 in a cluster,
sword-shaped, subterete, variegated with transverse
markings of a grayish white: scape longer than the
Ivs. : bracts many : fls. whitish green, l%in. long. India.
B.R. 160. Var. Laurentii, Hort. (S. Laurentii, Wildem.)
has a band of creamy yellow ^-^in. or more wide
along the If .-margins in addition to the regular variega-
tion. Trop. Afr. G.W. 13, p. 125. R.B. 30:169.
AAA. L^s. cylindrical.
cylindrica, Bpjer. Lvs. often 3-4 ft. long, 8-10 in a
tuft, terete, solid within, dark green, often banded with
paler lines, acuminate, occasionally furrowed: scape
with infl. shorter than the Ivs.: raceme about 1 ft. long;
fls. creamy white, tinged with pink. Trop. Afr. B.M.
5093. G.C. III. 16:222. R.H. 1861, p. 448, 450.
The following species have been grown in various botanical
gardens but are not known to be in general cult, unless otherwise
specified. S. xthidpica, Thunb. Succulent, stemless subshrub: Ivs.
somewhat rosulate, suberect or erect-spreading, 5^-16 in. long, thick,
linear-lanceolate, acute, running out into white awl-like tips 2-3 in.
long, concave-channeled, back strongly convex, sometimes trans-
versely dark green-banded, margins red or white, somewhat glau-
cous: infl. 16-30 in. long; fls. white. S. Afr. B.M. 8487.— S. arbor-
escens, Cornu, has sts. reaching a height of 4 ft., furnished entirely
with short spreading Ivs. E. Trop. Afr. — S. conspicua, N. E. Br., is
a stemless herb: Ivs. 3-5, lanceolate, 9-24 in. long, green on both
surfaces, with dark lines above and rusty brown margins: fls. white,
E. Trop. Afr. — S. Cornui, Ge>. & Labr., is stemless, the Ivs. not bor-
dered and only a little striped at the base and on the outside.
Senegambia; properly S. senegambica, Baker. — S. Crdigii, Hort.,
is offered in the American trade as a form with variegated Ivs. — S.
fascidta, Cornu, is stemless: Ivs. flat, leathery, 2J4 ft. long, 5 in.
broad in the middle, bright green, striped and bordered with brown.
Congo. — S. glaiica, Hort., not Haw., resembles S. zeylanica, but the
Ivs. are somewhat shorter and not striate. Cochin-China. — S.
grdndis, Hook. f. Stemless: Ivs. few, rosulate, obovate-oblong, the
largest 3-4 ft. long, 6 in. broad, dull green with broad bands of much
darker green: scape 2 ft. high, bearing a densely fld. terminal spike-
like panicle 2-3 ft. long: fls. pure white, about 2 in. across. Trop.
Afr. B.M. 7877. It produces a very strong, silky fiber. — S. inter-
media, N. E. Br., is very similar to S. cylindrica, but the Ivs. are
channeled, the edges of the channel being acute below and obtusely
rounded above. E. Trop. Afr. — S. liberica, G6r. & Labr. Lvs. more
than 3 ft. long, bordered with ivory-white, not striped. W. Trop.
Afr.— S. metdllica, G6r. & Labr., is closely allied to what is called
S. guineensis having shorter and somewhat broader Ivs., which
have a metallic tint and fewer markings. — S. rdrida, N. E. Br.
(Sanseverina rorida, Lanza), is almost stemless: Ivs. 2-ranked,
erect-spreading, horn-shaped, terete beneath, deeply channeled
above: scape flexuous, longer than the Ivs.: panicle elongated with
many short reflexed branches: fls. small. Italian Somaliland. — S.
Stiickyi, Godefr., is stemless: Ivs. quite cylindric except a small
furrow on the upper surface. E. Afr. — S. zanzibdrica, Ge>. & Labr.,
is short-stemmed: Ivs. in a distichous rosette, subterete, without
furrows, very rigid, up to 5-6 ft. long. Zanzibar.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SAXTALUM
SAP
3071
SANTALUM (from the Persian Chandal which in
turn is derived from the Sanscrit Chandana, the name
of the tree). Santalacex. Evergreen glabrous trees or
shrubs, and one species, S. album, yields the sandal-
wood: Ivs. opposite, rarely alternate, coriaceous: fls.
axillary or in terminal trichotomous paniculate cymes,
dioecious; perianth campanulate or ovoid, lobes 4, rarely
5, valvate with a tuft of hair on their face; stamens 5-4,
short ; disk of scales between the stamens; ovary at first
free, finally half-inf erior : drupe subglobose. — About 10
species, India, Malaya, Austral, and Pacific Islands.
Plants more or less parasitic.
album, Linn. SANDALWOOD. A small evergreen gla-
brous tree: Ivs. opposite, 1^-2 in. long, thin, elliptic-
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or subacute, narrowed
into a slender petiole: panicles terminal and lateral;
pedicels about equaling the perianth-tube: fls. at first
straw-colored, then blood-red, inodorous even when
bruised : drupe globose, size of a cherry, black when ripe.
Deccan Penin. B.M. 3235. G.C. III. 49:20.— The
•wood is white or citron-colored, sweet-scented when dry,
and is esteemed in India, as a perfume.
SANTOLINA (derivation of name doubtful). Often,
but incorrectly spelled Sanctolina. Composite. Shrubs
or rarely herbs, natives of Eu. and Asia, mostly in the
Medit. region, sometimes grown in the open for orna-
ment.
Leaves alternate, aromatic; margins tuberculously
dentate or pinnately lobed, often finely divided: fl.-
heads yellow or rarely white, of disk-fls. only, many-
fid.; involucre mostly campanulate, squarrose, imbri-
cated, appressed. — About 8 species.
Santolina is valuable for its distinct foliage and is
used in the South for specimen planting and in the North
for summer bedding and borders. Cuttings for the latter
purpose are usually taken in the spring from plants win-
tered in a frame but may be taken before frost in the
fall. Thej- are easily rooted in sand.
Chamaecyparissus, Linn. (S. incana, Lam.). LAVEN-
DER COTTON. A hardy half-shrubby, much-branched
plant, 1^-2 ft. high, with evergreen, silvery gray Ivs.,
having tiny ovate-oblong Ifts. and small globular
heads of yellow fls., borne in summer: heads solitary,
terminal about %in. diam. : branches and Ivs. canescent.
Medit. region. Gn. 78, p. 21. Var. incana differs but
little from the type: involucre pubescent.
S. alpina. Linn., is Anthemis montana, Linn., which makes a
pretty ground-cover and has yellow fls., but appears not to be in
the trade. Gn. 75, p. 595. — S. riridis, Willd. An erect shrub:
branches leafless: Ivs. in 4 vertical ranks, toothed: involucral
scales lanceolate. S. Eu. G. 36:25. F W BARCLAY.
SANVITALIA (after a noble Italian family). Com-
posite. Usually low, much-branched herbs grown for
their attractive yellow flowers.
Leaves opposite, petioled, mostly entire: heads of
fls. small, solitary, with yellow or sometimes white
rays; involucre short and broad, of dry or partly
herbaceous bracts; receptacle from flat to subulate-
conical, at least in fr.; its chaffy bracts concave or
partly conduplicate : achenes all or only the outer ones
thick-walled, those of the rays usually 3-angled, with
the angles produced into rigid, spreading awns or horns,
those of the disk often flat and winged. — About 4
species, natives of the S. W..U. S. and Mex. May be
grown as an annual in the open, but if given protection
it will sometimes flower the second year. Sanvitalias
are of easy culture but prefer a light or sandy soil in
full sunlight.
procumbens, Lam. A hardy floriferous annual, grow-
ing about 6 in. high, trailing in habit: Ivs. ovate, about
1 in. long: fl. -heads with dark purple disk and yellow
rays, resembling small rudbeckias, less than 1 in. across,
numerous: achenes of the disk flattened and often
winged and 1-2 aristellate. Summer to very late
autumn. Mex. B.R. 707. R.H. 1860, p. 127. Var.
fldre-pleno, Hort. A double-fid, variety coming true
from seed, and as vigorous as the type. R.H. 1866, p.
70. — Worthy of more extended use as a low border
annual. F w. BARCLAY.
SAP, a term applied to the juices of living plants.
Sap is composed of water containing mineral salts
absorbed from the soil, and organic substances chiefly
constructed within living cells. The water taken from
the soil by the roots or other absorbing organs may con-
tain potassium, sodium, magnesium, calcium, iron, and
nitrates, phosphates, sulfates, and chlorids. The differ-
ent processes and the different reactions that take place
in separate tracts of tissue are responsible for the fact
that the sap is not alike in composition throughout
the body of the plant.
The mineral elements and their salts may be found in
nearly all saps. The limits of this note do not permit
the enumeration of the large number of organic sub-
stances which may be found in the sap of various spe-
cies. The more important of such compounds may be
grouped under the acids, sugars, or carbohydrates and
proteins. Many plants are of economic importance
because of the materials dissolved in the sap. The sap
of the sugar maple, for example, contains over 3)^ per
cent of sugar, while the sugar-beet and sugar-cane have
a sap in which the proportion is very much higher.
The popular expression of "ascent of sap" refers to
the fact that water entering the living cells of the roots
is forced into the woody tissues or non-living elements
through which it passes upward to the leaves at a rate
which may vary from a few inches to over a yard an
hour. (See Transpiration.) The forces operative and
the mechanism of the flow are not perfectly understood.
Among other facts of interest it may be mentioned that
the sap-current may pass through dead sections of stem,
although it is equally certain that the activities of the
living cells furnish at least a part of the motive power.
The flow of sap from the sugar maple and other trees
in the early spring, before the soil has thawed and while
it is yet too cold for the living matter of the plant to
show any great activity, is not due to4;he bleeding pres-
sure, but to the expansion of the gases and liquids in
the trunk and branches of the tree due to the direct
warming action of the sun's rays. During the daytime
the bubbles of air in the wood-cells become heated and
expand, driving the sap from the wood-cells into the
auger-hole which has been bored into the tree. At
night the trunk of the tree cools slowly and the flow
ceases, to be begun again next day.
The exudation pressure by which water or sap is
forced from the living cells is exhibited in the bleeding
which ensues when stems and branches are cut away.
The pressure which produces bleeding is often called
root-pressure, although it is exerted by any part of the
plant. Bleecling is exhibited by a large number of trees
at the beginning of the growing season, 'and is also
especially noticeable in the vine, dahlia, castor-oil plant,
calla. nicotiana, and corn.
The amount of bleeding exhibited by any plant may
be found if the stem is cut and bent over in such man-
ner that the end is thrust into a tumbler or small ves-
sel, which will serve to collect the escaping sap.
Interesting records of measurement of the amount of
bleeding are available. A specimen of Betvla papy-
racea gave off over sixty-three pounds of water in
twenty-four hours; an Agave americana yielded twelve
and one-half pounds in twenty-four hours. The pulque
of Mexico is the preparation of sap which collects in
the center of the mature rosette of agave when a
cavity is cut into it.
The range of concentration of sap as denoted by its
osmotic properties varies widely. Cacti and other suc-
culents have a sap which would set up a pressure of only
three to twelve atmospheres. Spinose desert shrubs
may have a sap which would set up a pressure of over a
3072
SAP
SAPIUM
hundred atmospheres. The concentration is greatest in
mature leaves, and in the lilac this may be from twelve
to twenty-five atmospheres, while the roots of the same
plant may not show more than four or six atmospheres.
D. T. MACDOUGAL.
SAPINDUS (Latin, soap and Indian, alluding to
use of the fruit as soap in India). Sapindacese. SOAP-
BERRY. Trees or shrubs, sometimes somewhat climbing,
of economic use and sometimes used as ornamentals.
Leaves alternate, without stipules, abruptly pin-
nate or simple, 1-lvd. in one species; the Ifts entire,
rarely serrate : racemes or panicles terminal or axillary :
fls. polygamous, regular; sepals 4-5, in 2 rows; petals
4-5, naked or bearing 1 or 2 glabrous or villous scales
above the claw; disk annular; stamens 8-10: berry
fleshy or leathery ; seeds frequently globose, with a bony
testa and no aril, black or nearly so. — About 15 species,
tropical regions of the world.
The fruit has an alkaline principle known as saponin
which makes it useful for cleansing purposes. The
fruit was much used in eastern countries before the
introduction of soap and is still preferred for washing
the hair and cleansing delicate fabrics like silk. The
seeds of some species are used for making rosaries,
necklaces, and the like.
The soapberry trees in cultivation are evergreen or
rarely deciduous trees with pinnate, rather large foliage
and with terminal large panicles of small whitish flowers
followed by berry-like globose orange-brown to black
fruits. With the exception of S. Drummondii, which has
proved fairly hardy in sheltered positions as far north as
Massachusetts, they can be grown in subtropical
regions only, but S. Mukorossi is apparently somewhat
hardier than the rest. They are sometimes planted for
ornament in the southern states and in southern Cali-
fornia and some, particularly S. Mukorossi var. carina-
tus, may possibly be profitably planted for their fruits
which are rich in saponin. They do well in rather dry
and rocky or sandy soil. Propagation is by seeds which
germinate readily and by hardwood cuttings in early
spring.
A. Lfts. obtuse or acutish, 4~9; rachis usually broadly
winged: petals without scales.
Saponaria, Linn. A small tree, to 30 ft., with rough
grayish bark: Ifts. oblong-lanceolate and acute to
elliptic-ovate and somewhat obtuse, opposite or alter-
nate, entire, glabrous, veiny and lucid above, tomentu-
lose beneath, 3-4 in. long; rachis usually winged:
Eam'cle 7-10 in. long; sepals rounded, petals ovate,
airy: fr. %-%in. across, globose, keeled, orange-
brown, translucent. Fls. in Nov. : fr. in spring. S. Fla.,
W. India, and S. Amer. Cult, in S. Fla. and S. Calif.
S.S. 2:74, 75.
AA. Lfts. acuminate, 7-19; rachis with narrow margin or
marginless: petals with 2 scales.
B. Trees evergreen.
marginatus, Willd. A tree reaching ultimately 60 ft.
in height: Ifts. very short-stalked or nearly sessile, 7-13,
lance-oblong, acuminate, glabrous above, paler beneath
and somewhat pubescent on the midnerve, 2-5 in. long,
the upper nearly opposite, the lower alternate; rachis
narrowly margined or marginless: fls. white, sometimes
tinged with red, in pyramidal panicles; petals ciliate,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate; filaments villous: fr. yellow,
translucent, globose, keeled, %in. across. May, June.
S. C. to Fla. S.S. 13:623.— Cult, for ornament in
S. Fla.
Mukordssi, Gaertn. Tree, to 60 ft.: Ifts. 8-13,
stalked, the stalk K-J^in. long, oblong-ovate to oblong-
lanceolate, oblique and cuneate at the base, glabrous,
reticulate beneath, 3-6 in. long; rachis with narrow
margin: panicles 5-8 in. long; sepals suborbicular to
ovate, obtuse, petals ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute,
ciliate; filaments villous: fr. globose, yellow or orange-
brown, about %in. across, slightly keeled. China,
cult, in Japan. S.I. F. 1:71. Var. carinatus, Radlk.
(S. utilis, Trabut). Fr. more fleshy, strongly keeled. —
According to Trabut this variety is cult, in Algeria for
its fr. which contains nearly 38 per cent of saponin ; the
trees come into bearing in 8-10 years and a tree may
yield 60-120 pounds of berries every year.
BB. Trees deciduous.
Drummondii, Hook. & Arn. WILD CHINA TREE.
SOAPBERRY. Tree, to 50 ft., with scaly red-brown bark:
branchlets pubescent while young: Ifts. 8-19, short-
stalked, lanceolate, broadly cuneate and oblique at the
base, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 2-3 in. long;
rachis marginless: panicles pubescent, 6-9 in. long;
sepals acute, ciliate; petals much longer, ovate,
pubescent inside; filaments villous: fr. subglobose, not
keeled, J^in. across, yellow, finally black. May, June;
fr. Sept., Oct. Ark., La. to Ariz, and N. Mex. S.S. 2:76,
77 (as S. marginatus). B.B.(ed. 2) 2:500.
ALFRED REHDER.
SAPIUM (the Latin name used by Pliny for a
resiniferous pine). EuphorHacese. Tropical trees and
shrubs cultivated for their economic products and
sometimes for ornament.
Glabrous: juice milky and poisonous: Ivs. alternate
or rarely opposite, simple, denticulate to entire; stipules
small, 2 conspicuous glands at the apex of the petiole
and on each of the scale-like bracts: fls. generally in
terminal spikes, the pistillate singly below, the stami-
nate in 3's above, all apetalous; calyx of staminate fls.
2-3-lobed, the lobes imbricate; stamens 2-3, filaments
free; ovary 1-3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell; a 3-parted
central column remaining after dehiscence of the caps.:
seed without a caruncle. — Nearly 100 species, in the
tropics of both hemispheres, but chiefly in Amer. Two
intro. species are now found wild in S. Fla. Related to
Stillingia, Hura, and Homalanthus.
In their native country a number of species of
Sapium are utilized in many ways. They are chiefly
important as a source of rubber. S. Jenmanii is the
chief source of rubber in British Guiana, where it is
found in the alluvial forests in humid situations. It
does best in well-drained clayey peat. S. verum, once
common in Colombia, has been cut for the rubber until
it is now rare, but does well under cultivation in higher
altitudes, yielding ten to eighteen pounds of raw rubber
to each tree. A number of other species are used for
rubber in South America. S. Pavonianum yields a
medium grade. It is easily grown but is scarcely in
cultivation. S. sebiferum is cultivated, especially in
China, for the wax of the seed-covering which is used
for candles, soap, and cloth-dressing. The wood of this
and other species is utilized. Some of the "jumping
beans" are seeds of sapium which contain insect
larvae. Sapium may be propagated by seeds or by
cuttings. The best varieties are sometimes top-grafted
on seedling stocks.
Pavonianum, Huber (S. utile, Preuss. S. biglandu-
losum, Muell. Arg. in part). PALO DE LECHE. Tree,
30^-50 ft. high: Ivs. oblong, lanceolate, or oblanceolate:
spikes solitary, elongate: style cylindrical, not persist-
ent on the caps. : the seeds with red, aril-like covering,
soon separating from the central column. Colombia.
verum, Hemsl. VIRGIN RUBBER. CANCHO BLANCO.
Tree, 60-75 ft. high: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to elliptical,
acute at the base, apex rounded: style persistent on the
caps.: otherwise similar to the foregoing species. Col-
ombia and Ecuador.
Jenmanii, Hemsl. A large tree: Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, abruptly and obtusely acuminate; glands of the
petiole short, sessile; lateral If .-veins more curved than
in the preceding species and the ovary 1-celled: style
not persistent. British Guiana.
SAPIUM
SAPODILLA
3073
sebiferum, Roxbg. (Croton seblferus, Linn. Excae-
caria sebifera, Muell. Arg. Stillinffia sebifera, Michx.).
CHINESE TALLOW TREE. VEGETABLE TALLOW. Tree,
25-30 ft. high: Ivs. broad rhombic-ovate, 1-3 in.
broad, beautifully red-colored in age: racemes terminal:
caps. Viva, thick: seeds long adhering to the central
column," the aril-like coating white. China, and now
cult, and naturalized in many tropical lands.
Among the species noted for their very poisonous juice are:
6. tndicum. Wild., with white bark and oblong willow-like Ivs., in
India, and S. Hippomant, Mey., MILK THEE, Poisox TBEE, with
thick elliptical Ivs. with the apex cucullate inflexed. W. Indies to
J. B. S. NORTON.
SAPODILLA is the name applied in the United
States to Achras Sapota, Linn., of the family Sapo-
tacfie. generally considered one of the best indigenous
fruits of the American tropics. The tree is commonly
cultivated, as well as naturalized, on the Florida Keys,
and the fruit (Fig. 3545) is offered in south Florida
markets.
Botanically the sapodilla is closely related to the
mamey sapote (Lucuma mammosa), the ti-es (L.
nervosa) and the star-apple (Chrysophyllum Caintio),
fruits which are well known in various parts of tropical
America. The tree is evergreen, stately, with a dense
rounded or conical crown sometimes attaining a height
of 50 to 60 feet, horizontal or drooping branches, and
stiff, glossy leaves thickly clustered at the ends of the
young branchlets. The wood is hard and very durable,
timbers in an excellent state of preservation having
been found in the Mayan ruins of Yucatan. The bark
contains a milky latex known commercially as chicle,
3545. Sapodilla, the fruit of Achras Sapota. ( X about
which is secured by tapping the trunk, and is exported
in considerable quantities from Mexico to the United
States, where it forms the basis of chewing-gum. The
leaves are borne upon slender petioles up to 1 inch long,
the blades entire or emarginate. ovate-elliptic to ellip-
tic-lanceolate in outline, rounded-cuneate at the base
and commonly obtuse at the apex, 2 to 5 inches long,
glabrous, of rich green color, the midrib prominent
below. The small inconspicuous flowers are produced
upon short finely pubescent pedicels in the leaf-axils
toward the ends of the branchlets; the calyx is composed
of six small ovate-acuminate hairy sepals, the corolla
white, tubular or urceolate, lobulate at the top, the
stamens six. opposite the lobules, with short flattened
attenuate filaments and lanceolate-acuminate extrorse
anthers; staminodes six, petaloid: style clavate, hairy
at the tip, the ovary ten- to twelve-celled, each cell
containing one ovule .
The fruit is very variable in form, commonly round,
oval, globose-depressed, or conical, and 2 to 3 j^ inches
in diameter. The skin is thin, rusty brown, somewhat
scurfy, giving the fruit a striking resemblance to an
Irish potato. The flesh is yellowish brown, translucent,
soft and melting when fully ripe, sweet and delicious,
but when green containing tannin and a milky latex, so
that it must not be eaten until it has become quite
mellow. The seeds vary from none to ten or twelve,
and are hard, black and shining, obovate, flattened,
about % inch long, easily separated from the pulp.
The flavor of the sapodilla is difficult of description,
likened to that of a pear by some writers, and with a
peculiar character common to several sapotaceous
fruits. Some of the early writers were enthusiastic in
praising it, the Spanish historian, Oviedo, going so far
as to call the sapodilla the best of all fruits. More
recently Finninger, an Anglo-Indian horticulturist,
wrote that "a more luscious, cool and agreeable fruit is
not to be met with in this or perhaps any country in
the world," while Descourtilz says it is "melting, and
has the sweet perfumes of honey, jasmin, and lily-of-the
valley." In Florida it is a general favorite, especially
among residents of the keys, and in numerous other
parts of tropical America it assumes considerable
importance among cultivated fruits.
The tree is considered by Pittier to be indigenous in
Mexico south of the Isthmus of Tehuantepec, in Guate-
mala, and possibly in Salvador and northern Honduras,
being especially abundant in the lowlands of Tabasco,
Chiapas, and the western part of Yucatan, which are
the principal centers of production of chicle gum. The
common name is derived from the Xahuatl word
zapotl or tzicozapotl, the latter meaning "gum zapotl"
and surviving to the present day in the precise form
chicozapote, by which the tree is commonly known in
southern Mexico; zapotl was the name given by the
Aztecs to all soft sweet fruits. In Spanish-speaking
countries the sapodilla is frequently called nispero,
which name properly belongs to the European medlar.
In the British West Indies the name naseberry is
common. In Brazil one form of the fruit is called sapoti,
another sapota. The German name for the tree is
Breiapfelbaum, the French sapotillier, and the Dutch
mispelbopm.
From its home in tropical America, the sapodilla has
been carried around the globe, and though less com-
monly cultivated in the Orient than the papaya, it is
grown in many regions, particularly in some parts of
southern India, where, according to MacmiUan, it
thrives up to elevations of 3,000 feet, though in Ceylon
it is seldom productive above 1,500 feet and succeeds
best on the coast. In Ecuador its cultivation is said by
Pittier to extend into the temperate belt at altitudes of
more than 8,000 feet. Its culture in Florida is limited to
the southern part of the state, approximately the sec-
tion south of Palm Beach on the east coast and the
Manatee River on the west. Mature trees have passed
uninjured through temperatures of 28° F., according
to Reasoner. A notable advantage of the tree for
some parts of the West Indies is the fact that the
branches are tough and not easily broken by hurri-
canes. In California it has not yet fruited, though in
favored locations specimens have occasionally attained
an age of several years without being injured by frost.
Even in the tropics, however, the tree grows very slowly,
and in California the cool winters greatly hinder its
development. It seems probable that it may yet be
fruited in protected foothill regions, but its culture in
most parts of southern California is not practicable.
The soil best adapted to the sapodilla seems to be
rich sandy loam, but it thrives almost equally well on
light clay and on the shallow sandy soil, underlaid with
soft limestone, which is found on the lower east coast
of Florida. Even though grown under the most favor-
able conditions, the trees rarely come into bearing
until six to eight years of age, if seedlings, and in some
sections do not attain a greater ultimate height than
20 to 30 feet. They should not be set closer together
than 25 to 30 feet, and require very little pruning,
because of their close compact growth. As a general
3074
SAPODILLA
SAPONARIA
thing the trees bear heavily, and two crops a year are
frequently produced; this, with the natural variation
in season among seedling trees, results in ripe fruit being
found in the markets of tropical America at nearly all
times of the year.
Experiments have shown that the sapodilla can
be shipped very successfully and without excessive
care in packing; notwithstanding the delicate texture
of the skin it keeps well, and if picked while still hard
can be kept in good condition for ten days or more.
Shipments have been made from the Florida Keys to
New York, the fruit being placed in small baskets
which hold half a dozen good-sized fruits, six of
these baskets being packed in a tomato-crate. For local
consumption or for shipping to short distances, the
common procedure in Florida is to pull the fruits from
the tree and throw them into boxes or baskets, in which
they are carried to market, where the ripe ones are
picked out and sold from day to day. The sapodilla is
used almost exclusively as a fresh fruit, usually eaten
out of hand, but is sometimes utilized in Brazil and
Cuba to prepare a delicious sherbet. Little is known of
its culinary possibilities. Due to its lack of acidity it is
doubtful whether it will lend itself to many differ-
ent uses.
The sapodilla is generally propagated by seed, but the
variation among seedlings in productiveness as well as
in quality, size, and shape of fruit necessitates some
asexual means of propagation, if the most desirable
seedling forms are to be perpetuated. Horticulturists
have been as dilatory in applying vegetative propaga-
tion to the sapodilla as they have with most of the other
tropical fruits, but experiments in Florida have shown
that it can readily be budded, using as stocks seedlings
of the same species.
Seeds, if kept dry, will retain then- vitality for several
years, and are easily transported through the mails to
any distance. They should be planted in shallow flats
of light sandy soil, covering them to the depth of Y^
inch. In warm weather germination takes place within
a month, and the young seedlings, after they have
made their second leaves, can be potted off and carried
along in pots for the first year or two, when they are
ready to be set out in the open ground. If to be budded,
they may be planted in nursery rows about 3 feet
apart, 18 inches apart in the row. In south Florida,
May has proved to be a favorable season for budding;
in strictly tropical regions the work can probably be
done at any time, provided the stock plants are in
active growth. Budwood should be chosen from young
branches which have begun to lose their greenish color
and assume a brownish tinge, and should be carefully
examined to see that the eyes are well developed.
Shield-budding is the method used, the details being
practically the same as with the mango ; buds should be
cut slightly more than an inch in length, and the wood
removed if it comes out readily. After making the
incision in the stock, the bud should be inserted and
tied as promptly as possible, as the latex soon collects
around the incision and renders it difficult to do the
work properly. Waxed tape should be used for wrap-
ping. After three or four weeks the stock may be
headed back, and the wrap loosened, leaving the eye
exposed so that it may start into growth.
Occasional seedlings produce fruits which are nearly or
quite seedless; some produce fruits weighing more than
a pound, while others do not weigh over two or three
ounces; some are unusually prolific, or ripen their
fruit at especially desirable times of the year. From
such seedlings one should select the best for propaga-
tion, having in mind the characteristics which it is most
desired to perpetuate.
The tree seems to be remarkably free from insect pests
and fungous diseases, and in Florida requires very
little attention. While fertilizers are not commonly
employed, their judicious use will doubtless improve
the size of the fruit and have a beneficial effect in
those frequent instances where the tree brings to
maturity so many fruits that some remain very small.
F. W. POPENOE.
SAPONARIA (Latin, soap, the mucilaginous juice
forming a lather with water) . Caryophyllacese. SOAP-
WORT. Hardy often coarse annual or perennial erect
or decumbent herbs, used for borders and rockeries.
Habit either annual and resembling that of gyp-
sophila or perennial* and similar to that of silene: Ivs.
flat: fls. in dichotomous cymes; calyx ovoid or oblong-
tubular, 5-toothed, nerves obscure; petals 5, narrow-
clawed, blade entire or emarginate, the base with
scales or naked; stamens 10; ovary 1-celled: caps, ovoid
or oblong, very rarely subglobose. — About 40 species,
Eu., principally the Medit. region and extra-Trop.
Asia. Saponarias are readily established in any soil and
require but little care. >S. ocymoides is an attractive
plant for the rockery or for edging. Prop, by seed or
division.
A. Plants annual.
B. Calyx 5-angled.
Vaccaria, Linn. (Lychnis Vaccdria, Scop. Vaccaria vul-
garis, Hort.). COW-HERB. Annual: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
sessile: fls. paniculate, red; calyx pyramidal, 5-angled,
glabrous; bracts membranaceous, acute. July, Aug. Eu.
B.M. 2290. Var. alba, Hort., is a white-fld. form.
BB. Calyx not 5-angled.
calabrica, Guss. (S. multiflbra, Hort.). Annual,
divaricate-branched, pilose-viscous above: Ivs. opposite,
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, attenuate to the petiole,
glabrous, ciliate at base: fls. in a dichotomous corym-
bose panicle, solitary in the axils, pale rose; calyx
cylindrical, segms. obtuse; petals entire, top orbiculate,
throat naked. Spring, Italy and Greece. Gn. 71, p.
78. Gt. 1:100. R.H. 1851:281. Var. alba, Hort. (S.
multiflbra alba, Hort.), is a form with white fls. There
are horticultural forms of this species offered in the
trade under the names
of S. multiflbra compdcta
and S. multiflbra com-
pdcta alba. — Seed should
be sown in autumn for
spring bloom or in April
for summer-flowering.
AA. Plants perennial.
B. Fls. yellow.
c. Lvs. linear: stamens
violet.
Ifitea, Linn. Cespi-
tose: sts. 3-6 in. high,
2-lvd. : Ivs. subradical,
linear, ciliate at base: fls.
yellow, in dense heads;
calyx round, hairy;
petals linear, crenate;
stamens violet. Eu.
cc. Lvs. spatulate-oblong:
stamens yellow.
bellidif olia, Smith.
Cespitose, glabrous: sts.
8-16 in. high: Ivs. spatu-
late-oblpng, attenuate to
the petiole; cauline Ivs.
few, linear-spatulate : fls.
yellow, sessile, congested
in a small head at the top
of the st. ; calyx subcylin-
drical, teeth triangular;
petals oblong-linear ; sta-
mens yellow: caps, ob-
3546. Saponaria officinalis. (X*$) long. S. Eu. to Greece.
SAPOXARIA
SAPOTE
3075
BB. Fls. rose or white.
c. The plants not cespitose.
D. St. stout, erect.
officinalis, Linn. BOUNCING BET. Fig. 3546. Per-
ennial: sts. 1H~2J2 ft. high, leafy, simple, clustered,
glabrous: Ivs. mostly oblong-lanceolate, 3-nerved: fls.
light pink (nearly white in shady situations), in com-
pact, corymbose, paniculate cymes; calyx glabrous, the
teeth triangularly acumi-
nate; petal -lobes obo-
vate, entire, notched at
apex. July, Aug. Eu.
Var. albo-plena, Hort., is
a double white-fld. form
growing 2 ft. high. June-
Sept. Var. caucasica,
Hort. (S. caucasica,
Hort.), is a double-fld.
form, the fls. described
as white tinted rose by
some, as deeper colored
than the type by others,
grows 15 in. high. All
summer and fall. Var.
caucasica flore-pleno,
Hort. (S. caucasica flore-
pleno, Hort.), is said to
have double reddish pur-
ple fls. July-Sept. Var.
flore-pleno, Hort., is
quite double-fld., the fls.
paler than the type.
Var. plena, Hort., grows
1-3 ft. high and lilac,
rose, or white fls. July-
Oct. Probably includes
some of the other double
varieties. Var. roseo-
plena, Hort., grows 234-3
ft. high and rose-colored
fls. July-Sept.
DD. St. slender, decumbent.
ocymoides, Linn. Sts. much-
branched, 6-9 in. high, half-trailing:
Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, about 1-nerved,
small, acute: fls. bright pink, in loose,
broad cymes. Summer. Eu. B.M. 154.
Gn. 60, p. 245; 78, pp. 319, 593. G
35:841. G.M. 56:433:57:651. G.W.8,
p. 1; 15, pp. 8, 647. Var. alba, Hort., is
a form with pure white fls., in reality a hybrid between
two forms of the species. Var. floribunda, Hort., is a
form more profusely fld. than the type, with Ivs.
small and lanceolate and fls. soft pink. Gn.W. 25:67.
Var. splendens, Hort., has large fls. which are a more
intense rose than the type. Var. splendidissima,
Hort., has large deep rosy crimson fls. Var. versi-
color, Hort., is a form in which the fls. are at first
pure white later becoming rose. A cross between
a white-flowering variety and var. splendens. R.H.
1913, p. 303.
cc. The plants cespitose.
D. Lrs. oborate-elliptic.
depressa, Biv. Cespitose: radical Ivs. tufted, obo-
vate-elliptic, depressed: fls. subumbellate, large, rose,
pedunculate: calyx very long, 5-angled, viscous-pubes-
cent ; petals bifid". Sicily.
DD. LVS. linear.
caespitosa, DC. Cespitose: sts. 2-3 in. high, nearly
naked, fl.-bearing at the top: Ivs. linear, glabrous,
mostly radical, hardly denticulate: fls. rather umbellate,
rose; calyx cylindrical, villous, deeply lobed, lobes
195
acute; petals emarginate at the top, the blade very
narrow. Pyrenees. G.C. II. 15:501.
S. japonica, Hort. John Saul, is botanically unknown. — S pul-
nndris,' Boiss. (S. libanotica, Hort., S. Pumilio, Boies ) Densely
cespitose-pulyinate: sts. low, 3-7-fld. : Ivs. small, linear, subcarinate-
infl. hirsute- villous; fls. bright rose.— S. Simdermannii, Hort., closely
resembles S. bellidifoha, but has rather larger fls. and more of theni
June.— S. Weinmannii, Hort., is closely allied to S. caespitosa, pos-
sibly only a form of it, but has paler purple fls. and a shorter calyx.
Its habit is very compact and it is only 2-3 in. high.
F. TRACY HUBBAKD.!
3547. White sapote. — Casimiroa edulis.
SAPOTE, WHITE. A tropical fruit (Fig. 3547).
The zapote bianco of the Mexicans (Casimiroa
edulis), known in California and Florida as white
sapote, is a fruit little cultivated outside of Mexico,
but occasionally seen in the southernmost parts of the
United States, in the West Indies, and even in the
Orient, where it is probably of recent introduction.
Horticulturally, it has been given more attention in
southern California, than in any other region. (P. 680.)
The tree reaches an ultimate height of 50 feet or
more, with a short stout trunk, often covered with
warty excrescences around the base, and a broad erect
crown, sometimes spreading and dome-shaped, under
favorable conditions densely foliaged and of very
attractive and ornamental appearance. The bark is
somewhat rough, ashen gray when mature, and dotted
with numerous warty light gray lenticels. The leaves
are alternate, digitate, borne upon long slender petioles
and composed of three to seven, commonly five, ellip-
tical to lanceolate, acuminate leaflets, coppery when
young but eventually of glossy bright green color. The
small greenish flowers, less than % inch in diameter, are
produced in spring on short axillary panicles, and are
composed of a four- or five-parted calyx, with short
3076
SAPOTE
SARACA
acute pubescent segments, and a four- or five-petaled
greenish corolla, valvate in the bud, with small oblong-
elliptic acute concave petals; the stamens are as
numerous as the petals and alternating with them,
with short filaments and small oblong anthers; the
ovary is superior, five-celled, globose, bearing at its
apex a three- to five-lobed sessile stigma.
The fruit, when of a choice variety, is as large as a
good-sized orange, and somewhat resembles a quince in
general appearance. The tender yellow or yellowish
green skin, scarcely as thick as that of an apple, sur-
rounds the soft cream-colored pulp, of melting and
delicate texture and pleasant but peculiar flavor, sweet
and lacking any trace of acidity, with sometimes a touch
of bitterness. The seeds, normally five in number, an
inch long and half as wide, are oblong to elliptical in form,
light yellow in color, reticulated on the surface; their
number is frequently decreased by abortion to two or
three. In the tropics the fruit ripens in July and August,
in California usually not before October; it is picked
when fully mature but while still hard, and must be
laid away for a few days before it is mellow and ready for
eating. Because of its thin skin and the delicate texture
of the flesh it does not ship so readily as some other
fruits, yet if taken while still hard, and carefully packed,
it can be sent considerable distances. It is commonly
used while fresh, and an over-indulgence in it is thought
by the Mexicans to induce sleep, but it is doubtful
whether there are grounds for this belief. The white
sapote is popular among the Mexicans, especially in
the region around Guadalajara, and is regularly found
in the markets.
The hardiness of the tree is attested by its behavior in
southern Europe; it has fruited at La Mqrtpla, and is
cultivated at other points on the Riviera; it is also said
to have fruited in the island of Jersey. In Mexico it
flourishes up to altitudes of 7,000 feet, according to
Von Mueller.
Although introduced to California from Mexico
about 1810, it has not yet become extensively cultivated
in that state, and large specimens are rather rare. One
of the oldest trees, thought to have been planted about
a century ago, is growing on De la Guerra Street in
Santa Barbara. Although uncared for amidst the most
unfavorable surroundings it bears regularly; its fruits,
however, are small and practically worthless. A number
of trees of considerably lesser age-^-most of them
planted about 189& — are in bearing in various parts
of southern California, and while some produce small,
inferior fruits others produce large ones of delicious
flavor. After it comes into bearing the tree commonly
produces regularly and abundantly. It has shown itself
to be remarkably drought-resistant, though it naturally
succeeds much better when irrigated in the dry season.
It seems to prefer a well-drained sandy loam, but
thrives on heavy clay if the drainage is good, and in
south Florida has done well on shallow sandy soil
underlaid with soft limestone. In this latter state it
has not been cultivated many years, but has come into
bearing in the vicinity of Miami and seems to be at
home. It has also fruited in Cuba.
Seeds should be planted as soon as possible after
their removal from the fruit, in flats of light, porous
soil, or singly in 3- or 4-inch pots, covering them to the
depth of 1 inch. If the weather is warm, or artificial
heat is provided, germination will take place within
three or four weeks. The young plants should be grown
in pots until 2 to 3 feet high, when they may be set out
in the open ground. While young, the white sapote
should be watered liberally to encourage growth,
though it can get along with little water if necessary.
The terminal bud should be pinched out to force the
tree to branch when about 3 feet high; otherwise it is
likely to make a growth of 10 to 12 feet before branch-
ing, being liable to be broken off by a severe wind.
Seedlings do not come into bearing until seven or
eight years old, and are undependable at best, many
producing fruit of inferior quality. For this reason
trees propagated by some vegetative means should be
planted. Shield-budding is successfully practised, the
method being essentially the same as with the avocado.
Stock plants should be selected from young, vigorously
growing seedlings, with stems about % inch in diameter
at the base. Budwood is taken from the ends of the
branches, using fairly well-matured wood which has
assumed the ashen-gray color. The buds are cut about
1^2 inches long, leaving any wood that may adhere to
them, and are inserted in T-incisions, after which they
are bound firmly in place with waxed tape. At the
end of two to four wreeks, depending upon the climate,
they may be unwrapped, and then re-wrapped loosely,
leaving the bud exposed so that it may start into growth,
at the same tune lopping back the stock to a point 3 or
4 inches above the bud. In the tropics budding can
probably be done at almost any season; in California
spring and summer, when the stock plants are in most
active growth, are the best times.
Three named varieties have been established in
California — Harvey, Parroquia, and Gillespie. Of
these Harvey is the largest and probably the best; the
tree is very prolific, and individual fruits sometimes
measure 3% inches in diameter. -p. \y. PQPENOE.
SAPROPHYTE (Greek, rotten, and plant, i.e., living
on dead organic matter). A dependent, or hetero-
trophic, plant (whether bacterium, fungus, or higher
plant) subsisting upon the humus of the soil, or dead or
decaying organic materials. A holosaprophyte is a
plant which lives exclusively on dead organic food. One
which is only partially dependent on dead organic food
and also feeds independently, as an autophyte, is
appropriately called a partial saprophyte. The cus-
tomary classification which includes under the term
"saprophyte" all bacteria that do not subsist on living
plants or animals no longer corresponds with facts.
The integrity of the classification has been destroyed
by the discovery of certain bacteria in the soil, as the
nitrifying bacteria, which are able, even without sun-
light, to appropriate the carbon dioxid of the atmo-
sphere. Saprophytes intergrade with parasites on the
one hand so closely and with autophytes on the other
that the distinction of them is often difficult. For
example, it is supposed that the chestnut blight
(Endothia parasitica) was originally saprophytic, but
has recently assumed a virulent parasitic development.
Among the fungi we class as saprophytes all plants
which live upon a dead or decaying organic substratum.
Such are the baker's yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisise),
the mushroom (Agaricus campestris), and the stinkhorn
(Phallus impudicus). Most mushrooms and toadstools
are saprophytes. Some of the flowering plants possessing
ectotrophic mycorrhiza (Indian pipe, Monotropa uni-
flord) and endotrophic mycorrhiza (Neottia Nidus-avist
Corallorhiza innata, Epipogum aphyllum, snow-plant,
Sarcodes sanguinea and Thismia Aseroe) are also classed
as saprophytes. A few algae are saprophytic. A cave-
growing form of Glceothece rupestris, known as var..
cavernarum, utilizes organic food and is colorless.
JOHN W. HARSHBERGEE.
SARACA (from Sarac, the name of the genus in.
India). Leguminosx. Unarmed trees (or tall climbing
shrubs?), grown in the warmhouse.
Leaves abruptly pinnate, the Ifts. leathery, often
few-paired; stipules small, caducous: fls. yellow, rose, or
scarlet, racemose, the racemes in short very branched
panicles which are often lateral; calyx-tube elongated,
segms. 4, petal-like, ovate, strongly imbricated; petals
none; stamens 3-9, free; ovary stipitate, ovules many:
legume oblong or elongated, flat-compressed or turgid,
leathery to somewhat woody, 2-valved. — About 6
species, Trop. Asia.
SARACA
3077
indica, Linn. A medium-sized tree: Ifts. 6-12, oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, 3-9 in. long,
entire, short-pet ioled: fls. orange-red, fragrant, col-
lected in compact, roundish panicles which are shorter
than the Ivs.; stamens usually 6 or 7, inserted on the
fleshy annular ring at the summit of the calyx-tube ; style
long, curved: bracts red, appearing as a calyx: pod 4-10
in. long, 4-8-seeded; seeds oblong, compressed, 1H in-
long. India and Malaya. B.M. 3Q18 (asJonesia Asoca).
— It has flowered well with greenhouse treatment at
height of 4 ft. It is suitable for outdoor planting only
in tropical regions. Intro, into S. Fla.
caulifldra, Baker. A shrubby tree: Ifts. 10-12, rigidly
subcoriaceous, the upper oblanceolate-oblong, acute,
1 ft. or more long, the lower shorter, more oblong:
corymbs solitary or in pairs, nearly sessile, dense, 4-6
in. "broad: fls. scarlet; stamens 7. India. — Intro, into
S. Fla. F. TRACT
SARCANTHTJS (name from Greek words signifying
and flower, in allusion to the fleshy nature of the
blossom). Orchidacese. A small genus related to Vanda,
and owing to the smallness of the fls. seldom cult.:
sepals and petals similar; labellum firmly united with
the base of the column, spurred, with 2 small lateal
lobes and a longer concave middle lobe: foliage and
habit of vanda. Give plenty of water in the growing
season. They should have basket cult., with fern-
root, and a temperature of 65° to 85°. When at rest,
give very little water and reduce the temperature to
55 =. Cult, practically as for vanda.'
teretifdlius, Lindl. (Luisia teres, Lindl.). St. 1 ft.
high, with cylindrical Ivs. 2-4 in. long: raceme bearing
inconspicuous fls.; sepals and petals oblong, dull
green, with red disk; labellum slipper-shaped, white,
lateral lobes edged with red. Sept. China. B.M. 3571.
5. inflatus, Rolfe. Distinguished by its inflated spur, which is
much longer than the segms. of the lip: sepals and petals green, with
2 dark brown stripes; front lobe of lip light yellow, side lobes white,
Annam. — S. robustus, O'Brien. Lvs. narrowly oblong, about 6 in.
long: spike few-fld. : fls. cream- to blush- white, marked with claret-
purple. Borneo. G.C. III. 55:21.
HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
SARCOCEPHALUS (Greek, flesh and head, alluding
to the fleshy heads of fruit). Rtibidcese. Shrubs or trees
sometimes climbing, suitable for warmhouse culture or
hardy in the extreme southern United States.
Branches subterete or obtusely quadrangular: Ivs.
opposite, rarely in whorls of 3, subcoriaceous: heads
terminal and axillary; fls. whitish, pale pink or yellowish
and crowded; calyx-tubes cohering, teeth 5-6, hairy;
corolla narrowly funnelfprm, rather fleshy, 5-lobed;
anthers 5, subsessile; disk inconspicuous; ovary 2-
celled; syncarpium fleshy. — About 30 species. S.
csculentus, Afzel. A tree with long branches or often a
scandent shrub 10-25 ft. or more high: Ivs. elliptical,
short-acuminate: fls. in terminal heads, white, pale
pink or yellowish, fragrant; calyx-teeth furnished with
alternating filiform-clavate appendages: fruiting head
2%-3% in. diam., deep red with brown granulated
surface. Trop. Afr. — Edible, the peach or country fig
of the natives of Sierra Leone. S. ovatus, Elmer. Tree,
18 ft. high, with rigid branchlets: Ivs. glabrous, leath-
ery, ovate or elliptic, acute at the base, obtuse at the
apex, 7 x 3H in.: infl. capitate, peduncled; fls. reddish;
calyx with clavate, pubescent and deciduous appen-
dages; corolla glabrous, nearly J^in. long. Philippines.
Said to be intro. into Calif.
SARCOCHiLUS: Thrixtpermum.
SARCOCOCCA (Greek, flesh and berry, alluding to
the fleshy fruit). Buxaceae. Ornamental woody plants
grown chiefly for the handsome lustrous foliage.
Evergreen glabrous shrubs: lys. petioled, alternate,
coriaceous, entire, without stipules: fls. unisexual,
apetalous, in short axillary racemes with the pistillate
fls. at the base; sepals 4 or 6; disk wanting; st animate
fls. with 4-6 stamens opposite the sepals; pistillate fls.
with a 2-3-celled ovary with 2-3 short erect or recurved
styles: fr. indehiscent, globose to ellipsoid, coriaceous or
fleshy, 1-2-seeded. — Five species distributed from Cent,
and W. China to the Malay Archipelago.
They are handsome evergreen shrubs with ovate to
lanceolate entire lustrous leaves, rather insignificant
whitish flowers in axillary clusters and red or purple
berry-like fruits. S. ruscifolia and S. Hookeriana var.
humilis have proved hardy in sheltered positions at the
Arnold Arboretum, while S. saligna is tender. They do
not seem particular as to the soil and do best in partly
shaded situations. Propagation is by seeds or by cut-
tings which root easily.
A. Lvs. distinctly 3-nerved, caudate-acuminate.
saligna, Muell. Arg. (S. pruniformis, Lindl. Pachy-
sdndra coriacea, Hook.). Shrub: Ivs. oblong-ovate to ob-
long-lanceolate, caudate at
the apex, broadly cuneate at
the base, 2-5 in. long; petiole
J^-Jim. long: racemes about
y&n. long: fr. purple, ovoid,
J^-J^in. long. Himalayas.
B.R. 1012. I.T. 3:90.
AA. Lvs. obscurely veined.
Hook.eriana, Baill. (S.
pruniformis var. Hookeriana,
Hook.). Shrub: Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate to narrow-lanceo-
late, acuminate, cuneate at
the base, 2^-3^ m- l°ng>
petiole M-Hin- long: styles
3: fr. subglobose, black.
Himalayas, Afghanistan. Gn.
25, p. 359. Var. digyna,
Franch. Styles 2. W.China.
Var. humilis, Rehd. & Wilson.
Shrub, 1-5 ft. : Ivs. lanceolate
to oblong-lanceolate, 1M~2
in. long. W. China. — Only
the varieties seem to be in
cult.
ruscif 61ia, Stapf . Shrub, to
6 ft.: Ivs. ovate to elliptic-
ovate, acuminate, rounded
or broadly cuneate at the
base, dark green and lustrous
above, 1K~2 in. long; petioles
>£->£in. long: fls. in few, usu-
ally 4-fld. racemes: fr. sub-
globose, dark scarlet.
Oct. -Feb. Cent, and W.
China. Var. chinensis,
Rehd. & Wilson (S. saligna
var. chinensis, Franch.).
Lvs. elliptic-ovate to ellip-
tic-lanceolate, cuneate or
broadly cuneate at the
base, 1M-2J3 in. long.
W. China.
ALFRED REHDER.
3548. Snow-plant — Sarcodes
sanguinea. ( X about 1)
SARCODES (Greek,
flesh-like) . Monotropaceae.
S. sanguinea, Torr. (Fig. 3548), is the SNOW-PLANT of the
Sierra Nevadas. It is a low and fleshy plant growing
3-12 in. high and entirely devoid of green Ivs. It
belongs to that strange family which comprises the fleshy
and parasitic plants, of which the Indian-pipe or corpse-
plant is an example. Few species are known in this
family, and they are all local or rare. The snow-plant
derives its popular name from its habit of shooting up
and blossoming as soon as the snow melts away in the
3078
SARCODES
spring. The specific name sanguinea refers to the blood-
red color of the entire plant. The snow-plant grows at
an altitude of 4.000-9,000 ft. It is the only species
of the genus, ana is not known to be in cult.
SARCOPODIUM (Greek f or flesh and foot). Orchidd-
cese. Warmhouse orchids, by some referred to Bulbo-
phyllum and Dendrobium.
Rhizome creeping, the 2-lvd. pseudobulbs usually
distant on it: infl. terminal, the fls. single or in
racemes; sepals and petals similar, the former usually
forming a manifest chin; lip much smaller. Related to
Dendrobium, and much like it in fl.-structure. — Species
about 20, in the Malay Penins. and adjacent islands,
and in the Trop. Himalayas.
amplum, Lindl. (Dendrobium dmplum, Lindl. Bulbo-
phyllum dmplum, Reichb. f.). Habit much like a bulbo-
phyllum: pseudobulbs oblong, ovate, or fusiform, up to
2 in. long: Ivs. oblong, acute, 4-6 in. long, 2 in. broad:
fls. greenish white, suffused purplish; raceme few-fld.,
dorsal sepal lanceolate, the lateral triangular; petals
linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate; lip with round lateral
lobes erect, the middle lobe rhomboid, acute. Trop.
Himalayas. P.M. 7:121.
S. acumin&tum, Kranzl. (Dendrobium acummatum> Rolfe).
Raceme few- to many-fid., lax; sepals triangular, long-acuminate,
about 1}^ in. long; petals of same length but narrower, yellowish
white; lip with lateral lobes obovate, rounded, retuse, the midlobe
ovate-triangular, acute, the apex reflexed. G.C. III. 42:210;
46:150. G.M. 52:659. J.H. III. 59:291.— S. Cadogyne, Kranzl.
(Dendrobium Coelogyne, Reichb. f.). Fls. usually solitary, large,
2-2 Vi in. across, fleshy, yellow or straw-color, purple-lined, the lip
deep purple; dorsal sepal lanceolate, the lateral broader and form-
ing a manifest angled obtuse chm; petals narrowly linear-lanceo-
late; lip with the ovate-acute front lobe separated by a narrow
isthmus. Tenasserim and Moulmein. C.O. Dend. 32. 0. 1910, p. 122.
J.H. III. 57:585. — S. cymbidioides, Kranzl. (Dendrobium cym-
bidioides, Lindl. D. triflorum, Lindl.). Raceme few-fld.; fls. pale
yellow or straw-color, the lip yellow, suffused with rose or purple,
with 2 orange spots at base of middle lobe; sepals and petals similar,
acute, oblong-lanceolate, the sepals forming a very short rounded
chin; lip with the middle lobe ovate-cordate, obtuse, longer than
broad. Java and Philippines. G.33:417. G.W. 14, p. 405. G.C. III.
37:15. — <S. Z/o66u=Bulbophyllum. — S. Treacheri&num, Kranzl.
(Dendrobium Treacherianum, Reichb. f.). Raceme 3-5-fld. ; fls.
rose, the front part of lip yellow; dorsal sepal and petals linear-
lanceolate, the lateral sepals triangular, forming a round chin, all
the parts acuminate; lip with middle lobe linear-oblong, acuminate,
deflexed. Borneo. B.M. 6591. J.H. III. 48:137.
GEORGE V. NASH.
SARCOSTEMMA (name refers to the fleshy corona).
Asclepiadacese. A few small-fld. more or less succulent
leafless trailing or twining shrubs of the dry parts of
tropical and subtropical regions of the Old World, to
which N. E. Brown refers a plant long known as a
Euphorbia. Fls. greenish, yellowish, or white, in sessile
terminal or lateral umbels; corona double, the outer
Eart ring-like or cup-shaped and truncate or shortly
)bed, the inner part of 5 fleshy erect lobes; pollen-
masses solitary in each anther-cell, pendulous. S.
viminale, R. Br. (Tithymalus pendulus, Haw. Euphor-
bia pendula, Link), grows in Trop. Afr.: trailing, twi-
ning, or bush-like, woody below, the Ivs. sometimes
represented by minute ovate bracts: corolla rotate or
somewhat campanulate, greenish white or sulfur-col-
ored. S. Brunonidnum, Wight & Arn., of India, has
yellow fls. The sarcostemmas require the treatment
given ceropegias and similar succulents.
SARGENTODOXA (after C. S. Sargent, director of
the Arnold Arboretum of Harvard University; and
Greek, doxe, glory). Lardizabalacese. A woody vine,
with deciduous 3-foliolate Ivs. and dioacious, yellow
campanulate fls. in pendulous racemes and with frs.
consisting of berry-like bluish black ovoid carpels.
Staminate fls. 6-merous; sepals petaloid; petals want-
ing; nectaries minute, suborbicular; stamens with
short filaments and oblong anthers: fr. consisting of
ovoid stipitate carpels each with 1 ovoid, glossy black
seed. Differs from all members of the family by its
numerous 1-ovuled carpels. One species in Cent.
SARRACENIA
China. A handsome vigorous-growing vine with rather
large foliage and fragrant yellow fls. appearing with the
leaves. Probably not hardy N. Prop, is by seed and by
layers or cuttings. S. cuneata, Rehd. & Wilson (Holbcellia
cuneata, Oliver, partly). Climbing, to 20 ft., glabrous:
Ivs. long-petioled; Ifts. 3, the middle one stalked,
rhombic to rhombic-obovate, 3-5 in. long, the lateral
ones sessile, very unsymmetrical, ovate, slightly larger
than the terminal one: staminate racemes 4-5 in. long;
fls. nearly Hm- long, slender-stalked, yellow, fragrant;
sepals narrow-oblong; stamen much shorter; ripe car-
pels Hm- long on a stalk of about equal length. H.I.
19: 1817 (excluding the fruits, which belong to Sinofran-
chetia). ALFRED REHDER.
SARMIENTA (named after Mart. Sarmiento, a
Spanish botanist) . Gesneriacese. A glabrous shrub, creep-
ing or clambering over trees and rocks, to be grown in
a moist greenhouse: sts. slender: Ivs. opposite, rather
fleshy, entire or few-toothed: fls. red, peduncled at the
axils, solitary; calyx free, 5-parted, segms. narrow;
corolla-tube elongate, ventricose, limb slightly oblique,
lobes 5, rounded, spreading; stamens 2, posterior per-
fect, 2 anterior staminodea; disk obsolete; ovary supe-
rior.— One species, Chile, S. repens, Ruiz & Pav.
Sts. slender: Ivs. rather small, somewhat fleshy: fls.
scarlet, axillary and solitary; calyx 5-parted; corolla-
lobes 5, rounded and spreading. Summer. G.C. III.
29:303. F.S. 16:1646. J.H. III. 47:413.— It is said
that it does not always thrive very well in cult, and that
it should be planted in soft peat mixed with sphagnum
and charcoal and either in a small pan or orchid-basket.
It likes plenty of water, shade from bright sunshine and
a position near the glass in a moist house.
SAROTHAMNUS SCOPARIUS: Cytisus scoparius.
SARRACENIA (Dr. D. Sarrasin, of Quebec, a well-
known physician and naturalist of his day, who sent <S.
purpurea to Tournefort nearly two centuries ago) . Sar-
raceniacese. PITCHER-PLANT. INDIAN PITCHER-PLANT.
SIDE-SADDLE PLANT. DEVIL'S BOOTS. FOREFATHER'S
CUP. HUNTSMAN'S CUP. TRUMPETS. WATCHES.
Pitcher-plants of swamps and savannas of the eastern
United States, grown for their great oddity.
Acaulescent perennial herbs, with hollow radical Ivs.
usually provided with a lid or expanded blade, with a
wing or keel on one side, variously colored: fl. single,
terminating a naked scape, nodding, perfect, the parts
mostly free and distinct; sepals and petals each 5, the
latter incurved and deciduous, the sepals thick and
persistent; bracts 3 beneath the calyx; stamens many;
ovary globose, 5-celled, with 1 short style bearing a
broadly expanded umbrella-like 5-rayed structure on
the margin of which are borne the stigmatic surfaces:
fr. a loculicidally 5-yalved many-seeded dehiscent caps.
The family consists of three genera, Darlingtonia,
Heliamphora, each with a single species, and Sarracenia,
with seven species. The present genus is confined to
North America, and almost wholly to the region east
of the Mississippi. The most widely distributed spe-
cies is S. purpurea, that extends from Florida and
Alabama to Labrador and Minnesota. The others
occur from southern Virginia to Florida and eastern
Texas. All grow in moist or even in swampy savanna
lands, in black sandy humus soil. The striking and
beautiful pitchered leaves, as well as the large hand-
some flowers, early attracted the attention of gardeners,
so long ago even as three centuries. But the apparent
difficulty of cultivation long prevented their becoming
popular objects. The careful observations of Macbride
and Mellichamp in the southern states, and later of J.
Hooker in England, clearly proved that the pitchered
leaves are carnivorous, ana that they show a remarka-
ble microscopic structure in connection with this habit.
Such has caused them to become popular objects of
SARRACEXIA
study in the past three decades. All are perennial
rhizomatous plants, that produce three to eight
pitchered leaves in spring, and in some species (S.
Drummondii, S. psiUacina) another set of these, or of
flat green leaves (S.flai'a, S. Sledgei), in autumn. When
grown in sunny situations, the pitchered leaves are
often richly mottled with crimson or white; sometimes
even the entire leaf may be of a dark crimson-purple
hue, and correspondingly attractive. Minute honey-
glands occur over the exterior, which forms therefore the
"alluring surface." But these are specially abundant
over the inner lid surface, where they are interspersed
with down-directed hairs that incline insects to move
on to the upper part of the tube. So this inner lid area
has been termed the "attractive surface." The upper
third to half of the tube is extremely smooth, and
affords little foothold for insects, which often tumble
from it into the pitcher cavity. So this has been called
the "conducting surface." Beneath it in S. purpwrea is a
wide glandular surface that is absent in the other
species, although in some of them glands scattered
SARRACEXIA
3079
3549. Josselyn's picture, slightly reduced, of the
"Hollow Leaved Lavender," 1672.
amongst fine hairs may occur. This area excretes a
slightly viscous juice, which accumulates in the pitcher
cavity, and which, as Mellichamp showed, readily wets
and drowns any insect that falls into it. The lowest
part of the pitcher in all species bears long delicate
down-directed hairs that effectually prevent upward
passage of insects, and so has been called the "detentive
surface." The seven species van,- in their carnivorous
capacity, S. flora, S. Sledgei, and S. Drumrnondii being
best; 5. minor (S. variolaris) , S. purpurea, and S. rubra
being rather poor; while S. psittacina, with its small flat
pitchers, catches relatively few. The insect prey is not
digested, but its dissolved material is either absorbed
by the pitcher walls, or rotting inside the decaying
leaves, affords valuable nitrogenous food for the roots.
But an over-abundant animal diet often causes brown-
ing and decay of the leaves, so that some gardeners
have advised plugging with cotton wadding.
The pendent flowers vary in size from an inch to 3
inches across, and in color from pale lemon-yellow, as
in S. minor, to deep crimson, as in S. Drumrnondii and
S. rubra. Each lasts from eight to twelve days. The
five spreading sepals inside three small bracteoles are
more or less petaloid; the petals are large pendent
banners, the stamens are numerous and discharge
abundant pollen which early falls into the umbrelloid
cavity of the style. The pistil consists of a five-celled
ovary that is covered outside by crystalline nectar-
secreting warts, and within bears "many ovules; a style
that expands above into a large umbrelloid structure
with five marginal notches, at the base of each of which
is a minute dry peg-like stigma. The entire pistil after
pollination matures in about three months into a many-
seeded capsule. Cross-pollination seems always to be
necessary for formation of good seeds. This act, as well
as hybridization of distinct species, can readily be
effected if pollen from one flower that has been wetted
by nectar from its ovarian surface be placed on the dry
stigma of a flower on another plant. AU of the seven
species cross readily with each other, alike in the wild
state and under cultivation, if flowers mature about
the same time. Thus at various localities in western
Florida and in Alabama, where the tall handsome
species S. flava, S. Drumrnondii, and S. Sledgei grow, the
writer has found hybrids at times to be nearly as abun-
dant as either parent. The numerous artificial hybrids
between the species, that are themselves fertile and
give rise to second hybrids in which the characters of at
least three parents may be blended, also testify to ease
of hybridization. The seeds germinate readily in about
four weeks if sown with chopped sphagnum moss on a
moist sandy muck. After production of the linear
cotyledons, each seedling plant forms pitchered leaves
that successively increase in size till good specific
characters are shown by the second year.
The larvae of certain moths, flies, and beetles at times
prey on the pitchers, while the rhizomes may be
excavated and destroyed by still another type. Care-
ful detection and destruction of the infested leaves or
pieces of rhizome are recommended. Mosquitos also
may breed in the liquid of the pitchers of <S. purpurea.
All of the species succeed well under cultivation if
grown in pots filled with fine sandy muck, from which,
while decaying, humic acid constituents are evolved.
Alkaline waters are always detrimental. In this respect
they require the same treatment as do other swamp or
semi-swamp plants of the eastern states. They should
also have a bright sunny southeastern exposure, should
be kept near the glass if grown in greenhouses, and the
pots should stand permanently in about an inch of
water. All can endure a temperature that approaches
the freezing-point in winter.
The writer has monographed the genus in Engler's
"Pflanzenreich," Vol. 4, No. 110 (hft. 34, 1908). A
useful synopsis, along with some helpful figures, was
given by Masters in 1881 (G.C. II. 15, 16. 1881).
The sarracenias have always excited the interest of
the curious, and many of the native haunts have been
depleted. In his "New England's Rarities," 1672,
Josselyn gives a picture (Fig. 3549) of what he calls the
"Hollow Leaved Lavender," and the following account
of the plant we now call Sarracenia purpurea: It "is a
Plant that grows in salt Marshes overgrown with Moss,
with one straight stalk about the bigness of an Oat
straw, better than a Cubit high; upon the top standeth
one fantastical Flower, the Leaves grow close from the
root, in shape like a Tankard, hollow, tough, and
alwayes full of Water, the Root is made up of many
small strings, growing only in the Moss, and not in the
Earth, the whole Plant comes to its perfection in
August, and then it has Leaves, Stalks, and Flowers as
red as blood, excepting the Flower which hath some
yellow admixt. I wonder where the knowledge of this
Plant hath slept all this while, i. e. above Forty
Years."
3080
SARRACENIA
SARRACENIA
INDEX.
acuminata, 4.
Farnhami, 21.
Popei, 31.
adunca, 1.
Fildesii, 3.
porphyroneura, 32.
alata, 2.
flambeau, 22.
psittacina, 7.
alba, 5.
flava, 2, 3.
pulchella, 7.
areolata, 9.
formosa, 23.
purpurea, 6.
Atkinsoniana, 8.
Gronovii, 2, 4, 5.
rubra, 4, 5.
atrosanguinea, 3.
heterophylla, 6.
Rugelii, 3.
calceolata, 7.
illustrata, 24.
Sanderse, 33.
cantabrigiensis, 10.
lacunosa, 5.
Sanderiana, 34.
Catesbsei, 11.
leucophylla, 5.
Sledgei, 2.
Chelsonii, 12.
limbata, 3.
Stevensii, 35.
Claytonii, 13.
Maddisoniana, 25.
Swaniana, 36.
Cookiana, 14.
Mandaiana, 26.
Sweetii, 4.
Courtii, 15.
maxima, 3.
Tolliana, 37.
crispata, 2, 16.
melanorhoda, 27.
undulata, 5.
decora, 17.
minima, 3.
variolaris, 1.
Drummondii, 5.
minor, 1, 4.
vittata, 38.
erythropus, 3.
Mitchelliana, 28.
Williamsii, 39.
excellens, 18.
Moorei, 29.
Willisii, 40.
exculta, 19.
ornata, 3.
Wilsoniana, 41.
exornata, 20.
Patersonii, 30.
Wrigleyana, 42.
I. SPECIES.
A. Pitchers erect: fls. yellow or whitish yellow.
1. minor, Walt. (S. variolaris, Michx. S. adiinca,
Smith). Fig. 3550. Pitchers erect, 8-24 in. long,
gradually enlarging upward, with white areoles and
often brownish red streaks above; lid cucullate, in-
curved over orifice; wing broadest in middle, narrowed
above and below: fl. 1-2 in. wide, with pale yellow
petals. Moist savanna lands, S. N. C. to N. Fla. B.M.
1710. L.B.C. 9:803. Mn. 4:1. Gn. 48, p. 203.
2. Sledgei, Macfar. (? S. Gronbvii var. alata and S.
flava var. crispata of authors). Pitchers erect, 12-30
in. long, trumpet-shaped, green with purple veins
above, or greenish purple throughout; lid vertical or
often slightly incurved, ovate-cordate; wing as in last:
fls. 1^-2 H in. wide; petals whitish
yellow to yellow, often fading to
white, odor agreeable. Savanna
swamps from west side of Alabama
and Mobile rivers to E. Texas, often
covering wide areas of marshland.
— Very uniform in structure, but
varying in color from green to dark
claret in the pitchers; often con-
founded in the past with S. flava,
which does not occupy the same
area. Frequently hybridizes with
S. Drummondii in nature to form
S. areolata.
3. fljiva, Linn. Pitchers erect,
10-34 in. long, trumpet-shaped, with
prominent longitudinal veins, yellow-
green to green, often crimson throat,
or deep crimson throughout; lid
ovate - orbicular, slightly inflexed
over mouth, with strong median
nerve ending in mucro ; wing narrow,
uniform in width: fls. 2-3}^ in.
wide, flavous yellow, odor rather
pungent. Abundant over swamps
and savannas, often in humus-sand
that becomes dry in summer but
moist in winter; S. Va. to W. Fla.
B.M. 780. L.B.C. 20:1957. R.H.
1852 : 121. F.S. 10 : 1068, 1069. G.C.
II. 16:11, desc. Gn. 30, p. 367;
48:202; 57, p. 326. Mn. 2:113.
Var. atrosanguinea, Bull (Mast.;
G.C. 1881). Pitcher and lid
dark crimson-claret. G.C. II. 16:
13. I. H. 27:386. Not uncommon
Pitcher of from N- to S- C- over the coastal
Sarracenia Plain re§lon- VaF' Umbata, Bull,
minor. ^vs- medium to large, margin of
(XM) operculum crimson. A rare form.
Var. maxima, Mast. Lvs. large,
uniformly yellowish green. Frequent in S. N. C.
Var. minima, Mast. Lvs. small, 9-12 in., pale green
with purple veins over tube and lid. Occasional
with the type form. Var. ornata, Bull (S. Fildesii,
Hort.). Lvs. 26-32 in., throat of pitcher and base
of lid furnished with purple radiate lines. Fre-
quent in N. and S. C. Var.
Rugelii, Shuttl. (S. erythropus,
Bull). Lvs. large, 26-34 in., top
of pitcher and base of lid dark
crimson. Frequent throughout
Ga. and W. Fla.
AA. Pitchers erect to decumbent: fls.
crimson to purple-red.
4. rubra, Walt. (S. Sweetii, DC.
S. Grondvii var. rubra, Wood. S. t-JKi
minor, Sweet) . Pitchers erect, 6-20
in. long, slender, enlarging upward,
tubular above, green to purple-
veined over upper part of tube
and lid; lid ovate, slightly con-
cave and inflexed over mouth;
wing rather wide, nearly uniform,
from middle to top of pitcher: fls.
M~l/4 m- wide, petals crimson,
scent of sweet violets. Moist to
dry savanna lands, usually in
shade, from N. C. to N. W. Fla.;
the most delicate and graceful
species of the genus. B.M. 3515.
L.B.C. 12:11. Var. acuminata,
DC. Lid ovate, apex acuminate.
All transitions occur between this
and the type species.
5. Drummondii, Groom (S. lacu-
ndsa, W. Bartram. S. leucophylla,
Raf. £>. undulata, Decne. S.
Grondvii var. Drummondii, Wood).
Pitchers erect, 10-32 in. long,
attenuate, trumpet-shaped, green
below, richly purple-veined and
with numerous rounded white
areoles above and over lid; lid
orbicular, nearly erect, margin
undulate, beset within by numerous white bristle
hairs: fls. on long peduncles 2-3 in. wide, greenish
purple to deep purple. Often abundant in swamps
and over wet savanna lands from S. Ga. through N.
Fla. to E. Ala. F.S. 6:560; 10:1071, 1072. G.C. II.
15 : 633 ; 16 : 8. — The richest in color and most striking in
aspect of the genus; well worthy of cult, in every green-
house collection. Var. alba, Hort. Pitchers tall, strong,
green with pure white areoles above. Occasional along-
side the type in S. Ga. and W. Fla. Var. rilbra, Hort.
Pitchers attenuate, deep purple above. At times found
growing with the type-species in W. Fla. The var.
undulata, Hort., scarcely differs from the type except
in the rather more undulate margin to the lid.
6. purpurea, Linn. The common pitcher-plant of
the N. and the one on which the genus was founded.
Fig. 3551. Pitchers ascending, in rosettes of 3-6, 2-10
in. long, widest toward middle, narrowed below and
upward, green to dark purple; lid upright or slightly
inclined outward with fine hispid hairs over inner lid
or attractive surface; wing broad, prominent: fls. 1%-
1% in. wide; sepals and petals greenish purple to pur-
ple. In wet sandy muck or by swamp margins from
Labrador and Minn, to N. Fla. and Ala.; flowering
from fourth week in March in N. Fla. to second week
of Aug. in Lab. B.M. 849. L.B.C. 4:308. F.S. 10:
1076. G.C. II. 15:821. Mn. 1:81. G.L. 27:179.— Very
variable in coloring from bright green in shady places
to dark purple in sunny situations. According to Lod-
diges, writing in 1823, this species was "cultivated
before the year 1640 by Tradescant, who was gardener
3551. Pitcher of
Sarracenia purpurea.
(XH)
SARRACENIA
SASSAFRAS
3081
to King Charles the First." Var. heterophylla, Eaton.
L^s pale green: fls. yellow-green to yellow. Very rare
in Mass., W. X. Y., and S. N. J.
7. psittacina, Michx. (S. calceoldta, Nutt. S. pul-
chella, Groom). Pitchers procumbent in radial rosettes,
2-6 in. long, enlarging from base to hooded apex, green
with purple and white veins or areoles to claret-purple
throughout; apex of tube psittacoid, forming with
fused lid an incurved margin to pitcher-orifice; wing
narrow to wide vertical in position: fls. %-lM in. wide,
greenish purple to purple. Often abundant in pine-
barren swamps of Ga., N. Fla., and westward to La.
F.S. 7:268, desc.; 20:2063. G.C. II. 15:816. F. 1877,
p. 254. — This species flourishes well under cult, when
treated as a semi-aquatic, that is with its roots largely
submerged in water.
II. NATURAL AN*D ARTIFICIAL HYBRIDS.
8. Atkinsoniana, Nichols. A hybrid of like parentage as S.
Sterensii.
9. areolata, Maefar. (S. Sledgei X S. Drummondii'). Pitcher
elongate-tubular, green below, purple-veined and areolate above and
over lid. Lid circular-cordate, margin somewhat undulate, with
fine white hairs within: fls. 2-2}^ in. wide, yellowish purple. — This
is a frequent hybrid wherever both parents occur near each other.
It is specially abundant from near Mobile, Ala,, westward for 30
miles, and thrives readily in cult, if grown like both parents with
the roots largely submerged in waters that have a humic acid
reaction.
10. cantabrigiensis, Lynch. A cross of S. Drummondii and S.
minor (S. tariolaris) that shows intermediate form and coloring
between the parents. Raised by Lynch in Cambridge Botanic
Garden, England.
11. Catesbsei, Ell. A hybrid between S. flata and S. purpurea,
that is common throughout the southern states. It was first
described by John Ray fully 200 years ago from specimens sent to
him from this country. The writer has noted as many as 117
specimens in a forenoon near Ponce de Leon, Fla. It is easily cult.,
and produces pitchers and fls. that are the most striking and beau-
tiful of the genus.
12. Chelsonii, Veitch. A cross of S. rubra with S. purpurea
raised in the Veitch gardens, and that shows intermediate char-
acters. The writer has once only found 2 wild examples in E. Ala.,
the comparative rarity seeming to be due to a difference of nearly
3 weeks in the flowering periods of the parents. G.C. II. 13:725;
15:817. I.H. 27:388. S.H. 1:189.
13. Claytonii, Nichols. Origin and parentage unknown; it is thus
described by Nicholson: "pitchers beautifully colored vinous purple
at the summit, shading to crimson."
14. Cookiana, Hort. Parentage unknown, said to be one parent
of S. Sanderse.
15. Courtii, Hort. One of Court's hybrids between S. purpurea
and S. psittacina, and combining in exact and striking manner the
details of both parents. Pitchers semi-decumbent, 6-8 in. long,
greenish red becoming deep crimson upward. Orifice and incurved
rim wider than in S. psittacina. S.H. 1:177.
16. crispita, Andre. A name of doubtful value, that seems to have
been variously applied by different authors. Probably either S.
Sledgei or a hybrid of S. flaxa with S. minor. The writer has gath-
ered undoubted examples of the last-named cross near Summer-
ville, S. C. Pitchers erect, green with whitish areolations above,
lid broadlv ovate, somewhat constricted over orifice: fls. bright
yellow. I.H. 27. 387. G.C. II. 15:633; 16:9.
17. decora, Hort. A probable cross between S. psittacina and
S. minor, and so of like but more recent parentage with S.
formosa.
18. excellens, Nichols. A probable hybrid between S. minor and
the var. alba of S. Drummondii.
19. eiculta, Nichols. A hybrid of like parentage as S. Moorei,
which see.
20. exornata, Nichols. Said to be a hybrid of S. purpurea with
S. crispata.
21. Farnhami, Hort. A beautiful hybrid said to be a cross
between S. Drummondii and S. rubra, and which combines details
of both parents in pitcher and fl. The writer has collected a single
wild example near Milligan, Fla., where the former parent is com-
mon and the latter is sparse.
22. flambeau, Hort. A hybrid of doubtful origin and parentage,
cult, at Kew Gardens. Possibly a cross of S. purpurea with S.
minor, and so of like origin as S. Swaniana.
23. formosa, Veitch. Pitchers ascending, intermediate between
the parents S. psittacina and S. minor as to shape, color, and lid-
formations. Gt. 32 :317.
24. illustrata, Nichols. Lvs. elongate-tubular, veins becoming
deep crimson upward, lid cordate, sightly acuminate, with crimson
veins. Between S. flana var. picta and the hybrid S. Stevensii, so
with 3 parts of S. flava "blood" and 1 of S. purpurea.
25. Maddisoniana, Nichols. A hybrid with the same parentage
as S. formosa, but in reversed relation. Pitchers ascending, short,
with dull purple veins and fine whitish areoles upward, cucul-
late end of tube and fused lid richly white and purple-veined,
26. Mandaiana, Hort. A natural hybrid with like parentage to
<S. Moorei. Over wide areas from N. Cent. Fla. to the Alabama
River it is nearly always to be found wherever both parents
are common. A tall handsome type with crimson throat of
S. flava var. Rugelii, and the crimson and white areolations of S.
Drummondii. It grows well under cult. First sent out by Pitcher
& Manda.
27. melanorhoda, Veitch. A cross between S. Stetensii and S.
purpurea, so with 1 part parentage of S. flata and 3 parts S. pur-
purea. Pitchers ascending, 6^-12 in. long, widening from base to
mouth, lid erect or slightly incurved with undulate margin and
within showing short hairs, top of pitcher and lid erimson-
green with dark crimson hispid veins, wing prominent, broadest
in middle.
28. Mitchelliana, Nichols. (S. Drummondii var. rubra crossed by
S. purpurea). Pitchers almost erect, funnel-shaped, pale green with
rea veins and whitish areoles above, lid cordate-renifonn with
undulate margins, and deep crimson veins around white areoles.
— The artificial hybrids were sent out by Bull. The writer has got a
few like plants growing wild near Bay Minette, Ala,, where both
parents are common.
29. Moorei, Mast. This, the first artificial hybrid produced, was
raised by Moore, of Glasnevin, as a cross of S. flata with S.
Drummondii. Pitchers tall, erect, tubular, with strong veins,
light green below, crimson-veined and faintly white-areolate above
with usually rich crimson posterior throat area; lid crimson, and
white-areolate with slightly undulate margin and hispid hairs
within: fls. of a yellowish rose-to-purple color. As noted above
S. Mandaiana is a natural hybrid of similar parentage. G.C.II. 1 :
702, desc.; 16:44.
30. Patersonii, Hort. A hybrid raised by Patterson, orchidologist
of Bridge of Allan, Scotland, and with parents like No. 28.
31. Popei, Hort. Pitchers narrow, erect, with crimson veining
around mouth and ovate-acuminate lid: fls. yellowish crimson with
characters intermediate between those of parents. G.C. II. 16:
41. Raised by Pope of Glasnevin Garden, Dublin, between S. flata
and S. rubra. It seems rarely to be produced in nature, since the
former flowers about 3 weeks before the latter.
32. porphyroneura, Hort. Probably a synonym of, and of like
parentage with S. Catesbsei, and first exhibited about 1882.
33. Sanders, Nichols. An artificial cross of S. Drummondii var.
alba with S. Cookiana of unknown parentage.
34. Sanderiana, Hort. A garden hybrid of S. Drummondii var.
rubra and S. Farnhami, distributed by Sander. Cult, at Kew, and
of great beauty.
35. Stevensii, Mast. Similar in appearance to, and of like origin
as, the natural hybrid S. Catesbxi. Raised by Stevens, gardener
at Trentham, England. G.C. II. 16:40.
36. Swaniana, Nichols. Pitchers ascending to suberect, greenish
crimson above with crimson veins and whitish areoles, lid ovate-
cordate with slightly bilobed apex, similarly colored as extremity of
tube, wing broad in middle tapered toward extremities. According
to Nicholson, it is ''a handsome and well-marked hybrid between
S. variolaris (minor) and S. purpurea."
37. Tolliana, Nichols. Stated to be a hybrid of S. Drummondii
var. alba and S. flava, but the writer considers it rather to be
S. flata crossed by S. purpurea. So like S. Catesbxi and S.
Stetensii.
38. vittita, Nichols. Between S. purpurea and S. Chelsonii. Not
in general cult.
39. Wflliamsii, Mast. Of same hybrid origin and aspect as S.
Stetensii.
40. Wfllisii, Nichols. A beautiful but complex cross of S. Courtii
(S. purpurea X S. psittacina) with S. melanorhoda, that is a hybrid
of S. Sterensii (S. purpurea X S. flata) with S. purpurea. It more or
less combines characters from all of the 3 species-parents, and is
delicately colored pale green, white, and crimson.
41. Wilsoniana, Nichols. Of same hybrid origin as S. Stetensii
and others.
42. Wrigleyana, Veitch. Reputed to be a garden cross between
S. psittacina and S. Drummondii or the converse.
J. M. MACFARLAXE.
SARSAPARILLA of commerce comes from various
species of Smilax. Wild sarsaparilla of America is
Aralia nudicavlis.
SASKATOON. Fruit of a bush-like species of
Amelanchier.
SASSAFRAS (Spanish, Salsafras, Saxifraga; medici-
nal properties similar to those of Saxifraga were attrib-
uted to it by Spanish discoverers). Lauracex. SASSA-
FRAS. Ornamental trees grown for their handsome
foliage assuming beautiful tints in autumn and for their
bright-colored fruit.
3082
3552. Sassafras tree.
Deciduous: Ivs. alternate, entire or 3-lobed, slender-
petioled: fls. dioecious, rarely perfect, apetalous; calyx
6-parted; stamens 9, the 3 inner ones furnished at the
base with 2 stalked, orange-colored glands; stami-
nodes 3 or wanting; anthers opening with 4 valves;
ovary superior, 1-loculed: fr. an oblong-ovoid, 1 -seeded,
dark blue drupe sur-
rounded at the base by
the thickened scarlet
calyx. — Two species, one
in E. N. Amer. and one
in China.
The sassafrases are
handsome trees of py-
ramidal habit with rather
large, entire or 3-lobed
leaves and small yellow
flowers in few-flowered
racemes appearing in
spring with the leaves
and followed by orna-
mental dark blue fruits
on red fleshy stalks. The
native species is hardy
North, while the Chinese
one which is still little
known in cultivation is
somewhat tenderer. The
American sassafras usually affects light lands, although
it may grow in clay loams. It is a desirable tree for
ornamental planting on account of its handsome light
green foliage, which is interesting with its varying shapes
and its orange-yellow or bright red color in autumn, and
on account of its decorative bright-colored fruit. It
prefers, at least in the North, a warm and sunny posi-
tion. It is not easily transplanted when old on account
of its long tap-roots. Propagation is by seeds sown as
soon as ripe; also by suckers, which are often freely
produced, and by root-cuttings.
variifdlium, Kuntze (S. officinale, Nees. S. Sdssafras,
Karst. Laiirus Sdssafras, Linn.). Figs. 3552 (winter
tree), 3553. Tree, 30-60, or occasionally 90 ft. high:
young branches bright green, pubescent: Ivs. oval and
entire, or 3-lobed almost to the middle, obtusish, silky-
pubescent when young, glabrous at length, 3-4 in. long:
fls. yellow, J^in. across, glabrous inside, without stami-
nodes, in several-fld. racemes, umbellate when unfold-
ing, afterward at the base of the young branchlets;
staminate fls. without rudimentary pistil; staminodes
wanting: fr. J^in. high. April, May. Maine to Ont.
and Mich., south to Fla. and Texas. S.S. 7:304, 305.
Em. 2:360. G.F. 7:215. Gn. 31, p. 449; 63, p. 167.
G.W. 13, p. 366. Var. filbidum, Fern. (Laurus dlbida,
Nutt.). Buds and younger branches glabrous and
glaucous: Ivs. glabrous. Mass, to S. C. and Ky.
Tzftmu, Hemsl. (Pseudosdssafras Tzumu, Lecomte).
Tree, to 100 ft.: Ivs. similar in shape to those of the
preceding species, 4-8 in. long: fls. perfect, smaller,
pubescent inside, with 3 staminodes alternating with the
3 glandular stamens ; the staminate fls. with rudimentary
pistil: otherwise like the preceding species. Cent.
China. H. I. 29:2833. ALFRED REHDER.
SATUREIA (the old Latin name used by Pliny)',
also spelled Salureja. Syn., Calamintha. Labiatse.
SAVORY. Hardy aromatic herbs and subshrubs,
grown in borders for their flowers and also as pot-herbs.
Leaves entire, narrow and small or toothed, or broad
and larger: floral whorls either axillary or in terminal
spike-like racemes; calyx campanulate-tubular or
tubular, rarely campanulate, 10-13- rarely 15-nerved,
5-toothed, sometimes 2-lipped; corolla-tube short or
long, exserted, upper lip flat, entire or emarginate, lower
lip expanded, 3-cleft, with flat lobes, the midlobe usually
larger and emarginate; stamens 4: nutlets ovoid,
smooth.— About 160 species in the warmer regions of
both hemispheres.
A. Plants annual.
Acinos, Scheele (Calamintha Acinos, Clairv.). Annual,
herbaceous, about 6 in. high: sts. suberect, branched,
pubescent or villous: Ivs. ovate, rather obtuse, base
narrowed, subserrate, green on both sides; floral Ivs.
similar, exceeding the fls.: floral whorls about 6-fld.,
distant; calyx 3-4 lines long, deeply 13-striate, hispid;
corolla purple-blue, scarcely exceeding the calyx. Eu.,
Caucasus. — Escaped from cult, in N. Amer.
hortensis, Linn. (Calamintha hortensis, Hort.).
SUMMER SAVORY. Annual herb, pubescent: sts. erect,
about 6 in. high or a little more: Ivs. oblong-linear,
acute, base narrowed to a short petiole; floral Ivs.
similar: floral whorls laxly somewhat 6-fld., in dense
interrupted spikes; calyx scabrous-hispid on the nerves;
corolla sparsely pubescent outside, scarcely exceeding
the calyx. Eu., and widely escaped from cult.
AA. Plants perennial.
B. Lvs., at least some of them, subrotund.
alpina, Scheele (Calamintha alpina, Lam.). Peren-
nial, diffuse, pubescent or villous: sts. much branched
and somewhat woody at base, about 6 in. high: Ivs.
petioled, subrotund or ovate, scarcely serrate; floral Ivs.
sometimes narrower, about equaling the calyx: floral
whorls 4-6-fld.; calyx subsessile, purplish; corolla
larger, purple, throat strongly dilated. Medit. region.
Corsica, Caruel (Thymus Corsica, Pers. Calamintha
Corsica, Benth.). Subshrub, perennial, small, much-
branched, rather glabrous: Ivs. scarcely 2 lines long,
petioled, subrotund, entire, usually glabrous, sometimes
pilose; floral Ivs. similar: floral whorls on flowering
branches, 1 or 2; calyx subsessile; corolla light purple.
Corsica.
BB. Lvs. ovate, oblong-linear or spatulate.
montana, Linn. (Calamintha montana, Lam. C.
officinalis, Mpench). WINTER SAVORY. Subshrub,
glabrous or slightly scabrous-pubescent: sts. woody at
base; branches erect or ascending, 6-12 in. high: Ivs.
oblong-linear, acute or inferior spatulate or cuneate,
obtuse; upper and floral Ivs. narrower: floral whorls
many-fld., laxly secund, approximate in a spike or
raceme; calyx campanulate, 10-nerved or rarely
obscurely 13-nerved; corolla white or purplisht Eu.,
N. Air., and widely
cult.
varia, Webb &
Berth. (Thymus
ericaefolius, Roth.
Micromeria varia,
Benth.). Subshrub,
pubescent or vil-
lous: sts. pro-
cumbent, much
branched, branch-
lets ascending, ca-
nescent - tomentose,
rarely glabrous : Ivs.
sessile, lower ovate,
upper lanceolate,
fascicled at the axils,
all obtuse, some-
what canescent
beneath; floral Ivs.
minute: floral
whorls 2-10-fld.; calyx erect, slightly pubescent, pur-
plish ; corolla scarcely exceeding the calyx. Canary Isls.
S. grandifltrra, Scheele (S. grandiflora, Mcench.) Herbaceous
perennial: Ivs. ovate, serrated: sts. decumbent, branching from
the base: fls. in axillary whorls, quite large, 1 J/£ in. long, with a
straight tube; upper lip flattened, purple. June, July.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
3553. Sassafras variifolium.
SATYRIUM
SAUSSUREA
SATfRIUM (Greek, satyr; Saiyrion was the name
given by Dioscorides to one of the orchids). Syn.,
Dipledhrum. Orchidaceie. Terrestrial orchids with
tuberous roots, some of the species adapted to the
warmhouse, others to the coldframe.
Tuber undivided: Ivs. few, on the lower part of the
St., rarely many at the sides of the tall st.: fls. medium-
sized or rather large, in often densely fid. spikes; bracts
membranaceous or somewhat leafy, sometimes imbri-
cate in the young spike and often strongly reflexed, in a
dwarf species overtopping the fls.; sepals free, rather
similar to the petals; labellum erect, broad-concave,
galeate or cucullate undivided: caps, erect, oblong, not
beaked. — About 125 species, India, Mascarene Isls.,
Trop. and S. Afr. Most of the species, of which several
are more or less commonly cult, abroad, succeed well in
a coldframe, in a compost of turfy peat, fibry loam and
sand with plenty of drainage. Prop, by division of
roots, made as fresh growth is commencing.
carneum, R. Br. One to 2 ft. high: sts. stout: Ivs. 2,
radical, subsessile, ovate or orbicular-ovate : scapes with
several ovate or spathaceous sheaths; spikes oblong,
3-8 in. long, dense, many-fld.: fls. large, pink or rose-
colored; sepals and petals united at base, odd sepal
lanceolate-oblong, obtuse, lateral sepals larger; petals
elliptic-oblong; lip cucullate. S. Afr. B.M. 1512. G.C.
111.4:697. G.W. 2, pp. 349, 350.
nepalense, Don. St. 6^30 in. high, usually very
stout : Ivs. few, oblong to linear-oblong, 4-10 x 2-4 in.,
rather fleshy, sessile: spike 1-6 in. long, densely fld.;
bracts oblong or lanceolate, much larger than the fls.:
fls. fragrant, white to rose-pink; sepals linear-oblong,
obtuse; petals rather narrower, lip superior, broadly
ovate, concave and strongly keeled on the back.
Himalayas to Ceylon and Burma. B.M. 6625. Var.
ciliatum, Hook. f. (S. dliatum, Lindl.), is a small plant
with the spurs hardly longer than the sepals. Hima-
layas.— This species and its variety require greenhouse
heat.
sphaerocarpum, Lindl. About 12-18 in. high: sts.
stout: Ivs. 2-4, suberect, ovate-oblong or elliptic-
oblong, somewhat fleshy : scapes with a few large spatha-
ceous sheaths; spikes 2-8 in. long, dense and many-fld.;
bracts ovate or ovate-lanceolate: fls. large, white, vari-
ously blotched and sometimes suffused with red; sepals
and petals united nearly to the middle, lanceolate-
oblong, more or less recurved, lateral sepals broader
than the other segms., lip cucullate, broadly elliptic-
ovate. S. Afr. B.M. 7295.
S. aurantiacum, T. S. Ware, is a species with broad Ivs., long and
compact fl. -spike and rich orange fls. Probably of garden origin.
F. TRACT HrBBARD.
SAUROMATUM (saura, lizard; referring to the
spotted flower). Arac&e. Perennial herbs, with uni-
sexual naked flowers, grown for ornament.
Tubers bearing a single pedate If. one year, the next
year Ivs. and fls.: petioles cylindrical, spotted below;
blade pedately parted: peduncle short: spathe soon
withering, its tube oblong, swollen at the base, more or
less connate, its blade or banner long-lanceolate, black-
purple, variously spotted. — Species 6, India, Java, and
Trop. Afr. The following are hardy bulbous -plants,
with large and curious fls. The fls. are produced from
Jan. until June, and the bulbs have kept well in a dry
state for a year. There is little danger of the bulbs
shriveling or rotting. Plant them 6 in. deep in pots or in
the garden. Easily managed by the amateur.
guttatum, Schott. Petioles 3 ft. long, not spotted;
If .-segms. 6-8 in. long, 2-3 in. wide, the lateral smaller:
spat he-tube green on the back, 4 in. long, the upper
third narrowed; blade 12 in. long, 2 in. wide below,
gradually narrowing above, olive-green on the back,
yellowish green within, with dense, irregular black-
purple spots. Himalayas. J.F. 1 : 12. B.R. 1017 (as
A rum venosum).
venosum, Schott (S. simlense, Schott.). Petioles
spotted, 3 Yz ft. long; If. -segms. 8-10 in. long, 4 in. wide,
the lateral smaller: spathe-tube 3-^4 in. long, purple on
the back: blade 14-16 in. long, 3 in. wide below, about
1 in. wide from the middle to the apex, purple on the
back, yellow within and with crowded oblong purple or
black spots. Himalayas. B.M. 4465 and F.S. 13:1334
(both erroneously as S. g/uttatum).
S. brfvipei, N. E. Br. Petiole up to 15 in. long, rose, the segms.
of blade 5-9, 4-6 in. long, narrowly linear-lanceolate, caudate-
acuminate: spathe shortly stalked, the tube swollen, 1H in. long,
pale yellowish green, faintly rose-spotted, the limb narrow, convo-
lute, twisted, arching, 4-6 in. long, pale greenish or rose, bright red
at throat ; spadix as long as spathe, slender, rose below, orange above.
SkMm. B.M. 7940.
GEORGE V.
SAUROPUS (Greek for lizard foot). Euphorbiacex.
Tropical shrubs rarely cult.: Ivs. alternate, simple: fls.
in axillary clusters, apetalous, sepals imbricate; no
rudiment of a pistil in the staminate fls.; disk absent
from the pistillate fls.; styles almost entire; ovules 2 in
each of the 3 cells of the ovary: fr. more or less fleshy. —
About 20 species of Trop. Asia and South Sea Isls.
Related to Phyllanthus. S. dUncans, Blume, occurring
in many varieties from Ceylon to the Philippines, has
edible fr. and has been in cult, in Eu.
J. B. S. NORTON.
SAURURUS (Greek, lizard's tail, referring to the
curve of the spike of fls.). Saururacex. LIZARD'S TAIL.
Perennial marsh herbs, suitable for the bog-garden.
Erect: Ivs. heart-
shaped, converging-
ribbed, petioled,
without dis-
tinct stipules: fls.
crowded in a slen-
der - naked - pedun -
cled terminal spike
or raceme; perianth
none; stamens
mostly 6 or 7, hy-
pogynous: fr. some-
what fleshy, wrin-
kled, of 3-4 carpels
united at base and
indehiscent; seed
usually solitary. —
Two species, one in
N. Amer., the other
in Asia.
cernuus, T.inn.
LIZARD'S TAIL. Fig.
3554. Height 2-5
ft.: Ivs. cordate,
acuminate: fls.
white, fragrant, in
a spike which is
nodding at the end;
bract lanceolate;
filaments long and
capillary. In swamps and shallow water, Conn, to Ont.,
Minn., Mo., and southward. June-Aug. B.B. 1:482.
Loureirii, Decne. (S. chinensis, Hort.). Perennial,
from a strong rhizome: sts. stout, 12-16 in. high, round
below, angled above: Ivs. alternate, petioled, cordate-
based, ovate, acute, 4—5 in. long, bright green: spikes
cylindrical, 4-5 in. long, axillary in the uppermost Ivs.,
which turn yellowish white at the time of flowering;
filaments very short. China and Japan. R.H. 1908, p.
395- F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SAUSSUREA (named after Theodor de Saussure,
1767-1845, or for his father, Horace Benoit de Saussure,
1740-1799). Composite. Annual, biennial, or peren-
nial, glabrous or tomentose herbs of various habit,
sometimes planted in the garden for ornament.
3554. Saururus cermms,
3084
SAUSSUREA
SAXIFRAGA
Leaves unarmed, alternate, entire, toothed, pinnati-
fid or pinnatisect: heads narrow or broad, sometimes
crowded on the dilated top of a simple st., peduncled, or
sessile, solitary, corymbose or panicled; fls. purple or
bluish, all perfect and similar, tube slender, limb narrow
5-cleft; involucre ovoid-oblong, globose or hemispheric,
bracts not spinescent: achenes glabrous, oblong, 4-
ribbed. — About 200 species, temperate regions of Eu.,
Asia, and N. Amer., mostly in the mountains. S.
gossipiphora, Don. Perennial, densely long white or
yellowish matted woolly: st. 6-12 in. high, hollow,
clavate. often 4 in. broad at top: Ivs. sessile, linear,
remotely toothed or runcinate-pinnatifid: heads very
many, cylindric; involucre-bracts linear-oblong, shi-
ning: achenes narrowly obovoid. Himalayas and China.
G.C. III. 51:85. S. leucoma, Diels. Plant 4-9 in. high:
Ivs. basal, narrowly pinnate, upper almost linear, the
blade being entirely sacrificed to the development of
the abundant cottony tomentum in which practically
the whole plant is smothered, the fl.-heads alone are
free of it and form a compact mass 2-3 in. diam. China.
G.C. III. 51: suppl. Feb. 10. S. Veitchiana, Drumm.
& Hutchins. Herb, 2-3 ft. high, with about 2-5 leafy
scapes from a tufted crown: fl.-sts. rigid, floccose
upward: Ivs., the lowest, 10x2 in., oblong-linear, green
above, loosely hairy below; the upper ovate-lanceolate;
bracts blush-pink- or purplish : heads nearly ovoid, over
1 in.; florets deep purple. China. B.M. 8381. G.C. III.
50:85. F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SAVORY. Sweet-herbs.
Summer savory is Satureia hortensis of the Labiatse.
Cultivated in kitchen-gardens for its aromatic green
parts, which are gathered in midsummer for flavoring
meat, dressings, and other culinary preparations. The
slender, erect, branching, herbaceous stems, 10 to 12
inches tall, bear soft narrow green leaves and in sum-
mer clusters of pink, purplish or white flowers, which are
followed by brown ovoid seeds whose vitality lasts three
years. Propagation is by means of seed, which is sown
in drills 12 to 18 inches apart in April or May in light,
mellow, well-drained loam of moderate richness. When
2 to 3 inches tall the plants are thinned to 5 or 6 inches
asunder, or for early crop they may be transplanted
from hotbeds sown in March.
Winter savory (S. montana) is a hardy European
perennial species, having much the qualities of the
annual, but with woody, slender, very branching stems
12 to 16 inches tall, narrow, very acute leaves, white,
pink or lilac flowers and brown seeds, whose average
vitality is three years. It may be managed like thyme.
M. G. KAINS.
SAXEGOTILEA (in honor of Prince Albert of Saxe-
Coburg-Gotha, consort of Queen Victoria). Taxaceae.
An evergreen tree, native of Chile, similar in habit and
foliage to the yew: mono3cious, staminate fls. in cylin-
drical spikes clustered at the end of the branchlets;
pistillate fls. solitary at the end of branchlets: fr. a
small stalked irregularly subglobose cone with the
scales terminating in spiny flattened points; seeds ovate,
keeled, lustrous, brown. The plant is not hardy North
and it is doubtful whether it is in cult, in this country;
it is of slow growth and has no particular ornamental
merit, but botanically it is very interesting. Prop, is by
intro. seeds or by cuttings treated like those of taxus;
it also may be grafted on taxus or podocarpus. S. con-
spicua, Lindl. Tree, to 40 ft., with whorled drooping
branches: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, spiny-pointed,
at the base abruptly contracted into a short decur-
rent stalk, dark green above, with 2 broad white lines
beneath, J^-l in. long: staminate spikes J^in.long: fr.
about Hin. across. J.H.S. 1851, pp. 260, 261. FS. 7,
p. 84. J.F. 2, pp. 69, 71. B.H. 6, p. 309 (pi. 75). I.H.
1, p. 16. G.C. III. 2:684; 5:782.
S. grdcilis, Hort.=Podocarpus nubigena.
ALFRED REHDER.
SAXIFRAGA (Latin, rock and to break; said by some to
refer to the fact that many of the species grow in clefts
of rock, by others to the supposition that certain spe-
cies would cure stone in the bladder). Including Ber-
genia and Peltiphyllum, genera which are maintained as
distinct by Engler in his last treatment of the group.
Saxifragaceae. SAXIFRAGE. ROCKFOIL. Chiefly peren-
nial herbs, but a few species are annual and a few others
biennial, while some others are subshrubby; useful for
border planting, rockeries, and alpine gardens, and
much prized by fanciers, particularly abroad.
Plants usually with more or less developed caudicles
which are either above or below ground: Ivs. commonly
clustered at the base and most often alternate on the
sts., very variable in shape: infl. paniculate, corymbose,
racemose or solitary: fls. as a rule not large, white,
yellow, red, pink, or purple; calyx either free from or
partly adnate to the base of the ovary, the tube short
or elongated, 5-cleft or 5-parted; petals usually equal
but occasionally decidedly unequal; stamens 10, rarely
5: fr. a 2-beaked, 2-celled caps, opening down or
between the beaks, or sometimes 2 almost separate fol-
licles; seeds numerous. — About 400 species from a horti-
cultural viewpoint or approximately 250 botanically
speaking. Temperate (principally alpine) and northern
boreal regions, rare in Asia, very few in S. Amer. and
lacking in Austral., S. Afr., and the Pacific islands. In
preparing the following treatment of the genus and in
the arrangement of species, Engler, in Engler & Prantl's
Pflanzenfamilien, has been followed with the exception
above mentioned, while the specific delimitation is
largely based on Engler's Monographic der Gattung
Saxifraga, 1872, with cultural and other horticultural
information drawn from Irving & Malby's Saxifrages.
The :true saxifrages, so-called (excluding Bergenia and
Peltiphyllum), have been separated into several genera
at different times. The horticultural species men-
tioned in this treatment which are native of N. Amer.
have been divided among the following genera:
Saxifraga, Muscaria, Chondrqsea, Micranthes, Spatu-
laria, Leptasea, Heterisia, Peltiphyllum and Antiphylla.
See Small in N. Amer. Fl., vol. 22, pt. 2, 1907.
Saxifrages are various in habit and stature, but they
are mostly low and spreading with rosulate or tufted
root-leaves. Most of the species in cultivation are
grown as rock-garden plants, although the large-leaved
members of the Megasea or Bergenia section are some-
times used as border plants. Owing to the small atten-
tion given to rock- and alpine-gardening in America, the
saxifrages are little known to our horticulturists. Most
of them are abundantly hardy as to frost, but are likely
to suffer from the dryness and heat of the American
summer. Partial shade in summer is essential for the
best results with most of the species. In winter the
stools should be given ample covering of leaves. The
most useful kinds for this country are the species of the
Megasea section. These are low plants of bold habit,
and are admirably adapted for rockwork and for spring
forcing under glass. Fig. 1819, Vol. Ill, shows a clump
of these plants in the lower left-hand corner.
The alpine species are mostly dwarf plants with more
or less persistent foliage. Many of them, as S. oppositi-
folia, make dense moss-like mats; others, of which S.
Aizoon may be taken as a cultural type, produce a
dense rosette of leaves at the surface of the ground,
from which arises a flower-scape. Some of these forms
are very interesting because of the vari-colored or sil-
very effect produced by natural incrustations of lime on
the leaves, particularly on the leaf-edges. Give shade.
Most saxifrages make stolons and offshoots freely,
and by these the plants are easily propagated; they are
also increased by division. Some make bulblets and
multiply in this manner.
The number of species of saxifrage cultivated abroad
in rockeries and alpine-gardens is very large and there
are many fanciers who have made very large collec-
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
3085
tions of them. The following account has attempted to
include those species which are in more general cultiva-
tion, although there are numerous others which occur
in some of the collections, and it includes the better
INDEX, CONTINUED.
salmtmica, 127. Stabiana, 73. tridentina, 94.
Salomon!!, 127. SttUeriana, 57. trifurcata, 24.
sancta, 95. Sternbergii, 31. turfosa, 53.
sanguinea, 31. Stracheyi, 4, 5. umbrosa, 64, 65, 104.
known hvbrids and certain seedlings. A large part of
these species are either very rare or lacking in American
gardens. Verv few of the species have been modified
sarmentosa, 50. Stribrnyi, 79. unguiculata, 5.
scardica, 84. Sturmiana, 73. valdensis, 91.
scareliica, 84. subintegra, 63. Van-Bruntiae, 59.
Schmidtii, 5. Sundermannii, 122. VandeUii, 93.
to any extent under domestication.
sempertirum, 81. superba, 31, 36, 50, Van Houttei. 2.
serrata, 64. 67, 97. variegata, 64.
serratifolia, 64. taygetea, 9. tera, 84.
IXDEX.
tibirica, 2. tellimoides, 101. Vetteriana, 103.
acantblfolia, 64, 104.
cuneifolia, 2, 63.
Leichtlinii, 4.
spathulata, 28. tenella, 14. villosa, 31.
adscendens, 10.
cuscutaeformis, 51.
leptophylla, 15.
speciosa, 4, 94, 95, 97. thessalica, 81. virginiensis, 45.
cuspidata, 21.
leucanthemifolia, 37.
splendens, 31, 97, thysanodes, 4, 5. WaUaceana, 22.
, , - ' -'
Cvmbalaria, 6, 7.
ligulata, 4.
102, 107. tombeanensis, 92. WaUacei, 22.
/ hnnixtanica 5
dahurica, 39, 40.
lilacina, 88.
spuria, 97. tricolor, 49, 50. Whitlavii. 27.
aizoides, 59.
davurica, 39.
lingulata, 67, 69.
squarrosa, 89. tridentata, 94. Zelebori, 74.
Aizoon, 71, 73.
decipiens, 31.
longifolia, 66.
ajugifolia, 18.
alba, 1,5,31,97,118,
densa, 36.
dentata, 65.
lutea, 73.
luteo-purpurea, 112,
KEY TO THE SECTIONS.
125.
Albert!, 67.
Allionii, 36.
sltissinia, 72.
diapensioides, 92.
diversifolia, 52.
dubia, 73.
elatioT, 71.
118.
lutescens, 31.
Lyallii, 40.
Macnabiana, 111.
A. Lts. glandular-punctate, usually large and thick;
the petiole sheathed at the base.
I. BERGENIA. Species 1-5.
ambigua, 73, 112.
elegans, 94, 130.
macrantha, 94.
AA. Lts. not glandular-punctate (sometimes pitted).
Andrews!!. 104.
Elizabethae, 129.
madida, 48.
usually not large; the petiole not sheathed at the
androsaeea, 17.
Engleri, 105.
magna, 94.
base.
c; • ;.!•-:. >.
aptnnina, 63.
aphvlla. 15.
erecta, 67, 73.
erosa, 41, 64.
Eudoxiana, 117.
magnifica, 66, 94.
major, 69, 73, 75, 90,
94,97.
B. Seeds spherical: the hs. brown-striate.
II. CTMBALARIA. Species 6, 7.
apiculata, 118.
exarata, 33.
majuscula, 61.
BB. Seeds fusiform or elongated: the hs. usually not
aretioid
Ferdinandi-Coburgi,
Malyi, 73, 118.
brown-striate.
arguta, 46.
Arkwrightii, 31.
aspera, 56.
atropurpurea, 36, 73.
atrorubens, 59.
83.
Fergusonii, 36.
flagellaris, 62.
flavescens, 73.
flore-pleno, 12, 45.
marginata, 86, 87.
marmorata, 64.
Maweana, 30.
Mayli, 118.
media, 78, 80.
C. Pits absent on the hs. (some species of Section
Trachyphyttum hate 1 pit at the apex of the
If.): lime secreted.
D. Plants annual or biennial: caudicles absent.
aurantiaca, 59, 113.
folia ta, 52.
Mertensiana, 47.
IV. TRIDACTTLITES. Species 10,
australis, 67.
austromontana, 57.
balcana, 73.
foliis-variegatis, 16,
64.
Fortune!, 49.
Michauxii, 37.
ffiicranthidiioiia, 41
Milesii, 5.
DD. Plants perennial (No. 20 may occasionally
be biennial): caudicles present.
Friderici-Augusti, 81,
minima, 73, 94.
E. Caudicles subterranean.
bathoniensis, 31.
118.
minor, 64, 69, 73, 94.
F. The caudicles annual, biennial, or per-
Bellardii, 67.
Gaudiniana, 110.
mixta, 35.
ennial; the secondary shoots with
bellidifolia, 64.
Gaudinii, 110.
Alolyi, 118.
shortened internodes, bulbous and
Bertolonii, 115.
biflora, 98.
Borisii, 120.
gemmifera, 27.
gemmipara, 58.
geranioides, 20.
montenegrina, 80.
moschata, 36.
muscoides, 16, 31, 36.
separating from them with age.
V. XEPHBOPHYLLUM. Species 11-13.
Borvi, 87.
Geum, 65.
mutata, 77.
FF. The caudicles perennial; the secondary
Boydii, 94, 125.
brevifolia, 73.
gigantea, 100.
glandulosa, 8.
nepalensis, 76.
nivalis, 44.
shoots permanently attached to them.
bristoleana. 31.
bronchialis, 57.
globulifera, 29.
gloria, 94.
notata, 73.
Obristii, 128.
G. Lts. peltcte.
XV. PELTTPHYLLUM. Species 100, 101.
Brunoniana, 61.
Godseffi, 135.
obscura, 34.
GG. LTS. not peltate.
bryoides, 56.
brvophora, 38.
Bucklandii, 63.
bulgarica, 73.
Godseffiana, 135.
gracilis, 64, 73.
Grandfieldii, 109.
grandiflora, 1, 31, 54,
obtusa, 84.
oppositifolia, 97.
orbicularis, 2.
ornata, 4.
H. Caps, somewhat inflated, splitting
abote the middle.
VII. BOBAPHTLLA. Species 37—47.
Burnatii. 108.
Burseriana, 94, 125,
61, 94, 97.
granulata, 12.
pallida, 118.
palmata, 20.
HH. Caps, not inflated, splitting below
130.
Grisebacbii, SO, 114.
paradoxa, 73.
me miaaic.
bursiculata, 132.
grcenlandica, 31.
Paulina, 133.
L. Fls. white.
caesia. 90.
Guthrieana, 104.
pectinata, 73.
III. MISCOPETALCM. Species 8, 9.
cxspitosa, 31. 32.
Haagei, 134.
pedatifida, 21.
n. Fls. yellow.
californica, 73.
cal'jciflora, 78.
Camposii, 22.
hiberntta, 27, 31.
Hirculus, 54.
hirsuta, 65.
pedemontana, 25.
peltata, 100.
pennsyivaniea, 42.
IX. HIBCTTLUS. Species 52-54.
EE. Caudicles above ground.
canaliculata, 23.
hirta, 32.
perdurans, 19.
T. Petals unequal: plants mostly with
capillipes, 63.
Hostii, 71, 72, 111.
Petraschii, 123.
runners. VIII. DIPTERA. Species 48-51.
izirinthiara, 73.
Huetiana, 7.
plena, 12.
•n i 1
cartilaginea, 75.
Hufttii, 7.
porophylla, 79, 81.
FF. Petals equal.
catalaunica, 68.
hvbrida, 31, 66, 102.
Porta, 73.
G. Chary more or less adnate with the
ceratophylla. 24.
hypnoides, 27, 31, 32.
primulina, 82.
calyx-tube.
cervicornis. 25.
icelandica, 76.
primuloides, 64.
H. Lts. herbaceous, undivided or
cespitosa, 31. 32. 36.
incrustata, 70.
Probynii, 69.
/rtr „ J
cherlerioides. 57.
chinensis, 50.
incurvifolia, 32.
intacta, 73.
punctata, 46.
pungens, 119.
looea.
VI. DACTTLOIDES. Species 14-36.
chrvsantha, 55.
Churchillii, 73.
integrifolia, 43.
intermedia, 114.
purpurascens, 3, 102.
purpurea, 1, 27, 31, 36.
HH. Lts. rigid, withering, commonly
setose, not herbaceous.
ciliata, 4.
cinerascens, 60.
Iratiana, 35.
Irvingii, 130.
pygmaea, 36.
pyramidalis, 76.
X. TRACHYPHYLLUM. Species 55-62.
Clibranii, 31.
japonica, 50.
pyrenaica, 76, 97.
GG. Chary entirely free.
coccinea, 97.
juniperifolia, 96.
recta, 73.
XI. ROBEBTSONIA. Species 63-65.
cochlearis, 69.
compacta, 27, 36 102
juniperina, 96.
Kellereri, 116.
recurti folia, 90.
retusa, 99.
cc. Pits present on the Its.: lime secreted.
133.
kestoni, 125.
Rhaei. 36.
D. Secondary shoots separating early from the
conifera, 26.
kestoniensis, 124.
rhstica, 71.
caudicles, more or less stoloniferous, their
cordifolia, 1, 102.
coriophylla, 85.
corrugata, 102.
kewensis, 131.
Kingiana, 27.
Kingii, 27.
Rhei, 36.
Rhtti, 36.
rheetica, 71.
apex with a rosette of Its.
XII. EUAIZOONIA. Species 66-77.
cortusifolia, 48.
Kolenatiana, 75.
rivularis, 13.
DD. Secondary shoots remaining attached to the
coryophylla, 85.
Kyrillii, 121.
robwsta. 73.
perennial caudicles.
Cotyledon, 76.
crassifolia, 2.
crassiphylla, 64.
lactea, 11.
lagaveana, 73.
La Grareana, 73.
Rocheliana, 85.
rosea, 1, 4, 27, 31, 73,
94, 98, 130.
E. The Its. alternate.
XIII. KABSCHIA. Species 78-96.
crenata, 65, 94.
lantoscana. 67.
rosularis, 73.
EE. The Its. decussately opposite.
crinitum, 65.
Lapeyrousii, 112.
rotundifolia, 8, 9, 64.
XIV. POBPHTBION. Species 97-99.
crustata, 70.
cultrata, 73.
lasiophylla, 8.
latina, 97.
rubra. 4.
Rudolphiana, 97.
Unkeyed XVI. HYBBIDS. Species 102-135.
3086
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
Section I. BERGENIA (MEGASEA).
A. Margin of If. not ciliate, but more or less
undulate or crenate: Ivs. not pubescent.
B. Scape and infl. glabrous.
c. Lvs. orbiculate-cordate 1. cordifolia
cc. Lvs. obovate to long-obovate, more
or less cuneate at the base 2. crassif olia
BB. Scape and infl. pubescent 3. purpurascens
AA. Margin of If. ciliate: Ivs. sometimes pu-
bescent.
B. Base of If. distinctly cordate although
narrow: calyx glabrous 4. ligulata
BB. Base of If. usually narrowed to the
petiole: calyx pubescent or at least
puberulent 5. Stracheyi
1. cordifolia, Haw. (Megdsea cordifolia, Haw. Ber-
genia cordifolia, Sternb.) . Twelve to 20 in. high, robust :
Ivs. orbiculate-cordate, broad -and fleshy, margin undu-
late-serrate, glabrous, shining; petioles long and thick:
infl. a short, thick, angled, shiny scape: fls. clear rose, in
dense nodding cymes partly hidden in the Ivs. ; pedicels
short and thick; calyx-lobes short and broad; petals
roundish. March-May. Siberia. Gn.M.3:136. —
Closely allied to S. crassifolia but differing in the
broader cordate-based Ivs. and in the rounder petals.
Var. alba, Hort. (Megdsea cordifolia yar. alba, Hort.).
Fls. delicate blush-pink, not true white. Var. grandi-
flora, Hort. Said to be unusually handsome in
If. and fl. Var. purpfcrea, Hort. (S. purpurea, Hort.
Megdsea cordifolia var. purpurea, Hort.). Lvs. smooth
and coarsely serrate, the panicles larger than the type
and carried well above the Ivs.: petals broad rounded
and deep reddish purple. Var. rdsea, Hort. (Megdsea
cordifolia var. rdsea, Hort.) has been offered.
2. crassif dlia, Linn. (S. cuneifolia, Hort., not Linn.
S. sibirica, Hort., not Linn. Megdsea crassifolia, Haw.
Bergenia crassifolia, Fritsch). Fig. 3555. Six to 16 in.
high, stout: rhizomes woody: Ivs. obovate to long-obo-
vate, large and thick, narrowed at the base and decur-
rent on the petiole, margin serrate to nearly entire,
apex obtuse, glabrous, shining: infl. a fairly tall, angled,
reddish or purplish scape: fls. deep rose, lilac or pur-
plish, in dense panicles, elevated above the Ivs.; calyx-
lobes oblong, obtuse;
petals elliptic-oblong.
March-May. Altai
to Mongolia. B.M.
196. G.M. 34:67.
Mn. 10, p. 74.— S.
Van Houttei, Hort.,
is only a variation of
this species, with
lighter pink fls. Var.
orbicularis, Hort. (S.
orbicularis, Hort. Bergenia orbicularis, Stein. Megdsea
orbicularis, Hort.). A small-growing form with broad
rather rounded Ivs., a branching habit and an abun-
dance of light rosy fls. which are borne well above
the foliage.
3. purpurdscens, Hook. f. & Thorn. (Megdsea pur-
purascens, Hort. Bergenia purpurascens, Engl.).
Three to 12 in. high: Ivs. roundish-obovate to short-
oblong, 2-3 in. long, base somewhat cordate, margin
more or less undulate, glabrous: infl. a scape about 1
ft. high, purple, this and the pedicels very pubescent:
fls. deep purple, nodding, in few-fld. corymbose panicles;
calyx-lobes very obtuse; petals %in. long, obovate-
oblong, sometimes long-clawed: fr. elliptic-lanceolate,
erect. June. Sikkim (India), 10,000-15,000 ft. B.M.
5066. H.F. II. 1:172. B.H. 9:1. F.S. 14:1401.— A
very handsome species because of its purple scapes and
fls. and the beautiful purple-and-crimson autumnal
foliage. Succeeds best in a rather sheltered spot.
4. ligulata, Wall. (Megdsea ligulata, Hort. Bergenia
ligulata, Engl.). One foot high, stout: radical Ivs. large,
orbicular or obovate, 2-12 in. diam., base cordate, mar-
3555. Saxifraga crassifolia.
gins entire but ciliate, both surfaces glabrous: infl. an
erect naked scape, this and the pedicels and calyx gla-
brous: fls. white, rose or purplish, campanulate in nod-
ding 1-sided racemes; calyx-lobes ovate, not narrowed
at base; petals J^-l in. long, orbicular and clawed: fr.
subglobose, cernuous. March-May. Himalayan region.
B.M. 3046 ("the sepals too acute and the leaves too
undulate," according to Hooker). L.B.C. 8:747 RH
1868:270. J.H. III. 69:136. Gn. 62, p. 25; 76, p. 204.
— Not perfectly hardy at Boston. Sometimes erro-
neously written S. lingulata which is a very different
species (No. 67). — S. orndta, Decne. (Bergenia orndta,
Stein), is said to have large coriaceous, persistent Ivs.,
fleshy sts., and large rose fls. in cymes. Apparently
does not possess any character to distinguish it from S.
ligulata except the fls. are a shade lighter in color. Var.
ciliata, Hook. (S. ciliata, Royle. S. thysanodes, Lindl.
S. Stracheyi var. thysanodes, Hort. Megdsea ciliata,
Haw. M. ligulata var. ciliata, Hort. Bergenia ciliata,
Stein). Lvs. hirsute on both surfaces, margins strongly
ciliate. B.M. 4915. B.R. 32:33 (as S. thysanodes).
G.C. III. 5:365. F.E. 16:472. Var. Leichtlinii, Hort.
(S.Leichtlinii,HoTt. Megdsea Leichtlinii, Hort.). Grows
about 1 ft. high and has large crimson Ivs. and rose-
colored fls. Var. rdsea, Hort., is a form with rose-
colored fls. Var. rftbra, Hort., is an early-flowering, low
form with red or red-purple fls. Var. speciosa, Hort.
(S. speciosa, Hort., not Doerfl. & Hayek. Megdsea
speciosa, Hort.). Lvs. broadly ovate/ leathery : fls.
crimson or deep rosy crimson. Gn. 71, p. 250. J.H. III.
60:393. — By some this is thought to be a garden hybrid
. S. ligulata x S. crassifolia.
5. Stracheyi, Hook. f. & Thom. (S.unguiculdta, Hort.,
not Engl. Megdsea Stracheyi, Hort. Bergenia Stracheyi,
Stein). Fig. 3556. Six inches to 1 ft. or more high: Ivs.
obovate, usually not cordate at base, margin subentire,
ciliate or crenate-serrate, both surfaces glabrous: infl.
a scape about 1 ft. high with the pedicels and calyx
pubescent or puberulous: fls. blush-pink to rose (some-
times yellow), in broad branching panicles %-l in.
diam.; calyx-lobes oblong. March. Kashmir, 8.000-
14,000 ft. B.M. 5967(?). G.M. 39:233. J.H. III.
32:281. G. 12:337.— More hardy than S. ligulata.
Var. alba, Hort. (S. afghdnica, Aitch. & Hemsl. S.
afghanistdnica, Leicht. Megdsea afghdnica, Hort.). A
snowy white-fld. form, the Ivs. bronzy or ruby-brown.
Gt. 35:1228. G. 31:751. Var. Milesii, Hort. (S.
Mllesii, Hort. Leicht. Bergenia Milesii, Stein. Megdsea
Stracheyi var. Mllesii, Hort.). Differs from the type in
having longer Ivs. (9-12 x 4-5 in. at the middle) : fls.
white; petals distinctly clawed. March. Himalaya.
Var. Schmidtii, Hubb. (S. thysanodes, Hort. Haage
& Schmidt, not Lindl. S. Schmidtii, Regel. Bergenia
Schmidtii, Hort.). Lvs. ovate, base equally rotundate
or attenuate to the petiole, margin coarsely crenate
and then dentate, the teeth cuspidate-ciliate : fls. pani-
cled, similar to those of S. crassifolia. Himalaya . Gt.
27:946. B.R. 29:65 (as S. ciliata).
Section II. CTMBALARIA.
A. Lower Ivs. 7-11-lobed; the lobes acute.. 6. Cymbalaria
AA. Lower Ivs. 5-7-lobed; the lobes obtuse or
very shortly apiculate 7. Huetiana
6. Cymbalaria, Linn. Annual or biennial: sts.
nearly erect or somewhat flexuous, branched, 3-12 in.
high: Ivs. tender, with age brown-striate on both sur-
faces, margin glandular-pilose; lower Ivs. reniform,
cordate or truncate at base, 7-11-lobed, lobes broad-
acute; upper Ivs. short-petioled, 3-7-lobed, base atten-
uate: infl. cymose with elongated axis; pedicels long,
1-fld., these and the calyx short glandular-pilose: fls.
yellow; calyx-lobes oblong, acute; petals oblong, base
cordate, distinctly clawed, 3 times the length of the
calyx-lobes. May-Aug. Caucasus and Asia Minor. —
The Ivs. are light green, glossy and ivy-like. It sows itself
SAXIFRAGA
^AXIFRAGA
3( )S7
abundantly and is suitable for moist spots in rock-
work or along streams. Some, possibly much, of the
material cult, as S. Cymbalaria is really the closely
allied -S. Huetiana.
7. Huetiana, Boiss., frequently incorrectly offered as
Hutttiana. Hitftii, and Huettti (S. Cymbalaria, Hort.,
not Linn.). Annual or biennial(?): sts. weakly erect or
decumbent, flaccid, 4-6 in. high: Ivs. soft, with age
brown-striate below; lower Ivs. reniform-cordate,
base cordate or truncate, broader across, 5-7-lobed,
lobes broad, obtuse or very shortly apiculate; upper
3-lobed or entire, ovate: infl. cymose with long erect
pedicels: fls. small but numerous, bright yellow;
calyx-lobes triangular, acute; petals oblong, ob- /
tuse, base distinctly clawed, 3 times the length of ^
the calyx-lobes. May-Aug. Asia Minor. — Very j ^
closely allied to S. Cymbalaria and by some con- / ^
sidered a variety of that species. It differs in its \,
dwarfer less upright habit, fewer and more obtuse \v
lobes of the Ivs. and other technical floral charac-
ters and probably in its infl. being a cincinnus
instead of a bostryx. A very effective plant for the
rockwork.
Section III. MISCOPETALUM.
A. Rhizome rather thick: hs. unevenly and
coarsely crenate or dentate 8. rotundifolia
AA. Rhizome slender: hs. 5-9-crenate or
shalloi£-lobed, the Its. smaller than the
last 9. taygetea
8. rotundifolia, Linn. Sts. 8-12 in. high, erect from a
somewhat thickened rhizome, leafy and paniculate
from the middle or above : Ivs. rather thick, more or less
hairy on both surfaces; basal and lower on petioles 3-4
times longer than the blades, reniform or orbicular,
base cordate, unequally and coarsely crenate or den-
tate; cauline almost sessile, base obtuse or cuneate,
with more or less incise-dentate lobes: infl. a branched
panicle with long, slender glandular-hirsute peduncle
and pedicels; fls. white, spotted with red or purple;
calyx-tube very short, lobes triangular oblong, acute;
petals oblong-lanceolate. May, June. Eu. and Asia.
B.M. 424. — A very satisfactory species for moist and
shady parts of the rockwork. Var. glandulosa, Griseb.
(5. glandulosa, Hort. S. lasiophytta, Schott. S. angu~
losa. Schott. S. rotundifolia var. angidosa, Hort.). Sts.
tall, glandular-pubescent: basal Ivs. obtusely crenate;
the cauline Ivs. incise-dentate: the panicle branches
spread out and many-fld.
9. taygetea, Boiss. & Heldr. (S. rotundifolia var.
taygetea, Engl.). Sts. 3-6 in. high, erect from a slen-
der rhizome, almost naked, pubescent: Ivs. small,
firm, sparse hirsute, slightly membranaceous-margined;
the radical Ivs. long-petioled, subcordate-reniform,
broadly and obtusely 5-9-crenate; the cauline Ivs. none
or 1 or 2 minute ones which are 3-parted or linear: infl.
loosely paniculate-corymbose; the branches 1-2-fld.:
fls. white with purple dots; calyx-lobes oblong, rather
obtuse; petals elliptical-lanceolate, obtuse. June- Aug.
Greece.— Much of the material cult, under this name
is really 5. cuneifolia.
Section IV. TRIDACTTLITES.
10. adscendens, Linn. (Muscariaadscendens, Small).
One to 6 in. high, the whole plant viscidulous and
clothed with short glandular hairs: sts. erect: the basal
Ivs. crowded, the cauline few, cuneate, gradually
attenuate all the way to the base, the apex rounded or
truncate, 3-5-lobed, the lobes subequal, oblong or
ovate, rather obtuse or acutish: infl. corymbose, spar-
ingly branched from the middle or base of the fl.-st.
branches erect; fls. white: calyx glandular-pilose, tube
campanulate, in fr. rounded at the base and twice as
long as the lobes; petals cuneate, emarginate, slightly
5-nerved, double as long as the calyx-lobes. June,
July. Eu. and in the Rocky Mts., S. Canada to Colo.
and Utah. — A very common and widespread European
species which has not been frequently cult.
Section V. NEPHROPHYLLUM.
A. Basal hs. cuneate or spatulate 11. lactea
AA. Basal hs. cordate or reniform.
B. Infl. corymbose-paniculate 12. granulata
BB. Infl. racemose, 1-6-fld 13. rivularis
3556. Sazif raga Stracheyi, as the flowers are appearing in
earliest spring. ( X J£)
11. lactea, Turcz. Cespitose, 4-^6 in. high: sts. erect,
glandular-pubescent below, paniculate above: Ivs.
fight green, lower cuneate, 3-5^parted, lobes oblong,
very obtuse, horizontal -spreading; upper 3-parted,
lobes linear, obtuse: infl. axillary, with pedicels much
longer than the fls., 2-fld., the terminal fl. exceeded by
the lower; fls. white (milky white according to trade-
lists); calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, longer than the tube;
petals obovate-cuneate, lightly 3-nerved, 3 times as
long as the calyx-lobes. June. Siberia. — Probably not
in general cult.
12. granulata. Linn. MEADOW SAXIFRAGE. Sts.
erect or ascending from a bulbiferous base, 6-20 in.
tall, slightly foliose, often branched below, lax panicu-
late, soft-hirsute, glandular-viscous above: Ivs. pilose,
bearing bulblets in the axils, renifonn, incise-lobed,
lobes entire or crenate, decurrent at base on the hirsute
petiole; cauline Ivs. subsessile, wedge-shaped, 3-5-
parted: infl. open, panicled, with glandulose elongated
pedicels (sometimes contracted and umbel-like): fls.
white, campanulate, somewhat drooping, about 1 in.
diam.; calyx-lobes longer than the ovate tube, linear-
oblong, obtuse; petals obovate-oblong, strongly atten-
uate at base, 3-nerved. April-June. Eu., N. Afr.
Gn.W. 25:513. — The common meadow saxifrage of Eu.
and an attractive plant. The species proper is, how-
ever, seldom cult. Var. flore-pleno, Hort. (S. granu-
lata var. plena, Hort.), is the common form in cult, and
differs only in its double fls. G. 25: 201; 26: 213. Gn.W.
23:389.
13. rivularis, Linn. Cespitose, the sts. ascending 1-3
in. high, more or less villous: basal lys. with petioles
3-5 tunes longer than the blades, renifonn, palmately
3-7-lobed, lobes obtuse, petioles with broad ciliate
stipules; upper Ivs. short-petioled, 3-lobed: infl. long,
peduncles arising from the axils of the lower Ivs.,
almost as long as the whole st.; fls. at the top short-
pedicelled or sessile : fls. 1-5, white (often tinged purple),
erect; calyx short-glandular pilose or rather glabrous,
tube hemispherical, lobes ovate, obtuse, shorter than
the tube; petals obovate-oblong, twice as long as the
calyx-lobes. July, Aug. Circumboreal, in X. Amer. to
the White Mts. and in the Rocky Mts. to Mont.
Section VI. DACTTLOIDES (MUSCARIA).
A. Lower hs. undivided or short 3-5-
pointed: petals mostly small (see also
S. moschata and S. globulifera, which
have some of the hs. undivided).
B. Plants loosely cespitose, with indeter-
minate secondary shoots borne in the
If.-axils.
3088
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
c. Infl. a few-ftd. panicle borne on a
fl.-st. 2-4 in. high 14. tenella
cc. Infl. 1-, rarely 2-fl.d., borne on a fl.-
st. about 1 in. high 15. aphylla
BB. Plants densely cespitose: scape 1-fld.
or few-fld., paniculate
C. Axils of the Ivs. of the secondary
shoots with buds of undeveloped
cataphylla.
D. Calyx-lobes mucronate 26. conif era
DD. Calyx-lobes obtuse 28. spathulata
cc. Axils of the hs. of the secondary
shoots without buds of undevel-
oped cataphylla.
D. Lvs. linear 16. muscoides
DD. Lvs. spatulate 17. androsacea
AA. Lower Ivs. more or less digitately lobed
or divided (entire in Nos. 26 and 28) :
petals longer and broader than calyx-
lobes.
B. Secondary shoots indeterminate: the
infl. borne in the axils of the lower
Ivs.
c. The Ivs. glandular-pilose, orbicu-
late-digitate: fls.-sts. 3-6 in. high.18. ajugifolia
cc. The Ivs. not glandular, wedge-
shaped: fl.-sts. 1 %-3 in. high . . 19. perdurans
BB. Secondary shoots determinate, ending
in an infl.
c. Petals obovate-cuneate, attenuate-
clawed.
D. Blades of the almost sessile hs.
oblong-cuneate 25. pedemontana
DD. Blades of the petiolate Ivs. ovate
or orbicular.
E. Divisions of the suborbicular
or reniform Ivs. lanceolate. . 20. geranioides
EE. Divisions of the ovate Ivs.
linear 21. pedatifida
cc. Petals obovate, obovate-oblong or
oblong, not attenuate clawed.
D. Plants loosely cespitose, frutes-
cent, the rosettes of rigid Ivs.
of this year far removed from
those of the previous year.
E. Lvs. cuneately attenuate to the
petiole; the lobes horizontally
spreading.
F. Lower Ivs. incise 3-lobed;
the midlobe usually
entire 22. Camposii
FF. Lower hs. pedately divided;
the midlobe 3-parted 34. obscura
EE. Lvs. trifurcate, bowed-attenuate
to the petiole; the lobes
divaricate.
F. Petiole deeply grooved; the
midlobe of If. entire 23. canaliculata
FP. Petiole not deeply grooved:
the midlobe of If. 3-
toothed 24. trifurcata
DD. Plants densely cespitose, the
rosettes of Ivs. of this year close
to those of the previous year
(specimens of S. decipiens
excepted).
E. Axils of the hs. of the second-
ary shoots without buds of
undeveloped cataphylla.
F. Petals oblong, equaling or
rarely exceeding the calyx-
lobes in width 36 . moschata
FF. Petals obovate or obovate-
oblong, exceeding the
calyx-lobes in width.
G. Nerves of the hs. usually
prominent.
H. Blades of hs. sessile or
short - petioled; the
midlobe oblong .... 33. ezarata
HH. Blades of hs. with
petioles as long as
the blades: the mid-
lobe linear 35. mixta
GG. Nerves of the hs. not at
all prominent.
H. Divisions of the hs.
more or less acute. ...31. decipiens
HH. Divisions of the hs.
more or less obtuse. .32. cespitosa
EE. Axils of the hs. of the second-
ary shoots with buds of
undeveloped cataphylla.
F. Calyx-lobes mucronate.
G. Lvs. undivided and ses-
sile 26. conif era
GG. Lvs. 3-lobed and petioled.27. hypnoid es
FF. Calyx-lobes obtuse.
G. The hs. all undivided. . . 28. spathulata
GG. The hs. (the lowest
excepted) lobed.
H Calyx-lobes ovate-tri-
angular, about equal-
ing the length of
the tube 29. globulifera
HH. Calyx-lobes ligulate-
lanceolate, twice the
length of the tube. . .30. Maweana
Subsection HOLOPHYLL.<E.
14. tenella, Wulf. Lax, cespitose, 2-4 in. high, with
foliose, prostrate or erect caudicles: sts. erect, slender,
glabrous: Ivs. yellow- or apple-green, shining, thin but
rather stiff, lower and also cauline, linear-subulate,
cuspidate-aristate, margin setulose-ciliate or glabrous,
glandulose-ciliate toward the base: infl. terminal, few-
fld. panicles with slender pedicels longer than the fls. :
fls. white or yellowish white; calyx-lobes triangular,
acute, equaling the tube, glabrous; petals obovate-
oblong, recurved above, 3-nerved, twice as long as the
calyx-lobes. June, July. Mountains of Cent. Eu.
15. aphylla, Sternb. (S. leptophylla, Froel.). Loosely
cespitose, about 1 in. high with numerous sparsely
foliate caudicles with rosettes at the top: sts. sparsely
glandular-pilose: Ivs. light green, rather thin, entire
or 3-5-cuspidate, the divisions ovate-lanceolate, obtuse:
infl. almost leafless 1-fld., rarely 2-fld. glandular scapes:
fls. light yellow; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; petals linear,
acute, equaling the calyx-lobes. June, July. Moun-
• tains of Eu.
16. muscoides, All. Densely cespitose, 1-2 in. high,
with short caudicles: sts. columnar, densely imbricate-
foliose, ashy pilose: Ivs. linear, rounded-obtuse, base
attenuate, when dried 3-nerved, apex cinerous: infl.
numerous, terminal, few-fld. racemes or more seldom
several-fld. panicles with very short pedicels: fls. white
or yellowish white (rarely citron-yellow or purple);
calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; petals round-obovate, very
obtuse, smoothly emarginate, 3-nerved, twice as long as
the calyx-lobes. July, Aug. High mountains from the
Pyrenees to Austria. Gn. 76, p. 615. — Frequently con-
fused with S. moschata and S. cespitosa. A strictly
Alpine species forming a dense moss-like cushion, the
uppermost Ivs. of which are reddish toward the base
and fresh green toward the apex and are rather fleshy.
Suitable only for alpine-gardening. Var. fdliis-varie-
gatis, Hort., is a form with yellow-and-white varie-
gated Ivs. Very likely this really is a variety of S.
moschata.
17. androsacea, Linn. Cespitose, 1-3 in. high (pos-
sibly more), with the basal and lower Ivs. aggregated
and sessile: Ivs. dark green, shiny, spatulate or obo-
vate, cuneate, apex entire or 3-5-toothed, the teeth
short and acute, the central twice longer than the
lateral, when dry 5-11-nerved, margin ciliate, at the
top glandulose-ciliate; cauline Ivs. oblong-lanceolate:
infl. numerous, almost naked, sparsely glandular, 1-3-
fld., rarely 5-fld. scapes: fls. small, clear white or green-
ish white; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, the base and
margins glandular; petals obovate-oblong, 3-nerved,
at the top emarginate, the uppermost portion reflexed,
twice longer and broader than the calyx-lobes. June-
Aug. Mountains of S. and Cent. Eu., also the Baikal
region of Asia.
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
3089
Subsection AXILLIFLOILE.
18. ajugifdlia, Linn., also spelled ajugsefolia. Cespi-
tose. about 3-6 in. high: st. decumbent, rooting: Ivs.
sparsely glandular-pilose, light green, rather thick and
fleshy, orbiculate-digitate, 3-5-parted, attenuate to
the flat petiole, lobes lanceolate, acute: infl. 1-5 slender,
nearly simple, few-fld. scapes arising from the axils of
the lower Ivs.; bracts linear, entire, acute; pedicels
very short, puberulent: fls. rather small, whitish or
clear milk-white; calyx-lobes ovate, acute; petals ovate-
oblong, 3-nerved, very shortly clawed, twice longer than
the calyx-lobes. May-July. S. Eu.
19. perdurans, Kit. Cespitose, 1H~3 in. high: sts.
procumbent: Ivs. rather thick, bright green, the lower
surface striped purple at the nerves, those of the young
shoots and the lower cauline similar, without glands,
wedge-shaped, attenuate to the flat petiole, palmately
3-5-parted, lobes horizontal spreading, oblong, obtuse,
muticous, faintly 3-nerved: infl. a solitary, axillary, sub-
simple, few-fld. scape with a reddish base and one
partially clasping If.; bracts 3-parted or entire: fls. 1-5,
cymose^ white; calyx-lobes roundish; petals spreading,
oblong, 3-nerved, more than twice as long as the calyx-
lobes. June, July. Mountains of E. Cent. Eu. — Closely
allied to S. ajugifolia.
Subsection CZRATOPHYLLUE.
20. geranioides, Linn. (5. palmata, Hort., not Smith
and others). Biennial or perennial, cespitose, 2-10 in.
high, with numerous frutescent subwoody, leafy
caudicles: sts. erect, somewhat pilose: Ivs. bright green,
lower rather pilose, suborbicular or reniform, palmately
3-divided with the lateral lobes bifid, lobes lanceolate-
acute or 2-3-toothed, base of the ciliate petiole dilate;
cauline Ivs. cuneate-ovate with narrow lobes: infl. sub-
corymbose, many-fld., with pedicels shorter than the
fls.: fls. white, campanulate; calyx-lobes erect, linear-
lanceolate, acute; petals obovate-oblong, long-clawed,
more than twice longer than the calyx-lobes. May-
July. Mountains of Eu. — Best prop, by seed. A showy
little ground-cover plant suitable for terraces and the
like.
21. pedatifida, Ehrh. (5. cuspiddta, Schleich.).
Cespitose, 2-8 in. high, with frutescent, subwoody,
leafy caulicles: sts. erect, rather stiff, puberulent: Ivs.
fresh green, the lower with ovate and pedate-parted
blades, many-nerved and borne on flat petioles which
are longer than
the blades, the
lateral lobes of
which are 3-lobed,
the lobules linear,
entire and more
or lessmucronate;
the Ivs. of the
young shoots
longer-petioled
and with longer,
narrower lobes;
the cauline Ivs.
3-5-lobed; bracts
narrowly linear: infl. subcorymbose, the peduncles
much overtopping the Ivs., the pedicels and calyx
glandular-pilose: fls. 3-9 on a peduncle, campanulate,
white; calyx-lobes erect, lanceolate, acute; petals
obovate-oblong, 5-7-nerved, long-clawed, 2 or 3 times
longer than the calyx-lobes. June. S. Eu. — Closely
allied to S. geranioides but distinguished readily by the
gradual narrowing of the blades, which are many-nerved
into the petiole and also by the linear divisions of
the Ivs.
22. CampSsii, Boiss. & Reut. (S. Wdttacei, McNab.
S. Walloxea.no., Hort.). Fig. 3557. Perennial, loosely
cespitose, 3-6 in. high, with slightly shrubby caudicles
3557. Saxifraga Camposii.
covered with old retroflex Ivs.: fl.-sts. erect, reddish,
entirely glabrous: Ivs. stiff, dark green, shiny, those of
the young shoots and the lower ones incise-3-lobed,
more than double the length of the strongly broadened,
nerved petiole and having decidedly prominent nerves,
the lateral lobes of the blade again 2-lobed or dentate
with the teeth mucronulate, the midlobe usually entire,
linear and mucronate; cauline Ivs. cuneate, attenuate to
the petiole, more obtusely dentate; bracts spatulate,
acute: infl. terminal, 6-10-fld., more or less congested
corymbs or panicles: fls. large, %in. across, subcam-
panulate, white; calyx-lobes oblong, acute; petals
rounded-obovate, shortly clawed, 3-nerved. May-
July. Spain. B.M. 6640. Gn. 35, p. 392; 75, p. 335.
A.F. 4:493. G.M. 43:192; 55:276; 57:620. J.H. III.
70:250. — This species has been intro. into Amer. but
never succeeded well owing, it is said, to the hot climate.
An attractive little plant on account of its showy fls.
which are occasionally used for cut-fls.
23. canaliculata, Boiss. & Reut. Lax, cespitose.
6-8 in. high, with ascending caudicles which are covered
below with old, rather remote Ivs., and terminate
in rosettes: fl.-sts. numerous, erect, very glabrous:
Ivs. very stiff, quite dark green, strongly viscid
below, with transversely broader blade which is
3-parted and is borne on a flat, deeply grooved petiole,
midlobe of the blade entire, the lateral ones 2-3-parted,
with the lobes bowed and mucronate at their apex;
cauline Ivs. 3-parted; bracts linear, mucronate: infl.
corymbose-paniculate: fls. white; calyx-lobes linear-
lanceolate, mucronulate; petals obovate-oblong, attenu-
ate to the claw, 3-nerved, twice as long as the calyx-
lobes. July. Spain. — Allied to S. Camposii from which
it differs in the more spreading divisions of the Ivs. and
the fact that the petioles are not broadened except at
the base.
24. trifurcata, Schrad. Perennial, loosely cespitose,
4-8 in. high, with slightly shrubby leafy caudicles
covered with old reflexed Ivs.: fl.-sts. erect, glabrous:
Ivs. dark gray-green, viscid, twice as long as the petioles,
palmately 3-parted, nerved, the lateral lobes of the
blade sub-3-divided, the midlobe cuneate, 3-toothed,
with the teeth mucronulate; cauline Ivs. few, shorter-
petipled, 3-parted; bracts linear, acute: infl. loosely
paniculate; pedicels long: fls. milk-white, numerous;
calyx glabrous, the lobes lanceolate, acute; petals
obovate-oblong, 3-nerved, nearly 3 times the length of
the calyx-lobes: fr. ovate. May. Spain. G.C. III.
48:295. F.E. 18:442. — A quick grower, which is
frequently cult, abroad and which is also useful for pot
cult. Var. ceratophylla, Hort. (S. ceraiophylla, Dry.).
Lvs. rigid and more deeply parted than the type and
rather glaucous: fls. white, in lax panicles. June. Spain.
B.M. 1651.
25. pedemontana, All. Sparsely glandular-pubes-
cent, cespitose, 2-4 in. high, with densely leafy caudi-
cles: Ivs. bright green, those of the young shoots and the
lower cauline, cuneate or obversely triangular, attenu-
ate to the flat ciliate petiole which equals or is shorter
than the 3-lobed blade, lobes horizontally spreading, the
lateral ones bifid or all 3 incise-dentate, teeth obtuse or
rather acute, obsoletely nerved; lower bracts cuneate,
sessile, 5-7-parted or linear-oblong, obtuse: infl. few-
Ivd., rather glabrous scapes bearing corymbose pani-
cles with slender pedicels which are glandular-pubescent
as is the calyx: fls. large, campanulate, milk-white;
calyx-lobes linear, obtuse; petals obovate-cuneate,
attenuate to a claw, 3-nerved, double the length of the
calyx-lobes. July. Mountains of S. Eu. Gn. 78, p. 271.
Var. cervicomis, Engl. (S. cervicornis, Viv.). Younger
Ivs. longer-petioled, the blade 3-lobed; the lateral lobes
bifid, less horizontally spreading, rather acute, the
nerves decidedly prominent: the calyx-lobes rather
acute. June. Sardinia and Corsica. Gn. 76, p. 19; 79,
p. 29.
3090
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
Subsection GEMMIFER^E.
26. conifera, Coss. & Dur. Densely cespitose,
in. high, with numerous short, densely imbricate-
foliose caudicles: fl.-sts. stiff, ascending, few-lvd., pur-
ple below, densely glandular-pubescent above: Ivs.,
those of the caudicles, subpatent; cauline erect-spread-
ing; all of them undivided, sessile, oblong- or lanceolate-
linear, cuspidate-aristate, leathery, margin short-cUiate :
infl. 3-9-fld., corymbose-racemose or paniculate: fls.
white; calyx pubescent-glandular, the lobes ovate-
triangular, mucronate; petals not known. June, July.
Spain. — Rare and seldom cult.
27. hypnoides, Linn. (S. hibernica, Hort.). Peren-
nial, loosely cespitose, l%-8 in. high, with herbaceous
loosely foliose caudicles which are frequently reddish
tinted: sts. erect, covered with very slender glands: Ivs.
light green, those of the caudicles rather thick, sparsely
covered with slender hairs, when old rather glabrous,
the suborbicular blade is cut all the way to the base,
3-lobed, and is borne on a rather broad, flat, 1-nerved,
ciliate petiole which is shorter than the blade, lobes of
the blade linear-lanceolate, a little dilated at the middle,
acute or mucronate, with the lateral lobes divaricate,
often 2-lobed; upper Ivs. of the young shoots 3-toothed,
attenuate to the long petiole, the uppermost linear-
lanceolate; cauline Ivs. few and like the bracts
linear-lanceolate, ciliate and acute or mucronate: infl.
3-7-fld. panicles: fls. long-pedicelled, white, J^-l in.
diam. ; calyx very densely glandulose, the lobes oblong-
triangular, mucronulate; petals obovate, 3-nerved,
twice longer than calyx-lobes: fr. ovate-globose. May-
July. Mountains of Eu. as far north as Great Britain
and Ireland. G.C. III. 43 : 302.— Frequently confused
with S. cespitosa, Linn., and S. decipiens, Ehrh., and
the varieties of the 3 species are almost hopelessly
confused. Botanically speaking very probably Hooker
in his Students' Flora of the British Islands, ed. 3, p.
142, is correct in referring S. cespitosa and S. dedpiens
as varieties to this species, but horticulturally at least
they are better retained as separate species. Var.
gemmifera, Hort. (S. Kingii, Hort., also spelled
Kingidna), is a close-growing, compact form. Var.
purpurea, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. rdsea,
Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. Whitlavii, Hort. (S.
Whitlavii, Hort.), is a form with closely packed foliage
said to be suitable for edging. A variation of this is
offered as S. Whitlavii compdcta.
28. spathulata, Desf., also spelled spatulata. Peren-
nial, very densely cespitose, 2^-4 in. high, with short,
prostrate, very densely imbricate-foliose caudicles: sts.
slender, erect, few-lvd.: lower Ivs. spatulate, ciliate,
apex obtuse, rarely 3-toothed, 3-neryed; cauline linear:
infl. 3-5-fld. corymbose panicles with pedicels longer
than the fls. and sparsely glandular as is the calyx: fls.
white; calyx-lobes ovate, very obtuse; petals obovate-
oblong, twice as long as the calyx-lobes: fr. subglobose.
June. N. Afr. — It is doubtful whether this species is
hardy in E. U. S. It forms very thick, close mats which
are reddish green or brownish with the silver-gray buds
of the shoots dotted through. Not very showy, as the
panicles are few-fld.
29. globulifera, Desf. Cespitose, about 3-4 in. high,
with densely foliose, short caudicles: sts. prostrate,
nearly glabrous or sparsely pilose, few-lvd.: Ivs. bearing
in their axils buds which are shorter than the Ivs. ; Ivs.
all nerved and borne on dilated rather flat petioles; the
lowest spatulate-cuneate, entire; the others 3-lobed or,
if the lateral lobes are bifid, 5-lobed, the midlobe oblong-
lanceolate or, if all the lobes are tridentate, with the
teeth rather acute; cauline Ivs. oblong-linear, obtuse;
bracts linear, obtuse: infl. 3-7-fld., subcorymbose-
panicled; pedicels twice or more longer than the fls. : fls.
white; calyx short-pilose, the lobes ovate-triangular,
obtuse; petals obovate, 3-nerved, more than twice the
length of the calyx-lobes: fr. subglobose. May, June.
S. Spain and N. Afr.
30. Maweana, Baker. Cespitose, about 6 in. high,
with copiously branched, slender purple caudicles
which are glandular-pubescent: fl.-sts. erect from a
decumbent base: Ivs. 6-8 to a shoot, loosely disposed,
cordate-reniform, ternate-palmately-parted, the lobes
with 3-5 oblong, subobtuse teeth; the petioles spread-
ing, the upper half narrowly winged, often 2-3 times
longer than the blade: axillary buds copious and
robust: infl. laxly corymbose, 4-9-fld., borne on densely
Euberulent peduncles: fls. white, large; calyx-lobes
gulate-lanceolatet subobtuse, twice as long as the
densely puberulent tube ; petals obovate-cuneate. May.
Morocco. G.C. 1871:1355.
Subsection CESPITOSE.
31. decipiens, Ehrh. (S. csespitbsa, Hort., not Linn.).
Cespitose, about 3 in. high, the caudicles herbaceous,
rarely subligneous, rather long and leafy: sts. erect,
few-lvd., smooth or at first glandular-pilose above: Ivs.
obovate-cuneate or spatulate, attenuate to the 1-nerved,
flat petiole, apex either 3-pointed or 3-lobed, lateral
lobes 2- or 3-lobed or even the midlobe 3-lobed, the
lobes oblong acute; cauline Ivs. deeply 3-lobed: infl.
loosely panicled, few-fld. (usually 3): fls. white; sepals
oblong-lanceolate, subacute; petals obovate, 3-veined.
May, June. Eu. L.B.C. 16:1510. Gn. 78, p. 271.—
Approaches S. cespitosa, Linn., from which it is most
easily distinguished by the acute If .-lobes and subacute
sepals; also approaches S. hypnoides, from which it is
readily told as that species has buds in the axils of the
Ivs. of the barren shoots, whereas S. decipiens has not.
Very variable; some of the cult, forms are: Var. alba,
Hort., which has strong ^growth and white fls. Var.
Arkwrightii, Hort. (S. Arkivrightii, Hort.). Rather
tall-growing and free-flowering: the buds are suffused
with a pale rose tint, but the fls. are pure white, flat,
and large, %-l in. across. G.C. III. 45:314. Var.
bathoniensis, Hort. (S. bathoniensis, Hort. S. muscoides
var. bathoniensis, Hort.). A rapid grower, 10-14 in.
high, with stout branching sts. bearing large scarlet-
crimson fls. Var. bristoleana, Hort. Fls. bright crim-
son. Var. Clibranii, Hort. (S. Clibranii, Hort. S.
muscoides var. Clibranii, Hort.). A plant of robust con-
stitution, increasing rapidly and flowering freely; the
foliage consisting of closely set rosettes of grass-green
color: fl.-sts. 5-6 in. high, bearing fls. which are variously
described as deep clear rose, rich crimson and rich
blackish crimson, J^in. or more diam. G.C. III. 45:301.
G. 36:395. Gn. 73, p. 264. J.H. III. 58:431. Var.
grandifldra, Hort., is a free-growing plant 6-8 in. high
with good-sized fls. of a rich red fading to pink. Very
similar to var. bathoniensis. Var. groenlandica, Engl.
(S, cespitosa var. groenlandica, Hort.) . Densely cespitose,
with few-lvd., few-fld. sts. and broadly cuneate, pal-
mately 3-5-divided Ivs.; the lobes ovate-lanceolate,
acute. Ireland, Scotland, Wales, Norway, Iceland,
Greenland, and Lab.
Var. hybrida, Hort., is probably a strain of red-fld.
hybrids. It is suggested by one author that they are
the result of a cross between S. decipiens and S. granu-
lata. Some of the trade names of these variants are
S. decipiens hybrida grandiflora, Hort. (S. decipiens
grandiflora hybrida, Hort. S. hybrida grandiflora,
Hort.), with large rich crimson or bright red fls. S.
hybrida grandiflora alba, Hort., with neat cushions of
dark green foliage and large pure white fls. resembling
those of S. Burseriana var. gloria. S. rdsea superba,
Hort., which is said to be a remarkably effective variety
with rich rose-red fls. G.M. 56:151. S. hybrida
splendens, Hort., with rosettes of moss-like foliage
covered with medium-sized brilliant red or dark car-
mine-red fls. All of these forms are much prized by
fanciers abroad.
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
3091
Var. lutescens, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var.
purpurea grandiflora, Hort., is a trade name for a
form which is said to be more vigorous than previous
red saxifrages. It is said to form compact basal tufts
with bright red fls., fading to rose, nearly 1 in. diam.
April. Var. sanguinea, Hort. (S. sanguined superba,
Hort., not S. sanguinea, Franch. S. musandes var.
sanguinea superba, Hort.). Habit neat and compact,
growth rapid : fls. rich blood-red, well retained when old.
Var. Sternbergii, Engl. (S. Sternbergii, Willd. S.
hibernica. Haw., not Sternb. S. hypnoides var. Stern-
bergii, Hort.). Lvs. cilia te, somewhat pedate; the mid-
lobe entire, the lateral 2-parted, or the midlobe and
also the lateral 3-parted; the divisions rather obtuse.
Germany. Ireland, Norway, and Greenland. Var.
villdsa, Engl., is a form which is villous and canescent
and has white fls.
32. cespitosa, Linn., more commonly spelled c&spi-
tosa (Muscaria c&spitbsa, Haw.). Cespitose, 2-6 in.
high, a robust grower with short, more or less densely
foliose caudicles: sts. few, few-lvd., densely glandular
above: Ivs. of the caudicles deep green, smooth, nearly
glabrous, either cuneate, attenuate to the petiole, the
apex 3-toothed, or obovate-cuneate, attenuate to a
petiole double the length of the blade, 3-parted (rarely
5), the lobes linear and obtuse: infl. terminal, 1-5-fld. ;
fl.-sts. stoutish: fls. white; sepals oblong-deltoid,
obtuse ; petals narrowly
obovate or oblong-
obovate, rounded at
the apex. June-Aug.
N. Eu., X. Asia, and
N. Amer., Greenland,
and Lab., the Rocky
Mts. of X. U. S. and
Canada to the Pacific
coast, south there to
Wash, and Ore. Gn.
76, p. 283.— Probably
the true S. cespitosa is
rare in cult . Var. hirta,
Hort. (S. hypnoides
var. hirta, Hort.). A
distinct form with very
hairy Ivs. giving it
quite a white, woolly
appearance. Var. incurvifdlia, Groves (S. incurvifolia,
D. Don), has the cauline Ivs. more numerous with
incurved lobes. Mountains of Scotland, Wales, and
Ireland.
Subsection EXARAT.E.
33. exarata, Vill. Fig. 3558. Cespitose, 876 in. high,
with subligneous and also herbaceous caudicles which
are rosulate at their tips: fl.-sts. erect, few-jvd., soft
hirsute below, mixed with slender glandular hairs above:
Ivs. of the caudicles cuneate, sessile or petiolate, 3-
lobed, the midlobe oblong-obtuse, the lateral either
undivided or 2-parted, rather acute; Ivs. of the young
shoots 3-divided or lanceolate undivided; cauline Ivs.
3-parted; bracts lanceolate: infl. paniculate, 4-10-fld.;
the pedicels and calyx short-glandular: fls. usually
white or yellowish white but sometimes rose or purple:
calyx-lobes obtuse or subacute; petals obovate or
obovate-oblong, 3-nerved, double the length of the
calyx-lobes. June, July. Alpine regions of Eu.,
Pyrenees to Greece. G.M. 54:555. — A variable spe-
cies not commonly cult.
34. obscftra, Gren. & Godr. Cespitose, 3-8 in. high,
with somewhat shrubby, elongated caudicles covered
with old Ivs.: fl.-sts. erect, slender, nearly naked,
pilose: Ivs., those of the shoots and the lower, pedate-
divided, with lanceolate lobes, linear, long-pet ioled,
broadened at base, lateral lobes bifid or 2-toothed,
teeth lanceolate, the midlobe 3-parted; cauline Ivs.
3-5-parted: infl. 5-15-fld., with pedicels shorter than
196
the fls.: fls. white; calyx-lobes linear, subacute; petals
oblong, not at all clawed, double the length of the
calyx-lobes. July, Aug. Pyrenees. — A rare, little-
known species.
35. mixta, Lapeyr. The whole plant glandular-pilose,
densely cespitose, 2-3 in. high, with subwoody columnar
caudicles which are densely imbricate with persistent old
Ivs.: fl.-sts. erect: Ivs. mostly light green, soft and more
or less strongly nerved, those of the caudicles and
shoots cuneate, borne on a large petiole which equals
the blade in length, 3-lobed, the lobes horizontally
spreading, obtuse or at other times the lobes 3-lobed,
the lobules linear, obtuse ; cauline Ivs. obovate-cuneate,
3-lobed; bracts oblong, obtuse: infl. corymbose-panicu-
late: fls. milk-white, not uncommonly purple-nerved;
calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; petals round-ovate, 3 times
as long as the calyx-lobes. June-Aug. Pyrenees.— Said
to be an attractive little plant with a good habit, but
the species proper appears not to have been cult. Var.
Iratiana, Engl. (S. Iratiana, F. Schultz). About 2 in.
high, differing from the type in the deep green, broadly
3558. A group of saxif ragas in a rock-
garden. Left, S. Sibthorpii (see supple-
mentary list, page 3105); center, S. altis-
sima (No. 72); right, S. exarata (No. 33).
obovate-cuneate Ivs. which are 5-9-divided, the lobes
being linear, short, and obtuse; in the few-fld., narrow
panicle and also in having the white fls. veined with
purple. May- July. Pyrenees. — The variety is more
common in cult.
Subsection MOSCHAT.S:.
36. moschata, Wulf. (S. muscmdes, Hort,, not All.
S. muscoldes var. moschata, Hort.). Cespitose, 1-5 in.
high, the caudicles herbaceous or subligneous, foliose:
Ivs. smooth, nerves not prominent, glabrous or glandu-
lar-pilose; those of the caudicles linear, entire, obtuse or
cuneate, 3-, rarely 5-parted, lobes linear, obtuse, hori-
zontally spreading; cauline Ivs. few, 3-lobed or entire;
bracts linear, obtuse: infl. racemose or paniculate,
1-10-fld., borne on erect, few-lvd., subglabrous or
glandular-pilose fl.-sts. : fls. commonly yellowish but not
uncommonly rose or dark purple, seldom almost white;
calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse; petals spreading, oblong,
obtuse, 3-nerved, slightly exceeding the calyx-lobes: fr.
ovate-globose. May, June. Cent, and S. Eu. Gn. 76, p.
283 (as S. cespitosa) . — Linnaeus included this under S.
cespitosa and in consequence the two species have been
commonly confused. There seems no doubt, however,
that Linnaeus intended his cespitosa to apply to the
Lapland form. S. moschata is readily separated from
the true S. muscoides by the lobed Ivs.; those of the
latter are unlobed and linear. A very variable species;
some of the varieties in cult, are: Var. Allionii, Engl.
(S. Allionii, Gaud., not Bailing. S. muscoides var.
3092
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
Allionii, Hort.). Laxly cespitose, robust, 3-6 in. high:
Ivs. long-petioled, 3-5-lobed at the apex; the lobes
short and very obtuse: infl. many-fld., paniculate: fls.
white; petals broader and obovate. Switzerland. Var.
atropurpftrea, Sternb. (S. atropurpiirea, Sternb. S.
muscoides var. atropurpiirea, Ser. S. muscoides var.
pur pur ea, Sternb.), has the petals dark purple and
sometimes obovate-oblong. G.W. 5, p. 254. G.M.
58:1. Var. compacta, Correv. (S. muscoides var. com-
pdcta, Koch). Tufts small and very dense: Ivs. densely
imbricate: sts. usually 1-fld., often scarcely J^in. high.
Var. densa, Hubb. (S. muscoides var. densa, Hort. S.
densa, Hort., not Willd.), has the foliage so tightly
packed as to give the effect of turf: fls. white. Var.
Fergusonii, Hubb. (S. Fergusonii, Hort.). Free-
flowering, so much so as nearly to hide the vivid green
carpet of foliage : fls. bright crimson, in clusters on very
short sts. "GuUdford Seedling," also treated as a form
of S. muscoides and S. Rhei, appears to be nothing more
than a later-flowering form of var. Fergusonii. Gn.W.
23:427. Var. pygm&a, Engl. (S. pygmaza, Haw. S.
muscoides var. pygmsea, Hort.). Densely cespitose:
the Ivs. rather thick, all entire, the apex rotund-obtuse
or with three crenatures. Var. Rhei, Hort., also spelled
Rhaei and Rhcei (S. Rhei, Schott. S: cespitosa var.
Rhei, Hort. S. muscoides var. Rhei, Hort.). Forms
mossy hillocks covered in April and May with masses
of rather large rose-colored fls. Grows about 6 in. high.
A form of this more commonly cult., is known as S. Rhei
superba or S. muscoides Rhei superba, and has a more
robust habit and larger deeper colored fls.
Section VII. BORAPHILA (SPATHULAHIA, MICRANTHES).
A. Petals lanceolate, clawed, usually
somewhat unlike.
B. Infl. without bulblets: fls. numerous. 37. leucanthemi-
BB. Infl. with bulblets: fl. solitary at the [folia
end of the main st 38. bryophora
AA. Petals obovate or obovate-rotundate,
about alike.
B. Lvs. more or less spatulate, ovate, or
obovate.
c. The Ivs. thin and herbaceous.
D. Lf. -blades about as broad as
long.
E. Infl. many-fld., corymbose-
paniculate: sepals not re-
flexed 39. davurica
EE. Infl. few-fld., loosely panicu-
late: sepals reflexed 40. Lyallii
DD. Lf. -blades elongated 41. mi cranthi di-
ce. The Ivs. thick, leathery. [folia
D. Blades of Ivs. elongated or elon-
gate-cuneate.
E. Margins of the oblanceolate or
oblong-spat ul ate Ivs.
remotely short-dentate:
petals oblong-linear o r
linear-lanceolate 42. pennsylvanica
EE. Margins of the ovate-oblong
Ivs. entire or slightly sinuate-
crenate: petals obovate 43. integrifolia
DD. Blades of Ivs. ovate or obovate.
E. Cymules compact or closely
corymb-like at maturity: Ivs.
roundish ovate 44. nivalis
EE. Cymules open and often ra-
ceme-like at maturity: Ivs.
ovate, obovate or spatulate. . 45. virginiensis
BB. Lvs. reniform or suborbicular.
c. Bulblets lacking in the axils of the
basal Ivs 46. punctata
cc. Bulblets present in the axils of the
basal Ivs 47. Mertensiana
37. leucanthemifdlia, Michx. (S. Michaiixii, Brit.
Spatularia petioldris, Small). Five to 15 or more in.
high, caudicles short: Ivs. short-pilose on both sides, the
basal fleshy, bright green, long-spatulate, cuneate-
attenuate to the margined petiole, coarsely dentate, the
teeth equal and acute; lower bracts linear-lanceolate,
narrowly dentate, upper ones nearly entire: infl. 1 or
more scapes arising from the axils of the basal Ivs. and
branching paniculate from the middle, with the
branches more or less diffuse; pedicels slender: fls.
white, numerous and star-like; sepals lanceolate; petals
unequal, the 3 larger ones with 2 light yellow spots at
their cordate base, twice as long as the sepals: fr. ovate.
June. Mountains of Va. to N. C. and Ga. L.B.C.
16:1568. B.M. 2959. B.B. 2:176; (ed. 2) 2:221 (as
Hydatica petiolaris),
38. bryophora, Gray (Spatularia brydphora, Small).
Two to 8 in. high, slender: Ivs. 1 in. or less long, basal
rather far apart, rosulate at the top of the slender
caudicles, oblong-elliptic to oblanceolate, obtuse, entire,
ciliate: infl. solitary or tufted naked scapes, panicu-
lately branched, the branches erect-spreading, 1-fld.
at the end of the main st.; pedicels drooping: fls. white;
sepals oblong to ovate; petals unequal, the 3 upper
ovate with 2 spots at their cordate base, the 2 lower
ovate, with abruptly narrowed base. Sierra Nevada
Mts., Calif. — At one time offered by dealers in native
plants.
39. davurica, Pall., also spelled dahurica (Micrdn-
thes davurica, Small). Three to 8 in. high: rhizome
thick: Ivs. basal, rather stiff, forming a rosette, sparsely
covered with very short hairs, obovate-cuneate,
rounded at the apex, deeply and evenly dentate, teeth
ovate, acute, blades cuneate-attenuate at the base to
the petiole which is membranaceous sheathing at its
base; bracts oblong-lanceolate, the lowest of them
oblong-cuneate : infl. erect naked scapes, which are
solitary or several together, and are covered with very
slender canescent, partly glandular hairs, many-fld.
and corymbose-paniculate branched from the middle;
pedicels filiform: fls. white, numerous; sepals yellow-
green, ovate, rather acute, erect-spreading and not
reflexed in age; petals obovate-oblong, scarcely twice
as long as the sepals. E. Siberia and the islands of
Bering Sea. — Much of the so-called American S. davurica
and apparently more or less of the material cult, as S.
dahurica is really S. Lyallii from which it differs in
having the peduncles hairy instead of glabrous and
many- instead of few-fld., smaller fls. and other charac-
ters. Somewhat similar to S. virginiensis.
40. Lyallii, Engl. (S. dahurica, Lyall. Micrdnthes
Lyallii, Small). Four to 15 in. high: rhizome slender:
Ivs. fresh green, obovate ("flabellate, varying to sub-
orbicular or reniform-flabellate"), cuneate, attenuate to
a basally dilated petiole, equally serrate-dentate above,
glabrous, almost nerveless: infl. 6-10-fld. loosely
paniculate scapes which are naked, slender, erect, almost
glabrous, with very slender, erect^spreading later erect
pedicels which are purple almost glabrous: fls. milk-
white; calyx purple, the sepals ovate-triangular,
reflexed; petals obovate-rotund, slightly clawed, 1-
nerved. Rocky Mt. region, Brit. Col., Alaska, and
Bering Sea region. — Has been confused with S. davurica,
Pall., which see.
41. micranthidifolia, Steud. (S. erosa, Pursh.
Micrdnthes micranthidifolia, Small). Up to 3 ft. high:
Ivs. all basal, oblong or oblanceolate, obtuse, attenuate
to a flat petiole which is partly clasping at the base, erose-
dentate, sparsely and also very shortly pilose, margin
short-ciliate: infl. paniculate, loosely fld. and elongated,
borne on a tall softly pilose scape; pedicels filiform,
densely covered with slender glandular hairs, viscid:
fls. numerous, white; sepals linear-lanceolate, obtuse,
finally reflexed; petals oval, obtuse, with a yellow blotch
below the middle, slightly longer than the sepals.
June, July. Cold mountain brooks and wet rocks, Pa.
to N. C. and Tenn. B.B. 2:174; (ed. 2) 2:219.— Occa-
sionally cult.
42. pennsylvanica, Linn. (Micrdnthes pennsylvanica,
Haw.). SWAMP SAXIFRAGE. Tall and stout, up to 3 ft.
or more high, viscid pubescent: rhizome thick: Ivs. all
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
3093
basal, sometimes almost 1 ft. long, oblanceolate or
oblong-spatulate, attenuate to a short petiole which is
half clasping at the base, obtuse, very shortly and also
remotely dentate, margin short-ciliate : infl. 4— 8-fld.
cymes in a large panicle at first clustered, borne on a
naked erect scape which is few-striate, shortly pilose,
toward the top glandulose-pilose : fls. numerous, small,
greenish; calyx-lobes deltoid, spreading, in fr. reflex;
petals oblong-linear or linear-lanceolate, 1-nerved, a
little longer and narrower than the calyx-lobes. June.
July. Swamps and low meadows, Maine to Ont. and
Minn., south to Va. and Mo. B.B. 2:173; (ed. 2)
2:219. — Recommended as a bog-plant.
43. integrifdlia, Hook. (Micranthes integrifdlia,
Small). Whole plant glandular-pilose, viscid, very
viscid above. 4-14 in. high: caudex short and somewhat
woody, the st. always solitary: basal Ivs. dark green,
submembranaceous, ovate-oblong, very obtuse, entire
or yen,* slightly sinuate-crenate, base spatulate: infl.
paniculate, more or less loosely so or spike-like, borne
on an erect naked scape: fls. white, small; calyx rather
glabrous, the lobes ovate, obtuse, spreading, at length
reflex; petals obovate, slightly emarginate, 1-nerved, a
little longer than the calyx-lobes. Calif, northward and
in the Rocky Mts. — Occasionally offered by dealers in
native plants.
44. nivalis, Linn. Two to 6 in. high: rhizome rather
terete, short and simple but thick and hard, crowned
with a tuft of Ivs. : Ivs. rather thick and leathery, round-
ish-ovate, generally abruptly narrowed to the petioles,
obtuse, sharply crenate-serrate, upper surface dark
green, under surface purple or red and often pubescent;
bracts broad, purple or red: infl. composed of cymules
aggregated into one or more terminal conspicuously
bracted heads and borne on erect solitary or clustered
purple or purple-tinged scapes which are glandular-
viscid especially above: fls. white, very short-pedicelled
or sessile; sepals ovate or deltoid-ovate, obtuse, ciliate;
petals oblong to elliptic, mostly obtuse, narrowed into
claw-like bases or scarcely so. June, July. Circum-
boreal, including X. Great "Britain. B.B. 2:174; (ed. 2)
2:218 (as Micranthes nivalis).
45. virginiensis, Michx. (Micranthes virginiensis,
Small). Low, viscid-pubescent plant, 3-12 in. high
(occasionally taller): Ivs. rosulate, thickish, ovate,
obovate or spatulate. narrowed into a broad petiole,
both surfaces glabrous or the upper short-pilose and
the lower hirsute, crenate-toothed : infl. solitary, a small
cyme, close at first, becoming loose and paniculate,
which is borne on a hirsute and glandular-soft-pilose
scape: fls. white, small, few or many; sepals ovate,
mostly obtuse; petals obovate-oblong, double the
length of the sepals: fr. ovate, the follicles united merely
at base, purplish. April-June. Common on rocks and
dry hillsides. New Bruns. to Minn., south to Ga.,
Mo., and Tenn. B.M. 1664. L.B.C. 17:1699. B.B.
2:174; (ed. 2) 2:218.— A very attractive spring-bloom-
ing plant for partially shaded spots in the wild-garden
or rockery. Var. flore-pleno, Hort., is a double-fld.
form.
46. punctate, Linn. (S. argiita, Don. S. sestivalis,
Fisch. & Mey. Micranthes arguta, Small. M. sestivalis,
Small). Six to 18 in. high: rhizome rather stout and
woody: Ivs. forming a basal rosette, dark green, reni-
fonn to suborbicular, equally and strongly dentate or
crenate, with long almost filiform, channeled petioles:
infl. a terminal, many-fld., crowded or loose panicle
which is borne on the solitary, erect or ascending naked
scape: fls. white, not punctate; sepals ovate-oblong,
rather acute and reflexed; petals obovate or oblong,
twice as long as the sepals. Asia, W. N. Amer., and in
the Rocky Mts. — A variable species, the American
representatives of which have been separated as S.
arguta and S. xstivalis, but the differences seem too
slight to be considered specific.
47. Mertensiana, Bongard (Heterisia Mertensiana,
Small). Perennial, 4-13 in. high, subpubescent: Ivs.
basal, in a rosette, subrotund, base cordate, incise-lobed,
the lobes quadrate, 3-toothed with the teeth obtuse or
acute; the petioles long, slender, pilose and at the base
with a long membranaceous sheath: infl. a loosely dif-
fuse panicle with erect-spreading glandular-pubescent
branches borne on a slender erect almost naked green
scape: fls. white with very long pedicels; sepals ovate,
obtuse, reflexed; petals oblong, obtuse, double the
length of the sepals. Alaska to Alberta, south to Mont,
and Calif . — Very similar to S. punctata but readily dis-
tinguished by the incise-lobed Ivs.
Section VIII. DIPTERA.
A. Lv9. roundish, more or less deeply 7-
lobed, serrate: stolons when present
short
s.' Longer petals entire 48. cortusifolia
BB. Longer petals strongly serrate 49. Fortune!
AA. Lvs. roundish or orate, remotely dentate:
stolons usually long and slender.
B. Margins of Ivs. doubly crenate-den-
tate; the petiole twice as long as the
blade: plant usually tall 50. sarmentosa
BB. Margin of hs. coarsely dentate or
undulate dentate; the petiole as
long as or slightly longer than the [formis
blade: plant low, not over 6 in. high.51. cuscutse-
48. cortusifolia, Sieb. & Zucc., also spelled cor-
tussefolia. From 6-12 in. high, not stoloniferous: Ivs.
basal, rather thick and fleshy, bright green, the lower
part reddish, strigose-pilose, margin ciliate, roundish,
7-lobed, midlobes larger and simple or 3-lobed, acute-
serrate, base cordate; petioles 3-4 times as long as the
blade and broadened into a sheath ciliate with long
rusty brown hairs: infi. laxly paniculate, terminal on an
erect, striate, strigose-pilose scape; pedicels long, very
slender, erect: fls. white; calyx-lobes lanceolate, acute;
petals 3-nerved, unequal, 3 (generally) slightly longer
than the calyx-lobes and pbovate-lanceolate, the other
2 (sometimes 1-3) 8-10 times longer and quite entire,
very long- attenuate to a claw. Oct. Japan. B.M.
6680. Var. madida, Maxim. (S. mddida, Makino).
Lvs. thin-membranaceous, deeply lobed, with the lobes
3-lobulate and incise-dentate. Oct. Japan. G.C. III.
46:370.
49. F6rtunei, Hook. (Bergenia Fdrtunei, Stem).
Perennial, scarcely (if at all) sannentose, up to 2 ft. : Ivs.
dark green, one-colored, basal, thick, strigose-pilose,
rounded-reniform, nerved, somewhat 7-lobed, the lobes
rounded, strongly and acutely laciniate-serrate; petioles
longer than the blade, thick, sheathing, with the sheaths
ciliolate-dentate: infl. loosely paniculate, borne on a
stout, erect, strigose-pilose scape; the panicle-branches
glandular, spreading, 4-7-fld.; pedicels nodding: fls.
white; calyx-lobes ovate, rather obtuse, spreading;
petals 1-nerved, unequal, 4 smaller, lanceolate, very
entire or subentire, the fifth much longer, 3 or 4 times
larger than the others, strongly serrate. June-Oct.
Japan. B.M. 5377. G.L. 24:351. Gn. 74, p. 622; 78,
p. 564. G.C. III. 45:20. G. 6:445. G.W. 14, p. 398.
Gn.W. 24:759. — A very showy species which is not
entirely hardy in England, requiring winter protection.
Var. tricolor, Hort., is a form with the Ivs. irregularly
blotched with rose, white, and yellow. F.S. 21:2227,
2228.
50. sarmentosa, Linn. (S. japonica, Hort. S. chinen-
sis, Lour.). STRAWBERRY GERANIUM. In England
known as MOTHER OF THOUSANDS, a name also applied
to Linaria Cymbalaria. OLD MAN'S BEARD. Fig. 3559.
Perennial, 9-24 in. high, stoloniferous, the stolons long
and filiform: caudex short: Ivs. basal, rather thick,
strigose-pilose, reniform-rotundate, rarely rounded-
ovate, nerved, doubly crenate-dentate with broad acute
teeth, upper surface green veined white, lower surface
3094
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
reddish; petioles twice as long as the blade, semi-terete:
infl. loosely paniculate, borne on an erect, strigose-
pilose scape, the panicle-branches glandulose, spread-
ing, 4-7-fld.: fls. white, numerous ', calyx short-glandu-
lar, the lobes ovate, obtusish or acute, spreading; petals
1-nerved, clawed, unequal, the 3 smaller ovate, acute, of
these the two outer have a yellow spot, the middle one
2 scarlet spots, the other two 3-4 times larger and
lanceolate-elliptic. May-Aug. Japan, China.
B.M. 92. G.C. III. 7:237 (showing irrita-
bility of plant to light). Gn. 30, p. 363; 32,
p. 37. R.H. 1876, p. 427. G. 25:365. Gn.
W. 25:781. — An old-time greenhouse plant,
and also one of the commonest window-gar-
den subjects. Of easiest cult. Not quite
hardy in England but frequently used in
sheltered rock crevices and slightly pro-
tected. Var. tricolor, Sieb. (S. tricolor, Hort.
S. tricolor superba, Hort.), has Ivs. hand-
somely marked with creamy white and red
variegations. G.Z. 9:32. Less hardy than
the type.
51. cuscutaefdrmis, Lodd. Perennial, 3-6
in. high, stoloniferous, the stolons filiform,
often branched and tangled in one another
like the sts. of cuscuta: Ivs. basal, rather
thick, plano-convex, both surfaces strigose-
pilose, green, white-veined, suborbicu-
lar or ovate, nerved, coarsely toothed or
undulate-dentate, teeth broad-acumi-
nate, becoming obtusish with age;
petioles longer than or
equaling the blade,
rather terete and thick:
infl. laxly secund-panic-
ulate from below the
middle of the slender,
ascending, strigose-
pilose scape; the
panicle-branches glan-
dulose,erect-spreading,
slender, 2-3-fld.: fls.
white ; calyx very short-
glandular, the lobes
ovate, acutish, spreading; petals 1-nerved, very short-
clawed, lanceolate-elliptic, 3 of them smaller and often
pink toward their base and with a yellow spot, the other
2 slightly or twice longer. June, July. Japan. L.B.C.
2 : 186. B.M. 2631.— Not hardy in England unless very
heavily protected.
Section IX. HIRCTJLUS.
A. Petals obovate 52. diversifolia
AA. Petals elongated, oblong or ovate-oblong.
B. Infl. 3-12-fld., corymbose-panicled:
the lower Ivs. lanceolate 53. turfosa
BB. Infl. 1-3- (rarely 5-) fld., racemose:
the lower Ivs. spatulate 54. Hirculus
52. diversifdlia, Wall. Eight to 18 in. high, forming
tufts of basal Ivs.: sts. hirsute below and glandular
(becoming glabrous with age) above, erect and foliose:
Ivs. polymorphous, the lower petioled, ovate, obtuse or
cordate-based, subacute, undulate, sparsely hirsute or
glabrous; cauline mostly sessile, very entire, oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse and glandular: infl. corymbose-
racemose or paniculate, rarely few-fld.: fls. yellow,
obscurely spotted, H-%in. across; sepals ovate, spread-
ing, at length reflexed; petals obovate, short-clawed,
5-nerved with 4 glands at their base, exceeding the
sepals. July-Sept. Himalayas and China. B.M. 6603.
— Said to be the handsomest of the group and very
showy when massed. Var. foliata, Hubb. (forma
foliata, Engl. & Irmscher). Sts. erect, with 1 or more
Ivs., 3-20-fld.: Ivs. cordate-ovate, glabrous or very
shortly and densely glandular-pilose on the margin: fls.
3559. Saxifraga sarmentosa (XH). No. 50.
golden yellow; sepals with the nerves mostly parallel.
Aug., Sept. China.
53. turfdsa, Engl. & Irmscher. Sts. erect, 7-14 in.
high, rather densely foliose, reddish and glabrous below,
pale and short-glandular-pilose above, stoloniferous at
base, the stolons about 4 in. long and laxly foliate: basal
and also the lower st.-lvs. lanceolate, obtuse, narrowed
to a petiole as long as the blade, glabrous; middle and
upper cauline Ivs. sessile, oblong-lanceolate,
coriaceous, glabrous; the uppermost nar-
rower, their margin and often the upper
surface densely glandular-pilose: infl. 3-12-
fld., corymbose-panicled; pedicels bracteo-
late at base, densely short-glandular-pilose:
fls. golden or orange-yellow; sepals oblong-
ovate, glandulose, reflexed; petals oval or
oblong-ovate, short-clawed, 3-nerved, lateral
nerves often bifid. Sept., Oct. China.
54. Hirculus, Linn. (Leptdsea Hirculus,
Small). Perennial, 4-12 in. high: basal
shoots or surculi short, prostrate, filiform,
fuscous- villous and remotely foliose: sts.
erect, leafy: Ivs. lanceolate, flat, entire and
obtuse; the lower and those of the surculi
spatulate, attenuate to the ciliate petiole,
the middle and upper Ivs. sessile: infl. termi-
nal, 1-3- and rarely 5-fld.; the peduncles
erect, 1-fld., brown-villous and glutinose:
fls. yellow, J^-%in. across; sepals oblong,
very obtuse, reddish ciliate; petals ob-
long or ovate-oblong,
spotted with red at the
base, 3 times longer
than the sepals: fr.
ovate. July-Sept. N.
temperate, subarctic
and alpine regions.
B.B. 2:171; (ed. 2)
2:216. — An excellent
plant for cold damp
locations as it is a
native bog-grower.
Var. grandifldra, Hort.,
is freer flowering than
the type and has golden yellow fls. 1 in. across; more
desirable than the type.
Section X. TRACHYPHYLLUM (LEPTASEA, CHONDROSEA).
A. Stolons or runners absent: the young
shoots leafy and also floriferous.
B. Sts. with a basal rosette of Ivs., but
few-lvd. above 55. chrysantha
BB. Sts. equally and loosely Ivd.
c. Axils of the cauline Ivs. with buds.
D. Peduncles glabrous: calyx-lobes
ovate-triangular 56. aspera
DD. Peduncles glandular: calyx-
lobes lanceolate.
E. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, gray-
green; margin ciliate or
spinulose 57. bronchialis
EE. Lvs. lanceolate; under surface
lineolate; margin strigose,
with white hairs 58. gemmipara
CO. Axils of cauline Ivs. without buds,
the lowest, however, have more or
less elongated leafy shoots.
D. Petals oblong, 1-nerved: the cau-
line Ivs. oblong 59. aizoides
DD. Petals obovate, 8-nerved: the
cauline Ivs. lanceolate 60. cinerascens
AA. Stolons or runners present: the young
shoots sarmentose.
B. Fls. long-pedicelled 61. Brunoniana
BB. Fls. almost sessile 62. flagellaris
55. chrysintha, Gray (Leptdsea chrysantha, Small).
Dwarf cespitose plant, 1-2 in. high, with creeping
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
3095
shoots: Ivs. mostly basal, in a rosette (a few cauline),
imbricated, oblong-ovate, glabrous and fleshy: infl.
1-3-fld., terminal on filiform, glandular-pubescent
peduncles: fls. large, yellow; calyx-lobes ovate or
oblong-ovate, obtuse; petals oval to broadly obovate,
much longer than the calyx-lobes. Mountains of Colo,
and New Mex. — Has been offered by dealers in native
plants.
56. aspera, DC. More or less cespitose, 4-6 in. high,
with prostrate, mostly dark purple caudicles: fl.-sts.
erect or ascending, remotely Ivd.: Ivs. pale green,
shiny, lanceolate-linear, spiny-aristate and ciliate, those
of the caudicles bearing buds in the axils: infl. 1-fld. or
few-fid, panicles, on glabrous peduncles: fls. yellowish
white; calyx sparsely glandular below, the lobes ovate-
triangular mucronulate; petals oblong or obovate-
oblpng, 3-nerved, double the lengths of the calyx-lobes,
oblique truncate. May, June. Mountains of Eu. —
A rock-loving species suitable for rockeries and alpine
gardens, best grown in a moist but well-drained spot.
Little known in Amer. yar. bryoides, DC. (S. bryoldes,
Linn.). Lvs. of the caudicles very dense, slender ciliate,
the apex incurved; the cauline Ivs. subapproximate,
erect, appressed to the sts. which are 2-3 in. high and
1-2-fld.
57. bronchialis, Linn. Dwarf, cespitose, 4-8 in. high:
sts. ascending, densely foliose at the base; fl.-sts. few-
lyd.: Ivs. stiffish, almost leathery, gray-green, shiny,
linear-lanceolate, margin ciliate or spinulose: infl. few
or many-fld., paniculate, borne on erect-spreading
glandulose pedicels: fls. yellowish white with orange-
red dots; calyx-lobes oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse,
glabrous; petals oblong, 3-nerved, twice as long as the
calyx-lobes. May. Asia and Alaska. — The material
from the Cascade Mts. of Wash, to Alberta and south-
ward along the Rocky Mts. to New Mex., which has
passed as S. bronchialis, has been separated under the
name of S. austromontana, Wiegand (S. bronchialis,
Pursh, not Linn. Leptdsea austromontana, Small). It
differs from S. bronchialis in its more subulate, darker
green Ivs., more slender often purple sts., more slender
pedicels, smaller white petals with purple dots above
and not clawed at the base. S. austromontana is proba-
bly not in cult.
Var. cherlerioides, Engl. (S. cherlerioldes, Don. S.
SteUeridna, Merck., also spelled Stellaridna. Leptdsea
cherlerioldes, Small). Densely cespitose, with the cau-
dicles very densely imbricate-leafy: Ivs. short, flat
above, convex below, somewhat spatulate, acute-
mucronate: fl.-sts. shorter, 2-3 in. high, few-fld.,
glandulose or glabrous: fls. white; calyx-lobes rather
obtuse. May. Asia and N. Amer., Unalaska, Bering
Straits.
58. gemmipara, Franch. Sts. erect from a long
rhizome, 4-5 in. high, branched, the branches rising from
pockets, pilose below; the axils with buds: Ivs. lanceo-
late, long-mucronate, entire, pale, shiny and lineolate on
the under surface, both surfaces and the margin strigose
with white hairs: infl. paniculate-corymbose, borne on a
densely glandular fl.-st. which is naked above; pedicels
bracteolate at their base: fls. yellow to white; sepals
lanceolate, glabrous or glandulose, scarcely or not
spreading; petals oblong, obtuse, abruptly attenuate
to a long claw, twice as long as the sepals. July-Sept.
China.
59. aizoides, Linn. (Leptdsea aizoides, Haw.). Loosely
cespitose, 2-6 in. high, with decumbent or ascending,
foliose, glabrous or sparsely very short pilose caudicles
which are branched from the base: Ivs. green or red-
dish, the lower linear or linear-oblong, mucronate, flat
below, above slightly convex, glabrous or more or less
rigid-ciliate ; the upper rather remote, smaller, oblong,
rather obtuse, rarely ovate: infl. 1-fld., often many-fld.,
racemose, .borne near the top of the st. on axillary
peduncles: fls. yellow, more or less spotted with orange;
calyx-lobes oblong-triangular, obtuse, spreading; petals
oblong, 1-nerved, 1^ times as long as the calyx-lobes.
June-Aug. Eu., Asia, arctic Amer., south to Gulf of
St. Lawrence, mountains of N. Vt., W. N. Y., and
the Lake Superior region. B.B. 2:171; (ed. 2) 2:217.
(The Rocky Mt. form has been segregated as S.
Van-Bruntise, Small.) — Usually found in stony places
where there is trickling water. Very easy to grow
and may be divided almost any time. Var. aurantiaca,
Hort., is a form with the fls. described as of "old-
gold passing off to a kind of coppery red." Var.
atror&bens, Engl. (S. atroriibens, Bert.). Lvs. stiffly
spinulose-ciliate : fls. rich crimson (Engler says orange-
red or cinnamon-colored) . Cent. Eu.
60. cinerascens, Engl. & Irmscher. Densely ces-
pitose, 2-4 in. high, the caudicles prostrate, rosulate-
Ivd. : Ivs. of the caudicles rather stiff, linear-lanceolate,
margin cartilaginous and lax-ciliate or ciliate-spinulose,
apex tapering to a persistent awn, under surface shining,
whitish; the cauline Ivs. lanceolate, rather stiff, aristate,
margin densely short, black glandular-pilose: infl.
1-3-fld., on fl.-sts. which are often reddish their whole
length and black glandular-pilose as are the pedicels: fls.
golden yellow; sepals ovate, subacute, not reflexed;
petals obovate, narrowed to a stipitate base, 3-nerved,
the lateral nerves bifid. Sept. China. — Rare.
61. Brunoniana, Wall. Fig. 3560. Lax, cespitose, 2-8
in. high, very glabrous, stoloniferous; the stolons wiry,
filiform and reddish: sts. erect, slender: Ivs. stiffish,
light green, becoming gray in age, linear-lanceolate,
cartilaginous-mucronate, setose-ciliate; the lowest
imbricate, erect and appressed; the upper few and
smaller: infl. 1-4-
fld. corymbs; the
peduncles and pedi-
cels glandulose, the
latter 3 or 4 times
longer than the fls. :
fls. light yellow;
calyx -lobes ovate,
obtuse; petals ob-
long, obtuse, 3-
nerved, 3-4 tunes
longer than the
calyx -lobes. July,
Aug. Temperate
Himalaya. B.M.
8189.— Spatidaria
Brunoniana, Small,
is not this species
but a variety of S.
leucanthemifolia. S.
Brunoniana spreads
freely by means of
its runners and likes
a moist spot. Not
commonly in cult.
in Amer. Var.
gr an di flora, Hort.,
is offered in the
trade. Var. majus-
cula, Engl. & Irm-
3560. Saxif raga Brunoniana.
scher (S. majuscula, Hort.). Larger than the type: sts.
3-8 in. high: infl. composite, 3-9-fld.; the branches
l%-4 in. long. Sept., Oct. China.
62. flagellaris, Willd. (Leptdsea flagellaris, Small).
Sts. simple, erect, 1-8 in. high, leafy, densely glandular-
pilose: the plant stoloniferous, the stolons bearing a
minute bud and roots at their apex: Ivs. more or less
minute, glandular-pilose, margin glandular-pilose or
setose-ciliate; the basal and lower Ivs. close together,
obovate-oblong; the upper lanceolate: infl. corymbosely
1-10-fld.; the pedicels very short: fls. large, golden yel-
low; calyx divided beyond the middle or even to the
base, the lobes oblong, obtuse, densely glandular-hirsute;
3096
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
petals obovate-cuneate, the apex obtuse, 5-7-, rarely
9-nerved, 2 or 3 times longer than the calyx-lobes.
May-July. Boreal and alpine Eu., Asia, and N. Amer.,
southward in the Rocky Mts. to Ariz. J.F. 3:237. Gn.
W. 25:530. — It requires a moist boggy situation and is
difficult to carry through the winter.
Section XI. ROBEHTSONIA.
A. Lvs. of the rosette obovate or obovate-
oblong, attenuate to a flat petiole.
B. Blades of Ivs. very glabrous: panicle-
branches 1-3- fid 63. cuneifolia
BB. Blades of Ivs. sparsely hirsute: pan-
icle-branches 3-6-fld 64. umbrosa
AA. Lvs. of the rosette ovate or orbicular; the
petiole round or roundish 65. Geum
63. cuneifolia, Linn., sometimes misspelled cunsei-
folia. Laxly cespitose, 4-6 in. high, with slender sub-
ligneous caudicles: sts. slender, erect, short-glandular
and naked: Ivs. very glabrous, rather thick, the upper
surface dark green and shiny, the lower paler and dull
or violet, obovate or subrotund, very obtuse, cuneately
attenuate to a long flat ciliate petiole, margin slightly
cartilaginously repand-crenate : infl. a loose panicle with
1-3-fld. branches: fls. white; calyx-lobes oblong-trian-
gular, very obtuse; petals oblong, 3-nerved with a
yellow spot at the base (occasionally also spotted with
purplish red dots). June, July. Mountains of Eu. —
There is a form of this species which is grown as S.
Bucklandii, Hort., which only differs in having 2 or 3
yellow spots on each petal.
Var. subintegra, Ser. (S. apennlna, Bert. S. cunei-
folia var. appenina, Koch. S. capillipes, Reichb.).
Caudicles long, scantily Ivd., forming a rosette at their
tip: lys. smaller, retuse, few-dentate or entire, petiole
equaling the blade: sts. few-fld., simple paniculate.
Switzerland, Tyrol, Apennines, and Maritime Alps,
64. umbrosa, Linn. LONDON PRIDE. ST. PATRICK'S
CABBAGE. Loosely cespitose, 6-12 in. high, with sub-
ligneous caudicles: sts. erect, naked: Ivs. forming a
dense rosette 6-12 in. across, rather thick, leathery,
gray-green, dull shiny, lower surface tinged reddish or
violet, oblong or obovate-oblong, sparsely hirsute, very
obtuse, attenuate to the ciliate (rarely glabrous) petiole,
margin obtusely crenate: infl. laxly paniculate with
3-6-fld., shortly glandulose-hirsute branches: fls. white,
varying pink; calyx-lobes oblong, rather obtuse; petals
oblong-ovate, 3-nerved, with several red dots at their
base and a yellow spot in the middle. June, July. Eu.
— A very neat and attractive plant, frequent in Euro-
pean gardens, but rarely seen here. Var. acanthifdlia,
Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. bellidifdlia, Hort., is
offered in the trade. Var. crassiphylla, Hort., is offered
in the trade. Var. erosa, Hort., is offered in the trade.
Var. fdliis-variegatis, Hort., a form with the Ivs. varie-
gated. Var. gracilis, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var.
marmorata, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. prim-
uloides, Hort. (S. primuloldes, Hort.), is described as
follows: Will grow in sun, but prefers entire or partial
shade. It forms masses of dark green rosettes of primula-
like Ivs., whence rise a host of slender sts. about 6 in.
high, bearing little fls. of a kind of rose-pink (fls. also
stated to be bright carmine-rose). Var. rotundif61ia,
Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. serratifMa, Don.
(S. serrata, Sternb. S. serratifdlia, Mackay), is a form
with erect, oblong Ivs. whose margins are acutely serrate.
Ireland. There is a form of this variety known as S.
umbrosa serrata minor. Var. variegata, Hort., is a
form with the Ivs. variegated with white.
65. Geum, Linn. (Micrdnthes Geum, Small). Six to
12 in. high, with subligneous caudicles: sts. nearly
naked, erect, glandular-hirsute: Ivs. variable, reni-
form-cordate, margins cartilaginous, crenate, the crena-
tions equal except toward the very top where they are
shorter, both surfaces but especially the lower hirsute,
petioles 3-4 times longer than the blade and channeled
above: infl. paniculate, the branches 3-6-fld., pedicels
slender; fls. white; calyx-lobes oblong, obtuse; petals
ovate-oblong, twice as long as the calyx-lobes, with a
yellow spot at their base and occasionally with several
smaller purple-red dots. May, June. Pyrenees, Ire-
land and said to occur in Newfoundland. — A species in
common cult, abroad and very variable, by some con-
sidered as a variety of S. umbrosa. Var. crenata, Hort.,
(S. umbrosa var. crenata, Ser.). Lvs. crenate or crenate-
dentate: fls. pink, unspotted. Pyrenees. Var. crinitum,
Hort., is said to resemble a refined form of S. umbrosa.
Var. dentata, Engl. (S. dentata, Link. S. hirsuta, Linn.
S. umbrosa var. hirsuta, Hort. S. umbrosa var. dentata,
Hort.). Lvs. rather glabrous or hirsute, orbicular,
acute-serrate: fls. white with 1 yellow dot or even
several purple dots on each petal (by some said to be
unspotted) .
Section XII. EUAIZOONIA (CHONDROSEA).
A. Fls. white (frequently dotted with red or
purple) .
B. Margin of the lower Ivs. refiexed and
crenulate or almost entire.
c. Upper surface of lower Ivs. convex.66. longifolia
CC. Upper surface of lower Ivs. sulcate
or flat.
D. Surface of If. sulcate.
E. Lower Ivs. more or less spatu-
late or obovate.
F. Apex of Ivs. rather acute:
calyx-tube glabrous 67. lingulata
FF. Apex of Ivs. more or less
obtuse: calyx-tube gland-
ular.
G. Lvs. obovate-ligulate .... 68. catalaunica
GG. Lvs. linear at base,
spreading above into a
spoon-shaped blade. . .69. cochlearis
EE. Lower Ivs. linear: the plant
1-3-in. high 70. crustata
DD. Surface of If. flat 71. Hostii
BB. Margin of the lower Ivs. not refiexed,
serrate.
c. Fl.-sts. paniculate above.
D. Cauline Ivs. oblong, obtuse 72. altissima
DD. Cauline Ivs. spatulate or oblan-
ceolate, acute.
E. Calyx-lobes ovate; petals obo-
vate or elliptic.
F. The Ivs. spatulate 73. Aizoon
FF. The Ivs. oblong or obovate. .75. cartilaginea
EE. Calyx-lobes lanceolate-elliptic;
petals oblong-elliptic 74. Zelebori
CC. Fl.-sts. paniculate, branching from
the base 76. Cotyledon
AA. Fls. commonly not white.
B. Petals pink or purple (sometimes
white or white tinted pink) 75. cartilaginea
BB. Petals yellow, red-orange or copper-
colored 77. mutata
66. longifSlia, Lapeyr. One to 2 ft. high: st. erect,
densely glandular: Ivs. basal, very numerous, forming a
thick rosette which is frequently 6-7 in. diam., convex,
linear-lanceolate, light or gray-green edged silvery, 6
in. long, base ciliate, margin erose-crenulate : infl. a
full, pyramidal panicle, branched from the base, many-
fld., everywhere glandulose-pilose : fls. white, sometimes
dotted purple toward the center; calyx-lobes ovate or
oblong, obtuse; petals obovate, 3-nerved, the midnerve
usually bifid toward the apex. June, July. Pyrenees.
B.M. 5889. G.C. III. 28:402; 39:149; 52:244, 245.
Gn. 66, p. 105; 70, p. 124; 72, p. 142; 76, p. 103. G.W.
10, p. 91. G. 14:347. — This species will grow in any
rock crevice and is very showy in If. and in fl., but it has
the unfortunate habit of dying when through flowering.
Prop, by seed but care must be taken as it hybridizes
very readily. Var. hybrida, Hort., is a form which is
offered in the trade: grows 18 in. high: fls. white. Var.
magnifica, Hort., is a form with large rosettes up to
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
3097
12-14 in. diam. and very profusely fld. panicles which
attain a length of 2 ft. and a diam. of 16 in. The fls.
are white. G.C. III. 53:390 (as S. longifolia). Gn. 77,
p. 298; 79, p. 30.
67. lingulata, Bell. Fig. 3561. One to 2 ft. high with
ascending branched caudicles which are covered with
appressed vestiges of Ivs. and form a cespitose clump:
sts. erect or ascending, usually glabrous or sometimes
sparsely glandular-pilose, leafy: basal Ivs. numerous
and rosulate, sulcate above, usually linear-spatulate and
rather acute, somewhat ciliate, margin erose-crenulate
and crustate with lime; cauline Ivs. shorter, the margin
cartilaginous and less crustate: infl. a thyrsoid panicle
from the middle of the scape or above, the branches
slender, corymbose-paniculate at their tip, 3-5-fld., very
often secund: fls. small, white; calyx glabrous, the lobes
ovate or oblong, very obtuse ; petals obovate or obovate-
oblong, attenuate toward the base, 3-nerved, 2 or 3
times longer than the calyx-lobes. June, July. S. Eu.
B.M. 8434. Gn. 79, p. 188. G.C. III. 49:65, note.— A
variable species requiring lime and good drainage. Var.
Alberti, Hort. (S. Alberti,
Regel & Schmalh.), is proba-
bly a hybrid: it has much
larger rosettes and the infl. is
more spreading: fls. white,
heavily spotted red. Turk-
estan. Var. australis, Engl. (S.
australis, Moric.), usually has
longer and broader spatulate
Ivs. which are nearly flat on
the top. Italy and Sicily. Var.
Bellardii, Hort., equals the
type. G.C. III. 54:135. Var.
lantoscana, Engl. (S. lantos-
cdna, Boiss. & Reut.). Lvs.
short, blunt, spatulate, more
or less attenuate at the base
but not so at the
apex; margin nar-
rowly crustate.
Maritime Alps. G.
C. II. 15:109. Gn.
64, p. 61; 73, p. 55.
Minor forms of this
variety are cult., as
S. lantoscana erecta,
having pure white
fls., and S. lantos-
3561. Sarifraga lingulata. fdna superba hav-
ing arching plumes
of creamy white fls. larger than those of the variety
proper.
68. catala&nica, Boiss. & Reut. Densely cespitose,
1-2 ft. high: Ivs. of the rosette, which grows to be 3 in.
diam., erect-spreading, qbovate-ligulate, rather obtuse,
margin subentire and white-crustate, glabrous, glaucous,
subcanaliculate above; the cauline Ivs. few, obovate-
oblong: inn. a slender-branched cymose panicle borne on
an erect few-lvd. fl.-st. with erect bracteolate slender
glandular-viscid pedicels, which are longer than the fls. :
fls. white; sepals oblong, obtuse, glabrous, longer than
the glandular tube of the calyx; petals spatulate-oblong,
3 times as long as the sepals. May, June. Spain. Gn.W.
25:125. — By some considered only a variety of S.
lingulata.
69. cochlearis, Reichb. (S. lingulata var. cochlearis,
Engl.). Six to 9 in. high, densely cespitose, with short
much-branched caudicles covered below with withered
Ivs.: Ivs. densely rosulate, spreading, J^-l in. long,
linear at their base, toward the top spreading into a
rounded or spatulate blade, glaucous, coriaceous, margin
cartilaginous and crustate with lime; the cauline Ivs.
small, linear, acute, red-brown: infl. paniculate, erect
and open, either thyrsoid or subcorymbose, borne on
very slender bright red-brown fl.-sts. : fls. white, Vz-%
in. diam.; calyx red-brown, the lobes small, ovate,
obtuse; petals obovate, apex rounded. June, July.
Maritime Alps. Eu. B.M. 6688. G.C. III. 44:245;
51:174. Gn. 74, p. 326. Var. major, Hort., has much
larger rosettes of Ivs. and taller sprays of fls. It is sug-
gsted that it may be of hybrid origin. Var. minor,
ort. (S. Probynii, Correv.), has minute rosettes of
silvery Ivs. and much shorter sprays of fls. which are
white. — Apparently some of the material grown as S.
valdensis is referable to this.
70. crustata, Vest (S. incrustata, Vest). About 1-3
in. high with ascending branched caudicles which are
covered with appressed vestiges of Ivs. and form ces-
pitose clumps up to 4 or 5 in. diam.: sts. ascending,
densely glandular-pilose : basal Ivs. light gray-green, the
lower third pink, sulcate, linear, obtuse, minutely
crenulate with the crenatures very close together, crus-
tate with lime, ciliate toward the base; cauline Ivs.
few, linear-lanceolate, serrate, glandular at base: infl.
a scape, racemose from the middle or above, the
branches 1-fld. or paniculate 3-6-fld.: fls. yellowish
white sometimes purple-dotted toward the center;
calyx sparse-glandulose at base, the lobes oblong-
triangular with membranaceous margins; petals obo-
vate, base scarcely attenuate, almost 3 tunes as long
as the calyx-lobes. June. Tyrol. — Easy to grow and
adapted to a shady location; scarcely known in Amer.
71. H&stii, Tausch (S. elatior, Mert. & Koch. -S.
Aizodn var. Hostii, Hort.). Cespitose, 6-18 in. high: sts.
erect, rather stout and glandular-pilose: basal Ivs.
numerous, rosulate, rather erect, ungulate with an
obtuse apex and ciliate base, margin crenulate, the cre-
natures truncate; cauline Ivs. oblong, rather obtuse,
crenate-serrate; bracts oblong-linear, glandular ciliate:
infl. a scape, paniculate above the branches, elongated,
naked and densely glandular-pilose; the pedicels densely
short-glandular: fls. white, often with numerous purple
dots toward the center; calyx-lobes ovate-triangular;
petals oblong or obovate-oblong, double the length of
the calyx-lobes. May-Aug. Mountains of Cent. Eu. —
A strong grower and said to produce offsets very freely
and in this way spread rapidly. Var. rhaetica, Engl.,
also spelled rh&tica (S. rhastica, Kerner). Basal Ivs.
linear-lingulate, apex rather acute: petals obovate-
oblong, white with numerous purple dots above the
middle. Mountains of Austria.
72. altissima, Kerner (S. Hdstii var. altissima,
Hort,). Fig. 3558. Cespitose, 1-2 ft. high: sts. erect,
stout, glandular-hirsute: Ivs. thick, the basal spread-
ing, broad, tongue-shaped, rather acute, base ciliate,
margin serrate, serratures acute and cartilaginous;
cauline Ivs. oblong, rather obtuse, serrate; bracts
oblong-linear or linear, obtuse and glandular-pilose
ciliate: infl. a scape racemosely paniculate above,
the branches about 10-fld. and densely glandular-
pilose; pedicels densely short-glandular: fls. white, their
base greenish and purple-dotted toward the center;
calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, cartilaginous margined;
petals elliptic, 3-nerved, twice as long as the calyx-
lobes. Tyrol. — Very closely allied to S. Hostii, possibly
not specifically distinct. Little known in Amer. out-
side fanciers' collections.
73. Aizdon, Jacq. (Chondrdsea Aizdon, Haw.). Fig.
3562. Perennial, cespitose, 4-20 in. high: sts. erect,
foliose: basal Ivs. curved, thick, rather flat above,
smooth, the base ciliate. margin serrate, many-pored,
more or less crustate with lime, serratures cartilaginous
at the apex and antrorsely acuminate; cauline Ivs.
smaller, cuneate or spatulate, base glandular-ciliate :
infl. a scape, corymbose-racemose, corymbose-panicu-
late or paniculate above, the branches 3-5-fld., more or
less glandular-pilose, rarely glabrous: fls. cream-colored,
commonly purplish red spotted in the center; calyx-
lobes ovate; petals obovate or elliptical, 3-5-nerved,
3098
SAXIFRAGA
almost twice as long as the calyx-lobes: fr. globose. June,
July. Alpine and boreal parts of Eu. and Asia, in N.
Amer. from Greenland and Lab. to Sask., locally south
to Nova Scotia, New Bruns., mountains of N. Vt., and
Lake Superior. J.H. III. 69:135.— A very variable
alpine plant, much tufted and forming small dense
rosettes. S. Pfirtae, Stein, from Italy has white fls. and
is apparently only a minor variation of S. Aizoon. Var.
ambigua, Hort,, is offered in the trade. Var. atropur-
pftrea, Hort., is said to have slender branching sts. and
rose-purple fls. Var. balcana, Hort., also spelled balkdna
(S. balcana, Hort.), is a form with close rosettes of
medium size and rather flat 'white fls. with larger red
spots than usual (fls. reported as sometimes pale pink).
Balkan Mts. Var. baldensis, Fairer, with ash-gray Ivs.,
which are short, thick and markedly dentate; their
apex rounded: the young shoots glossy, blood-crimson:
fls. whitish. N. Italy. Var. brevifdlia, Hort., with white
fls. is offered in the trade. Var. bulgarica, Hort., has
rosy spotted fls. Var. californica, Hort. (S. californica,
Hort.), with white fls. must not be confused with S.
californica, Greene (Micrdnthes californica, Small), a
species of Section Boraphila, closely related to S.
virginiensis which is probably not in cult. Var. Church-
illii, Hort., with pointed gray Ivs. in stiff rosettes.
Var. cultrata, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. dftbia,
Hort., is offered^. Var. erecta, Hort., is offered in the
trade. Var. flavescens, Hort., is a free-growing decora-
tive form with clear lemon-yellow fls. produced in good
spikes. Not to be confused with S. flavescens, Hort. (S.
media x S. aretioides), which is apparently scarce in
cult. Var. intacta, Engl. (S. intdcta, Willd.), has beau-
tiful white, unspotted fls. S. intdcta major is the cultural
name of a larger form, about 6 in. high. S. intdcta
minor is the cultural name of a dwarf form. Var.
lagaveana, Hort., also known as La Gravedna and La Ga
Dauphane, is a miniature plant with tiny silvery rosettes
and ruddy sts. 6 in. high, bearing 4-6 fls. on each st. :
fls. creamy white,, thick and wax-
like; the buds globular and pink-
tinted. Var. Ifttea, Hort., has the Ivs.
longer, the rosettes more open, and
the fls. deeper yellow than those of
var. flavescens; fls. at first primrose-
yellow changing to creamy yellow.
Var. Malyi, Hort. (S. Mdlyi, Schott,
not Hort.), is one of the tallest
forms, with good -sized rosettes.
Var. major, Koch (S. Aizoon forma
robusta, Engl.), has oblong-linear
Ivs. which are not much broader at
the apex. Var. minima, Hort., is a
diminutive plant that clings tightly
to the rock faces and looks almost
like a gray moss: fls. white. Var.
minor, Koch, has oblong - obovate
Ivs. shorter than the type. Var.
notata, Hort. (S. notdta, Schott), has
small silver-margined Ivs. and
white fls. Var. paraddxa, Hort.,
is a form with long bluish Ivs.,
their margins with silvery ser-
ratures: fls. white. Engadine.
Gn. 74, p. 463. See
S. paradoxa in suppl.
list. Var. pectinata,
Hort. (S. pectinata,
Schott, Nym. &
Kotschy), has nar-
row Ivs. with blunt
teeth and conspicu-
ous silvery margins
forming small ro-
settes: the fls. are
small, of a nice white
3562. sazrfraga Aizoon. ( x K2) and spotted with red.
SAXIFRAGA
Var. recta, Ser., in part (S. recta, Lapeyr, in part. S.
Aizobn forma grdcilis, Engl. S. carintfnaca, Schott, Nym.
& Kotschy), has Ivs. which are spatulate-linear, slightly
dilated toward the apex, narrowly and also deeply ser-
rate: the sts. laxly paniculate from the middle and
above; the branches 1-3-fld.; fls. white. Var. rdsea,
Hort., is similar to the type, but has bright pink fls.
Var. rosularis, Hort. (S. rosuldris, Schleich.), has finely
incurved rosettes and large sprays of white fls. Var.
Stabiana, Hort. (S. Stabiana, Ten.), has large rosettes
and sprays of creamy white fls. Not very distinct from
the type. Var. Sturmiana, Hort. (S. Sturmidna, Schott,
Nym. & Kotschy), is a good-sized form with flattish
rosettes, probably referable to the type-form.
74. Zelebori, Schott. Sts. densely and longly glandu-
lar-pilose toward the base, decreasingly so toward the
apex: Ivs. of the glaucous rosette, which is 1 1/2 in. diam.,
almost linear, acute, very minutely serrate, the serra-
tures inverted-acute and contiguous (the lowest less
so); cauline Ivs. shorter, oblanceolate, acute, glabrous,
above the middle sharply serrate (serratures rather
remote), apex appressed serrate-crenate : fls. white, not
dotted; calyx glabrous, the lobes lanceolate-elliptic,
obtuse; petals oblong-elliptic, not clawed, obtuse, apex
rounded. Serbia. — Plants under this name are offered
in English trade-lists, but the species is not included in
any of the recent treatments of Saxifraga. The above
description is taken from Schott's original. Whether
the plant offered is the same is undetermined. Proba-
bly a variation of S. Aizoon.
75. cartilaginea, Willd. (S. Kolenatidna, Regel).
Six to 9 in. high: st. sparingly glandulose, few-lvd.: Ivs.
rosulate, oblong or obovate-oblong, acute or acuminate;
the margin cartilaginous toward the base, serrate, ser-
ratures antrorsely subacuminate, toward the apex sub-
crenate, crenatures truncate: infl. a scape, racemose or
paniculate above, the branches 1-5-fld. : fls. white, rose,
or purple; calyx-lobes ovate-triangular, rather acute;
petals obovate, 2-3 times longer than the calyx-lobes.
June-Aug. Caucausus region and Asia Minor. — S.
Kolenatiana has been kept distinct by some but seems
to differ only in the slightly more acute serratuies of the
Ivs. In gardens it is more common under this name. A
somewhat larger form is known as S. Kolenatidna
major, Hort.
76. Cotyledon, Linn. Tufted, 6-24 in. high: st, erect:
Ivs. thick and fleshy, basal Ungulate or obovate-lingu-
late, short-apiculate, the base softly fimbriate; margin
serrate, serratures cartilaginous, at their apex antrorsely
acuminate; cauline Ivs. lingulate-lanceolate, the lower
part glandular-ciliate, the upper serrulate; bracts linear,
acute and glandular: infl. a scape, paniculate from the
base, the panicle composite, pyramidal, glandular-pilose
all over, the branches paniculate from their middle,
5-15-fld. : fls. white, occasionally tinged rose; calyx-lobes
longer than the glandulose tube, oblong-acute; petals
obovate-cuneate, 3-5-nerved, midnerve mostly bifid,
2-3 times longer than the calyx-lobes. May-July.
Mountains of Eu. G. 11:209; 34:781; 35:541. G.W.
12, p. 471. — Easy to prop, as it makes a large number of
side^ shoots which root quickly when potted. Var.
icelandica, Maxwell (S. iceldndica, Hort.), is the largest
form of the species and produces numerous offsets. The
rosettes are very large and flat and the ligulate Ivs. are
usually bronzed and leathery. G. 35:707. Var. pyram-
idalis, Ser. (S. pyramiddlis, Lapeyr, not Ten. S. nepalen-
sis, Hort.), is a very robust form from 2-4 ft, high
when in fl. The rosettes are large and glaucous and
the fls. very numerous in a large pyramidal panicle,
white, speckled with crimson. May, June. G.C. III.
53:389. G. 35:163. Gn. 61, p. 393; 74, p. 266; 78, p.
349. Var. pyrenaica, Hort,, has more pointed Ivs. and
shorter plumes of white fls. Pyrenees.
77. mutata, Linn. Six to 12 in. high: rhizome' thick,
horizontal or oblique: sts. ascending, foliose: basal Ivs.
>AXIFRA< iA
SAXIFRAGA
3099
Ungulate, rosulate; margin cartilaginous, densely
fimbriate below, entire or obsoletely serrulate above
with many little indistinct pits; cauline Ivs. lingulate-
spatulate, very obtuse: infl. racemosely paniculate
from the base or middle of the scape, this and the
peduncles glandular-hirsute: fls. yellow, red-orange or
copper-colored; calyx-lobes oblong-triangular, sparsely
glandular-pilose or glabrous; petals linear-lanceolate,
acute, 3-nerved, narrower than and twice the length
of the calyx-lobes. July, Aug. Mountains of Cent.
Eu. B.M. 351. — Suitable for rather heavy shade. The
plant dies after flowering. Said to be biennial.
Section XIII. KABSCHIA.
A. Caudicle hs. broader or as broad abate.
the middle as below it.
B. Petals as long as or slightly longer
than the calyx-lobes: fls. reddish or
purplish. ( The following four spe-
cies are very closely related.)
c. Infl. spreading, branched.
D. Lower Irs. spatulate- Ungulate,
the tip somewhat recurred . . .78. media
DD. Lower hs. spatulate-oblanceo-
late, the tip spreading 79. Stribrnyi
cc. Infl. spicate or nearly so.
D. Rosette ITS. spatulate-lingulate,
their apex rounded mucronate.SQ. Grisebachii
DD. Rosette hs. linear-lanceolate,
their apex acute or acutish. . .81. Friderici-
BB. Petals 2-4 times as long as the calyx- [Augusti
lobes.
c. Fls. yellow.
D. Infl. 1-3- (rarely cymosely 3-5-)
fid.: basal hs. gray-green 82. aretioides
DD. Infl. Jf-6-fld., in a close head:
basal hs. green or somewhat
glaucous 83. Ferdinandi-
cc. Fls. not yellow (sometimes cream- [Coburgi
colored), usually white, some-
times rose.
D. The petals oborate to cuneate:
basal hs. not recurred at tip.
E. Low er hs. deeply keeled, ocute.84. scardica
EE. Lower hs. flat or slightly
keeled, blunt.
F. Petals oborate, 3 times as
long as the obtuse calyx-
lobes.
G. Lts. spatulate, light gray-
green 85. Rocheliana
GG. Lrs. obotate-cuneate,
shorter and broader
than the preceding. . . .86. marginata
FF. Petals elliptic-spatulate,
twice as long as the acute
calyx-lobes 87. Boryi
DD. The petals rounded-oborate:
basal hs. more or less recurred.
E. Recurred only at the tip of If.
F. Infl. 1-fld.: fls. pale or rosy
lilac 88. lilacina
FF. Infl. 2-4-fld.: fls. white. . .89. squarrosa
EE. Recurred from the base or
middle of If.
F. Basal hs. linear-oblong,
rather acute 90. caesia
FF. Basal hs. spatulate-linear,
obtuse 91. valdensis
AA. Caudicle hs. narrowed abate the middle.
B. Fls. white.
c. Petals oborate, base strongly cune-
ate-attenuate.
D. Cauline hs. acute: infl. cymose-
racemose, 1-3-fld 92. tombeanensis
DD. Cauline ITS. long-mucronate:
infl. corymbose-paniculate, 3—
7-20-fld 93. Vandellii
cc. Petals obovate-subrotund 94. Burseriana
BB. Fls. yellow or yellowish green.
c. Stamens as long as the petals 95. sancta
cc. Stamens decidedly longer than the
petals 96. juniperif olia
78. media, Gouan (S. calycifldra, Lapeyr). Cespitose,
2-3 in. high, with short densely foliose caudicles: sts.
erect, leafy, densely glandular-pilose : basal Ivs. imbri-
cated, stiff, gray-green, reddish toward their base, the
rosettes flattened-depressed, spatulate-lingulate, apex
acute or obtuse, margin
narrowly cartilaginous,
ciliate below, 7-11 pits
near the margin when
old; cauline Ivs. spatu-
late, cartilaginous, and
densely glandular - hir-
sute on both surfaces
except toward the tip
which is mucronate and
glabrous: infl. cymose-
paniculate or racemose;
peduncles and calyx pur-
plish and densely glandu-
lar: fls. flesh-colored or
purplish, at length dark
blue; calyx-lobes ovate;
petals erect,
obovate, about
3-5-nerved,
scarcely longer
than the calyx-
lobes. June,
July. Pyre-
nees. Gn. 78,
p. 108.
79. Stribrnyi,
Velen., also
spelled Strib-
nryi, Stribnyri,
3563. Saxifraga Grisebachii.
and Striburyi (S. porophylla var. Stribrnyi, Velen.).
Cespitose, 4-5 in. high, with short, densely foliate cau-
dicles: fl.-sts. erect, branched, sparsely leafy, spread-
ing, glandular-pilose: lower Ivs. rosulate, spreading,
sessile, spatulate -oblanceolate, apex submucronate,
•fleshy, above rntramarginally pitted, carinate below,
margin narrowly cartilaginous toward the base, spar-
ingly ciliate; cauline Ivs. oblong -spatulate, subacute,
green, sometimes reddish toward the apex, margin
below glandular-ciliate, both surfaces sparsely glandu-
lar-pilose: infl. cymose, branches spreading or slightly
recurved up to 1 H in- long; the pedicels up to J^in. long,
spreading, glandular-pilose: fls. nodding, carmine, J^in.
diam.; calyx campanulate, reddish purple and densely
glandular-pilose outside, the lobes subequal, oblong-
ovate, apex rounded, glandular-pilose outside; petals
suberect, broad-spatulate, apex obtusely dentate, gla-
brous, about the same length as the calyx-lobes. Feb.-
April. Bulgaria. B.M. 8496. G.C. III. 46:195. Gn.
73, p. 212. G.L. 24:366.— A hardy species with grayish
foliage and open infl.
80. Grisebachii, Degen & Doerfl. (S. media var.
mantenegrina, Hort.). Fig. 3563. Cespitose, 4-6 in.
high, with short, densely foliose caudicles: fl.-sts. erect,
leafy, densely spreading, glandular-pilose: lower Ivs.
imbricate, spreading, sessile, spatulate-lingulate, apex
rounded-mucronate, above numerous intramarginal
small pits, below carinate, margin cartilaginous,
slightly ciliate toward the base; caufine Ivs. spreading,
oblong-spatulate, reddish, the tip contracted into a
green mucron, both surfaces densely glandulose-pilose
except the mucron: infl. racemose or subspicate; pedi-
cels much shorter than the bracts: fls'. purple or crim-
son; calyx reddish purple, densely glandular-pilose, the
lobes unequal, oblong-elliptic, apex rounded; petals
erect, elliptic-lanceolate, ciliate below. March. Albania
and Macedonia. B.M. 8308. G. 33:513. G.C. III.
33:123. G.M. 46:119. Gn. 63, p. 180; 72, p. 215; 77,
p. 120; 79, p. 31. G.W. 12, p. 470. J.H. III. 46:207.—
Hardy in England.
3100
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
81. Friderici-A&gusti, Bias., also spelled Frederici-
Augusti and Federici-Augusti (S. porophylla, Boiss., not
Bertol. S. semperinvum, Koch. S. thessdlica, Schott.).
Cespitose, 2-6 in. high with short densely foliate caudi-
cles: sts. erect, densely glandular: basal Ivs. forming a
flattened rosette, linear-lanceolate, acute or acutish,
glabrous, flat, entire, often ciliate at the base, remotely
Eitted near the margin; cauline Ivs. spatulate, glandu-
ir: infl. a spike-like raceme, dark purple; pedicels all
about equal and shorter than the bracts: fls. violet-
purple; calyx glandular, the lobes ovate, obtuse; petals
cuneate-spatulate, scarcely longer than the calyx-lobes.
April. Dalmatia, Serbia, Greece, and N. E. Asia Minor.
G. 35:761. — This species has been treated as S. media
var. Friderici-Augusti, Engl., but differs from that
species in the narrower Ivs. and more spicate raceme.
It has also been referred to S. porophylla, Bertol., as a
synonym: the latter is said to have Ungulate basal Ivs.
with obtuse apex, and flesh-colored petals. The dis-
tinctions between S. Friderici-Augusti and S. poro-
phylla seem to be very unsatisfacory. Much of the
material cultivated as S. Frederici-Augusti is really S.
apiculata.
82. aretioides, Lapeyr. Cespitose, about 2 in. high,
with woody, densely imbricate-foliose caudicles: sts.
short and leafy, glandular-hirsute: lower Ivs. sulcate,
weakly keeled, leathery and stiff, both sides gray-green
but violet at the base of the under surface, linear-lingu-
late, apex rather obtuse, margin narrowly cartilaginous,
the lower portion ciliate and near the margin are 7-9 pits
noticeable with age; cauline Ivs. linear-spatulate, glan-
dular-hirsute and cartilaginous except the apical por-
tion: infl. terminal, 1-3-fld., rarely cymose, 3-5-fld. ; the
pedicels and calyx glandular: fls. golden yellow, calyx-
lobes ovate and acutish; petals broad-obovate, 5-7-
neryed, more than twice as long as the calyx-lobes.
April- July. Mountains of Eu. B.M. 5849.-^-Should be
planted on a shady ledge where it will obtain plenty of
moisture. Little known in Amer. Var. primulina,
Hort., grows about 1^ in. high; the peduncles are paler
green than the type; the fls. are true primrose-yellow
and the petals are usually well rounded and fairly well
imbricated.
83. Ferdinandi-CSburgi, Kell. & Sunderm. Cespitose,
about 2 in. high, with columnar foliose branched caudi-
cles: sts. with 9-12 Ivs., glandular-hairy as is the calyx
and tinted red-brown: lower Ivs. somewhat glaucous, up
to y$&. long, little narrowed toward the top, margin
fine-hairy below, apex thickened and incurved-pointed ;
cauline Ivs. 9-12 in number: infl. close heads of 4-5
(5-6) large, rich yellow fls. : petals rsin. long, J^in. wide,
strongly narrowed toward the base. March, April.
Macedonia.
84. scardica, Griseb. (S. scarellica, J. Wood). Cespi-
tose, 3-4 in. high, with woody, very densely foliate
caudicles: sts. ascending and glandular-pilose: basal
Ivs. leathery, stiff, light gray-green, pale violet toward
the base, oblong acute, spreading, upper surface con-
cave, lower convex-carinate, lower margin indistinctly
serrulate or ciliate, upper cartilaginous, entire, when
old there are 9-15 pits near the margin; cauline Ivs. few,
lanceolate, acute, glandular-hirsute except the apical
portion, cartilaginous and glandular-hirsute: infl.
corymbose, 3-11-fld.: fls. white, ivory-white, or pale
rose-red; calyx-lobes ovate, acutish; petals obovate-
cuneate, 5-nerved, more than twice the length of the
calyx-lobes. June, July. Orient. B.M. 8243. Gn. 65,
p. 323; 69, p. 231. S. E. Eu.— Readily distinguished
from S. Rocheliana by its keeled and more pointed Ivs.
The species itself is hard to grow and consequently is
rare in cult. The plant grown as S. scardica vera is the
true S. scardica, Griseb. G. 34:199. Var. obtftsa,
Sprague, differs from the type in having subacute to
obtuse lower Ivs. with fewer pits, fl.-sts. 1-3-fld. and
green, and the calyx-lobes obtuse and less pubescent.
March. Macedonia. B.M. 8058 (as S. scardica}. G.
32:529.
85. Rocheliana, Sternb., also incorrectly spelled
Rochelliana. Very densely cespitose-cushioned, form-
ing mats 8-12 in. diam., 2-3 in. high, with more or less
elongated, densely imbricated, foliose, often columnar
caudicles: lower Ivs. stiff, shiny light gray-green above,
violet below, densely aggregated, horizontally spread-
ing, spatulate, obtuse, very smooth, flat above, rather
convex below the base, ciliate, 7-9 pits near the margin
noticeable when old; cauline Ivs. few, obovate-spatu-
late, cartilaginous and glandular-pilose except the
apical portion: infl. corymbose-paniculate, 3-9-fld.,
borne on an erect purple-red glandular-pilose fl.-st.;
pedicels erect, these and calyx glandulose and pale green :
fls. white; calyx-lobes ovate, obtuse, erect; petals obo-
vate, clawed-attenuate, 7-nerved, thrice the length of
the calyx-lobes. April- July. E. andS. E. Eu. — Flowers
freely. Var. coriophylla, Engl. (S. coriophylla, Griseb.,
also spelled coryophylla) . The lower Ivs. smaller, less
horizontally spreading, oblong, obtuse, fewer pitted:
fls. ivory-white. Bosnia and N. Albania.
86. marginata, Sternb. Cespitose, about 3 in. high,
with caudicles which are subnaked below or short-
columnar, woody and leafy: lower Ivs. obovate-cuneate,
obtuse, the base ciliate, the upper margin cartilaginous;
cauline Ivs. cartilaginous and glandular-pilose excepting
the apical portion: infl. corymbose, 5-7-fld., borne on
erect fl.-sts., these as well as the pedicels and calyx
being black-glandular-pilose: fls. white; calyx-lobes
ovate-oblong, obtuse; petals obovate, attenuate at
base, 5-7-nerved, 3 times the length of the calyx-lobes.
March-June. S. Italy. B.M. 6702. Gn. 77, p. 206; 79,
p. 294. G.L. 18:117. — Suitable for sunny ledges and
rocky crevices, but requires lime and good drainage.
Some of the material cult, under this name may be S.
Boryi.
87. B6ryi, Boiss. & Heldr. (S. marginata, Bor. &
Ch., not Sternb.). Cespitose-cushioned, about 1^ in.
high, with densely imbricate-foliose caudicles which
are elongated and columnar : lower Ivs. oblong-spatulate,
obtuse, glabrous, erect-spreading, subcoriaceous, flat
above and subcarinate below, margins ciliate at base
or others entire, remotely pitted near the margin;
cauline Ivs. few, minute and glandulose: infl. corym-
bose, 3-5-fld., borne on erect glandular fl.-sts.: fls.
white; calyx glandular, the lobes triangular-ovate,
acute; petals elliptic-spatulate, twice the length of the
calyx-lobes. April-July. S. E. Eu. — Thrives in a sunny
location. Closely allied to S. marginata but differs in
having smaller Ivs., acute calyx-lobes and shorter and
narrower petals.
88. lilacina, Duthie. Cespitose, J^-l in. high, with
numerous very densely foliose, columnar caudicles: Ivs.
rosulate, oblong, obtuse, recurved and thickened toward
the apex, sparsely ciliate at the base, margin cartila-
ginous and incurved, 3-5-pitted toward the apex;
cauline Ivs. 1-2, alternate, erect, linear-oblong or
spatulate, obtuse, glandular, half -clasping at base : infl.
1-fld., borne on glandular-pubescent fl.-sts. which are
lilac: fls. about J^in. diam., pale or rosy lilac with a
purple center; calyx Km- long, glandular-pubescent,
the lobes ovate-oblong, obtuse; petals J^in. long,
obovate-rotund, cuneate at the base, the margins undu-
late. March, April. W.Himalayas. G.C. III. 35:290.
Gn. 65, p. 250. — The plant is very dwarf, and is grayish
green in color, though the If .-tips are dark green.
89. squarrSsa, Sieber. Very densely cespitose, about
3 in. high, with woody, subcylindrical caudicles which
are very densely imbricate-leafy : Ivs. of the caudicles
dark green, imbricated, erect, becoming curved-spread-
ing at the apex, linear-lanceolate, obtuse, submucronu-
late, very narrowly cartilaginous margined, at the base
fimbriate, the back convex and obtusely carinate above,
marked with 7 pits, crustate with lime when young;
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
3101
cauline Ivs. linear, slightly carinate, 3-5-pitted: infl.
2-6-fld., borne on very slender sts. which are glandular
below and sparsely glandular or glabrous above: fls.
white; calyx glabrous, the lobes ovate, obtuse, slightly
cartilaginous at their tips; petals subrotund-obovate,
5-nerved, the nerves straight, twice as long as the
calyx-lobes. May- Aug. Mountains of Eu. G.L. 28:
-A small species useful in alpine-gardens in a
sunny spot. It likes to be firmly wedged between
stones with sufficient earth for its root-development.
90. caesia, Linn. (S. recurvifolia, Lapeyr). Dwarf, ces-
pitose, about 3 in. high, with curved, woody, imbri-
cate-foliose caudicles: Ivs. of the caudicles densely con-
gested, gray or light gray-green, arched-recurved from
the base, linear-oblong, rather acute, near the margin
7-pitted. fimbriate from the base to the middle, convex
and obtusely carinate dorsally, crustate with lime when
young; cauline Ivs. narrowly spatulate, slightly carinate,
3-5-pitted, glandular-ciliate at the base: infl. subcorym-
bose. 2-6-fld., borne on glabrous or sparsely glandular-
pilose, green fl.-sts.: fls. snow- or cream-white; calyx-
lobes ovate or obtuse, sparsely glandular, scarious at
their apex, otherwise ciliate; petals obovate, 3-5-
nerved. lateral nerves bowed or straight, almost 3 times
as long as the calyx-lobes. June-Aug. Mountains of
Eu. L.B.C. 5:42*1. Var. major, Don, has the sts.
more robust, taller, and strongly villous: the rosettes
of gray Ivs. are rather larger than the type and the
milk-white fls. are larger. May, June.
91. valdensis, DC. Cespitose, 1-3 in. high, with
short, woody, imbricate-foliose caudicles: sts. erect,
glandular: lower Ivs. densely congested, gray-green,
light violet on the under side, erect, recurved from the
middle, spatulate-linear, obtuse, dorsally convex and
obtusely carinate, 9-pitted near the margin, crustate
with line, fimbriate from the base to the middle;
cauline Ivs. spatulate, 3-5-pitted, glandular: infl. com-
pactly corymbose, 6-10-fld., borne on dark purple
fl.-sts. : fls. white ; calyx-lobes ovate, very obtuse, glandu-
lar: petals obovate. 3-5-nerved, almost 3 times as long
as the calyx-lobes. May- July. Mountains of Cent. Eu.
— Resembles a minute ~S. lingulata var. cochkaris.
92. tombeanensis, Boiss. (S. diapensioides var. tom-
beanensis, Hort.). One to 2 in. high, with numerous
very densely foliose, columnar, erect, or ascending
caudicles: Ivs. of the caudicles imbricate, erect, incurved
at their tip. ovate-lanceolate, subulate, 3-cornered, apex
mucronulate, near the margin very slightly carti-
laginous, very minutely serrulate, 5 minute pits are
noticeable when old; cauline Ivs. linear-lanceolate with
the exception of the apical part, narrowly cartilagi-
nous-marginate, acute, glandular-pilose: infl. cymose-
racemose, 1-3-fld., borne on erect sts.. these as well as
the peduncles and calyx densely slender glandular-pilose :
fls. white: calyx-lobes oblong-triangular; petals broadly
obovate, strongly cuneate-attenuate toward the base,
many-nerved, 3 "or 4 times as long as the calyx-lobes.
April. S. Tyrol and X. Italy.
93. Vandellii, Sternb. About 2 in. high, the caudicles
very closely imbricate-foliose and also strongly con-
gested: Ivs. of the caudicles leathery, very stiff, light
green, erect, lanceolate, acute, stiffly mucronate, 3-
cornered, 5-7-pitted (noticeable when old) near the
cartilaginous margin, fimbriate at the base, when
young crustate with lime; cauline Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
glandular-pilose except the long-mucronate apex: infl.
corymbose-paniculate, 3-7-20-fld., borne at the top of
erect fl.-sts.: peduncles and calyx covered with spread-
ing, glandular hairs: fls. white with reddish veins;
calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals erect, obo-
vate, strongly cuneate-attenuate toward the base,
many-nerved, 3-4 times as long as the calyx-lobes.
April-Aug. Tyrol. G.C. III. 44:71; 57:238. Gn.W.
25:458. — Best suited to rock-fissures as it has deep
woody tap-roots; also requires lime.
94. Burseriana, Linn. Cespitose, 2— i in. high, with
densely imbricate-foliose caudicles : Ivs. of the caudicles
densely congested, stiff and prickly, fresh gray-green,
when old light brown, 3-cornered, linear-subulate,
acuminate, stiffly mucronate, 7-pitted (noticeable when
old) near the cartilaginous margin, short-fimbriate at
the base, crustate with lime when young; cauline Ivs.
smaller and appressed: infl. usually 1-fld. on glandular-
pilose, remotely leafy fl.-sts., these and the calyx fre-
quently dark purple: fls. white, the veins often colored,
showy; calyx-lobes ovate, rather acute, tube glandular-
hirsute; petals obovate-subrotund, base somewhat
clawed, spreading. Jan. to May or June. Mountains
of Cent. Eu. G. 1:793; 19:59. G.M. 54:103. Gn. 71,
p. 187; 74, p. 55; 75, p. 165; 78, p. 116. G.L. 24:44;
25:392. G.C. III. 55:151. J.H. III. 69:137. G.W. 7, p.
433; 12, p. 470. — One of the earliest flowering and one
of the most commonly cult . Very variable and the parent
of many hybrids. Some of the varieties in cult . are : Var.
Bdydii, Hort., equals both S. Bbydii and S. Boydii var.
alba, Var. crenata, Hort., a form with crenate petals,
close to var. major. G. 36:289. Var. elegans, Hort.,
equals S. Irvingii. Var. gloria, Hort., is a large-fld.
form with fl.-sts. l%in. high: peduncles rich red: fls.
pearly white, of a satiny texture, over 1 in. diam.;
petals with crimped edges. G. 31:252; 35:177; 36:288.
Gn. 78, p. 81. G.M. 50:213. Var. grandifidra, Hort.,
is practically identical with var. gloria. G.M. 57:185.
Var. macrantha, Hort., has minute rosettes which are
very dense and form a cushion-like mound: fl.-sts. red-
dish, 1 in. high: fls. white and saucer-like. April. Var.
magna, Hort., is distinguished from var. major by
having a very densely tufted habit: Ivs. spin}', glaucous:
peduncles 3 in. high and 1-fld., reddish: fls. white, more
than 1 in. across, even larger than var. gloria. G.C. III.
47:164. Var. magnifica, Hort., grows about 1J4-2 in.
high with small dense rosettes of subulate gray Ivs.:
scape 1-fld.: fls. have huge, orbicular petals which are
white and deeply crenate and the disk is of a paler yellow
than that of var. major. April, May. Gn.W. 20:203;
26:251. Var. major, Hort., is less cushion-like in habit,
has pronounced silvery rosettes twice as large as the
type, reddish scarlet fl.-sts. 3 in. high, and fls. about 1
in. diam. with crimped white petals. Feb. Austrian
Alps. G.C. II. 21:141. G. 31:253. Gn. 63, p. 75. Var.
TniniTn«> Hort., is said to have diminutive white fls. Var.
minor, Hort., is mentioned in connection with S.
Paulinx as one of the parents of that hybrid. Var.
rosea, Hort., equals S. Irvingii. Var. speciosa, Hort., has
bright red scapes bearing solitary fls. which are larger
and later than the type; the petals are^pure white,
broad and almost round. Var. tridentina, Jenkins
(var. tridentata, Hort.), is more tufted than var. major,
the fl.-sts. more richly scarlet and the fls. less notched
at the margins, the petals reflexed, white. Jan., Feb.
Dolomites. G. 37:379.
95. sancta, Griseb. Cespitose, about 2 in. high, the
caudicles densely leafy: Ivs. rigid, prickly, dark green,
the lower imbricate, spreading, lanceolate, acuminate,
stiffly mucronate, the entire margin ciliate-denticulate,
carinate, 3-5 minute pits (noticeable when old) near
the cartilaginous margin; cauline Ivs. lanceolate,
mucronate : infl. corymbose-paniculate from the middle
or upper part of the glabrous sts. : fls. small, light or rich
orange-yellow; calyx glabrous, lobes ovate, entire and
obtuse; petals spatulate-oblong, 3-neryed, the lateral
nerves bowed. June. Macedonia. — Fine for covering
moist stony banks in the rock-garden. Var. specidsa,
Hort., is offered in the trade as a form with fine yellow
fls.
96. juniperifolia, Adams (S. juniperina, Bieb.).
Cespitose, 1-2 in. high, the woody caudicles densely
imbricate-foliose: Ivs. of the caudicles green, very stiff
and prickly, erect, appressed, subulate, a little broader
at the ciliate base, stiffly mucronate, toward the middle
3102
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
and apex entire, almost 3-cornered, with 5-7 minute
pits noticeable when old near the cartilaginous margin ;
cauline Ivs. light green, long-ciliate at the base: infl.
racemose 'or spicate-capitate, few-fld., borne on leafy,
short, crisply villous fl.-sts.: fls. small, yellow; calyx
light green, tube villous, lobes ovate, acute, mucronate,
pectinately ciliate; petals oblong-spatul'ate, 3-nerved,
slightly longer than the calyx-lobes. May-July. Cau-
casus.— Little known outside of botanic-garden col-
lections.
Section XIV. PORPHYRION (ANTIPHYLLA).
A. Lvs. oblong-obovate, their apex flat or
recurved.
B. Infl. 1-fld.: petals obovate-oblong,
5-nerved 97. oppositifolia
BB. Infl. 2-9- fid.: petals lanceolate, 3-
nerved 98. biflora
AA. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, recurved from
their middle 99. retusa
97. oppositif&lia, Linn. (Antiphylla oppositifolia,
Small). Caudicles procumbent and much branched,
6-8 in. long, the branches densely cespitose, the flower-
ing ones erect, about 6 in. high at most, glabrous and
1-fld.: Ivs. opposite, stiff, dark green, gray-tipped, the
lower and those of the sterile branches imbricate in
4 rows, the upper rather remote, oblong or obovate,
apex spreading-recurved, obtuse, thickened, 1-3-pitted,
3-cornered-carinate below: fls. showy, violet or lilac,
sometimes rose-purple, terminal; calyx-lobes ovate,
obtuse; petals obovate-oblong, 5-nerved, 3 times as
long as the calyx-lobes. March-June, rarely Aug.
Rocks, alpine and boreal parts of Eu., Asia, and N.
Amer., south to Gulf of St. Lawrence, mountains of N.
Vt., Mont., and Idaho. L.B.C. 9:869. G.C. 111.49:117.
Gn. 71, p. 179; 76, p. 603; 78, p. 57.— An excellent little
rock-plant, making a sedum-like mat, the foliage of a
purplish cast. Many variations in cult. Var. alba,
Hort., has a compact habit, very dark green Ivs., and
starry white fls. Var. coccinea, Hort., has fls. of a
richer shade of purple than the type. Var. grandifldra,
Hort., is a form with elongated branches larger, obo-
vate-rotund petals which are attenuate only at the
clawed base and 7-9-nerved: the fls. are large and rosy
Sirple. Pyrenees. Var. latina, Farrer (S. latina,
ayek), is a form with very small compact foliage and
good-sized, soft rosy purple fls. whose petals are obo-
vate, rather acute, and 5-nerved. Italy. Var. major,
Hort., has creeping, rooting sts., tiny rosettes of deep
green Ivs., and many fls. of a rich crimson-red. This is
considered by some to be identical with var. pyrenaica
or very nearly so. Var. pyrenaica, Hort., is a robust
very free-growing form, with large crimson fls. A form
of this variety with very large rosy lilac fls. and a
rather erect habit, said to come from the mountains of
Wales, is cult, under the name of S. pyrenaica superba.
G.C. II. 21:419. Var. Rudolphiana, Kittel (S.
Rudolphiana, Hornsh.), a form with short branches,
forming small, very dense tufts: upper Ivs. and calyx-
lobes glandular-ciliate: sts. short and more or less erect:
fls. terminal and erect; petals obovate, 3-5-nerved.
Austrian Alps. Var. speciosa, Fairer, has a stouter
and bolder habit and foliage than other forms of the
species and has very large pale rose fls. showing very
little tendency toward the magenta. Var. splendens,
Hort. (S. spiiria var. splendens, Hort.), is a form with
large fls. of a very bright purplish crimson or intense
rose-purple, which are produced very freely in March.
Wales. — This will grow well on a north exposure. It is
also grown under the name of var. pyrenaica splendens.
98. bifldra, All. (S. rosea, Lapeyr). Caudicles pros-
trate, branched, the branches ascending, pilose above,
about 2 in. high: Ivs. opposite, rather remote, thick,
fleshy, green or purple, lower obovate-rotund, upper
obovate-spatulate, apex rather obtuse, rarely acute,
1-pitted, sparsely pilose and also ciliate, dorsally sub-
carinate: infl. corymbosely paniculate, 2-9-fld.: fls.
frequently in pairs, dark violet, deep purplish crimson
or blackish blue; calyx broad-ovate, glandular-hirsute,
lobes ovate obtuse, ciliate; petals lanceolate, 3-nerved,
one-half longer than the calyx-lobes and narrower than
them. April- July. Mountains of Eu. — Found wild in
rocky debris watered by the melting snows. Seldom
seen in cult.
99. retiisa, Gouan. Caudicles prostrate, much
branched, the branches densely cespitose, only about
1-2 in. high; fls.-sts. erect, 1-4-fld., glandular-hirsute
above: Ivs. rather stiff, green with a grayish cast, the
lower and those of the sterile branches imbricate in 4
rows, spreading or recurved from their middle, oblong-
lanceolate, apex flat-triangular and 3-5-pitted, 3-
cornered-carinate ; upper Ivs. obovate ciliate at the
obtuse, thickened, retuse apex, base hirsute: fls. large,
rich ruby- to purple-red; calyx hirsute, the lobes oblong,
obtuse; petals lanceolate, twice as long as the calyx-
lobes. May- July. High Alps of S. Eu. Gt. 32: 1110.—
May be grown on a shady ledge in rich, but stony, well-
drained soil. Not common in cult.
Section XV. PELTIPHYLLUM.
A. Lobes of Ivs. double dentate: fls. pinkish
or white; petals ovate or elliptical, ob-
. tuse 100. peltata
AA. Lobes of hs. coarsely mucronate-serrate:
fls. greenish; petals spatulate, biden-
tate 101. tellimoides
100. peltata, Torr. (Peltiphyllum peltatum, Engl.).
UMBRELLA PLANT. Perennial, 1-3 ft. high, rhizome
horizontal, fleshy, 2-3 in. thick: Ivs. tufted, basal,
long-petioled, the petioles often 1-3 ft. long and rough-
glandular, blades large, peltate, almost centrally so,
often 1 ft. across, orbicular, many-lobed, rather
sharply and unequally toothed: infl. corymbose, borne
on simple erect scapes which are longer haired than the
petioles and appear before the Ivs. : fls. numerous, pink-
isk or white, J^in. diam.; sepals ovate to oval, obtuse,
glandular-ciliate; petals ovate to elliptical, obtuse.
April. Margins of streams, Calif, and Ore. B.M. 6074.
F.S. 23:2441. G.C. III. 27:139. Gn. 26, p. 545; 55, p.
6. Gng. 7:307. C.L.A. 17:412.— One of the largest of
all saxifrages. Hardy in Mass., with slight protection,
and a most desirable plant when bold effects are
desired. Var. gigantea, Hort., is offered in the trade.
101. tellimoides, Maxim. Up to 3 ft. or more high:
st. robust, erect, leafy: Ivs. radical, long-petioled, the
petiole provided with short adnate stipules at its base,
blade suborbiculately peltate, 5 in. or more across,
7-9-lobed, the lobes ovate and mucrpnate-acute,
unequally and coarsely mucronate-serrate: infl. cymose,
many-fld.: fls. short-pedicelled, greenish; calyx-lobes
triangular-ovate; petals spatulate, bidentate at their
apex, twice or more longer than the calyx-lobes. Japan.
R.H. 1908, p. 251. — Hardy in England and resembles
S. peltata.
Section XVI. HYBRIDS.
A. BETWEEN SPECIES OF SECTION I.
102. cordifdlia x purpurascens, Hort. The following
named forms are some of the results of reciprocal
crosses of these 2 species. They are all robust, although
varying much in stature and in color of fl. Athlete,
Hort. (Megdsea Athlete, Hort.), said to be a fine variety.
Brilliant, Hort. (S. cordifolia var. Brilliant, Hort.
Megdsea Brilliant, Hort.). Lvs. large, richly tinted in
autumn and winter: fls. purple; calyx and pedicels
crimson, compacta, Hort. (Megdsea compdcta, Hort.).
Fls. bright rose, corrugata, Hort. (S. cordifolia var.
corrugata, Hort. Megdsea corrugata, Hort.). Dwarf
habit: Ivs. large and rough: fls. pink. Croesus, Hort.
(Megdsea Croesus, Hort.). Very pretty with red fls.
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
3103
Delia, Hort. (Megdsea Delia, Hort.). Fls. crimson-
purple. Distinction, Hort. (Megdsea Distinction, Hort.).
Dwarf crowded habit, with enormous head of pale
pink or rosy purple fls. Magnet, Hort. (Megdsea
Magnet. Hort".). Fls. rose. Progress, Hort. (Megdsea
Progress, Hort.). A free-growing plant, with tall scapes
of rosy purple, bell-shaped fls. which are 1J4 in. across.
Puck," Hort. (Megdsea Puck, Hort.). Large fls.
splendens, Hort. (S. cordifblia var. splendens, Hort. S.
cordifblia var. hybrida splendens, Hort. Megdsea
spleitdftis. Hort. M, hybrida splendens, Hort.). Fls.
bright or rosy crimson.
AA. BETWEEN SPECIES OF SECTION H.
103. Vetteriana, Beauverd (S. hederacea x S. Huet-
iana). Lvs. intermediate between the two parents: fls.
sulfur-yellow or whitish, the size of those of S. Huetiana
and twice as large as those of S. hederacea; the petals
more elongated than those of the last-mentioned
species. June. Switzerland. — A spontaneous hybrid
which appeared in the alpine garden of the Hortus
Boissierianus.
AAA. BETWEEN SPECIES OF SECTIONS XI AND TTT.
104. Andrewsii, Harv. (S. Geum x S. Aizoon. S.
Guthriedna, Hort., also spelled Guthriana and Gutherir
dna. S. acanthifolia, Hort. S. umbrosa var. acanthifolia,
Hort.). About 6 in. high: Ivs. rather thick, in loose
rosettes similar to 5. Aizoon, but much longer and more
or less Ungulate: fls. white, thickly dotted with red for
two-thirds the length of the petals. June. A sponta-
neous hybrid probably of garden origin. Gn. W. 25 : 598.
—S. Guthrieana is credited to the Pyrenees.
105. Engleri, Huter (S. Aizoon x S. cuneifblia). Lys.
elongate, obovate-oyal, the narrowed lower portion
ciliate. margin indistinctly crenate and obscurely pitted:
fl.-sts. about 4 in. high, glandular-hairy : infl. laxly
2-3-fld. : fls. very small. A garden hybrid. — Quite
probably all of the material grown as S. 'Engleri is not
the same as another form, "with beautiful, long, sil-
vered Ivs. in handsome rosettes bearing upward of 20
handsome plumes of white fls. to a height, some of them,
of more than 1 ft.," which is mentioned in English
journals.
AAAA. BETWEEN SPECIES OF SECTION XH.
106. Dr. Ramsey, Hort. (S. longifolia x S. cochLearis).
Resembles the latter parent more, but both the spoon-
shaped Ivs., which take on a brilliant red tint in the
fall, and the infl. of white fls. are larger than in S.
cochleari^. The fls. are sprinkled with pink dots. A
garden hybrid.
107. splendens, Hort. (S. longifolia x S. Cotyledon).
A showy plant about 1 ] o ft. high, with silvery rosettes
more like the former parent and the looser infl. of the
latter: fls. white. A garden hybrid.
108. Burnatii, Siinderm. (S. cochledris x S. Aizoon).
Rather intermediate in character, but more nearly
approaching the former parent in its If.-rosettes and
the infl. of large white fls. A natural hybrid found in the
Maritime Alps.
109. Grandfieldii, Hort. Said to have been raised
from 5. Aizoon var. rosularis, by some said to be more
probably raised from S. Aizoon var. lutea. The Ivs. are
ligulate, about 1 in. long and J^in. broad, encrusted and
form a basal rosette: fls. pure white, unspotted and
borne on stalks 15 in. high in spreading sprays. A
garden hybrid of English origin. G. 36:673.
110. Gaudinii, Bruegg. (S. Aizoon xS. Cotyledon).
Also spelled Gaudiniana. Rosettes small and silver-
gray: the fls. white. Supposed to be a spontaneous
hybrid. Eu.
111. Macnabiana, Hort, (S. Cotyledon x S. Hbstii.
S. Hostii var. Macnabiana, Hort.). The rosettes of
Ivs. are intermediate in character, but the Ivs. are much
smaller than in S. Cotyledon and the plant is seldom
more than 1 ft. high, more or less branched above: fls.
numerous, white, heavily speckled with pink to purple
dots, the spots large. Mav, June. A garden hybrid.
Gn.W. 20:868. J.H. HI. 57:61.
AAAAA. BETWEEN SPECIES OF SECTION TTTT.
112. ambigua, DC. (S. media x S. aretundes). About
2J^ in. high with reddish or purplish glandular fl.-sts. :
Ivs. linear, nearly obtuse and a little reflexed: fls. pur-
ple, red or coppery, with the petals a little longer than
the calyx-lobes. Pyrenees. G.C. III. 54:183. — One of
three native hybrids resulting from this cross. S.
ambigua comes nearest to S. media, with red sepals and
petals; S. luteo-purpurea, Lapeyr, is intermediate
between the parents and has red sepals and yellow
petals; while S. Lapeyrousii, Don, resembles S. areti-
oides more closely; its sepals are green and its petals
yellow.
113. aurantiaca, Hort. (S. media x S. aretioides).
More nearly resembling S. aretioides but the rosettes
are larger: fls. yellow. Very similar to S. luteo-purpurea,
Lapeyr.
114. intermedia, Hort. (S. Grisebdchii x S. Strib-
nryi. S. Grisebdchii var. intermedia, Hort.). Very
similar in all respects to the former, but with a racemose
infl. instead of a spicate one, the pedicels longer than
those of S. Grisebachii: fls. red. Probably a natural
hybrid. G.C. IU. 46:195.
115. Bertolonii, Sunderm. (S. Fnderici-Augusti x S,
porophylla). Nearer the former parent in habit, about
3 in. high, the rosettes of Ivs. IJi in. diam.; Ivs. long,
narrow, and pointed, with the chalk-pits very evident :
infl. a nodding raceme borne on a red st. with red
leafy bracts which are tipped with green: fls. red, on
short pedicels. A garden hybrid. — Does well in a crev-
ice or on a ledge, but requires lime.
116. Kellereri, Sunderm, (S. Fnderici-Augusti x
probably a form of S. Burseridna). Inclined in habit to
the former, with well-developed rosettes which are
nearly 2 in. diam., but the Ivs. are longer and narrower
and are acutely pointed and pitted with white dots:
fl.-sts. 5 in. high, glandular-hairy and terminated by a
cluster of erect pink-tinted fls. ; the shade deeper toward
the base, fls. cylindrical in form with the petals never
reflexed. Feb., March. A garden hybrid.
117. Eudoziana, Kellerer (S. Ferdindndi-Coburgi x
S. sdncta). An intermediate in character, but vigorous
like S. sancta. The Ivs. have the silvery appearance of
the former parent and the length and pointedness of
the latter: sts. tinged red and bearing a head of 2-3
deep orange-yellow fls. which are rather small. A gar-
den hybrid raised at Sofia, Bulgaria.
118. apiculata, Engl. (S. Rochelidna x S. sdncta: S.
Frederici-Augusti, Hort., not Bias. S. luteo-purpurea,
Hort., not Lapeyr). Cespitose, forming a large dark
green mat, with subligneous, very densely Ivd. caudicles:
fl.-sts. 2-3H in. high, glandular-pilose: basal Ivs. linear-
oblong, acutely cuspidate, slightly carinate, thick, with
pitted margins; cauhne Ivs. subspatulate : infl. 5-9-fld.,
the branches 1-2-fld.: fls. yellow; calyx with the tube
turbinate and densely glandular-pilose; lobes ovate-
oblong, apiculate and glandulose-ciliate ; petals obovate,
spreading, a little longer than the calvx-lobes. Dec.-
March. Said to be from the Pyrenees. B.M. 8048.
G.C. III. 15:557; 39:250. G.M. 49:208. Gn. 69, p.
210; 76, p. 147. Gn.W. 20:67. G.W. 11, p. 4. J.H. III.
44:186. Var. alba, Hort. Habit free, the fl.-sts. 3 in.
high, the fls. pure white or pale cream-colored and
borne profusely. G. 34:233. Gn. 73, p. 201. Var.
Malyi, Hort. (S. Mdlyi, Hort., not Schott, also spelled
Mayli and Molyi. S. luteo-purpurea var. Mdlyi, Hort.),
has deeper-colored fls. which are better shaped and
3104
SAXIFRAGA
SAXIFRAGA
later opening than the type. Var. pallida, Hort., a form
said to have pale yellow fls., is offered in the trade.
119. pungens, Slinderm. (S. Rocheliana x S. junip-
erifolia). In general appearance it is similar to the
latter parent, with rather smaller rosettes of dark green,
sharp-pointed Ivs., but with the more compact habit of
S. Rocheliana. Its. fl.-sts. are about 1-2 in. high, glan-
dular-hairy and tinged red-brown, bearing several deep
golden yellow fls. which are larger and paler than those
of S. juniperifolia. A garden hybrid.
120. Borisii, Kellerer (S. marginata x S. Ferdinandi-
Coburgi). It more closely resembles the latter parent.
About 2-3 in. high with large rosettes of silvery Ivs.;
bracteate, glandular sts. each bearing 4 or 5 large yel-
low fls. which are paler than S. Ferdinandi-Coburgi. A
garden hybrid raised in Sofia, Bulgaria. — S. Kyrillii is
another product of the same cross.
121. Kyrillii, Kellerer (S. marginata x S. Ferdi-
ndndi-Cdburgi). Another product of the same cross as
S. Borisii but more closely resembling the former par-
ent. The Ivs. show the chalk-pits more distinctly; the
green, glandular sts. are about 3 in. high and bear pale
yellow fls. which are lighter and usually larger than
those of S. marginata. March. A garden hybrid, raised
at Sofia, Bulgaria.
122. Sundennannii, Hort. (S. marginata x S. Bur-
seriana). A smaller plant than S. Obristii (a result
of the reciprocal cross) and resembling the latter
parent more closely. About 2-3 in. high, habit tufted
and free-growing, the rosettes larger than in S. Obristii,
%in. diam.: Ivs. Mm- l°ng> broadest at the base and
tapering to a point as in S. Burseriana, upper surface
channeled or concave and covered with a chalky deposit
on the margins and apex: infl. 1- or 2-fld., borne on
green fl.-sts. which are obtuse, bracted, and covered with
glandular white hairs: fls. white, %in. across; sepals
obtuse, tinged red-brown and glandular; petals with
crisped margins as in some forms of S. Burseriana and
double the length of the sepals. A garden hybrid. G.C.
III. 49:228.— Very free-flowering.
123. Petraschii, Sunderm. (S. tombeanensis x S.
Rocheliana}. Of neat habit and very free-flowering.
The plant has compact cushions of glaucous Ivs. in
rosettes: sts. about 2 in. high, glandular and red-tinged,
bearing heads of 3-5 large white fls. which are 1 in.
across. March, April. A garden hybrid. G.C. III.
49:172. G. 33:231. Gn. 75, p. 190. G.M. 54:201 —
Does best on a soil which has been liberally mixed with
pieces of sandstone.
124. kestoniensis, Hort. Supposed to be a seedling
of S. Burseriana, though by some said to resemble S.
scardica var. obtusa more closely. It has very white
fls. which come very early and are starry. The fl.-sts.
are bright red and about 3 in. high. Jan.-March. A
garden hybrid.
125. B6ydii, Dewar (S. Burseriana x S. aretioldes.
S. Burseriana var. Bdydii, Hort.). Plant tufted, gray
and very slow-growing, fairly intermediate: Ivs. more
nearly resembling S. Burseriana, but instead of taper-
ing to an acute point they are linear with an abrupt
point: infl. 1-3-, rarely 4-5-fld.: fls. almost as large as
those of S. Burseriana, but yellow as in S. aretioides.
March. A garden hybrid. G.C. III. 39:250. G. 32: 333.
G.M. 53:317.
Var. alba, Hort. (S. Burseriana var. Boydii, Hort.).
A plant which very little resembles S. Boydii and by
some is thought to be a hybrid (S. Rocheliana var.
coriophylla x S. Burseriana) . Lvs. subulate, arranged in
small rosettes which form dense cushions: fls. white,
borne on scapes about 2 in. high, bearing a cyme of 3-4
fls. Gn. 71, p. 178; 72, p. 177. It resembles S. Burseri-
ana in many respects but differs in having larger Ivs.
and more fls. to a scape. Var. kestoni, Hort., is offered
in the trade, — possibly the same as S. kestoniensis.
126. Faldonside, Boyd (S. Burseriana x S. areti-
oides). Lvs. silvery: st. suffused with pink: fls. lemon-
yellow, borne in 2's or 3's, %in. diam., of beautiful form
with full overlapping petals which are crimped at the
edges; the small orange-colored glandular disk in the
center of the fl. adds to its attractiveness. Feb., March.
A garden hybrid. — Free-flowering. The same cross as
S. Boydii but freer growing and with larger fls. of a
better form.
127. SalomSnii, Siinderm. (S. Burseriana x S. Rochel-
iana. S. salmonica, Hort.). The habit is more that of
the former but the infl. and stronger growth that of
the latter parent: rosettes usually J^in. diam.; Ivs. awl-
shaped, 3-cornered with cartilaginous margins and
decidedly glaucous: fl.-sts. 1^-2 in. high, tinged red,
pubescent and covered with Ivs.; fl.-buds suffused with
pink, but fls. white, more the substance of S. Rochel-
iana and borne 3 or 4 to a st., about Min. across. Feb.,
March. A garden hybrid. Gn.W. 22:291.
128. Obristii, Sunderm. (S. Burseriana x S. mar-
ginata) . A robust plant, about 3-4 in. high, with rosettes
about %in. diam.: sts. glandular and tinged red-brown:
Ivs. strap-shaped, acute, with 4 or 5 chalk-pits on their
margins: fls. 2-4 to a st., large, almost 1 in. across,
ivory-white; petals broad, rounded and overlapped as
in S. marginata. March. A garden hybrid. G.C. III.
49:229. — It is very like an enlarged S. Burseriana in
general appearance though the foliage is intermediate
and the fls. resemble S. marginata. Another distinct
form resulting from this cross is S. Sundermannii.
129. Elizabethae, Sunderm. (S. Burseriana x S.
sdncta. S. Cherrytrees, Hort.). Very free-growing, form-
ing cushion-like tufts: Ivs. deep green, in small rosettes
which are closely packed together: fl.-sts. 2 in. high,
tinged red, glandular; the bracts tipped with green: fls.
yellow (variously stated as sulfur, primrose, and canary),
quite large and in heads of 3-5. March, April. A gar-
den hybrid. G.L. 18:116; 25:153.
130. Irvingii, Hort. (S. Burseriana var. macrdntha x
S. Fnderici-Augusti. S. Burseriana var. elegans, Hort.
S. Burseriana var. rosea, Hort.). This partakes more
of the character of the former, with similar tufts of
foliage and single fls. The latter parent shows in the
color of the fls. which are blush-pink, deeper at the
center. The fl.-sts. are only 1 in. or so high and the
Slant is very free-blooming. March. A spontaneous
ybridatKew. G.C. III. 57:158. G. 37:187. Gn. 76,
p. 193; 79, p. 152. G.M. 58:149.— S. kewensis is
another product of the same cross but more allied to
S. Friderici-Augusti.
131. kewensis, Hort. (S. Burseriana var. macrdntha
xS. Fnderici-Augusti). About 2-3 in. high with the
Ivs. of the latter parent but the cushioned habit of the
former: sts. pale glandular-hairy; bracts red tipped with
green: fls. intermediate in shape; sepals deep red and
glandular, while the petals are rose, much deeper
colored toward their base. March. A garden hybrid.
G.C. III. 51:247.
132. bursiculata, Jenkins (S. Burseriana var. major
xS. apiculata). Plant about 3 in. high, with silver-
gray rosettes: Ivs. acutely pointed, glaucous and similar
to the former parent, while the horizontal spread of the
rosettes and their size show the influence of S. apiculata:
fl.-sts. 3-4-fld.: fls. large and white. March. A garden
hybrid. G.C. III. 49:158. G. 33:183. Gn. 75, p. 155.
G.M. 54:188. J.H. III. 62:357.
133. Paulinae, Sunderm. (S. Burseriana var. minor
xS. Ferdinandi-Coburgi). Habit compact, nearer like
that of the latter parent, about 2 in. high, with larger
rosettes of glaucous foliage: sts. tinged with red and fls.
Kale yellow, about %in. diam. March. A garden
ybrid. — Somewhat resembles S. Elizabethae, but the
foliage is more glaucous and the rosettes are smaller.
Var. compacta, Hort., is said to have compact cushions
SAXIFRAGA
SCABIOSA
3105
of dark green foliage and stout sprays of clear yellow
fls. resembling S. Boydii.
134. Haagei, Sunderm. (S. sdncta x S. Ferdindndi-
Cbburgi). This more nearly resembles the latter parent.
Its habit is very compact, its foliage is similar and glau-
cous: fl.-sts. 2-3 in. high, bracted, tinged red-brown
and glandular-hairy: fls. golden yellow, 4-5 to a St.,
clustered in heads." March, April. A garden hybrid.
Gn. 78, p. 170.
135. Godseffiana, Hort., also known as S. Godseffi
and S. L. S. Godseff (S. sdncta xS. Elizabeths). Habit
of growth intermediate, foliage spiny and in close tufts:
fl.-sts. 3-4 in. high, reddish and having reddish green-
tipped Ivs. : fls. an improvement on S. Elizabeths, being
deeper yellow and having better form. A garden hybrid.
S. atrorirens, Hort., is offered in the trade as a form growing 6 in.
high, with white fls. Probably belongs in Section Dactyloides. — S.
Bakeri, Hort., is one of the smaller mossy saxifrages with vivid green
foliage, a plant of compact habit with rich carmine or rose fls Prob-
ably belongs in Section Dactyloides. — S. B&ykei, Hort., is offered in
the'trade. — S. capillaris, Hort.. is offered in the trade as a white-fld.
species. — S. carniolica, Hort., is offered in the trade and said to
have white fls.— 5. caryophyUa, Hort., is offered in the trade as one
of the easiest to grow, fls. white. Perhaps a misspelling of corio-
phylla, which is a variety of S. Rocheliana.— iS. circuenta, Hort., is
said to have silvery braided foliage and pretty little panicles of white
fls. borne on sts. 4 in. high. It belongs to Section Euaizoonia. — ^S.
cristata hybrida, Hort., is offered in the trade as a form growing 6 in.
high, with white fls. Probably a form of S. Aizoon near var. para-
doxa.— 5. elatior, Mert. «fc Kpch=S. Hostii. — S. elatior, of German
authors=S. altissima. — S. elatior, Wimm.=S. Aizoon var. major. —
S. Ganolini, Hort., is offered in the trade as growing 6 in. high with
white fls.— S. H&tcortMi, Hort., forms cushions of rather pale
green, about 6 in. high, the growth being packed and somewhat
rounded at the top: fls. pure white and numerous. Probably belongs
in Section Dactyloides. — S. Hectori, Hqrt., is offered in the trade. —
S. hybrida, Hort., not others=S. decipiens.-pS. hybrida, Haw.=S.
hypnoides. — S. incurrifolia, Hort., not Don, is listed as belonging to
the encrusted section and as having white fls. — S. incurrifolia, Don,
is a variety of S. eespitosa. — S. tieris, Hort. (?) of Bieb. and of Oet-
tingen. The plant in cult, under this name belongs to Section
Trachyphyllum and has a spreading habit like S. aizoides with loose
rosettes of narrow elliptic-oval Ivs.: fl.-sts. about 2 in. high, tinged
crimson below and bearing each 4-6, not large, rich yellow fls. Cau-
casus. Requires a moist situation.— S. teens, Bieb., also from Cau-
casus, is placed in Section Kabschia by Engler, but by several other
authors is said to be close to S. Aizoon or S. aizoides and may be the
same as the plant in cult. ; if not the one now grown as S. laevis must
receive a new name. — S. Iseris, Oettingen, seems to be the same as
that of Bieb. as far as the description is concerned; the plants have
not been seen. — S. leans, Hort., is offered in the trade as a very com-
pact form, 6 in. high, with white fls. Probably belongs in Section
Dactyloides. — S. Lindesidna, Hort., also spelled Lindisiana, is of-
fered in the trade as a mossy species with white fls. Perhaps belongs
in Section Dactyloides. — S. linaueformis, Hort., is offered in the
trade. — £. palmata, Hort., is uncertain and seems to be sometimes
S. decipiens. sometimes S. geranioides. Var. foliis tariegatis is a va-
riety of one of these species with variegated foliage. — S. paradoxa,
Hort., is described in a trade-list as a beautiful member of the Aizoon
group with long and "braided" foliage. Presumably a natural
hybrid between S. crustata and S. Hostii. Considered by some as a
variety of S. Aizoon, which see. — S. paradoxa, Kit.=S. moschata
var. pygmsea.— -S. pectinata, Pursh=Luetkea pectinata, Kuntze. —
S. pedatifida, Hort., is offered in the trade as a white-fld. species. — S.
Pseudo-Fosteri, Hort., is offered in the trade as a hybrid of the
encrusted section. Var. sdncta, Hort., is offered in the trade as an
early yellow-fld. form. — S. pyrolifolia, Don=Leptarrhena pyroli-
folia, R. Br. — S. Ringtana, Hort., is offered in the trade as a dwarf
plant of spreading habit, growing 4 in. high and having white fls.
Probably belongs in Section Dactyloides. — S. rupestris, Lapeyr.=
S. ascendens. — 5. rupestris, Salisb.=S. hypnoides. Which of these
the material offered in the trade as a very compact plant
growing 6 in. high, with white fls. cannot be determined with cer-
tainty, though probably the second as it is said to belong to
the mossy section. — iS. Schroederi, Hort., is offered in the trade
as allied to S. ceratophylla which is a variety of S. trifurcata,
a species of Section Dactyloides. — S. seiemifida, Hort., is offered
in the trade. — 5. Sibthorpii, Boiss. Fig. 3558. Of the Cymbalaria
group: perennial, cespitose, with renifonn long-stalked obtuse-
Ibbed Ivs. and small yellowish fls.: petals ovate-elliptic. A good
rock-plant, but seems not to be in the trade. — S. Stansfieldi, Wm.
Robinson, is said to have a close-growing habit, dark green
foliage and white fls. borne on sts. 4 in. high. Perhaps it
belongs in Section Dactyloides. — S. stellata, Hort., not. Pav.,
is offered in the trade as a white-fld. mossy plant, 1 ft.
high. This is unquestionably not the stellata of Pavon which
is the Peruvian representative of S. eespitosa and grows scarcely
1 in. high.— 5. stenoglossa, Tausch. Lvs. of the rosette rather
erect, cuneate or cuneate-linear, acute, serratures narrow, the
lower ones spreading, the uppermost contiguous, with the terminal
tooth slightly protruding. A plant is offered under this name, but
whether the same as the indeterminable Tausch species it is impos-
sible to say. The above given description is a translation of the
original of Tausch. — S. Taniians, Hort., is offered in the trade. — S.
taxiophyUa, Hort., is offered in the trade as a white-fld. species. Var.
persifolia, Hort,, is also offered. — 5. tenuifolia, Hort,, is offered in
the trade as growing 6 in. high, with white fls. Probably belongs in
Section Dactyloides. — S. Van Hoitttei, Hort., is offered in the trade.
It belongs to Section Bergenia and has light pink fls. — 5. tenetica,
Hort., is offered in the trade as a species with minute tufts and prim-
rose-yellow fls. belonging in the encrusted section.— S. Webbiana,
Hort., is offered in the trade. Possibly belongs in Section Dacty-
loides. T- T T I
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SCABIOSA (Latin, itch, referring to medicinal use).
Dipsacaceae. SCABIOUS. MOUBNIXG BRIDE. Annual or
perennial herbs, their base more or less woody, com-
prising some of the showy and commonly cultivated
garden flowers.
Leaves entire, dentate-lobate or dissected: heads
terminal, depressed subglobpse or ovoid-conical,
pedunculate or rarely sessile in a dichotomous infl.;
bracts of the involucre 1-2-rowed, herbaceous: fls. blue,
rose, yellowish, or white; calyx bristly; corolla-limb
4-5-cleft, subequal or frequently oblique or 2-lipped;
stamens 4, very rarely 2: achene adnate to the involucel
at the base or up to the middle. — About 70 species, Eu.,
Asia, and Afr., rare in the tropics.
In any moderately good garden soil a succession of
flowers is produced from June until frost. The flowers
are very serviceable for cutting purposes. Propagated
by seed or division. Many of the perennial species act
like biennials in cultivation, and often flower the first
year from seed. S. atropurpurea is a common garden
annual, of easy cultivation from seed.
alata, 9.
alba, 1, 10.
atropurpurea, 7.
bracniata, 4.
calyptocarpa. 7.
candidissima, 7.
caucasica, 1.
coccinea, 7.
Columbaria, 9, 10.
compacta, 7.
flore-pleno, 7.
grammifolia, 2.
grandiflora, 7.
japonica, 8.
magnifies, 1.
major, 7.
maritime, 7.
maxima, 7.
minor, 7.
nana, 7.
ochroleuca, 9.
pallida, 1.
perfecta, 1.
pumila, 7.
Reuteriana, 6.
stellata, 3.
ucranica, 5.
varia, 7.
Webbiana, 9.
Wiilfenii, 5.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Radical hs. dentate or lobed.
B. Fls. yellow (horticultural variations
of Xos. 5 and 7 are yellowish). ... 9. ochroleuca
BB. Fls. dark purple, rose, crimson, blue,
or white (forms of Nos 5 and 7 are
yellowish).
c. Calyx-limb sessile or_ nearly so.
D. Surfaces of If. pilose-pubescent
with oppressed white hairs. . . 5. ucranica
DD. Surfaces of If. pubescent, but not
with oppressed white hairs. . . 10. Columbaria
cc. Calyx-limb pedicellate.
D. Plant 6-18 in. high 3. stellata
DD. Plant 2 ft. high 7. atropurpurea
AA. Radical Its. entire. 8' iapoaica
B. Plants annual.
c. Lts. oblong-spatulate 6. Reuteriana
cc. LTS. ocate-oblong 4. bracniata
BB. Plants perennial.
c. Prevailing shape of blade linear,
but occasionally broader 2. graminifolia
cc. Prevailing shape of blade lanceo-
late, but occasionally narrower. . 1. caucasica
1. caucasica, Bieb. A hardy perennial 18 in. high:
Ivs. glaucous or whitish, the lower lanceolate-linear,
acute, the upper cut and divided: heads flattish: fls.
light blue. June-Oct. Caucasus Mts. Gn. 35, p. 121.
G. 4:423; 25:443. Gn.W. 23:481; 26:171. Var. alba,
Hort., has white fls. G. 29:71. G.M. 38:839. There is
also a form of this, var. alba perfecta, Hort., which is
offered in the trade — possibly the same as var. perfecta.
Var. magnifica, Hort., is a"large-fld. form with deep
lavender-blue fls. Gn. 77, p. 445; 78:58. G.M. 56:674.
Var. pallida, Hort., has silver-gray foliage. Var.
perfecta, Hort., has large fringed fls. G.W. 3, p. 587.
2. graminifSlia, Linn. A perennial herb, somewhat
woody at the base, about 1 ft. high: Ivs. linear, silvery:
fls. pale blue. June-Oct. Eu. B.R. 835. G. 36:643.
3106
SCABIOSA
SOEVOLA
3. stellata, Linn. An annual plant, hairy, simple or
somewhat branched, 6-18 in. high: Ivs. cut or somewhat
lyrate, the terminal lobe large, obovate, dentate, the
upper ones often pinnately parted: fls. blue, in long-
peduncled heads; corolla 5-cleft, the lobes radiate.
June and later. S. Eu.
4. brachiata, Sibth. & Smith. An annual species
about 1 ft. high: lower Ivs. ovate-oblong, the upper
pinnately cut, lyrate; the lower lobes decurrent, the
terminal large, obovate, oblong: fls. light blue. June
and later. Eu., Asia. — Recent authors have kept this
distinct as the type of the genus Callistema where it
becomes C. brachiatum, Boiss.
5. ucranica, Linn. (S. Wulfenii, Roem. &. Schult.).
Biennial or perennial: sts. erect, branched: Ivs. pilose-
pubescent with appressed white hairs; the lower pin-
nately parted, segms. oblong or oblong-linear, entire or
dentate; the upper often undivided: calyx-limb short-
stipitate; corolla white or yellowish white, rarely rose
or blue, lobes nearly entire or crenate: fruiting head
spherical. Eu., Asia
3564. Scabiosa atropurpurea. —
6. Reuteriana, Boiss.
Annual: st. erect,
branched: lower Ivs. ob-
long - spatulate, entire ;
the other Ivs. lyrate,
lateral segms. on each
side 1-2, short, lanceo-
late, terminal segm.
much larger: involucre
setose at base: calyx-
limb short-stipitate; co-
rolla pale violet, lobes
denticulate : fruiting
head ovate. Asia Minor.
7. atropurpurea, Linn.
(S. major, Hort. S.mari-
tima, Linn. S. calypto-
cdrpa, St. Amans).
SWEET SCABIOUS. Fig.
3564. An annual branch-
ing plant about 2 ft. high :
radical Ivs. lanceolate-
ovate, lyrate, coarsely
dentate; st. -Ivs. pin-
nately parted, the lobes
oblong, dentate or cut:
The mourning bride or pin-cushion fl "g*. ,
flower. (X1A) Eju-* 3ie, rose, or
white, in long-peduncled
heads, becoming ovate or oblong in fr. July-Oct. S.
Eu. Gn. 21, p. 118. B.M. 247. F.S. 12:1203.— Very
variable and in common cult. S. varia, Hort., not Gilib.,
is probably a name applied to mixed varieties of S.
atropurpurea. Var. candidissima, Hort., is a white-
fld. form; also occurs double under the horticultural
names of candidissima flore-pleno and candidissima
plena. Var. coccinea, Hort., is a scarlet-fld. form. Var.
compacta, Hort., only a compact form, probably refera-
ble to var. grandiflora. Var. fldre-pleno, Hort., see yar.
grandiflora. Var. grandifldra, Hort. (S. grandifldra,
Hort. S. atropurpurea var. maxima, Hort. S. atro-
purpurea var. flore-pleno, Hort.), is really a large-fld.
strain occurring in several variant forms based on habit,
fl. -color, and the like. One form is known horticul-
turally as grandiflora compacta, also occurring double,
and a second as maxima plena. By some authorities
this variety includes all the others; it is the common
garden strain. Var. major, Hort., also known horti-
culturally as grandifldra major, is a tall-growing form of
which the following variations are named in the trade:
major aurantlaca, major sulphurica, and major compacta
atropurpurea. Var. maxima, Hort., see var. grandiflora.
Var. minor, Hort., see var. nana. Var. nana, Hort.
(S. atropurpurea var. minor, Hort. S. minor, Hort.),
also known horticulturally as grandiflora minor, is a
smaller-growing group of plants, very much branched,
of which the following forms are named in the trade:
minor aurea flore-pleno, also known as S. minor aurea
flore-pleno, which has light yellow double fls.; nana
foliis-aureis with yellow foliage, and nana plena. Var.
pumila, Hort., also known horticulturally as grandi-
fldra pumila, is a dwarf group occurring in various
colors; there is also a double form horticulturally
known as pumila flore-pleno. This is the group listed in
the trade as Tom Thumb. — The forms of S. atropurpu-
rea are among the most popular of flower-garden
annuals. Seeds sown in the open ground in spring
should give bloom in early summer and continue till
frost. The composite-like heads are produced on long
sts., good for cutting.
8. jap6nica, Miq. Perennial, tufted, about 2 ft.
high, dichotomously branched: Ivs. pinnatisect, lobes
narrow: fl. -heads terminal or axillary, very long-pedun-
cled, violet-blue, about 2 in. across, involucral bracts in
2 rows, very unequal, shorter than the fls. Sept. to
frost. Japan. — Closely allied to S. atropurpurea.
9. ochrole&ca, Linn. (S. Columbaria var. ochroleiica,
Hort. S. alata, Hort.). A hardy perennial herb about
18 in. high: st. branching and somewhat hairy: lys.
whitish-pubescent, the radical crenate or lyrately pin-
natifid, tapering to a petiole, pubescent on both sides,
those of the st. 1-2-pinnately divided or cleft into
oblong or linear lobes: peduncles long, slender: Ivs. of
the involucre shorter than the fls. June to autumn.
Eu. and Asia. Var. Webbiana, Hort. (S. Webbiana, D.
Don). Height 6-10 in.: lower Ivs. canescent-villous,
the upper .glabrous. Resembles the type but is smaller
in all its parts. B.R. 717.
10. Columbaria, Linn. A hardy perennial quite vari-
able in character, 2 ft. high: st. branching, glabrous or
nearly so: radical Ivs. ovate-obtuse, crenate, membra-
nous, pubescent on both sides; st.-lvs. glabrous, pin-
nately parted, the segms. linear, entire or slightly
incised: fls. blue, in ovate-globular heads on long
pubescent peduncles. June-Sept. Eu., Asia, Afr. Var.
alba, Hort., is a white-fld. form.
S. alpina, Linn.=Cephalaria alpina, Schrad. — S. elata, Hornem.
=Cephalaria tatarica, Schrad. — S. lutea, Hort., is a perennial
growing 5-7 ft. high: fls. yellow, not known botanically. G. 25:442.
Var. gigantea, Hort., is also offered in the trade. — S. tatdrica, Linn.
=Cephalaria tatarica, Schrad. R.B. 33:353.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
SCABIOUS. For common scabious, see Scabiosa. For Shep-
herd's or Sheep scabious, see Jasione perennis.
SC^VOLA (Latin, a diminutive of scseva, the left-
handed, probably alluding to the form of the corolla).
Goodeniacese. Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs suitable for
greenhouse culture: Ivs. alternate: fls. solitary between
2 bracteoles, sessile or pedunculate, axillary or the
peduncles dichotomously branched with a fl. in each
fork; calyx-tube adnate, limb usually very short; corolla
oblique, the tube slit open to the base, lobes nearly equal ;
ovary wholly inferior or rarely the summit free, 2-
celled with 1 erect ovule in each cell, or 1-celled with
1 or 2 erect ovules: fr. indehiscent, more or less succu-
lent.— About 83 species, mostly Australian, but also
the Pacific islands, Asia, and one each in Afr. and the
W. Indies. A few of the species which have been cult.
are: S. attenuata, R. Br., with broadly lanceolate Ivs.
and blue fls. in terminal leafy spikes. Austral. B.M.
4196. S. cuneiformis, Labill., with obovate lower and
oblong-cuneate upper Ivs. and blue fls. in a long inter-
rupted spike. Austral. S. suaveolens, R. Br., a pros-
trate, or decumbent hardy perennial or subshrub with
petiolate Ivs. obovate to oblong-spatulate, and blue
fls. in interrupted terminal hirsute spikes. Aug.
Austral. For a recent treatment of this genus, see
Krause in Engler's Pflanzenreich, hft. 54 (IV. 277 and
277o), 1912.
SCANDIX
SCHAUERIA
3107
SCANDIX (Greek, to sting, in reference to the rough-
ness of the fr.). Umbellifene. Glabrous or pubescent
annual herbs, one of them grown for foliage and bloom :
lv.-. pinna tely decompound, the segms. small and nar-
row: umbels composite, few-rayed, or now and then
simple (1-rayed); involucre none or 1-bracted: fls.
white, polygamous; calyx-teeth minute or wanting;
petals often unequal, oblong, cuneate or obovate: fr.
oblong-linear, laterally compressed, long-beaked, pri-
mary ridges prominent, broad obtuse or filiform. — About
12 species natives of temperate or subtropical regions
of the northern hemisphere.
Pecten-Veneris, Linn. Fig. 3565. A hardy garden
annual 6-12 in. high, with finely cut Ivs. and small white
fls. in simple umbels. Eu. — Little grown.
S. cerefMium, Linn. See Chervil.
SCAPHOSEPALUM (Greek, boat and sepal, alluding
to the form of the lower sepal). Orchidacex. A genus
separated from Masdevallia on the character of the
lateral sepals, which are united into a boat-shaped
organ. In habit the plants resemble masdevallias,
except that the parts of the rhizome are longer, thus
making the tufts less compact, and the racemes assume
climbing habits, becoming very long and bearing fls.
for months in succession. The dorsal sepal is free or
nearly so; labellum and sepal small. — The genus con-
tains about 10 or more species.
Grow in a coolhouse well protected from the sun.
Keep the summer temperature as low as possible. Give
plenty of water when growing. When at rest, water
sparingly but do not allow the plants to become entirely
dry. Use as small a pan as possible. The culture is like
that for masdevallia. (Wm. Mathews.)
gibberosum, Rolfe (Masdevallia gibberosa, Reichb.
f.). Lvs. 3-5 in. long, oblong-obovate or lanceolate,
obtuse: peduncle 6-10 in. long, warty, bearing a loose
raceme of 4-8 fls. : dorsal sepal boat-shaped, with a long
tail, dull red, with strong, greenish ribs; lateral sepals
partly connate in a concave lamina, then spreading
horizontally, yellow, spotted with red and ending in
yellowish tails. Colombia. B.M. 6990.
punctatum, Rolfe (Masdevallia punctata, Rolfe).
Densely tufted: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, subacute, 3-5
197
in. long: peduncles pendulous: fls. small, dull yellow-
ish, thickly speckled with crimson; dorsal sepal broadly
ovate, concave, strongly 5-ribbed, ending in a stiff
incurved tail; lateral sepals spreading horizontally,
falcately incurved, with a filiform process near the tip.
Colombia. B.M. 7165. HEINKICH HASSELBRING.
SCAPHYGLOTTIS (Greek, boat and tongue, referring
to the hollowed labellum). Orchidaceae. Branched
epiphytic orchids grown in the wannhouse: new
branches borne annually at the apex of the old branch,
solitary or paired, sheathed at the base, 2-lvd. at apex,
finally fleshy thickened, forming pseudobulbs which are
linear or narrowly fusiform: Ivs, narrow, sometimes
linear, coriaceous: fls. in pairs or few in fascicles between
the Ivs. at the base of the innovation, small; sepals
erect and rather spreading, lateral broader than the
dorsal; petals similar to the sepals; labellum articulate
or continuous with the foot of the column, not divided
or obscurely lobed; column rather long, 2-auricled at
the apex; pollinia 4. — About 15 species, Mex. to Brazil.
alba, Rolfe. Sts. fascicled, narrowly spindle-shaped,
154-2 in. long, 2-lvd.: Ivs. linear, l%-2^ in. long,
minutely bilobed at apex: fls. small, white, in fascicles
of 3 or 4; sepals oblong, rather connivent; petals some-
what narrower; lip cuneate-oblong, nearly entire.
Hab.(?).
S. Coffniauxiana, Wildem. A small species with narrow Ivs.
2—1 in. long: fls. greenish yellow; sepals acute, petals subacute.
Brazil — S. stellaia, Lodd., differs from S. violacea in having larger
fls., with more spreading segms. and lateral lobes of the lip as large
as the middle one. Guiana. — S. noticed, Lindl. Sts. terete, striated,
articulated: Ivs. 2-3 in. long, linear or linear-lanceolate: fls-violet,
minute; lateral sepals twice as broad as the dorsal; lip white, fleshy,
channeled. Guiana. B.M. 4071. B.R. 1901.
SCK£N6STOMA: Chxnostoma.
F. TRACY HUBBABD.
SCHAUERIA (after J. C. Schauer, professor at
Greifswald, 1813-1848). Acanthacex. Erect half-
shrubby herbs, of greenhouse cult., with entire Ivs.:
fls. yellow or red, in a terminal thyrse or spike; calyx
5-parted, segms. linear or setaceous; corolla-tube long,
gradually broadened upward; limb 2-lipped, the upper
tip interior narrow, entire or emarginate, erect, lower
lip cut into 3 subequal, recurved segms.; stamens 2
each, with 2 parallel
anthers, about as long
as the upper lip ; aborted
stamens wanting; style
filiform; ovary seated
on a disk, 2-loculed, with
2 seeds in each locule. —
About 8 species from
Brazil. Closely related
to Jacobinia, from
which it differs by the
equal parallel anther-
cells. It is distinguished
from Anisacanthus by
its setaceous calyx-
lobes, and from Fittonia
by its habit.
flavicoma, N. E. Br.
(Justicia flavicoma,
Lindl. Justicia flava,
Hort., not Kurz.) . Fig.
3566. Half -shrub by
plant, with erect,
branched sts. up to 4
ft. high: Ivs. opposite,
petiolate, ovate to
ovate -lanceolate, shin-
ing green, undulate: fls.
light yellow, 1H in. 3566. Schaueria flavicoma, often
long, borne in erect, known to the trade under the name
feathery panicles ; calyx- of Justicia flava. ( x H)
3108
SCHAUERIA
lobes long, subulate, glandular-hairy, persistent after the
corolla has fallen. Autumn. Brazil. B.M. 2816 (as
Justicia calycotricha). B.R. 1027. L.B.C. 20:1921 (as
Justicia callitricha). J.H. III. 61 : 277. — This plant has
been confused with S. calycotricha, Nees, and has long
been cult, under that name. S. calycotricha, Nees, has
a smooth calyx and broader ovate Ivs. which are very
obtuse or subcordate at the base.
HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
SCHEELEA (after Scheele, distinguished German
chemist). Palmacese. Pinnate palms from Trop. S.
Amer. They are spineless, tall or dwarf: If.-segms.
arranged in regular series or grouped, linear, in young
plants unequally and obtusely 2-cut at the apex: fls.
yellowish, dicecious or monoecious, the males very
numerous in the upper part of the branches, the females
few or solitary in the lower part and sometimes pedun-
cled; petals of the males long-club-shaped or cylindrical;
stamens 6, shorter than the petals: fr. 1-3-seeded.—
About 10 species. Almost unknown in Amer. Cult, hi
hot moist house. Prop, by rarely obtainable imported
seeds. Considered by some the same as Cocos buty-
racea. The following species has never been described
as a Scheelea and it is only by inference on Karsten's
part that it can be placed there. S. butyracea, Karst.
This species was once cult, in S. Calif. Franceschi
remarks that it comes from Venezuela and is a magnifi-
cent palm with the habit of attalea. H. A. Siebrecht
states that it is rare in cult, and that it is more inter-
esting than beautiful. On account of its large st.-base
or crown, it requires so large a pot or tub for the size
of the plant that it does not make a very ornamental
subject. N. TAYLOR.f
SCHEERIA (Frederick Scheer presented the original
species to the Royal Botanic Gardens at Kew, he hav-
ing received material in 1850, through J. Potts, from
Chihuahua, Mex.). Gesneriacese. A name proposed for
4 Mexican and Trop. American herbs which are now
referred to Achimenes (which see). From Achimenes,
Seeman, its founder, distinguished it "by its truly
infundibuliform, not bilobed, stigma." In habit, the
genus suggests Achimenes hirsuta, A. peduncidata, and
A. mvltiflora . In the American trade one species is
offered, S. mexicana, Seem. (S. cserulescens, Hort.).
St. erect, hairy: Ivs. ovate, hairy, dentate, stout-
stalked, opposite: fls. solitary in the axils, stalked, the
corolla 2-2^ in. long, the tube inclined or drooping
and curved, the wide-spreading 5-lobed limb blue-
purple. Lvs. with a metallic luster. B.M. 4743. H.F.
11.3:160 (as Shuria mexicana}. Gt. 2:354. This will
be found under its accepted name Achimenes Scheerii,
Hemsl., in the supplementary list, Vol. I, p. 208.
L. H. B.
SCHEFFLERA (named after G. C. Schemer). In-
cluding Heptapleiirum, Paratropia, and Sciadophyllum.
Araliacese. Glabrous or pubescent trees or shrubs or
sometimes climbing by means of switch-like branches,
grown in the greenhouse or hardy in the far South.
Leaves various, mostly digitately compound, rarely
simple and then usually mixed with compound Ivs.,
very seldom double digitately compound: fls. in umbels,
heads, or racemes, these mostly arranged . *,
racemosely, seldom in whorls; calyx-limb
weakly developed, obscurely and shortly
toothed or almost lacking; petals 5 or more
(-15), mostly 5-6; stamens as many as
the petals: fr. globose to ovate or elongated,
silicate or angled. — About 150 species in
the tropical regions of the world. Para-
tropia Stelzneriana, Barb.-Rodr., belongs
to this genus. See under Paratropia.
odorata, Merr. & Rolfe (Polyscias odorata,
Blanco). A glabrous vine 6-18 ft. high:
SCHINUS
petioles longer than the Ifts.; Ifts. 5. or 6, smooth and
shining, coriaceous, elliptic to broadly ovate, obtuse or
very shortly acuminate: panicles lax, terminal: fls.
greenish, 6-merous: fr. globose, fleshy. March, April.
Philippines. — Occasionally cult.
S. acuminata, Harms (Actinophyllum acuminatum, Pav.
Sciadophyllum acuminatum, Poir.), has climbing sts. 10 ft. high,
7-11 oblong, obliquely acuminate, coriaceous Ifts. and yellow fls.
in small heads. May. Peru. — S. conica, Harms (Actinophyllum
conicum, Pav. Sciadophyllum conicum, Poir.), has shrubby sts.
10 ft. high, 7-13 oblong, abruptly acuminate, coriaceous Ifts., and
small heads of whitish red fls. May. Peru. — S. polyb6trya, Viguier
(Paratropia polybotrya, Miq. Heptapleurum polybotryum, Seem.),
is a sparingly branched shrub, 6-7 oblong-ovate to obovate-oblong,
caudate-acuminate Ifts. and long racemes of small green fls. Winter.
Java. B.M. 6238. — S. Sciadophyllum, Harms (Aralia Sciadophyl-
lum, Sw. Sciadophyllum Brownii, Spreng.), has tree-like sts. 10-15
ft. high, 7-11 nearly umbellate oblong-lanceolate, glabrous unequal
Ifts. and white fls. in heads which are in long compound racemes.
Peru. — S. venuldsa, Harms (Paratropia venulosa, Wight & Am.
Heptapleurum venulosum, Seem.), is a small glabrous tree or climb-
ing shrub with glabrous entire acuminate Ifts. and small compound
S articles of greenish fls. India. Var. erythrostachya, Hort., differs in
aving very large Ivs., with broad Ifts. and very tiny deep red fls.,
borne in a branched terminal panicle. Trop. Asia. B.M. 7402. — S.
vitiensis, Seem. (Aralia vitiensis, Gray. Agalma vitiensis, Seem.),
has digitate Ivs., obovate-oblong, obtuse entire Ifts., with horizon-
tally spreading veins and 3-7 fls. in an umbel. Fiji Isls.
F. TRACY HTJBBARD.
SCHIMA (said to be an Arabian name). Ternstrcemi-
dcese. Evergreen trees or shrubs, suitable for the warm-
house: peduncles 1-fld., solitary in the axils or above
crowded in a short raceme: fls. showy; sepals 5, slightly
unequal; petals 5, much larger, connate at base, strongly
imbricate, the outermost concave or somewhat hooded ;
stamens numerous; ovary 5- (rarely 4-6-) celled: caps,
ligneous, commonly depressed-globose. — About 9 spe-
cies, Trop. Asia. Here belongs a neat little tea-like
shrub about 2 ft. high, known to the trade as Gordonia
javanica. Schima and Gordonia are closely related
genera, distinguished by Bentham and Hooker as fol-
lows: Schima has inferior radicles, sepals scarcely
unequal, ovules few in each locule and laterally affixed ;
Gordonia has superior radicles, sepals markedly un-
equal, ovules numerous in each locule and pendulous.
Noronhse, Reinw. (Gordonia javdnica, Rollison).
Tender evergreen shrub, 2 ft. high or perhaps more,
branched, glabrous: Ivs. alternate, elliptic-lanceolate,
coriaceous, entire: fls. solitary in the axils, white, lJ/£
in. across, shorter than the Ivs.; petals obovate. Java.
B.M. 4539. J.F. 1 :46. — A good pot-plant for the warm-
house. Readily increased by cuttings.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
SCHINUS (Greek name for the mastic-tree, Pistacia
Lentiscus; applied to this genus on account of the resi-
nous mastic-like juice of some species). Anacar diocese.
Resinous dicecous trees, one much planted in California.
3567. Schinus Molle, the California pepper-tree.
SCHIXUS
Leaves alternate, pinnate; Ifts. sessile, axillary:
panicles terminal, bracteate: fls. small, whitish, with
short. 5-lobed calyx, 5 imbricated petals, broad annular
disk, and 10 stamens: fr. a globose drupe. — About 17
species, all S. American except one in the Hawaian
I~l>.. one in Jamaica, and one in St. Helena. Only two
are cult. : they are semi-tropical and grown in the warm-
house at the E. and in X. Eu., in the open at the S. and
in Calif., as far north as the San Francisco Bay region.
Molle, the old generic name, is from Mulli, the Peru-
vian name of S. Molle, and not, as sometimes supposed,
Latin motte, soft, which would not be applicable in this
case.
Schinus Molle is even-where present in southern
California, where it attains a height of 50 feet and sows
itself. It was a great thing for this region, in years past
before the water systems had reached their present effi-
ciency. Now the pepper-tree is under a ban, and justly
so. Next to oleander the pepper-tree is most subject
to black scale. Hence the pepper-trees, being large and
numerous, have been indirectly a serious menace to the
orchards of citrous fruits. Thousands of old trees, 2 to 3
feet in diameter, have been cut because of their prox-
imity to orange orchards. Los Angeles boasts some
magnificent avenues of them. S. terebinthifolius is but
little known in this region, the tallest tree being only
15 feet as yet, but it is likely to be extensively planted
in the near future. (Ernest Braunton.)
M611e, Linn. PERUVIAN MASTIC-TREE. CALIFORNIAN
PEPPER-TREE. Figs. 3567, 3568. Evergreen tree, 20ft.
and more, with rounded outline and graceful, pendulous
branchlets when not trimmed: Ivs. 9 in. or more long,
glabrous, of many alternate, linear-lanceolate Ifts. 1^-
2 in. long: fls. in conical panicles, yellowish white: ripe
frs. the size of peppercorns (whence the popular, but
misleading, Calif ornian name), of a beautiful rose-
color. Peru. G.F. 8:505. R.H. 1889, p. 225. G.C. III.
17:588, 589. Gn. 25, p. 418. B.M. 3339.— In S. and
Cent. Calif, more extensively cult, than any other
ornamental tree except, perhaps, the blue gum (Eucalyp-
tus globulus), and thriving best in the warm interior
valleys, though hardy on the coast at San Francisco.
Valued as a lawn and avenue tree; often plante_d as a
street tree, for which, however, it is unsuited, being too
spreading and branching too low. Molle was a generic
name used by Tournefort, and placed in apposition
with Schinus by Linnaeus (explained above).
terebinthifdlius, Raddi, with racemose fls., Ivs. com-
posed of 7 broader, somewhat serrated Ifts. and scarlet
berries, is sparingly met with in cult, in S. Calif., and
proves hardy in San Francisco. Brazil.
dependens, Ort. (Duvaua dependens, DC.), is a
shrub or small tree, with more or less drooping branches:
Ivs. !3-l in. long, oblong or obovate: fls. yellow, 1 line
long, produced in great numbers in racemes about as
long as the Ivs.: berries black. W. S. Amer. B.M. 7406.
B.R. 1568 (Dumua ovaia); 1573 (D. dependens); 29:59
D. longifolia). — The berries are said to be used medi-
cinally in Argentina. The genus Duvana was distin-
guished from Schinus chiefly by its simple foliage, but
it is now considered a subgenus' of Schinus.
Jos. BTJRTT DAVY.
SCHISMATOGLOTTIS (Greek, falling tongue, refer-
ring to the fact that the limb of the spathe soon falls
off.i. Aracfse. Herbs, with stoloniferous rhizomes and the
caudex above ground, grown in the warmhouse and also
adapted to culture hi the dwelling where a day tempera-
ture of 70° can be maintained throughout the winter.
Leaves oblong or ovate-cordate, rarely hastate or
lanceolate, frequently marbled, maculate, or striped;
petiole sheathing at base or nearly to the middle:
peduncles solitary or fascicled: spathe cylindrical;
spadix sessile, included in the spathe, upper portion
male which is cylindrical or clavate, lower portion
female, shorter or narrower, cylindrical or conical,
SCHISMATOGLOTTIS 3109
sometimes the two are interrupted by an aborted male
area: fls. mono3cious, male perianth none; stamens 2-3,
distinct ; female perianth none, staminoids if present few,
ovary oblong. — About 75 species, mostly natives of the
Malay Archipelago. Monographed by Engler in Bugler's
Pflanzenreich, hft. 55 (IV. 23Da), 1912.— Among the
3568. Foliage and fruit of Schinus
Molle. (XH)
finest variegated foliage plants of the arum family and
hardly if at all inferior in beauty and ease of cult, to
the popular dieffenbachias, which they closely resemble.
For cult, see Dieffenbachia and also see Philodendron,
to which the genus is somewhat closely allied.
A. Petiole shortly and broadly sheathed only at base.
tecturata, Engler (Colobogynium tecturdtum, Schott.
S. variegata, Hook.). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or
rounded at the base, long-cuspidate at apex, dark green
above, marked whitish along the midrib; petiole 3-4 in.
long or less than half the length of the blade. Borneo. —
This species has been confused in the trade with S.
neogvineensis.
AA. Petiole long-sheathed below.
B. Blade oblong-lanceolate; caudicle erect.
concinna, Schott (S. LavdUei, Lind.). Lvs. lanceo-
late or lanceolate-oblong, rounded or narrowed at the
base but not cordate, blotched with silvery white,
some of the blotches much larger than others; petiole
6-8 in. long; blade 5-7x13^-2^ in.; sheath reddish.
Malaya. I.H. 28:418. Var. immaculata, N. E. Br. (S.
LavdUei var. Lansbergidna, Lind.), differs in having
purple sheaths and If .-stalks, and foliage green above,
dark wine-purple below. Var. purptlrea, N. E. Br., is a
Sumatran form with foliage blotched gray above and
dark wine-purple beneath.
BB. Blade ovate, about 1J^ times longer than broad;
base emarginate or subcordate.
c. The petiole longer than blade.
D. Upper surface of blade ashy-blotched.
pulchra, N. E. Br. (S. decora, Bull). Lvs. ovate,
obliquely cordate, irregularly blotched with silvery
3110
SCHISMATOGLOTTIS
SCHIZANDRA
white, the total mass of green being less than the varie-
gation; petiole 3-4 ^ in. long; blade 4-5 x 1%-2H in.
Borneo. I.H. 31:520. G.C. II. 24:361.— S. decora var.
Wittmanidna was offered in 1893 by John Saul, Wash-
ington, D. C.
DD. Upper surface of blade ashy-striped.
longispatha, Bull. Lvs. ovate, base slightly cordate,
apex acuminate, upper surface broadly ashy-white-
striped in the middle, otherwise green; petiole IK
times as long as the blade. Borneo. I.H. 29:466.
cc. The petiole about equaling the blade and verrucose.
asperata, Engler. Caudex short: Ivs. ovate or obo-
vate, base cordate or only emarginate, apex acuminate,
upper surface green with minute white dots, lower pale
black-dotted; petiole about as long as blade. Borneo.
Var. albo-maculata, Engler (S. crispata, Hook.), has the
upper surface of the Ivs. silvery with the exception of
the midnerve, the lateral nerves, and the margins, which
are green. Borneo. B.M. 6576.
BBB. Blade ovate-oblong or its outline more or less triangu-
lar and cordate or rarely cordate-ovate, sometimes
varying in the same specimen.
c. Adult st.-blades oblong-ovate, base distinctly cordate;
blade ashy '^maculate.
neoguineensis, N. E. Br. (S. novoguinensis, Engler.
S. variegata, Hort., not Hook.). Lvs. ovate-cordate,
bright green, irregularly blotched with pale yellowish
green, the total mass of green being greater than the
variegation; petiole 9-12 in. long; blade 8-9 x &-5% in.
New Guinea. I.H. 27:380 (as Colocasia neoguineensis,
the variegation being a bright creamy white) .
cc. Adult st.-blades thin, broadly ovate-cordate, white or
palely ashy-maculate.
picta, Schott. Lvs. ovate-cordate, the basal lobes
short, but the sinus deep, dark green above, marked
with lacerated glaucous spots at the middle, on each
side of the midrib, and between the nerves; petiole 8-16
in. long; blade 6-7 in. long. Java.
BBBB. Blade broadly ovate-cordate, slightly longer than
broad, posterior lobes semi-ovate.
latifdlia, Miq. (S. rupestris, Zoll. & Mor.). Caudex
thick, above ground: Ivs. ovate, acute, deeply cordate,
6-18 x 6-12 in., upper surface dull green, lower paler,
posterior lobes semi-ovate, sinus acute; petiole usually
longer than the blade. Java, Celebes, and the Philip-
pines.
S. oblongifdlia var. Ctirtisii, Hort., is offered in the trade but is
apparently not known botanically. — S. Roebettnii, Pitcher & Manda,
1895, p. 138. "Lvs. beautifully marked with silvery white in a
broad feathery variegation. Only the center and edge of the lys.
are plain light green. The plant is compact, free-growing, with
thick Ivs. as enduring as those of a rubber tree. A fine house plant."
This plant is imperfectly known. It is figured in Pitcher & Manda's
catalogue for 1895:141 as S. Roebelinii, and the same is used in
A.G. 19:589 (1898) as S. picta and in V. 23:71 (1899) as S.
crispata. The plant so pictured is distinct from any species
described above. There is more white than green in the If., only the
edges and midrib portion being green. Some growers think it to be
a sport of S. asperata var. albo-maculata. — S. Seemanii, Hort. Bull,
was advertised by the U. S. Nursery Co. 1895, but seems unknown
to botanists. — S. siamensis, Hort. Bull, imperfectly known to
botany. Possibly a species of Aglaonema.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
SCHISMUS (Greek, schisma, a cleft, referring to the
2-lobed lemma). Gramineae. Low annuals with short
dense panicles of pale shining spikelets. Species 4,
Medit. region and Afr. S. calycinus, Cpss., has recently
been intro., but is of no horticultural importance.
A. S. HITCHCOCK.
SCHIZ./EA (Greek, to split). Schiz&aceae. A group
of small ferns with twisted grass-like Ivs. and sedge-
like sporophylls formed of a cluster of closely com-
pacted pinnse, each with 2 rows of sporangia, which
in common with the family are pear-shaped, with an
apical ring, opening by a vertical fissure.
pusflla, Pursh. Our only native species, growing in
sand at the edges of bogs, mainly in N. J. Lvs. 1 in.
long, grass-like, twisted sporophylls 2-3 in. long, with
the apex expanded and consisting of 6-8 closely com-
pacted divisions. Known locally as curly-grass. The
prothallus resembles the protonema of a moss, being
filamentous rather than thallose as in ordinary ferns.
L. M. UNDERWOOD.
SCHIZANDRA (Greek, schizein, to cleave, and aner,
andros, man, stamen, referring to the cleft or separate
anther-cells). Including Sphserdstema and Maximo-
wiczia. Magnoliacese. Ornamental vines grown chiefly
for their handsome bright green foliage and the scarlet
or orange-red berry-like fruits.
Deciduous twining shrubs: Ivs. alternate, long-
petioled, entire or denticulate, exstipulate: fls. slender-
stalked, in few-fld. axillary clusters, dioecious or monoe-
cious; sepals and petals 9-12, not differing; stamens
5-15, more or less connate: carpels numerous, imbri-
cated in the fl., developing into berries disposed on the
elongated filiform receptacle, forming a drooping ra-
ceme.— Ten or 12 species in E. Asia from N. China and
Japan to the Malay Archipelago and one species in N.
Amer. The frs. of the Asiatic species are eaten in their
native countries.
These are handsome vines mostly twining to the
height of 10 to 20 feet, with bright green medium-
sized, generally ovate or elliptic, slender-stalked leaves
and with axillary long -stalked usually cup-shaped
white or red flowers followed by showy scarlet or red,
rarely black, berry-like fruits forming drooping racemes.
S. chinensis is hardy North, while the other Chinese
species are somewhat tenderer; the native S. coccinea
can be grown only South. They may be used for cover-
ing rocks, trees, shrubs, or fences, and seem to thrive
best in partly shaded and somewhat moist places in a
porous, sandy loam. To enjoy the very showy fruit
which ripens at the end of August or in September, both
sexes must be planted together, as most species are
dioecious. Propagation is by seeds, by greenwood cut-
tings under glass, root-cuttings or layers, and also by
suckers.
coccinea, Michx. High-climbing shrub: Ivs. slender-
petioled, ovate or oval, acuminate, entire or obscurely
denticulate, glabrous, 2-3 H in. long: fls. monoecious,
crimson-purplish, i^-^in. across; stamens 5, connate
into a 5-lobed disk with the anther-cells widely sepa-
rated: berries scarlet, forming a loose raceme 2-3 in.
long. June. S. C. to E. Texas. B.M. 1413.
chinensis, Baill. (Maximowiczia sinensis, Rupr.).
Climbing to 25 ft. : Ivs. broadly oval or ovate, acute or
acuminate, remotely denticulate, dark green and shin-
ing above, glabrous except at the veins beneath, 2-4
in. long; petiole ^-IJHz in. long: fls. dioecious, pinkish
white, J^in. across, fragrant; stamens 5, divided at the
apex: berries scarlet, forming a rather dense raceme
1-4 in. long. May, June. Japan, N. China, Amurland.
Gt. 12:382. F.S. 15:1594. Gn. 6, p. 583. M.D.G.
1899:568. G.C. III. 50:2. Var. rftbra, Hort., is prob-
ably S. rubriflora (see below) .
S. glauciscens, Diels. Similar to S. chinensis: Ivs. oval to ellip-
tic, denticulate, glaucescent beneath: fls. orange-red: fr. scarlet.
Cent. China. — S. grandifldra, Hook. f. & Thorns. Lvs. elliptic,
denticulate: fls. carmine or pink, 1 in. across: fr. red. Himalayas,
W. China. — S. Hfrnryi, Clarke. Branches winged: Ivs. broadly ovate
to elliptic-ovate, glaucescent beneath: fls. creamy yellow, on pedicels
2-3 in. long. Cent. China. G.C. III. 38: 162.— S. nigra, Maxim.
Similar to S. chinensis: Ivs. smaller, quite glabrous: fls. white: fr.
bluish black. Japan. Seems more tender than S. chinensis. — S.
proplnqua, Hook. f. & Thorns. (Sphserostema propinquum, Blume).
Lvs. ovate to ovate-lanceolate, about 4 in. long on j^in.-long peti-
oles: fls. pale yellowish: fr. scarlet, forming racemes to 6 in. long
Himalayas. B.M. 4614. For cult, in subtropical regions or in the
warm greenhouse. Var. sinensis, Oliver. Lvs. oblong to lanceolate,
remotely dentate. Cent, and W. China. — S. pubescens, Hemsl. &
Wilson. Lvs. broadly elliptic to ovate, remotely denticulate,
pubescent beneath, 3—4 in. long: fr. red and orange in racemes about
4 in. long. Cent. China. — S. rubriflbra, Rehd. & Wilson. Lys.
obovate to oblong-obovate, denticulate: fls. dark red, about 1 in.
across: fr. crimson, in long racemes. W. China. — S. sphenan-
SCHIZOCENTRON
3111
th&ra Rehd. & Wilson. Similar to S. chinensis: Ivs. obovate or
ellipt.e, glabrous: fls. orange-red, ?4in. across; stamens many: fr.
scarlet. Cent, and W. China. Var. lancifdlia, Rehd. & Wilson.
Lvs. lanceolate, minutely denticulate: fls. smaller. W. China.
ALFRED REHDEB.
SCHIZANTHUS (Greek, split and flower; from the
incised corolla). Solanacese. BUTTERFLY FLOWER.
Erect half-hardy annual herbs, more or less glandular-
viscid, grown outdoors and also in the greenhouse for
bloom. They can be trained into immense pot subjects.
Leaves frequently pinnatisect, the segms. incised or
dentate: cymes terminal and open: fls. incised, showy
and variously colored; calyx deeply 5-cleft, almost 5-
parted, the lobes linear; corolla-tube short or elongated,
cylindrical, the limb spreading, oblique, somewhat 2-
h'pped, laciniate; perfect stamens 2, exserted; disk in-
conspicuous; ovary oblong, 2-celled: caps, membrana-
ceous-chartaceous ; seeds numerous. — About 7 species,
all from Chile. These choice plants are of easy cult, in
any. good garden soil. They are also useful as pot-
plants for spring flowering, the seed being sown in
early fall and the plants kept in a light house and given
plenty of root-room as they need it. There is a strain
offered in trade under the name of S. hybridus, Hort.,
which is not readily placed botanically. It does not
appear to be specific in rank and apparently consists of
a series of large-fld. garden hybrids. It is offered in
several variations.
A. Corollas-tube as long as the calyx; stamens short-exserted.
B. Middle segm. of the anterior Up of the corolla
notched at summit.
rettlsus, Hook. St. 2 ft. high: Ivs. pinnatisect, with
the segms. entire, dentate, or pinnatifid: fls. in the type
deep rose, with the large middle segm. of the upper h'p
orange except at the tip; the lateral segms. of the pos-
terior lip falcate, acute, linear, longer than the middle
segm. B.M.3045. B.R. 1544. G. 5:361; 23:35. G.M.
51:416. H.F. 1:136. Var. albo-maculatus, Hort., is a
form with white -spotted fls. Var. albus, Hort., has
the fls. white with the middle segm. of the upper lip
suffused with yellow. Gn. W. 17:458. Var. lilacinus,
Hort., has lilac fls. Var. nanus, Hort., a dwarf form, is
offered in the trade. Var. trimaculatus, Hort. (S.
trimaculatus, Hort.), has the fls. purple-crimson with
3 distinct golden yellow spots bordered with bright
purple. R.B. 32, p. 61.
BB. Middle segm. of the anterior lip not notched
at apex.
Grahamii, Gill. Lvs. 1-2-pinnatisect; segms. entire
or dentately pinnatifid: fls. typically lilac or rose, with
the middle half of the middle segm. of the anterior lip
yellow or orange; the lateral segms. of the posterior lip
falcate, linear, acute, shorter than the middle segm.
B.M. 3044. R.H. 1843:529. H.F. 1:136. Var. albus,
Hort., has white fls. Var. carmineus, Hort., has carmine
fls. Var. carneus, Hort., is offered in the trade and has
flesh-colored fls. Var. lilacinus, Hort., has lilac fls. Var.
niveus, Hort., has pure white fls. Var. roseus, Hort.,
has rose-colored fls.
AA. Corolla-tube shorter than the calyx; stamens long-
exserted (not noticeably so in S. wisetonensis).
wisetonensis, Hort. (S. pinnatus x S. Grahamii).
Apparently intermediate between the two parents, the
fl. resembling that of the latter parent in outline, the
corolla-tube seemingly shorter than the calyx, the
stamens usually rather short-exserted, the fls. vary in
color from white through bluish and pink to carmine-
brown, the midlobe of upper lip often suffused with
yellow. A hybrid of garden origin now very generally
cult. G. 25:161; 28:225; 33:351. G.M. 43:332; 53:
164. Gn.M. 13:76. Gt. 53, p. 326; 54:1544. G.W. 6,
pp. 38, 39. J.H. III. 64:321. R.B. 27:169. C.L.A.
19:166. F.E. 23:646. Var. compacta, Hort., is only
a more compact form than the type.
pinnatus, Ruiz & Pav. (S. porrigens, Graham. S.
Priestii, Paxt.). Fig. 3569. The most variable of the
species, with many horticultural forms distinguished
by height of st. and color-markings of the fls. Typically
2 ft. high: Ivs. 1-2-pinnatisect; the segms. entire, den-
tate or incisely pinnatifid: fls. varying in depth of color,
the lower lip usually violet or lilac; the upper paler, its
middle section with a yellow blotch at its base and
spotted with purple or violet. B.M. 2404; 2521. B.R.
725; 1562 (as var. humilis). Gng.
12:613. G.W. 3, p. 497.— The plant
known horticulturally and in trade-
lists as S. grandiflorus, Hort., and
variations, undoubtedly belongs here.
Var. albus, Hort.
(S. grandiflorus albus,
Hort.), has fls.
slightly larger than
the type, white or
yellowish. Var. can-
didissimus, Hort.,
has pure white fls.
Var. compactus,
Hort., is a compact
form similar to var.
nanus, and offered in
several forms in the
trade. Var. lilacinus,
Hort., has lilac fls.
Var. nanus, Hort., is
dwarfer than the
type, offered in sev-
eral colors in the
trade. Var. niveus,
Hort., has pure white
fls. Var. oculatus,
Hort. (S. grandiflorus
oculatus, Hort.), has
a purplish black
blotch surrounded
with yellow at the
base of the middle
segm. of the upper
h'p or with the typi-
cal yellow portion
dotted with small
dark purple spots. B.H. 1862:451. H.F. II. 2:264.
Var. papilionaceus, Hort., has a central coloring some-
what as var. oculatus, with the general color of the fl.
marbled in various shades. Var. roseus, Hort., has
rose-colored fls. Var. tigridioides, Hort., is also cult.
F. TRACT HuBBARD.f
SCHIZOCAPSA (Greek, cut and capsule or fruit).
Taccacese. Perennial herbs: root tuberous: Ivs. radical,
entire, nerved: scape undivided, the fls. umbellate,
pedicelled; perigonium-tube connate with the ovary,
the limb superior, 6-parted, unequal, finally deciduous;
stamens 6; ovary 1-celled with 3 parietal placentae:
caps. 1-celled, dehiscent along the angles into 3 valves
which are soon recurved. One species, China, S. plan-
taginea, Hance. Plant entirely glabrous: Ivs. rather
broad, lanceolate, entire, acute, 8-9 in. long, gradually
narrowed to a short basally sheathing petiole: infl.
umbellate, 15-20-fld.: fls. angled-pedicelled, yellowish
green: caps, trigonous, vertically convex-complanate.
China. G.W. 4, p. 169.
SCHLZOCENTRON (Greek for split and thorn).
Melastomacex. A monotypic genus, the species being
S. elegans, Meissn. (Heeria elegans, Schlecht. Heeria
prociimbens, Naudin. Heterocentron elegans, O. Kuntze).
A low creeping vine-like plant forming a dense carpet,
rooting at the joints: branches terete or nearly so,
reddish, somewhat appressed-pubescent : Ivs. ovate,
distinctly petioled, obtuse: fls. solitary and terminal on
slender peduncles, less than 1 in. long; corolla a deep
3569. Schizanthus pinnatus. ( X J^z)
3112
SCHIZOCENTRON
SCHIZOPHRAGMA
purple, nearly 1 in. broad: fr. very hairy, producing
seed freely by which the plant is readily prop, (or by
cutting). Vera Cruz, Me*. G.C. III. 42:293. Gt. 62,
p. 275. This species, although first described in
1839, has not been in cult, until since its rediscovery
in 1901 at Jalapa by J. N. Rose. It is a very dainty
plant, well worthy of ornamental cult. It is grown
to some extent in Mexican gardens at an elevation
of about 3,000 ft., where it does unusually well,
growing apparently as well in shade as in the bright
sunlight. The plant has been grown for a number of
Sears in the N. Y. Botanical Garden, and when in full
ower makes a most striking display. It forms a dense
mat and is well suited for close carpet-bedding.
J. N. ROSE.
SCHIZOCODON (Greek cut and bell, referring to the
fringed corolla). Diapensiaceae. Glabrous herbs, with
the caudex perennial and scale -bearing between Ivs.,
suitable for outdoor planting: Ivs. all radical, long-peti-
oled, ovate-rotund, base cordate, crenulate-undulate,
leathery and persistent: fls. few at the top of the scape,
racemose, subsecund, nodding, 1-2-bracted; calyx 5-
parted, the segms. linear-oblong, striate-nerved; corolla
3570. Schizocodon soldanelloides. ( X H)
funnelform, 5-lobed, the lobes truncate, fimbriate, and
imbricate; stamens 5; ovary ovoid-globose, 3-celled:
caps, globose, 3-angled. — Perhaps 4 species, Japan. S.
soldanelloides is a pretty alpine plant or boreal with
rosy fls. fringed like the well-known soldanellas of the
Alps. It may be readily distinguished from Soldanella
(which is a member of the primrose family) by the Ivs.
being toothed, and the stamens 4 instead of 5. The
name "fringed soldanella" has been proposed for schizo-
codon, but all soldanellas are fringed. "Fringed galax"
would be better, as galax is the nearest relative,
schizocodon being, in fact, the Japanese representative
of the American galax. The Ivs. of schizocodon are
sometimes more or less bronzy, like those of galax, but
their form is not so pleasing. The plant is only a few
inches high, and the fls. are borne to the number of
4-6 on a scape. The scapes are numerous and the fls.
about 1 in. across. Since 1892 this plant has excited an
amount of interest comparable to that caused by the
intro. of shortia, in 1889.
soldanelloides, Sieb. & Zucc. FRINGED GALAX. Fig.
3570. Hardy, tufted, alpine plant a few inches high:
Ivs. leathery, evergreen, long-stalked, the blade round-
ish, wedge-shaped or subcordate at the base, coarsely
toothed, the teeth apiculate: fls. nodding; sepals 5,
oblong, obtuse; corolla deep rose in center passing into
blush or white at the edges; staminodes linear. Japan.
B.M. 7316. Gn. 44:418. G.C. III. 13:415; 51:348.
G.M. 36:206. J.H. III. 34:323; 44:347. V. 20:119.—
This is probably the only species in the genus, as S.
uniflorus is Shortia and S. ilicifolius is thought to be a
variety of S. soldanelloides, with more variable Ivs. and
fls. ranging from red to white. Offered by many Euro-
pean dealers, and by one or two Americans ; little known
here. p. TRACY HUBBARD.!
SCHIZOLOBIUM (Greek, to deave and pod, alluding
to the manner of dehiscence). Leguminosse. Tall trees
adapted to the warmhouse and planted outdoors in the
extreme South: Ivs. large, bipinnate; Ifts. numerous,
small : fls. in axillary racemes or in panicles at the ends
of the branches; calyx-tube disk-bearing, oblique, tur-
binate, the segms. slightly unequal, reflexed; petals 5,
clawed, ovate or rotundate, slightly unequal; stamens
10, free; ovary scarcely stipitate: legume compressed,
obovate, 2-valved, 1-seeded. — One, possibly 2, species.
Brazil and Panama.
excelsum, Vog. A tree reaching a height of 120 ft.
in its native habitat: Ivs. fern-like, with 18 pairs of Ifts.
which are about 2 in. long and 20-jugate, oblong, very
short-petiolulate, white beneath and golden pilose on
the midnerve: fls. yellow, in large panicles. Brazil.
R.H. 1874, p. 113.— Intro, into S. Fla. and S. Calif.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SCHIZON6TUS: Holodiscus.
SCHIZOPETALON (Greek, cut and petals, alluding
to the cut petals). Crutiferse. Half-hardy erect
annual herbs used in border planting: Ivs. alternate,
sinuate, dentate or pinnatifid: fls. purple or white, in
terminal, leafy-bracted racemes; sepals erect; petals
clawed, pinnate-lobed, involute: silique narrowly lin-
ear, knotty; seeds many. — About 10 species, S. Amer.
S. Walkeri, Sims. St. weak, assurgent: lower Ivs. 4-5
in. long, sinuate-pinnatifid, elongate-oblong in outline,
long-attenuate at base, scabrous on both surfaces, dis-
tant: peduncles solitary, axillary, but collected at the
top into a raceme: fls. white; calyx cylindrical; petals
spreading, ovate, incise-pinnatifid. Chile. B.M. 2379.
G. 24: 240.
SCHIZOPHRAGMA (Greek, schizein, to cleave, and
phragma, wall; the inner layer of the wall of the valves
is cleft into fascicled fibers) . Saxifragdceae. Ornamental
vines grown for their handsome bright green foliage and
their showy clusters of white flowers.
Shrubs climbing by aerial rootlets: Ivs. opposite,
long-petioled, dentate or entire: fls. in loose cymes;
sepals and petals 4-5; stamens 10; style 1; ovary 4-5-
loculed; marginal sterile fls. consist only of 1 large
white sepal, terminating the branchlets of the infl.: fr.
a small, 10-ribbed caps. — One species in Japan and
another in China, allied to Hydrangea and Decumaria.
These are handsome woody vines with rather large
bright green foliage and loose terminal cymes of small
white flowers with large and showy sterile ones at the
margin. They are well adapted for covering walls and
trunks of trees and cling firmly by means of aerial
rootlets. The Japanese species is hardy as far north as
New York City, while the Chinese one is tenderer.
They thrive best in rich, moderately moist soil and
partial shade, but also do well in full sun if the soil is not
too dry. Propagation is by seeds or greenwood cuttings
under glass; also by layers.
hydrangeoides, Sieb. & Zucc. Climbing to 30 ft. and
more: Ivs. on reddish petioles 2-3 in. long, orbicular or
broadly ovate, shortly acuminate, rounded or cordate
at the base, remotely and coarsely dentate, bright
green above, pale beneath, almost glabrous, 2-4 in.
long: cymes peduncled, 8 in. broad; marginal fls.
pedicelled, consisting of an oval to broadly ovate white
SCHIZOPHRAGMA
SCHCEXIA
3113
sepal about I1, in. long. July. Japan. S.Z. 1:26, 100.
Gn. 15, p. 301;" 34, p. 281. R.H. 1881, p. 313, fig. 72.
B.M. 8520. — The species is often confounded with
Hydrangea petiolaris, which is easily distinguished by its
marginal fls. having 4 sepals. Like Hydrangea petiolaris,
young plants produce small Ivs. and make little growth if
unsupported and allowed to trail on the ground. It has
been once intrp. under the name Cornidia integerrima,
which is a Chilian plant with entire evergreen Ivs.
integrifolium, Oliver (S. hydrangemdes var. integri~
folium. Franch.). Climbing to about 12 ft. : Ivs. ovate or
broadly ovate, acuminate, truncate or subcordate at the
base, entire or sparingly denticulate, usually pubes-
cent on the veins beneath, of thickish texture, 4^-6 in.
long: cymes to 10 in. broad; the sepals of the sterile fls.
ovate to ovate-oblong, l^z-2% in- long. July. W.
China. H.I. 20:1934. J.H.S. 28, p. 62. Var. m611e,
Rehd. Petioles and Ivs. beneath densely soft-pubes-
cent: sterile sepals 2-3 in. long. W. China. Var.
denticulatum, Rehd. Lvs. thinner, broadly ovate to
oblong-ovate, minutely or sinuately denticulate,
pubescent on the veins beneath: sterile sepals usually
ovate-oblong, broadly cuneate at the base, 1J4~2J^ in.
long. Cent. China. — This species is showier than the
preceding on account of the larger sterile sepals, but is
less hardy. ALFRED REHDER.
SCHLZOSTYLIS (Greek, to cut, and style, alluding to
the filiform segments of the style). Iridacex. Green-
house or half -hardy plants: sts. fascicled on the rhi-
zome, bulbless or slightly bulbous-thickened at the base:
Ivs. linear or narrow-ensif orm : spathes remote along
the simple peduncle, somewhat distichous, greenish,
lanceolate, complicate: fl. sessile in the spathe; bracts
narrower than the spathe, green or somewhat scarious,
2-keeled; perianth showy, red, the tube slender, the
lobes equal, oblong or ovate; ovary 3-celled: caps,
obovoid or oblong, the top truncate, 3-grooved, mem-
branaceous. — Two species, S. Afr.
coccinea, Backh. & Harv. CRIMSON* FLAG. A winter-
blooming tender plant: st. 1-2 ft. high, bearing 2-3
Ivs.: basal Ivs. 2-3, about 1}? ft. long: fls. bright red,
about 2 in. across. B.M. 5422. F.S. 16:1637. G.L.
24:208. J.H. III. 48:539.— The following cultural
notes are taken from Garden and Forest 9:16: "The
species blooms from Oct. to late Dec. and is useful for
cut-flowers at this season. It is perfectly hardy in
England but of little use here except for indoor use.
The roots should be planted out in rich soil in spring
about 8 in. apart, and encouraged to make a strong
growth. In the fall the plants may be lifted, potted and
placed in a cool greenhouse, where they will flower.
After flowering they may be stored in a frame until
spring, when the fleshy roots will need to be separated
(leaving 3-5 buds to each root), and planted out as
before/' F. TRACT HUBBARD.!
SCHLEICHERA (named for J. C. Schleicher, a
Swiss botanist). Sapindaceae. Tree of some economic
value and hardy in the far south of the U. S.: Ivs.
alternate, not stipulate, pinnate; Ifts. opposite (or
alternate), entire, repand-wavy or slightly serrate: infl.
simple elongated panicles or racemes: fls. small, fas-
cicled, regular, polygamously dioecious; calyx 4-6-cut,
small, cup-shaped; petals lacking; disk complete, gla-
brous, wavy; stamens 5-8; ovary 3-4-celled: fr. dry-
crustaceous-coriaceous. One species, Asia. S. trijuga,
Willd. A large tree: Ivs. paripinnate, 8^16 in. long; Ifts.
4-8, opposite, 1-10 x %-4% in., elliptic or elliptic-
oblong, obtuse or short-acuminate, entire, sessile or
subsesfeile: racemes axillary: fls. yellowish or green: fr.
i?-4~l in. long, ellipsoidal, glabrous, apiculate, smooth or
spiny. Himalaya region, south through India, Ceylon,
Burma, to Java and Timor. Intro, into Calif. — The
timber is good, the bark is astringent and when mixed
with oil is used by the natives to cure the itch, the oil
of the seed is of economic use, and the subacid pulpy
aril is edible. p\ TRACY HUBBARD.
SCHLIMMIA (named in honor of M. Schlim).
Orchidocex. Epiphytic herbs, with oblong somewhat
spindle-shaped 1-lvd. pseudobulbs, suitable for the
warmhouse with cattleyas and the like: Ivs. leathery,
contracted to the petiole : scapes erect or recurved from
between the pseudobulbs, simple, few-sheathed: fls.
rather large, fleshy, ivory-white, few in a lax raceme,
short>-pedicelled; sepals, the dorsal free, narrow, con-
cave-keeled, the lateral very broad, connate with the
foot of the column, forming a helmet-like sac; petals
narrower than the dorsal sepal, spreading at their tip;
labellum variously lobed, the apex reclining on the foot
of the column; poilinia 2. — Three species from the
Colombian Andes. S. josminodora, Planch. & Land.
Pseudobulbs long and slender: Ivs. oval, long-petioled:
scape about 1 ft. high bearing 3 secund fls.; fls. white
and very fragrant; dorsal sepal linear erect; petals
reflexed; labellum fleshy, shorter than the column.
Colombia. S. trifida, Reichb. f . Pseudobulbs elongate-
ovate, clustered: Ivs. oblong, acute: scape lateral, droop-
ing, deep purple, bearing a 1-sided raceme of about 4
fls. : fls. fragrant ; dorsal sepal turned downward, lateral
waxy white with a few purple spots inside; petals
linear, acute, bent outward; labellum trifid at the apex,
white, marked with rich orange. Colombia. G.C. II.
7:141. F. TRACT HUBBARD.
SCHLUMBERGERA (named for Friedrich Schlum-
berger). Cactacex. Similar to Zygocactus in habit, but
with regular fls. and angled fr. Schumann referred
some of the species to Phyllocactus (Epiphyllum), but
such a reference can hardly be entertained. The genus
seems to be confined to Brazil, but little is known about
it in a wild condition. Its treatment should be the same
as zygocactus (the old Epiphyllum). Two well-known
species are in cult.
Russelliana, Brit. & Rose (Epiphyttum RusseUianum,
Hook.). Sts. more upright, with pendent branches:
joints %-!% in- long by %r%in. broad, oblong or
elliptical to oboyate, light green; margins crenate, with
2-4 areoles on either side, bearing a few very short dark
gray bristles: fls. from the end of the youngest joints,
red, l%-2}4 in. long: fr. red, 4-angled or narrow-
winged. Brazil. B.M. 3717.
Gaertneri, Brit. & Rose (Epiphyllum Gfrtneri,
Schum. E. RusseUianum var. Gaertneri, Reg.). EASTER
CACTUS. Sts. of more upright habit, with drooping
branches: joints long-oblong or elliptical to obovate,
%-2 $4 in. long by J£-l in. broad, dark green, margins
crenate, with about 5 areoles on either side, bearing
6-12 rather stiff, long, yellow or brown bristles, which
are especially conspicuous on the truncated apex, where
they form a considerable beard: fls. from the apex of
the voungest joints, 2 ^£-3 in. long, scarlet-red: fr. red,
Braz'il. B.M. 7201. J. N. ROSE.
SCHCENIA (named in honor of Dr. Schcen). Com-
posite. An annual, adapted to the greenhouse in the
N. and outdoors in the S.: Ivs. alternate or the
lower ones opposite, entire: fl.-heads in a loose corymb:
involucre turbinate or campanulate; outer bracts
scarious, imbricate, inner row petal-like; receptacle
without scales; florets all tubular, 5-toothed; those of
the circumference fertile, the disk-florets sterile. — One
species, Austral. S. Cossiniana, Steetz. An erect
corymbosely branched annual, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. lanceo-
late or linear, or the lower oblong-spatulate : fl.-heads
in a loose terminal corymb: outer bracts of involucre
brown, the radiating laminae of the inner white or pink,
oblong: achenes in a single row at the circumference.
Austral. J.H. III. 47:7.
3114
SCHOMBOL^LIA
SCHOTIA
SCHOMBOlJELIA (compounded from Schom-
burgkia and Lselia). Orchidacese. A generic name to
designate the hybrids between Schomburgkia and Lselia.
S. tibibrosa=S. tibicinis x L. tenebrosa.
SCHOMBOL^ELIOCATTLEYA (compounded from
the names Schomburgkia and Lseliocattleya) . Orchidacese.
A name to comprise the hybrids between Schomburgkia
and Lseliocattleya. S. schcenbrunnensis=S. rosea x Lc.
Lucia.
SCHOMBURGKIA (named for Dr. Schomburgk, nat-
uralist and geographer, who explored British Guiana).
Orchidacese. Orchids with the habit of cattleyas or
laelias, except that they are less compact.
Pseudobulbs long, fusiform, bearing several brown
scales and 2-3 leathery Ivs. at the summit: fl.-sts. from
the top of the pseudobulbs, sometimes very long, bear-
ing a terminal raceme or panicle of showy fls.: fls. like
those of Lselia except that the sepals and petals are
narrow and undulate and the labellum does not com-
pletely envelop the column; labellum always evidently
3-lobed. — About 15 species, in Trop. Amer.
3571. Schomburgkia tibicinis.
Give schomburgkias plenty of heat and a light place
near the glass, which should be slightly shaded during
the hot summer months. Provide freely of water in the
growing season. Rest them in a temperature of 55°. S.
tibicinis and *S. Lyonsii are to be classed amongst the
showy easily grown orchids resembling Iselias. (Wm.
Mathews.)
tibicinis, Batem. (Epidendrum tibicinis, Batem.).
Fig. 3571. Pseudobulbs 1-1 % ft. long, tapering upward :
Ivs. 2-3, oblong, leathery: raceme 4-8 ft. high, bearing
numerous fls. each 3H in. across; sepals and petals
oblong, undulate, crisp; lateral lobes of the labellum
large, cucullate, middle lobe small, emarginate; fls.
deep pink, speckled with white on the outside, rich
chocolate-red within; labellum white within, deep rose-
color at the sides, with a short chocolate-red middle
lobe. Summer. Honduras, Cuba. G.C. III. 4:212;
9:651. Var. grandifldra, Lindl. Fls. larger and paler,
with more yellow in the lip. B.R. 31:30. B.M. 4476.
F.S. 1:54. — S. tibicinis requires less compost than the
other species.
Lyonsii, Lindl. Pseudobulbs about 1 ft. high, with
2-3 linear-oblong Ivs. at the top: racemes erect, 9 in.
long, bearing 12-25 fls., each subtended by a reflexed
bract about 3 in. long; fls. 2 in. across; sepals and petals
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, undulate, white with several
rows of purple spots; labellum larger, recurved, acute,
white, with a yellowish brown crisp margin; anther 2-
horned. Aug. Jamaica. B.M. 5172. F.S. 20:2130.
G.C. III. 26:203.
rosea, Lind. Related to S. undulata. Bracts, pedun-
cles and labellum light rose: sepals and petals oblong,
undulate, narrower than the labellum; labellum with
rotund lateral lobes and a smaller subrotund middle
lobe, margin crisp. Colombia.
crispa, Lindl. Pseudobulbs numerous, long: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate: fls. yellowish brown; sepals and
petals oblong, undulate; labellum ovate -oblong,
obscurely 3-lobed. Guiana. B.R. 30:23. B.M. 3729
(as S. marginata var.).
undulata, Lindl. Fls. in a dense raceme; sepals and
petals linear, undulate, crisp, longer than the labellum,
rich brownish purple; labellum cucullate, middle lobe
oval, acute or obtuse, violet-purple. Jan. Colombia.
B.R. 31:53.
S. Lueddemdnii, Prill. Fls. brown, with the lip and column
purple, and the crest and anther yellow; sepals and petals linear-
oblong, obtuse, manifestly undulate, 1 Vi-\% in. long; lip 3-lobed,
J^in. long, the middle lobe ovate-orbicular, apiculate, about Kin.
long, the edges incurved near apex. Venezuela. B.M. 8427. — S.
Sanderidna, Rolfe. Fls. rose-carmine; sepals lanceolate-oblong, 1 Yi
in. long; petals oblanceolate-oblong; lip obscurely 3-lobed, 1 ' •<, in.
long, the front lobe broadly rounded obtuse, crisped-undulate.
Origin unknown. J.H. III. 51:383. — S. Thomsoniana, Reichb. f.
Sepals and petals linear-oblong, 1 J^ in. long, cream-white passing
to yellow at apex, the sepals undulate, the petals crisped ; lip 3-lobed,
the middle lobe oblong, emarginate, much crisped, deep purple,
with a yellow disk. Cayman Isls. B.M. 7815. — S. Wdllisii,
Reichb. f. Resembling S. Lueddemanii. Lip with broad obtuse side
lobes, and very acute front lobe, all brown at apex.
GEORGE V.
SCHOMBURGKIOCATTLEYA (compounded from
Schomburgkia and Cattleya). Orchidacese. A genus
established to contain the hybrids between Schom-
burgkia and Cattleya. S. spiralis=S. tibicinis x C.
Mossise.
SCHOTIA (named for Richard Schot, companion
of Jacquin during his travels in America, 1754-1759).
Leguminbsx. Small trees or unarmed shrubs, suitable
for greenhouse-growing.
Leaves odd-pinnate; Ifts. leathery, or small; stipules
short: fls. red, showy, clustered in short panicles; bracts
and bracteoles ovate or oblong, caducous; calyx-tube
disk-bearing, turbinate, short or the base long-attenu-
ate, segms. 4, strongly imbricated; petals 5, slightly
unequal, subsessile, imbricated, either ovate or oblong
or minute scale-like; stamens 10, free, or shortly con-
nate at the base; ovary stipitate: legume oblong or
broad-linear. — About 6 species, Subtrop. and S. Afr.
A. Fls. on rather long pedicels.
B. Petals longer than the calyx.
specipsa, Jacq. A tree or shrub, about 10ft. high:
lys. variable in form, which fact has led to much separa-
tion of this species into varieties and species; Ifts. 8-32,
linear, oblong, or obovate: fls. crimson, in terminal
panicles. S. Afr. B.M. 1153 (as S. tamarindifolia). —
Intro, in S. Calif.
BB. Petals shorter than the calyx.
brachypetala, Sond. A large shrub or small tree:
Ifts. 8-10, larger than in S. speciosa, ovate-oblong or
obovate: panicles many-fld., axillary and terminal;
calyx-tube conical, crimson; petals very small, linear,
hidden by the calyx. S. Afr. — Cult, in S. Fla. and S.
Calif.
SCHOTIA
3115
AA. Fls. nearly sessile.
latifolia, Jacq. Becoming a tree 20-30 ft. high: Ifts.
4-8, ovate-oblong or obovate, usually l>£-2^ in. long,
1 y-l in. wide: fls. rosy or flesh-colored, in much-
branched panicles; petals longer than the calyx. S.
Afr.— Advertised in S. Calif. j\ W. BARCLAY.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
SCHRANKIA (named after F. B. Schrank, a Bava-
rian botanist ; also spelled Schranckia. Leguminosae.
Perennial herbs or subshrubs, often prostrate, armed
with recurved prickles. The species in common cult, is
3572..Schubertia grandifiora.
an outdoor pknt. Lvs. bipinnate, often sensitive,
petiole without glands, frequently bristly between the
pinnae; the Ifts. small; stipules bristle-like: fls. in glo-
bose heads or cylindrical spikes, peduncles solitary or
fascicled at the axils, rose or purplish, 5-4-merous, ses-
sile, perfect or polygamous; calyx very minute; petals
connate to the middle in a funnelform corolla; stamens
numerous, free; ovary subsessile: legume linear, acute
or acuminate, both sides aculeate. — About 10 species,
all American; one has also been discovered in Trop. Afr.
These plants are also known as Morongia, the following
species, in that case, taking the name M. undnata, Brit.
uncinata, Willd. SENSITIVE BRIER. A hardy her-
baceous perennial, branched and decumbent. 2-4 ft.
long, well armed with short prickles: Ivs. very sensi-
tive, with about 6 pinnae; pinnae with 16-30 Ifts.: fls.
pink, in globular heads nearly 1 in. through. May-
July. Va. to 111. and south. B.B. 2:256.
F. TRACT HCBBARD.!
SCKREBERA (perhaps after J. C. D. Schreber, 1739-
1810, physician and naturalist). Oleacese. Trees with
unequally pinnate Ivs. and fls. in very much-branched
cymes: calyx tubular-bell-shaped, irregularly 4-7-
lobed; corolla salver-shaped; tube cylindrical; lobes 4-7,
spreading; stamens 2, near the top of the corolla-tube;
ovary 2-celled. — About 15 species, Afr. and India.
Xathusia, with 4 species at the date of Engler & Prantl,
Die Pflanzenfamilien, IV. 2 (1895), is a synonym of this
genus.
swietenioides, Roxbg. (Nathiisia swietenioides,
Kuntze). A tree, about 40 ft. high, nearly glabrous:
Ifts. 5-7. ovate, acute, 4 x 2 in.: fls. white, with brown
marks, about ! >in. across, in many-fld. cymes. Cult,
in S. Fla.
SCHUBERTIA (named after Gotthilf Heinrich yon
Schubert). Asdepiadacese. Twining shrubs, occasion-
ally grown in the warmhouse : Ivs. large: fls. large, white,
borne in loose umbels; sepals ovate, generally acute,
alternating with single glands; corolla funnelform or
salver-shaped, with a broad tube; crown upright,
included: follicles thick and hairy. — About 6 species
from S. Amer. S. grandifldra, Mart. & Zucc. Fig. 3572.
Branches twisting, straw-colored, covered with long
rigid red-brown hairs: Ivs. cordate, obovate, acute, both
surfaces densely brown-pubescent: umbels few-fld.;
pedicels long-hairy: fls. white; sepals oval-acute; corolla
large, tube gourd-shaped, glabrous inside, the lobes
oval-elongate, obtuse, erect, sparsely pale yellow pilose
Brazil. G. 36:503; 37:351. Gt. 50:1492. G.F. 3:369
(adapted in Fig. 3572). Gn. 32:84. S. graveolens,
Lindl. (Araujia graveolens, Mast.), is a Brazilian
climber, likely to be found in collections of greenhouse
plants, smaller-fid, than the above. See p. 2610, under
Physianthus. There may be confusion hi the use of
the names S. graveolens, S. grandifiora, and Physianthus
auricomus.
SCIADOCALYX : Isoloma. The following species was
not treated under Isoloma, see Vol. Ill, p. 1705.
Isoldma Warszewiczii, Hort. (Sciadocalyx Warsze-
wiczii, Regel. Kohleria Warszewiczii, Hanst.). Perennial
herb, 3-4 ft. high, with catkin-like stolons: st., petioles,
lvs.; and calyx villous-hirsute: Ivs. opposite, long-
petioled, oval or cordate, crenate: fls. hi axillary
umbels of 3-6 fls., bright yellow or yellowish green, red-
or brown-dotted; calyx adnate to ovary, 5-lobed, lobes
almost horizontally spreading; corolla almost oblique at
base, tube slightly inflected, limb 5-lobed, lobes rounded;
ovary hirsute, surrounded by a glandular, 5-lobed ring.
Colombia. B.M. 4843. Gt. 2:256.
SCIADOPHYLLUM (shade leaf, because of the
umbrageous foliage). Araliacex. As understood by
Bentham & Hooker in Genera Plantarum, it is a genus of
the American tropics, at that tune with about 22 known
species, differing from Schefflera, among other things,
in the calyptrate or coherent rather than free petals and
sometimes 4-merous fls. Harms, in Engler & Prantl's
Pflanzenfamilien, refers it to Schefflera, and under this
name (p. 3108) are here described any species probably
now in the trade.
SCIADOPITYS (Greek, skias, skiados, umbrella, and
pitys, spruce, alluding to the position of the leaves).
Pinaceae. UMBRELLA PINE. Ornamental tree grown for
its handsome foliage and regular pyramidal habit.
Evergreen resinous tree : Ivs. of two kinds ; small and
scale-like Ivs. scattered on the shoot, but crowded at
its end and bearing in their axils a whorl of 20-30 long
linear flat Ivs. furrowed on each side, more deeply
beneath; these Ivs. really consist each of 2 connate
Ivs. borne on undeveloped spurs like those of Pinus;
they have been sometimes called cladodes, but are not
true cladpdes: fls. mono?cious;
the staminate oval, consisting
of spirally disposed 2-celled
anthers and appearing in dense
clusters at the ends of the
shoots; the pistillate are soli-
tary at the ends of the shoots
and consist of numerous spirally
arranged scales subtended by a
small bract and bearing 7-9
ovules: cone oblong - ovate,
woody, the bracts connate, with the broadly orbicular
thick scales spreading at the margin; seeds oval, com-
pressed, with narrow wing, emarginate at the apex. —
One species in Japan, with very strong and straight-
grained, nearly white wood.
The umbrella pine is a very handsome tree of narrow
3573. Whorls of foliage
of Sciadopitys verticillata.
(XM)
3116
SCIADOPITYS
SCILLA
pyramidal habit, with linear, rather large, needle-like
dark green and lustrous leaves in whorls and oval cones
3 to 4 inches long. It is hardy as far north as Portland,
Maine, and is of rather slow growth. It thrives well in a
moderately and constantly moist, loamy, and also in
clayey soil; in dry soil or in soil which periodically
becomes dry, it grows poorly. Propagation is by seeds
and layers, and sparingly by cuttings of half-ripened
wood in summer; but seedlings are to be preferred, as
they grow more symmetrically and more vigorously.
verticillata, Sieb. & Zucc. UMBRELLA PINE. Figs. 3573,
3574. Tree, attaining 100 ft., with ascending branches
forming a narrow pyramidal compact head, in old age
loose and with pendulous branches: scale-like Ivs. dark
brown, Kin. long: needles 15-35 in each whorl, linear,
stiff, obtuse, and emarginate, deeply furrowed on both
sides, dark green and glossy above, with a white line
beneath, 3-6 in. long: cone 3-5 in. long, ovate-oblong;
seed Kin. long; cotyledons 2. Japan. B.M. 8050.
S.Z. 2:101, 102. F.S. 14:1485, 1486. Gt. 32, p. 149;
37, p. 437. Mn. 4, p. 154. Gng. 1:25. Gn. 28, pp. 204,
205; 38, p. 499; 71, p. 176; 76, p. 144. G.M. 45:97;
47:272. Gn.W. 11:297. F.E. 21:172, pi. 115. M.D.G.
1906:557. R.H. 1884, pp.
16, 17. — There is a dwarf
variety and a form with
variegated foliage, both
intro. from Japan.
ALFRED REHDER.
SCILLA (the old Greek
name used by Hippo-
crates: / injure, according
to Miller, alluding to the
Eoisonous bulbs) . Lilidcese.
QUILL. WILD HYACINTH.
BLUEBELL. Perennial
bulbous plants remark-
able for easy
culture, quick
growth and
. 'V,, beautiful blue,
rose, or white
flowers, bloom-
ing early in the
>-.^."4.- spring (some in
autumn), and
( therefore desir-
able plants for
the wild-garden,
rock-garden, or
border; they are
very useful in
pots for midwinter flowers, for window-boxes and for
room-decoration; some are stove plants; some of the
South African forms have handsome spotted foliage.
Bulb tunicated, large or small : Ivs. radical, 1 to several
in number, linear, loriform, lanceolate, oblong or nearly
ovate, in Scilla autumnalis appearing after the fls.:
scape 1 to several, simple, leafless: fls. in racemes, which
are several- to many-fld., open, compact or spicate;
bracts small, sometimes minute, hyaline : pedicels short
or long, sometimes filiform: fls. small or middle-sized
(1 in. across), segms. of perianth distinct, perianth blue,
porcelain-blue, rose-colored or whitish, open-rotate,
cylindric-campanulate, or open - campanulate, segms.
persistent for some time; stamens 6, affixed at base or
below the middle of the segms. ; anthers ovate or oblong,
dehiscing longitudinally, introrse; ovary sessile, stigma
small, capitate; ovules 2 in each Iqcule, rarely 8-10,
ascending: caps, globose; seeds 1-2 in each cell, rarely
more; testa black, appressed; embryo small in albumen.
— About 80 species, widely distributed in Eu., Asia, and
Afr. in temperate districts. The genus is distinguished
from Ornithogalum chiefly by the color of the fls. and
deciduous perianth, from Hyacinthus by the segms.
3574. Umbrella pine. — Sciadopitys
verticillata.
distinct from the base or very nearly so. Great Britain
possesses 3 species of Scilla, S. verna, S. autumnalis,
and S. nonscripta, while Germany has, in addition to
S. autumnalis, 3 others, viz., S. amoena, S. bifolia, and
S. italica. For S. Fraseri, see Camassia.
Among the early flowers there is none more valuable
than the scillas. They vary considerably in form of
flower and foliage, and although typically they have
blue or blue-purple flowers, most, if not all, of the spe-
cies in cultivation have white and red-purple forms.
S. sibirica and S. bifolia are the earliest to flower, and
of these forms the Asia Minor or Taurian kinds are in
advance. The form of S. sibirica known as multiflora is
nearly past before the usual type begins to expand.
There is also sometimes cultivated in the garden a
pleasing white scilla, with hyacinth-like flowers, known
to the trade as S. amoena. But these white forms are
mostly oddities; the effective ones are the blue-flower-
ing kinds. Occasional hybrids between scillas and
chionodoxas are met with (see page 749). Chionosdlla
Alleni is the accepted name for a natural hybrid
between Chionodoxa Lucilias and Scilla bifolia, first
obtained by Mr. Allen, of England, in 1891.
None of the hardy squills requires special culture, and
if planted where they can remain undisturbed for a
series of years, they seldom disappoint one if the soil is
occasionally enriched by top-dressings of manure. The
writer has grown them distributed in the grass of the
lawn for a number of years with considerable success.
The bulbs should be planted as early as possible in
autumn. The varieties may be increased by offsets
taken after the foliage has matured. For the cool green-
house or conservatory, many of the scillas are ideal sub-
jects. For this culture, five or six bulbs may be put in
a 5-inch pot and the vessel afterward transferred to a
coldframe and covered until growth commences. Up
to this period very little water will be required, but as the
flower-cluster appears the quantity should be increased
and the pots transferred to the greenhouse, giving them
a position near the glass. The foliage matured, the
bulbs may be shaken out of the soil and stored. More
attention should be paid to the propagation of the
scillas by commercial dealers, for these bulbs should
become one of the features of the wild-garden in early
spring.
The Urginea Scilla, sometimes called Scilla maritima,
needs to be mentioned in this connection on account of
its yielding a medicine for many centuries held in
esteem. Almost everyone is familiar with sirup of
squills, and has obtained relief from its use in severe
colds. The scales of the bulb contain mucilage, sinis-
trin, sugar, and crystals of calcium oxalate (stated by
botanists to ward off snails); the active principles are
scillipicrin, scillitpxin, and scillin (the latter producing
numbness, vomiting, and the like). Scilla bulbs or roots
should never be used unless under proper direction, as
in their fresh state they are extremely acrid, and might
prove dangerous.
The trade names are considerably confused. Many of
the so-called horticultural species and races may be
united as mere varieties of species that have been
defined botanically. The following names are thought
to include all those in the American trade, but other
species are known to fanciers.
alba, 1,3, 9, 11, 12.
albo-major, 3.
festalis, 1.
hispanica, 3.
pallida, 12.
parvt flora, 4, 11.
amcena, 12, 13.
hyacinthoides, 3, 11.
patula, 3.
amcenula, 12.
italica, 14.
peruviana, 7.
autumnalis, 6.
japonica, 15.
prsecox, 12.
bifolia, 9.
lilacina, 1.
pumila, 8.
caerulea, 1, 11.
campanulata, 3.
monophylla, 8.
monophyllos, 8.
puschkinioidea, 2.
rosea, 1, 3, 9, 11.
carnea, 3.
multiflora, 12.
ruberrima, 9.
cernua, 1.
natalensis, 10.
rubra, 11.
chinensis, 5.
nonscripta, 1.
sibirica, 12.
ciliaris, 7.
numidica, 4.
splendens, 9.
Clusii, 7.
nutans, 1.
verna, 16.
SCILLA
SCILLA
3117
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Shape of fls. campanulate: color blue,
blue-lilac, rose-purple, white.
B. Pedicels short: bracts linear, in pairs:
raceme many-fld.: fls. broadly cam-
panulate, produced from April to
June 1. nonscripta
BB. Pedicels short: bracts in pairs, scari-
ous-hyaline 2. puschkini-
BBB. Pedicels long (1-lVz in.): raceme [oides
equilateral, compact: fls. cylindric-
campanulate, produced in May. . . 3. hispanlca
AA. Shape of fls. saucer-shaped to open-
rotate.
B. Color of fls. rose, size small.
c. Size of fls. small, color rose-purple:
raceme dense, SO-60-fld.: hs.
linear, fleshy 4. numidica
cc. Size of fls. nery small (l/$in. long):
raceme dense: scape slender:
bracts whitish, minute 5. chinensis
CCC. Size of fls. larger (lAin. diam.):
pedicels long, ascending or
spreading: raceme open. July to
Sept 6. autumnalis
BB. Color of fls. blue or lilac-blue: size
larger (%-l in.).
C. Raceme very dense (100- 150- fid.),
at first conic, then long, compact
and broad: scape robust. May. 7. peruviana
cc. Raceme several- to many-fld., open:
fls. mostly distant.
D. Lvs. single: raceme about 5-fld.:
plant small. May 8. monophyllos
DD. Lrs. in pairs, cucullate: taceme
3-8-fld., ebracteate: perianth
blue, reddish, or whitish.
March 9. bifolia
DDD. Lts. more than 2.
E. Foliage xery broad-lanceolate:
bulb large: raceme many-
fld. (50-100). April 10. natalensis
EE. Foliage large, broad (lArl\^.
in.); margin ciliate-dentic-
ulate: racemes many-fld.,
open. Aug 11. hyacinthoides
EEE. Foliage lanceolate, sometimes
narrowly so.
F. Number of fls. 1-3 12. sibirica
FF. Number of fls. 4-8. March.13. amoena
FFF. Number of fls. 6-30: raceme
at first conic, then open.. 14. italica
FFFF. Number of fls. 20-60:
scapes 1-3: bracts minute,
linear, white 15. japonica
EEEE. Foliage linear, thick, chan-
neled: raceme 6—10-fld.:
fls. fragrant. April to May.16. verna
1. nonscripta, Hoff. & Link. (S. nutans, Smith. S.
festdlis, Salisb. S. cernua, Salisb. Hyatinthusnonscriptus,
Linn.). COMMON BLUE SQUILL. HAREBELL. Lvs. 10-18
in. long, Yi\n. broad, subacute, concave: scape solitary,
tall, stout : raceme 6-15-fld. : bracts in pairs : fls. blue, pur-
ple, white, or pink, drooping. April-June. W. Eu., Great
Britain. B.M. 1461. Among the garden forms are alba,
white ; caerulea, blue ; lilacina, lilac-blue ; rdsea, rose- or
pink-colored; cernua, nodding. — This is one of the most
beautiful of squills, fragrant, thriving best hi somewhat
shady and sheltered places. Originally placed in the
genus Hyacinthus, on account of the general form of the
perianth, it was removed to Scilla as having the segms.
distinct or nearly so, and is now often considered as
forming a distinct genus (Agraphis, Link; Endymion,
Dumprt.), either alone or with other species which con-
nect it with the other scillas.
2. puschkinioides, Regel. Bulb ovate, tunicate: lys.
radical, 2-4, glabrous, broadly linear, obtuse, 2J/£-3 in.
long: scape low, glabrous: pedicels erect, strict, short,
base bibracteate; bracteoles scarious, hyaline: perianth
campanulate, pale blue, middle nerve deeper blue; base
of filaments united; anthers linear-oblong; style fili-
form. Turkestan.
3. hispanica, Mill. (S. campanidata, Ait. S. pdtula,
DC.). SPANISH JACINTH. BELL-FLOWERED SQUILL.
Lvs. 5 or 6, glabrous, ascending, lanceolate, l/z~\ in.
broad, subobtuse, convex at back: scape long: raceme
equilateral, compact: fls. cylindric- campanulate; peri-
anth usually blue but often becoming rose-purple, or
white; pedicels 1-1% in. long. May. Spain and Portu-
gal. B.M. 1102. Gn. 78, p. 456; 79, p. 265.— Hardy.
Several varieties of it are in the trade under the
specific name campamdata, viz., alba, white; albo-
major, large white; carnea, flesh -colored; hyacin-
thoides, hyacinth-like; rdsea, rose-colored. This species
is worthy of wider acquaintance. The bulbs are cheap
and easily obtained in autumn, and if planted then
they are sure to bloom the following spring.
4. numidica, Poir. (S. parviflora, Desf.). Bulb ovoid,
1-2 in. thick: Ivs. 4-6, fleshy, herbaceous, linear, 6-8 in.
long, -1^-3 lines broad, suberect: scape solitary or
paired, J^-l ft. high: racemes dense, 30-60-fld.: pedi-
cels short, ascending, 3-5 lines long: bracts minute,
linear, evanescent: perianth rose-purple, 1J^ lines long:
single ovule in each of the ovarian cells: caps, small,
globose, grooved. Flowering in winter in its native
home, Algeria.
3575. Scilla peruviana in full bloom. — Also known as Scilla
ciliaris. (XK)
5. chinensis, -Benin. (Barndrdia scilkhdes, Lindl.).
CHINESE SQUILL. Lvs. 2 or 3, equaling or exceeding
the scape, rather hard, acute, channeled: bulb small,
ovate: scape erect, slender, or wand-like: raceme spi-
cate, dense, elongated: pedicels short; bracts whitish,
minute: perianth rose-colored tipped with green; stigma
a mere point. June. China. B.M. 3788. — Half-hardy.
A beautiful species with the dense elongated raceme of
rose-colored fls., worthy of cult, in any rock-garden.
6. autumnalis, Linn. AUTUMN SQUILL. STARRY
HYACINTH. Lvs. several, obtuse, channeled, half-
terete, growing on through the winter and dying away
in the spring: scapes several: racemes corymbose,
spicate, open; perianth rose-colored, J^in. across. July-
Sept. Eu. (Great Britain), N. Afr. B.M. 919.— Hardy.
The flowering sts. generally precede the Ivs. but occa-
sionally the two come up together. As the flowering
advances, in most cases a tuft of Ivs. similar to those of
S. verna shoot out by the side of the st. for the fol-
lowing year.
7. peruviana, Linn. (S. ciliaris, Hort. S. Clusii,
Parl.). CUBAN LILY. PERUVIAN JACINTH. HYACINTH
OF PERU (once thought to be a Peruvian plant). Fig.
3575. Bulb large, ovate, tunicate: Ivs. many, broad-
linear, 6-12 in. long; margins ciliated with minute white
3118
SCILLA
SCILLA
bristles, channeled: scape robust, terminated by a
many-fld. conic broad and compact raceme of purple,
lilac, reddish, or whitish fls.: fls. rotate; corolla persist-
ent; anthers short/ May, June. Region of Medit., not
Peru. B.M. 749. Gn. 27, p. 288. R.H. 1882, p. 508.—
The hyacinth of Peru is not hardy in Mass. It propa-
gates freely by offsets. It flowers all through May and
3576. Scilla bifolia. (XJi)
June and forms a most attractive object in the herba-
ceous border or bed. S. peruviana, however, has one
fault that may tell against it in the opinion of many
cultivators — it never flowers two years in succession; it
seems to need a whole year's rest after the effort of
producing its large spike of fls.
8. monophyllos, Link (S. monophylla, Plan. S. pib-
mila, Brot.). DWARF SQUILL. Lf. solitary, inclosing the
base of the scape, 2 in. long, J^in. broad, involute, ovate-
acuminate, with a callous apex, glabrous: scape erect,
slender, usually 5-20-fld.: pedicels long, ascending,
springing from a small sheathing bract: perianth bright
lilac, Jiin. across, open, spreading; filaments lilac-blue,
dilated at base; anthers erect, blue. May. Spain,
Portugal. B.M. 3023.— Hardy.
9. bifdlia, Linn. Fig. 3576. Bulb tunicated, oblong-
oval: Ivs. 2, seldom 3, cucullate, 4-8 in. long, J^-J^in.
broad: scape 2-8-fld., ebracteate: fls. stellately rotate;
perianth blue, sometimes reddish or whitish; anthers
blue, versatile. March. Eu., Asia Minor. B.M. 746. —
Hardy. Several varieties of this exquisite little plant
are in the trade : alba, white-fld. ; rosea, pink-fld. ; ruber-
rima, red-fld. ; splendens, intense cobalt-blue fls. Cul-
tivators would do well to obtain all the varieties pos-
sible; also as many bulbs of this beautiful species as
they can afford. It is one of the most charming of
hardy, early spring-flowering plants.
10. natalensis, Planch. Bulb thick, large, ovoid, sub-
globose: Ivs. broadly lanceolate, glabrous, 9-12 in. long,
3-4 in. broad, ascending: scape erect, terete, 1-1^ ft.
long: raceme dense, simple, elongated, open, many-fld.
(50-100): bracts solitary, subulate: fls. pale blue, stel-
late, rotate: pedicels long, pale blue. Natal. B.M.
5379. F.S. 10:1043.— Suitable for greenhouse cult. It
is a graceful and elegant species, suitable for cult,
in pots.
11. hyacinthoides, Linn. (S. parvifldra, Salisb.).
HYACINTH SQUILL. Lvs. 10-12, spreading, 1-1 J^ ft.
long, Y<z-\}<i in. broad, narrowed at both ends, mi-
nutely ciliate-denticulate on the margins: scape straight,
long: racemes many-fld., broad, open: pedicels long,
1-1 Yi in.: bracts whitish, minute, persistent; perianth
bluish lilac, open, campanulate. Aug. Medit. region.
B.M. 1140. — Hardy. This species is noted for its
extreme shyness in flowering. The bulbs are some-
times 2 in. diam., and produce a profusion of offsets. In
Fish's Bulb Culture several varieties are mentioned:
caervllea, fine blue; alba, fine white, free-flowering;
rdsea, distinct flesh-colored; rfcbra, deep red, large and
fine.
12. sibirica, Andr. (S. amdena var. prsecox, Don).
SIBERIAN SQUILL. Fig. 3577. Lvs. 2-4, ascending, nar-
row, 4-6 in. long: scapes 1-6, 3-8 in. long: racemes 1-3-
fld. ; fls. rotate, horizontal or drooping, with short pedi-
cels; perianth deep blue. March. Russia, Asia Minor.
B.M. 1025. Gn. 11, p. 165. P.M. 14:100. L.B.C.
2:151. — Hardy. This plant ought always to have a
little shelter. It forms attractive tufts and has a
desirable habit for rock-gardens. Several trade forms
exist, viz., alba, multiflora, pallida; amcenula, dwarf er
with brighter blue fls.
13. amdena, Linn. STAR HYACINTH. Fig. 3578. Lvs.
4-7, flaccid, ascending, glabrous, 6-9 in. long, J/£-%in.
broad: scapes several, equaling the Ivs.: racemes sev-
eral-fld., 4-8, open; fls. distant, 3^-^in. diam., blue:
pedicels ascending or spreading. March. Austria, Ger-
many. B.M. 341. G. 37:295.— Hardy. It grows lux-
uriantly, several flowering sts. being found on the same
plant.
14. italica, Linn. ITALIAN SQUILL. Bulbs ovate,
clustered together: Ivs. radical, several, flaccid, spread-
ing, lanceolate, acute, 4-8 in. long, J^-Kin- broad:
scape solitary, slender, longer than the Ivs.: raceme
dense, many-fld.: pedicels filiform, spreading; bracts in
pairs: fls. fragrant, smelling like lilac, pale blue; peri-
anth rotate, blue; segms. puberulous at apex; filaments
white; anthers sagittate, dark blue. March-May.
B.M. 663. L.B.C. 15:1483— Hardy. This plant has
less brilliant fls. than either S. sibirica or S. bifolia, but
abundantly compensates for the paleness of its blue by
the fulness and the sweetness of its fragrance. It is also
taller than either of the others.
15. japonica, Baker (Ornithdgalum japdnicum,
Thunb. Barndrdia japonica, Schult. f.). JAPANESE
JACINTH. Bulb ovoid, 9-12 lines thick: Ivs. 2-3, fleshy,
herbaceous, 6-12 in. long, 4-16 lines broad, acute:
scapes 1-3, strict, erect: raceme 20-60-fld.: pedicels
3577. Scilla sibirica.
ascending: bracts minute, linear, white: perianth \y%
lines long, rose-purple: caps, turbinate, trisulcate,
23^-3 lines long; ovules solitary in each ovarian locule.
Japan.
16. verna, Huds. SEA -ONION. SPRING SQUILL. A
delicate little plant, with a small bulb and narrow-
SCILLA
SCIRPUS
3119
linear Ivs. 2-4 in. long: scape seldom 6 in. long, with
several small, erect blue fls. in a short, terminal raceme,
almost flattened into a corymb: perianth -segms.
scarcely above 3 lines long, spreading. Spring. A
plant occurring in stony and sandy wastes near the sea
in W. Eu., as in Denmark, reappearing farther east on
the Rhine and in Sardinia. — Hardy.
3578. Scilla amoena. ( X X)
S. ariUAris, C. H. Wright. Of robust habit: Ivs. 1 ft. long, 2H
in. broad: raceme many-fld. : perianth-segms. white outside with
green keel, bright violet edged with white inside. Hab.(?).— T§.
cilicica, Siehe. Bulb bluish violet: Ivs. 4-8 in. long, about J^in.
broad at apex: scape slightly taller than Ivs.: pedicels one-half as
long as fls. : fls. 2-6, bright blue, often tinged with violet ; filaments
white, thread-like. Asia Minor. G.C. III. 44: 194, desc.
JOHN W. HARSHBERGER.
SCINDAPSUS (an old Greek name, transferred to
these plants). Aracex. Climbing perennials, differing
from Monstera in floral characters and in the long-
petioled, long-sheathed, ovate-lanceolate, or ovate-acu-
minate Ivs. — Species about 20 (Engler & Krause,
Pflanzenreich, IV. 23B), E. Indies. Scindapsus com-
prises one popular and worthy warmhouse plant, that
known to gardeners as S. argyrams; also S. aureus,
Engler (see Pothos aureus).
pictus, Hassk. Internodes of the st. 3-4 in. long,
2 in. thick: petioles 1^2 in. long; blade 4-6 in. long,
2J^-3J4 m- wide, one side half as wide as the other,
coriaceous, bright green (drying black), obliquely ovate-
cordate. Var. argyraeus, Engler (S. argyrOeus, Hort.
Pothos argyr&us, Hort.), is the cult, form, with broad,
deeply cordate If .-blades which are spotted and blotched
above with silvery white. Celebes, Philippines, Java.
S. an&malus, Hort.=Monstera acuminata. — S. Cuscu&ria, Presl,
is sometimes kept separate as Cuscuaria marantif olia. Not known
to be in the trade. It is a question whether the Aglaonema com-
mutatum sometimes mentioned in horticultural literature is this
species or is properly referable to Aglaonema. — S. pertiisus, Hort.
=Rhaphidophora pertusa. JARED G. SMITH.
SCIRPUS (Latin for bulrush). BULRUSH. SEDGE.
Cyperacea?. A large group of rush-like or grass-like
plants inhabiting the whole globe. Flowers perfect, in
spikelets which are solitary, clustered or umbellate;
scales spirally arranged; perianth of bristles or none,
not enlarged in fr., smooth or barbed, persistent; ovary
1-loculed, with 1 anatropous ovule; style not thickened
at the base, 2-3-clef t : fr . an achene with bristles attached.
Only a few species are in cult., and these are all per-
ennials (except perhaps the last), suited for shallow
water or damp places. The larger are important for
use in aquatic gardens. The nomenclature of those in
the trade has been very much confused.
A. Sts. leafy.
atr6virens, Muhl. Sts. clustered, tall and stout, 2-4
ft. high, bluntly triangular: Ivs. long, coarse, and firm,
3-6 lines wide, spreading: involucre foliaceous: umbel
sparingly compound; rays stiff, very unequal; spike-
lets ovoid-oblong, acutish, dark greenish brown, in
dense heads of 5-25; scales oblong, cuspidate; perianth-
bristles 6, downwardly barbed above; styles 3. E. U. S.
in mud or damp soil.
Holoschdenus, Linn. Stiff and rush-like, from stout
rootstocks: sts. clustered, slender, cylindrical, 1-3 ft.
high: Ivs. 1-2, basal, stiff, erect and narrow, furrowed:
bracts several, the larger one appearing as a continua-
tion of the st. ; spikelets very numerous and small, closely
packed in 1 to several globular, light brown heads,
3-5 lines in diam.; scales ovate, mucronate, cihate;
perianth-bristles none; styles 2-3-cleft. Eu., Asia. —
The form in cult is var. variegatus, Hort., with sts.
alternately banded with green and yellowish white.
Damp or dry soil.
AA. Sts. with very short basal Ivs. or none.
B. Rootstocks very stout, creeping: sts. scattered, 3-9 ft.
high.
lacustris, Vahl. GREAT BULRUSH. Sts. terete, smooth,
tall, stout, and flexible, 3-9 ft: high: Ivs. reduced to a
few basal sheaths: bracts very short, erect: umbel
compound, flexuous: spikes in heads of 1-5, oblong-
conical, pale brown, 2J^-8 lines long; scales ovate-
oblong, obtuse, rarely mucronate; perianth-bristles
4-6, downwardly barbed throughout; styles 2-3. In
shallow quiet water, N. Amer., Eu., Asia. — A com-
posite species probably consisting in Eu. and Amer. of
several distinct forms, each of specific rank. Typical
S. lacustris is a 3-style form common in Eu., not found
in Amer. S. Tabernasmontanus, Gmel., is a European
2-style form. The horticultural variety of the bitter
species, with alternate bands of green and yellowish
white, is var. zebrina, Hort. (Juncus zebnnus, Hort.).
S. vdUidus, Vahl, and S. occidentdlis, Chase, are 2-
styled American species. S. heterochaetus, Chase, is a
3-styled American form. The bulrush is very effective
as a border plant in aquatic gardens.
3579.
Scirpus cernuus.
Known to garden-
ers as Isolepis
gracilis.
3120
SCIRPUS
SCORODOSMA
BB. Rootstocks almost wanting: sts. cespitose, forming turf,
S-12 in. high, very slender.
ceriums, Vahl (S. grdcilis, Koch. Isdlepis grdcilis,
Hort.). Fig. 3579. Sts. very slender or filiform, cylin-
drical, erect or more often drooping: basal sheaths
leafless or with a very short filiform blade: involucral
bract subulate, about equaling the spikelet, the latter
usually solitary, oblong-lanceolate, 1-3 lines long;
scales oblong-oval, obtuse, pale brown or whitish;
bristles none; styles 3: achene in greenhouse plants
rarely maturing. Widely distributed, common in Eu.
G. 21:614; 25:111.— <Jrows well in damp pots, the
drooping sts. producing a very graceful effect. This
plant is now considered under Scirpus by practically
all authors. S. cernuus is an older name than S. gradlis.
K. M. WlEGAND.
SCLEROCARPUS (Greek, hard and fruit, the achenes
are inclosed in a hardened palea). Syn., Gymnopsis, in
part. Compdsitx. Annual or perennial strigpse-pubes-
cent herbs, suitable for outdoor planting in the S.:
sts. branching: Ivs. alternate or the lower rarely all
opposite, dentate or subentire: heads small or medium,
at the ends of the branches, pedunculate, many-fid.:
fls. yellow; the ray-fls. few to several, fertile; pappus
wanting: achenes more or less 4-sided with a broad flat
summit. — About 15 species. N. Amer., region of Texas
and Mex., Trop. Afr., and Trop. Asia. S. uniseridlis,
Benth. & Hook. f. (Gymndpsis uniseridlis, Hook.
Gymnolomia uniseridlis, Hort.). Annual, 1-2 ft. high,
loosely branched: Ivs. alternate, slender-petioled, del-
toid- or rhombic-ovate, or the uppermost lanceolate,
coarsely dentate, the strigose pubescence of the lower
surface canescent: corollas orange. Texas and Mex.
RH. 1853:261. G.C. III. 28:165.
SCLEROCARYA (Greek, hard and nut or kernel).
Anacar diocese. Trees or shrubs, one of which, S. caffra,
has been intro. into S. Calif.: Ivs. aggregated toward
the ends of the branches, alternate, odd-pinnate,
glabrous; Ifts. opposite, long-petiolate, very entire,
glaucous below: the male fls. spicate; fls. polygamous;
sepals 4, orbicular, colored, imbricate; petals 4, oblong,
obtuse, spreading, reflexed, imbricate; disk depressed,
entire; stamens in the male fls. 12-15, in the female
fewer; ovary subglobose, 2-3-celled: drupe somewhat
fleshy, the shell woody, 2-3-celled. — About 5 species,
Trop. and S. Afr. S. cdffra, Sond. Glabrous: Ivs.
alternate, 6-12 in. long; Ifts. 1M-2 in. long, with a short,
often oblique tapering point, base acute, pale below:
male spikes 2-4, terminal: fls. very short-pedicelled,
bracteolate, the dried pedicel red: drupe suborbicular,
the size of a small walnut. S. Afr.
SCOLOPENDRIUM (from Scolopendra, the name of a
centiped, the resemblance being found in the lines of
linear sori on the backs of the Ivs.). Polypodidcese. The
name most common in the trade for the hart's-tongue
ferns (known as Scolopendrium vulgare) and its varie-
ties. See Phyllitis.
SCOLOPIA (Greek, thorn or stake, probably so
named on account of the spines). Flacourtidcese. Spiny
trees, the spines often compound, one of which, S.
crenata, has been intro. in S. Calif.: Ivs. alternate,
entire; stipules minute or none: fls. small, racemed,
axillary, dioecious; sepals 4-6; petals 4-6, subsimilar;
stamens many; ovary 1-celled: berry 2-4-seeded. —
About 30 species, Afr., Asia, and Austral.
crenata, Clos. Branches of young trees armed, of old
unarmed: Ivs. 2-6x1-2 in., ovate or oblong-lanceo-
late, base acute, obtusely or acutely acuminate, sub-
crenate, glabrous: racemes axillary, 1-3 in. long: sepals
and petals 5-6 each: fr. globose, green, when dry the
size of a cherry. India, China, and the Philippines. —
Intro, into Calif.
SCOLYMUS (old Greek name used by Hesiod). Com-
pdsitse. Three or four herbs, all natives of the Medi-
terranean region. S. grandiflorus, a perennial species,
is rarely cultivated abroad for its flowers and S.
maculatus, an annual species, for its variegated foliage.
Scolymus hispanicus (Fig. 3580) is the vegetable
known as golden thistle or Spanish oyster plant. It
makes a root very like salsify, except that it is much
lighter colored and considerably longer. Its flavor is
less pronounced than that of salsify, but when care-
fully cooked, it possesses a very agreeable quality which
is somewhat intermediate between that of salsify and
parsnip. It is adapted to all the methods of cooking
employed for those vegetables. The particular value of
the Spanish oyster plant,
aside from affording a
variety in the kitchen-
garden, is its large size
and productiveness as
compared with salsify.
The product may be
nearly twice as great, for
a given area, as for
salsify. The seeds are
much easier to handle
and to sow than those of
salsify. They are sown
in March or April. The
seeds, or rather achenes,
are flat and yellowish,
surrounded by a white
scarious margin. The
roots may be dug either
in fall or spring. The
greatest fault of the
Spanish oyster plant lies
in the prickly character
of the leaves, which
makes the plant uncom-
fortable to handle. The
roots are often 10 to 12
inches long and 1 inch
thick. It is said that
the leaves and stalks are
eaten like cardoons by
the people of Salamanca;
also that the flowers are
used to adulterate saf-
fron.
The S. hispanicus, Linn., is a biennial plant, native
to S. Eu. The radical Ivs. are very spiny, oblong, pin-
natifid, dark green, marked with pale green spots.
The plant grows 2-2^ ft. high, is much branched and
bears bright yellow fl. -heads which are sessile and con-
tain only 2 or 3 fls., all of which are ligulate. The heads
are sessile, terminal, and axillary. L H. B.
SCOPOLIA (named in honor of Joh. Ant. Scopoli,
1725-1788). Solandcese. Erect slightly branched gla-
brous hardy perennial herbs for outdoor planting: TVS.
membranaceous, entire: fls. lurid purple or greenish,
veined, nodding, borne on solitary filiform pedicels;
calyx broad-campanulate, membranaceous truncately
or broadly 5-lobed; corolla campanulate, the limb
folded, 5-angled or shortly and broadly 5-lobed; sta-
mens 5; ovary conical, 2-celled almost to the apex: caps,
included in the calyx. — About 5 species, 1 in Eu.,
1 in Himalaya, and the others in Japan and China. S.
carniolica, Jacq. (Hyoscyamus Scopolia, Linn.). About
1 ft. or more high: Ivs. entire, petiolate, about 3 in.
long, ovate or obovate-oblong, subcuspidate : fls. soli-
tary, axillary, nodding; corolla lurid red, yellow, or
green inside. Russia. B.M. 1126. — Somewhat used in
medicine.
SCOROD6SMA: Ferula; supplementary list.
3580. Spanish salsify, or golden
thistle. — Scolymus hispanicus.
SCORPIURUS
SCUTELLARIA
3121
SCORPIURUS (Greek, scorpion and tail, alluding to
the twisted form of the legume). Leguminbsse. Nearly
hardy stemless or decumbent herbs, adapted to the
open border: Ivs. simple, very entire, elongate, twisted
and folded; stipules adnate to the petiole: fls. yellow,
often few, solitary or umbelled, on axillary peduncles,
nodding; calyx with the 2 upper lobes connate above;
petals long-clawed, the standard suborbiculate, the
wings oblique-obovate or oblong, the keel incurved,
beaked-acuminate; stamens free from the standard;
ovary sessile, many-ovuled : legume subterete, circinate-
involute, sulcate-costate, the ribs often tuberculate or
muricate. indehiscent. — About 6 species, S. Eu., N. Afr.
to the Canary Isls., and W. Asia. Prop, by seed sown
in the open border in the spring. S. vermiculata, Linn.
A trailing annual: Ivs. tapering into the petioles: fls.
solitary on the peduncles, the standard streaked with
red: pod thick, glabrous, with the inner ribs almost
obsolete, but the 10 outer ones bear crowded stipitate
tubercles which are obtusely dilated at the apex. Medit.
region. See the article Worms.
SCORZONERA (old French scorzon, serpent; S. his-
panica was used against snake-bites). Compdsitx. The
vegetable known as scorzonera or black salsify is a
plant with a long fleshy tap-root like that of salsify,
but differing in having a black skin. The flesh, how-
ever, is white. It is cultivated and cooked Like salsify,
but being somewhat more difficult to raise it is rarer
than that vegetable, although considered by many to
be superior to it in flavor. The leaves may be used for
salads. Scorzonera is a perennial plant, but it is treated
in cultivation as an annual or biennial crop.
Perennial herbs, or rarely annual, floccose, lanate or
hirsute: Ivs. sometimes entire and grass-like, or wider,
sometimes more or less pinnately lobed or dissected:
heads long-peduncled, yellow, the fls. all radiate:
achenes glabrous or villous.— -Over 100 species, all
natives of the Old World. Cult, same as salsify.
Botanically, also. Scorzonera is closely allied to sal-
sify. The two vegetables are easily distinguished in
root, leaf, flower, and seed. The leaves of Scorzonera
are broader, the flowers are yellow (those of salsify
being violet), and the seeds are white. Also, the involu-
cral bracts of Scorzonera are in many series; of salsify,
in one series.
hispanica, Linn. SCORZOXERA. BLACK SALSIFY.
Perennial herb, 2 ft. high: st. much branched: Ivs.
clasping, lanceolate, or in some forms linear, undulate,
glabrous: heads solitary at the ends of the many
branches of the infl. Cent. Eu. WILHELM MILLER.
SCOTCH BROOM: Cytisus scoparius. S.Pine: Pinus syltestris.
SCOURING-RUSH: Equisetum.
SCREW BEAN: Prosopis. S. Pine: Pandanus.
SCROPHULARIA (a reputed remedy for scrofula).
Scrophulariacfse. FIGWORT. Herbs or subshrubs, gla-
brous or hirsute, often fetid, sparingly grown in the
herbaceous border.
Leaves opposite or the upper alternate, entire, incised,
or dissected: cymes lax, in a terminal simple or some-
what branched thyrsus: fls. small, rarely rather large,
greenish purple, purple, lurid or yellow; calyx deeply
5-cleft or 5-parted: corolla 5-lobed, short, 4 erect, the
anterior one spreading; stamens 4, perfect, didynamous:
caps, ovoid or subglobose. — About 150 species, Medit.
region, Orient and N. Amer.
aquatica, Linn. A tall glabrous plant: sts. very
acute-angled or winged: Ivs. ovate-oblong, rather
obtuse, base cordate; the petioles winged: thyrse
elongated, often 1-2 ft. long, the cymes peduncled,
laxly many-fld.: calyx-segms. orbiculate. Eu. and Cau-
casus. Var. variegata, Hort., the Ivs. have a broad
white marginal band.
marilandica, Linn. (S. noddsa var. marilandica, Gray).
A tall-growing hardy perennial herb, usually 5 ft.
high, often more, with large, dark green, ovate-acu-
minate Ivs. and small, dull purplish or greenish fls. in
a nearly naked, open thyrse. Throughout the U. S.
— The plant is sometimes used as a foliage background
for the herbaceous border. It is too inconspicuous in
fl. and too weedy in habit for general use.
F. TRACT HUBBARD.!
SCURVY-GRASS (Cochlearia officinalis, Linn.), a
common European perennial, is so called from its anti-
scorbutic qualities which have long been recognized.
Stimulant, diuretic, stomachic, and laxative properties
have been ascribed to it. In general appearance — leaf,
flower, and fruit — it somewhat resembles its close rela-
tive, water-cress, but in flavor it is acrid, bitter, pun-
gent, and has a strong suggestion of tar. Bruising reveals
a disagreeable odor. When cultivated it is treated as
an annual, the seed being sown on garden loam in a
cool, shady place where the plants are to remain. It is
grown to a limited extent in America, has escaped from
cultivation, but so far has not become obnoxious as a
weed Like water-cress and horse-radish. Consult Vol.
II, p. 808, for botanical description. M Q, KAINS.
SCUTELLARIA (Latin, dish; referring to the form
of the persistent calyx): Labiatse. SKULLCAP. Annual or
perennial herbs, or decumbent or diffuse rarely tall and
erect subshrubs or very rarely shrubs, suitable for out-
door planting.
Leaves opposite, frequently dentate, sometimes pin-
natifid or entire; the floral Ivs. similar or changed into
bracts: fls. in opposite 2-fld. floral whorls or in some
species a few at the top, sometimes disposed in all or
the lower axils, sometimes in terminal racemes or
spikes, blue, violet, scarlet, or yellow; calyx cam-
panulate, 2-lipped; corolla-tube long-exserted, Limb
2-lipped; stamens 4, ascending, all fertile, the anterior
pair longer: nutlets subglobose or depressed. — About
140 species scattered over the world, mostly in the tem-
perate regions and the mountains, a few in Trop. Afr.,
not known from S. Afr.
alba, 1.
albida, 8.
alpina, 1.
altissima. 6.
angustifolia. 12.
antirrhinpides, 16.
baicalensis, 11.
bicolar, 1.
brevifolia, 10.
Brittonii, 15.
INDEX.
cserulea, 1.
ccelestina, 11.
galericulata, 13.
grandiflora, 2.
indica. 4.
japonica, 4.
lateriflora, 17.
lupulina, 1.
macrantha, 11.
Mociniana, 18.
montana. 9.
orientalis, 2.
peregrina, 7.
pulchella, 2.
resinosa, 14.
rosea, 1.
Ventenatii, 3.
violacea, 5.
Wrightii, 14.
KEY TO THE SECTIONS.
A. Floral hs. membranaceous: fls.
or subracemose, scarcely secund.
Section I. LUPULJNARIA. Species 1, 2.
AA. Floral Its. herbaceous: fls. secund.
B. Fls. not opposite, all or at least the uppermost
remote. Section II. HETERANTHESIA. Species 3.
BB. Fls. opposite.
c. Infl. composed of fls. in terminal single or
panicled racemes. (The delimitations be-
tween this and the following section are not
well marked.)
Section III. STACHYMACKIS. Species 4-11.
cc. Infl. composed of fls. solitary in the axils or
in axillary and terminal racemes.
Section IV. GALERICTTLARIA. Species 12-18.
Section I. LUPTILINARIA.
All Old-World species.
A. Lvs. green on both surface* or hardly
crenate .......................... 1. alpina
AA. Lvs. hoary beneath, indse-dentate or
pinnatifid ....................... 2. orientalis
3122
SCUTELLARIA
SCUTELLARIA
1. alpina, Linn. A hardy spreading perennial, about
10 in. high, with ovate, serrately dentate Ivs. and large,
purple and white or somewhat yellowish fls. in dense,
terminal racemes. July, Aug. Eu. R.H. 1889:12. — A
handsome rock or low border perennial. Var. alba,
Hort., a white-fld. form offered in the trade. Var.
caerulea, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. lupullna,
Benth. (S. lupulina, Linn. S. lupulina bi color, Hort.), is
a form with yellow fls. Var. rosea, Hort., is offered in
the trade,
2. orientals, Linn. (S. grandifldra, Sims, not Adams.
S. pulchella, Bunge). A hardy perennial, procumbent:
Ivs. long-petioled, ovate, dentate, tomentose: fls. pur-
plish, with a yellow throat or almost entirely yellow.
Altai Mts. B.M. 635.
Section II. HETERANTHESIA.
All American species.
3. Ventenatii, Hook. Perennial: sts. erect, branched,
everywhere soft-slender-pubescent: Ivs. long-petioled,
rather thick, cordate-ovate, rather obtuse, coarsely ser-
rate: racemes terminal, elongated, subsecund or sub-
distichous: calyx small; corolla scarlet, about 1 in. long,
the upper lip deeply 4-cut. Colombia. B.M. 4271.
G.C. III. 35:376.
Section III. STACHYMACRIS.
A. Lvs. subsessile or short-petioled, sub-
entire, lanceolate or linear 11. baicalensis
AA. Lvs. petioled, crenate or serrate, ovate
to subrotundate.
B. Base of the Ivs. narrowed, blades usu-
ally ovate-oblong or oblong-lanceo-
late.
c. Margins serrate 9. montana
cc. Margins entire 10. brevifolia
BB. Base of at least some of the Ivs. trun-
cate or cordate.
c. Floral Ivs. sessile or shorter than
the calyx.
D. Sts. procumbent or low, scarcely
1 ft. high.
E. Surface of If. vilhus above and
below: Ivs. small, subrotun-
date 4. indica
EE. S u rfa ce of If. hispidulous
above: Ivs. ovate 5. violacea
DD. Sts. erect, more than 1 ft. high. . 6. altissima
cc. Floral Ivs. petiolate, equaling or
exceeding the calyx.
D. Corolla purple to violet 7.
DD. Corolla white .8.
peregnna
albida
4. indica, Linn. St. procumbent at base: branches
ascending, 6 in. to 1 ft. high: Ivs. small, petiolate, rotun-
date, crenate, base cordate, both surfaces minutely
pubescent: raceme dense, subsimple, 3-4 in. long: fls.
opposite, secund; calyx pubescent; corolla bluish,
rather glabrous, the lower lip very broad. China and
Japan. Var. jap6nica, Hort. (S. japonica, Morr. &
Decne.), grows about 6 in. high: Ivs. ovate, gray-green:
fls. blue or lilac; corolla pubescent. Japan. P.M. 10:
123. F.S. 2:80. H.U. 5, p. 105. G.M. 57:791.
5. violacea, Heyne. Herb, 6-12 in. high: st. erect
or ascending, pubescent: Ivs. petioled, cordate-ovate,
1-3 in. long, crenate, pubescent or glabrous beneath:
racemes 4-5 in. long, lax, subsimple: fls. opposite,
secund; calyx pubescent; corolla ^in. diam., violet.
India and Ceylon. B.M. 8320. G.W. 14, p. 620.
6. altissima, Linn. St. erect, branched: Ivs. petioled,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, crenate, base broad-cordate,
scarcely rugose : racemes elongated, somewhat branched,
villous: fls. opposite, secund; calyx villous; corolla
creamy yellow, 4 times as long as the calyx. S. E. Eu.
and Caucasus.
7. peregrina, Linn. Sts. procumbent: branches
elongated, glabrous or pubescent near the ends: Ivs.
petioled, ovate, obtuse, crenate, base rotund-truncate,
glabrous or slightly pubescent: racemes elongated, lax:
fls. subsessile, opposite, secund; calyx large, somewhat
pilose; corolla violet, pubescent outside. S. Eu. and the
Orient. — The sts. and Ivs. are frequently glabrous and
dark purplish or reddish.
8. albida, Linn. Branches elongated, pubescent : Ivs.
1J^ in. long, petioled, broad-ovate, coarsely crenate,
base rotundate-truncate or the lowest cordate : racemes
often more than 1 ft. long, lax: fls. opposite, secund, sub-
sessile; calyx pilose; corolla J-^in. long, dirty white, vil-
lous outside. S. E. Eu. and Cent. Asia.
9. montana, Chapm. Perennial, tomentose-pubes-
cent: st. simple, erect, 1-1 H ft. high: Ivs. ovate or
oblong-ovate, coarsely and sharply serrate, lowest sub-
cordate, upper acute at both ends, petioled: raceme
simple, few-fld.: fls. opposite; corolla large, 1M~1H in.
long, blue. Mountains of Ga.
10. brevifdlia, Gray. A half-hardy, compact peren-
nial, Y<Z-\ ft. high: Ivs. numerous, oblong, narrow,
about J^in. long: fls. dark purple, about %in. long.
Blooming season long; summer. Dry limestone banks,
Texas.
Subsection ANGUSTIFOLLE.
11. baicalensis, Georgi (S. macrdntha, Fisch.). A
hardy perennial herb, almost glabrous: st. half erect,
about 1 ft. high: Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse, ciliate: fls.
blue, in many simple racemes; calyx-hood incurved.
July, Aug. E. Asia. Var. coelestina, Hort., has large
spikes of bright blue fls. July. G.W. 9, p. 61.
Section IV. GALERICULARIA.
A. Fls. scarlet or red, irregularly arranged
in axillary and terminal racemes: lax
herbs or shrubs 18. Mociniana
AA. F Is. blue or violet.
B. Infl. composed of axillary racemes:
lax, strongly branched herbs 17. lateriflora
BB. Infl. composed of solitary axillary fls.
or the uppermost fls. subracemose.
c. Margins of Ivs., at least the lower,
crenate or dentate or the base has-
tate 13. galericulata
cc. Margins of Ivs. all entire.
D. Blades oblong-lanceolate or lin-
ear 12 angustifolia
DD. Blades ovate
E. Lvs. petiolate, remote 16. antirrhinoides
EE. Lvs. subsessile, approximate.
F. Plants without moniliform
tubers 14. resinosa
FF. Plarits with moniliform tu-
bers 15. Brittonii
Subsection GENUINE.
12. angustifdlia, Pursh. A hardy perennial, about 6
in. high, with Ivs. J^-l in. long, narrowed at the base,
and violet-blue fls. %-l in. long, with the corolla-tube
slender. Moist ground, N. W. U. S.
13. galericulata. Linn. Hardy, perennial by filiform
stolons, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
about 2 in. long: fls. solitary in the axils of the upper
Ivs., about 1 in. long. June-Sept. In moist ground
throughout the U. S. and Eu. B.B. 3:83; (ed. 2) 3:109.
14. resinosa, Torr. (S. Wnghtii, Gray). Plants
minutely glandular-pubescent: sts. herbaceous, low,
erect and much-branched: Ivs. about J^in. long, ovate
or spatulate-oblong, very obtuse, both surfaces green,
entire, base rotundate or subcuneate not cordate,
resinous-glandular: fls. axillary, opposite, secund; calyx
glandular-pubescent; corolla blue, densely villous.
Kans. to Texas and westward to Ariz. B.B. (ed. 2)
3:108.
15. Brittonii, Porter. Glandular- or viscid-pubescent,
branching from the base, 4-8 in. high: Ivs. oblong or
oval, sessile and entire or the lowest short-petioled and
slightly crenulate: fls. solitary in the axils; corolla blue
SCUTELLARIA
SEA-KALE
3123
(pale blue and white according to some). Wyo. and
Colo., and probably W. Neb. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:108.—
Allied to S. resinosa.
16. antirrhinoides, Benth. Resembles the larger-
leaved forms of 5. angu-stifolia, but has longer petioles
and the Ivs. mostly obtuse at base and also shorter and
broader fls. 7-10 lines long. Shady ground, N. W. U. S.
Subsection LATERIFLOILE.
17. laterifldra, Linn. A hardy perennial, increasing
by slender stolons, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate,
1-3 in. long: racemes axillary or terminal, narrow,
leafy bracted: fls. blue to nearly white. Moist soil
throughout the U. S. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:106.
Subsection PTERILOMIOIDELE.
18. Mociniana, Benth. A tender, moderately low,
shrubby plant, probably the most showy of the genus,
with opposite, long-elliptical, acute Ivs., and long, tubu-
lar, red fls. with a yellow throat, about l%in. long, in
dense, terminal spikes. Autumn. Mex. R.H. 1872:350.
G.W. 11. p. 127. G.Z. 13:2.— According to Gn. 10, p.
606, the plants are of easy cult, with warm greenhouse
treatment and may be grown as bush specimens or in
smaller pots with a single St., when they will flower at
about 1 ft. in height. Cuttings are easily rooted.
S. aurantiaca, Hort.. is offered in the trade. — S. pulehilia, Hort.i
not Bunge, belongs to Section III and is closely related to S. indica
var. japonica, but the plant has more slender twigs, somewhat
smaller Ivs. which are short stiff-hairy on the upper surface and a
looser raceme with somewhat darker blue fls. Hab.(?). Gt. 6:296. —
S. splendent. Link, Klotsch & Otto, belongs to Section II and has
broad ovate, obtuse or scarcely acuminate, crenate Ivs., with the
base cordate and both surfaces hirsute: raceme elongated: fls.
sparse; corolla scarlet. Mex. B.M. 4290 (as S. cordifolia).
F. TRACT
SCUTICARIA (Latin, scutica, lash or whip). Orchi-
dacese. Orchids remarkable for their long whip-like
leaves, which are channeled on one side.
Xq evident pseudobulbs formed, but each shoot
terminating in a long, pendulous If . : Ivs. rather crowded
on the short rhi-
zome: fls. solitary
or several, on short
peduncles, in struc-
ture fls. resembling
Maxillaria, but the
plants are easily
distinguished by the
terete Ivs. ; sepals
and petals similar,
the lateral ones
forming a mentum;
labellum movable,
3-lobed, with large,
erect, lateral lobes;
pollinia on a trans-
versely elongated
stipe. — Two species
from S. Amer.
These plants re-
quire a temperature
similar to cat t leva
and laelia, but
should be grown on
blocks or in shallow
baskets in a mixture of equal parts peat fiber and sphag-
num. S. Steelii does best on a block, as the plant grows
downward in an inverted position. The compost should
be kept moist, particularly while the plants are in
action. They are propagated by division. (R. M. Grey.)
Steelii, Lindl. Fig. 3581. Lvs. attain a length of 4ft.,
as thick as a goose-quill: fls. on short scapes; sepals and
petals oblong, connivent, pale yellow, with chocolate
blotches; labellum large, cream-colored, striped with
brownish purple, at all seasons. British Guiana. B.M.
3573. B.R. 1986 (both as Maxillaria Steelii).
198
3581. Scuticaria Steelii.
Hadwenii, Planch. Lvs. 1 H ft. long: fls. with spread-
ing sepals and petals oblong, sharply acuminate, yel-
lowish green, blotched with brown; labellum obovate-
cucullate, white with flesh-colored spots. Brazil. B.M.
4629. F.S. 7:731 (both as Bifrenaria H adwenii). G.M.
41:558. HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
SCYPHANTHUS (Greek, beaker and flower, alluding
to the shape of the flower). Syn., Grammatocdrpus.
Loasdcese. Climbing pubescent half-hardy annual
herbs for outdoor border planting: Ivs. opposite, 2-3-
pinnatisect: fls. axillary, sessile, yellow; calyx-tube
linear-elongate, lobes 5, spreading, linear-spatulate;
petals 5, saccate, alternate, with smaller scales which
are hooded, 3-aristate and at base have 2 calli; stamens
very many, in 5 fascicles opposite the petals, staminodia
10, in pairs opposite the scales; ovary elongated, 1-
celled: caps, linear, upright, longitudinally 3-valved. —
One or 2 species, Chile.
elegans, Don (Grammatocdrpus volubUis, Presl). Sts.
herbaceous, climbing and twining, frequently branched:
Ivs. opposite, rough with minute deflexed hairs, the
lower ones bipinnatifid, the upper ones smaller and only
pinnatifid, all the segms. oblong, 1-nerved; petiole
short, channeled: fls. really sessile but appearing pedun-
cled from the elongated inferior ovary, terminal or
axillary, yellow, calyx-tube very long and incorporated
with the ovary, limb of 5 spreading, spatulate, leafy
segms.; petals 5, forming a cup, obovate-spatulate,
deeply saccate below the middle. B.M. 5028. J.H. III.
44:272. F. TRACT HCBBARD.
SEAFORTHIA (Francis Lord Seaforth, patron of
botany). Palmaceae. A genus of palms, founded by Rob-
ert Brown on an Australian species, usually considered
as synonymous with Ptychosperma. The Seaforthia
elegans of cultivation, however, is said to be Archon-
tophrenix, mostly A. Cunninghamii and perhaps some of
it A. Alexandras; the original species described by Brown
as S. elegans becomes Ptychosperma elegans, Blume.
According to Dammer (G.C. III. 31, pp. 18-20) the
true Ptychosperma elegans of Blume is met with but
rarely in European gardens. What is cultivated under
this name in most cases is either Archontopheenix
Cunninghamii or A. Alexandras. These archonto-
phoenixes "are decorative hardy palms, forming on the
Riviera very fine high-stemmed specimens. In youth
they form bifid leaves, the blade almost horizontal.
After having made some four to six such leaves, each
larger than the foregoing, there appears a fully pinnate
leaf, much differing in mode of growth from Phoenix
and other pinnatisect-leaved palms." Seaforthia
elegans, Hort., and Ptychosperma elegans, Hort., are
apparently sometimes Archontophaenix Cunninghamii
and sometimes A. Alexandra?. The last is very like
A. Cunninghamii, but, according to Dammer, differs in
its segments, which are green only above while under-
neath they are ashy -glaucous or white; it is well
figured in G.C. III. 31:19; also in B.M. 4961 as Sea-
forthia elegans. A. Cunninghamii is figured in B.M.
7345 as Ptychosperma elegans. The true Ptychosperma
elegans, Blume (Seaforthia elegans, R. Br., not Hort.),
with pinnules erose rather than acuminate at apex, is
figured in G.C. III. 31:21.
In a recent study, O. F. Cook separates the plant
grown in California under the name of Seaforthia ele-
gans into a new genus, Loroma, making the species L.
amethystina; probably from Australia. He also retains
the genus Seaforthia for S. elegans, R. Br.
SEA-KALE (Crambe maritima, Linn.) is a large-
leaved strong cruciferous perennial, the young shoots
of which are eaten in the spring, usually after having
been blanched. The plant is little known in North
America, but it is worthy of general cultivation in the
home-garden, for it supplies an esculent of good quality
3124
SEA-KALE
SECHIUM
at a season when vegetables are scarce. Sea-kale
demands a deep rich and rather moist soil, in order to
give the best results and to maintain its vigor for a
series of years. The plants require about as much room
as rhubarb; that is, they should stand from 3 to 4 feet
apart each way. The culture and general requirements
are much the same as for rhubarb. The young shoots
are blanched as they grow, in early spring. The blanch-
ing is accomplished by heaping fine loose earth over the
crown of the plant, into which the shoots grow, or by
covering the plant with an inverted box or flower-pot
so that the light is excluded from the growing shoots.
These shoots are eaten before the leaves have begun
to expand to any extent, whilst crisp and tender. The
vegetable is prepared as is asparagus.
Sea-kale is propagated by root-cuttings, and also by
seeds. Quicker results are secured from cuttings. If
strong cuttings, 4 or 5 inches long, are taken in early
spring and grown in good and rather moist soil, the
plants may be strong enough for cutting the following
spring; but it is usually better not to cut them until
two years from starting. The cuttings may be placed
where the plants are to stand permanently, or they may
be grown in drills in a seed-bed. The latter plan is usu-
ally to be preferred, since it allows the plants to receive
better care. Seeds give plants that are strong enough
for cutting about the third year. The seeds are really
fruits or pods, and each fruit may produce two or three
plants. Usually the fruits are sown without shelling.
The seedlings are raised in the seed-bed and transplanted
when one year old to permanent quarters. On good soil,
plants of sea-kale should maintain their vigor for five
to eight years after they have come to cutting age. As
soon as they begin to show signs of decline, new plants
should be propagated. Although the plant is hardy in
the northern states, it is always benefited by a liberal
dressing of litter or manure in the fall. Plants may be
forced in hotbeds or under the greenhouse benches, as
recommended for rhubarb. Sea-kale has large glau-
cous cabbage-like leaves which make it a striking
plant for ornament early in the season. It also throws
up a strong cluster bearing many rather showy white
flowers. However, the plant is rarely propagated for
its ornamental value. For botanical description, see
Vol. II, p. 873. L. H. B.
SEA-LAVENDER : Statice. S.-onion: Urginea maritima; also ap-
plied to Ornithogalum caudatum and Scilla verna. S. pink: Armeria.
SEBASTIANIA (from Antonio Sebastiani, a writer
on Roman plants 100 years ago). Euphorbiacex. Tropi-
cal shrubs scarcely in cult.: juice milky: Ivs. alter-
nate, small, usually entire: infl. usually terminal: fls.
apetalous; staminate calyx with 2-3 sepals free or
connate at the base, imbricate; stamens 1-5; ovules
1 in each cell of the ovary: seed carunculate. About 75
very variable species, all tropical except S. ligustrina,
Muell. Arg., in swamps from N. C. to Fla. S. Pdlmeri,
Rose, has very poisonous juice and the seeds are among
the best known of the "Mexican jumping beans"
which are inhabited by a small lepidopterous larva
whose actions cause the springing motions of the seeds.
J. B. S. NORTON.
SECALE (the ancient Latin name, said to be derived
from seco, to cut; according to some applied to spelt).
Graminese. Spikelets with 2 perfect fls., sessile on
opposite sides of a zigzag rachis, forming a terminal
spike; glumes subulate, 1 -nerved; lemmas keeled, long-
awned. — Species 2, S. fragile, an annual of S. Russia, and
S. cereale, the cult, rye, which, according to Hackel, is
derived from a wild perennial form (S. montanum,
Guss.), native in mountains, S. Eu. and Cent. Asia.
cereale, Linn. RYE. Tall annual, commonly cult, in
Eu., less so in U. S., as a cereal. Also cult, here for
annual pasture. Dept. Agric., Div. Agrost., Bull. 20: 163.
A. S. HITCHCOCK.
SfeCHIUM (probably from the Greek sekos, "to
fatten in a fold," because it was fed to hogs). Cucur-
bitacese. A climbing sparsely hairy herb, with perennial
tuberous roots, grown in tropical and subtropical regions
for its large fruits, which somewhat resemble the sum-
mer squash in use and character.
Leaves membranaceous, 3-angled or -lobed, cordate
at the base; tendrils 2-5-branched, opposite the Ivs.:
fls. small, monoecious, axillary, the pistillate solitary,
the staminate in small clusters; calyx-tube saucer-
shaped, the limb 5-lobed; corolla rotate, deeply 5-
parted, the segms. ovate-lanceolate; filaments and
styles connate into a central column, of which the
anthers appear as lobes, while the stigmas are closely
set together, forming a small head: fr. pear-shaped or
globose, fleshy, 1-seeded. — One species, indigenous in
Mex. and Cent. Amer. and widely planted.
edfcle, Swartz (Chayota editlis, Jacq.). CHAYOTE.
CHAYOTLI. CHOTTCHOUTE. CHOCHO, CHUCHU, or XTJXTT.
CHOKO. CHAIOTA. MIRLITON. CHRISTOPHINE. PIPI-
NELLA. Fig. 3582. Sts. herbaceous, annual, some-
times making a growth of 50 ft. in one season, if the
3582. Fruit of Sechium edule.
plant is grown on rich well-drained ground: large tuber-
ous roots are formed the second season: Ivs. 4-6 in.
long, resembling those of the cucumber, deep green,
somewhat rough, scarcely hairy; corolla greenish or
cream-colored: fr. 3-8 in. long; seed single, flat, 1-2 in.
long, attached at the upper end of the cavity. G.C.
1865:51; III. 24:476; 28:450.
The chayote is grown successfully in southern
California and about New Orleans, where it is fairly
common. In Florida it is not yet common, but its cul-
ture is being extended rapidly. It can probably be
grown successfully in those parts of the South where the
ground does not freeze in winter. The fruit is round to
pear-shaped, smooth or corrugated, the surface some-
times covered with small soft spines. The color varies
from nearly white to dark green, the flesh being firm,
crisp, and more delicately flavored than the squash.
The cooked fruit can be creamed, baked, or made into
fritters, sauces, tarts, puddings, salads, or used like
potatoes with other meats and vegetables. The young
spring shoots, tender branches, and tuberous roots
form palatable dishes, while the woody stems furnish a
fine fiber, known in French as "paille de chouchou." The
fruits, vines, and tubers are excellent fodder for stock.
The entire fruit is planted in early spring, and the
vine should come into fruit after the rainy season,
remaining in fruit (in the southern United States) until
the plant is cut down by frost. Plants should be 8 to
10 feet apart, and trained on an arbor or trellis. In
SECHIUM
SEDUM
3125
Florida and the Carolinas, a vine may yield fifty to one
hundred or more fruits in a season. The fruit can easily
be shipped, and stored for two to four months at mod-
erate temperatures. In tropical and subtropical regions
there are numerous varieties, differing somewhat in
flavor and value. NATHAN MENDERSON.
SECURINEGA (Latin, securis, hatchet, and negare,
to refuse, alluding to the hard wood). Euphorbiacese.
Shrubs sometimes grown for the bright green foliage.
Deciduous: Ivs. alternate, short-petioled, entire, stip-
ulate: fls. dioecious or monoecious, apetalous, axillary,
the pistillate solitary or few, the staminate in fascicles;
sepals 5; stamens usually 5, with a 5-lobed disk at the
base; pistillate fls. with entire disk; ovary 3-celled, with
3 2-lobed styles: fr. a 3-lobed dehiscent caps., 3-6-
seeded. — About 10 species in temperate and subtropical
regions of S. and Cent. Amer., Asia, Afr., and S. Eu.
The species in cultivation are bushy round shrubs
with slender wand-like branches, rather small bright
green foliage, inconspicuous greenish white flowers in
axillary clusters or solitary and with small subglobose
greenish capsules. They have proved fairly hardy at
the Arnold Arboretum, usually only the tips of the
young branchlets being winter-killed, and do not seem
particular as to the soil. Propagation is by seeds which
are usually freely produced wrhen the two sexes are
present, and by greenwood cuttings under glass.
ramifldra, Muell. Arg. (Geblera suffruticosa, Fisch. &
Mey. Fluggea suffruticosa, Baill. Acidbton ramiflbrus,
Kuntze). Shrub, 3-6 ft. high, with greenish branchlets:
Ivs. short-petioled, oval or ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
acute or obtuse, cuneate at the base, entire, bright or
yellowish green, glabrous, thin, 1-2 in. long: staminate
fls. about \y<i lines across, in 5-10-fld. clusters; pistillate
solitary: fr. about ^m- across, greenish. July, Aug.
S. Siberia to Amurland and X. China.
S. flueggeoides, Muell. Arg. (S. japonica, Miq.). Very similar to
S. ramiflora: branchlets soon becoming brown or purple: Ivs. usually
more obtusish: pistillate fls. 2-5. Japan, Korea, N. and Cent. China.
• — 5. Leucopyrus, Muell. Arg.=Fluggea Leucopyrus.
ALFRED REHDER.
SEDASTRUM (Sedum and star). CrassuLacese. A
genus founded in 1905 to include seven species, most
of which had been theretofore referred to Sedum, but
differing from that genus in having erect rather than
spreading carpels, slender styles, and other characters.
Mexican cespitose perennials, with numerous sts. aris-
ing from a dense basal rosette of Ivs. and dying to base
after flowering: st.-lvs. alternate, mostly broad, fleshy:
fls. in a more or less paniculate leafy infl.; calyx green
and deeply cleft; corolla white or whitish, with dis-
tinct spreading lobes. Probably none is regularly in
cult., but at least S. ebractedtum, Rose (Sedum ebrac-
tedtum, Moc. & Sesse), has been listed abroad: fl.-sts.
about a foot long, ascending or procumbent, pubescent,
leafy, somewhat branching, bearing sessile or short-
pedicelled wrhitish fls. : basal Ivs. obovate or spatulate,
flattened and fleshy, hairy or at least ciliate on margins.
SEDUM (Latin, sedes, tc sit: the plants fix them-
selves on rocks and walls) . Crassuldceae. Succulent herbs,
rarely subshrubs, mostly ha»-dy and perennial, useful for
rockeries and one species, S. spectabile, a frequent showy
border plant. See Succulents, Vol. V, page 2672.
Plants glabrous or glandular-pubescent, fleshy, erect
or decumbent, sometimes cespitose or moss-like: Ivs.
very variable, opposite, alternate or whorled, entire or
serrate: fls. cymose in a few axils and solitary, white,
yellow, or rose, rarely red or blue, hermaphrodite or
unisexual by abortion; calyx 4-5-lobed; petals 4-5
(rarely 6-7), free; stamens 8-10 (rarely 12-14); ovary
4-5-carpelled : follicles 4-5, free, many- or few-seeded. —
About 280 species, mostly natives of the temperate and
colder regions of the northern hemisphere. The hardy
sedums are monographed, from a horticultural point of
view, by M. T. Masters in Gardener's Chronicle for
1878. Masters' descriptions and treatment have been
Eartially followed in the present revision. The varia-
ility of the If. is very noticeable both in thickness and
breadth, some being thick and terete, others flat and
thin, though all of them tending toward fleshy. Some are
quite linear and from that they range to nearly 1 J^ in.
broad. The margin is also variable from entire to deeply
dentate. The synonymy of the species is much involved
and in some groups, especially the Telephium group, the
specific delimitation is very uncertain; in fact the whole
genus needs monographic study. The present key is an
attempt to differentiate the more prominent forms as
they occur in horticulture and is based in part on litera-
ture and in part on herbarium specimens. It is unfor-
tunately not altogether satisfactory but may prove of
some value in separating the species.
Sedums are of the easiest culture. As a rule, they
prefer sandy soil, and are very averse to a wet position
in winter. Some are useful plants for carpeting poor
and sandy waste places where few other things will
grow. The little yellow-flowered plant with pulpy foli-
age that spreads in nearly every cemetery is Sedum acre.
Sedums are also general favorites in all forms of rock-
gardening. They are much used for carpet-bedding,
especially the kinds with mealy or glaucous foliage, and
those with various metallic shades of purple. In the
hardy border, the more robust and bushy kinds, like S.
maximum and S. spectabile, are preferred, though any of
the lower-growing kinds are suitable for edgings and
any of the evergreen kinds are welcome in winter when
the hardy border shows few other bits of color or signs
of life. As a rule, sedums like the sun, but a few of the
species may help to solve the difficult problem of car-
peting the ground underneath the trees where the soil
is dry and shaded. Sedums are also favorites for baskets
and vases, especially the kinds with trailing stems and
minute leaves. For greenhouse decoration, S. spectabile
is the favorite, as it is perhaps the showiest of the genus.
It may be had in flower at any season of the year and
remains in bloom a long time. It is also one of the
favorite sedums for window-sills, balconies, and house-
tops, especially in crowded cities. Sedum acre, however,
is everybody's plant. A piece of it is often the only
pleasant sight in an ugly city alley. Sedums can be prop-
agated by seeds, but they are easily multiplied by the
young offsets. These rosettes are somewhat bulb-like
in nature and sedums could probably be propagated if
it were worth while by using each leaf of a rosette.
(Wilhelm Miller.)
INDEX.
acre, 1, 4.
dasyphyllum, 15.
monregalense, 22.
Aizoon, 43.
dendroideum, 28.
monstrosum, 10.
Albert!, 23.
elegans, 1.
multiceps, 3.
albescens, 10.
erythrostictum, 50.
neglectum, 1.
alboroseum, 50.
Ewersii, 57.
Nevii, 59.
album, 1, 13, 25,49,
Fabaria, 49, 53.
nicseense, 34.
58.
farinosum, 14.
obtusatum, 33.
atiissimum, 34.
formosanum, 35.
ochroleucum, 34.
amplexicaule, 5.
Forsterianum, 4, 8.
oppositifolium, 45.
Anacampseros.52,62.
glanduliferum, 8, 15.
oreganum, 30.
anglicum, 11.
glaucum, 10, 15, 19,
pallidum, 19.
arboreum, 20.
24.
Palmeri, 32.
asiaticum, 40.
grandiflorum, 15.
pilosum, 17.
atropurpureum, 48,
hsematodes, 48.
populifolium, 46.
49.
hawaianum, 1.
potosinum, 16.
aureum, 1, 24.
hispanicum, 19.
Potteii, 13.
aureo-marginatum ,
hybridum, 38, 39, 52.
primuloides, 55.
36, 42.
ibertcum, 58.
pulchellum, 4, 21.
azureum, 12, 57.
japonicum, 36, 50.
pulchrum, 21.
boloniense, 4.
kamtschaticum, 42.
purpurascens, 52.
Borderi, 52, 62.
Kirilowii, 26.
purpureum, 48, 49, 52.
brevifolium, 13.
Lehmannii, 41.
reflexum, 10.
cxpium, 61.
linifolium, 27.
Regelii, 17.
caeruleum, 12.
lydium, 24.
retusum, 60.
carneum, 7.
macrophyllum, 36,
Rhodiola, 27.
Cepsea, 61.
48, 50.
robustum, 10.
collinum, 10.
Maiveana, 1.
Rodigasii, 48.
coccineum, 58.
majus, 1.
roseum, 27, 49, 58.
corsicum, 15.
Maximowiczii, 41.
rotundifolium, 62.
cristatum, 10.
maximum, 48.
rubrum, 49, 52, 58.
criiciatum, 22.
Middendorffianum,
rupestre, 9.
cyaneum, 56.
38.
sarmentosum, 7.
3126
SEDUM
SEDUM
INDEX, CONTINUED.
Selskianum, 37.
spurium, 58.
turkestanicum, 57.
sempervivoides, 44.
Stahlii, 2.
variegatum, 7, 36, 42,
Sempervivum, 44.
stellatum, 63.
47, 48, 50.
sexangulare, 1, 4.
stenopetalum, 6.
versicolor, 48.
Sieboldii, 47.
stoloniferum, 58.
villosum, 18.
spathulifolium, 31.
telephioides, 51.
virescens, 10.
spectabile, 49.
spirale, 9.
Telephium, 52, 53.
tenuifolium, 5.
WaUichianum, 40.
Woodwardii, 29.
splendens, 47, 58.
ternatum, 54.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Lvs. terete or subterete (that is, relatively
thick as compared to breadth).
B. Fls. yellow (except a white-fld. variety
of No. 1).
c. Lf. -blades broad as compared to
length.
D. Petals without a dorsal awn 1. acre
DD. Petals with a short dorsal awn.. 2. Stahlii
cc. Lf. -blades narrow as compared to
length (usually linear).
D. Apex of Ivs. blunt.
E. The Ivs. papillose-pilose 3. multiceps
EE. The Ivs. glabrous 4. sexangulare
DD. Apex of Ivs. acute or acuminate.
E. Base of Ivs. membranaceous
and dilated, abruptly ta-
pered to a much narrower
upper part 5. tenuifolium
EE. Base of Ivs. not distinctly di-
lated, not abruptly tapered
to a much narrower upper
part.
P. Petals acute or acuminate.
G. Sepals subulate 6. stenopetalum
GG. Sepals ovate-lanceolate.
H. Apex of sepals acutish. 7. sarmentosum
HH. Apex of sepals blunt. . 8. Forsterianum
FF. Petals blunt.
G. The Ivs. incurved, those
of the barren shoots
forming dense conical
rosettes 9. rupestre
GG. The Ivs. re flexed, those of
the barren shoots not
forming such marked
rosettes 10. reflexum
BB. F Is. white, pink, or purplish.
c. Lf. -blades broad as compared to
length.
D. Sepals ovate 11. anglicum
DD. Sepals oblong or linear to linear-
lanceolate.
E. Petals oblong and blunt.
F. Color of fls. blue (sometimes
rosy lilac) 12. caeruleum
FF. Color of fls. white with the
midrib of the petals pink.13. brevifolium
BE. Petals lanceolate and acute.
F. Plant farinose-pruinose ... 14. f arinosum
FF. Plant not farinose-pruinose
though often more or less
glaucous.
G. Sts. much branched at the
base: branches diffuse:
fls. less than %in.
across 15. dasyphyllum
GG. Sts . rather simple:
branches short and not
diffuse: fls. nearly
%in. across 16. potosinum
cc. Lf.-blades narrow as compared to
length. „
D. Petals relatively rather broad,
their base somewhat narrowed.
E. The Ivs. oblong or oblanceolate-
oblong 17. pilosum
EE. The Ivs. linear.
F. Sts. viscid-pilose above:
sepals ovate 18. villosum
FF. Sts. not viscid-pilose though
somewhat glandular-pi-
lose above: sepals deltoid.. 19. hispanicum
DD. Petals relatively narrow, usually
lanceolate, their base broad.
E. Barren shoots lacking 20. arboreum
EE. Barren shoots present.
F. Sepals lanceolate, relatively
narrow 21. pulchellam
FF. Sepals deltoid, ovate, oblong
or elliptic, relatively broad.
G. Infl. glandular 22. monregalense
GG. Infl. not glandular.
H. The infl. rather openly
racemose-cymose. . . .23. Alberti
HH. The infl. more or less
densely corymbose-
cymose.
I. Buds 5-angled: fls.
pinkish 24. lydium
n. Buds nearly terete,
oblong: fls. white . 25. album
AA. Lvs. flat (that is, relatively thin as com-
pared to breadth).
B. Fls. unisexual (dioecious).
c. Color of fls. yellow 26. Kirilowii
cc. Color of fls. greenish or reddish
purple 27. roseum
BB. Fls. bisexual (hermaphrodite).
C. The fls. yellow or greenish yellow,
one species orange-yellow (fls. of
No. 30 become pink with age).
D. The Ivs. commonly not twice as
long as broad (in No. 29 just
about half as broad as long) .
E. Sepals ovate 28. dendroideum
EE. Sepals linear to lanceolate.
F. Margin of Ivs. dentate above.29. Woodwardii
FF. Margins of Ivs. entire.
G. Petals united below 30. oreganum
GG. Petals not united below.
H. Apex of Ivs. rounded [folium
or retuse 31. spathuli-
HH. Apex of Ivs. apiculate.32. Palmer i
DD. The Ivs. commonly much 'more
than twice as long as broad
(some specimens of No. 1$
have the Ivs. only twice as broad
as long).
E. Margin of hs. entire.
F. Lvs. in rosettes, at least
those of the barren shoots.33. obtusatum
FF. Lvs. scattered.
G. Petals oblong , boat-
shaped 34. nicaeense
GG. Petals lanceolate.
H. Sepals spatulate 35. formosanum
HH. Sepals oblong 36. japonicum
EE. Margin of Ivs. dentate or ser-
rate.
F. Plant spreading-pilose 37 Selskianum
FF. Plant glabrous (sometimes
glandular in No. 39).
G. The sepals linear or
linear-oblong.
H. Outline of petals fusi-
form with the base
slightly broadened
and the apex long- [dorffianum
acuminate 38. Midden-
HH. Outline of petals lance-
olate, apex acumi-
nate 39. hybridum
GG. The sepals lanceolate or
oblong-lanceolate.
H. Petals oblong 40. asiaticum
HH. Petals lanceolate.
i. Buds flask-shaped. .41. Maximowiczii
II. Buds conical.
j. Lvs. oblong-ovate:
plant about 6-8
in. high 42. kamtschati-
jj. Lvs. oblong-lance- [cum
olate: plant usu-
ally lYy-2 ft.
high 43. Aizoon
cc. The fls. white, pink, red, violet, or
purple. . .
D. Lf.-blades %-l in. or more broad
in the widest place.
E. Plants pubescent or puberulent. [voides
F. Margin of If. entire 44. sempervi-
SEDUM
SEDUM
3127
FT. Margin of If. dentate-cre-
nate 45. oppositi-
EE. Plants glabrous. [folium
F. Lrs. noticeably petioled... .46. populifolium
FF. Lrs.'sessile or nearly so.
G. Arrangement of Its. in
whorls of 3 47. Sieboldii
GG. Arrangement of Its. oppo-
site or alternate (rarely
in whorls of 3 in Xo.j9).
H. Base of ITS. more or
less cordate-das ping AS. maximum
HH. Base of Irs. more or
less cuneate.
i. The Irs. opposite,
rarely in whorls of
3 49. spectabile
ii. The hs. alternate
(rarely opposite
in JVo. 52).
j. Fls. greenish
white; sepals
broad-deltoid.. .50. alboroseum
jj. Fls. some shade of
pink.
K. Margin of ITS.
nearly entire.ol. telephioides
KK. Margin of his.
strongly den-
tate.
L. Blades of Its.
obi ong -
orate 52. Telephium
LL. Blades of Irs.
lanceolate
or elongate-
lanceolate. 53. Fabaria
DD. Lf. -blades Y^in. or less broad in
the widest place.
E. Lrs. of the barren shoots in
whorls of 3 54. ternatum
EE. Lrs. not in whorls of S.
F. Surface of Irs. densely pap-
illose 55. primuloides
FF. Surface of Irs. not densely
papillose.
G. Arrangement of lower Its.
opposite.
H. Petals ovate-oblong. . .56. cyaneum
HH. Petals lanceolate to
lanceolate-oblong.
I. Outline of Irs. sub-
orbicular 57. Ewersii
n. Outline of Irs. spatu-
late or oborate-
cuneate 58. stolonifemm
GG. Arrangement of lower
Irs. alternate (rarely
opposite in Xo. 63).
H. Sepals blunt, oblong or
iinear-oblong.
I. Apex of If. refuse. . . 59. Nevii
n. Apex of If. deltoid-
acute 60. retusum
HH. Sepals acutish, lan-
ceolate.
j. The Irs. oblong-
spatulate 61. Cepaea
jj. The Irs. more or
less orbicular.
K. Margin of If.
entire 62. Anacamp-
KE. Margin of If. [seros
crenate at the
very obtuse
apex 63. stellatum
1. acre, Linn. (S. neglectum, Ten.). STONECROP.
WALL PEPPER. LOVE ENTANGLE. Fig. 3583. Peren-
nial, glabrous, eespitose: barren sts. creeping, branched,
about 2 in. long; fl.-sts. 2-3 in. high: Ivs. minute, about
J^in. long, fleshy, ovate, crowded, gibbous at base, ses-
sile: fls. yellow," about J^in. across, in 1-sided cymes,
which have 2-5 forks; sepals If .-like; petals lanceolate.
Eu., X. Afr., E. Asia, and naturalized in N. Amer. Gn.
27, p. 316. — This is the commonest native species in
England and one of the commonest in cult. Thrives
best in poor soil and is a good ledge-plant and is fre-
quently used for covering rather arid spots which would
otherwise be bare. The Ivs. have an acrid taste. Var.
alburn, Hort., is a white-fld. form. Var. aureum, Mast.,
has the Ivs. and shoot-tips bright golden yellow in spring.
The yellow tint is lost later in the summer, but the
variety is never so robust as the green form. Excellent
for spring bedding, to give a bit of color. Var. elegans,
Mast., has the tips and young Ivs. pale silvery. More
delicate than var. aureum. and not so effective. Var.
hawaianum, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. ml jus,
Mast., is larger and more robust than the type: Ivs. in
7 rows, deltoid-ovoid, scarcely auricled at base: fls.
%in. across, in a 2-parted cyme, with a central sessile
fl".; sepals linear-oblong. Morocco. Var. Maiveana,
Hort., is said by the trade to be the same as var.
hawaianum. Var. sexangulare, Hort., is offered in
{he trade; it probably is S. sexangulare.
2. Stahlii, Solms. Perennial, trailing, much branched,
puberulent: sts. green or pinkish; fl.-sts. 4-6 in. high:
Ivs. opposite or nearly so, sessile, nearly round in
cross-section, ovoid or ellipsoid, J4~Hm- long: fls.
vellow, 7-9 lines across, in few-branched terminal
cymes, the branches of which are recurved; sepals
puberulent, linear-oblong; petals lanceolate, with a
short dorsal awn just below the apex. Mex.
3. multiceps, Coss. & Dur. Perennial, about 2-6 in.
high, base subshrubby, much branched: barren shoots
flexuous or erect, bearing dense rosettes of Ivs. at their
tips; fl.-sts. usually taller, erect: Ivs. J^-^in. long,
glaucous or pruinose, pinkish and papillose, linear or
oblanceolate, subterete: fls. pale yellow, about Min.
across, 5-merous, in many-branched, 2-6-fld., scorpioid
cymes; sepals linear-oblong; petals oblong-lanceolate;
anthers pale yellow. Algeria. G.C. II. 10:717.
4. sexangulare, Linn.? (S. acre var. sexangulare, Godr.
S. boloniense, Lois. -S. Forsterianum, Reichb., not
Smith. S. pulchettum, Hort., not Michx.). Perennial,
glabrous: barren shoots ascending 2-3 in., branched;
fl.-st. erect, 2-3 in. high, very slender: Ivs. densely
crowded in 6-7 rows, about 2 lines long, linear-cylindri-
cal, slightly gibbous at base: fls. yellow, %in. across, in
a 3-5-branched umbellate cyme, 1-3 in. diam.; sepals
linear-oblong; petals lanceolate. Eu. The Linnean
material probably differs very little from S. acre, but
the horticultural material (especially the European)
may be distinct.
5. tenuifdlium, Strobl. (S. amplexicaule, DC. Sem-
pemvum tenuifdlium, Sibth. & Smith). Perennial, gla-
brous, evergreen : barren branches 2-4 in. long, slender,
wiry, ascending; fl.-sts. decumbent, ascending, about
6-9 in. high. : Ivs. of the barren shoots dilated and mem-
branous at base, gradually tapering to a long awl-like
point; of the fl.-sts. alternate, sessile, J^in. long, terete,
with a membranous auricle at base: fls. numerous,
golden yellow, secund in 2-forked cymes, with a sessile
fl. in the fork; sepals ovate, oblong, acute, united below
into a cup-shaped tube; petals oblong-lanceolate, }£in.
long, keeled; filaments greenish, anthers yellow. Medit.
region. — There are often 6-10 petals in this species.
6. stenopetalum, Pursh. Perennial, tufted, glabrous:
sts. 3-6 in. high, erect from a decumbent base: Ivs.
crowded on the barren shoots, sessile, linear or lanceo-
late, Hin. long, terete: fls. bright yellow, in much-
branched scorpioid cymes; sepals subulate; petals
linear-lanceolate, acuminate. Alberta to S. D., Neb.,
New Mex., and Calif.
7. sannentdsum, Bunge. Perennial, glabrous: shoots
slender and prostrate : Ivs. crowded, opposite or whorled,
*4-%in., linear, terete or slightly flattened: fls. bright
yellow, J^in. across, numerous, in a flat-topped, umbel-
late, 3-5-forked cyme, with a solitary fl. in the forks;
branches recurved, the fls. on the upper surface only;
3128
SEDUM
SEDUM
sepals ovate-lanceolate, fleshy; petals lanceolate;
stamens yellow. China. Var. carneum, Hort. (S.
cdrneum variegatum, Hort.), has pink sts.: Ivs. with a
marginal stripe of white or cream-color. — A good green-
house plant and also good for edging.
8. Forsterianum, Smith. Perennial, forming small
tufts, glabrous or slightly glaucous: Ivs. of the barren
shoots many-ranked, forming
terminal rosettes, oblanceolate
or lanceolate, flattened but sub-
terete, spurred at the base: fls.
yellow, in a compact, round-
3583. Stonecrop, or wall pepper. — Sedum acre.
(X?fl
topped cyme; sepals ovate;
petals lanceolate. England.
— This is now kept distinct,
but it has been referred to S. rupestre and also to S.
pruinatum, a species which does not seem to be in cult,
and it has also been treated as a variety of both these
species. Var. glanduliferum, Hort., is offered in the
trade.
9. rupestre, Linn. Perennial, glaucous, reddening
with age and drought: barren shoots numerous, creep-
ing, 1-3 in. long; fl.-sts. ascending or erect, 6-12 in.
high: Ivs. ^in. long, in numerous rows, linear, subulate,
incurved, flattened above, forming dense conical
rosettes which are %-l in. diam., at the ends of the
sterile shoots : fls. numerous, yellow, barely %in. across,
5-7-merous, in umbellate, 3-5-forked, ultimately hol-
low-topped cymes; sepals ovate, oblong; petals ovate,
oblong; anthers yellow. W. Eu. Closely allied to and
confused with S. reflexum. Var. spirale, Hort., is
offered in the trade.
10. reflexum, Linn. (S. colllnum, Willd.). Perennial,
glabrous: sts. trailing; fl.-sts. erect, 8-10 in. high: Ivs.
in 6 or 7 rows, crowded on the barren shoots into a
conical mass, but not forming so marked a rosette as in
typical S. rupestre, %~%in. long, linear-subulate,
reflexed, terete, gibbous at base: fls. 4-8-merous, yellow,
%in. across, in a decurved, many-fld. umbellate cyme
which is many-branched, with a fl. in each fork; sepals
oblong-lanceolate; petals linear; anthers yellow. Eu.
Also escaped in N. E. N. Amer. Var. albescens, Mast.
(S. albescens, Haw. S. glaucum, Smith), is glaucous:
Ivs. rarely in rosettes: fls. J^in. across, 6-merous. Eu.
and N. Afr. Var. cristatum, Mast. (S. monstrosum,
Hort. S. robustum, Hort.), has the sts. fasciated so as
to form a crest like a cockscomb. Var. virescens, Mast.
(S. virescens, Willd.), is similar to var. albescens, but
has pale sulfur-yellow fls. — This species and its
varieties are treated by some authorities as a part
of S. rupestre.
11. anglicum, Huds. Perennial, about
3 in. high, glabrous, evergreen: barren
shoots trailing or erect, forming dense
masses; fl.-sts. about 2 in. high: Ivs.
crowded, alternate, on the fl.-sts. some- /^ 3584 Sed
what opposite and less crowded, Yy- /If caenileum.
J^in. long, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, \ * (Natural size)
green, becoming red-tinged: fls. white
or rosy tinted, about %in. across, in
few-fld. dichotomous cymes ; sepals ovate ; petals lanceo-
late; anthers red, becoming black. W. Eu. Gn. 79, p.
366. — A good plant for the rockery, though rather
difficult to grow.
12. caeruleum, Linn.; also spelled coeruleum (S.
azureum, Desf.). Fig. 3584. Annual, gfabrous, or pilose
in the infl.: sts. 2-3 in. high, branched from the base:
Ivs. tufted, Kin. long, oblong, obtuse, pale green,
spotted with red: fls. pale blue to rose-lilac, Kin. across,
577-merous, in a lax, many-fld. cyme, which is 1 in.
diam.; sepals oblong; petals oblong; anthers reddish
brown. Medit. region. B.M. 2224. B.R. 520. Gn. 27,
p. 315. — Said to thrive in a sandy soil, and
to be adapted to carpet-bedding.
13. brevifdlium, DC. Perennial, said to
grow about 4 in. high, glaucous, tufted:
Ivs. crowded in 4 rows, about Am. long,
ovoid, subglobose, pinkish, densely mealy
pubescent: fls. white, Kin. across, in an
umbellate, 2-3-forked cyme, with a pedi-
cellate fl. in the center of each fork; sepals
oblong-lanceolate, whitish with a pink
midrib; petals oblong, with a pink midrib;
anthers pink. France and Medit. region.
— Closely related to S. dasyphyllum of
which some authorities have made it a
variety. Rather tender and sensitive to root-moisture.
Var. album, Hort., is said to have bronzy Ivs. and to
grow 6 in. high. Var. Pdttsii, Hort., is offered in the
trade as a form with tiny round Ivs., covered with
white meal.
14. farinosum, Lowe. Perennial, glaucously prui-
nose, glabrous: sts. tufted, creeping, much branched: Ivs.
crowded in 4-6 rows, deciduous, % x Kin., oblong, very
obtuse: fls. white or flesh-color, nearly sessile, J^in.
across, crowded in a 2-3-parted cyme, 5-7-merous;
calyx-tube very short, segms. linear-oblong, pink-
tipped; petals lanceolate, acute, keeled; anthers pur-
plish brown. Madeira. — Masters says that most of the
material cult, under this name is really S. album.
15. dasyphyllum, Linn. (S. glaucum, Lam.). Peren-
nial, about 2-4 in. high, glabrous: sts. tufted, slender,
branching: Ivs. crowded, sessile, spreading, oblong-
acute or suborbicular, thick, studded with crystalline
pimples: fls. white to pink-
ish, about Min. across, in
lax, few-fld., corymbose
cymes; sepals oblong,
fleshy; petals lanceolate;
anthers black. Eu., N.
Afr. — The material cult,
under the name of S.
glaucum probably belongs
here; see also S. rupestre
and S. hispanicum. Var.
glanduliferum, Moris (S.
cdrsicum, D u b y ) , has
minute gray -green Ivs.
which are more or less
densely glandular - pubes-
cent: fls. white. Corsica
and N. Afr. B.M. 6027.
There is a form of this
offered in the trade under the name
of S. corsicum var. grandiflbrum,
Hort.
16. potosinum, Rose. Sts. low and
weak, at first erect, but soon prostrate or at
most ascending; fl.-sts. 2-4 in. high, slender: Ivs.
crowded, rhomboid-subspherical, nearly terete,
K-^HI. long, obtuse, pale green, glabrous,
papillose(?), slightly glaucous: fls. white or tinged
pink, terminal and few; sepals linear; petals
lanceolate, acuminate, widely spreading. Mex'. —
A rare species.
SEDUM
SEDOI
3129
17. pildsum, Bieb. (S. Regelii, Hort., not Kuntze).
Fig. 3585. Biennial, 2-3 in. high, glandular-pubescent:
st. leafy: Ivs. J3-J-jjin. long, oblong or oblanceolate-
oblong; radical densely rosulate; cauline alternate,
rather close together : fls. rose-pink, clustered in a corym-
bose cyme, %-l/^ in. diam.; sepals oblong; petals
elliptic-lanceolate, narrowed to a broad claw; anthers
red. Caucasus and Asia Minor. B.M. 8503. G.C. III.
49:347. G.M. 58:37.
18. villdsum, Linn. Annual, 3-4 In. high: sts. rather
simple, erect, viscid-pilose above: Ivs. alternate, sub-
terete, rather remote, linear, obtuse: fls. dull rose or
white, in a small, rather loose, few-fld., terminal cyme;
sepals ovate and green; petals ovate, rather acute.
Alpine and X. Eu. — One of the few species that likes a
moist situation, suitable for a bog or similar location.
19. hispanicum, Linn. (S. glaucum, Waldst. & Kit.,
not Smith. £. pdllidum, Ten., not Bieb.). Annual or
biennial (Masters says perennial), glaucous, glabrous or
glandular-pilose above: barren shoots 2 in. long,
branched; fl.-sts. 3— 1 in. high, reddish: Ivs. densely
crowded, about ^in. long, linear, greenish gray, becom-
ing reddish, studded with fine hyaline pimples at the
tips: fls. 6-merous, pinkish white, in 3-7-branched,
umbellate cymes; sepals deltoid; petals oblong, nar-
rowed at base. Cent, and S. Eu., Spain is uncertain. —
Commonly grown under the name of S. glaucum; see
also S. dasyphyllum and S. rupestre.
20. arbdreum, Mast. Perennial, subshrubby, about
4-6 in. high, glabrous, evergreen; branching from near
the base, with no separate barren shoots: Ivs. of the
older shoots deltoid, subulate, terete or somewhat
4-sided, J^in. long, horizontally spreading; of the
younger shoots more or less crowded, linear, terete: fls.
white, 5-merous, about J^in. across, in many-fld.
terminal cymes; sepals linear-oblong; petals lanceolate,
keeled; filaments white. Hab.(?).
21. pulchellum, Michx. (S. pidchum, DC.). Peren-
nial, glabrous, trailing or ascending: branches slender,
3-6 in. long: Ivs. in several rows, linear, scarcely J^in.
long, terete, pointed, gibbous at base: fls. rosy purple,
y$s.. across, in a 3-4-branched cyme, with fls. erect
and crowded in 2 rows along the upper surface, each
with a leafy bract: sepals lanceolate, obtuse; petals
lanceolate: anthers orange. Va. to Ga., Ind., Mo., and
Texas. B.M. 6223. Gn. 27, p. 315. G.C. II. 10:685.—
The minute Ivs. assume rich tints of red, brown, and
purple. The branches of the infl. are 3-^i in. long and
gracefully arched.
22. monregalense, Balb. (S. crucidtum, Desf.).
Perennial, glabrous except the infl., which is glandular:
barren shoots spreading, erect, or creeping, 1-4 in. long:
Ivs. of barren shoots crowded, linear or obovate-oblong,
J^-^in. long; those of the flowering shoots scattered,
narrower and often spotted pink: fls. white, }<£in.
across, 5-merous, in a terminal, lax, many-fld. panicled
cyme; sepals deltoid, pink-spotted; petals deltoid-
lanceolate, acuminate, pinkish brown beneath; anthers
pinkish. X. Italy and Corsica. L.B.C. 5:464.
23. Alberti, Regel. Perennial: sts. procumbent,
creeping, branched, terete; sterile branches short,
densely leafy; flowering much elongated, laxly leafy:
Ivs. linear-oblong, J^-J^in. long, semi-terete below,
glabrous: fls. white, about J^in. across, short-pedicelled,
in an erect corymb, dichotomously erect-spreading,
branched; sepals elliptic; petals lanceolate. Siberia,
Turkestan. G.M. 56:189. Gt. 29:1019.
24. lydium, Boiss. Perennial, glabrous, cespitose:
barren shoots 2-3 in., erect, reddish; fl.-sts. 4-5 in. high:
Ivs. crowded, J^in. long, linear, subterete, greenish or
red-tipped, base auricled, with numerous fine pimples
at the tip when seen under a lens: fls. pinkish, Tfrin.
across, in a many-fld., corymbose cyme; buds 5-angled;
sepals oblong, reddish; petals lanceolate, rather obtuse;
3585. Sedum pUosum. (X}i)
anthers reddish. Asia Minor. G. 37:25. — A good plant
for rockeries. Some of the material grown in gardens as
S. pulchellum and A. anglicum are really this species.
Var. aureum, Hort., was offered in the trade. Var.
glaucum, Hort., is offered in the trade as a glaucous-
Ivd. form.
25. album, Linn. Perennial, about 4-6 in. high,
glabrous, cespitose: barren sts. erect or creeping, root-
ing, olive-brown; fl.-sts. erect, pinkish: Ivs. alternate,
spreading, linear-oblong, about Jiin. long, obtuse: fls.
white, about Km- across, in corymbose cymes, which
are much branched, about 2-3 in. diam.; calyx-tube
cup-shaped, segms. broadly ovate to subrotund, obtuse;
petals lanceolate; anthers reddish. Eu., Temp. Asia,
and N. Afr. Gn. 27, p. 315. G.M. 57:469.— Some of
the plants grown as S. neglectum probably belong to
this species.
26. Kirildwii, Regel. Perennial, rhizome destitute of
shoots of preceding years, green, glabrous: sts. up to
1 % ft. high, slender: Ivs. spreading, elongate-linear, 2-3
in. long, attenuate, more or less serrate toward the tip:
fls. dioecious, yellow, 5-merous, rather small, in a dense,
many-fld., corym-
bose cyme, which
is commonly leafy;
sepals and petals
linear. Soongaria,
China, and Turkes-
tan.—Allied to S.
roseum.
27. rdseum, Scop.
(Rhodiola rosea,
Linn. S. Rhodiola,
D C. ). Perennial,
4-8 in. high: root-
stock thick, fleshy,
exhaling a perfume
of rose-water: sts.
annual, several from the same stock, erect and un-
branched: Ivs. scattered, glaucous, 1 x J^in., sessile,
flat, spatulate, obovate or oblong, obscurely 1-nerved,
slightly toothed at apex: fls. dioecious, greenish or
reddish purple, in a terminal flat-topped, subglobose
cyme, about 1 in. diam.; sepals 4, lanceolate or oblong;
petals 4, linear-oblong; stamens 4 in the .male, lacking
in the female fls. Eu., N. Amer., and Himalaya. Gt.
12:403 (as var. lanceolatum). B.B. (ed. 2) 2:207.— A
neat-growing species well adapted to the rockery. Var.
linifdlium, Hort., is offered in the trade.
28. dendroideum, MOQ. & Sesse. Shrub, 4-12 in.
high, much branched, smooth: Ivs. flat, fleshy, obovate
or spatulate, sessile, %-lM in. long: fls. sessile or
nearly so, bright yellow, in a paniculate cyme, numer-
ous; calyx-lobes ovate; petals lanceolate. Mex.
29. Woddwardii, N. E. Br. Perennial, glabrous: sts.
simple, about 1 ft. high, green: Ivs. alternate, lax,
1 VT^A x M-l/4 in- obliquely cuneate-obovate, irregu-
larly and obtusely dentate above, green, flat: fls. yel-
low, sessile, about %in. across, in dichotomously
branched, 2-5-parted, rather flat, rather lax cymes,
which are 2J^-4 in. diam.; sepals linear-subulate;
petals lanceolate. China(?). — Resembles S. Aizoon, but
differs in the obliquely obovate, obtusely toothed Ivs.
and larger, looser cymes.
30. oreganum, Nutt. (Gormdnia oregdna, Brit.).
Perennial, glabrous: fl.-sts. erect, simple, 3-6 in. high:
lower Ivs. about %in. long, all spatulate-cuneate,
rounded at apex: fls. yellow, changing with age to pink,
in a compound cyme; sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceo-
late; petals linear-lanceolate, long-acuminate, more
than J^in. long. Alaska to N. Calif.
31. spathulifdlium, Hook. Fig. 3586. Perennial with
slender rootstocks, glaucous, ultimately reddish: barren
shoots creeping or ascending, 3-4 in. long; fl.-sts.
3130
SEDUM
SEDUM
ascending, sometimes 4-8 in. high, simple or sometimes
branched: Ivs. of barren shoot forming a terminal rosette
\-\l/2 in. diam. and producing offsets from the base;
lower Ivs. obovate-spatulate, Y^ x JMsin.; cauline smaller
and clavate: fls. numerous, yellow, J^in. across, in
terminal forking cymes, with 3-5 principal branches
about 3 in. long, these are 2-divided and bear fls. only on
the upper side; sepals lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate;
petals lanceolate, keeled; anthers yellow. N. W. N.
Amer. G.C. II. 5:821; 10:377. Gn. 24:462. Gt.
21:741. — Questionable whether it is hardy in the E.
32. Palmeri, Wats. Perennial, caulescent, about 6
in. high, erect and branching, glabrous and glaucous:
Ivs. thick, flattened, l-lj^x%in., spatulate-obovate,
slightly apiculate: fls. deep orange, in a racemose pani-
cle whose branches are 1-2 in. long; sepals narrowly
lanceolate; petals narrowly lanceolate. Mex.
33. obtusatum, Gray (Gormdnia obtusata, Brit.).
Perennial, glaucous or green: sts. prostrate or ascending,
2/^-6 in. high; fl.-sts. erect, terete, reddish, ultimately
leafless: Ivs. rosulate, 1 x ^in., spatulate, entire,
glaucous, becoming reddish green: fls. yellow, J^in.
across, in terminal, spreading, umbellate cymes, 1^-2
in. diam. ; sepals oblong-acute; petals lanceolate; anthers
yellow. Calif.
34. nicaeense, All. (S. ochroleucum, Chaix. S. altts-
simum, Poir.). Perennial, glabrous and glaucous: root-
stock thick and
woody: sts. 6-8 in.
long, at first pros-
trate, afterward as-
cending; fl.-sts.
erect, 10-12 in. high :
Ivs. of barren shoots
ascending or spread-
ing, M-Min. long,
glaucous, reddish
when old, ovate-
lanceolate o r ob-
lanceolate, scarcely
auricled; of flower-
3586. Sedum spathulif olium. ( X M)
ing shoots appressed, lanceolate, distinctly auricled:
fls. greenish yellow, 5-6-merous, Hm- across, in terminal
many-fid., leafless umbellate cymes; sepals deltoid-
lanceolate; petals oblong, boat-shaped; anthers yellow.
Medit. region. G.M. 57:473. — S. ochroleucum is kept
distinct by some but does not seem to differ very much.
35. formosanum, N. E. Br. Annual, about 6 in. high,
glabrous: st. repeatedly dichotomously or trichoto-
mously branched from near the base, indistinctly
4-sided: Ivs. 1-3 in whorls at the branchings of the sts.,
with 1-3 on the long internodes, 1-1 ^ x Hm-> flat,
spatulate: fls. sessile, yellow; sepals green, fleshy, spat-
ulate; petals lanceolate; anthers at first red, finally
black. Formosa. — Intro, into S. Calif.
36. japonicum, Sieb. Perennial, 4-6 in. high, gla-
brous: sts. diffuse: Ivs. scattered or opposite, elliptical
to spatulate, flat and somewhat reticulate veined,
entire, bright green, channeled above: fls. yellow, J^in.
across, in loose, terminal and lateral, panicled, many-
fld. cymes; sepals oblong; petals lanceolate. Japan. —
It is extremely doubtful whether this species is or has
been common in cult. ; most of the material so named
is probably S. alboroseum. Var. aureo-marginatum,
Hort., probably is the same as S. kamtschaticum var.
aureo-marginatum. Var. macrophyllum, Hort., is
offered in the American trade as a compact bush, 15 in.
high, with waxy white fls., the centers of which are
light pink; presumably this is also S. alboroseum. Var.
variegatum, Hort., mentioned in American trade is
presumably S. alboroseum var. variegatum, which is a
large-lvd. plant with decided yellow-blotched Ivs.
37. Selskianum, Regel & Maack. Perennial, spread-
ing, pilose: sts. 1-1 % ft. high, erect: Ivs. sessile, ascend-
ing, upper 1H by less than y#R., lanceolate from a
broad base, ciliate, apical third serrate-margined: fls.
numerous, yellow, about J^in. across, in a many-
branched terminal cyme which is hollow-topped and
leafy; sepals linear; petals lanceolate; anthers yellow.
Amurland, Manchuria. Gt. 11:361. — Close to S.
Aizoon, but differs in the pilose sts. and the narrower
and pilose Ivs.
38. Middendorffianum, Maxim.; also spelled Mid-
dendorfii. Perennial, 4-16 in. high, cespitose, glabrous:
lys. ]/2 to nearly 3 in. long, lowest spatulate; the rest
linear-spatulate, upper part serrate, upper surface chan-
neled: fls. yellow, j^s-^gin. across, in many-fld. cymes;
sepals linear-oblong; petals fusiform, base rather broad,
apex long-acuminate; anthers dark purple. Amurland.
— Some of the taller material grown under this name
probably does not belong to this species. Var. hybridum,
Hort., a form said to have fine autumn tints, is offered
in the trade.
39. hybridum, Linn. Perennial: sts. creeping, gla-
brous or glandular: Ivs. alternate, petioled, about 1 or
more by Hm-, spatulate, upper half coarsely toothed,
lower part entire and tapering; teeth red-tipped: fls.
numerous, yellow, in terminal, much-branched, um-
bellate, inversely pyramidal cymes which are 2-3 in.
diam.; sepals linear; petals apiculate; anthers orange.
Siberia and China.
40. asiaticum, Spreng. (S. Wallichidnum, Hook.).
Perennial, 6-12 in. high: sts. annual, erect, unbranched,
glabrous, slender: Ivs. opposite, decussate, sessile,
%-l in. long, linear, oblong, coarsely and irregularly
toothed: fls. numerous, greenish yellow, bisexual, in
compact, terminal, globose cymes; sepals oblong-lan-
ceolate; petals oblong; anthers orange-brown. Him-
alayas.— Readily distinguished by its almost pinnatifid
foliage. In India the fls. are said to be sometimes red.
It seems to suffer from wetness in winter and probably
should be wintered under glass or otherwise protected
from the wet.
41. Maximowiczii, Regel. Perennial, about 1 ft.
high, glabrous: sts. erect, terete or somewhat 4-sided,
greenish: Ivs. subopposite or alternate, subsessile, 1-1 3^
in. long, oblong-ovate or oblong-lanceolate, regularly
toothed; upper Ivs. longer and narrower: fls. yellow,
numerous, in a dense flat spreading cyme; buds flask-
shaped; sepals unequal in size, lanceolate, rarely some-
what spatulate at apex; petals lanceolate. Japan,
Amurland. Gt. 15:528. Gn. 19, p. 203; 27, p. 316.—
Similar to S. Aizoon and by some considered a variety
of it. Differs in having unequal sepals and the peculiar
flask-shaped buds. A good border plant. S. Lehmannii
of some gardens belongs here.
42. kamtschaticum, Fisch. & Mey. Perennial, gla-
brous: branches 6-10 in. long, greenish or pinkish;
fl.-sts. erect, 4—6 in. high: Ivs. alternate or opposite,
about l%xKm-> oblong-ovate, deep green, coarsely
but regularly toothed above the middle, tapering
gradually to the petiole: fls. numerous, yellow, %in.
across, in terminal, umbellate inversely pyramidal
cymes which are 1-3 in. diam.; sepals greenish, del-
toid; petals lanceolate, apiculate, keeled; anthers sub-
globose, orange. Kamschatka, Korea, and Japan.
Var. aureo-marginatum, Hort., is offered in the trade;
S. japonicum var. aureo-marginatum probably is the
same thing. Var. variegatum, Hort., is offered in the
trade as having variegated Ivs. and yellow fls. By some
dealers the fls. of the plants are said to be purple and
the material so named is undoubtedly misnamed and is
probably some form of S. Telephium or one of its close
allies.
43. Aiz6on, Linn. Peremnial, glabrous, 1 ft. or more
high, usually lJ^-2 ft.: sts. several, unbranched, erect,
subangular: Ivs. alternate, sessile, distant, oblong-
lanceolate, 2l/z x %in., coarsely and irregularly toothed:
SEDUM
SEDUM
3131
fls. numerous, yellow, \4in. across, in a loose panicled
cyme, 1-3 in. diam. ; sepals lanceolate; petals lanceolate.
Siberia. — An old garden plant, suitable for rockeries or
borders. —Some of the material grown as S. WaUichi-
anum probably is this species.
44. sempervivoides, Fisch. (S. Sempernrum, Ledeb.).
Biennial, pubescent, 2-8 in. high: basal Ivs. in a rosette
of 40-50, obovate, cuneate, pubescent and ciliate, about
1 x ?4in., cauline clasping, greenish red, oblong, acute:
3587.
Sedum Sieboldii.
fls. scarlet, in a many-fld., panicled cyme, which is 2-4
in. diam.; sepals deltoid, acute, pilose; petals lanceolate,
14in. long. Asia Minor and Caucasus. Gt. 16:551;
33:1155. Gn. 19:354. R. H. 1846:5.— Apparently rare
in cult., but said to be very showy; the fl.-color is
almost unique in the genus.
45. oppositifdlium, Sims. Perennial, trailing, puberu-
lent: fl.-sts. erect, 6 in. high: Ivs. opposite, decussate,
1 ] o x %r\ in., obovate-spatulate, dentate-lqbulate or
crenate, slightly puberulent: fls. white, Ji~%in. across,
in a terminal mchotomous cyme; sepals lanceolate;
petals oblong-lanceolate; anthers orange according to
Masters. Caucasus and Persia. B.M. 1807 (anthers
shown as yellow). — Closely allied to S. stoloniferum, but
the Ivs. are brighter green and more regularly decussate.
46. populifdlium, Pall. Subshrub, with fibrous roots,
glabrous: sts. 6-10 in. high, greenish or purplish, slen-
der, branched: Ivs. alternate, distant, IJoxl in.,
petioled, ovate, acute, base cordate, coarsely and irregu-
larly toothed; petiole ?4-lM in- long: fls. numerous,
nearly J2m- across, whitish or pinkish, in terminal,
much-branched, corymbose cymes; sepals lanceolate;
petals lanceolate, 1 -nerved: anthers purple. Siberia.
B.M. 211. Gn. 27, p. 316. R.H. 1857, p. 150.— Readily
distinguished by the long-pet ioled, poplar-like Ivs. A
good border or rockwork plant, also useful as a pot-
plant.
47. Sieboldii, Sweet. Fig. 3587. Subshrubby, 6-8
in. high, glaucous: branches terete, slender, purplish,
erect, afterward decurved: Ivs. in whorls of 3, sessile or
nearly so, suborbicular, sinuate, about %-l in. diam.,
bluish green, margins pinkish, base cuneate: fls. pink,
}oin. across, numerous, in much-branched umbellate
cymes; sepals ovate-acute; petals lanceolate; anthers
pinkish. Japan. B.M. 5358. G. 34:831.— Very useful
for rockeries and borders. Var. variegatum, Hort. (S.
variegatum, Hort., not Wats. S. Sieboldii splendens
variegatum, Hort.), has white variegated Ivs. I.H.
10:373 (Ivs. green-margined, center yellow).
48. maximum, Suter (S. macrophyttum, Hort. Yum.).
Perennial, stout and bushy: sts. 1-2 ft. high, erect,
green or purple: Ivs. opposite, sessile, spreading, st.-
clasping, 2 Yi in. long, ovate-acute, more or less cordate,
crenate or dentate: fls. whitish, in terminal and lateral
cymes, on long peduncles, forming a loose panicle;
cymes rather globose and many-fld.; sepals deltoid-
lanceolate: petals lanceolate, with the tips spotted with
red; anthers reddish, projecting. Eu., Caucasus, and
X. W. Asia. Gn. 27, p. 316. — A very variable species
and occurs in many forms. A fine border plant, but is
apt to become straggly in the fall and to need support.
Var. haematodes, Mast. (S. atropurpureum, Hort., not
Turcz. S. maximum var. atropurpureum, Hort. <S. mac-
rophyllum var. atropurpureum, Hort.), has sts. erect,
glabrous, lJi-2^ ft. high; Ivs. opposite, oblong-ovate,
bronzy or dark purple; petals whitish, red-tipped.
G.C. II. 10:337. Var. purpureum, Hort. (S. macro-
phyttum var. purpureum, Hort.), is a purple-lvd. form
questionably different from the preceding variety. Var.
variegatum, Hort., has been offered in the trade as a
form with green-and-gold foliage. Var. versicolor, Van
Houtte (S. Rodigdsii, Hort.), is a form with pink sts. and
Ivs. heavily variegated with white, their mar-
gins pink. F.S. 16:1669.
49. spectfibile, Bor. (S. Fabdria, Hort., not
Koch). SHOWY SEDUM. Fig. 3588. Perennial,
robust and glaucous: sts. 18-24 in.: Ivs. oppo-
site, decussate or in whorls of 3, 3x2 in., flat,
scarcely petioled, ovate or spatulate, entire or
obscurely sinuate-dentate: fls. numerous, %vn.
across, pink, in large flat-topped, inversely
pyramidal, leafy and umbellate cymes; sepals whitish,
linear-lanceolate; petals slightly concave; anthers
orange. Japan(?). Gn. 27, p. 315. I.H. 8:271. Gt.
21:709. — The fls. are said to vary from rose to purple
and perhaps to white. This is the showiest of the
sedums and is an excellent border and garden plant.
It is said to thrive best in stiff clay and not to do so
well in lighter soils. Var. album, Hort., a white-fld.
form is offered in the trade. Var. atropurpureum, Hort.,
is a form with rosy crimson fls. Var. purpureum, Hort.,
is offered in the trade. Var. roseum, Hort., is offered in
the trade. Var. rubrum, Hort., is a form with crimson
fls. There is also a form with variegated Ivs.
50. albordseum, Baker (S. erythrostictum, Mast., not
Miq. S. japonicum, Hort., not Siebold. S. macrophyl-
lum, Hort., not Hort. Vilm.). Perennial, glaucous: sts.
several, ascending, about 1J^ ft. high, glabrous: Ivs. up
to 23^x 1J£ in., alternate in 4 ranks, slightly convex
below, oblong-spatulate, upper margin incised-crenate:
fls. greenish white, in a dense corymbose cyme, 3-4 in.
diam.; sepals deltoid; petals lanceolate; anthers pink-
ish: carpels rosy pink. Japan. Gt. 21:709. — A fine
plant for the border or rockery. Var. variegatum, Hubb.
(S. erythrostictum var. variegatum, Mast. S. japonicum
var. variegatum, Hort. ex W. Mill.), has the Ivs. irregu-
larly blotched yellow in the center. Gt. 21 : 709.
51. telephioides, Michx. Perennial, glabrous: sts.
6-10 in. high: Ivs. scattered, 2x1 in., oblong or obovate,
nearly entire or sparingly toothed, base cuneate: fls.
numerous, flesh-colored, in small, dense, compound
cvmes, 1-1 H in. diam.; sepals lanceolate; petals
lanceolate, falcate, hooded at the tip. S. Pa. to W. N. Y.,
to S. Ind., N. C., and Ga. — Not common in cult.
52. Telephium, Linn. ORPINE. LIVE-FOREVER. Fig.
3589. Perennial: sts. erect, 12-18 in. high: Ivs. scat-
tered, rarely oppo-
site, 2-3 x 1-1 M in-,
oblong - ovate, den-
tate; lower wedge-
shaped at base;
upper somewhat
rounded : fls. nu-
merous, pink, red-
spotted or some-
times pure white, in
dense terminal and
lateral, pedunculate
cymes; sepals lanceolate; petals lanceolate, 2-2 % lines,
long, somewhat recurved. Cent. Eu. to Siberia and
naturalized in N. Amer.(?). (The American material
may be another species which it is almost impossible
to distinguish horticulturally, namely S. purpureum,
Tausch., and which is referred to S. Telephium by
many authors.) Var. B6rderi, Mast. (Anacdmpseros
Borderi, Jord. & Fourr. S. Borderi, Hort. S. Anacdmp-
seros var. Borderi, Hort.), has reddish sts.: Ivs. dis-
tinctly petioled, oblong, tapering at base: fls. pink, in
3588. Showy sedum. — Sedum specta-
bile. Clusters 4 inches across.
3132
SEDUM
SEDUM
3589. Live-forever. — Sedum
Telephium.
a flat-topped, corymbose cyme. Var. hybridum, Hort.,
is offered in the trade. Var. purpurascens, Hort., is
offered in the trade. Var. purpureum, Hort. (not to be
confused with S. purpureum, Tausch.), is offered in the
trade as a purple-lvd. form; very possibly this is the
same as S. maximum var. purpureum. Var. rftbrum,
Hort., is offered in the trade. — The species and all of its
varieties are excellent border
and garden plants, also well
adapted to the richer parts
of the rock-garden. A very
variable and confusing
species.
53. Fabaria, Koch (S.
Telephium subsp. Fabaria,
Mast.). Perennial: sts. up-
right, 8-16 in. high: Ivs.
grass-green, alternate, flat,
elongate-lanceolate or lanceo-
late, dentate - serrate, base
cuneate, lower petioled: fls.
lilac - purple, smaller than
those of $. Telephium, in a
dense, terminal cymose
corymb; buds 5-angled;
sepals lanceolate; petals lan-
ceolate. Cent. Eu. — Very
close to S. Telephium and
botanically speaking probably
only a well-marked variant
of that species, but horticul-
turally fairly distinct, as the Ivs. are narrower and the
fls. smaller.
54. ternatum, Michx. Fig. 3590. Perennial by root-
stocks, glabrous, tufted: barren shoots 6-8 in. long,
prostrate and creeping; fl.-sts. erect: lys. J^in. long, in
whorls of 3, flat, obovate to suborbicular spatulate,
crowded in rosettes at end of the barren shoots; those
of the fl.-sts. scattered, oblong, acute: fls. white, Y<$n..
across, 4-merous. in 1-sided, leafy, terminal, 3-5-parted
cymes; sepals oblong; petals oblong, acute; anthers red-
dish. N. Y. and N. J. to Ga., Ind., Mich., and Term.
B.M. 1977. B.R. 142. G.M. 57:840.
55. primuloides, Franch. Rhizome thick, branched:
branches of st. short and fastigiately clustered: Ivs.
clustered in a terminal rosette, densely papillose, more
or less long-petioled, broad-spatulate, 5-10 lines long
including the petiole, entire: peduncles 1-fld., short:
sepals narrowly lanceolate; petals white, broadly ovate,
about Hin. long. China. G.M. 57:212. — Apparently
rare in cult.
56. cyaneum, Rudolph. Perennial, 2^-3 in. high, glau-
cous, lilac above: sts. solitary or cespitose: Ivs. oppo-
site, few, entire, glabrous; radical oblong or obovate-
oblong, somewhat rqsulate; cauline oblong- or oblong-
linear: fls. purplish pink, about )^in. across, in a simple
or compound corymbose cyme; sepals lanceolate; petals
ovate-oblong. Siberia. Gt. 27:972.
57. Ewersii, Ledeb. (S. azureum, Royle not Desf.).
Perennial, glabrous: st. thick, giving off many trailing
or ascending shoots, rather woody at
base, 4-12 in. high: Ivs. opposite, sessile,
about J/6-1 in. diamv suborbicular, cor-
date, amplexicaul, entire or slightly sinu-
ate: fls. numerous, pink or pale violet, in
dense globose cymes; sepals linear-lanceo-
late; petals oblong-lanceolate; anthers pur-
plish. Siberia, N. India, Kashmir, and
Thibet. Gt. 9:295.— Said to be tender,
but well worth pot-culture. Var. turkes-
tanicum, Hort., is said to grow 4 in. high
and to have deep violet fls. and further-
more to be hardy in Mass.; little known
to gardeners.
58. stoloniferum, Gmel. (S. ibericum, Stev. S,
spurium, Bieb.). Perennial: barren shoots trailing,
glabrous, rooting at the nodes; fl.-sts. ascending, 6 in.
high, reddish: Ivs. opposite, %-134 in. long, spatulate
or obovate-cuneate, coarsely toothed above, short-
petioled: fls. numerous, K-/4in. across, pink or white,
in terminal umbellate cymes, 2 in. diam.; sepals linear-
oblong; petals lanceolate; anthers reddish, speckled.
Asia Minor and Persia, also escaped in N. Maine and
Newfoundland. B.M. 2370. Gn. 27, p. 315. R.H.
1891, p. 523. — S. spurium, Bieb., is maintained as a
species by some authorities, but there seem to be no
good characters by which to distinguish it. A showy
species, common in European gardens and well adapted
to rockeries. Var. coccineum, Hort. (S. spurium var.
coccineum, Hort.), is offered, in the trade. — The fol-
lowing trade names also appear: S. spurium var. album,
Hort., S. spurium var. roseum, Hort., S. spurium var.
rubrum, Hort., and S. spurium var. splendens, Hort.
59. Nevii, Gray. Perennial, cespitose, tufted, gla-
brous: barren shoots prostrate; fl.-sts. erect, 2-5 in.
high: Ivs. of barren shoots crowded in terminal rosettes,
% x %in., alternate, obovate-spatulate, tapering to a
short petiole, auricled at the base, sprinkled with pink
dots; those of the fl.-sts. scattered, alternate, similar,
but appressed: fls. numerous, white, nearly }/<$&.. across,
in forked cymes whose branches are \-\}/2 in. long and
recurved; sepals greenish, oblong; petals lanceolate;
anthers brownish purple. Mountains of Va. to Ala. and
111., but hardy as far north as Mass. B.B. (ed. 2) 2:210.
60. retusum, Hemsl. Shrubby, glabrous: branches
thick and fleshy: Ivs. alternate, small, about J^in. long,
oblong-oval or spatulate, sessile, flat, fleshy, usually
retuse: fls. white, subsessile, in a few-fld. cyme; sepals
linear-oblong; petals oblong, acute, keeled on the
back. Mex.
61. Cepsea, Linn.; also spelled caspium. Annual,
10-12 in. high, glabrous: sts. tufted, simple or loosely
branched: Ivs. alternate, H-% x M>in., oblong-spatu-
la te, narrowed to the petiole; cauline opposite, whorled
or scattered, narrower: fls. white, l^-tym. across, in a
loose many-fld. paniculate cyme which has purple-
spotted, spreading branches; calyx-tube very short,
sepals lanceolate; petals lanceolate, with pink mid-
nerves and often a few pinkish spots; anthers purplish.
W. and S. Eu. — Cult, specimens are sometimes said to
be pink-fld.
62. Anacampseros, Linn. (S. rotundifblium, Lam.).
Perennial, glaucous, evergreen: branches terete, root-
ing at the nodes; fl.-sts. erect, reddish, about 6-8 in.
high: Ivs. alternate, orbicular or obovate-obtuse, cor-
date, auricled, margins reddish: fls. numerous, pale
3590. Sedum ternatum. ( X 1A)
SEDUM
SEEDS AND SEEDAGE
3133
violet, %in. across, in dense, terminal, globose cymes;
sepals lanceolate; petals oblong-lanceolate. Cent. Eu.
B.M. 118.— Suitable for edging and rockeries, but the
fls. are comparatively rarely produced. Var. B6rderi,
Hort., equals S. Tdephium var. Borderi.
63. stellatum, Linn. Annual, glabrous: sts. erect,
3-4 in. high, branched at the base: Ivs. of the barren
shoots in a rosette, suborbicular, crenate, flat| cauline
alternate or rarely opposite, petioled, nrlvn* long,
obovate, crenate: fls. reddish or purplish, in lax, few-
fld., terminal cymes; sepals lanceolate; petals lanceo-
late. S. Eu. — Probably rare in cult.
S. Adolphii, Hamet. Perennial: fl.-sts. erect, robust, branched:
Ivs. alternate, sessile, obovate, lanceolate, or broadly obovate,
Ji-1 % in. x 6-7 lines, flat, entire: fls. in a rather dense corymbose
cyme; sepals broad-deltoid; petals ovate-lanceolate. Mex.-pS.
dlbidum, Hort., is offered in the trade as a form growing 6 in. high,
with white fls. — S. aUanUndes, Rose. Perennial, 8-12 in. high,
woody below: Ivs. almost at right angles to the St., terete, clavate
and somewhat bowed, glaucous: fls. greenish white, in an open
terminal panicle; sepals ovate, acute; petals lanceolate, acute. Mex.
— S. atrosanguineum, Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. bellum,
Rose (S. farinosum, Rose, not Lowe). Perennial plants, at first
forming dense elongated rosettes: fl.^st. weak, ascending or spread-
ing: Ivs. flat but thickish spatulate: infl. a broad open cyme; petals
white, spreading, lanceolate. Mex. In its wild state this species
grows on cliffs among mosses. It has been in cult, in Washington
since 1906, and deserves a place in every good succulent collection.
— S. Braitnii, Hort., is offered. — S. Brinrnii, Hort., is offered in the
trade. — S. caldbricum. Ten., is a name without description applied
to some Italian species which is offered in the trade. — S. coaAneum
Hort., not Royle, is a name mentioned in horticulture; possibly it
is S. stoloniferum var. coccineum. — S. Cdckerdlii, Brit. Perennial,
5 in. or less high, glabrous, branched: basal Ivs. not known; cauline
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, J^-l in. long, sessile, acute: fls.
white, subsessile, in cymes which are %-2j4 in. diam.; sepals
nearly linear; petals linear - lanceolate to linear -oblanceolate;
anthers and styles pink. New Mex. This species is in cult., but
cannot be placed in the key owing to lack of sufficient data. — S.
crassifdlium, Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. cristagdUi, Hort., is
offered. — S. cruentum, Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. dirersi-
Jdlium, Rose. Perennial: barren shoots short; fls.-sts. elongated,
weak: Ivs. of barren shoots flattened ovate, small, rough, somewhat
recurved: fls. pale yellow, terminal, solitary, short-peduncled;
sepals obtuse; petals ovate, acute or even apiculate. Mex. —
S. Douglasii, Hook., grows 4 in. high: Ivs. lanceolate, J-i-Hin- long,
acute, and has yellow fls.; probably not in cult.— S. Durgidum,
Hort., is offered in the American trade as a compact grower and
bright green; not known botanically. — S. Eichldmii, Hort., is
offered hi the trade. — S. glaitcum var. aitreum, Hort., is offered as a
golden yellow variety; not placed satisfactorily. — S. grandifldrum,
Hort., is offered as a strong grower with yellow fls. — S. himal&i-
cum, Hort., is offered as a form with rich yellow fls.; not known
botanically. — 5. Mairednum, Hort., is offered as growing 4 in. high:
fls. yellow. — S. muralis, Hort., is said to have dark Ivs. and white
fls. with a pink center; not known botanically. — S. niteum, Hort., is
offered in the trade. — S. pdllidum, Bieb. Perennial, glabrous or
glandular-pubescent above: sts. usually branched: Ivs. semi-terete,
linear, rather obtuse: fls. white or rose in a lax branched scorpioid
cyme; sepals triangular, acute: petals puberulent, cuspidate. Asia
Minor, Persia, and India. Closely allied to S. hispanicum. This is
the true species but the name has also been applied to several other
plants and it is uncertain which form is in cult. — S. pdllidum var.
rdseum, Hort., is in the trade but cannot be satisfactorily identified.
— 5. pminaium, Brot. Perennial, glaucous, pruinose: barren
.shoots 6-8 in. long, trailing and ascending; fl.-sts. erect, 1 ft. high:
Ivs. in many rows, sessile, more or less terete, glaucous, tips often
Tose-pink, about ?.iin. long, linear-oblanceolate, aristate: fls. bright
yellow, J-2in. across, in an umbellate, many-branched, flat-topped
cyme; sepals oblong, acute; petals oblong, obtuse. Eu. Closely
.allied to S. rupestre and included in it by some authorities. — S.
rarifltrrum, N. E. Br. Perennial: sts. numerous, decumbent, up to
€ in. long, glabrous: Ivs. alternate, flat above, slightly convex
beneath, ? 4-1^2 in. long, linear, acute, green: fls. white, in a lax
2-3-branched infl.; sepals spreading, linear, acute; petals oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate. China. — S. retromrum, Hort., is offered in
the trade. — S. Semperrimm, Hort., not Ledeb.=Cotyledon Sem-
pervivum. — S. sexemifidum, Hort., is offered in the trade; perhaps
an error for sexifidum which is a synonym of S. hispanicum. — S.
spathulfitum. Hort., is a trade name of a species said to grow several
feet high, botanically unknown. — S.speciosum, Hort., is still offered
in the trade, but is unknown botanically. Var. ritbrum, Hort., is
offered in the American trade as growing 6 in. high and having dark
red fls. in July. Var. splendens, Hort., is offered as a form growing
6 in. high, with deep red fls. — S. tectdrum, Scop.==Sempervivum
tectorum. — S. turkestanum, Hort., is possibly a trade error for
turkestanicum which is a variety of S. Ewersii. — S. undulatum,
Hort., is offered in the trade, p TRACT HTJBBARD.f
SEEDS AND SEEDAGE. A seed is a ripened
embryo, and its integuments and storage supplies,
resulting from fertilization in the flower. Seedage is a
term used to include all knowledge respecting the
propagation of plants by means of seeds or spores. The
3591. Seed-like fruit
of hop-tree.
(Natural size)
word was first used, so far as the writer is aware, in
1887. It is equivalent to the French semis, and is com-
parable with the words graftage, layerage, and cut-
tage. See Spores.
In general literature and common speech, a seed is
that part of the plant which is the outcome of flower-
ing and which is used for propagat-
ing the species. In the technical or
botanical sense, however, the seed
is the ripened ovule. The seed con-
tains an embryo, which is a minia-
ture plant. The embryo has one or
more leaves (cotyledons), a bud or
growing-point (plumule) and a short
descending axis (caulicle) . From the
caulicle or stemlet, the radicle or
root develops. This embryo is a
minute dormant plant. Each em-
bryo is the result of a distinct pro-
cess of fertilization in which the
pollen of the same or another flower
has taken part. The ovule is contained in the ovary.
The ripened ovary is the seed-case or pericarp. The
pericarp, with the parts that are amalgamated with
it, is known technically as the fruit. In many cases
there is only one seed in the fruit; and the seed and
its case may adhere and form practically one body.
Many of the so-called seeds of horticulturists are
really fruits containing one or few seeds. Such are
the seeds of beet, lettuce, and sea-kale. The winged
seeds of elms, hop-tree (Fig. 3591), and ashes are really
fruits containing a single seed. Acorns, walnuts, but-
ternuts, and chestnuts are also fruits; so are grains
of corn, wheat, and the "seeds" of strawberry. The
keys of maple are double fruits, with two seeds (Fig.
3592). Beans and peas are true seeds; the fruit part is
the pod in which they are borne. Seeds of apples and
pears are also true seeds, the fruit being the fleshy part
that surrounds them.
Germination is the unfolding and the growing of the
dormant or embryo plant. The first visible stage in
germination is the swelling of the seed. Thereafter the
integument is ruptured, and the caulicle appears.
When the caulicle protrudes, the seed has sprouted;
and this fact is taken as an indication that the seed is
viable (Fig. 3593). Germination is not complete, how-
ever, until the young plant has made vital connection
with the soil, has developed green assimilative organs
and is able to support itself (Fig. 3594). See, also,
Figs. 5395 and 3596. Seeds that have sufficient life to
3592. Natural planting of maple seeds.
sprout may still be too weak to carry the process to
complete germination. The ide_al test for the viability
of seeds is to plant them in soil in conditions that some-
what nearly approach those in which they are finally
to be planted. This test eliminates the seeds which
are very weak and are not able to grow under ordinary
3134
SEEDS AND SEEDAGE
SEEDS AND SEEDAGE
ing stage. — Castor
bean.
conditions and to push themselves through the soil.
The sprouting test made in a specially prepared device,
in which all conditions are regulated to a nicety, may
be of the greatest value for purposes of scientific study
and investigation and for the making of comparative
tests between various samples, and the greater the
sprouting test, the greater the germi-
nating power; but one must not expect
that the actual germination will always
be as great as the percentage of sprout-
ing. The test for sprouting shows only
which seeds are alive. In many cases,
^e differences in results between the
sprouting test in a specially prepared
device and the germination tests in well-prepared soil
in the open may be as great as 50 per cent. Viability
varies with seasons and other conditions. While it is
true as a general statement that the older the seed the
less the viability, yet the reverse may be true within
narrow limits. Sometimes lettuce and melons that
germinate only 50 per cent in December, germinate 70
to 80 per cent in April. For a discussion of technical
methods of seed-testing, see Vol. II, "Cyclopedia of
American Agriculture," and other works.
In order that seeds shall germinate, they must be
supplied with moisture and be given a definite tempera-
ture. The requisite temperature and moisture vary
with the different kinds of seeds, and these factors are
to be determined only by experience. Seeds may be
planted in any medium that supplies these requisite
conditions. Although seeds are ordinarily planted in
the ground, such practice is not necessary to germina-
tion. They may be planted in coconut fiber, moss, or
other medium. However, the ground may supply the
requisites for germination, and it also supplies plant-
food for the young plantlet when it begins to shift for
itself; and, furthermore, the plants are in the position
in which it is desired they shall grow. In the case of
many seeds, germination is more rapid and certain
when the seeds are sown in coconut fiber or other
medium, for the conditions may be more uniform. As
soon as germination is fairly complete, the plants are
transplanted to the soil.
The depth at which seeds shall be sown depends on
many conditions. Out-of-doors they are planted deeper
than in the house, in order to insure a uniform supply of
moisture. A depth equal to twice the diameter of the
seed is an old gardeners' rule. This applies well to the
sowing of most seeds under
glass when the soil is well
prepared and is kept moist,
but in the open ground three
to four times this depth is
usually necessary. The finer
and moister the soil, the
shallower the seeds may be
planted, other things being
equal. Better results in ger-
mination are secured when
the seeds are sown in a speci-
ally prepared seed-bed. The
conditions may then be
better, the gardener is able
to protect the young plants
from cold and from insects
and fungi, and he is enabled
also to economize time and labor. In transplanting from
the seed-bed to the field, the gardener unconsciously
chooses only the best plants and thereby the crop is
improved. The seed-bed may be in a forcing-house or
hotbed, or in the open. If it is in the open, it should be
near the buildings, where it can be visited frequently
and where water may be applied as needed. If the bed
is to be used late in the season when the soil is naturally
dry, it is well to cover it the previous spring or fall with
a coating of not too rich manure. This retains the mois-
3594. Germination complete.
— Castor bean.
3595. Sprouting stage
of Indian corn.
ture, and the leaching from the manure adds plant-
food to the soil, thereby enabling the young plants to
secure an early start. When the seeds are to be sown,
the manure is removed and the surface is then in perfect
condition. In the handling of young plants in seed-
beds, one must take pains that the plants are not too
thick and that they do not suffer for light, else they
may become "drawn" and be practically
worthless. In greenhouses and hotbeds, it
is well to handle common vegetables and
flower seeds in gardeners' flats (Fig. 3597).
These flats are easily handled, and the soil
is so shallow that it can be
kept in uniform conditions
of temperature and mois-
ture. The seeds of some of
the finer and rarer kinds of
ornamental plants require
special treatment. These
treatments are usually specified in the articles devoted
to those plants. Details of the handling of very deli-
cate seeds are well discussed in the article on Orchids;
see the article Palm and others, and the discussion of
propagation of conifers, page 360, Vol. I.
As a rule, seeds germinate best when they are fresh,
that is, less than one year old. Some seeds, however,
of which those of melons, pumpkins, and cucumbers are
examples, retain their vitality unimpaired for a number
of years, and gardeners do not ask for recent stock.
Seeds of corn-salad should be a year old to germinate
well. Very hard bony seeds, as of haws and viburnums,
often do not germinate until the second year. In the
meantime, however, they should be kept moist. Seeds
of most fruit and forest trees should be kept moist and
cool, otherwise they lose vitality ; yet if kept too moist,
and particularly too close or warm, they will spoil.
Nuts and hard seeds of hardy plants usually profit by
being buried in sand and allowed to freeze. The freez-
ing and the moisture soften and split the integuments.
Sometimes the seeds are placed between alternate
layers of sand or sawdust: such practice is known
technically as stratification. L. H. B.
Seed-breeding and -growing.
Seed-breeding may be considered from at least two
very distinct viewpoints: first, the origination and
development of new and improved varieties, either
through selection or cross-breeding; and second, the
development and raising of truer purer stocks of strains
of proved value. See Breeding of Plants, Vol. I.
The first, as a rule, seems the most attractive
inversely to one's knowledge and experience, but the
growing of better and purer strains of the sorts which
have proved best suited to one's local conditions and
individual requirements is of far greater practical value.
An important consideration of success in raising new
varieties is the widest obtainable knowledge not only of
the varietal forms of the species generally grown, but of
the many stocks which at different times and in different
locations have been found to be of so little practical
value that 'they have never come into general cultiva-
tion. A second requisite is familiarity with the grow-
ing habits of the plant, and those of similar species,
and the dexterity which can come only through practice
in the crossing of the flowers and securing good growth
and development of the fruits. There should also be
developed a capacity for a quick judgment as to the
probable correlation between conspicuous variations
with others less discernible by the eye but which may
effect the cultural value. Lastly, the development of
new varieties of real value can come only through the
practice of almost infinite patience which makes one
content to throw into the dump thousands upon thou-
sands of plants, many of which had seemed most prom-
ising, and to be satisfied if after years of labor one
^4 ; 'r
hath -J~ $v
CIV. Seed-growing in California. — Above, drying and turning lettuce stalks on the sheets.
Below, cutting onion heads.
SEEDS AND SEEDAGE
SEEDS AND SEEDAGE
3135
secures but a single variety or marked form of real
value to the cultivator.
The second, and perhaps the most important branch
of seed-breeding, is the raising of purer strains of stocks
of proved value. An illustration of the need of work in
this direction can be drawn from a recent trial planting
of garden beets in which it was found that practically
even" root grown from 2-rod plantings of each of 214
samples of seed purchased under distinct varietal
names from the most reputable seedsmen of America
and Europe could be grouped into not over twenty dis-
tinct forms, and the roots so thrown together show as
little variation as the crop from any one of the twenty
most uniform samples in the trial. Often the only
difference between two lots sold under different names
would be in the proportion of the roots of each lot that
conformed to the same varietal form. It is thought that
seed-stocks of most species of garden vegetables would
show similar variation, though possibly not to the
same degree, and this is not so generally due to care-
lessness in growing or handling as to the want of
adherence on the part of the seed-grower to clear-cut
ideals of varietal form. Every plant grown from seed
has a certain definite and changeless character which
was inherent in the seed from which it was grown and
is made up of a balanced sum of different tendencies,
potentialities, and limitation of development inherited
in different and varying degrees from each of its
ancestors for an indefinite number of generations, plus
more or less influence from climatic and other conditions
effecting the development of the seed-producing plant.
Generally the influence of the immediate parent is the
dominant one, but not infrequently a characteristic of
an ancestor which has been transmitted unexpressed
for many generations appears in such strength as to
change the whole character of the plant.
Under these conditions, a necessary preparation for
the growing of better stocks is the formation of a
very clear and comprehensive conception of the exact
varietal character of the
stock to be grown, and
a rigid adherence to that
ideal in the selection of
seeding plants from year
to year, never giving
way to the ever-present
temptation to use some
superlative individual
which differs in any re-
spect from the original
ideal of the stock. A
most important aid, if
not a requisite, for such
persistence is the writing
out and placing on file
for frequent reference
the fullest practical de-
scription of the exact
varietal character of the
sort. With this in hand,
a few plants which come
as near as possible to that
ideal are selected, and
the seed of each saved
separately. The next sea-
son samples of each of
these lots are planted in
a preliminary trial. As
they develop, and with
the written description
of the desired form in
hand, they are carefully
compared and the lots
which most uniformly
3596. Germination complete in adhere to the described
Indian com. form are selected. The
next season the reserved seed of the lots which seemed
the best in the preliminary trial are planted in blocks
as far as possible from each other, or any plants of the
species, and the seed raised used for larger plantation
for use as stock seed, in the meantime starting another
selection from individual plants to take the place of the
first, as it deteriorates. An illustration will show the
value of careful selection and the necessity for constant
3597. Gardener's flat, or a shallow box, in which seeds are
sown and small plants handled. A good size for a flat is 16 z 20
inches, and 3 inches deep.
renewal of even the purest of stocks. A very carefully
bred strain of a variety of watermelon was used to
plant a 20-acre field grown for seed. When about three-
fourths of the fruit was ripe, several hours were spent
in looking over the field for "off" stock and less than fifty
fruits were found which should be removed. Fully 75
per cent of the fruits were so near alike that they could
not be distinguished from each other. Seed from this
field was used for planting seed crops and it was so
good that little attention was paid to the stock; as a
result, some years later, a crop grown in the same
vicinity from seed of the same strain, but several
generations removed, instead of less than fifty ''off"
fruits on 20 acres, had fully 75 per cent of the fruits
more or less distinctly "off" and less than 20 per cent
were as uniformly ideal of the variety as were 99 per
cent of those of the first crop.
What might be termed commercial seed-growing has
developed very rapidly in America in the past ten years,
and there has not only been an increase in quantity,
but an improvement in the varietal quality of the seed
grown. Seed dealers having secured, sometimes at
great cost, desirable stocks, enter into contracts with
farmers located in sections where soil and climate are
most favorable for the development of the best qualities
of the sort and the securing of a full crop of the seed, to
plant a given area and deliver to them the entire seed
product. This the farmer does, often with little regard
to selection, only taking the requisite pains to guard
against contamination fand mixture with other crops.
The United States Census of 1910 gives the total
valuation of the vegetable- and flower-seed crop grown
in the United States in 1909 at $1,411,013 (see page
3136), but it is thought that the amount actually pro-
duced was much larger, seed-dealers and -growers gen-
erally being inclined to depreciate the extent and profit
of the business in order to lessen competition. Since
then the amount grown and listed has increased materi-
ally, an estimate by a very experienced dealer of the area
devoted to vegetable-seed crops in 1915 being as follows:
Acres
Seed beans 50,000
Cabbage for seed 2,000
Sweet corn 15,000
Cucumbers 15,000
Onions 2,600
Muskmelons 6,000
Watermelons 6,000
Garden peas 50.000
Radish 4,000
Tomatoes 50,000
3136
SEEDS AND SEEDAGE
SEEDS AND SEEDAGE
This is the estimated area contracted for by growers
especially for seed, but in the case of many crops, such
as melons and peas, the amount of seed grown is greatly
increased by crops which were originally planted with
the intention of selling them as green vegetables, but
which because of market conditions are allowed to
ripen and are harvested and sold as seed.
WILL W. TRACY.
The seed trade of America.
The history of the seed business in colonial times is
largely one of importation from Holland and England,
when small hucksters carried a few boxes of popular
seeds with an assortment of drygoods, foodstuffs, or
hardware. Corn, barley, peas, onions, fruits, and
vegetables, necessaries in fact for direct use, first
claimed the attention of the colonists. Toward the end
of the eighteenth century we begin to find references
to the saving of stock seeds, and in the newspapers of
the day are a number of advertisements of shopkeepers
who dealt in seeds. Agricultural seeds were an article
of commerce as early as 1747 (Pieters), clover, onions,
beans, peas, carrots, cabbage and cauliflower, and
others, being raised for seed in the colonies at that
time, though chiefly imported. At that time Boston
did most of the business. Among the earliest adver-
tisers of seeds for sale were Nathaniel Bird, 1763, a book-
dealer of Newport, R. I. ; Gideon Welles, "on the Point,"
1764; Samuel Deall, a dealer in general merchandise in
New York in 1776; William Davidson of New York in
1768, while in Philadelphia, in 1772, we find one Pela-
tiah Webster advertising clover and duck-grass seed;
James Loughead, "colly-flower" seed in 1775, while
David Reid kept a general assortment.
It was not until the opening of the nineteenth cen-
tury that America began to find that seeds could be
grown here as profitably as they could be imported.
Grant Thorburn, in New York, and David Landreth,
of Philadelphia, seem to have been the largest dealers
at that time. Thorburn's was perhaps the first busi-
ness of importance devoted entirely to stock seeds,
although this honor is disputed by the descendants of
David Landreth. Thorburn, in his autobiography,
says that he began his business by buying out the stock
of one George Inglis for $15, Inglis agreeing to give up
the market and to devote himself to the raising of seeds
for Thorburn. This is but one of many small begin-
nings from which has grown a trade which now
amounts to many millions; and this relation between
seedsmen and growers is largely typical of relations
which have obtained in the trade ever since.
With the development of the railway and the postal
service the business grew rapidly, new land was found
suitable for different varieties of seed, and a letter
could carry to the countryman the garden seeds for
his yearly consumption. There is probably no trade
which has been more widely benefited by cheap postage
and improved mail facilities, but of late years the dis-
tribution by Congressmen has tended to negative this
benefit. The originally beneficent distribution of free
seeds to pioneers and needy settlers was a form of agri-
cultural encouragement against which there could be
no criticism, but it has degenerated into an abuse,
which is estimated to have taken a trade of some
$4,000,000 during the past two or three decades out of
the hands of the men who have built up the business.
Grant Thorburn's catalogue of 1822 was the first to
be issued in pamphlet form, and it was the pioneer of the
many finely and carefully illustrated catalogues with
which we are familiar today. These catalogues have
been largely instrumental in facilitating the speciali-
zation of the industry and its subdivision in the hands
of the country dealer, who buys seeds at wholesale,
combining as they do the most complete lists and illus-
trations of varieties with directions as to methods, con-
ditions, and seasons for planting. They are distributed
in hundreds of thousands. Up to 1844 the wording on
the bags was written by hand, a laborious and expen-
sive process, which of itself is an indication of the small
volume of the trade at that date.
With regard to the export of seeds, A. J. Pieters'
admirable report for 1899 in the Yearbook of the Depart-
ment of Agriculture may be taken as the best informa-
tion up to that date, and it indicates the development
of the business in its earlier years. He says in part:
"The statistics of exports date from 1855, and no sepa-
rate records of imports of seeds were kept before 1873.
Clover and grass seeds, especially timothy, have always
taken the lead in the seed export trade, and until recent
years garden seeds have not been a considerable factor
in the total values. In 1825 some 10,000 bushels of
clover seed were exported to England within a few
months. How long this trade had existed we do not
know. From 1855 to 1864 there is no record of any seeds
exported except clover, but the value of exports increased
from $13,570 in 1855 to $2,185,706 in 1863, the war
apparently having no effect on the trade. The total value
of the clover seed exported during this period aggre-
gates $5,393,663. In the ten years ending with 1880,
clover seed was not separately entered except in the
last year, but the total exports of seeds amounted dur-
ing that period to $20,739,277. The aggregate was
increased by more than $3,000,000 before the end of
1890. From 1891 to 1898 there has been a slight reduc-
tion in the average annual value of seed exports and
also in the amount of clover and timothy seed sent
abroad." The value of "flower and vegetable seeds"
reported in the Thirteenth Census (for 1909) is
$1,411,013 as against $826,019 for 1899, an increase of
above 70 per cent. Aside from this are grass seed to a
value of $15,137,683 in 1909, not including beans, peas,
and miscellaneous seeds. "Other grains and seeds"
altogether (aside from "cereals") had a value in 1909
of $97,536,085. (See Tracy, page 3135).
The importation of staple garden seeds had largely
decreased by 1870, and with the exception of a few
staples in agricultural and flower seeds, America may
be said to have become to a great extent self-supplying.
The greatest development of this industry has taken
place since the close of the war. In 1878 J. J. H. Greg-
ory estimated that there were in all 7,000 acres devoted
to garden seeds, while the census of 1890 showed that
there were 596 seed-farms, containing 169,850 acres.
Of these farms, 200 were established between 1880 and
1890, and it is likely that about 150 more were started
during the same period. The census returns, however,
do not give the actual acreage devoted to growing seeds.
As many seeds are grown by those not regularly in the
business, it is probable that census returns as to
acreage are under rather than over the mark. The
statistics available in the United States Census are
very imperfect, partly owing to the lack of a continuous
system in presentation, both in the returns of home
industry and also in custom-house returns, but chiefly
to the reluctance of seedsmen and growers to make
public the results of their business methods or even the
methods themselves.
The following table will give as close an estimate as
can be made of the present annual cost of the chief
staple garden seeds handled in America:
Garden peas $1,500,000
Garden beans 400,000
Onion seed 500,000
Lettuce seed 250,000
Cabbage seed 200,000
Sweet corn 300,000
Tomato seed 150,000
Radish seed 125,000
Turnip seed 60,000
Beet seed 25,000
Celery seed 6,000
Miscellaneous seeds and flower seeds 250,000
Sweet peas, flowering 200,000
Probable invoice cost of imported garden seeds. 2,000,000
SEEDS AND SEEDAGE
SELAGINELLA
3137
The seeds usually offered by seedsmen in their cata-
logues, or in the seed-stores throughout the country,
are secured from various parts of the world, and the
seedsman who sells seed at retail to the planter direct
seldom grows his own seed, although some of the larger
firms now conduct seed-farms on which they grow cer-
tain specialties, and most of them conduct trial and
experimental grounds.
The wholesale seed business is divided into two dis-
tinct lines, one of so-called grass-seed dealers, who buy
from the farmers such things as grass seeds, clover seeds,
and farm seeds used for planting large areas; the other
line is the general seed-dealer who carries a limited
stock of grass seeds, clover seeds, and the like, and
specializes on vegetable seeds and flower seeds. He is
usually not a grower of seed, but buys from seed-grow-
ers who specialize on a few things.
A large part of the vegetable and flower seed used in
America is imported from England, France, Germany,
Holland, and Denmark, especially such things as beets
and mangels, cabbage and cauliflower, turnip and ruta-
baga, and the small flower seeds. In Germany, the
seed-growers usually own or lease their own seed-farms,
while in other countries, especially France, much of
the seed-growing is conducted on the subcontracting
plan, the grower keeping an agent in a certain locality
and letting out small contracts with the farmers. The
finer vegetable seeds and flower seeds, as well as the
larger lines, are grown in this way.
In America, the smaller vegetable seeds and sweet
peas are grown principally in California, where the
growers own or lease their seed-farms, and practically
all of their capital is invested in the seed business.
What are considered the "smaller vegetable seeds" and
"California specialties" are carrot, endive, leek, lettuce,
onion, parsnip, parsley, radish, salisfy, and flowering
sweet peas. The preeminent California specialties are
lettuce, onion, and sweet pea seed. There are no less
than 5,000 acres, principally in the coast counties of
central California, devoted to these three things. Pole
beans, culinary peas, and some vine seeds are also pro-
duced in central California. These are grown on the
subcontracting plan, much as in other places. Peas are
now grown largely in Utah, Idaho, and Montana, as
well as in Wisconsin, Michigan, and northern Xew York.
Sweet corn and vine seeds are grown largely in Nebraska,
northern Ohio, New York and New England. Water-
melon seed is grown largely in the South; also okra.
The best cabbage seed is produced in Long Island and
to some extent in the country about Puget Sound in
Washington. Pepper and eggplant, and some tomato
seeds, are grown in New Jersey, and tomato seed is
also grown in Michigan and California. Various other
items are grown in greater or less quantities in various
sections, such as beet and parsnip in New England,
radish in Michigan, turnip in Pennsylvania, but the
main sources of supply of these last-named articles
are the European countries previously mentioned.
Seed-growers who subcontract their crops, usually
operate large farms for the production of their stock
seeds, where they do their selecting and developing
and where they grow the seeds which they send out to
the farmer to produce crops for them. Such crops as
are subcontracted are "rogued" and inspected through-
out the season by the grower's agent. Seed-growing,
as it affects vegetable and flower seeds, is conducted
more or less scientifically and represents a very high
state of intense farming, perhaps the highest known
out-of-doors.
Seeds must be produced hi regions where they can
be grown not only profitably on account of climatic
conditions and abundant labor, but also in sections
where the quality can be maintained. Climates with
a cold winter are usually required for biennial crops,
such as carrot, beet, onion; when grown in California,
the strains must be often renewed. Certain other crops
require a dry summer climate, such as lettuce and sweet
peas; other kinds require a moist or wet summer
climate, as cabbage and cauliflower.
Many seed-growers now specialize on one or two
lines, and there are large growers who raise nothing but
tomato; others nothing but cabbage; others who raise
only sweet corn; others field corn; and others confine
themselves to watermelon. Owing to the frequency
of crop failures in seed production, as in other farm
crops, most seedsmen contract with at least two
sources of supply and usually both widely separated.
Commission box assortments comprise one of the
principal methods pursued in America for the sale of
seed. This plan places with merchandise and grocery
stores an assortment of staple seeds in flat papers and
cartons. These assortments are usually sold on com-
mission, but some firms sell the assortments outright.
The boxes and unsold seed are collected every year and
returned to the home firm, where the papers are torn,
the seed tested and repapered with a proportion of new
seed. Some twenty firms are engaged in this line of
seed distribution, and one firm has nearly 150,000
customers to whom it consigns these assortments.
Many of the merchants who take these commission
boxes also carry small lots of staple seeds in bags to sell
in bulk and are therefore seed merchants in a small
way. They usually rely for then* base of supply on the
seed-houses who consign them the box.
Dealers in garden seeds are also large dealers in flow-
ering bulbs, such as hyacinths, tulips, narcissi, crocus,
and the like. These are chiefly imported from Holland,
south of France, Italy, and Japan.
The trade is divided into the main branches of gar-
den and flower seeds and bulbs, and agricultural seeds.
The latter is practically a business by itself, devoted to
such seeds as blue-^grass, timothy, clover, red-top and
alfalfa, some of which are exported or imported as the
exigencies of the season's product demand.
Flower seeds are subjected to no import duties, while
on garden seeds there is a tariff figured on a specific
basis. It is a moot point whether this tariff at the pres-
ent time operates to the advantage of the trade, the
principal seedsmen being generally of the opinion that
it tends to stimulate over-production.in this country.
The main business of the country is in the hands of
about 150 firms, but practically every groceryman in
country towns and villages carries a stock during the
spring season. These men, however, deal as a rule with
the larger houses, and constitute the principal class of
middlemen for retail trade.
The seed-growing and merchandizing industry is
represented by the American Seed Trade Association.
J. M. THORBURN & Co.
C. C. MORSE & Co.
SEEMANNIA (named for Berthold Seemann,
1825-1871). Gesneriocex. Strigose- pubescent peren-
nial herbs with rhizomes, suitable for the warmhouse:
sts. stout, simple: Ivs. verticillate, in 3's or 4's, very
short-petioled, frequently canescent below; the upper
ones reduced to bracts: pedicels solitary in the axils:
fls. red-purple; calyx-tube turbinate, adnate, lobes 5,
narrow; corolla-tube bent downward, broadly and
obliquely subcampanulate, the limb with very short
erect-spreading lobes; disk annular, undulate and not
divided; ovary almost entirely inferior: caps, nearly
inferior. — Two species, S. Amer. S. silvdtica, Hanst.
(S. ternifolia, Regel). Plant 3-4 ft. high: lys. 3-4 in a
whorl, very shortly petioled: fls. solitary, bright scarlet;
calyx with 5 narrow lobes; corolla short-gibbous at base.
Winter. Peru. Gt. 4, p. 182.
SELAGINELLA (diminutive of Latin Selago, old
name of a club moss) . Sdaginellaceae. CLUB Moss. A
large group of mostly tropical plants with small scale-
like leaves and of diverse habit, ranging from minute
prostrate annuals to erect or even climbing perennials.
3138
SELAGINELLA
SELAGINELLA
Easily recognized by the production of two kinds of
spores — powdery microspores from which the male pro-
thallus arises and larger microspores produced 4 in a
sporangium just within the axil of the terminal Ivs. of
the st. which often form a 4-angled spike. In all our
«ult. species the Ivs. are in 4 ranks, the 2 upper smaller
and pressed against the St., giving it a flattened appear-
ance. Selaginellas are graceful fern-like greenhouse
plants, often known to gardeners as lycopodiums. The
botany of the genus is in an uncertain state, both as to
nomenclature, and the limits of species. They are
plants of the Pteridophyta or fern allies.
Selaginellas are favorite plants in every good con-
servatory, being greatly admired for their feathery
moss-like foliage. They have various shades of green,
and some of them are remarkable for metallic and iri-
descent tints, especially bronze and bluish colors, the
latter being very unusual among plants in general. S.
Willdenovii is a very choice large-growing species of
the bronze and blue class. Another is S. uncinata,
often called "rainbow moss." Selaginellas are often
grown for their own sake as specimen plants, but they
are also very commonly used as edging for greenhouse
beds, for covering unsightly spots under the benches,
and for hiding the surface soil of large tubs, orchid pots,
and the like. (See Fig. 3598.) They are also delightful
subjects for table decoration when grown in pans or
jardinieres. For this purpose a well-grown selaginella
should be a dense compact mass of fluffy and feathery
green, not a weak thin straggling plant, as compared
in Figs. 3599 and 3600. Selaginellas are also employed
in bouquets of flowers, fronds being used for "green"
instead of asparagus or fern. Occasionally a fancier of
the more difficult species grows a large specimen in a
Wardian case for exhibition. In general, Selaginellas
are of easy culture. As a rule they prefer shade and
moisture and are somewhat tender in foliage compared
with some of the commonest of commercial ferns. S.
denticulata, S. Kraussiana, S. Martensii, and some other
3598. A selaginella used to cover the soil of an orchid pot. —
S. denticulata. (X}i)
commercial favorites may be rapidly propagated with-
out any preliminary treatment in the cutting-bench.
Cuttings of these species about an inch and a half long
may be inserted directly into small pots of light sandy
soil, placed in a shady position. Syringe them lightly
three or four times a day for a week, at the end of which
time they will take root. They will soon grow into
salable plants. The popular S. Emmeliana, which is
generally considered by florists a variety of S. cuspidata,
requires different treatment. It is much slower and
sometimes requires about nine months from the mak-
ing of cuttings until the young plants are ready for pot-
ting. Fill regular fern-boxes with fern soil, adding one
part in five of sand, and press firmly. Choose mature
fronds of the S. Emmeliana, cut them into pieces half an
inch long, scatter thinly over surface of soil, and put
just enough finely screened soil on top of the cuttings
to attach some small portion of them to the soil. Water
thoroughly, cover with glass, and place in a temperature
of 70° F. In this condition they will soon form roots
and little plants at almost every joint. When sufficiently
large they should be separated and transplanted singly
an inch apart into boxes, where they may be left until
large enough to be potted. The following list of sela-
ginellas for special and general purposes is not designed
to be complete, but merely suggestive. For commercial
purposes, S. denticulata, S. Kraussiana, S. Martensii,
and S. Emmeliana; for carpeting the soil, S. denticulata;
for table decoration, S. Emmeliana and S. Martensii;
for cutting, the commercial kinds; for veranda-boxes,
S. Braunii; for bronze and blue colors, S. Willdenovii
and S. uncinata; for specimen plants and exhibitions,
S. Braunii, S. Lyallii, S. viticulosa, S. Wallichii, and
S. Willdenovii. Also the following, which are generally
considered more difficult subjects: S. atroviridis, S.
hsematodes, and S. molliceps; for curiosity, S. serpens
and S. lepidophylla. The curiosities of the genus call
for special mention. S. serpens is remarkable for its
changes of color during the day. In the morning the
foliage is bright green; during the day it gradually
becomes paler as though bleached by the light; toward
night it resumes its lively green hue again. For S.
lepidophylla, see Resurrection Plants. The following
species also deserve a few running notes: S. Braunii is
an old favorite which is often incorrectly labelled S.
Willdenovii in collections. Its branches, or "foliage"
in the popular sense, are exceptionally tough and wiry
for the genus. Variegated forms appear in AS. Marten-
sii, S. Kraussiana, and S. involvens, the last-named spe-
cies being prolific in singular forms. S. viticulosa is
better adapted for use as a pot-plant than for ming-
ling in a fernery, because of its strong-growing erect
fern-like habit. The branchlets are thrown up from
creeping stems and do not root readily, so that this
species is usually propagated by division or spores.
(W. H. Taplin and N. N. Bruckner.)
INDEX.
africana, 33.
cuspidata, 21.
molliceps, 39.
albonitens, 13.
densum, 12.
patula, 4.
amoena, 30.
denticulata, 2.
Pervillei, 33.
apus, 12.
elongata, 37.
plumosa, 6.
arborea, 5.
Emmeliana, 22.
Poulteri, 18.
argentea, 30.
erythropus, 35.
rubella, 17.
atroviridis, 14.
filicina, 36.
rubricaulis, 39.
aurea, 2, 9, 22.
flabellata, 32.
rupestris, 1.
brasiliensis, 11.
f oliis variegatis, 2, 7.
sarmentosa, 4.
Braunii, 31.
geniculata, 37.
serpens, 3.
Brownii, 9.
gracilis, 25.
serrulata, 7.
cxsia, 5.
grandis, 28.
setosa, 35.
californica, 15.
hsematodes, 36.
stolonifera, 8.
caulescens, 30.
involvens, 19.
uncinata, 5.
cognata, 26.
Kraussiana, 9.
variegata, 9, 17.
concinna, 7.
laevigata, 5.
Victoriae, 24.
cordata, 38.
cordifolia, 21, 38.
lepidophylla, 20.
Lobbh, 26.
viticulosa, 29.
Vogelii, 33.
crispa, 32.
Lyallii, 34.
Wallichii, 23.
Cunninghamii, 10.
Martensii, 16.
Willdenovii, 27.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Lvs. all similar, many - ranked:
native species
Lvs. 4-ranked, of two sorts, forming
an upper and a lower plane:
mostly hothouse exotics.
B. Foliage of the spikes uniform.
c. Main st. decumbent, usually root-
ing throughout.
D. Plants perennial: hs. firm.
E. Sts. continuous, i. e., with-
out joints.
1. rupestris
SELAGIXELLA
SELAGIXELLA
3139
F. Branches Yg in. or less wide:
ate. 6-9 in. long ........ 2. denticulata
3. serpens
4. patula
FF. Branches ^in. or more
wide: sts. 1-2 ft. long. . . 5. uncinata
6. plumosa
7. concinna
EE. Sis. articulated ............. 8. stolonifera
9. Kraussiana
DD. Plants annual; Its. and st. weak
and flaccid ............... 10. Cunningham!!
11. brasiliensis
12. apus
13. albo-nitens
cc. Main sts. ascending, branched
nearly or quite to the base.
D. Roots confined to the lower half
of the sts.
E. Plants perennial, with con-
tinuous sts.
F. Color of Its. and st. pale or
bright green ............ 14. atroviridis
15. californica
16. Martens!!
FF. Color of hs. dark green, be-
coming red: st. reddish
brown ................ 17. rubella
EE. Plants annual ............. 18. Poulteri
DD. Roots confined to the base of the
sts.
E. Sts. crowded in rosettes, curl-
ing closely when dry ....... 19. involvens
20. lepidophylla
21. cuspidata
EE. Sts. 6-1S in. high, not curling
in rosettes ............... 22. Emmeliana
EEE. Sts. elongated (2 ft. or more),
not crowded.
F. Lrs. equal-sided at base ____ 23. Wallichii
24. Victoria
FF. Lts. produced on upper
side at base ........... 25. gracilis
26. Lobbi!
OOcJlam sts. climbing ............. 27. Willdenovii
cccc. Main sts. erect, the branches con-
fined to the upper portion, naked
below.
D. Sts. not jointed.
E. Color of sts. straw-colored, or
at most only pink-tinted.
F. Lts. long, the ultimate divi-
sions of st. %-$$in. wide. .28. grandis
FF. Lts. shorter or minute; the
ultimate divisions of st.
•f*-H in- wide.
G. Plants usually less than
a foot high ........... 29. viticulosa
GG. Plants 1-2 ft. high ..... 30. caulescens
31. Braunii
32. flabellata
33. Vogelii
34. Lyallii
EE. Color of sts. crimson ........ 35. erythropus
36. hsematodes
DD. Sts. jointed in lower two-
thirds ...................... 37. geniculata
BB. Foliage of spike of two kinds, the
smaller forming a lower plane,
the larger an upper .............. 38. cordif olia
39. molliceps
1. rupestris, Spring. A small, rock-loving perennial,
with branching sts. 4—5 in. long, many-ranked Ivs.
ending in a white awn, and square, 4-angled spikes.
Native of the eastern half of the U. S., but replaced by
many allied species in the Rocky Mts. and on the
Pacific coast. The writer has separated 6 of these and
Dr. Hieronymus, at Berlin, has also characterized 10
others.
2. denticulata, Link. Fig. 3598. Sts. less than 6 in.
long, matted: Ivs. of the lower plane slightly spaced.
denticulate, cordate on the upper side at base and
imbricated over the st.; Ivs. of upper plane cuspidate.
199
Medit. region throughout. — Trade names are vars.
aurea and f61iis variegatis.
3. serpens, Spring. Sts. <>-9 in. long, trailing, bright
green, copiously branched: Ivs. of lower plane crowded,
obtuse, spreading, ciliated at the rounded base; Ivs. of
upper plane obliquely oblong, acute. W. Indies. —
Long in cult.
4. patula, Spring (S. sarmentosa, A. Br.). Sts.
slender, trailing, pale green, 6-9 in. long, with long,
tail-like tip, and fewer short pinnate branches: Ivs. of
lower plane crowded, erect-spreading, oblong-lanceolate,
somewhat acute; Ivs. of upper plane one-third as long,
acute. Jamaica.
5. uncinata, Spring (Lycopbdium caesium and Selagi-
nella cxsia, Hort.). Sts. 1-2 ft. long, extending in a
somewhat naked tip beyond the branches, doublv
grooved above, with short, alternate branches: Ivs.
thin, blue-green, with a distinct midrib, slightly more
produced on the upper side; Ivs. of upper plane cuspi-
date, much imbricated. China. — In 1893 John Saul
offered "S. c&sia arborea" with the remark that S.
Isevigata was a synonym thereof.
6. plumdsa, Baker. Sts. 6-12 in. long, flat above, often
forked near the base: Ivs. of lower plane close, bright
green, much more produced on upper side of midrib,
ciliated on both sides at base; Ivs. of upper plane hah*
as long, ovate, much imbricated. India, Ceylon, China,
Malay Isls.
7. concinna, Spring (S. semdaia, Spring). Sts. 1 ft.
or more long, copiously pinnately branched, with more
or less fan-shaped compound branches: Ivs. of lower
plane crowded, bright green, glossy, much dilated and
rigidly ciliate on the upper side at base; Ivs. of upper
plane one-third as long, long-cuspidate, much imbri-
cated. Mascarene Isls. — Var. fdliis variegatis, Hort.,
is cult.
8. stolonifera, Spring. Sts. a foot or more long, with
a more or less naked tip, angled above and below, with
short, compound branches: Ivs. of lower plane closely
set, rigid, acute, short-ciliate and minutely auricled at
base. W. Indies.
9. Kraussiana, A. Br. Sts. 6-12 in. long, flat on the
back, rounded on the face, copiously pinnate, with
compound branches: Ivs. of upper plane spaced on the
branches and main st. acute, slightly imbricated over
the st.; Ivs. of upper plane obliquely ovate, acute.
Afr., Madeira. — S. Brmrnii, Hort., is a dwarf form
from the Azores. Vars. aurea and variegata are Amer-
ican trade names.
10. Cunninghamii, Baker. Sts. copiously pinnate,
the lower branches compound: Ivs. of lower plane ovate,
or oblong, cordate and very unequal-sided at base,
much imbricated over the st.; Ivs. of upper plane dis-
tinctly cuspidate. Brazil.
11. brasiliensis, A. Br. Sts. copiously pinnate, the
lower slightly compound: Ivs. of lower plane mostly
spaced, acute, cordate at base, ciliate and imbricated
over the st. ; Ivs. of upper plane half as long, cuspidate.
Brazil. — Similar to preceding, but with longer Ivs.
12. apus, Spring. Sts. 1^1 in. long, angled above,
with short, simple or forked branches: Ivs. of lower
plane pale green, serrulate but not ciliate, cordate on
the upper side; Ivs. of the upper plane ovate. Canada
to Texas. — Lycopodium densum, cult, at the Harvard
Botanic Garden, is said to belong here.
13. albo-nitens. Spring. Sts. slender, trailing, the
lower branches slightly compound: Ivs. of lower plane
spaced on main st., short-ciliate, bright green; Ivs. of
upper plane one-third as long, cuspidate. W. Indies.
14. atroviridis, Spring. Sts. 6-12 in. long, ascending,
doubly grooved above: Ivs. of lower plane spuriously
3-nerved, firm, broadly rounded; Ivs. of the upper plane
half as long, long-cuspidate, much imbricated. India.
3140
SELAGINELLA
SELAGINELLA
15. calif ornica, Spring. Sts. 4-6 in. long, 4-angled,
copiously pinnate: Ivs. of lower plane ovate, minutely
cuspidate, denticulate on the upper side at the base;
Ivs. of the upper plane very small, ovate-oblong. Said
to come from Low. Calif, but not known at Kew and
doubtfully in cult, in this country.
16. Martensii, Spring. Fig. 3599. Sts. 6-12 in. long,
flat or rounded below, angled above : Ivs. of lower plane
oblong-lanceolate, serrulate but not ciliate, slightly
imbricated over the st. at base; Ivs. of upper plane
obliquely oblong, long-cuspidate. Mex. — Exists under
many varieties in cult.
17. rubella, Moore. Sts. 1 ft. long, somewhat erect
in habit, reddish brown, with 2 grooves on the upper
face: Ivs. of lower plane dark green, becoming reddish
with age, obtuse or obscurely cuspidate, ciliated and
imbricated over the st. at the upper side of base; Ivs.
of upper plane ovate-cuspidate. Native country not
known. — Has been in cult, since 1870. Var. variegata,
Hort., is cult.
18. Pdulteri, Hort. Veitch. Sts. densely tufted, slen-
der, suberect, 2-3 in. long, 3-4 times dichotomously
forked: Ivs. of lower plane spaced, suborbicular, obtuse,
bright green; Ivs. of upper plane nearly as long, but
ovate and acute. Azores.
19. inv61vens, Spring. Sts. densely tufted, 2-6 in.
long, deltoid, branched nearly to the base : Ivs. of lower
plane crowded, ovate, with a distinct cusp, bright green,
thick, rigid, serrulate on both margins; Ivs. of upper
plane nearly as long, ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate.
Japan to India and the Philippines.
20. lepidophylla, Spring. RESURRECTION PLANT.
Sts. 2-4 in. long, densely tufted, spreading in a close
spiral so as to form a flattish expanse, curling closely
into a ball when quite dry: Ivs. of lower plane oblique,
obtuse, minutely ciliated, green on the face, paler below;
Ivs. of upper plane nearly as long, obliquely ovate,
obtuse. Texas and Mex. to Peru. — Often sold dry under
the name of "resurrection plant" (which see), as the
absorption of water will cause the ball with a dull
brown exterior to expand and show its bright green
upper face of the sts. long after the plant is dead.
21. cuspidata, Link. Sts. densely tufted, 6 in. or
more long, branched nearly to the base, with copiously
compound branches: Ivs. of lower plane obliquely ovate,
cuspidate, dilated and ciliated on the upper side at the
base, pale green edged with white; Ivs. of upper plane
.
3599. Poorly grown specimen of club mosi, unsuitable for
table decoration. — Selaginella Martensii. ( X 1A)
nearly as long, obliquely ovate, cuspidate. Cuba and
Mex. to Venezuela. — A plant occurring under the hor-
ticultural name Lycopodium cordifolium has the st. a
foot or more long and simple in its lower part, and
doubtless represents a distinct species.
22. Emmeliana, Hort. Fig. 3600. Sts. 6-12 in. high,
the primary branches ascending, bipinnate: Ivs. of
lower plane close, obliquely ovate, those of the branch-
lets narrower and minutely spinulose; Ivs. of upper
plane raised above those of the lower one-half as large,
spinulose -serrulate, short -cuspidate. S. Amer.(?). —
Named for Th. Emmel, a German gardener. Var. aurea
is a yellow form. This species and its variety are most
commonly seen in the American trade. They require
a constant supply of moisture. If allowed to dry, the
tips of the fronds turn brown and do not recover.
23. Wallichii, Spring. Sts. 2-3 ft. long, with lan-
ceolate branches and simple crowded branchlets: Ivs.
of lower plane crowded, smaller toward the end of the
pinnules; Ivs. of upper plane one-fourth as long, cus-
pidate: spikes YT-\ in. long. India and the E. Indies. —
Highly ornamental.
24. Victdriae, Moore. Sts. 3-4 ft. long, with lanceo-
late-deltoid, caudate branches, with the lower branch-
lets forked or slightly pinnate: Ivs. of lower plane
crowded, a line long, truncate at base and obscurely
petioled; Ivs. of lower plane one-fourth as long, short-
cuspidate: spikes 1-2 in. long. Borneo and Fiji Isls.
25. gracilis, Moore. Sts. 2-3 ft. long, somewhat
roughened, with lanceolate branches and simple branch-
lets: Ivs. of lower plane ovate-falcate, adnate to st. on
lower side at base; lys. of upper plane ovate-lanceolate,
cuspidate. Polynesia.
26. L6bbii, Moore (S. cognata, Hort.). Sts. 3-4 ft.
long, with lanceolate-deltoid branches and contiguous
simple or forked branchlets: Ivs. of lower plane oblong-
lanceolate, acute, bright green, truncate at base; Ivs.
of upper plane one-third as long, obliquely ovate, cus-
pidate. Borneo and Sumatra.
27. Wflldenovii, Baker. Sts. reaching a length of
many feet, with spreading deltoid branches and much
compound branchlets, the ultimate short and contigu-
ous: Ivs. of lower plane crowded, ovate or oblong,
tinted with blue, obscurely petioleti; Ivs. of upper plane
one-third as long, obliquely oblong, not cuspidate. India
and the E. Indies.
28. grandis, Moore. Sts. 1^-2 ft. long, branched
above: Ivs. of lower plane crowded, lanceolate, acute,
rather firm; Ivs. of upper plane one-third as long,
ascending, much imbricated. Borneo.
29. viticuldsa, Klotzsch. Sts. with deltoid 2-3-pin-
nate branches: Ivs. of lower plane ascending, acute,
short-ciliated and much imbricated over the st.; Ivs.
of upper plane one-third as long, obliquely ovate, cuspi-
date. Cent. Amer.
30. caulescens, Spring (S. amdena, Hort.). Sts. stiff,
erect, the short final branchlets curling when dry: Ivs.
of lower plane crowded, ovate, falcate, bright green;
Ivs. of upper plane one-third to one-fourth as long, cus-
pidate. Japan, China, and E. Indies. Var. argentea,
Hort., is advertised.
31. Brauuii, Baker. Sts. deltoid and flexuous above,
with deltoid erect-spreading pinnae, the pinnules short,
deltoid and spaced: Ivs. of lower plane ovate-rhomboid,
usually revolute at both edges; Ivs. of lower plane
short-cuspidate. W. China.
32. flabellata, Spring. Sts. erect, deltoid, decom-
pound, with contiguous final branchlets: Ivs. of lower
plane obliquely ovate, acute, broadly rounded and cili-
ated at the base; Ivs. of upper plane obliquely ovate,
cuspidate. Widely distributed in tropical regions. — One
of the forms of this is cult, as S. crispa, Hort.
33. Vdgellii, Spring (S. africana, A. Br. S. Pervillei,
Spring). Sts. decompound above, the lower pinnse
deltoid, petioled, 3-4-pinnate: Ivs. of lower plane lan-
ceolate, ascending, often revolute on both edges, trun-
cate at base; Ivs. of upper plane minute, strongly cus-
pidate. Afr.
34. L^allii, Spring. Sts. deltoid above, the lower
pinnae bipinnate, the final divisions J^-l in. long,
SELAGIXELLA
SELENICEREUS
3141
in. wide: Ivs. of lower plane oblong-lanceolate, falcate,
acute; Ivs. of upper plane minute, acute. Madagascar.
35. erythropus, Spring. Sts. under a foot long, del-
toid and decompound above, the lower pinna? 3-pinnate,
the ultimate divisions TS~%W. wide: Ivs. of lower
plane oblong-lanceolate, acute, strongly ciliated; Ivs.
of upper plane one-half as long, cuspidate. Trop.
Amer. — 5. setosa, Hort., is said to be a starved form.
36. haematddes, Spring (S. filiclna, Spring). Sts. 1-2
ft. long, the deltoid pinna 3— l-pinnate, the ultimate
3600. Well-grown specimen of Selaginella Eauneliaaa.
Suitable for table decoration. (X&)
divisions J^-J^in. wide: Ivs. of lower plane ascending,
oblong-rhomboid, acute, dilated on upper side at base,
not ciliated; Ivs. of upper plane minute, cuspidate.
Venezuela to Peru.
37. geniculata, Spring (S. elongata, Kl.). Sts. 2-3 ft.
long, decompound, with lower pinna? 3-pinnate, the
divisions ascending and pinnately arranged: Ivs. of
lower plane ovate, acute; Ivs. of upper plane one-third
as long, ovate-lanceolate. Costa Rica to Peru.
38. cordifolia, Spring (S. corddta, Kl.). Sts. trailing,
a foot long, with short branches often ending in whip-
like tips: Ivs. of lower plane acute, pale green, ciliated
on the upper edge, dilated and subcordate; Ivs. of
upper plane ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate. W. Indies.
39. molliceps, Spring (S. rubricaulis, A. Br.). Sts.
erect, 6-9 in. long, bisulcate above, much compound:
Ivs. of lower plane oblong-lanceolate, dark green, very
unequal-sided, serrulate on the upper edge; Ivs. of
upper plane one-half to one-third as long, ovate or
ovate-lanceolate, cuspidate. Afr.
The following American trade names can not be satisfactorily
accounted for as species: S. acaidig is said to be one of the most
important commercial species cult, in Amer. — S. circinata is cult,
at Harvard Botanic Garden. — S. Lageriana was intro. from Colom-
bia and probably belongs to species already described from that
country. It is said to be a very light green plant and a strong grower,
whereas S. Pitcheriana is of dwarfer habit and with sts. and under
surface of fronds red and upper surface dark green. — S. Mandiana
is a recent intro. by W. A. Manda which can not be satisfactorily
placed. — 5. paradoxa. Offered by John Saul, 1893. — S. Pitche-
riana. Consult S. Lageriana. Colombia. — S. rubicunda and S.
triangulari* were offered by Saul in 1893. — S. umbrfoa. Once cult,
by Pitcher & Manda, of the United States Nurseries.
L. M. UNDERWOOD.
R. C. BEXEDICT.t
SELENIA (probably from the Greek moon; said to
refer to the round seeds). Cruciferae. Small annual
herbs sparingly grown in gardens: Ivs. pinnatisect:
racemes terminal, leafy: fls. yellow; sepals spreading,
colored, subequal; petals erect: silique stipitate, oval
berry much compressed or turgid, acute at the base,
valves reticulate. — Three species, N. Amer.
aurea, Xutt., is a hardy annual of the mustard
family, a native of the U. S. from Ark. and Texas to
the base of the Rockies. It is not known to be cult, in
Amer., but it seems to be one of the prettiest of our few
native ornamental crucifers. It has small yellow fls.
about }/•$&.. across, each of the 4 petals having a central
band of red. It is also interesting for its finely cut foli-
age and its flat pods through which the seeds may be
vaguely seen, as in the case of lunaria, or "honesty."
It grows about 9 in. high. B.M. 6607.
F. TRACT
SELENICEREUS (moon goddess and cereus). Coctd-
ceae. Cacti with slender trailing hanging or climbing
sts., more or less epiphytic: ribs several, usually low,
with closely set areoles bearing small short or acicular
spines: fls. large, nocturnal, fragrant; ovary and fr.
covered with clusters of small spines often accompanied
by long hairs. — More than 20 species are known. This
genus contains a number of easily grown species which
are great favorities in cult, on account of the great size
and beauty of the fls. Some of the species are reported
to possess medicinal properties. These plants have been
referred to Cereus.
A. Fl.-tube and ovary without long hairs.
B. Spines on sts. acicular.
vagans, Brit. & Rose (Cereus vagans, Brandeg.). Sts.
slender, numerous, clambering over rocks in the wild
state, but in cult, ascending: ribs low: spines rather
short, yellowish: fls. 6 in. long; tube, including throat,
about 4 in. long, slightly curved, brownish, with small
scattered bracts bearing in their axils clusters of 5-8
acicular spines; throat narrow, 2 in. long; sepals linear,
the outer ones brownish, the inner ones greenish white,
2>i in. long; petals white, oblanceolate, 2K in. long
with a short acuminate tip, the margins, especially
above, undulate or toothed; ovary covered with acicu-
lar spines. West coast of Mex.
BB. Spines on sts. not acicular.
spinuldsus, Brit. & Rose (Cereus spinulosus, DC.).
Slender climbing vine, 10-14 ft. long: ribs usually 5,
not very conspicuous in age: spines about 8, very short,
usually dark: fls. 4J^-5 in. long, white, with a pink
tinge; ovary and fl.-tube bearing small clusters of
acicular spines but no long hairs. Common in N. E.
Mex. and S. E. Texas, but not found in the W.
Indies. Bliihenden Kakteen, pi. 53.
AA. Fl.-tube and ovary bearing long hairs among the spines.
B. Spines of the sts. acicular.
c. Color of spines white.
Donkelseri, Brit. & Rose (Cereus Donkdsri, Salm-
Dyck). A slender epiphytic plant, much branched,
clinging to the bark of trees by aerial roots, commonly in
company with orchids: branches long, slender, nearly
terete, about 5^in. diam. with 6-8 low, almost incon-
spicuous ribs; spines 10-15, very short, snow-white,
closely appressed to the st. Brazil.
cc. Color of spines brownish.
grandifldrus, Brit. & Rose (Cereus grandiflorus, Mill.).
Creeping or clambering vines: sts. stout, often 1 in.
diam., bluish green: ribs 7 or 8, low: spines acicular,
yellowish brown or brownish: fls. very large, fragrant,
6-8 in. long. Jamaica, but said also to be native of
Mex., which is doubtless wrong. B.M. 3381. — A num-
ber of species resembling S. grandiflorus in a general
way, but specifically distinct, are often to be found
under this name in collections; they need further
study. This species is used in the manufacture of a
heart-tonic.
3142
SELENICEREUS
SEMELE
BB. Spines of the sis. not acicular.
c. Sts. blue-green.
pteranthus, Brit. & Rose (Cereus pterdnthus, Link &
Otto. Cereus nycticdlus, Link). Stout, suberect, or
clambering vines: branches much elongated, bluish
green, 4- or 6-angled: spines 1-4, short: fls. large, white,
very fragrant, 7 in. long, the ovary covered with long
white hairs intermixed with the short acicular spines.
Mex. Lem. Cact. f. 11. Gesamtb. Kakteen f. 35 —
One of the commonest and best night-blooming cacti.
CC. Sts. deep green.
D. Knobs on ribs terete and low.
MacD6naldiae, Brit. & Rose (Cereus MacDdnaldix,
Hook.). Clambering vines of rapid growth, freely
branching: branches deep green: the ribs rather low,
obtuse, somewhat interrupted: spines 1 or 2, short,
porrect, dark: fls. very large, 14 in. long, white. Hon-
duras, probably, but some recent writers claim it came
originally from Argentina. B.M. 4707. Cact. Journ.
2 : 135.— -One of the largest-flowered species of the cactus
family and one of the best of the night-blooming kind.
DD. Knobs on ribs flattened, rather high and reflexed.
hamatus, Brit. & Rose (Cereus hamatus, Scheidw. C.
rostratus, Lem.). Sts. often weak and sprawling or
climbing and clambering, bright green, about 8 in.
diam.: ribs usually 4, interrupted by flattened reflexed
knobs bearing small areoles: spines 5 or 6, bristle-like,
white; hairs more or less deciduous: fls. large, 10-12 in.
long, white. Cent. Mex. Monatsschr. Kakteenk.
9:23. Gesamtb. Kakteen Nachtr. f. 7. — Numerous
hybrids have been made by crossing some of these
species, especially S. grandiflorus, S. MacDonaldiae, and
S. hamatus, with certain species of related genera. Some
of these hybrids have been given distinct names in
Cereus, such as C. Maynardii, C. Regelii and C. urdnos.
Cereus inermis, Otto. Sts. slender, climbing, 4-5-angled, deep
green: areoles small, naked except on juvenile shoots and then bear-
ing'several white bristles: fls. said to be large, probably nocturnal,
but not often appearing on cult, plants. This is a rather insignifi-
cant plant. Intro, from Venezuela many years ago. This is not a
true Cereus, and without seeing fls. or fr. its real status can not be
definitely stated. Karl Schumann, however, associated it with this
group, and if of this alliance, it should be placed near S. hamatus.
J. N. ROSE.
SELENIPEDIUM. For the species included in this genus in
"Cyclopedia of American Horticulture," see' Phragmopedilum. The
true Selenipediums (or Selenipedilum) are few and seem not to be
in cult.
SELENOCYPRIPEDIUM (compounded from Seleni-
pedium and Cypripedium) . Orchidacese. A name pro-
posed to designate hybrids between Selenipedium and
Cypripedium. S. ltfalhouitri=S. (Phragmopedilum)
Schlimii x C. (Paphiopedilum) Harrisianum.
SELF-HEAL: BruneUa.
SELF-STERILITY OF FRUITS: Pollen and Pollination.
SELINUM (Greek name for parsley). Umbelliferse.
Branched perennial herbs, glabrous, tall or rarely low,
of little horticultural value: Ivs. pinnately decompound:
umbels compound, many-rayed; fls. white or rarely
yellowish green; calyx-teeth obsolete or rarely notice-
able ; petals cuneate or broad, emarginate or 2-lobed : fr.
ovoid or nearly quadrate. — About 35 species, mostly in
the northern hemisphere but 1 from the mountains of
Colombia and 1 from S. Afr.
tenuifdlium, Wall (Oreocome Candollei, Edgew.). A
hardy perennial with finely cut fern-like foliage and st.
often 8 ft. high, branched, with numerous umbels of
white fls.: ultimate segms. of Ivs. narrowly lanceolate,
acute : fr. 2-3 lines long, much compressed dorsally, 4-6
times as broad as thick; lateral ridges much the broad-
est. India. Gn. 38, p. 221.— Offered as a novelty in
Amer. in 1899 and recommended as a foliage plant for
single lawn specimens. p. TRACY HUBBARD.!
SELLIERA (named for Natale Sellier, a French
engraver who worked for Cavanilles) . Goodeniacese. Two
creeping and rooting perennial herbs of Austral, and
New Zeal, and one of them extending to Chile: plant
glabrous: Ivs. entire, alternate or fascicled: fls. small, axil-
lary, sessile or stalked; calyx 5-lobed; corolla oblique,
split at the back, 5-lobed; stamens 5; ovary 2-celled or
imperfectly so: fr. fleshy and indehiscent. The plants
are probably not regularly in cult., but S. radicans,
Cav., has been listed abroad as an aquatic: it grows
in muddy or marshy and rocky places near the sea in
New Zeal., Austral., and S. Amer.: sts. sometimes
creeping several feet, forming matted and interlaced
patches: Ivs. very small to 4 in. long, nearly linear to
obovate-spatulate, obtuse, entire, narrowed into long
petiole: fls. 1 or 2 on the peduncle, J^in. long, white:
fr. about J^in. long, ovoid or obovoid. See Krause, in
Engler's Pflanzenreich, hft. 54 (IV. 277 & 277a). 1912.
SELLIGUEA (personal name, from Selligue, naturalist
and mechanician). Polypodiacex. A group of ferns
referred by Diels (Engler '& Prantl, Die Natiirlichen
Pflanzenfamilien) to Polypodium. Only P. Fed, Mett.
(Selliguea Feei, Bory. Gymnogrdmma Feei, Hook.),
appears to be listed. It is described by Schneider as a
small stove species of the Malay Isls., Java, and Bor-
neo: fronds entire, from a creeping rhizome, the barren
ones 3-4 in. long and 2 in. or less broad, the fertile
ones narrower and longer-stalked.
SEMECARPUS (Greek, mark and fruit, referring to
use of fruit-juice). Anacardiacex. Trees, sometimes
grown in the warmhouse, or in the open far S.: Ivs.
alternate, simple, leathery: fls. small, polygamous, in
terminal or lateral, branched, bracteate panicles; calyx
5-cleft, segms. imbricated and deciduous; petals 5,
spreading, somewhat unequal; disk annular and rather
broad; stamens 5; ovary superior, sessile, 1 -celled: nut
or drupe reniform. — About 35 species, Trop. Asia and
Austral.
Anacardium, Linn. f. MARKING-NUT TREE. A mod-
erate-sized deciduous tree with large, oblong or obovate-
oblpng Ivs. 8-24 in. long by 5-10 in. wide: fls. greenish
white, J^in. across, nearly sessile, in stout branching
panicles about the same length as the Ivs.: drupe 1 in.
long, smooth, black. India. — The black acid juice of the
nut is used for printing cotton cloth. Cult, in S. Fla.
SEMELE (named for the mother of Bacchus).
Lilidcese. CLIMBING BUTCHER'S BROOM. A warmhouse
plant, hardy outdoors in the extreme S.: st. shrubby
and branched, high-climbing over trees attaining a
height of 50-60 ft., cladodia If.-like, alternate or few,
solitary at the axils of fuscous-membranaceous scales,
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, leathery: fls. small, yellow,
fascicled, the fascicles on the margins of the cladodia;
perianth persistent, tube very short, turbinate, almost
hemispherical; crown none; ovary sessile in the perianth-
tube, 3-celled: berry globose, pulpy, indehiscent. — One
species, Canary Isls. What appear to be Ivs. are techni-
cally "cladophylla," i. e., If.-like branches. They are
organs which have the form and function of Ivs. but not
the morphology. Semele belongs to the small group
of 4 genera known as the Asparagus tribe, all the mem-
bers of which have cladophylla. Semele differs from
the butcher's broom (Ruscus) in having 6 anthers
instead of 3 and in having the fls. borne on the margin of
the cladophylla instead of along the midrib. Asparagus
differs from both in having the fls. not borne on the
cladophylla and the filaments free instead of grown into
an urn-shaped body.
androgyna, Kunth (Ruscus androgynus, Linn.).
Scandent, branching: cladodia ovate or ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, leathery: fls. small, yellow, clustered;
ovary 3-loculed : berry globose, indehiscent. B.M. 1898
and 3029 (as Ruscus androgynus). R.H. 1894, p. 546.
SEMELE
SEMPERVIVUM
3143
Gn. 72, p. 432. G.M. 31 'ATI, 479; 37:261.— The mem-
bers which have the position of Ivs. are minute scales,
in the axil of which are borne the cladophylla, the
latter being 3-4 in. long. It is grown in the open in S.
Calif, and is said to look like a gigantic smilax and to
have dark green, tropical foliage likely to be mistaken
for some of the Indian climbing palms.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
SEMIBEGONIELLA is a recent genus of the Begoni-
aceae, differing from Begonia in having a tubular male
flower (Symbegonia has a tubular female flower), appar-
ently not in cult. S. Sodiroi, C. DC., from Ecuador
was "described, and the genus founded, in 1908.
SEMPERVIVUM (Latin, living forever). Crassur
lacese. HOUSELEEK. Thick fleshy usually stemless,
perennial herbs or subshrubs which are used for carpet-
bedding, rockeries, and the like. See Succulents (p.
2672, Vol. V) for culture.
Leaves alternate, thick-fleshy, often revolute: cymes
panicled, usually densely: fls. white, rose, green, yellow,
or purple; calyx 6- to many-cleft or -parted, rarely 5-
cleft; petals 6 to many, free or connate at the base,
oblong or lanceolate; stamens double as many as the
petals, rarely the same number, free; ovary with as
many carpels as petals, free or the base or up to the
middle immersed in the calyx-tube: fr. many-seeded
follicles. — About 65 species," widely scattered in the
mountains of the Old World. The genus was mono-
graphed (horticulturally) by J. G. Baker in Gardener's
Chronicle for 1879, and his treatment has been fol-
lowed here to some extent with the addition of several
species and slight modifications to meet more recent
knowledge of the genus. Sempervivum is closely
related to Sedum, but the floral parts are multiples of
6 or some larger number, while the floral parts of Sedum
are in o's. The genus is a difficult one for the botanist,
and the specific limits are very uncertain and unsatis-
factory, no two authors agreeing. The key given will
undoubtedly prove faulty, but is an attempt to simplify
the determination of the species.
Sempervivums are mostly hardy perennials and
stemless, and increase by rosettes (Fig. 3602) which are
sent out from the parent plant, thereby suggesting the
popular name "hen-and-chickens." The leaves are
thick, short, and succulent. The flowers, which are
borne in panicled cymes, are mostly yellow, greenish
yellow, or some shade of rose or purple, rarely white.
The individual flowers are larger than those of sedum,
but the clusters are less showy. Houseleeks are culti-
vated more for foliage than for flowers. They are not
used for as great a variety of purposes as sedums, but
they are popular for carpet-bedding, rockwork, and
covering dry banks and bare sandy wastes. They are of
the easiest culture and are quickly multiplied by means
of the offsets or rosettes. They may be used alone for
permanent carpets-beds, and for this special purpose are
preferable to the more popular but tender echeveria.
The foliage remains green all winter. The leaves are
often spotted with red toward the tip, and this color is
brighter if the plants have full sunlight. The names
"houseleek" and "hen-and-chickens" are loosely ap-
plied to the whole genus. If these names are to be
restricted, the former should be used for Sempervivum
tectorum and the latter for S. soboliferum. The common
species, which grows on the roofs of houses in Europe, is
S. tectorum. In the case of S. soboliferum the young
rosettes are attached to the parent plant by a more
slender thread than usual and more easily detach them-
selves and roll about. The spider-web species, of
which S. arachnoideum is the commonest, are the pret-
tiest of them all, by reason of the webs that cover the
young rosettes. These coverings are made by the plants
themselves and are incidental to development, but in
some species are not strongly developed and in all the
group are less noticeable in the old rosettes.
acuminatum, 36.
flagelliforme, 29.
poculifonne, 1.
albidum, 13.
Funckii, 35.
Poemlii, 24.
AUionii, 11.
Funkii, 30, 35.
Pomelii, 24.
alpinum. 44.
gigantea, 22.
pumilum, 27.
anomalum, 27.
glaciale, 28.
purpurascens, 34.
arachnoideum, 20,22.
glaucum, 36.
pyrenaicum, 34.
arboreum, 3.
globiferum, 9, 16, 17.
Reginae-Amaliae, 8.
arenarium. 10.
grandiflorum, 17.
robustum, 34.
arvernense, 42.
Greenii, 40.
rubicundum, 32.
assimile, 26.
Hausmannii, 20, 23.
rubrum, 20, 34.
atlanticum, 38.
heterotrichium, 18.
rupicolum, 15.
barbatum, 6.
Heuffelii, 7.
ruthenicum, 16.
bicolor, 39.
hirtum, 11.
Schlehanii, 36.
blandum, 32.
Hookeri, 20.
Schnittspahnii, 30.
Boissieri, 45.
Laggeri, 22.
Schotiii, 36.
Boutignyanum, 43.
Lamottei, 33.
soboliferum, 9.
calcareum, 41.
Lehmannii, 28.
spat hula turn, 6.
califarnicum, 41.
Mettenianum, 31.
tabulseforme, 5.
canariense, 2.
minor, 20.
tectorum, 34, 38.
chrysanthum, 4.
Moggridgei, 19.
tomentosum, 20.
Comollii, 36.
montanum, 28.
triste, 39.
cornutum, 11.
Neilreichii, 10.
Verlottii, 37.
cupreum, 34.
parriflorum, 31.
violaceum, 34.
Doellianum, 21.
patens, 7.
Webbianum, 20.
expansion, 34.
piliferum, 20.
Wulfenii, 12.
fimbriatum, 25.
Pittonii, 14.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Plants without secondary rosettes on
offshoots: fls. usually yellow.
B. St. herbaceous, with the basal Ivs. in a
rosette 1. poculifonne
BB. St. shrubby, with the hs. in a rosette
at the end of the branches.
c. Surface of hs. vittous 2. canariense
cc. Surface of Its. glabrous.
D. Lrs. obovate-spatulate or round-
ish ovate.
E. Petals elliptical; calyx-seams.
ovate 3. arboreum
EE. Petals linear-lanceolate; calyx-
segms. short-triangular .... 4. chrysanthum
DD. Lrs. oblong-spatulate.
E. Margin of Irs. ciliate 5. tabulaefonne
EE. Margin of Ivs. papillose 6. spathulatum
AA. Plants rcith secondary rosettes on offsets
or sessile.
B. Fls. usually 6-merous; not wide-
spreading at maturity,
c. The fls. small; petals not fimbriated
on the margin and keel.
D. Segms. of calyx linear-oblong;
petals linear-oblong 7. Heuffelii
DD. Segms. of calyx lanceolate; petals
Ungulate 8. Reginse-
cc. The fls. large; petals fimbriated on [Amalise
the margin and keel.
D. New rosettes rotted up into
round balls.
E. Lrs. obovate-cuneate 9. soboliferum
EE. Lrs. oblanceolate 10. arenarium
DD. New rosettes not rolled up into
round balls 11. hirtum
BB. Fls. usually 12-merous (9-lJ^ner-
ous); widely expanded at maturity.
c. Color of fls. yellow or yellowish.
D. Surface of hs. glabrous.
E. The hs. obotate-cuneate 12. Wulfenii
EE. The hs ovate-lanceolate. .... 13. albidum
DD. Surface of Ivs. more or less hairy.
E. Blade of If. ensiform, Ungu-
late, or oblanceolate 14. Pittonii
EE. Blade of If. more or less obo-
vate-cuneate.
F. Segms. of calyx oblong. ... 15. rupicolum
FF. Segms. of calyx lanceolate.
G. Petals linear-lanceolate,
acute, green-striate ex-
ternally 16. globiferum
GG. Petals lanceolate, acu-
minate, not green-stri-
ate externally 17. grandiflorum
cc. Color of fls. reddish or purplish.
D. Inner hs. of rosette with their
tips connected by fine hairs like
a spider's web. (The follow-
ing 5 species are very closely
related.)
3144
SEMPERVIVUM
SEMPER VIVUM
E. Rosette hs. glabrous or merely
puberulent at apex.
F. Calyx-segms. lanceolate-lin-
ear, acute: cauline hs.
lanceolate-linear 18. hetero-
FF. Calyx-segms. linear, obtuse: [trichum
cauline hs. oblanceolate
to oblong 19. Moggridgei
EE. Rosette Ivs. more or less hairy.
F. Segms. of calyx linear 20. arachnoideum
FF. Segms. of calyx ovate to lan-
ceolate.
G. Cauline hs. lanceolate;
rosette hs. oblanceolate. 21. Doellianum
GG. Cauline and rosette hs.
Ungulate 22. Laggeri
DD. Inner hs. of rosettes not con-
nected by fine hairs like a
spider's web.
E. Tips ofhs. with a tuft of hairs.
F. Lvs. ovate 23. Hausmannii
FF. Lvs. oblanceolate.
G. Cusp of If. distinct: fls.
rose-red 24. Pomelii
GG. Cusp of If. obscure: fls.
bright red 25. fimbriatum
EE. Tips of hs. without a tuft of
hairs.
F. Surface of hs. of the rosettes
pubescent.
G. Stamens two - thirds as
long as petals 26. assimile
GG. Stamens half as long as
petals.
H. Barren rosettes not
more than 1 in.
diam 27. pumilum
HH. Barren rosettes more
than 1 in. diam.
I. Fls. numerous, mauve
or red-brown 28. montanum
II. Fls. few (4-8), bright
red 29. flagelliforme
FF. Smface of hs. of the rosettes
glabrous.
a. Rosette hs. more or less
ovate or obovate.
H. Lf. -blade broadest
toward the base.
i. Color of hs. dark [spahnii
green 30. Schnitt-
ii. Color of hs. gray-
green 31. Mettenianum
HH. Lf. -blade broadest
toward the apex.
i. Petals lanceolate 32. blandum
ii. Petals linear.
j. Sepals linear-lan-
ceolate 33. Lamottei
jj. Sepals lanceolate. 34. tectorum
GG. Rosette hs. oblanceolate-
cuneate.
H. Red-brown tip of ro-
sette hs. none or ob-
scure.
i. Young rosettes on
peduncles 1 in. or
more long 35. Funckii
ii. Young rosettes ses-
sile or nearly so.
j. Lvs. glaucous .... 36. glaucum
jj. Lvs. pale green but
not glaucous.
K. Cauline hs.
green-tipped:
petals rose. . . 37. Verlotii
KK. Cauline hs.
claretrtipped:
petals white-
margined. ... 38. atlanticum
HH. Hed-brown tip of 70-
sette hs. distinct.
i. The cauline hs. red-
brown throughout. 39. triste
II. The cauline hs.
partly green.
j. Rosette hs. glau-
cous.
K. Outer hs. of ro-
sette 3A-i-nlA
in.: fls. about
Yiin. across. .40. Greenii
KK. Outer hs. of ro-
sette 1-1}4,
x y%in.: fls.
about %in.
across 41. calcareum
jj. Rosette hs. not
glaucous. (The
following spe-
cies are fre-
quently kept
distinct but
no distinguish-
ing key charac-
ters can be de-
tected from the
descriptions.)
42. arvernense
43. Boutigny-
[anum
44. alpinum
45. Boissieri
1. poculiforme, Berger & DeWild. St. simple, erect,
more or less elongated: basal Ivs. in a rosette, oblong-
lanceolate, cuneate at the apex, serrate-ciliate, other-
wise glabrous; cauline Ivs. obovate-spatulate: fls. 9-
merous, in a glabrous panicle; calyx glabrous, segms.
lanceolate-triangular subacute; petals lanceolate, acute.
Canary Isls.(?).
2. canariense, Linn. Subshrub: st. short, thick: Ivs.
in a flattened rosette, obovate-spatulate, mucronate,
attenuate to a petiole, villous; cauline Ivs. obovate-
rotundate: fls. 7-9-merous, pale yellow or whitish, in a
lax thyrsoid elongated panicle; calyx very villous, segms.
ovate-lanceolate; petals linear, acute. Canary Isls.
3. arbdreum, Linn. St. arborescent, with terete
branches: rosettes concave: Ivs. spreading, obovate-
spatulate, obtuse, mucronate, base cuneate, rather gla-
brous: fls. golden yellow in a many-fld. leafy panicle;
calyx-segms. ovate, rather acute; petals spreading, 10-12,
elliptical. Medit. region.
4. chrysanthum, Hqchst. Subshrub, 1-2 ft. high: st.
thick: Ivs. pectinate-ciliate, on barren shoots rosulate,
roundish ovate; cauline Ivs. obovate-oblong, rounded
above, apiculate: fls. about 8-merous, yellow, or
white (?), in a thyrsoid corymb; calyx-segms. short-
triangular; petals linear - lanceolate. Abyssinia. —
Closely allied to S. arboreum and possibly not distinct
from it.
5. tabulaeffirme, Haw. Shrubby: sts. erect-branched:
Ivs. oblong-spatulate, base attenuate, flat, ciliate,
gathered at the tips of the branches in a flat rosette:
peduncles minutely glandular: petals linear-lanceolate,
very pale sulfur. Canary Isls.
6. spathulatum, Hornem. (S. barbdtum, C. Smith.
Mbnium barbdtum, Webb & Berth.). Shrubby: sts.
stout; branches horizontal near the st., then arched and
erect : rosettes flat, not dense: Ivs. of the rosettes oblong-
spatulate, acute, margin papillose, both surfaces with
linear, red-brown markings; cauline Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate: fls. 8-10-merous, in rather open
panicles, the fls. on the upper side of the branches;
calyx-segms. deltoid; petals oblong-lanceolate, acute.
Canary Isls. — Some of the material grown under this
name is certainly not the species above described, but
probably a form of S. tectorum.
7. He&ffelii, Schott (S. pdtens, Griseb. & Schenk).
Barren rosette lJ^-2 in. diam., the young rosettes not
peduncled : Ivs. 30-40 to a rosette, obovate-cuneate, dis-
tinctly cuspidate, glabrous, lower part pale green, upper
third or even half tinted bright red-brown, margin
crowded, stiff, white-ciliate, outer Ivs. %-l x %in.;
SEMPER VIVO!
SEMPERVIVUM
3145
cauline Ivs. close, red-brown, lanceolate, %-l in. long:
fl.-st. including the infl. 6-8 in. high, densely short-
pubescent: fls. 6-merous, pale straw-color, in a dense
panicle 23^-3 in. diam.; calyx-teeth linear-oblong, finely
glandular-pubescent on the back and red-brown when
old; petals Hin. long, linear-oblong, obtuse, with 3
small cusps, keeled and finely glandular outside. Tran-
sylvania and Greece in the mountains. — One of the
latest in flower.
8. Reginae-Amaliae, Heldr. & Sart. Rosettes about
3 in. diam.. the new ones sessile: Ivs. 100 or more to a
rosette, obovate-cuneate, distinctly cuspidate, all
bright purplish brown in the upper half, green only
toward the base, glabrous, margin ciliate, outer Ivs.
l-l%x%-%m.', cauline Ivs. crowded, lanceolate,
brown, slightly pubescent: fl.-st. including infl. 6 in.
high, densely pubescent: fls. 6-7-merous, pale yellow,
in a dense many-fld., capitate panicle; calyx finely
glandular-pubescent, segms. lanceolate; petals Ungulate,
obtuse, obscurely tricuspidate, densely glandular
externally. Mountains of Greece.
9. soboliferum, Sims (S. globiferum, Linn, as to
synonyms and many other authors, not Linn, as to
plant cited). HEX-AXD-CHICKENS. HOTTSELEEK. Bar-
ren rosettes globose, 1-1 J^ in. diam., the copious new
rosettes sessile and attached to the parent only by a
slender thread and easily becoming detached from it and
rolling about : Ivs. 60-80 to a rosette, obovate-cuneate,
obscurely cuspidate, pale light green, glabrous, margin
minutely ciliate, outer ones tinted with red-brown
especially on their back, %-l x J^-^gin.; cauline Ivs.
very densely crowded, ovate-lanceolate, acute: fl.-st.
including infl. 6-9 in. high, very robust, finely pubes-
cent: fls. 6-7-merous, pale yellow, in a short, dense,
many-fld. panicle, which is 3-4 in. diam.; calyx-segms.
lanceolate, nearly glabrous on the back, margins
strongly ciliate; petals lanceolate, 3^in. long, obscurely
tricuspidate, margins conspicuously fimbriate. Moun-
tains of Austria. B.M. 1457. — Unless the young rosettes
are thinned out the plants are not so apt to flower.
10. arenarium, Koch. (S. Neilrelchii, Schott, Nym.
<i Kotschy). Rosettes globular, deciduous: Ivs. 60^-80
to a rosette, pblanceolate, acute, bright green, glabrous,
outer Ivs. slightly tinted red-brown on the back, %-
?4in. long; cauline Ivs. ovate-lanceolate: fls.-sts. includ-
ing the infl. 6-9 in. high, crowded, leafy and finely
pubescent : fls. 6-merous, pale yellow, many in a dense
head, 2-3 in. diam.; sepals lanceolate; petals lanceolate,
J^-^in. long, distinctly tricuspidate with a linear end
tooth. Tyrol. Gn. 49, p. 220.
11. hiitum, Linn. (S. AUibnii, Xym.. S. cornutum,
Hort.). Developed barren rosettes 1-1% in. diam., the
new ones not rolled up into balls and breaking away as
in 5. soboliferum: Ivs. about 50 to a rosette, obovate-
cuneate, not distinctly cuspidate, pale gray-green, sur-
faces finely glandular-pubescent, margins glandular-
ciliate, outer Ivs. faintly tinted red, J^-% x J/6m->
cauline Ivs. crowded, pubescent, the upper cordate-ovate:
fl.-st. including infl. 6-9 in. high, densely pilose: fls. usu-
ally 6-merous, pale yellow, in a few- to many-fld. panicle
which is \YT^ in- diam.; calyx-segms. lanceolate, hairy
on their back; petals J^-%in. long, lanceolate, tricuspi-
date, the middle tooth conspicuous, keel prominent,
tinted greenish red and is densely glandular. S. Eu.
12. Wulfenii, Hoppe. Developed rosettes lJ^-2 in.
diam., the new ones nearly sessile: Ivs. about 50 to a
rosette, obovate-cuneate, cuspidate, slightly glaucous,
with only a faint tint of red-brown at the very tip,
outer Ivs. %-lx Hin.; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, 1-1 ^
in. long: fl.-st. including infl. 6-9 in. high, densely pilose
upward: fls. 12-14-merous, pale yellow, in a short dense
panicle which is 2-3 in. diam., its branches densely
pilose; calyx short-pilose, segms. lanceolate; petals
linear, densely glandular-puberulent externally. Moun-
tains of Cent. Eu.
13. albidum, Schnittsp. & Lehm. Rosettes large,
the young ones 1-3 in. away from the old one: Ivs. of
rosettes ovate-lanceolate, narrowed at their base, apex
rather long-acuminate, glabrous, finely ciliate, dark
grass-green, tips reddish brown; cauline Ivs. equally
broad, long-acuminate: fls. whitish, racemose panicu-
late; petals linear-lanceolate. Hab.(?).
14. Pittonii, Schott., Nym. & Kotschy. Rosettes
1-1 1/2 in. diam., always open, the young ones sessile:
Ivs. 60-80 to a rosette, ensifonn, Ungulate or oblanceo-
late, apex abruptly deltoid-pointed, pale green with
large Ught red blotches, outer Ivs. %in. long; cauline Ivs.
dense, lanceolate, red-blotched and purple-tipped,
densely glandular-hairy: fl.-st. including infl. 4-6 in.
high, glandular-hairy ending in a 3-branched, dense
corymbose infl. : fls. 12-20, small, 9-12-merous, yellow-
ish white; petals linear-lanceolate, about %in. long,
glandular-hairy on the margin and back. Styria. —
Rare in cult.
15. rupicolum, Kern. Rosettes l%-2 in. diam., the
young ones on glandular-hairy peduncles which are
lJ^-2^ in. long: Ivs. elongated-obovate, %-l%x
Ji-^in., narrowed gradually from the upper one-third
to the reddish base, cuspidate, slightly scattered glandu-
lar-hairy; cauline Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, ^-%in. long,
tip reddish: fl.-et. slender, glandular-hairy: fls. 12-
merous, pale greenish yellow, striped red; calyx-segms.
oblong; petals narrowly linear-lanceolate, acute. Tyrol.
— Probably a hybrid; S. montanum x S. Wulfenii.
16. globfferum, Linn, in part, excl. synonymy (S.
ruthenicum, Koch). Rosette lJ^-3 in. across, rather
flattened, the young ones globular, borne on scaled
peduncles which are rather stout and about 1M~3 in.
long: Ivs. obovate-cuneate to elUptical, gray-green,
cuspidate; cauline Ivs. oblong, acute, about 1J4 x J^in.,
tip often red-brown: fl.-st. about 1 ft. high, including
infl., densely short-hairy: fls. pale yellow, 12-14-merous,
about %-l in. across; calyx-segms. lanceolate, acute;
petals linear-lanceolate, acute, externally glandular-
hairy and green-striate, margins glandular-ciliate.
Russia in Eu. — As Koch points out in Flora 18, part
1:209, t. 1 (1835), the synonymy given by Linnaeus
undoubtedly refers to S. soboliferum, a 6-merous
species, but that the one plant Linnaeus cites and his
"habitat in Rutheno. D. Gmelin" undoubtedly refer to
the 12-merous plant which Besser knew under the
name <S. globiferum and which he, Besser, sent to Koch
in 1834.
17. grandiflorum, Haw. (S. globiferum, Sims, not
Linn.). Rosettes about \Yi in. diam., the new ones on
decumbent peduncles 1-2 in. long, which have small
Ivs.: Ivs. about 40 to a rosette, obovate-cuneate,
obscurely cuspidate, pale green, pubescent, only the
tip obscurely red-brown tinted, outer Ivs. ^-1 x %-%
in.; cauline Ivs. crowded, lanceolate, %-l in. long: fl.-
sts. including infl. 3-8 in. high, densely pubescent: fls.
12-14-merous, 1M-1M in- across, pale yellow, sub-
sessile in a dense paniculate head; calyx pubescent,
segms. lanceolate; petals lanceolate, acuminate, back
glandular. Hab.(?). B.M. 507; 2115(?).
18. heterotrichum, Schott. Rosettes 1-1 ^ in. diam. :
fl.-sts. 3-6 in. high, puberulent pubescent: Ivs. of the
rosette spatulate-linear, apex acute, with a tuft of
hairs and also long web-hairs connecting the If.-tips,
puberulent at the apex above, glabrous beneath, glau-
cous; cauline Ivs. lanceolate-linear, puberulent on both
sides: infl. puberulent; fls. 9-12-merous, rose, in a
racemose panicle; calyx-segms. lanceolate-linear, acute;
petals lanceolate, acuminate, ciliate, apex barbulate.
S. Eu. — Closely allied to S. Doettianum and S. arach-
noideum.
19. Moggridgei, De Smet. Rosettes 2 in. diam. : Ivs.
about 100 to a rosette, %in. long, elongate-cuneate or
oblanceolate, green, glabrous, margins minutely ciliate,
3146
SEMPERVIVUM
SEMPERVIVUM
tips acute and hairy tufted; cauline Ivs., the lower
oblanceolate, %in. long, tips bearded, pale green, tips
reddish, the upper more oblong: cyme 3-4 times forked:
fls. 10-12-merous, %in. diam.; calyx glandular-pubes-
cent, segms. linear, obtuse ; petals lanceolate, acuminate,
apiculate. S. Eu. B.M. 6610.— Allied to S. arach-
noideum.
20. arachnoideum, Linn. (S. Hausmannii, Auersd.,
not Lehm. & Schnittsp. S. piliferum, Jord.). COBWEB
or SPIDER-WEB HOUSELEEK. Fig. 3601. Barren rosettes
^£-%in. diam., the
new ones crowded
and sessile: Ivs.
about 50 to a
rosette, oblong -cu-
neate, obscurely
cuspidate, pale
green, tips of nearly
all the lys. con-
nected with long
soft white hairs,
outer Ivs. tinted
with red-brown on
the back, about
%in. long; cauline
Ivs. oblong-lanceo-
late, small, tips with
a dense tuft of hairs :
fl.-sts. 3-4 in. high
including the dense
few-fld. panicle: fls.
9-12-merous, about
1 in. across; calyx-
segms. linear ; petals
^lanceolate, bright
"red. S. Eu. B.M.
68. G.L. 26:201.
Gn. 78, p. 437. Var.
tomentosum, Cariot
(S. tomentosum,
Schnittsp. & Lehm. S. Webbidnum, Hort.), has white
tomentose rosettes, with more obovate-cuneate Ivs.
and the rosettes are flatter and more compact. Var.
Hodkeri, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. minor,
Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. rilbrum, Hort., is
offered in the trade.
21. Doellianum, C. B. Lehm. Barren rosettes Yzr
%in. diam., the new ones shortly peduncled: Ivs. 40-50
to a rosette, oblanceolate, obscurely cuspidate, pale
green, surface slightly hairy, the tips of only the inner
ones connected by a few arachnoid threads, the outer
J^-^gin. long, tinted with red on the back; cauline Ivs.
lanceolate, Yzr%J&- long, with only an obscure tuft of
short hairs at the tips: fl.-st. including infl. 4-6 in. high:
fls. 9-10-merous. bright red, in a compact, few-fld.
panicle; calyx densely pubescent, segms. lanceolate;
petals lanceolate, ^in. long. Switzerland and Tyrol. —
Closely allied to S. arachnoideum,- by some authorities
considered a variant of it.
22. Lagged, Schott (S. arachnoideum var. Ldggeri,
Rouy. & Fouc.). Rosettes up to Km- diam., open, the
young ones close to the old ones or on peduncles up to
1% m- long: Ivs. gray-green, red- violet at the tip, short
glandular-hairy, at least above, lingulate, about J^in.
long, apex blunt, suddenly apiculate; cauline Ivs.
•H?-Km- long) rather close, hairy, tip tufted hairy and
red- or black- violet and red- or black-violet-dotted : fls.
bright rose, in a rather dense panicle borne on a reddish
st.; calyx-segms.' ovate-elongated, acute; petals oval-
lanceolate with the midnerve darker. Switzerland. Gn.
78, p. 470. — Closely allied to S. arachnoideum and con-
sidered a variety of it by some authorities. There is a
strong-growing variant of this species offered in the
trade under the name S. arachnoideum var. Ldggeri
gigantea, Hort.
3601. Sempervivum arachnoideum.
(XJfi
23. Haftsmannii, Lehm. & Schnittsp. Rosette
medium-sized, somewhat flat: Ivs. of the rosette ovate,
cuspidate, glabrous, margins ciliate, tip ciliate-tufted,
green, brownish at the tip: fl.-st. 5-6 in. high, erect: fls.
12-14-merous, rose-red in a dense many-fld. panicle;
calyx-segms. ovate-lanceolate, acute, glandular-cilia te;
petals ovate to linear-lanceolate, lower surface keeled,
margin glandular-ciliate. Tyrol.
24. P6melii, Lamotte; also misspelled Poemlii. Bar-
ren rosette !%-!% in. diam., the new ones nearly ses-
sile: Ivs. 50-60 to a rosette, oblanceolate, with a dis-
tinct cusp, a few hairs on both surfaces, the cusp
furnished with an inflexed tuft of hairs, outer Ivs. %-l
x %in., tinged with red; cauline Ivs. much imbricated,
lanceolate, hairy, the lower 1-13^ in. long: fl.-st. includ-
ing infl. 6-9 in. high, densely pilose: fls. 10-12-merous,
about 1 in. across, rose-red, in a panicle 3-4 in. diam.,
its simple branches 6-12-fld.; calyx densely pilose,
segms. linear-lanceolate, glandular; petals linear-
lanceolate. France.
25. fimbriatum, Schnittsp. & Lehm. Barren rosette
\-\Yi in. diam., the new rosettes nearly sessile: Ivs.
50-60 to a rosette, oblanceolate, obscurely cuspidate,
green, margins deflexed hairy, tip with a tuft of hairs,
outer Ivs. becoming red, /-^-Min. long; cauline Ivs.
pilose, lanceolate, red-tinted, much imbricated, lower
ones 1-1 Yi in. long: fl.-sts. including infl. 6-10 in. high,
densely glandular-pilose: fls. about 12-merous, 1 in.
across, bright red, in an open few-branched panicle;
calyx glandular-pilose, segms. linear-lanceolate; petals
lanceolate. Pyrenees and Tyrol. Gn. 78, p. 47.
26. assimile, Schott. Rosettes of barren Ivs. lJ^-2
in. diam., the new ones nearly sessile: Ivs. 60-80 to a
rosette, obovate-cuneate, cuspidate, pale glaucous
green, not red-tipped, margin short-ciliate, surface
minutely pubescent, outer Ivs. %-l in. long: fl.-sts.
including the infl. about 6 in. high: fls. 12-merous,
about %in. across, pale rose; calyx-segms. lanceolate;
petals linear. Transylvania.
27. pftmilum, Bieb. (S. anomalum, Hort.). Barren
rosette at most 1 in. diam., the copious new rosettes
shortly peduncled: Ivs. 30-40 to a rosette, oblanceolate,
cuspidate, green, pubescent, end mucro obscure, outer
Ivs. only tinted red-brown, %-J^x^in.; cauline Ivs.
lanceolate, hairy all over, tinted red-brown, the lowest
3^-Min. long: fl.-st. including infl. not more than 3-4
in. high: fls. few (4-8), about 12-merous, 1 in. across,
bright mauve-purple, in a dense head, all sessile or sub-
sessile; calyx very hairy, segms. lanceolate; petals
acuminate, very hairy outside. Caucasus.
28. montanum, Linn. Barren rosette 13^-l^i in.
diam., the few new rosettes on red pilose peduncles
1-1 1/2 in. long: Ivs. closely packed, 60-80 to a rosette,
oblanceolate-cuneate, cuspidate, green up to the tip,
both surfaces slightly pilose, outer Ivs. %-l x J^in.;
cauline Ivs. densely imbricated, lanceolate, tinted with
red-brown toward the tip, the lower 1-1 ^ in. long;
fl.-st. including infl. 3-6 in. high: fls. 12-14-merous,
bright mauve-red, in a very dense panicle, which is
lJ^-2 in. diam.; calyx very hairy, segms. lanceolate;
petals H-^in. long, linear-acuminate. Alps and Pyre-
nees. Var. glaciale, Lagg. (S. Lehmannii, Schnittsp.).
Lvs. linear-Ungulate, base somewhat narrowed, apex
bluntly pointed, upper surface weakly glandular-pubes-
cent; cauline Ivs. similar but shorter and brown-tipped:
fls. dirty red-brown, 10-12-merous; calyx-segms. linear-
lanceolate; petals linear. Switzerland.
29. flagelliforme, Fisch. Barren rosette 1-1 Yi in.
diam., with the lax new rosettes on long spreading
peduncles and the small Ivs. not aggregated into a dense
erect head: Ivs. 40-50 to a rosette, oblanceolate, ob-
scurely cuspidate, surface minutely downy, pale green
without a tint of red-brown at the tip, margin ciliate,
outer Ivs. % x Mm-» cauline Ivs. imbricated, lanceolate,
SEMPER VI VUM
SEMPERVI\TM
3147
hairy, lowest about lin.long: fl.-st. 3-4 in. high including
the infl.: fls. about 12-merous, about 1 in. across, bright
red, about &-8 in a dense head, sessile, or nearly so;
calyx densely pilose, segms. lanceolate; petals linear,
acuminate, densely glandular-pilose outside. Siberia (?).
30. Schnittspahnii, Lagg. (S. Funkii, Lej.). Rosette
medium-sized, open, the young ones on straight pedun-
cles VT-\ m. long: Ivs. of rosette ovate-lanceolate, with a
short hair point, glabrous, margin white-ciliate, dark
green, tip red-brown, keeled beneath; cauline Ivs.
lanceolate: fl.-st. erect, furrowed, at top slightly winged,
white-hairy : fls. brown-rose, later rose, more than 6-
merous; petals broadly lanceolate. Switzerland.
31. Mettenianum, Schnittsp. & Lehm. (S. pom-
florum, Lehm. & Schnittsp.). Rosettes flat, 1^-2 in.
diam.. the young ones on peduncles 3-4 in. long, which
are commonly Ivd. below: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, cuspi-
date, base narrowed, glabrous, margin ciliate, gray-
green marbled with grass-green, tip red-brown; cauline
Ivs. long, straight-acuminate, appressed: fl.-st. spread-
ing, white-hairy, bearing a racemose panicle: fls. rose;
petals linear-lanceolate. Cent. Eu. G.M. 57:847. —
Allied to 5. teciarum.
32. blandum, Schott (5. rubicundum, Schvir). Sts.
7-10 in. high, they and the branches of the propagations
densely puberulent : rosettes 1 } -y-2 in. diam. : Ivs. of the
rosettes obovate-spatulate, short-cuspidate, margin
ciliate, glaucous; cauline Ivs. spreading, linear-oblong,
apiculate-cuspidate, both surfaces softly-puberulent:
infl. puberulent and pilose: fls. 12-merous, pale rose;
sepals lanceolate, acute; petals lanceolate, acuminate,
midnerve deeper colored. Transylvania.
33. Lam6ttei, Bor. Barren rosettes 3—4 in. diam.,
the copious young rosettes sessile : Ivs. obpvate-cuneate,
cuspidate, glabrous, marginal cilia stiff, outer Ivs.
1^-1 H x y<r^/\an., green or faintly glaucous, with only
the faintest tint of red-brown at the tip: fl.-st. including
infl. often more than 1 ft. high, densely glandular-pilose:
fls. 12-16-merous, 1 in. across, pale pink, in a panicle
with the main branches often bifid; calyx densely pilose,
segms. linear-lanceolate ; petals narrow. France. — Has
been referred to S. tectorum by some authors.
34. tectSrum, Linn. (S. robustum, Jord. & Fourr. S.
purpurdscens, Schott). HOUSELEEK. OLD-MAN-ANT>-
WOMAX. Fig. 3602. Developed barren rosettes 3—4 in.
diam., abundantly stoloniferous, the new rosettes
crowded and sessile: Ivs. 50-60 to a rosette, obovate-
cuneate, cuspidate, 1 %-2 or finally 3 x ^j-%in., pale
green, with a distinct red-brown tip; cauline Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, acute: fl.-st. including infl. about 1 ft. high,
densely pilose: fls. 11-15- mostly 12-merous, %-l in.
across, pale red, in a scorpioid, 10-12-branched panicle
5-6x3-4 in.; calyx densely pilose, segms. lanceolate;
petals linear, keeled, the keel deeper red. Eu. and
Orient. C.L.A. 25. March, p. 54. — Variable. Var.
cupreum, Hort., is said to have large rosettes which are
glaucous and rose-colored; it flowers rarely. Var.
expansion, Hort.. is said to have broader Ivs. and more
open rosettes than the type. Var. pyrenaicum, Hort., is
offered in the trade. Var. rilbrum, Hort., has been
grown in botanic gardens. Var. violaceum, Hort., has
been grown in botanic gardens.
35. Funckii, F. Braun; also spelled Funkii. Barren
rosettes 1 H-2 in. diam. surrounded by a dense circle of
young ones on bright red decumbent peduncles, which
are 1 in. or more long and densely rosulate at their tip:
Ivs. 80-100 to a rosette, oblanceolate-cuneate, cuspidate,
green and glabrous or slightly pilose when young, outer
Ivs. Yr-% x Kin., lower cauline Ivs. about 1 in. long:
fl.-st. including infl. 6^-9 in. high, densely pilose: fls.
11-12-merous, about 1 in. across, bright red-purple, in a
panicle 2-3 in. diam.; calyx-segms. lanceolate; petals
36. gla&cum, Tenore (S. Comollii, Rota. S. acwnina-
tum, Schott, not Jacquem. S. Schdttii, Baker, not
Schnittsp. & Lehm. S. Schlehanii, Schott). Barren
rosettes 2-3 in. diam., the copious young ones sessile or
nearly so: Ivs. oblanceolate-cuneate, cuspidate, gla-
brous, glaucous, with a slight red-brown tip, outer Ivs.
1-1J4 x 2^6-^in.; cauline Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, red-
tinted, lowest 1-2 in. long: fl.-st. including the infl. 6-12
in. high, densely pilose, at least above: fls. 12-14-
merous, about 1 in. across, pale or bright red, in a short
compact panicle, 2-3 in. diam.; calyx densely pilose to
glandular-pilose, segms. lanceolate; petals somewhat
keeled. Cent. Eu. — The synonymy is much involved
and by some authorities S. Comottii is said to be a
hybrid, S. acuminatum and S. Schottii synonymous and
distinct, and S. Schlehanii also distinct, but the differ-
ences seem extremely weak.
37. Verl6ttii, Lamotte. Barren rosettes 1^-2 in.
diam., the new ones nearly sessile: Ivs. about 50 to a
rosette, oblanceolate-cuneate, cuspidate, glabrous, pale
green, faintly glaucous, only the very tip tinged with
red-brown, margin stiff -ciliate, outer Ivs. %-l x J4-Hm-i
cauline Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, lowest about
1 in. long: fl.-st. including the infl. 6-9 in. high: fls.
12-14-merous, %-%in. across, rose-red, in a panicle
3—4 in. diam., simple glandular-pilose branched, each
branch with 8-12 fls.; calyx densely glandular-pilose;
petals densely ciliated on the back. Alps of Dauphine.
38. atlanticum, Baker (S. tectorum var. atldnticum,
Ball). Barren rosettes 2-3 in. diam., the young rosettes
nearly sessile: Ivs. oblanceolate-cuneate, cuspidate, pale
green, glabrous when mature, hardly at all tipped with
red-brown, outer Ivs. 1-1 K ™. long, >£in. broad above
the middle; cauline Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, noticeably
claret-red-tipped: fls.-st. including infl. nearly 1 ft. high:
fls. 12-merous, pale red, 1 in. across, in a short panicle,
3-4 in. diam.; calyx densely pilose; petals linear, acumi-
nate. Morocco. B.M. 6055.
3602. Rosette and offsets of a hooseleefe.— Sempervivnm
tectomm.
glandular-pubescent outside.
montanum.
S. Eu.— Allied to S.
39. triste, Hort. Barren rosettes 2-3 in. diam.: Ivs.
oblanceolate-cuneate, cuspidate, glabrous, margin short-
ciljate, lower part dull drab-green, the whole upper part
bright red-brown; cauline Ivs. red-brown throughout,
lower ones 2-3 in. long: fl.-st. robust as in S. tectorum:
fls. about 1 in. across, bright red, in a panicle 6 x 3—4 in. ;
calyx moderately hairy, deeply tinted with red-brown.
Hab.(?).-~- A rare form allied to S. tectorum. Var.
bicolor, Hort., is offered in the trade.
40. Greenii, Baker. Barren rosette about 1J^ in.
diam., the new ones nearly sessile: Ivs. 40-50 to a
rosette, oblanceolate-cuneate, cuspidate, glabrous, glau-
cous with a distinct red-brown tip ^-J^in. long, mar-
gins decurved ciliate, outer Ivs. %-l x }£in., cauline lys.
much imbricated, lanceolate, hairy, red-tinted, %-l in.
long: fl.-st. including infl. 6 in. high: fls. 11-12-merous,
3148
SEMPER VIVUM
SENECIO
about Hin. across, pale red, in a panicle 1 ^-2 in. diam.;
calyx densely pilose; petals densely ciliated. Habitat
unknown, possibly the French Alps.
41. calc&reum, Jord. (S. californicum, Hort.). Bar-
ren rosettes about 2 in. diam., young ones nearly ses-
sile: Ivs. oblanceolate-cuneate, cuspidate, very glau-
cous, with a very distinct red-brown tip, glabrous, outer
Ivs. 1-l^x %in.; cauline Ivs. densely imbricated,
oblong-lanceolate, l-llA in. long: fl.-st. less than 1 ft.
high, including the infl. : fls. 10-12-merous, %in. across,
pale red in a panicle 3-4 in. long, with 8-12 simple
scorpioid branches; calyx densely pilose, segms. lanceo-
late; petals greenish down the keel, densely ciliate.
France on the calcareous alps of Dauphine.
42. arvernense, Lecq. & Lamotte. Barren rosette
1^-23^ in. diam., copiously stolonif erous : Ivs. about
same number as in S. tectorum, oblanceolate-cuneate,
cuspidate, bright pale green, glabrous, tips of Ivs. with
a distinct red-brown blotch J^-^in. long, outer Ivs.
1-1% in- long: fl.-st. including infl. 6-8 in. high, densely
pilose: fls. pale pink, in a panicle 2-3 in. long and broad,
the lower fls. distinctly pedicelled; calyx-segms. lanceo-
late; petals linear. France.
43. Boutignyanum, Bill. & Gren. Barren rosette
2-3 in. broad, copiously stolonif erous: Ivs. oblanceo-
late-cuneate, cuspidate, glabrous, green, with a dis-
tinct, decurrent red-brown tip, outer Ivs. 1-1 M in.
long; cauline Ivs. lanceolate, 1 in. or more long: fl.-st.
including infl. 6^8 in. long, short-pilose: fls. 12-14-
merous, about %in. across, pale rose, in a panicle 2-3
in. diam. which has 8-12 crowded fls.; calyx-segms.
lanceolate; petals densely glandular-ciliate. Eu. —
Botanically probably a variant of S. arvernense.
44. alpinum, Griseb. & Schenk. Rosettes 2-3 in.
diam.: Ivs. of rosettes oblanceolate, base cuneate,
apex short-acute, glabrous, green, red-tipped; cauline
Ivs. oblong to lanceolate, acuminate, sparsely pilose
beneath: fls. purple-reddish in a panicle, star-like,
expanded; petals 12, linear-lanceolate, glandular-ciliate,
dorsally obscurely stria te. Eu. — Botanically it is proba-
bly only a variant of S. arvernense, though referred by
some authorities to S. montanum.
45. Boissieri, Hort. Barren rosette very dense, 2-2 J^
in. diam., composed of about 100 Ivs.; new rosettes
short-peduncled : Ivs. oblanceolate-cuneate, cuspidate,
broadest near the middle, glabrous, green, noticeably
red-brown-tinted at the tip, 1-1 % in. long; cauline Ivs.
closely imbricated, red-tinted, oblong to lanceolate:
fl.-sts. including the infl. 8-9 in. high.: fls. pale red,
12-14-merous, about 1 in. across, in a panicle about 2
in. diam. Hab.(?).
S. affine, Lamotte, is offered in the trade as having dark green
rosettes marked with rose: fls. red. Eu. The botanical description
w not available and the species is not treated in recent European
floras. — S. atropurpureum, Hort., is offered in the trade as having
rosettes washed with purple: fls. red. — S. chrysanthoides, Hort., is
offered in the trade as a form with white fls. — S. cilidsum, Craib.
Barren rosettes more or less flat, up to 1 M in. diam. : Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, more or less acuminate, up to %in. long, keeled beneath,
conspicuously long white-ciliate toward the apex, pubescent above,
outer Ivs. red-tinted; cauline Ivs. imbricate, tip red-suffused: fl.-
sts. about 2 in. high, bearing about 6 subsessile fls. : fls. about 1 in.
across, pale green, 9-11-merous; calyx-segms. oblong-lanceolate,
acute, glandular-pubescent; petals linear, glandular - pubescent
externally. Hab.(?). Grown in botanic gardens.— S. c6lchicum,
Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. commutatum, Hort., is offered in
the trade.— S. Delp6ntii, Hort., is a trade name.— S. elegans, Lagg.
losettes small, about J^in. diam., the young ones on short shoots
forming a mat: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, cuspidate, short-villous,
weakly cobwebbed, pale green, slightly ciliated; cauline Ivs.
numerous, slightly separated, oval-lanceolate, brown toward their
tip and tufted ciliate: fl.-st. weak, almost prostrate on the ground
during flowering and glandular-hairy; petals oval-lanceolate, acumi-
nate. Switzerland. Not treated in any of the recent Swiss floras but
offered in the trade.— 5. hispdnicum, Willd., is a doubtful species
with subulate, semi-terete, ciliate, imbricated Ivs.; possibly a
>edum. — 6. hispdmcum, Pourr., equals Sedum nicajense. — S. his-
pidulum, Hort., is offered in the trade.— S. hispidum, Hort., is a horti-
cultural name. — S. humilum, Hort., is a horticultural name. — S.
kopaomkense.Panc., is said to be related to S. Heuffelii by Pancic,
but is not well known and it is suggested that it is only a form of
that species by recent authors. Serbia.— S. Ldggei, Hort., is pre-
sumably an error for Laggeri. — S. leucdnthemum, Hort., is probably
an error for leucanthum. — S. leucdnthum, Pane., is described as a
form with rather small rosettes, 12-merous fls. and white petals,
grown in gardens, now questionably referred to S. tectorum. — S.
margindtum, Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. pildsum, Hort., is a
trade name. — S. pyrenaicum, Lamotte, is offered in the trade as
having handsomely formed and dark red rosettes. Eu. The botani-
cal description is not available and the recent European floras do
not treat this species.- — S. rubens, Hort., is offered in the trade.— S.
rubrum, Hort., is offered as having a dark base to the Ivs., possibly
the same as S. tectorum var. rubrum. — S. rupestre, Hort., is a
trade name, perhaps a form of S. tectorum. — S. Scherzeridnum,
Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. specidsum, Lamotte, is offered in
the trade. Eu. The botanical description is not available and none
of the recent European floras mentions it. — S. spindsum, Hort., is
a trade name. — S. spinulifblium, Hort., is offered in the trade and
also occurs in botanic gardens. — S. Th6msonii, Lindsay (S.
arachnoideum X S. tectorum), is offered in the trade; no description
of the hybrid is available. — S. unMcilum, Hort., is a trade name.
Var. spindsum, Hort., is a trade name perhaps the same as the plant
offered in the trade as S. spinosum. — S. urbicum, C. Smith.
Shrubby: st. erect, 3 ft. high, simple, stout, covered with If.-scars:
Ivs. many, rosulate at the top of the st., 4-6 x 1 ]4 in., narrowly
spatulate, cuspidate, very thick, pale green, margins erosely ser-
rulate, sessile or short-petioled : panicle very large, pyramidal, 3 ft.
high and nearly as broad, many-branched; fls. 10-merous, pale
yellow, J^in. across: calyx cup-shaped; petals lanceolate, acute.
Canary Isls. B.M. 7893. Belongs to the same group as S. arboreum.
A very showy species but tender. — S. violaceum, Hort., is offered in
the trade; possibly the same as S. tectorum var. violaceum. — S.
Zelebori, Scnott. Barren rosette more than 2 in. diam., the young
ones borne on densely puberulent peduncles: Ivs. spatulate-ob-
lanceolate to spatulate-lingulate, apex apiculate and purple, short-
ciliate, both surfaces densely puberulent, glaucous; cauline Ivs.
smaller, linear-lingulate, apiculate and puberulent: fl.-st. minutely
glandular and densely hirsute: fls. 11-12-merous, pale yellowish;
calyx-segms. lanceolate; petals linear-lanceolate, acuminate, viscid
hirtellous dorsally. Serbia. By some authorities referred to S. Pit-
tonii, by others to S. globiferum; apparently distinct from both
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SENEBIERA (after Johann Senebier, a naturalist of
Geneva). Cruciferse. Annual or biennial herbs, very
diffusely branched from the ground, hardy: Ivs. alter-
nate, entire or pinnatisect: racemes short; fls. minute,
white, rarely purple; sepals short, spreading; stamens
free: silique small, didymous, laterally compressed;
valves shut, subglobose, rugose or crested. — About 15
species in the temperate and warmer regions of the
world.
The oldest name of the genus and the one now
accepted by those following the International rules is
Coronopus (Greek crow and foot, alluding to the form
and arrangement of the deeply cut Ivs.). C. didy-
mus, Smith (Senebiera didyma, Pers. S. pinnatifida,
DC. Leptdium didymum, Linn. Carara didyma, Brit.).
Plant 6-12 in. high: Ivs. 1-2-pinnately parted: fls.
white, small, numerous: pods notched at the apex,
rough-wrinkled. Widely distributed as a cosmopolitan
weed.
SENECIO (Latin name for plants of this genus, ulti-
mately from senex, "old man;" said to be in allusion to
the hoary pappus). Composite. GROUNDSEL. A various
group, some of the herbaceous members of which are
grown as border plants for their mostly yellow heads
and sometimes for the striking habit; others are climb-
ers, grown mostly indoors, as the so-called German ivy;
the shrubby kinds are little known in cultivation.
Senecio is probably the largest genus of plants, com-
prising some 1,200 species in all parts of the world. A
genus comprising so many members and being so widely
distributed is necessarily variable and therefore prac-
tically impossible of concise definition. A distinguishing
mark of the senecios lies in the character of the involu-
cre,— scales or bracts in one series, and usually re-
inforced at the base by shorter scales or bracteoles that
give the head the appearance of having a small calyx.
Heads usually radiate, the ray-florets pistillate and
fertile, but sometimes the rays absent and then the
head is homogamous (florets all of one kind, i. e., per-
fect); disk-florets tubular, 5-toothed; style-branches
subterete, truncate, rounded-obtuse, occasionally ter-
minated by a small penicillate tuft of hairs; receptacle
usually naked: achenes mostly terete and ribbed;
pappus of soft whitish, often copious bristles. Most of
SEXECIO
SEXECIO
3149
the senecios are yellow-rayed. Of the vast number of
species, very few have gained prominence in horti-
culture.
To Senecio belong the genera known to gardeners as
Jacobsea, Kleinia, and Cineraria. The latter is a
Senecio, although the florist's cineraria is described
under that name in Vol. I of this work. Bentham &
Hooker refer to Senecio the genus Cacalia, which is
kept distinct by American botanists. Hoffman (in
Engler & Prantl's Natiirl. Pflanzenfamilien) refers the
garden genus Emilia to Senecio, but keeps Ligularia
(including Farfugium) and Cineraria (not the florist's
cineraria) distinct. See Emilia; also Ligularia.
If the greenhouse cineraria (which is technically a
Senecio as understood by Bentham & Hooker) is
omitted, the most popular species are S. mikanioides
or German ivy. 5. ekgans or purple ragwort, S. pulcher,
and 5. Cineraria, one of the plants commonly known
as dusty miller. Various other plants are known as
dusty miller, and one of them, Artemisia Stelleriana, is
sometimes confounded with Senecio Cineraria. Most
other species are of very minor importance to the horti-
culturist. Several species are found in the European
trade, and of the sixty or more species native to the
United States and Canada, about a half dozen have
been offered by dealers in native plants, but they are
practically unknown horticulturally. Most of the species
are wholly herbaceous, but in South Africa. Australia,
Central and South America many species are shrubby.
Some species are even arborescent ; others are climbers.
In South Africa and the Canaries is a small series of
species that has been separated as Kleinia, distin-
guished mostly by their habit, being for the most part
fleshy shrubs or herbs, with terete or angular stems
and whitish or pale yellow rayless flowers. Species of
this group are sometimes seen in collections of succu-
lents. S. vulgaris. Linn., from Europe, is a common
annual weed in various parts of this country.
Since senecios afford both greenhouse and hardy
border plants, it is impossible to give general cultural
directions. The species are not difficult to manage,
however, and most of them propagate readily by means
of greenwood cuttings and seeds; the hardy species
may be divided. Most of the tender species require
coolhouse conditions.
acanthi foli us, 25.
albidus. 9.
albus. 7.
Antettphorbium, 1.
articulatus, 1.
aureo-marginatus,' 25.
aureus. 17.
auriculatissimus, 6.
Bolanderi, 16.
candidissimus, 25.
Cineraria, 25.
cruentus, 33.
Doria, 10.
Doronicum, 12.
Douglasii, 26.
elegans. 7.
erect us. 7.
INDEX.
exaltatus, 14.
Faberi, 18.
fastigiatus, 22.
Ghitsbreghiii, 29.
glastifolius, 28.
grandiflorus, 9.
grandifolius, 29.
Greyii, 24.
Henryi. 19.
Heritieri, 32.
Jacobasa, 20.
Kirkii, 28.
lugens, 13.
macroglossus, 5.
macrophyllus, 11.
magnificus. 27.
maritima, 25.
mikanioides, 3.
Palmeri, 23.
pendula, 1.
Petasitis, 31.
Prainianus, 30.
pulcher, 8.
purpureug, 7.
radicans, 2.
saxifragoides, 15.
scandens. 3, 4.
spinulosa. 1.
fuspensa, I.
tanguticus, 19.
uniflorus, 21.
renuftus. 9.
Webberianus, 33.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. St. and Irs. more or less fleshy: heads
rayless.
B. LTS. flat, laciniate 1. articulatus
BB. LTS. terete, unditided 2. radicans
AA. St. and hs. not fleshy: heads rayless or
radiate.
B. Habit climbing.
c. Heads rayless 3. mikanioides
cc. Heads radiate.
D. Plants pubescent 4. scandens
DD. Plants glabrous.
E. Lrs. not conspicuously auricled
at the base 5. macroglossus
EE. Lts. conspicuously auricled at [mus
the base. . . 6. auricula tissi-
BB. Habit not climbing,
c. Annuals.
D. Lts. 1—3 cm. long, deeply pinnati-
fid 7. elegaas
DD. Lts. Jf-10 cm. long, lobate-dentate. 8. pulcher
cc. Perennials.
D. Lts. pinnately veined.
E. The st. herbaceous: plants not
densely white-tomentose.
F. Rays purple 9. grandiflorus
FF. Rays yellow.
G. All Its. undivided.
H. Plants glabrous: intolucral
bracts not black-tipped.
I. LTS. glaucous 10. Doria
n. Lrs. not glaucous 11. macrophyllus
HH. Plants more or less pubes-
cent.
I. Intolucral bracts black-
tipped.
l. Pubescence floccose-woolly.
K. Lower hs. closely den-
tate 12. Doronicum
KK. Lower Irs. remotely
denticulate 13. lugens
11. Pubescence of hirsute,
jointed hairs 14. exaltatus
n. Intolucral bracts not black-
tipped 15. saxifragoides
QG. All Its. or some of them di-
vided.
H. St.-lts. once-pinnate.
I. Height of plants 6 in. to 3
ft.: basal Its. unditided.
i. Intolucral bracts 13, usu-
ally pubescent 16. Bolanderi
II. Intolucral bracts 21, gla-
brous 17. aureus
n. Height of plants J^-7 ft.:
Its. all pinnatifld.
i. Infl. corymbose 18. Faberi
jj. Infl. paniculate 19. tanguticus
HH. St.-lvs. 2-S-pinnatisecL 20. Jacobaea
EE. The st. herbaceous or distinctly
woody: plants usually white-
tomentose throughout (some-
times glabrous inS. Douglasii).
r. Heads solitary 21. uniflorus
FF. Heads several to many.
G. Lrs. all unditided.
H. Shape of Its. oblanceolate.
i. Sts. not leafy 22. fastigiatus
n. Sts. leafy 23. Palmeri
HH. Shape of Its. oblong to ovate;
glabrous above 24. Greyii
GG. Lts. all or some of them di-
vided.
H. Lf. -divisions broad, obtuse;
bracteoles inconspicuous. .25. Cineraria
HH. Lf. -divisions narrow, acute;
bracteoles conspicuous .... 26. Douglasii
EEE. The st. woody: shrubs or under-
shrubs, not white-tomentose.
F. Length of Its. 3-5 in.
G. Rays yellow 27. magnificus
GG. Rays white 28. Kirkii
FF. Length of Its. 6^-18 in 29. grandifolius
DD. Lts . palmately veined.
E. Heads rayless 30. Prainianus
EE. Heads radiate.
r. St. woody.
G. Lts. 4^2O cm. broad: heads
numerous 31. Petasitis
GG. Lts. 1-3 cm. broad: heads
solitary 32. Heritieri
FF. St. herbaceous 33. cruentus
1. articulatus, Schz. Bip. (Kleinia articulata. Haw.).
CANDLE PLANT. Plant branching, glabrous and fleshy,
1-2 ft. high, the branches s_wollen at intervals: Ivs. flat
and flesh}-, petiolate, laciniate or mncinate, with acu-
minate lobes: heads discoid and all the florets perfect,
white, in small corymbs on naked peduncles: achenes
downy. S. Afr. — Perhaps the commonest kleinia in
cult., being grown with coolhouse succulents. S.
3150
SENECIO
SENECIO
(Kleinia) Anteuphorbium, Schz. Bip., is sometimes seen
in collections, although it is not known to be in the
American trade. It is a glabrous shrub 3-4 ft. high, with
fleshy sts. constricted at the joints, small, erect, fleshy,
entire Ivs. that are decurrent on the st., and solitary
cylindric yellow-fid, heads (with rose tinge) an inch
long. B. M. 6099. According to J. D. Hooker, this
3603. Senecio radicans.
plant "is one of the oldest Cape plants in cult, having,
according to Dodonaeus, been brought to Eu. in 1570,
and cult, in England in Gerard's garden in 1596. The
name Anteuphorbium was given because of its being a
reputed antidote against the acrid poison of the Cape
Euphorbium." The names Kleinia spinidosa, K. pen-
dula, and K. suspensa have appeared in the American
trade, but they are unidentifiable.
2. radicans, Schz. Bip. (Cacalia radicans, Linn. f.
Kleinia radicans, Haw.). Fig. 3603. Sts. prostrate,
readily rooting from the nodes: Ivs. fleshy, cylindrical,
straight or somewhat curved, 1 in. or less in length, J^in.
thick, acute, narrowed at the base into a short petiole:
peduncle terminal, bearing a single rayless head. S.
Afr. — A desirable plant for the rockery; it grows freely
among cacti and other fleshy plants.
3. mikanioides, Otto (S. scdndens, DC.). GERMAN
IVY. Fig. 3604. Slender and glabrous, tall-twining: Ivs.
ovate or deltoid-ovate in outline, mostly with a deep
basal sinus, sharply 5^7-angled or angle-lobed: heads
small, discoid, yellow, in close clusters on axillary and
terminal branches; bracts of the involucre shorter than
the disk-fls. S. Afr. G. 35:343. — Very common con-
servatory and window-garden plant, easily prop, by
cuttings.
4. scandens, Buch.-Ham., not DC. A hardy plant
with woody climbing sts. reaching a height of several
feet: branches slightly hirsute: Ivs. short-petiolate,
elliptic-lanceolate in general outline, undivided or bear-
ing two or more divisions at the base of the blade, tri-
angular-dentate, grayish green and finely pubescent on
both surfaces: infl. a terminal panicle; heads radiate,
rays commonly 8, yellow. China. R.H. 1909, p. 407. —
Intro, by de Vilmorin, Verrieres-le-Buisson, France.
5. macroglossus, DC. CAPE IVY. An herbaceous
glabrous climbing perennial: Ivs. petiolate, deltoid-
hastate, 1-1 Yi in. long and broad, usually with 2 sali-
ent acuminate basal lobes, entire or subdentate, cor-
date to almost truncate at the base: flowering branches
1-3-headed: heads radiate with 8-12 yellow rays; disk-
fls. 40-50: achenes glabrous. S. Afr. G. 26:26.— A
coolhouse climber.
6. auriculatissimus, Brit. A perfectly glabrous
climbing perennial, freely branching with divaricately
spreading branches: Ivs. petiolate, transversely oblong
to Gubreniform, 2-3 in. broad, coarsely crenate-dentate,
bright green above, paler beneath; petioles 1-2 in. long,
slender, channeled above, abruptly dilated at the base
into 2 broad auricles completely clasping the st.: heads
radiate, about 1 in. diam., disposed in loose terminal
corymbose cymes; ray-fls. about 13, rays yellow:
achenes 5-ribbed, puberulent along the ribs. Brit. Cent.
Afr. G. C. III. 27:133, desc. B.M. 7731.— On account
of the peculiar foliage and bright yellow fls. it is a
striking plant and well worthy of more general cult.
7. elegans, Linn. (S. purpureus, Hort. Jacobsea ele-
gans, Moench). PURPLE RAGWORT. Annual, viscid-
pubescent, erect or diffuse, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. various,
mostly oblong in outline, pinnate, lobed or toothed, the
sinuses chiefly broad and rounded, clasping at the base .
heads in loose corymbs, the rays purple; disk-fls. yellow.
S. Afr. B.M. 238. Var. erectus, Harv. St. slender but
erect: Ivs. pinnate or 2-pinnatifid. — S. elegans is an
old garden plant. A common form of it has double fls.
Var. albus, Hort., has white fls.
8. pulcher, Hook. & Arn. Robust, 2-4 ft. high, white-
cobwebby: st. simple or nearly so and scarcely leafy:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, 4-10 in. long, thick, shallow-
lobed and crenate-toothed: heads 2-3 in. across, with
many long, red-purple rays and a yellow disk. Uruguay
and Argentina. B.M. 5959. R.H. 1877, p. 94; 1896,
p. 329. Gn. 49, p. 122. G.M. 40:745. G. 31: p. 489,
desc. — A very bold species, with striking erect habit
and large fls. in summer. Perennial, although it has
been described as annual. In protected places and well-
drained soils, it is hardy in S. New England.
9. grandiflSrus, Berg. (S. venustus, Ait.). An herba-
ceous perennial 4-5 ft. high: st. simple or sparingly
branched, virgate, striate, glabrous or nearly so, rather
leafy except toward the infl.: Ivs. sessile, pinnately
parted into linear divisions with revolute margins,
glabrous or sparingly pilose: heads numerous, radiate,
strongly calyculate, disposed in a loose nearly naked
corymbose cyme; rays purple; disk-fls. yellow: achenes
striate, glabrous or puberulent in the furrows. S. Afr.
B.R. 901. Var. albidus, Harv. (S. dlbidus, Mey.). Both
ray- and disk-fls. pale or whitish.
10. D6ria, Linn. Erect, 3-4 ft. high: radical Ivs. oval-
oblong or oblanceolate, 6-15 in. long, dentate, glabrous
and glaucous, gradually narrowed into a winged petiole;
st.-lvs. oblong-lanceolate, sessile and somewhat decur-
rent: heads yellow, with 5 or 6 rays. Eu. — Hardy
perennial.
11. macrophyllus, Bieb. (Jacobxa macrophylla, Mey.).
A stout herbaceous perennial, 3-4 ft. high, glabrous or
nearly so: lower Ivs. obovate-oblong or oblanceolate,
6-48 in. long, 1-4 in. broad, gradually narrowed into a
winged petiole, pale green, not glaucous; upper st.-lvs.
3604. Senecio mikanioides, usually called German ivy. ( X K)
sessile, semi-amplexicaul and somewhat decurrent on
the st. : heads radiate, disposed in a terminal compound
cormybose cyme. Eu. — Closely related to the preced-
ing. Not infrequent in European gardens and occa-
sionally offered in trade catalogues. — Not the same as
LfiguLaria macrophylla, DC. ; see supplementary list.
SEXECIO
SENECIO
3151
12. Doronicum, Linn. LEOPARD'S BANE. A hardy
herbaceous perennial, floccose-tomentulose to glabrous:
Ivs. thickish, ovate to lanceolate, 2-7 in. long, Yy-^A
in. broad, the lower usually rather coarsely dentate and
narrowed into a winged petiole, the upper much reduced,
sessile and entire: heads few, large, including the bright
yellow or orange-colored
rays 1-2 J^ in. diam.;
bracts of the involucre as
well as the bracteoles
attenuate, black - tipped :
achenes striate, glabrous.
S. Eu. — Frequently
offered by European deal-
ers, but seldom grown in
American gardens.
13. Iftgens, Richards.
An herbaceous peren-
nial, floccose-woolly when
young but becoming
nearly or quite glabrous:
st. practically naked
above: Ivs. oblong-obo-
yate to lanceolate, lJ^-6
in. long, Yr-\ in. broad,
repand - denticulate, the
lower narrowed into a
winged petiole: heads
relatively few, radiate,
including the yellow rays
y-r-^Y^ in. diam.; bracts
of the involucre as well as
the subtending bracteoles
acute, black-tipped:
achenes striate, glabrous.
3605. Senicio aureus.
W. X. Amer. in the Rocky Mts. from Mont, to Alaska.
— A species very little known horticulturally.
14. exaltatus, Nutt. An herbaceous perennial: st.
simple, erect, 8 in. to 3 ft. high, striate, glabrous, or
somewhat pubescent with long flaccid jointed white
hairs: lower Ivs. oblong-ovate to lanceolate, including
the narrowly winged petiole 3-8 in. long, Yr^> in. broad,
entire to unequally dentate, glabrous or more or less
crisp-hirsute; upper st.-lvs. much reduced, sessile: heads
nearly J^in. high, few to many, radiate with yellow
rays. Mont, to Ore.. Wash, and adjacent Canada. —
Little known in horticulture.
15. saxifragoides, Hook. f. A perennial herb from a
stout rootstock: st. about 1 ft. high, branched, covered
at the base with a long silky-woolly tomentum and
clothed above with white hairs
intermixed with purple setae:
radical Ivs. petiolate, oblong-
elliptic to nearly orbicular, 3—5
in. long. 1 ^4-4 in. broad, dentic-
ulate. appressed-villous, setose
near the margin, and more or
less glabrous above, hoary-
woolly beneath: heads sev-
eral. corymbose, radiate; rays
18-20, yellow; disk-fls. numer-
ous: achenes glabrous. New
Zeal. B.M. 8394.— Intro, into
England in 1908 and brought
to flower two years later at
Kew; it is a strikingly beauti-
ful plant worthy of cult.
16. Bolanderi, Gray. A slen-
der herbaceous perennial: st.
ascending or erect from a
creeping rootstock, 6-20 in.
high: radical and lower st.-lvs.
undivided and crenately
lobate - dentate to pinnately
divided into oblong - obovate
•7
3607. Senecio Cineraria —
the typical form with rays.
3606, Senecio Cineraria. One of toe plants known
as dusty miller.
to almost rotund divisions, glabrous above, usually
pubescent beneath, including the petiole 2-6 in. long, YT~
1^4 in. broad: heads few, radiate, disposed in a corym-
bose cyme; involucre of about 13 bracts, commonly
tawny-pubescent; ray-fls. 5-8, rays yellow; disk-fls.
25-40: achenes glabrous. Calif, and Ore., near the
coast.
17. aureus, Linn. GOL-
DEX RAGWORT. Fig. 3605.
An herbaceous perennial:
sts. 1 to several from a root-
stock, 1-2 ft. high, glabrous
or not infrequently white-
tomentulose in the If .-axils,
along the margins of the
petioles, and in the inn.:
lower Ivs. petiolate, un-
divided and rotund - ovate,
somewhat triangular-ovate
to oblong-ovate, J^-6 in.
long, two-thirds to nearly
or quite as broad, crenate
to doubly serrate-dentate,
usually deeply cordate at
the base, green on both sur-
faces or tinged with purple
beneath, glabrous or occa-
sionally slightly tomentu-
lose and soon glabrate;
petioles 3^-10 in. long; st.-
lvs. variable, petiolate to
sessile and ample xicaul.
lyrate to pinnatisect, re-
duced toward the inn. some-
times to linear entire bracts :
inn. a terminal several- to
many - headed corymbose
cyme; heads J^-J^in. high, radiate; involucre cam-
panulate, calyculate, glabrous or occasionally slightly
tomentulose ; bracts of the involucre 13-21, linear, acute ;
ray-fls. 8-12, rays yellow; disk-fls. numerous: achenes
glabrous. Lab. to Ga., west to N. D. and Ark. B.B.
3:544. — Frequently grown in American gardens.
18. Faberi, Hemsl. A stout coarse herb, glabrous or
glabrescent: sts. several, 4-5 ft. high, striate-angled,
hollow: lys. pinnatifid, coarsely dentate, expanding at
the base into 2 large auricles partially clasping the st.;
the lowermost Ivs. becoming 2 ft. in length: inn. a
many-headed corymbose cyme 6-8 in. diam.; heads
radiate with 3-5 deep yellow rays; disk-fls. 8-12, yellow.
W. China. G.C. III. 40:43,
desc. — Originally intro. by
Veitch & Sons, and more re-
cently by E. H. Wilson, who
has traveled in China.
19. tanguticus, Maxim. (S.
Henryi, Hemsl.). A tall stout
herbaceous perennial, glabrous
or nearly so: st. 6-7 ft. high,
branched above, leafy: Ivs.
broadly ovate or deltoid in
general outline, 5-7 in. long
and broad, pinnately divided
into 'lanceolate coarsely and re-
motely toothed divisions, dark
green above, paler beneath;
petioles of the lower Ivs. long
and dilated below into an
amplexicaul base: heads very
numerous, radiate, disposed in
a terminal pyramidal panicle;
ray-fls. 3 or 4, rays yellow;
disk-fls. 3 or 4, corolla-lobes
revolute. W. China. B. M.
7912. Gn. 64, p. 237.— A oon-
3152
SENECIO
SENECIO
3608. Senecio
Douglasii. ( X M)
spicuous and attractive species; flowers in Sept. and
Oct. Frequently offered by American dealers.
20. Jacobjea, Linn. TANSY RAGWORT. STINKING
WILLIE. An erect biennial or perennial herb: st. 1-3 ft.
high, leafy : basal Ivs. petiolate, sublyrate; st.-lvs. sessile,
in- long, %-2% in. broad, 2-3-pinnatisect : heads
numerous, radiate with yellow rays.
Eu. Naturalized in N. E. Amer.
along the coast. — Occasionally cult,
in gardens.
21. uniflSrus, All. A low her-
baceous perennial, densely white-
tomentose throughout: st. 2-5 in.
high, usually terminated by a soli-
tary head : Ivs. mostly radical, spatu-
late to oblong, entire to incised-
dentate, 1-2 in. long, J^in. or less
V \ broad: heads radiate; rays yellow.
^•\M ]*v S. Eu. — An alpine plant, occasion-
ally grown in Amer. and desirable
for the rockery.
22. fastigiatus, Nutt. An her-
baceous perennial, floccose-tomen-
tulose throughout, somewhat gla-
brate: st. 1-2 ft. high: lower TVS.
narrowly oblong-oblanceolate, in-
cluding the long slender petiole 3-6
in. long, J^in. or less broad, entire
or nearly so, usually with revolute
margins; upper st.-lvs. much
reduced: heads radiate; commonly
several in a terminal corymbose
cyme; ray-fls. about 8, rays yellow.
Idaho, Ore., and Wash.
23. Palmeri, Gray. Suffruticose, about 3 ft. high,
branching, densely white-tomentose throughout: Ivs.
oblong-oblanceolate, 1^-4 in. long, J^-l in. broad,
entire to slightly sinuate-dentate, narrowed below into
a more or less winged petiole: heads about Y^.. high,
radiate, disposed in terminal subcorymbose cymes; ray-
fls. 12-18, rays yellow. Guadalupe Isl., Low. Calif. —
Intro, by Franceschi, Santa Barbara.
24. Grlyii, Hook. f. A small spreading shrub 1J4-3
ft. or more high: branchlets, under surface of Ivs., and
petioles densely covered with a soft white tomentum:
Ivs. oblong or oblong-ovate, l%-3}4 in. long, obtuse,
entire, nearly glabrous on the upper surface: heads
radiate, disposed in large terminal corymbose cymes;
ray-fls. 12-15, rays golden yellow. New Zeal. Gn.
54, p. 434. — A hardy perennial grown in the gardens
of Veitch & Son, Exeter, England.
25. Cineraria, DC. (Cineraria maritima, Linn. Sene-
cio acanthifolius, Hort.). Figs. 3606, 3607. Perennial,
2H ft. or less tall, branching from the base, very white-
woolly throughout: Ivs. pinnatifid, with oblong and
obtuse segms. : heads usually radiate, %-Hin. high, dis-
posed in small, compact cymes. F.M. 1872:52. Var.
candidissimus, Hort., has very white foliage. Var.
aftreo-marginatus, Hort., has Ivs. bordered with orange-
yellow. — S. Cineraria is an old-fashioned garden plant,
sometimes known as "dusty miller," and at the present
time it is much used in American gardens for ribbon-
beds and margins; the commoner "dusty miller" is
Lychnis Coronaria, and still another one is Artemisia
Stelleriana.
26. Douglasii, DC. Fig. 3608. A tufted perennial,
white-floccose tomentose throughout to essentially
glabrous: sts. 1-3 ft. high, distinctly woody below, leafy:
Ivs. undivided and linear or narrowly linear-lanceolate
to pinnatifid with few to several linear-attenuate divi-
sions: infl. a terminal open corymbose cyme; heads
about J^in. high, radiate; involucre campanulate, com-
posed usually of 21 bracts subtended by numerous
attenuated bracteoles; ray-fls. commonly 13, rays yel-
low; disk-fls. 50-70: achenes pubescent. S. Utah to
Ariz., west to Calif., and northern Lower Calif. — First
collected in Calif, by Douglas in 1833.
27. magnificus, F. Muell. A tall stout undershrub,
glabrous and glaucous; st. sparingly branched, terete,
leafy: Ivs. thickish, sessile, oblong-lanceolate or oblan-
ceolate, 2-6 in. long, coarsely remotely and saliently
dentate: heads relatively few, radiate, disposed in
terminal corymbose cymes; ray-fls. 8-12, rays golden
yellow; disk-fls. numerous. Austral. B.M. 7803. —
Intro, by J. H. Maiden in 1899 and brought to flower at
Kew in Oct., 1900.
28. Kirkii, Hook, f . (S. glastifblius, Hook, f . Solidago
arborescens, A. Cunn.). An erect stoutly branching
shrub, 7-15 ft. high, glabrous throughout: Ivs. variable,
narrowly oblanceolate to oblong-obovate, 2-5 in. long,
J^-2 in. broad, entire or sinuate-dentate, narrowed into
a slender petiole or cuneate at the base : heads numerous,
large, radiate, disposed in a terminal compound corym-
bose cyme; ray-fls. 10-12, rays %-l in. long, white; disk-
fls. yellow. New Zeal. B.M. 8524. — The white rays and
yellow disk-fls., and the profuseness of bloom, render
this species a very unusual member of its genus; it
should prove an interesting plant in horticulture.
29. grandifdlius, Less. (S. Ghiesbreghtii, Hegel). A
leafy shrub, 3-15 ft. high: Ivs. petiolate, ovate or ovate-
oblong, 6-18 in. long, one-half to two-thirds as broad,
acute, sinuate-dentate and remotely callous-denticulate,
dark green and glabrous or nearly so above, somewhat
tawny-tomentulose beneath, cordate to rounded at the
base; petioles stout, lJ^-5 in. long: infl. a terminal
many-headed subcorymbose cyme; heads radiate; ray-
fls. about 5, rays yellow; disk-fls. about 10: achenes
glabrous. S. Mex. Gt. 9:296. J.H. III. 60:313.— An
attractive leafy winter-flowering shrub.
30. Prainianus, Berger. Shrub, about 3 ft. high:
Ivs. long-petiolate, ovate-deltoid, or suborbicular, 5-7
in. broad, palmately 7-9-lobed, cordate at the base,
somewhat hispid above, pubescent on the prominent
nerves beneath: infl. a terminal much-branched droop-
ing panicle; heads rayless. S. Mex. G.C. III. 50, p. 82
3609. The florist's cineraria, a very large show specimen.— Sup-
posed to have been developed from Senecio cruentus.
(whence the above description, and from which the plant
would seem to be a Cacalia). — Said to be a very orna-
mental plant resembling the following species.
31. Petasitis, DC. (Cineraria Petasitis, Sims). VEL-
VET GROUNDSEL. CALIFORNIA GERANIUM. A robust
perennial 3-8 ft. high, somewhat hirsute-velutinous on
the younger parts: Ivs. petiolate, broadly ovate or sub-
orbicular, 2-7 in. broad, cordate to sub truncate at the
SEXECIO
SEQUOIA
3153
base, sinuately 9-13-lobed, callous-denticulate, bir-
tellous above, more or less grayish-tomentose beneath:
infl. a terminal many-headed panicle; heads radiate,
about Join, high; ra\T-fls. usually 5, rays yellow; disk-fls.
about 15:achenes glabrous. S. Mex. B.M. 1536. G.W.
9, p. 137. — A useful plant for winter decoration, and
rather common in greenhouse cult.
32. Heritieri, DC. A low suffruticose perennial,
seldom more than 1 ft. high: st. ascending or erect, at
first white-tomentose, later glabrate: Ivs. petiolate,
3610. Senecio craentus var. Webberianus, one of the early
forms of the garden cineraria.
suborbicular, ^-1% in. broad, 5-7-lobed, araneous-
tomentulose in the young stages above but soon gla-
brate, densely and "permanently white-tomentose be-
neath: heads radiate, mostly solitary on an elongated
nearly naked peduncle; ray-fls. about 13, rays purple.
Teneriffe. B.M. 53 (as Cineraria lanata). G.C. III.
50:333. — First brought into cult, about 1793.
33. cruentus, DC. (Cineraria cruenta, Mass.). Short-
stemmed perennial, floccose-woolly : Ivs. large, cordate-
ovate to cordate-triangular, angled or undulate and
sinuate-toothed, rather long-stalked: fls. purple-red.
Canary Isls. B.M. 406. — The supposed parent of the
florists' cinerarias (Fig. 3609), for discussion of which
see p. 771, Vol. II. According to The Garden, March
1, 1890, it was in 1777 that the type of the florists'
cineraria was first intro. from the Canary Isls. by Mas-
son. \Vhether the present highly improved races of
cinerarias are direct descendants of S. cruentus or the
result of hybridization is not now determined. The
garden or modified race began to develop very early.
Fig. 3610 is Cineraria Webberiana, Paxt. (Senecio cru-
entus var. Webberianus, Hort.), copied from The Gar-
den, which "was raised in the spring of 1841 by Mr.
Smithers, gardener to Mr. R. Williams, and has bright
green leaves and boldly coloured flowers — a form that
would give delight in these days." It is said that the
first double cineraria is thought to have been Mrs.
Thomas Lloyd, certificated in March, 1880.
Several species which have been described under the genus
Senecio, some being of rather recent intro., seem to the writer to be
more satisfactorily treated under the genus Ligularia. Among those
appearing to be of considerable importance from a horticultural
standpoint are the following: Ligularia. clitorum, Maxim. (Senecio
clivorum, Maxim.). A robust herbaceous perennial, 4 ft. high, at
first tawny-pubescent, glabrate: radical Ivs. long-petiolate, renifonn
or subrotund, sometimes 20 in. diam., sharply mueronate-dentate:
heads large, many-fld., radiate with orange-yellow rays; disk-fls.
dark brown. Japan and China. G.M. 51:675. Flowers Aug. and
Sept. — Liffularia macrophylla, DC. (Cineraria macrophylla, Ledeb.
— Senecio Ledebpurii, Schz. Bip.); for description see p. 1859, VoL
IV. — Senecio Purdomii, Turn]!. St. erect, sulcate, densely tawny-
pubescent: radical Ivs. long-petiolate, broadly orbicular, about 12
in. long, 15 in. broad: infl. paniculate; heads rayless. China. Intro,
into England in 1914 by Veitch & Sons. Not yet known in American
gardens. Needs further study. — Ligularia stenoctphaia, Greenm.
comb. nov. (Senecio stenocephalus, Maxim. Bull. Acad. St. Petersb.
16:218. 1871. S. cacaliarfohus var. stenocephalus, Franch.). Radi-
cal Ivs. long-petiolate, reniform, about 9 in. long, 16 in. broad, deeply
cordate, coarsely toothed, glabrous on both surfaces: infl. racemose,
12 in. or more long, 2% in. wide at the base; heads radiate; ray-fls.
1-5, rays yellow; disk-fls. 5-6. China. B.M. 8472. — Liffularia
Veiichiana, Greenm. comb. nov. (Senecio Veitchianus, HemsL G.C.
III. 38:212. 1905). -A very stout perennial herb with simple
flowering st. 3-6 ft. high; radical Ivs. 15-16 in. long, 10-11 in.
broad, sharply dentate: heads very numerous, about 2}^ in. diam.;
ray-fls. 10-12, rays yellow. China. G.M. 50:741. — Liffularia Wil-
soniana, Greenm. comb. nov. (Senecio Wilsonianus, Hemsl. G.C.
III. 38:212. 1905). GIAXT GBOTTSTMSEL. A robust herbaceous per-
ennial with a flowering st. 3-5 ft. high: radical lys. long-petiolate,
the blade reniform-cordate, 10-20 in. long, 9-^10 in. broad, sharply
dentate: infl. an elongated columnar-like spike, branched at the
base' heads very numerous, radiate, about 1 in. diam.; ray-fls. 6-8,
rays yellow. China. G. 34:113. G.C. 111.42:201. This and the
preceding one are desirable plants for ditch-borders and bog-
gardens. J. M. GREENMAN.
SENNA: Cassia. S., Bladder: Colutea.
SENSITIVE FERN: Onodea sensibilis. S. Plant: Mimosa
pudica.
SEQUOIA (after Sequovah, otherwise George Guess,
a Cherokee half-breed of Georgia, about 1770-1843,
originator of the Cherokee alphabet). Pinacex. BIG
TREES OF CALIFORNIA. REDWOOD. Tall massive often
gigantic forest trees, grown as ornamental evergreens
in Europe, in California, and to a limited extent hi the
eastern states; of chief interest because of their great
age and large size. S. gigantea is the most massive of all
trees, although exceeded in girth by several others,
notably the African baobab. S. sempervirens holds the
record as the tallest tree in the world, at least so far as
actual measurements have been made, one specimen
in Humboldt County, California, measuring 340 feet,
according to Sargent. Greater heights assigned to
species of Eucalyptus were erroneous (see note under
E. amygdalina var. regnans, Vol. II, p. 1157).
Large trees with thick red fibrous and deeply grooved
bark: heartwood dark red, soft, durable, straight-
grained; sapwood thin and nearly white: Ivs. persistent,
alternate, linear or awl-shaped or scale-;like, often
dimorphic: fls. monoecious; staminate catkins axillary
and terminal, each of the numerous spirally arranged
stamens bearing 2-5 pollen-sacs; pistillate catkins ter-
minal, composed of many spirally arranged scales, each
with 4-7 ovules at base: cone woody, persistent, the
divergent scales widened at summit which is rhom-
boidal, wrinkled, and with a depressed center; seeds
flattened; cotyledons 2.
sempervirens, Endl. CALIFORNIA REDWOOD. Fig.
3611 (adapted from Amer. Forestry xx:323). Tree
100 to 340 ft. high, with trunk 10^25 ft. in diam.
and often clear of limbs for 100 ft. in mature speci-
mens, the narrow crown with horizontal or downward-
sweeping branches: Ivs. linear, mostly J^-l in. long,
1-1)1 hnes wide, spreading in flat sprays, or the
upper Ivs. and those on main st. of the branches often
only 1-5 lines long and awl-shaped: cone oval, %-iys
in. long, M-%in. broad, maturing the first autumn;
scales 14-26; seeds elliptic, narrowly margined, 2 lines
long.. Confined to northern and central Coast Ranges
of Calif . on slopes exposed to sea influences. Gn. 76,
p. 172. G.W. 13, p. 331; 14, p. 511.— Reproduces by
seeds and by stump-sprouts, the latter numerous and
remarkably persistent, often producing merchantable
lumber. Var. glauca, Hort. Foliage with a decidedly
bluish cast.
3154
SEQUOIA
SEQUOIA
gigantea, DC. (S. Wettingtonia, Seem. S. Washing-
tdnia,Sudw.). CALIFORNIA BIG TREE. Fig. 3612. Tree
150-325 ft. high, with trunk 10-30 ft. in diam.: crown
Byramidal on young trees, rounded at summit or much
roken in age: branches pendulous, cord-like: Ivs. scale-
like, y%-Y<$&.. long, sharp-pointed, adherent to the st.
which they thickly clothe, the tip free: cone ovoid,
2-3% in. long, l%-2 in. broad, opening only slightly,
maturing the second summer, persistent; scales 25-45;
seeds oblong or somewhat ovate, wing-margined, 2J^-3
lines long. Western slopes of Sierra Nevada. C. L. A.
7:364. G.C. III. 27:374; 34:401. G.F. 10:515
(adapted in Fig. 3612). R.H. 1913, p. 55. J.H. III.
67:348. G.W. 2, p. 195; 3, p. 77; 6, p. 397; 13, p. 331.
— Reproduces in nature only by seeds. As usually
grown the trunk is clothed to the ground with short
slender up-curved branches, making a very ornamental
tree, but in mature native specimens the -trunk is clear of
limbs up to 80-200 ft. Var. pendula, Hort. WEEPING
BIG TREE. A form in which the branches are strongly
recurved, closely covering the st. and producing a nar-
row cylindric effect similar to that of Italian cypress.
Originated in Eu. and prop, by grafting upon normal
S. gigantea. G.C. III. 31:388. R.H. 1906, p. 395. Var.
glauca, Hort. Foliage bluish green; said to be of slow
growth- HARVEY MONROE HALL.
The sequoias.
The two great sequoias of California have a place of
their own in science, history, and literature. Haenke,
the botanist of the Malaspina expedition of 1791, first
collected S. sempervirens, the coast redwood of Cali-
fornia. Four years later Menzies, of the
Vancouver expedition, secured speci-
mens near Santa Cruz. Lambert pub-
lished it in 1824 as Taxodium
sempervirens. Douglas re-
ferred it to the same group,
but in 1847 Endlicher
created the separate
genus Sequoia.
3611. Sequoia sempervirens.
Two living sequoias, S. sempervirens and S. gigantea,
are all that remain of many species that flourished in
Tertiary times over a large part of the northern hemi-
sphere. More than forty fossil species have been dis-
covered, but there is still much confusion in regard to
the botany of the extinct kinds. They have been found,
however, from Italy north to Spitzbergen, and across
northern Asia. Several now extinct species, such as
S. angustifolia, S. Heerii, and S. Langsdorfii, grew in
California and Oregon in Miocene tunes. Asa Gray and
others have told the story of the rise and fall of this
great family of conifers, which was once as abundant as
any tree-group in the world, but was cut off, swept
away, destroyed by the glacial age, and survived only
in parts of California. The S. sempervirens seems to be a
descendant of the fossil S. Langsdorfii; S. gigantea
appears related to the fossil S. Sternbergii. The famous
petrified forest of Arizona was a species of Sequoia,
according to the United States Geological Survey.
These Arizonian giants which grew millions of years
ago, went down under a permanent ocean, were cov-
ered with sandstone, and rose again with the present
continent. In like manner vast periods of time lie
between the present forests of sequoias and their
ancient representatives. The value and interest of
these wonderful trees are greatly increased by reason
of then1 botanical and historical importance.
At the present time the coast redwood occupies only
a narrow belt of country near the Pacific Ocean, nor is it
continuous even there; the giant redwood, or Cali-
fornia big tree, exists only in a few small and isolated
groves, scattered over less than 60 square miles in
all, extending along the western side of the Sierra
Nevada range. Compared with the enormous terri-
tory once occupied by now extinct species of sequoia, the
modern representatives of this ancient and honorable
family are reduced to a very small area.
The first-known of the sequoias, and much the more
valuable species, economically speaking, was S. sem-
pervirens, the coast redwood of California. This is one
of the most important timber trees of the world, and its
forests, comparatively limited in area, have yielded and
are still yielding, the most easily obtained, the most dur-
able and profitable fencing and building lumber of the
Pacific coast. The reproductive powers of the tree are
enormous; no other known conifer so persistently
sprouts from the stump, so rapidly makes new forests,
or so well resists fire. But it does not thrive farther
inland than the limits of the sea-fog, and a large part
of the original area covered by this noble tree has been
denuded by successive fires and destructive lumbering
methods. Small redwood forests occur in Monterey
County, but the most southern forests of commercial
importance are in Santa Cruz. The belt, broken by the
Bay of San Francisco, extends north through Marin,
Sonoma, Mendocino, Humboldt, and Del Norte, and a
few miles across into the southern borders of Oregon,
which state contains about 400 acres of redwoods. The
real redwood forests are all contained within a strip of
coastlands 450 miles long and rarely more than 20 miles
wide. The actual bodies of redwood within this region
axe merely a chain of isolated groups separated by
clearings or by large areas on which redwoods never
grew. A small grove, now practically destroyed, existed
fifty years ago on the east side of the Bay of San Fran-
cisco, in Alameda County. Well-borers have found red-
woou logs in a perfect state of preservation in various
parts of the Coast Range far south of where the trees
now grow, even to Los Angeles and San Diego, showing
that in some former period of greater rainfall and more
sea-fog, redwood forests extended much farther down
the coast.
The climate where the redwood thrives is compara-
tively equable, marked by fogs and cool summer
winds from the southwest. The tree delights in rich
sheltered mountain valleys and fertile slopes, in drip-
ping fogs and in heavy winter rains. Going east from
the ocean, in the redwood region, one suddenly comes
to the top of a ridge, to overlook oaks and pines, and at
once reaches the plainly marked edge of the S. sem-
pervirens forest.
While S. sempervirens is sometimes called second in
size among the giant conifers of the Pacific coast, the
tallest tree yet authentically measured is 340 feet high,
exceeding in height the tallest living tree of the Sierra
SEQUOIA
SEQUOIA
3155
species, and it is probable that trees exist which rise to
nearly 400 feet, and therefore deserve to take first place
among the conifers. Many trees of 20 and even 22 feet
in diameter at 5 feet from the ground, and from 300 to
325 feet in height, are still standing in the redwood
forests. The finest groves of redwoods contain many
specimens that range from 150 to 250 feet or more in
height and have a diameter of 12 to 18 feet. In such
forests the trunks rise in clear red-brown shafts to a
height of 75 to 150 feet before they branch; they
stand so close that the masses of timber that exist
on each acre are greater than are found in any other
known forest, and through their far-distant tops
the sun seldom reaches the warm sheltered soil of
the Coast Range canons. With proper management,
under the principles of scientific forestry, the redwood
region as it exists today could be maintained, and
its future yield greatly increased, but otherwise in forty
or fifty years the commercial value of the entire area
will be practically destroyed.
The annual output of the redwood forests of Cali-
fornia has steadily increased in recent years until now
(1916) it approximates 25,000,000 feet, board measure
(The Pioneer Lumberman statistics ) . Stands of 250,000
feet, board measure, to the acre are not uncommon.
One tree is on record as having yielded 480,000 feet of
merchantable lumber.
Nearly all of the coast redwood is in private hands,
but the state of California in 1901 appropriated $250,-
000 to create a "redwood park" in the famous Big
Basin of Santa Cruz County. Here, at the present time
(1916) the state owns and cares for 3,800 acres, 1,500 of
which are dense virgin forest, and much of the rest is
thinly timbered. The possibilities of this superb and
easily accessible park are very great. It was secured for
the people by the efforts of many organizations and
individuals, chief among which were the Sempervirens
Club, and the late Professor Dudley of Stanford.
The Muir Grove of 295 acres is a fine forest in Red-
wood Canon, Marin County, on the south side of
Tamalpais, which was the gift of the Hon. William Kent
to the nation. The Bohemian Club Grove on Russian
River will probably remain uncut for generations. The
beautiful Armstrong Woods in the same region have
been offered to the state of California, but have not yet
been purchased.
The 5. semperrirens, even more than S. gigantea, is
connected historically with many and great names. Xot
only Haenke, Menzies, and Douglas, but also Coulter
and Hartweg aided in its introduction to Europe, where
numerous horticultural varieties are in cultivation. S.
sempervirens var. adpressa, Carr., is a smaller tree than
the type form, with creamy white younger leaves and
more glaucescent older leaves. It is called in Cali-
fornia the "white redwood" and the "silverleaf red-
wood." Other horticultural varieties in cultivation are
known as 5. gracilis, S. taxifolia, S. picta, S. albo-spica,
and 6'. glauca. The golden forms found in many other
conifers occasionally appear, but cannot yet be called
fixed. No really dwarf redwood is yet extant. Larger-
leaved or more compact forms can be selected from the
forest, and the tree responds easily to selection and cul-
ture. It thrives in gardens in the Sacramento Valley,
in the Sierra foothills, and in many parts of southern
California, so that its range for ornamental uses can
be greatly extended on the Pacific coast. It has been
largely planted in Europe, particularly in English
parks, and. as was to have been expected, does best in
well-drained rich soil near the ocean but sheltered
from cold winds.
The most famous of the sequoias and certainly the
most widely known of all living conifers is the great
redwood of the Sierras, S. gigantea. It is undoubtedly
one of the rarest of ah1 living species of trees and one of
the most easily visited and studied. It is the best liv-
ing representation in the whole world of a past geologic
200
age, and it is the most ^ble and impressive of trees. The
interest attached to this sequoia is therefore distinctly
international, and an immense body of literature has
gathered about it .
Jepson, in his "Silva of California," 1910, lists thirty-
one known groves of big trees in the California Sierras,
containing 86,499 trees. While private owners control
much of these areas, still a large part is in the National
3612. Sequoia gigantea.
Forests and Parks, where, under protection, the safety
of the tree is assured and reproduction is excellent. In
the Fresno grove, for example (Sierra National Forest),
thousands of young trees are now growing. The low
vitality of the seeds of S. gigantea, long a matter of
complaint among nurserymen, appears to be less
marked than formerly, and nearly all the groves show
young trees.
The measurements of standing trees and the age-
estimate made in the last decade have materially
altered former conclusions. Sudworth has published
an excellent table of measurements in the Calaveras
Grove, and Jepson has supplemented them with meas-
urements elsewhere. Sudworth measured thirty trees
which were from 9 to 19Ji feet in diameter 6 feet
above the ground, and from 237 to 325 feet high.
Former measurements were generally taken at the
surface of the ground and hence were most misleading.
A tree in Giant Forest, on the Kaweah, for example,
measured (in circumference) at the surface of the
ground 72 feet, but at 11 feet, where the bulge ceased,
and the true shaft began, was but 57A feet in cir-
cumference. The famous Boole tree, in Fresno County,
girths 109A feet at the surface, and 77 feet at 10 feet
from the ground.
The problem of the age of the sequoias has long
occupied the attention of students; popular literature
has reveled in extravagant statements on this subject,
so that many persons believe that trees now standing
were in existence before the pyramids were built. As
regards the coast redwood, so many trees have been
cut and the rings counted that its age is now well
known; this species lives from 400 to 1,300 years, or
may possibly reach 1,500 years in a few cases. In
respect to the Sierra redwoods, S. gigantea, the heavy
logging done in recent years on private lands has
enabled foresters to make careful age-determination.
They find that mature trees range from 400 to 1,500
years. It remains to determine the resisting powers of
mature trees. A few old fallen trees have been found
whose rings showed ages of 2,200 to 2,300 years. John
Muir estimated a partly burned tree at 4,000 years, but
this is open to discussion.
The economic value of the coast redwood is so high
that ever}' principle of wise conservation requires more
careful management of private forests, more complete
reproduction and the reforesting of cut-over areas.
Little attention has yet been paid to the by-products
3156
SEQUOIA
SERJANIA
from the present waste which technical chemists are
able to make profitable. This is also true of the S.
gigantea when lumbered on private lands; the beauty
and durability of the timber, and the value of its pos-
sible by-products make care in reforesting eminently
desirable. Pencil manufacturers are beginning to use
the wood of selected trees of S. gigantea. The rapidity
of growth of both sequoias when young, and when
favorably situated, is so great that the forestry of the
future is likely to extend rather than diminish these
forests. CHARLES HOWARD SHINN.
SERAPIAS (ancient name of an orchid, derived from
Serapis, an Egyptian divinity). Orchidacese. Terres-
trial herbs with the habit of Orchis: sepals connivent
in the form of a helmet; petals included, small; label-
lum not spurred, with erect lateral lobes and a larger
undivided, middle lobe; pollinia with a common viscid
disk; rostellum laterally compressed. — Four or 5 species
are known from the Medit. region. Keep the plants
partially dry during winter months. Give plenty of
water when in vigorous growth. Pot in leaf-mold,
loam, and sand.
The above is the genus Serapias as formerly under-
stood and known to horticulturists. With the recent use
of this name for the Cephalanthera-Epipactis group,
however, the following species are thrown in the genus
Serapiastrum, taking the names S. cordigerum, A. A.
Eaton, and S. Lingua, A. A. Eaton. See Vol. Ill, p. 1357.
Lingua, Linn. St. erect, up to 1 ft. high, bearing
several narrow, acute Ivs. : sepals lanceolate, greenish or
purplish labellum much longer; lateral lobes rounded,
erect middle lobe oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, smooth,
red. Medit. region. B.M. 5868, B. G.C. III. 48:482.
cordigera, Linn. Resembles the preceding species in
habit: labellum brownish red, middle lobe ovate, acumi-
nate, subcordate at the base, pilose. Medit. region.
B.M. 5868, A. R.H. 1892:390. G.C. II. 20:341.
S. Helleborine, Linn., of Eu. and very local in this country, ia
not a horticultural subject. REINRICH HASSELBRING.
L. H. B.f
SERENOA (after Sereno Watson, distinguished
American botanist, 1826-1892). Also written Serensea.
Palmacese. Low shrubby or tree-like, more or less
armed palms.
Caudex creeping, branched, clothed with the fibrous
bases of the If .-sheaths: Ivs. terminal, orbicular, coria-
ceous, deeply plicate-multifid, glaucous beneath, with
narrow bifid infolded segms.; rachis none; ligule short;
petiole plano-convex, dentate on the margins: spadix
long, tomentose, the flexuous rachis covered with
deeply obliquely fissured, tubular sheaths, the spread-
ing branches forked, the alternate branchlets very slen-
der: spathes many, sheathing the peduncle: bractlets
minute: fls. white: fr. ovoid, black, an inch long. —
Species 2, Fla. to S. C. Cult, in the temperate house, or
outdoors from Charleston southward.
The saw palmetto is the native creeping fan-leaved
palm. Those who are clearing land in Florida con-
sider it a nuisance. It is, however, of great interest to
northern tourists, many of whom like to take home a
small Florida palm in a pot or tub. This species does
very well hi pots, though it is of slow growth. Relatively
speaking, it is very hardy, as it will stand a tempera-
ture of 10° F. The leaves of the saw palmetto, both
fresh and dried, are sent north in great quantities for
Christmas decoration. The "crowns" are also largely
used for the same purpose and deserve a greater popu-
larity. Crowns are whole tops cut off; they have no
roots, and only a part of the stem. They give the effect
of the whole plant and are therefore much more desir-
able for some purposes than single leaves. They will
last for weeks, if kept moist, in the shade and free from
drafts. Crowns 3 to 5 feet high are considerably used for
large decorations. (E. N. Reasoner.)
serrulata, Hook. f. SAW PALMETTO. A shrub: st.
creeping, branching, 4-8 ft. long: Ivs. 2-4 ft., erect, cir-
cular in outline, fan-shaped, shorter than the slender,
spiny-edged petiole; segms. slightly cleft at the apex,
without thread-like filaments: spadix densely tomentose,
shorter than the Ivs.: drupe black, %~%m- long.
Summer.
arborescens, Sarg. Tree, 30-40 ft. high, with 1 or
several erect or decumbent sts.: Ivs. semi-orbicular,
truncate at base, yellowish green above, bluish green
below, 2x2 ft., divided nearly to the base into narrow
linear-lanceolate lobes: spadix drooping, about 3 ft.
long, the fls. yellow-green. S. Fla. — Differs from fore-
going in arborescent habit, more elongated spadix, much
smaller fls. and smaller, globose fr. and seeds.
N. TAYLOR-f
SERICOCARPUS (Greek, silken fruit). Compdsitx.
Five species of perennial herbs from N. E. U. S. closely
allied to Aster and scarcely distinguishable from the
section Biotia of that genus. The achenes are not so
strongly compressed as in Aster. The fl. -heads have
white rays and pale yellow disks which sometimes
become purplish. They are erect perennials with alter-
nate Ivs. and medium-sized heads of white ray- and
disk-fls. S. rlgidus, Lindl., the only western represen-
tative of the group (Brit. Col. to Calif.) was once offered.
SERICOGRAPmS: Jacobinia.
SERISSA (from the Indian name). Rubiacese.
Branched shrub, glabrous or the branches puberulent,
fetid when bruised, adapted to the greenhouse: Ivs.
rather small, opposite, subsessile, ovate; stipules per-
sistent: fls. rather small, axillary or terminal, solitary
or fascicled, white; calyx-tube obconical, limb 4-6-
parted, the lobes subulate-lanceolate; corolla funnel-
form, tube and throat pilose inside, limb 4-6-lobed,
short, the lobes obtusely 3-lobed; stamens 4-6; ovary
2-celled: fr. subglobose. — One species, S. E. Asia.
foetida, Lam. (S. japdnica, Thunb.). About 2 ft.
high: Ivs. rather leathery, ovate, acuminate: fls. white.
Japan. B.M. 361 (asLyciumjaponicum). Var. variegata,
Hort., has yellow-margined Ivs. F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SERJANIA (named in honor of Paul Serjeant).
Sapindacex. Climbing or twining shrubs adapted to the
warmhouse, and grown in the open in warm countries:
Ivs. alternate, without stipules (or with minute stipules),
ternate, twice-ternate or odd-pinnate, frequently pel-
lucid-punctate: racemes or panicles axillary, frequently
bearing 2 tendrils; fls. yellowish, irregular, polyga-
mous; sepals 5 (or 4, 2 connate), imbricate, the outer
ones smaller; petals 4, the fifth seat vacant; disk undu-
late, swollen into 4 glands, 2 larger and 2 smaller, some-
times obsolete ; stamens 8 ; ovary 3-celled, sessile or short-
stipitate: samara? 3, indehiscent. — About 190 species,
Trop. and Subtrop. S. Amer. Probably very little cult.
cuspidata, Cambess. (Urvillea ferruginea, Lindl.).
Climbing: branches acutely triangular, the angles
densely brown-pilose: Ivs. ternate; Ifts. somewhat cor-
date at base, generally ovate in outline, somewhat
3-lobed, irregularly and coarsely toothed, the terminal
1ft. somewhat decurrent on the petiolule: fls. rather
large for the genus; petals usually glabrous: fr. large,
ovate, 3-winged. Brazil. B.R. 1077. Gt, 63, p. 325.
fuscifolia, Radlk. Tall climbing rufous-pubescent
shrub with costate branches: Ivs. biternate, the Ifts.
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or somewhat obtuse,
simply or double serrate, more or less rufous pubescent
beneath and on the nerves above, minutely pellucid-
punctate, the terminal one contracted into a petiolule
and the lateral ones sessile: fls. small, somewhat pedi-
cellate, sepals tomentose: fr. ovate-elliptic, mostly
puberulent or velutinous. Brazil. — Cult, in Calif.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SERRADELLA
SETARIA
3157
SERRADELLA is an annual leguminous plant valua-
ble as a fodder crop on dry and sandy sterile soils. See
Ornithopus.
SERRATULA (from serra, alluding to the roughly
toothed leaf-margins). Composite. A hortieulturally
unimportant group of composites consisting of about 30
species of herbaceous thistle-like perennials grown for
their purple or violet fig.: sis. simple or branched: Ivs.
alternate, dentate, or much cut into sharp but usually
unarmed segms., green both sides or sometimes pale
and canescent beneath: infl. of a single pedunculate
head or, as in the following, of a lax corymb; heads
equal-fld., the involucral bracts in many series, nar-
rowly acuminate at the apex, but not as in many
thistles, spiny; fls. purple, but not very showy. Cult, in
open border, but perhaps not in Amer. outside botanic
garden collections. Eu., X. Afr., to China and Japan.
tinctdria, Linn. A much-branched, freely flowering
perennial, about 2-3 ft. tall: Ivs. very variable, usually
deeply pmnately cleft or divided and generally lanceo-
late in outline; the upper sometimes undivided and
petioled, the basal usually divided and nearly sessile:
fls. in a dense corymbiform infl. or thin, frequently
sparse and lax, purple. Cent. Eu. July and Sept.
S. alriplicifolia, Benth. <fc Hook. Of vigorous growth: ITS. large,
heart-shaped: heads globular, attaining height of 5 ft.: fls. purple,
N. TAYLOR.
SESAMUM (Greek name taken by Hippocrates from
the Arabic). Pedaliacfs. Herbs, erect or prostrate,
scabrous or rarely glabrous, suitable for the wannhouse,
and for the open in the S.: lowest Ivs. opposite, the
upper and almost all alternate, petioled, entire, incise-
dentate. 3-cleft or pedately cut: fls. pale or violet, soli-
tary in the axils; calyx rather small, 5-parted; corolla-
limb 2-lipped and 5-lobed: stamens 4, didynamous;
ovary 2-celled: caps, oblong or ovoid. — About 20 spe-
cies, "Trop. and S. Afr., E. Asia. The only species of
importance is S. indicum, which has been extensively
cult, in the tropics from ancient times. The seeds are
sold in Amer. under the name of bene. They yield
about half their weight of oil-of-sesame (known also as
benne-. gingili-, or teel-oil), which is odorless and does
not easily become rancid. This oil is universally used
in India for cooking and anointing. Large quantities
of oil and seed are imported from India to Eu. for the
manufacture of soap and adulteration of olive-oil. Also
cult, in northern states as a medicinal herb, the muci-
laginous Ivs. being used in dysentery and diarrhea of
children. The oil of sesamum, however, which is
expressed from the seeds is in large doses a laxative.
indicum, Linn. (S. orientate, Linn.). Plant 1-2 ft.
high: Ivs. variable, 3-5 in. long, oblong or lanceolate, the
lower often 3-lobed or parted : corolla pale rose or white,
1 in. long, tubular, 5-cleft, the 2 lobes of the upper lip
shorter. July. Tropics. B.M. 1688. — White- and black-
seeded varieties have been known for at least two cen-
turies. Runs wild in the extremes. WILHELM MILLER.
SESBANIA (from Sesban, the Arabian name of S.
xgyptiaca). Syns., Daubentonia, Glottidium. Legumi-
nosx. Herbs or shrubs, sometimes arborescent, but
short-lived, suitable for the warm- and coolhouse, and
for outdoor planting in the far South.
Leaves abruptly pinnate; Ifts. many-paired, very
entire; stipels minute or none: racemes axillary, lax;
fls. yellow, red-purple, variegated, or white, slender-
pedicelled ; calyx broad, tube truncate, toothed or sub-
equally lobed; standard orbiculate or ovate, spreading or
reflex, wings falcate-oblong, keel incurved, obtuse or
obtusely acuminate, with long claws; stamens free
from the standard; ovary often stipitate: legume linear
or rarely oblong, compressed, 4-angled or 4-winged. —
About 30 species, widely distributed in the warmer
regions of both hemispheres.
aegyptiaca, Poir. A much-branched, pale green, gla-
brous shrub, 5-10 ft. high: Ivs. nearly sessile; Ifts. 10-20
pairs, glabrous, glaucous, oblong-linear, blunt with a
faint mucro: fls. bright yellow, standard round, emar-
ginate, more or less clotted with purple : pod 6-8 in. long,
distinctly torulose. July, Aug. Tropics of the Old
World.— Often cult, in European gardens.
grandifldra, Poir. A short-lived, soft-wooded tree,
20-30 ft. high: Ivs. 6-12 in. long; Ifts. 41-61, linear-
oblong, pale green, glaucous: fls. rose-red, white, or
rusty red, 2-4, in short axillary racemes; standard oval-
oblong: pod 1 ft. or more long, falcate, firm, not torulose.
July, Aug. Mauritius, India to N. Austral. G.Z. 29,
p. 170.
punicea, Benth. (Daubentonia punicea, DC.). Shrub
or small tree, several feet high, somewhat glaucous and
glabrous: Ifts. commonly 8-9 pairs, J^^in. long, nar-
rowly oblong; stipules small: fls. 8-10 lines long, bright
red-purple, in lax racemes; calyx truncate, teeth small;
standard broadly rotundate: pod 2-4 in. long, thick,
4-angled, wings leathery, about 2 lines broad. Brazil.
—Intro, into S. Calif.
Tripetii, Hort. (Daubentonia Tripetii, Poit. D.
Tripetidna, Ppit.). Shrub or small tree, about 6 ft.
high: Ivs. pinnately compound, dull green above,
glaucescent beneath: fls. orange-red, rather large, in
drooping racemes; standard scarlet, much paler on the
inner face, with a yellow spot on the claw; wings and
keel paler. Argentina. p. TRACY HUBBARD.
SESELI (old Greek name for an umbelliferous plant).
UmbeUiferae. MEADOW SAXIFRAGE. Perennial and
biennial herbs in the temperate and cold regions of
the Old World, of perhaps 50-60 species, sometimes
mentioned in horticultural literature as acceptable
border plants. Erect and branched, with Ivs. decom-
pound or 2-3-pinnate, and compound umbels of small
white fls., the involucres of few or many bracts or some-
times wanting; calyx-teeth either prominent or minute;
petals notched; styles very short: fr. nearly terete,
ovoid or oblong. S. Libanotis, Koch, of wide distribu-
tion in Eu., is perhaps most likely to appear as a cult.
plant: perennial, 1-2 ft., erect and stout, glabrous or
slightly pubescent: Ivs. bipinnate, the Ifts. ovate and
sessile: umbel rounded, with many pubescent rays,
and many-bracted involucres and involucels.
SESUVIUM (derivation unknown). Aizoaceae. Erect
or prostrate, branched, succulent herbs or subshrubs,
adapted to the warm- or coolhouse: Ivs. opposite, some-
what fleshy, linear or oblong: fls. axillary, sessile or
pedunculate, solitary, clustered or rarely subcorymbose,
frequently flesh-colored or purple, with 2 bracts or
bractless; calyx-tube turbinate, the lobes 5, oblong,
obtuse, colored inside; petals none; stamens 5; ovary
free: caps, oblong, membranaceous, 3-5-celled, cir-
cumscissilly dehiscent. — About 13 species, warmer
temperate and tropical regions of the world, usually
littoral. S.Portulocdstrum,IADii. A diffuse procumbent
or prostrate herb often wholly blood-red or purple: Ivs.
succulent, linear to oblanceolate or obovate-oblong,
much narrowed at the base: fls. axillary, purplish or
rose, peduncles equaling or shorter, rarely longer than
the fls.; calyx deeply 5_-lobed, the lobes ovate-lanceolate,
obtuse with a mucro just below the apex behind; ovary
usually 3-celled. Tropics and warmer regions of both
hemispheres. — Sometimes used as a pot-herb.
SETARIA (Latin, seta, a bristle). Graminex. Annual
or sometimes perennial grasses with bristly spike-like
panicles: spikelets as in Panicum, but subtended by
1 to several bristles that extend beyond the spikelet
and persist after the spikelet falls: the fr., that is, the
mature fertile floret, usually transversely wrinkled. —
Species about 40 in the warmer regions of the world.
3158
SETARIA
SEYMERIA
Several species are annual weeds, such as YELLOW
FOX-TAIL (S. glauca, Beauv.) with oblong yellow spikes,
and 5 or more bristles below each spikelet, and GREEN
FOX-TAIL (S. viridis, Beauv.), with somewhat pointed
green spikes and 1-3 bristles below each spikelet. Many
American botanists use the name Chsetochloa instead
of Setaria. (Dept. Agric., Div. Agrost., Bull. 21, is
devoted to this genus.) The setarias are scarcely horti-
cultural subjects, being primarily forage plants; but
they are so widespread in cult, and the forms are so
confused that a somewhat full discussion of them may
be inserted here.
A. Plant perennial.
macrostachya, HBK. (S. Alopecurus, Fisch. S.
alopecurmdes var. nlgra, of the trade). An erect or
ascending perennial: spike slender, tapering at apex;
bristles 1 or sometimes 2, J^-l in. long; spikelets r^in.
long; first glume one-third to one-half, second two-
thirds to three-fourths as long as the equal sterile
lemma and fr.; first glume inflated about the base of
the spikelet. Texas to S. Amer.
AA. Plants annual.
magna, Griseb. A coarse stout native, resembling
common millet: spike J^in. thick, as much as a foot long,
tapering above and below; bristles 1-3, scarcely J^in.
long; spikelets r^in. long, elliptical; first glume one-
third as long as second glume and sterile lemma, equal-
ing the spikelet; fertile lemma smooth. Marshes of
Gulf States as far north as Md.
italica, Beauv. COMMON MILLET of the U. S. (but not
of Eu., this being Panicum miliacewri)', also called
GERMAN MILLET and HUNGARIAN GRASS. Culm 3-5
ft. high: spike yellow or purple, compound, more or less
glomerate; bristles 1-3, often shorter than the spikelet.
Thought to have been derived from S. viridis. Gn.
12, p. 69. — The cult, of millet dates from prehistoric
tunes. At present it is raised extensively in parts of
Asia as a food-plant. In the U. S. millet is raised for
fodder. The "Japanese millets" belong to S. italica,
while the "Japanese barnyard millets" are Echino-
chloa Crusgalli or E. frumentacea.
The forms of S. italica may be distinguished from S.
viridis by the articulation of the fruit (fertile floret), or
what is commercially known as the seed. In the former
species the fruit at maturity disarticulates above the
glumes and falls away free from them. In S. viridis the
fruit falls away surrounded by the glumes. The varie-
ties of S. italica have been classified by Hubbard
(Amer. Journ. Bot. 2:187.1915) as follows:
A. Fr. yellowish to straw or light 'mown. (Stramineo-
fructa.)
B. Bristles green.
c. Panicle more or less open-lobulate.
Subsp. stramineofrilcta, Hubb. Bristles noticeably
longer than spikelets: a large plant with heads 4-12 in.
long, and as much as 2 in. wide, usually strongly lobed.
This is one of the forms cult, as German millet. Forma
breviseta, Hubb. Bristles shorter than the spikelets or
barely exceeding them. Cult, as Golden Wonder millet.
cc. Panicle dense or slightly lobulate at base.
Sub var. germanica, Hubb. Bristles noticeably
longer than spikelets: head usually 2-3 in. long, Y^-Yiva..
broad. One of the forms cult, as common millet.
BB. Bristles purple.
c. Panicle more or less lobulate.
Var. Hdstii, Hubb. Head large, lobulate, purple.
Cult, as German millet.
cc. Panicle dense or slightly lobulate at base.
Subvar. Metzgeri, Hubb. Bristles noticeably longer
than spikelets. Cult, as common millet, a common
form. Sometimes called Hungarian grass, a name that
should apply to var. atra (see below).
BBB. Bristles brown.
Var. brunneoseta, Hubb. Head large, lobulate,
brown. Aino millet, occasionally cult. Subvar. densior,
Hubb. Head compact, scarcely lobulate. Another
form of Aino millet.
AA. Fr. reddish or orange. (Rubrofructa.)
Subsp. rubrofrilcta, Hubb. The form cult, in U. S. is
var. purpureoseta, Hubb., with lobulate head and purple
bristles. Turkestan millet. Subvar. violacea, Hubb.,
with dense head and purple bristles. Kursk millet.
Siberian millet.
AAA. Fr. blackish, brownish black or purplish black with
pale yellowish straw lines intermingled, these some-
times predominating. (Nigrofructa.)
Subsp. nigrofrilcta, Hubb. The common form cult,
in U. S. is var. atra with small dense heads, 1-3 in. long,
with purple-brown bristles. Commonly cult, as Hun-
garian grass.
Many other varieties are cult, in the Old World.
A. S. HITCHCOCK.
SEVERINIA (named for M. A. Severino, a Neapoli-
tan) . Rutacese, tribe Citrese. Small woody plants dis-
tantly related to the orange.
Spiny shrubs or small trees with short and stiff
branches: spines single, at one side of the bud in the
axils of the Ivs. : Ivs. simple, conspicuously veined, borne
on short apterous petioles: fls. 5-merous, occurring 2 or
3 together in the axils of the Ivs.; petals small, white;
stamens 10, free; ovary 2-celled, with 1 ovule in each
cell: fr. a small nearly globular berry, black when
mature. — Only one species is known, usually called
Atalantia buxifolia, native to S. China and Formosa.
See Swingle, in Journ. WTash. Acad. Sci., Vol. 6, No. 19.
1916.
buxifolia, Ten. (Citrus buxifolia, Poir. Limonia
bilocularis, Roxbg. Sclerostylis buxifolia, Benth. Ata-
lantia buxifolia, Oliver). A spiny shrub or dwarf tree
native to S. China, intro. into cult, in Eu. late in the
18th or early in the 19th century and often considered
by botanists to belong to the genus Atalantia, from
which it differs widely in the character of the fr. which
is a black berry, the ovary walls becoming succulent as
the fr. ripens: Ivs. simple, obovate-oblong, very obtuse
or emarginate, \Yz in- long, having numerous fine veins;
spines solitary: fls. axillary, in fascicles or solitary,
small, subsessile; stamens 10, free: fr. a true berry,
becoming more or less fleshy at maturity, turning black,
2 (or sometimes 3) -celled, each cell containing a single
seed, cells not filled with gum or pulp vescicles; seed-
lings with subterranean cotyledons, first Ivs. very small,
spirally arranged. 111. Seemann, Bqt. Voy. Herald, pi.
81; Penzig, Studi bot. sugli agrumi, AtL, pi. 11, figs.
6-17; Swingle in Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., Vol. 6, No.
19. 1916. — This plant, which has Ivs. resembling the
box (Buxus sempervirens} is common in S. China and
Hongkong, and occurs also in Formosa. It is grown in
botanic gardens and Eu. and has been intro. in this
country. It is erroneously listed by some nursery firms
as Triphasia monophylla. It is sometimes used as a
hedge-plant in La. and other Gulf states, and is well
adapted for this purpose, as it does not grow to large
size and has very spiny forms that can be prop, from
cuttings. It is being tested by the Dept. Agric. as a
stock for the cult, citrous frs., as it is able to thrive in
soils too salty to permit Citrus to grow.
WALTER T. SWINGLE.
SEYMERIA (named in honor of Henry Seymer, an
English naturalist). Scrophulariacex. Erect branched
annual or perennial, mostly hardy herbs, used for bed-
ding on account of their fls. : Ivs. mostly opposite, incise-
dentate or dissected, the uppermost floral ones reduced
SEYMERIA
SHORTIA
3159
to entire bracts: fls. in interrupted racemes or spicate,
the pedicels solitary and without bracts, yellow; calyx
campanulate, with 5 narrow, entire or denticulate lobes;
corolla-tube short and broad, rarely exserted, the throat
broad, 5-lobed, the lobes broad or oblong, spreading;
stamens, 4, subequal: caps, globose at base, the apex
frequenth' compressed, acuminate or beaked. — Ten
species, 9 from X. Amer., Texas-Mex. region and 1
from Madagascar. Seeds are sown in a well-drained
bed of rather light rich soil. S. pectinata, Pursh. About
1 ft. high, minutely viscid-pubescent or glabrate: Ivs.
pinna tely parted into rather few short- or oblong-linear
divisions or the upper incisely few-toothed or entire:
calyx-lobes linear; corolla hairy outside. N. C. to Fla.
and Ala., perhaps to Texas. S. tenuifolia, Pursh. About
2-4 ft. high, very slender: Ivs. copiously 1-2-pinnately
parted: fls. on filiform pedicels; calyx-lobes setaceous;
corolla very deeply cleft, the lobes oblong. N. C. to
Fla. and Texas.
SHAD-BUSH: Amdanchier.
SHADDOCK. A name used in the West Indies and
Florida for the forms of the pummelo, Citrus grandis,
supposed to have been introduced from India into the
West Indies sometime in the seventeenth century by a
Captain Shaddock.
The shaddocks are large usually pear-shaped fruits
with a thick peel and have a firm pulp of rather poor
flavor. The leaves have very broad, winged petioles
and the twigs are usually more or less hairy, especially
when young. Shaddocks were formerly grown in
Florida but have been superseded by the grapefruit
(see page 1391, Vol. Ill) as the hatter finds more favor
in American markets. Pummelos, very like shaddocks,
are still grown in India, China, and the East generally.
See Pummdo (page 2857, Vol. V).
WALTER T. SWINGLE.
SHAGBARK: Hickory.
SHALLOT is Attium ascaUmicum, Linn., native of
Syria. It is grown chiefly for the small oblong-pointed
gray bulbs (into which the parent bulb separates after
harvesting in summer), which are used in cookery for
flavoring; the leaves are sometimes eaten in a green
state. The bulbs are of mild flavor. Shallots are little
known in North America. They are grown as are gar-
lics (see Garlic), the bulbs or cloves being separated and
planted early in spring in any good garden soil. Each
bulb produces several, all cohering by the base. The
mature bulbs are 2 inches or less long and only about
half that in diameter. The leaves are small, terete, and
hollow. The plant is hardy. The bulbs will keep several
months or even a year. Small onions are sometimes
sold as shallots. L H. B.
SHAMROCK. Half the world is sure that shamrock
is the wood-sorrel, Oxalis Acetosetta. The other hah* is
equally certain that the true shamrock is white clover,
Trifolium repens. In the time of Spenser's "Faerie
Queene," shamrock was said to be good to eat. This ap-
plies to the former plant, but not to the latter. Moreover,
according to Sowerby, the wood-sorrel is in perfection on
Saint Patrick's Day, while white clover is not. The
wood-sorrel is sent in great quantities from Ireland to
London for Saint Patrick's Day. On the other hand, it
is said that clover is the plant most commonly used in
Ireland. Half a dozen other plants have then- followers,
and these are all plants with three leaflets. Neverthe-
less there are those who deny that Saint Patrick used
the shamrock as a symbol of the trinity. These declare
that the water-cress is the true shamrock. The question
will always remain an open one. See Dyer's "Folk-Lore
of Plants." WILHELM MILLER.
SHAMROCK, INDIAN : A name found in some English books
for the Trillium. S. Pea : Parochttus communig.
SHEPHERDIA (named for John Shepherd, an
English botanist). EUeagnaceae. Shrubs, or small trees
with scurfy scales, two of which are in cultivation, one
for its striking appearance, the second for its edible fruit.
Leaves opposite, petiolate, oblong and entire: fls.
small, dkpcious, in very short spikes or racemes, oppo-
site to small bracts along the rachis, male spikes many-
fld., female 2-fld. in the axils of Ivs. or often sessile at
leafless nodes; calyx of male fls. 4-parted, of female fls.
urn-shaped, 4-cleft; stamens in male fl. 8, alternating
with 8 lobes of a thick disk; ovary becoming a nut or
achene and invested by the fleshy calyx, forming a
drupe-like fr. — Three species, N. Amer. The genus
Shepherdia was founded by Nuttall in 1818. Rafin-
esque's LepargyKea, 1817, is equivalent, and the species
have been placed under this name; it is not accepted
under the International Rules. In S. argentea, the buf-
falo berry, the fr. is edible when made into jellies and
conserves, and is much prized in the upper plains
region for household uses.
The shepherdias are hardy plants, withstanding
extremes of cold and drought. They are of easy cul-
ture, and grow readily from stratified seeds. For orna-
mental planting, they are prized for bold positions in
front of shrubbery masses, where their gray or white
colors afford excellent contrasts. S. canadensis is par-
ticularly well adapted for planting on dry rocky sterile
banks, where most bushes find great difficulty in secur-
ing a foothold. S. argentea succeeds better in the upper
Mississippi Valley than in the eastern states. Staminate
and pistillate plants of it have different forms of buds.
A. Lvs. green above.
canadensis, Nutt. (Lepargyraea canadensis, Greene).
Spreading twiggy bush 3-€ or even 8 ft. tall, the
young branches brown-scurfy: Ivs. ovate, oval, or
elliptic, rather thick, green above but rusty beneath:
fls. yellowish, in short clusters at the nodes: fr. small
(Min. or less long), oval, red or yellow, insipid. Along
streams and on hike-banks, Newfoundland to Brit. Col.
and in the northern tier of states, and southward in the
mountains to Utah. — The yellow-fruited form has been
distinguished as f . xanthocdrpa, Rehd.
AA. Lvs. silvery above.
argentea, Nutt. (L. argentea, Greene). BUFFALO
BERRY. Fig. 680, Vol. I. Upright shrub, or sometimes
almost tree-form, reaching 18 ft. tall, thorny, the young
growth silvery tomentose: Ivs. oblong, cuneate-oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, silvery on both sides : fls. yellowish,
in dense small fascicles at the nodes: fr. globular or
ovoid, about ^m. long, red or yellow, acid, edible.
Kans. to Minn., west and north. See Buffalo Berry.
S. rotundifdlid. Parry, from Utah, is a silvery tomentose and
scurfy evergreen bush: Ivs. round-oval or ovate, mostly some-
what cordate, short-pet ioled: fls. stalked in the axils of the Ivs.,
the staminate mostly in 3's and the pistillate solitary: fr- globular,
scurfy, ripening in July. L H B
SHERWO6DIA: Shortia.
SHORTIA (named for Dr. Charles W. Short, a bot-
anist of Kentucky). Diapensiaceae. Two acaulescent
herbs, with the habit of galax.
Rootstocks creeping: Ivs. evergreen, round-cordate:
fl. solitary on a slender leafless scape, the calyx with
scaly bracts, the corolla bell-shaped and obtusely 5-
lobed; stamens 5, the filaments adnate to the corolla,
alternating with 5 scale-like staminodia; pistil 3-angled
and 3-loculed; style filiform and stigma 3-lobed: fr. a
globular caps. From this, Schizocodon is distinguished
by Linear-elongated staminodia and fringed corolla.
Allied genera mentioned in this Cyclopedia are Galax,
Pyxidanthera, and Schizocodon. Diapensia has two
alpine and boreal species, one in the Himalayas and
the other in N. Eu. and N. Amer. Berneuxia, the
remaining genus, has a single species in Thibet, not in
the American trade. Shortia calif ornica of seedsmen
3160
SHORTIA
SIBIR^A
will be found under Actinolepis. Of the little family
Diapensiacese, with its 6 genera and 9 species, Shortia
galacifolia is historically the most interesting. Michaux
collected the plant in 1788 in the high mountains of
Carolina, but as his specimen was in fr. rather than in
fl., Richard, the author of Michaux's Flora Boreali-
Americana, did not describe it. Asa Gray examined
Michaux's specimen, preserved in Paris, in 1839, and
afterward founded the genus Shortia on it. Great
search was made for the plant in the mountains of
Carolina, but it was not rediscovered until 1877. The
history of the efforts to find the plant is one of the
most interesting chapters in American botany. For
historical sketch, see Sargent, Garden and Forest, vol.
1, p. 506 (1888). Torrey & Gray founded the genus
Shortia in 1842. In 1843, Siebold & Zuccarini founded
the genus Schizocodon, from Japan. To this genus
Maximowicz added a second Japanese species, S. uni-
florus; the fls. of this plant, as of Shortia, were unknown
when the plant was first recognized. It transpires,
however, that S. uniflorus is really a Shortia, thus add-
ing another instance to the growing list of bitypic
genera that are endemic to Japan and E. N. Amer.
Shortia, like most plants considered rare, is really not
so rare as local, though the few stations where it is
' 3613. Shortia galacifolia.
found abundantly do not seem to present special con-
ditions not to be found elsewhere, and it is hardly under-
stood why it should, in common with certain other
plants, have remained strictly local, in an indigenous
state. For the successful culture of shortia, humus and
leaf-mold seem to be absolutely required, and it should
either be planted where these conditions are natural or
else be constantly supplied with this food. This sug-
gestion, if carried out with many plants, such as galax,
pyrola, chimaphila, and probably Epigsea repens, will
ensure success, where if ordinary garden treatment only
is given the entire disappearance of the plants may be
expected in a season or two. Semi-double and pink-
flowering plants are not rarely found, and it seems likely
that cultivation may bring out several worthy varie-
ties. In England shortia is often grown successfully as
a pot-plant, and is far more appreciated than in
America. It is difficult to procure seed, as the flowering-
stem usually withers away before maturing, though
shortia is readily propagated by division and runners.
It is a shade-loving plant and is a choice addition to the
ericaceous bed, where it will thrive under rhododen-
drons and kalmias. (Harlan P. Kelsey.)
galacifdlia, Torr. & Gray (Sherwoodia galacifolia,
House). Fig. 3613. Lvs. all radical, long-petioled, the
blades orbicular or broadly ovate-orbicular, often
slightly cordate, at the apex obtuse or even retuse, the
margin repand-serrate : peduncles slender, 3-8 in. tall,
1-fld., bracted near the top: fl. inclined or nodding,
white, 1 in. across, the obtuse lobes undulate. Moun-
tains of N. C. B.M. 7082. G.C. II. 15:596; III.
5:397; 17:453. G. 34:521; 36:121; 37:309. Gn.
38:204; 67, p. 285; 71, p. 7; 73, p. 189. J.H. III.
30:299; 58:373. G.M. 34:353. G.F. 1:509 (adapted
in Fig. 3613). Gn.W. 7:605; 20:295. A.G. 12:287.
Mn. 6, p. 83. C.L.A. 17:414. F.S.R. 3:8.— A very
attractive plant with the look of a pyrola; very local.
Var. rosea, Hort., has rose-colored fls.
unifldra, Maxim. (Sherwobdia uniflbra, House). Very
like S. galacifolia: lys. cordate, broader than long and
deeper toothed, — sinuate-toothed in S. uniflora and
only repand-toothed in S. galacifolia. Japan. B.M. 8166.
G.C. III. 31:337; 43:220, 221. G. 36:803. Gn. 67, p.
192; 71, p. 310; 72, p. 202. F.S.R. 3, p. 247.— Offered
by importers of Japanese plants, but little known horti-
culturally. Var. grandifldra, Hort., has larger fls. than
the type, being as much as 1% in. across. G. 32:253.
Gn. 74, p. 164; 78, p. 177. G.M. 53:205. L. H. B.
SHRUBBERY: Planting, Vol. V.
SHfjRIA: Scheeria.
SIBBALDIA (named for Robert Sibbald, Scotch
naturalist). Rosacese. Low and depressed perennials,
hardy and rare in cult., sometimes used in alpine-gar-
dening: Ivs. 3-foliate, alternate; stipules prominent:
fls. cymose, yellow, small; calyx flattish, 5-cleft and
with 5 bractlets; petals 5, linear-oblong, minute; sta-
mens 5, alternate with the petals: achenes 5-10. — •
About 5 species, natives of the colder parts of the
North Temperate Zone. Reduced by Bentham and
Hooker to a section of Potentilla, but separated by
most authorities.
procumbens, Linn. Lfts. 3, wedge-shaped, 3-toothed
at the apex: petals yellow. Ranges from the arctic
regions to the summits of the White Mts. and in the
Rockies comes as far south as Utah. It is also found in
arctic and alpine Eu. and Asia. B.B. 2:217. — This
plant is recommended by some persons, but is not
known to be advertised for sale in Amer.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.J
SEBIR^A (named for the habitat of the plant,
Siberia). Rosacese, subfam. Spirseese. Two shrubs from
N. E. Asia and W. China closely allied to Spiraea, but
differing in the narrow entire Ivs., the polygamo-
dioocious fls. disposed in panicled racemes and in the
2-seeded carpels connate at the base. S. lasvigata is a
deciduous upright shrub with rather stout branches,
with alternate, entire, generally oblong Ivs. and with
small short-stalked white fls. in spike-like racemes
crowded into terminal panicles. It possesses no particu-
lar ornamental qualities and is rarely cult.: hardy N.
The hardiness of the recently intro. S. tomentosa
has not been sufficiently tested. Prop, is by seeds
sown in spring or by layers. S. laevigata, Maxim. (S.
altaiensis, Schneid. Spirsea lasvigata, Linn.). Shrub, 5
ft. high, with stout upright branches: lys. cuneate-
oblong, bluish green, glabrous, 1J^-3J^ in. long: fls.
polygamous, greenish white, in terminal panicles, 3-5
in. long, those of the staminate plant somewhat showier.
May. Siberia. G.O.H. 89. Var. angustata, Rehd. Lvs.
narrow-lanceolate, 1-4 in. long and rarely more than
J/2in. broad: infl. pubescent. W. China. Var. croatica,
Schneid., from S. E. Eu., is similar to the preceding
variety, but the Ivs. are obtuse and the infl. not pubes-
cent. It is not yet intro. S. tomentdsa, Diels. Low
shrub, to 2 ft.: Ivs. oblong-obovate to oblanceolate,
acutish and mucronulate, with silky silvery white
tomentum beneath while young, glabrous above, 2-3
in. long: fls. greenish yellow in dense panicles about 2
in. long. S. W. China. ALFRED REHDER.
SIBTHORPIA
SIDA
3161
SIBTHORPIA (named in honor of John Sibthorp,
1758-1796). Scrophidariacex. Hardy or greenhouse
perennial herbs, often rooting at the nodes, grown
mostly for the flowers.
Leaves alternate or fascicled, petioled, orbiculate-
reniform, cparse-crenate or incise-pinnatifid : pedicels
axillary, solitary or fascicled: fls. yellow, yellowish rose
or red; calyx campanulate, 4-8-cleft, the lobes slightly
unequal; corolla-tube short or very short, rotate, limb
spreading; anthers sagittate: «aps. membranaceous,
compressed, loculicidally dehiscent, the valves splitting
to the middle. — About 7 species, E. Eu., Trop. and N.
Afr., mountains of India and S. Amer.
europgea, Linn. A hardy trailing perennial with very
slender sts. : Ivs. orbicular, less than Kin- across, 7-9-
lobed: fls. small, on rather short pedicels, the 2 upper
lobes of the corolla yellowish, the 3 lower pink. Deep
woods, Eu. Var. variegate, Hort., a form with bright
golden green foliage, is cult, abroad.
peregrina, Linn. Tender trailing greenhouse peren-
nial : Ivs. much crenated : peduncles frequently fascicled,
2 in. long: fls. yellow, 5-8-parted; stamens slightly
shorter than the corolla. June. Mauritius. B.M. 218
(as Disandra prostrata) . p. TRACY HXJBBARD.
SIC ANA (Peruvian name). Cucurbitdcese. Annual
slender subglabrous tall-climbing vines, used out-of-
doors in the S. for ornament: Ivs. palmately 5-9-lobed,
very glabrous and shiny; tendrils 3-5-cleft, the branches
adhering at the tip : fls. rather large, yellow, monoecious,
all solitary; calyx-tube short-campanulate, 5-lobed, the
lobes ovate-lanceolate, recurved; corolla inflated-cam-
panulate, 5-lobed above the middle, the lobes broad-
ovate; stamens 3 in the male fl.: fr. large, fleshy, many-
seeded, fragrant and edible. — Three species, Trpp.
Amer. Allied to Cucurbita, but differing in having
wide-spreading or reflexed calyx-lobes and the anthers
not united.
odorifera, Naudin, the CURUBA and PEPINO ANGOLO
of the tropics, has been intro. in the U. S. as the CAS-
SABANANA. Fig. 3614. It is a very quick-growing and
interesting ornamental vine: plant glabrous, the sts.
angled: Ivs. large (often 1 ft. across), nearly orbicular
in outline, deeply cordate at the base, strongly about
5-lobed and the lobes repand-toothed or angled: fls.
solitary, monoecious, the corolla small and yellowish,
urn-shaped, with small reflexed lobes; stigmas 3, each
2-lobed: fr. like a slender vegetable marrow, 1-2 ft.
long, smooth, nearly cylindrical, orange-crimson, with
a very strong aromatic odor. R.H. 1890:516. — Prob-
ably native to Brazil, but occurring also in Mex. and
the W. Indies. The curuba seems to be grown in the
tropics as an ornamental plant, although it is said to
afford edible preserves. The plant climbs 30-50 ft. It
is well worth growing on summer arbors, or under glass
if one has room for it. The frs. are very interesting,
fragrant, and ornamental. Perennial.
S. atropurpiirea, Andre1. Has shorter subpyriform, brilliant
violet-purple frs., and purple-tinted under surfaces of the Ivs. Per-
haps a form of S. odorifera. Uruguay. R.H. 1894:108. — S.
spherica. Hook. f. Fls. large and spreading, more like those of
Cucurbita: Ivs. reniform, 3-5-lobed: fr. globose, size of a small
orange. Jamaica. B.M. 7109. L H B
SICYOS (Greek name for the cucumber). Cucurbita-
ce3e. Climbing or prostrate annual herbs useful for
ornamental purposes, one especially for covering walls
and the like: Ivs. membranaceous, angulate or lobed,
rarely deeply 3-5-lobed; tendrils 3-cleft: fls. small or
minute, whitish, monoecious, the sterile and fertile
mostly from the same axis, the former corymbed, the
latter in a capitate cluster, long-peduncled ; petals 5,
united below into a bell-shaped or flattish corolla;
ovary 1-celled: fr. ovoid, dry, and indehiscent, 1-seeded.
— About 50 species, warmer parts of N. and S. Amer.,
Pacific islands, and Austral.
angulatus, Linn. BUR CUCUMBER. Annual climbing
herb: ivs. very broadly rhombic-ovate, more or less
shallow, 5-angled or lobed, palmately veined; the lobes
rather broad-deltoid, the midlobe abruptly and nar-
rowly acuminate, the lateral lobes apiculate, base some-
what halberd-shaped with a rounded rather narrow
sinus; the petiole slender and glandular-pilose. S.
Maine and W. Que. to Fla. and west to Minn., E. Kans.,
and Texas. — Used on account of its rapid growth for
screening walls, lattice-work, and the like.
SIDA (from the old Greek name for Nymphaea alba;
g'ven without explanation by Linnaeus). Malvacex.
erbs or shrubs with the indumentum frequently soft
or tomentose, adapted to the warm- or coolhouse or
some of them hardy; one species, S. rhombifolia, now
cultivated in India for its fiber.
Leaves simple or lobed, usually serrate or dentate:
fls. sessile or pedunculate, solitary or glomerate, axil-
lary or in terminal racemose spikes or heads, various
colored and sometimes showy, often small, yellow or
whitish; calyx 5-tpothed or 5-cleft; staminal column
divided at the top into numerous filaments: carpels 5 or
more, when ripe separating from the axis, generally
2-awned at the summit; seed 1 to a carpel and pendu-
lous.— About 120 species, widely distributed in Afr.,
Asia, Austral., and N. and S. Amer.
3614. Sicana odorifera, the cassabanana. ( X M)
A. Lf. -blades palmately lobed: fls. white.
hermaphrodite, Rusby (S. Napsea, Cav. Napasa her-
maphrodlta, Linn.). A hardy herbaceous perennial 5-8
ft. high, from a stout root: Ivs. 3-^8 in. long, 3-7-lobed;
lobes triangular, long-acuminate, irregularly serrate: fls.
perfect, white, about 1 in. across, in terminal corym-
bose panicles. June- Aug. S. Pa., W. Va., and Va. B.B.
2:422. — Cult, same as for hollyhocks; prop, by seed.
Index Kewensis refers the above species to Napsea
dioica, Linn., but according to Gray's Synoptical Flora
of North America the two species belong to separate
genera, the fls. of the first being hermaphrodite, of the
second dioecious. Napsea dimca is a strong-growing
perennial 5-9 ft. high, with large radical Ivs. often 1 ft.
across and 9-11-cleft, the segrns. cut into lanceolate
serrate lobes: fls. dioecious, white, smaller than in Sida
Napsea. For pictures of the two plants, see B.B. 2:420,
422.
AA. Lf. -blades merely toothed: fls. of various colors.
B. Lvs. ovate to cuneate or lanceolate.
rhomb if 6Ka, Linn. Shrubby or subshrubby : Ivs. very
variable, rhomboid-lanceolate to lanceolate, lower sur-
face usually paler or even hoary: fls. axillary, solitary,
pale yellow, rarely white, the petals blotched with red
at the base. Tropics and subtropics of both hemi-
spheres.— Yields a good fiber, and its cult, for this pur-
pose has recently been encouraged in India. Probably
of little value for ornament.
3162
SIDA
SIDEROXYLON
BB. Lvs. linear or linear-oblong.
Elliottii, Torr. & Gray. A hardy perennial herb, slen-
der, 1-3 ft. high, with Ivs. 1 in. long and yellow fls.
Sandy soil in the southern coast states. Offered by
western collectors in 1881. B.B. (ed. 2)2:520.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
SIDALCEA (compound of Sida and Alcea, related
genera). Malvaceae. Some of the sidalceas are annuals,
but those in cultivation are hardy perennials, being
recommended for the herbaceous border.
Leaves palmately cleft or parted, stipular: fls. often
showy, pink, purple, or white, in terminal racemes or
spikes, mostly without bracts or involucels beneath;
stamens united into groups in a double series: carpels
5-9, reniform, separating at maturity. — About 30
species, natives of W. N. Amer. For monograph, see
• Gray, Syn. Fl. N. Amer., vol. 1, p. 302. Of easy cult.
Prop, by seeds or division.
A. Fls. white, with
bluish anthers.
Candida, Gray. Fig.
3615 (adapted from
Pacific R. R. Report).
Plant erect, from
more or less creeping
root-stocks, the sts.
somewhat branched
above, 2-3 ft. tall,
glabrous or nearly so:
radjcal Ivs. nearly
orbicular, cordate,
obtusely lobed or
deeply crenate; st.-
Ivs. 5-7-parted, the
3615. Sidalcea Candida.
divisions narrow and often notched: fls. 1 in. or more
across, white, in an erect spike-like raceme. Rocky
Mts. Gn. 24, p. 396; 28, p. 29. G.M. 49:316. Gn.W.
24:299 (as S. malvseflora). J.H. III. 56:451. R.H. 1891,
p. 356.
AA. Fls. normally colored (rarely white forms').
B. Mature carpels smooth (not reticulated).
spicata, Greene (S. Murrayana, Hort.). One or 2
ft. tall, sparingly branched or simple, often more or less
hirsute: upper Ivs. parted into linear and often lobed
divisions: fls. rather small, purplish, in an oblong, more
or less interrupted spike, the pedicels short or almost
none. Calif., Nev., and Ore.
BB. Mature carpels conspicuously reticulated.
malvaefl&ra, Gray. Sts. erect or ascending, 1-6 ft. or
even more, sparingly hirsute: Ivs. green, small, incised-
crenate, the upper ones 5-cleft or 5-divided, segms. nar-
row and entire or broader and pinnate-lpbed : fls. 2 in.
or less across when fully expanded, purple. Calif. H.U.
2, p. 65 (as Nuttallia malv&flora). Var. atropurp&rea,
Hort. (S. atropurpurea, Hort.), grows 2-3 ft. high, with
large, open, purple fls. Var. Listeri, Hort. (S. Listen,
Hort.), known also as "pink beauty," has satiny pink
fls. It is of European origin.
neo-mexicana, Gray. One to 8 ft. high: sts. hirsute-
pubescent, more or less branched: radical Ivs. orbicu-
lar, 5-9-lobed or incisely crenate; cauline Ivs. parted,
segms. 3-lobed: raceme many-fid.: fls. rose; calyx hir-
sute: carpels smooth and glabrous. Mountains of New
Mex. and Ariz, northward to Wyo.
campestris, Greene. Two to 5 ft., often branching
above, glabrous or sparingly hirsute-pubescent: Ivs.
green, the lower ones rounded and variously lobed,
the upper ones 5-7-parted into narrow divisions: fls.
about \]/2 in. across, in strict spike-like racemes, pur-
plish, the petals often laciniate. N. Calif, to Brit. Col.
oregana, Gray. Less hairy than S. campestris, the
racemes becoming branched and paniculate: fls.
smaller. Ore. and Wash.
The following are offered in the trade, but unknown botanically:
S. maridna, Hort., growing 3 ft. high: fls. bright pink. — S. meii-
cana, Hort., a strong grower, 3 ft. high, with satiny rose fls. borne
F. TRACY HUBBARD.J
SIDERITIS (Greek, iron; the plants were supposed to
have a healing power for wounds caused by iron. Dios-
corides also used the name for other plants credited with
the same ability). Labiate. Herbs, subshrubs, or
shrubs frequently lanate or softly pilose, mostly hardy
or half-hardy but some of them coolhouse plants: Ivs.
entire or toothed, the floral ones reduced to bracts or
similar to the lower cauline: fls. in axillary clusters of
6 to many fls. or in interrupted or dense spikes, small,
often yellowish; calyx tubular, 5-10-nerved, with 5
erect somewhat spiny teeth, or rarely muticous; corolla-
tube included, bare or with a pilose ring inside, the limb
2-lipped, the posterior somewhat flat, entire, emargi-
nate or 2-cleft, the anterior spreading, 3-cleft;
stamens 4, didynamous: nutlets ovoid, smooth,
obtuse, not truncate at the top. — About 60
species, Medit. region, Canary Isls., and the
Orient. Probably the commonest is S. scordi-
oldes, Linn., a hardy subshrub, about 1 ft.
high, with ovate, oblong, or oblong-linear,
incised-toothed Ivs., spikes which are 1-3 in.
long of yellowish fls. with the upper lip of the
corolla paler or white. S. Eu. Variable .
Other species which have been mentioned are: S.
canaritnsis, Linn. A greenhouse shrub several feet high,
with ovate, crenate Ivs. which are cordate at the base,
and subglobose whorls of 20-30 fls. Canary Isls. — S.
cdndicans, Ait. A greenhouse shrub about 3 ft. high,
covered with white wool, with ovate Ivs. which are
truncately cordate at the base, whorls of about 10 sub-
sessile fls., the lower ones distant. Madeira and Canary
Isls. — S. incana, Linn. A half-hardy subshrub about
1 ft. high, with white-woolly branches, sessile, oblong-
linear, obtuse, white-woolly Ivs. and distant whorls of about 6 fls.
Spain.— S. perfolidta. Linn. A half-hardy subshrub about 1-1 Yi ft.
high, with half-clasping, ovate-oblong or lanceolate softly villous
Ivs. and distant whorls of sessile fls. S. Eu.— S. taiirica, Willd., is
a half-hardy shrub about 1 }/i ft. high with thick oblong-lanceolate
or spatulate Ivs., the lower ones crenulate, densely white-woolly.
Caucasus region and Asia Minor. -p TRACY Hrr
SIDEROXYLON (Greek, iron and wood, referring to
the hardness of the wood) . Sapotaceas. Trees and shrubs,
with simple Ivs. and small fls. in axillary clusters: fls.
5-merous or rarely 6-merous; calyx-lobes roundish or
ovate, usually obtuse, nearly equal ; corolla more or less
bell-shaped; stamens attached to the tube at the base of
the lobes and opposite to them; staminodia scale-like or
petaloid; ovary usually 5-loculed: berry ovoid or glo-
bose.— About 110 species, mainly tropical, a few extra-
tropical. S. Afr., Austral., and New Zeal.
Mastichodendron, Jacq. Tree, to about 50 ft., with
somewhat variable Ivs. usually oval or ovate-oblong, 2-8
SIDEROXYLOX
SILEXE
3163
in. long, and small yellow fls.: fr. about %in. through.
W. Indies; cult, in S. Calif. — Said to yield a sort of
chewing-gum. Wood useful in furniture-making.
F. W. BARCLAY.
SffiVEKINGIA (named for Dr. Sieveking). Orchi-
dacfs. Pseudobulbous orchids suitable for the warm-
house; of secondary importance.
Pseudobulbs usually clustered, 1-lvd.: If. usually
petioled: labellum immobile, angled with the column,
ventrieose, either simple or tridentate at the apex. —
About 3 species, natives of Cent, and S. Amer. Allied
to Lacsena.
Reichenbachiana, Hook, f . Pseudobulbs clustered, 1
in. long, ovoid or obpyrifprm, blotched with blood-red
when old: If. single, 4-5 in. long, petioled, elliptic-lan-
ceolate, acuminate at both ends, dark green, strongly
5-ribbed : fls. about 6 in a pendulous corymb, about 1 J^
in. across; sepals subequal, ovate, pale straw-colored;
petals linear, acute, golden yellow, they and the lip
margined with long flexuous golden hairs; lip spread
out, side lobes large, dimidiate-ovate, subfalcate, gol-
den yellow, blotched with blood-red, midlobe small,
linear, lacerate. Ecuador. B.M. 7576.
suavis, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs pyriform, approxi-
mate: If. petioled, cuneate-oblong, acute, plicate: fls.
about 3 in a pendulous raceme; sepals greenish yellow,
ovate; petals and lip deep yellow, the latter with a few
minute blackish dots inside and some larger ones on the
basal crest. Costa Rica.
There is a third species in the trade, S. peruriana, Rolfe, but
while mentioned in Orchid Review it seems never to have been
F. TRACY HUBBABD.
SIGMATOGYNE (Greek S and female, referring to
the S-shaped gynostemium, the peculiar column of
the orchids). Orchidacese. Epiphytic herbs with peren-
nial 2-1 vd., small pseudobulbs: Ivs. perennial, mem-
branaceous: scape various-fld.(?), rising below the
pseudobulb, 1-fld.: fls. perfect, small, diaphanous; peri-
anth spreading, upside down, withering; sepals 3, free,
the dorsal keeled, the lateral almost straight forward
and symmetrical; petals 2, rather similar to the sepals;
labellum free, inserted at the base of the S-bent rather
broad gynostemium, somewhat mobile; column broad,
thick, much shorter than the labellum; pollinia 4, in
pairs; rostellum (beak) little bent down: caps, unknown.
Two species, Himalayas. 5. Panilingii, Pfitz. Plant
small: scape scarcely exceeding the narrowly ovate
pseudobulbs: sepals scarcely %in. long, oblong, the
dorsal carinate, acute, the lateral concave at base; pet-
als similar, narrower; labellum entire, oblong, slightly
dilated toward the apex. Assam. — The color of the fl.
is not described and the scape including the fl. is only
about \Y± in. long. jr TRACY HUBBARD.
SIGMATOSTALIX (Greek S and stake). Orcfridacex.
Low herbs with very short, few-lvd. sts., covered with
distichous sheaths and terminated by a 1-lvd. pseudo-
bulb, suitable for the warmhouse: fls. in racemes, short-
pedicelled, pendulous, medium-sized or small; sepals
free, about equal, spreading, acute or acuminate;
petals similar to the sepals only narrower; labellum
long-clawed, 2-keeled; column elongated, very narrow;
pplfinia 2: caps, ovoid, 3-edged, beakless. — About 12 spe-
cies, Trop. Amer. S. bicorniita, Rolfe. Cespitose, about
2 in. high: pseudobulbs elliptic-oblong, apex 1-lvd.,
base 4-lvd.: Ivs. linear, subobtuse or minutely denticu-
late: scapes lateral, slender, few-fld. : fls. small, yellow
with deep purple-red stripes; sepals linear-lanceolate,
reflexed; petals linear-lanceolate, with 2 fleshy coni-
cal horns; labellum sessile,. somewhat spreading, reni-
form-orbicular. Peru. S. Elise, Rolfe. Pseudobulbs
compressed, ovate-oblong, apex 1-lvd., base 2-3-lvd.:
Ivs. oblong and very short bidentate, base attenuate:
scapes slender, many-fld. : fls. yellow, spotted with red-
dish brown; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, acute,
reflexed; labellum spreading, broad-clawed, 3-lobed,
midlobe renif orm-orbicular, lateral lobes reflexed, linear-
oblong. Colombia. S. perwiana, Rolfe. Cespitose,
about 2-3 in. high: pseudobulb ovoid or ovoid-oblong,
apex 1-lvd., base 4-lvd.: Ivs. linear, subobtuse, or
minutely denticulate, base conduplicate : scapes lateral,
slender, few-fld. : sepals and petals straw-colored with
purple band at base of dorsal sepal and the petals, lip
light yellow with a shiny orange-yellow crest; sepals
oblong spreading; petals suberect, oblong; labellum sub-
sessile, deltoid-renlform, undulate. Peru.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SILENE (Greek name of one of Bacchus' companions
described as covered with foam, also connected with
sialon, saliva; referring to the stickiness of the stem and
calyx of some species). Including Hdiosperma and
Meldndrium in part. Caryophyttaceae. CATCHFLY.
CAMPION. Erect, cespitose, decumbent or diffusely
climbing annual, biennial, or perennial herbs, some of
them tender and grown in the greenhouse, others hardy
and planted outdoors for their ornamental effect; often
excellent plants for the rock-garden.
Leaves opposite, entire: fls. solitary or variously
cymose, white, through pink to rose and purple; calyx
5-toothed, 10- to many-nerved, naked at the base; pet-
als mostly crowned with a scale at the base of the blade;
stamens 10; styles 3, rarely 4: pod 1-celled, sometimes
3-celled. — Over 400 species described, widely scattered
over the world. There is a monograph of Silene, with a
key, in the Journal of the T..inn?p-a.n Society, vol. 32
(1896), by F. N. Williams, with 390 good species.
Williams refers the common S. virginica and S. pennsyl-
vanica as well as the European S. viscosa to the genus
Melandrium, characterized by a strictly unicellular
caps, with no trace of septation at the base. Only a
few of the known species are in cult.
Silenes are of easy culture. They mostly bloom in
summer, and a few continue well into autumn. By
good management the season of bloom may be con-
tinued through spring and summer. Toward this end
the seeds of the common annual kinds should be sown in
early autumn, instead of spring. As a rule, the common
kinds prefer a sandy loam and full sunlight, but the
rock-garden kinds require special treatment, and other
suggestions for cultivation are given after the specific
descriptions. The most popular kinds are the pink and
rose annuals, S. Armeria and S. pendida. Of the peren-
nials the most popular among the white-fld. kinds are
S. maritima and S. alpestris, while S. virginica, S. penn-
sylvanica and S. Schafta. are amongst the most popular
kinds with colored flowers. A good horticultural review
of the kinds in cultivation is found in The Garden, vol.
11, pp. 10-13 (1877).
acaulis, 28.
ffrxca, 5.
quadridcntata, 30.
alba, 1, 5, 28.
grandiflora, 10, 28,
quadrifida, 30.
alpestris, 31.
31.
regia, 21.
Armeria, 1.
Hookeri, 41.
Reichenbachiana, 37.
Asterias, 10.
inflata, 7.
Reichenbachii, 37.
Asttris, 10.
Ktiaibelii, 12.
repens, 36.
aurea, 28.
laciniata. 14.
Richentreichii, 31.
Bergen, 21.
latif olia, 7.
rosea, 5, 8, 15.
Bonettii, 5.
Lerchenfeldiana, 27.
roeiflora, 18.
Bonnettii, 5.
lilacina, 5.
ruberrima, 5.
californica, 19.
LyaUii, 13.
rupestris, 38.
carnea, 5.
Maeounii, 13.
Saiifraga, 32.
caroliniana, 44.
maritima, 8.
Schafta, 43.
caucasica, 39.
mellifera, 24.
Schafte, 43.
ciliata, 35.
Menziesii, 17.
Scouleri, 16.
compacta, 2, 5.
multicaulis, 12.
stellata, 11.
Cucubalus, 7.
nana, 15.
tatarica, 9.
dianthifolia, 29.
odontopetala, 33.
vallesia, 40.
dichotoma, 4.
pendula, 5.
vtnosa, 7.
Douglasii, 13.
Elizabeths, 34.
pennsylvanica, 44.
petraca, 32.
virginica, 20.
viridiflora, 23.
exscapa, 28.
plena, 3, 5, 8, 28.
viacosa, 3.
nmbnata, 6.
pumilio, 26.
Tidgaris, 7.
flore-pUno, 8, 28.
Purpuaii, 14.
Waldsteinii, 12.
Fortunei, 15.
pusflla, 42.
Zawadskii, 7, 25.
gigantea, 22.
3164
SILENE
SILENE
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Duration annual or biennial.
B. Plants glabrous, although viscid
above in No. 1.
c. All except the lowest hs. ovate or
ovate-lanceolate from a subcor-
date, clasping base 1. Armeria
cc. All except the lowest Ivs. oblong or
oblong-lanceolate from a connate
base 2. compacta
BB. Plants pubescent or tomentose.
c. Sts. simple 3. viscosa
cc. Sts. dichotomously branched, at
least above.
D. Fls. sessile, white 4. dichotoma
DD. Fls. pedicelled, finally pendu-
lous, usually flesh-colored to
purple but white in one variety. 5. pendula
AA. Duration perennial.
B. Height 1 ft. or more (Nos. 8, 12, 17,
and 18 are usually less than 1 ft.;
No. 9 is placed here with uncer-
tainty as its height is not definitely
stated).
c. Nerves of the calyx 20.
D. Sts. erect: base of Ivs. cordate. . . 6. fimbriata
DD. Sts. procumbent or ascending:
base of Ivs. narrowed.
E. Fls. several to a st.: sts. as-
cending 7. latifolia
EE. Fls. 1 or few to a st.: sts.
procumbent 8. maritima
cc. Nerves of the calyx 10.
D. Plants glabrous.
E. Lvs. linear-oblong 9. tatarica
EE. Lvs. lanceolate-spatulate 10. Asterias
DD. Plants pubescent or at least pu-
berulent or pruinose-scabrous.
E. The Ivs. in whorls of 4 (the
uppermost and lowest some-
times opposite) 11. stellata
BE. The Ivs. not in whorls of 4-
F. Blades linear or narrowly
lanceolate or oblanceolate.
G. Sts. more or less decum-
bent or geniculate at the
base.
H. Fls. solitary on the pe-
duncles 12. multicaulis
HH. Fls. mostly in 8-fld.
cymes.
I. Calyx oblong or obo-
vate: fls. white or
pink 13. Douglasii
n. Calyx long-cylin-
drical, pink, green-
nerved: fls. bright
carmine 14. laciniata
GG. Sts. erect.
H. Fls. erect 15. Fortunei
HH. Fls. nodding 16. Scouleri
.FF. Blades broader, usually
ovate or obovate, some-
times broadly lanceolate
or oblanceolate.
G. Sts. more or less decum-
bent or procumbent.
H. Infl. leafy and borne
in the forks of the
branches 17. Menziesii
HH. Infl. not leafy, usually
at least partly ter-
minal.
i. Petals obcordate: fls.
rose 18. rosiflora
ii. Petals 4-deft or 4~
lobed: fls. scarlet. .19. californica
•GO. Sts. erect, usually stout. .
H. Fls. crimson or scarlet.
i. Lvs. thin, spatulate
or oblanceolate;
apex blunt or ab-
ruptly acute 20. virginica
n. Lvs. thick, ovate-lan-
ceolate; apex acute
or acuminate . . . .21. regia
HH. Fls. white, greenish
white, or bright green.
i. The fls. erect: Ivs.
tomentose 22. gigantea
II. The fls. nodding: Ivs.
pubescent but not
tomentose.
j. Base of calyx gr ad-
ally attenuate
to the pedicel . .23. viridiflora
jj. Base of calyx trun-
cate and umbili-
cate 24. mellifera
BB. Height 2-10 in. (Nos. 8, 12, and 18
occasionally reach 1 ft.; No. 17 is
often 1 ft. or more high; No. 9 may
belong here but is probably taller
than 1 ft.).
c. Nerves of the calyx 20.
D. Plant not cespitose 25. Zawadskii
DD. Plant cespitose.
E. Lvs. linear: plant dwarf, 2-4
in. high 26. pumilio
EE. Lvs. lanceolate or ovate-lance-
olate: plant 8-16 in. high. . 8. maritima
cc. Nerves of the calyx 10.
D. Blades linear or narrowly lan-
ceolate (the lowest Ivs. of No.
SO are somewhat spatulate,
the others linear).
E. Species strictly glabrous.
F. Peduncles 5-11-fld 27. Lerchenfeldi-
FF. Peduncles 1-, rarely 2-fl.d.. [ana
G. Sts. lacking or almost so:
plants not more than 2
in. high 28. acaulis
GG. Sts. present: plants 4-6
in. high 29. dianthif olia
EE. Species more or less pubescent
or at least viscid above.
F. Petals 4-lobed.
G. Fls. solitary or in 3's. . .30. quadrifida
GG. Fls. in panicles.
H. Color of fls. white 31. alpestris
HH. Color of fls. cardinal-
red 14. laciniata var.
FF. Petals 2-lobed or 2-cleft. [Purpusii
G. Calyx glabrous.
H. Claws of the petals
dilated and glabrous;
calyx-teeth alternate-
ly oblong, obtuse and
lanceolate, acute. ... 12. multicaulis
HH. Claws of the petals cili-
ate; calyx-teeth ovate,
obtuse 32. Saiifraga
GG. Calyx pubescent.
H. Tube of calyx cam-
panulate 33. odontopetala
HH. Tube of calyx clavate
or tubular becoming
oval.
i. Fls. rose 34. Elizabeth®
n. Fls. white.
j. Infl. cymose, few-
fid 35. ciliata
jj. Infl. racemose-
paniculate.
K. Fls. erect 36. repens
KK. Fls. nodding. ..37. Reichen-
DD. Blades broader, when lanceolate, [bachii
relatively broad as compared
with the length.
E. Plant glabrous 38. rupestris
EE. Plant pubescent or at least
velvety.
F. Lvs. lanceolate, oblong-lan-
ceolate, or ovate-lanceolate,
blade broadest at or below
the middle.
a. Fls. white.
H. Infl. leafy, borne in
the forks of the
branches 17. Menziesii
HH. Infl. terminal on a st.
ascending from be-
low the rosette 39. caucasica
SILEXK
SILEXE
3165
GG. Fls. rose or rose-purple. . 18. rosiflora
Tf. LTS. oborate or more or less
spatulate, at least the
lower, blade broadest
abore the middle.
G. Claw of petal ciliate.
H. Petals bifid 40. vallesia
HH. Petals 4-defl 41. Hookeri
GG. Claw of petal glabrous.
H. Apex of petal 4-
toothed r 42. pusilla
HH. Apex of petal 2-lobed
or notched.
I. Calyx long-cylindri-
cal: fls. 1-6, axil-
lary and terminal,
solitary 43. Schafta
II. Calyx clavate: fls. in
small dense ter-
minal cymes 44. pennsylvanica
1. Armeria, Linn. SWEET WILLIAM CATCHFLT. Fig.
3616. Annual, glabrous, viscid above: sts. 1-1 % ft.
high, erect, simple or slightly branched: lowest Ivs.
spatulate, the others ovate or ovate-lanceolate, from
a subcordate, clasping base: fls. pink or rose, in dense
cymes, corymb-like, often dichotomous; calyx 10-
nerved, cylindrical, clavate in fir.; petals obovate-
cuneate. subretuse: caps, oblong. July-Sept. S. Eu.
B.B. (ed. 2) 2:66. Var. alba, Hort., is a white-fld.
form.
2. compacta, Fisch. Biennial, glabrous, glaucescent:
ibout 1J-2 ft. high, stout, simple or slightly short-
branched above: lowest Ivs. spatulate-lanceolate, the
others oblong or oblong-lanceolate from a connate base :
fls. pink, crowded in dense, sessile heads, with the upper-
most Ivs. involucrate; calyx clavate; petals obovate,
entire: caps, oblong. July. E. Eu., Asia Minor. L B.C.
17:1638. — Most of the material cult, under this name
is >'. pendula var. compacta.
3. viscosa, Pers. Biennial, somewhat tomentose,
very viscid: sts. stout, leafy, simple: Ivs. somewhat
undulate, radical oblong; cauhne lanceolate, acute: fls.
white, in short-peduncled, op-
posite cymelets, forming a long
verticillate raceme; calyx very
viscid, long - cylindrical, 10-
nerved, in fr. clavate; petals
deeply 2-parted into obovate-
oblong segms.: caps, oblong.
June, July. Eu., X. Asia. Var.
plena, Hort., is said to grow 1
ft. high and to have bright
rose double fls. — Use basal
cuttings.
4. dichptoma, Ehrh. Annual
or biennial, minutely pubes-
cent: sts. strictly dichotomous:
lower Ivs. spatulate, the others
lanceolate, acuminate: pe-
duncles very short, racemes in
pairs, many-fld. : fls. white,
sessile; calyx 10-nerved, the
nerves green, more or less hir-
sute, oblong-cylindrical; petals
2-parted to the middle or more,
the segms. obovate -oblong:
caps, oblong. Eu., also intro.
in X. Amer. and extensively
escaped. B.B. (ed. 2) 2:67.
5. pendula, Linn. (S. grseca,
Hort., not Boiss. S. rdsea,
Hort.). Fig. 3617. Annual,
crisp-pubescent: sts. 6-10 in.
high, decumbent at base, dicho-
3616. Silene Armeria. tomously branched above: Ivs.
(XH) oblong-spatulate to lanceolate;
3617. SUene pendula.
floral Ivs. oblong-lanceolate : fls. flesh-colored or rosy, in
lax racemes, finally pendulous; calyx hirsute, reddish,
10-nerved, somewhat inflated after anthesis; petals
large, obovate or 2-parted: caps, ovate. May-Aug.
Medit. region. B.M. 114. — A variable species whose
varieties seem to be nomenclatorially in confusion as
the same form appears to bear several names; some of
the forms offered
in the trade are:
Var. alba, Hort ., is
a white-fld. form.
Var. Bonnettii,
Hort. (S.Bonettii,
Hort.), has brown-
ish red sts. and
Ivs. : fls. shiny pur-
ple - red or dark
purple. Var. car-
nea, Hort., is a
flesh-colored form
of which there is
a double variant
known in the trade
as cdrnea plena.
Var. compacta,
Hort., is probably
a compact - grow-
ing strain rather
than a true va-
riety; occurring in
several color vari-
ations and both
single and double.
G.C. in. 43:345; 55:174. Gt. 49, p. 555. G.Z. 18:32.
A good bedding plant. Var. lilacina, Hort., is a form
with rather lilac-purple fls. Var. ruberrima, Hort.,
Vilm., is a form with brownish red branches and bright
rose or carmine fls. (R.H. 1884, p. 113) ; there is also a
variation of this known in the trade as ruberrima Bon-
nettii, with reddish purple sts. and Ivs. and rose-red fls.,
probably the same as var. Bonnettii.
6. fimbriata, Sims. Perennial, about 2 ft. high,
Rubescent: sts. erect, leafy and sometimes branched
•om the axils: Ivs. large, ovate, base more or less cor-
date, margin undulate; the upper Ivs. lanceolate, all
dark green: inn. a dichotomous panicle: fls. white;
calyx whitish, inflated, ovate-campanulate, teeth short-
triangular; petals cuneate at base, obovate above,
deeply many-cut and fringed. Caucasus. B.M. 908.
7. latifdlia, Brit. & Rendle (Cucubdlus latifolius,
Mill. S. Cucubdlus, Wibel. S. infldta, Sm. S. venbsa,
Aschers. S. vulgdris, Garcke. S. Zawddskii, Hort., not
Herbich). BLADDER CAMPION. BLADDER CATCHFLT.
COWBELL. WHITE BEN. Perennial, 1-3 ft. high, glau-
cescent, usually glabrous: sts. ascending: Ivs. elliptical
or lanceolate, acuminate, base narrowed: fls. polyg-
amous-dio3cious, numerous, white or pinkish, droop-
ing, in corymbose cymes or panicles; calyx campanulate
to subglobose, 20-nerved, glabrous, strongly inflated;
petals narrow, 2-cleft: caps, ovate-globose. Eu., N.
Afr., Asia, and naturalized in X. Amer. B.B. (ed. 2)
2:64. — The young shoots are said to be eaten by the
poor folk of England as a substitute for asparagus; they
taste something like green peas.
8. maritima, With. Perennial, cespitose, gray-green,
8-16 in. high: sts. numerous, the barren shoots pro-
cumbent, the flowering ascending: Ivs. lanceolate or
ovate-lanceolate, margin cartilaginous or crenate: fls.
white, 1 or few to a st., but numerous, paniculate;
calyx 20-nerved, inflated after anthesis; petals some-
what cleft and with 2 small scales at the base. June-
Aug. Eu., X. Afr. Gn. 57, p. 372. G.M. 52:273.—
The seaside form is said to be more glaucous than the
mountain form. Allied to S. latifolia, but fewer- and
larger-fld. Var. plena, Hort. (S. maritima var. fibre-
3166
SILENE
SILENE
pleno, Hort.), grows 4-10 in. high and has fewer fls.
than the type, but they are much larger, extremely
double and remain in bloom longer. Niven says, "This
variety makes a lovely rock-plant, and ought always to
be placed in such a position that its stems, borne down
by the weight of blossoms, may hang over the ledge of
a rock; otherwise, if planted in a border, they get
besprinkled with soil after every shower of rain." Niven
adds that this variety produces no seed and is more
easily prop, by cuttings than by division. Gn. 11, p. 12;
57, p. 126. R.H. 1906, p. 181. Var. rdsea, Niven, grows
about 6 in. high and is said to have a less rambling
habit and rose-colored fls. Origin unknown. This
desirable form seems unknown in Amer.
9. tatarica, Pers. Perennial, glabrous: sts. geniculate,
approximate, densely leafy: Ivs, linear-oblong, atten-
uate toward the base, margin serrulate, glabrous: fls.
3618. Silene virginica. ( X V-i)
in secund racemose panicles; peduncles opposite, 1-3-
fld.; calyx subclavate, obscurely 10-striate, glabrous;
petals 2-cut, the segms. oblong-linear, obtuse: caps,
elliptical. E. Eu., W. Asia.
10. Asterias, Griseb. ; also misspelled Asteris. Peren-
nial, glabrous, 3-4 ft. high: sts. tall, simple, rather vis-
cid: Ivs. lanceolate-spatulate, 4-5 in. long, obtuse, base
attenuate; the uppermost oblong, elliptic-lanceolate:
fls. purple, subsessile, in a many-fld., capitate cyme;
calyx membranaceous, reddish, obconic-cylindrical ;
petals oblong, entire: caps, oblong. Macedonia and
Roumania. Var. grandifldra, Hort., is about 3 ft. high
and has the crimson-scarlet fls. in globose heads.
Balkan Mts.
11. stellata, Ait. STARRY CAMPION. Perennial, 2-3
ft. high: sts. erect, branched, pubescent: Ivs. in whorls
of 4 (the uppermost and lowest sometimes opposite),
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2-3 in. long: fls. white,
nodding, in an open panicle; calyx campanulate, pubes-
cent, inflated; petals laciniately cleft, unappendaged.
Woods, Mass, to Neb., south to Ga. and Texas. B.M.
1107 (as Cucubalus stellatus). B.B. (ed. 2) 2:63.
12. multicaulis, Guss. (S. Waldsteinii, Griseb. S.
Kitaibelii, Vis.). Perennial, 1 ft. or less high: caudicles
prostrate: sts. ascending, pruinose-scabrous below,
viscid above: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute: fls. solitary
on the peduncles, greenish white; calyx pale, glabrous,
cylindric-clavate, base strongly attenuate; petals linear-
cuneate, 2-cut: caps, oblong. S. Eu.
13. Douglasii, Hook. Perennial, 1 ft. or more high,
finely pubescent, scarcely viscid: sts. very slender,
decumbent and geniculate at base: Ivs. remote, long,
linear to narrowly lanceolate-linear, 2-3 in. long: fls.
white or pink, borne mostly in 3-fld., long-peduncled
cymes; calyx oblong or obovate, rather narrow at base;
petals 2-lobed, appendaged. June-Sept. Utah to Cent.
Calif, north to Mont, and Brit. Col. — A variable species.
Var. Macoftnii, Rob. (S. Lyallii, Wats.), is minutely
pubescent: Ivs. tapering gradually from near apex to
base: calyx oblong, teeth purple-tipped. Wash, and
Brit. Col., summits of the Rocky and Selkirk Mts.
14. laciniata, Cav. Perennial, IK ft- high: sts.
pubescent, decumbent and erect>-branched : Ivs. large,
lanceolate to narrowly linear, acute, attenuate at base,
subsessile: fls. axillary and terminal, paniculate, some-
what nodding, bright carmine, about 1 in. across; calyx
long-cylindrical, pink with 10 green nerves, slightly
inflated after anthesis; petals 4-cleft to about their
middle, lobes acute. Mex. B.R. 1444. P.M. 1:267.
Var. Purpftsii, Hort., is a dwarf, spreading plant, 6-8
in. high: Ivs. narrow, green, somewhat woolly: fls. rich
cardinal-red. Mex.
15. F6rtunei, Vis. Perennial, 1^-3 ft. high, woody
at base, scaberulous-pubescsnt: sts. numerous, erect:
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, acute, attenuate to a ciliate
petiole: fls. racemose with short cymose or approxi-
mate single-fld. branches, rose or white; calyx elongate-
tubular, glabrous, striae netted above, teeth ovate,
broad white-margined; petals with 2-auricled claws,
blade 2-parted, the lobes more or less deeply incised:
caps, oblong. China. B.M. 7649. Var. nana, Hort., a
dwarfer form with more deeply colored fls. Var. rosea,
Hort., has more brilliant pink fls. than the type.
16. Scoftleri, Hook. Perennial, ll/2-2lA ft. high,
pubescent, glandular-viscid above: root stout: sts.
simple, erect: Ivs. narrowly oblanceolate or lanceolate-
linear, acuminate: fls. white or purplish, verticillately
spicate or the lower ones in short appressed cymes;
calyx clavate, nerves definite, teeth membranous and
ciliate margined; petals auricled-clawed, bifid. Moun-
tains of Ore., Idaho, and Mont., northward to Van-
couver Isl.
17. Menziesii, Hook. Perennial, 6 in. to 1 ft. or more
high, finely glandular-pubescent: sts. weak, leafy,
dichotomously branched above: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate,
acuminate at both ends, thin : fls. white, very small for
the genus, borne in the forks of the branches and form-
ing a leafy infl.; calyx obconical, obovate, or oblong,
2^-4 lines long; petals 2-cleft, commonly appendaged:
caps, small. Mo. and Neb. to Assiniboia, westward and
southward to Vancover Isl.j S. Calif, and New Mex.
B.B. (ed. 2)2:68.
18. rosifl&ra, F. K. Ward. Perennial, 6-12 in. high,
branched: sts. suberect or procumbent, densely pubes-
cent: Ivs. scarcely petioled, up to 1 in. long, lanceolate,
base slightly attenuate, apex acute, sparsely puberulous
above, densely so beneath, margin ciliate : infl. terminal,
laxly dichotomously cymose-corymbose : fls. rose; calyx
tubular, 10-nerved, purple-saturated, densely glandular-
pubescent; petals .about %in. long, clawed, blade
broadly obcordate.
19. californica, Durand. Perennial, 1-4 ft. high,
hirtellous-pubescent: root vertical, simple, 2-3 ft. long:
sts. procumbent or suberect, leafy: Ivs. lanceolate or
SILEXE
SILENE
3167
ovate-elliptic, more or less narrowed at base, acuminate,
rarely obtusish: fls. scarlet, large, 1 in. or more across,
scattered; calyx f unnelform-clavate ; petals 4-lobed,
comnicnly with 2 broad ones flanked by 2 narrower
ones: caps, ovoid, concealed until dehiscence by the
rather broad calyx. Coast Range, Ore. to N. and Cent.
Calif. — Doubtful whether in cult.
20. virginica, Linn. FIRE PINK. Fig. 3618. Peren-
nial, 1-2 ft. high, viscid-pubescent: sts. striate, single,
simple: Ivs. spatulate or oblanceolate, the lower nar-
rowed to ciliate-fringed petioles, the upper sessile: fls.
very large, 1 in. or more across, crimson or scarlet,
loosely cymose, commonly nodding or reflexed after
anthesis; calyx clavate or oblong; petals broadly
lanceolate, 2 "(rarely 4) -toothed at the apex. Open
woods and rocky hills, N. Y. to Minn., south to Ga. and
Ark. B.M.3342. Gn. 22, p. 375. G. 8:417. B.B.
(ed. 2)2:64.
21. regia, Suns (S. Bergeri, Hort., not Schott).
ROYAL CATCHFLY. Perennial, 3-4V£ ft. high: st. erect,
stout, slightly viscid and rough-pubescent: Ivs. sessile
all but the lowest, thick, ovate-lanceolate, acute, 2-3 in.
long: fls. numerous, deep scarlet, in a narrow cymose
panicle, about 1 in. across; calyx oblong-tubular; petals
emarginate or laciniate, crowned. July. Ohio to Ala.,
Tenn., and Mo. B.M. 1724. B.B. (ed. 2) 2:65.
22. gigantea, Linn. Perennial, 3-4 ft. high: st. tall,
stout, 4-angled below, viscid-pubescent: Ivs. tomentose,
the radical densely rosulate, thick, obovate, mucronate;
the floral Ivs. minute, linear-lanceolate : panicle long,
raceme-like, with the cymes densely many-fld., remotely
whorled and the uppermost sessile: fls. white; calyx
hairy, obconical, 10-nerved; petals 2-parted into oblong
segms. : caps, large, ovate. E. Medit. region.
23. viridifl6ra, Linn. Perennial, 1-2 ft. high: ste.'
simple or branched above, soft-pubescent, very viscid
above: Ivs. petioled, ovate-oblong, acute: fls. greenish
white, in loose, elongated panicles, few, nodding; calyx
glandular, reticulately green-nerved, narrowly cylin-
drical; petals deeply 2-cut into linear segms.: caps,
oblong. S. Eu.
24. mellifera, Boiss. & Reut. Perennial, cespitose,
l}/£-2H ft. high: sts. erect, stout, very short-puberulent
below, very viscous above: Ivs. acute, pubescent, the
lower and rosette Ivs. oval or spatukte-lanceolate,
attenuate to a long petiole; the upper lanceolate or
linear: fls. small, bright green, in long lax cymose pani-
cles: calyx umbilicous, clavate, green-striate; petals
clawed, the limb deeply 2-lobed, cuneate: caps, ovate-
conical. Spain, Portugal, and Algeria.
25. Zawadskii, Herbich. Perennial, 4-8 in. high: sts.
rather erect, hirtellous-pubescent, densely villous above:
Ivs. rosulate, lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to the
ciliate base, densely punctulate-ciliate; cauline Ivs. few,
linear-lanceolate: fls. white, in a few-fld. raceme; calyx
broadly ovate-campanulate, densely pubescent; petals
bifid: caps, ovate. Austria.
26. pumflio, Wulf . Dwarf perennial: sts. a few inches
high, cespitose, glabrous: Ivs. linear, obtuse, ciliate:
fls. solitary, rose, 1J/3 in. across, on slender pedicels;
calyx faintly 20-nerved, oblong-campanulate, pubes-
cent, somewhat inflated after anthesis, green or viola-
ceous green; petals undivided or notched: caps, ovate-
cylindrical. June. Austrian Alps. — A rare and choice
plant. Xiven says it has hard woody roots which are
easily damaged in transit, and therefore those who wish
the species should secure seeds.
27. Lerchenfeldiana, Baumg. Low cespitose peren-
nial, glabrous and glaucous: sts. decumbent ascending:
Ivs. rosulate below, long-lanceolate, acute, attenuate at
base; cauline Ivs. oblong: fls. 5-11, in terminal corym-
bose cymes, rose; the peduncles short; calyx glabrous,
hyahne-membranaceous, cylindrical-clavate; petals nar-
row-elongate, linear, retuse: caps, ovate. S. E. Eu.
28. acaulis, Linn. CUSHION PINK. Moss CAMPION.
Fig. 3619. Moss-like tufted perennial, about 2 in.
high, glabrous: sts. almost lacking: Ivs. clustered at the
end of the much-branched rootstock, green, short,
linear-subulate: peduncles 1-fld.: fls. reddish purple,
J^in. across; calyx campanulate, 10-nerved, glabrous;
petals slightly notched, obovate, with a small scale at
the base: caps, long-cylindrical or oval. May- Aug.
Eu. L.B.C. 6:568. Gn. 75, p. 285; 76, p. 614. B.B.
(ed. 2) 2:63. — According to Niven, this species is
readily increased by division or by seeds, which it pro-
duces sparingly. The fls. have a tendency to become
dioecious. Var. alba, Hort., forms dense cushions and
has snow-white fls. somewhat smaller than the type.
Var. aurea, Hort., has golden foliage and bright rose
fls. Var. exscapa, Koch (S. exscapa, All.), has dense
bright green cushions and paler pink (according to the
trade sometimes white) fls. Var. grandiflora, Hort.,
forms moss-like tufts with crimson fls. June, July.
Var. plena, Hort. (S. acaulis var. flore-pleno, Hort.),
has dense cushions of light green foliage and double
bright rose fls.
29. dianthifdlia, J. Gay. Perennial, densely cespi-
tose, 4-6 in. high, glabrous: sts. erect, 1 (rarely 2) -fld.:
Ivs. ciliate at the broadened base, narrowly linear, acute,
the lower congested, the upper shorter; calyx reddish
nerved, short obconic-cyUndrical, teeth ovate; petals
2-parted above the middle into linear-oblong segms.:
caps, ovate. Asia Minor.
30. quadrifida, T.inn. (S. guadridentata, Pers.). Per-
ennial, 2%-4 in. high, rather glabrous, cespitosely
many-stemmed: sts. slender, rather viscid, dichotomous:
lower Ivs. spatulate; the others linear: fls. solitary or in
3's; peduncles long and capillary, white; calyx oblong-
turbinate; petal glabrous-clawed, blade obovate-spatu-
late, obtusely 4-lobed: caps, globose. S. Eu.
31. alpestris, Jacq. Perennial, 4-6 in. high, cespitose,
more or less viscid above: sts. dichotomous: Ivs. mostly
radical, lanceolate-linear, rather obtuse: fls. white,
rather large, shining, in corymbose panicles; calyx
3619. Silene acaulis.
short, campanulate-clavate, not inflated, 10-nerved;
petals obovate, 4-lobed at the apex, and with 2 teeth
at the base of each petal. May- Aug. Mountains of
E. Eu. Gn. 63, p. 231. — It forms a dense mass of
underground sts. and is easily prop, by division or seeds.
Var. grandifldra, Hort., is a large-fld. form offered in
the trade. G.C. III. 55:442. Var. Richentreichii,
Hort., is offered in the trade as a smaller form, about
6 in. high.
32. Saxifraga, Linn. (S. petrasa, Waldst. & Kit., not
Adams). Perennial, somewhat shrubby, densely ces-
pitose, bright green: sts. numerous, 3-10 in. high,
ascending, filiform, glabrous or scabrous-puberulent,
viscid above: Ivs. linear or linear-lanceolate, acute,
glabrous or scabrous-puberulent, margin serrulate-
ciliate: fls. whitish, very often solitary or in 2-3-fld.
cymes, erect on very long pedicels ; calyx tubular-clavate,
glabrous, 10-striate, striae green or reddish, puberulent;
petals 2-parted, the lobes oblong: caps, ovoid-oblong.
Eu. and Asia Minor. L.B.C. 5:454.
3168
SILENE
SILPHIUM
33. odontopetala, Fenzl. Perennial, densely pubes-
cent: sts. 4-6 in. long, leafy, subsimple, glandular-
villous above: Ivs. lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
1-nerved, acute or somewhat obtuse: fls. cymose,
1-7-fld., white; calyx pubescent, rather viscid, whitish,
campanulate; petals 2-lobed: caps, ovate. Asia Minor
and Syria.
34. Elizabeths, Jan. Perennial, 4-6 in. high: sts.
tufted, erect or ascending, viscid-pubescent: Ivs. nar-
rowly lanceolate, acute, the lower 2-3 in. long, gradually
becoming smaller upward: panicle terminal; fls. bright
rose to rose-purple, \Yi in. across; calyx tubular, at
first cylindrical, at length oval and bladdery, pale dull
green, veined and margined purple; petals 2-lobed,
white-clawed, blade cuneate-flabellate, margin crenate-
dentate. Italy. B.M. 5400. G. 8:412.
35. ciliata, Pourr. Perennial, 3-6 in. high, pubescent,
cespitose from a woody rhizome: sts. slender, simple, or
slightly branched, nearly naked: Ivs. of the rosette and
lower st. linear-lanceolate or linear, the upper shortened
and gradually narrowed from a broadened base: fls. in
a few-fld. cincinnus, pedicelled, white or ivory-white;
calyx clavate, short-pubescent, green-, red-brown-, or
purplish striate; petals 2-lobed. Eu.
36. repens, Patrin. Perennial, 8-10 in. high, with a
long repent root: sts. several, erect, simple or branched,
more or less scabrous-pubescent: Ivs. narrowly oblong
or lanceolate, acute: fls. white, racemose-paniculate on
opposite, axillary, 1-5-fld. peduncles; calyx cylindrical-
clavate, inflated, 10-striate, pubescent- villous ; petals
2-cut, the segms. oblong, obtuse, the claw glabrous.
Russia, E. Siberia, Caucasus, China and Japan, and in
N. Alaska.
37. Reichenbachii, Vis. ; also spelled Reichenbachiana
in the trade. Perennial, miniature, shrub-like, tufted:
sts. somewhat woody at base, puberulent below, gla-
brous, somewhat viscid above: lower Ivs. oblanceolate-
spatulate, acute, ciliate on the ribs and margin; upper
lys. linear, acute: fls. white, racemose-paniculate, nod-
ding; peduncles usually 1-fld.; calyx linear-clavate, 10-
nerved, nerves red or green, margin of teeth lanuginous;
petals obovate, 2-parted: caps, oval-oblong. Dalmatia.
38. rupestris, Linn. Perennial, 2-8 in. high, loosely
cespitose, glabrous: sts. numerous, erect from a
branched base, 1^-7 in. high: Ivs. lanceolate, acute,
the lower attenuate at base : fls. flesh-color, in repeatedly
dichotomous cymes, numerous, long-pedicelled; the
pedicels filiform; calyx obconical, base slightly umbili-
cate; petals obovate, deeply emarginate: caps, ovoid-
oblong. Eu.
39. caucasica, Boiss. Perennial, 4-5 in. high, velu-
tinous: caudicles filiform, nude: sts. ascending from
below the rosette: Ivs. in a rosette, oblong-lanceolate,
elongated; cauline Ivs. abbreviated: fls. 1, often 2-3 to a
st., subsessile, white; calyx rather softly glandular-
hairy, 10-nerved, narrowly cylindrical; petals obovate.
Caucasus. — Closely allied to S. vallesia, from which it
differs in being velvety instead of glandular, in having
shorter cauline Ivs. and almost sessile, instead of long-
peduncled fls. and not inflated calyx.
40. vallesia, Linn. Perennial, cespitose, about 4 in.
high, viscid-pubescent: sts. assurgent, slightly branched:
lowest Ivs. spatulate, others lanceolate; cauline Ivs.
long: fls. long-peduncled, terminal, rarely in pairs;
calyx very long, glandular-pubescent, somewhat
inflated after anthesis; petals bifid, rose-violet above,
greenish beneath, claw ciliate. High Alps.
41. Hcdkeri, Nutt. Perennial, tomentose-pubescent:
sts. many, decumbent, 6^10 in. high, slender: Ivs. 2-3
in. long, the lower elliptic-spatulate, narrowed to the
petiole; the remainder elliptic-lanceolate, acute, both
surfaces pubescent: fls. solitary in the If .-axils or some-
times in terminal or axillary few-fld. cymes, 2^ in.
across, pale pink; calyx soon turgid, 10-nerved, veins
obscure green, with membranaceous edges; petals cili-
ate-clawed, limb broad, 4-cleft. Ore. and Calif. B.M.
6051. F.S. 20:2093. G.C. III. 52:44. G. 34:643. Gn.
79, p. 389.
42. pusflla, Waldst. & Kit. Perennial, dwarf, villous
on the petioles and at the base of the sts., viscous above,
cespitose, many-stemmed: sts. low, slender, leafy,
dichotomous: Ivs. radical, spatulate, the others short-
lanceolate: peduncles long, capillary, 1 (rarely 2) -fld.:
calyx glabrous or minutely glandulose, turbinate ; petals
glabrous-clawed, blade white, obtuse, 4-toothed: caps,
ovate-globose. S. Eu. — Considered by some to be
only a variety of S. quadrifida.
43. ScMfta, Gmel.; also spelled Schaftse. Perennial,
3-6 in. high, pubescent-scabrous: roots woody: sts.
many, arising laterally from the rosettes, weak and
procumbent, short, simple or slightly branched: Ivs.
rosulate, small, obovate-oblong, acute: fls. rose or pur-
ple, 1-5, axillary and terminal, solitary; calyx some-
what hirsute, reddish, 10-nerved, long, cylindrical, not
inflated; petals broadly obovate, notched, with 2 scales
at their base, claw glabrous. June-Oct. Caucasus.
B.R. 32:20. F.S. 3, p. 286C. Gn. 78, p. 135.
44. pennsylvanica, Michx. (S. caroliniana, Walt.?).
WILD PINK. Perennial, 6-9 in. high, from a strong tap-
root, viscid-pubescent: sts. few: Ivs. mostly basal,
spatulate or oblanceolate, acutish, base tapering to the
long, ciliate petioles; cauline Ivs. 2-3 pairs, shorter,
lanceolate or narrowly oblong: fls. rose or white, in
small, dense, terminal cymes; calyx purplish, clavate;
petals obovate, claw glabrous, appendaged, 2-lobed.
Apr., May. E. N. Amer., New England to S. C. and
Ky. B.R. 247. L.B.C. 1:41 (as S. incarnata). B.B.
(ed. 2)2:65. — S. caroliniana is accepted by some
authors as the name of this species, but there is con-
siderable doubt as to the identity of Walter's species
and it is questionable whether the plant he described
is S. pennsylvanica.
S. Chdffla, Hort., is probably a misspelling of S. Schafta. — S.
Correvoniana, Hort., is offered as a rare plant growing in "com-
pact tufts, with rosy pink fls. which almost resemble minute roses."
— S. graminifblia, Hort., is not recognizable, as there are three
plants going under that name. — S. Kitabdiana, Hort., may be S.
multicaulis. — S. orientdlis, Mill., is according to Miller a plant with
St. erect, hirsute: Ivs. nerved: fls. purplish; calyx conical. It is not
treated botanically by Williams, DeCandolle, Boissier, Nicholson,
or Voss, but is offered in the trade as a perennial, 2-2 J^ ft. high:
fls. bright rose, in a head. Var. dlba, Hort. and var. compdcta,
Hort., are also offered. — S. pteris grandifldra, Hort., is offered in
the trade; the species is unknown botanically. — S. Wdrdii, Hort., is
likened to S. Schafta on a large scale: said to grow about 1 ft. high,
to have a loose graceful habit and an abundance of bright pink fls.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
SILK-COTTON TREE: Ceiba. S. Flower: Albizzia. S.
Oak: GreviUea robusta. S. Tree: Albizzia Julibrissin. S. Vine:
Periploca grazca. S.-weed: Asclepias.
SILPHIUM (from the Greek name of an umbellif-
erous plant of northern Africa). Composite. ROSIN-
WEED. Tall-growing hardy perennial herbs native of the
United States which are grown for their rather large
sunflower-like heads of flowers which, except in one
species, are yellow.
Leaves opposite, alternate or verticillate, often form-
ing water-holding cups by perfoliation of the st. : heads
many-fld.; involucre of thick, somewhat foliaceous
bracts; ray-fls. or at least their ovaries in more than 1
series, fertile, and with elongated exserted deciduous
ligules: achenes much flattened, falling free or only
with the subtending bract. — About 25 species. Sil-
phiums are of easy cult, in any good soil. They require
full sunlight and are prop, by division or seed.
A. Foliage much cut.
laciniatum, Linn. COMPASS PLANT. St. about 6 ft.
high, leafy at the base, much less so above, very rough :
Ivs. 1 ft. long or more, once or twice pinnately parted,
the lobes oblong or lanceolate: fl. -heads several, ses-
sile or short-peduncled, 2-5 in. across; rays 20-30.
SILPHIUM
July-Sept. Ohio, west and south. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:461. —
It is said of this species that the st.-lvs. tend to point
north and south.
AA. Foliage not cut.
B. Sl.-lvs. small.
terebinthinaceum, Jacq. PRAIRIE DOCK. St. about
6 ft. high, nearly or quite smooth: Ivs. nearly all basal,
usually 1 ft. long, ovate, cordate, dentate: fl. -heads
I1 ^-3 in. across; rays 12-20. July-Sept. — Ont. and
Ohio to Iowa and La. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:462.— A striking
and decorative herb.
BB. St.-lvs. large.
c. Lvs. connate-perfoliate.
perfoliarum, Linn. (S. erythrocaiilon, Bernh.). CUP
PLANT. INDIAN CUP. St. square, usually dentate,
branched above, about 6 ft. high: Ivs. thin, ovate or
deltoid-ovate, the lower contracted into margined
petioles, the upper opposite, connate-perf oliate : fl.-
heads 2-3 in. across, with 20-30 ravs. July, Aug. Ont.
to S. D. and Ga. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:460. G.W. 11, p. 473.
cc. Lvs. petioled or simply sessile.
integrifolium, Michx. St. 2-6 ft., obtusely 4-angled
to terete, corymbosely branched above: Ivs. lanceolate-
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, opposite: fl. -heads numerous,
1-2 in. across, with 15-25 rays. Aug., Sept. Western
prairies. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:460. N. TAYLOR.!
SILYBUM (an old Greek name applied by Dios-
corides to some thistle4ike plants). Composite. Erect,
glabrous herbs, sometimes grown in European gardens
for ornament and also for the edible heads, roots, and
Ivs.: Ivs. alternate, white-maculate above, sinuate-
lobed or pinnatifid, the teeth and lobes spiny: heads
large, solitary, terminal, nodding, homogamous;
involucre broadly subglobose, the bracts in many rows:
fls. purplish, all perfect; corolla-tube slender, limb 5-
cleft to the middle or base: achenes smooth, obovate,
oblong. — Two species, Eu., Afr., and Asia.
Marianum, Gaertn. (Cdrduus Marianus, Linn. Mari-
ana Idctea, Groves). ST. MARY'S, BLESSED, or HOLY
THISTLE. Annual or biennial, shining: st. 1-4 ft. high,
grooved not winged: Ivs. large, with strong spines:
heads 1-2 in. diam.; involucral bracts leathery with a
spine H-%in. long, the outermost mucronate; recepta-
cle fleshy: fls. rose-purple: achenes tranversely wrink-
led or smooth, black or gray. S. Eu., N. Afr., and Asia,
also intro. in many places, including N. Amer.; natu-
ralized on the Pacific coast. jr TRACY HUBBARD.
SIMARUBA (the Caribbean name of S. amara) ; also
spelled Simarouba. Simarubacese . Evergreen trees
sometimes grown in the warmhouse, or hardy outdoors
in the far S.: Ivs. alternate, abruptly pinnate; the Ifts.
alternate, entire, leathery: fls. somewhat cymose, in
axillary or terminal elongated and branched panicles,
dioecious; calyx small, globed, imbricated; petals 5,
spreading at the top, imbricated; stamens 10 in the male
fl.; ovary deeply 5-parted in the female fl.: drupes 1-5,
sessile, spreading. — About 7 species, Trop. Amer.
amara, Aubl. (S. offidnalis, DC.). A tall tree: Ifts.
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, mucronate with a bluntish
point, green on both surfaces, glabrous or pubescent
beneath: panicle exceeded by the Ivs.: fls. yellowish
white; petals spreading. W. Indies (probably not Porto
Rico) and Trop. Amer. — This yields the drug known
as simaruba-bark.
TWae, Urban. A tree 25-50 ft. high: Ifts. elliptic-
oblong, short-pointed: branches of the corymb (as well
as the petioles) purple-tinted: fls. bright carmine;
petals much longer than S. amara, and having smooth,
staminal scales. Porto Rico. Gt. 36:1298.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SINNINGIA
3169
SIMMONDSIA (for the naturalist, F. W. Sim-
monds). Buxaceae. Evergreen shrubs, sometimes cult,
for ornament or for the oily seed and edible fr.: Ivs.
opposite: fls. dioecious, in the If .-axils, apetalous; sepals
imbricate; staminate fls. in clusters; stamens numerous;
pistillate fls. single; ovary 3-celled, 1 ovule in each cell.
A single species. Related to Buxus.
calif6rnica, Nutt. PIGNUT. JOJOBA. A much-
branched shrub, 5-15 ft. high: Ivs. small, sessile, entire,
coriaceous, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse: fls. small. S.W.
Calif, to W. Mex. j. B. g NoRTON.
SINNINGIA (for Wilhelm Sinning, gardener at the
University of Bonn). Including Dolichodeira, Ligeria,
and Rosanbwia. Gesneriacese. Tropical herbs with
handsome tubular flowers, of glasshouse culture; in-
cludes the florists' gloxinia.
Pubescent or villous, from a tuberous rhizome: Ivs.
opposite, usually large, petioled, the floral ones reduced
to bracts: fls. usually large, solitary or fascicled in the
axils, pedicelled; calyx-tube shortly and broadly turbi-
nate, adnate, 5-angled or 5-winged, the limb fofiaceous,
broadly 5-cleft or -parted; corolla-tube nearly equal at
the base or the posterior gibbous, long or broadly cylin-
drical, the upper part swollen or bell-shaped; lobes 5,
spreading, or the 2 posterior smaller; stamens included,
attached to the tube of the corolla; anthers broad, the
cells confluent at the apex; glands of the disk 5, dis-
tinct, or the 2 posterior more crowded together or con-
nate; ovary half inferior; style dilated at the tip; stigma
concave, entire or slightly 2-lobed. — Species 20-25,
Brazil. Allied to Gesnera, Isoloma, and Achimenes,
and of similar cultural requirements. The genus
includes the cult, gloxinia, which is properly Sinningia
spedosa, Benth. & Hook., but which is treated in this
book under Gloxinia. Other than this species, the sin-
ningias are little known horticulturally, although some
of the species have much merit.
speciosa, Benth. & Hook. (Gloxinia spedosa, Lodd.
Ligeria spedosa, Decne.). St. short or not evident: Ivs.
oblong, petiolate, obtuse or acutish, villous-hairy,
convex on top, usually attenuate at base, crenate:
peduncles, with fls., about the length of the Ivs.: fls.
large, tubular, showy, usually violet or purplish; calyx-
lobes ovate-lanceolate and somewhat villous, longer
than calyx-tube; corolla broadly campanulate. Brazil.
Variable, giving rise to such forms as var. caulescens,
Hanst. (Gloxinia caulescens, Lindl.), with thick elon-
gated st. and larger Ivs. B.R. 1127. L.B.C. 16:1566.
Var. macrophylla, Hanst. (Gloxinia spedosa var.
macrophytta, Hook.), has large white-nerved Ivs. B.M.
3934. Var. albifldra, Hanst. (Gloxinia spedosa var.
albiflora, Hook.). White-fld. B.M. 3206. Var. rilbra,
Hanst. (Gloxinia rubra, Paxt.). Fls. beautiful red. P.M.
7 :271. From this species, and perhaps from hybrid off-
spring, have descended the florists' gloxinias. To the
historical discussion on pp. 1350 and 1351, Vol. Ill,
may be added the following quotation from T. A.
Sprague, G.C. III. 36, p. 88: "The turning-point in the
history of our cultivated 'gloxinias,' however, was in
1845, when an erect and regular-flowered plant was
raised by Mr. John Fyfe, gardener at Rothesay, Bute;
this had a white corolla with a violet center, and five
perfect stamens, instead of the four usual in Gesneria-
ceae. Unfortunately for the systematic botanist, no
exact record of its parentage was made, though in
Flore des Serres, t. 311, where it was figured three years
later, Sinningia spedosa is stated to have been one of
its parents."
Regina, Sprague (Gesneria Regina, Hort.). Hand-
some plant about 9 in. high: Ivs. broad-ovate with auric-
ula te-cordate base and acutish apex, 4-8 in. long,
somewhat velutinous above and glabrous beneath,
white-veined, crenate: fls. pale violet, drooping, long-
stalked. 4-6 together from the axils, and "as two sue-
3170
SINNINGIA
SIPHOCAMPYLUS
cessive pairs of leaves are usually close together on the
stem, the effect is that of two many-flowered whorls,
and is very fine." Brazil. G.C. III. 36:201. B.M. 8182.
Gt. 53, p. 525. G.W. 9, p. 277. A handsome plant,
with long flowering period. Var. hybrida, Hort., is a
garden hybrid with much larger fls. Var. grandiflora,
Hort., is advertised, the fls. "several times larger than
the type, and well displayed above the handsome dark
green and pur push red foliage."
conspicua, Nichols. (Rosanbwia conspicua, Regel).
Root tuberous: st. 1 ft. high: Ivs. ovate-oblong, short-
acuminate, somewhat heart-shaped at the base and
dentate: fls. yellow, paler on the outside, marked on the
lower part of the tube with purple dots and lines; calyx-
tube [entirely united with the ovary, equally 5-parted,
the segms. lanceolate, spreading; corolla-tube obliquely
and narrowly campanulate, swollen and recurved at the
base; glands of the disk 2: caps. 1-celled; seeds many.
ornata, Benth. & Hook. (Rosanbwia ornata, Van
Houtte). A hybrid of the above species with a garden
variety of Gloxinia with fls. of a bright red; the result is
a plant resembling S. conspicua, but differing in having
the Ivs. tinted on the veins and petioles with purple and
in having a somewhat more elegantly shaped fl., pure
white with purple lines on the outside of the corolla-
tube and the inside of a yellowish green, lined with
purple. F.S. 23:2423. — Probably not now in the mar-
ket. L. H. B.f
SINOFRANCHETIA (for Adrien Franchet, French
botanist who wrote much on Chinese botany). Lardi-
zabalacese. Deciduous climbing shrub allied to Hol-
boellia, but easily distinguished by the deciduous Ivs.,
by the rounded small sepals of the fls. borne in very long
racemes and by the small berry-like frs. The only
species is S. chinensis, Hemsl. (Holboellia chinensis,
Diels). Twining, to 30 ft., glabrous: Ivs. long-petioled,
3-foliolate; Ifts. stalked, short-acuminate, broadly
cuneate at the base, entire, the terminal broadly obo-
vate, 4-5 in. long, the lateral Ifts. obliquely ovate:
racemes axillary, 8-12 in. long; fls. unisexual, short-
stalked, J^in. across, white striped brownish; sepals
pbovate; stamens 6, free, short: carpels 3, developing
into ovoid many-seeded, bluish purple berries about
%in. across. Cent. China. H.I. 29:2842.— The long
racemes of bluish purple berries are strikingly hand-
some: the plant has proved perfectly hardy in southern
England, but is tender at the Arnold Arboretum. Prop,
is by seeds and by layers, possibly also by cuttings like
akebia. ALFRED REHDER.
SINOMENIUM (Sina, China, and Greek, men,
moon, meaning Chinese moon-seed). Menispermaceae. A
shrubby vine from E. Asia closely related to Menisper-
mum and Cocculus; from the first it differs in the parts
of the fl. being arranged in whorls and in the 9-12 sta-
mens, and from the second chiefly in the structure of the
flattened curved seed: Ivs. deciduous, alternate, long-
petipled: fls. direcious, small, in axillary and terminal
panicles; sepals 6, pilose outside; petals 6, inflexed at
the base and inclosing the filaments; the pistillate fls.
with 9 staminpdes and 3 carpels with recurved styles:
fr. a drupe with a compressed crescent-shaped stone
ribbed on the back. A handsome vigorous-growing
twining vine with large lustrous often lobed Ivs. remain-
ing green until late in autumn, with inconspicuous fls.
in long pendulous racemes and bluish black frs. It
has proved only half-hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.
Prop, like cocculus and menispermum.
acfttum, Rehd. & Wilson (S. diversifdlium, Diels.
Menispermum acutum, Thunb. Cocculus diversifolius,
Miq., not DC. C. heterophyllus, Hemsl. & Wilson. C.
variifdlius, Hort.). Twining, to 20 ft. : branchlets terete,
striped, glabrous: Ivs. long-stalked, ovate, acuminate,
usually cordate at the base, palmately 5-7-nerved,
entire or palmately lobed, rarely sagittate with 2 lobes
at the base only, glabrous, 4-7 in. long: fls. Km- across,
greenish, in slender panicles 4-8 in. long: drupes com-
pressed, bluish black, J^in. across, in pendulous pani-
cles to 8 in. long. June; fr. in Sept. and Oct. Japan
and China. G.C. 111.52:411. Var. cinereum, Rehd. &
Wilson. Lvs. densely grayish pubescent beneath.
ALFRED REHDER.
SINOWILSONIA (for Ernest Henry Wilson, who
collected extensively in China during 1900-1910 and
intro. numerous new plants into cult.) . Hamamelidaceae.
A deciduous tree similar in foliage to Hamamelis, but in
its fls. more closely related to Corylopsis, from which it
is chiefly distinguished by the unisexual, apetalous fls.,
and the tubular-urceolate calyx-tube: fls. in pendulous
racemes; tube of the calyx urceolate, inclosing the ovary,
with obovate-spatulate lobes; petals wanting; the pis-
tillate fls. with 5 staminodes opposite to the sepals;
ovary with 2 long and slender styles: fr. a dehiscent
2-seeded woody caps. The only species is S. Henryi,
Hemsl. Shrub or tree, to 25 ft., more or less stellate-
pubescent: Ivs. short-petioled, membranous, broadly
obovate to elliptic, acute or short-acuminate, denticu-
late, 4-6 in. long: calyx-tube yellowish, stellate-tomen-
tose, nearly Km- long: caps, sessile, nearly J^in. long;
seeds black. May. Cent, and W. China. H.I. 29:2817.
— Botanically interesting, but without particular orna-
mental qualities; has proved hardy at the Arnold
Arboretum. Prop, is by seeds and probably by layers
and by grafting on hamamelis. ALFRED REHDER.
SIPANEA (native name in Guiana). Rubiacex.
Annual or perennial herbs, hispid-setose, pilose or gla-
brate, erect or prostrate, with terete branches: Ivs.
opposite, petiolate, ovate or lanceolate; stipules linear,
elongate, persistent: fls. paniculate or cymose, the
cymes in corymbs, axillary, terminal or dichotomously
disposed, white or rose, the throat frequently golden
villous; calyx-tube turbinate or ovoid, the limb with 5
elongate-subulate, persistent lobes; corolla funnelform
or salver-shaped, tube elongated with the throat dilated,
the limb with 5 equal, broad-ovate spreading lobes;
stamens 5; disk annular; ovary 2-celled: caps, ovoid or
subglobose, leathery. — About 5 species, Trop. Amer.
S. cdrnea, Neumann. Perennial herb, about 3 ft. or
more high: Ivs. oval, lanceolate, acute: fls. pale rose-
violet, arranged in a corymb; corolla-tube cylindrical,
5-parted, oval, acute: fr. hemispherical. Cent. Amer.
H.U. 4, p. 193. R.H. 1843:445.
SIPHOCAMPYLUS (Greek, siphon, tube, and
kampylos, curved, referring to corolla) ; sometimes mis-
spelled Syphocampylus. Campanulacese. Herbs, sub-
shrubs, or shrubs, sometimes climbing, glabrous, hir-
sute or stellate-tomentose, adapted to the warm- or
coolhouse: Ivs. alternate, rarely verticillate, entire or
denticulate, rarely incise-dentate or pinnately lobed or
divided: peduncles 1-fld., axillary or corymbosely
grouped at the ends of the branches or laxly racemose :
fls. often rather large, red, orange, or purplish, rarely
green; calyx 5-lobed; corolla straight or incurved: caps,
loculicidally 2-valved. — About 100 species, Trop.
Amer.
betulaefdlius, Don. Height 2-3 ft. : st. woody at base:
branches rounded: Ivs. alternate, petiolate, 3-4 in. long,
cordate, acuminate, doubly serrate, nearly glabrous:
peduncles 1-fld., as long as the Ivs., thickened upward:
calyx-segms. long awl-shaped, with a few notches;
corolla 2J/2-3 in. long, tube vermilion, limb yellow.
Brazil. B.M. 3973. H.U. 5, p. 97.— Tender perennial,
not cult, in Amer., but interesting as one supposed
parent of Centropogon Lucyanus, itself of little value.
S. bicolor, Don=L,obelia lariflora, HBK. — S. gigant&us, Don
(Tupa salicifolia, Don) grows 14 ft. high: Ivs. lanceolate, 6-9 in.
long, scarcely petioled: fls. reddish yellow; corolla falcate, velvety.
Ecuador. — S. Lindleyi, Lem., has ovate-oblong, glandulose-serrate
SIPHOCAMPYLIS
SKIMMIA
3171
KB. and approximate red fls. Colombia. J.F. 2:142. — S. Orbigni-
druif. A. DC., is herbaceous; has ternate, ovate^acuminate, short-
pet ioled Ivs. and numerous red-and-yellow fls. in the upper axils.
Bolivia. J.F. 4:425. — .5. rugdsiu, A. DC., has pendulous branches,
ovate-rotund coriaceous and rugose Ivs., the corolla with lanceolate,
acute lobes and the caps. 10-angled. Peru. H.U. 3, p. 368.
SIPH6NIA: Herea.
SISYRINCHIUM (an old Greek name first applied to
some other plant). Iridacex. SATIX FLOWER. BLUE-
EYED GRASS. RUSH LILY. Hardy or half-hardy peren-
nials, usually with fibrous roots, sometimes used in the
hardy border.
Stems simple or branched, 2-edged or winged: Ivs.
grass-like. Lanceolate or terete: fls. small, fugacious, in
umbellate clusters from a usually 2-lvd. spathe, blue or
yellow, perianth nearly flat or bell-shaped, segms. 6,
nearly alike: caps, globular, 3-angled. — About 150
species, all American, mostly in moist fields and sandy
places and along shores. The species are of easy cult,
in any good garden soil. They are very little known
as horticultural subjects.
A. Fls. yellow.
B. St. leafless.
calif 6rnicum, Dry. (Marica calif arnica, Ker-Gawl.).
A half-hardy perennial: st. 1J^ ft. high, 2 lines through,
broadly winged : Ivs. many, shorter than the St., about
1 oin. broad: spathe 3-^6-fld.: segms. of perianth yellow,
lined with brown, J^in. long: caps, oblong. Calif, to
Ore. B.M. 983. — Swampy grounds.
BB. St. If. -bearing.
c. The st. slightly 2-edged.
tenuifdlium, Humb. & Bonpl. A half-hardy peren-
nial: roots fleshy, fibrous: st. M~l ft- high, often
branched low down: Ivs. subterete or narrowly linear:
spathes 3-4-fld.: segms. of perianth pale yellow, J^in.
long. Mountains of Mex. B.M. 2117; 2313.
striatum, Smith (S. lutescens, Lodd. Marica striata,
Ker-Gawl.). Perennial, 1-3 ft.: sts. compressed-ancipi-
tal. leafy: Ivs. ensiform, glaucous, radical equitantly
imbricate toward their base, cauline remote, clasping:
fls. in sessile fascicles laxly and closely disposed along
the fiexuous rachis, yellow, darker striate at center,
about 3|-i in. across; perianth-segms. cuneate-ligulate,
the outer ones twice as broad as the inner, blades
rotately spreading, obtuse and mucronate. Chile and
Argentina. B.M. 701. L.B.C. 19:1870. Gn. 70, p. 202.
R.H. 1910, p. 457.
cc. The st. broadly winged.
convolutum, Xocca. A tender perennial : root fibrous,
slender: st. about 1 ft. high, usually forked: Ivs. linear:
spathes 3-4-fld.: segms. of perianth yellow, veined
with brown, J^in. long. Trop. Amer.
AA. Fls. purple, blue, or white.
B. St. terete.
grandiflorum, Douglas (S. Douglasii, A. Dietr.). A
hardy perennial: root-fibers slender, long: st. simple,
about 1 ft.: Ivs. short, sheathing the lower part of the
st.: fls. 2-3, cernuous; perianth-segms. bright purple,
rarely white. %in. long. May, June. N. W. U. S.
B.M. 3509. B.R. 1364. G. 2:100; 5:559.— This is pos-
sibly the handsomest species in the trade. Var. album,
Hort., is also offered and is equally desirable.
BB. St. flat.
c. Spathes equal in length.
graminoides, Bicknell (S. dnceps, Wats., not Cav.).
A hardy perennial: st. winged, about 1 ft. high, usu-
ally terminating in 2 unequal branches, subtended by a
If.: Ivs. nearly equaling the St., grass-like, 1-3 lines
wide: spathes about 1 in. long, 2-4-fld.; pedicels longer
than the spathes: fls. blue, %-%in. across. April-
Jane. E. U. S. B.B. 1:453.
201
cc. Spathes very unequal in length.
angustifolium, Mill. (S. dnceps, Cav. S. bermudi-
anum, Authors). A hardy perennial: root-fibers long:
st. about 1 ft. high, 1J/2 lines through, with 2-3 clus-
ters on long-winged peduncles: Ivs. linear, shorter than
the st., 1-1 Yi lines wide: spathes 1-4-fld., about 1 in.
long: pedicels about 8 lines long. May- Aug. Maine
to Va., west to Colo. Var. bellum, Hort. (<§. bettum,
Wats.). Sts. more narrowly winged, usually without
any If. below the fork: spathes shorter: pedicels longer.
Calif., New Mex.
mucronatum, Michx. Hardy perennial similar to the
last: sts. narrowly winged: spathes usually purple-
tinged, not gibbous; outer bract with the margins
united a little above the base, %-2% in. long, the inner
J£-%in. long: perianth violet (rarely white): caps,
straw- or greenish yellow. W. Mass, to Va. and Mich.
B.B. (ed. 2) 1 :544. F. W. BARCLAY.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
SITOLOBIUM (name refers to the grain-like fruc-
tification). Polypodiacex. Under this name one fern is
still listed, but the group now forms a section of Dick-
soniaor Dennstaedtia characterized by prostrate rhizome
and a cup-shaped nearly spherical involucre placed at
the base of the depression of the lobes. The fern in
question is Denns&dtia cicutaria, Moore (Sitolobium
cicutarium, J. Smith. Dicksonia cicutaria, Hook. &
Baker), a W. Indian species with bipinnate Ivs.: lower
pinnae 12-18 in. long and 6 in. broad, with deeply cut
linear-acuminate pinnules, the segms oblong-deltoid
and deeply cut.
SIUM (from Sion, old Greek name used by Dios-
corides). UmbeUifers. Glabrous herbs, including one of
economic value, S. Sisarum or skirret (which see), the
roots of which are used as a vegetable: Ivs. pinnate, the
pinna? dentate: umbels composite, terminal or lateral;
involucres and involucral bracts numerous: fls. white;
calyx-teeth acute; petals inflexed: fr. ovate or oblong,
laterally compressed or constricted at the junction of
carpels. — About 4 species, northern hemisphere, also
one species in S. Afr., apt to be subaquatic.
Sisarum, T.inn. SKTRRET. Plant, 3-4 ft. high, tuber-
ous-rooted: Ivs. pinnatisect; segms. oblong-acute, ser-
rate: involucre 5-lvd., reflexed. E. Asia.
latifolium, Linn. WATER PARSXTP. Sts. 3-5 ft. high,
angular, furrowed and erect: Ivs. pinnate; Ifts. oblpng-
lanceolate, evenly serrate, pointed: umbels terminal;
involucral Ivs. many, lanceolate. Ditches and rivers,
England. — Like Ferula and certain other umbelliferous
plants, it is valued more for its stately habit and hand-
some foliage than for its fls. p\ TRACY HUBBARD.
SKIMMIA (Japanese, Skimmi, meaning a hurtful
fruit). Rutacex. Ornamental woody plants grown
chiefly for the bright red berries and the handsome
foliage.
Evergreen glabrous shrubs: Ivs.. alternate, short-
petioled, entire, dotted with translucid glands: fls.
perfect or dioecious, the staminate fragrant and in large
panicles; sepals and petals 4-5; stamens 4-5; style with
2-5-lobed stigma; ovary 2-5-loculed: fr. a drupe with
2-4 1-seeded stones. — Four species from the Him-
alayas to China and Japan.
The skimmias are densely branched, usually low
shrubs with medium-sized generally oblong acute leaves,
small white flowers in terminal panicles and showy
bright red, rarely black, berry-like fruit. They are
tender, not being reliably hardy as far north as Wash-
ington, D. C. S. Fortunei is somewhat hardier than
S. japonica. Handsome shrubs for borders of ever-
green shrubberies and especially valuable for planting
in cities, as they belong to the best smoke-enduring
evergreen shrubs; they are particularly beautiful when
3172
SKIMMIA
SMILACINA
covered with their bright red fruits, which are retained
through the whole winter if not eaten by birds. In the
greenhouse two crops of berries on a plant may be seen
occasionally. The skimmias are of rather slow growth
and thrive best in a sandy loamy soil, but also grow
well in strong clay; they prefer a partly shaded situa-
tion. On account of then: handsome fruits they are
sometimes cultivated in pots in a sandy compost of
peat and loam. As the skimmias are polygamous and
mostly unisexual, it will be necessary to plant stami-
nate plants among the pistillate ones to secure well-
fruited specimens. Propagation is by seeds sown in fall
or stratified and by cuttings under glass with gentle bot-
tom heat. William Scott writes: "Seeds sown in the
fall and grown along in a coolhouse during winter can be
planted out in a good loam the following spring, when
they will make a vigorous growth, and can be lifted the
following October. Then* red berries make them very
desirable as a Christmas berry plant."
japonica, Thunb. (S. oblata, Moore. S. fragrans,
Carr. S. fragrantissima, Hort.). Shrub, 5 ft. high,
except the minutely pubescent inn. quite glabrous: Ivs.
crowded at the ends of the branchlets, short-petioled,
elliptic-oblong to oblong-obovate, narrowed at both
ends, obtusely pointed, bright or yellowish green above,
yellowish green beneath, 3 >£-5 in. long: panicles 2-3 }/%
in. long; fls. polygamous, usually 4-merous, yellow-
ish white: fr. coral-red or bright scarlet, globose or
depressed-globose, J^in. across. Spring. Japan. S.Z.
1:68. B.M. 8038. G.C. II. 25, p. 244; III. 5, pp. 521,
524. Gn. 7, p. 183; 35, p. 480; 42, p. 133. J.H. III. 30,
p. 525; 66:175; 70:343. R.H. 1869, p. 259; 1880, p. 56.
F. 1865, p. 161. G.W. 5, p. 261.— S. fragrans and S.
fragrantissima are names of the staminate plant; S.
oblata of the pistillate. Var. ovata, Rehd. (S. oblata
ovata, Carr.), has larger and broader Ivs. Var. Veitchii,
Rehd. (S. oblata Veitchii, Carr.), has obovate Ivs. and
often perfect fls. R.H. 1880, p. 57.
F6rtunei, Mast. (S. japonica, Lindl.). Similar to the
preceding but of dwarfer habit: Ivs. lanceolate or ob-
long-lanceolate, acuminate, dark green above, light
green beneath, 3^-10 in. long: fls. white, in oblong-
ovate panicles, perfect: fr. obovate, dull crimson-red.
Spring. China. G.C. II. 25, p. 245 (as S. oblata); III.
5, p. 525. The following as S. japonica: B.M. 4719;
F.S. 7, p. 39; Gn. 7, p. 183, and 8, p. 519; G. 1:40;
R.H. 1869, p. 259, and 1880, p. 56. This species fruits
more freely than the preceding. Var. rubella, Rehd.
Peduncles, pedicels, and buds reddish; staminate form.
R.H. 1874:311; 1885, p. 189. Var. argentea, Mast., has
the Ivs. bordered with white. A hybrid between this and
the preceding species is probably S. intermedia, Carr.,
with narrow oblong-elliptic Ivs. dark green above. To
this hybrid belong also S. Foremanii, Hort., with lan-
ceolate or oblanceolate yellowish green lys. and subglo-
bose and obovate fr. on the same panicle (G.C. III.
3620. Rootstock of Smilacina racemosa. The figures designate the
position of the stalks in the different years. Between each of the figures
or scars is a year's growth. ( X Yd
5:553. Gn. 61, p. 160; 67, p. 57) and S. Rdgersii, Hort.,
with similar but deep green Ivs. and globose squarish fr.
S. Laurbola, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, 5 ft. high, of a strong aro-
matic odor when bruised: Ivs. narrow-oblong to obovate, acute or
acuminate, bright green: fls. 5-merous. Himalayas. G. 32:256. —
S. melanocdrpa, Rehd. & Wilson. Shrub, or small tree, to 15 ft. : Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, dark green and lustrous above,
1/4-3 J^ in. long: fls. dioecious, in panicles about 15^ in. long: fr.
purplish black, globose, }^in. across. W. China, Himalayas.
ALFRED REHDER.
SKIRKET (Sium Sisarum, Linn.) is a vegetable of
minor importance, the roots of which are used hke salsify
or oyster plant. It is a hardy perennial umbelliferous
herb, native to eastern Asia. It grows 3 to 4 feet high,
has pinnate foliage and small white flowers in compound
umbels. The roots grow in large clusters, something
like those of a sweet potato or dahlia, but they are much
longer, more cylindrical, and somewhat jointed. The
roots have a sweet and slightly floury taste and, if well
grown, are tender. The chief objection to this vegeta-
ble is the woody core, which must be removed before
cooking, as it is not easily separated from the fleshy part
at the table and detracts from its quality. The thick-
ness of the core varies greatly, no matter whether the
plants are propagated by seed or otherwise.
Skirret needs a rich soil. The seeds may be sown in
autumn or spring and the plants yield well the first
season. For European practice Vilmorin recommends
that the seedlings be grown in a seed-bed until they
have made four or five leaves and then transplanted
into permanent quarters. Sow the seed in drills Yi inch
deep, and thin out the seedlings to 8 inches in the row.
The roots may be left outdoors in the ground all winter,
but others advise storing them in sand or earth.
WILHELM MILLER.
SKTJNK CABBAGE: Symplocarpus fcetidus.
SLIPPER FLOWER: Calceolaria. Lady's: Cypripedium.
SLOE: Prunus spinosa.
SMALL-FRUIT: Blackberry, Blueberry, Currant, Dewberry,
Gooseberry, Raspberry.
SMELOWSKIA (named for Prof. T. Smelowski,
botanist of St. Petersburg, died 1815). Crudferse. Some-
what cespitose gray-white-tomentose perennial herbs,
rather rare in cult., suitable for the rock-garden: Ivs.
pinnately or bipinnately cut: fls. racemose, without
bracts, white or yellow, frequently small; sepals short,
lax, uniform at the base : sUique rather short, narrowed
at both ends, somewhat 4-sided or laterally compressed;
seeds few, arranged in one series. — About 10 species,
Asia and N. Amer.
calycina, C. A. Mey. Low, tufted perennial, very
variable in foliage: Ivs. soft, usually deeply pinnatifid,
with 2 or several pairs of linear to obovate, obtuse
segms. and a terminal one: rarely a few Ivs. entire:
racemes at first dense and subcorymbose, but elon-
gating in fr. : fls. white or nearly so; petals about
2 lines long. Arctic regions. — Recommended by
some persons for rock-gardens, but it does not seem
to be advertised in Amer. jr. TRACY HUBBARD.|
SMILACINA (resembling smilax). Lilidcese.
FALSE SOLOMON'S SEAL. Perennial herbs, with
simple stems from rootstocks (Fig. 3620), used for
the hardy border or the wild-garden.
Leaves alternate, nerved, and usually sessile:
panicles or racemes terminal; fls. white or greenish
white, sometimes fragrant; perianth 6-parted,
spreading, withering-persistent; stamens 6; ovary
3-celled: berry globular, 1-2-seeded. — About 25
species, N. and Cent. Amer. and Temp. Asia.
Vagnera is an older name for this genus and is used
by some American writers; but on the principle
of fifty years of established usage, Smilacina is
retained in the "nomina conservanda" list of the
Vienna Congress.
SMILACIXA
SMILAX
3173
3621. Smilacina racemosa. (X about ? 5)
Smilacinas are of easy culture in any good soil. They
prefer a rich loam in a moist but not wet partly shaded
place. They are handsome plants both in foliage and
flower, particularly when growing with natural com-
panions. S. racemosa is probably the most attractive.
The plants may
be forced slowly
for bloom in the
late winter and
early spring.
d a v ft r i c a ,
Turcz . ; also
spelled dahwrica.
St. many-lvd.,
rather pilose: Ivs.
alternate, semi-
clasping, oblong,
^glabrous above,
rather pilose
beneath: racemes
terminal; pedicels
in pairs or ternate.
Dahuria and
Japan. — Related
to S. stdlata, which
is distinguished
by the solitary
pedicel.
p a nicula t a ,
Mart. & Gal. Gla-
brous herb: sts.
erect: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, long-
acuminate, 5-6 in.
long, much nar-
rowed at the very
base, main nerves
5-7: panicle ter-
minal, racemosely branched, 234 in- long and as much
across, all parts snowy white: fls. about 4 lines across;
perianth-segms. elliptic; ovary ovoid. Mex. B.M. 8539.
racemosa, Desf. (Vagnera racemosa, Morong). Figs.
3620, 3621. Rootstock rather stout: st. 1-3 ft. high: Ivs.
3-6 in. long, oblong-lanceolate or oval, sessile or nearly
so: fls. numerous, in a panicle: berry ^in. through. In
shaded or partly shaded places throughout the greater
part of the U. S.' B.B. (ed. 2) 1:515. A.G. 13:519.
sessilifolia, Xutt. (Vagnera sessUifolia, Greene).
Rootstock slender: st. 1-2 ft. high, slender: Ivs. 2-6 in.
long, lanceolate, acute, flat and spreading: raceme
open, sessile, or short-peduncled: berry 3-5 lines
through. Early summer. Pacific States.
stellata, Desf. (Vagnera stellata, Morong). Very near
to S. sesstiifolia: Ivs. usually folded and ascending:
raceme shorter and more crowded. Mav, June. Moist
soil, greater part of the U. S. B.B. (ed. 2) 1:516.
trifdlia, Desf. (Vagnera trifdlia, Morong). Rootstock
slender: st. 2-15 in. high: Ivs. sessile, oval to oblong-
lanceolate. 2-5 in. long: fls. in a simple raceme, few to
several: berry J^in. through. Bogs and moist soil in the
S. and Asia. B.B. (ed. 2) 1:516.
S. bifolia, Schult. f.=Maianthemum bifolium.
F. W. BARCLAY.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
SMILAX (ancient Greek name). Liliaceje. The
greenbriers, useful for winter greens and outdoor
planting.
Usually woody climbers with paired tendrils on the
base of the petiole; sometimes shrubs or herbaceous
perennials, young shoots little branched, old woody
shoots becoming much branched above; shoots arising
from a rootstock, slow-growing and woody or with
large fleshy tubers; in some species with long creeping
rhizomes: lower Ivs. reduced to scales, the upper simple
or slightly lobed, 3-7 (or more) -nerved, deciduous to
completely evergreen, usually variable in outline on
different types of branches: fls. rather small, dioecious,
usually numerous in axillary peduncled umbels; pedi-
cels uniform in length: berries normally globose,
1-6-seeded, blackish or red.— Over 200 species gener-
ally distributed over the world.
The genus Smilax, of which there are twenty-five
species native to the United States, has been used very
little in this country for planting in ornamental grounds,
its value as a decorative plant having been largely
ignored. The vines of the wild plants have been
gathered locally for decorations and S. lanceolata.
the Florida smilax of the trade, is extensively shippea
from the southern states to the northern centers for
use in large decorations. Most of the common woody
species of the North are unsuited for planting in
restricted areas as they spread rapidly by underground
stems. None of the native species listed below is ordi-
narily handled by nurserymen.
The smilax of florists is Asparagux asparagoides. See
p. 3175; also p. 409, Vol. I.
aspera, 12.
australis, 13.
Bona-nox, 9.
eicelsa, 6.
glauca, 8.
berbacea, 1, 2.
INDEX.
hispida, 3.
inodora, 2.
lanceolata, 10.
lasioneuron, 2.
laurifolia, 11.
mauritanica, 12.
Pseudo-china, 3.
rotundifolia, 5.
Sieboldii, 4.
Walter!, 7.
KKY TO TH K SPECIES.
A. Shoots herbaceous.
B. Fls. carrion-scented 1.
BB. Fls. not carrion-scented 2.
IA. Shoots woody.
B. Umbels in axils of normal Its.
c. Foliage completely deciduous.
D. Plant not at all glaucous: ber-
ries green-black, usually 1-
seeded: rootstock short, woody,
slow-growing, without long
rhizomes: spines long, slender,
black, dense below.
E. Lts. orbicular to orate, not
crenulate 3.
EE. Lts. triangular, ovate, crenu-
late 4.
DD. Plant, i.e., pedicels, fls., and fr.
glaucous: berries S-seeded:
rootstocks long and creeping:
spines stout, few, never at
nodes.
E. Berries blue-black: ITS. broad,
ovate: st. green 5.
EE. Berries coral-red.
F. Lts. broad-ovate: st. stout,
green 6.
FF. LTS. oblong: st. slender,
brown 7.
cc. Foliage at_ least partly evergreen.
D. Flowering in the spring: fr.
ripe the same season: b>s.
partly deciduous in the A".:
plants with long-creeping
rhizomes.
E. LTS. glaucous, entire^mar-
gined: sts. glabrous below,
slender, brownish: berries
S-seeded, blue-black 8.
EE. Lvs. green, on vegetative sts.
usually hastate and spiny-
margined: sts. stout, green,
stellate pubescent below: ber-
ries 1-seeded, greenish black. 9.
DD. Flowering in the summer: fr.
ripe the next season: Ivs. ever-
green: underground sts. large,
short, fleshy tubers, without
long rhizomes.
E. LTS. thin, lanceolate to ovate,
slightly glaucous beneath:
berries mostly S-seeded: not
a swamp plant 10.
herbacea
lasioneuron
hispida
Sieboldii
rotundifolia
ezcelsa
Walter!
glauca
Bona-nox
lanceolata
3174
SMILAX
SMILAX
EE. Lvs. thick, narrow-oblong,
green beneath: berries 1-
seeded: growing in swamps .11. laurif olia
BB. Umbels borne on special leafless
flowering branches on the old wood:
exotic species.
c. Flowering branch spike-like, with
numerous umbels: plant and Ivs.
spiny 12. aspera
CC. Flowering branch short, with 1 or 2
umbels: plant unarmed 13. australis
1. herbacea, Linn. A hardy perennial vine 4-10 ft.
high, unarmed: Ivs. ovate to lanceolate, acute to cuspi-
date, obtuse or cordate at base, long-petioled, 7-9-
nerved, glabrous and glaucous beneath: umbels 15-80-
fld., long-peduncled: fls. carrion-scented: berry bluish
black, about J^in. diam., normally 3-6-seeded. April-
June. N. E. U. S. B.M. 1920. B.B. (ed. 2.) 1:527.—
This species is undesirable on account of the strong
carrion odor of the fls. There are several herbaceous
species in N. Amer. and E. Asia, but only this and the
following have been intro. to the trade.
2. lasioneuron, Hook. (S. herbacea var. inodora,
Hort. Nemexia herb&cea var. melica, A. Nels). Similar
to the above but with the Ivs. pulverulent-pubescent
beneath: peduncles shorter than the Ivs.: fls. not
carrion-scented. From Colo, to Man. in the Great
Plains and E. Rocky Mts. — Distinguished from the
other herbaceous forms by the lack of the carrion odor.
3. hispida, Muhl. (*S. Pseudo-china, Auth., not Linn.).
BAMBOO BRIER. Fig. 3623. Rootstock short, woody,
slow-growing, never spreading far: sts. clustered, high-
climbing, 20-50 ft., green, densely spiny below, unarmed
or nearly so above: spines straight, black, slender, usu-
ally most numerous at lower nodes, never on upper
nodes: Ivs. ovate, larger ones heart-shaped, deciduous:
peduncle longer than the petiole. Conn, to Minn.,
south to N. C. and Texas, absent from the coast. B.B.
(ed. 2) 1 : 529. G.F. 5 : 53 (adapted in Fig. 3623) .—This is
the only one of the northern species that does not spread
rapidly by rootstocks; by proper attention to pruning
this species will make an upright hedge-plant of merit.
4. Sieboldii, Miq. Closely related to S. hispida from
which it differs in
its weaker habit,
more pointed nar-
rower Ivs. which in
the growing plant
are distinctly crenu-
late: peduncles
fewer-fid, and little
longer than peti-
oles. Japan and
Korea.
5. rotundi folia,
Linn. HORSE-
BRIER. Rootstock
scarcely tuberous,
long -creeping: sts.
stout, green, often
angled, never spined
at nodes: spines
stout, few, black-
tipped, straight,
often absent on
flowering branches:
Ivs. ovate to or-
bicular: peduncle
scarcely longer than
the petiole: berries
blue - black, glau-
cous, less than J^in.,
3 -seeded. Nova
Scotia to 111., south
3622. Smilax glauca. ( X about y2) to Ga. and Texas.
The common horse-brier of the E. U. S. B.B. (ed. 2)
1 :528. — A rank weedy vine with nothing to recommend
it for general planting as it spreads rapidly by under-
ground rhizomes.
6. excelsa, Linn. Similar to the above in habit: sts.
large, angled, with few heavy spines: Ivs. heavier and
larger: fls. 3-10 in umbel: berries Km- diam., coral-red.
Persia, S. Eu. to Azores.
3623. Smilax hispida. ( X about
7. Waited, Pursh. Underground sts. slender, creep-
ing: st. slender, terete, brownish: armed below with
stSf short spines, naked above: Ivs. ovate to oblong:
umbels few-fld. on short peduncles: berries over Mm->
densely packed in umbels, bright coral-red, white-
berried sports are known. Swamps in sandy regions,
N. J. to Fla. west to Mississippi River Valley. B.B.
(ed. 2) 1:530. — The berries of this species are useful
for winter decorations in the holiday season.
8. glafcca, Walt. CAT-BRIER. Fig. 3622. Under-
ground sts. spiny, tuberous but with long slender
rhizomes: sts. slender, brown, spines below, disappear-
ing above, when present always some at nodes: spines
stout, recurved: the entire ovate Ivs. and often whole
plant glaucous: berries 3-seeded, small, peduncles and
pedicels slender, longer than petioles. Dry ground,
Mass, to Fla. and Texas. B.B. (ed. 2) 1:528. G.F.
5:425 (adapted hi Fig. 3622). — Ordinarily counted a
bad weed, but perhaps of use in large landscape
plantings.
9. B6na-n<5x, Linn. SAW-BRIER. Underground sts.
spiny, often with large tubers, also long, creeping
rhizomes: sts. stout, green, densely covered with stiff
spines below, lower part of large sts. with a charac-
teristic stiff stellate pubescence not found elsewhere in
the genus: Ivs. variable, on vegetative branches dis-
tinctly hastate or with basal lobes, spiny on margins and
midnerve below, smooth and green on both sides; upper
Ivs. triangular, ovate, thick, fine net-veined: peduncles
much longer than petioles, flat, many-fld.: berries 1-
seeded, black, not glaucous. Va. and Fla. west to Kans.
and N. Mex. B.B. (ed. 2) 1:529.— A rank-growing
vine that becomes a bad weed along borders of woods
and in half-wooded pastures.
10. lanceolate, Linn. FLORIDA SMILAX. Under-
ground sts. short, large, fleshy tubers, densely clus-
tered, suggesting large potatoes: sts. stout, often ^in.
diam., lightly scabrous, glaucous when young, spiny
below with stout recurved spines, unarmed above,
SMILAX
SNAKEROOT
3175
climbing to the tops of tall trees often 70-80 ft., much
branched above: Ivs. thin, evergreen, glaucous beneath,
ovate to lanceolate, 2-4 in. long: peduncles shorter than
petioles, flowering in summer: young berries remaining
over winter and ripening the next summer; berries 3-
seeded, %w. or more diam. Va. to Fla., Ark., and Texas.
July, Aug. B.B. (ed. 2) 1:530.— The best American
smilax for cult, as an ornamental vine.
11. laurifSlia, Linn. FALSE CHIXA BRIER. Similar
to the above in habit: Ivs. narrow, oblong, thick, green
on both sides, turning dark brown on wilting: berries
smaller, 1-seeded. X. J. south to Fla. and Texas. July,
Aug. B.B. (ed. 2) 1:530. — This plant is always found
near water, usually associated with S. Walteri.
12. aspera, Linn. A half -hardy shrub often somewhat
scandent, unarmed or with spines: Ivs. ovate-deltoid or
lanceolate, 1^-6 in. long, usually blotched with white,
5-9-nerved: fls. white, sweet-scented, in many-fld.
umbels: berries Km- thick, usuallv 3-seeded, shining
red. S. Eu. to India. Gn. 28, p. 615; 62, p. 397. G.
6:315 (as S. tamnoides). Var. mauritanica, Gren. &
Godr. A more robust form with larger Ivs. and fewer
spines. Canaries, S. Eu., N. Afr.
13. australis, Brown. Sts. terete, robust, rarely
spined: Ivs. ovate-elliptic, base obtuse, 2-5 in. long,
7-nerved: umbels 1-2 on a short flowering branch with-
out Ivs., 15-20-fld. from a globose bracted receptacle:
berries about }^in. diam. Austral. — A tropical plant
unsuited to our colder climate.
S. argyrea. Land. & Rod. Tender foliage plant: st. wiry, slender,
armed with short, stout thorns: Ivs. lanceolate, becoming 8-10 in.
long, dark green, blotched with gray, 3-nerved, short-petioled: fls.
and fr. unknown. Bolivia. I.H. 39:152. J.H. III. 46:77. According
to G.F. 8:305 the above species is a robust healthy plant doing well
in a moderate temperature and quickly forming ornamental speci-
mens. It should be given a rich, fibrous soil and a light and sunny
position. It may be prop, by half-ripe cuttings of the side shoots
with 2-3 eyes inserted in a moderately warm bed. This may be any
one of a number of S. American species. The variegated foliage is
found in practically all of the woody plants of this genus, being
Strongly developed in S. glauca, S. Bona-nox and S. lanceolata.
J. B. NORTON.
SMILAX, FLORISTS'. The smilax of florists is an
Asparagus (A. asparagoides, page 409). It is one of
the most popular of all greenhouse vines for use in
decoration.
Commercially, smilax is grown in deep solid beds
under glass, and the tall growth is tied to strings. These
strings are cut for sale. Some growers do not renew their
beds of smilax for three or four years. It is doubtless
most profitable to replant every year with young stock,
grown from seed. It is a heavy feeder. A strong loam
with one-fifth half-rotted cow-manure is the best com-
post for the bed. A light house is not essential. The
middle of an equal-span house running north and south
is an ideal place for it, if there is height sufficient to run
up the strings 7 or 8 feet. Plant as early as possible in
July. Many florists who grow a few hundred strings of
smilax make the mistake of putting them in a cool-
house. It will grow in a temperature of 50°, but not
profitably; 60° at night, and even 65°, is the better
temperature. The plants should be 8 inches apart in
the row and 10 inches between rows. Red-spider
attacks the smilax, but daily syringing is a sure pre-
ventive. When cutting the strings, avoid picking out
one here and there. Begin to cut at one end of the bed,
and as much as possible clear off all the strings, because
when denuded of so much growth the fleshy roots are
liable to rot if over-watered; little water is needed
till young growth starts. Care should also be taken in
cutting, for many times there will be several young
growths a foot or so high that can be saved for a future
string, and they may be useless if cut. Good drainage
should always be provided.
Smilax for planting in July should be raised from
seed sown in February. When 2 or 3 inches high, and
showing its character-leaves, it should be potted in 2-
inch pots. In May, the plants should go into 3-inch
pots. It is very important that the first growth, which
is always weak, should be made in these 3-inch pots;
then, when planted out, the first growth in the beds is
strong enough to make salable strings. Never neglect
tying up smilax as soon as the preceding crop is cut.
For this purpose use silkaline or similar green twine.
Contrary to what is the case with many plants, the
hotter smilax is grown the hardier and more durable
the leaves, providing it is not cut prematurely.
WILLIAM SCOTT.
SMITHIANTHA (Smith's flower, named for Miss
Matilda Smith, botanical artist, Kew). A name pro-
posed for the species of Naegelia of Regel (which see), a
name which had been given four years earlier to a
genus of fungi; it is accepted by Fritsch in Engler &
Prantl's "Pflanzenfamilien." The names under Smithi-
antha of the cult, kinds are : S. cinnabarina, Kuntze, 5.
zebrina, Kuntze, S. multiflora, Fritsch (S. amabilis,
Kuntze), S. achimenoides, Fritsch.
SMODINGIUM (Greek, indurated mark; from the
callous fr.). Anacardiacex. Glabrous shrub, allied to
Rhus: Ivs. alternate, long-petioled, trifoliate; the Ifts.
lanceolate, coarsely serrate: fls. minute, in terminal
pubescent panicles, polygamous; calyx 5-toothed, per-
sistent; petals 5, oblong, spreading, deciduous; disk
small, annular; stamens 5; ovary free, sessile, 1-celled:
fr. compressed, winged-margined, oblique-oblong, vit-
tate on both sides; the shell leathery. One species, S. Afr.
S. argidum, Mey. Erect or climbing shrub with striate
branches: Ivs. palmately 3-foliate; Ifts. 4-5x1 in.,
lanceolate acuminate, coarsely and sharply toothed: fls.
in an ample panicle. S. Afr. R.H. 1908, p. 385. It has
been mentioned in cult, in the warm part of the U. S.
SMOKE TREE: Cotinus Coggygria.
SMUT. Diseases of many cultivated cereal grasses
and other plants caused by the attacks of fungi of the
order Ustilaginales. The mycelium sometimes produces
swellings on various parts of the host (or attacked
plant), the swellings being eventually filled with
brownish or blackish spores known as chlamydospores,
which emerge, as a fine dust-like powder, when the
outer membrane of the tissues bursts or cracks. The
chlamydospores produce upon germination a structure
known as a promycelium (basidium) which gives rise
to lateral or terminal sporidia (basidiospores) . The
smut on Indian corn may be taken as typic. The dis-
ease usually appears first on the leaves, afterward at
the junction of leaf-sheath and blade; finally the ear of
corn is attacked, and the tassel. On the leaves blisters
are found; on the ear, large whitish polished swellings
appear. As the spores mature, the swellings become
darker in color, and the inclosing membrane finally
ruptures, exposing the dark olive-green mass of spores
which are 8 to 12 M (Greek micron) and are beset with
fine spines. Unlike most other cereals, maize can be
inoculated at any age. Several smuts have been de-
scribed, viz., loose smut of oats (Ustilago avenae), maize
and teosinte smut (Ustilago zea?), loose smut of wheat
(Ustilago trititi), smut of blue-stem grass (Sorospo-
rium syntherismss), rye smut (Urocystis occidta), onion
smut (Urocystis cepulas), and colchicum smut (Urocystis
colchici). For the loose smut of oats and wheat, the
treatment of the seeds with hot water before planting is
efficacious. The corn smut is best controlled by destroy-
ing the affected plants before the spores mature. The
onion smut is due to infected soil which may be treated
with sulfur, or formalin. JOHN w. HARSHBERGER.
SNAKE CUCUMBER: A form of Cucumis Melo. S. Gourd:
Trichosanthes. Snakehead: Chdone.
SNAKEROOT: Black S.: Cimicifuga racemosa and Sanicuia
marilandica. Button S. : Liatris. Canadian S.: Asarum. Seneca
S.: Polygala Senega. White S.: Eupatorium ageratoides.
3176
SNAKE'S BEARD
SOBRALIA
SNAKE'S BEARD: Ophiopogon. Snake's-Head Iris: Hermo-
dactylus. Snake's-Head Lily: Fritillaria Meleagris. Snake's
Mouth: Pogonia. S. Tongue: Ophioglossum.
SNAPDRAGON: Antirrhinum.
SNEEZEWEED: Helenium. Sneezewood: Ptxroxylon. Sneeze-
wort: Achillea.
SNOWBALL TREE: Viburnum Opulus. S.-berry: Chiococca
and Chiogenes; also Symphoricarpos. S.-drop: Galanthus. S.-flake:
Leucojum. S.-flower: Chionanthus. S. Glory: Chionodoxa. S.-on-
the-Mountain: Euphorbia marginata. S. Pear: Pyrus nivalis. S.
Tree: Pyrus nivalis; also Halesia. S. Wreath: Neviusia alabamensis.
SOAP BARK TREE: Quillaja Saponaria. S.-berry: Sapindus.
S.-Bulb: Chlorogalum. S.-Plant: Chlorogalum. Soapwort: Sapo-
naria offidnalis.
SOBOLfWSKIA (named for G. Sobolewski, Rus-
sian botanist). Cruciferse. Erect paniculately branched
glabrous annual or biennial herbs, adapted to outdoor
use: Ivs. long-petioled, rotundate, coarsely crenate: fls.
in corymbose racemes, slender-pedicelled, without
bracts, white; sepals spreading, uniform at base: silique
clavate, compressed or nearly terete, curved, leathery,
1-celled, 1-seeded. — Five species, Asia Minor and the
Caucasus region.
clavata, Fenzl. Basal Ivs. reniform-cordate, the upper
nearly sessile: silique 2% lines long by 1J4 lines wide.
May. Asia Minor. F. W. BARCLAY.
SOBRALIA (for Fr. Mart. Sobral, a Spanish bota-
nist). Orchidaceae. Extremely handsome terrestrial
orchids with a very distinct habit, some of them com-
paring well with cattleyas and Iselias in bloom.
3624. Sobralia macrantha. ( X \i)
Leaves with sheathing bases, plicate- venose: fls.
membranaceous, few, in short, terminal racemes, or
solitary; sepals and petals spreading; labellum convo-
lute around the column, terminal portion large, undu-
late, often fimbriate, smooth or with longitudinal
ridges; column slender; pollinia 8. — About 30 or more
species, inhabiting the mountains of Mex. and Trop.
Amer. The following account comprises the species
that appear to be in the American trade, but others are
to be found in the collections of fanciers. The plants
have slender reed-like sts. clothed with Ivs. throughout
their entire length. The sts. are tufted, forming bushy
plants varying in height according to the species. The
fls. are among the largest of the orchids, those of S.
macrantha attaining a diam. of 9 in. across the sepals.
They are, however, very transient, fading a few days
after opening.
Sobralias are charming orchids, and when room can
be given to large plants they well repay the space and
care they require. Many of them, to be sure, are very
fugacious in their blooming, some lasting only a day,
but nearly all of them make up for this by a succession
of flowers which is more or less rapid. In size the indi-
vidual blossoms vary from that of an ordinary Cattleya
labiata to one scarcely 1 J/2 inches across, and the plants
themselves present as great variety, ranging from such
as S. fragrans, which grows less than a foot high, to that
giant of the tribe, S. Cattleya, which will reach a height
of nearly 10 feet. They also give as much variety in
their coloring, ranging from a shade of lavender which
is almost a blue through different shades of purple to
the rich claret-color of S. Lowii, and from yellow to the
purest white. Where space for large and bushy plants
can be afforded, some of the sobralias will prove most
charming plants, having the double advantage of pre-
senting in a well-grown plant not only beautiful blos-
soms but a subject which is thoroughly attractive as a
foliage plant. They also have the added advantage of
being, in most instances, of rather easy culture. Given
a suitable soil and a liberal supply of water they are
almost sure to grow and bloom, although they will do
better if they are given their time for rest, when less
water is allowed without permitting the material
about the roots ever to become quite dry. (F. J. Le-
Moyne.)
INDEX.
alba, 5, 7.
albida, 5.
Brandtise, 6.
Cattleya, 9.
Fenzliana, 7.
fragrans, 4.
Holfordii, 8.
Kienastiana, 5.
leucoxantha, 1.
lilacina, 2.
Lowii, 10.
macrantha, 5.
nana, 5.
superba, 3.
virginalis, 2.
xantholeuca, 3.
A. Fls. white (see also Nos. 5 and 7).
B. Lip shorter than sepals, orange, center lined brown.
1. leucoxintha, Reichb. f. Sts. tufted, 3 ft. high,
spotted: Ivs. 4—6 in. long, lanceolate, acuminate: fls.
6-7 in. across; sepals linear-lanceolate, spreading and
recurved, white; petals shorter, oblong, undulate above,
also pure white; labellum with a ventricose tube; limb
large, circular, notched in front and the margin irregu-
larly tabulate and wavy, throat golden yellow, with a
few brownish stripes. Aug. Costa Rica. B.M. 7058.
R.B. 23:205. J.H. III. 33:77; 46:331.
BB. Lip nearly as long as sepals, yellow, center marked
with orange.
2. virginalis, Cogn. Sts. up to 3 ft. tall: Ivs. coria-
ceous, broadly lanceolate, 5-6 in. long, 1-1 Yi in. broad:
fls. solitary, sessile, white except the yellow disk and
throat; sepals re volute at apex, 3K in. long; petals a
little shorter than sepals, undulate; lip as long as petals,
strongly undulate crisped. Colombia. C.O. 3. Var.
lilacina, Cogn., has the lip tinted lilac. C.O. 3a.
AA. Fls. yellow.
B. Lip crisped and undulate on margin; fls. 5 in. or more
across.
3. xantholeftca, Reichb. f. Sts. about 2 ft. high,
tufted: Ivs. spreading and drooping, lanceolate, 6-7 in.
long, with speckled sheaths: fls. solitary, lemon-yellow,
with a deeper shade on the lip; sepals linear-lanceolate,
spreading and recurved; petals similar but shorter;
blade of the labellum orbicular, crisp, and undulate,
SOBRALIA
SOIL
3177
margin crenate. Guatemala. B.M. 7332. R.H. 1890:
12. G.C. III. 5:9. Gn. 22: 508. C.O. 2.— A species
with fls. about as large as S. macrantha, but plants of
more compact habit. Var. superba, Hort. Fls. deeply
shaded with deep cream-yellow; throat marked with
orange-brown.
BB. Lip fimbriate on margin; fls. less than 3 in. across.
4. fragrans, Lindl. A small species with sts. about
1 ft. high: Ivs. 1 or 2, oblong-lanceolate, 4-5 in. long:
fls. 2-3 on a long peduncle, about 2 in. long, pale sulfur-
yellow; sepals oblong, spreading; petals similar but
erect; middle lobe of the labellum fimbriate on the
margin and having many fimbriated crests. Colombia.
B.M. 4882. — One of the smallest of the genus.
AAA. Fls. chiefly purple or rose.
5. macrantha, Lindl. Fig. 3624. Sts. tufted, reed-
like, 4-7 ft. high, leafy all the way up: Ivs. broadly lan-
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, long-pointed, 8-10 in. long:
fls. several at the ends of the sts., rose-purple, with the
front of the labellum deep purple; sepals linear-oblong,
4J^ in. long, reflexed and twisted; petals broader,
oblong, wavy above; labellum 5 in. long, with the
expanded portion almost circular, 3 in. across and 2-
lobed at the apex, very wavy; tube long, whitish within,
with a yellow stain in the throat and several thin yellow
ridges. May-July. Mex. and Guatemala. B.M. 4446.
F.S. 7:669." P.M. 14:241 (var). G.M. 31:559. C.O.
1. O. 3:75. Var. Kienastiana, Hort., (var. alba} has
white fls. G.C. III. 48:182. Var. filbida, Hort. Fls.
very large, creamy white. Var. nana, Hort. Fls. smaller
than type; lip dark violet-purple.
6. Brandtiae, Kranzl. Sts. 3 ft. high: Ivs. lanceolate,
acuminate, 8 in. long: fls. purple-rose, paler outside,
with the labellum darker and having a yellow disk;
sepals linear; petals twice as wide; middle lobe of the
labellum very broad, divided into 2 diverging, rather
acute lobes; anther-bed with a long recurved horn on
each side. Resembles a medium-sized S. macrantha,
distinguished by the long horns of the column, and
black spots (not hairs) on the If.-sheaths. S. Amer.
7. Fenzliana, Reichb. f. Sts. slender: sheaths black-
ish, asperulate: Ivs. oblong, acutish: fls. rose-colored;
sepals oblong, acute; petals obovate-cuneate, three-
fourths as long as the sepals; labellum spreading, front
portion ovate, notched, crenulate; horns of the column
equaling the anther. Nicaragua. Var. Slba, Hort., has
pure white fls.
8. Holfordii, Sander. Plants of dwarf habit: fls. rose-
carmine, deeper in the lip, shading to whitish in the
throat. Habitat not stated by Sander.
9. Cattleya, Reichb. f. St. stout: Ivs. oblong, acumi-
nate, plaited, bearing several lateral clusters of strong,
thick fls. of a firm fleshy texture, with purplish brown
sepals and petals and a purplish lip, with a white
column and 3 yellow lines over the center of the lip.
Colombia.
10. L6wii, Rolfe. An imperfectly known species
intro. about 1892 from Colombia. It grows about 1J^
ft. high and has fls. of a bright uniform purple.
S. Am««ia?=S. Wilsonii XS. xantholeuca. G.C. III. 40:suppl.
Aug. 25. — S. Amtsiarui=S. Wilsonii X S. xantholeuca. G. 31 : 581. —
S. bldnda, Kranzl. Fls. 6 in. across, white, except throat and mid-
dle portion of disk of lip, which are golden yellow. Hab. (?). — S.
Chdrlesworthii, Hort. Fls. rich rose-purple, with broad purple band
around lip and bright yellow crest. Colombia. — S. Cliftonix, a
dwarf, wnite-fld. species, said to come from Ecuador. G.M. 53:
325. J.H. III. 53:75; 63:3 (both as S. Holfordii).— S. Cdlma nii
=S. xantholeuea X S. Veitchii. — S. Elizabethae=S. Liliastrum. —
S. Ldnihoinei=S. Ruckeri. — S. Lilidstrum, Lindl. Fls. large, white,
yellow-veined. Guiana, Brazil. — S. Lucasidna, Hort. Fls. large;
sepals and petals white; lip soft rose-purple, throat yellow. Trop.
Amer. — S. luminAsa=S. Holfordii X S. Wilsonii. — S. Malmquis-
tidna, Schlecht. Fls. pale rose, with orange-yellow blotch on lip.
Colombia. O. 1911:59, desc. — S. murdbilis=S. Veitchii X S. mac-
rantha Kienastiana. — S. Ruckeri, Lind. & Reichb. f. Sepals and
petals pale rose-purple; lip with a white base, marked with a yel-
low band, the front of lip dark rose-purple. Colombia. G.C. III.
30: 67. J.H. III. 48 : 531. — S. schoenbrunnensis=B. xantholeuca var.
superba X S. macrantha. — S. sessilis, Lind}. Sheaths and under
surface of Ivs. black-pubescent: Ivs. sessile, oblong-lanceolate:
fls. sessile, rose, the lip darker. Guiana. B.R.27:17. J.F. 1:104.
— S. Siebertidna=S. macrantha Kienastiana X S. Hodgkinsonii.-.S.
vdlida, Rolfe. Fls. about 2 in. long, fragrant, whitish yellow, with
deeper yellow band on lip, becoming deep orange in front. Panama.
— S. Veitchii, Hort.=S. macrantha X S. xantholeuca. Sepals oblong,
somewhat undulate, white, lightly tinted rose-lilac; petals oval-
oblong, undulate, white, tinted rose; lip ample, the limb strongly
tinted with lilac-violet, the throat orange, the margin strongly
undulate-crisped. J.H. III. 63:171. C.O. Hyb. 1.— S. Wiganise=
S. macrantha X S. xantholeuca. G.M. 45:441. — S. Wilsonii, Rolfe.
Fls. large, white, shaded with rose and spotted with purple.
GEORGE V.
SOCRATEA (named after the philosopher Socrates).
Palmctceas. Treated by Drude, in Engler & Prantl's
"Pflanzenfamilien," vol. 2, part 3, page 60, as a subgenus
of Iriartea, the subgenus characterized by the numerous
stamens, the branches of the raphe which rise from the
base and are united, running up to the micropyle which
is at the apex of the seed.
Forgetiana, Hort. (Ceratolobus Forgetiana, Hort.).
Lvs. rich green, at first entire and broadly rounded,
later pinnate with the terminal 1ft. much larger than
the others. Peru. G.C. III. 51:suppl. May 25, p. xv.;
53:286. G.M. 55:636. Gt. 61, p. 391.
SOIL. The soil is a superficial covering of the earth's
crust, more or less well adapted to the growth of plants.
It is usually only a few inches thick. Below this is a
subsoil often differing, especially in humid climates,
from the soil proper in color, texture, or chemical com-
position. A very striking definition has been suggested
by Sir John B. Lawes, who considered the soU to be
rotten subsoil, and the subsoil rotting rock. The term
soil is occasionally used in a more comprehensive way
to include both the soil and the subsoil.
The soil adapted to the growth of the higher plants
consists of fragments of rocks or minerals, organic
matter, soil solution, and a soil atmosphere. The
mineral fragments vary in size from the finest clay
particles to gravel and even boulders. The organic
matter is derived from low organisms, from previous
vegetation, or from growing plants; as also from stable
manure, and occasionally fish or animal matter added
to the soil by man. The soil solution consists of water
carrying dissolved substances derived from the soil
grains and from the organic matter, as well as from
fertilizing materials artificially applied, and constitutes
a nutrient solution from which the plant derives its
mineral constituents. The soil atmosphere differs from
the ordinary atmosphere above the soil in being richer
in carbon dioxid and nitrogen, and containing more
water vapor and less oxygen.
In origin there are two main classes of soils: sedimen-
tary soils, formed by the disintegration and decomposi-
tion of rocks in place; and transported soils, including
those of alluvial, glacial, and a?olian origin. The word
alluvial is here used to include all water-transported
material; the term is, however, frequently used in a
more specific sense to indicate the recent flood deposit
of rivers.
Soils are classified according to their origin and their
mechanical and chemical composition and properties.
Genetically, they are classified according to the rock
from which they are derived, as granite soil, limestone;
or according to the manner of their origin, as alluvial,
lacustrian, or drift. Mechanically, they are classified
broadly into stony, gravelly, sandy, sandy loam, loam,
clay loam, clay, adobe, black-waxy, or according to
some other physical property; chemically, into calcare-
ous, humus, alkali, and according to other striking
chemical features. In the soil survey of the United
States Department of Agriculture a local name is
adopted for each type under which the specific charac-
ters are given; examples of this are Hartford sandy
loam, Norfolk sand, San Joaquin adobe.
The physical properties of soils concern the size and
3178
SOIL
SOIL
arrangement of the particles, and the relation of these
to each other and to the organic matter; also the soil
atmosphere, the soil moisture, and the physical forces
of heat and gravitation. In these there is an intimate
relation with physiography or the form and exposure of
the surface of the land, as well as to climatology.
There are, undoubtedly, constant physical changes
going on in the soil, as well as chemical changes, which
have much to do with the best development of vegeta-
tion. The soil-moisture may be looked upon as a
nutrient solution, dissolving its material from the
difficultly soluble compounds in the soil and from fer-
tilizers artificially applied. The amount of substances
in solution varies with the moisture content and with
the way moisture is supplied to the soil. The dissolved
substances, naturally present in the soil or derived from
fertilizers, influence the solubility of the soil components,
rendering them more or less soluble according to their
nature and existing conditions. It is probable that
there is a normal weathering of the soil material which
produces a certain concentration in the soil solu-
tion which will be maintained on the gradual withdrawal
of nutrient material by the plant. However, this
natural weathering is often not sufficient in amount to
produce the yield and quality of crops desired, and
this may be increased by methods of cultivation and
fertilization so that crops may annually remove larger
quantities of nutrient substances without any particu-
lar exhaustion to the soil.
It is certain that these nutrient materials dp not
accumulate to any considerable extent in soils in
humid countries, as they are liable to be leached away
and also to recombine, forming difficultly soluble com-
pounds with the material of the soil-grains. A soil is in
good heart or good condition when the physical condi-
tions, such as the water-supply, soil atmosphere, and
temperature relations, are favorable, and when the
weathering of the material is sufficient to furnish an
abundant and constant nutrient solution in the soil
moisture.
One of the most potent agents in the weathering of
soils is the organic material contained. This is unques-
tionably due largely to the amount of carbon dioxid
formed, which renders many of the nutrient matters
3625. How the gardener makes his soil, by letting it decay in
piles. The larger pile is composed of sods.
much more soluble. Moreover, the organic matter
forms a culture medium for bacteria, ferments, and the
various organized and unorganized agents which assist
in breaking down the organic material, and facilitate as
well the weathering of the other soil components. Soils
in general have remarkable power of absorbing on the
surface of the soil-grains vast quantities of carbon
dioxid, ammonia, and other gases, and of other nutrient
materials, which, while soluble and actually dissolved,
do not readily diffuse out into the solution between the
soil-grains.
The influence of fertilizers is therefore twofold: the
direct addition of plant-food for the immediate use of
plants, and the action of the fertilizing components
upon the solubility of the otherwise difficultly soluble
compounds in the soil. There are other offices which
are very strikingly shown in the case of lime. This sub-
stance, when in the form of either caustic or slaked
lime, corrects the acidity which is very often present
in soils. It changes the structure of soils. It renders
some of the soil components much more soluble, espe-
cially when the lime is in the form of the sulfate or
gypsum, and it has undoubtedly a physiological role
which enables the plant to assimilate larger quantities
of other nutrient matters even in amounts which would
be detrimental if the lime-salt were not present in
excess.
The principal objects of the cultivation of the soil are
to secure proper aeration, to conserve the moisture sup-
ply, and to improve the drainage. The irrigation and
artificial drainage of soils are treated elsewhere.
The physical properties of texture and structure, that
is, the size and arrangement of the soil-grains, have a
greater practical importance with field crops and the
relation of crops to soil under extensive cultivation than
upon horticultural crops either in the field or greenhouse,
where intensive methods are used. Particularly in the
eastern states, where the natural rainfall is relied upon
for the water supply, these physical properties have
great influence in determining the relation of crops to
soils. This is due in large part to the influence of the
physical properties upon the water supply, and the
commercial values of many soils are dependent largely
upon this one condition. This is notably the case with
the early truck crops, with corn, wheat, and grass lands,
and with special products such as celery, cranberries,
and other horticultural crops. With intensive cultiva-
tion, however, the flavor, appearance, texture, and
general quality of the crop assume greater commercial
importance, and even with intensive methods these are
largely influenced by the character of the soil. This is
shown in a striking manner in the localization of cer-
tain interests, even under the most intensive system of
agriculture, such as the production of the fine lettuce
around Boston, of the carnations, violets, tomatoes,
and roses in other districts. With the present specializa-
tion in these lines, it is not only necessary that one
should have a knowledge of the methods of cultivation,
but should have the proper soil conditions as well as
suitable climatic conditions; and to such an .extent has
this specialization been carried that different varieties
of roses, for example, are best grown in different locali-
ties where the soils are slightly different. These matters
must be realized by the horticulturist in order to attain
the highest degree of success in any particular under-
taking. MILTON WHITNEY.
Soils for potting.
Strictly speaking, there are but two distinct kinds of
soils, though there are several modifications or physical
differences in both. These are mineral soils and organic
soils or peat. Peat is formed in temperate climates by
the accumulation of vegetable matter in swamps, or in
some parts of the world under peculiar atmospheric
conditions (see Peat). Mineral soils, which cover the
greater portion of the earth's surface, are formed by the
disintegration of rocks and stones through the agency of
water, frost, or the atmosphere. Peaty soils are com-
posed almost entirely of vegetable matter, with but
little mineral matter. Mineral soils are just the reverse.
The physical differences in peat are practically reduced
to two, viz., the absence or presence of fiber. The
physical differences . in mineral soils vary considerably
from almost pure clay to almost pure sand ; indeed, the
mechanical (or physical) analysis of mineral soils is
based largely upon the proportions of day and sand.
SOIL
SOILS
3179
The composition of soils can be still further known
by chemical analysis, but to the average gardener this is
not necessary. Moreover, it is an operation of great
nicety and one that requires an experienced chemist to
perform. The chemical constituents which plants
derive from the soil are present in most soils, though in
varying degree, but they are sure to be present in ample
quantity in the potting soil selected by an experienced
gardener. The air and water may furnish as much as
98 per cent of the material with which the plant body
is built up in some cases, and only the remaining 2 per
cent be strictly derived from the soil. Three import-
ant nutrient elements are nitrogen, phosphoric acid,
and potash. Nitrogen composes four-fifths of the
atmosphere and the soil absorbs it chemically through
the action of bacteria when the soil is in good physical
condition. Hence the importance of remembering
always that air in the soil is as important as water.
Sorauer, in his "Physiology of Plants," page 56, says'
"The ideal condition of a soil is one in which it resem-
bles a sponge, and in which it will retain the greatest
amount of nutritive substances and water without los-
ing its capacity for absorbing air."
The capacity of soils to retain moisture varies con-
siderably. A clay loam is more retentive of moisture
than a sandy loam. The experienced gardener there-
fore selects a clay loam for his strong-rooting, large-
leaved tropical plants, because transpiration is so
much greater in these plants. For a general collection
of greenhouse and small-growing tropical plants he
selects a good loam. For cacti, agaves, and other succu-
lent plants which will not take as much water at all
seasons as other plants, he selects a sandy loam. For
ferns, most of the Ericaceae and Gesneraceae, he selects
peat; while for nepenthes, orchids, bromeliads, and the
epiphytic aroids he selects fern or kalmia root. Other
materials which a gardener should always have on hand
when he has a large and varied collection of plants are :
leaf-mold, which is made by collecting leaves and stor-
ing for at least two years, turning them over occasion-
ally to facilitate decay; living or fresh sphagnum moss;
sand; charcoal, and some convenient manures, such as
pulverized sheep-manure and bone-meal.
Growing plants in pots is very different from grow-
ing them in borders or the open ground. The expe-
rienced gardener digs the turf only from good pasture
or meadow land, so that it shall be full of the fibrous
roots of the grass. But before using the turf for pot-
ting it should be placed in square piles, turf down-
ward, for at least six months in order to kill the grass
and all vegetable life. Fern root should also be col-
lected and stored the same length of time in order to
kill out the ferns. (Fig. 3625.) Raw and very coarse
soils are usually sifted before being used for most
greenhouse plants. Shallow sieves are used for this
purpose. (Fig. 3626.)
Except for sowing seeds and for potting seedlings and
freshly rooted cuttings, thoroughly decayed and homo-
geneous soils should not be sifted, but should be broken
into small lumps, as the small lumps assist materially
in aerating the soil. If the soil is sifted too much it
becomes very fine, packs close and allows too little
aeration. Leaf-mold is decayed vegetable matter, or
humus. It may have little manurial value, but is used
by gardeners to make soils ''light" or spongy. For
most young plants a good proportion added to the soil
is excellent as it encourages root-growth.
Sand is the best medium for rooting cuttings of the
larger number of plants. It is also added to soils to
increase their porosity, especially when potting very
young plants. Silver sand is best.
In potting plants, experienced gardeners make pot-
ting mixtures or add a variety of materials to the soil to
suit the requirements of different plants. For young
seedlings or for freshly rooted cuttings, the compost
should be of a light and porous nature, but as plants
increase in size and vigor a heavier and richer mixture
is usually given, that is, if plants are to be grown on as
specimens; but the proportion of nutrient substances
used in a potting mixture should be determined by the
vigor of the plants. It is always better to use too little
plant-food than too much; if too much is used it often
becomes available faster than the roots of plants can
3626. Sieves for sifting or riddling soils.
absorb it, often with fatal results. Many amateur
plant-growers in their over-anxiety to grow fine plants
make this fatal mistake.
In most gardens the greenhouse space is limited, and
a gardener cannot always develop his plants to their
fullest capacity or he has to reduce his variety and
numbers. This, then, determines in the mind of an
experienced gardener the composition of his potting
mixtures. His aim should be to grow the finest possible
specimens in the smallest possible pots and space.
EDWARD J. CAXXIXG.
SOILS, STERILIZING. Greenhouse and plant-bed
soils are specially liable to infection by disease organ-
isms, as they are intensively cropped and not exposed
to the action of frost and weather. Careful growers
now resort to methods of artificial sterilization.
In practice, the sterilizing is accomplished either by
heat applied by live steam, or by a chemical process
employing a formalin drench. In either case, the work
must be thoroughly performed if satisfactory results
are to be expected; it will be required at least as often
as every other year, and the situation is safer if steriliz-
ing is practised annually.
Steam sterilizing is of two methods: by buried per-
forated pipes, and by a pan inverted over the soil and
under which the steam may be conveyed. The latter
is probably preferable in most cases. In either case,
live steam should be applied for an hour or more.
"The perforated pipe method appears to consist, at
its best," according to Selby and Humbert in Circular
Xo. 151 of the Ohio Experiment Station, "in a system
or set of perforated pipes, with crosshead and high-
pressure boiler connection. These pipes are connected
and buried in the soil of the bed, either with or with-
out partial banking up of the soil; the surface of the
bed is then covered with canvas or other covering and
the steam passed into the system for such a period as
is required to heat the soil to the necessary tempera-
ture. This temperature for best results is 180° to 212°
F. maintained for a period of an hour or more. The
time required to reach this temperature will vary
with the boiler area, the pressure and other steam and
soil factors. The length of pipes of the system will be
adapted to the beds, being one-half or one-third the
total length of large beds. Generally, IJ^-inch pipe
is used with }/£-inch holes bored in a straight line about
1 foot apart. These pipes are buried in the beds 12 to
16 inches apart."
3180
SOILS
SOLANUM
For the inverted pan method, "The apparatus con-
sists," according to W. W. Gilbert, "of a galvanized iron
pan, 6 inches deep and 6 by 10 feet in size, which is
inverted over the soil to be sterilized and the steam ad-
mitted under pressure. The pan is supplied with steam
hose connections, has sharp edges, which are forced into
the soil on all sides to prevent the escape of steam, and
is fitted with handles for moving it from place to place,
the weight of the entire pan being not over 400 pounds."
Remarking on the formaldehyde or formalin drench
method, Selby and Humbert say that "Soils to be
treated by any method of sterilization should be pre-
pared as for use by addition of manure so that the
latter is incorporated with the soil before treatment.
The soil after spading or plowing is ready for treat-
ment, whether by steaming or drenching. For the
work of drenching it is rather difficult to make exact
estimates as to cost of appliances, as well as labor out-
lay, since the appliances are the usual watering devices
of greenhouses or coldframes, and the labor will be
somewhat variable according to the effectiveness of
these devices. The appliances used may be extremely
various, though usually some form of sprinkling-can,
a force pump with hose and nozzles or application
through the overhead Skinner watering system. For
outside beds the hose and force pump offer a convenient
method. The best strength appears to be three to
three and one-half pints or pounds to each fifty gal-
lons of drench applied at the rate of seven-eighths to
one gallon to the square foot of surface."
SOLANDRA (named for Daniel C. Solander, a
Swedish naturalist and traveler, 1736-1786). Solan-
acex. Very tall glabrous woody showy-flowered vines
suitable for the warmhouse, and grown in the open in
the warmest parts of the United States.
Leaves entire, leathery, shiny: fls. very large, white;
the pedicels solitary and thick; calyx long-tubular, 2-5-
cleft at the top; corolla funnelform, the tube cylindrical,
the throat oblique and broad-campanulate, lobes
broad; stamens 5; ovary 2-celled: berry globose, pulpy.
— About 4 species, Trop. Amer.
Solandras are attractive plants and their needs are
simple. A warm greenhouse — one in which the tem-
perature is never allowed to faU below 50° — wUl suit
them very weU in the eastern states. The plants would
probably do well
outdoors in Florida
and the far South.
They like plenty of
light and sunshine
at all seasons of
the year, and water
should be given
freely from early
autumn till the
latter part of spring,
as they make their
growth and bloom
during that period.
In summer, when
the wood is ripen-
ing, a dry state is
preferable for them.
The soU that gives
the most satisfac-
tory results is a
good, somewhat
sandy loam. It is
unwise to disturb
the roots of estab-
lished plants more
frequently than is
necessary. The
chief point in grow-
3627. Solandra grandiflora. ( X K) ing Solandras is to
obtain short, sturdy branches, for those of rank growth
seldom or never develop flowers; for this reason the use
of rich soils and strong fertilizers should be avoided
always. Propagated by cuttings of firm young shoots
taken with a heel and placed in slight bottom heat.
S. grandiflora is perhaps the best. The flowers do not
last more than four or five days. They are of a pretty
greenish white color when they first open and turn
slowly to a rich brownish yellow. (Michael Barker.)
A. Plant about 2 ft. high, with trailing branches.
longiflora, Tussac (S. laevis, Hook.). Lvs. oblong-
ovate or obovate, acute; petioles purplish: fls. fragrant;
corolla usually 1 ft. long, 3 times as long as the calyx,
contracted at the throat, white or yellowish. B.M. 4345.
AA. Plant becoming 12-20 ft. high.
grandiflora, Sw. Fig. 3627. Lvs. obovate-oblong,
acute, glabrous, thick: fls. fragrant; corolla twice as
long as the calyx, not contracted at the throat, white or
somewhat yellowish. B.M. 1874. G.C. III. 21:273.
Gn. 53:214. J.H. III. 34:123.
guttata, Don. Shrub about 12 ft. high, erect,
branched: Ivs. alternate, petioled, elliptic-oblong, acute
or very short-acuminate, entire, rather glabrous above,
paler and copiously pubescent beneath, base broadened,
rounded, 3-6 x 2-3 in. : fls. terminal, solitary, fragrant,
ochre-yellow, large; calyx tubular, pubescent, 3 in.
long; corolla funnelform, 9 in. long, 5-lobed, lobes
crenate and undulate, 5 purple-brown ridges at the
throat. Mex. B.R. 1551.
Haftwegii, N. E. Br. Branched shrub: Ivs. alternate,
glabrous, elliptical, acute, short-acuminate or obtuse,
base acute: fls. solitary, terminal, yellow, 6-8 in. across;
calyx 5-angled, unequally 3-4-lobed; corolla glabrous,
tube 5-ribbed, ribs green outside, brownish purple
inside, lobes 5, more or less crisped and turned back.
Mex. G.C. III. 49:383. p. TRACY
SOLANUM (Latin, solamen, solace or quieting).
Solanaceas. NIGHTSHADE. A vast group of temperate
and tropical herbs, shrubs and even trees, compara-
tively poorly, represented in temperate North America,
of various horticultural adaptabilities, comprising orna-
mental subjects and also the potato, tomato, eggplant,
ground cherry or physalis, red pepper or capsicum;
also medicinal plants.
Leaves alternate: infl. mostly sympodial and there-
fore superaxillary or opposite the Ivs.: corolla gamp-
petalous and rotate or shallow-campanulate, plaited in
the bud, the limb angled or shallow-lobed ; stamens
usually 5, inserted on the throat of the coroUa, the
anthers narrower or elongated and connivent and
mostly opening by an apical pore or slit; ovary usually
2-loculed, ripening into a berry which is sometimes
inclosed in the persistent calyx; fls. white, purple or
yellow. — Dunal, the latest monographer (DC. Prodr. 13,
pt. 1), in 1852, recognized 901 species, and many species
have been discovered since that time, the number now
being estimated at about 1,200. Many new species
have recently been described by Bitter in various
volumes of Fedde, Rep. Nov. Sp. Reg. Veget. The
genus finds its greatest extension in Trop. Amer. Of
the vast number of species, barely 25 are of much
account horticulturally, and half that number will com-
prise all the species that are popularly well known. One
of these is the potato, Solanum tuberosum, one of the
leading food plants of the human race. The genus seems
to abound in plants with toxic properties, although its
bad reputation in this respect is probably exaggerated.
The species are herbs in temperate climates, but in
warm countries many of them are shrubby and some
are small trees. Many of them are climbers. It is
impracticable to distribute the few cult, species into the
various botanical groups of a great genus, and the fol-
lowing species are therefore assembled mainly on a
SOLAXUM
SOLAXUM
3181
horticultural plan. See Baker, Journ. Linn. Soc. 21, for
account of the tuberiferous solanums. Other important
papers on the tuberous species are Bertha ult, Recher-
ches botaniques sur les varietes cultivees du Solanum
tuberosum et les especes suavages de Solanum tuberif-
eres voisins, Ann. Sci. Agron. Ser. III. 6th annee 1911;
Sutton. in Journ. Linn. Soc. Bot. 38:1909; Wittmack,
Berichti Deutsch. Bot. Gesellschaft 27:28, 1909, and
Landwirtschaftliche Jahrbucher Zeitschrift 38: suppl.
5, 1909; Heckel, sur les Origines de la Pomme de Terre
Cultivee, etc. Ann. de la Faculty des Sci. de Marseille
16: 1906; Ballivian & Tovar, Noticia Historica y Classi-
fication de la. Papa de Bolivia. 1914.
aculeatissimum, 22.
glaucum, 13.
muticum, 17.
alatum, 27.
grandiflorum, 35.
myriacanthum, 22.
album, 36.
guatemaUnsf, 10.
rmnum, 14.
aviculare, 12.
guineense, 9.
nigrum, 9.
ozureum, 36.
Hendersonii, 15.
origerum, 11.
BcMfii, 24.
hftfrodoxum, 23.
pensile, 40.
boreole, 3.
hybridum, 15.
Pseudo-capsicum, 14.
Burbankii, 9.
indicum, 34.
pyracanthum, 33.
californicum, 21.
insanum, 11.
Rantonnetii, 17.
Capsicastrum, 16.
ciliaium. 22.
integrifolium, 2S.
Jamesii, 7.
robustum, 27.
Seaforthianum, 36.
citrullifolium, 23.
coccinfum, 2S.
japonicum, 17.
jasminifolium, 39.
sisvmbriifolium, 24.
Torreyi, 32.
Commersonii, 8.
jasminoides, 35.
tuberosum, 1, 3.
cornutum. 25.
laciniatum, 12.
vmbfUatum. 21.
crispum, IS.
Lobelii, 28.
umbelliferum, 21.
demissum, 4.
mac-rant hum, 30.
variegatum. 16, 35.
depressum, 11.
macrophyllum, 31.
renustum, 36.
Dulcamara, 38.
Maglia, 2.
Wallacei, 20.
edinense, 5.
magnificum. 37.
Warscewiczii, 26.
esculentum, 11.
marginatum, 29.
warscfwiczoides, 26.
etuberosum, 6.
maronienst, 30.
Weatherillii, 14.
Fendleri, 3.
Melongena, 11.
Wendlandii, 37.
Fontantsianum, 25.
Melvinii, 16.
Worslevi, 41.
glaucophyllum, 13.
muricatum, 10.
Xanti, 19.
A. Species bearing underground tubers (except No. 6):
les. pinnate.
B. Corolla not deeply lobed.
1. tuberSsum, Linn. POTATO. Figs. 3628, also 3152,
3153, Vol. V. Low, weak-stemmed, much-branched
perennial with tender, herbaceous tops, and perpetuat-
ing itself asexually by means of thickened or tuberous
underground sts., glabrous or pubescent-hirsute: Ivs.
unequally pinnate, the 5-9 oblong-ovate Ifts. interposed
with much smaller ones: fls. variable in color, white
passing through various tints and shades of purple,
violet, and blue, in long-stemmed dichptomous clusters:
fr. a globular berry %~l in. or more in diam., usually
through lack of viable pollen not produced in the
highly developed modern varieties except in favored
localities and in the case of certain varieties, but fruit-
ing abundantly in S. Chile and in Peru. Temp. Andes
of Peru and Bolivia. See Potato.
2. Maglia, Schlecht. DARWTX POTATO. Rough-
hirsute branched perennial, with angled more or less
winged sts. at least near the insertion of the Ivs.: Ivs.
unequally pinnate, the terminal 1ft. 4 in. long, the lateral
ones 2-3 pairs, elliptical, unequal at the base, acute at
the apex, the interposed Ifts. very small or sometimes
wanting entirely: fls. in dichotomous clusters, the pedi-
cels articulate about the middle; calyx hirsute, the
lobes abruptly narrowed to a linear-acuminate point;
corolla pure white, slightly lobed, the lobes acute.
Infrequent along the Chilean coast from the vicinity of
Valparaiso southward, and occasionally on the islands
as far as the Chonos Archipelago. B.M. 6756. — Tubers
gathered by the writer were about 4 in. long, dark
purple, both in the skin and flesh. Apparently very
difficult to hybridize with S. tuberosum. It was at one
time considered by some to be the original of the potato.
Darwin describes the plant in his "Naturalist's Voyage."
3. Fendleri, Gray (S. tuber bsum var. boreale, Gray).
Herbaceous perennial with st. about 18 in. high, angled,
and foliage somewhat resembling the common potato:
Ivs. 4-5^ in. long, with 1-2 pairs of short-stalked Literal
Ifts., these 1J4~1% in. long, the terminal 1ft. somewhat
larger, broadly ovate and abruptly rounded or sub-
cordate at the base, acute at the apex, interposed Ifts.
very few, all pubescent on both surfaces with scattered
hairs: fls. violet, the pedicels ^-^in. long; calyx-lobes
about 1 line long, ovate, short-acuminate; corolla about
%-l in. diam., the lobes pubescent without. New Mex.
3628. Tuber of potato. — Solanum tuberosum. ( X l/i)
and probably also W. Texas, but apparently very infre-
quent.— The species has nothing to do with the potato
and is much less frequent than the following.
4. demissum, Lindl. St., both surfaces of the Ivs.,
pedicels, and calyx pubescent with flattened hairs: Ivs.
4-6 in. long with 2-3 pairs of mostly oval lateral Ifts., the
upper pair sometimes decurrent with the rachis, termi-
nal Ifts. much larger than the lateral ones, obovate
or oval, interspersed Ifts. few: fls. appearing when the
plant is quite small and continuing to bloom for some
time; calyx-lobes shorter than or only equaling the
tube, ovate, slightly acuminate; corolla violet, ^£-%in.
diam.: fr. ovoid or globose-ovoid: tubers an inch or
more in diam. New Mex., Ariz, and N. Mex. — Appar-
ently not infrequent.
5. edinense, Berthault. Sts. angled, rather strongly
villous: Ivs. unequally pinnate, the segms. unequal at
the base, pubescent on both surfaces: calyx rather
densely hairy with flattened hairs; corolla purple: fr.
globose or slightly ovoid. — The tubers are white in the
skin and flesh and after 20 years of garden cult, are
reported to average \1A in. diam. For several years
this species was confused with S. etuberosum which
apparently does not produce tubers, and from which it
may easily be distinguished by the hairy calyx and
larger If.-segms. Original locality probably Chile.
6. etuberdsum, Lindl. Sts. 1-2 ft. high, angled: lys.
rather densely short-pubescent: pedicels about J-iin.
long, glabrous but peduncle pubescent: calyx-lobes
nearly or quite glabrous, short-ovate, and abruptly con-
tracted to a short acute point; corolla large, deep purple
with a yellowish center. Not known to produce tubers,
but may be multiplied by dividing its stout underground
sts. and also grown from seed. Chile. B.R. 1712.
BB. Corolla deeply lobed.
7. Jamesii, Torr. Low and slender, 12-18 hi. tall
under cult., the small angular branches glabrous or soon
becoming so: Ivs. oblong in general outline, the rachis
narrow-winged, the Ifts. 5-9, with no interposed small
ones, small and lanceolate-oblong in shape: fls. small,
white, the corolla deeply cleft and the anthers large and
prominent: tubers few, globular, hard, 1 in. or less hi
diam., withstanding frost. Mountains of Colo., New
Mex.. Ariz., and Mex. B.M. 6766.— Sometimes cult, as
a curiosity. The tubers do not appear to be eaten.
8. C6mmersonii, Dun. Sts. angled, sparingly pubes-
cent or glabrate: lys. pubescent, strongly so on the lower
surface, or sometimes nearly glabrous, mostly 4-8 in.
long with 2-4 pairs of Ifts., the Ifts. oval or slightly
3182
SOLANUM
SOLANUM
ovate, usually confluent with the rachis, obtuse at the
apex, Y<Z-\ y<i in. long, the terminal one somewhat larger,
the upper lateral pair sometimes more or less adnate
with the terminal, interspersed Ifts. very few or none:
calyx slightly pubescent, the lobes ovate-acute, about
a line long; corolla white or pale violet, rather deeply
lobed, pubescent on the outer surface, rather strongly
so toward the apex of the lobes. E. Argentina and
Uruguay, usually in moist situations. Trans. Hort. Soc.,
vol. 5: t. 10. — Of no value in the improvement of the
common potato. See suppl. list, p. 3186.
AA. Species grown for the edible frs.: Ivs. simple.
9. nigrum, Linn. BLACK NIGHTSHADE. MORELLA of
the French. Low unarmed herbaceous annual or suf-
frutescent in warm climates, glabrous or the young
parts sometimes sparingly pubescent: Ivs. simple, ovate,
3629. Two solanums. — Pepino, or melon shrub, Solanum muri-
catum; and garden huckleberry, S. nigrum var. guineense, at a.
(Both xy2)
narrowed at both ends, entire or more frequently
sinuate-toothed, petioled: fls. small, white, in pedun-
culate lateral cymes; calyx much shorter than the
corolla with small obtuse lobes; corolla about }^in.
diam.: berry globular, black, about J^in. diam. A
widely distributed weed in all temperate and tropical
regions. — In the Dakotas, according to Hansen, the
plant is often called "stubbleberry," as it volunteers
freely in wheat-stubble, and the fr. is used there for
pies and preserves. Hansen finds that the plants with-
stand considerable frost. In warm countries, according
to Vilmorin, the Ivs. are sometimes eaten as spinach is,
"and apparently without any injurious result, although
the plant belongs to the dangerous family of the Solana-
ceas." The species is extremely variable, and much dif-
ference of opinion exists in regard to the poisonous
qualities of the berries. Possibly differences exist in
this respect in different forms but not correlated with
characters recognizable by the systematist. Var. gui-
neense, Linn., with scarcely angled to angular smooth
st., broadly ovate Ivs. glabrous above and glabrous or
sparingly pilose below, deeply lobed calyx and relatively
large fr., is the "garden huckleberry" (Fig. 3629).
This form is cult, to some extent in some sections and
the fr. used for pies and preserves. Another form, S.
Burbankii, bitter, with foliage rather dark green above,
and erect or ascending peduncles, is stated by the origi-
nator to be a hybrid between the "garden huckleberry"
and S. villosum of the Pacific coast. In some characters
it appears to be intermediate between its supposed
parents, and it is used as is the former.
10. muricatum, Ait. (S. guatsmalense, Hort.).
PEPINO. MELON PEAR. MELON SHRUB. Fig. 3629. An
erect spineless bushy herb or subshrub 2-3 ft. high, the
branches often with rough warty excrescences, and
usually glabrous or nearly so: Ivs. entire or with slightly
undulate margins, rarely ternate, oblong-lanceolate, or
ovate, tapering to the more or less margined petiole and
also toward the more or less obtuse or sometimes acute
apex, the surface sparingly soft-pubescent: fls. in a
long-stalked cluster, rather small, the corolla bright
blue, deeply 5-lobed, puberulent on the outer surface,
inclined or nodding: fr. ovoid or egg-shaped, long-
stalked, drooping, yellow overlaid with splashes of
violet-purple, 4-6 in. long when cult., flesh yellow and
seedless under cult. Said to be a native of Peru and
cult, in other parts of Trop. Amer. at temperate eleva-
tions. G.F. 5:173. G.C. III. 3:309.— This plant at-
tracted some attention in this country about 25 years
ago. It appears to have been intro. into the U.S. from
Guatemala in 1882 by Gustav Eisen. A full review of
the history and botany was made in Cornell Exp. Bull.
No. 37 (1891). The fr. is aromatic, tender, and juicy,
and in taste suggests an acid eggplant. In a drawer or
box, the fr. may be kept till midwinter. In the N. the
seasons are too short to allow the fr. to mature in the
open, unless the plants are started very early. The
pepino is properly a cool-season plant, and when grown
in pots in a cool or intermediate house will set its frs.
freely. It is readily prop, by means of cuttings of the
growing shoots. The plant will withstand a little frost.
11. Melongena, Linn. (S. insanum, Linn.). Erect
and much-branched herb or subshrub, 2-3 ft. tall,
woolly or scurfy, spiny: Ivs. large and heavy, ovate or
oblong-ovate, becoming nearly glabrous above but
remaining densely tomentose beneath, shallowly sinu-
ate-lobed: fls. large, mostly in clusters, the calyx woolly
and often spiny, the spreading, deeply lobed, purplish
corolla 1 in. or more across: fr. a large berry. Afr. and
S. Asia. Original habitat probably S. W. Asia.
Var. esculentum, Nees (S. esculentum and S. ovigerum,
Dun.). COMMON EGGPLANT. GUINEA SQUASH. AUBER-
GINE. Figs. 1379-1381, 1383, Vol. II. Cult, for its
large frs., which are usually oblong, obqvoid, or egg-
shape in form, and purple, white, yellowish or striped:
differs from the wild plant in having fewer spines,
mostly solitary fls., and much larger and more variable
frs. There are 2 well-marked subvarieties : var. ser-
pentinum, Bailey. SNAKE EGGPLANT. Fr. greatly elon-
gated and curled at the end. Var. depressum, Bailey.
DWARF PURPLE EGGPLANT. Fig. 1382. Low and diffuse,
many of the branches finally resting on the ground,
usually dark-colored, nearly glabrous and always spiny:
Ivs. small and relatively thin, less lobed: fls. small and
longer -stalked: fr. purple, pyriform. See Eggplant.
SOLAXUM
SOLANUM
3183
AAA. Species grown wholly for ornament or curiosity.
B. Habit erect, the plant either herbaceous or woody.
C. Plant without spines, the Ivs. entire or merely undulate
(except sometimes in No. 13).
D. Foliage entirely glabrous.
12. aviculare, Forst. (S. lacinidtum, Ait.). A leafy
unarmed soft-wooded glabrous shrub 4-8 ft. high, with
spreading branches, smooth or marked with raised lines
decurrent from the
petioles: Ivs. variable
in size and shape, 4-12
in. long or sometimes
even longer, lanceo-
late or linear-lanceo-
late, entire or irregu-
larly pinnatifid and the
lobes linear or lanceo-
late and acute: fls. in
cymose clusters in the
axils of the upper Ivs.
or lateral; calyx-lobes
broad and obtuse,
with an abrupt point;
corolla violet, %-l in.
diam., the lobes short
and broad: fr. a broad
ovoid edible berry 34-l
in. long, yellowish.
New Zeal.', also com-
mon in many parts of
Austral., Tasmania,
and in Norfolk Isl. B.
M. 349.
13. glaucum, Dun.
(S. glaucophyllum,
Desf.). A perennial
plant 6 ft. or more high,
with round erect sts.,
suckering abundantly:
Ivs. 5-6 in. long, %-l^
in. broad, ovate-lan-
ceolate to oblong-lanceolate, entire, narrowed toward
the base and decurrent with the petiole, acuminate at
the apex, the surface glabrous and somewhat glaucous:
fls. in terminal and lateral branched racemes or corymbs;
corolla blue, star-shaped, about 1 in. diam., the lobes
ovate: berry small, ovoid-globose, yellow. Province
of Buenos Aires in Argentina, and in S. Brazil. B.M.
7945.
DD. Foliage more or less pubescent, at least on the lower
surface (except in No. 15).
E. Fls. small, less than %in. diam., white.
14. Pseudo-capsicum, Linn. JERUSALEM CHERRY.
Fig. 3630. A small branching leafy shrub, reaching
3—4 ft., erect and glabrous throughout: Ivs. narrowly
lanceolate, oblanceolate, or oblong, entire or the mar-
gins slightly wavy, narrowed at the base to a short
petiole, mostly obtuse at the apex, the surface bright
green and shining, the veins prominent : fls. solitary or
few in lateral clusters, small, white : fr. globose, scarlet
or rarely yellow, J^-^in. diam. Widely distributed in
tropical and semi-tropical regions, naturalized in Fla.
Probably a native of the Old World, perhaps Madeira.
— An old-fashioned plant usually grown as small speci-
mens in pots for its showy scarlet frs., which persist for
a long time. iVar. nanum, Hort., is a dwarf compact
form. Yar. Weatherillii, Hort., Weatherill's hybrid, is a
form with strongly veined undulate Ivs. and pointed
orange-colored frs.
15. Hendersonii, Hort. Very like S. Pseudo-capsi-
cum, but the white fls. very numerous, and the fr. ovoid
or olive-form, orange-red. A horticultural form, per-
haps a hybrid. Also known as S. hybridum Hendersonii,
3630. Solanum Pseudo-capsicum.
but not related to the plant known in Old- World gar-
dens as S. hybridum.
16. Capsicastrum, Link. Fig. 3631. A small shrub
resembling the last but only 1-2 ft. high: st. more or less
pubescent, with stellate hairs or glabrate: Ivs. simple,
oval, oblong, or sometimes slightly ovate, narrowed
toward the petiole, obtuse at the apex, the margins
entire or slightly undulate, the upper surface green and
somewhat pubescent, the lower more strongly so: fls.
small, white : fr. J^in. diam., orange-red or scarlet. Brazil
and Uruguay. F.S. 12:1242. G.W. 3:529— Frequent
greenhouse and window-plant. Var. Melvinii, Hort.,
a compact form 12-15 in. high with ovoid berries. Var.
variegatum, Hort., has variegated Ivs.
EE. Fls. usually %in. or more diam., violet or rarely white
in No. 22.
17. Rantonnetii, Carr. (incorrectly spelled S. Rantbn-
nei, Rantonni, etc.) (S. muticum, N. E. Br. S. japoni-
cum, Hort.). An erect bushy grayish green half -shrub,
growing 3-5 ft. high, the st. marked with raised lines
decurrent from the petioles: Ivs. entire, lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, narrowed to the petiole, mostly
acute at the apex, glabrous or inconspicuously pubes-
cent on the upper surface, pubescent with short hairs
below: fls. 2-5, together in the axils, 1 in. or more diam.;
calyx-lobes with an abrupt linear point, corolla violet
with a light yellow center: the red fr. nearly or quite 1
in. diam., heart-shaped, drooping, and very ornamental.
Margins of woods in Paraguay and Argentina. Cult._in
warm temperate regions of Amer. and Eu. R.H. 1859,
p. 135. Gt. 43:1401. — An excellent plant for blooming
in the open in summer. Easily prop, by means of
cuttings.
18. crispum, Ruiz & Pav. An unarmed shrub, or
sometimes attaining the size of a small tree, with rather
long green flexuous branches puberulous when young,
later becoming glabrous: Ivs. 3-4 in. long, entire, thin,
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, subcordate at the base, acute
at the apex, smooth above, the margins somewhat
undulate and the nerves prominent on lower surface:
corymbs many-fld., corolla pale violet, about %in.
broad and twice as long as the calyx, the lobes ovate or
ovate-lanceolate: fr. globose, pale yellow, about the
size of a pea. In Chile from the central provinces to the
Island of Chiloe, also in Peru. B.M. 3795. G.C. III.
30:424.
19. Xanti, Gray. A low shrub or at high elevations
herbaceous from a woody base, the sts. slender, 1-2 or
even 3 ft. high, the younger ones angled, somewhat vil-
lous with many-celled usually gland-tipped simple
hairs: Ivs. membranous, ovate, ovate-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, ^£-1 %in. long, wedge-shaped, rounded or
subcordate at the base, entire or lobed: fls. in umbel-
like cymes, corolla J^-l in. diam., rotate, angular or
short-lobed, violet: fr. erect, berry-like, globose, light
green or purplish hi color.
Throughout Calif., except hi
the desert region, ascending to
6,500 ft. altitude. B.M. 7821.
20. Wfillacei, Parish. A
shrubby plant often forming
round masses and reaching a
height of about 3 ft., the sts.
densely villous with long many-
celled tawny viscid hairs:
Ivs. rather thick, usually less
densely hairy than the sts., the
lower rather large, cordate, the
upper ovate, rounded or sub-
cordate at the base: fls. hi
rather large forked cymes,
corolla 1-1 Yi in. diam., pale
violet: ripe fr. dark purple. 353 1. Solanum Capsicas-
Islands off the coast of Calif., trum.(xH)
3184
SOLANUM
SOLANUM
Low. Calif., and near the seacoast in Cent. Calif. The
S. Xanti var. Wallacei of Gray.
21. umbelliferum, Esch. (S. californicum, Dun.). A
densely villous rarely glabrate shrub: Ivs. entire, usu-
ally obovate or oblong, rarely oval or ovate, J^-l or
2 in. long: fls. in umbel-like terminal clusters; corolla
pale violet or sometimes white, pubescent ort the outer
surface, %in. diam., showy and fragrant: berry large,
purple. Calif. — The plant offered as S. umbellatum is
very likely this species.
cc. Plant more or less spiny, the Ivs. sinuate or lobed.
D. Lvs. pinnately lobed.
E. Species perennial.
22. aculeatissimum, Jacq. (S. ciliatum, Lam. S.
myriacdnthum, Dun.). An undershrub 1-2 ft. high, st.
branched, furnished with many long straight spines,
interspersed in the younger parts with stiff bristles: Ivs.
solitary or geminate, broadly ovate or ovate-cordate,
pinnately 5-7-lobed, 4 in. long, 3 in. wide, with rigid
adpressed hairs on both surfaces, and spines on the
upper surface of the principal nerves; petiole 1 in. long:
cymes extra-axillary, few-fld.; calyx-lobes triangular,
closely beset with spines; corolla rotate, 1 in. diam.,
snow-white, the lobes lanceolate: fr. globose, 1-2 in.
diam., glabrous, orange or orange-yellow, flattened on
the ends, corrugated. Widely distributed in tropical
regions. F.S. 19:1988. F.M. 1871:521. R.B. 20, p.
249. R.H. 1888, p. 78.
EE. Species annual.
23. citrullif&lium, A. Br. (S. heteroddxum, Brit., not
Dun.). An annual plant armed with straight prickles,
glandular pubescent with mostly simple hairs: Ivs.
1-2-pinnatifid, the lobes obtuse and repand: infl.
racemose, corolla violet, nearly 1% in. diam., some-
what irregularly 5-cleft, the lobes ovate-acuminate,
3632. Solatium integrifolium.— A species grown for its ornamental fruit. ( X H)
anthers unequal, 4 of them yellow, the larger one tinged
with violet: fr. inclosed in the prickly calyx. W. Texas
and New Mex.
24. sisymbriifdlium, Lam. (S. Balbisii, Dun.). An
annual plant with many yellow- or orange-colored spines
covering the st., both surfaces of the Ivs., petioles, and
sepals, and the upper part usually somewhat villous
with gland-tipped hairs: Ivs. oblong or ovate, sinuately
lobed or even deeply pinnatifid and the lobes sinuate or
deeply cut: infl. terminal or soon lateral, racemose, the
fls. rather numerous, light blue or white and 1 in. or
more diam.: fr. globose, red, 1 in. or more diam., sur-
rounded by the at length ovate-lanceolate calyx-lobes.
Trop. Amer. and naturalized in waste grounds in the
Gulf states. B.M. 2828; 3954. G.C. III. 45:61.
25. corn&tum, Lam. (S. Fontanesianum, Hort.). An
annual herbaceous simple-stemmed spiny plant 1-4 ft.
high: Ivs. oval or ovate, pinnately lobed and the lobes
again sometimes divided nearly to the center, the
divisions oblong, acute, or rounded at the apex and
tipped with an abrupt point, pubescent on both sur-
faces, that on the lower stellate: fls. terminal, in clusters
of 3 or 4, corolla yellow, about \-\\i in. diam., villous
on the outside, anthers uneven, the fifth lA~%\n- long
and twice the length of the other 4, enlarged at the base
and shaped somewhat like a horn, hence the name: fr.
small, spiny. Mex.
DD. Lvs. sinuately lobed.
E. The Ivs. rusty-tomentose at least on the lower surface.
26. Warscewiczii, Hort. (S. warscewiczoides, Hort.).
Strong erect suffrutescent plant, reaching a height of
about 6 ft., usually with a central st., densely rusty-
tomentose and armed with many short stout hooked or
straight greenish yellow spines: Ivs. large, sometimes
the blade a foot or more long, rather soft green and
slightly pubescent at least along the veins above, gray-
ish or rusty below and with dense stellate pubescence
or tomentum, oval, somewhat cordate at the base and
rather deeply lobed with unequal lobes: infl. at first
terminal, later lateral in 1-sided corymbiform racemes
with numerous fls.; calyx deeply lobed, the segms. oval
and long-acuminate, spiny or unarmed, covered with
numerous whitish hairs; corolla white, about 1% in.
diam., the lobes lanceolate and acute: fr. pale yellow,
glabrous and shining. Probably S. American. R.H.
1865, p. 430; 1896, p. 237.— A very striking plant for
subtropical gardening and can easily
be raised from seed in a single season;
half-hardy perennial.
27. alatum, Seem. & Schmidt (S.
robustum, Wendl.). Vigorous more or
less spiny densely tomentose herb or
subshrub, the sts. winged, 3-5 ft. high:
Ivs. decurrent with the spiny petiole,
sometimes 1 ft. long, broadly ovate
or ovate-elliptic in outline, sinuately
lobed, the lobes acute, upper surface
green and tomentose-velvety, woolly
with more or less rusty tomentum
beneath: fls. in axillary racemes, calyx
unarmed, corolla about 1 in. across,
white, with ovate -lanceolate acute
lobes: fr. globular, small, hairy, orange-
colored. Brazil. R.H. 1863, p. 250;
1896, p. 236. — Bold species, useful for
subtropical gardening.
EE. The Ivs. with gray or whitish
pubescence.
F. Fls. white.
28. integrifSlium, Poir. (S. cocdneum,
Hort. S. Lobelii, Tenore). CHINESE
SCARLET EGGPLANT. ORNAMENTAL EGG-
PLANT. ETHIOPIAN EGGPLANT. Fig.
SOLANUM
SOLANUM
3185
3632. Coarse, bushy herb, 3 ft. tall, scurfy-tomentose,
armed with strong hooked spines: Ivs. much like those
of the eggplant but the lobes sharper, spiny on the mid-
rib and petiole: fls. small, white, in clusters of 2-6: fr.
1-2 in. across, mostly flattened on the ends but some-
times nearly globular in outline, prominently lobed,
bright scarlet or yellow. Probably African. — An old-
time garden plant, but little grown. Annual.
29. marginatum, Linn. f. A shrub 3-4 ft. high: st.
terete, covered with white stellate tomentum: spines
subulate, those on the upper part %-%in. long, on
older parts 1 in. long: Ivs. ovate, pinnately lobed less
than half-way to the midrib or the upper ones undu-
lately lobed, subcordate at the base, coriaceous, 3-7 in.
long, 2-5 in. wide, covered with fine white stellate pubes-
cence which in age disappears from the upper surface
except near the margin, remaining silvery white
beneath; spines on the principal veins often 1 in. long:
cymes extra-axillary, subumbellate ; pedicels covered
with white stellate tomentum; calyx spiny, the lobes
narrow and acute, corolla broadly campanulate, 1 J^ in.
diam., white with the center and midrib bluish: fr.
globose, \Yi in. diam., spiny, shining yellow and droop-
ing. Nile Land, Abyssinia. Naturalized to a slight
extent at Montecito near Santa Barbara, Calif. B.M.
1928.
FF. Fls. blue or violet.
G. Size of Ivs. large, 10-15 in. long.
30. macranthum, Dun. (S. maroniense, Poit). A
shrub 6 ft. or more high, with yellowish brown straight
prickles: Ivs. 10-15 in. long, narrowed at the base to
short winged petioles or sometimes subcordate, ovate,
lanceolate or lanceolate-elliptic, sinuate-angled or
lobed, pale on the lower surface with stellate pubes-
cence, dense on the younger Ivs.: fls. in simple or
branched racemes 3-5 in. long and 7-12-fld.; corolla
bluish violet, 1^-2J^ in. diam., the lobes acute. Brazil.
B.M. 4138.
31. macrophyllum, Hort. An erect more or less stel-
late pubescent plant with curved spines: Ivs. large, a
foot or more long, unequal at the subcordate base, sinu-
ate-lobed, the lobes oblong-lanceolate, acute, repand-
undulate, petioles about 1 in. long, decurrent with the
St.: infl. racemose; calyx-lobes with a long attenuate
point; corolla large, blue, marked with yellow in the
center: berry globose, yellowish, about %n. diam.
Mex. G. 2:283.
GG. Size of Ivs. smaller, 5-7 in. long.
32. Tdrreyi, Gray. Strong perennial herb, with close
grayish stellate pubescence, prickles small and few
along the st. and midribs of the Ivs. or sometimes nearly
wanting: Ivs. 4-6 in. long, ovate with truncate or
slightly cordate base, sinuately 5-7-lobed, the lobes
entire or undulate, obtuse, unarmed: infl. at first
terminal, cymose, 2-3-fld.; lobes of the calyx short-
ovate with an acuminate point; corolla lJ^-2 in. diam.,
pale blue, the lobes broadly ovate: fr. globose, smooth, 1
in. diam., pale yellow at maturity. Kans. to S. Texas.
B.M. 6461. — It survives the winters at Cambridge,
Mass., and spreads by running underground shoots.
33. pyracanthum, Jacq. An erect spiny plant with
woody st. 3 ft. tall: Ivs. 5-6 in. long, short-petioled,
oblong, acute, deeply lobed and the lobes oblong,
entire, obtuse, tomentose, spiny along the midvein: fls.
numerous, in lateral racemes sometimes 6 in. long;
corolla blue: fr. globose, glabrous, nearly %in. diam.
Probably Afr. Hort. Schoenb. 4:36. t. 470.
34. indicum, Linn. A much-branched prickly under-
shrub sometimes reaching a height of 8 ft., densely
clothed when young with stellate tomentum, the
prickles compressed, stout, and sometimes recurved:
Ivs. ovate, sinuate or lobed, 3-6 in. long and 1-4 in.
broad, stellate woolly beneath and prickly along the
nerves: racemes lateral, many-fld.; fls. blue, calyx-
lobes in fl. triangular, acute, very woolly, unarmed, or
with slender straight spines, these becoming stronger in
fr., corolla %-l in. diam., lobes broadly triangular,
tomentose without, less so within : berry yellow or scar-
let, glabrous, about J^in. diam. Very common in Trop.
3633. Solanum Wendlandii. (Much reduced.)
India and China, Malaya, and the Philippines. Doubt-
fully in the American trade.
BB. Habit of plant climbing, more or less woody, spineless
(except No. 38).
c. Foliage entirely glabrous.
35. jasminoides, Paxt. POTATO VINE (from the fls.).
Fine greenhouse twining shrub, reaching several feet in
height, glabrous: Ivs. rather small, the upper ones
lanceolate to lance-ovate and entire, the lower ones of
about 3 narrow, ovate entire Ifts.: racemes short and
united into a cluster 3 in. or less long and about 8-12-
fld.; fls. about 1 in. across, star-shaped, white with
tinge of blue; pretty. S. Amer. P.M. 8:5. B.R. 33:33.
Gn. 43, p. 433; 45, p. 162; 50, p. 19; 51, p. 358; 53, p. 28.
— A most useful deciduous climber for the coolhouse,
and much grown. Half-hardy, and useful for the open
in the S. Will grow 10-20 ft. if given a chance. Var.
grandifl&rum, Hort., has very large trusses of fls. and is
a robust grower; excellent. Gng. 1:259. Var. variega-
tum, Hort., has variegated foliage.
36. Seaforthianum, Andr. (S. azureum, Hort., not
Fern. S. venustum, Kunth). Beautiful slender unarmed
herbaceous or slightly woody climber or trailer, with st.
3-4 ft. long, glabrous throughout: Ivs. with 3 Ifts., these
\y<z-1 in. long, or the upper ones simple, lanceolate, or
ovate-lanceolate with entire or undulate margins: fls.
numerous, in long drooping axillary panicles, on pedi-
cels swollen at the apex, the corolla light purple or blue,
star-shaped and usually 1 in. or less diam. : fr. ovoid or
nearly globose, glabrous, scarlet. Brazil. B.M. 1982;
5823. B.R. 969. R.H. 1893, p. 177; 1897:424.— A
very beautiful plant for the coolhouse. Begins to bloom
when very young. Var. album, Hort., a variety with
white fls. recently intro.
37. Wendlandii, Hook, f . (S. Wendlandii magnificum,
Hort.). Fig. 3633. Tall-climbing, glabrous, with a few
scattered prickles: Ivs. various, sometimes 10 in. long,
the uppermost simple and oblong-acuminate, the others
lobed or trifoliolate and with the terminal 1ft. much the
largest, all with entire margins: fls. in large cymes, pale
lilac-blue, the corolla 2^ in. across and shaflow-lobed:
fr. globose. Costa Rica. B.M, 6914. G.C. III. 14:339.
3186
SOLANUM
SOLD AN ELL A
G.M. 36:610. A.F. 12:1147. F.E. 8:828.— A splendid
greenhouse climber, perhaps the most showy of the cult,
solanums. Blooms in summer and fall. Ernest Braunton
writes: "S. Wendlandii is a magnificent climber in this
climate (Los Angeles), reaching 50 ft. or more and hav-
ing umbels 12 in. across. It is perhaps the showiest vine
in Calif, when in
bloom. It is gener-
ally hardy here,
although some
winters nip and
even kill the vine
in the colder and
lower parts of this
city. Cut up an
old vine, any kind
of wood, stick the
pieces in sand or
light soil, and wait. Every
cutting will grow. When
in a robust condition it is
a gross feeder. It should
be in full sun, though it
does well anywhere."
cc. Foliage usually more or
less pubescent, some-
times glabrous or
glabrate.
38. Dulcamara, Linn.
BITTER-SWEET. Fig. 3634.
A more or less pubescent 3634. Solanum Dulcamara. ( X M)
or sometimes glabrous
shrubby climber with st. 4-6 ft. long: Ivs. entire or
sometimes 3-5-parted, 1-3 in. long, the entire ones cor-
date, ovate-cordate, or the upper ones hastate: fls.
many, drooping, in panicled corymbs opposite the Ivs. ;
corolla white or violet, ^in. diam., the lobes reflexed,
each segm. furnished with 2 greenish spots near the
base: fr. ovoid, J^in. diam., red or rarely yellowish
green. Naturalized from Eu. — Berries poisonous.
39. jasminifdlium, Sendt. St. round, unarmed, spa-
ringly pubescent or glabrate : Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late, entire or very slightly undulate, usually subcordate
at the otherwise truncate base, acute or obtuse at the
apex, petiole J^-l in. long, the blade 1-2 in. long: fls.
several in a paniculate cluster; calyx campanulate, the
lobes about equaling the tube, oblong and obtuse;
corolla about %in. across, deeply lobed, the lobes ovate
or oval. Brazil.
40. pensile5 Sendt. A woody climber, more tender
than S. Wendlandii: Ivs. simple and entire, 2-4 in. long,
somewhat glossy green and glabrous above, paler
below, ovate or slightly cordate at the base, rarely nar-
rowed toward the petiole: fls. in long panicles or
racemes, the corolla purplish red changing to pale blue
with white star-shaped center, rather deeply lobed and
about 1 in. diam. : fr. globose, pale violet, about the size
of a small cherry. British Guiana, the Amazon region
and Surinam.
41. W6rsleyi, Hort. An unarmed woody climbing
plant reaching a height of about 9 ft.: Ivs. soft-pubes-
cent, oblong-lanceolate, drooping, 6-12 in. long: frs. the
size of a hen's egg, clear light red in color; is a native of
the highlands near Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, where it is
used for the decoration of dwellings. In the unripe stage
the frs. are said to be prepared and used as a vegetable.
G.C. III. 27:19.
S. auriculdtum, Ait., is allied to S. verbascifolium, and is some-
times mistaken for it. Lvs. 6-7 in. long, ovate-oblong, acuminate,
entire, velvety-tomentose above with branched hairs, more densely
so and paler below, axils furnished with small Ivs.: corymbs sub-
terminal, many-fld.; corolla violet, about Viva., across: berry glo-
bose. Afr. — S. betaceum, Cav., is Cyphomandra, for which see Vol.
II. — S. cernuum, Velloz. Shrub or small tree, with cyphomandra-
like Ivs. and the young parts clothed with chaffy hairs: fls. white:
fr. globose, hairy, inclosed in the calyx. S. Brazil. B.M. 7491.: — S.
Commersonii, "Violet," which attracted much attention a few years
ago, is S. tuberosum, being similar to, if not identical with the variety
known as "Blue Giant." — S. corymbdsum, Jacq. A fetid rather
weak, unarmed, branched half-shrub: Ivs. 2-5 in. long, glabrous
except for the ciliate margins, ovate or lanceolate, entire or slightly
lobed: fls. about }^in. diam., blue or violet: fr. reddish orange,
J4-^gin. diam. Native of Peru. — S. erectum is Cyphomandra
betaceum. — S. Pierreanum, Paill. & Bois, has fr. the size of a wal-
nut and shaped like a tomato, scarlet. — <S. stoloniferum, Schjecht.
& BouchS. Tuber-bearing: Ivs. with 3-4 pairs of pinnae, the inter-
posed ones very numerous; Ifts. mostly subcordate at the base and
acuminate at the apex, sparingly pubescent with scattered flat-
tened hairs on the upper surface, usually only along the veins on
the lower surface, but puberulent on both surfaces: calyx glabrous,
the lobes about the length of the tube; corolla white. — S. tubin-
gense and S. Darwinianum said to be graft hybrids of Lycoper-
sicum esculentum and S. nigrum produced by Prof. Winkler of
Tubingen. G.C. III. 50: 161. — S. verbascifdlium, Linn. Lvs. lan-
ceolate-ovate, or ovate-oblong, entire, tomentose, without smaller
Ivs. in the axils: fls. rather small, white: fr. the size of a small
cherry. Widely distributed in the tropics. rrr p WIGHT
SOLDANELLA (Latin, a small coin, referring to the
shape of the leaves). Primulacese. Small glabrous per-
ennial herbs with short rhizomes, hardy and useful in
the border or rock-garden.
Leaves long-petioled, thick, cordate-orbicular or
reniform, entire : scapes slender, solitary or few, 1-fld. or
many-fld., umbellate: fls. blue, violet, or rose, rarely
white, nodding, about My^in- across; calyx 5-parted,
segms. lanceolate, persistent; corolla hypogynous,
funnelform-campanulate, 5-lobed to the middle, the
lobes laciniate-lacerate; ovary superior, ovoid: caps,
conic-oblong, many-seeded. — Species, 6, mountains of
Eu. For account of species and cult., see Gn. 61, pp.
126, 127; for monograph, Paxt. & Knuth in Das Pflan-
zenreich, hft. 22 (IV. 237).
Soldanellas are amongst the most famous flowers of
the Alps, though not the commonest. S. alpina ascends
the mountains to the line of perpetual snow. Grant
Allen, in "Flashlights on Nature," declares that the
flower of soldanella actually thaws its way up through a
solid block of ice. Soldanellas are cultivated in this
country only in a few rock-gardens. Those who have
limited resources and dwell in the region of changeable
winters might attempt to grow these plants in pots
under a frame in lieu of nature's winter covering. They
are said to prefer a half -shady or shady position and are
propagated by seed or division.
A. Fls. 2-4 on a scape; corolla split half-way to the base;
filaments half as long as anthers.
B. Pedicels pubescent.
montana, Mikan. Sts. 6-14 in. high: lys. roundish;
margin slightly and remotely crenate: fls. violet. May-
July. Gn. 61, p. 127. G.W. 15, p. 714.
BB. Pedicels roughish.
alpina, Linn. (S. Cliisii, F. W. Schmidt. S. occiden-
talis, Vierh.)."Fig.
3635. Sts. 3-6 in.
high: Ivs. round-
ish; base more or
less kidney-
shaped; margin
entire or some-
what wavy : fls.
violet, with dark-
er streaks. May.
B. M. 49: 2163.
G.C. II. 24:457.
G. 34:469. Gn.
61, p. 127. Var.
alba, Hort., is a
white-fld. form.
Natural hybrids
are known of .
which this species
is one of the par-
ents. Pyrenees,
Alps, etc. Hand-
some Species. 3635. Soldanella alpina. ( X 1A)
CV. Solidago ulmifolia, one of the common goldenrods.
SOLDAXELLA
SOLIDAGO
3187
AA. Fls. solitary; corolla split a third of the way to the
base; filaments about as long as anthers.
B. Pediceh roughish.
pusQla, Baumg. Sts. 3-6 in. high : base of Ivs. heart-
shaped or kidney-shaped; margin somewhat wavy: fls.
copper-colored, verging on blue, the fringes straight,
not spreading. May. Gn. 61, p. 126. Var. alba, Hort.,
isawhite-fld.form.*G.C. III. 5o:224. Gn. 78, p. 172.
BB. Pedicels pubescent.
minima, Hoppe. Sts. 3-4 in. high: Ivs. roundish: fls.
pale lilac, streaked purple inside; the fringes spreading
at the tips. June, July. Gn. 61, p. 126. Var. alba,
Hort., is white-fld. form. S. Gdnderi, Huter, is a hybrid
of .3. alpina and S. minima,. WILHELM MILLER.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.t
SftLEA: Hybanthus.
SOLENANTHTFS (Greek, tube and flower, referring to
the form of the corolla). Boraginacese. Gray-villous hir-
sute or rarely glabrous perennial herbs, hardy and suit-
able for border planting: Ivs. alternate: racemes some-
times elongated and simple, sometimes short, scorpioid,
densely-fld., and numerous in terminal panicles: fls.
blue or rose; calyx 5-parted, segms. narrow; corolla
tubular or funnelform, 5-lobed, the lobes small, obtuse;
ovary 4-lobed, distinct : nutlets 4, depressed. — About 20
species, S. Eu., W. Asia, and Russia.
apenninus, Hohen. (Cynoglossum apenninum, Linn.).
Plant hardy. 21 -j-3 ft. high: Ivs. rather coarse, the radi-
cal ovate-oblong, those of the st. long-lanceolate: fls.
blue, forget-me-not-like, in dense, axillary, panicled
racemes. May, June. S. Eu. — A useful plant amongst
shrubbery or in the back part of borders. Prop, by
division or seed.
SOLENIDIUM (Greek, tube, and appearance, in
allusion to the shape of the fl.). Orchidacese. Epiphytic
herbs with abbreviated sts. terminated by 1-2-lvd.
pseudobulbs, occasionally grown in the warmhouse: Ivs.
rather long, thin-leathery: scape simple, axillary from
below the pseudobulb: fls. in a lax raceme, medium-
sized and long-pedicelled; bracts small; sepals subequal,
free, spreading; petals similar to the sepals; labellum
spreading at the base of the column, contracted to a
long claw, dilated at the tip, undivided; column erect,
broadly 2-winged, the wings spreading above into auri-
cles and united with the membranaceous variously
toothed or lobed clinandrium; pollinia 2: caps, not
known. — One species in the Colombian Andes, S. race-
mosum, Lindl. About 6 in. high: st. shortened: Ivs.
rather long, ensiform, thinlv coriaceous, narrowed at
the base: fls. yellow, spotted with red; sepals and pet-
als free. Nov. J.F. 4:349. Cult, like oncidium.
F. TRACY HUBBABD.
. •--
202
3636. Solidago caesia.
3637. Solidago speciosa.
SOLENOSTEMON (Greek, tube and thread, refer-
ring to the fact that the filaments are grown together, at
their base, into a tube). Labiaise. Erect herbs allied to
Coleus, probably similarly used: Ivs. ovate, crenate,
long-petioled: whorls of fls. laxly 6- to many-fld.,
arranged in long racemes or panicles: fls. small; calyx
ovoid-campamuate, upper tooth ovate with decurrent
edges, lateral small, lower oblong, as long as the upper;
corolla-tube exserted, slender, dilated and oblique at
the throat, the limb 2-lipped, upper shorter, lower long,
oblong, slightly concave; stamens 4, the filaments
united at then- base into a tube; disk glandular: nutlets
ovoid, smooth. — Eight species, W. Trop. Afr.; one
also occurs in Brazil.
Godefrdyae, X. E. Br. (Coleus Godefroyx, Godef.-
Leb.). Herb, up to 2 ft. high, branches 4-angled: Ivs.
opposite, green, paler beneath, %-lJi in. long, very
wide-ovate or deltoid-ovate, base truncate or cuneate-
truncate, slightly crenulate: racemes terminal, spike-
Jike; fls. blue; calyx subequally 2-lipped; corolla, basal
portion of tube, abruptly upcurved, upper portion
abruptly deflexed, flattened-dilated, upper lip very
short, crenately 4-toothed, lower lip compressed side-
ways. Trop. Afr. B.M. 8511. p. TRACY HUBBARD.
SOLIDAGO (according to Gray, from "solidiis and
ago, to make solid or draw together, in allusion to
reputed vulnerary properties"). Compdsitse. GOLDEX-
ROD. Perennial herbs very useful for borders and for
colonizing, but little known in the trade.
Erect, of various habit, with simple alternate Ivs.
and many small yellow (rarely whitish) heads in spikes,
thyrses, compound panicles, or racemes: heads oblong
or narrow-campanulate, with small mostly appressed
scales, containing few florets, the disk-florets all per-
fect and the ray-florets in one series and pistillate:
pappus of 1 or 2 rows of roughish capillary bristles. —
The genus is characteristic of E. X. Amer.. where about
60 species occur. There are several species on the
Pacific coast, a few in Mex. and S. Amer., and 2 or 3
3188
SOLIDAGO
SOLIDAGO
in Eu. and N. Asia, making, altogether, perhaps 130
species. A very few of the important species may be
described here; for others, the current botanical man-
uals should be consulted.
Amongst the glories of the American autumn are the
asters and goldenrods. They complement each other.
The asters run in cyanic colors, goldenrods in xanthic,
— the blue and blush on the one hand and the yellow
and golden on the other. Because the goldenrods are so
common, they have not been appreciated for planting.
They improve in the garden, however, the plants
becoming larger and the bloom fuller and richer. They
present few difficulties in cultivation. They may be
transplanted from the wild with the greatest ease, and
the stools may be lifted and divided as soon as they
become root-bound and show signs of failing. Some of
them become weedy if the soil is very rich. The soli-
dagos are variable, even within the same species. There-
fore it is well to mark fine individual clumps when
in bloom, for removal in late autumn or early spring.
The observation of a single season should result
in a fine collection of individual plants. A
very attractive grouping of asters and golden-
rods can be made entirely of native species:
thyrsus, the branches of which are ascending and often
leafy: bracts of the involucre oblong, very blunt. Rich
soil, E. N. Amer. A.G. 13:583. G.F. 3:561 (adapted
in Fig. 3637).— Excellent for half-shady border.
BB. Lvs. entire or essentially so.
Virgaurea, Linn. EUROPEAN GOLDENROD. A rough
simple-stemmed but stout perennial 1-3 ft. high: basal
Ivs. 4-7 in. long, 2-2 ^ in. wide, obtuse or acute; upper
Ivs. sessile or narrowed into margined petioles: fls. in a
dense terminal, rather narrow and often interrupted
thyrsus which is often 8-10 in. long: bracts of the
involucre acute or acutish. Eu. G. 27:7. — One of the
best garden plants of the group. A prostrate form is
offered. S. cdmbrica, Huds., is a compact and dwarf
form, 6 in. or less high, with larger heads. S. Virgaurea
is represented in the U. S. by S. Cutleri,
Fern. (S. Virgaurea var. alpina, Bigel.), in
the highest alpine districts of N. New Eng-
land and N. Y. ; this American species appears
not to be in the trade.
3638. Solidago canadensis.
3639. Solidago nemoralis.
3640. Solidago rugosa.
with a background of sumac, the autumnal colors of
which are beautifully harmonized by the blues and
purples of the asters and the yellows and cream-yel-
lows of the goldenrods.
A. Heads in small axillary clusters, not usually in large
terminal infl.
cafesia, Linn. WREATH GOLDENROD. Fig. 3636. A
smooth slender perennial, often glaucous, simple or
sometimes branched: Ivs. stalkless, acuminate, the base
narrowed, sharply toothed, 2L£-3J^ in. long: fls. in
axillary racemes or head-like clusters, yellow or some-
times whitish: involucral bracts obtuse. E. N. Amer.
Aug.-Oct. — Useful as a partial shade plant or in the
open border.
AA. Heads in a large terminal infl. which is not composed
of 1 -sided clusters of fls. (secund).
B. Lvs. serrate.
specifisa, Nutt. Fig. 3637. Stout, smooth, usually
simple-stemmed perennial, smooth below, often rough
above: Ivs. glabrous, firm, the basal 3-6 in. long and
%-lM in. wide, diminishing in size above, crenate,
pinnately veined: heads in a large showy terminal
AAA. Heads in a terminal infl., usually a panicle, which is
composed of 1 -sided branches or clusters (secund).
B. Foliage fragrant; Ivs. pinnately veined.
odora, Ait. SWEET GOLDENROD. A slender, simple-
stemmed, anise-scented perennial about 18-24 in. high:
Ivs. dotted, quite entire, acute or acuminate, 2J^— 4
in. long, lanceolate: fls. in a small, not very showy
cluster, but persisting many weeks; tips of the involu-
cral bracts acute. E. U. S. — Good for dry sandy open
places. July-Sept.
BB. Foliage not fragrant; Ivs. triple-nerved, with a pair of
lateral veins beside the midrib.
c. Lower Ivs. lanceolate, sharply serrate.
canadensis, Linn. Fig. 3638. St. 3-5 ft., stout, hairy
and usually much branched : Ivs. acute at each end, the
lower sharply serrate, lanceolate, 3-7 in. long, M-lJi
in. wide, the upper smaller and often entire: fls. in a
very large terminal secund panicle, involucral bracts
linear, obtuse or acutish. In dry soil, E. N. Amer. —
There are many wild forms but none seems to be in the
trade. Aug.-Nov. This is a coarse and somewhat
weedy species; very common.
SOLIDAGO
cc. Lower Irs. oblanceolate, merely crenaie or entire.
nemoralis, Ait. Fig. 3639. St. slender, hairy, 18-24
in. tall: Ivs. thick, roughish. the lower petioled, oblan-
ceolate, crenate; upper Ivs. becoming smaller, linear-
oblong, acutish and entire: fls. in a 1-sided panicle, not
very large or showy; bracts of the involucre linear-
oblong, obtuse. In dry open places, E. N. Amer. —
Aug.-Oct. Good for the sunny border and the fls.
usually very persistent.
BBB. Foliage not fragrant; Ivs. pinnate-veined, rough.
rugdsa, Mill. Fig. 3640. Stout erect mostly stiff
plant, to 7 ft., hairj-: Ivs. crowded above, lanceolate
to ovate-lanceolate, sharply serrate, more or less
rugose: heads in a broad pyramidal panicle, closely
arranged on one side of the curving branches. Canada
and I -
Any number of Solidagos may be offered in lists, but they are
scarcely trade commodities. S. Buckleyi, Torr. & Gray, N. ~C. to
Ala., is a plant described as 2 or 3 ft. high, with ovate-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate Ivs., and heads in a loose and elongated thyrse;
the name is listed abroad, the plant said to be "suitable for rock-
garden, later summer-flowering, yellow, 1 ft." — S. flerudsa, S.
ffigantea, S. Isrigata, are also listed, but the writers do not know
what plants pass under these names in cult. — S. sempfrrirens. Linn.
A maritime fleshy-lvd. smooth plant, tall and stout, 2-4 ft. and
more: Ivs. entire, lanceolate to lance-oblong: heads in short racemes
which are disposed in a panicle. Atlantic seaboard of the U. S. —
S. spertdbilis. Gray. Plait 1-2 ^ ft. tall: Ivs. lanceolate to linear,
the lower oblong or more or less spatulate and sparingly serrate:
heads golden yellow, numerous and crowded in a thvrse. Nev. to
L.H.B.
N. TAYLOR.
SOLLYA (in honor of Richard Horsman Solly, 1778-
185S, an English botanist). Pittosporacese. Evergreen
climbing subshrubs, ornamental greenhouse plants and
hardy outdoors in the South.
Leaves narrow, entire or rarely sinuate: fls. nodding,
at the ends of the branches, in lax, few-fid, cymes or
rarely 1-fld., blue; sepals small, distinct, petals obovate,
spreading from the base; anthers connivent in a cone
around the ovary: ovary subsessile, perfectly 2-celled:
terry oblong, indehiscent. — About 3 species, Austral.
Prop, by cuttings in sand under glass, or by seeds,
which germinate readily.
heterophylla, Lindl. AUSTRALIAN BLUEBELL CREEPER.
Fig. 3641. Small shrub, 2-6 ft, high, with slender,
twining sts.: Ivs. variable, from lanceolate or oblong-
linear to ovate-lanceolate, or ovate-oblong, obtuse or
slightly acuminate, entire, 1-2 in. long, usually nar-
rowed into short petioles: cymes 4-8-12-fld., terminal
or If .-opposed: fls. bright blue, M-Jiin. long. July.
B.M. 3523. R.B. 21:253. B.R. 1466.— Hardy and
much cult, in Cent. Calif, and a great favorite on
account of the brilliant blue of its fls. Especially valua-
ble for covering banks, rockwork, and low fences, pre-
ferring to scramble over other plants. Also grown as an
herbaceous border plant, being kept within bounds by
the shears. The roots are very attractive to the Cali-
fornia pocket-gopher, who plays sad havoc with it if
not watched. Sometimes seen in greenhouses.
parvifldra, Turcz. Much more slender and twining
than S. heterophylla. usually loosely soft-hairy: Ivs.
lanceolate or oblong-linear, the larger about 1 in. long,
very short-pet ioled and thinner than the preceding: fls.
small, solitary, or 2-3 in a cyme; pedicels filiform: berry
:n. long, tapering at both ends. W. Austral.
Drummondii, Morr. St. weak, flexuous-twining to
the left, prostrate, pubescent: Ivs. alternate, linear-
lanceolate, both ends acute, scarcely petioled, nerves
pilose: cymes 2-fld. or the fls. solitary, terminal; pedun-
cles rather glabrous: fl. nodding; sepals linear, villous.
F. TRACT HUBBARD.!
SOLOMON'S SEAL: Polygonatum. False S. S.: Smilacina.
SONCHUS (the Greek name). Composite. Mostly
weedy plants, but some of the Canary Island species are
good foliage subjects.
SONERILA
3189
Annual or perennial, usually more or less succulent,
sometimes frutescent, leafy-stemmed, mostly smooth
and glaucous, summer-flowering: Ivs. usually clasping
entire, toothed or runcinate-lobed or even pinnatifid
and laciniate, more or less prickly-margined: heads
homogamous and ligulate, yellow-fld., with more or
less imbricated involucral bracts, becoming thickened
or tumid at base, corymbose or paniculate: achenes
ribbed or costate, not beaked, with fine white pappus.
7-Species 40 or more, in the Old World, some of them
intro. in N. Amer. as weeds.
Certain bold foliage plants of this genus are more or
less listed and mentioned abroad, the botanical identity
of which is to be determined. S. arbbreus laciniatus
described as a "magnificent foliage plant with laciniated
Ivs.," is probably a form of S. pinnatus, Ait., which
grows 3 ft. or so high, bearing glabrous pinnately
parted Ivs. with narrow entire or toothed lobes, native
of Madeira. What is mentioned abroad and also in
S. Calif, as S. Jdcquinii, is probably S. congestus,
Willd., described as a beautiful foliage plant with long
and broad crowded recurved oblanceolate more or less
pinnatifid Ivs. (1 ft. or less long and 2-3 in. broad) and
showj' panicles of yellow
heads 2-3 in. across;
Canary Isls., where it is
known as pastor's lettuce
(lachuza de pastor), per-
haps in allusion to avail-
ability of the Ivs. for
salad. The Ivs. of other
species of Sonchus are
said sometimes to be
similarly used. The
names S. elegantissimus
and S. lacinidtus some-
times appear in horticul-
tural literature, repre-
senting ornamental
plants with much-di-
vided Ivs., the segms.,
very narrow; they are
probably forms of
Canary or Madeira
species. L. H. B. A
SONERILA (adapted
from a native name).
Syn., Cassebeeria. Melar-
3641. Sollya heterophyfla. (XK) s^mAces. Herbs or small
shrubs of various habit,
with ornamental foliage, suitable for the greenhouse.
Leaves similar or dimorphous, often membranaceous,
entire or serrulate, 3-5-nerved: fls. in scorpioid racemes
or spikes, frequently rose, rather large or some small;
calyx glabrous or setose, tube turbinate, oblong or
campanulate, 3-lobed, the lobes short; petals 3, ovate,
obovate, or oblong; stamens 3 (rarely 6, the alternate
ones smaller) ; ovary adherent or almost so to the tube
of the calyx, 3-celled: caps, included in the turbinate,
cylindrical, ribbed or 3-angled tube of the calyx, 3-
valved. — About 75 species, India and the Malay
Archipelago. This includes a number of dwarf tender
foliage plants which must be grown in the greenhouse
all the year round. The plants belong to the same cul-
tural group with Bertolonia, Gravesia, and Monolena,
and are distinguished by having their floral parts in
3's. The fls. are usually rose^colored, J^in. across or
less, and generally disposed in scorpioid racemes or
spikes. The species described here are all caulescent
plants with Ivs. distinctly petioled, those of each pair
being of equal size (except in <S. macuiata) : fls. 3-merous;
stamens 3, long-acuminate.
It was long thought impossible to grow sonerila and
its allies outside of a bell-jar or Wardian case. Gar-
deners now dispense with the "double glass" and
3190
SONERILA
grow these plants in tropical or even temperate green-
houses. For potting material they use a compost of
fibrous peat and chopped sphagnum, sprinkled with
sand and interspersed with bits of charcoal. The plants
should have a partially shaded position, and should
never be syringed. Never allow water to remain on the
leaves. The species seed freely. The varieties are
propagated by division.
Sonerilas thrive best in a close and moisture-laden
atmosphere with just enough ventilation to keep them
from melting or decaying. A temperature of not less
than 75° suits them best. Cuttings of well-ripened
growth are placed under a glass case or bell-glass in a
bottom heat of 70° to 80°. Care must be taken every
morning to allow the drops of condensation which
gather on the glass to dissipate. For potting material
use fine-screened leaf-mold, with plenty of silver sand
intermixed and a little finely chopped fresh sphagnum
on the top of the pots or pans. These plants have shal-
low roots, and require plenty of drainage, consisting of
fine broken potsherds mixed with either charcoal or
finely ground soft-coal clinkers. When the plants have
made their full growth (which they do if started at the
proper time in early spring) they start into flower. At
this time the plants should be hardened off by gradually
withholding water, and they should also be kept a little
cooler. When fully ripened they may be cut back in
order to furnish material for cuttings. Keep the old
stools a little warmer and they will gradually start into
new growth again. These plants make choice decora-
tive plants in pans or even in wire baskets and can be
used for choice table or mantel decorations. (H.
A. Siebrecht.)
argentea, 8.
guttulata, 5.
Hendersonii, 7, 8.
Iffita, 3.
maculata, 2.
Mamei, 7.
margaritacea, 6, 7.
orientalis, 5.
picta, 4, 5.
punctata, 5.
speciosa, 1.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Foliage not variegated 1.
AA. Foliage variegated.
B. Calyx with rather long and sparse
glandular hairs.
c. Margins of Ivs. ciliate 2.
cc. Margins of Ivs. not ciliate 3.
BB. Calyx glabrous or rarely dotted-
scurfy.
c. Number of nerves 7: margin of Ivs.
minutely serrate 4.
CC. Number of nerves 9 or 7: margin of
Ivs. sharply and prominently ser-
rate.
D. Color of nerves dark purple:
Ivs. covered with short, dark
purple hairs 5.
DD. Color of nerves green: Ivs.
glandular-p ubescent, the
pubescence not purplish.
E. Lvs. with a dark green ground,
and pearl-like spots of regu-
lar size and arrangement . . .
EE. Lvs. with a dark green
ground, and irregular light-
colored blotches between the
veins 7.
EEE. Lvs. silvery, only the nerves
dark green 8.
speciosa
maculata
laeta
picta
orientalis
6. margaritacea
Hendersonii
argentea
1. speciosa, Zenker. This is practically the only
species cult, for its fls. : height 1 ft. : Ivs. opposite, cor-
date-ovate, green above, sometimes crimson beneath,
mostly 7-9-nerved: fls. purple or rose, 4-14 in a cluster,
1 in. across. India. B.M. 4978 (as S. elegans): 5026.
F.S. 23:2442.
2. maculata, Roxbg. This differs from the other spe-
cies here described in having Ivs. of unequal sizes. The
larger one of each pair may be 3-5 in. long; the smaller
a half or third as long: Ivs. ovate or oblong, unequal at
the base, minutely denticulate, 9-11-nerved: fls. violet.
India. R.H. 1865, p. 91, is too poor to determine. —
Probably not in cult.
3. laeta, Stapf. Erect herb, 6 in. high: st. terete,
glandular-puberulent : Ivs. petioled, ovate or elliptic-
ovate, symmetrical or a little asymmetrical, not ciliate-
margined, the larger Ivs. up to 4 x 2 in., green but white-
spotted above, purple and green-spotted beneath:
cyme terminal, contracted, 7-fld.; calyx oblong-cylin-
drical, purple; petals oblong, subacuminate. China. —
Closely related to S. macidata.
4. picta, Korth. Erect or ascending, with scurfy or
puberulous branches: Ivs; short-petioled, broadly lan-
ceolate, wedge-shaped at the base, minutely serrate,
7-nerved, lined with white along the primary nerves:
fls. rosy. Sumatra. — S. picta of the trade is probably
S. orientalis var. picta.
5. orientalis, Lind. The botanical status of this name
is doubtful. In horticulture it applies to a group of
varieties sent out by Wm. Bull in 1891, and remarkable
for two novel features: some of the varieties have dark
purple or bronzy colors; others are peppered all over
with an infinite number of small, light-colored dots. All
have dark purple nerves. G.W. 6, p. 327. In I.H.
37: 113 the Ivs. are shown as ovate, acuminate, more or
less cordate and unequal at the base, with 9 or 10
nerves, entire: color of fls. not recorded. Habitat not
stated. The typical form is said to have bronzy Ivs.
with an amaranth reverse. Var. guttulata, Hort., has
green Ivs. peppered with small white dots and is pale
green below. Var. punctata, Hort., is much like the
preceding variety but has paler Ivs. Var. picta, Hort.,
has purplish Ivs. of the type, with an irregular lanceo-
late strip of silvery gray down the middle. Var.
Robert Sallier, R.B. 20:61, has dark green Ivs. pep-
pered white and with a lanceolate figure of silver down
the middle. Said to be a hybrid of vars. picta and
punctata. It has the stripe of one and the dots of the
other.
6. margaritacea, Lindl. This is the most important
species. The name "margaritacea" means "pearly,"
referring to the regular rows of pearly spots between the
nerves and parallel with them, which are characteristic
of the typical form. Lvs. ovate-lanceolate, acutely ser-
rate, 7-9-nerved, glabrous, purplish below, acute at the
base: fls. rosy. B.M. 5104. F.S. 11:1126 (nerves too
parallel). I.H. 2:40. G.W. 6, p. 326. H.F. II. 4:72.
Lowe 16. — Supposed to be native of Java. In Vol. II,
edition 1, page 684, Gravesia giUtata var. margaritacea
is erroneously referred to Sonerila instead of Salpinga.
Salpinga margaritacea is readily told from Sonerila mar-
garitacea by its 5-nerved Ivs. and floral parts in 5's.
7. Hendersonii, Hort. (S. margaritacea var. Hender-
sonii, Hort.). This is referred by Cogniaux to S. mar-
garitacea, of which it is perhaps merely a horticultural
variety. For trade purposes it is convenient to treat it
like a distinct species. It seems to be the chief parent
in the development of the numerous hybrids with
blotched foliage. It differs from the type in having a
broader If. with a shorter acumen and rounded base,
and especially in being covered with irregular blotches,
which, however, do not cross the nerves. F.M. 1875:
159. I.H. 23:230. G.W. 2, p. 285. G.Z. 19:161.— The
blotches are all about the same size. S. Mamei, Lind.,
has more regular and roundish blotches, which are
nearer white and on a darker ground, the under side
netted with rosy purple. I.H. 23:254.
8. argentea, Hort. (S. Hendersonii var. argentea,
Fournier). For horticultural purposes this may be
treated as a distinct species, characterized by its silvery
foliage, resembling that of certain begonias, with no
dark green except on the nerves. This is the parent of
most of the forms that have a silvery cast of foliage,
just as S. Hendersonii is responsible for the irregular
blotches. G.W. 6, p. 325.
SOXERILA
SOPHORA
3191
A very handsome hybrid between the orientalis and margari-
tacea groups is called Mme. Paul du Toict. It has the serrate If.
and some of the silveriness of S. argentea, with the numberless
minute dots of the S. orientalis group. It is much like Robert Sallier,
but the central coloring is bronzy as well as silvery and more broken
up by the green.
S. marmordta and S. picturdta of the trade are not accounted
forbotanically. WlLHELM MlLLER.
F. TRACY HrBBARD.f
SOPHORA (Sophera, Arabian name of a tree with
pea-shaped flowers). Including- Styphnoldbium and
Edwdrdsia. Leguminbsae. Ornamental woody or rarely
herbaceous plants grown chiefly for their attractive
flowers and handsome foliage.
Deciduous or evergreen useful ornamental plants:
Ivs. alternate, odd-pinnate with opposite usually small
entire Ifts.: fls. pea-like, in racemes or terminal
leafy panicles: calyx with 5 short teeth; standard orbic-
ular or broadly obovate; stamens 10, free or connate
only at the base: pod stalked, almost terete or 4-winged,
rarely compressed, few- to many-seeded, moniliform,
indehiscent or tardily dehiscent. — About 25 species in
the temperate and subtropical regions of both hemi-
spheres. The fls. andfrs. of S. japonica yield a yellow
dye, S. tomentosa has medicinal properties, and the
seeds of S. secundiflora contain sophorine, a poisonous
alkaloid. S. tetraptera is a valuable timber tree in its
native country.
The spphoras are handsome trees, rarely shrubs or
herbs with graceful foliage, evergreen in some species,
and with papilionaceous whitish, violet or pink, or
yellow flowers in terminal panicles or in racemes, fol-
lowed by long and narrow monilifonn pods. Sophora
japonica and the shrubby S. viciifolia are hardy as far
north as Massachusetts, while S. ajfinis is less hardy.
The evergreen species are tender and can be grown only
in the southern states and California; they are very
showy in spring when they are in bloom; in England
they are often planted against a wall, where they can be
easily protected against light frost. S. japonica is
especially valuable for its late-appearing flowers, which
are white and disposed in ample panicles; the foliage is
dark green and graceful and the tree is conspicuous in
winter on account of its dark green branches. It is
sometimes planted as a street tree, as it stands heat and
drought well. The sophoras thrive best in well-drained
sandy loam but grow fairly well in rather dry soil.
Propagation is by seeds and the varieties by grafting on
the typical form; "some species are also increased by
greenwood cuttings and by layers.
INDEX.
affinis, 3.
chiltnsis, 7.
chrysophylla, 6.
columnaris, 2.
Daridii, 1.
grandiflora, 5.
japonica, 2.
KoroUcoicii , 2.
Macnabiana, 5.
macrocarpa, 7.
microphylla, 5.
Moorcroftiana, 1.
pendula, 2.
secundiflora, 4.
sinensis, 2.
tetraptera, 5.
tomeniosa, 2.
viciifolia, 1.
violacea, 2.
A. Fls. white, violet,
or pink.
B Lfls. y$n. long,
or less: spines-
cent shritb.
1. viciifdlia,
Hance (S. Ddi"idii,
Komarov. S.
Moorcroftiana var.
Datidii, Franch.).
3642. Sophora viciifolia. (XH) Fig. 3642. Spi-
nescent shrub, to 6 ft., with slender spreading pubes-
cent branchlets: Ivs. 1-1 H in. long, short-petioled; Ifts.
11-15, sessile, elliptic, obtuse, and mucronulate, pubes-
cent beneath, ^-J^in. long: fls. bluish violet or nearly
white, about ^in. long, in short, 6-12-fld. racemes
terminal on short branchlets; calyx shortly 5-toothed,
3643. Sophora japonica. (XJi)
violet; petals of nearly equal length; standard spatula te-
obovate, reflexed: pod about 2 in. long, slender, long-
beaked, glabrous. June, July. Cent, and W. China.
B.M.7883. A.F. 29:155. G.C. III. 36:3. Gn. 68, p.
87; 78, p. 469. Gng. 16:3. G.W. 11, p. 139.— Graceful
shrub; has proved quite hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.
BB. Lfts. larger: unarmed trees.
c. Fls. in large terminal panicles.
2. japonica, Linn. (Styphnolobium japdnicum,
Schott). JAPAN PAGODA TREE. Figs. 3643, 3644. Tree,
attaining 60 ft., with spreading branches, forming a
dense round head: Ivs. 7-9 in. long; Ifts. 7-17, distinctly
stalked, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded at
base, dark green and glossy above, more or less pubes-
cent beneath, 1-2 in. long: fls. yellowish white, J^in.
long, in loose panicles 15 in. long: pod distinctly stalked,
glabrous, terete, 2-3 in. long, %in. broad. July-Sept.
China; cult, in Japan. Gn. 24, pp. 210, 211, 214; 29, p.
222; 73, p. 43. G.M. 38:665. Gng. 6, p. 247. M.D.G.
1898:183. F.E. 12:1174. G.W. 8, p. 615; 12, p. 200;
13, p. 243. Var. pendula, Loud. Figs. 3645, 3646. With
long and slender pendulous branches. R.H. 1876:194,
195 (adapted in Figs. 3645, 3646). Gn. 9. pp. 600, 601;
24, pp. 202, 203, 211; 28, p. 27. M.D.G. 1898:182.
G. 6:257. Gn.M. 2:106. G.C. III. 28:479. F.E. 14:
1430, pi. 43. Var. columnaris, Schwerin. Of narrow
pyramidal habit. Var. violacea, Carr. (S. violacea,
Dipp., not Thwaites). Lfts. 15-17, sparingly pubescent
above, densely so beneath, acute: fls. with pinkish lilac
wings and keel, standard white. — The plants cult, as S.
tomentosa, S. sinensis, and S. Korolkdwii also belong to
this species. The first, which is not to be confused with
S. tomentosa, Linn, (see suppl. list), has 15-19, smaller
and broader, elliptic Ifts. densely pubescent beneath,
less so above; the second has pale pink fls. and 11-17
3192
SOPHORA
SOPHROCATTLEYA
ovate to ovate-oblong Ifts. soft-pubescent beneath; the
third has larger oblong-lanceolate Ifts. broadly cuneate
at the base and slightly pubescent beneath. There is
also a form with variegated Ivs.
cc. Fls. in racemes.
D. Foliage deciduous: racemes axillary.
3. affinis, Torr. & Gray. Small round-headed tree,
with slender branches, to 20 ft.: Ifts. 13-19, elliptic,
3644. Pod of Sophora japonica. ( Xl)
obtusish or emarginate, broadly cuneate at the base,
glabrous or with scattered hairs below, conspicuously
veined, 1-1 Yi in. long: fls. J^in. long, white tinged with
rose, with the Ivs. in axillary nodding racemes 3-5 in.
long: pod terete, moniliform, more or less pubescent,
in. long, black. Spring. Ark., Texas. S.S. 3:122.
DD. Foliage evergreen: racemes terminal.
4. secundifldra, Lag. Small tree, 35 ft. high, with
short, slender trunk and upright branches forming a
narrow head or shrubby: Ivs. 4-6 in. long; Ifts. 7-9,
elliptic or obovate-oblong to oblong, rounded or
emarginate at the apex, cuneate at the base, silky-
pubescent while young, dark yellowish green above,
1-2 ^2 m- long: fls. violet-blue, the standard marked
near the base with a few dark spots, very fragrant,
about 1 in. long, in 1-sided racemes 2-3 in. long: pod
white-tomentose, terete, 1-7 in. long, }^6-%in. thick;
seed bright scarlet. Spring. Texas to New Mex. S.S.
3:121. R.H. 1854:201.— On account of its handsome
fragrant fls., to be recommended for planting South.
AA. Fls. yellow, in axillary racemes: Ivs. evergreen.
(Edwardsia.)
B. Pod 4-winged: fls. about 1 ^ in. long.
5. tetrfiptera, Ait. (Edwdrdsia tetrdptera, Poir.).
Shrub or small tree, 30, rarely 40 ft. high, with slender
spreading branches: Ifts. very numerous, almost sessile,
3645. Sophora japonica var. pendula, in winter.
obovate to linear-oblong, silky-pubescent : fls. in 2-8-fld.
racemes, pendulous, about 1^ in. long: pod 4-winged, 7
in. long. Spring. New Zeal., Lord Howe Isl., Juan
Fernandez, Chile. G. 29 : 185. — The following varie-
ties are in cult. : Var. grandiflora, Hook, f . (Edwdrdsia
grandiflora, Salisb.). Lfts. linear-oblong, obtuse,
appressed silky-pubescent on both sides, about 1 in.
long, in 10-25 pairs: fls. 1% in. long; standard shorter
than wings. B.M. 167. G.C. II. 9:729. Gn. 24, p. 211;
76, p. 292. L.B.C. 12:1162. G. 5:593; 10:445. Var.
microphylla, Hook. f. (S. microphylla, Ait. Edwdrdsia
Macnabidna, Curt.). Lfts. orbicular-obovate to broadly
oblong, usually emarginate, glabrous or nearly so
above, sparingly pubescent beneath, sometimes only
on the midrib, J^-^in. long: fls. about \]^ in. long;
standard about as long as wings. B.M. 1442; 3735.
G. 34:503, 505. Gn. 24, p. 211. Gn. 12:87 also seems
to belong here.
6. chrysophylla, Seem. (Edwdrdsia chrysophylla,
Salisb.). Tree, to 30 ft.: Ifts. 13-21, obovate-oblong or
oblong, obtuse, tawny or grayish pubescent beneath,
less so above, rarely glabrescent, J/2-1 in. long: fls. pale
yellow, about 1 in. long; standard slightly shorter than
wings: pod 4-winged, 4-6 in. long. Hawaiian Isls.
B.R. 738.
3646. Sophora japonica var. pendula, in summer.
BB. Pod not winged: fls. %-l in. long.
7. macrocarpa, Smith (Edwdrdsia chilensis, Miers).
Shrub or small tree, with the young branchlets densely
tomentose: Ifts. in 10-20 pairs, elliptic or obovate
obtuse, silky-pubescent beneath, %-l in. long: fls.
%-l in. long, in short racemes; standard as long as
wings: pod terete, not winged, 1-4-seeded. Chile.
L.B.C. 12:1125. B.R. 2798.
S. alopecuroides, Linn. Grayish-pubescent undershrub, with
upright, virgate branches: Ivs. 6 in. long, with 15-25 oblong Ifts.
fls. yellow: racemes dense, terminal, about 6 in. long: pod terete
6^12-seeded. W. Asia to Himalayas. Half-hardy. — S. austrdlis
Linn.=Baptisia australis. — S. platycdrpa, Maxim. =Cladrastis
platycarpa. — S. tomentdsa, Linn. Pubescent shrub: Ivs. 6-10 in
long; Ifts. 15-19, oval to oblong, obtuse, 1-1 % in. long: fls. yellow
in terminal 6-12-in. long racemes: pod 4-6 in. long. Southern
states, W. India. B.M. 3390. Not hardy North.
ALFRED REHDER.
SOPHROCATLJDLIA (compounded from Sophroni-
tis, Cattleya, and Lselia). Orchidacese. A name to desig-
nate the hybrids between the genera Sophronitis,
Cattleya, and Lselia.
SOPHROCATTLEYA (compounded from Sophroni-
tis and Cattleya). Orchiddcese. A group established to
contain hybrids between Sophronitis and Cattleya.
Sophrocdttleya Batemaniana=S. grandiflora x C. in-
termedia. Gn.W. 4:809.-- S. Bldckii=S. grandiflora x
C. Hardyana. — S. Chdmberlainii triumphans=S. gran-
diflora x C. Harrisoniana. — S. eximia=S. grandiflora x
C. Bowringiana. Gn. 72, p. 5. — S. Heathii=S. grandi-
flora x C. Schroederae. — S. Imperatrix=S. grandiflora
X C. Mossise. — S. Marriottidna=S. grandiflora x C.
SOPHROCATTLEYA
SORBARIA
3193
aurea. — S. Nydia=S. grandiflora x C. colummata. —
S. Sdxa=S. grandiflora x C. Trianse. — S. schocnbrun-
nensis=S. cernua x C. Bowringiana. — S. Thwaitesii=
S. grandiflora x C. Mendelii. J.H. III. 58:295.^5.
warnhamensis=S. grandiflora x C. amethystoglossa.
G.M. 49:547.^8. Wellesleyse=S. grandiflora x C.
labiata. G.M. 57:207. — S. westfieldensis=Sc. eximia
x C. labiata. GEORGE V. NASH.
SOPHROL^LIA (compounded from Sophronitis
and L&lia). Orchidacese. A. group-name to comprise
hybrids between Sophronitis and Laelia. S. Gratrixix
=L. tenebrosa x S. grandiflora. G.M. 50:683.— S. hear
tonensis='L. purpurata x S. grandiflora. G.M. 45:698.
— S. 3/arrioMidna=following. — S. AfomoWi'i=L. flava
XS. grandiflora. G.C. III. 27:66.— S. 6rpetii=L.
pumila x S. grandiflora. — S. Ortonidna=l,. Diana x S.
grandiflora. GEORGE V. NASH.
SOPHRONITIS (Greek, modest). Orchidaceae. Dwarf
epiphytic orchids, cultivated on account of their neat
habit and brilliantly colored flowers.
Pseudobulbs small, with 1 or rarely 2 small flat Ivs.:
fls. from the top of the pseudobulbs, brightly colored;
sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading; labellum with
a broad middle lobe and small erect side lobes, the base
leading into a cavity in the wall of the ovary; column
short, the stigmatic surface covering 2 wing-like pro-
jections at its summit; pollinia 8. — About 6 species,
closely related to Laelia, Cattleya, and the like; Brazil.
These plants, and also sophrocattleyas and sophro-
laelias, thrive in the temperature of the cattleya house.
In growing season, give a moderate supply of water and
plenty of fresh air. Rest them at 50° to 55°, and water
sufficiently to keep them from shriveling. Grow them
in shallow pots with plenty of drainage, and a thin
layer of fine turfy fern-root, using no sphag-
num. (Wm. Mathews.)
grandifldra, Lindl. (S. cocdnea, Reichb. f.).
Pseudobulbs clustered: Ivs. about 2 in. long,
elliptic: fls. solitary, on short peduncles, 1 J^-4
in. across, brilliant scarlet, often with a shade
of orange, with an orange labellum; sepals
oblong-lanceolate; petals broadly elliptic;
labellum narrow, with folded sides. Flowers
during the whole winter. Organ Mts. B.M.
3709. F.S. 1:22; 17:1716. P.M. 9:193. Gn.
25:474 (var. rosea); 31, p. 358; 48:82.
I.H. 34:32. J.H. III. 34:319; 62:13. G.C.
II. 22:561; III. 9:669; 17:492; 21:266; 43:
281. G.M. 56:99. R.H. 1886:492 (var. auran-
tiaca). A.F. 6:609.
cernua, Lindl. Very small plants with a creeping
rhizome bearing 1-lvd. pseudobulbs: Ivs. ovate, thick
and leathery, a little over an inch long: fls. 4-8, on a
st. from the axils of the Ivs., bright scarlet or reddish
orange, with an orange lip; sepals and petals ovate;
labellum ovate-acuminate, shorter, concave. Winter.
Rio Janeiro. B.M. 3677. B.R. 1129.
violacea, Lindl. One of the smallest of cult, orchids:
pseudobulbs ovoid, 1 in. long: Ivs. linear, 2-3 in. long:
fls. bright rose, about 1 in. diam.; sepals and petals
oblong-lanceolate, acute; labellum rhombic-obovate,
flat. Winter. Organ Mts., Brazil. B.M. 6880.
HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
SORBARIA (derived from Sorbus: the leaves resem-
ble those of the mountain-ash). Syn., BasiRma.
Rosaces. Ornamental woody plants chiefly grown for
their large panicles of white flowers and the handsome
pinnate foliage.
Deciduous shrubs: Ivs. alternate, odd-pinnate, with
serrate Ifts., stipulate: fls. in terminal panicles; sepals
and petals 5; stamens 20-50: carpels 5, opposite to
the calyx-lobes, partly connate, dehiscent at the
ventral suture, with several seeds. — Eight species in E.
Asia. Formerly usually united with Spiraea but easily
distinguished by the stipulate, pinnate Ivs. and the 5
carpels being opposite to the sepals.
The sorbarias are very handsome upright shrubs with
rather large bright green pinnate leaves and small white
flowers in large and showy panicles appearing in sum-
mer and followed by small capsular fruits; the panicles,
however, after the flowers have faded and dried up,
become rather unsightly and should be removed. S.
sorbifolia is hardy North and S. steUipila, S. assurgens,
and S. arborea have proved hardy at least as far north
as Massachusetts, while S. Aitchisonii is somewhat
tenderer and S. Lindleyana still more so. They are well
adapted for borders of shrubberies and woods or for
planting on banks of brooks or rivers, but should not
be brought together with slow-growing and delicate
shrubs, as they spread in suitable soil rather rapidly by
means of suckers and are likely to overcrowd other
plants. The handsome bright green foliage appears
very early in spring. They are
all much alike in habit, but
flower at different times from
June to September, beginning
with S. sorbifolia, followed in
order by S. stettiptta, S. assur-
gens, S. arborea, and S. Aitch-
isonii which usually continues
flowering until September.
They grow best in a somewhat
moist and rich soil and thrive
also in partly shaded situations.
Propagation is "by hardwood
cuttings; also by root-cuttings,
suckers, and seeds, like spirea.
A. Lfts. doubly and sharply ser-
rate, %in. or more wide.
B. Panicles with upright
ramifications, dense,
c. Stamens Jf>-50: Ifts. with
usually 20 pairs of veins.
sorbifolia, A. Braun
(Spiraea sorbifolia, Linn.
Basilima sorbi-
folia, Raf.).
Fig. 3647. Up-
right shrub, 3-5
* ft. high, much
spreading by
suckers: Ifts. 13-
23, lanceolate or
ovate-lanceo-
late, long-acumi-
nate, doubly serrate, stellate-pubescent beneath when
young or glabrous, 3-4 in. long: panicles 5-10 in. long;
fls. HJ11- across: carpels and frs. glabrous. June, July.
N. Asia, from Ural to Japan. A.G. 11:125. Gn. 16, p.
217. F.E. 30:777. — Sometimes escaped from cult.
steUipila, Schneid. (S. sorbifolia var. stettipHa,
Maxim.) Shrub, to 5 ft.: branchlets pubescent: Ifts.
11-19, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, long-acuminate,
stellate-pubescent beneath, 2-3 Y^ in. long: infl. puberu-
lous, 8-10 in. long; calyx pubescent: carpels and frs.
pubescent. July. N. E. Asia, Japan. G.W. 15, p. 651.
cc. Stamens about 20: Ifts. with 25 or more pairs of veins.
assurgens, Rehd. Shrub, to 8 ft., with upright or
ascending sts. : Ifts. 13-17, oblong-lanceolate to narrow-
lanceolate, long-acuminate, cuneate at the base, often
falcate, pubescent on the veins beneath, 2-3 % in. long:
panicle 6-12 in. long, puberulous; stamens longer than
petals: carpels and frs. glabrous. July. China. v.F. 75.
BB. Panicles with spreading ramifications, open.
Lindleyana, Maxim. (Spiraea Lindleyana, Wall.
BasiTima Lindleyana, Kuntze). Four to 8 ft. high: Ifts.
3647. Sorbaria sorbifolia. — Often known as
Spiraea sorbifolia. ( X H)
3194
SORBARIA
SORBUS
15-21, lanceolate, long-acuminate, rounded or nearly so
at the base, doubly serrate, with simple hairs beneath
when young, 3-4 in. long: panicles 8-12 in. long and
about 8 in. broad; fls. J^in. across; stamens as long as
petals or shorter. July, Aug. Himalayas, China. F.S.
2:108. B.R. 31:33. Gn. 47, p. 222: 49, p. 229; 55,
p. 116; 77, p. 487; 78, p. 126. G.C. III. 43:415. G.
33:507.
arbor ea, Schneid. (Spiraea arborea, Bean). Shrub, to
20 ft.: Ifts. 13-15, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, long-
acuminate, usually broadly cuneate at the base, stellate-
pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath, l%-3}4 in. long:
panicles 8-12 in. long, 6-8 in. wide: fls. M~Hm- across;
stamens much longer than petals. July, Aug. Cent.
China. Gn. 77. p. 424. GM. 61:603. G. 35:697. Var.
glabrata, Rehd. Lfts. usually lanceolate or narrow-
lanceolate, quite glabrous beneath: branchlets and
petioles often purple, glabrous: stamens 2-3 times as
long as petals. Cent, and W. China. This is the hand-
somest variety and resembles somewhat S. Aitchisonii.
Var. subtomentdsa, Rehd. Lfts. usually elliptic to
oblong-lanceolate, densely stellate-pubescent or tomen-
tose beneath, with close-set veins: branchlets and
petioles pubescent.
AA. Lfts. simply or indistinctly doubly serrate, %in. or
less wide,
Aitchisonii, Hemsl. (Spirxa angustifdlia, Zabel. S-
Aitchisonii, Hemsl. S. sorbifolia var. angustifolia,
Wenzig). Shrub, 6-8 ft. high, with upright or ascend-
ing, little-branched, glabrous sts. usually bright red
when young: Ifts. 15-21, lanceolate to linear-lanceo-
late, acuminate, narrowed at the base, simply or
obscurely doubly serrate, glabrous, 2-4 in. long: pani-
cles to 12 in. long and to 6 in. broad, with spreading
ramifications, leafy at the base; fls. Hin. or more
across. July-Sept. Afghanistan, Kashmir. G.C. III.
28:255; 38:114; 43:397. G. 27:441; 31:455; 34:639.
GM. 49:42. Gn.M. 9:75. Gn. 68, p. 143; 77, p. 560.
M.D.G. 1901:18. — A very desirable shrub with hand-
some graceful foliage.
S. grandifldra, Maxim. (Spiraea grandiflora, Sweet. Spiraea sorbi-
folia alpina, Pallas). Allied to S. sorbifolia. One to 3 ft. high: Ivs.
glabrous: panicles 3-5 in. long; fls. J^in. across. S. Siberia. Gt. 9: 295.
— S. Kirildwii, Maxim. (Spiraea Kirilowii, Regel). Allied to S. sor-
bifolia. Shrub, 5-10 ft.: Ifts. 12-19, glabrous: panicle broadly
pyramidal; stamens as long as corolla: fr. with the style much below
the apex. N. China. — S. Millefdlium, Focke=Chama3batiaria
ALFRED REHDER.
SORBUS (ancient Latin name of S. domestica). In-
cluding Aria, C6rmus, Micromeles, and Tormindria.
Rosacese. Ornamental woody plants grown for their
handsome foliage, attractive white flowers and orna-
mental usually red fruit.
Deciduous trees or shrubs: Ivs. alternate, stipulate,
simple and serrate or odd-pinnate, folded or rarely
convolute in the bud: fls. in compound corymbs; sepals
and petals 5; stamens 15-20, with red or yellow anthers;
carpels 2-5, either partly free above and half superior
or wholly connate and quite inferior; styles free or con-
nate at the base : fr. a 2-5-loculed pome, usually rather
small; the cells with cartilaginous or leathery walls,
each with 1 or 2 seeds. Closely allied and often referred
to Pyrus, from which it is chiefly distinguished by its
compound infl. and by the fls. being in most species
more or less perigynous; the frs. are usually smaller and
berry-like. — About 80 species distributed throughout
the northern hemisphere, in N. Amer., south to N. C.
and New Mex., in Asia south to the Himalayas. The
frs. of some species, as S. domestica, S. torminalis, S.
Aucuparia var. didcis and var. rossica are edible and
are made into preserves in Europe; the strong and
close-grained wood of S. torminalis and S. domestica is
used for handles of tools and for similar small articles.
The sorbuses are handsome trees or shrubs with
graceful pinnate or with simple foliage sometimes silvery
white beneath, and with showy clusters of small white
rarely pinkish flowers in spring, followed by red or rarely
whitish or brown fruits usually berry-like, rarely larger
and apple- or pear-shaped. Most of the pinnate-
leaved kinds are hardy North except some Asiatic
species and S. domestica, which seem tender north of
Massachusetts; they are chiefly inhabitants of moun-
tainous regions, and the northern species, as S. americana
and S. decora, do not thrive well in warmer and drier
climates, while the simple-leaved species, as S. alni-
folia, S. intermedia, S. Aria, and S. torminalis, endure
drought and heat well and have proved hardy at least
as far north as Massachusetts. The trees are often
attacked by borers. Propagation is by seeds sown in fall
or stratified, also by layers. Varieties and rarer kinds
are usually budded or grafted on allied species, but most
kinds will grow on S. Aucuparia or S. americana and
on hawthorn. They all have handsome foliage, which
usually turns orange-red in fall; their fruits are showy
and often remain on the branches the whole winter if
not eaten by birds. They are not particular as to the
soil and are well suited for planting on rocky hillsides.
Those of the Aucuparia group are more adapted for
cool and moist mountain regions; those of the Aria and
Torminaria group, which grow especially well on lime-
stone soil, are suited to warmer and drier climates.
S. hybrida is sometimes used as a small-sized avenue
tree on account of its regular pyramidal habit.
alnifolia, 15.
flabellata, 13.
pinnatifida, 7.
alpina, 14.
flabellifolia, 13.
pyriformis, 6.
americana, 1, 2.
Folgneri, 17.
guercifolia, 7.
Aria, 10, 12, 13.
foliolosa, 5.
quercifolia floribunda
Aucuparia, 3.
fructu-luteo, 3.
nana, 8.
a urea, 12.
grxca, 13.
quercoides, 7.
aurea striata, 13.
heterophylla, 8.
rossica, 3.
Beissneri, 3.
hybrida, 7.
TOtundifolia, 10.
caloneura, 10.
integerrima, 3.
sambucifolia, 2, 7.
chrysophylla, 12.
intermedia, 10, 11.
Sargentii, 8.
Clusii, 9.
laciniata, 3.
scandica, 11.
cretica, 13.
lanuginosa, 7.
scopulina, 2.
Decaisneana, 12.
latifolia, 10.
sitchensis, 2.
decora, 2.
longifolia, 12.
sorbifolia, 8.
decurrens, 7.
lutescens, 12.
Sorbus, 6.
densiflora, 14.
majestica, 12.
spuria, 8.
Dippelii, 14.
maliformis, 6.
suecica, 11.
domestica, 6.
meridionalis, 13.
thianschanica , 4.
dulcis, 3.
micrarUha, 1.
thuringiaca, 7.
edulis, 12.
microcarpa, 1.
tianschanica, 4.
fallax, 8.
Miyabei. 15.
torminalis, 9.
fastigiata, 3, 7.
moramca, 3.
umbellata, 13.
fennica, 7.
ninea, 12.
Vilmorinii, 5.
Fifeana, 3.
pendula, 3, 17.
Willdenowii, 14.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Foliage pinnate.
B. Lvs. regularly pinnate, with the If Is.
of almost equal size.
c. Frs. small, %—%in. across, or
slightly larger, berry-like.
D. Lfts. 9-17, %-4 in. long.
E. Winter buds glutinous, gla-
brous or sparingly op-
pressed, rusty-pubescent.
F. Fls. }4-% in.: Ifts. long-
acuminate: fr. K~M in.
across 1. americana
FF. Fls. lA-^Ain. across: Ifts.
acute or obtusish: fr.
about %in. across 2. decora
EE. Winter buds covered with
white villous tomentum.
F. Young branchlets and Ivs.
pubescent 3. Aucuparia
FF. Young branchlets and Ivs.
glabrous 4. tianschanica
DD. Lfts. 19-29, l/T-V\in. long 5. Vilmorinii
cc. Frs. Yiin. or more across, apple-
or pear-shaped, with grit-cells:
styles 5 6. domestica
BB. Lvs. only pinnate toward the base,
lobed or only serrate in the upper
part, varying much on the same
plant and occasionally only lobed.
Hybrids.
SORBUS
SORBUS
3195
c. Habit tree- like 7. hybrids
cc. Habit shrub-like 8. spuria
A A. Foliage simple.
B. Fr. with persistent calyx.
c. Under side of Its. glabrous at
length, green: Its. lobed: ovary
inferior: fr. brown, with grit-
cells 9. torminalis
cc. L'nder side of hs. grayish or
whitish tomentose: ovary half-
superior.
D. Lts. lobed or sharply serrate.
E. Shape of hs. orate to oblong,
usually acute.
F. Margin of hs. lobed.
G. Base of the usually
broadly ovate hs. most-
ly rounded 10. latifolia
GG. Base of the ovate to
oblong-ovate Ivs.
broadly cuneate 11. intermedia
FT. Margin of hs. sharply and
doubly serrate 12. Aria
EE. Shape of hs. suborbicular to
broadly obovate 13. umbellata
DD. Lrs. serrulate, grayish-tomen-
tose or sometimes glabrescent
beneath 14. alpina
BB. Fr. with deciduous calyx having a
circular scar: ovary quite inferior.
c. L'nder side of hs. glabrous or
slightly pubescent.
D. Styles usually 2: hs. ovate to
elliptic-ovate 15. alnifolia
DD. Styles usually 5: hs. elliptic-
oblong to obovate-oblong 16. caloneura
cc. Under side ofhs. white-tomentose . 17. Folgneri
Group 1. AUCTJPARIA.
1. americana, Marsh. (Pyrus americana, DC. S.
micrdntha, Dum.-Cours.). AMERICAN MOUNTAIX-ASH.
DOGBERRY. Fig. 3648. Small tree, attaining 30 ft., with
spreading branches, or sometimes shrubby: Ifts. 11-17,
lanceolate, long-acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrous or
slightly pubescent when young, light green above, paler
beneath, l%-4 in. long: fls. K-J4m- across, in dense,
3-6-in.-broad, usually glabrous corymbs: fr. globose,
bright red, H-J^in. across, with the calyx-lobes very
small and connivent. May, June. Newfoundland to
Man., south to Mich, and N. C. S.S. 4:171, 172. F.E.
23:209; 32:721. Var. microcarpa, Torr. & Gray (S.
microcdrpa, Pursh) , has narrower foliage and very small
frs. about Kin. across.
2. decora, Schneid. (S. americana var. decora, Sarg.
Pyrus sambudfolia, Gray, not Cham. & Schlecht.
Pyrus sitchensis, Rob. & Fern., not Piper. S. scopulina,
Brit., not Greene). Small tree or shrub, closely allied to
the preceding: Ifts. 7-15, oval to ovate-lanceolate, or
oblong, obtuse to short-acuminate, serrate, glabrous and
3648. Sorbus americana. ( X M)
dark green above, rather pale and usually pubescent
beneath when young, or glabrous, 1^-3 in. long: fls.
J4-Hin- across, in 2-4-in.-broad and rather loose
corymbs, sometimes few-fld.: fr. globose, ovoid when
young, red, about J^in. across, with more or less upright
calyx-lobes. May. Labrador to Minn., south to N. Y.
and Vt. S.S. 4:173, 174.— Often confounded with the
preceding species; intermediate forms are not uncom-
mon in regions where the two meet. Both are very
handsome in autumn with their large clusters of bright
red fr. and particularly S. decora is often planted for its
showy fr.
3. Aucuparia, Linn. (Pyrus Aucuparia, Gaertn.).
EUROPEAN MOUNTAIN-ASH. ROWAN TREE. Fig. 3649.
Round-headed tree, 20—40, occasionally 60 ft. high:
young branchlets pubescent, grayish brown when older:
petioles more or less tomentose; Ifts. 9-15, oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, serrate, entire toward the base, dull
green above, pubescent beneath or rarely glabrous, %-2
in. long: fls. white, Km- across, in flat, 4-6-in.-broad,
tomentose or sometimes almost glabrous corymbs; sta-
mens about as long as petals: fr. globose, about ^in.
across, bright red. May, June% Eu. to W. Asia and
Siberia. H.W. 3:54, pp. 78, 79. Var. dulcis, Kraetzl
{var. moravica, Zengerling). Almost glabrous: petioles
purplish; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate, 2-3 in. long, glauces-
cent beneath, usually serrate only above the middle. The
frs. are of an agreeable acid flavor and recommended
for preserves. The tree thrives well in cold northern
climates where hardly any other fr.-tree will grow.
G.M. 52:887. Var. rossica, Spaeth, is similar and also
bears edible fr., but the Ifts. are larger and broader and
more serrate. Var. Beissneri, Rehd. (var. dulcis
laciniata, Beissn., not var. laciniata, Hartm.), is a hand-
some and graceful form of var. dulcis with the Ifts. pin-
nately lobed and the If.-stalks and young branchlets
bright red. G.W. 3:267. Var. fastigiata, Loud., forms
a narrow pyramidal tree, with upright branches. Var.
pendula, Hort., has long and slender pendulous branches.
M.D. 1911, p. 246. Var. integerrima, Lange. Lfts.
entire or nearly so. Var. Fifeana, Dipp. (var. fructu-
luteo, Hort.). Fr. yellow. There are also varieties with
3196
SORBUS
SORBUS
variegated foliage. — This species is often planted as a
street tree in mountain regions of Eu.
4. tianschanica, Rupr. (Pyrus thianschdnica, Regel).
Small tree or shrub, similar to the preceding: young
branchlets glabrous, red-brown and glossy when older:
petioles and Ivs. glabrous; Ifts. 11-15, lanceolate,
acuminate, ser-
rate, entire to-
ward the base,
dark green and
glossy above,
light green
beneath, about 2
in. long: corymbs
glabrous; sta-
mens half as long
as petals; styles
2-5: fr. globose,
bright red. May,
June. Cent. Asia.
Gt. 40, p. 8. B.
3650. Sorbus domestica. (Xl/i) , • "755. Very
handsome on
account of the contrast of its dark green foliage and red-
brown branches.
5. Vilmorinii, Schneid. (C6rmus foliolosa, Franch.).
Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.: Ivs. slender; rachis
slightly winged; Ifts. 19-29, opposite or nearly so,
oblong-elliptic, serrate above the middle, glabrous,
J^-^in. long: infl. loose, 1-3 in. wide, rusty-pubescent;
fls. J^in. across; stamens about 20; styles 3, nearly gla-
brous: fr. globose, red, ^in. across. June; fr. in Sept.
W. China. B.M. 8241. — A very graceful shrub.
Group 2. CORMUS.
6. domestica, Linn. (Pyrus Sorbus, Gaertn. P.
domestica, Smith. Cormus domestica, Spach). SERVICE
TREE. Fig. 3650. Round-headed tree, 30-60 ft. high:
winter buds glutinous: petioles tomentose; Ifts. 11-17,
obovate-oblong to oblong, sharply and rather coarsely
serrate, with acuminate teeth, usually entire near the
base, green and glabrous above, floccose-tomentpse
beneath, at least when young, 1-2 H in- long: fls. white,
Hin- across, in broadly pyramidal rather loose, tomen-
tose corymbs: fr. J4-1JJ in. across, usually yellowish,
with red or orange cheek, apple-shaped in var. malifor-
mis, Lodd., pear-shaped in var. pyrif6nnis, Lodd. May.
S. Eu., N. Afr., and W. Asia. G.C. II. 1:283; 6:649.
M.D.G. 1897 : 376-8. H.W. 3, pp. 80, 81. G.W. 1, p. 158.
— This species is often confounded with the European
mountain-ash, from which it is almost indistinguishable
without frs. or fls., except by the glutinous winter buds.
Hybrids of Group 1 with Group 4 or with Aronia.
7. hybrida, Linn. (Pyrus pinnatifida, Ehrh. P. fen-
nica, Babington. S. intermedia x S. Aucuparia). Tree,
attaining 40 ft., of regular, pyramidal habit, with up-
right branches: young branchlets and petioles whitish
tomentose: Ivs. ovate to oblong-ovate, with 1-4 pairs of
decurrent Ifts. at the base, or but pinnately lobed, upper
part lobed with the lobes becoming gradually shorter
and more indistinct toward the apex, dark green above,
whitish or grayish tomentose beneath, 2^-5 in. long;
petioles about 1 in. long: fls. ^-J/£in. across, in tomen-
tose corymbs about 3 in. broad : fr. globose-ovoid, Hin.
high. May, June. H.W. 3, p. 86. S.I.F. 3:485.— A
form of narrow pyramidal habit is var. fastigiata, Hort.
G.C. III. 42:185. — Natural hybrid, occasionally found
with the parents in Eu. Two different hybrids are
usually included under S. hybrida; the typical one is
S. Aucuparia x S. intermedia, which has the TVS. oblong-
ovate to oblong, 3-5 in. long, with 10-12 pairs of veins,
the Ifts. and lobes narrower and pointed and the veins
often slightly recurved. It is mostly cult, under the
name of S. quercifolia, or S. quercoldes, Hort. The
second hybrid is var. thuringiaca, Rehd. (Pyrus
thuringiaca, Use. S. thuringiaca, Schneid.), and is a
hybrid of S. Aucuparia x S. Aria; it has ovate to ovate-
oblong Ivs., somewhat less deeply lobed, 2}/£-4 in.
long, with 8-10 pairs of veins, Ifts. and lobes broader and
pbtusish, with the veins usually curving upward. This
is known in gardens as S. quercifolia hybrida nana. Var.
decurrens, Koehne (S. dectirrens, Hedl. S. lanuginosa,
Hort., not Kit.), is a transition to S. Aucuparia; only
the 3 or 5 upper Ifts. are connate into a terminal 1ft.,
which, like the upper separate Ifts., is decurrent at the
base, under side less densely tomentose. In some nur-
series under the name of S. sambucifolia.
8. spuria, Pers. (Pyrus heterophylla, Dur. S. Aucu-
paria x Aronia arbutifdlia) . Shrub or small tree,
attaining 15 ft., with slender, sometimes pendulous
branches: Ivs. ovate to oblong-ovate, obtuse, with 2-6
lobes or Ifts. near the base, simply crenate-serrate
toward the apex, 1^-3 Yz in. long, pubescent beneath:
fls. white or pinkish white, in pubescent or glabrous
corymbs 1-1 ^ in. broad: fr. subglobose or pear-shaped,
dark purple. May, June. Of garden origin. B.R. 1196.
— Sometimes cult, under the name S. quercifolia flori-
bunda nana. Hybrids of different origin are usually
united under S. spuria; the more pubescent forms with
dark purple fr. are probably the offspring of S. Aucu-
paria and Aronia arbutifolia and represent typical S.
spuria, while the more glabrous forms with usually
blackish fr. have S. Aucuparia and Aronia melano-
carpa as then- parents and may be called S. fdllax,
Schneid. (S. heterophylla, Dipp.). A similar form with
quite glabrous and more pointed Ivs., is probably a
hybrid of S. americana and Aronia melanocarpa, and is
named S. sorbifoliat Hedl. (S. Sdrgentii, Dipp.).
Group 3. TORMINARIA.
9. torminalis, Crantz (Pyrus tormindlis, Ehrh. Tor-
mindria tormindlis, Dipp. T. Clusii, Roem.). WILD
SERVICE TREE. Round-headed tree, with spreading
branches, 40-80 ft. high: Ivs. broadly ovate, slightly
cordate to broadly cuneate at the base, with several tri-
angular-ovate, serrate lobes on each side, the lower
sinuses reaching
about half - way to
the middle, floccose-
tomentose when
young, finally gla-
brous, rarely with
persistent tomentum,
2-4 in. long; petioles
1-1% in. long: fls.
white, J^in. across,
in broad, rather loose
tomentose corymbs:
fr. oval, J^-%in. high,
brown, dotted. May,
June. S. and Cent.
Eu. H.W. 3:53, pp.
82, 83.— The foliage
turns bright red in
autumn.
Group 4. ARIA.
10. latifdlia, Pers.
(Pyrus rotundifolia, U
Bechst. P. intermedia
var. latifolia, Ser. P.
Aria var. latifolia,
Hort. Tormindria
latifolia, Dipp. S.
Aria x S. tormindlis).
Tree, attaining 50 ft.,
similar to the pre-
ceding: Ivs. broadly
ovate to ovate, USU- 3651. Sorbus Aria. (XH)
SORBUS
SORBUS
3197
ally rounded at the base, pinnately lobed with short,
broadly triangular, sharply serrate lobes, and with 6-9
pairs of veins, grayish or whitish tomentose beneath,
2M~4 in. long; petioles H-l in. long: fls. about Ypb..
across, in broad, tomentose corymbs: fr. globose or
globose-ovoid, about J^in. high, orange to brownish red.
May, June. Occasionally occurring in Cent. Eu. H.
W. 3, p. 85.
11. intermedia, Pers. (Pyrus intermedia, Ehrh. Sor-
bus scdndica, Fries. Aria suecica, Koehne. Hdhnia
suecica, Dipp.). Tree, 20-40 ft. high, with oval head:
lys. ovate to oblong-ovate, broadly cuneate at the base,
pinnately lobed with broad and short, irregularly ser-
rate lobes and 5^-8 pairs of veins, whitish tomentose
beneath, 2l/^-A in. long; petioles J^-^in. long: fls.
about Join, across, in broad, tomentose corymbs: fr.
orange-red, globose or subglobose, about Y$&. high.
May. X. and Cent. Eu. S.I.F. 3:485.— This is some-
times confounded with S. hybrida and considered to be a
hybrid of similar origin, but it is certainly a good species.
It never bears distinct Ifts. at the base and the sinuses
do not reach farther than one-third toward the middle.
12. Aria, Crantz (Pyrus Aria, Ehrh. Aria nivea,
Host. Hdhnia Aria, Medikus). WHITE BEAM-TREE.
Fig. 3651. Tree, with broadly pyramidal or oval head,
25-50 ft. high: Ivs. elliptic to oblong-oval, usually
cuneate at the base, acute or obtuse at the apex,
sharply and doubly serrate, of firm texture, bright or
dark green and glabrous above, white-tomentose
beneath, 2-5 in. long; petioles Yy-y±v&. long: fls. ^-%in.
across, in tomentose, 2-3-in.-broad corymbs: fr. sub-
globose, orange-red, about Hm- high. May. Cent,
and S. Eu. to Himalayas and Siberia. G.M. 44:291.
H.W. 3:52. — Desirable tree for dry and exposed situa-
tions, and very ornamental in foliage on account of the
contrasting colors of the upper and under sides of the Ivs.
Var. Decaisneana, Rehd. (Aria Decaisnedna, Lav.
Pyrus Decaisnedna, Nichols. Pyrus Aria var. majestica,
Prain. S. Aria var. majestica, Zabel). Lvs. elliptic or
ovate, irregularly doubly serrate, 3—7 in. long: infl.
3-4 in. across: fls. %in. across; stamens longer than
styles: fr. oval, J^in. across. B.M. 8184. Origin
unknown, probably from the Himalayas. Var. edulis,
Wenzig (Pyrus edulis, Willd. S. longifblia, Hedl.). Lvs.
elliptic-oblong to oblong, rounded or acute at the
apex, 2-5 in. long: fr. oval, ^-%in. high. There are
some garden forms, as vars. aurea, chrysophylla, and
lutescens, Hort., with more or less yellow foliage.
13. umbellata, Fritsch^(5. meridiondlis, Guss. S.
flabellifdlia, S. Schau. S. Aria var. flabellifolia, Wenzig.
S. flabelldta, Hort.). Small tree, attaining 20 ft.: Ivs.
orbicular to broadly oval, obtuse, usually broadly
cuneate at the base, incisely lobed above the middle,
with the short lobes truncate or rounded and coarsely
toothed, with 5-7 pairs of veins, snowy white beneath,
1/^-2 Yi in. long: fls. scarcely J^in. across, in dense,
white-tomentose corymbs: fr. depressed-globose,
orange-red. S. E. Eu., W. Asia.— Cult, in some nurser-
ies as Pyrus aurea striata. Var. cretica, Schneid. (S.
Aria var. cretica, Rehd. Aria graeca, Roem. S. Aria
var. graeca, Koch). Lvs. orbicular-obovate, doubly
serrate, scarcely lobed, with 6-11 pairs of veins, \Yr^
in. long. S. E. Eu., W. Asia.
14. alpina, Heynh. (Aronia densiflora, Spach. A.
Willdendwii, Zabel. S. Aria x Aronia arbutifolia).
Shrub, similar to S. Aria, but Ivs. smaller, densely
serrulate, with fewer and less straight veins: infl. and fls.
smaller; styles 3-4: fr. red or brownish red, J^in.
across. Of garden origin. — From Aronia arbutifolia it
may be distinguished by usually larger Ivs. with more
numerous veins and with a less close and less glandular
serration and by larger fls. with only 3-4 styles. A
similar hybrid is S. Dippelii, Zabel (S. Aria x Aronia
melanocdrpa) with the Ivs. often finally glabrescent and
black frs. over Y$ai. across.
Group 5. MICROMELES.
15. alnifdlia, Koch (Micromeles alnifolia, Koehne.
Pyrus Miyabei, Sarg.). Fig. 3652. Tree, to 60 ft., with
upright branches: branchlets glabrous or slightly pubes-
cent: Ivs. ovate to elliptic-ovate, rounded at the base,
short-acuminate, unequally serrate, glabrous above,
glabrous or slightly pubescent beneath, on vigorous
shoots sometimes densely pubescent, 2-4 in. long, with
6-10 pairs of veins: infl. loose, nearly glabrous, 6-12-
fld.: fls. %-liin. across; ovary usually 2-celled: fr. sub-
globose, J^in. across, red with yellow. May; fr. in
Sept., Oct. Cent. China, Manchuria, Korea, Japan.
B.M. 7773. G.F. 7:84 (adapted in Fig. 3652). Gt. 41,
pp. 283, 284; 52, p. 3. S.I.F. 1:49.
16. calonevlra, Rehd. (Micromeles caloneura, Stapf.
Pyrus caloneura, Veitch). Shrub or small tree, to 20
ft.: branchlets glabrous: Ivs. elliptic-oblong to obovate-
oblong, acute or sometimes short-acuminate, broadly
36S2. Sorbus alnifolia.
cuneate at the base, doubly crenate-serrate, quite gla-
brous and dark green above, pale beneath and spa-
ringly hairy on the veins, 2>^-3K in. long, with 10-12
pairs of veins impressed above : infl. dense, many-fld. :
fls. J^in. across, with violet-purple stamens; styles 5;
ovary 5-celled: fr. pyriform, Ys~Y^- long, brown.
May; fr. in Oct. Cent. China. B.M. 8335.
17. F61gneri, Rehd. (Micromeles Folgneri, Schneid.
Pyrus Folgneri, Bean). Tree with spreading and arch-
ing branches: young branchlets tomentose: Ivs. ovate to
elliptic-ovate, acute or short-acuminate, rounded or
broadly cuneate at the base, finely serrate or on shoots
doubly serrate and often slightly lobed, dark green and
glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath, 2-3 in. long,
with 8-9 pairs of veins: infl. about 4 in. across, tomen-
tose, many-fld.; fls. Y^rY^- across; styles 3: fr. ovoid,
red, about Yzvo.. long. May: fr. in Oct. Cent. China.
M.D.G. 1912 : 136. Var. pendula, Rehd. (Pyrus Fdlgneri
var. pendula, Veitch). Branches pendulous. — This is a
very handsome and graceful species.
3198
SORBUS
SORREL
S. aperta, Koehne. Allied to S. Aucuparia. Tree, to 40 ft. : Ifts.
9-17, elliptic to elliptic-oblong, acute, serrate, glabrous, 1-2 in.
long: styles 5: fr. small, whitish. W. China. — S. arbutifdlia,
Heynh.=Aronia arbutifolia. — S. Chamxmespilus, Crantz (Pyrus
Chamsemespilus, Poll. P. alpina, Dur. Aria Chamsemespilus, Host.).
Upright shrub, 6 ft. high, allied to S. Aria. Lvs. elliptic to oblong,
serrate, almost glabrous, 1 14-2% in. long: fls. pinkish, with upright
Eetals, in dense corymbs about 1M in. broad: fr. oval, orange to
rownish red. Cent, and S. Eu. H.W. 3, p. 84. Var. sudetica,
Wenzig. Lvs. whitish or grayish tomentose beneath. Mountains of
Cent. Eu. — S. commtxta, Hedl. (S. Aucuparia var. japonica, Maxim.
S. japonica, Koehne, not Hedl.). Allied to S. americana. Small
tree: Ifts. 11-15, oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, long-acuminate,
glabrous, 2-3 in. long: infl. glabrous: fr. red, small. Japan. S.I.F.
2:31. — S. Conradinse, Koehne. Allied to S. Aucuparia. Tree, to 25
ft.: stipules large, persistent; Ifts. 11-13, oblong to oblong-lanceo-
late, short-acuminate, serrate, tomentose beneath, 2-3 in. long:
styles usually 4: fr. globose, red, about Kin. across. W. China. — S.
cuspidata, Hedl. (S. vestita, Schau. Pyrus vestita, Wall. Pyrus
crenata, Lindl., not Don. Cormus Janata, Koehne. S. nepalensis,
Hort.). Tree, allied to S. Aria:lvs. elliptic to elliptic-oblong, acumi-
nate, doubly serrate, densely tomentose beneath, 3-7 in. long: styles
usually 5, woolly at the base: fr. about J^in. across. Himalayas.
G.C. II. 1:17. B.M. 8259.— S. Decaisnedna, Rehd. (Micromeles
Decaisneana, Schneid.). Tree, to 40 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-obovate, cre-
nate-serrulate, with 8-10 pairs of veins, nearly glabrous beneath,
2-3}^ in. long: infl. tomentose, 1 Yi in. across; styles usually 3, con-
nate below: fr. ovoid, red, J^in. across with deciduous calyx. Cent,
and W. China. — S. discolor, Hedl. (Pyrus discolor, Maxim.). Doubt-
ful species allied to S. Aucuparia; possibly the same as S. pekinen-
sis. The plants in cult, as S. discolor probably do not belong here.
— S. Esserteauiana, Koehne. Allied to S. Aucuparia. Tree, to 25
ft.: stipules large, persistent; Ifts. 11-13, oblong-lanceolate, subacu-
minate, serrate, whitish tomentose beneath, \Yr-^Yz in. long: infl.
tomentose, 4-6 in. across: fr. globose, scarlet, Km- across. W.
China. — S. grdcilis, Koch (Pyrus gracilis, Sieb. & Zucc.). Shrub,
with pinnate Ivs., those at the base of the loose, few-fld. corymbs
with large, incised-dentate stipules: Ifts. 7-9, ovate to ovate-oblong,
1-1 M.in. long: styles 2. Cent, and S. Japan. — S. Hdstii, Koch (Pyrus
Hostii, Hemsl. Aria Hostii, Jacq. f.). Supposed to be a hybrid
between S. Mougeotii and S. Chamsemespilus: shrub or small tree,
12 ft. high: Ivs. oval to elliptic-obovate, sharply serrate: fls. pinkish,
in dense corymbs about 2% in. broad: fr. globose, ovoid, red.
Mountains of Cent. Eu. Gn. 20:376. R.H. 1877:210.— S. japonica,
Hedl. (Micromeles japonica, Koehne. S. Koehnei, Zabel). Allied
to S. alnifolia. Lvs. pubescent above, grayish tomentose beneath:
infl. denser with smaller fls.: fr. deeper scarlet, punctate. Japan.
S.I.F. 1:48. — S. japdnica, Koehne=S. commixta. — S. japonica,
Zabel=Eriobotrya japonica. — S. Koehnei, Zabel (not to be con-
fused with S. Koehneana, Schneid., a species of the Aucuparia
group, not in cult.)=S. japonica. — S. landta, Wenzig (Pyrus lan-
ata, Don). Tree, allied to S. Aria: Ivs. oval, sharply and doubly
serrate and slightly lobed, 4-7 in. long: styles 2-3, connate below,
woolly: fr. globose, Yt-\Yi in. across. Himalayas. — S. Matsumu-
rana, Koehne (Pyrus Matsumurana, Makino). Allied to S. decora.
Shrub, glabrous: Ifts. 9-13, oblong-ovate to oblong, acute, serrate
above the middle, \Yz-2Yi in. long: stamens half as long as petals;
styles 5: fr. red, }^in., bloomy. Japan. — S. megalocdrpa, Rehd.
Shrubby tree, to 25 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-obovate to obovate-oblong,
acuminate, crenate-serrate, glabrous, 5-10 in. long: infl. 4-6 in.
across; styles usually 3: fr. ifr-1 in. long, russet-brown. W. China. —
S. meliosmifdlia, Rehd. Allied to S. alnifolia. Tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs.
short-petioled, ovate to elliptic-oblong, doubly serrate, with 18-24
pairs of veins, slightly pubescent beneath, 5-8 in. long: infl. 2-4 in.
across: fr. subglobqse, brownish red, y2in. long. W. China. — S.
Mougeotii, Soyer-Willemet (Pyrus Mougeotii, Aschers. & Graebn.).
Allied to S. intermedia; often shrubby: Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong,
lobed, short-acuminate, with 8-12 pairs of veins: fr. red, globose,
Y&n. across, edible. Mountains of Cent. Eu. H.W. 3, p. 83. — S.
nepalensis, Hort.=S. cuspidata. — S. occidentalis, Greene=S.
pumila.— S. ochrocdrpa, Rehd. Allied to S. Aria. Lvs. generally
elliptic, doubly denticulate-serrate, grayish tomentose beneath, 2^
in. long: infl. small, sessile, styles 2, connate at base: fr. pale, sub-
globose, J^in. across. W. China.— S. pekinensis, Koehne. Allied
to S. americana. Tree, nearly glabrous: Ifts. 13-17, oblong, acute,
serrate, 1 Yy-2Yz\n. long: infl. 4-8 in. across; styles 3: fr. subglobose,
small, pinkish white or yellowish. N.China. Gt. 55:1551, fig. 7. —
S. pohuashanensis, Hedl. Allied to S. Aucuparia. Tree: stipules
large, persistent; Ifts. 13-15, ovate-oblong to ovate-lanceolate,
whitish beneath, 1 Yy-2 in. long: infl. 4-5 in. across, tomentose: fr.
red, subglobose, J^in. across. N. China. — S. pumila, Raf. (S.
sitchensis, Roem. S. occidentalis, Greene. S. sambucifolia var.
Grayi, Wenzig). Allied to S. decora. Shrub: Ifts. 7-11, oval to oval-
oblong, obtuse, serrate toward the apex, bluish green, 1-2 in. long-
"jfl- 1-3 m. across; styles 3-5: fr. subglobose, red. Alaska to N.
G.F. 10:85. — S. sambucifolia, Roem. Allied to S. americana.
bnrub: Ifts. 9-11, ovate-oblong, acuminate, serrate, glabrous, green
on both sides, 2-3 in. long: infl. slightly villous: fr. subglobose, J4in.
across, yellowish red. N. E. Asia. Very rare in cult., usually S.
decora is cult, under this name.— S. Sargentiana, Koehne. Allied to
fe Aucuparia. Tree, to 30 ft.: stipules large, persistent: Ifts. 9-11,
pblong:lanceolate, acuminate, serrate, villous beneath while young:
infl. 6 in. across; styles 3-5: fr. globose, Min. across, scarlet. W.
China. Not to be confused with S. Sargentii which see under No. 8.
— b. scaldns, Koehne. Allied to S. Vilmorinii. Shrub, to 20 ft •
stipules large, persistent; rachis slightly winged: Ifts. 25-27, linear-
oblong, dentate only at the apex, villous beneath, %-l % in. long:
infl. tomentose; styles 3-4: fr. globose, red, Kin. across. W. China
—8. setschwanensis, Koehne. Allied to S. Vilmorinii. Shrub, to 15
ft : rachis slightly winged: Ifts. 25-35, narrow-oblong, serrulate,
glabrous, tt-Jgn. long: infl. glabrous, 1-2 Y2 in. across; styles 2-4-
fr. globose, }^in. across, whitish or pale purple. W. China. — S.
sitchensis, Roem.=S. pumila. — S. sudetica, Heynh.=S. Chamsemes-
pilus var. sudetica. — S. wiguiculdta, Koehne. Allied to S. Vilmo-
rinii. Shrub, to 15 ft.: rachis narrowly winged: Ifts. 23-33, oval to
narrow-oblong, serrulate, villous on midrib beneath, K-/*in. long:
infl. 1-2 in. broad, slightly villous; claw or petals one-half as long as
blade: fr. globose, J^in. across, whitish or pale purple. W. China. —
S. vestita, Wall.= S. cuspidata.
ALFRED REHDER.
SORGHASTRUM (named for its resemblance to
sorghum, a name which has been applied to Holcus).
Gramineae. Grasses having the infl. as in Holcus but
the pedicellate spikelet wanting, the pedicel only
present. — Species about 12, mostly American.
nutans, Nash (Chrysopogon niitans, Benth. Andro-
pogon avenaceus, Michx.). INDIAN GRASS. In large
clumps, perennial, 3-5 ft. tall, bearing beautiful nar-
row panicles, 6-12 in. long, the copious golden hairs and
brilliant yellow anthers producing a charming effect
when in bloom, turning to a bronzy brown; culms sim-
ple, Ivs. pale. A native species occurring on dry soils
from the Atlantic to the Rocky Mts. Dept. Agric..
Div. Agrost. 7:21. f. 15. 1897.— Useful for the wild
border. One of the handsomest natives; very hardy
and worthy of greater use. A g HITCHCOCK.
S6RGHUM: Holcus.
SORINDEIA (said to be the native name in Mada-
gascar). Anacardiacese. Glabrous trees or shrubs, suita-
ble for the warmhouse and also grown outdoors in the
far South.
Leaves alternate, odd-pinnate; the Ifts. entire: fls.
small, polygamous or dioecious, in many-fid, panicles
which are terminal, axillary, or from the old wood,
often lax and divaricate; calyx 4-5 (3) -toothed, cup-
shaped; petals as many as the calyx-teeth, valyate;
stamens in the male fl. 10-20, occupying a central disk or
as many or twice as many as the petals, inserted around
the disk; ovary in the female fl. sessile: fr. drupaceous.
— About 15 species, Trop. Afr. and Madagascar.
madagascariensis, DC. GRAPE MANGO. Tree, often
of large size, glabrous: Ivs. odd-pinnate, more or less
leathery; Ifts. 7-9-11, oblong or oblong-elliptical, the
terminal often obovate: panicles fascicled, lateral, or
from the old wood, often 1-2 ft. long, dependent in fr.,
calyx broadly 5-toothed: fr. the size of a "sparrow's
egg," yellow, "sweet, with the taste of turpentine.'*
Madagascar, Trop. E. Afr., and Zanzibar. — Cult, in
Trop. Asia and intro. into the southern U. S.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SORREL. Various species of Rumex (which see)
produce large thick acid leaves which are prized for
salads or for "greens." Leaves of some of the native or
naturalized species are gathered as pot-herbs in many
parts of the country. In the Old World, however, sev-
eral species are regularly cultivated in kitchen-gardens;
in this country these cultivated species are relatively
little known. They are perennials of the very easiest
culture. Usually they persist for a number of years
after well established, giving an abundance of soft edi-
ble leaves early in the spring when herbage is scarce.
They are usually grown from seeds, and plants fit for
cutting may be had when the plants are one or two
years old. Plants should be placed at one side of the
garden where they will not interfere with the regular
tillage. No special treatment is demanded. When
they begin to show signs of failing, new plants should be
started or the old ones may be taken up and divided.
The rows should stand about 18 inches apart. Do not
let the plants exhaust themselves by seed-bearing. The
spinach dock (Rumex Patientia) is one of the best and
earliest. The belleville (Rumex Acetosa) is also an excel-
lent plant for the home-garden and has the advantage
of following the other as a succession. Various other
species may be had of European seed-dealers. See
Dock and Rumex. L. H. B.
SORREL-TREE
SPANISH BAYONET
3199
SORP EL-TREE: Oxydendrvm. S., Wood: Oxalu Acetosella.
SOUR GUM: Xyssa sylnUica. S. Sop: Annona mwricata. S.
Wood: Oiydendrum.
SOUTHERNWOOD (Artemisia Abrotanum, which
see for botanical account) is a European herb, aroma-
tic, much branched, woody-stemmed, rather tender,
perennial, 3 to 5 feet tall, with pale green or grayish often
variegated leaves, small yellowish flowers and minute
seeds. (Fig. 3653.) It is occasionally found in family
gardens, where it is grown from seed (or more often
from its easily rooted cuttings, which are most readily
obtained in early summer) for its pleasant taste and
tonic properties, which resemble those of wormwood.
It is seldom offered by seedsmen in this country because
of its slight importance. ^1. G. KAINS.
SOWBUGS. There are two common species,
Armadillidium vidgare and Porcellio laevis, known
respectively as the greenhouse pillbug and the door-
yard sowbug. These are small oval grayish terrestrial
crustaceans (not insects) that live in damp situations.
They feed, mostly at night, on decaying vegetable
matter and sometimes attack germinating seeds and the
roots, crown, and occasionally the leaves and blossoms
of greenhouse plants, such as primulas, petunias, saxi-
frage, violets, geraniums, roses, and wisteria. Orchids,
especially cattleyas, are liable to injury. Head lettuce
is often infested, and sowbugs sometimes become a
veritable pest in mushroom cellars.
Sowbugs reproduce by means of eggs which are car-
ried by the female in a pouch on the under side of the
body. The young are similar in form to the adults and
are carried by the female until they attain a considera-
ble size. There is probably but one brood annually.
Sowbugs are destroyed in greenhouses and similar
situations by the use of freshly sliced potatoes or beets
dusted lightly with pans green or some other arsenical.
These baits should be placed on the soil near the plants
to be protected in the evening, since sowbugs are
nocturnal in their habits. Another excellent bait is
made as follows: To a quart of corn-meal add enough
brown sugar to sweeten it, then add two tablespoonfuls
of paris green and stir until it is thoroughly mixed.
Moisten the mixture with just enough water so that it
will hold together. This bait is to be distributed around
the plants as recommended above.
Water-cress sowbugs (Mancasettus brachyurus). — In
the eastern United States water-cress is often seriously
injured by an aquatic species of sowbug that attacks
the submerged portions of the plant, cuts off the roots
and stems, and causes large masses of the cress to float
on top of the water. This form differs from the species
found in greenhouses by having longer legs and antennae
and being shrimp-like in form when viewed from the
side. It is about Yi inch in length and gray in color.
It often occurs in immense numbers so as practically
to destroy the whole crop. \Vhere cress is grown in
natural streams or ponds no practical method of con-
trolling the sowbugs has been devised. Some growers,
however, have been able to overcome the difficulty by
growing the plants in broad shallow beds sloping toward
the center, where a trough 10 inches square, lined with
boards, extends the whole length of the bed. When the
sowbugs become abundant, the water is shut off for
twelve to twenty-four hours, allowing the beds to drain.
Water is retained in the trough in which the sowbugs
soon accumulate in great numbers. They may be
destroyed by the addition of a liberal quantity of copper
sulfate solution. Less injury will result to the plants if
the water is drained off soon after the cress has been
B*1>««A C. R. CROSBY.
M. D. LEONARD.
SOW THISTLE: A name for the prickly weedy species of
Sonchus.
3653. Southernwood. (X:_,
SOYBEAN (Glycine Soja, formerly called G. his-
pida) is a legume, long a staple crop in Japan, but
somewhat recently cultivated more or less exten-
sively in the United States. (Figs. 479, 483.) In its
native country, Japan, the seed is an important human
food, product,
but in the
United States its
principal use at
present is as a
forage plant for
farm live-stock
and as a soil-ren-
ovator. It is an
upright leafy
branching plant,
growing 3 to 4
feet high. Two
distinct plants
have been called
soybean: the
smaller one
(Phaseolus au-
reus) is grown
principally in
southern Asia;
the larger spe-
cies, the true soy-
bean, is Glycine
Soja. This latter
species has be-
come popular in
some sections of
the United
States because
of its power of
resisting drought
and for the fur-
ther reason that is may supply a large amount of forage
rich in protein. In the northern states it" is probable
that the soybean will be acclimated and that it will
serve as an adjunct to the maize crop as a food for
stock, although it is coarse in leaf and stalk.
It thrives best upon a warm well-drained loamy soil,
and seed should not be planted until all danger from
frost is over. The land should be prepared by plowing
and harrowing in the early spring, and the harrow
should be used two or three times before the seeds are
planted. Best success is attained by planting in drills,
rows to be from 2% to 3 feet apart and the hills in the
row 18 to 20 inches apart. During the early periods of
growth, cultivation should be frequent, preferably with
a fine-toothed implement. After the plants have grown
so that the ground is well shaded, the tillage may be dis-
continued. It is doubtful whether the curing of the
plants for hay will ever come into general practice, but
the crop may be largely grown for green soiling and for
ensilage purposes. It may be cut into the silo with corn
and serves to improve the quality of the food.
To the horticulturist the soybean is valuable chiefly
as a soil-renovator. The soil of the orchard can be given
clean culture during the early summer and the soy-
beans may be sown broadcast about July 1 and har-
rowed in. One bushel of seed to the acre will be
required. One bushel of rye to the acre should be sown
at the same time, for when the beans are killed down by
the frost in the fall the rye will then serve as a cover-crop
for the winter. When the soil is so hard and forbid-
ding that clover will not thrive, the soybean may be
made to serve as a nitrogen-gatherer. See Glycine.
L. A. CLINTON.
SPJEND6NCEA: Cadia. S. tamarindifdlia, Desf.=Cadia pur-
purea. H.F. II. 4: 114.
SPANISH BAYONET: Yucca. S. Broom: Spartium junceum.
S. Lime: Mdicocca bijwja. S. Oyster Plant: Scotymus.
3200
SPARAXIS
SPARMANNIA
SPARAXIS (Greek word referring to the torn or
lacerated spathes, a character which distinguishes
this genus from Tritonia). Iridaceae. WAND-FLOWER.
Bulbs or corms with fibrous coating, the plants suitable
for outdoor planting but grown mostly under glass.
Stems simple or slightly branched: Ivs. few, flat,
sword-like or broadly linear, erect or falcate: spathes
few, remote or sometimes solitary, broad-striate or
frequently marked with short brown lines: fls. 1 to a
spathe, sessile, rather large, yellow; perianth-tube short
and slender, 6-lobed; ovary 3-celled: caps, membrana-
ceous, ovoid or oblong, included in the spathe. — About
3 species, Cape Colony, S. Afr. Sparaxis is a group of
spring-blooming Cape bulbs of the Ixia tribe, with
spikes of 6-petaled, more or less funnel-shaped fls.
1-2 in. across and exhibiting an extraordinary range of
color and throat - markings.
These plants are less popular
than ixias, which they much
resemble. The plants are
dwarfer and more compact
than ixias, usually 6-12 in. high,
the spikes are shorter and
fewer-fld., and the blossoms
are sometimes larger. Sparaxis
is essentially distinguished from
Ixia and other allied genera by
the subregular perianth, uni-
lateral and arcuate stamens,
and scarious lacerated spathe-
valves.
Although a few plants of
sparaxis are occasionally culti-
vated in America by bulb-fan-
ciers, one may search through
many American catalogues
without finding them listed.
The Dutch bulb-growers offer
twenty - five distinct kinds,
which is perhaps a quarter of
the number of varieties of ixias
in cultivation. According to
J. G. Baker, there is "only one
species in a broad sense, vary-
ing indefinitely in the size and
coloring of the flowers." For
practical purposes Baker recog-
nizes the three species given
below; of these the most impor-
tant and variable is S. tricolor.
Sparaxis pulcherrima of the Dutch trade is properly
Dierama pulcherrima, Baker. This grows as much as 6
feet high and has pendulous bright blood-purple flowers
but apparently with pale rose and perhaps other varie-
ties (also a white variety). It is distinguished by its
pendulous flowers with regular perianth, simple style-
branches, equilateral stamens, and large bracts which
are not laciniate. B.M. 5555. F.S. 17:1810. Gn.
20:588; 44, p. 281. G. 16:386; 29:197. G.L. 27:152.
This plant is said by F. W. Burbidge to be "perhaps the
most graceful of all the Cape irids." (See Vol. II, page
1007.)
A. Throat of fl. same color as segms.
B. Fls. small; segms. l^-^in. long.
bulbifera, Ker. Corm globose, J^£-%in. thick: basal
Ivs. about 4, linear or lanceolate, J»%-1 ft. long: sts.
]/2~\ ft. long, simple or branched, bearing low down 2-3
small Ivs., often with bulbils in the axils: fls. solitary
or few in a spike, yellow; perianth-tube Kin. long.
B.M. 545 (as Ixia bulbifera). — To this species Baker
refers S. albiflora, Eckl., with fls. whitish inside, and S.
violdcea, Eckl., with dark purple fls.
BB. Fls. larger; segms. 1 in. or more long.
grandiflora, Ker. Habit, corm, Ivs., and spathe just
as in S. bulbifera but the fls. larger, the limb 1 in. or
3654. Sparaxis tricolor.
(XJO
more long, usually yellow or purple, and larger anthers.
B.R. 258 (fls. white inside, midvein on the back pur-
ple). B.M. 541 (as Ixia grandiflora; fls. rich purple,
margined lighter) ; 779 (fls. primrose inside, flamed pur-
ple outside). — The principal named forms are: Var.
atropurpfcrea, Hort., dark purple; var. anemonaeflora,
Hort., pale yellow; var. Liliago, Baker, white, flushed
with claret-purple outside; and var. stellaris, Baker,
dark purple, the segms. narrower than the type, oblance-
olate and acute rather than oblong.
AA. Throat of fl. bright yellow, often with a dark blotch on
the lower part of each segm.
tricolor, Ker. Fig. 3654. Differs from S. grandiflora
only in the color of the fls., which are very variable but
always have a bright yellow throat and often a dark
blotch at the base of each segm. B.M. 381 (as Ixia
tricolor); 1482. F.S. 2:124. F. 1843:213 (as S. picta,
S. purpurea, S. pulchella). — According to Baker, this is
the favorite species among cultivators. It certainly has
the greatest variety of colors and markings. In the
works cited the floral segms. range from nearly white
through rose, brick-red, carmine, crimson, and light pur-
ple to dark purple, excluding blue and yellow, which
latter color usually appears in the throat.
WILHELM MILLER.
SPARGANIUM (Greek, fillet, referring to the ribbon-
like leaves). Sparganiacese. BUR-REED. Marsh or
aquatic herbs which may be used in the bog-garden or
along the pond-edge. Pflanzenreich, IV, 8. 1900.
Leaves alternate, sessile, linear-elongate, erect or
floating, entire: fls. monoecious, in globular, sessile, or
pedunculate heads, the upper bearing 3-androus, naked
fls. and minute scales, the lower consisting of numer-
ous sessile or shortly pedicelled pistillate fls.; ovary
1-2-celled: fr. obovoid or spindle-shaped, 1-2-seeded. —
About 15 species^ temperate and subf rigid regions of
the northern hemisphere and in Austral. Bur-reeds are
marsh herbs closely allied to cat-tails but with fls. in
globular heads instead of oblong spikes. A few hardy
perennial kinds are advertised by collectors of native
plants and one or two are procurable from specialists in
aquatics. Bur-reeds are desirable only in bog-gardens
or in wild-gardening operations. The beauty of these
plants often lies in each species being massed alone, as
well as in the mixing with other plants.
A. Infl. unbranched.
simplex, Huds. Sts. weak and slender, 1^-2 ft.
high, unbranched: Ivs. more or less triquetrous: stami-
nate heads 4-6; pistillate 2-6, 5-8 lines in diam.: fr.
stalked. June- Aug. N. Amer.
AA. Infl. branched.
B. Height 3-8 ft.
eurycarpum, Engelm. Sts. stout, 3-8 ft. high, branch-
ing: Ivs. linear, flat, slightly keeled beneath: staminate
heads numerous, pistillate 2-4 on a st. or branch, 10-16
lines in diam. : fr. sessile, angled, depressed at the sum-
mit. May- Aug. N. Amer.
BB. Height 2-4 ft.
ramosum, Huds. Lvs. 3-angled at the base, long and
linear: heads 5-9, disposed in axillary and terminal,
interrupted spikes, the lowest one larger and pistillate,
the others wholly staminate; pistillate heads 8-10 lines
in diam. July. Old World. WILHELM MILLER.
SPARMANNIA (named for Andreas Sparmann,
1747-1787). Tiliacese. Shrubs or trees, with soft stel-
late pubescence, grown in the greenhouse and also out-
of-doors in the southern United States.
Leaves cordate, dentate, or lobed: fls. white, in ter-
minal, umbelliform little cymes; sepals 4, petals 4,
naked at the base ; stamens numerous, free ; ovary nearly
4-celled: caps, globose, spiny. — About 5 species, Afr.
SPARMAXXIA
SPATHELIA
3201
Sparmannia africana is of easy treatment under glass
in a moderate temperature with plenty of air and
light. The plants are benefited by being plunged in the
garden in the summer and syringed during dry weather.
Plants should be potted early in spring. The tips of
young shoots root readily with 60° of heat.
A. Lvs. deeply 5-7-lobed.
palmata, E. Mey. A slender shrub much smaller in
all its parts than S. africana: branches half-herba-
ceous: Ivs. on long petioles, the lobes long-acuminate,
incisely sinuate and unequally toothed, prominently
5-7-nerved below: fls. white or purplish, densely
arranged on the subterminal peduncles: caps. 4-celled.
S. Afr.— Sparingly cult, in S. Calif.
AA. Lvs. not lobed.
africana, Linn. A large shrub or tree, 10-20 ft. high:
lv>. cordate-acuminate, 5-7-angled, unequally toothed,
5-6 in. long, 7-9-ribbed below: fls. white, on many-fld.
peduncles: caps. 5-celled. S. Afr. B.M. 516. G.M.37:
233. R.H. 1858, p. 105. Gn. 45:528; 76, p. 192. G. 22:
689; 27:195. Gn.W. 22: suppl. March 25. G.W. 5, p.
566. — A useful greenhouse plant. Var. fldre-pleno, Hort.,
is also grown. G.C. II. 19:477. — S. africana is not com-
mon in S. Calif., but is highly esteemed. One specimen,
40 years old, is 12 ft. high and 16ft. through, and con-
sists of about 50 trunks l/^-A in. diam. It is literally
covered with snowballs of 4 in. diam., the blooms being
so heavy that the ends of the branches touch the
ground, necessitating severe pruning as soon as blooms
were past beauty. No viburnum, hydrangea, or other
shrub can compare with it at its blooming season. Dur-
ing the remainder of the year it has the appearance
of a clump of basswood suckers, the Ivs. being nearly
identical in appearance with those of the basswood. It
is therefore a dense mass of broad Ivs. and looks well
anywhere and at any time. This is one of the finest
white-fld. shrubs or trees in cult. The double variety is
not so desirable as the single. (Ernest Braunton.)
F. W. BARCLAY.
SPARTINA (Greek, spartine, a cord, referring to the
tough leaves). Graminese. Perennial marsh-plants of
various parts of the world, most or all of which are
found in the U. S. : culms rigid and reed-like: Ivs. coarse
and rough, usually becoming rolled inward: spikelets
1-fld., strongly flattened, sessile, closely imbricated in 2
rows on one side of a narrow rachis; spikes 2 to several
in a raceme.— Species about 10, most of them found
in saline marshes of the seacoast.
Michauxiana, Hitchc. (S. cynosurmdes, Amer. Auth.,
not Roth). FRESH-WATER CORD-GRASS. Fig. 3655.
Culms 3-6 ft.: blades narrow, 2-4 ft., tapering to a long
slender point, flat but soon involute in drying, the mar-
gins very scabrous : spikes 5-20, scattered, spreading, 2-
4 in. long. — In the West known as "slough-grass." A
common coarse fresh-water marsh grass, occurring across
the continent in the northern states. Recommended for
cult, along the margins of ponds and artificial lakes.
Procurable from collectors.
S. cynosuroides. Roth (S. pqlystachya, Willd.), on the Atlantic
and 5. folidsa, Trin., on the Pacific coast act as mud-binders and are
important factors in the natural reclamation of salt-marshes. In
England, S. stricta, Roth, and S. Tdwnsendii, Groves, perform the
same service. G.C. III. 43:33. S. alternifldra, Loisel., is common
*° 11 BntIS" I?Ies and tne St- Lawrence and New England coasts. —
A yellow-margined form (S. cynosuroides var. aureo-marginata) is
shown in G. 31:171. A o TT
A. S. HITCHCOCK.
SPARTIUM (Greek, spartos, the ancient name of the
plant). Syn., Spartidnthus. Legumindsx. Ornamental
hardy shrub grown chiefly for its bright yellow flowers.
Leaves alternate, simple, small: fls. in terminal, loose
racemes; calyx split above, hence 1-lipped, with 5
minute teeth; keel incurved, acuminate: pod linear,
compressed, many-seeded; seeds with callose appen-
dage at the base, like in Genista. — One species in the
Medit. region and the Canary Isls. Allied to Genista
and Cytisus, but chiefly distinguished by the 1-lipped
calyx. The slender branches yield fiber, which is used in
S. France and Spain for making ropes, cords, and cloths.
This is a handsome shrub with long and slender rush-
like green branches, small and sparse foliage and showy
papilionaceous flowers in terminal racemes. It is
especially adapted for warmer and drier regions; in the
East it is probably hardy as far north as Philadelphia.
It becomes naturalized easily, as happened in several
localities in South America, whence it was afterward
described as S. american um, Meyen. It grows in almost
any kind of well-drained
soil and is well suited
for planting on exposed
sandy and rocky situa-
tions. Propagation is by
seeds and by greenwood
cuttings under glass.
junceum, Linn. (Gen-
ista juncea, Lam. Sparti-
dnthus junceus, Link).
SPANISH BROOM. Up-
right shrub, 10 ft. high,
with slender, terete,
green, rush-like branches
sparingly leafy or almost
leafless: lys. oblanceo-
late to linear, entire,
bluish green and spar-
ingly appressed pubes-
cent, ^-l^i in. long: fls.
fragrant, yellow, about
1 in. long, with ample
standard: pod linear,
pubescent, 2-3 in. long.
June -Sept., in Calif,
blooming almost the
whole year. B.M.. 85.
B.R. 1974 (as S. acuti-
folius). Gn. 22, p. 404;
34, p. 284; 44, p. 57.—
There is a double-fld.
form. Var. ochroleucum,
Sprenger, has whitish
gg 3655. Spartina Michauxiana.
For other species sometimes referred to Spartium see Genista
and Cytisus. For S. aetnense, Biv., S.ferox, Ppir., S. monospermum,
Linn., S. rodiotum, Linn., and S. tirgotum, Ait., see Genista; for S.
purgans, Linn., S. scoparium. Linn., and S. multiflorum, Ait., see
Cytisus- ALFRED REHDER.
SPARTOCfTISUS FfLIPES, Webb.: Cytisus filipes.
SPATHELIA (from the Greek for a staff). Ruta-
ce3e. Odd evergreen trees without branches, grown in
the warmhouse and the American tropics.
Trunk simple, the Ivs. aggregated at its extremity, so
that the plant has the look of a tree-fern or palm: Ivs.
alternate, odd-pinnate; Ifts. many-paired, alternate,
linear-oblong or sickle-shaped, subentire or serrate, the
margin glandular: fls. polygamous, rather large, short-
pedicelled, in large panicles, which are terminal, elon-
gated and branched, the ultimate branches somewhat
cymose; calyx 5-parted, the segms. spreading, valvate
or subvalvate; petals 5, imbricate; disk none; stamens
5; ovary 3-angled, 3-celled: drupe without juice, elliptic-
oblong, 3-edged, 3-winged, the shell stony. — About 5
species, W. Indies.
simplex, Linn. St. slender, usually leaning, resemb-
ling a palm, 20-50 ft. high: the Ivs. and panicles are
frequently several feet long; Ifts. 20-40 pairs, very
variable, opposite or alternate, sessile or petiolulate,
cordate or obliquely rounded at base, oblong- or linear-
lanceolate, crenate or entire: panicle powdery. Some-
times planted in the W. Indies. B.R. 670.
F. TRACT HTJBBARD.
3202
SPATHIPHYLLUM
SPATHIPHfLLUM (Greek word, referring to the
leaf-like spathes). Aracese. Stemless or short-stemmed
herbs, used as warmhouse foliage plants.
Leaves large, oblong or lanceolate, acuminate or cus-
pidate, midrib strong: spathe If .-like, membranaceous,
oblong or lanceolate; spadix shorter than the spathe,
sessile or stipitate, cylindrical, densely fld.: fls. her-
maphrodite, all fertile; perianth-segms. 4, 6, or 8, con-
nate or coherent in a truncate or lobed cup; stamens 4, 6,
or 8; ovary oblong, 3-4-celled: berry globose or oblong-
conical, 3-celled, cells 1-2-seeded. — About 27 species,
mostly from Trop. Amer., one or two Malayan. Mono-
graphed by Engler and Krause in Engler's Pflanzen-
reich, hft. 37 (IV. 23B), 1908. Gardeners recommend as
soil for their cult, a mixture of leaf-mold, peat, and
fibrous loam, together with some sand and charcoal.
A. Petals free, 6-8, in 2 rows, sometimes stuck together,
never connate; stamens 6-8, rarely 4 or 5; ovary
3-4-celled, oblong, style pyramidal, more or less
exserted, coronate.
Section ETJSPATHIPHYLLTJM.
B. Ovary-cells 8-, 6-, or 4-ovuled.
cochlearispathum, Engler (S. heliconiifolium, Schott).
Caudex short: Ivs. thin, membranaceous, broadly
oblong, margin usually slightly undulate, base rotund-
ate or subcordate, 20-30 x 8-10 in. : spathe oblong, 6-12
in. long, base more or less acute, apex gradually nar-
rowed to a cusp, somewhat decurrent on the peduncle.
Mex. I.H. 21:189.
BB. Ovary-cells 2-ovuled.
blandum, Schott. Lvs. elliptic-oblong or oblong,
acute, base rather suddenly narrowed and concaved,
10 x 4 or more in. : spathe pale on both surfaces, ellip-
tic-oblong, about 3 in. long, base suddenly narrowed,
apex cuspidate-acuminate, narrowly decurrent on the
peduncle. Dutch Guiana.
AA. Petals free; ovary shortly obpyramidal, hexagonal,
top truncate, style not at all distinct.
Section AMOMOPHYLLUM.
B. Petiole about equaling or slightly shorter than blade.
floribundum, N. E. Br. Lvs. oblong-elliptic or oblong-
lanceolate, base obtuse finally abruptly contracted to a
knee or acute, apex acute, about 6x3 in., upper sur-
face rich green, lower paler: spathe white, oblong-
lanceolate, about 3 in. long, long-cuspidate; spadix
yellow-green or whitish. Colombia. I.H^21:159 (as
Anthurium floribundum) . F. 1880, p. 76.
BB. Petiole almost twice as long as blade.
Patinii, N. E. Br. (S. cdndidum, N. E. Br.). Lvs.
elongate-lanceolate, both ends long-narrowed, apex
very acute, 8-9 x 1^-2^ in.: spathe whitish, oblong-
lanceolate, about 2% x %in. Colombia. I.H. 27:397.
F.M. 1875:160. F. 1879, p. 19.
AAA. Petals connate in a 6-angled cup which is truncate
or 6-lobed; stamens 6; ovary obovoid or ovoid and
3-celled, top rather flat; cells 2-, 4; 6-, or 8-ovuled.
Section MASSOWIA.
cannaefolium, Schott; also spelled cannifolium
(Pothos cannsefdlia, Dry. S. cdndicans, Poepp.). Lvs.
membranaceous, ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, base
rather gradually running down to a knee, apex short-
acuminate, slightly unequally so, 12-32 x 4-6 in., upper
surface dark green, shining, lower paler and dull:
spathe stiffly membranaceous, outside green, inside
white, lanceolate, or elliptic-oblong, 4J^-8 in. long, base
suddenly narrowed, scarcely decurrent, apex short-
cuspidate; spadix greenish or yellowish. W. Indies.
Colombia. B.M. 603.
Hybrid, unbiassed.
hybridum, N. E. Br. A hybrid between S. cannae-
folium and S. Patinii. Petioles 6-8 in. long; If .-blades
broadly lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
8-9 in. long: spathe white on both sides, lanceolate,
acuminate, 4-5 in. long; spadix 2 in. long. I.H. 29:450.
G.C. II. 19:500.
S. Ghiesbreghtii, Hort., is offered in the trade, but is unknown
botanically. — S. pictum, Hort. Lind.=Rhodospatha picta.
F. TRACY
SPATHODEA (Greek, spathe-like, referring to the
shape of the calyx). Bignonidceae. Two or 3 evergreen
trees native of Trop. Afr. with large odd-pinnate oppo-
site or sometimes ternate Ivs., the Ifts. entire, and with
large fls. in terminal panicles or racemes: calyx large,
split on one side and recurved, exposing the corolla to
the base; corolla large, broadly campanulate and ven-
tricose ; stamens 4, exserted but shorter than the corolla,
with spreading and pendulous anther-cells; disk large,
cup-shaped; ovary oblong, with the ovules in several
rows: caps, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at the ends,
loculicidal with woody valves; seeds elliptic, broadly
winged. — The spathodeas are handsome evergreen trees
with large pinnate foliage and large and very showy
orange-red or scarlet fls. They can be grown only in sub-
tropical or tropical countries and demand rich and
well-drained soil with sufficient moisture during the
growing period; they are rarely grown in greenhouses, as
they need much space and do not bloom until they have
attained a large size. Prop, is by seeds or by cuttings.
See also Rodermachia for cult.
campanulata, Beauv. Tree, to 70 ft., glabrescent:
Ivs. 1-1 Yi ft. long; Ifts. 9-19, short-stalked, ovate-lan-
ceolate, abruptly short-acuminate, entire at the base
with 2 or 3 fleshy glands, glabrous or somewhat pubes-
cent beneath while young, 2-4 in. long: fls. scarlet, in
many-fld. racemes or panicles; calyx coriaceous, boat-
shaped, recurved, 2^ in. long; corolla about 4 in. long,
with ovate, plicate, and somewhat undulate lobes;
ovary papillose: caps. 8 in. long, glabrous. Trop. Afr.
B.M. 5091. F.S. 8:830. J.F. 4:388. G.C. III. 50:458.
nilotica, Seem. Shrubby tree, to 20 ft.: branchlets
pubescent: Ivs. J^-1H ft. long; rachis pubescent; Ifts.
9-15, ovate-oblong, short-acuminate, entire, glabrous
above, densely pubescent or tomentose beneath, 1J4-4
in. long: fls. almost like those of the preceding species,
in short dense racemes; calyx densely tomentose, 1J4~2
in. long. Cent. Trop. Afr. H. Johnston, Uganda pro-
tectorate, 1 : 68. — In its smaller size this tree has an
advantage over the preceding species the fls. of which
are usually borne so high on the tree as to be almost out
of sight.
S. lasvis, Beauv., is now referred to Newbouldia which differs
from Spathodea chiefly in the shape of the calyx which incloses the
base of the corolla and is split on one side and 2-lobed at the apex,
and in its funnelform-campanulate corolla, the inclosed stamens
with parallel anther-cells: caps, elongated-linear with leathery
valves; seeds with the wing emarginate on one side. N. laetis,
Seem. (Spathodea speciosa, Brongn.). Shrub or tree, to 40 ft.,
nearly glabrous: Ivs. opposite or ternate, 1-2 ft. long; Ifts. 7-13,
ovate-oblong, obtusely acuminate, serrate, glabrous or nearly so,
3-8 in. long: fls. white with purple spots or pink or purple, in dense
terminal panicles; calyx oblong, 2-lobed at the apex, j£-l in. long;
corolla 2-2 }^ in. long, limb slightly 2-lipped with spatulate-obo-
vate lobes. Trop. W. Afr. B.M. 4537. J.F. 1:51. F.S. 6:634,
H.U. 5:357. The bark has medicinal properties. — S. pentdndra.
Hook. (B.M. 3681), is apparently a form of N. Isevis with 6-lobed
Eale purple corolla and 5 stamens. — S. speciosa, Brongn. =New-
ouldia laevis. ALFRED REHDER.
SPATHO GLOTTIS (Greek, spathe and tongue; said
to refer to the shape of the lip). Orchidacese. Plants
agreeing with Bletia in habit and form of inflorescence;
terrestrial orchids of the Old- World tropics, mostly with
numerous flowers.
Pseudpbulbs broadly conic, 1-3-lvd. : Ivs. elongate,
long-petioled, narrow, plicate, articulated: scape
lateral, bearing large fls. in a terminal raceme: sepals
free, subequal; petals similar or broader and longer;
SPATHOGLOTTIS
SPERGULA
3203
3656. Spathoglottis
Vieillardii. (XH)
labellum not spurred, lateral lobes somewhat convo-
lute, middle lobe clawed; column slender; pollinia 8. —
About 40 species in Asia, Austral., and the Malay Isls.
Spathoglottises grow best at the warm end of the cat-
tleya or Brazilian house in a moist shady location. Pot
culture suits them best, and the compost should consist
principally of
equal parts peat
fiber and sphag-
num moss with
a little chopped
sod added ; about
half of the pot
should be de-
voted to drain-
age. They all
require a liberal
amount of water
when growing,
but only enough
to keep them in
sound condition
when at rest.
They are rather
hard to increase
by division and
the supply de-
pends upon new
importations.
( R o b t . M .
Grey.)
plicata, Blume.
Lvs. 2-4 ft. long,
finely acumi-
nate: scape 2-3
ft. high, with a raceme 6-12 in. long: fls.
1 in. across, lilac ; sepals and petals broad,
acute; middle lobe of the labellum long
and narrow, cuneately dilated at the
tip; calli 3'ellow. villous. Malay Penins.
O. 1911:48.
aurea, Lindl. (5. plicata, Griff.). Lvs.
12-18 in. high, narrowly lanceolate : scape
tall and stout, 2 ft. high: raceme 6-8
in. long; fls. 1^ in. across, golden yel-
low; sepals broad, obtuse; middle lobe
of the labellum equaling the falcate lateral lobes, nar-
rowly lanceolate. Malay Penins. G.C. III. 4:93. —
The lip varies, being sometimes broad and retuse at
the apex.
Vieillardii, Reichb. f. (S. Augustorum, Reichb. f.).
Fig. 3656. Lvs. long-lanceolate, acuminate, 1-2 ft. long:
scape 12-18 in. high, robust: raceme 6 in. long, broad,
corymb-like at first; fls. 2 in. across, very pale lilac,
nearly white; sepals and petals ovate-oblong, subacute;
labellum as long as the sepals, lateral lobes orange-
brown, with orange calli speckled with red, middle lobe
narrow, with a broadened tip variable in form. New
Caledonia. B.M. 7013. A.G. 12:93. A.F. 6:631. J.H.
111.51:42.5.
S. aitreo-Vieitt&rdii, Hort., is a hybrid between this and S. aurea.
Fls. pale chrome-yellow, with the sepals slightly and the petals
profusely dotted with crimson, the tips of the lobes of the lip rich
crimson. G.C. III. 23:309. G.M. 41:308.— S. C<Wrnanit=S. aurea
var. xS. aureo- Vieillardii. — S. edinensis=S. FortuneixS. pulchra.
— 5. Hardingiana, Par. & Reichb. f. Scapes basal, uo to 15 in. tall:
fls. numerous, rose-purple or pale lilac, about 1 in. diam. ; sepals
lanceolate: petals linear-lanceolate; lip linear, auricled at base, with
2 yellow brown-spotted tubercles. X. Burma. B.M. 7964.— S.
ketrenfis=S. plicata var. Micholitzii X S. Vieillardii. — -S. Kim-
baOiana, Hook., is often regarded as a variety of S. aurea, from which
it differs in having the backs of the sepals mottled with red-brown,
the crest glabrous, and narrower Ivs. B.M. 7443. — S. plicata var.
Alicholitzii is advertised by Sander. Fls. amethyst -color, with the
segms. broader than in tho tvpe. Habit more dwarf. — S. Southeri-
ana, F. M. Bailey. Fls. in upright spikes, more than 1 in. across;
sepals and petals light rose-color. Queensland. — S. zebrina=S.
Fortune! X S. plicata.
HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
SPATHYEMA: Symplocarpus.
203
SPATTER-DOCK: .\uphar adtena.
SPEARMINT: Mentha. Spear-wood: Eucalyptus doratoxylon.
Spearwort: Species of Ranunculus.
SPECULARIA (from Speculum Veneris, meaning
Venus' looking-glass). Campanulacex. VENUS' LOOK-
ING-GLASS. Erect or decumbent, hispid or glabrous
annual herbs, suitable for outdoor garden planting.
Leaves alternate, entire or dentate: fls. blue, violet, or
white, sessile or short-pedicelled, axillary; calyx-tube
adnate, oblong or linear, limb 5-parted; corolla sub-
rotate, or broad-campanula te, 5-lobed; stamens free;
ovary inferior, 3-celled: caps, oblong or linear. — About
10 species, northern hemisphere, 1 also occurs in S.
Austral. Closely allied to Campanula but differing by
the very long calyx-tube, ovary, and caps. The long
calyx-tube is one of the most conspicuous features of
the plant and has perhaps served to suggest the handle
of the mirror. There is one North American species, S.
perfoliata, which differs from all the rest in having per-
foliate Ivs. and the caps, dehiscing laterally near the
middle instead of near the calyx-lobes. It is a weed.
S. Speculum is a pretty little hardy annual herb
with five-lobed blue flowers not quite an inch across.
The plants grow about 9 inches high, bloom in spring
and summer and are desirable for edging flower-beds.
They are of easy culture. See Annuals.
A. Peduncles about 3-fld.
Speculum, DC. (Campanula Speculum, Linn.). VE-
NUS' LOOKING-GLASS. Fig. 3657. Erect, 9 in. high:
calyx glabrous or pubescent, the tube constricted at the
apex; lobes finally reflexed, according to DeCandolle.
Eu. B.M. 102. Var. alba, Hort., is a white-fld. form.
Gn. 72, p. 253. Var. procumbens, Hort., is offered
abroad in addition to lilac and double forms. R.H.
1897, p. 254.
AA. Peduncles 1-fld.
pentagonia, DC. Calyx pilose, lobes spreading. Asia
Minor. B.R. 56. — This species is not now advertised
in Amer. Some specimens have narrow Ivs. and longer
calyx-tube than S. Speculum. An interesting feature of
this species (and perhaps others) is the 5-angled fl.-
buds. F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
SPEEDWELL: Veronica.
SPELT: Triticum.
SPERGULA (Latin,
spargere, to scatter; the
seeds are said to be ex-
pelled ) . Caryophyllacese.
Annual herbs including
SPURRY (which see), a for-
age plant adapted to poor
dry sandy soils: Ivs. subu-
late, appearing whorled
from the cluster of second-
ary Ivs. at the axil; stip-
ules small and scarious:
fls. pedicelled, in cymose
racemes; sepals 5 ; petals 5,
entire; stamens 10, rarely
5; styles 5, alternate with
the sepals; ovary 1-celled,
many -seeded: caps. 5-
valved, the valves oppo-
site the sepals. — About 5,
possibly more species, tem-
perate regions of the world.
Some of the species are
dichotomously branched,
but the following has clus-
ters of branches originating
at or near the base.
3657. Venus' looking-glass. —
Specularia Speculum. ( X H)
3204
SPERGULA
SPHAGNUM
arvensis, Linn. Annual, 6-18 in. high, branched at or
near the base, bright green, little if at all viscid: Ivs.
linear, clustered at the nodes in 2 opposite sets of 6-8
together, appearing as if verticillate : fls. numerous,
small, white, about ]^in. across and borne in terminal
panicles: seeds papillate. Eu. S. sativa, Boern., the
cult. SPURRY is a dull green viscid plant, with margined
not papillate seeds. Eu. p\ TRACY HUBBARD.!
SPHACELE (old Greek name). LoMatse. A score
or more of shrubs or subshrubs, in Calif., Hawaii, and
S. Amer., one or more of which has been listed for
ornament, but apparently little known in cult. Fls.
whitish to red or blue, in the axils of small bracts and
forming verticillate racemes or spikes which may be
simple or branched; calyx campanulate, about 10-
neryed, enlarging in fr. ; corolla-limb 4-parted, scarcely
labiate; stamens 4, didynamous or nearly equal; style
2-lpbed: nutlets ovoid, smooth. <S. chamsedryoldes,
Briquet (S. campanulata, Benth.), from Chile, is
mentioned abroad: 2-3 ft., shrubby: Ivs. oblong-lan-
ceolate, short-stalked, wrinkled: fls. pale blue, lAr%\n.
long about 2 in a whorl. B.R. 1382. Coolhouse
plant.
SPHJJRALCEA (Greek for globe, and Alcea, the
generic name of the marsh mallow). Malvaceae. GLOBE
MALLOW. Shrubs, subshrubs, or herbs, adapted to the
warmhouse or outdoors in the far South.
Leaves frequently angled or lobed: fls. short-pedi-
celled, solitary, or arranged in axillary fascicles or in
terminal racemes or spikes, violet or flesh-colored,
rarely long-peduncled or red; bracteoles 3, free or
united at base; calyx 5-cleft; staminal column divided at
the top into many filaments; ovary many-celled: fr. sub-
globose, of many compressed, 2-valved, dehiscing, 2-3-
seeded carpels, united in a ring around a central torus,
from which they slowly separate. — About 65 species, 4
or 5 of which are S. African, the remainder from the
warmer regions of N.
and S. Amer. Several
species have been
mentioned in horticul-
tural literature and
occur occasionally in
cult. One species has
been intro. into Calif.
Closely allied to Abuti-
lon but with 3 bractlets
instead of none.
A. Lvs. 6-7-lobed.
B. Fls. in spikes.
acerifolia, Torr. &
Gray. Fig. 3658. Per-
ennial herb, 2-6 ft.
high: Ivs. 3-4 in. long,
cordate, palmately 5-
lobed (sometimes with
2 or more basal lobes),
coarsely serrate: fls.
rose-color, varying to
white, 2 in. across, 15
or more in spicate clus-
ters terminating the
branches. Rocky Mts.
B.M. 5404.
BB. Fls. in umbels.
umbellata, Don (S.
vitifolia, Benth. &
Hook. Malva umbellata,
Cav.). Erect branched
shrub, 3 ft. or more
high, flocculose-tomen-
tose : Ivs. long-petiolate,
3658. Sphaeralcea acerifolia. ( X Vf>)
cordate, somewhat 7-lobed, peltate, nerved, flat, glabrate
and green above, hoary and ribbed beneath; the lobes
short, acute, margin crenate : peduncles axillary, usually
3-fld., rarely 2- or 5-fld.: calyx broad-campanulate,
leathery, 5-lobed, the lobes semi-ovate; petals scarlet,
white at base, obcordate; filaments forming a white
column. Mex. B.R. 1608. L.B.C. 3:222. Var. tricolor,
Hort., is said to have reddish purple fls. striped with
white and rose.
AA. Lvs. 3-lobed.
B. Fls. scarlet or rose.
Munroana, Spach. Perennial herb, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs.
broad at base, obscurely 3-lobed, crenate, sometimes
incised: fls. scarlet or rose, 1 in. across: panicles axillary
and terminal, numerous. Dry plains, Brit. Col. to
Idaho and south. B.M. 3537 and B.R. 1306 (both as
Malva Munroana). A.G. 11:539. G. 35:451.— Adver-
tised in 1890 as the "sunset plant." The same plant is
said to be offered in some catalogues as Malva miniata.
BB. Fls. bridwvd.
cisplatina, St. Hil. (S. miniata, Spach. Mdlva
miniata, Cav. M. miniata, Jacq.?). Tender branching
subshrub, 2-4 ft. high, formerly considered desirable
for conservatory decoration in Oct. and Nov., when it
produces its brick-red fls.: Ivs. 1-2 in. long, 3-lobed,
coarsely and unequally crenate, midlobe longest: fls.
1-1 % in. across, in axillary, few-fld. cymose racemes.
La Plata. The above description is from B.M. 5938. —
Miniata means cinnabar-red, the color of red lead.
There seems to be no reason why S. cisplatina and S.
Munroana should be confused. The Ivs. of S. Munroana
are obscurely 3-lobed, the lobes broad, blunt and short;
the Ivs. of S. cisplatina are deeply and sharply cut, acu-
minate and narrowed toward the base, the lobes nar-
row and acute, the midlobe over twice as long as the
side lobes. The color of the fls. is very distinct and
the clusters are branched in S. Munroana but not in
S. cisplatina. p. TRACY HuBBARD.f
SPILEROCODON (Greek, globe and bell, probably
referring to the shape of the corolla). Asclepiadacese.
Perennial herbs with a woody or tuberous rootstock,
suitable only for the warmhouse: sts. erect, not twining:
Ivs. opposite, short-petioled, elliptic or oblong: fls.
moderate-sized, in pedunculate sublateral umbel-like
cymes; calyx 5-parted; corolla campanulate or some-
what so, 5-lobed, the lobes overlapping and slightly
twisted to the left in bud; crown of 5 small fleshy com-
pressed tubercles or teeth; column arising from the
base of the corolla; anthers without appendages: fr.
unknown. — Five species from Trop. and S. Afr. S.
obtusifolium, Benth. Rootstock woody: sts. several to a
root, erect, 1-3 ft. high, branching only at the base: Ivs.
elliptic, usually very obtuse and apiculate, sometimes
subacute: fls. in sublateral, 6-13-fld. umbel-like cymes,
dark purple; sepals linear-lanceolate, acute; corolla
broadly campanulate, 5-lobed to one-third of the way
down or more. Trop. and S. Afr. B.M. 7925.
SPH^ROGYNE: Tococa.
SPHJEROSTEMA: Schizandra.
SPHAGNUM. Sphagnum moss, bog-moss, or peat-
moss is found in swamps or bogs and is one of the
plants from which peat is formed; it is much used by
gardeners. Its geographical distribution extends to
all countries in the North Temperate zone. According
to Warnstorf, 1911 (Engler's "Das Pflanzenreich"),
there are 342 recognized species of Sphagnum, of
which many occur in North America. Sphagnum
mosses differ from the true mosses so much that
they are usually classified in a distinct family,
Sphagnaceae. Besides differences in structure of the
reproductive organs, the marked differences lie in the
CVI. Spinach. — Above, a plant of Long Season variety. Below, spinach field near Norfolk, Virginia.
SPHAGNUM
SPILANTHES
3205
larger growth of sphagnum (which is often a foot or
more in height), its soft appearance, pale green color,
and the absence of root-hairs. The stems and leaves are
inclosed or encircled by one, two, and often four strata
of transparent cells connected with each other by small
holes, which have the capacity of sucking up and retain-
ing a large amount of water. These cells therefore per-
form the function of root-hairs, and it is this abundant
water-storage tissue that makes sphagnum moss of so
much use to gardeners in the cultivation of orchids,
anthuriums, and the like, and in fact most plants of an
epiphytal or swamp-loving character, such as sarra-
cenia and darlingtonia. Sphagnum often forms at least
one-third of the compost in which pitcher-plants and
epiphytes are grown. The fresh green tips of sphagnum
are also most useful for surfacing pots of orchids and
other plants. Besides giving them a better appearance,
the moss acts as an index to the moisture condition 01
the plant. Sphagnum is also useful in the propagation
of many stove plants, such as cordyline, nepenthes, and
the like; for starting tropical tuberous-rooted plants,
such as fancy caladiums; for sowing seeds of orchids,
anthuriums, nepenthes, and sarracenias when fresh and
chopped fine; as a mulch; as a non-conducting material
for plants in pots in exposed positions in summer; and
in packing plants for transportation, for which pur-
pose it is an ideal material. Owing to its sponge-like
character it may be used wet or dry, according to the
character of the plants intended for packing.
Unless one has an ideal position in which to keep
sphagnum moss after gathering it from its native place,
or unless one has conditions very similar to its native
habitat, it is difficult to keep it living for any length of
time. This does not greatly matter, except that sphag-
num used for surfacing pots should always be living
for the sake of appearance. That which is used in pot-
ting and propagating need not necessarily be living as
long as it is fresh and not decayed, while partially
decayed moss may be used for mulching and packing.
EDWARD J. CANNING.
SPHEDAMNOCARPUS (derivation unknown).
Malpighiaceae. Scandent or erect shrubs or subshrubs:
Ivs. opposite, entire, petiolate, without stipules, the
petiole glandular: fls. rather large, in 3-4-fld. umbels,
collected in terminal panicles; calyx 5-parted, not
glandular; petals unequal, short-clawed, the lobes
dentate or nearly entire; stamens 10; ovary 3-celled:
samaras 3, with a vertical dorsal wing. — About 5
species, Trop. and S. Afr. S. pruriens, Szyszylowicz
(Acridocdrpus pruriens, Juss.). A tall climbing shrub,
silky-tomentose on most of its parts: Ivs. opposite,
ovate-oblong, 1-4 in. long: fls. subcorymbosely clus-
tered at the ends of the branches, 1-1 Yi in. diam., golden
yellow; petals short-clawed, orbicular, margins crisped:
samaras silky-pubescent. S. Afr. B.M. 7894.
SPHENOPHOLIS (Greek, sphen, a wedge, and
pholis, a scale, referring to the broadly obovate second
§lume). Syn., Eatonia, End!., not Raf. Graminese.
lender perennials with rather delicate panicles:
spikelets 2-3-fld., articulated below the glumes; glumes
dissimilar in shape, the first narrow, the second obovate.
— Species about 5, X. Amer. Three kinds have been
catalogued among native plants offered for sale.
A. Panide dense, spike-like, strict.
obtusata, Scribn. Spikelets crowded on the short,
erect panicle-branches; upper glume rounded-obovate,
very obtuse. Dry soil throughout U. S. Dept. Agric.,
Div. Agrost. 7:258.
AA. Panicle more loose and slender.
pall ens, Scribn. (Eatonia pennsylvdnica, Gray). Lvs.
3-6 in. long: panicle-branches lax, nodding, glumes
unequal, the first shorter. Moist woods and meadows.
Maine to Texas. Ibid. 257.
nitida, Scribn. (Eatonia Dtidleyi, Vasey). Lvs. 1-2
in. long: panicle-branches spreading in flowering, after-
ward erect; glumes equal in length. E. U. S. Ibid. 259.
A. S. HITCHCOCK.
SPICE BUSH: Benzoin.
SPIDER FLOWER: CUome. S. Lilies: HymenocaUis and Pan-
cratium. S. Plant: Cleome. Spiderwort: Tradesoantia.
SPIGELIA (named for Adrian von der Spigel, phy-
sician, 1558-1625). Loganiacese. Annual or perennial
herbs, some hardy, the others either warmhouse or
greenhouse plants, rarely somewhat woody, with
opposite membranous feather-veined rarely 3-^5-
nerved Ivs., and long or small, red, yellow, or purplish
fls. usually borne in terminal one-sided somewhat
curved spikes: calyx 5-lobed; segms. narrow; corolla
tubular; lobes 5, valvate; stamens 5, attached to the
corolla-tube; ovary 2-loculed; style articulated, simple,
obtuse or somewhat capitate and stigmatose at the
summit: caps, flattened, circumscissile above the per-
sistent base. — About 50 species, Amer.
marilandica, Linn. PiNK-Roor. A handsome hardy
perennial herb, with slender, tufted sts. 1-2 ft. high,
opposite, ovate, sessile, thin Ivs. 2—4 in. long, and red,
tubular fls. with yellow throats in terminal, 1-sided
spikes. June, July. Woods, N. J. to Wis. and south.
B.B. 2:605. B.M. 80.— An elegant plant for the hardy
border. Shade is not necessary for its welfare if planted
in good loose deep loam.
S. spKndens, Hort., grows 1H ft. high: Ivs. 4—5 in. long, con-
tracted to a short petiole, oboyate-oblong: fls. bright scarlet, 1 in.
or more long, in recurved spikes. July. Mex. and Guatemala.
B.M. 5268. G.W. 2, p. 417; 7, p. 362. ' R w BARCLAY
SPILANTHES (Greek, meaning spot-flower, in
reference to the markings on the disk in some of the
species). Compdsitse. Herbs, mainly weeds, some of
them desirable for outdoor planting, with opposite
Ivs.: rays yellow or whitish, or none: achenes nearly
always flattened, biaristate or without bristles, gla-
brous or strongly ciliate, in the latter case quite dis-
tinct in appearance. There are about 40 species of
Spilanthes, widely distributed in both hemispheres,
mostly confined to warmer countries, or, in the New
World, also occurring in the South Temperate zone;
one variety native to Amer. Good technical characters
for distinguishing the different forms are found in but
few cases. The latest monograph is in the Proceedings
of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, vol.
42, pp. 521-69. S. oleracea, Linn. (Tropics), is cult,
for the pungent flavor of its Ivs., used in salads;
also, to a slight extent, as an ornamental, on account of
its odd cylinder-like heads, in which the ratio of length
to breadth is the greatest in the genus. Two types of it
are named in the trade, Para cress and Brazil cress, the
latter said more commonly to have a brownish cast to
sts. and Ivs. Gn. 22, p. 295. Gt. 2, p. 36. While most of
the species are of inferior appearance, several are dis-
tinctly worth cultivating or possibly hybridizing for
ornament. The principal ones are enumerated below;
all but S. callimorpha belonging in the radiate section,
Acmella, DC.
S. amtricana, Hieron., var. repens, A. H. Moore. One of the best
of the showy members of the genus. Erect or weak, ascending,
decumbent, or rarely prostrate: Ivs. large for the genus: rays bright
yellow. By selection the erect type could probably be made to pre-
dominate. A hybrid combining with this the handsome Ivs. and red
st. of S. phaneractis would be most pleasing, were it produceable.
Sept. Mo., Ark., La. to Fla. and Texas. — S. callimorpha, A. H.
Moore. Decumbent or prostrate: Ivs. long-acuminate; internodes
long: rayless species, but of pleasing appearance. Yunnan Prov-
ince, China. — S. charitdpsis, A. H. Moore. One of the dainty
species; a fair companion-piece to S. iodiseaea, but with pale disks.
Brazil. — S. fttipes, Greenm. Erect plant with long internodes:
small attractive heads. Yucatan, Mex. — S. grisea, A. H. Moore.
Lvs. densely hispidulous: rays large, very bright j'ellow. Para-
guay.— S. iodisc&a, A. H. Moore. A dainty little plant, with deli-
cate green foliage: disk violet, the tiny rays creamy. Porto Rico.
Though not quite so charming, S. charitopsis would be a pretty
good companion. — S. phanerdctis, A. H. Moore. Decumbent or
3206
SPILANTHES
SPINACIA
prostrate: sts. red: Ivs. linear to linear-lanceolate: rays large, bright
yellow. Known from states of Jalisco and Michoacan, Mex. One
of the few very conspicuous-fid, species. — S. poliolcpfdica, A. H.
Moore. Erect: rays golden yellow: plants hairy. Costa Rica.
ALBERT HANFORD MOORE.
SPINACH (Spinacia oleracea, which see) is an annual
crop grown as a pot-herb, or for "greens." Fig. 3659.
It is a cool-season plant, and therefore it is grown in fall
to spring. It is a plant of easy culture, thriving in any
good garden or field soil, although for quick results and
for tender succulent foliage, land that has an abun-
dance of available plant-food, and particularly of nitro-
gen, is most desirable. The plant is hardy, and when
the land is well drained, it will ordinarily stand the
winter climate as far north as the city of New York,
and still farther in somewhat protected places.
Spinach is grown both as a fall and spring crop. The
fall crop is raised from seed that is sown in August; in
eight weeks the leaves may be large enough for eating.
3659. Spinach.
The spring crop is grown from seeds sown in autumn,
or from those sown in winter in hotbeds or cold-
frames, or from those sown directly in the open ground
as soon as it is fit in the spring. If the plants for spring
use are to be started in the fall, the seeds should be sown
about six to eight weeks before hard freezing weather
is expected. Then the plants will have attained suffi-
cient size and roothold to enable them to pass the winter.
It is advisable to cover the plants, just before winter
sets in, with straw or loose litter or dry manure. Even
though the plants will withstand the winter, they never-
theless thrive better if given this protection, particu-
larly in soils that are likely to heave. It is customary to
grow this fall-sown spinach on wide ridges or beds that
are made by plowing several furrows together, leaving
a dead-furrow between them. This allows of surface
drainage. These beds may be from 5 to 10 feet wide.
On these beds, the seeds are sown hi rows running
lengthwise, the distance between the rows being from
10 to 20 inches, depending on the methods that are
employed for tillage. If hand tillage alone is to be
given, the plants may be placed closer. In the spring
the cover is removed from the plants at the earliest
opportunity, for spinach is most desired very early in
the season. Unless the land is in extra good "heart," it
is well to make a surface application of a soluble fer-
tilizer early in the spring in order to start the plants
into growth. A fertilizer that is very rich in nitrogen
gives best results ; in fact, it is customary in some places
to use a solution of nitrate of soda or sulfate of ammonia,
applying the material with a sprinkling-cart. From fifty
to seventy-five pounds of the fertilizer may be used to
the acre with very good results at each of two or more
applications.
For home use, spinach is sometimes carried over the
winter in frames, the plants having been transplanted
to the frames or raised in them during the late fall.
These frames are protected from severe freezing
weather by mats or shutters. Whenever it is desired to
bring the plants into growth, sash is placed over the
frame, and extra protection is given in very cold
weather. The plants will soon become green and begin
to make new leaves. Different frames may be covered
at different times as the season advances, thereby pro-
viding a supply for home use. Sometimes the seed is
sown in hotbeds that are made late in winter or very
early in spring, and the plants are secured in advance of
the ordinary season. The growing of spinach in frames
is less frequent than formerly, owing to the fact that
the market is now supplied with the product grown in
the middle South.
Spring spinach may be grown from seeds that are
sown as soon as the land can be worked in spring. If
the land has been plowed and manured in the fall,
quicker results may be secured. Two or three sowings
may be made in the home-garden for spring use, but
after the middle of June spinach is likely to become
tough and is in little demand. If spinach is wanted
during the summer, it is better to use the New Zealand
spinach, which is a warm-weather plant. This plant
has no relationship with the ordinary spinach (see
Tetragonia). It is usually best to sow spinach seed
where the plants are to stand, although it is sometimes
transplanted into frames for home use. Care must be
taken that the plants do not become checked or stunted,
else they will tend to run to seed. If the seed is sown too
late in spring, when hot weather is approaching, the
root-leaves will be very few and the plant will quickly
throw up flower-stalks. Spinach is always grown as a
succession or companion crop, as it occupies the land
for a small part of the year. There are very few insects
and diseases that are generally troublesome.
Spinach is usually transported to market in barrels
or crates. Plants are usually cut so that an inch or
so of the root is left with them. All dirt is removed, as
also all broken and dead leaves. The plants are packed
tight. It is essential that the plants be dry before they
are shipped.
There are several important varieties of spinach. The
large broad-leaved varieties are most popular in the
markets, such as the Viroflay and the Round-leaved.
The prickly spinach is considered to be the most hardy
and is chiefly recommended for fall sowing. L. jj. B.
SPINACIA (from spina; alluding to the spiny fruit).
Chenopodiaceas. SPINACH. SPINAGE. According to
Volkens (in Engler & Prantl's "Pflanzenfamilien"), there
are only two species of Spinacia, S. oleracea, Linn., the
common spinach, and S. tetrandra, Stev., although
Bentham & Hooker had made the genus to include four
species. S. tetrandra is an anual herb of the Asia Minor-
Persian region, and is not in cultivation. S. oleracea,
the spinach, is probably native to southwestern Asia,
and it is now widely cultivated. It is an annual herb,
developing rather large arrow-shaped root-leaves, and
these leaves are eaten for ' ' greens . ' ' Later in the season it
sends up a branching flower-stem 2 to 3 feet high, bearing
axillary clusters of seed-like fruits. In one type these
fruits are spiny: this is the form once described as S.
spinosa, Moench, but which is not now considered to be
specifically distinct. Whether the round-seeded or the
prickly-seeded type is the original form of the spinach is
not known, but as a matter of nomenclature, Linnaeus' S.
oleracea, which is the oldest name, is held to include all.
Spinacia belongs to the Atriplex tribe. The genus is
distinguished from Atriplex in the fact that the pistil-
late flowers are bractless, whereas those of Atriplex are
inclosed in a pair of enlarging calyx-like bracts. Spina-
cia is dioecious, bearing the flowers in small axillary
clusters; stamens 4 or 5, in a 4- to 5-lobed calyx; ovary 1,
with 4 to 5 styles or stigmas, in a 2- to 4-toothed calyx,
this calyx hardening and inclosing the achene and often
becoming horned on the sides and giving rise to "prickly-
seeded" spinach. The cultivated forms have developed
much thicker and broader radical leaves, which are used
for greens, often showing little of the halberd or sagit-
tate shape. See Spinach. L. H. B.
SPIR.EA
SPIILEA
3207
SPIRAEA (ancient Greek name of a plant used for
garlands, derived from speira, band, wreath; probably
first used for the present genus by Clusius). Rosaceje,
subfam. Spirkeae. SPIREA. Ornamental woody plants
grown for then- profuse handsome white, pink, or car-
mine flowers.
Deciduous shrubs: Ivs. simple, short-petioled, den-
tate or serrate, sometimes lobed, rarely entire, without
stipules: fls. in umbel-like racemes, corymbs or panicles,
perfect, rarely polygamous; calyx cup-shaped or cam-
panulate, 5-lobed; petals 5, rounded; stamens 15-60,
inserted between calyx and disk; pistils usually 5, dis-
tinct, developing into follicles dehiscent along the inner
suture, with several minute oblong seeds. — About 70
species in the temperate regions of the northern hemi-
sphere, in Amer. south to Mex., in Asia south to the
Himalayas. Many species formerly included under
Spiraea are now referred to other genera; see Physo-
carpus, Holodiscus, Sorbaria, also Cham&batiaria, Luet-
kea, Petrophytum, and Sibir&a for shrubby species, and
Aruncus. Filipendula, and also Astilbe for the herba-
ceous ones. There is a monograph of Spiraea and the
allied genera by Maximowicz in Acta Horti Petro-
politani, vol. 6, pp. 105-261 (1879) and a monograph
of the cult, species, with their numerous hybrids fully
described by H. Zabel, Die strauchigen Spiraen der
deutschen Garten (1893). There is much horticultural
literature on spireas, for the plants are popular and
about two-thirds of the known species and numerous
hybrids mostly originated in gardens are in cult.
The spireas are very ornamental, usually low or
medium-sized shrubs with rather small deciduous
foliage and with small white or pink or sometimes
nearly crimson flowers in showy corymbs or panicles
followed by small inconspicuous capsule-like fruits.
Many are hardy North; some of the best of them are
5. arguta, S. Thunbergii, S. Vanhoutiei, S. pubescens, S.
trilobata, S. nipponica, S. media, S. ulmifolia, S. alba,
S. Douglasii, S. Menziesii, S. tomentosa. The recently
introduced S. Henryi, S. Veitchii, S. WUsonii, S.
Rosthornii and S. Sargentiana have proved hardy at the
Arnold Arboretum, while 5. blanda, S. japonica, and S.
albi flora require a sheltered position or protection dur-
ing the winter, though S. japonica and its allies, even if
killed almost to the ground, will produce flowers on
shoots of the same season. S. cantoniensis, S. Blumei, S.
chinensis, S. ctuiescens, and S. bella are more tender and
not to be recommended for the North, but are hardy or
nearly hardy in the middle states. S. prunifolia is
hardy as far north as Boston.
In regard to the flowering season, the spireas can be
divided into two groups. The first one contains the
species of the section Chamaedryon, with white flowers
in umbels and blooming in spring, from April to June.
The second group is composed of the sections Calospira
and Spiraria, with white or pink flowers in corymbs or
panicles appearing from June to autumn. Some of the
most important species, arranged according to their
relative flowering-time, are the following: Early-flower-
ing spireas — S. Thunbergii, S. arguta, S. hypericifolia,
S. prunifolia. S. media, S. pikoinensis, S. pubescens, S.
chamxdryfolia, S. trilobata, S. Vanhouttei, S. canton-
iensis, S. nipponica. Late-flowering spireas — S. beUa,
S. Rosthornii, S. WUsonii, S. Henryi, S. Sargentiana,
iv species
group do not produce their flowers all at once like those
of the first group, but continue blooming for a longer
time.
The spireas are all medium-sized or low shrubs and
well adapted for borders of shrubberies, as single speci-
mens on the lawn, or for rockeries. Especially the spe-
cies of the early-flowering group possess a graceful
habit and make effective single specimens, except per-
haps S. chamxdryfolia and S. media, which are some-
what stiffer and less handsome and produce suckers. S.
canescens, S. Henryi, and its allies have the graceful
habit of the first group. S. japonica and its numerous
hybrids form mostly low, round bushes and are pretty
as single specimens or in the border. 5. alba, S. Doug-
lasii, S. Memicsii, and their hybrids should be planted
in shrubberies only and especially in situations where
their spreading by suckers does no harm; they are
sometimes used for low ornamental hedges. For rock-
eries S. decumbens, S. betulifolia, S. corymbosa, S. densi-
flora, S. buUata, and some dwarf hybrids of S. japonica
are to be recommended.
The species of the section Chainaedryon, and also S.
canescens and S. betta, should be pruned as little as pos-
sible— only thinned out and the weak wood rempvea —
while those of the sections Spiraria and Calospira can
be pruned more severely if necessary, since they pro-
duce their flowers at the ends of the young shoots. Some
of the early-flowering spireas, especially S. arguta, S.
prunifolia, S. Vanhouttei, and S. Bumalda, are sometimes
forced.
The spireas grow in almost any moderately moist
soil and do not stand drought well, the spiraria species
being generally more moisture-loving; S. tomentosa
thrives well only in a peaty or sandy soil, while those
recommended above for rockeries require a well-
drained soil and sunny situation. Propagation is by
seeds sown in spring and covered only slightly with soil,
or by hardwood or greenwood cuttings. The species of
Chamadryon grow very well from greenwood cuttings
under glass, while the spirarias are usually raised from
hardwood cuttings. The calospiras seem to grow
equally well in both ways. The spirarias are also often
propagated by division and by suckers.
acuminata, 31.
acuta, 1.
acutifolia, 1.
adiantifolia, 12.
alba, 35, 43, 50, 55.
albiflora, 35, 55.
alpina, 7.
agnilfffi folia, 12 13.
arbuscula, 38.
argentea, 21.
arguta, 3.
atrosanguinea, 31.
bella, 28, 29.
beihlehemensis, 51, 52.
betulifolia, 38, 41.
Billiardii, 53.
tlanda, 15.
Blumei, 11, 12.
brachybotrys, 43.
bracieata, 10.
bullata, 30.
Bumalda, 34.
California*, 53.
callosa, 31, 34.
INDEX.
cana, 6.
canadensis, 51.
canescens, 21.
cantoniensis, 14.
cornea, 49.
carpinifolia, 51.
chamsedryf olia, 19, 20.
chinensis, 16.
coccinea, 28.
confusa, 18.
conspicua, 44.
Constantly, 53.
corymbosa, 14, 37, 40.
cratsegifolia, 12, 37.
crenata, 1, 8.
creni/oito, 8.
crispifolia, 30.
cuntata, 21.
cuneifolia, 21.
decumbens, 42.
densiflora, 38.
Douglasii, 48, 52, 54.
tximia, 53.
expansa, 28, 29.
fastigiata, 29.
flabellata, 1.
flagfttata, 21.
flagelliformis, 21.
flexuosa. 20.
fore-plena, 5, 14.
fonienaysiensis, 43.
Fontenaysii, 43.
Fortunei, 31, 44.
Forii, 33.
Froebeli, 34.
glabrata, 31.
glabreseens, 18.
grandiflora, 49
suppl.
Henryi, 25.
hypericifolia, 1.
intermedia, 47.
japonica, 31, 35, 44,
and suppl.
kumaonensis, 29.
lanceata, 14.
lanceolate, 14, 50.
latifolia, 51.
and
3208
SPIR^A
SPIR^A
INDEX, CONTINUED.
Lemoinei, 34.
pikowiensis, 9.
sibirica, 49.
Lenneana, 53.
plena, 5.
splendens, 38.
leucantha, 35.
Prattii, 26.
stenophylla, 20.
longigemmis, 27.
procumbens, 42.
subintegerrima,
18.
lucida, 40.
pruinosa, 43.
subvillosa, 48.
luxuriosa, 43.
prunifolia, 5.
superba, 36.
macrophylla, 31.
pubescens, 16, 17, 31.
syringseflora, 44.
Margaritae, 32.
pulchella, 29.
thalictroides, 1.
media, 10, 18.
pumila, 34.
Thunbergii, 2.
Menziesii, 52.
pyramidata, 46.
tomentosa, 55.
multiflora, 4.
Reenesiana, 14, 15.
transiens, 19.
myrti folia, 31.
Regeliana, 47.
triloba, 12.
Nicoudiertii, "a.
robusta, 15.
trilobata, 12.
nipponica, 10.
rosea, 38, 43.
triumphans, 53.
Nobleana, 47, 48.
Rosthornii, 26.
truncata, 1.
notabilis, 25.
rotundifolia, 10, 21.
ulmifolia, 19.
notha, 45.
rubra, 29, 53.
vaccini folia, 21
and
nowi, 15.
ruberrima, 31, 34.
suppl.
oblongifolia, 18.
rupestris, 11.
Vanhouttei, 13.
obovata, 1.
salicifolia, 49, 50, 51.
variegata, 31.
ovalifolia, 31.
sanssouciana, 47.
Veitchii, 23.
ovata, 28.
Sargentiana, 22.
virginiana, 39.
pachystachys, 48.
semperflorens, 44.
Watsoniana, 48.
paniculata, 44, 50.
sericea, 18.
Wilsonii, 24.
KEY TO THE SECTIONS.
A. Inf.. a simple umbel-like raceme: fls. white.
Section I. CHA&LEDRYON. Species Nos. 1-20.
AA. Inf.. compound: fls. white or pink.
B. Fls. in corymbs.
Section II. CALOSPIKA. Species Nos. 21-42.
BB. F Is. in panicles.
Section III. SPIRABIA. Species Nos. 43-55.
Section I. CHAM^IDRYON. Species Nos. 1-20.
A. Fls. in sessile umbels with none or very
small Ivs. at the base or only the lower
umbels on leafy stalks.
B. Foliage entire or crenately dentate
only near the apex, often 3-nerved,
grayish green 1. hypericifolia
BB. Foliage dentate or serrate, usually
penninerved, bright green.
c. Shape of Ivs. linear-lanceolate:
glabrous 2. Thunbergii
cc. Shape of Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceo-
late: finely pubescent when
young.
D. Umbels on the lower part of the
branches stalked.
E. Lvs. oblqng 3. arguta
EE. Lvs. obovate 4. multiflora
DD. Umbels all sessile, 3-6-fld 5. prunifolia
AA. Fls. in umbel-like racemes on leafy
stalks.
B. Margin of Ivs. entire or crenate or
dentate only toward the apex.
c. Foliage grayish pubescent on both
sides 6. cana
cc. Foliage almost glabrous.
D. Shape of Ivs. elliptic to oblong-
lanceolate.
E. Lvs. penninerved: shoots an-
gular 7. alpina
EE. Lvs. all or partly 3-nerved.
F. Shoots striped: Ivs. all 3-
nerved 8. crenata
FF. Shoots terete: Ivs. partly
penninerved, partly 3-
nerved 9. pikowiensis
DD. Shape of Ivs. almost orbicular,
Yi-l in. broad 10. nipponica
BB. Margin of Ivs. incisely serrate and
often slightly lobed (only in No. 18
sometimes entire).
c. Stamens shorter than or as long as
petals; sepals erect or spreading
infr.
D. Foliage glabrous.
E. Form of Ivs. orbicular to ovate.
F. Apex of Ivs. obtuse.
G. Lvs. penninerved, ovate... 11. Blumei
GO. Lvs. palmately 3-5-
nerved, orbicular 12. trilobata
FF. Apex of Ivs. acute 13. Vanhouttei
EE. Form of Ivs. rhombic-lan-
ceolate 14. cantoniensis
DD. Foliage pubescent, at least be-
neath.
E. Umbels and follicles pubes-
cent.
F. T amentum grayish 15. blanda
FF. Tomentum yellowish 16. chinensis
EE. Umbels and follicles glabrous. 17 '. pubescens
cc. Stamens longer than petals; sepals
reflexed.
D. Shoots terete, often pubescent. ... 18. media
DD. Shoots angular, glabrous.
E. Lvs. doubly and irregularly
serrate from below the
middle 19. chamaedry-
EE. Lvs. simply serrate, usually [folia
only above the middle 20. flezuosa
1. hypericifdlia, Linn. Vigorous shrub, 5 ft. high,
with slender arching or upright branches: Ivs. almost
sessile, cuneate-obovate to obovate-lanceolate, 3-
nerved or with few lateral veins, almost glabrous, %-
1J^ in. long: fls. small, white, in sessile umbels; pedicels
usually pubescent; petals almost orbicular, usually
longer than stamens. April, May. S. E. Eu. to Siberia.
— Variable species. Var. acuta, Ser. (S. acutifolia,
Willd.). Lvs. narrower, oblanceolate : fls. smaller, yel-
lowish white; pedicels glabrous; petals obovate, shorter
than stamens: fls. somewhat earlier, but less showy.
G.O.H. 9. Var. flabellata, Zabel (S. flabellata, Bertol.
S. hypericifdlia var. crenata, Boiss. & Buhse). Lvs.
obovate to obovate-lanceolate, acute, incisely serrate at
the apex or entire on the flowering branches. Var.
obovata, Maxim. (S. obovata, Waldst. & Kit.). Lvs.
obovate, rounded at the apex, crenate above the middle.
S. E. Eu. G.O.H. 11. Var. truncata, Zabel (S. thalic-
troldes, Hort., not Pall.). Lvs. broadly obovate to
oblong-obovate, truncate and crenately dentate at the
apex. Siberia.
2. Thunbergii, Sieb. Fig. 3660. Shrub, 5 ft. high,
with spreading or arching branches: Ivs. linear-lanceo-
late, sharply serrulate, 1-1% in. long: fls. pure white,
about ^in. across, in 3-5-fld. naked umbels; petals
3661. Spiraea prunifolia
var. plena. ( X Yt)
obovate, much longer than stamens: follicles with the
spreading styles below the apex. April, May. China,
Japan. S.Z. 1:69. G.F. 8:84, 85. J.H. 111.47:337.—
A very graceful early-flowering shrub, the slender arch-
ing branches clothed with feathery bright green foliage,
turning late in fall to orange or scarlet. Almost hardy,
but tips of branches sometimes killed by severe frost;
valuable for seaside planting.
3. arguta, Zabel (S. Thunbergii x S. multiflora). Simi-
lar in habit to the former but higher and more vigorous:
Ivs. oblong-obovate to oblong-oblanceolate, sharply and
sometimes doubly serrate, glabrous at length, 1-1% in.
long: fls. pure white, Hin. across, in many-fld. umbels,
mostly with small Ivs. at the base; pedicels glabrous;
petals broadly obovate, almost twice as long as sta-
mens. May. Of garden origin. G.C. III. 22:3; 43:398.
Gn. 73, p. 578; 78, p. 82. A.G. 22:633. G.M. 44:385.
SPIR.EA
3209
A.F. 17:192. Gn.W. 24:470. G.L. 27:33. Gng. 7:291.
F.E. 11:160. G.F. 10:443. M.D.G. 1900:16.— The
most free-flowering and showy of the earlier spireas;
quite hardy.
4. multifldra, Zabel (S. crenata x S. hypericifolia).
Shrub. 5 ft. high, with slender, arching branches: Ivs.
obovate, cuneate, serrate above the middle, usually 3-
neryed, glabrous at length, about 1 in. long: fls. pure
white, in many-fld. umbels, sessile on the upper, borne
on leafy stalks on the lower part of the branches. May.
Of garden origin. — Handsome shrub similar to the
former, but blooming a little later.
5. prunifdlia, Sieb. & Zucc. Graceful shrub, 6 ft.
high, with upright slender pubescent branches: lys.
ovate to oblong, denticulate, pubescent beneath, 1-2 in.
long: fls. pure white, about ^in. across, on slender
pedicels, in 3-6-fld. umbels; petals obovate, longer than
stamens. May. China, Japan. J.C.T. 22:12. Var.
plena, Schneid. (var.^ore-pieno, Hort.). Fig. 3661. Fls.
double, rather large. S.Z. 1:70. F.S. 2:153. Gn. 53, p.
185. A.G. 18:425. F.E. 9:593. Mn. 3, p. 42. G.
21:314; 27:132. G.M. 50:187. Gn.M. 3:208. F.E.
31:602. — Very handsome, early-flowering shrub, with
dark green, shining foliage, turning orange in fall. The
single-fld. form is less showy and rare in cult. ; its foliage
is lighter and not shining.
6. cana, Waldst. & Kit. Dense, bushy shrub, 3 ft.
high: Ivs. elliptic to oblong, acute at both ends, usually
entire, grayish pubescent on both sides, more densely
beneath, J^-l in. long: fls. ^in. across, in dense head-
like umbels; petals about as long as stamens; sepals
reflexedinfr. May. S. E. Eu., W.Asia. R.F.G. 24 : 148.
— Hardy, but not very showy.
7. alpina, Pall. Shrub, 4 ft. high, with upright or
arching, angular, reddish brown branches: Ivs. oblong-
obovate to oblanceolate, acute, usually entire, glabrous,
penninerved, J^-l in. long: fls. white, rather small, in
short-stalked, small, glabrous umbels; petals roundish,
little shorter than stamens; sepals upright in fr.: folli-
cles curving outward. May, June. N. E. Asia. G.O.H.
8. — Hardy shrub, with graceful foliage.
8. crenata, Linn. (S. crenifclia, C. A. Mey.). Shrub,
3 ft. high, with slender striped branches: Ivs. oblong-
obovate to oblanceolate, acute at both ends, crenately
serrate toward the apex, grayish green, puberulous
beneath when young, 3-nerved, J^-1J4 in. long: fls.
white, rather small, in dense almost semi-globose
umbels; petals roundish obovate, shorter than stamens;
sepals upright in fr. : follicles with erect styles. May.
S. E. Eu. to Caucasus and Altai. L.B.C. 13:1252.
G.O.H. 10. R.F.G. 24 : 147.— Hardy.
9. pikowiensis, Bess. (S. crenata x S. media. S.
Nicoudiertii, Hort.). Shrub, 4 ft. high, with terete
upright branches: Ivs. oblong, cuneate at base, with
few sharp teeth at the apex or sometimes entire, penni-
nerved to 3-nerved, almost glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls.
white or greenish white, in many-fld. almost glabrous
umbels: petals orbicular, shorter than stamens; sepals
upright in fr. : follicles with the upright style somewhat
below the apex. May. — Supposed natural hybrid,
found wild in Podolia, Poland.
10. nipponica, Maxim. (S. bradeata, Zabel, not Raf.).
Fig. 3662. Shrub, 8 ft. high, with upright or spreading
branches, quite glabrous: Ivs. obovate, usually crenate
at the apex, dark green above, bluish green beneath, of
firm texture, J^-%in. long: fls. }^ia. across, in umbel-
like racemes, sometimes compound at the base; petals
orbicular, longer than stamens; sepals spreading in fr.
June. Japan. Var. rotundifdlia, Makino (S. media var.
rotundifolia, Nichols.). Lvs. broadly obovate or round-
ish obovate, %-l % in. long: fls. somewhat larger. G.C.
11.23:283; 111.37:149; 43:399. J.H.S. 33, p. 349.
G. 29:663. G.M. 43:95. B.M. 7429. G.F. 7:305
(adapted in Fig. 3662). — Desirable hardy shrub of vig-
orous growth with showy umbels of pure white fls. and
dark green handsome foliage remaining green until late
in fall.
11. Biamei, Don (S. rupestris, Sieb.). Shrub, 4 ft.
high, with spreading and arching branches: Ivs. ovate
to rhombic-ovate, incisely crenate-serrate, pale bluish
green beneath and rather prominently veined, %-l%
3662. Spiraea nipponica. ( X nearly 1)
in. long: fls. polygamous, white, in many-fld. umbels;
petals rpundish-obovate, about as long as stamens: fol-
licles with spreading or reflexed styles. June. Japan.
B.H. 8:36. — Not hardy N., rare in cult.; often the fol-
lowing or other species are met with under its names.
12. trilobate, Linn. (S. trUoba, Linn.). Fig. 3663.
Shrub, 4 ft. high, with slender spreading branches: Ivs.
almost orbicular, incised-dentate and often 3-lobed,
obtuse, pale bluish green beneath, J^-l in. long: fls.
pure white, in many-fld. umbels; sepals upright in fr.:
follicles with ascending styles. May, June. N. China
to Siberia and Turkestan. L.B.C. 13: 1271. G.F. 1 :452.
F.E. 30:45 (as S. crategifolia) . — Handsome bushy
shrub, quite hardy; cult, under many different names
as S. aquilegifolia, S. adiantifolia, S. crateffifblia, S.
Blumei.
13. Vanhoftttei, Zabel (S. cantoniensis x S. trilo-
bata. S. aquHegifolia var. Vanhouttei, Briot). Fig.
3664. Shrub, 6 ft. high, with arching branches: Ivs.
rhombic-ovate or rhombic-obovate, rounded or some-
what narrowed at the base, acute, incised-serrate, dark
green above, pale bluish green beneath, %-l% in. long:
fls. white, J^in. across, in many-fld. umbels; petals
twice as long as stamens; sepals upright or spreading in
fr. May, June. Of garden origin. Gn. 53, p. 251; 71, p.
334. Gn.M. 1:116; 3:131. G. 27:94. F.R. 10:133.
F.E. 14:389; 17:673; 31:600. C.L.A. 4:210. G.F.
2:317. Gng. 5:210. A.G. 15:297. P.G.3:173. M.D.G.
1900:17. — This is one of the most beautiful, or per-
haps the most beautiful, of the early-blooming spireas
and quite hardy. Sometimes confounded with the fore-
going, which is similar but smaller in every part and
less showy.
14. cantoniensis, Lour. (S. Reevesiana, Lindl. S.
lanceolata, Poir. S. corymbdsa, Roxbg.). Shrub, 4 ft.
high, with slender, arching branches: Ivs. rhombic-
lanceolate, incisely doubly serrate, dark green above,
3210
SPIRAEA
pale bluish green beneath, 1-2 ^ in. long: fls. over J^in.
across, in rather dense umbels; sepals upright in fr.:
follicles with spreading styles. May, June. China,
Japan. B.R. 30:10. A.G. 18:356. G. 34:441.— Very
handsome shrub, with large pure white fls., but only
half-hardy N. Var. lanceata, Zabel (S. Reevesiana
flore-pleno, Hort.), with double fls. and narrower Ivs. is
still more tender. H.F. 1855:11. This species and the
three foregoing are valuable also for their handsome
foliage, which remains fresh and green until late in fall.
15. blanda, Zabel (S. cMnensis x S. cantoniensis. S.
Reevesiana robusta or nova, Hort.). Upright shrub, 6 ft.
high, with arching branches: Ivs. oblong to ovate, acute
at both ends, incised-serrate, dark green and almost
glabrous above, grayish-tomentose beneath, 1-1M in-
long: fls. rather large, pure white, in pubescent umbels;
sepals ovate-lanceolate, upright in fr. : follicles pubes-
cent, with spreading styles. May, June. Of garden
origin. — Only half-hardy North.
16. chinensis, Maxim. (S. pubescens, Lindl.). Upright
shrub, 5 ft. high, with arching branches, tomentose
when young: lys. long-petioled, ovate, incisely ser-
rate and sometimes 3-lobed, finely pubescent above,
yellowish tomentose beneath, 1-2 in. long: fls. pure
white, about J^in. across, in pubescent umbels; sepals
upright in fr., ovate-lanceolate, tomentose like the fol-
licles; styles terminal, spreading. May. China. B.R.
33:38. — Handsome, but not hardy North.
17. pubescens, Turcz. Upright shrub, 6 ft. high, with
slender, arching branches: Ivs. similar to those of the
foregoing species, but more grayish tomentose beneath
and somewhat smaller, petioles shorter: fls. J^-^iin.
across, in glabrous umbels; sepals triangular-ovate,
upright in fr. : follicles glabrous, with the spreading
styles below the apex. May. N.China. G.F. 1:331. —
Hardy N., and the large-fld. form as handsome as the
foregoing species.
18. media, Schmidt (S. confusa, Regel & Koern.).
Upright shrub, 5 ft. high, with terete branches, gla-
brous or pubescent when young: Ivs. ovate to oblong,
cuneate at the base, incisely serrate above the middle,
almost glabrous or pubescent, 1-2% in. long: fls. in
many-fld. rather long-stalked, umbel-like racemes: fol-
licles with the spreading or reflexed styles somewhat
below the apex. May. S. E. Eu. to Japan. J.H. III.
46:533. G. 30:45. G.M. 49:504. R.F.G. 24:149.
Var. glabrescens, Simonkai. Almost glabrous. Var
subintegerrima, Zabel (S. oblongifolia, Waldst. & Kit.).
Lvs. elliptic-oblong to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at
3664. Spiraea Vanhouttei.
both ends, entire or with 1-3 teeth at the apex, nearly
glabrous. Var. sericea, Regel (S. sericea, Turcz.). Lvs.
pubescent on both sides.
19. chamaedryfdlia, Linn. Shrub, to 6 ft., with
angular glabrous branchlets: Ivs. slender-petioled, ovate,
incisely or doubly serrate from below the middle,
almost glabrous,
bluish green
beneath, 1 J^-3 in.
long: umbels
many-fld., the
lower ones on
branchlets about
2 in. long, the
upper ones often
almost sessile ; fls.
about J^in. across:
follicles with the
style upright and
terminal. May,
June. S. E. Eu.to
Japan. G. W. H.
83. Var. ulmifdlia, Maxim. (S. ulmifdlia, Scop.). Lvs.
more rounded at the base : umbels more elongated-hemi-
spherical. S. E. Eu. R.F.G. 24:150. Var. transiens,
Zabel. Lvs. narrower, oblong-ovate. — This and the
preceding species spread by suckers.
20. flexudsa, Fisch. (S. chamsedry folia var. flexuosa,
Maxim.). Similar to the preceding species, but lower
and more spreading: branchlets slender, strongly
angled, distinctly zigzag: Ivs. oblong-ovate to lance-
oblong, cuneate at the base, usually serrate above the
middle only, 1-2 in. long: umbels few-fld., short-stalked.
May, June. N. E. Asia. Var. stenophylla, Schneid.
(S. chamsedryfolia var. stenophylla, Zabel). Lvs. smaller
and narrower, usually less than 1 in. long.
Section II. CALOSPIHA. Species Nos. 21-42.
A. Corymbs on usually short lateral
branchlets along the mostly arching
branches of the previous year.
B. Lvs. y%-l in. long, crenate-serrate, or
serrate only at the apex: corymbs on
very short branchlets.
c. Branchlets angular: Ivs. generally
oval, obtuse: winter buds with 2
outer scales 21. canescens
cc. Branchlets terete: Ivs. generally
oblong: winter buds with several
scales 22. Sargentiana
BB. Lvs. %-3 in. long,
c. Fls. perfect, white.
D. Winter buds short, ovate, with
several outer scales: Ivs. entire
or dentate only above the
middle.
E. Upper surface of Ivs. gla-
brous; margin entire: flower-
ing branchlets 2-3 in. long. . 23. Veitchii
EE. Upper surface of Ivs. more or
less pubescent, margin usu-
ally dentate toward the apex.
F. Infl. glabrous 24. Wilsonii
FF. Infl. pilose 25. Henryi
DD. Winter buds elongated, pointed,
with 2 outer scales: Ivs. doubly
or incisely serrate.
E. Foliage pubescent on the
veins below, incisely serrate.2Q. Rosthornii
EE. Foliage glabrous, Ivs. deeply
serrate 27. longigemmis
cc. Fls. dioecious, pink or white: Ivs.
sharply serrate: winter buds
ovate, with several scales.
D. Shoot angular: Ivs. usually ovate-
oblong: fls. pink 28. bella
DD. Shoot terete: Ivs. usually ovate
to elliptic: fls. white 29. ezpansa
AA. Corymbs terminal on upright shoots of
the year.
SPIR.EA
SPIRAEA
3211
B. Infl. pubescent, rarely glabrous, very
compound, besides the terminal
corymb lateral ones blooming some-
what later appear beneath it, only
weak branches with a single corymb,
c. Shrub 1 ft. or less high, with bullate
hs. less than 1 in. long 30. bullata
cc. Shrubs 1-5 ft. high, with larger hs.
D. Branches terete.
E. Ripe follicles diverging 31. japonica
EE. Ripe follicles upright, straight.
F. Fls. pink 32. Margaritas
FT. Fls. whitish or blushed 33. Foxii
DD. Branches more or less angular,
rather stiff, almost glabrous.
E. Color of fls. pink, rarely
whitish 34. Bumalda
EE. Color of fls. white 35. albiflora
BB. Infl. consisting of only one terminal
corymb, usually glabrous: follicles
not direrging.
C. Corymbs usually pubescent.
D. Sepals re flexed in fr.: hs. gen-
erally oblong, acute, or acumi-
nate: fls. pink or whitish 36. superba
DD. Sepals upright in fr.: Ivs. gen-
erally ovate or oral: fls. white. .37. corymbosa
CC. Corymbs glabrous (often puberu-
lous in \o. 41)-
D. Stamens longer than the petals.
E. Fls. pink; annular disk want-
ing 38. densiflora
EE. Fls. white; disk present.
F. Lrs. oblong, entire, or with
few teeth above the middle,
acute 39. virginiana
FF. LTS. oval or elliptic,
r toothed.
G. Margin of hs. sharp-
ly, often doubly ser-
rate, apex acutish 40. lucida
GG. Margin of hs. crenate-
dentate , apex
rounded 41. betulifolia
DD. Stamens as long as petals: de-
cumbent shrub: Ivs. %-l in.
long, sharply serrate 42. decumbens
21. canescens, D. Don. Shrub, 6 or sometimes 12 ft.
high, with spreading and arching branches; branchlets
angled: Ivs. broadly oval to obovate, very short-petioled,
crenately dentate above the middle, grayish green,
Eubescent beneath or sometimes almost glabrous at
•ngth, ^-Min. long: fls. white, rather small, in
dense, semi-globose corymbs to 2 in. across, appear-
ing very profusely along the branches; stamens
about as long as petals; sepals upright or spread-
ing in fr.: follicles villous, with the ascending styles
a little below the apex. July. Himalayas. Gn. 45,
p. 49; 49, p. 421; 52, p. 28; 54, p. 48; 61, p. 380; 62,
p. 414. G.C. III. 43:90.— Very graceful and hand-
some shrub, but not hardy N. It occurs under very
many different names in the gardens, as S. cuneata,
S. cuneifdlia, S. flagellata, S. flagettiformU, S. rotundi-
fblia, S. vaccinifolia, and others. Var. myrtif olia, Zabel
(S. argentea, Hort,). Lvs. dark green above, glauces-
cent and less pubescent below, narrower. M.D.G.
1906:385.
22. Sargentiana, Rehd. Shrub, to 6 ft,, with slender
spreading branches; branchlets terete, puberulous at
first, soon glabrous: Ivs. elliptic-oblong to obovate-
oblong, narrowed into the petiole, with a few acute
teeth at the apex, rarely entire, puberulous above, vil-
lous beneath chiefly on the veins, \^-\ ip- long: corymbs
dense, 1-1% hi. across, villous: fls. white, J^in. across;
calyx villous; stamens about as long as petals: carpels
nearly glabrous. June. W. China. — A very graceful
shrub, similar to S. canescens; has proved not quite
hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.
23. Veitchii, Hemsl. Shrub, to 12 ft,, with spread-
ing and arching branches; branchlets puberulous while
young, reddish, striped: Ivs. oval to oblong, rarely
obovate, obtuse, cuneate at the base, entire, finely
puberulous beneath and glaucescent, glabrous above,
%-l Yi in. long : corymbs 1 J^-2 % in. across, puberulous :
fls. Kin. across, white; calyx puberulous; stamens
longer than petals: carpels glabrous, upright, June,
July. B.M. 8383. J.H.S. 35, p. 152, fig. 98. G.M.
52:598. — Like the two following closely allied species
very handsome and hardy as far north as Mass.
24. Wflsonii, Duthie. Shrub, to 8 ft., with arching
branches; branchlets dull purplish, pubescent while
young: Ivs. very short-petioled, oval to oblong or obo-
vate, obtuse or acutish, cuneate at the base, entire or
with a few coarse teeth at the apex, dull green and
pubescent above, grayish green and villous beneath,
particularly on the veins, %-2J4 m- long: corymbs
dense, lJ^-2 in. across, glabrous or nearly so: fls. J^in.
across, pure white; calyx glabrous: follicles sparingly
pilose, slightly spreading. June. Cent, and W. China.
B.M. 8390. G. 35:851.
25. Henryi, Hemsl. Fig. 3665. Shrub, to 8 ft., with
spreading branches; branchlets sparingly pilose or
nearly glabrous: Ivs. obovate or oblong to oblanceolate,
cuneate at the base, acute or rounded at the apex,
usually coarsely dentate
toward the apex, slightly
hairy above, villous beneath
particularly on the veins,
%-3 in. long; petiole K~
Min. long: corymb 2 in.
across, rather loose, pilose:
fls. Mm- across; stamens
shorter than petals: follicles
hairy, slightly spreading.
June. Cent, and W. China.
B.M. 8270. Gn. 65, p. 44.
J.H.S. 28:62, fig. 20. G.
37:35. Var. notibilis, Far-
quhar. Corymbs larger.
26. RSsthornii, Pritz. (S.
Prdttii, Schneid.). Shrub,
to 6 ft., with spreading
branches ; branchlets yellow-
ish brown, sparingly hairy
while young: winter buds
elongated, long-pointed,
often as long as petiole: Ivs.
ovate to ovate-oblong, acu-
minate, cuneate at the base,
rarely nearly rounded,
incisely serrate, bright
green, hairy on the veins
beneath, 1^-3 in. long;
petioles J£-Hin. long:
3665. Spiraea Hemyi.
corymbs rather loose, 2-3 in. across, pilose, on elon-
gated branchlets: fls. J^in. across, white, stamens longer
than petals. June. W. China. — A graceful shrub with
handsome bright green foliage.
27. longigemmis, Maxim. Fig. 3666. Shrub, 4 ft.
high, with slender terete branches, glabrous: axillary
buds acuminate, longer than the petioles: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate to oblong-lanceolate, incisely and doubly
serrate, with glandular-tipped teeth, bright green, gla-
brous, 1J^-2H hi. long: fls. white hi rather loose 2-3-in.
broad pubescent corymbs; sepals spreading in fr.: fol-
licles almost glabrous, with terminal spreading styles
June. N.W.China. G.F. 7:345 (adapted in Fig. 3666).
I.T. 5:92. G. 34:443.— Hardy.
28. bella, Suns (S. expdnsa, Wall. S. ovata, and S.
cdccinea, Hort.). Shrub, 3 ft. high, with slender, spread-
ing branches, angular and sparingly pubescent: Ivs.
ovate-elliptic to ovate-lanceolate, acute at both ends,
sharply serrate from below the middle, almost glabrous,
whitish or bluish green beneath, 1-2 in. long: fls.
dioecious, Km- across, pink, in small corymbs, Yr-1 in.
3212
SPIRJEA
SPIR^A
across ; stamens little longer than petals ; sepals reflexed
in fr. : follicles pubescent only at the inner suture, with
spreading styles. June, July. Himalayas. B.M. 2426.
L.B.C. 13:1268.— Only half-hardy North.
29. expansa, Koch (S. bella var. expdnsa, Regel. S.
fastigiata, Wall.). Closely allied to the foregoing; more
vigorous and upright, 6 ft. high, with terete branches
tomentose when young: Ivs. ovate to ovate-oblong,
3666. Spiraea
longigemmis.
(XJO
acute at both ends, sharply serrate from the middle,
usually pubescent on the veins beneath, lJ^-3 in. long:
fls. white, % in. across, in l-4-in.-broad corymbs
terminal on upright, often very long branches: follicles
pubescent, diverging. July. Himalayas. — S. pulchella,
Kunze (S. kumaonensis, Hort.), is supposed to be a
hybrid of this and the foregoing species; it combines
the broader corymbs of the latter with the brighter
color of the first species, therefore handsomer than
either parent; sometimes cult, as S. expdnsa rubra, but
there is also another hybrid of the same name. See S.
rubra in suppl. list.
30. bullata, Maxim. (S. crispifdlia, Hort.). Dwarf
shrub, with strictly upright, brown, vinous branches:
Ivs. roundish-ovate to ovate, very short-petioled,
incisely serrate, thickish and bullate, almost glabrous,
grayish green beneath, ^-%in. long: fls. deep pink, in
small and dense corymbs lJ^-3 in. across. July, Aug.
Japan. Gt. 35:1216.
31. japdnica, Linn. (S. callosa, Thunb.). Shrub, 4 ft.
high, with upright branches glabrous or puberulous
when young: Ivs. ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acute at
both ends or acuminate, doubly and incisely serrate,
pale bluish green and usually glabrous beneath, 1-4 in.
long: fls. small, pale to deep pink, in usually much-
compound and rather loose corymbs; sepals reflexed in
fr.: follicles glabrous, diverging with ascending styles.
June, July. Japan, China. — A very variable species.
The variety most common in cult, usually under the
name S. callosa is var. F6rtunei, Rehd. (S. Fortunei,
Planch. S. cattdsa, Lindl., not Thunb.). Higher, with
quite terete branches: Ivs. 2-4 in. long, oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate, with
incurved, callous-tipped teeth, rugose above, bluish
white beneath: corymbs very compound, rather loose;
disk less developed, sometimes wanting. E. and Cent.
China. F.S. 9:871. B.M. 5164. B.H. 8 : 129.— Hand-
some shrub with the young unfolding Ivs. of a pretty
purplish color and very large much-compound corymbs.
The Japanese forms grow less high, have smaller and
broader, coarsely doubly dentate-serrate Ivs., not
rugose and less whitish beneath; the sts. are slightly
striped by the decurrent petioles and the infl. is less
compound. Other varieties of Chinese origin are the
two following recently intro. varieties. Var. acuminata,
Franch. Lvs. ovate-oblong to lanceolate, acuminate,
green and pubescent beneath, at least on the veins,
2-3^ in. long: fls. pink, in terminal corymbs 4-6 in.
across. Cent, and W. China. Var. ovalifdlia, Franch.
Lvs. oval to elliptic, acute, glabrous and glaucescent
beneath, 1H~3 in. long: fls. white, in corymbs 3-5 in.
across. W. China. — Japanese forms little known in cult,
are var. pubescens, Regel, with the Ivs. pubescent
beneath and the corymbs pubescent, and var. glabrata,
Nichols. (S. glabrata, Lange), with ovate glabrous Ivs.
and bright pink fls. in glabrous corymbs. The following
are garden forms: Var. atrosanguinea, Zabel. Fls.
deep pink, in tomentose corymbs. Var. ruberrima,
Zabel. Fls. deep pink, in puberulous corymbs. Var.
macrophylla, Simon-Louis. Lvs. becoming 6 in. long,
bullate: corymbs small. Var. variegzlta, Hort. Lvs.
variegated with yellowish white. Most of the other
forms enumerated as varieties under this species are
hybrids.
32. Margaritas, Zabel (S. japdnica x S. superba).
Shrub, 5 ft. high, puberulous: Ivs. ovate-elliptic to
elliptic, coarsely and often doubly serrate, pubescent on
the midrib beneath and pale green, 2-3 in. long: fls.
rather large, bright pink, in broad corymbs; sepals
spreading in fr. : follicles upright, glabrous, with upright
styles. July, Aug. Of garden origin. — Handsome, very
free-flowering form.
33. Foxii, Zabel (S. corymbbsa x S. japdnica). Simi-
lar to the preceding: branches more or less striped,
almost glabrous: Ivs. elliptic, doubly serrate, glabrous:
fls. whitish or pinkish, in large, puberulous corymbs;
styles spreading
in fr. June, July.
R. H. 1900, p.
117. Of garden
origin. — Less
desirable than
the preceding
hybrid.
34. Bumalda,
Burvenich ( S .
japdnica x S .
albifibra. S. pu-
mila, Zabel).
Shrub, 2 ft. high,
rarely higher:
Ivs. ovate - lan-
ceolate, sharply
and doubly ser-
rate, glabrous,
2-3 in. long: fls.
whitish to deep
pink: follicles
diverging. July,
Aug. B.H. 17:
12. Gn. 46, p.
416. Mn. 2, p.
24. G. C. III.
43:416.— Cult,
in many differ-
ent forms, prob-
ably all of gar-
den origin. Two
of the best are
var. Anthony
Waterer, a very
free -flowering,
compact shrub
with bright crim-
son fls. in rather 3667. Spiraea albiflora.
SPIRAEA
SPIRAEA
3213
dense corymbs and rather narrow, incisely serrate Ivs.
Gn. 45:49. G.C. III. 14:365; and var. FroSbeli, Hort.
(S. cattdsa var. Froebeli, Hort.), a taller plant with
broader, ovate-oblong Ivs. and also with bright crimson
fls. F.E. 31 : 604. A similar form is S. Lemdinei, Zabel
(S. Bumdlda var. ruberrima, Hort.), hybrid of S.
Bumalda and S. buttata, a low, compact shrub, with
somewhat bullate Ivs. and pink fls.
3668. Spiraea latifolia. ( X H)
35. albifldra, Miq. (S. japonica alba, Regel. S. leu-
cdntha, Lange). Fig. 3667. Low shrub, \Y^ ft. high,
with stiff, upright branches: Ivs. lanceolate, coarsely
or sometimes doubly serrate, glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls.
white, in dense corymbs, one large terminal and many
smaller ones below along the branch; disk prominent;
sepals reflexed in fr.: follicles upright, not or little
diverging. July, Aug. Japan.
36. superba, Zabel (S. albifldra x S. corymbdsa). Low
shrub, with striped dark brown branches: Ivs. elliptic-
oblong to oblong, acute at both ends, simply or doubly
serrate, almost glabrous, 1-3 in. long: fls. rather large,
pink or almost whitish; disk prominent; petals orbicu-
lar or broadly obovate. June, July. Of garden origin.
37. corymbdsa, Raf. (S. cratxgifblia, Link). Low
shrub, with usually little-branched sts., rarely to 3
ft. high: branches purplish brown: Ivs. broadly oval to
ovate, acutish, coarsely and often doubly serrate, espe-
cially above the middle, pale bluish green beneath and
glabrous, 1^-3 in. long: fls. white, rather small, in
somewhat convex usually pubescent corymbs, lJ^-3 in.
across; petals oval: follicles and styles upright. May,
June. N. J. to Ga. and Ky. L.B.C. 7:671. G.O.H. 82.
B.B. (ed. 2)2:246.
38. densiflfira, Nutt. (S. betulifdlia var. rbsea, Gray.
S. splendens, Baumann. S. rdsea, Koehne. S. arbiis-
cula, Greene). Low, much-branched shrub: Ivs. very
short-petioled, oval to ovate, obtuse, crenately ser-
rate, glabrous, rarely sparingly puberulous beneath,
%-l% in. long: fls. bright pink, in dense corymbs 1-2
in. across. June-Aug. Brit. Col. to Ore., Wyo., and
Mont. G.F. 10:413.
39. virginiana, Brit. Much-branched shrub, to 4 ft.,
glabrous: Ivs. lance-oblong, acute, cuneate or rounded at
the base, entire or with a few teeth above the middle,
pale or glaucescent beneath, 1)^-2 in. long: fls. white,
in dense glabrous corymbs, about 2 in. across. June.
Va. to N. C. and Term. B.B. (ed. 2) 2:246.
40. lucida, Douglas (S, corymbdsa var. liicida,
Zabel). Closely allied to S. corymbosa: branches yellow-
ish brown or brown: Ivs. more incisely serrate, oval or
obovate: corymb glabrous, usually looser and more flat,
broader. June, July. Brit. Col. to Sask., Wyo. and Ore.
41. betulifdlia, Pall. Low, much-branched shrub:
Ivs. oval to obovate-oblong, usually cuneate at base
and very short-petioled, serrate or crenately serrate,
obtuse, glabrous or slightly pubescent on the veins
beneath, %-llA in. long: corymb usually glabrous, 1-2
in. across. June, July. Siberia to Manchuria, Kam-
chatka and Japan. — The three preceding species except
S. virginiana, are all closely allied and considered by
some botanists varieties of S. betidifolia.
42. decumbens, W. Koch (S. proc&mbens, Hort.).
Dwarf, procumbent shrub, about Hft. high, with
ascending branches, glabrous: Ivs. elliptic to oblong,
acute at both ends, crenately serrate above the middle,
glabrous, J^-l in. long: fls. white, in small corymbs,
about 2 in. across: follicles glabrous, with upright ter-
minal styles. June. Tyrol. G.C. II. 11:752. M.D.G.
1912:186. R.F.G.24:151. G.M. 57: 746— Pretty shrub
for rockeries.
SECTION III. SPIRAHIA. Species Xos. 43-55.
A. Infl. a broad panicle, about as broad as
high. ( Hybrids of species of this and
the preceding section.)
B. Panicles rather small, on lateral
branchlets at the end of last year's
branches 43. Fontenaysii
BB. Panicles large, terminal on long, up-
right branches.
C. Lvs. glabrous or nearly so.
D. Apex of Ivs. acute 44. conspicua
DD. Apex of Ivs. obtuse or acutish.
E. Shape of Ins. broadly ovate or
obovate 45. notha
EE. Shape of Ivs. oblong or oval-
oblong 46. pyramidata
cc. Lvs. pubescent or tomentose
beneath.
D. Base of Ivs. acute 47. sanssouciana
DD. Base of Ivs. rounded 48. Watsoniana
AA. Infl. an elongated panicle, longer than
broad. (Spiraria proper.)
B. Foliage glabrous or nearly so.
C. Lvs. sharply serrate, except at the
very base.
D. Panicles tomentulose.
E. Fls. light pink 49. salicifolia
EE. Fls. white 50, alba
DD. Panicles glabrous 51. latifolia
CC. Lvs. coarsely senate above the
middle: fls. pink 52. Menziesii
BB. Foliage pubescent or tomentose
beneath.
C. Follicles glabrous: Ivs. grayish or
whitish tomentose beneath.
3214
SPIR.EA
SPIR^A
D. Lvs. acute at both ends 53. Billiardii
DD. Lvs. rounded or nearly so at
both ends 54. Douglasii
cc. Follicles pubescent: Ivs. usually
light tawny beneath 55. tomentosa
43. Fontenaysii, Billiard (S. fontenaysiensis, Dipp.
S. canescens x S. salicifdlia). Shrub, 6 ft. high, with
slender, upright branches: Ivs. oval or oblong-oval,
rounded at both ends, crenately serrate above the
middle, pale bluish green beneath, almost glabrous,
1-2 in. long : fls. white or pink, in 1 J^-3-in.-long panicles ;
petals orbicular, about as long as stamens; sepals
spreading in fr. June, July. Of garden origin. — Not
quite hardy N. Var. alba, Zabel, is the white-fld., var.
rosea, Zabel, the pink-fld. form. S. pruinosa, Zabel
(S. brachybotrys, Lange. S. luxuriosa, Hort. S.
canescens x S. Douglasii), is a similar form, but the
Ivs. are tomentose beneath and the fls. pink.
44. conspicua, Zabel (S. albiflora x S. alba). Upright
shrub, 3 ft. high, with dark brown puberulous branches:
Ivs. elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, simply or doubly
serrate, almost glabrous, 1J^-2K in. long: fls. pinkish
white, in broad finely pubescent panicles; petals shorter
than stamens. July-Sept. — Handsome form. A similar
hybrid is S. syringaeflSra, Lem. (L. albiflora x S. salici-
fdlia), with oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate Ivs., serrate
above the middle, and pink fls. Closely allied is also
S. semperflorens, Zabel (S. japdnica x S. salicifblia, S.
japdnica or S. Fdrtunei var. paniculdta, Hort.). Higher
than the former: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, usually doubly
serrate: fls. pink. R.H. 1860, pp. 496, 497. Gn. 45, p.
48. G.3:191.
45. ndtha, Zabel (S. corymbosa x S. latifblia}. Shrub,
3 ft. high, with brown, glabrous branches: Ivs. broadly
ovate to obovate, short-petioled, coarsely and doubly
serrate, almost glabrous, 1-2 in. long: fls. white to
pinkish white, in broad, glabrous panicles; stamens
almost twice as long as the orbicular petals. July, Aug.
— Of garden origin.
46. pyramidata, Greene. Possibly hybrid between
S. lucidasmd S. Menziesii. Upright shrub, 3 ft. high:
Ivs. oval-oblong to oblong, acutish or obtuse, usually
doubly serrate above the middle, glabrous or nearly so,
1/^-3 in. long: panicles l%-3% in. long, rather dense,
puberulous: fls. pinkish or almost white. July. Found
wild in Ore. and Wash.
47. sanssouciana, Koch (S. Douglasii x S. japdnica.
S. Regelidna, Hort. S. Nobledna, Hook.). Shrub, 4 ft.
high, with striped, finely tomentose branches: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, sharply and usually doubly serrate,
grayish tomentose beneath, 2-3 H in. long: fls. pink, in
broad corymb-like panicles: follicles glabrous, with
spreading styles. July, Aug. Of garden origin. B.M.
5169. I.H. 8:286.— An allied form is S. intermedia,
Lemoine (S. albiflora x S. Douglasii) , similar in habit to
S. syringseflora but with the Ivs. tomentose beneath.
48. Watsoniana, Zabel (S. Douglasii var. Nobledna,
Wats. S. Nobledna, Zabel. S. Douglasii x S. densifldra).
Shrub, 4 ft. high, similar to the former: Ivs. oblong or
narrowly oblong, usually rounded at the base, acute,
sharply serrate above the middle, grayish-tomentose
beneath, 1-3 in. long: fls. light pink, in dense broadly
pyramidal, tomentulose panicles 3-6 in. high; petals half
as long as stamens; sepals reflexed in fr.; styles erect.
June, July. Natural hybrid, found in Calif. S. subvil-
losa, Rydb., apparently belongs here. — A similar form
is S. pachystachys, Zabel (S. corymbosa x S. Douglasii),
with broader Ivs. and fls. of paler pink. G.C. III.
38:322.
49. salicifolia, Linn. (S. sibirica, Raf. S. salicifdlia
var. cdrnea, Ait.). Upright shrub, 5 ft. high, with
terete yellowish brown branches puberulous when
young: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate to lanceolate, sharply and
sometimes doubly serrate with often incurved teeth,
in. long: fls. light pink or whitish, in oblong,
dense, tomentulose panicles leafy below, the Ivs. exceed-
ing the ascending ramifications; stamens twice as long
as petals; sepals upright in fr.: follicles ciliate at the
inner suture. June, July. S. E. Eu. to Japan and
probably Alaska. R.F.G. 24:152. G.W.H. 82. Var.
grandiflora, Dipp. (S. grandiflora, Lodd.). Lower, with
larger, lighter pink fls. L.B.C. 20:1988.
50. alba, Dur. (S. salicifdlia var. paniculdta, Ait. S.
lanceoldta, Borkh.). QUEEN OF THE MEADOW. MEADOW-
SWEET. Attractive upright shrub, attaining 6 ft., with
reddish brown branches puberulous when young: Ivs.
narrow, oblong to oblanceolate, acute, usually regularly
simply serrate, 1^-2H in. long: fls. white, in leafy
pyramidal tomen-
tulose panicles,
the lower spread-
ing ramifications
much longer than
their supporting
Ivs.; stamens
white, usually as
long as petals : fol-
licles quite gla-
brous. June— Aug.
From N. Y. west
to Mo., south to
Ga. and Miss.
B.B. (ed.2)2:245.
— Also known as
S. salicifolia.
51. Iatif61ia,
Borkh. (S. salici-
fdlia var. latifblia,
Ait. S. carpini-
fdlia, Willd. S.
canadensis, Hort.
S. bethlehemensis,
Hort.). QUEEN OF
THE MEADOW.
MEADOW - SWEET.
Fig. 3668. Branch-
ing shrub, 2-5 ft.
high, with bright
or dark red-brown
glabrous twigs:
Ivs. broadly oval
to obovate or ob-
long, usually
coarsely and often
doubly serrate,
1^-3 in. long: fls.
white, larger than
those of S. alba,
sometimes slightly
blushed and with
the stamens and
disk more or less
pinkish; panicles
quite glabrous, broadly pyramidal, with spreading and
elongated ramifications; stamens longer than petals.
June-Aug. Newfoundland and Canada to N. C. Em.
2:485. G.C. III. 43:417.— This and the preceding
species have been referred by most American botanists
to S. salicifolia. S. alba is chiefly found west, S. lati-
folia east of and on the Alleghanies, while the true S.
salicifolia is an Old- World species.
52. Menziesii, Hook. (S. Douglasii var. Menziesii,
Presl). Upright shrub, 4 ft. high, with brown, at first
puberulous, branches: Ivs. oblong-obovate to oblong,
coarsely and unequally serrate above the middle, pale
green beneath, l%-3 in. long: fls. small, pink, in rather
narrow, 5-8-in.-long panicles; stamens more than
twice as long as the roundish petals; sepals reflexed in
fr. June-Aug. Alaska to Ore.
3669. Spiraea Douglasii. ( X H)
SPIR-EA
SPIRAXTHES
3215
53. Billiardii, Herincq (S. Douglasii x S. salicifolia).
Shrub, 6 ft. high, with brown pubescent branches: Ivs.
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, acute, sharply and often
doubly serrate, except in the lower third, usually gray-
ish-tomentose beneath, at least when young, sometimes
almost glabrous at length, 2-3 in. long: fls. bright pink,
in 5-8-in. long, tomentose or tomentulose panicles usu-
ally rather narrow and dense. Julj", Aug. Of garden
origin. H.F.5:24. F.E. 18:613.— S. Lennedna,S. bethle-
hemensis rubra, S. triumphant, S. eximia, S. Constantly,
S. califtrnica, Hort., are very similar and probably of
the same parentage.
54. Douglasii, Hook. Fig. 3669. Shrub, 8 ft. high,
with reddish brown, tomentose branches: Ivs. oblong to
narrow-oblong, rounded or acutish at both ends,
unequally serrate above the middle, densely white-
tomentose beneath, l>£-4 in. long: fls. deep pink, in
dense, rather narrow or sometimes broad panicles, 4-8
in. long; stamens twice as long as the obovate petals;
sepals reflexed in fr.: follicles glabrous. July, Aug.
Brit. Col. to Calif. F.S. 2:66. R.H. 1846:101. P.M.
12:195. B.M. 5151. Gn. 23:246.
55. tomentdsa, Linn. HARDBACK. STEEPLEBUSH.
Shrub, 4 ft. high, with upright, brown, tomentose
branches: Ivs. ovate to oblong-ovate, acute, unequally
and often doubly serrate, densely yellowish or grayish-
tomentose beneath, 1-2 }/£ in. long: fls. deep pink or pur-
ple, in narrow dense panicles, brownish tomentose and
3-8 in. long; stamens somewhat longer than the obovate
petals; sepals reflexed: follicles pubescent, usually
diverging. July-Sept. Xova Scotia to Ga., west to
Man. and Kans. B.B.(ed. 2) 2:245. Em. 2:485.
Gn.M. 5:344. Var. alba, Rehd. (f. albiflora, Macbride).
With white fls. F.E. 8:833. Gng. 5 : 149.— This species
does not spread by suckers like most others of the sec-
tion Spiraria. All the last-named species are valuable as
late-blooming shrubs and decorative with their showy
panicles of bright or deep pink fls. They appear at their
best when planted in masses in the wilder parts of the
park in low ground.
S. Aiichisonii, Hem3L=Sorbaria Aitchisonii. — S. amurensis,
Maxim. =Physocarpus amurensis. — 5. ariaefolia, Smith=Holo-
discus discolor var. arisefolius. — S. Aruncus, Linn.=Aruncus
Sylvester. — S. assimilig, Zabel iS. densiflora X S. japoniea). Low
shrub, with pink fls. in broad corymb-like panicles. Garden hyorid.
— .?. astilbotdes, Moqre=Astilbe astilboides. — S. Bowsieri, Carr.=
Holodiscus Bqursieri. — S. brumalis, I-ange (probably S. expansa X
S. alba). Medium-sized shrub, with oblong, incisely serrate, almost
glabrous Ivs. and pinkish white fls. in broad and loose corymb-like
panicles. Aug.-Oct. Garden hybrid. — S. aespitdsa, Nutt.=Petro-
phytum csespitosum. — S. calcicola, W. W. Smith. Shrub to 5 flu,
with slender arching branches: Ivs, small, obovate or elliptic,
entire, glabrous: fls. white, pink outside, in 6-8-fld. umbels. S. W.
China. — S. camttchdtica, Pafl.=Filipendula camtschatica. — S. capi-
tate, Pursh=Physoearpus capitatus, — S. cinerea, Zabel (S. cana X
••ericifolia). Medium-sized shrub, with small, oblong, usually
entire, pubescent Ivs. and white fls. in short-stalked umbels. Gar-
den hybrid. — S. concinna, Zabel (S. albiflora xS. ezpansa). Me-
dium-sized shrub, with lanceolate, sharply serrate, almost gla-
brous Ivs. and pinkish white fls. in broad corymbs. Garden
hybrid. — 5. compdcta multiflora, Hort.=AstiIbe japoniea var. — ^S.
eonferta, Zabel (S. cana X S. crenata). Medium-sized shrub, with
small, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, 3-nerved, entire or crenate Ivs,
and white fls. in dense, small, peduncled umbels. Garden hybrid,
-•.hiirica, Maxim., is closely allied to S. alpina, but not yet
intro. S. canescens and Sorbaria sorbifolia are sometimes cult,
under this name. — S. dasydntha, Bunge. AUied to S. chinensis. Lvs.
ovate, cuneate at the base, incisely serrate or lobed, with grayish
white tomentum beneath: inn. grayish tomentose: stamens half as
long as petals. X. China. — S. Ddrulii, Hort.=Astilbe Davidii. — S.
diflormis. Zabel (S. alba xS. corymbosa). Medium-sired shrub, with
oval to oblong-lanceolate, serrate, almost glabrous Ivs. and white fls.
in large corymb-like panicles. Garden hybrid. — S. diyitata, WilkL=
Filipendula palmata.-^5. dif color, Pursh=Holodiscus discolor. — S.
dumosa, Xutt.=Holodiscus dumosus. — S. Filipendula, Linn.=Fili-
pendula hexapetala. — S.flssa, Landl.=Holodiscus fissus. — S. flori-
bunda. A trade name of indiscriminate meaning. S. semperflorens
and Sorbaria sorbifolia are sometimes met with under this name. —
S. gemmata, Zabel CS. mongolica, Hort., not Maxim.). Allied to S.
alpina: axillary buds much longer than petioles: Ivs. small,
penninerved, oblong-lanceolate, usually entire: fls. white, in
short-stalked, rather few-fld. umbels. Mongolia. — S. GiestUriana,
Zabel (S. cana x S. chamsedryfolia). Medium-sized shrub, with
ovate, sharply serrate Ivs. and rather large white fls. in long-
stalked umbels. Garden hybrid.— S. yiganiea, Hort.=Fili-
pendula camtschatica. — S. gracilis. Maxim. (S. vacciniifolia,
Lodd., not Don). Low shrub, allied to S. canescens, with
slender, arching branches: Ivs. small, ovate, obtuse, entire or
crenate above the middle, quite glabrous: fls. white, in hemi-
spherical loose corymbs. Himalayas. L.B.C. 15:1403.— >S. grandv-
flora, Sweet=Sorbaria grandiflora,— >S. grandiflora, Hook-=
Exochorda racemosa. — 5. Hacquetii, Fenzl & Koch. Closely allied
to S. decumbens, but grayish-pubescent and with the sepals upright
or spreading in fr. N. Italy, TyroL — iS. Hookeri, garden name,
applied to S. nudiflora. S. bella, S. expansa, S. tristis, and others, and
also- to Exochorda racemosa. — S. Humboldtii, Hort. = Aruncus
Sylvester. — 5. inflexa, Koch (S. crenata xS. mollis). Medium-
sized shrub, with slender arching branches: Ivs. elliptic-oblong,
entire, sparingly pubescent beneath: fls. white, rather large, in
many-fli stalked umbels. Garden hybrid. — S. japoniea., Hort., not
Linn. f.=Astilbe japoniea. — S. kamaonemis spicata, Hort., is a form
of S. semperflorens. — S. kamxchdtica, Auth.=Filipendula camt-
schatica.— S. Ixngata, Linn.=Sibirsea bevigata- — ^. fariflbra, LindL
=S. vacciniifolia- — S. Lindleyana, WalL=Sorbaria Lindleyana. —
S. lobata, Gronov.=Filipendula rubra. — S. micropetala, Zabel (S.
hypericifolia x S. media). Medium-sized shrub, with grayish green,
obfong^obovate Ivs., entire or serrate at the apex, 3- or penninerved:
fls. white or greenish white, in umbels on leafy or naked stalks.
Garden hybrid. — S. MiOefolium, TorT.=Chamsebatiaria Millie-
folium. — S. Jtliyabei, KoidzumL Allied to S. bella and S. japoniea.
Lvs, ovate, incisely serrate, glabrous, l$$-2H in. long: infl. 1 J4-2
in. long, puberulous: fls. white, perfect: stamens much longer than
petals: follicles upright, style spreading. Japan. Var. glabrata,
Rehd. Lvs. broadly cuneate at base: infl. glabrous. Cent. China.
Var. pilosida, Rehd. Lvs. pubescent on the veins beneath: infl.
sparingly pilose. Cent. China. This species is very similar to S.
cnamaedryfolia in habit and foliage and also in the individual fls.
but is easily distinguished by the compound corymb. Hardy at the
Arnold Arboretum, — S. mottifolia, Rehd. Allied to S. alpina and S.
cana. Spreading shrub, to 6 ft. : winter buds acuminate, 3-valved,
longer than petioles: Ivs. elliptic-oblong or oblong, entire or with few
teeth at the apex, villous on both sides, ^z-?.»in. long: infl. villous:
fls. Hin- across, white: follicles upright, pubescent. W. China. —
S. mollis, Koch (S. canaxS. media). Similar to S. media: Ivs.
smaller, usually entire, pubescent: fls. smaller, umbels pubescent.
Garden origin, — S. mongolioa, Maxim., is closely allied to S, crenata,
but not yet intro.; the S. mongolica of gardens is S. gemmate. — S.
monogyna, Torr. & Gray=Physocarpus monogynus. — S. myrtil-
loidf-s, Rehd. Allied to S. alpina. Shrub, to 8 ft. : Ivs, oval to obo-
vate-oblong, entire, obtuse, rarely acutish, cuneate at the base,
slightly pubescent beneath, J^-Hin. long: infl. dense, hemispherical,
on short leafy branchlets: fls. white, Jiin. across: follicles upright,
glabrous. Wl China. Very graceful shrub. — S. nepalensis, a garden
name applied to several species, as S. micropetala, S. canescens, S.
salicifoua. — S. nfrea, Zabel (S. canescens x S. expansa). Similar
to S. canescens in habit, corymbs larger and looser: Ivs. coarsely
doubly serrate, pubescent, 1-2 in. long: fls. white or pinkish white.
Garden hybrid. — 5. nudiflora, Zabel (S. bella xS. ulmifolia).
Medium-sized shrub, with ovate, doubly serrate, almost glabrous
Ivs, and pinkish white fls. in hemispherical corymbs. Handsome,
almost hardy shrub. Garden hybrid. — S. opulifdlia, Linn.=Physo-
carpus opulif olius.— S. oxyodon, Zabel (S. chamaedryf olia x S. media ).
Similar to S. media, but branches angular: Ivs. narrower, follicles
with the styles terminal and spreading. Garden hybrid. — S. Pdliasii,
Don=Sorbaria grandiflora. — S. palmata, PalL=Filipendula
palmata.— S. palmaia, Thunb.=Filipendula purpurea. — ^S. pal-
maia, Linn.=Filipendula rubra. — S. parrifdUa, BertoL=S- gracilis.
— S. pectinata. Ton. & Gray=Luetkea pectinata. — 5. rmrtscens,
Zabel (S. expansa X S. japoniea). Medium-sized shrub, with oblong,
coarsely serrate Ivs., pubescent on the veins beneath: fls. light to
deep pink, in large corymbs; blooming in summer and usually again
in falL Garden hybrid. — S. rfbifolia. Nutt.=Physocarpus capitatus.
—5. rufertJ, Zabel (S. ruberrima, Dipp. S. Douglasii xS. ezpansa).
Upright medium-sized shrub, with oblong-lanceolate, coarsely ser-
rate TVS. tomentose beneath, and deep pink fls, in ovate panicles.
Garden hybrid. — S. Sehinabfekii, Zabel ;.S. chamsedryf olia x S.
trilobata)." Medium-sized shrub, with arching branches: Ivs. ovate
to oblong-ovate, doubly serrate, glabrous: fls. white, rather large,
in peduncled umbels : petals longer than stamens. Handsome shrub,
similar to S. Vanhouttei, Garden hybrid. — S. sorbifolia, Linn.=
Sorbaria sorbifolia. — S. Tobolskia, Lodd.=Sorbaria sorbifolia. — S.
trifolidta, Linn.=GiUenia trifoliata. — S. tristis, Zabel. Hybrid of
unknown origin, similar to S. expansa, but corymbs and the whitish
pink fls. smaller; sepals upright in fr. — S. Ulmdria, Linn.=Fili-
pendula Ulmaria.— S. vaccinifolia, D. Don (S. laxiflora, Lindl.).
Shrub, to 2 ft., with arching branches: Ivs. long-petioled, ovate,
crenately dentate, almost glabrous, *i-l Yi in. long: fls. whitish, in
tomentose corymbs, 1-3 in. across. June, July. Himalayas. F.S.
7, n, 190.— iS. vaccinifolia, Lpdd.=S. gracilis. — S. tncfinifolia,
Hort.=S. canescens, S. brumalis, — S. venusta, Hort.=Filipendula
rubra var. venusta. — S. venvstvla, Kunth & Bouch6=S. vaccini-
ALFRED REHDER.
SPIRANTHES (name Greek, referring to the
twisted spikes). Orchidaceae. LADIES' TRESSES. Ter-
restrial herbs, few of which have any horticultural
value; some of the hardy species are advertised by
dealers in native plants and by collectors.
Erect herbs with fleshy or tuberous roots: Ivs. mostly
at the base or on the lower part of the st.: raceme
terminal, twisted; fls. spurless, small or medium-sized;
sepals free or more or less united at the top, or united
with the petals into a helmet; labellum sessile or clawed,
concave, embracing the column and spreading into a
3216
SPIRANTHES
crisped, sometimes lobed or toothed blade; pollinia 2,
powdery. — Some 200 species, distributed in all parts of
the world except the cold regions, but particularly
abundant in the tropics of S. Amer.
A. Fls. in 3 rows: Ivs. persistent at the flowering-time.
cernua, Rich. NODDING LADIES' TRESSES. Lvs.
mostly basal, linear or linear-oblanceolate: st. 6-25
in. high, usually pubescent above, with 2-6 acuminate
bracts: fls. white or yellowish, fragrant, nodding or
spreading, in a spike 4-5 in. long; lateral sepals free,
the upper arching and connivent with the petals; label-
lum oblong, rounded at the apex, crisp. Aug.-Oct. Nova
Scotia to Minn, and south to Fla. B.M. 1568 (as Neottia
cernua) ; 5277. B.R. 823. A.G. 13:467. V. 11:13.
3670. Spondias
cytherea.
Romanzoffiana, Cham. & Schlecht. Lvs. linear to
linear-oblanceolate, 3-8 in. long: st. 6-15 in. high,
leafy below: spike 2-4 in. long: fls. white or greenish,
ringent; sepals and petals broad at base, connivent into
a hood; labellum oblong, broad at the base, contracted
below and dilated at the apex, crisp. July, Aug. N.
Amer. G.C. II. 16:465; 26:400.
lucida, Ames. St. 4-10 in. high, glabrous or pubes-
cent, bearing 4-5 lanceolate or oblanceolate Ivs. near
the base: fls. small; sepals and petals white, lateral
sepals free, narrowly lanceolate, the upper one some-
what united with the petals; labellum quadrate-oblong,
yellowish above, not contracted in the middle, wavy-
crisp, obtuse or truncate. June- Aug. Maine to Minn,
and Va.
SPONDIAS
AA. Fls. alternate, appearing in a single spiral row.
B. Lvs. present at the flowering-time.
praecox, Wats. (S. graminea var. Wdlteri, Gray).
Lvs. linear, 4-12 in. long, grass-like: st. 10-30 in. high,
glandular pubescent above, leafy: spike 2-8 in. long:
fls. white or yellowish, spreading; lateral sepals free,
the upper one connivent with the petal; labellum
oblong, contracted above and dilated toward the apex.
July, Aug. N. Y. to Fla. and La.
BB. Lvs. mostly withered at the flowering-time.
simplex, Gray. Root a solitary oblong tuber: Ivs.
basal, ovate to oblong, short, absent at the flowering-
time : st. very slender, 5-9 in. high : spike about 1 in. long:
fls. white; labellum obovate-oblong, eroded and crisp.
Aug., Sept. Mass, to Md. A.G. 13:466.
gracilis, Beck. Roots clustered: Ivs.
basal, obovate to ovate-lanceolate, petioled,
mostly dying before the flowering-time:
st. 8-18 in. high, bearing a slender, many-
fld., 1-sided or twisted spike: fls. white,
fragrant; sepals longer than the labellum,
the lateral ones free; labellum oblong,
dilated in front, crenulate or wavy-crisp,
thick and green in the middle. Aug.-Oct.
E. N. Amer. A.G. 13:466.
S. colorata, N.E. Br. (Neottia speciosa, Jacq.)=
Stenorrhynchus. HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
^ SPIRODELA: treated under Lemna.
SPIRONEMA (name means spiral
thread, alluding to structure of the fila-
ments). Commelinacese. One species, S.
frdgrans, Lindl., is sometimes listed abroad
for hothouse culture, an odd herb from
Mex. Sometimes raised under glass for
the delicious fragrance and for the trans-
parency of its parts: st. fleshy, 2 ft. and
more high: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, sheath-
ing, parallel- veined: fls. white, clustered
and nearly sessile in a terminal branched panicle, small,
the petals paleaceous and diaphanous, the 3 sepals
greenish; stamens 6. B.R. 26:47, where it is written
that the plant will be cherished "because its thin and
delicate tissue allows the hidden motion of its fluids
and the subtile texture of its fructifying organs to be
watched with ease and pleasure." It is very little
known as a horticultural subject.
SPONDIAS (from a Greek word used by Theo-
phrastus). Anacardidceae. A small genus of tropical
trees, allied to the mango (Mangifera indica) and the
cashew (Anacardium occidentale) , cultivated for their
fruits and often used for hedges because of the readi-
ness with which large branches, when ^cut and used as
posts, take root and grow.
Leaves usually clustered toward the ends of the
branchlets, alternate, imparipinnate, with opposite
Ifts. : fls. polygamous, small, shortly pedicellate, dis-
posed in racemes or panicles; calyx small, deciduous,
with 4 or 5 valvate segms.; petals 4 or 5, valvate;
stamens 8-10, inserted at the base of the disk; styles
3-5, free at the apex; ovary sessile, 3-5-loculed, with
1 ovule in each locule: fr. a fleshy drupe, with a
1-5-loculed woody endocarp. — Species about 12, several
of which are common in the W. Indies, Mex., and
elsewhere in Trop. Amer.; one species comes from the
Society Isls., another from India.
cytherea, Sonn. (S. dtttcis, Forst.). Or AHEITE- APPLE.
POMME CYTHERE. CAJA MANGA. Vi or Eyi in Tahiti.
Fig. 3670. Erect, stately tree, with rather stiff branches,
up to 60 ft. in height: Ivs. 8-12 in. long; Ifts. 11-13, oval-
oblong, 2^-3 in. long, 1-1 % in. broad, acuminate, ser-
rate: panicle 8-12 in. long; fls. whitish: fr. oval or obo-
SPOXDIAS
SPRAGUEA
3217
void, golden yellow, up to 3 in. long, the seed about
1 ] o in. long, oval, echinate. Society Isls., but widely
spread in the tropics.
M6mbin, Linn. (S. purpurea, Linn.). SPANISH PLUM.
PRUNIER D'ESPAGXE. CIRUELA. Small tree, sometimes
spreading, stiff, up to about 25 ft. in height: Ivs. 5-8 in.
long; Ifts. 16-21, oblong-elliptic, 1-11A in. long, %n.
broad, usually somewhat asymmetrical, acute or blunt-
ish. subserrate: racemes unbranched, about %in. long,
few-fld.; the fls. purplish maroon: fr. oblong-obovoid,
commonly purplish, about 1 in. long, the seed oblong-
elliptical, J^-Jiin. long, roughened on the surface.
Trop. Amer.
lutea, Linn. (S. Mombin, .Tacq., not Linn.). HOG-
PLUM. MOMBIX. JOBO. CAJA*. Tall, handsome tree, up
to about 60 ft. in height: Ivs. 8-12 in. long; Ifts. 7-17,
ovate-lanceolate or lanceolate, 23^-4 in. long, 1-1 H m-
broad, subentire or serrulate: panicle %-l ft. long, the
fls. yellowish white: fr. ovoid, yellow, 1-1 >£ in. long, the
seed oblong, %-l in. long, smoothish. Cosmopolitan
in the tropics.
pinnate, Kurz (S. mangifera, Willd.). HOG-PLUM.
AMRA. Small tree: Ivs. 12-16 in. long; Ifts. 5-11,
ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong, 4-6 in. long, 13-4-3 in.
broad, acuminate, entire: panicle 10-14 in. long; fls.
whitish : fr. ovoid, yellow-green, 1 J^-2 J^ in. long, the seed
oblong-elliptical, f l/y-2 in. long, smoothish. Trop. Asia;
according to Hooker, ascending to 5,000 ft. in the
Himalayas.
tuberdsa, Arruda. IMBU. UMBV. Low, spreading
tree, up to 25 ft. in height, with swollen roots: Ivs. 4j-6
in. long; Ifts. 5-9, oblong-ovate, 1-1% in. long, %~l in.
broad, sharply acute to acuminate, cordate at base,
entire: panicle 4-6 in. long; fls. whitish: fr. ovoid, light
yellow, ll/z in. long, the seed oblong-ovate, slightly
flattened, M-^in. long, smooth. Brazil.
Cultivation and uses.
The Otaheite-apple, S. cytherea, is said to have been
introduced to Jamaica in 1782, and again in 1792 by the
famous Captain Bligh, who brought the bread-fruit
from Tahiti to the West Indies. It has not become
popular in Cuba, nor is it very extensively grown on the
mainland of tropical America. In south Florida it suc-
ceeds well, and fine specimens can be seen at Miami and
other points. In California it has not yet fruited, so
far as known, and seems to be too tender for successful
culture in any but the most favored locations. Some of
the early travelers who visited Polynesia spoke of it in
very high terms, and more recently it has been recom-
mended as worthy of culture by numerous writers.
Firminger, however, likens it to a "very bad mango."
Probably a great deal depends on the variety. At
its best the fruit is the size of a lemon; it is of deep
golden yellow color when ripe, aromatic, with a thin but
tough skin surrounding the soft, juicy, yellow pulp.
The seed is large and oval, furnished with long woody
spines over its entire surface. The flavor is sprightly,
subacid, aromatic, suggesting the pineapple, but some-
times resinous and disagreeable. It is eaten out of
hand, and also used to prepare jams and preserves.
The Spanish plum, S. Mombin, is much more common
in tropical America, and occurs in a large number of
varieties, some of which are of excellent flavor and qual-
ity. others rather inferior. In Cuba, where this fruit is
called ciruela, the different varieties are distinguished
by the addition of such words as roja (red), amarilla
(yellow), and the like. In Brazil the species seems to be
little known, but in Mexico and Central America it is
widely grown. It is successfully cultivated in south
Florida, but so far as known has never fruited in
California, though it may be possible to grow it suc-
cessfully in favored locations. The tree, which is
much smaller than the Otaheite-apple, is deciduous
during a portion of the year, as are the other species.
The fruit is oval, about an inch long, usually purplish
red in color, with a bright yellow, very juicy pulp of
aromatic, subacid flavor. It is used like the Otaheite-
apple.
The hog-plum, S. lutea, is one of the least esteemed
of the genus. Its fruits are slightly larger than those of
S. Mombin, but of a rank, pungent flavor which is not
especially agreeable. Jumelle says that it makes an
excellent refreshing drink. The tree is large and hand-
some, and is a conspicuous feature of many Cuban
landscapes. S. pinnata, the -hog-plum or amra of India,
is scarcely known in America. Indian writers, who do
not usually speak highly of it, state that it is used for
pickles, preserves, and tarts. Firminger advises using it
as a stock for S. cytherea.
The imbu of Brazil, S. tuberosa, is a little-known
species introduced to the United States in 1914 by the
Bureau of Plant Industry. Previous to this time it
seems to have been unknown outside of its native home,
but on the dry lands of interior northeastern Brazil
(states of Bahia, Pernambuco, and so on) it is exceed-
ingly abundant and the fruits are highly esteemed by
the natives. Its tuberous roots are an adaptation to
arid regions. The fruits are the size of large plums, with
a pale yellow skin, soft, juicy pulp and a large, nearly
smooth seed. The flavor slightly resembles that of a
sweet orange, and is very agreeable. An excellent jelly is
made from this species, and also a sweet custard called
imbuzada, prepared by mixing the strained and sweet-
ened pulp with boiled milk. For eating out of hand it is
probably superior to the other species, with the excep-
tion of the best varieties of the Spanish plum.
This genus is of very simple culture. All the species
are easily propagated by cuttings of large wood, which,
may be set in permanent locations immediately upon
removal from the parent tree. Seeds can easily be
grown in flats of light soil, covering them to the depth
of an inch. They usually germinate within four to
six weeks. Most of the species seem adapted to a
variety of soils. They can readily be inarched, but
this is not often practised in this country because of
the ease with which cuttings can be grown. Improve-
ment of all the species should be carried on by means
of selection. p. \\-. POPEXOE.
SPORE, a reproductive detached cell of a cryptoga-
mous or so-called flower less plant, not containing an
embryo as does a seed. Spores are the reproductive
bodies of ferns, mosses, club-mosses, liverworts, fungi,
and similar plants. They are of interest to the plant-
grower mostly as the means of propagating ferns. For
description, see Ferns and Fungi; also the articles on
3/tWeic, Rust, and Smut, in Vols. Ill, V, VI. For propa-
gation by spores, see the discussion under Ferns, page
1211, Vol. III.
SPOROBOLUS (Greek, spora, seed, and battein, to
cast forth, referring to the grain readily falling from
the spikelet). Gramlnese. DROPSEED. Spikelets 1-fld.,
awnless, usually small, in narrow or open panicles. —
About 80 species, chiefly of Temp, and Trop. Amer., of
little value. S. cryptdndrus, Gray, a widely distributed
annual, is considered a good forage grass; S. Wright-
idnus, Munro, SACATON, of the alkali lands of the S. W.
and of Mex., and S. airoldes, Ton., an allied species,
furnish pasture in alkali flats. S. minutiflorus, Link,
a slender annual with minute spikelets in a delicate
panicle, is offered as an ornamental by some seedsmen
under the name of Agrostis minutiflara. The species
are little known horticulturally. A. g_ HITCHCOCK.
SPRAGUEA (named for Isaac Sprague, of Cam-
bridge, Mass., botanical artist, collaborator of Asa
Gray). Portulacdcex. Dwarf half-hardy perennial
herbs, well adapted to the rockery: Ivs. radical, spatu-
late, somewhat fleshy; the cauline minute, alternate:
3218
SPRAGUEA
STACHYS
stipules small and scarious: fls. ephemeral, in dense,
scorpioid spikes, umbellately clustered on scape-like
peduncles; sepals 2, orbiculate-cordate, membranaceous-
hyaline, persistent; petals 4; stamens 3; ovary free:
caps, membranaceous, rounded-compressed, 2-valved;
seeds 8-10, black and shiny. — One, possibly 2 species,
W. N. Amer.
umbellata, Torr. Sts. several, simple, erect, 2-12 in.
high: radical Ivs. spatulate or oblanceolate; the cauline
similar but smaller: fls. white, tinged rose, in a dense
capitate umbel of nearly sessile spikes; sepals con-
spicuous; petals oblong-ovate. Late summer. Sierra
Nevada, at 3,000-10,000 ft. altitude, from the Yosem-
ite valley to the British boundary, usually in sandy
dry soils. B.M. 5143. May be treated as an annual.
Var. caudicif era, Gray, is a subalpine form in which the
caudex-like branches extend for a year or more (the
Ivs. below dying away) and are at length terminated by
scapes an inch or so in length. Desirable for rockwork
and edgings. F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
SPRAYING: Diseases and Insects, page 1057, Vol. II.
SPREKELIA (J. H. von Sprekelsen, of Hamburg,
who sent the plants to Linnaeus). Amarylliddcex.
JACOBEAN LILY. Half-hardy bulbous plants, generally
grown in the greenhouse, often known as amaryllis : Ivs.
appearing late, strap-shaped-linear: scape hollow,
cylindrical, 1-fld.: fl. large, showy; perianth gaping, tube
none, upper segm. broadest, 2 lateral lanceolate, 3
lowest deflexed, rolled together inclosing the stamens
and style; ovary turbinate, 6-angled, 3-celled: caps,
globose-trigonous, 3-valved. — One species, Mex. For
cult., see Amaryllis; also consult Hippeastrum, with
which these plants are sometimes confused.
formosissima, Herb. (Amaryllis formosissima, Linn.).
Bulb globose, 2 in. diam.; tunics brown: Ivs. 3-6, con-
temporary with the fls., linear, green, finally 1-1 % ft.
long: peduncle reddish, 6-12 in. long; spathe red-brown,
2 in. long, bifid at the tip; pedicel erect: perianth bright
crimson, 3^-4 in. long. April. B.M. 47. G.L. 27:140.
G.W. 15, p. 358. Var. glaftca, Baker (S. glauca, Lindl.),
has glaucous Ivs.: fls. smaller and paler than the type.
B.R. 27:16. F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
SPRING BEAUTY: Claytonia.
SPRING-GARDENING. The gardening instinct is
at its height in spring. The turn of the season invites it,
and the wealth of quick-growing plant-material is great.
On the plant-growing side, nothing need be said here
that is not already written in other articles in this work,
but names of a few plants for spring effects may be
suggested.
The spring-gardener will think first of bulbs— cro-
cuses, hyacinths, tulips, squills, snowdrops, fritillies,
and others. These are described under their regular
alphabetic generic entries, and also under the article
Bulbs in Vol. I.
If one does not have a greenhouse, many of the
annual flowers may be used for early spring bloom if
the seeds are started in the window, or, as with pansies,
if plants are established in autumn and carried over
winter under a protection of leaves or other mulch.
Some of the early-blooming hardy annuals are alys-
sum, candytuft, collinsia, daisy (Bellis perennis, peren-
nial but may be treated as an annual after the manner of
pansies), pansy, schizopetalon, stocks, violet, Virginian
stock, wallflower (annual), pinks as annuals.
The spring-garden will derive its chief satisfaction,
however, from the early-blooming perennial herbs, of
which there are great numbers of attractive species. A
few of the best kinds are here named: Adonis vemalis,
anemonis, arabis, aubrietia, auricula, clintonia, cowslip
(Primula), dicentra, forget-me-not, helleborous or Christ-
mas rose (earliest, except perhaps some of the bulbs-),
iris, oxalis, Papaver nudicaule, pinks, polyanthus and
other kinds of primula, pyrethrum, wallflower (per-
ennial), and very many native perennials as epigsea,
trillium, erythronium, hepatica, isopyrum, anemone,
claytonia, phlox, sanguinaria, caltha.
The wealth of early-blooming trees and shrubs must
not be overlooked, nor the beauty of sturdy herba-
ceous growths pushing from the ground.
A good part of one's success in spring-gardening
results from careful preparation the previous autumn,
particularly in providing good winter protection for
young or partially tender plants that are to be carried
over. All should be made ready before winter closes in,
so that the first advantage may be taken of the open-
ing of spring. L H B
SPRUCE: Picea. Douglas S.: Pseudotsuga taxi folia. Norway S:
P. excelsa. Sitka S.: P. sitchensis. Tideland S.: P. sitchensis.
SPURGE: Euphorbia. S., Mountain: Pachysandra procumbens.
S. Nettle : Jatropha.
SPURRY (Spergula saliva, which see) has long
been grown in Germany, France, Holland, and Bel-
gium, where its value as a soil-renovator and as a forage
crop was early recognized. It is an annual, and when
sown in the spring matures seed in ten to twelve weeks
from time of sowing. This plant possesses special value
as a renovator for sandy soils. It has long been used by
the farmers of Holland to hold in place the shifting
sands along the seashore. So well adapted is it to sand
that it has been termed "the clover of sandy lands." It
is not recommended for the American farmer except
where the soil is so poor that other plants fail. In such
circumstances it may be used as a cover-crop to plow
under. The seed may be sown any time from April to
August, but in orchards it would better be sown in July.
Sow at the rate of six quarts to the acre. The seed being
small, it should be lightly harrowed in upon a well-
fitted soil. It is very persistent in the production of
seed, and upon fertile soils it will maintain itself for
several years unless thorough cultivation is given.
Where soils are in fair condition and other crops will
grow, it is doubtful whether spurry has any place.
Sometimes written spurrey. L ^ CLIXTON
S QUASH : See the article Pumpkin and Squash , page 2859, Vol. V.
SQUAW-BERRY: Mitchella repens.
SQUILL: For the garden squill, see Scilla; for the medicinal
squill, see Urginea.
SQUIRREL-CORN: Dicentra canadensis.
STACHYS (from an old Greek name applied by Dios-
corides to another group of plants, coming from the
word for spike). Labiatse. WOUND WORT. Tall peren-
nial herbs or diffuse annuals, rarely subshrubs or small
shrubs, both greenhouse and hardy plants, little known
to gardeners.
Leaves very entire or dentate, the floral Ivs. similar
or reduced to bracts: floral whorls 2- to many-fld., axil-
lary or arranged in terminal spikes: fls. sessile or very
short-pedicelled, purplish, scarlet, pale yellow, or white,
small or sometimes showy; calyx tubular-campanu-
late, 5-10-nerved, 5-toothed; corolla-tube cylindrical,
included or exserted, limb 2-lipped, the posterior often
villous outside; stamens 4: nutlets ovoid or oblong. —
About 270 species, mainly in the temperate regions but
a few in the tropical and colder regions, scattered all
over the world. The arrangement followed in the sec-
tions and sequence of species is that of Briquet in
Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien, IV. 3o:260. Very
few of the species are cult., although there are several
with showy spikes. They are usually found in moist
or even wet places when growing wild. A tuber-bear-
ing species (S. Sieboldii) has come into notice as a
kitchen-garden plant.
STACHYS
STACHYS
3219
±is, 12.
, 2, 3.
albiflora, 2.
alpina, 9.
aspera, 13.
Betoniea, 2.
Boissieri, 7.
citrina, 16.
coccinea, 11.
Corsica, 17.
cretioa, 7.
densiflora, 1.
IXDEX.
diseolor, 5.
floridana. 14.
germanica, 7.
grandiflora, 2, 3.
incana, 1.
lanata, 8.
leucoelossa, 15.
longifolia. 4.
macrostachys, 4.
nivea, 5.
officinalis, 2.
orienialis, 4.
recta, 15.
robusta, 3.
rosea, 3.
sericea, 10.
Sieboldii, 12.
spicata, 3.
superba, 3.
sylvestrig, 15.
tmolea, 6.
tuberifera, 12.
KEY TO SECTION'S.
A. Outer bracts developed, reaching at least half-way
up the calyx, often equaling or even exceeding it.
B. Annulus or ring at base of corolla absent;
corolla-tube mostly exserted; anther-cells^
parallel. Section I. BETONICA. Species 1-5.
BB. Annulus or nng at base of corolla oblique and
hairy; corolla-tube usually inclosed; anther-
cells divergent or divaricate.
Section II. ERIOSTOMTTM. Species 6-10.
AA. Outer bracts minute, very much shorter than the
calyx. Section III. EUSTACHYS. Species 11-17.
Section I. BETONICA.
A. Lowest floral-hs. cordate-ovate.
B. Corolla, more than 1 in. long 3. grandiflora
BB. Corolla scarcely %in. long 1. densiflora
AA. Lowest floral hs. lanceolate.
B. Lrs. white beneath 5. discolor
BB. Lrs. green or pale beneath.
c. Calyx y<iin. or more long 4. longifolia
cc. Calyx scarcely %in. long 2. officinalis
1. densiflora, Benth. (Betoniea incana, Ait.). Peren-
nial, l/^ ft. high: sts. erect, hirsute: Ivs. 2-3 in. long,
petioled, ovate-oblong, obtuse, crenate, base cordate,
soft-pilose or more or less villous; floral Ivs., lowest cor-
date-ovate, short -petioled: floral whorls approximate
in a dense spike, lower whorls remote: calyx campanu-
late ; corolla villous outside, flesh-colored. S. Eu. B.M.
2125. — There are older names referred to this species,
but it is not certain that they are truly synonyms; even
Betoniea incana may not belong here.
2. officinalis, Franch. (S. Betoniea, Benth. Betoniea
officinalis, Linn.). BETONT. Fig. 3671. A hardy per-
ennial herb 1-3 ft. high: lower Ivs. long-pet ioled, ovate-
oblong, crenate, obtuse, cordate at the base,
3-6 in. long; upper Ivs. distant, sessile,
oblong -lanceolate, acute: fls. purple, in a
dense, terminal spike. July. Eu., Asia Minor.
— Rarely found as an escape in this country,
and once cult, for use in domestic medicine.
Useful for ornament, and now advertised for
that purpose. There are white-fld. forms of
the species offered in the trade under the
names of S. Betoniea alba and S. Betoniea
albiflora and there is also a large-fld. form
with soft rose-colored fls. known as S. Betoniea
grandiflora.
3. grandiflSra, Benth. (Belonica rosea, Hort.
B. spicata, Hort. B. grandiflora, Willd.). A
hardy perennial about 1 ft. high: lower Ivs.
broadly ovate, obtuse-crenate, long-pet ioled,
base broadly heart-shaped; the upper gradu-
ally smaller, nearly similar and sessile, the
uppermost bract-like: fls. violet, large and
showy, the curving tube about 1 in. long and
3 or 4 times surpassing the calyx, in 2-3 dis-
tinct whorls of 10-20 fls. each. Asia Minor,
etc. B.M. 700. G.M. 53:628. Var. robusta,
Hort. (Belonica grandiflora robusta, Hort. B.
spicata robu-sta, Hort.), is said to have tufts
of corrugated Ivs., to grow 18 in. high and
spikes 3 in. long of rosy pink fls. Gn.W. 25: 3671
204
299. Var. superba, Hort. (Betoniea grandiflora superba,
Hort. B. superba, Hort.), is said to have showy spikes
of intense mauve or a rich shade of purple-violet fls.
There is a white variant of this known in the trade as
Betoniea superba alba.
4. longiffilia, Benth. (Betoniea orienialis, Linn.). A
hardy perennial herb about 1 ft. high, densely villous:
lower Ivs. petioled, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, crenate,
deeply cordate at the base, 4-6 in. long; the upper Ivs.
similar in shape but sessile, those of the infl. bract-like:
fls. reddish purple to pink, in a cylindrical, somewhat
interrupted spike about %ft. long. July. Caucasus. —
Briquet in Engler & PrantFs Pflanzenfamilien has
adopted macrostachys as the specific name, basing his
name on Betoniea macrostachys, Wender, but authori-
ties differ as to the identity of Wender's material, hence
the Bentham name has been retained.
5. discolor, Benth. (S. nivea, Benth., not Labill.
Betoniea nivea, Stev.). Perennial, about 1 ft. high, vil-
lous: Ivs. petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, deeply
crenate, rugose above, white-lanate beneath; floral Ivs.,
upper lanceolate: floral whorls many-fld., somewhat dis-
tinct, few: calyx lanugmose-villous; corolla large, vil-
lous, rose, rarely yellowish white. Caucasus.
Section II. ERIOSTOMUM.
A. Corolla yellow 6. tmolea
AA. Corolla purple or pink.
B. Sts. and Ivs. densely white-lanate.
c. Base of If. cordate 7. germanica
cc. Base of If. narrowed or sometimes
rounded-cordate 8. lanata
BB. Sts. laxly soft-pilose-villous: Irs.
green above or on both surfaces.
c. LTS. green on both
surfaces 9. alpina
cc. Lvs. green above, canes-
cent-lanate beneath . 10. sericea
6. tmolea, Boiss. Perennial, about
1 ft. high: sts. ascending, densely serice-
ous-pannose: Ivs. lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse, obscurely dentate,
petioled, the radical about 3 in. long;
floral Ivs. oblong, acuminate: floral
whorls densely many-fld., far remote:
calyx pedicellate, hirsute, long-cam-
panulate; corolla yellow, tube included.
Mt. Tmolus region, Asia Minor.
7. germanica, Linn. Perennial, 1-4
ft. high: sts. herbaceous, tall, loosely
white-lanate: radical Ivs. 2-5 in. long,
rather long-petiqled; cauline Ivs. short-
petioled, ovate or ovate-
lanceolate, obtuse, base
usually cordate, crenate;
lower floral Ivs. subsessile,
somewhat clasping, cre-
nate, white-lanate: floral
whorls many-fld., distinct,
racemose, upper approxi-
mate: calyx lanate inside;
corolla pale pink, varie-
gated with white, lanate
outside, tube included.
Eu., Cent. Asia and N.
Afr. B.R. 1289. Var. Bois-
sieri, Briq. (S. cretica,
Sibth. & Smith, not Linn.),
has oblong or linear-lan-
ceolate lower Ivs., oblong-
triangular or short-lanceo-
late floral Ivs. and a rose-
colored corolla, the upper
lip of which is lanate. S.E.
Stachys officinalis. (XM) Eu.,Asia Minor, and Syria.
3220
STACHYS
STACHYS
8. lanata, Jacq. WOOLLY WOUNDWORT. A hardy
perennial 1-1 Yi ft. high, white-woolly throughout: Ivs.
oblong-elliptical, the upper smaller, the uppermost
much shorter and whorled: fls. small, purple, in dense
30- or more-fld. whorls in interrupted spikes. Caucasus
to Persia. Gn. 78, p. 543. — Often grown as a bedding
plant. Valuable for its very white herbage.
3672. Tuber of Stachys Sieboldii. ( X s/£)
9. alpina, Linn. Herbaceous, tall : sts. erect, pilosely
somewhat lanate: Ivs. petioled, ovate, serrate-crenate,
base cordate, both surfaces green or slightly canes-
cent beneath; floral Ivs. narrower, gradually smaller:
floral whorls all remote, 15-20-fld.: calyx rather
pilose, teeth lanceolate-ovate, strongly spined; corolla
obscurely purplish or red-brownish, about twice as long
as the calyx. Eu.
10. sericea, Wall. Herbaceous, tall: st. erect, very
pilose: Ivs. petioled, ovate or ovate-oblong, rather
obtuse, crenate, base cordate, both surfaces villous,
green above, pale or hoary beneath, the younger Ivs.
sericeous-lanate: floral whorls all distant, 10-15-fld.:
calyx lanate, teeth ovate-lanceolate, very acute, spined;
corolla pink, spotted with purple, hairy, scarcely
longer than the calyx. Himalaya region and N. Asia. —
There is an older S. sericea (of Cavanilles), but its
botanical status is unknown. It is a native of Chile.
Section III. ETJSTACHYS.
A. Species annual 17. Corsica
AA. Species perennial.
B. Corolla-tube long-exserted 11. coccinea
BB. Corolla-tube included in the calyx or
slightly exserted.
c. Plant with a basal rosette, below
which thefloweiing shoots arise... 16. citrina
cc. Plant without a basal rosette.
D. Angles of sts. not retrorse-hairy
or prickly: annulus inside
corolla, oblique, incomplete or
even none 15. recta
DD. Angles of sts. retrorse-hairy or
prickly, rarely glabrous: an-
nulus inside corolla, pilose,
complete.
E. Tubers lacking 13. aspera
BE. Tubers present.
F. Lvs. ovate, deltoid-ovate or
ovate-lanceolate: tubers
slender, clavate, nodose. . . 12. Sieboldii
FF. Lvs. cordate-oblong-lanceo-
late, very obtuse: tubers
cylindrical, uniformly
nodose 14. floridana
Subsection CALOSTACHYDES.
11. coccinea, Jacq. One to 2 ft., slender, soft-pubes-
cent: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, cordate at base or somewhat
deltoid, obtuse, crenate: fls. scarlet-red, the narrow tube
much exceeding the calyx, pedicelled, in an interrupted
spike, blooming in succession. W. Texas to Ariz. B.M.
666. P.M. 8:101.— Showy.
Subsection GENUINE.
12. Sieboldii, Miq. (S. affinis, Bunge, not Fresenius.
S. tuberifera, Naudin). CHOROGI. CHINESE or JAPA-
NESE ARTICHOKE. KNOTROOT. CROSNES DU JAPAN.
Fig. 3672. Erect hairy mint-like plant, growing
10-18 in. tall: Ivs. ovate to deltoid-ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, cordate at base, obtuse-dentate, stalked: fls.
small, whitish or light red, in a small spike:
tubers (Fig. 3672) 2-3 in. long, slender, nodose,
white, produced in great numbers just under
the surface of the ground. China, Japan. G.C.
III. 3:13.— Sent to France in 1882 from Pekin
by Dr. Bretschneider, and about ten years ago
intro. into this country. It is cult, for the crisp
tubers, which may be eaten either raw or cooked.
These tubers soon shrivel and lose their value if
exposed to the air. The tubers withstand the
^winter in Cent. N. Y. without protection, so
that a well-established plant takes care of itself
and spreads. For history, chemical analyses, etc.,
see Cornell Bull. No. 37.
13. aspera, Michx. Erect, usually strict, 3-4
ft. high, the st. retrorsely hairy on the angles:
Ivs. oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, mostly acumi-
nate, serrate, petiolate: corolla small, glabrous, pale red
or purple, in an interrupted spike. Wet places, Ont.
and Minn, to the Gulf. L.B.C. 15:1412.— Has been
offered by dealers in native plants.
14. floridana, Shuttlew. Slender, erect, 1-2 ft.,
branching, glabrous: Ivs. cordate-oblong-lanceolate,
blunt-toothed, stalked: fls. small, light red, in an open
interrupted spike: tubers cylindrical, uniformly nodose.
4-6 in. long. Fla. — Has been tested abroad as a food
plant, and also at the Cornell Exp. Sta. (see Bull.
No. 61), but practically unknown horticulturally. The
tubers are as good for eating as those of S. Sieboldii.
Subsection RECT.®.
15. recta, Linn. (S. sylvestris, Forsk.). Perennial: st.
erect or ascending, about 2 ft. high, pilose: Ivs. short-
petioled, oblong-ovate or lanceolate, obtuse, crenate,
\-\Y% in. long, base rounded or narrowed, rugose,
hairy; floral Ivs. sessile: floral whorls about 10-fld., dis-
tant : calyx ovate-campanulate, hairy, teeth ovate, sub-
spinose; corolla yellowish white, throat purplish, gla-
brous, twice as long as the calyx. S. Eu., Caucasus.
Var. Ieucogl6ssa, Boiss. (S. leucogUssa, Griseb.). Lvs.
narrowly lanceolate, lower serrate, upper entire and
linear: calyx somewhat scabrous, teeth as long as the
tube. Caucasus.
Subsection INFRAROSULARES.
16. citrina, Boiss. & Heldr. Subshrub, gray-canes-
cent pannose: Ivs. 1-1 ^ in. long, all basal, long-petioled,
elliptical, obtuse, base
attenuate, entire or mi-
nute, crenulate ; floral Ivs.
narrower: fls. in small
terminal heads which
are short-ovate, dense,
the lower floral whorls
often subdistant and
interrupted; calyx hir-
sute, campanulate; co-
rolla sulfur-yellow, hir-
sute outside, included in
the calyx. Greece, E.
Subsection OLISI.E.
17. c6rsica, Pers. Fig. 3673. Slender procumbent
pilose herb: Ivs. about 3^in. long, petioled, ovate, very
obtuse, broadly crenate, base rounded or subcordate;
floral Ivs. smaller: floral whorls 2-4-fld., remote: calyx
campanulate, hispid, teeth lanceolate, acute, subspiny;
corolla pinkish white, twice as long as the calyx, the
tube short-exserted. Medit. region.
3673. Stachys Corsica. ( X %)
STACHYS
STANDARDS OF COLOR 3221
Betdnico cdrnea, Hart., is offered in the trade, probably a flesh-
colored form of S. grandiflora. — Bttonica ritbra, Hort., is also in
the trade, probably a red-fld. form of 8. grandiflora.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
STACHYTARPHETA (Greek, dense spike). Verbend-
ceae. Simple pilose, villous or glabrous .herbs or shrubs,
suitable for the warrnhouse but hardy outside in the
extreme southern United States.
Leaves opposite or alternate, dentate, often rugose:
spikes terminal, sometimes long and dense, sometimes
short or lax: fls. white, blue, purple, or scarlet, solitary
in the axils of the bracts, sessile or half sunk in the
rachis of the spike; calyx narrow-tubular, 4-5-ribbed,
4-5-toothed; corolla-tube cylindrical, limb spreading,
5-cleft, lobes broad, obtuse or ret use; perfect stamens 2;
ovary 2-celled: fr. included in the calyx, oblong-linear.
— About 50 species, mostly natives of Trop. and Sub-
trop. Amer. but one (S. indica) is dispersed very broadly
in the tropics of Afr. and Asia.
mutabiUs, Vahl. A low shrub, scabrous-pubescent:
Ivs. ovate, dentate, scabrous above, whitish-pubescent
beneath: spike long, erect: bracts lanceolate, subulate:
calyx 4-dentate, hispid, 4-6 lines long; corolla crimson,
fading to rose, M-Mm- across. W. Indies, Mex. to
Guiana. B.M. 976. Gt. 3, p. 178.— Cult, in S. Calif.
indica, Vahl (S. jamaicensis, Vahl. S. urticifblia,
Dalz. & Gibs.). Herb, 1-2 ft. high: branches quad-
rangular: Ivs. 1-4 in. long, elliptic, serrate: spikes 3-12
in. long: fls. finally sunk in the thickened rachis, deep
blue; calvx 4-toothed, 4-nerved. Trop. Amer.; Asia,
probably "naturalized. B.M. 1860.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
STACHYURUS (Greek, spike and tail; in allusion to
the form of the inflorescence). Stachyurdcex, formerly
usually included in Ternstrcemiacese. Ornamental
woody plants grown for their very early flowers and
the handsome foliage.
Deciduous or evergreen
shrubs or trees: Ivs. alternate,
slender-petioled, serrate, with
small deciduous stipules: fls.
perfect or polygamous, nearly
sessile, in pendulous axillary
racemes; sepals 4, strongly im-
bricate; petals 4, imbricate;
stamens 8 with slender fila-
ments; ovary superior, incom-
pletely 4-celled; style simple,
with 4-lobed stigma: fr. a
4-celled, many-seeded small
berry. — Five or possibly 6
species in Japan, China, and
the Himalayas.
The species in cultivation are
handsome shrubs with spread-
ing branches, with medium-
sized bright green, generally
ovate to ovate-oblong leaves
and pale greenish yellow flow-
ers in long pendulous spikes
appearing early in spring before
the leaves from the axils along
last year's branches. They
have proved hardy in sheltered
positions as far north as Massachusetts, but the flower-
buds which are formed in autumn and remain naked
during the winter are killed by the frost, if not pro-
tected. They grow well in moderately moist well-
drained soil. Propagation is by seeds or usually by
softwood cuttings under glass and by layers.
pracox, Sieb. & Zucc. Fig. 3674." Shrub, to 12 ft.:
young branchlets reddish brown or chestnut-brown and
lustrous: Ivs. elliptic-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, rounded at the base, serrate with somewhat
spreading teeth, glabrous and lustrous beneath or
slightly pubescent on the veins, 3-6 in. long: racemes
2-3 in. long: fls. campanulate, J^jin. long; style shorter
than petals: fr. globose, J^in. across, greenish yellow
with reddish cheek. March; fr. in Sept., Oct. Japan.
B.M. 6631. G.C. III. 21:285 (adapted in Fig. 3674).
Gn. 75, p. 204. R.H. 1908, p. 87. S.I.F. 1:74.
chinensis, Franch. Shrub, to 15 ft., very similar to
the preceding species: young branchlets greenish or
dull brown: Ivs. ovate to oblong-ovate, long-acuminate,
rounded or subcordate at the base, crenately serrate,
glabrous, 2^-5 hi. long: racemes 2-3^ in. long: fls.
spreading, about Hm- long; style as long as petals or
slightly exserted: fr. globose, Kin. across. March.
Cent. China. Gn. 79, p. 182. ALFRED REHDER.
STACKHOUSIA (named for John Stackhouse, an
English botanist). Stackturusiaceae. Small herbs from a
perennial herbaceous or woody rhizome, used for orna-
mental planting in warm climates: Ivs. alternate, linear
or spatulate, entire, leathery or somewhat fleshy;
stipules none or very minute : fls. spicate at the ends of
the branches or fascicled along the rachis, rarely race-
mose, white or yellow, hermaphrodite; calyx small,
tube hemispherical, 5-lobed or rarely 5-parted; petals
5, linear or spatulate, claw elongated; stamens 5,
inserted on the disk-margin, erect; ovary sessile, free,
subglobose, 2-5-lobed or -parted, 2-5-celled: fr. splitting
up into 2-5 globose, angular or winged indehiscent ber-
ries.— About 20 species, Austral.
monogyna, Labill. (S. linariifdlia, A. Cunn.). A half-
hardy perennial herb, usually simple, about 1 % ft. high,
with linear or lanceolate Ivs. about 1 in. long: spikes at
first dense, then lengthening to 4-6 in.: buds pinkish
when young; fls. white. B.R. 1917. — The plant in the
California!! trade is apparently not the above species,
for it is described as a tall robust shrub with fl.-heads
1-2 in. across, surrounded by imbricated bracts and
bright yellow fls. with a purple-streaked keel.
F. W. BARCLAY.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
STADMANNIA (named for Stadmann, a German
botanist) ; also erroneously spelled Stadtmannia. Sapin-
daeese. Branched pustulate trees, apparently very
rarely cult.: Ivs. alternate, without stipules, abruptly
pinnate; Ifts. 3-6 pairs, opposite and alternate, oblong,
obtuse: panicles axillary, branched: fls. small, pedi-
celled, polygamo-dioecious; calyx subspherical, 5-
toothed; petals none; disk thick, raised and lobed;
stamens 8; ovary oblong, 3-celled: berry dry, oblong-
spherical, indehiscent. — The only species of this genus
that is well known is a tropical tree from the Bourbon
Isls., there known as bois de fer or ironwood. This is a
large tree with hard, heavy reddish wood, once frequent
in the primeval forests of Mauritius but now scarce. It
is not known to be in cult, in Amer. Nine other names
appear in Index Kewensis, apparently all Brazilian
species, but one of them is a bare name and the others
were first described in the early 1860's in Linden's
catalogue.
oppositifdlia, Lam. (S. Siderdxylon, DC.). Bois DE
FER. Lvs. alternate, petioled, abruptly pinnate; Ifts.
8-12, opposite, oblong, short-stalked, obtuse, coria-
ceous, entire, oblique at base: panicles dense, cylindri-
cal, 3^4 in. long: fr. hard, globular, nearly 1 in. thick.
Mauritius.
S. amdbili*, Hort., is offered in the trade, but is not known
botanically: it is said to be an imposing decorative plant for
warmhouse cult, and to require the same treatment as gardenias.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
STAG-HORN FERN: Platycerium. S. Sumach: Rhus.
STANDARDS OF COLOR MEASUREMENT.
There is no universally acknowledged standard of color
measurement, nor any international agreement between
physicists and artists as to the constituents of such a
3222 STANDARDS OF COLOR
STANHOPEA
standard; consequently, those who wish to abide by
some reliable system of color pitch and nomenclature
are at liberty to choose between the publications of
experts upon this subject without regard for profes-
sional or industrial limitations.
A standard of color exclusively useful in horticulture
would be an absurdity, inasmuch as a standard would
fail to be as far-reaching as the word implies if it did
not meet the requirements of all classes of art, science,
and industry. There is nothing logical in one normal
red named one way for the horticulturist and another
named differently for someone else. In the musical
profession tone has been standardized by what is
known as International Pitch at middle C of the piano-
forte. All musical instruments throughput the world
are commonly tuned to that pitch; it is an absolute
standard. But as yet, the exact pitch of what is called
normal red color is not standardized, and as a conse-
quence the whole chromatic scale which by deduction
and mathematical measurement should fall into line by
the establishment of this one normal hue remains
unfixed and is somewhat of a bone of contention
between color experts.
A circle divided into the scientifically significant 360°,
each one of which represents a distinct hue of the chro-
matic scale in tangible pigment, is by no means impos-
sible though it is difficult of accomplishment. The
writer successfully completed such a scale and finds it
remarkably true to the scientific theory of color balance.
At the present time, however, there is no mechanical
process capable of reproducing such an exact scale with
the fidelity it demands.
A diagrammatic representation of the color circle
will be found on page 832, Vol. II, of this Cyclopedia, and
the following table (Fig. 3675) indicates exactly the
positions occupied in that circle of certain hues con-
tained in the standards of authors mentioned below.
A diligent comparison of the figures will demonstrate
the lack of agreement among authorities.
Those independent standards of color which are
accessible and have proved valuable as practical guides
are the following: The extensive and admirable French
work entitled, "Repertoire de Couleurs pour aider a la
determination des couleurs des Fleurs, des Feuillages et
A TABLE OF COMPARATIVE COLORS BASED UPON MATHEMAT-
ICAL INTERVALS OF 360° OF THE CHROMATIC CIRCLE.
NORMAL
HUES
in
REPERTOIRE
i
CDULEURS
MILTON
BRADLEY
ROBERT
RIDGWAY
LOUIS
PRANG
5CHUYUER
MATHEWS
EMILY N.
WNDERPDR
YELLOW
1
""5""
dun
*t
pile
pale
1
pale
1
pale
Ii9hl
ORANGE
60
"L.Si K:t
60
bright
60
slightly lijM
60
trifle dull
bright
50
dull
50
bright
SCARLET
80
90
bright
R.O.
75
slightly light
80
clear
R.H.O.
90
bright
90
brilliant
—
RED
150
M..I59 Nt4
120
bright
110
v«ry mtf nse
122
bright
U5
bright
120
bright
115
hgnt
CRIMSON
130
130
brilliant
-
—
R.R.V
130
dull pale
130
light
—
MAGENTA
140
pt.iej xta
140
bright
V. R.
150
pale
RHDDAniKC P.
140
brilliant
R.V
15O
dull pale
140
dull pale
—
PURPLE
160
PLJ90 N-4
165
dull
R.V.
170
pile
156
bright
160
dull pale
160
pale
—
VIOLET
180
•4..I51 Nt]
170
dull
180
dull p»!e
SPECTRUM V.
185
bri3ht
175
dull pale
180
pale
'85
light
ULTRAM'
220
230
grayish
—
220
lightish
e.a.v
220
dull pale
—
— I»I4
/&
BLUE
240
-45N'J
clear
230
brilliant
METHYL 8.
240
trifle dull
245
bright
250
light
245
pale
GREEN
300
PL.157 «4
300
dull.
310
bright
CnEPALD G.
305
clear
310
bright
—
305
l.ght
3675. Standards of color.
des Fruits, public par la Societe Francaise des Chrysan-
th6mistes et Rene Oberthur avec la collaboration prin-
cipale de Henri Dauthenay," (etc.), Librairie Horticole,
84 bis Rue de Crenelle, Paris, 1905." The Prang Standard
of Color," Louis Prang, Boston, 1898, now out of print.
The concise and reliable guide entitled "Elementary
Color," and the invaluable and popular Bradley Educa-
tional Colored Papers, Milton Bradley Co., Spring-
field, Massachusetts, 1915. The extensive and portable
"Ridgway Color Standard and Nomenclature," Robert
Ridgway, Washington, D. C., 1912. "The Mathews
Chart of Correct Flower Colors" with text, F. Schuyler
Mathews, published in the American Florist for August
17, 1895, Chicago. The interesting work entitled ' Color
Problems," a practical guide for the lay student of color,
Emily N. Vanderpoel, Longmans, Green & Co., London
and New York, 1902. See also the article on Color in
Flowers, page 830, Vol. II, of this Cyclopedia, and for
the theoretic basis of spectral color measurement, the
article entitled "The World Beyond our Senses," by
Carl Snyder, Harper's Magazine for June, 1903.
F. SCHUYLER MATHEWS.
STANGERIA (Wm. Stanger, of Natal). Cycadacex.
A warmhouse cycad not very commonly cult.: caudex
about a foot high, turnip-shaped: Ivs. 3-4, long-petioled,
about 2x1 ft., pinnate, very glabrous; pinnae opposite
and alternate, linear-lanceolate, spinulose-serrulate or
subcrenate, rarely pinnatifid-lobed : male cone 6 x 1 in.;
female cones smaller, 2-3 in. long. — One species, Sub-
trop. and S. E. Afr. Closely related to Encephalartos.
paradoxa, Moore. It is unique among the cycads by
reason of the venation of its Ifts. : in all the other mem-
bers of the family the veins of the If .-segms. are parallel
and horizontal; in this one plant they are all free and
run directly from the midrib to the margin. This pin-
nate venation is so extraordinary that the plant looks
more like a fern than a cycad, and it was so described
before the frs. were known. S. Afr. B.M. 5121. Gt.
63:1598. G.W. 6, p. 109. WILHELM MILLER.
STANHOPEA (named for the Earl of Stanhope,
president of the Medico-Botanical Society, London).
Orchidaceae. Epiphytic orchids easily grown and very
interesting, but the fugacious character of their flowers
has been unfavorable to their extensive cultivation.
Pseudobulbs clustered on the short rhizome, sheathed
with scales and each bearing a single large plaited If.
contracted to a petiole at the base: fls. produced on
thick scapes, which bore their way through the material
in which they are planted and emerge from the bottom
of the basket, large, fragrant, and curiously formed;
sepals and petals usually reflexed, subequal or the petals
narrower; labellum remarkably transformed, basal part
or hypochil boat-shaped or saccate, often with two
horns on the upper margin, passing gradually into the
mesochil, which consists of a fleshy central part and
two lateral horns; the terminal lobe or epichil firmly or
movably joined to the mesochil, usually fleshy and
keeled but not saccate, base of the labellum continuous
with the long-winged column. — About 50 species
inhabiting Trop. Amer. from Mex. to Brazil. The fls.
expand with a perceptible sound early in the morning.
Stanhopeas enjoy a shady, moist location. A tem-
perature of 60 to 65° F. at night and 70 to 75° during the
day should be maintained in winter, with a gradual
advance of 10° toward midsummer. They should be
grown suspended from the roof in orchid cabins or terra
cotta baskets with large openings at the bottom, and if
drainage is used it should be placed in such a manner
that it will not interfere with the exit of the pendulous
flower-scapes. Equal parts chopped sphagnum and
peat fiber forms a good compost. By severing the
rhizome here and there between the old pseudobulbs,
new growths will be sent up and thus the stock may be
increased. (R. M. Grey.)
STAXHOPEA
STAXHOPEA
3223
atrata, 9.
a urea, 2.
bicolor, 10.
Bucephalus, 5.
calciolata, 1.
devoniensis, 8.
eburnea, 1.
ecornuta, 12.
INDEX.
grandi flora, 1, 5.
guttulata, 3.
insignia, 6.
lutescens, 9.
maculosa, 8.
Martiana, 10.
oculata, 3.
platyceras, 4.
saccata, 11.
Shuttleworthii, 7.
sp endens, 9.
super ba, 9.
tiprina, 9.
Wardli. 2.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Labellum with an cxcarated or saccate
base and a plane terminal lobe.
B. Mesochil and pleuridia wanting 1. eburnea
BB. Mesochil and pleuridia present.
c. Hypochil boat-shaped, short and
sessile 2. Wardu
cc. Hypochil boats-shaped, long and
stalked.
D. Fls. pale yellow.
E. The hypochil white, crimson-
spotted, urith 2 large brown
basal spots 3. oculata
EE. The hypochil purplish crimson
inside 4. platyceras
DD. Fls. orange 5. Bucephalus
ccc. Hypochil saccate or globose.
D. Epichil entire or obsolctcly 3-
toothed at the apex.
E. The hypochil spotted.
F. Purple inside; middle lobe
cordate 6. insignis
FF. Xot purple; middle lobe
triangular 7. Shuttle-
EE. The hypochil not spotted, pur- [worthii
pie; middle lobe ovate 8. devoniensis
DD. Epichil evidently 3-toothed at
the apex.
E. Sepals and petals spreading,
the former broadly ovate.
F. Fls. yellow 9. tigrina
FF. Fls. white 10. Martiana
EE. Sepals and petals strongly
rcflexed, the former oblong-
orate or oblong-lanceolate. . . 11. saccata
AA. Labellum reduced to a saccate pouch. . . . 12. ecornuta
1. eburnea, Lindl. (S. grandiflora, Lindl. S. calr
ceolata, Hort.). Pseudobulbs conical. 1^ in. long: Ivs.
leathery, 8-12 in. long: scapes pendulous, with small
bracts, 2-3-fld. : fls. 5 in. across, ivory-white; sepals
broad; petals narrow; labellum 3 in. long, solid, fleshy,
excavated at the base and bearing 2 hooked horns over
the mouth, spotted above with reddish purple; column
pale green, with broad wings toward the apex. Guiana.
B.M. 3359. B.R. 1529. I.H. 14:531 (as var. spec-
tabilis). L.B.C. 15:1414 (as Ceraiochttus grandiflorus).
2. Wardii, Lodd. Pseudobulbs 2 in. long: Ivs. large,
broad, and leathery: fl.-st. 9 in. long, bearing 3-9
fls., which are bright yellow to golden orange, spotted
with crimson; lateral sepal round-oblong, concave,
acute; petals lanceolate, revolute, the cavity in the
base of the labellum deep velvety purple. Aug. Mex.
and S. B.M. 5289. Gn. 51, p. 28. C.O. 2. Var. aurea,
Hort. (S. aiirea, Lodd.). Fls. golden yellow, with 2 dark
spots on the hypochil. Fragrant.
3. oculata, Lindl. (S. guttulata, C. Koch). Fig. 3676.
Lvs. ovate, with a blade 1 ft. long: scape 1 ft. long,
clothed with scarious pale brown sheaths, 3-6-fld.: fls.
5 in. across, very fragrant, pale yellow, thickly spotted
with purple; sepals 3 in. long, reflexed; petals half as
large; hypochil narrow, white, spotted with crimson and
having 2 large dark brown spots near the base. Mex.
B.M. 5300. B.R. 1800. L.B.C. 18:1764 (as Cerato-
chilus oculatus). S.H. 2, p. 435. G.C. III. 19:264; 43:
19; 44:115; 52:121. J.F. 3:309-10. C.O. 6.— There are
several varieties, differing in color and markings. Fig.
3676 is from an article by Safford on "Sacred Flowers
of the Aztecs," named "the serpent-head orchid," in
The Volta Review.
4. platyceras, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs and Ivs. as in
S. Bucephalus but stouter: scape 2-fld., with ovate
acute bracts half as long as the ovary: fls. 7 hi. across,
pale yellow, with numerous ring-shaped spots and
blotches of purple; sepals triangular-oblong; petals
broadly linear, acute; hypochil boat-shaped, 2% in.
long; horns 1 in. long, broad, pointing forward, parallel
with the tongue-shaped middle lobe; the hypochil is
deep purplish crimson inside, paler and spotted outside,
the upper part of the labellum colored like the sepals.
Colombia. Gn. 33:534.
5. Bucephalus, Lindl. (S. grandiflora, Reichb. f.).
Pseudobulbs crowded, rugose: Ivs. petioled, 9 in. long,
pointed: the pendulous raceme bearing 4-6 large,
3676. Stanhopes oculata, ( X about
tawny orange fls. marked with large crimson spots;
sepals and petals reflexed, the former broad; lower part
of the labellum curved, boat-shaped, bearing 2 curved
horns and a broad fleshy middle lobe; column green and
white, spotted with purple. Aug. Mex., Peru. B.M.
5278; 8517. B.R. 31:24.— Fls. very fragrant. Dis-
tinguished by its very short ovaries.
6. insignis, Frost. Figs. 3677, 3678. Pseudobulbs
clustered: Ivs. broadly lanceolate: scape 6 in. long,
covered with dark brown scales, 2-4-fld.: fls. 5 in.
across, dull yellow, spotted with purple; sepals broad,
concave; petals narrow, wavy; hypochil globose, almost
wholly purple inside, heavily spotted outside, horns 1
in. long, falcate, middle lobe cordate, keeled. July-
Get. Brazil. B.M. 2948. 2949. B.R. 1837. L.B.C.
20: 1985. Gng. 2: 117 (from which Fig. 3677 is adapted).
G.W. 12, p. 283. — Marked by broad wings of column.
7. Shuttleworthii, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs large, coni-
cal, sulcate: Ivs broadly oblong, acute: raceme pendu-
lous, loose: sepals, petals, and base of the labellum
apricot-color with dark purplish blotches, front part of
the labellum yellowish white; hypochil semi-globose;
horns flattened, suberect, terminal lobe triangular;
column whitish, green along the middle and spotted
with purple in the inside. Colombia.
8. devoniensis, Lindl. (S. macuLbsa, Knowles &
Westc.). Lvs. about 9 in. long: scape pendulous, 2-3-
3224
STANHOPEA
STAPELIA
3677. Stanhopea insignis.
fid. : fls. 5 in. across, pale brownish, with broad reddish
brown blotches; sepals oblong to ovate-oblong, obtuse;
petals narrow; hypochil rounded, saccate, purple,
horns incurved, middle lobe ovate, channeled, obscurely
3-toothed. Peru. F.S. 10:974. F.C. 3:121.
9. tigrina, Batem. Lvs. and pseudobulbs as in the
§enus: scape short, pendulous, clothed with large, thin
rown scales: fls. 6 in. across, waxy and very fragrant;
sepals broadly ovate, concave; petals oblong-lanceolate,
both dingy yellow mottled toward the base with large
blotches of dull purple;
hypochil broad, cup-
shaped; horns 1 in. long,
fleshy, bent forward at
right angles; middle lobe
rhomboid, with 3 fleshy
teeth at the apex ; column
large, spatulate. Mex.
B.M. 4197. B.R. 25:1.
G.M. 32:398; 38:149.
F. 1845:59. G.C. III.
4:481. C.O. 7.— One of
the most striking forms
among orchids. Var.
lutescens, Hort. Bril-
liant yellow to orange
marked with chocolate.
Guatemala. Var. superba, Hort. Van Houtte. Fls.
yellow, with the sepals and petals heavily blotched with
reddish brown. F.S. 7:713-15. G.M. 51:625. Var.
atrata, Hort., is advertised. Var. splendens, Hort., had
deeper-colored fls.
10. Martiana, Batem. Lvs. lanceolate: sepals
broadly ovate, creamy white with few purple spots on
the lower half; petals narrower, blotched with purplish
crimson; hypochil saccate, white; lateral horns broad,
pointed, middle lobe oblong, obscurely 3-toothed;
column subclavate, winged. Mex. F.S. 20:2112, 2113.
Gn. 45, p. 470. G. 17:187. Var. bicolor, Lindl. Ground-
color of the fls. white. B.R. 29:44. G.W. 15, p. 457.
11. saccata, Batem. Fls. smaller than those of the
other species, greenish yellow, changing to deeper yel-
low at the bases of the segms., regularly speckled with
brown; lateral sepals ovate-oblong, the upper one
oblong-lanceolate; petals narrower, oblong, all reflexed;
hypochil deeply saccate; horns flat, a little twisted, epi-
chU quadrate. Guatemala. I.H. 8:270 (as S. radiosa).
12. ecornftta, Lem. Pseudobulbs and Ivs. large:
scape short, clothed with green bracts, 2-fld. : sepals
erect, 2 in. long, ovate, concave, white, petals smaller;
labellum reduced to a fleshy sac-like hypochil, 1J^ in.
long, yellow deepening to orange at the base; column
as long as the labellum and of the same color. Cent.
Amer. B.M. 4885. F.S. 2:181. G.C. 1850:295.
S. Amesidna, Hort.=S. Lowii. — S. bettserensis=S. insignis XS.
oculata. R.H. 1896:232. — S. convolitia, Rolfe. Sepals and petals
ivory-white, the latter with buff tips, the sepals elliptic-oblong,
spreading, 2 K~3 in. long, 1 \i-\ % in. wide, the petals connivent,
inclosing column, about 2 in. long, IJi in. wide; lip buff-yellow,
with the interior of hypochil orange, over \yz in. long, 3-lobed;
hypochil subglobose; epichil oblong, truncate. Colombia. B.M.
8507. — S. costaricensis, Reichb. f . Fls. 4 }^-5 in. across, pale yellow,
densely purple-dotted; lip with 2 prominent keels on each side;
column with small triangular wing at apex. Costa Rica. — S.
elegdntula, Rolfe. Fls. primose-yellow, with base of petals and hypo-
chil of lip orange, sparsely dotted with brown. Hab.(?). — S.
florida, Reichb. f . Infl. dense, about 7-fld. : fls. white, the inside of
sepals and petals spotted with purple; lip with numerous small
purple dots, the hypochil with a large blotch on each side. S. Amer.
G.C. II. 16:561, 565; III. 19:265.— S. graveolens, Lindl. Fls.
ample; sepals greenish white flushed yellowish; petals pale yellow,
oblong-ligulate, undulate, shortly acuminate; lip with the hypochil
apricot; mesochil white; epichil entire, oval, pointed, white, pur-
ple;dotted. Guatemala. G.W. 3, p. 472. C.O. 4.— S. Haseloviana,
Reichb. f. Fls. 6 in. across; sepals and petals dull gray on back,
dull yellowish on surface, covered with annular pale rose spots; lip
spotted with dark purple; hypochil quadrate; epichil 3-parted.
Peru. B.M. 7452. — S. inoddra, Lodd. Lateral sepals ovate-oblong;
hypochil subcompressed, short, saccate; epichil orbicular-ovate
entire; fls. pale flushed with yellow. Mex. B.R. 31:65. G.M.
57:54. G.W. 7, p. 27. — S. Langlasseana, Cogn. Lip erect, rigid,
closely pressed against the erect column; petals ascending, pressed
against the column; sepals extended horizontally. Trop. Amer. — S.
Ldwii, Rolfe. Sepals and petals creamy buff, the latter brown-
dotted; lip ivory-white, the hypochil branded with dull maroon.
Colombia. G.M. 36:352. G.C. III. 14:689. J.H. III. 45: 193.—
S. Madouxiana, Cogn. Fls. fragrant, 5-7 in. across; sepals and
petals cream-white, with large spots of carmine-rose, the sepals
triangular-oval, obtuse, the petals broadly oblong, obtuse, undulate;
lip fleshy, in color like sepals and petals, the inside of hypochil
tinged with violet-black; epichil oval, pointed. Colombia. G.C. III.
24: 135. C.O. 1. — S. nigripes, Rolfe. Sepals and petals yellow, with
numerous small purple blotches, the sepals elliptic-oblong, acute,
the petals linear-oblong, acute, undulate; lip yellowish white,
purple-spotted at base and on epichil, the hypochil with a dark
black-purple eye-like spot on each side, the inside the same color,
the epichil ovate-orbicular. Origin unknown. — S. peruviana,
Rolfe. Fls. golden yellow; sepals obtuse, the dorsal oblong, the
lateral obliquely and broadly ovate; petals linear-oblong, revolute;
lip with the hypochil suffused dark purple on sides; epichil orbicu-
lar-ovate, purple-spotted. Peru. B.M. 8417. — S. Rdndii, Rolfe.
Fls. ivory-white, faintly shaded yellow on lip; sepals elliptic-oblong,
acute; petals lanceolate-oblong, acute, lip with the hypochil papil-
late inside, the epichil triangular, acute. Brazil. — S. Rodigasidna,
Claea. Fls. about 6 in. across; sepals spreading, oblong-ovate,
purple-marbled below, maroon-blotched above; petals triangular-
lanceolate, attenuate above, pale green; lip very fleshy, the hypo-
chil suffused with maroon-purple below, the remainder blotched;
epichil reticulated, triangular, obtuse, spotted with dull purple.
Colombia. B.M. 7702. G.M. 41:492. G.C. III. 24:31.— S.
Riickeri, Lindl. Resembles S. Wardii in color, but paler; hypochil
obovate; epichil stained pink. Mex. A. F. 6:631. — S. stenochila,
F. C. Lehm. & Kranzl. Sepals pure white; petals apricot-colored,
with purplish blotches; lip ivory-white at base, middle and interior
parts yellow. Colombia. — S. Wolteriana, Kranzl.=S. Martiana X
S. tigrina. Fls. dull straw-color or pale orange; sepals obscurely
marked with wine-red, the spots on the petals larger. G.C. III.
38 • 102
HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
GEORGE V.
STANLEYA (named for Edward Stanley, Earl of
Derby, 1779-1849). Cruciferae. Glaucous glabrous per-
ennial herbs, similar to arabis in habit, suitable for the
flower-garden: Ivs. undivided or pinnatifid: racemes
elongated, strict, many-fld.; fls. yellow; buds elongated,
sepals short, spreading; petals narrow, elongated, long-
clawed: silique long-stipitate, slender, 4-cornered to
rather terete, compressed, valves carinately 1-nerved. — •
About 10 species, Calif .
pinnata, Brit. (S. pinriatifida, Nutt.). Sts. flexuous:
Ivs. very variable, commonly pinnatifid; segms. lance-
oblong or oblanceolate-elliptic, rarely linear, almost
entire; terminal segm. larger: fls. deep golden yellow,
according to D. M. Andrews. May-July. W. Kans. and
Neb. to Texas and S. Calif., in dry clay or alkaline soils.
3678. Stanhopea insignis. ( X 1A)
G.C. III. 29:381.— A hardy perennial herb about 3 ft.
high with the general appearance of a cleome and fls.
about 1 in. across borne in terminal spikes a foot or
more long. jr. TRACY HUBBARD.!
STAPELIA (J. B. Van Stapel, Dutch physician, died
in the early part of the seventeenth century, who wrote
on the plants of Theophrastus) . Asclepidddcex. CAR-
RION FLOWER. Odd fleshy cactus-like plants usually
grown with greenhouse succulents, both for the great
oddity of their forms and for the singular and often
large showy flowers.
STAPELIA
STAPELIA
3225
Stems low, leafless, coarsely 4-angled, the angle
coarsely dentate, usually more or less covered with
tubercles and excrescences: fls. often large, generally
fetid and commonly arise from the angles and notches
of the sts., apparently in no regularity and are usually
grotesquely barred and mottled with dark or dull
colors; calyx and corolla 5-parted, corolla-segms.
spreading, usually narrow and fleshy, mostly purple or
marbled, in some species pale; crown in 2 rows, the
outer horizontally spreading, deeply 5-lobed, the lobes
entire or shortly 2-3-cleft, the inner of 5 scales adnate
to the base of the anthers: fr. of 2 follicles, containing
comose seeds. — About 60 species according to N. E.
Brown in Dyer, Flora Capensis, vol. 4 (1909); Schu-
mann, in Engler & Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien, considers
that the genus contains 70-80 species; Decaisne, in
DeCandolle's Prodromus, 8 (1844), describes 89 spe-
cies, and makes references to several more. S. Afr.
chiefly, 3 or 4 in Trop. Afr. Some of the species have
fls. several inches across, although the plants them-
selves are relatively small; in fact, the fls. of S. gigantea
are a foot across.
Most of the stapelias demand the treatment given to
Cape euphorbias and to cacti, — a light, airy, rather
dry position during the growing and blooming seasons
and a soil made porous with rubble. They are mostly
summer and fall bloomers. They should remain dor-
mant in winter. Propagated easily by cuttings. They
do best, however, when not grown so dry as cacti are
grown. (See under Succulents, p. 2674.) The stape-
lias are known in cultivation mostly in botanic gardens
and in the collections of amateurs. Only a few names
occur in the American trade, and one of these (S. cylin-
drifa) is an Echidnopsis. Several other species are
likely to be found in fanciers' collections.
atrata, 14.
glabrifolia, 7.
nobilis, 4.
atropurpurea, 14.
grandiflora, 2, 7.
normalis, 14.
bella, 9.
hirsuta, 1.
Pillansii, 6.
Bufonis, 14.
maculosoides, 11.
pulchella, 12.
ciliolata, 13.
masculosoides, 11.
HJmilis, 8.
clypeata, 14.
minor, 7.
trisulca, 14.
Curtisii, 14.
mixta, 14.
tsomoensis, 5.
discolor, 10.
mutabilis, 10.
unguipetala, 1.
gigantea, 3.
namaquensis, 13.
variegata, 14.
glabriflora, 7.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Corolla without a distinct raised ring on
the disk.
B. Inner surface of the disk and lobes
glabrous and rugose or smooth,
c. The corolla-lobes extended not
more and usually less than 8 in.
diam. (except perhaps in A'o. 9).
D. Lobes of the corolla nearly
smooth, cilia te with long flat-
tened tapering hairs 9. bella
DD. Lobes of the corolla very dis-
tinctly ciliate with simple
hairs 8. similis
cc. The corolla-lobes extended
in. diam.
D. Lobes of the corolla ciliate with
simple hairs 6. Pillansii
DD. Lobes of the corolla not ciliate. . 7. glabriflora
BB. Inner surface of the disk or disk and
lobes hairy, besides the border of
cilia, usually transversely rugose,
c. Corolla-lobes extended 8^-14 in.
diam., lobes 2%-6}& in. long.
D. Center of corolla shattowly de-
pressed 3. gigantea
DD. Center of corolla cup-shaped,
about 1 \^ in. deep 4. nobilis
cc. Corolla-lobes extended 4*4-3% in.
diam., lobes 1 Yr^A in. long.
D. Transrerse yellow lines on
corolla absent 2. grandiflora
DD. Transverse yellow or whitish
lines on corolla present 1. hirsuta
ccc. Corolla-lobes extended 3-4 J^ in.
diam., lobes 1 V^-l % in. long. .. 1. hirsuta var.
cccc. Corolla-lobes extended 2-8 in.
diam., lobes 1-1 }$ in. long.
D. Disk of corolla shortly and usu-
ally thinly pilose or pubescent
with erect hairs ............. 11. maculosoides
DD. Disk of corolla thickly or densely
covered with fine long hairs. . . 5. tsomoensis
AA. Corolla with a distinct raised ring or
cushion on the disk.
B. Inner lobes of the crown sometimes
slightly humped at the base or con-
nected to the outer row, but not pro-
duced into a distinct dorsal horn
(see also No. 12 in which the outer
horn is sometimes not more than
}£ line long) ................... 13. namaquensis
BB. Inner lobes of crown distinctly 2-
horned.
c. Annulus or ring }^-2 lines high,
erect, very obtuse or rounded at
the top, not cushion-like nor
with a spreading or recurved
margin.
D. The corolla pale yellowish or
light yellow with spots and
transverse lines on the basal
part of the lobes dark purple-
brown to dull purple, and their
tips often entirely purple-
brown, or in the variety en-
tirely dark purple-brown with
inconspicuous transverse yel-
low lines ................... 10. mutabilis
DD The corolla pale yellow,
sprinkled all over with dots or
small spots of_ purple-brown,
lobes 5-10 lines long, not
ciliate .................... 12 pulchella
CC. Annulus or ring very prominent,
with an acute edge to the hori-
zontally spreading or recurved
margin ...................... 14. variegata
1. hirsuta, Linn. Sts. erect, 5-8, occasionally 12 in.
high, softly puberulous, green: fls. 1-3 together, near the
base of young sts. ; corolla 4-5 in. diam., basal half of
lobes cream-color, more or less tinted with purplish on
the disk, upper half very dark purple-brown, marked
with transverse cream-colored, or yellowish and purple-
brown lines, white-
hairy. S. Afr. Var.
unguipetala, N. E.
Br. (S. unguipetala,
N. E. Br.). Corolla
3H-4H in. diam.,
disk with the center
and 5 bands radiat-
ing to the sinuses,
pale greenish ochre,
margins of the upper
half of the lobes much
revolute, tips up-
curved. S.Afr. G.C.
II. 7:335; III. 44:
169.
2. grandiflora,
Mass. Fig. 3679. Sts
6-12 in. high, gray-
velvety- pubescent,
with very compressed
angles: fls. 1-3
together, near the base of the sts. ; corolla 5-6 in. diam.,
velvety-pubescent, inner face dark purple-brown, lobes
ciliate, darkest toward the tip, upper half rugose and
transversely rugose, without markings, basal hah" white
or pale-purple-haired. S.Afr. G.L. 27:67. R.B. 40,
p. 186. R.H. 1858, p. 154.
3. gigantea, N. E. Br. Sts. erect, branching from a
short decumbent base, 4-8 in. high, pubescent, light
3679. Stapelia grandiflora. ( X K)
3226
STAPELIA
STAPELIA
dull green, angles much compressed: fls. 1 or 2 together,
near the base or toward the middle of the sts.; corolla
11-16 in. diam., disk-like, center shallowly depressed,
inner surface transversely rugulose, pale-purple-hairy,
light ochre-yellow, everywhere marked with transverse
crimson lines, lobes 4—6J4 in. long. Trop. and S. Afr.
B.M. 7068. G.C. II. 7:693; 111.4:729. G.F. 8:515.
-"The requirements of S. gigantea," Watson writes,
"are somewhat exceptional. It thrives only when
grown in a hot, moist stove from April till September,
when the growth matures and the flower-buds show. It
should then be hung up or placed upon a shelf near the
roof-glass in a sunny dry position in the stove."
4. nSbilis, N. E. Br. Sts. erect, decumbent and
branching at base, 3-5 in. high, sides concave, softly
pubescent, green: fls. 1-5 together, near the base or
middle of the young branches; corolla very large, with
a distinct campanulate tube about 1J^ in. deep, lobes
2%-4 in. long, light reddish purple on the back, inner
face transversely rugulose, light ochre-yellow every-
where marked with irregular transverse crimson lines.
S.Afr. B.M. 7771.
5. tsomoensis, N. E. Br. Sts. 4-6 in. high, angles
compressed and somewhat repand-dentate, opaque
green: fls. 4-9 together, near the base of the young sts.;
corolla 2^-3 in. diam., outside glabrous, light green,
inside with a few raised transverse ridges on the upper
half of the lobes, entirely dull smoky purple, darker at
the tips of the lobes. S. Afr.
6. Pillansii, N. E. Br. Sts. rather crowded, 4-7 in.
high, sides concave, angles not much compressed, vel-
vety-pubescent, green: fls. 2-5 together, near the base
of the sts., 4-5H in- diam., inner surface transversely
rugose and glabrous, purple-brown without markings,
shining, densely ciliate with soft light purple, simple
hairs. S.Afr. G.C. III. 35:242; 44:187.
7. glabrifldra, N. E. Br. (S. glabrifolia, Bailey,
error. S. grandifldra var. minor, Hort.). Sts. erect, 4-9
in. high, puberulous, green, angles much compressed:
fls. 1-2 together at the middle or lower part of young
sts.; corolla 3-4J^ in. diam., velvety on the back, trans-
versely rugose and quite glabrous on the inner face, not
ciliate, dull reddish purple, darker at tips of lobes,
whole surface transversely marked with very narrow
linear, irregular yellowish white lines. S. Afr. G.C. II.
6: 809; III. 44:186.
8. sinulis, N. E. Br. Sts. erect, 3-6 in. high, 4-6-
angled, minutely puberulent, dull purple or gray-green,
purple-spotted; angles somewhat denticulate: fls. 3-6,
borne at the base of the st. ; corolla rotate, less than 1 in.
across, outside minutely puberulent, inside transverse
rugose, glabrous, not ciliate, dark purple, lobes ovate,
acute. S. Afr.
9. bella, Berger. Sts. erect, branching at or above
the base, 5-7 in. high, sides concave, minutely pubes-
cent, dull green: fls. 3-4 together at the base of the
young sts.; corolla l%-2 in. diam., glabrous inside
and out, inner face deep purplish red, browner toward
the tips of the lobes, paler at the center, the small
tube whitish, without markings, ciliate on the lobes.
A hybrid of European raising. G.C. III. 31:138; 44:
168.
10. mutibilis, Jacq. Sts. 3-18 in. high, acutely 4-
angled, with rather stout conical, spreading teeth,
glabrous, green, sometimes tinged with purple, slightly
glaucous: fls. 1-3 together, from near the base of the
younger or higher up on the older sts. ; corolla with lobes
very much recurved and then about 1^ in. diam., gla-
brous on both surfaces, inner face slightly rugose to
nearly smooth, the upper third of the lobes light or
dark purple-brown, the remainder pale yellowish or
greenish yellow, covered with transversely elongate
spots or thick or narrow, irregular transverse purple-
brown lines. S. Afr. Var. discolor, N. E. Br. (S. dis-
color, Tod.). Corolla dark purple-brown with incon-
spicuous yellowish transverse lines on parts of the disk;
annulus yellow with irregular purple lines. S. Afr.
11. maculosoides, N. E. Br.; also erroneously spelled
masculosoides. Sts. erect, about 3 in. high, obtusely
4-angled, glabrous: corolla about 2% in. diam., gla-
brous outside, center dark violet-purple, lobes 12-13
lines long, slightly rugose, marked with dark violet-
purple transverse lines and spots on a light yellowish
ground on the central part and with dark violet-purple
margins and tips, ciliate. Probably a European hybrid.
12. pulchella, Mass. Sts. 2-4 in. high, erect or decum-
bent at base, obtusely 4-angled, glabrous, green: fls.
usually 3 or more together, near the base of the sts. ;
corolla 1 M~2J4 in. diam., smooth on the back, minutely
tuberculate-rugulose and glabrous inside, not ciliate,
sulfur-yellow, covered with numerous purple-brown
dots, lobes sometimes narrowly edged with purple-
brown. S. Afr.
13. namaquensis, N. E. Br. Sts. procumbent or
decumbent, 1^-3 J4 in. high, obtusely 4-angled, with
very stout, acute, conical spreading teeth, glabrous,
green, marked with irregular purple stripes: fls. 1-4
together, near the base or middle of the young sts.;
corolla 3-4 in. diam., back smooth and glabrous, inner
surface very rugose with transverse papillate ridges on
the lobes which are 1-1 M in. long; yellow, dotted with
purple-brown. S. Afr. Var. ciliolata, N. E. Br. (S.
ciliolata, Ruest, not Tod.). Corolla shortly ciliate, with
simple or subclavate white or white and dark purple
hairs mixed, spotting variable.
14. variegata, Linn. (S. normalis, Jacq.). Plant
glabrous: sts. erect from a decumbent base, 2-6 in.
high, very obtusely 4-angled, green, often mottled all
over or tinted with purple at the tips: fls. 1-5 together,
at base of young sts. ; corolla 2-3 in. diam., lobes smooth
and green outside, inner surface rugose with crowded
irregular transverse ridges on the lobes, pale greenish
yellow, with dark purple-brown spots. S. Afr. B.M.
26. R.H. 1857, p. 43. Var. atrata, N. E. Br. (S. atrata,
Tod.). Corolla-lobes deltoid-acuminate, ground-color
dark purple-brown. Var. atropurpurea, N. E. Br. (S. atro-
purpurea, Salm-Dyck). Corolla-lobes ovate; ground-
color blackish purple. Var. clypeata, N. E. Br. (S.
Bufonis, Sims). Corolla 2^-3 in. diam. spotted all
over, with or without a few slender transverse lines at
the base of the lobes. B.M. 1676. Var. Curtisii, N. E.
Br. (S. Curtisii, Schult.). Outer lobes of crown very
slightly notched; ground-color of corolla light yellow or
rather bright sulfur-yellow. Var. mixta, N. E. Br. (S.
mixta, Mass.). Corolla 2)^-3% in. diam., light-colored;
lobes with numerous rounded spots, those of the basal
half connected by slender transverse purple-brown
lines. Var. trisulca, N. E. Br. (S. trisulca, Bonn.).
Corolla in mature bud flat-topped, without a point,
when expanded flat on the back of the disk.
S. dlbicans, Sprenger. A hybrid with partly whitish sts. : corolla
2-2 Yi in. diam., dark purple-brown at the tips of the lobes, other-
wise yellow with purple-brown transverse lines. — S. Asterias, Mass.
STARFISH FLOWER. Dwarf: sts. mostly curved: corolla 4-5 in.
diam., with spreading star-like segms., violet-purple with trans-
verse, yellowish bars. B.M. 536. L.B.C. 5:453. — S. atrosanguinea,
N. E. Br., with intense blackish crimson fls. is in reality a Caralluma,
C. atrosanguinea, N. E. Br. — S. cantabrigiensis, Berger (S. hybrida
cantabridgensis). Hybrid: corolla 6J^-8 lines across, broadly cam-
panulate, greenish, suffused with red outside, brown-red inside,
rather densely covered with red-brown hairs. — S. Caroli-Schmidtii
is offered in the German trade. — S. cyllndrica, Hort.=Echidnopsis
cereiformis. — S. dinergens, N. E. Br. Hybrid: corolla about 2 in.
diam., inner surface slightly rugulose, light yellow, irregularly
marked with brownish crimson lines. — S. Engleriana, Schlecht.
Fls. solitary; corolla dark brown, lobes triangular. S. Afr. — S.
Fleckii, Berger & Schlecht., is offered in the German trade. S. E.
Afr. — S. fdetida, Hqrt., is an American trade name which might
apply to any species in the genus. — S. Hanburyana, Berger &
Ruest. Hybrid: corolla about 2J-£ in. diam., inner surface some-
what rugose, lobes pale greenish yellow, evenly marked all over
with small transverse, purple-brown spots or short lines, narrowly
edged with the same color. — S. Leendertzix , N. E. Br. St. erect
from a decumbent base, 3-5 in. high: corolla large, campanulate,
tube 2-2 % in. long, 1 %-2 l/± in. across, dull fuscous-purple. Trans-
STAPELIA
vaal. B.M. 8561.— S. longipedicettata, N. E. Br. (S. kwebensis var.
longipedicellata, Berger). Sts. clustered, erect, 4-6 in. high: corolla
1 }^-l ?i in. across, tube short, purplish, lobes blackish. Trqp. Afr. —
S. luxuriant, Dammann. Hybrid: corolla about 3 in. diam., not
ciliate, entirely dark purple-brown. — S. mdgna, Berger. Hybrid:
corolla dark brown, with yellowish markings, with violet-red curled
hairs. — S. Pldntii, Hort. Sts. stout and erect: corolla about 5 m.
diam., hairy, brown barred with yellow, lobes margined with brown-
purple. S. Afr. B.M. 5692. F.S. 19:2012. — S. partx-taunme is
offered in the German trade. — S. piitida, Berger. Hybrid: ste.
1 >2-2 in. high: corolla-lobes yellowish with large purple-brown
spots and a red line along the margin, not ciliate. — S. rectifldra,
Ruest. Hybrid: corolla about 2 in. diam. with a shallow cup-like
disk and spreading sulfur-yellow lobes, with rounded and not very
numerous purple-brown spots often confluent in longitudinal rows.
— S. ScWnzii, Berger & Schlecht., is offered in the German trade.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
STAPHYLEA (Greek, staphyle, cluster, referring to
the inflorescence). Staphyleaceae, formerly referred to
the Celastracese. BLADDER-NUT. Ornamental woody
plants chiefly grown for their attractive white flowers
and for their handsome foliage, and also for the inflated
pod-like fruit.
Deciduous shrubs or small trees, with smooth striped
bark: Ivs. opposite, 3-7-foh"olate; Ifts. serrulate, like the
Ivs. stipulate: fls. perfect, 5-merous in terminal pani-
cles; sepals and petals 5, of about the same length,
upright; stamens 5; pistils 2-3, usually connate below:
fr. a 2-3-lobed, inflated, membranous caps., with 1 or
few subglobpse rather large, bony seeds in each cell. —
Eleven species in the temperate regions of the northern
hemisphere.
The bladder-nuts are upright shrubs or small trees
with handsome bright or light green foliage and orna-
mental white or pinkish flowers in nodding clusters fol-
lowed by bladder-like fruits conspicuous by their size
and pale green color. The species are all inhabitants
of temperate regions, and S. trifolia, S. Bumalda and
S. pinnata are hardy North, while S. colchica, S.
Bolanderi, and S. holocarpa are hardy at least as far
north as Massachusetts; S. emodi is more tender and
seems not to be in cultivation in this country. They are
all desirable shrubs and flower in early summer after
the leaves except S. holocarpa which blooms in spring
before or with the leaves. They are well adapted for
shrubberies, but all except S. Bumalda are table to
become bare and unsightly at the base and are therefore
not to be recommended for single specimens. S. holo-
carpa is perhaps the most beautiful species in bloom;
also S. elegans, S. colchica, and S. Bumalda have very
handsome flowers. S. colchica blooms at an early age
and is sometimes forced, but S. holocarpa is probably
even better adapted for that purpose. Staphyleas grow
well in almost any kind of soil and position, but do best
in a somewhat moist rich earth and partly shaded situ-
ation. They are always interesting although not showy.
Propagation is by seeds, layers, and suckers. Green-
wood cuttings from forced plants root readily.
A. Lvs. 5-7-foliolate, only occasionally 3-foliolate: panir
des stalked.
B. Panicle raceme-like, oblong, pendulous: fl.-buds sub-
globose.
pinnata, Linn. Upright shrub, attaining 15 ft., some-
times tree-like : Ifts. 5-7, ovate-oblong, long-acuminate,
sharply and finely serrate, glabrous and glaucescent
beneath, 2-3 in. long: panicles 2-5 in. long, on peduncles
about 2 in. long: sepals oval, whitish, greenish at the
base, reddish at the apex, about as long as the oblong
petals: caps. 2-3-lobed, much inflated, subglobose,
about 1 in. long. May, June. Eu. to W. Asia. Gn.
34, p. 280. G. 4:473. H.W. 3, p. 52.
BB. Panicle broad, upright or nodding: fl.-buds obovate-
oblong.
colchica, Stev. (Hoibrenkiaformosa, Hort.). Upright
shrub, attaining 12 ft.: Ifts. usually 5, sometimes 3,
oblong-ovate, acuminate, sharply serrate, glabrous and
pale green beneath, 2-3 in. long: panicle 2-3 in. long
STAPHYLEA
3227
and almost as broad, on a peduncle 2-3 in. long: sepals
narrow-oblong, spreading, yellowish white; petals linear-
spatulate, white: caps, obovate, much inflated, lJ^-2
in. long. May, June. Caucasus. B.M. 7383. R.H.
1870, p. 257. J.H. III. 34:183. F. 1879, p. 123. G.C.
11.11:117; 111.2:713; 10:161. A.G. 18:423. Gt.
24: 837; 37, p. 501. Gn. 34, p. 281; 76, p. 171. G. 2:323;
26:115 (forced plant); 27:170. G.M. 55:215. Gn.W.
5:49; 23:57. F.E. 23:585.— Var. Coulombieri, Zabel
(S. Coulombieri, Andre) . Of more vigorous growth, with
denser foliage : Ivs. larger and longer-stalked ; Ifts. long-
acuminate : stamens glabrous: caps. 2-4 in. long, spread-
ing at the apex.
AA. Lvs. 3-foliolate.
B. Middle Ift. short-stalked, stalk Y^in. or less long: pani-
cle sessile.
Bumalda, DC. Shrub, 6 ft. high, with upright and
spreading slender branches: Ifts. broadly oval to ovate,
shortly acuminate, crenately serrate, with awned teeth,
light green, almost glabrous, \1A-21A in. long: fls. about
J^in. long, in loose, erect panicles 2-3 in. long; sepals
yellowish white, little shorter than the white petals:
caps, usually 2-lobed, somewhat compressed, %-l in.
long. June. Japan. S.Z. 1:95.
BB. Middle Ift. slender-stalked: panicles stalked.
c. Fls. after the Ivs.
trifdlia, Linn. AMERICAN BLADDER-NUT. Fig. 3680.
Upright shrub, with rather stout branches, 6-15 ft. high :
Ifts. oval to ovate,
acuminate, finely
and sharply ser-
rate, slightly
pubescent beneath
or almost gla-
brous, 1 J^-3 in.
long: fls. about
Hm- long, in nod-
ding panicles or
umbel-like ra-
cemes; sepals
greenish white,
petals white : caps,
much inflated,
usually 3-lobed,
1H~2 in. long.
April, May. Que. to Ont. and Minn., south to S. C. and
Mo. Gt. 37, p. 529. Var. paucifldra, Zabel. Low and
suckering: Ifts. smaller, broader, glabrous at length: fls.
in short, 3-8-fld. racemes: fr. often 2-lobed, 11A~11A
in. long.
Bdlanderi, Gray. Fig. 3681. Shrub :lfts. broadly oval
or almost orbicular, acute, sharply serrulate, glabrous,
2-3 in. long: fls. in many-fld. nodding panicles; stamens
and styles exserted: fr. 3-lobed, much inflated, 2-2 K
in. long. Calif., in the Sierra Nevada region. G.F. 2 : 545
(adapted in Fig. 3681). R.H. 1910, p. 305.— A rare
shrub, probably not regularly in cult.
cc. Fls. before the Ivs.
holocarpa, Hemsl. Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft. : Ifts.
3, oval to ovate-oblong, short-acuminate, serrulate, pale
and reticulate and glabrous or nearly so beneath, 2-4 in.
long: fls. white or pinkish, nearly Hin. long, in pendu-
lous slender-stalked panicles 1-4 in. long, axillary on
last year's branchlets: fr. pear-shaped or ellipsoid,
abruptly acuminate or sometimes lobed at the apex,
lMj-2 in. long; seeds light grayish brown, lustrous, ^in.
long. Cent. China. — Very floriferous and handsome.
The name has been misspelled S. lobocarpa. Var. rdsea,
Rehd. & Wilson. Lfts. whitish tomentose beneath while
young, later villous along the midrib beneath only: fls.
pink, Hm- long. Cent. China.
S. elegans, Zabel. Intermediate between and supposed to be a
hybrid of S. pinnata and S. colchica: Ifts. usually 5: panicles very
3680. Staphylea trifolia. (Xji)
3228
STAPHYLEA
STATICE
large and _ nodding. A very free-flowering variety with pinkish
tinged fls. is var. Hessei, Zabel. — S. emMi, Wall. Shrub or small
tree: Ifts. 3, oval to oblong, 2-6 in. long; stalk of terminal 1ft.
about 1 in. long: fls. in ped uncled, pendulous, raceme-like panicles:
fr. 2-3 in. long. Himalayas. ALFRED REHDER.
STAR-APPLE: Chrysophyllum. Starfish Flower: Stapelia
Asterias. S. Flower: Aster, Trientalis, Triteleia and other plants.
S. Grass: Chloris truncata. Star of Bethlehem: Ornithogalum umbel-
latum. S. Thistle: Centaurea. S. Tulip: Calochortus. Starwort:
Aster.
STATICE (Greek name meaning astringent, given
by Pliny to some herb). Syn., Armeria, Auth., not
Linn, (see Vol. I, p. 395). Plumbagindcese. SEA-PINK.
THRIFT. Interesting hardy border perennials, biennials,
and annuals useful for both the many-flowered bright
inflorescence and the stiff more or less evergreen foliage ;
flowers blue, lilac, white, yellow.
The genus Statice as defined by Linnseus, "Genera
Plantarum," ed. 5 (1754), is based on Statice, Tpurn.,
and Limonium, Tourn. : Statice of Tournefort is the
Armeria of later authors, while Limonium of Tourne-
fort is the Statice of later authors and of Linnseus in
part. Consequently, in dividing the Linnaean genus we
INDEX TO STATICE.
3681. Staphylea Bolanderi.
must retain the name for that part of it which represents
the origin of the name, which is exactly what Miller did
in "The Gardener's Dictionary," ed. 8 (1768), retaining
the name Statice for those species with a globular head
and reestablishing Limonium as the generic name of
those species with an open inflorescence. This treat-
ment is accepted by most recent authorities although it
is not followed by Pax in Engler & Prantl's "Natur-
lichen Pflanzenfamilien."
Although the individual flowers are small, some of
the sea-pinks are very showy because of the great
numbers of clustered blossoms and the brilliant colors.
The flowers are often scarious and may be treated as
everlastings. The evergreen or semi-evergreen character
of the tufted foliage also adds much interest. The
plants are easy to grow, remaining for some years when
well established, rooting deep. Usually grown from
seed.
alba, 4, 9, 11,12.
labradorica, 5.
purpurea, 4, 10.
alpina, 9.
latifolia, 12.
rosea, 11.
argyrocephala, 14.
Laucheana, 4.
rubra,4, 11. 12.
Armeria, 4.
leucantha, 11.
sibirica, 6.
bella, 8.
leucocephala, 15.
splendens, 4, 11, 12.
caespitosa, 8.
majellensis, 13.
undulata, 14.
cephalotes, 3, 12.
maritima, 4.
variegata, 4.
fasciculata, 1.
mauritanica, 3.
vera, 8.
gigantea, 11.
montana, 9.
vulgaris, 4.
grandiflora, 4, 11, 12.
plantaginea, 11.
Welwitschii, 2.
juncea, 7.
pseudoarmeria, 12.
KEY TO THE SPECIES OF STATICE.
A. Calyx produced into a spur.
B. Bracts between the fls. small, scarcely
exceeding the fruiting pedicels 1. fasciculata
BB. Bracts between the fls. about equaling
the calices in the interior of heads.
c. Lvs. linear 2. Welwitschii
cc. Lvs. oblong-ovate 3. mauritanica
AA. Calyx not produced into a spur.
B. Tube of calyx usually pilose all over.
c. Inner Ivs. of rosette not like the
outer 7. juncea
cc. Inner Ivs. of rosette like the outer.
D. Pedicel as long as the calyx-tube. 4. Armeria
DD. Pedicel about half as long as the
calyx-tube.
E. Apex of Ivs. rather acute 5. labradorica
EE. Apex of Ivs. obtuse 6. sibirica
BB. Tube of calyx glabrous or pilose only
on the ridges.
c. Spikelets stipitate inside the invo-
lucre 15. leucocephala
cc. Spikelets sessile inside the in-
volucre.
D. Exterior Ivs. of the rosette dif-
fering from the others.
E. Involucre pale brown 13. majellensis
EE. Involucre white, showy 14. undulata
DD. Exterior Ivs. of the rosette the
same as the others.
E. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate or
broader 12. pseudo-
EE. Lvs. linear-lanceolate or nar- [armeria
rower.
F. The Ivs. 3-cornered in cross-
section 8. caespitosa
FF. The Ivs. flat.
G. Blades 3-7-nerved 11. plantaginea
GG. Blades 1-, occasionally
obscurely 3-nerved in
No. 9.
H. Involucre pale brown. 9. montana
HH. Involucre green 10. purpurea
For descriptions of the following species and varie-
ties of Statice, see Armeria (Vol. I).
3. S. mauritanica, Hubb. (Armeria mauritanica,
Wallr. A. cephalotes, Hook., not Schousb.).
4. S. Armeria, Linn. (Armeria maritima, Willd. A.
vulgaris, Willd.). Var. alba, Hubb. (Armeria vulgaris
var. alba, Hort.) Var. grandifldra, Hubb. (Armeria
vulgaris^ var. grandiflbra, Hort. ex Bailey). Var.
Laucheana, Hubb. (Armeria vulgaris var. Laucheana,
Bailey. A. Laucheana, Hort.). Var. purpurea, Hubb.
(Armeria vulgaris var. purpurea, Hort. ex Bailey). Pos-
sibly a synonym of S. purpurea, so considered by some
authors. Var. rubra, Hubb. (Armeria vulgaris var.
rubra, Hort. ex Bailey). Var. splendens, Hubb. (Ar-
meria vulgaris var. splendens, Hort. ex Bailey). Possi-
bly the same as var. Laucheana.
6. S. sibirica, Ledeb. (Armeria sibirica, Turcz.).
7. S. juncea, Hubb. (Armeria juncea, Girard).
9. S. montana, Mill. (Armeria alpina, Willd.).
10. S. purpurea, Koch (Armeria purpurea, Koch).
11. S. plantaginea, All. (Armeria plantaginea, Willd.).
Var. leucantha, Hubb. (Armeria plantaginea var.
leucantha, Boiss.).
12. S. pseudoarmeria, Murr. (Armeria latifolia,
Willd., not S. latifolia, Smith. A. cephalotes, Link &
STATICE
STATICE
3229
Hoffm., not Hook.). The name pseudoarmeria has
also been used for two other species, but the Murray
definition applies to this species and his is the oldest
use of the name.
14. S. undulata, Bory & Chaub. (Armeria undulata,
Boiss. A. argyrocephaia, Wallr.).
The following species and varieties, all of which are in
the trade, are not included under Armeria in Vol. I.
According to Otto Kuntze and others there is but one
species of Statice, S. Armeria, all the others being
variants of this polymorphic species. The great con-
fusion in synonymy seems to uphold this view to some
extent and it is certainly questionable whether the
varieties of S. Armeria, S. plantaginea, and S. pseudo-
armeria are all of them distinct.
1. S. fasciculate, Vent. (Armeria fasciculata, Willd.).
Glabrous, subshrubby at base: Ivs. glaucescent, linear,
canaliculate, thick, stiff and pointed: involucral Ivs. in
several rows, fuscous, triangular-ovate, the inner ones
white-margined: fls. pale pink. Spain, Corsica, and
Sardinia. — The Ivs. are somewhat yucca-like.
2. S. Welwitschii, Hubb. (Armeria Welwitschii,
Boiss.)- Base subshrubby, glabrous: Ivs. glaucescent,
linear, somewhat channeled, obscurely 1-nerved
beneath, acuminate; involucral Ivs. fuscous, white-
margined, lowest triangular. Portugal.
4. S. Armeria var. variegata, Hubb. (Armeria marit-
ima var. laritgata, Hort.), forms prostrate masses of
bright golden foliage and has heads of rose fls.
5. S. labradorica, Hubb. & Blake (Armeria labra-
dorica, Walk.). Lvs. glabrous, linear, flat, 1-nerved,
rather acute: scapes 1 or 2, low, pubescent; involucral
scales herbaceous on the back, the outer ovate, the
inner broadly membranaceous-margined. Labrador
and Greenland.
8. S. caespitdsa, Ort., not Poir. (Armeria c&spitdsa,
Boiss. ^4. bella, Hort., not Alboff. A. c&spitbsa var.
i' era, Hort.). Forming dense cushions: Ivs. very short,
narrowly linear, triquetrous, short, white-mucronate :
scape pubescent; involucral Ivs. brownish: fls. in small
heads, blush-pink or pale lilac. Mountains of Spain and
Portugal. B.M. 7596. — S. c&spilbsa, Poir., equals S.
Armeria; probably at least some of the material grown
as 5. csespitosa is that species.
9. S. montana var. alba, Hubb. (Armeria alpina var.
alba, Hort.), is a wbite-fld. form.
11. S. plantaginea var. alba, Hubb. (Armeria plan-
taginea var. alba, Hort.), has large heads of white fls.,
1 ft. high. Var. gigantea, Hubb. (Armeria planta-
ginea var. gigantea, Hort.), grows 3 ft. high, has rigid
sts., and large heads of glistening pink fls. Var. grandi-
£L6ra, Hubb. (Armeria plantaginea var. grandiflbra,
Hort.), grows 1 ft. high, and has large crimson fls. Var.
rdsea, Hubb. (Armeria plantaginea var. rbsea, Hort.),
grows 1 ft. high and has pink fls. Var. rubra, Hubb.
(Armeria plantaginea var. rubra, Hort.), grows 1 ft.
high and has red fls. Var. splendens, Hubb. (Armeria
plantaginea var. splendens, Hort.), grows 1-1 K ft- high
and has brilliant rose-colored earlier fls. May, June.
12. S. pseudoarmeria var. alba, Hubb. (Armeria
cephalotes var. alba, Hort.), has white fls. Var. grandi-
fldra, Hubb. (Armeria cephalotes var. grandiflbra,
Hort.), grows 1^2 ft. high and has large heads of rose-
colored fls. Var. rubra, Hubb. (Armeria cephalotes var.
rubra, Hort.), has rosy red fls. Var. splendens, Hubb.
(Armeria cephalotes var. splendens, Hort.), grows about
18 in. high, forming large tufts of foliage and has large
heads of vivid rose fls.
13. S. majellensis, Hubb. (Armeria majellensis,
Boiss.). Cespitose, glabrous, base hardened: sheaths
persistent, spreading squarrose : Ivs. spreading to some-
what recurved, short, stiff, rather broad-linear, margin
cartilaginous, folded to channeled, obtuse, 3-nerved:
scapes medium height; heads large; involucre few-
rowed, pale. Italy.
15. S. leucocephala, Hubb. (Armeria leucocephala,
Salzm. ex Koch). Cespitose, base hardened: sheaths
withering: Ivs. linear, flat, 1-nerved, margin narrowly
excurrent, apex shorfr-mucronate : scape slender, more
or less tall: involucre few-lvd., Ivs. much shorter than
the head: fls. white or rose. Corsica.
Armeria arbdrea, Hort., is described in the trade as having thick,
woody, much-branched sts., each terminating with tufts of grass-
like foliage and reddish fls.; unknown botanically. — A. bracteata,
Hort., is described as a plant about 6 in. high, with bright crimson
fls., flowering May- July; possibly equals Acantholimon bracteatum,
Boiss., which is a cespitose plant, with a compressed, head-like
spike, with large ovate-orbicular bracts. Var. rubra, Hort., has
bright crimson bracts 1-2 in. long. — A. formdsa var. alba, Hort.,
probably equals S. pseudoarmeria var. alba. Var. hybrida, Hort., is
not recognizable from the data at hand. — A. leucophylla, Hort., is
described as growing 9 in. high and having pale primrose fls. ; not
known botanically. — A. mageOdnica, Hort., is described as a pretty
alpine species with bright rosy crimson fls.
LIM6NIUM (Greek, meadow or marsh, referring to the place of
growth of many species). Syn., Statice of most authors, not of Linn. ;
Goniolimon. Plumbaginacex. SEA LAVENDER. Mostly perennial
herbs, rarely annual or subshrubby, useful for cut-flowers and for
the rock-garden.
Leaves usually radical and tufted especially, in the herbaceous
species, generally rather long, alternate along the st. in the shrubby
species, linear, spatulate oblong or obovate, sometimes pinnatind or
dissected: fls. blue, lavender, white, red, or yellow, in little- or
much-branched panicles, borne on a leafless peduncle or scape;
bracts subtending the fL-clusters scales-like, somewhat clasping,
usually coriaceous on the back, and with membranous margins,
usually with 1 or 2 fls. in their axils, sometimes with dense few-
to several-fld. spikelets; calyx funnel-shaped, often colored,
usually the showy part of the fl., and scarious or persistent. —
About 180 species well scattered about the world, but mainly
seacoast plants of the northern hemisphere and especially numerous
in Asia. Limoniums are of easy cult, but prefer a rather deep, loose
soiL From the delicate nature of the fl.-panicles the species are
better suited to rockwork and isolated positions than for mixing in a
crowded border. Many of the species are useful for cut bloom,
especially for miring with other flowers. Some of the species are
adapted to greenhouse culture, especially the shrubby forms.
INDEX TO LIMONIUM.
xgyptiaca, 8.
Portunei, 18.
pectinatum, 17.
album, 4, 20, 27, 32.
frutescens, 10.
Perezii, 16.
angustifolium, 1.
fruticans, 10.
Preauxii, 15.
arborea, 10.
Gmelinii, 22.
profusum, 14.
arborescens, 9.
Gougetianum, 25.
puberulum, 14.
auriculae folia, 24.
Halfordii, 11, 14.
purpuratum, 29.
australe, 19.
Holfordii, 11.
reticulatum, 28.
bellidifolia, 28.
hybrida, 1, 6.
roseum, 27.
Besseriana, 1, 2.
imbricatum, 13.
sareptana, 21.
binervosum, 24.
incana, 1.
scoparia, 5.
Bonduellii, 7.
latifoliurn, 27.
sinense, 18.
brassicaefolium, 12.
Limonium, 20.
sinuatum, 6.
csesium, 30.
longifolium, 29.
speciosum, 3.
candidissimum, 6.
lynchnidifolium, 23.
spicatum, 31.
caspia, 28.
macrocladium, 20.
superbum, 4, 32.
coccineum, 1.
macrophyllum, 11.
Suworowii, 32.
collinum, 2.
magnifica, 27.
tataricum, 1.
elatum, 5.
maritima, 20.
Thouinii, 8.
eltgans, 30.
minutum, 26.
tomentellum, 21.
eximium, 4.
nanum, 1.
vulgare, 20.
flore-albo, 4, 32.
occidental, 24.
WiUdenowii, 23.
KET TO THE SUBGENEBA AXD SECTIONS OF LIMOXIUM.
A. Stigmas capitate. Subgenus I. GONIOLIMON. Species 1-5.
LA. Stigmas cylindrical-filiform.
B. Petals united in a tube, undivided.
Subgenus III. SIPHONANTHA. Species 30-32.
c. Duration perennial.
Section 1. ECSIPHONANTHA. Species 30.
cc. Duration annual or biennial.
Section 2. PSTLUOSTACHTS. Species 31, 32.
BB. Petals only united at the tery base, if at all, undivided.
Subgenus II. VERALTMONITTM. Species 6-29.
C. Corolla yellow or yellowish white (Section 3 contains a
few species with rose fls., but none of them occurs in
the trade-lists and are probably not in cult. ).
D. Limb of calyx strongly folded: scape and branches of
infl. usually winged or 2-edged-flattened (not
winged in Not. 14- 15, and 16; scape terete at
base in No. 7). Section 1. PTEBOCLADOS. Species 6-16.
DD. Limb of calyx lobed or erase: scape and branches of
infl. angled above; branchlets often articulate.
Section 3. PLATHTMENIUM. Species 18, 19.
OC. Corolla rose to purple.
D. Scapes and branches of infl. crisped-winged or
acute-angled. Section 2. CTENOSTACHYS. Species 17.
DD. Scapes and branches of infl. terete, the branchlets
sometimes angled.
3230
STATICE
STATICE
E. Stigmas not coiled.
Section 4. EULIMONIUM. Species 20-28.
EE. Stigmas coiled: calyx indurated.
Section 5. CIRCINARIA. Species 29.
Subgenus I. GONIOLIMON.
A. Interior bracts undivided 5. elatum
AA. Interior bracts 2-3-cuspidate at the apex.
B. Spikelets 1 -2-fld.
c. Branches of the panicle recurved 1. tataricum
cc. Branches of the panicle incurved 2. collinum
BB. Spikelets 3-4-fld.
c. Panicle-branches narrowly 2-edged or
winged, 3-angled 3. specipsum
cc. Panicle-branches terete and pubescent. . . 4. eximium
1. tataricum, Mill. (Stdtice tatdrica, Linn. Goniolimon tatdricum,
Boiss.). Perennial, glaucescent, about 1 ft. high: Ivs. 4-6 in. long,
obovate or oblong-lanceolate, very narrowly marginate, abruptly or
attenuately mucronate, narrowed to the petiole: scape corymbpse-
panicled slightly above the base; branches elongate, spreading-
recurved, narrowly 3- winged ; spikeletsl-2-fld. , distichously arranged
in rather dense terminal spikes: calyx white, green-nerved, tube
short-puberulent inside and out, lobes oblong, obtuse, corolla ruby-
red. June, July. S. Eu. , Caucasus, Russia, and Siberia. B.M. 6537.
Var. angustifolium, Hubb. (Stdtice tatdrica var. angustifdlia, Hort.
S. Besseriana, Schult. S. incdna, Bieb., not Linn. S. incana var.
hybrida, Hort.), has, lanceolate, narrower Ivs., often 1-fld. spikelets,
and glabrescent calyx-tube. Var. coccineum, Hubb. (Goniollmon
tatdricum var. angustifolium, Boiss. Stdtice incana var. coccinea,
Hort.), grows 9 in. high and has red and white fls. Var. nanum,
Hubb. (Stdtice tatdrica var. ndna, Hprt. S. incdna var. ndna, Hort.
S. incdna var. hybrida ndna, Hort.), is a dwarf strain of the species.
3682. Limonium (Statice) Bonduellii. The flowers are about
]4 inch across.
2. collinum, Hubb. (Stdtice cottina, Griseb. S. Besseriana, Friv.,
not Schult. Goniolimon collinum, Boiss.). Perennial, glaucescent:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, aristate-mucronate, narrowed
to the petiole: scape corymbpse-panicled a little above the base;
branches 3-angled, spreading-incurved; spikelets 1-fld., clustered in
numerous short, straight, fasciculate spikes: fls. rose; calyx-tube
glabrous, lobes oblong, obtuse. S. E. Eu., Asia Minor, and Syria.
3. speciosum, Kuntze (Stdtice specidsa, Linn. Goniolimon speci-
dsum, Boiss.). Perennial, glaucescent, about 1 ft. high: Ivs. sub-
orbicular or oblong-obovate, abruptly attenuate-cuspidate, shortly
narrowed at base: scape densely corymbose above; branches nar-
rowly 2-edged or winged, 3-angled; spikelets 3-4-fld., distichously
and densely imbricated in short scorpioid-capitate spikes: calyx
white, tube densely appressed-pubescent; corolla rose or purplish
pink, very deciduous. July. S. Russia, Caucasus. B.M. 656. L.B.C.
14:1336.
4. eximium, Kuntze (Stdtice eximia, Schrenk. Goniolimon
eximium, Boiss.). Perennial, glaucescent, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. oblong
or obovate, short-mucronate, narrowly and crisped marginate,
long-attenuate to the petiole: scape tall, panicled above; branches
terete and pubescent; spikelets about 4-fld., densely imbricated in
densely scorpioid-capitate spikes: fls. lilac-rose; calyx green, tube
appressed-pubescent, lobes white-tipped, rather acute, crenulate.
Aug. Cent. Asia. B.R. 33:2. Var. album, Hubb. (Stdtice eximia
var. alba, Hort. S. eximia ftdre-dlbo, Hort.), has large white fls.
Var. superbum, Hubb. (Stdtice eximia var. superba, Hort.), has
large spreading heads of lilac fls. Aug., Sept.
5. elatum, Kuntze (Stdtice elata, Fisch. S. scopdria, Hort. Vilm.,
not Pall. Goniolimon elatum, Boiss.). Perennial, green, about 2 ft.
high: Ivs. obovate, very obtuse, apex often retuse, shortly mucro-
nate, rather long-attenuate to the petiole: scape tall, elongate-pani-
cled above; branches hairy, 3-angled, spreading-incurved; spike-
lets 2-fld., loosely imbricated in distichous ovate spikes: fls. blue or
violet-blue; calyx-tube appressed, pubescent, lobes rather acute,
July, Aug. S. Russia and Siberia.
Subgenus II. VERILIMONICM.
Section 1. PTEROCLADOS.
A. Interior bracts 2-3-cuspidate at the apex:
wings of the scape produced below the
branches into If.-like linear or lanceolate
appendages.
B. Calyx-limb undivided.
c. Limb of calyx blue or purple 6. sinuatum
cc. Limb of calyx yellow 7. Bonduellii
BB. Calyx-limb deeply 10-lobed 8. Thouinii
AA. Interior bracts undivided, truncate: wings of
the scape, when present, interrupted below
the branches and produced into rotundate
auricles: calyx-limb blue, large, erose-trun-
cate.
B. Floral branchlets not winged.
c. Lvs. Yz-%in, long 14. puberulum
cc. Lvs. much longer.
D. Blades rotundate-triangular, nearly as
broad as long, about 2 Yi in. long ... 15. Preauxii
DD. Blades broad-triangular or rhomboid-
ovoid, longer than broad, about 5-6
in. long 16. Perezii
BB. Floral branchlets winged.
c.- Inner bracts keeled, keel broadened ver-
tically at the top.
D. Lvs. about 4-6 in. long: auricles of the
wing» below the spikes triangular-
falcate 9. arborescens
DD. Lvs. about 1 Yr2 in. long: auricles of
the wings below the spikes rotundate. .10. fruticans
cc. Inner bracts dorsatty convex, with a
membranaceous colored limb at the
truncate apex.
D. The hs. entire, obomte-spatulate 11. macrophyllum
DD. The Ivs. lyrate or lyrate-runcinate.
E. Spikelets 2-fld.: calyx-tube glabrous,
limb very obtusely 6-denticulate-
sinuate 12. brassicaefolium
EE. Spikelets 3-4-fld.: calyx-tube some-
what hirsute, limb truncate-crenu-
late 13. imbricatum
Subsection ODONTOLEPIDE-E.
6. sinuatum, Mill. (Sldtice sinudta, Linn.). Perennial or bien-
nial, 1-2 ft. high, the whole plant hispid-scabrous, the hairs from
tubercles: Ivs. pinnatifid-lyrate, sinuses and lobes rounded, the
terminal bearing a bristle: scape dichotomously paniculate-corym-
bose, 3-5-crimped- winged, the wings below the forks produced into
3 acute, linear-lanceolate appendages; branches 3- winged, the
wings gradually broadening from the base; spikelets 3-5-fld., in
short secund spikes: calyx blue or bluish, tube glabrous, limb
truncate, crenulate; corolla yellowish white. Aug. Medit. region.
B.M. 71. G.W. 7, p. 229. — Usually treated as an annual. Var.
candidissimum, Hubb. (Stdtice sinudta var. candidlssima, Hort.),
has pure white fls. — A good plant for edging. The material known
in the trade as Stdtice sinudta hybrida are hybrid forms of this
species.
7. Bonduellii, Kuntze (Stdlice Bonduelli, Lest.; also misspelled
Bonducellii). Fig. 3682. Annual or biennial about 1 ft. or more high:
Ivs. radical, spreading, 3-5 in. long, spatulate, sinuate-lyrate,
hairy and ciliate, terminated, by a subulate point, tapering below
into a short winged petiole, lobes oval or rounded, sinuses obtuse,
terminal lobe largest, subrhomboid: scapes several, dichotomously
branched, rounded and hairy at base; branches triangular, wings
narrow, sometimes broad, running out below the forks into 2 or 3
linear appendages; branchlets 2-edged or 3-winged, dilated upward,
forked at the apex, slightly hairy; spikelets 1-3-fld.; bracts with
hard green spines, some subulate others semi-hastate: calyx yellow,
tube glabrous, limb campanulate, 5-toothed, minutely crenulate;
corolla deeper yellow. June-Oct. Algeria. B.M. 5158. F.S.
20:2129. H.F. II. 2:230. — The Calif, material seems to have more
broadly winged branches and branchlets than usual.
8. Thouinii, Kuntze (Stdtice Thouinii, Viv. S. segyptiaca, Pers. )•
Annual, glaucescent, about \Yi ft. high: Ivs. sinuate or pinnatifid-
lyrate, lobes and sinuses rounded, margin short-ciliate: scapes
corymbose above, more or less broadly 3-winged, wings produced
below the upper forks into 1-3 triangular-lanceolate rather obtuse
appendages; branches strongly dilated from the base upward,
running out into acute triangular appendages below the spikes;
spikelets 2-3-fld., distichous in short secund spikes: calyx white,
tube glabrous, lobes 5, triangular-lanceolate acute; corolla yellow.
May. Teneriffe and Medit. region. B.M. 2363.
Subsection NOBILEB.
9. arborescens, Kuntze (Stdtice arborescens, Brouss.). Shrub
about 2 ft. high: sts. terete, naked, branched only above: Ivs.
broad ovate-oblong, petioled, obtuse, mucronate, base attenuate,
leathery: scape tall, branched above, broadly and subcorymbosely
panicled, with the branches narrowly winged; branchlets very short,
3-winged, the wings narrowly dilated from the base upward and
running out into 3 triangular-falcate acute appendages below the
spike; spikelets 2-fld., laxly imbricated in fascicled short, secund
spikes: calyx blue, tube glabrous, limb erose-denticulate; corolla
yellow. July. Teneriffe. B.M. 3776. P.M. 4:217 (under the name
Statice arbor ea).
STATICE
STATICE
3231
10. fruticans, Kuntze (Stdtice fruticans, Webb. S. arborea,
Brouss. 5. frutescens, Lem.). Shrub: st. short, naked, terete: Ivs.
at the base of the scape, leathery, ovate, obtuse, mucronate, shortly
attenuate to the petiole: scape low, corymbose-panicled above, it
and the branches puberulent, strongly compressed; branchlets
2-winged, wings at base very narrow, broadened upward, running
out into short, unequal rotundate auricles below the spike; spikelets
1-2-fld., very few, imbricated in very short, secund spikes: calyx
blue, tube glabrous, limb acutelv erose-dentate; corolla yellow.
Summer. Teneriffe. F.S. 4:325. H.U. 6, p. 164. — Closely allied to
S. arborescens from which it differs in the 3 times smaller Ivs. which
are 1 J-i-2 in. long, the scapes 4—6 in., 2-edged, not winged and the
auricles of the branchlets rotundate.
11. macrophyUum, Kuntze (Stdtice macrophyUa, Brouss. S.
Hdlfordii, Hort.: also spelled Holfordii.). Subshrub about 2 ft.
high: Ivs. rather glabrous, very large, sessile, obovate-spatulate,
very obtuse, lower part long-attenuate, obsoletely sinuate: scape
tall, amply and very much branched, corymbose-panicled above, it
and the branches winged; branchlets 3-winged, wings dilated from
the base upward, puberulent, net- veined, running out into short
obtuse auricles below the spikelets or these may be nearly obsolete;
spikelets 2-fld., grouped in 2's, erect at the ends of the branches:
calyx blue, tube puberulent, limb very obtuse, S-crenate-sinuate;
corolla yellow or almost white. May. Teneriffe. B.M. 4125. B.R-
31 :7.-^-Cult. in S. Calif. Makes a good pot-plant for winter-flow-
ering in a cool greenhouse. T. D. Hatfield, in G. F. 9:496, says:
"Old plants are somewhat subject to stem-rot. Plants should be
grown in rather undersized pots, in a light soil with which some
charcoal has been incorporated, and given perfect drainage, as
excessive moisture at the roots is fatal. Propagation is effected by
cuttings of the side shoots placed in a cool propagating-bed, or
better by layering, which is well accomplished in summer by mak-
ing a notch in each of the side branches and then burying the plant
in ordinary garden soil below the incisions."
12. brassicsefolium, Kuntze (Stdtice brassicxfolia, Brouss.).
Fig. 3683. Subshrub, 1 }^ ft. high: Ivs. slightly short-velvety, mar-
gin somewhat ciliate, petioled, lyrate, terminal lobe largest, ovate-
rotund, often irregularly lobed, very obtusely cuspidate, base sub-
cordate; lateral lobes 2—1, ear-shaped, small, alternate, the bases
often confluent: scape angled, paniculate-corymbose above;
branches 2-winged, the wings very broad, coarsely undulate-lobate,
running out into large auricles below the forks; branchlets 3-winged,
wings dilated from the base upward running out into short, falcate
auricles, glabrous; spikelets 2-fld., 2— 3-fascicled at the ends of the
branches: calyx purple, tube glabrous, limb very obtusely 5-dentic-
ulate-sinuate; corolla yellowish white. Aug. Canary Isls. B.M.
5162.
13. imbricatum, Hubb. (Sldiice imbricata, Webb). Subshrub,
about 1 } 2 ft. high, the whole plant shortly soft-tomentellous: Ivs.
lanceolate in outline, lyrate-runcinate, lobes on both sides 8-9, the
upper larger, rotundate, setose-mucronate, 9-10 in. long, the lower
lobes remote and retrorse: scape tall, large, corymbose above;
branches undulately and broadly winged; branchlets 3-winged,
narrowly dilated from the base, riming out into short, unequal,
triangular auricles which are rather obtuse; spikelets 3^-4-fld., few,
fascicled in short spikes: calyx blue, tube somewhat hirsute, limb
truncate-crenulate; corolla vellowish white, July, Aug. Teneriffe.
F.S. 4:320-321.
14. puberulum, Kuntze (Stdtice puberula, Webb). Subshrub,
4-8 in. high, the whole plant white papillate-stellate or sparsely
Euberulous: Ivs. ovate-rhomboid, rather acute, apex bearing a
ristle, margin long-^iliate. short-attenuate to the equally long
petiole, blade ?2-?4in. long: scape low, paniculate-corymbose;
branches and branchlets angled, somewhat 2-edged; spikelets 2-
fld., a few distichously or laxly fascicled at the end of the branches:
calyx violet, tube glabrous, limb obsoletely 5-angled, the nerves
excurrent : corolla vellowish white. Julv. Canarv Isls. B.M. 3701.
B.R. 1450. H.F. II. 9:106.— L. prof usum, Hubb. (L. puberulumX
L. macrophyllum, the form known horticulturally as Statice Halfordii.
Stdtice profusa, Hort.). Subshrub, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. radical, 6-8 in.
long, oval or spatulate, wavy, leathery, shining and dark green,
narrower than the parents and intermediate in size between them:
fls. freely produced in well-branched, corymbose panicles; calyx
blue-purple: corolla yellowish white. A greenhouse hybrid. G.
8:69. G.L. 27:77. G'n.W. 22:7S2. — In the greenhouse old plants
will attain a height of 3} 2 ft. and a diam. of 5 ft.
15. Preauxii, Kuntze (Stdtice Preauxii, Webb). Subshrub, 2 ft,
high, glabrous: st. terete, naked: Ivs. basal, rotundate-triangular,
obtuse mucronulate, about 2 1 2 in. long and the same wide, very
coriaceous, base truncate and short-attenuate to a petiole 4-5 in.
long with a sheathing base: scape angled, branched; branches flat-
tened, scarcely winged: spikelets remote, in lax, rather erect,
secund, terminal spikes: calyx-tube glabrous, limb lavender,
obsoletely 5-angled; corolla pale yellow. Canary Isls. — Cult, in
Calif.
16. Perezii, Hubb. (Stdtice Perezii, Stapf). Subshrub, less than
2 ft. high: Ivs. long-petioled, broadly triangular or rhomboid-ovate,
base usually truncate, but short triangular decurrent on the petiole:
branches of infl. pubescent : bracts at the base of the branches sul-
cate-caudate, ciliate: calyx purplish blue, pubescent; corolla pale
yellow. Canary Isls.— Cult, in Calif., where it is said to grow 3 ft.
high.
Section 2. CTEXOSTACHYS.
17. pectinatum, Kuntze (Stdtice pectinata. Ait.). Subshrub, gla-
brous, calcareous-punctate: Ivs. in a rosette at the base of the scape
or fascicled or solitary at the axils of the scales of the scape, obovate,
obtuse or retuse mucronate, attenuate to the petiole: scape erect or
decumbent, alternately branched, it and the branches very nar-
rowly 3-angled to winged; spikelets 3-fld. distiehously dense-
imbricated, in oblong, scorpioid-spreading spikes: calyx lavender,
slightly pilose at base of the ribs and limb which is obtusely 5-
angled; corolla rose. Sept. Canary Isls. B.R. 26:65.
Section 3. PLATHTMENIUM.
A. Lrs. oboTate-lanceolate: spikelets S-fld 18. sinense
AA. Lcs. oblong-spatulate: spikelets 4-5-fld 19. australe
Subsection CHHYSAXTB^.
18. sinense, Kuntze (Stdtice sinensis. Girard. S. F6rtunei,
LindL). Perennial, about 1 ft. high, glabrous: Ivs. obpvate-lanceo-
late, obtuse, long-attenuate to the petiole: scape tall, dichotomously
branched a little above the base, corymbose-fastigiate, it and the
branches smooth, acutely angled, often 2-edged; spikelets 2-fld.,
rather densely imbricated, in short, somewhat secund, terminal,
ovate-scorpioid spikes: calyx white or pale yellow, tube pilose only
on the ribs, limb 5-angled and folded; corolla yellow. ApriL China.
B.R, 31: 63. F.S. 2:92.
19. australe, Kuntze (Stdtice australis, Spreng.). Perennial,
about 1 ft. high, glabrous: Ivs. oblong-spatulate, muticous, long-
attenuate to the petiole, 1-nerved: scape acutely angled to sulcate,
branched a little above the base; branches elongated, strict, sub-
corymbose-panicled; spikelets 4-5-fld., in straight terminal spikes or
secund and scorpioid, lower remote: calyx whitish, tube very
smooth, limb 5-lobed, lobes ovate, mucronulate: corolla yellow.
ApriL China, Japan, and Austral.
3683. Limonium (Statice; brasskaefouuxn, (X?)
Section 4. ECLIMOXICM.
A. Calyx-limb somewhat lO-lobed, by reason of
the min ute teeth between the large lobes.
B. Blades broadly orate or obotate 22. Gmelinii
BB. Blades oblong-lanceolate.
c. Lrs. glabrous: calyx white or bluish, tube
more or less pilose on the ribs 20. vulgare
cc. Lts. tomentellous: calyx-tube reddish
Tflrtty 21. tomentellum
AA. Calyx-limb 5-lobed.
B. Plant 1 ft. or more high.
c. The hs. obotale-lanceolate, canalicu-
late-concare. acuminate 23. lychnidifolium
cc. The Irs. oblong-elliptical, obtuse 27. latifolium
BB. Plant 3-10 in. high.
c. Apex of If. acute or rather so 24. binervosum
cc. Apex of If. obtuse.
D. Tube of calyx slightly puberulent .... 26. minutum
DD. Tube of calyx oppressed-hirsute or
ciliate on the angles.
E. Limb of calyx reddish below, whi-
tish above 25. Gougetianum
EE. Limb of calyx pure white 28. reticulatum
Subsection GEN-CIN.E.
20. vulgare, Mill (Staiice Limdnium, Linn. S. marUima, Lam. in
part.). Fig. 3684. Perennial, 6-12 in. or more high, glabrous: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate, 1-nerved. cbtuse, with an incurved mucron from
or below the apex, attenuate to a rather long petiole at the base:
scape tall, nearly terete, paniculate-coryacbose above; spikelets 1-3-
fld., distichously and densely congested in secund, more or less
3232
STATICE
STAUNTONIA
spreading or spreading recurved spikes: calyx white to bluish, tube
more or less pilose on the ribs, lobes triangular, rather acute; corolla
bluish lilac. Aug. to Oct. Eu., N. Afr., Asia Minor, and Syria. Var.
album, Hubb. (Stdtice Limdnium var. dlba, Hort. ), has a white
calyx, height 1 ft. July-Sept. Var. macrocladum, Hubb. (Stdtice
Limdnium var. macroclada, Boiss.), is often glaucescent, panicles
very much branched, branches elongate, very spreading, spikes
laxly or densely scorpioid. Medit. region and Syria.
21. tomentellum, Kuntze (Stdtice tomentella, Boiss. S. sareptdna,
Becker). Perennial, about 9-12 in. high: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, short-attenuate to the petiole, 1-nerved, densely tomen-
tellous beneath on the nerves, margin somewhat ciliate, otherwise
glabrous: scape tall, terete, somewhat angled above, slightly and
strictly branched, all densely short reddish tomentellous: spike-
lets 2-3-fld., distichously and densely aggregated in oblong, secund,
scorpioid spikes: calyx-tube obconical, reddish velvety, lobes
rotund, very obtuse; corolla rose. S. Russia.
22. Gmelinii, Kuntze (Stdtice Gmelinii, Willd.). Perennial,
1^-2 ft. high: Ivs. glabrous, green, broad-ovate or obovate, 1-
nerved, very obtuse, very short-petioled or subsessile: scape tall,
terete below, somewhat angled above, corymbose-panicled; spike-
lets rather 2-fld., densely imbricated in short secund subscorpioid
spikes: calyx-tube pilose on all or some of the ribs, limb small, dark
purplish blue, lobes rotundate; corolla rose. July-Sept. Caucasus
and Siberia.
Subsection DENSIFLORS:.
23. lynchnidifolium, Kuntze (S. lychnidifdlia, Girard. S. WiU-
dendwii, Poir.). Perennial, glabrous, about 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. large,
coriaceous, obovate-lanceolate, canaliculate-concave, acuminate,
attenuate to a short petiole which is glutinous at its base: scape
tall, alternately and distichously branched above; branches erect-
spreading, forming a pyramidal subsecund panicle; spikelets 3-4-
fld., distichously and
rather densely imbricated
in secund, spreading-re-
curved spikes: corolla
rose. S. W. Eu. and
Morocco.
24. binervosum, C. E.
Salmon (L. occidentdle,
Kuntze. Stdtice binervdsa,
G. E. Smith. S. occidtn-
idlis, Lloyd. S. auriculss-
fdlia, Vahl). Cespitose
perennial, 6-10 in. high,
glabrous: Ivs. 1-4 in. long,
lanceolate -spatulate,
without nerves, rather
acute, provided with an
elongated bristle below
the apiculate apex, long-
attenuate to the often
longer petiole: scape
slender, flexuous, very
much branched almost
from the base, forming an
oblong panicle; spikelets
2-4-fld., rather densely
disposed in slender, straight or erect-spreading short spikes: calyx
white; corolla bluish purple. July, Aug. Eu.
25. Gougetianum, Kuntze (Stdtice Gougetiana, Girard; also mis-
spelled Gongetiana). Perennial, 3-4 in. high, glabrous: Ivs. densely
rosulate, small, obovate or oblong-spatulate, very obtuse, margin
crinkled, revolute, attenuate to the petiole, both surfaces rugulose
to somewhat scabrous: scapes dwarf, regularly and subdichoto-
mously alternate, branched almost from the base; branches short,
strict, forming a short panicle; spikelets 2-3-fld., densely and dis-
tichously imbricated in spreading or erect-spreading, oblong spikes:
calyx-tube short, appressed-hirsute, limb reddish below, whitish
above; corolla lavender. July, Aug. Italy. — Foliage evergreen,
fine for sunny nooks in the rockery.
Subsection STEIBOCLAD.S:.
26. minutum, Kuntze (Stdtice minuta, Linn.). Perennial or
subshrub, about 9 in. high; glabrous, rarely puberulent, rather
cespitose: Ivs. rosulate, small, obovate or lanceolate-spatulate,
obtuse or retuse: scapes dwarf, slender, branched from the base;
branches strict, slender, lower ones sterile, upper corymbose-
fastigiate; spikelets 2-3-fld., disposed in lax often fasciculate
straight terminal spikes: calyx-tube slightly puberulent or glabrous,
limb white, deeply 5-lobed, lobes ovate, plicate, rather obtuse;
corolla reddish. July, Aug. S. France.
Subsection HYALOLEPIDE/E.
27. latifolium, Kuntze (Stdtice latifdlia, Smith. S. latifdlia mag-
nified, Hort.). Perennial, 1-2 ft. high, soft-velvety with short stellate
hairs: Ivs. very large, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, long-attenuate to the
petiole: scapes tall, very much branched, terete to angled, panicle
large and effuse; spikelets 1-, rarely 2-fld., rather remote, forming
lax, slender, secund, subrecurved spikes: calyx-tube obconical,
short, glabrous or slightly hairy, limb white, 5-lobed, lobes triangu-
lar acute; corolla bluish la vender. June, July. Russia, Bulgaria, and
Caucasus. G. 1:100; 28:367. Gn.M. 15: 162.— Deep-rooting so
that it should be given a very deep soil in a sunny position and left
undisturbed. Var. album, Hubb. (Stdtice latifdlia var. dlba, Hort.),
has panicles 2-2 H ft. across: fls. white. Var. r&seum, Hubb.
(Stdtice latifdlia var. rdsea, Hort.), is a form with rose-colored fls.
3684. Limonium (Statice) vulgare.
(XK)
28. reticulatum, Mill. (Stdtice reticulata, Linn. S. bellidifdlia,
Gouan. S. cdspia, Willd.). Perennial, 4-8 in. high, glabrous, the
whole plant granulate-scabrous: Ivs. obovate or lanceolate-spatu-
late, often only J^in. long, obtuse, mucronulate or muticous, attenu-
ate to the petiole: scapes branched from the base, lower branches
sterile, capillary and many-forked, articulate, rather strict, upper
branches densely floriferous, corymbose-paniculate; spikelets 2-3-
fld., densely and distichously clustered in short spikes or sub-
capitately at the ends of the branches: calyx-tube short-conical,
ciliate on the angles, limb white, lobes ovate, rather acute, denticu-
late; corolla pale lilac. July, Aug. Eu., Caucasus, and Siberia.
Section 5. CIRCINAHIA.
29. purpurarum, Hubb. (Stdtice purpurdta, Linn.). Subshrub 1
ft. or more high, glabrous: sts. short, leafy: Ivs. 1 in. long, Hin.
broad, leathery, glaucescent, about 3-nerved, obovate, lanceolate
or linear-spatulate, attenuate to a long petiole which is sheathing at
the base, entire, obtuse, mucronate: scape tall, terete, smooth or
scabrous, dichotomously corymbose; spikelets 1-fld., secund and
distant along the branches or nearly touching: calyx-tube leathery,
terete, obsoletely 10-ribbed, limb 10-lobed, purplish at the top;
corolla rose. S. Afr. Var. longifolium, Hubb. (Stdtice longifdlia,
Thunb. S. purpurata var. longifdlia, Boiss.), has Ivs. oblanceolate
or nearly linear, up to 10 in. long, 2 lines wide, usually much
smaller. S. Afr.
Subgenus III. SIPHONANTHA.
Section 1. EUSIPHONANTHA.
30. caesium, Kuntze (Stdtice cxsia, Girard. «S. elegans, Coss.).
Perennial, 1-3 ft. high, the whole plant pruinose with calcareous
dots, subtuberculate, bluish gray to whitish: Ivs. all radical, small,
obovate or retuse: scapes numerous, rather stout, very much
branched from the base, lower branches sterile, upper elongated,
slender, effuse and much branched, paniculate; spikelets _l-fld., very
slender and erect, laxly or subdistichously arranged in few-fjd.,
short, lax spikes: calyx-tube slender, glabrous, limb dirty white,
5-lobed, lobes ovate, obtuse; corolla rose, rather large. May, June.
Spain.
Section 2. PSYLLIOSTACHYS.
A. Calyx-tube hispid, limb slightly erose-dentate.31. spicatum
AA. Calyx-tube somewhat glandular-pubescent,
limb 5-toothed ........................ 32. Suworowii
31. spicatum, Kuntze (Stdtice spicata, Willd.). Annual, about 6
in. high: Ivs. soft, in outline lanceolate-oblong, pinnately parted to
runcinate, lobes obtuse, triangular-oblong, alternate, confluent at
base: scapes erect, surpassing the Ivs., terete, slightly papillose-
lanate, bearing long dense cylindrical spikes often interrupted at
base or branched; spikelets 2-3-fld., densely clustered: calyx-tube
hispid, limb obsoletely erose-dentate; corolla rose or white, lobes
ovate. Summer. Caucasus region to Persia. G. 3:155; 11:281.
32. Suworowii, Kuntze (Stdtice Suworowii, Regel). Annual,
9-16 in. or more high: Ivs. all basal, glabrous, long-lanceolate or
oblanceolate, 6-8 in. long, entire or usually coarsely runcinate, the
teeth or lobes triangular, acute: scapes several, stout, obtusely
angled, bearing a long terminal spike and several distant, sessile
lateral ones, 4-6 in. long, nearly Hin. diam. ; spikelets 2-3-fld.,
crowded: calyx-tube somewhat glandular-pubescent, green, limb
5-toothed, rose-red; corolla tubular, rose-red, lobes ovate-rotund.
June, July. W. Turkestan. B.M. 6959. Gn. 72, p. 338. Gn.W.
25:195. J.H. III. 60:149. R.B. 25:97. Gt. 31:1095. Var. album,
Hubb. (Stdtice Suworowii var. dlba, Hort.), is a form with white fls.
G.M. 56:477. Useful for cut-flowers. — L. superbum, Hubb. (L.
Suworowii y^L. leptostachyum. Stdtice superba, Regel.). Annual,
up to 28 in. high: Ivs. bright green, pinnately lobed, midnerve red:
scapes 5 or more, erect, covered with fls. almost from the base,
winged, the spikes forming a small densely crowded panicle: fls.
rose-red. A garden hybrid. Var. fldre-albo, Hubb. (Stdtice su-
perba var. flore-dlbo, Benary. S. superba var. dlba, Benary), is a
form with white fls.
The following species are mentioned in the trade and belong in
Limonium unless otherwise stated, but cannot be placed in the key
or are of minor importance. — Stdtice altdica, Hort. ex Don, is
unknown botanically, but is said to grow 2J^ ft. high and have
purple or blue fls. July-Sept. — Stdtice Butcheri, Hort., is offered as
having blue fls. — Stdtice cocctnea, Hort., is offered in the trade as a
perennial. — Stdtice excelsa, Hort., is offered in the trade. — Limdn-
ium leptostachyum, Kuntze (Statice leptpstachya, Boiss.), is a
glabrous annual: Ivs. linear in outline, pinnately parted; segms.
linear: calyx-tube appressed-hirsute; corolla white. Persia. —
Stdtice nana dlba, Hprt., is offered in the trade; possibly is a form of
L. tataricum. — Stdtice pendulifldra, Hort., is offered in the trade but
is unknown botanically. — Stdtice spatulata, is offered by one firm as
having ornamental green Ivs. and purple-and-white fls., growing 1
ft. high, flowering July to Sept. and by a second firm as growing 1 J^
ft. high, with very graceful sprays of blue fls. in July and Aug. —
Not really possible to say with certainty what it is, perhaps L.
binervosum.
STAUNTONIA (named for Sir G. L. Staunton, phy-
sician, 1740-1801). Lardizabalacese. Scandent shrubs,
hardy and evergreen, useful for ornamental purposes:
Ivs. digitately parted, 3-7 Ifts. : fls. purple or greenish,
in axillary corymb-like racemes, monoecious; sepals 6,
petaloid, the outer broader; petals none; stamens 6:
STAUNTONIA
STEIRONEMA
3233
berry globose, finally splitting open. — About 10 species,
China and Japan.
The stauntonias are beautiful evergreen climbers
and well adapted to the soil and climate of the South
Atlantic and Gulf regions. Both S. hexaphylla and the
related Holbcellia latifolia (known also as Stauntonia
latifolid) grow well in the writer's Florida garden,
although they are not such very luxuriant climbers as
are the allamandas, thunbergias, and bignonias. It
requires a few years before they are fully established.
They are excellent subjects to be planted on old stumps
and on small trees, such as catalpa and mulberry trees,
which they perfectly cover in the course of time with
their pretty evergreen leaves and their rather insig-
nificant but powerfully fragrant flowers. They will
not flourish in dry hot sandy soil, demanding for their
welfare rather moist shady spots containing a profu-
sion of humus. A little commercial fertilizer containing
a fair amount of nitrogen and potash will also prove
very beneficial. The need of some kind of a stimulant
is shown by the plant itself, which assumes a rather
yellowish cast in the green color of the foliage. A few
3685. Stauntonia hexaphylla.
days after it has received some plant-food the foliage
shows a very beautiful dark green color. These two
species and the beautiful Kadsura japonica are valuable
additions to the garden flora of the southern states.
(H. Xehrling.)
hexaphylla, Decne. Fig. 3685. A handsome vine
becoming 40 ft. high : Ifts. oval, about 2 in. long, stalked:
fls. in axillary clusters, white, fragrant in spring: berry
about 4 in. long, splashed with scarlet. Japan. A.G.
12:139. F. W. BAKCLAY.
STAUROPSIS (Greek, cross and appearance, allud-
ing to the shape of the flower). Syn., Fieldia. Orchida-
cesf. Epiphytic herbs with leafy stems and without
pseudobulbs, grown in the warmhouse.
Leaves distichous, spreading, leathery, and flat: fls.
borne on lateral peduncles in a raceme which is some-
times short, simple and rather large- and few-fld., some-
times long, lax-branched and quite numerous, small-fid. ;
sepals about equal, free, spreading; petals similar to the
sepals; labellum affixed to the base of the column,
spreading, concave, not spurred, narrow, the lateral
lobes short, the midlobe rather long-concave and bent
in at the tip; column short, thick, not winged and foot-
less; pollinia 2: caps, oblong-clavate, not beaked. —
About 10 species, India and China, Malaya and the
Philippines. Treatment similar to vanda.
lissochiloides, Pfitz. (S.Batemannii, Nichols. Fieldia
lissochilmdes, Gaudich. Vdnda lissochilrides, Lindl. V.
Bdtemannii, Lindl.). Sts. stout, 1-5 ft. high or more:
Ivs. 18-24 in. long, broad, coriaceous: scapes 12-20-fld.:
fls. about 3 in. across; sepals and petals yellow, densely
spotted with red-purple, purplish crimson beneath;
labellum 3-lobed, saccate at base, the side lobes erect,
buff-yellow or purple-crimson, the midlobe boat-shaped,
purple-crimson. Philippines. B.R. 32:59. J.H. III.
52:471. Described also under Vanda.
luchuensis, Rolfe. Scandent herb with sts. 1 ft. long:
Ivs. oblong, very shortly 2-lobed, 4-6 in. long: scapes
suberect, 6-16 in. long, bearing a many-fld. raceme: fls.
showy, yellow with brown spots; sepals oblong; petals
somewhat narrower; labellum fleshy, slightly 3-lobed,
saccate at base. Liukiu Isls. j\ TRACY HUBBARD.
STAUROSTfGMA (Greek, cross and stigma, in
allusion to the cross or star-shaped stigmas). Aracex.
Tuberous stoloniferous herbs, adapted to the warm-
house: Ivs. long-petioled, hastate-cordate in outline,
pinnately cut or 1-2-pinnately parted, the pinnae ses-
sile, acute : peduncles solitary or several, as long as the
Ivs. ; spathe erect, lanceolate, base convolute, gaping or
open above; spadix cylindrical: fls. monoecious, all
perfect, the male and female contiguous; perianth want-
ing: berries subglobose, deeply 2-5-sulcate, 2-5-celled,
the cells 1-seeded. — About 7 species, Trop. Amer. The
oldest name for this genus is Asterostigma. S. con-
cinnum, Koch. About 1 % ft- high: young Ivs. reniform,
pedately cut, the segms. obovate-lanceolate, the older
3-parted, the middle part pinnately cut, elongated-
oblong, the lateral parts cymosely bisected or trisected;
the petioles marked with pale violet and dark purple:
ppathe narrow-lanceolate, very acute; spadix white and
purple, the male part dense-fid. ; peduncle livid purple,
shorter than the petioles. Brazil. L.B.C. 16:1590 (as
Caladium luridum}. Variable. S. Luschnathidnum,
Koch (Asterostigma Luschnathidnum, Schott). Lvs.
1-2 ft. long, deep green, pinnatifid, broadly ovate, the
2 lower segms. deflexed, deeply cut into 3-5 lobes, the
remaining segms. 4-6 pairs, sessile, remote; the petioles
6-12 in. long, whitish with black-purple streaks:
spathe deep green within and speckled with brow\n,
reticulated externally, 2-4 in. long, erect, cylindric,
acute; spadix cylindric; anthers scarlet; ovaries white;
scape similar to the petiole. Brazil. B.M. 5972. S.
Rifdelidnum, Engl. About 2 ft. high: Ivs., the adults,
3-parted, the middle one pinnately cut, the segms.
linear-oblong, sessile, abruptly and rather long-cuspi-
date at the apex; the lower parts short-decurrent:
peduncles spotted and variegated: spathe yellowish,
greenish outside; spadix slender; peduncles many,
variegated. Brazil. jr TRACY HUBBARD.
STEIRONEMA (Greek, sterile threads, referring to
the staminodia). Primuldcese. LOOSESTRIFE. Erect gla-
brous herbs useful for borders in damp soil.
Leaves opposite, or rarely whorled, entire: fls.
rather large (6-12 lines broad), yellow, axillary, soli-
tary or clustered: peduncles slender: corolla rotate,
5-parted; lobes erose and often cuspidate, each sepa-
rately involute around its stamen; stamens 5, opposite
the lobes, with 5 alternating subulate staminodia;
filaments distinct, or nearly so; ovary superior, 1 -celled
with free central placenta, becoming capsular in fr.;
seeds many; style and stigma 1. Differs from Lysi-
machia in the presence of the sterile stamens, and in the
aestivation of the corolla. — About 5 species, N. Amer.
All perennials. Offered by collectors of native plants,
for colonizing, borders and wild-gardens.
3234
STEIRONEMA
STEMONA
A. Lvs. membranaceous with pinnate veins.
ciliatum, Raf. (Lysimachia ciliata, Linn.). St. 1-4 ft.
high, sparingly branched: Ivs. 2-6 in. long, ovate-
oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate; base
rounded or subcordate; petioles 3^in. long, coarsely
ciliate. Moist thickets, U. S.
lanceolatum, Gray (Lysimachia lanceolata, Walt. L.
hybrida, Michx.). Plant 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. lanceolate, 1-4
in. long, narrowed into a short margined petiole, or
subsessile, the lower sometimes broader. E. U. S.
AA. Lvs. firm, linear, usually 1-nerved.
quadriflorum, Hitchc. (Lysimachia quadriflora, Sims.
L. longifdlia, Pursh. S. longifdlium, Gray). St. 4-
angled, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. thick and firm, sessile, sub-
acute at both ends, 1-4 in. long, smooth and shining:
margins slightly revolute; basal often broader; veins
obscure. E. U. S. B.M. 660. K. M. WIEGAND.
STELIS (an old Greek name used by Theophrastus
for some parasitical plant). Orchiddcese. Epiphytic
herbs, some of them adapted to the warmhouse and
others to the intermediate house: sts. cespitqse or creep-
ing, with simple branches 1-lvd. at the tip and fre-
quently 1-3-sheathed below the If., not pseudobulbous:
Ivs. leathery, often contracted at the base to the petiole
which is frequently concave or channeled and some-
times articulate near the base: fls. small to minute,
short-pedicelled in an elongated raceme at the base of
the terminal If., secund, rarely somewhat distichous;
bracts alternate, various; sepals frequently subequal,
broad or triangular, spreading, more or less connate;
petals much shorter, broad, the margins thickened;
labellum sessile at the base of the column, equal and
similar to the petals or narrower and sometimes shortly
3-lobed; column equaling or shorter than the labellum;
pollinia 2: caps, small, ovoid or oblong, not beaked,
often 3-edged. — About 200 species, Mex. and W. Indies
southward to Brazil and Peru. Treatment the same as
for Pleurothallis.
S. barb&ta, Rolfe, is a species differing from S. Endresii in having
long-bearded sepals and a tridenticulate lip: its fls. are greenish
ochre-yellow with purple hairs and red-purple blotches. Costa
Rica. — S. Bindtii, Wildem., grows about 2 in. high: Ivs. thick, 2-3
in. long, deeply channeled above: racemes 1-3, many-fld.: fls.
green, not spotted; sepals membranaceous; petals concave, very
short; lip hooded, about as long as the petals. Brazil. — S. Bruch-
muelleri, Reichb. f., has Ivs. 1/^-2 in. long: fls. yellowish purple
935. L.B.C. 50:442.— S. sesquipedalis, Lindl., is about 6 in. higTi:
Ivs. broadly oval, shortly petiolate, 1^-4 in. long: spike 7-10
in. long: fls. pale yellow, secund, large; sepals roundish ovate,
obtuse; petals oblate; lip oblate, hooded. Venezuela. — S. vendsa,
Hort., said to have 6 Ivs., is offered in the trade. — S. zonata, Reichb.
f., has a short st.: Ivs. very thick, cuneate-oblong, blunt: raceme
1-sided: fls. light ochre; sepals brown at base; petals with a mauve
middle zone. Guiana.
outside, pale purple within, disposed at intervals along the rachis;
sepals broadly ovate, acute, spreading, hairy within; petals and
lip minute, the latter undivided. Mex.(?). B.M. 6521. — S. cana-
liculata, Reichb. f., is about 8 in. high, has cuneate-oblong, obtuse,
thick Ivs. which are plainly channeled in the middle: fls. dull yel-
lowish green, very small, secund in dense racemes; bracts and
rachis whitish. Colombia. — S. ciliaris, Lindl. (S. atropurpurea,
Hook.), grows about 6 in. high: Ivs. broadly oblong, narrowed at
base: spike naked half way then closely fld.: fls. deep purple; sepals
ovate, long-fringed; petals compressed-rhomboid, fleshy; lip ovate,
fleshy, channeled at base. Mex. B.M. 3975. — S. dolichopus,
Schlechter, has sts. about 6 in. high: Ivs. rather thick, oblong-
ligulate, up to nearly 4 in. long: raceme only 1 %~\ % in. long: fls.
pale yellow. Probably Colombia. — S. Endresii, Reichb. f., has Ivs.
cuneate, pblong-ligulate, obtuse, emarginate and apiculate, thick:
raceme distichous: fls. greenish white; sepals coalescing toward the
base; lip fleshy, transversely subrhomboid, excavated. Costa
Rica. — S. glossula, Reichb. f., is densely tufted: Ivs. cuneate, oblong-
ligulate, minutely bilobed with a small tooth at apex: fls. brownish,
in 2 transverse rows; the upper sepal having a longer extent than
the whole of the other floral organs together; lip fleshy, papilli-
form. Costa Rica. — S. grandifldra, Lindl., has sts. 3 in. high: Ivs.
oblong, petiolate, emarginate, 4 J^ x 1 in.: spike dense; spathe large,
acuminate: fls. chocolate-colored, large for the genus; sepals equal,
obtuse; petals ovate; lip ovate, concave, emarginate. Brazil. —
S. grossilabris, Reichb. f. Plant tufted: Ivs. cuneate, spatulate,
obtuse: racemes shorter than the Ivs.: fls. light greenish, small; lip
thick and fleshy. Hab.f?).— S. Hennisiana, Schlechter, has
slender sts. up to 2 J^ in. long, 1-lvd. : Ivs. lanceolate-ligulate, about
3 in. long, petiole 1 M in. long: racemes slender, 1-sided, many-fld.,
usually slightly longer than the Ivs. : fls. dark purple-red. Colombia.
— S. macroglossa, Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. micrdntha,
Swartz, grows 3-6 in. high: Ivs. lanceolate-oblong, rather blunt, 1-2 Y2
in. long: raceme slender, spike-like: fls. whitish, red within, nodding,
1-sided-distichous; sepals deltoid; petals and lip truncate. Jamaica.
L.B.C. 11 : 1011. — S. ophiogloasoides, Swartz, has the st. shorter than
the Ivs., which are 2%-6 in. long, oblong-linear, rather blunt,
long-tapering at the base: raceme slender, 1-sided, pedunculate:
fls. greenish, with a tinge of purple, minute. W. Indies. B.R.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
STELLARIA (Latin, star, referring to the form of
the flower). Caryophyllacese. Annual or perennial
herbs, mostly diffuse, tufted or weakly ascending, gla-
brous or pubescent, of little cultural value.
Leaves opposite, simple: fls. usually white, in termi-
nal or axillary, naked or leafy paniculate cymes or
rarely subsolitary; sepals 5, very rarely 4; petals just as
many as the sepals, 2-cleft or rarely laciniate or only
emarginate; stamens 10 or fewer by abortion; ovary
1-celled: caps, globose, ovoid or oblong, dehiscent by
as many or twice as many teeth as there are carpels. —
About 100 species, scattered all over the world but
chiefly in the temperate regions.
A. Fls. 7-10 lines across.
Holostea, Linn. EASTER BELL. A hardy perennial,
erect, 6-18 in. high, simple or somewhat branched, from
a creeping rootstock: Ivs. sessile, lanceolate, 1-3 in.
long: fls. white, abundant, in
a terminal leafy panicle;
sepals one-half or two-thirds
as long as the petals. May,
June. Eu., Asia. 'B.B. 2:22.
— This and the next are desir-
able for dry banks where
grass will not grow well and
for other carpeting purposes.
AA. Fls. 2-5 lines across.
B. Lvs. narrow.
graminea, Linn. A slender-
stemmed, hardy perennial
plant not usually over 6 in.
high, from a creeping root-
stock: Ivs. sessile, linear-
lanceolate, usually about 1
in. long: fls. white, in terminal
or lateral scarious bracted
open panicles; sepals and
petals nearly equal in length.
May, June. Eu. ; naturalized
inAmer. B.B. 2:23. Var.
aurea, Hort., GOLDEN STITCH-
WORT, has pale yellow Ivs. and is lower and more
matted in growth. Well adapted for sandy banks where
grass does not grow well.
BB. Lvs. ovate.
media, Linn. CHICKWEED. Fig. 3686. Alow, decum-
bent annual weed common in all rich, moist, cult, soils,
especially troublesome during the cooler months of the
growing season and in frames, and the like, during
winter. Lvs. 2 lines to !}/£ in. long, the lower petioled,
the upper sessile : fls. axillary or in terminal leafy cymes;
sepals longer than the petals. Eu., Asia; naturalized.
B.B. 2:21. — It is considered to be a good fall and winter
cover-plant in orchards and vineyards, but is never cult.
It is a surface-rooting plant. jr \y BARCLAY.
STEMONA (Greek, stamen, alluding to the folia-
ceous stamens) . Syn. , Roxburghia. Stemonacese; by some
the family is called Roxburghiacese. Tall climbing peren-
nial herbs, from a tuberous fusiform root, suitable only
for the warmhouse: Ivs. opposite, alternate or whorled,
ovate, 3-9-costate: fls. solitary, or few and subracemose;
perianth-segms. 4, lanceolate, many-nerved; stamens
subhypogynous, the connectives produced in very long
linear-lanceolate appendages; ovary free: caps, ovoid or
oblong. — About 15 species, India, China, and Malaya
3636. Stellaria media.
(Flower X3)
STEMONA
STENOCHL^ENA
3235
to Austral. S. Curtisii, Hook, f . St. twining, leafing and
flowering at the same time: Ivs. 4—5 in. long, alternate;
the petiole very long and slender: fls. small, apparently
unisexual. India. B.M. 7254. Similar to the following.
S. tuber osa, Lour. (S. gloriosoides, Voigt. Roxburghia
gloriosoides, Jones. R. gloriosa, Peers. R. viridifldra,
Smith). Tubers cylindric, 6-12 in. long: st. woody
below, twining, leafing and flowering at the same time;
branches terete: Ivs. 4-10 in. long, broadly ovate-
cordate, acuminate, membranaceous, shining: peduncle
1-2 in. long, usually 2-fld. : fls. erect, fetid; perianth
spreading and revolute, segms. lanceolate, acuminate,
greenish with many purplish nerves : caps, ovoid-oblong,
5-8-seeded. India and Assam. F.S. 2:86. B.M. 1500.
H. U. 3, p. 353. The plants are allied to the lily family.
STENACTIS: Erigeron.
STENAJNDRIUM (Greek, narrow anthers). Acan-
thacese. Nearly stemless or short-stemmed herbs, fre-
quently villous or pubescent, adapted to the warm- or
coolhouse : Ivs. often radical or clustered at the base of
the st., very entire: spikes scape-like, peduncled, dense
or interrupted: fls. usually small at the axils of the
opposite bracts, solitary, sessile, spicate; calyx 5-parted,
segms. narrow, acute; corolla-tube slender, cylindrical,
limb oblique, 5-lobed, lobes obovate, retuse; stamens
4, didynamous: caps, oblong or subfusiform, subterete,
4-seeded or by abortion fewer-seeded. — About 30
species, Trop. and Subtrop. Amer.
Lindenii, X. E. Br. A low-growing compact plant,
with broadly elliptical Ivs. rounded at the apex and
long-attenuate on the petiole, velvety in appearance, of
a dark green with a feathering of white or yellow along
the veins, somewhat purplish underneath: spikes 2-3
in. long, narrowly cylindrical: fls. not showy, about
%in. long, yellow: bracts ovate, acute, serrate, green.
I.H. 38:136; 40:173 (4). G.W. 3, p. 160.— Tender
foliage plant. p\ \y. BARCLAY.
STENANTHIUM (Greek, narrow flower; referring to
perianth-segments). Lilidc&e. Bulbous plants, useful
both out-of-doors and in the greenhouse.
Stems erect, tall, simple except for the infl. : Ivs. radi-
cal or at the base of the st. long, linear or linear-lanceo-
late, smaller upward along the st. or none: fls. polyga-
mous, whitish, greenish or dark purple, sometimes hi
lax slightly branched racemes, sometimes very numer-
ous and smaller in pyramidal panicles, pedicelled, fre-
quently nodding; perianth narrowly or broadly cam-
panulate, persistent, segms. connate at base in a very
short, turbinate tube, spreading above, narrow or
lanceolate, acuminate, 3-^7-nerved; stamens 6; ovary
ovoid, 3-celled: caps, ovoid-oblong, partially dehiscent
into 3 carpels. — About 5 species; one native of Sacha-
line Isl., another Mexican, the others W. American.
occidentals, Gray. St. slender, 10^20 in. high: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, acuminate, 6-10 in. long: raceme
simple or branched at base; pedicels slender, spreading
or recurved: fls. campanulate, nodding, brownish purple;
perianth-segms. 6-8 lines long, oblong to lanceolate,
acuminate. Rocky banks, Ore. to Brit. Col. and Idaho.
robustum, Wats. Sts. stout, 3-5 ft. tall, usually
very leafy: Ivs. often 1 ft. long, lower 4-10 lines broad,
upper reduced to bracts: panicle dense, usually com-
pound, branches spreading or ascending: fls. greenish or
white, 6-8 lines broad: caps, ovoid-oblong. Moist soil,
Pa. and Ohio to S. C., Tenn., and Mo. B.B. (ed. 2)
1:490. Gn. 68, p. 177; 74, p. 513. G.W. 14, pp. 676,
677. F.E.22:440. F. TRACY HUBBARD.
STENIA (Greek, narrow, alluding to the form of
the pollen-masses). Orchidacese. Epiphytic herbs with
short sts. and clustered pseudobulbs which bear 1-2
Ivs., grown occasionally in the warmhouse: Ivs. oblong
or narrow, leathery, midrib prominent: scapes short at
205
the axils of the sheaths, below the Ivs. or pseudobulbs,
recurved, with 1 rather large fl.; sepals subequal, free
among themselves, spreading, the lateral a little
broader; petals similar to the dorsal sepals; labellum
continuous with the foot of the column, inbent, fleshy,
broad, concave, nearly saccate, the lateral lobes minute,
midlobe undivided or all broader and fimbriate; column
rather thick and erect; pollinia 4, oblong-linear: caps,
unknown. Two species, Trop. S. Amer. Treatment
much as in maxillaria. S. gattata, Reichb. f., is similar
to the following, but differs in haying blunter sepals and
petals which are straw-colored with purple spots and in
the lip being blotched and having only seven callous
teeth. Peru. S. pdttida, Lindl. St. wanting: Ivs. 2-5,
oblong, acute, slightly narrowed and keeled at the base,
sheathed with brownish spathaceous scales: scapes
radical, prostrate: fls. pale citron-color, 1J^ in. or more
diam.; sepals and petals linear, acute; lip spotted with
red, nearly saccate, entire, fleshy, ovate. Guiana.
B.R. 24:20. p. TRACY HUBBARD.
STENOCARPUS (Greek, narrow fruit, referring to
the follicles, which are long and narrow). Proteaceae.
Trees, sometimes grown in the warmhouse or the green-
house.
Leaves alternate or scattered, entire or deeply pin-
natifid with few lobes: peduncles terminal or in the
upper axils, sometimes several in an umbel or short
raceme, each bearing an umbel of pedicellate red or
yellow fls.; bracts none or falling off early: fls. her-
maphrodite; perianth slightly irregular, tube opening
along the lower side, limb nearly globular and recurved;
segms. at length separating; anthers broad, sessile
within the concave laminae; ovary stipitate, ovules
several, imbricate downward in 2 rows: follicle usually
narrow, coriaceous. — About 18 species, 3 endemic to
Austral., the others natives of New Caledonia.
Cunningham!!, R. Br. Tall, bushy shrub or small
tree, glabrous or the inn. slightly pubescent: Ivs. about
2—4 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acuminate,
tapering to a short petiole, faintly 3-5-nerved: ovary
glabrous, fls. otherwise as in S. solignus. Austral.
salignus, R. Br. Moderate-sized tree, glabrous or the
infl. minutely pubescent: Ivs. 2^-4 in. long, in the typical
form ovate-lanceolate or elliptical, acute, acuminate or
rarely obtuse, tapering to a short petiole: peduncles
slender, bearing an umbel of 10-20 fls., occasionally up
to 30 fls.: fls. greenish white; perianth usually less than
J^in. long; ovary slightly silky-pubescent or nearly
glabrous. Austral. B.R. 441.— Cult, in Calif.
sinuatus, Endl. (S. Cunninghamii, Hook., not R. Br.).
Tree said to grow to a height of 60-100 ft., glabrous or
the infl. minutely tomentose: Ivs. petioled, either
undivided, oblong-lanceolate and 6-8 in. long, or pin-
natifid and over 1 ft. long, with 1-4 oblong lobes on
each side, mostly obtuse, quite glabrous, but reddish
beneath, penninerved and minutely reticulate: pedun-
cles terminal, either 2 or more together in a general
umbel or several at some distance forming a short
broad raceme, each peduncle 2-4 in. long, bearing an
umbel of 12-20 bright red fls. : perianth 1 in. long; ovary
densely pubescent on a glabrous stipe. Austral. B.M.
4263. F.S. 3:189. P.M. 14:1. F.TRACY HuBBARD.f
STENOCHL^NA (Greek, narrow and covering).
Polypodiaceae. A genus of tropical ferns with long
climbing sts. and with usually 1-pinnate Ivs.: fertile
Ivs. much reduced in tissue, and bearing the sporangia
entirely covering the under sides, sometimes spreading
over the margins. The general relationship of the
species is with Lomaria, but owing to the way in
which the sporangia are borne, they have often been
referred to Acrostichum. Culturally they belong with
epiphytic plants; they do best on tree fern stems and
the like.
3236
STENOCHL^NA
STENOTAPHRUM
palustris, Bedd. (S. scdndens, J. Smith). Rootstock
widely climbing: Ivs. 1-3 ft. long, with pinnae 4-8 in.
long; fertile pinnse slender, 6-12 in. long; texture
leathery. India. S. 1:224. — A vigorous grower and
coarse feeder, much used in cooler houses of large
ferneries. It will form a mass of rootstocks several
feet long if grown on a fern stem, producing a large
number of the rather pale Ivs.
sorbif&lium, Linn. Rootstock climbing, often prickly:
Ivs. 12-18 in. long, 6-12 in. wide, with close veins; fer-
tile pinnse 2-4 in. long, narrow. E. and W. Indies to
Brazil. R. C. BENEDICT.
STENOGLOTTIS (Greek, narrow and tongue, refer-
ring to the narrow lip). Orchidacese. Terrestrial herbs,
with short sts. and tuberiferous or thickened fleshy
fasciculate roots, which are suitable for the intermediate
house, but not commonly cult. : Ivs. radical, numerous,
rosulate or tufted: fls. small, short-pedicelled, arranged
in loose somewhat 1-sided racemes; bracts small; sepals
free, subequal; petals somewhat narrower than the
sepals and suberect; lip continuous with the base of the
column, cuneate-oblong without a spur, 3-5^cleft at the
apex; column very short and broad; pollinia granular:
caps, oblong, erect. Three species, Trop. and S. Afr.
S. fimbridta, Lindl. Lvs. numerous, oblong or narrowly
lanceolate-oblong, acute, bright green, usually with
few or numerous blackish or purple-black blotches:
scapes erect, slender, 6-12 in. high: racemes 1H-6 in.
long, lax, many-fld.: fls. light purple with a few elon-
gated dark purple blotches on the lip; sepals broadly
ovate, obtuse or subacute; petals ovate, subacute;
lip linear-oblong, 3-cleft or 3-parted: caps, narrowly
oblong. S. Afr. B.M. 5872. S. longifolia, Hook. f.
Lvs. numerous, ensiform, or linear-oblong, acuminate,
uniformly light green, 3-7 in. long: scapes erect, often
stout, 9-21 in. high, with numerous linear-lanceolate,
somewhat recurved sheaths; racemes 4-10 in. long,
many-fld.: fls. light purple with a few minute darker
dots on the lip, occasionally white; sepals broadly
ovate, subobtuse; petals ovate, subacute; Up linear-
oblong, 5-fid or 5-parted. B.M. 7186. G.C. III. 16:
563. G.W. 14, p. 653. p. TRACY HUBBARD.
STENOLOBIUM: Tecoma,
STENOLOMA (Greek, narrow-fringed). Polypodi-
acese. A generic name for a group of tropical ferns now
referred to Odontosoria, which see.
STENOMESSON (Greek, small and middle, alluding
to the corolla-tube, which is usually contracted near the
middle). Amarylliddcese. Bulbous herbs grown in the
warm- or coolhouse.
Leaves developing with the fls., linear or broadly
strap-shaped: fls. in several umbels, rarely reduced to
one, pedicels often recurved, making the fls. pendulous;
involucral bracts 2; perianth red, golden, or tawny, tube
elongated, subcylindrical, slightly contracted above the
base or toward the middle, lobes erect or more or less
spreading; ovary 3-celled: caps, subglobose or 3- fur-
rowed, loculicidally 3-valved; seeds black. — About 22
species, Trop. Amer.
Stenomessons require a good soil and a sunny house
with a temperature never below 45°. During the grow-
ing season they should have plenty of water, but when
at rest comparative dryness is necessary. The offsets
should be removed from the old bulbs before growth
commences. The plants continue in bloom a number of
weeks in spring and summer.
A. Style shorter than the perianth.
incarnatum, Baker (Cobtirgia incarnata, Sweet). A
tender plant: bulb globose, 2-3 in. through: Ivs. thick,
glaucous, obtuse, about 1 Y"i ft. long, strap-shaped : scape
2 ft. high: fls. 2J^-3 in. long, few to many in an umbel,
variable in color but typically crimson, with a green
spot on each segm. Aug. Peru. I.H. 38 : 123 (perianth-
limb light yellow). Gn. 50 : 62.
AA. Style longer than the perianth.
flavum, Herb. A tender plant: bulb somewhat glo-
bose, 1 in. through: Ivs. about 1 ft. long, oblanceolate,
obscurely petioled, at first compressed on the margin:
scape 1 ft. high: fls. bright yellow, 1 Mr2 in. long, usually
few in an umbel. B.M. 2641. B.R. 778 (as Chrysiphiala
F> \y. BARCLAY.
STENORHtNCHUS (Greek for small and beak).
Orchiddcex. Terrestrial plants: soape arising from a
rosette of Ivs., bearing a raceme or spike: fls. with a
distinct chin ; dorsal sepal and petals forming a helmet,
parallel; lip with a broad base and narrower apex, the
base surrounding the column; beak narrow and long. —
About 10 species, in Trop. and warm Temp. Amer.
specidsus, Rich. (Spirdnthes colordta, N. E. Br. S.
colorans, Hemsl.). Lvs. elliptic, green: bracts acumi-
nate, oblong-lanceolate, as long as fls.: fls. crimson.
Trop. Amer. B.M. 1374 (as Neottia speciosa).
GEORGE V. NASH.
STENOSPERMATION (Greek for small and male
element). Sometimes written Stenospermdtium. Aracese.
Climbing warmhouse plants: Ivs. with long-sheathed
petioles; blades elliptic or lanceolate, inequilateral, the
primary lateral nerves numerous, ascending: peduncles
rather long, at first nodding at apex, later erect:
spathe convolute, at length expanding; spadix stipi-
tate, cylindric, white: fls. perfect; stamens 4. — About
20 species, natives of the Andes of Peru and of N.
Brazil.
multiovulatum, N. E. Br. Three to 6 ft. tall: blades
12-16 in. long, 4-6 in. wide, oblong or narrowly ellip-
tic-oblong, coriaceous, opaque green, paler beneath:
peduncle 12-18 in. long: spathe 5-6 in. long; spadix
in- long. Colombia. GEORGE V. NASH.
STENOTAPHRUM (Greek, stenos, narrow, and
taphros, a trench, the spikelets being partially embedded
in the rachis). Gramineae.
Creeping grasses with com-
pressed culms, flat divergent
blades and narrow flat
spikes: spikelets as in Pani-
cum, imbedded in the sur-
face of a broad rachis form-
ing terminal spikes. — About
3 species of tropical regions,
one species found along the
Gulf coast, especially in
Fla., where it is utilized as
a lawn grass. In this respect
it is similar to Bermuda-
grass, being naturally
adapted to a sandy soil,
which it binds by its rhi-
zomes and creeping habit as
does that grass.
The introduced form of
St. Augustine grass is one
of the most valuable lawn
grasses for the extreme
South. It will grow on
almost any soil and thrives
even in shade. The leaves
are rather broad, never over
6 inches high and require
little mowing. This grass
does not become coarse, does
not hold dew or rain, and is
3687 Stenotaphrum particularly good for house
secundatum. (XM) lots and lawns. It does not
STEXOTAPHRUM
STEPHAXOPHYSUM
3237
need as much water as Bermuda or St. Lucie grass. It
is propagated mostly by cuttings. (E. X. Reasoner.)
secundatum, Kuntze (S. americanum, Schrank). ST.
ArcusxiNE GRASS. Fig. 3687. Flowering branches
erect, 6-^12 in. high. Var. variegatum, has Ivs. striped
with white, and is used as a basket-plant. G.W. 15 : 681
(as S. glabrum). Dept. Agric., Div. Agrost. 20:42.
A. S. HITCHCOCK.
STEPHANANDRA (Greek, Stephanos, crown, and
. andros, male stamen, alluding to the persistent
crown of stamens) . Rosaceze. Ornamental shrubs grown
chiefly for their handsome graceful foliage.
Deciduous: Ivs. alternate, lobed and serrate, stipu-
late: fls. slender-pedicelled, small, with cup-shaped
calyx-tube: sepals and petals 5; stamens 10-20: carpel
1 ; pod with 1 or 2 shining seeds, dehiscent only at the
base. — Four species in China and Japan. "Closely
allied to Xeillia and distinguished chiefly by the cup-
shaped calyx-tube and the incompletely dehiscent
1-2-seeded pod.
The stephanandras in cultivation are low graceful
spreading shrubs with slender more or less zigzag
branches, bright green medium-sized or rather small
lobed leaves and small white flowers in loose terminal
panicles. They are hard}- as far north as Massachu-
setts, but S. inci-sa is sometimes killed back in severe
winters: it grows, however, freely from the base and is
not injured in its appearance except that it remains
rather low. They are well adapted for borders of
shrubberies or rocky banks on account of their graceful
habit and handsome foliage. Propagation is by green-
wood cuttings under glass, which root readily, and by
seeds: also by division, and S. incisa by rooVcuttings
with bottom heat in early spring.
incisa, Zabel (S. flexubsa, Sieb. & Zucc.). Fig. 3688.
Shrub, to 8 ft. high, but usually lower, almost glabrous,
with angular spreading distinctly zigzag branches: Ivs.
triangular-ovate, cordate or truncate at the base, long-
acuminate, incisely lobed and serrate, the lower inci-
sions often almost to the midrib, pubescent only on
the veins beneath and grayish green, %-\Y2 in. long:
fls. white, about ^in. across, in terminal, short, 8-12-
fld.. usually panicled racemes; stamens 10. June. Ja-
pan. Korea. Gn. 55. p. 141. — "Closely allied to Spiraea
and has the spirea style of beauty. It has long, slen-
der branches which are densely and regularly inter-
woven in a fan-like manner. Its habit of growth is
fountain-like, the branches being gracefully pendent.
Its fls. are snowy white and, although minute, are so
numerous that the plant becomes very showy. It is
especially fitted
for the back of her-
baceous borders
or for the front of
larger shrubs. Its
foliage, which is
deeply toothed,
is tinted red in
early spring and
deep glossy green
during spring and
summer. In the
autumn it puts on
unusual tints of
reddish purple.
The foliage be-
comes so dense
that the growth of
weeds beneath
its thickly set
branches is effect-
ually prevented.
Prop, by cuttings
and layers."
(J. W.Adams.) 3688. Stephanandra incisa.
Tanakae, Franch. & Sav. (NAllia Tandka?, Franch.
& Sav.). Fig. 3689. Shrub, 5 ft. high, almost glabrous:
Ivs. triangular-ovate, slightly cordate at the base,
abruptly long-acuminate, usually 3-lobed and doubly
serrate or lobulate, pubescent only on the veins beneath,
in. long: fls. in terminal loose panicles, slender-
~\
3689. Stephanandra Tanakse. (XH)
pedicelled, J^in. across; stamens 15-20. June, July.
Japan. B.M. 7593. Gt, 45:1431. G.W. 4, p. 6.— Hand-
some shrub much resembling neillia in foliage, coloring
in fall brilliant orange and scarlet or yellow.
ALFRED REHDER.
STEPHANIA (perhaps a personal name; or by some
derived from the Greek word for a garland or crown).
Menispermace&. More than 30 climbing shrubs (rarely
herbs) of the Old- World tropics, as defined by Diels ia
Engler's Das Pflanzenreich, hft. 46 (IV. 94), 1910,
differing from Cocculus in the solitary ovary, often more
than 3-merous fls., and a nearly basal rather than nearly
terminal style-scar: Ivs. usually peltate: fls. in axillary,
simple or compound clusters, diclinous; males with
6-10 free sepals, 3-5 fleshy petals, and 6 connate
anthers; females with 3-5 sep'als, petals like those of the
males, 1 ovary with 3-6-parted style: fr. a glabrous
drupe with ring-like seed. The species are little known
in cult., although the following may be expected in
southern regions or sometimes under glass as an orna-
mental climber. S. herandifolia, Walp., in India,
Austral., Afr., and Malaya, has striate glabrous
branches, and ovate or somewhat deltoid obtuse or
acute more or less pubescent Ivs. 3-6 in. across: fls in
capitate peduncled puberulent umbels of 8-12 rays:
drupes red. S. japonica, Miers (Cocculus japonicus,
DC.), a common roadside weed in parts of China and
Japan, has glabrous Ivs. and infl. ; probably not cult.
STEPHANOPHtSUM (Greek, crown and bladder,
in reference to the shape of the crown). Acanthacex.
Herbs with more or less dentate or entire Ivs., the fls. in
lateral umbellate cymes : fls. red ; calyx 5-parted ; corolla-
tube short, the lobes erect or more or less spreading;
stamens 4, didynamous: caps, contracted from the base
to the middle. Trop. Amer. with the exception of the
below-mentioned. The genus is now included in Ruellia.
S. Baikiei, Hook. Subshrub, 2-3 ft. high, branches 4-
angled, opposite: Ivs. opposite, about 6 in. long inclu-
ding the petiole, ovate-lanceolate, entire, acuminate,
attenuate at base: panicle terminal, many-fld.: fls.
3238
STEPHANOPHYSUM
STERCULIA
opposite, sessile, scarlet; calyx-segms. narrow, erect,
linear-subulate; corolla more than 2 in. long, tubular-
funnelform, curved, the lobes triangular; ovary sunk in
a large, fleshy, cup-shaped disk. Trop. Afr. B.M. 5111.
H.F. II. 3:162. — This species is apparently not known
today and has not been recently treated in works on
Trop. Afr.
3690. Stephanotis floribunda. ( X H)
STEPHANOTIS (from Greek words for crown
and ear, alluding to the five ear-like appendages
on the staminal crown). Asclepiaddcese. Twining
glabrous shrubs of the Old- World tropics, of about fif-
teen species, one of which, S. floribunda, is one of the
best of greenhouse climbers.
Leaves opposite and coriaceous: fls. large and sh6wy,
white, in umbel-like cymes from the axils; calyx 5-
parted; corolla funnelform or salverform, the tube
cylindrical and usually enlarged at the base and some-
times at the throat, the lobes 5; crown mostly of 5 scales
that are usually free at the apex and adnate to the
anthers on the back, the anthers with an inflexed tip or
membrane: fr. a more or less fleshy follicle.
There are few plants that have all the good qualities
of S. floribunda. It is a splendid grower, has good foli-
age, is very free-flowering, and the flowers last well on
the plant or when cut for decorative work. Cuttings
are secured from half-matured wood, and can be rooted
at any time of year, although spring is the most con-
venient time. Pot the cuttings singly, in small pots, in a
sandy mixture of peat. Place them in a tight case in
70° night temperature. Shade them from the sun and
keep the cuttings in a moist condition until they begin
to grow. When the small pots are filled with roots,
shift them into two or three sizes larger, in a good strong
fibrous loam with enough sand added to keep the soil
porous. When the shoots have grown to a height of
about 2 feet, cut them back several joints. This will
make the plants break into several leads. As S. flori-
bunda comes from Madagascar, it can stand a good
heat, but does not like so humid an atmosphere as many
other tropical plants. About 65° will generally be
found sufficient after it has started growing in the
spring. By midsummer the young plants may receive
another potting, and again be cut back to make sure of
having a good foundation for the following year.
About the end of October, begin to withhold water from
the roots, and cease syringing, which must be attended
to during the period of active growth. Reduce the
temperature to 55° to 60° during the night and give
only enough water to keep the leaves from shriveling.
As the sun gets higher in March, they will show signs of
activity and the weak wood may be all cut back, and
the plants repotted in a good strong loam with ample
drainage. If not wanted for a specimen plant, stephano-
tis may be planted out on a well-drained bench and
trained to wires over the roof. It is astonishing the
amount of space a single plant will cover in course of
time. For specimen plants, the shoots should be trained
to strings until they set flowers, when they may be
trained on a trellis in any shape desired. They will do
in the same size of pot for many years, if fed during
their growing period as advised for ixoras. Mealy-bug
and scale are sure to locate on stephanotis, but during
the winter they may be treated to fumigations with
hydrocyanic gas, as already advised for other plants,
and if syringed well when out of flower, will be easily
held in check. (Geo. F. Stewart.)
floribunda, Brongn. Fig. 3690. Gla-
brous, 8-15 ft. : Ivs. elliptic, with a short
point, thick and shining green, entire : fls.
1-2 in. long, of waxy consistency, white
or cream-color, very fragrant, in many
umbels, the calyx one-fourth or less the
length of the corolla-tube: fr. 3^4 in.
long, ellipsoid, glabrous, fleshy, contain-
ing melon-like seeds which are provided
with a tuft of hair. Madagascar. B.M.
4058. G. 6:29, 291; 10:468; 13:622;
25: 144; 37:397. Gn. 21, p. 441 (showing
a pygmy plant blooming in a small pot
and not climbing); 46, p. 208; 55, p. 150;
73, p. 211. G.C. II. 14:169 (a dwarf
variety, the Elveston); 24:817; 25:137;
III. 17:50. R.H. 1874, p. 368; 1885, pp.
438, 439. H.U. 1, p. 72. J.H. III.
50:165.
•S. Thoudrsii, Brongn., from Madagascar,
appears to be the only other species in cult., but
it is not in the American trade. It has qbovate
Ivs., fls. in 3's, and sepals about one-third the
length of the corollas-tube. L H B
STERCULIA (Sterculius of Roman
mythology, from stercus, manure; applied
to these plants because of the odor of
the leaves and fruits of some species).
Sterculiacese. Trees grown in the green-
house, but also outdoors in the South.
Leaves undivided, lobed or digitate:
infl. paniculate or rarely racemose, frequently axillary,
with the terminal fls. commonly feminine and earlier:
fls. unisexual or polygamous; calyx 5-cleft or 5-parted,
rarely 4-merous, often colored; petals none; stamens
united in a column which bears a head of 10-15 sessile
anthers ; pistil of as many carpels as calyx-lobes and oppo-
site them, each carpel 2- to many-ovuled, the stigmas
free and radiating: fr. follicular, each carpel distinct and
either woody or membranaceous and sometimes opening
and spreading into a If .-like body long before maturity
(Fig. 3691); seeds 1 to many, sometimes arillate or
winged, sometimes hairy. — About 100 species, natives of
the warmer regions of the world, most abundant in
Asia. Sterculias have very various foliage, the Ivs. of
different species being simple, palmately lobed or
digitate. The fls. are mostly in panicles or large clus-
ters, sometimes large and showy, varying from green-
ish to dull red and scarlet. The species are grown mostly
for street and lawn trees. The kinds that are generally
known in this country are S. platanifolia, S. diversi-
folia, and S. acerifolia, the last two known in Calif, as
brachychitons. All are easily grown from seeds. By Ben-
tham & Hooker, Brachy chiton is merged in Sterculia;
by Schumann in Engler & Prantl it is kept distinct.
See Brachy chiton.
acerifolia, 6.
alata, 7.
apetala, 3.
Bidwillii, 4.
carthaginensis, 3.
INDEX.
colorata, 5.
diversifolia, 8.
fcetida, 2.
Gregorii, 8.
occidentals, 8.
platanifolia, 1.
rupestris, 9.
variegata, 1.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Carpels expanding before maturity into
If. -like bodies, exposing the seeds 1. platanifolia
AA. Carpels not becoming If. -like.
B. Lvs. all digitately compound 2. fcetida
BB. Lvs. entire or only lobed (sometimes
compound on some branches of
Nos. 8 and 9).
STERCULIA
STEREOSPERMUM
3239
c. Surfaces of blade, at least the lower,
tomentose or pubescent.
D. Fls. yellowish white 3. apetala
DD. Fls. red 4. Bidwillii
cc. Surfaces of blade glabrous.
D. Calyx tubular, the tube much
longer than the lobes 5. colorata
DD. Calyx broadly campanulate,
deeply lobed.
E. Fls. glabrous 6. acerifolia
EE. Fls. tomentose, at least outside.
F. Follicles globose, about 5
in. diam 7. alata
FF. Follicles otoid, 1-3 in. long.
G. Lrs. orate or orate-lan-
ceolate, sometimes
more or less 3-, rarely
6-lobed or -parted 8. diversifolia
GO. L v a . oblong-linear o r
lanceolate, sometimes
6-9-digitate, parted on
some branches 9. rupestris
1. platanifolia, Linn. f. (Firmiana plantanifolia,
Schott <t Endl.). JAPANESE VARNISH TREE. CHINESE
PARASOL TREE. Fig. 3691. Strong-growing, smooth-
barked, round-headed tree of medium size, with decidu-
ous foliage: Ivs. very large, glabrous, cordate-orbicular,
palmately 3-5-lobed like maple Ivs., the lobes sharp-
pointed: fls. small, greenish, with reflexed calyx-
lobes, in terminal panicles: carpels 4 or 5, bearing globu-
lar pea-like seeds. — Said to be native of China and
Japan. Hemsley admits it to the Flora of China, and
Sargent says in Forest Flora of Japan that it is one of
the several Chinese or Korean trees grown in Japan.
Bentham, in Flora Hongkongensis, says that it is
native to China. Franchet and Savatier, in Enumeratio
Plantarum Japonicarum, admit it as an indigenous
Japanese species. Now a frequent tree from Ga. south.
Hardy also at Washington, D. C. Excellent for lawns
and shade. A peculiarity of this tree is that before
maturing the frs. are filled with a brownish black fluid
which when the pods burst is liberated. Var. variegata,
Hort., has Ivs. variegated with
creamy white. Intro, into Calif.
2. fcetida, Linn. Tall, hand-
some tree, with all parts gla-
brous except the j'oung foliage:
Ivs. crowded at the ends of jthe
branchlets, of 5-11 elliptic, ob-
long or lanceolate, entire, pointed,
thick Ifts.: fls. large, dull red, in
simple or branched racemes,
appearing with the Ivs. : fr. large
and woody follicles, glabrous
outside, often 3 in. or more in
diam. and containing black seeds
the size of a hazelnut. Trop. Afr.
and Asia to Austral. — Grown in
S. Fla. In its native countries
the seeds are said to be roasted
and eaten.
3. apetala, Karst (S. cartha- ^ Mature follicles
ffinensis.Cav. Hehcteres apetala, „ ^^ of Sterculia
Jacq.). Tree, about 40 ft. high: platanifolia, bearing
Ivs. cordate - rounded, usually seeds on the margins,
more than 1 ft. diam., 5- (-3-) (XH)
lobed to the middle, glabrous
above, velvety beneath, lobes elliptical, obtuse, or
oblong: fls. yellowish white with purple spote, about
%in. across. Mex., Cent. Amer., and Colombia; intro.
into Jamaica and Fla.
4. Bidwillii, Hook. (Brachychiton Bidirtilii, Hook.).
Shrub or tree, softly pubescent or tomentose all over:
Ivs. usually deeply 3-lobed. green, soft-villous on both
sides, lobes acuminate: calvx narrow tubular-cam-
panulate, 1-1} 2 in. long, red." Austral. B.M. 5133.
5. colorata, Roxbg. Large tree, bark ashy: Ivs.
roundish, 5-9 x 5-12 in., glabrescent, palmately 3^-9-
lobed, lobes triangular, acuminate, base cordate; petiole
4-9 in. long: panicle terminal, many-fld.; pedicels cov-
ered with orange-red tomentum: calyx %in. across,
tubular, clavate, orange-downy outside, pilose within:
follicles 2-3 in. long, stipitate, glabrous, membranous.
India. — Intro, into Calif .
6. acerifdlia, A. Cunn. (Brachychiton acerifblium, F.
Muell.). BRACHYCHITON. FLAME TREE. Evergreen
tree, reaching a height of 60 ft., glabrous: Ivs. long-
petioled, large, deeply 5-7-lobed, the lobes oblong-
lanceolate to rhomboid, glabrous and shining: fls. bril-
liant scarlet, the calyx about %in. long, in large, showy
trusses: follicles large, glabrous, long-stalked. Austral. —
A most showy tree when in bloom, and planted on
streets and lawns in Calif. Thrives in either dry or
fairly moist places. (See also page 538.)
7. alata, Roxbg. Large tree, the voung parts yellow-
pubescent, the bark ash-colored: Ivs. large, cordate-
ovate, acute, 7-nerved: fls. about 1 in. across, in few-
fld. panicles shorter than the Ivs., and which arise from
the leafless axils, the calyx tomentose and the segms.
linear-lanceolate : follicles 5 in. diam., globose, with wide-
winged seeds. India. — Intro, into S. Fla.
8. diversifdlia, Don (Brachychiton poptilneum, R.
Br.). BRACHYCHITON. Tall tree, glabrous except the
fls. : Ivs. very various, mostly ovate to ovate-lanceolate
in outline, often entire, sometimes variously 3-5-lobed
on the same tree, all parts acuminate: fls. tomentose
when young, bell-shaped, greenish red and white or
yellowish white, in axillary panicles: follicles lJ^-3 in.
long, ovoid, glabrous, stalked. Austral. — Planted in
Calif., and commoner than the last. (Page 538.)
Var. occidentalis, Benth. (Brachychiton Gregorii,
F. Muell. S. Gregorii, Hort.). Lvs. deeply 3-lobed, the
lobes narrow, sometimes with short lateral ones: fls.
salmon-color; calyx smaller and more tomentose. W.
Austral.— Offered in S. Calif.
9. rupestris, Benth. (Delabkchea rupistris, Lindl.).
BOTTLE-TREE. Considerable tree: trunk often swelling
out to a large size, contracted top and bottom: Ivs.
glabrous, either quite entire and oblong-linear or lan-
ceolate, 3-6 in. long, or digitate, consisting of 5-9 linear-
lanceolate, sessile Ifts. often above 6 in. long: calyx
about 4 lines long, campanulate, tomentose both inside
and out: follicles ovoid, acuminate, about 1 in. long,
on stalks longer than themselves. Austral.
S. acuminata, Beauy.=Cola acuminata. — S. RusseQiana, Hort.,
is said to be an aralia-like plant with the main st. and petioles light
green and the narrow divisions of the If. very dark green. Offered
in the trade but not known botanically.
F. TRACY HuBBAHD.f
STEREOSPERMUM (Greek, hard seed). Bignonia-
cfx. About 12 species of tropical evergreen trees in
Afr. and E. India, with handsome once- or twice-pin-
nate foliage and large bignonia-like fls., pale yellow or
rose-colored to purple, in large and loose terminal
panicles; calyx campanulate, 2-5-lobed or 5-toothed;
corolla funnelform-campanulate, with round crisped or
toothed lobes; stamens 4, included; disk cupulate: caps,
terete or 4-angled, 2-valved; seeds in 2 rows, with the
thick nutlets deeply impressed in the thick spongy
septum. Only the following species seems to be in cult.
S. suaveolens, DC. Tree, 30-60 ft,: Ivs. simply pin-
nate, 12-18 in. long; Ifts. 7-9, broadly elliptic, acumi-
nate or acute, entire or serrulate, hairy while young,
about 5 in. long: panicle many-fld., viscous-pubescent:
calyx campanulate, with 3-5 short lobes; corolla 1}^ in.
long, pale or dark purple, puberulous outside, with
crenately crisped lobes: caps. .18 in. long. India. —
Adapted for tropical or subtropical regions only and
prop, by seeds or cuttings, also by air-layering.
S. sinicum, Hance=Radermachia sinica-
ALFRED REHDER.
3240
STERIPHOMA
STEWARTIA
STERIPHOMA (Greek, foundation, alluding to the
large peduncle of the fruit). Capparidacese. Unarmed
shrubs with the branches and inn. stellate-pubescent,
grown in the warmhouse: Ivs. long-petioled, with 1
1ft. which is lanceolate, entire; the petiole thickened at
the top: fls. showy, orange, in terminal racemes; the
pedicels bent or curved down, 1-fld.; calyx cylindrical-
campanulate, 2-4-lobed at the top; receptacle very
short, expanded into a ring-like disk; petals 4, sessile;
stamens 6; ovary ovate or oblong: berry globose or
angulate, corticate, pulpy. — Four species, Trop. Amer.
paradoxum, Endl. (/S. deomoides, Spreng.). Leafy
shrub, 4-10 ft. high: branches erect or ascending, slen-
der: Ivs. alternate, crowded toward the ends of the
branches, 4-7 in. long, oblong or ovate-oblong: raceme
terminal, dense-fld., 1-3 in. long: fls. abruptly deflexed
from the apex of the orange-yellow pedicels; calyx
bright orange, oblong-cylindric, irregularly split half-
way down; petals linear-oblong, pale yellow: fr. said to
be cylindrical. Venezuela. B.M. 5788. F.S. 6:564-565.
Gt. 57, p. 242.
STERNBERGIA (named for Count Caspar Stern-
berg, a botanist and writer, 1761-1838). Amarylli-
dacese. Low-growing bulbous herbs, hardy and used for
outdoor planting.
Leaves produced after or with the fl., strap-shaped or
linear: scape short: fls. frequently solitary, rarely 2,
bright yellow; perianth funnel-shaped, erect, tube short
or rather long, lobes linear or lanceolate, erect-spread-
ing; filaments filiform, free; ovary 3-celled: fr. fleshy,
ovoid or oblong, scarcely dehiscent; seeds subglobose. —
About a dozen species, E. Eu. to Asia Minor. The
3692. Sternbergia lutea.
bulbs should be planted rather deeply, about 6 in. J. N.
Gerard says of their culture in G.F. 10:158 that they
require a rather heavy soil, in a somewhat dry sunny
position where they will be well ripened in summer.
A. Fls. and Ivs. appearing together.
B. Blooming in fall.
l&tea, Ker-Gawl. (Amaryllis lutea, Linn.). Fig. 3692.
Bulb about 1J^ in. through: Ivs. 6-8 to a bulb, strap-
shaped, becoming 1 ft. long: fls. yellow, 1-4 to a bulb;
tube less than J^in. long; perianth-segms. about !}/£
in. long. Medit. region of Eu. and Asia. B.M. 290.
Gn. 44, p. 365; 47, p. 114. G.C. II. 13:21. J.H. III.
45:227. Var. major, Hort., has fls. much larger than
those of the type.
BB. Blooming in spring.
Fischeriana, Roem. Has the habit of S. lutea, but
differs in season of bloom and stipitate ovary and caps.
Wm. Watson says (G.F. 8:144) that the fls. are a
brighter yellow and as large as the largest forms of S.
lutea. Caucasus. B.M. 7441. Gn.W. 22:307; 24: 131.
AA. Fls. and Ivs. appearing at different seasons.
B. Lvs. linear: fls. small.
colchicifldra, Waldst. & Kit. Bulb about J^in.
through: Ivs. appearing in spring, 3-4 in. long: fls. yel-
low, in fall; segms. about 1 in. long by 2 lines broad.
E. Eu., Asia Minor. B.R. 2008.
BB. Lvs. strap-shaped: fls. large.
macrantha, J. Gay. Bulb globose, 1^ in- through,
with a long neck: Ivs. becoming 1 ft. long, nearly 1 in.
wide, fully developed in June: fls. bright yellow, 3-5 in.
across; segms. about 1 in. broad. Oct. Asia Minor.
G.C. III. 23:97; 28:265. Gn. 47:114. B.M. 7459.
G. 24:497; 25:297. G.M. 44:47. H.F.II. 3:248 (as
Oporanthus macranthus, Hort.). — A handsome species.
F. W. BARCLAY.
STEUDNERA (bears the name of Steudner, a
German botanist). Aracese. About 5 or 6 perennial
herbs of E. Asia, sometimes seen under glass in choice
collections, requiring the treatment of other aroids.
Plant with a mostly short ascending sheathed caudex,
and ovate-oblong long-stalked peltate Ivs. : spathe ovate-
lanceolate, recurving above the middle and convolute
at base, much surpassing the spadix: fls. imperfect,
the female with a subglobose 1-loculed ovary and 2-5
short staminodia: fr. a many-seeded berry. S. colocasiae-
folia Koch. St. short and fleshy: Ivs. green above and
paler beneath, the petioled often colored: spathe yel-
lowish, purple or reddish inside; spadix whitish, erect,
one-third as long as the spathe. S. discolor, Bull (S.
colocasiaefblia var. discolor, Hort.), has purple-blotched
Ivs., and spathe yellow on both surfaces but reddish at
base. These plants are warmhouse subjects, grown for
the foliage and interesting habit, as well as for the infl.
STEVENS ONIA (named after one of the governors
of Mauritius). Palmdcese, tribe Areceae. A monotypic
genus of tropical palms from the Seychelles. Tall trees,
spiny throughout or at length nearly smooth, with
ringed caudex: Ivs. terminal, spreading-recurved, the
cuneate-obovate blade convex, bifid, oblique at the
base, plicate-nerved, the margins split, segms. deeply
cut, the midnerves and nerves prominent, scaly
beneath; petiole plano-convex; sheath deeply split,
scaly, spined; spadix erect: peduncle long, compressed
at the base: branches thickish : spathes 2, the lower one
persistent, prickly, the upper one smooth, woody, club-
shaped, deciduous: fr. ellipsoidal, small, orange-col-
ored. For cult., see Palm.
grandifSlia, Duncan (Phoenicophorium sechelldrum,
Wendl.). Caudex 40-50 ft. high, very spiny when
young, less so when old; petiole 9-18 in. long, pale
green; blade cuneate-obovate, shortly bifid, about
6-7 ft. long and nearly as broad: spadix 3-6 ft. long,
bearing many yellow fls. Seychelles. I.H. 12:433.
B.M. 7277. Gn. 23, pp. 173, 320.— Probably not cult.
in Amer. The name Phoenicophorium (THIEF-
PALM) commemorates the alleged theft of one of
the original plants from Kew by a gardener in 1857.
Phcenicophorium is antedated by Stevensonia, al-
though a nomen nudum. JARED G SMITH.
N. TAYLOR.f
STEVIA: for the Stevia of florists, see Piqueria. True
Stevias are described in horticultural literature, but it
is not known that any of them are now in the Ameri-
can trade.
STEWARTIA (in honor of John Stuart, Earl of Bute,
a patron of botany; 1713-1792). Sometimes spelled
Studrtia. Ternstroemiacese. Ornamental woody plants
chiefly grown for their large and showy flowers.
Deciduous shrubs or trees with smooth flaky bark:
Ivs. alternate, short-petioled, serrate: fls. axillary or
subterminal, short-stalked, with 1 or 2 bracts below
the calyx; sepals and petals 5 or sometimes 6, the latter
obovate to almost orbicular, usually concave, with
crenulate margin, connate at the base with each other
and with the numerous stamens; styles 5, distinct or
STEWARTIA
STEWARTIA
3241
connate: fr. a woody, usually hirsute caps., loculicidally
dehiscent into 5 valves; seeds 1-4 in each Ipcule, com-
pressed, usually narrowly winged. — Six species in E. N.
Amer. and E. Asia.
The stewartias are very desirable ornamental plants,
with handsome bright green, rather large foliage which
turn? deep vinous red or orange and scarlet in
fall; they are very attractive in midsummer with
their white cup-shaped flowers, which are in size
hardly surpassed by any others of our hardier
shrubs. S. pentagyna and S. Pseudo-Camellia are
hardy as far north as Massachusetts, while S.
Malachodendron is tender north of Washington,
D. C. They thrive best in deep, rich, moderately
moist and porous soil, preferring a mixture of
peat and loam, and, at least in more northern
regions, a warm, sunny position. Propagation
is by seeds sown soon after maturity and by
layers; also by cuttings of half -ripened or almost
ripened wood in late summer under glass.
A. Styles united; petals always 5.
B. Stamens purple, spreading: caps, subglobose.
Malachodendron, Linn. (S. virginica, Cav.).
Shrub, 6-12 ft. high: Ivs. oval to oval-oblong,
acute at both ends, serrulate, light green, pubes-
cent beneath, 2^-4 in. long: fls. 3-4 in. across,
with obovate spreading petals: seeds wingless,
shining. May, June (July and Aug. in the N.).
Va. and Ark. to Fla. and La. Gn. 14:136; 18, p.
628; 34, p. 280. G.C. II. 8:433; III. 42:32; 44:
132. F.S.R. 1, p. 71; 3, p. 264. G. 29:309. B.M. 8145.
—This is one of the showiest species, but tender.
BB. Stamens with whitish filaments, incurved: caps,
ovate, pointed.
c. Bracts beneath the calyx large and If. -like.
sinensis, Rehd. & Wilson. Shrub or tree, to 30 ft.:
Ivs. oblong-elliptic to elliptic-obovate, acuminate, ser-
rulate, glabrous or sparingly pubescent beneath, 2-4
in. long: fls. with large serrulate or entire bracts at the
base, white, 2 in. across; stamens connate at the base,
Sibescent: fr. subglobose, pointed, %in. across. Cent,
hina.
monadelpha, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub or small tree: Ivs.
oval to oval-oblong, acute at both ends, remotely serru-
late, slightly pubescent beneath, light green,
3693
Camellia.
3694. Stewartia pentagyna. (XH)
long: fls. white, l^i'm. across, with flat, spreading, obo-
vate petals; stamens connate at the base; anthers
violet: fr. about Kin. across. Japan. S.Z. 1:96. — This
is the least desirable species and probably as tender as
the preceding; it is doubtful whether it is in cult. Plants
intro. under this name seen by the writer proved to be
S. Pseudo-Camellia. Also the closely allied S. serrdta,
Maxim., differing in its glabrous Ivs. and larger fls. with
serrate sepals and distinct stamens is apparently not yet
intro.
cc. Bracts small, shorter than calyx.
Pseudo-Camellia, Maxim. (S. grandiflora, Briot. S.
japonica var. grandiflora, Hort.). Fig. 3693. Shrub,
with upright branches, or tree attaining 50 ft. or more in
Japan: trunk with smooth red bark, peeling off in larger
thin flakes: Ivs. elliptic to elliptic-lanceolate, acute at
both ends, or often acuminate at the apex, thickish,
bright green, glabrous or nearly so beneath, 1^-3 in.
long: fls. hemispherical, 2-2 J^ in. across; petals almost
orbicular, concave, silky-pubescent outside; anthers
orange-colored : seeds 2-4 in each cell, narrowly winged,
dull. July, Aug. Japan. B.M. 7045. R.H. 1879:430.
G.C. III. 4:187. Gn. 43:172. G.F. 9:35 (adapted in
Fig. 3693). M.D.G. 1900:480. R.B. 28, p. 81. F.S.R.
3, p. 263. J.H. III. 54:57. S.I.F. 1:73.
AA. Styles 5, distinct: petals often 6.
pentagyna, L'Her. (Malachodendron ovatum, Cav.).
Fig. 3694. Shrub, 6-15 ft. high: Ivs. ovate to oblong-
ovate, acuminate, usually rounded at base, remotely
serrate, sparingly pubescent and grayish green beneath,
2^-5 in. long: fls. cup-ehaped, 2-3 in. across; petals
obovate, with wavy crenulate margin; stamens white,
with orange-yellow anthers: caps, ovate, pointed,
sharply 5-angled; seeds narrowly winged. July, Aug.
N. C. and Ga. to Tenn. and Fla. B.M. 3918. B.R.
1104. M.D.G. 1900:479. H.U. 3, p. 366. This shrub
is handsomer than the preceding species and as hardy.
Var. grandiflora, Bean. Fls. 4-4^ in. across, with pur-
ple stamens. A very desirable variety which was found
along with the yellow-stamened one in the woods of
Ga. ; the flowers are as beautiful as those of S. Mala-
chodendron, and the plant is much hardier.
ALFRED REHDER.
3242
STIGMAPHYLLON
STIPA
STIGMAPHYLLON (Greek, stigma and kaf; refer-
ring to the leaf -like appendages of the stigmas). Some-
times written Stigmaphyllum. Malpighiaceae. Woody
vines, grown in the warmhouse and also out-of-doors in
the extreme South.
Leaves usually opposite, entire or denticulate, rarely
lobed; petiole with 2 glands; stipules minute: fls. yellow,
in umbel-like corymbs which are peduncled and axil-
lary; calyx 5-parted, 8-glandular; petals clawed, une-
qual, glabrous, stamens 10, unequal, 6 perfect, 4 without
anthers or deformed; ovary 3-celled, 3-lobed, dorsal
lobe gibbous: samarse 1-3, extended above into a
wing. — About 55 species, Trop. Amer.
ciliatum, A. Juss. A tender woody twining vine: Ivs.
evergreen, smooth, opposite, cordate, ciliate: fls. bright
yellow, large, in peduncled axillary clusters of 3-6.
P.M. 15:77. Gn. 33:170.— Apparently the only spe-
cies in the trade
and possibly the
handsomest of the
genus. G. W. Oliver
says that S. ciliatum
is one of the best
medium -sized vines
for outdoor trellis-
work. For pot cul-
ture it is of little
service and thrives in
the greenhouse only
when planted out.
Sept. is the best
month for prop. On
outdoor plants much
of the wood is use-
less for this purpose,
being thin and soft.
Choose the wood
made early in the sea-
son; a heel or joint
is not necessary; root
in bottom heat and
carry through the
winter in the green-
house as small plants.
It is said that in S.
Calif, it must have
shade, protection
from dry or hot winds,
and an open soil.
Under the right con-
ditions it flowers ad-
mirably.
littorale, A. Juss.
A tall leafy climber:
Ivs. opposite and
alternate, long-peti-
oled, 2-5 in. long, varying in shape: fls. yellow, in
profusion, borne on pedicels H-1H in. long; peduncles
axillary, solitary ; corymbs terminal, simple or compound ;
corolla 1 in. diam. Autumn. Argentina. B.M. 6623.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
STILLINGIA (for Dr. Benj. Stillingfleet, an Eng-
lish botanist of the eighteenth century). EuphorM-
aceae. Shrubs or herbs, chiefly of the American tropics,
one rarely cultivated and used in medicine.
Glabrous, juice milky: Ivs. alternate, simple, short-
petioled to sessile, the petiole and bracts biglandulose :
fls. in terminal spikes, monoecious, apetalous, the
staminate above with the 2-3-lobed calyx imbricate,
stamens 2-3, filaments free; the pistillate few, at the
base of the spike; ovary 2-3-celled, 1 ovule in each
cell: base of the caps, persistent as a 3-pointed piece;
seeds usually carimculate. — About 25 species. Related
to Sapium and Hura. The root of S. sylvatica is used
in medicine. The plant is occasionally grown and will
3695. Stipa elegantissima. ( X Js)
stand temperatures at least to — 10° F. It is readily
grown from seeds but is not easily transplanted.
sylvatica, Linn. QUEEN'S DELIGHT. QUEEN' s-RooT.
YAW- ROOT. Root perennial, woody: sts. clustered,
herbaceous, 1-3 ft. high, with an umbel-like top: Ivs.
lanceolate to oval or oblong, glandular, crenulate to
obtusely serrate, acute or obtuse: spikes 2-3 in. long:
fls. small, yellow. Spring to fall. Va. to Texas.
S. scM/erum=Sapium sebiferum. j g g NORTON>
STIPA (Greek, stipe, tow, in allusion to the plumose
awns of some of the species). Graminese. Perennial
grasses with narrow involute Ivs. and usually loose
panicles : spikelets 1-fld.; glumes membranaceous, longer
than the indurated lemma; lemma with a sharp hairy
callus below and a stout persistent twisted awn above,
falling from the glumes at maturity. — A large genus of
about 100 species, throughout the world except
the colder parts. Particularly characteristic of
the plains, savannas, and steppes. The long-
awned, sharp-pointed frs. of some species are
troublesome or even
dangerous to stock,
especially sheep, on
account of their
tendency to work
through the skin and
into the vital organs.
The species here
mentioned are cult.
for ornament, includ-
ing the making of dry
bouquets.
A. Awns and pedicels
not plumose.
B. Fr. or mature
lemma, excluding
the long awn, ]/z-l
in. long.
capillata, Linn.
Similar to S. spartea:
fls. more numerous
but smaller in every
way; lemma about
J^in. long; lower part
of awn only minutely
pubescent, the upper
or bent portion sinu-
ous. Plains, Eu.
spartea, Trin.
PORCUPINE -GRASS.
Culms 2-3 ft., in
bunches : panicles
contracted ; glumes
broad, nerved, about
\Y-i in., tapering to a slender point; lemma nearly
1 in. ; awn usually about 6 in. long, the lower half erect,
pubescent but not plumose, strongly twisted, the upper
half bent to one side, rough. 111. to Calif. Dept. Agric.,
Div. Agrost. 20:62.
BB. Fr. or mature lemma, excluding the short awn, less
than %in. long.
arundinacea, Benth. (Apera arundinacea, Hook.).
Culms 2-5 ft.: panicles open, large, nodding; spikelets
minute, 1 Yi lines long, the awn about Hm- long. New
Zeal. Hook. Fl. New Zeal., pi. 67. Exaggerated figure
shown in G.C. III. 22:283.
splendens, Trin. (Lasiagrdstis splendens, Kunth).
Culms 3-6 ft.: panicles rather dense, about 1 ft. long,
nodding; spikelets numerous, small, the glumes less
than J^in., pearly and shining, tinged with purple at
the base; lemma ^jin., villous, the awn J^-^in. Steppes
of W. Asia.
3696. Stipa pennata.
STIPA
STIZOLOBIUM
32-43
AA. Aucns or pedicels plumose.
B. The pedicels plumose.
elegantissima, Labill. Fig. 3695. Culms 2-3 ft.,
erect from a horizontal rhizome: Ivs. narrow and erect:
panicle very loose, 6-8 in. long, the capillary panicle
branches and pedicels plumose; spikelets 4-6 lines long;
awn 1)4 in. long. Austral. — Thrives in sandy soil.
BB. The awns plumose.
pennata, Linn. FEATHER-GRASS. Fig. 3696. Culms
2-3 ft., in bunches: glumes narrowed into awns an inch
or more long; lemma Y$n. or more long; awn about a
foot long, the lower portion smooth and twisted, the
upper very plumose, giving the panicle a
feathery ornamental appearance. Some-
times erroneously called S. gigantea.
Steppes of Eu. and Siberia. Gn. 9, p. 199.
V. 3:247. R.H. 1890, p. 489.
tenacissima, Linn. ESPARTO - GRASS.
Culms 2-3 ft., in bunches: Ivs. narrow,
smooth, cylindrical, elongated: panicles
contracted; awn 1-2 in., plumose below
the bend. Spain and X. Afr. — The Ivs.
furnish fiber from which are made ropes,
mats, paper, and the like. In Afr. it is
called halfa or alfa. A. S. HITCHCOCK.
STIZOLOBIUM (name refers to the
stinging pods). Leguminbsx. VELVET
BEAN. Some of the species are grown as
ornamental vines in warm countries, as the
growth is very strong, but the genus is
valuable mostly for its forage species and
therefore does not demand extended treat-
ment here.
These plants are allied to Glycine, which
includes the soybean. The Ivs. are large
and 3-foliolate: fls. in axillary clusters, long
or oblong, large, dark purple (sometimes
white or yellowish) but turning black
when dried, the corolla much longer than
the nairow-lobed calyx; the keel long,
boat-shaped and usually twice or thrice
longer than the obtuse standard and also
longer than the wings ; stamens diadelphous
(9 and 1) the anthers not uniform in kind:
pod often hairy, bristly or pubescent, con-
taining pea-like seeds. — Species perhaps a
dozen, tropics of Old World. The genus
Stizolobium was formerly included under
Mucuna, but is now distinguished from
that genus (which see, p. 2074, Vol. IV)
by its seed and other characters. In Stizolobium the
seeds are nearly spherical, or flattened-oval in shape,
•with the hilum covering often less than one-sixth of its
circumference and never more than one-fourth, while in
Mucuna the seeds are nearly circular in outline, flat-
tened, and with the hilum extending at least three-
fourths of its circumference. In germination Mucuna
has alternate scale-like Ivs., while Stizolobium has
petioled, trifoliate Ivs. with cordate Ifts. Mucuna is
perennial, while Stizolobium is strictly annual. Such
species of Stizolobium as are cult, for forage have pods
which are nearly smooth, or are covered by a dense
velvety pubescence; but there are a number of Bother
species, notably 5. pruriens, grown in the tropics,_in
•which the pods have a dense covering of bristly stinging
hairs, and are known under the common name of
"cowage" or "cowitch."
The principal economic use of the velvet beans or
stizolobiums is as a winter pasture crop in the southern
states. Thev are commonly plantea with corn, the
stalks of wnich give the necessary support, without
which they produce few seeds. Some cultivators plant
two rows of corn and then one row of the beans, while
others plant the beans in alternate hills with the corn;
the former method gives more corn to the acre, while
the latter yields the heavier crops of beans. The crop
is seldom cut for hay, as the vines are too long and
tangled to be handled easily, but is left in the field
until it is killed by frost, and is then grazed, as the
vines, leaves, and seeds may remain on the ground a
long time without injury from frost or rain. There are
many varieties of this bean, some of which mature hi
about one hundred days from planting, while others
fail to ripen without ten to eleven months free of frost.
Some varieties produce profitable crops as far north as
Tennessee, while others often fail to mature even in
southern Florida.
Among the many
kinds now culti-
vated in the
United States the
best known is the
Florida velvet
bean (S. Deering-
ianum, Bort).
This is of un-
known origin, but
it has been culti-
vated as an orna-
mental vine in
Florida many
years. About 1890
its value as a
forage plant at-
tracted attention,
3697 Stizolobium pruriens, or cowitch. Flower-cluster usually
longer and more tapering. ( X about }4)
and thousands of acres are now grown for feeding cattle
and hogs. This species makes a wonderful growth,
producing vines 60 to 100 feet in length, and bearing
clusters of large purple pea-shaped flowers which are
followed by pods 2 to 3 inches in length containing
four to six "nearly spherical seeds. In recent years sev-
eral sports or varieties have been developed, which
mature seed in 110 to 130 days from planting, and
are now cultivated largely in the region from Florida
northward to northern Georgia and Tennessee. Among
the more common of the recently introduced kinds are
the Lyon velvet bean (S. niveum! Kuntze) which bears
racemes fully 3 feet in length with white flowers; the
Chinese, which is similar but has shorter racemes and
matures much earlier; the Black (S. capitatum, Kuntze),
which has very long racemes with purple flowers,
and late-ripening pods covered with a velvety pubes-
cence; and the Yokohama (S. Hassjoo, Piper & Tracy),
which matures within three to four months from
planting. In addition to these there are numberless
crosses and hybrids. As all the species are natives
3244
STIZOLOBIUM
STOCKS
of tropical or semi-tropical regions they require a long
season without frost for their successful cultivation.
For botanical and other accounts, see Bulletins Nos.
141 and 179, Bureau of Plant Industry, United States
Department of Agriculture; also Belling on inheri-
tance problems in crossing stizolobiums, Report of
Florida Experiment Station for 1914.
The varieties mostly grown for ornament are the
Lyon, with flowers in racemes often 3 feet in length;
the Chinese, which is very similar to the Lyon but has
shorter racemes and blooms much earlier; and varie-
ties of S. chlorospermum, Piper & Tracy, with flowers
light purple. All of these have pods 5 to 6 inches in
length, /-shaped (the ends curved in opposite direc-
tions), somewhat brown- or gray-bristly. The most
common species in this country is the Florida Speckled,
S. Deeringianum, Bort. (Fig. 3697), which has been
grown in Florida many years, and has been commonly
known as "the vine." This seldom matured much seed
north of central Florida, but in recent years several
varieties have been developed which mature as far
north as Tennessee. The pods of this species are usually
less than 3 inches long, and are covered with a black
velvety pubescence. All are annual climbers, growing
to a great length. The branches are somewhat
appressed-hairy, the leaves more or less silky beneath,
leaflets ovate, or the lateral ones rhombic-ovate,
obtuse but apiculate.
The cow-itch or cowage, S. pruriens, Medic. (Dolichos
pruriens, Linn. D. multiflorus, Hort. Mucuna pruriens,
DC.), is apparently the oldest species known, and has
become naturalized in the West Indies, but is not
grown in the United States. The pods of this species
are red or reddish black in color, nearly straight, and
4 to 5 inches in length. They are very bristly-hairy,
the bristles are easily dislodged by a touch and are
extremely irritating to the skin, often producing trouble-
some blisters. In the West Indies a decoction of these
hairs is often used as a remedy for intestinal worms.
Only varieties with a mini-
mum growth of these sting-
ing hairs are ever cultivated
for either ornament or for
forage.
It is an interesting fact
that when any two distinct
forms, both having relatively
smooth pods, are crossed, the
first generation always pro-
duces forms heavily covered
with stinging hairs, although
the second generation usu-
X. :3»*W**SW a^ snows a large percentage
V\\ 4*liw«l»I« °^ nearly smooth pods. This
\V\. i^llgp^Jpa seems a strong indication
that S. pruriens is the origi-
nal type of the genus. Cattle
have been fed
successfully on
the meal made
of the beans
ground in the
pod, but persons
have been made
sick by eat-
ing the green
cooked beans,
and chickens
have been killed
by both raw and
cooked beans.
Because of its
vigorous growth,
the velvet bean
3698. Double stock.— Matthiola incana promises well as
var. annua. ( x 1A} a soil-renovator,
as the cowpea does, although it can not be grown so
far north as that plant. It is a good ornamental plant,
growing 10 to 20 feet high when supplied with support.
The handsome globular beans (Y% to l/2 inch diameter.)
have marking which suggests the castor bean.
S. M. TRACY.
STOB.5JA (named for D. Stoba^us, a Swedish patron
of Linnaeus) . Composite. Somewhat shrubby plants or
herbs commonly with aspect of thistles as to the foliage.
Leaves usually decurrent, dentate, pinnatifid or
pinnatisect, lobes dentate and spiny: heads small to
large, solitary or somewhat corymbose; rays usually
yellow. — About 70 species. Now considered to be only a
section of the genus Berkheya, and so named below.
B. membranifolia, Hubb. (Stobsea membranifblia,
DC.). St. herbaceous, erect, cobwebby above: Ivs.
thin membranaceous, glabrous above, white-tomentose
beneath; radical long-petioled, bordered with slender
spines, oblong or elliptical, sinuate; cauline more copi-
ously woolly beneath, more or less sinuous or pinnatifid,
decurrent in ciliate-spinose sinuous st. -wings: heads
solitary: fls. pale yellow. July, Aug. S. Afr.
B. purpftrea, Benth. & Hook. (Stobsea purpiirea, DC.).
A half -hardy, probably biennial plant 2-3 ft. high:
lower Ivs. about 1 ft. long, irregularly lobed, spiny on
the margins, cottony beneath, dark green above: st.-
Ivs. smaller, long-decurrent : fl.-heads 3 in. across, pur-
ple to white, resembling a single dahlia. G.C. 1872:
1261. — To be recommended for growing with half-
hardy alpines. It can be wintered in a coldframe. Prop,
by seed and division.
B. Radula, Hubb. (Stobsea Rddula, Harv.). St. herba-
ceous, erect, angle-furrowed: radical Ivs. obovate-oblong,
obtuse, tapering to the base, some somewhat petioled,
roughly setose at first then scabrous with hard points
above, white-woolly beneath; cauline Ivs. small, narrow-
oblong or linear, very spiny, decurrent in long, narrow,
very spinose st.-wings: infl. racemose-corymbose; heads
short-radiate. S. Afr. j\ TRACY HUBBARD.
STOCKS. Popular florists' flowers, single and double,
white, blush, pink, purple, yellowish, valuable for cut-
flowers (Fig. 3698). They are divided into two groups,
summer and winter stocks. The former are annuals
and therefore bloom the first summer; the latter are
biennials and bloom the second year, or, if sown very
early, late in the fall or the winter of the first year.
Fall or intermediate stocks are between these two
groups; they bloom profusely in the autumn. See
Matthiola; also Cheiranthus for the closely related wall-
flower (also Wallflower). Virginian stock is a very dif-
ferent plant and is not a regular florists' flower; it is
grown for its small fragrant single fls. ; see Malcomia.
Florists now frequently grow stocks in benches
instead of carrying them through as potted plants.
They are in considerable demand for Memorial Day.
After the early bedding plants are removed to the
frames, the benches are filled with soil and the plants
that have been growing in pots since the seed was sown
in December are then planted in them. Stocks may
also follow chrysanthemums, the seed having been
sown in August.
The seed of the summer stocks, or, as they are com-
monly called, "ten-weeks' stocks," is sown from the
end of February until April, mostly in a lukewarm hot-
bed, which must be sunny and well aired. Good clean
garden soil, well mixed with sand and free of manure, is
proper soil in which to sow the seed. The seed will ger-
minate in six to ten days, the light-seeded sorts germi-
nating more quickly than the dark-seeded kinds. Air
must be admitted as soon as the seeds have sprouted,
very much in warm weather and less when the weather
is raw, until finally the sash may be entirely removed
during the day. If the seedlings need water it should be
given in the morning, so that they are dry at night. If
STOCKS
STORAGE
3245
the sun is hot the seedlings must be shaded. If the
seed is to be raised from pot-grown plants a good well-
manured, sandy garden soil should be used which con-
tains an admixture of well-rotted sod or the soil taken
from river-bottoms. The pots are about 6 inches high,
with a diameter of 7 inches. When they show their
fourth leaf the seedlings are planted firmly into these
pots with a dibber, pots being well filled with the above
soil; care should be taken that the roots are inserted
vertically. From six to eight plants are put into such a
pot. These pots are then placed on sunny stages,
usually protected by tilt -roofs. The development of the
plants depends now principally on careful watering,
which is done mostly with watering-pots and at the
beginning with a fine spray attached to the spout of
the pot. After a crust has formed on the top of
the soil, the spray is discontinued and the pots are
watered with the pipe of the can. This watering is done
at night during warm weather and in the morning when
the weather is cold. Very little watering is necessary in
continuously cloudy or rainy weather. The watering of
the stocks is the most particular and important part in
the cultivation in pots, for if due care is not exercised a
white maggot will make its appearance while the plants
are in bud and destroy the roots. The common flea-beetle
is another of the enemies of stocks; this often appears
in large numbers and eats the leaves of the young
plants. Frequent syringing with water is the only
remedy found so far against these pests when they
infest stocks. — After the plants have been in bloom for
some tune the double-flowering specimens are cut out
and the watering is continued carefully until the seed-
pods which form in the single plants show indications
of ripening, which is in October. The plants are then
pulled and tied in bundles, which are hung up in dry
sheds until the middle or the latter part of November
and December, in which time the seed fully matures in
the pods. Now comes the most important part of seed-
saving of stocks. The bundles of plants are taken down,
the roots and part of the stems cut off, and the stalks are
taken in hand by expert gardeners who sort them for
common seed ami also for the seed-stock. The pods
indicate by their shape, size, and form whether the
seeds contained therein will produce a high percentage of
double flowers the following year, and the selection is
made with care. The seed that goes on the market
can be vastly improved by the removal of "wild" pods,
which contain seeds that produce nothing but single
flowers. The seeds are removed by hand from the pods,
mostly by women and children. CARL CROPP.
STOKESIA (Jonathan Stokes, M.D., 1755-1831,
English botanist). Composite. STOKES' ASTER is one of
the choicest and most distinct of American hardy per-
ennial herbs, although little planted.
Heads many-fld.; marginal fls. much larger, deeply
5-cut : involucre subglobose ; outer leafy, the inner with
foliaceous, pectinately spinulose-ciliate, spreading ap-
pendages; receptacle fleshy, flat, and naked: achene
3-4-angled, smooth: pappus of 4-5 thread-like, decidu-
ous scales. The species is a blue-fld. plant about a foot
high which at first glance has points in common with
China asters, centaureas, and chicory. The heads are 3
or 4 in. across in cult. The marginal row of fls. is com-
posed of about 15 ray-like corollas, which have a very
short tube at the base and are much broadened at the
apex and cut into 5 long, narrow strips.
The plant is hardy as far north as Rochester, New
York, and Boston, Massachusetts. Probably many
persons have been deterred from trying it because it
is native to South Carolina and Georgia, and because
it is considered a greenhouse subject in some standard
works on gardening. The fact that it is found wild in
wet pine-barrens is also deceptive, for the roots, as Wool-
son and Keller testify, will decay if water stands on the
soil in winter. Moreover, the plant has been praised by
Meehan for its drought-resisting qualities. Stokes'
aster should be planted in a well-drained sandy loam,
not in cold and heavy clay. It blooms from August
until hard frost. According to Chapman, the heads of
wild specimens are only an inch across, but the size of
heads in cultivated plants is stated by many horti-
cultural experts to be 3 to 4 inches across. The heads are
3699 Stokesia laevis. (XX)
frequently used for cut -flowers. In the wild the heads
are few in a cluster or solitary; in cultivation a good
branch sometimes bears as many as nine heads. No
double form seems to have appeared but a white-flow-
ered form is now on the market.
Isevis, Hill (S. cydnea, L'Her.). Fig. 3699. Much-
branched, hardy perennial herb, 1-2 ft. high: branches
often purplish, sometimes hairy when young: Ivs. lan-
ceolate; radical ones entire, tapering at the base into
long, flattened stalks; cauline Ivs. gradually becoming
sessile, the uppermost with a few teeth near the base and
half-clasping: fls. blue or purplish blue, 3-4 in. across.
Aug.-Oct. S. C., Ga., to La. B.M. 4966. Mn. 5, p. 214.
A.G.25:117. F.E. 16:650. G.M. 49:563. R.H. 1863:211.
Var. alba, Hort., has white fls. Var. praecox, Hort., is
a lavender-fld. sort. WILHELM MILLER.
STONECROP: Sedujn.
STORAGE and refrigeration of fruits and vegetables.
The storage house has become a very important
adjunct to fruit-growing. In fact, fruit-growing would
not be possible in present-day large-scale practice
without storage, or some means to preserve the fruit
from deterioration. Without some way to hold fruits
in sound condition during the time required to trans-
port them from the place of production, the develop-
ment of the large fruit industries of the West and South
would be impossible. The two most important factors
underlying the success of modern fruit-growing are the
discovery of methods of controlling insects and dis-
eases and the application of refrigeration to the trans-
portation and storage of the crops. The time required
to transport fruit crops to the centers of consumption
varies from a few hours to ten days, and in some cases
two or three weeks are required, especially when the
fruit is exported to foreign countries. Under these con-
ditions, the trip to market really becomes a period
3246
STORAGE
of storage and the application of storage principles
is as important as transportation principles. The
object of refrigeration in the transportation of fruits
involves only the holding of the fruit in sound condition
long enough to reach the consumer. Storage, on the
other hand, includes the holding of the product for a
long or short period, thereby lengthening the season of
marketing as well as increasing the territory over which
it may be distributed. The lengthening of the season
of marketing or period during which the product may be
sold, is very essential when the production of fruit
crops has reached a point greater than can be con-
sumed during the normal season. This is aside from
the general advantage of having a product out of sea-
son, for which many consumers are willing to pay fancy
prices. The conservation of the surplus crops through
storage enables the equalization of the selling or market-
ing season, giving the consumer the advantage of obtain-
ing supplies during a longer period, and giving the pro-
ducer a chance to market larger crops at profitable
prices. The application of storage to the apple industry
has resulted in making this fruit an all-the-year-round
staple food, as supplies are easily held from one season
to the next. The advantages of this to both consumer
and producer are manifest. If all the apples produced
had to go into consumption during the normal season
of this fruit, there would be alternate periods of plenty
and scarcity. The same is true, although to a less
extent, of other fruit crops, such as pears, grapes,
lemons, and oranges. Many of the vegetable crops are
likewise held successfully in storage for longer marketing
periods than their normal seasons. Potatoes, celery,
cabbage, onions, and even lettuce and cauliflower are
successfully stored for varying periods.
Storage also finds application in other horticultural
industries. The nurserymen are enabled to hold their
stocks of trees, plants, cions, or cuttings until the proper
season of planting or propagation arrives. Bulbs,
lily-of-the-valley crowns, and cu1>flowers are also
successfully held in cold or cool storage much longer
than would otherwise be the case. All of these examples
are mentioned to indicate the wide application of
storage to horticultural industries.
There are several different methods of conserving or
preserving food products. Among these methods may
be mentioned curing, drying, salting, smoking, can-
ning, use of chemical preservatives, and by refrigera-
tion. Of these the last method is the only one by which
the products are held in their original or "fresh" con-
dition. All other methods involve a change in the
character of the product. Cold-storage conservatibn
aims to hold the product in such a condition that it
may be used as fresh. If the storage does not accom-
plish this, it falls short of its principal object.
Two kinds or methods of storage are recognized at
present: These are (1) cold storage, and (2) common
storage, sometimes known as "dry storage." The
objects of these two methods of storage and their accom-
plishment are the same. "Cold" storage is designated
as artificially cooled storage, or the holding of the prod-
ucts in rooms or buildings which are artificially refrige-
rated, i. e., the cooling is effected by means of machinery
or ice. "Common" storage is the term applied to stor-
age without ice or mechanical refrigeration, the cooling
effect being obtained from the natural low temperature
of the outdoor air. The aim of common storage is "to
conserve the natural cold" in buildings which are
specially constructed and equipped with proper ventilat-
ing devices or openings. It is difficult to determine the
exact reason for designating this type of storage as
"dry" storage. Both cold and common storage must
be dry, excessive moisture in either case being detri-
mental. A possible explanation of the use of the term
"dry" in this connection is the fact that in the first
cold-storage houses ice was the refrigerant with neces-
sarily more or less dampness about the plant; while in
common storage, no ice is used ordinarily and conse-
quently there is no dampness from this cause.
Contrary to general belief, the use of cold storage is
not confined to modern civilization. Frank N. Meyer,
Agricultural Explorer for the United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, reports the finding of the use of
cold-storage methods applied to fruits in remote parts
of China, wholly out of touch with modern civiliza-
tion. Meyer states that the Chinese have practised
cold-storage methods for centuries. They are able to
hold grapes from one year to the next by storing them
in deep cellars which are kept cold with baskets of
broken ice placed among the baskets of fruit. He found
also that the Chinese fruit merchants keep perishable
fruits in large thick-walled earthen jars, in the bottom
of which a layer of broken ice is kept and over this, in
wicker baskets, the fruit is held. The jar is covered by
a wooden felt-covered lid. It is a long step from these
ancient Chinese ice-cooled cellars and jars to the
modern mechanically refrigerated storage house, but
it is certainly of interest to find that the ancients under-
stood the fundamental principles of the conservation
of foods through the reduction of their temperature,.
There has been much discussion during the past 'few
years regarding the application of storage (cold or
refrigerated storage principally) to the conservation of
foods. It seems unfortunate that the bulk of this dis-
cussion has taken a rather condemnatory stand. The
dangers of the use of cold-stored food products have
been over-emphasized. The present high cost of living
has been at least partly ascribed to the supposed per-
nicious practice of "cornering" foodstuffs during their
normal seasons at low prices, and holding them in
storage to be sold at arbitrarily high prices. While
there is no doubt that attempts have been made to
corner foodstuffs in this way, experience shows that
these attempts have been few and almost uniformly
disastrous financial failures so far as the promoters
were concerned. As will be shown later in this article,
the holding of fruits or other foods in storage is rather
expensive and not so simple as it seems to be at first
sight. Not all products are uniformly suitable for
storage and unless the greatest care is exercised both
in selecting the product and preparing it for storage,
serious losses from deterioration are certain.
Another unfortunate fallacy, that cold-stored prod-
ucts are necessarily inferior as such, has become widely
prevalent, due to campaigns in newspapers and maga-
zines with a view mainly of casting odium upon stored
products. There can be no doubt that much poor
cold-stored food materials have been sold. Deteriorated
foods have frequently been foisted upon consumers.
The fallacy lies in attributing the deterioration alone
to cold storage. Such deterioration can usually be
traced to the poor condition of the product at the time
it was placed in storage, to improper methods of pre-
paring the product for storage, or to attempts to hold
it too long. The application of the low temperature
is not detrimental unless the temperature is low enough
to injure the product by freezing. No product can be
improved through cold storage. If it is in poor con-
dition when it is placed in storage, it will be in much
poorer condition when it is withdrawn. If it is in
good condition at the tune it is stored, it will remain in
first-class condition throughout its normal life, pro-
vided always that the storage plants or rooms have
been properly operated.
Many fallacious arguments have been offered tending
to prove that holding in cold storage is itself sufficient
to render a given food product unwholesome. While
unwholesome cold-stored products have at times been
placed on the market, as admitted in the preceding
paragraph, the condition of the goods was due to the
three causes above enumerated and not alone to the
application of refrigeration. The attempts to hold sup-
plies which have deteriorated before they are placed in
STORAGE
3247
storage are frequently responsible for untimely deterio-
ration, and the practice should be discouraged; but so
far as fruits and vegetables are concerned, it is perfectly
safe to state that no injurious effects have ever followed
the use of these cold-stored foods. The evidences of
deterioration are plainly visible in fruits and vegetables
and there are no hidden germs or ptomaines. No one
is likely to be deceived into eating a deteriorated fruit
or vegetable.
The agitation against cold-stored food products has
resulted in a demand for legal regulation of the storage
business. Several states have passed laws prescribing
certain conditions which must be met. Attempts have
been made to obtain federal regulation, and no doubt
federal laws concerning the cold storage of foods will
eventually be enacted. The state laws now in effect
and the proposed federal legislation place arbitrary
limits upon the time the products may be held; pro-
vision is also made regarding the marking of the prod-
ucts, and the inspection of the goods from time to time
is provided. Legal regulation of this business is desir-
able and wise, but it is not wise to present arbitrary
obstacles to the development of refrigeration. It is
questionable whether the adoption oT an arbitrary
length of time for holding all products is wise or safe.
Not only does the length of time vary for different
classes of goods, but within the same class the con-
dition of the product at the time it is placed in storage
or its treatment previous to storage very materially
influences the time the product may be held in whole-
some condition. Thus, not all apples of a given variety
may be held the same length of time. The length of
the period of successful storage will depend upon the
condition of the fruit, its stage of maturity, the care
with which it has been handled, and also the promptness
with which it has been copied. The same principle
holds true for all other fruit and vegetable products.
It would seem, therefore, that some provision for the
inspection of food products to determine their fitness
for storage would be wise and would result in prevent-
ing many losses now sustained through the storage of
unfit goods. So far, none of the laws passed or proposed
makes this provision.
This argument is not offered to defend the cause of
cold-storage warehousemen. They have not been
entirely free from blame in the past. The possibilities
and the advantages of cold storage should be fully
appreciated by consumers and producers alike. The
necessity for refrigeration in horticultural industries
will undoubtedly become more and more urgent, and
the use of this important adjunct to modern fruit-grow-
ing is bound to extend its scope and receive wider
application in the future.
Cold storage is a modern economic necessity.
Through this system of food conservation, the exten-
sion of markets and the territory over which different
commodities may be distributed are very materially
increased. In the use of cold storage or refrigeration,
the first establishments depended on ice for the refrig-
erating medium. In the earliest plants natural ice was
used. This was gathered or "harvested" during the
winter and used during the spring and summer months.
There is a very large quantity of natural ice used under
modern conditions, but the manufacture of ice is
increasing and the use of "artificial"' ice is likewise
extending, even in districts where natural ice may be
obtained without difficulty.
Systems of refrigeration .
In modern cold-storage plants two systems of refrig-
eration are used: (1) ice refrigeration, and (2) mechan-
ical refrigeration. There are several methods of apply-
ing each system. In the use of the first, ice alone may
be the refrigerant, or a mixture of ice and salt may be
used to obtain lower temperatures than are possible
from ice alone. In the application of the ice-and-salt
refrigerant, several systems may be used, as will be
explained later. The ice used may be manufactured or
natural, depending on the relative cost.
In the mechanically refrigerated plant, the refriger-
ation is secured directly without first producing ice.
It is apparent that the direct application of the refriger-
ation results in a very material saving in both time and
energy. In this way, the cumbersome method of first
manufacturing the ice and the consequent inconven-
ience in handling it are avoided.
There are two kinds or styles of cold-storage plants —
the general warehouse, provided with cold-storage
equipment for handling all classes of commodities;
and the storage plant constructed specially for the
storage of a particular class of commodities — fruit or
dairy products for example. It is evident that the large
general warehouse may have a very great advantage
in economy of operation. The general warehouse
handles a mixed business which often results in a more
economical distribution of overhead operating expenses
than is possible when the entire burden of expense
must be borne by a single commodity or single class
of commodities. It is easy to see that the greatest
efficiency and economy of operation occur where prac-
tically the entire capacity of the plant can be utilized
during the year. This is hardly feasible with fruits,
with the possible exception of apples which are now
held largely during the greater part of the year. But
even in the case of apples, there cannot be a full use of
the equipment continuously, as the withdrawals will be
gradual throughout the season. Nevertheless, the con-
struction and operation of cold-storage plants for apples
or other fruits is constantly increasing. These plants
mav be owned by special corporations or may be built
and operated by growers' organizations or by growers
who have sufficient acreage to warrant the extra pro-
vision of storage facilities. In some instances the owner-
ship or control of cold-storage facilities has rendered
fruit-growers independent of buyers' or speculators'
manipulations of prices or marketing facilities.
Mechanical refrigeration depends on the compres-
sion of a gas or vapor. The compression exerted heats
and, in some instances, liquefies the gas. The heat is
absorbed by means of cooling water, and when the
gas is allowed to expand, an equal number of heat
units is absorbed from the surrounding medium. This,
briefly, is the general principle upon which depends
the operation of refrigeration machines. The gases
used may be air, ammonia, sulfur dioxide or carbon
dioxide, commonly known as carbonic-acid gas. In the
cases of air machines, the air is simply compressed
under very heavy pressure and cooled by means of
water. There is no liquefaction of the air attempted in
the case of these machines. The advantages of the air-
compressors are that they are comparatively easy to
manipulate and there are no injurious effects in case
of leakage from the compressed vapor. These machines
are used to a great extent on shipboard, and in England
to a much greater extent than in the United States.
Improvements in the construction of air-compressing
machines are resulting in their increased use. The dis-
advantage of the air-refrigerating machines is that
they are relatively inefficient for low temperatures.
There being no liquefaction of the gas, the advantage
of the latent heat due to the change of state is absent,
and consequently there is a loss of efficiency to the
extent of the latent heat necessary, first, to change the
gas to the liquid and then back from the liquid to the
gaseous state.
In the machines which utilize a liquefiable gas, that
is, a gas which may be liquefied at comparatively high
temperatures, the latent heat due to the change of
state adds greatly to the efficiency of the machines, and
consequently, much lower temperatures can be secured
for a given amount of power. One of the essential
qualities of the gas which may be used for this purpose
3248
STORAGE
STORAGE
is that it must be comparatively inexpensive and must
be within the means of utilization by a comparatively
simple apparatus. Ammonia, sulfur dioxide, and carbon
dioxide are in general use in about the order named.
Ammonia is the most common, and is in many respects
the easiest to handle. It may be liquefied at a lower pres-
sure and a higher temperature than either carbon dioxide
or sulfur dioxide. Carbon dioxide is, therefore, somewhat
less efficient to the extent that the high pressure requires
more power, there is greater friction to overcome, and
colder water is needed for condensation. These condi-
tions are not always obtainable within ordinary means.
Carbon dioxide has the advantage of being a non-irritat-
ing and non-poisonous gas. If leaks occur in the system,
there is no great danger of serious injury either to the
operators of the machinery or to the goods stored in
the rooms. If leaks occur in the ammonia system or in
the sulfur dioxide machines, there is very great danger
of injury to the workmen about the plant and the food
commodities exposed to these gases may be very ser-
iously injured, even with a slight leakage. Neverthe-
less, the greater ease with which the ammonia machines
can be manipulated is considered a sufficient advan-
tage, and this type of machine is much the commonest
now in use.
The system of operation of the refrigerating plant is
comparatively simple although rather complicated
machinery is required. It is not essential that the fruit-
grower who contemplates the erection of a refrigerating
plant be conversant with all of the complicated details.
It is well, however, that he understand the principles
upon which the machines are designed. For the erec-
tion and planning of a complete storage plant depend-
ing on refrigerating machinery, the services of a
competent refrigeration engineer are essential. While
it may be possible for a mechanically inclined fruit-
grower to design and have erected a complete refriger-
ating plant, it must not be forgotten that slight errors
in the calculation of the power required and the capa-
city of the machinery necessary to yield given results
will frequently render the operation of the plant very
much more expensive than need be, or the efficiency of
the plant may be very seriously impaired. Refrigerating
machinery is, of necessity, expensive; it is likewise
delicate in many respects.
There are many styles and designs of refrigerating
machines. All, however, are dependent upon the same
general principles. There is, first of all, the motive
power which may be either the gasoline or electric
motor, or the steam engine, which furnishes the power
to operate the compressor. The compressor exerts
pressure on the gas, heating it to a rather high tempera-
ture. If the machine is operating with ammonia gas,
the compression results in a dense hot vapor. From
the compressor, this hot vapor passes to the condenser,
which is a system of pipes arranged in such a way that
streams of cooling water may be passed continuously
around the pipes containing the hot gas. The absorp-
tion of the heat from the dense vapor condenses it into
liquid ammonia. This liquid is ordinarily run into a
receiver or reservoir, where it is kept for use as needed.
From the receiver, the liquid ammonia is forced into
what is known as expansion coils. These coils consist
of series of pipes into which the liquid ammonia is
allowed to enter. The liquid boils at a low temperature
and changes from the liquid to the gaseous state, and
in changing its state and expanding absorbs consider-
able heat from the surrounding medium; in this way
the refrigeration is obtained. After expansion, the
ammonia gas is passed back to the compressor where
it is again compressed and afterwards liquefied, the
same gas being used over and over again.
Instead of the compressor, the same effect can be
obtained from what is known as the absorption system.
This is a combination of a chemical and mechanical
process. No compressor is used. Dense aqua-ammonia,
which is simply a strong solution of ammonia gas in
water, is heated in a reservoir, and as the ammonia
escapes from the solution, it is under heavy pressure
and becomes a dense vapor. From this tank the gas
is passed through condensing coils and liquefied, just
as is done in the compression system. After liquefac-
tion, it is allowed to expand in coils and the gas is
then returned to a tank or a series of tanks known as
absorbers. These absorbers contain cool water which
readily absorbs or dissolves the ammonia gas. From
the absorber, the solution is pumped into the heating
tank, again heated, and the process repeated.
When one contemplates the installation of refriger-
ating machinery, one of the most important factors to
consider is the supply of water needed for condensing.
This is ordinarily of very much greater importance
than is appreciated. Large quantities of water are
needed unless the temperature of the water is very low.
The higher the temperature of the water-supply, the
larger the quantity needed. The same water may be
used continuously if there is some means at hand to
cool it after it has served to absorb the heat from the
condensing ammonia. In large refrigerating plants this
is taken care of by means of large racks or towers
located in some exposed place. In these towers, the
water is run through screens which break it into many
fine streams, thus increasing the evaporation and cool-
ing the water by the absorption of its heat. Unless
some means is at hand to cool the water, a constant
supply must be provided; otherwise, the efficiency of the
machinery will be very greatly reduced. This point is
of the utmost importance when refrigerating plants
are to be located in fruit-growing districts. In fact,
the practicability of operating the refrigerating plant
successfully depends primarily on the presence of a
sufficient supply of water for condensation.
Ice systems.
Refrigeration may be obtained from the use of ice
alone. In this instance, however, only cool-storage
effects can be obtained, except in winter and in climates
where the outdoor temperature is low enough to offset
the lack of refrigerating effects from the ice. The
minimum temperature obtainable from ice is its melt-
ing point, which is just above 32° F. or, under the very
best conditions, about 33° or 34°. Generally, ice-cooled
chambers cannot be maintained below a temperature
of 38° or 40° and these temperatures are obtainable
only under the most favorable conditions. To obtain
a low temperature from ice, the addition of salt is
necessary. The mixing of salt with the ice lowers the
melting-point and, consequently, the temperature is
lowered, although the rapidity with which the ice is
consumed is very greatly increased. When the mixture
of ice and salt is used, the quantity of ice necessary for
storage is much greater. A lower temperature is neces-
sary to hold the storage chambers at 32° F. because of
the heat leakage into the chambers through the walls.
There are two methods of obtaining refrigeration
from ice and salt. One of these is the indirect method,
known as the gravity-brine system, and the other is
the direct circulation of air through the ice and salt
mixture.
The gravity-brine system, the invention of Madison
Cooper, acts as the reverse of a hot-water heating
system. It depends on the principle of the greater
density of a cold liquid, and its consequent downward
flow when confined in a system of pipes. The system
consists, first of all, of coils of pipes filled with a strong
solution of calcium chloride brine. One end of the pipe
system is contained in a tank which holds ice and
salt. The cooling effect of the ice and salt results in
greatly reducing the temperature and increasing the
density of the brine. From these "primary" coils the
brine is conducted into what is known as secondary coils
which are placed in the rooms or chambers to be cooled.
STORAGE
3249
The cold brine passes through the secondary coils, and,
as it absorbs the heat from the rooms or chambers, its
density is decreased and it flows upward and is returned
to the top or primary coils, where it is cooled and the
process repeated. Fig. 3700 is a diagram illustrating
the principle upon which the Cooper gravity-brine
system depends. At the top of the illustration the
primary coils are shown and the methods of placing
the pipe systems or coils is indicated.
The cooling effects secured from the Cooper brine
system are indirect in that the refrigeration obtained
from the ice-and-salt mixture is first exerted upon the
brine solution and this solution is the means of carry-
ing the refrigeration to the place where it is needed.
There is an inevitable loss in the indirect method
because of the loss of refrigeration in the conduct-
ing pipes.
In the second system of securing refrigeration from
ice and salt, the air is passed directly through the
mixture and, consequently, the refrigerating effect is
obtained directly from the mixture. Experiments
3700. Diagram of Cooper gravity-brine system.
have shown that very low temperatures can be obtained
by passing a current of air through an ice-and-salt
mixture, the temperature depending on the propor-
tion of salt used in the mixture. The higher the per-
centage of salt the lower the temperature obtainable.
The device for obtaining refrigeration in this way is
simple. It consists of a tank for holding the crushed
ice and salt. At the bottom of this tank openings are
provided through which a current of air can be forced.
The particular working out of the design for obtaining
refrigeration in this way has been accomplished by
S. J. Dennis, of the United States Department of
Agriculture. Dennis' apparatus has been used suc-
cessfully in several plants on the Pacific coast, and
owing to the fact that it was developed as a part of
the Departmental investigations, its use by the citi-
zens of the country is free. It is essentially an ice-and-
salt tank of "magazine" type. As the ice is melted at
the bottom the supply from above drops down. From
7 to 10 per cent salt has been found to yield satisfactory
temperatures. The apparatus can be constructed by
almost any ordinary mechanic who can follow detailed
drawings or instructions. A fan is used to draw the
air through the ice-and-salt mixture and to force the
refrigerated air into the storage chambers. Ducts are
provided for the return of the air, and in this way the
same air is used continuously.
There is another method of securing refrigeration
from ice and salt which may be designated as the
"tube system." In this system the mixture of ice and
salt is contained in tubes located at the sides of the
room. The tubes are filled with the mixture from the
top and the refrigeration is obtained by the cooling of
the air in contact with the tubes. The number of tubes
necessary to cool a given quantity of goods depends
upon the character, size, and insulation of the room.
The tubes are constructed of galvanized iron and are
about 8 or 10 inches in diameter. The tops of the tubes
open above the storage room, so that the filling can be
done without opening the room itself. A proper arrange-
ment of pipes at the bottom to carry off the meltage is
necessary, and in arranging for this meltage outlet, a
proper trap must be provided in order to prevent the
wastage of the cold air. This system has found con-
siderable application in the Hudson River Valley of
New York state, and is very effective for a short season
of storage.
Systems of applying refrigeration.
Refrigeration may be denned as the cold obtained
from a refrigerating medium or directly from mechanical
appliances. The temperature-reducing properties of the
ice-and-salt mixture and those of the liquid ammonia
are the refrigerating qualities of these agencies. Re-
frigeration is ordinarily measured in terms of ice-
melting capacity in a day of twenty-four hours. For
example, a machine which is rated as yielding a capac-
ity of ten tons a day is based upon the meltage of
ten tons of ice in that time. Ordinarily, it is not
>the quantity of ice which can actually be produced
by the machine, except when ice manufacture is the
primary object.
There are three systems of applying the refrigeration
secured by mechanical means: (a) direct expansion;
(6) brine circulation; (c) air circulation.
In the direct-expansion system, the expansion pipes
in which the gas is allowed to expand, and thereby
produce the refrigeration, are located in the storage
rooms. The claims for this system are that the work is
direct; therefore there is no loss in conducting the
refrigeration obtained from the pipe surface. The
greatest objection to this system, especially with
ammonia or sulfur dioxide plants, is the danger of
leaks. Small leaks may allow a sufficient quantity of
gas to escape to damage the goods stored in the rooms;
there is also great danger to the workmen, which has
already" been referred to. The greatest care is necessary
in constructing the direct-expansion system. With the
perfection of mechanical devices for welding and fas-
tening pipes, the danger from lealcs has been reduced
to a minimum, and there are many direct-expansion
systems in operation in which no injuries have ever
been recorded. One disadvantage is the fact that
there is no reserve power except that which is contained
in the liquid receivers. Should it be necessary to shut
down the machinery for repairs for any considerable
length of tune, there would not be sufficient reserve to
continue the refrigerating effects and the temperature
of the storage rooms would be likely to rise to a con-
siderable extent.
In the brine-circulation system, the expansion coils
are surrounded by a non-congealable brine such as a
solution of calcium chloride, which has a very low
freezing-point. The brine is cooled in the pipes and this
cold brine is circulated through coils in the rooms
by means of pumps. In applying this method, there is,
firstj what is known as a brine-cooler in which the actual
cooling of the brine takes place; the cold brine is then
3250
STORAGE
STORAGE
collected in a brine tank of sufficient capacity to oper-
ate the plant for a considerable length of time. This
really acts as a reservoir of cold, and from this reser-
voir the cold brine is circulated throughout the entire
cold-storage plant, the temperature and quantity of
the brine circulated being governed by the results
desired.
The coils of pipes in the rooms are commonly referred
to as the "piping." These coils or racks of pipes are
the room's equipment for refrigeration, and the number
of coils or length of piping depends upon the size of
the room and the temperature desired. Low-tempera-
ture rooms or freezers have a large number of coils and
a great length of pipes. Pre-cooling rooms should also
have heavy piping and many pipes. The advantages
of the brine-circulation system are that there is no
danger from leakage of ammonia or other irritating
gas. The statement is also made that there is a more
uniform temperature, the flow of the brine being under
constant and easy control. The temperature of the
brine is also under definite control. Perhaps the
greatest advantage is that the supply of cold {brine
acts as a reservoir of refrigeration and a reserve supply
can be drawn upon in case of necessary shutting down
of the machinery.
In placing the pipes in cold-storage chambers, it is
important to have them located at the upper part of
the room. Ordinarily, the dependence for the circula-
tion of refrigeration throughout the room is on the
natural circulation of the air within the room. The air
in contact with the pipes is cooled and, being rendered
more dense, flows to the floor, the warmer air from other
parts of the room taking its place. In this way, a con-
stant circulation throughout the room is maintained.
It is easy to see, therefore, that the placing of the pipes
in the upper part of the rooms is essential; otherwise,
there is danger that the parts of the room above the
pipes may be beyond the refrigerating effects. The air
is, therefore, the medium of applying the refrigeration.
It is due to convection currents that the transfer from
the refrigerating pipes is effected, and it is very difficult
to obtain a uniform cooling in all parts of the room
unless the pipes are carefully placed.
In the air-circulation system of applying refrigera-
tion, there is a forced air circulation. The air is forced
through conduits or ducts by means of fans. In this
system the expansion coils of pipes are in groups or
batteries in what are known as bunker rooms, or more
correctly, coil rooms. The refrigerating capacity of
the plant is, therefore, concentrated in one place. In
arranging the coil pipes, baffles are placed in such a
way that the air passing through the coil rooms must
come in contact with all of the pipes. If all of the pipe
surfaces are not reached by the air, the full refrigerat-
ing effect of the plant is not obtained. The coils may
be direct-expansion coils or brine-circulating coils,
that is, have the brine circulating through them. The
Cooper gravity-brine system may also be used. For
this purpose, the secondary coils are located in coil
rooms where the air to be cooled can be forced through.
In placing the fans for such a plant, the arrangement
must be such that the air is drawn from the coil room
and forced through ducts to the storage chambers.
With this arrangement there is a constant pressure in
the rooms which is preferable to the exhaustion of the
air. Any leakage which occurs, therefore, is outward
from the room instead of inward. Return ducts are
provided which conduct the air back to the coil rooms,
the same air being used continuously. Impurities from
the storage rooms are absorbed by the air and deposited
in the moisture which freezes on the cold pipes. The
impurities, therefore, are very largely absorbed by the
frost, and the circulation of the current of air through
the coil rooms acts largely as a purifier of the air of the
storage rooms. Some ventilation, however, is frequently
desirable. The problem of ventilating a cold-storage
chamber is a difficult one and special appliances must
be provided for this purpose. The outer air cannot be
admitted directly into the storage chamber unless it
is at the same temperature as the air of the storage
room. In warm weather, therefore, the admitted air
must be cooled and in extremely cold weather it must
be warmed. There are special mechanical devices for
accomplishing both of these purposes.
Shape of storage plants.
Many storage plants are planned without considera-
tion of the factor of the most economic shape; that is,
the most efficient as well as the most economical size
of plant to be constructed. The first consideration is
that the plant should be planned to supply the required
floor space and cubical capacity. In figuring the size of
storage rooms to accommodate packages of fruits, the
size of the fruit packages must be taken into consider-
ation and enough space must be made to allow the au-
to circulate between the stacks or bales of packages.
A barrel of apples, for example, requires 8 to 10 cubic
feet. Another factor which must be considered is the
economical handling of the packages in the storage
rooms. Where the storage season is comparatively
short, the extra expense of piling in high stacks must
be considered. Where, however, the storage season is
to be long, higher stacks may be made and, conse_-
quently, rooms of greater height will be most economi-
cal. After the size and the cubical contents of the
chamber are determined, the next consideration is the
shape of the plant or room.
The most economical shape for a storage plant is
the cube. This is due to the fact that the ratio between
cubical contents and exposed outside surface is smaller
for the cube than for any other shape. It is important
to take this into consideration because of the fact that
there is no perfect insulating material and, consequently,
when the ratio of exposed outside surface is very high,
the rate of heat leakage into the room is increased
considerably when the shape of the room differs
materially from the cube. Such a room must have either
much heavier insulation or considerably more power
must be supplied to offset the greater heat leakage.
Sometimes limitations of space, as for example, utiliz-
ing parts of buildings, require that the rooms be of odd
shapes. When this is necessary, it will require con-
siderably more insulation or power, as suggested. The
capacity of the plant must be determined by the nature
of the commodity to be stored. Large rooms are easier
to maintain at a desired temperature after the entire
load of the room is reduced to the required tempera-
ture. In large rooms, however, it is more difficult to
cool uniformly unless some special attention is given
to the placing of the pipes, or the duct openings where
forced air circulation is used. For periods of short
storage, such, for example, as the more perishable fruits
like berries, rooms of smaller capacity are more desir-
able than very large rooms.
Insulation.
There are three ways in which heat may be trans-
ferred: radiation, conduction, and convection. Radia-
tion is the transference of heat from one body to
another through a third medium without perceptibly
affecting the medium. The heat which one feels when
standing before a fire is radiant heat. The conduction
of heat is accomplished by the passing of heat from one
body to another by contact with the heated body. The
heat that one feels when the hand is placed on a warm
pipe is conducted heat. Heat is transferred by convec-
tion by means of a third medium, usually air. In
attempting the construction of storage houses, all
three methods of heat transference must be taken into
consideration. The heat actually radiated is compara-
tively small in storage buildings. The quantity of
heat transferred by conduction is greater, but the most
STORAGE
STORAGE
3251
important problem of heat transference is through con-
vection currents. In order to offset this heat trans-
ference, specially constructed walls must be provided.
A storage chamber is a room so constructed that the
temperature may be maintained at or near a constant
point. In order to offset changes of temperature,
sufficient refrigerating capacity must be provided, or
some means to prevent the actual transmission of the
heat from the outside to the inside of the room. The
latter provision is known as the insulation of storage
rooms. Therefore, the rooms are constructed in such
a way that the walls act as barriers against the trans-
mission of outside heat into the room, or the loss of
heat of the storage room to the outside in extremely cold
weather. The best insulation against heat transmis-
sion is a vacuum. If it were possible to surround storage
rooms with vacuum walls, the heat leakage into the
room would be very slight, and after the rooms were
once cooled to the desired point, it would not require
machinery of great capacity to maintain a low tem-
perature. It has been found difficult, however, to main-
tain a vacuum under ordinary circumstances. The
outer air pressure is constant and
leakage of air into the vacuum
walls, although slight, gradually
destroys the insulating effect.
Attempts at vacuum construc-
tion on a large scale have not
been successful.
Air spaces, that is, walls made
air-tight so that the air is closely
confined, have been thought to
be efficient insulation. Still air
is a necessity where this method
of insulating the wall is used. A
slight leakage into the wall is
sufficient to allow outer air to
enter and, consequently, to de-
stroy the insulating effects. In
walls constructed of free air
spaces, convection currents occur
within the spaces, which act as
effective transferors of heat either
inward or outward, as the case
insulating material, besides non-conductivity of heat,
are as follows:
1. Odorless; any strong odor would affect the goods
stored in the rooms.
2. Moisture-proof or low capacity for moisture ; damp-
ness decreases the efficiency as an insulating material,
and some substances ferment or rot when damp.
3. Vermin-proof; there should be no inducement for
rats or mice to nest in the walls.
4. Non-liability to inherent disintegration or spon-
taneous combustion.
5. Lightness in weight; not only on account of,.ihe re-
duction of the actual weight of the walls, but because light
materials are usually the best non-conductors of heat.
6. Elasticity; when packed firmly in the walls the
material should not settle, as any settling within the
walls results in open spaces in the insulation. After
the walls are once constructed, these inequalities can-
not be reached for repairs without completely rebuild-
ing the walls.
7. Relative cheapness and economical handling; the
material should not be so high in cost as to be pro-
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3701. Diagrams illustrating convection currents in walls consisting of one to four
dead-air spaces.
may be. Fig. 3701 shows the action of convection cur-
rents within air spaces. When one air space is used, the
transfer of the heat is very easily accomplished, as
shown by the direction of the air currents — shown by
the arrows in the diagram. Simply thickening the
walls, therefore, does not act as a sufficient insulation.
The insulating effect of air spaces is considerably
improved by breaking up the walls into smaller air
spaces. The diagram shows the convection currents
occurring in walls of one, two, three, or four air spaces.
As the number of spaces is increased, the effect of
convection is very greatly reduced, so that a wall
consisting of four air-tight spaces may be considered as
fairly efficiently insulated. It is, however, extremely
expensive to construct these air-tight divisions, and
some other means of insulation is desirable.
It is preferable to use some material to fill the walls.
Such a filler breaks up the air spaces within the walls
and confines the air in the small interstices between the
particles. In this way, the air held within the wall
approaches more nearly the desirable "dead-air" con-
dition. Convection currents actually occur in filled
walls, but they are very sluggish and the effect is very
slight. Filled walls are effective barriers against heat
conduction or radiation, provided, of course, that poor
conductors of heat are used.
The most effective insulating material is a substance
of low-heat conductivity which has many pores or
cells. These cells are filled with air (practically still
air); consequently the efficiency of the heat barrier is
increased. A number of substances are effective as
insulation for storage walls. The requirements for an
206
hibitive. In addition, the material must not be of such
a nature that its economical handling is impracticable.
8. Must allow of practical application in general
work; very specialized material which would not lend
itself to general conditions could not be considered as
efficient insulating material.
The list of materials available for insulation may be
divided into two classes: Those that can be considered
as commercial insulation — that is, materials which are
manufactured especially for insulating purposes; and
common or waste materials.
Among the most common of the first class are the
following: granulated cork, cork sheets or boards or
bricks, hairfelt, linofelt, mineral wool, and lith.
Granulated cork is considered to be one of the best
and most effective insulating materials. It is prepared
from the trimmings of cork mills, and when used in the
granulated state is simply filled into the walls and
packed tightly. Cork sheets, bricks, or boards are
manufactured of the cork particles which are compressed
in molds at a high temperature. There is no cementing
material used, the heat and pressure being sufficient
to liquefy the natural gums and resins of the cork and
these hold the particles together. Cork boards or
sheets are also made by the addition of asphaltum
pitch which renders the particles water-proof but may
decrease the insulating efficiency.
Hairfelt is manufactured of waste cattle hair which
is washed and deodorized. It is pressed or felted
together by special machinery into sheets from J4 to
1 inch in thickness.
Linofelt is a patented material manufactured from
3252
STORAGE
STORAGE
flax fibers. It is prepared in sheets or quilts, from J4
to Yi inch thick, somewhat like cotton-batting. These
sheets are ordinarily quilted between water-proof
paper. This material is used largely for insulating
household refrigerators and refrigerator cars.
Mineral wool is also known as rock-wool, rock-cot-
ton, rock-cork, or silicate cotton. This material is
usually made from the slag of blast furnaces with the
addition of limestone. Rock-wool is usually made from
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SIDE WALL PAPER
3702. Diagram showing proper construction of wall insulated
with mill shavings.
a mixture of granite particles and limestone. The
crushed rock is mixed with coke and fused in furnaces
at a temperature of about 3,000° F. ; the molten slag or
rock is run out through the bottom of the furnace by
a high-pressure steam blast. This blows the slag into
very fine shreds or fibers, much resembling fleece or
wool. The result is a material which contains from
92 to 96 per cent air spaces and, although consisting
primarily of a substance of high-heat conductivity, is
fairly efficient as insulation. It is practically vermin-
proof, fire-proof, and not liable to decay. It absorbs
moisture very easily, and one of the greatest disadvant-
ages is the difficulty of handling. The fibers are very
penetrating and are glass-like, which result in consider-
able inconvenience in handling the material.
Lith is a manufactured insulation composed of flax
fibers, lime rock-wool, and water-proofing compound.
It is prepared in boards of standard sizes and thick-
nesses and is accepted as a standard insulation by
refrigerating engineers. It is a very efficient insulating
material.
Common forms of insulating material which are
usually at hand or can be easily obtained for the con-
struction of storage buildings are : straw, chaff, hay, dry
grass, dry leaves, hulls of various grains, sawdust, and
mill shavings.
All except sawdust and mill shavings can be con-
sidered as suitable only for temporary structures.
These materials are ah1 fairly efficient as non-conductors
of heat provided they are dry and means are used to
keep them in a dry condition after being built into the
walls. There is also some danger from the depreda-
tions of rats, and the greatest possible care must be
used to prevent these rodents from gaining entrance.
Sawdust from different woods has about the same
insulating effect. The sawdust must be thoroughly
dried, otherwise its efficiency as insulation is very
greatly impaired and, in addition, there is danger of
fermentation and heating, and even spontaneous
combustion. It is more difficult to obtain dry sawdust
than mill shavings, and whenever sawdust is used
it should be very carefully dried before being placed
in the walls. It has not as great elasticity as mill
shavings and, consequently, is likely to settle after
packing unless very carefully pressed into place.
Mill shavings consist of small chips and shav-
ings from planing mills. This material has largely
insulating purposes and is
is obtained easily in a dry
fact that the mills of this
lumber. It is much more
elastic than sawdust and does not pack or settle
down. If thoroughly dry, and means are taken to
keep it so, it is a very efficient insulating material
and will remain in good condition for many years.
It should be packed in the walls at the rate of eight
or nine pounds to a cubic foot.
Whenever walls are filled with insulating material
in loose condition, much will depend upon the
method of constructing the walls. Not only is it
necessary to use the lumber and insulating material
in a dry condition, but unless the walls are prop-
erly built, the insulation will not remain dry any
great length of time. Walls that are not practically
air-tight allow the outside air to gain entrance and
to mix with particles of insulating material; con-
densation of moisture takes place, and the insulating
efficiency of the material is seriously impaired. The
conditions for the condensation of moisture upon the
insulation particles are ideal unless special means
are used to prevent it. Contact with the inside walls
lowers the temperature of the insulation to such an
extent that when the warmer air from outside comes
into contact with it, the moisture is deposited and
absorbed. Therefore, it is necessary to build the walls
in such a way that they will be practically air-tight.
This is accomplished by having layers of elastic water-
proof paper on the outside and inside of the walls. The
proper method of constructing such walls is shown in
Fig. 3702. The wall consists of two layers of matched
boards on each side, between which the water -proof
paper is placed. The figure also shows the proper
method of overlapping the paper at the corners. It is
very essential that these details be attended to; it is
also necessary to prevent the tearing or breaking of the
paper when placing it, and for this reason only elastic
paper should be used. The more brittle forms of paper
are so easily broken that it is almost impossible to
place them without seriously injuring them. Any
breaks at the corners or tears in the paper will allow
considerable air leakage into the walls and very seri-
ously impair their efficiency. This is probably one of
the most important details in the construction of stor-
age houses, both for cold-storage and for common-stor-
age purposes. Too great stress, therefore, cannot be
placed on this point.
Storage temperatures; humidity.
The general principles governing the application of
low temperatures to the preservation of fruit products
depend primarily on the fact that temperature is the
most important factor governing the life activities of
these products. A fruit or vegetable is a living organism
in which the functions or life processes are continually
proceeding as long as the body remains in a normal
condition. The various processes of ripening depend
upon the chemical and physiological changes within the
STORAGE
STORAGE
3253
organism. Contrary to common belief, the life pro-
cesses do not cease when the fruit is removed from the
parent plant. These processes continue until the life
cycle of the organism is completed. The fruit organ-
isms respire and transpire just as plants do and the
measurement of the end products of these respiration
and transpiration processes serves as an index of the
rate at which the life activities are proceeding. Definite
measurements on a large scale show that the tempera-
ture factor is the most important from the standpoint
of the rate at which the life activities proceed. Each
fruit organism has a definite life span or life cycle, and
it is easy to see that if in any way these activities can
be retarded, the life span can be lengthened. The
reduction of the temperature of the organism materially
reduces the life processes, and the rates at which these
activities proceed is slackened to such an extent that
the definite life functions of the organism may con-
tinue slowly during a long period. The retardation
of the life activities through the reduction of the tem-
perature thus induces a slowness of the rate and a con-
sequent increase of the length of the life span. This is
the essential physiological principle upon which the
cold storage and common storage of fruits depend.
The most satisfactory temperature for storage pur-
poses is one which is low enough to reduce the life
activities to a minimum but not sufficiently low to
stop them entirely. It is important to remember that
a complete stoppage of the life functions of a fruit
organism means the death of it, and when this occurs,
the fruit soon thereafter becomes unfit for food.
Much careful investigation remains to determine
the most satisfactory temperatures for various fruit
products. Many factors are involved. One of the
most important of these is the condition of the prod-
uct when it is placed in storage. Fruits of the same
kind and even of the same variety may have different
storage qualities and require different storage treat-
ments, depending upon the place where the fruit is
grown or its previous handling. Until these factors
are all known and controlled, it is unsafe to say that
any particular temperature is exactly correct for all
fruits. For this reason, it is difficult to limit storage
periods by law, because no arbitrary limit can be
satisfactory for all fruits. It would not be safe, for
example, to state that apples should not be kept longer
than a certain length of time. The same is true of
pears, but with this fruit the conditions are even more
extreme. Different varieties of apples and
pears may be held in storage different lengths
of time, and all warehousemen know by ex-
perience that the same varieties of fruits pro-
duced in different districts or in different sea-
sons have different storage qualities.
The proper storage temperature for a fruit
should be the lowest possible — that is. the
lowest temperature at which the fruit can be
held without actual injury. This is due to the
fact that when other conditions are satis-
factory, the lower it is possible to hold a given
product the longer it will remain in good con-
dition. This means, then, that the freezing
point of the fruit can be safely approached
under ordinary conditions. There are, natu-
rally, some important exceptions to this general
rule.
As has been indicated above, different fruits have
different rates of life activities, and the more perish-
able fruits are those that have the most rapid rate.
For example, perishable fruits like berries, peaches, and
some varieties of grapes have very rapid life activities,
while the less perishable fruits such as apples, pears,
and the citrous fruits have a very low rate of life activi-
ties. This condition affects the storage period of a
R'ven fruit even under the most satisfactory condition,
is a well-known fact that the more perishable soft
fruits cannot be held in storage for any great length
of time. The naturally short life can be lengthened
considerably but not to the same extent that the life
span of the hardier fruits can be lengthened.
Berries of various kinds, cherries and cranberries,
may be hard frozen and held in such condition for
several months when the product is intended for use
in making sauce or pies. When the hard-frozen fruits
are removed from storage they must be used immedi-
ately, as they soon become soft and break down phys-
iologically.
The most desirable cold-storage temperature for a
fruit, according to present knowledge of the subject,
is 32° F. for apples, pears, peaches, plums, strawberries,
raspberries, loganberries, blackberries (short time),
cherries, grapes, mangoes, celery, lettuce (short time).
An apparent exception is in the case of apples from the
middle coast section of California. The apples pro-
duced in this section require a somewhat higher stor-
age temperature, due to the fact that a peculiar discol-
oration of the flesh develops when this fruit is held
at the standard 32° temperature. This fruit is more
safely held at about 35°. The varieties which are affected
by tnis trouble are principally Yellow Newtown, Mis-
souri Pippin, and, to a less extent, Yellow Bellnower.
This apparent storage weakness seems to be confined
to the mid-coastal district; apples from the mountains
and other districts of the Pacific coast seem to possess
normal storage qualities.
For potatoes, 35° to 40° F., for citrous fruits, 45°
to 50° F., are the most satisfactory temperatures.
Citrous fruits seem to be an exception to the general
rule that fruits of low life activities can be held at
temperatures near their freezing-point. Investigations
show that temperatures below 45° F. are injurious to
citrous fruits, except for a very short period. The low
temperature seems to affect the skin of the fruit, induc-
ing the deterioration by scald or stains and the develop-
ment of various fungous diseases. At a temperature of
45° to 50°, or a common-storage temperature of 50°
to 60°, citrous fruits may be held for several months
without serious deterioration, provided means are
taken to prevent shriveling. Lemons are sometimes
held from four to six months at common-storage tem-
peratures without serious deterioration, when humidity
conditions are carefully attended to.
The proper humidity of the air of storage rooms is
an important factor. Very little investigation of this
OUTLET
3703. Diagram showing proper method of ventilating a storage cellar.
important problem has been undertaken and, conse-
quently, the fundamental factors governing the general
principles of humidity conditions in storage rooms have
not been definitely determined. Much shriveling of
fruits in cold storage has been due largely to excessive
evaporation on account of the free transpiration
activities of the fruits. Transpiration, or the giving-off
of moisture, occurs freely at high temperatures, less
freely at low temperatures. The moisture, however, is
being constantly given off even at low temperatures
3254
STORAGE
STORAGE
and when the air of the storage rooms becomes exces-
sively dry, the fruit may become seriously wilted by
excessive evaporation. The reduction of the tempera-
ture of the air reduces its water-holding capacity; con-
sequently, as the air temperature is reduced to the
freezing-point or below, all the excess moisture is
removed and the air becomes saturated with water
vapor for the temperature at which it is held. The
total volume of water vapor is thereby greatly reduced.
When the temperature of the air rises without the
addition of moisture, its capacity for absorbing mois-
ture from the fruit increases and, consequently, the
drying effects due to refrigeration may be seriously
overdone. The most satisfactory humidity condition
in the storage room has never been correctly deter-
mined. Experience shows that the humidity condition
should be as high as possible to prevent shrinkage from
evaporation, but without danger from excessive mois-
ture, which may induce the growth of mold.
Excessive wilting of fruits in storage is not always
due to evaporation. Fruits which are picked in an
immature condition wilt and shrivel seriously under
the most satisfactory storage conditions.
3704. Diagram showing ventilating air space and proper positions
of ventilators in a common fruit storage house.
From what has been said, it will be seen that humid-
ity conditions in artificially refrigerated chambers
very largely take care of themselves, due to the ameli-
orating effects of the refrigeration of the air. The con-
trol of the conditions becomes more important at
high storage temperatures, -e. g., it is very important
in the storing of citrous fruits without artificial refrig-
eration. Under these conditions the humidity of the
storage rooms or cellars must be held relatively high,
because the higher temperature has a decided effect
upon the life activities of the fruits, and a corres-
pondingly high humidity is, therefore, essential. The
fruit must be very carefully watched; otherwise, mold
will occur when humidity conditions are too high. A
relative humidity of about 80 to 85 per cent at a tem-
perature of 50° F. has been found to be most satis-
factory under the conditions which exist in California
lemon-storage houses. It would not be safe to say that
this humidity percentage is exactly correct, because
the complexity of accurately measuring humidity
conditions under different temperature conditions
renders the problem very difficult.
Common storage.
The difference between common storage and cold
storage has been explained (page 3246). The principal
difference is that with cold storage, artificial refrigera-
tion is used while in common storage there is no arti-
ficial refrigeration. Common storage is sometimes
referred to as "dry storage," inferring that cold stor-
age must necessarily be wet. This assumption is in-
correct; cold storage is not in any way connected with
moisture nor is it more likely to produce moisture in
storage rooms, provided they are carefully conducted,
than is common storage. Any excess of moisture in
the cold-storage room means some defect in the con-
struction of the plant or in its operation. It has been
said that cold-stored fruits are more moist when with-
drawn from storage than common-stored fruits. Here
again, the difference is due to the difference in the
temperature. The cold fruit from the artificially cooled
storage chamber, coming in contact with the warm
moist air, will condense moisture on its surface. Fruits
from the ordinary storage rooms may not be cold
enough to condense moisture; hence, the assumption
that the cold-stored fruit is more moist than that from
common storage.
Common storage is not practicable for all fruits.
The very active or highly perishable fruits cannot be
held satisfactorily under common -storage conditions
because there are no ready means at hand to cool
them to the desired temperatures. Citrous fruits are
eminently adapted for common storage. The curing of
lemons is really a process of common storage. Winter
varieties of apples and pears are also suitable for com-
mon storage. This method of storage is used to a con-
siderable extent in New York and is coming into wide
use in the Pacific Northwest. In the operation of
common-storage rooms, dependence is placed on the
ventilation for the cooling. There is a vast difference
between ventilation due to the actual change of air
by the opening of windows or flues into the room and
the circulation of air. Ventilation means the admission
of outer air, and circulation may refer merely to the
movement of the air within the room or plant, the same
air being used over and over again. This distinction
is necessary because frequently the circulation of the
air within the room is designated as ventilation.
In the operation of common-storage rooms, the rooms
are ventilated, or outside air is admitted, when its
temperature is low enough to cool the fruit. The ven-
tilators are closed during the day and during warm
periods, thus conserving to a certain extent the low
temperature obtained through the low -temperature
outside air. It is essential, therefore, that there be cold
nights or cold weather; otherwise, common - storage
plants become mere cool-storage chambers, and the
storage season is considerably shortened, due to the
fact that the relatively high temperatures result in a
high rate of life activities in the stored products. When
the temperature of the common-storage room can be
maintained somewhere near 32° early in the season
there is no apparent reason why the storage period
should not be extended to almost the same length of
time that can be obtained under cold-storage conditions.
In the early part of the season, especially when
there are few cold nights, it is difficult to reduce the
temperature of the fruit to. the desired point. This is
the critical period, as the rapidity with which the
temperature of the fruit can be reduced determines the
length of time the fruit may be held in good condition.
It is easy to see, therefore, that under common-storage
conditions, usually the fruit must remain at a com-
paratively high temperature for a considerable length
of time. The ripening which occurs during this period
of high temperature cannot be offset by low tempera-
tures later on. The developments which take place in
this period of high temperature shorten the life span
under storage conditions, and when the temperature
is high and the fruit held warm for a considerable length
of time, the storage period may be very materially
shortened. There are frequent warm spells during
the fruit harvest, and the nights are not so cold.
STORAGE
3255
There is a widespread notion that common-stored
fruits are better than cold-stored. It is difficult to
understand how this opinion has become so fixed in the
minds of many persons. It is probable that one reason
is the fact that a comparison of fruit from common
storage and from cold storage is really a comparison
of fruits held under different conditions. The common-
stored fruit is usually withdrawn after a shorter period
and, therefore, may be in good condition. The cold-
stored fruits are usually held for a long period and
frequently the period is too long for the best condition
of the product. Many carefully planned experiments
show conclusively that cold-stored fruit remains in
better condition during a longer period and, when care-
fully handled, remains in better condition after with-
drawal than common-stored fruit. If the fruit is
promptly and rapidly cooled at the beginning of the
storage period, its life activities will be retarded to
such an extent that the life span will be very materially
increased. If this can be done under common storage,
there is no reason why the fruit cannot be held in good
condition. Frequently the fruit is placed in common
storage during the fall and early winter; frequently
also the common-storage room where the fruit is held
is only a makeshift. After being held in this unsatis-
factory condition for a time, the fruit is placed in cold
storage later in the season when market conditions
have not been favorable. This is the wrong way to
store fruit. The time when cold storage is most urgently
needed is at the beginning of the storage period, in
order that the fruit may be promptly cooled. It would
be more reasonable to remove the fruit from cold to
common storage later in the season, because common-
storage rooms may then be held in a satisfactory con-
dition and the fruit would be in a much better condi-
tion for holding.
It has been suggested that a combination of cold and
common storage is really the solution of many of the
problems of successfully holding the fruit in the dis-
trict where it is produced. Where ice can be obtained
at a reasonable price, it can be used at the early part
of the storage season to cool the fruit promptly and
quickly. After weather conditions are such that cool
nights prevail, the place can be operated as an ordinary
common-storage plant for the remainder of the season.
Common-storage buildings.
The earliest form of common-storage buildings for
fruits was caves or pits. These were used for the stor-
age of fruits under the impression that the earth is
cool and also to protect the fruit from freezing in extreme
winter weather. The earth is cooler than the outside
air in summer; in winter it is warmer, under ordinary
conditions. Ordinarily, the temperatures of the ground
range from 50° to 60° and this temperature remains
fairly uniform below the frost line which, of course,
varies materially under different climatic conditions.
The protection against freezing in winter, therefore, is
ideal, but unless some artificial method of cooling the
room is at hand, the temperature of the earth itself is
too high for best storage conditions. In the later
development of the cave storage, ice was used to cool
the chambers; this was naturally not satisfactory, due
to the dampness and to the difficulty of ventilating.
Cellars have been a favorite place for common stor-
age. They are open to the same objection as caves.
Unless specially constructed and special means be pro-
vided for ventilation, the cellar is not an efficient fruit-
storage chamber, except for short periods of tune and
for the protection of the products against freezing in
winter. Cellars are difficult to ventilate unless special
appliances are used. They may be ventilated by means
of flues but the efficiency of such conduits is dependent
upon differences in temperature, otherwise there will
not be any appreciable movement of the air. Wind
flues may be used; these are flues which have a funnel-
like arrangement at the top, so designed that the mouth
of the funnel is kept to the wind by means of a vane.
The pressure of the wind entering the funnel creates a
circulation of air through the cellar. In some instances
these wind flues are found to work the reverse way dur-
ing periods when the wind does not blow. In ventilat-
ing a cellar, there must be an outlet opening corre-
sponding to the inlet opening. This is to allow the
escape of the warm or foul air from the room. If it is
possible to provide openings on all sides of the cellar,
a current of air can be easily circulated through the
room, especially if there is a breeze. The intake flues
should open near the floor of the cellar. Fig. 3703
shows the proper placing of the inlets and outlets
designed to ventilate cellar rooms. There should be a
large number of openings to facilitate the ventilation
of the cellar as rapidly as possible. Cellars are useful
only for relatively high-temperature storage, and the
necessity for insulating the walls of them is not suffi-
ciently appreciated. The insulation must be sufficient
to protect the cellar against the comparatively high
temperature of the earth; otherwise, the temperature
3705. Diagram showing common-storage bouse with false floor
and false ceiling, and exhaust fan for forced ventilation.
of the storage room cannot be held materially below
the earth temperature.
Common-storage rooms are frequently very cheaply
constructed. The idea is prevalent that any old shea
can be made to serve the purposes of a common-stor-
age room for fruits or other products. The insulation
is poor and, as a consequence, there is great fluctua-
tion in the temperature. Proper insulation in the con-
struction of a common-storage room is really more
important than that for cold storage because there is
no means of regulating the temperature except by ven-
tilation or change of air, while the cold-storage room
has artificial or mechanical means, the capacity of
which can be increased to offset the heat leakage. To
be effective, all common-storage plants must "conserve
cold," and the necessity to provide efficiently against
heat leakage through the walls, therefore, becomes
doubly urgent.
The insulation for a common-storage room or build-
ing may be of the commercial kinds, which have been
described, or use can be made of some of the cheaper
common materials, such as straw, chaff, dry leaves,
sawdust, and mill shavings. The principles of construct-
ing the walls and using the insulation are all applicable
to common-storage buildings and should be followed
carefully if one expects to secure the best results. In
addition to the insulation of the walls, an outer ventilat-
3256
STORAGE
STORAGE
ing space is effective, especially during warm weather.
Fig. 3704 is a diagram which shows the proper method
of constructing a common-storage wall with an outer
ventilating space designed to carry off most of the heat
absorbed by the outer wall. Windows are not satis-
factory for ventilating common-storage plants. The
openings should be at or near the floor and there should
be corresponding openings at the top, as shown in the
diagram illustrated by Fig. 3704. The taking-in of the
outer air depends upon the difference in temperature
between the bottom and top parts of the building;
therefore the greater the number of openings, the more
rapidly the air of the room can be changed. A false floor
is a distinct advantage, and will add very materially to
the efficiency of the plant. The construction and use of
such a false floor is illustrated in Fig. 3705. When the
false floor is used, the openings or ventilators should
open directly under the floor, so that the outer air may
3706. Diagram showing construction and proper arrangement
of ventilators in combined ice and common fruit storage room.
Dotted arrows show directions of air when ice cooling is used.
have an opportunity to pass directly beneath the prod-
uct stored in the room. A forced circulation is very
much more satisfactory and will result in a more
rapid change of air. In order to accomplish this, an
exhaust fan should be placed at the top of the chamber,
so that the air of the room can be drawn to the fan
and exhausted into the outer air, thus creating a reduc-
tion of the air pressure within the rooms and the con-
sequent drawing-in of the air to the room when the
ventilators or traps of the room are open. Fig. 3705
shows a cross-section of such a chamber and the
proper location of the fan.
In the combination of the ice cooling and common
storage, ice and salt or even ice alone can be used to
cool the fruit at the early part of the season. The tube
method may also be used with ice and salt or the gravity-
brine system before described can be advantageously
utilized.
A diagrammatic cross-section of a combined ice-
cooled and common-storage plant is shown in Fig.
3706. The design permits of the closing of ventilators
3707. Diagram of stone, brick, or con-
crete wall with two layers of commercial
insulation. 1, 8-inch wall; 2, asphalt or
cement; 3, 2-inch commercial insulation; 4,
asphalt; 5, 2-inch commercial insulation;
6, cement finish or T and G boards.
and the opening of trap-doors, to utilize direct cooling
from the ice stored above. A similar arrangement
for the use of ice in small rooms can be made with the
ice room or bunker placed at the end or side of the
chamber.
The Figs.
3707 to 3713 are
diagrams show-
ing the proper
construction of
walls and the
method of insu-
lating walls, ceil-
ings, and floors
both with com-i
mercial insula-
tion and com-
mon materials.
Figs. 3707, 3708,
and 3709 show
the proper
method of ap-
plying insulation to stone, brick, and concrete walls;
.while Figs. 3710, 3711, 3712, and 3713 show the
method of applying insulation to ceilings and floors.
In the operation of common-storage plants, the fruit
must be carefully watched at all times. The tempera-
ture should be taken frequently. It is very desirable
that the actual temperature of the fruit itself be recorded
from tune to time. For this purpose, glass thermome-
ters, the bulbs of which can be imbedded in the fruit,
are desirable. Long-stem thermometers can be obtained
which have the bulb at the end of a long tube and the
recording scale at the upper end, thus allowing the
temperature to be taken at the ulterior of the package.
It is possible to note temperature conditions of the
fruit by observing the influences of the temperature
within the package upon the temperature of the room.
When the fruit is thoroughly copied throughout the
mass, there will be little change in temperature after
the closing of the ventilators. If the insulation of the
room is effective, the change in the temperature of
the air of the room will be very slight. If, however,
there is any considerable heat left in the body of the
fruit, there will be a marked and rather abrupt rise
in the temperature after closing the ventilators.
Careful attention to the condition of the fruit is
necessary also to determine whether the humidity of
the room is too high or too low. This will be shown by
the appearance of the fruit. Excessive ventilation, i. e.,
the circulation of large volumes of air through the room,
will cause shrinkage or shriveling, while insufficient
circulation will favor mold. Special recording hygro-
graphs which record the changes in humidity almost
instantly upon a chart are very convenient adjuncts to
storage rooms in order to observe the humidity condi-
tions. Instruments which record both relative humidity
and temperature on the same chart are obtainable.
When one desires
to operate properly,
an investment in
such an instrument
is a distinct advan-
tage.
The length of
time which different
fruits may be held
varies for the kind
of fruits and even
for different varie-
ties of the same
kinds of fruits. The
nortanpp of stnr-
St?r
en> . 1S
tive ; it IS most
important for fruits
3708>
of stone, bnck, or
concrete wall with one layer commer-
cial insulation. /, 8-inch wall; 2, cement
or asphalt; 3, 4-inch commercial insula-
tion; 4, cement finish or T and G boards.
STORAGE
3257
which may be held longest. A short period of stor-
age may be relatively as important for the short-
season fruits, such as the perishable berries. The
ability to hold these fruits even for a few days may
result in a great profit due to
changes in market conditions.
The holding of short-period
fruits for a brief time is im-
portant for canneries because
the fruit may be held in its
best condition and this may
result in a great saving to the
canneries or factories when
sufficient help cannot be ob-
tained.
Storage is most important
for the apple. This fruit has
the longest storage period of
all. There are cases in which
apples have been held in fair
condition for as long as two
years. It is, of course, not
profitable or desirable to
hold apples as long as this.
The most important season is
during the winter and spring
months and until the fresh
fruits come into the markets.
As indicated above, the cold
storage of the apple has re-
sulted in making it an all-
the^year-round fruit. Many
varieties are held from one
season until the summer apples of the next season are
available. .The so-called winter varieties are held to
the best advantage.
There are three classes of apples: summer, fall, and
winter. The summer varieties have the shortest stor-
age season. The fall apples have a longer season but
not so long as the winter varieties. It is upon the last
class that dependence is placed for late-season supplies.
The following fall varieties are the ones chiefly used
for storage and, as a general rule, these may be held
in first-class condition until the Christmas holidays or
until the middle of January: Mclntosh, Fameuse,
Yellow Bellflower, Jonathan, Grimes. The following
winter varieties are the ones of most importance for
storage purposes: Baldwin, Ben Davis, Winesap,
Yellow Newtown, Gano, Rome Beauty, Esopus, Nor-
thern Spy. Stayman Winesap, Banana, Ortley, Deli-
cious. Lawver. Rhode Island Greening, Northwestern
Greening, and York ImperiaJL
The varieties of pears which may ordinarily be used
for storage are: Bosc, Easter, Anjou, Clairgeau,
Cornice. Howell, Winter Nelis, Duchess, Sheldon, and
Kieffer.
3709. Diagram of brick,
stone or concrete wall, with
insolation of mill shavings.
1, 8-incb wall; 2, asphalt; 3,
1-inch air space; 4, "i-inch
T and G sheathing; 5, Vg-
inch T and G sheathing; 6,
6-inch dry mill shavings; 7,
~ ,-inch T and G sheathing;
8, ' .-inch T and G sheath-
ing. Waterproof paper be-
tween adjoining sheathings.
3710. Diagram of railing with commercial insulation. /, T and
G sheathing; 2, paper and asphalt; 3, 4-inch commercial insula-
tion; 4, paper and asphalt; S, cement or T and G finish.
Factors underlying successful storage.
By means of investigations of the United States
Department of Agriculture, the factors which govern
the successful storage of fresh fruits have been carefully
determined. The investigations have been extended
through a number of years, since the work of Powell
with apples in 1901-1902. There has been more work
with apples than with other fruits but studies of the
storage of grapes, peaches, pears, plums, cherries, and
small-fruits have also been made. It is beyond the
scope of this article to give in detail the results of
researches with all of these fruits. In general, it has
been found that there is a very definite relationship
between the character of the fruit and the treatment
given it in preparing it for storage, and its behavior
in storage. The results from extensive experimental
storage holdings have been consistent throughout;
there have been no exceptions to the general principle
of this definite relationship. It has been found, for
example, that the influence of the place of production
is frequently of great importance. The place and con-
dition under which the fruit may be grown have a
3711. Diagram of floor insulation on concrete, wood finish. 1,
flooring; 2, asphalt; 3, 4-inch commercial insulation; 4, asphalt;
5, concrete; 6, floor sleeper.
3712. Diagram of floor insulation on concrete, cement finish.
1, concrete and cement floor; 2, asphalt; 3, 4-inch commercial
insulation; 4, asphalt; 5, concrete.
1-^w 2-\ ?-\ 4-7 ^ 67
3713. Diagram of floor insulation, frame construction. 1, floor;
2, asphalt and paper; 3, 4- inch commercial insulation; 4, asphalt
and paper; S, floor sheathing; 6, floor sleeper.
material influence on its behavior in storage. This is
contrary to prevailing impressions but it is definitely
certain. The character of the soil upon which the fruit
is grown may have an important bearing on its stor-
age quality. For example, apples from the lighter
loam soils have better keeping quality than fruit grown
on heavy or wet soils. In the study of the storage of
grapes, it was found that the fruit grown in certain
types of soils have better market and storage qualities.
Some Tokay grapes, grown in California in light sandy
soil, reach the limit of their market condition in Novem-
ber, while grapes of the same variety grown in heavy
black soil may be kept in good condition until after
Christmas. The Emperor grape, which has become an
important storage fruit in California, is produced under
best conditions in the red soils of the higher benches
of the foothills of the Sierras. The same variety grown
under valley conditions where the soil is of a different
character, does not color so well and does not have as
good storage qualities. The same is true of the Almeria
grape, which is likely to become a very important stor-
age fruit in California. At present the supplies of this
grape come almost exclusively from Spain. The grapes
are packed in granulated cork and the Spanish product
is frequently held for several months in common stor-
3258
STORAGE
STORAGE
age. California-grown Emperor and Almeria grapes
are packed in redwood sawdust and are successfully
held in cold storage, the former until the middle of
January, and the latter several months later.
Differences of one to three months in the storage
qualities of the same varieties of apples have been
found to be due to the place of production. Mention
has already been made of the storage weakness of the
Yellow Newtown and other varieties grown in the
Central Pacific coast district of California. The same
varieties grown in the Pacific Northwest and in Virginia
and other sections of the country are free from this
particular weakness.
The care of the orchard and method of culture given
the trees have been found to be important factors.
The character of tillage, pruning, age of trees or vines
are also considerations, especially when taken in con-
nection with different climatic conditions. The fruit
from young trees or vines has weak storage qualities' it
is usually large, coarse, sappy, and cannot be held in
storage nearly so long as fruit of the same variety from
older and more mature trees. Dense-headed trees
produce fruit of poor color; the green, poorly colored
apples produced under such conditions do not have
high storage quality. Such fruit is very susceptible
to the trouble known as storage-scald; the loss from this
source may be avoided and the storage quality of the
fruit may be much unproved by better orchard meth-
ods. Pruning to open up the crowns of the trees will
improve light conditions, especially where intense sun-
light does not naturally prevail. Some growers actu-
ally cut away the leaves of the vines to allow light to
color and mature the grapes to better advantage. In
sections such as the arid regions of the Pacific coast,
where intense light conditions prevail, the opening-up
of the tree crowns must be done with greater care. It
is not necessary to open up the trees to such an extent
as is necessary where intense light is not naturally
available.
Late growth also affects the storage qualities, as it
prevents the proper maturing of the fruit. In irrigated
districts, the late application of water may stimulate
the growth while the fruit is maturing and this may
result in sappy poorly colored fruit of low storage
quality. The question is often asked whether the fruit
produced in irrigated districts has as good storage
qualities as that from non-irrigated districts. The
impression seems to prevail that it does not. This is
erroneous, as has been shown by extensive investiga-
tions. It is manifestly impossible to compare directly
fruit grown under irrigation in one district with fruit
grown without it in another. The varieties are different
and other factors may operate to change conditions in
the one case or the other. There are thousands of
boxes of irrigated fruits held in the best possible con-
dition in storage, and this would seem to be a direct
answer to the question of the keeping qualities of
fruits grown under irrigation. It is necessary, of course,
to haye the irrigation properly applied; if overdone by
applying large quantities of water late in the year in
order to induce large sappy growth, the results are
fruits of poor storage qualities.
In sections which have dry summers, where tillage
is depended on to conserve the moisture, the work
must be thoroughly and properly done; otherwise,
the moisture supply in the soil will be deficient, and the
trees or vines will be under stress on account of the
lack of sufficient moisture. Fruit produced under such
conditions has very low storage quality. Any con-
dition of soil, climate, and orchard treatment which
results in the production of abnormal fruits may be
important governing factors in their behavior in stor-
age. Spraying for the control of insects and diseases
is important from the storage standpoint. It is neces-
sary that this work be thoroughly and properly done,
as insect and disease injuries render the fruit liable to
deterioration. The insect or disease may be of itself
the cause of the decay or deterioration. There is also
an indirect effect: when the trees are weakened by the
effect of insects and diseases, the results may be weak
fruit of poor storage quality.
Seasons affect the quality as well as the quantity of
the crop. In seasons of unusual drought, for example,
the fruit may be so weakened that its storage qualities
may be seriously impaired. On the other hand, unusu-
ally wet seasons result in the production of sappy fruits
which deteriorate rapidly. In seasons of unusual
drought, the orchards under irrigation have a distinct
advantage, provided the application of the water is
properly adjusted. The effect of frost may be beneficial
or otherwise : A crop may be thinned to such an extent
that its condition may be somewhat improved since
over-production by the tree may result in weak fruit,
while the thinning will improve this condition. On
the other hand, where the frost is sufficient to destroy
vnost of the crop, the remaining fruits may be sappy
and overgrown and otherwise weak. The frost-injured
fruits themselves have not as high storage qualities.
During an unfavorable season, fruit which has been
placed in storage must be carefully watched throughout
the entire storage period. Its condition should deter-
mine the length of time it is held. The effect of storage
is such that attempts to hold the fruit beyond its nor-
mal life period result in serious losses. Fruit of low
vitality, when the limit of its life is reached, will
deteriorate very rapidly after withdrawal from cold
storage. It is important, therefore, not to wait until
the fruit is ready to break down before withdrawal.
Fully matured well-colored fruit keeps best and
longest. Early notions that fruit for storage should be
Eicked in an immature condition are erroneous. The
•uits which are picked before full maturity have low
storage qualities. There is serious deterioration from
shriveling and, in case of apples, there is a definite
relationship between the occurrence of scald and the
state of maturity at which the fruit is picked. This
disease is a peculiar browning or scalding of the skin of
the fruit. It does not extend into the flesh except
under very severe conditions. Immature fruit is seri-
ously affected while fully mature fruit of the same
variety may be held without deterioration from this
cause.
Full maturity means that the "ground color" is
plainly developed, the flesh of the fruit firm, and the
seeds fully grown and colored. This principle is cor-
rect for all fruits with the possible exception of most
varieties of pears and lemons. Over-ripeness must be
avoided. A designation of the proper stage of matu-
rity for picking fruits is difficult; it must be learned
by actual experience. Over-ripeness or over-maturity
occurs when the fruit begins to soften. In some in-
stances, growers are in the habit of allowing the crop to
remain on the trees until all the fruits are fully colored.
This is a wrong practice, as some fruits mature before
others, and if allowed to remain until all are colored,
may become over-ripe or over-mature. It is best to
make more than one picking, especially with the
earlier ripening varieties. Fruits on the outer branches
exposed to full light ripen first and the best results in
storage are obtained when these are held separately,
unless the trees are well and properly pruned.
Reference has been made to the importance of cool-
ing the fruits promptly and rapidly, in connection with
the ripening processes and lif e activities and the effects
of temperature on these factors. Delay in storage, which
means delay in cooling, during warm weather may
shorten the storage period from one-third to one-half.
Experiments with apples held at a comparatively high
temperature for a period of ten days or two weeks
before cooling, showed that fruit thus treated could
be held only from one-third to one-half as long as the
same varieties promptly stored and cooled after pick-
STORAGE
STOVE PLANTS
3259
ing. There is also a direct influence on the occurrence
of scald. Prompt cooling, as a rule, prevents the occur-
rence of this disease. This factor is of special importance
for early-season fruits or early varieties of apples like
Jonathan. The practice which prevails in many sec-
tions of allowing the fruit to accumulate for some time
before placing it in storage is likely to result disastrously
if the season happens to be warm. This is especially
true where the fruit must be packed while warm. The
ideal condition is the placing of the fruit under refrig-
eration immediately after picking from the tree and
the nearer this can be approached in practice, the
longer the fruit can be held in storage.
The proper storage temperature for different kinds
and varieties of fruits has already been referred to.
The influence of a low temperature, especially for
apples, is most important. Experiments show the
occurrence of scald to be less severe at 32° than at a
higher temperature. The use of a low temperature is
also important because of the rapidity with which the
fruit within the package can be cooled. In operating
either a common- or cold-storage plant, the temperature
of the fruit is an important factor to consider. When a
fruit is first placed in the storage room, a considerable
length of time may be required to reduce its temperature
to the desired point, if means are not at hand to increase
the cooling effects. In cold-storage rooms the cooling
can be hastened by holding the air of the rooms at a
temperature several degrees lower than the desired
temperature. A temperature of 25° to 27° F. may be
safely maintained until the fruits in the packages
approach the storage temperature. In this way the
operator can materially hasten the cooling effect, and
this hastening is desirable. It is commonly assumed
that the cooling should be gradual, but as yet there is
no experimental evidence to indicate that rapid cool-
ing is at all injurious.
The investigations of the United States Department
of Agriculture show conclusively that the character
of the treatment given the fruit in preparing it for
market or storage has a material influence upon its
keeping quality. Fruits which are roughly handled
and bruised or injured to any extent have their storage
qualities seriously affected, and decay and deterioration
follow the injuries. There are some forms of decay or
deterioration which cannot develop unless there are
injuries of some kind on the fruit. A break in the skin
will allow blue mold to gain entrance, while a sound
skin may prevenf the development of this form of
decay. Blue mold is one of the most common forms of
loss both in common and cold storage and occurrence
of this trouble is due almost exclusively to rough
handling. The blue mold does not grow upon the sound
skin of a healthy fruit. The importance, then, of
handling the fruits with extreme care throughout all
the processes of picking, grading, and packing cannot
be too strongly emphasized. Bruises or breaks in the
skin may mean a decayed fruit. This general principle
has been established through a long series of careful
investigations and thus far there has been no exception.
There are other decays which affect apples and other
fruits: the principal diseases affecting apples are brown-
or ripe-rot, anthracnose, and bitter-rot. These dis-
eases are not dependent upon the care in handling
the fruit so far as the occurrence of bruises or injuries
is concerned. The spores are present on the fruit
when it is packed and the control of the disease in
storage goes back to the orchard treatment and the
control of the fungi on the trees. All three of these
decays occur on the trees as canker spots and the
spores which inhabit the fruits develop from these
cankers. Control of the cankers by cutting out or
spraying will materially reduce the occurrence of
decay in storage.
There are other forms of deterioration which, so far,
have not been traced to any definite organism. These
are obscure physiological diseases and result in the
breaking down of the flesh of the fruit, or in burning of
the tissues, or in a scalded appearance of the skin.
These physiological troubles have been found to be
due, at least to some extent, to rough handling or to
pressing. A physiological breakdown also occurs in
fruit which is over-ripe when it is stored. It also occurs
seriously in fruit which has been delayed in cooling
after picking. Physiological breakdown also occurs in
fruit which is held beyond its normal life limit.
Ordinary storage-scald has already been referred to.
The nature of this disease is unknown but it is supposed
to be due to the action of enzymes upon the skin of the
fruit. There is another form of scald which, for want
of a better term, has been designated as "soft scald."
Ordinary storage-scald does not soften the skin except
in the most advanced stages. The soft scald produces
a softening of the skin and also of the flesh directly
beneath the skin. It occurs also in more or less dis-
tinct areas or zones, sometimes extending completely
around the fruit. The nature of this disease is obscure
and, so far, storage treatment, orchard treatment, and
temperature effects do not seem to have any bearing
on it. It has been attributed to the freezing of the
fruit in storage and, while definite results from the
effects of freezing have not been obtained, it is pos-
sible that in storage rooms of uneven temperature con-
ditions portions of the rooms may have temperature
conditions sufficiently low actually to injure the fruit.
For discussion of precooling, see the article Trans-
portation. A. V. SrUBENHAtJCH.
STOVE PLANTS. The term "stove" applied to
plants undoubtedly originated from the method of
heating the structures in which plants were grown
before the advent of hot water and steam. Glasshouses
such as then existed were heated by stoves and flues,
usually made of bricks. Such structures came to be
called stovehouses or stoves, and the plants g^own in
them "stove-plants." (A "greenhouse" was in those
days an unheated glasshouse in which plants were
merely kept alive over winter.) These terms still
exist in England, but are applied to strictly tropical
plants or those requiring a warm temperature for their
successful culture in glasshouses. In this country such
plants are usually spoken of as warmhouse or tropical
plants.
In England, at the present time, more distinction is
•made in the names applied to plant-houses than in this
country. For example, "greenhouse" in England means
the coolest glasshouse only, while in this country the
name is usually indiscriminately applied to all glass-
houses. The names applied to plant-houses in Eng-
land are therefore: stove, for tropical plants; interme-
diate house, for plants hailing from warm-temperate
climates; greenhouse, for those plants requiring the
least degree of heat. A conservatory or show-house is
one in which plants are placed while in flower and
usually kept at a cool temperature.
In practice such terms may be greatly modified to
suit local conditions; for example, glasshouses are some-
times named cool-temperate house, warm-temperate
house, tropical house, palm-house, acacia- and succulent-
house, experiment-house and propagating-house, the
temperatures and moisture conditions being regulated
to suit the requirements of each class of plants.
The cultivation of stove plants is too heterogeneous
a subject to be treated exhaustively in a single book,
because the stove contains thousands of dissimilar
plant treasures from the tropics, especially those
found at low altitudes. In general, the stove is the
house which requires the most expense and care, the
greatest heat and the highest atmospheric moisture.
For the general principles of its management, consult
Greenhouse Management, p. 1408.
EDWARD J. CANNING.
3260
STRANVvESIA
STRAWBERRY
STRANV^SIA (for Wm. Fox-Strangways, English
botanist). Rosacese, tribe Pomese. Ornamental woody
plants grown for the handsome foliage and the attrac-
tive flowers and fruits.
Evergreen trees or shrubs: Ivs. entire or serrate, with
subulate stipules: fls. white, in terminal many-fld.
corymbs; calyx turbinate, 5-toothed; petals 5, generally
obovate, clawed, stamens about 20; styles 5, connate to
the middle or higher; ovary 5-celled, the cells 2-ovuled:
fr. a small pome, crowned by the persistent incurved
calyx-teeth, the cells usually 1-seeded. — Two or 3
species in China and Himalayas. These are handsome
evergreen small trees or shrubs with generally oblong
rather large or medium-sized lustrous Ivs. and small
white fls. with quickly deciduous petals in often ample
corymbs, followed by attractive red subglobose pea-
sized frs. They are suited for warmer temperate regions,
but S. Davidiana var. undulata seems to be hardier and
with protection survives the winter as far north as Mass.
Prop, is by seeds or by cuttings of half-ripened wood
under glass.
Davidiana, Decne. (S. Henryi, Diels). Shrub, 4-^20
ft. : young branchlets silky-villous: Ivs. on slender hairy
petioles K-%in. long, oblong to oblong-lanceolate or
oblanceolate, acuminate, cuneate at the base, entire,
green and glabrous on both sides except pubescent on
the midrib above and often beneath, 2J^-4/^ m- long:
fls. white, 3^m- across, in loose, more or less villous
corymbs 3-4 in. across; stamens about as long as petals,
with red anthers: fr. subglobose, scarlet, Ji~Mm-
across. June. W. and Cent. China. Var. undulata, Rehd.
& Wilson (S. undulata, Decne.). Lvs. elliptic-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, usually wavy on the margin, 1^-2J^
in. long: corymbs 1^-3 in. across, sometimes nearly
glabrous. B.M. 8418.
Nussia, Decne. (S. glaucescens, Lindl. S. glauca,
Baill.). Small tree: young branchlets like the inn. vil-
lous at first, soon glabrous: Ivs. obovate to oblanceolate,
short-acuminate, serrulate, 2-5 in. long: fls. white, ^in.
across, in corymbs 2-5 in. broad; stamens about half as
long as petals, with yellow anthers: fr. subglobose,
orange, J^in. thick. June. Himalayas. B.R. 1956.
ALFRED REHDER.
STRATIOTES (Greek, soldier, referring to the
sword-shaped leaves). Hydrocharitacese. WATER SOL-
DIER, or WATER ALOE. Perennial hardy aquatic herb
of small ornamental value but considerable botanical
interest: st. very short, stoloniferous: Ivs. clustered, all
sessile, submerged, linear-lanceolate, fleshy, acute, mar-
gin with many pointed teeth: scapes short or elon-
gated: spathes extending above the water, unisexual,
2-lvd.: fls. white; male fls. 2 to several in a spathe,
pedicelled, perianth 2-rowed, 3-merous; stamens 11-15;
pistils rudimentary or none; female fls. solitary in the
spathe, short-pedicelled, perianth similar to male;
staminodes many, linear; ovary oblong, somewhat 6-
celled: fr. on a recurved pedicel, laterally exserted from
the spathe, ovoid, acuminate.— One species, Eu. The
plant has a distinct calyx which is not the rule among
monocotyledons.
One of the peculiarities of stratiotes is that in sum-
mer the whole plant rises to a point near the surface
when it is only partly submerged, and later in the sea-
son it drops below the surface. Young plants do not act
thus. It is propagated by side shoots from the base of
the leaves. Toward fall and early winter these shoots
are merely bulblets and are readily detached from the
plant and are in a good condition for traveling. It is
not desirable for the aquarium on account of its spiny
leaves. (Wm. Tricker.)
aloides, Linn., is the only species in the genus. It is
sometimes called CRAB'S CLAW or FRESHWATER
SOLDIER. In England the planting of this species is dis-
couraged from the fact that it spreads too rapidly.
Peduncles rising from among the Ivs. to a few inches
above the water, much thickened at the top, bearing a
spathe of 2 bracts : ovary and stigmas nearly as in Hydro-
charis, but the fr. is ovoid and somewhat succulent. G.
2:466- F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
STRAWBERRY. The species of Fragaria, grown for
the fruit. (For the morphology of the strawberry fruit,
see Vol. I, page 40.)
The strawberry is an herbaceous perennial. It natu-
rally propagates itself by means of runners that form
chiefly after the blooming season. Seedage is practised
only with the Alpines, and in raising new varieties.
Division of the crown is useful for propagating varieties
that are practically runnerless, as the Bush Alpine
and Pan-American. The runner plants, either trans-
planted or allowed to remain where they form, will
bear the following year. Usually the plants will con-
tinue to bear for five or six years, but the first and
second crops are generally the best. Good results are
sometimes secured from plants over ten years old,
especially when they are grown under hill training and
intensive culture, but this is a special practice. It is
therefore the custom to plow up strawberry beds after
they have borne from
one to three crops. The
better the land and
the more intensive the
cultivation, the shorter
the rotation. In mar-
ket-gardening areas
and in some of the
very best strawberry
regions, the plants are
allowed to fruit but
once. The plants there-
fore occupy the land
only one year and
the crop works into
schemes of short-rota-
tion cropping. When
the bed is fruited more
than one year it should
be renewed immedi-
ately after the crop is
harvested. In the case
of matted or spaced
rows, this consists of
reducing the number
of old plants, using the
plow, disc-harrow, cul-
tivator, or hoe, and in
stirring the soil to pro-
vide favorable conditions for the rooting of new runners.
It is customary, also, to mow the leaves and burn them.
In the case of hill or hedge-row plants, renewal consists
of mowing and in drawing about an inch of fresh soil
around the plants, so that new roots will form above
the old ones. Throughout the North, and as far south
as Kentucky and Missouri, beds are fruited but one
year, occasionally two, rarely longer. In Florida and
the coastal plain of the Gulf states, the plants occupy
the ground but six to eight months. In the lower Mis-
sissippi Valley and on the Pacific coast, beds are fruited
three to six years. The strawberry delights in a rich
rather moist soil and a cool season. It can be grown in
the cool part of the year in the South and thereby
becomes one of the most cosmopolitan of fruits. The
young plants may be separated from the parent and
put into new plantations in August ; but under average
conditions in the North it is usually better to wait until
early the following spring, since the weather is likely
to be too hot and dry in the late summer or fall. South
of Virginia, Tennessee, and Arkansas, and on the Pacific
coast, most of the planting is done in the fall or
winter months. Plants that have not borne are best for
setting. They are plants of the season: that is, plants
3714. Strawberry plant ready
for setting.
CVIII. Strawberry. — The Climax variety
STRAWBERRY
STRAWBERRY
3261
which start in the spring of 1916 are fit for planting in
the late summer or fall of 1916 or in the spring of 1917.
These plants have many long, fresh, light-colored roots.
Fig. 3714 shows such a plant, with the roots trimmed
for planting. Fig. 3715 shows a plant that has borne.
This plant bore fruit, say, in 1915, and has thrown up a
new crown in 1916. The old dead crown is seen at the
right. The young growth is lateral to this old crown.
The roots are relatively few and are hard and black.
These plants sometimes make good plantations under
extra good care, but generally they should be avoided.
Two- or 3-inch pots are sometimes plunged under the
new runners in June and July, and they become filled
with roots in two or three weeks. These pot-grown
plants are excellent for fall setting in the home-garden,
but they are seldom
employed in extensive
commercial practice on
account of their ex-
pense. Almost as good
results can be secured
by setting strong layer
plants. (Fig. 3716.)
In Florida and in the
coastal plain of Geor-
gia, Alabama, Louisi-
ana, Mississippi, and
Texas, beds need to be
reset annually, in Sep-
tember or October;
plants set at this time
produce a good crop in
the following February,
March, and April. The
plants may be pro-
duced at home, but
more commonly are
secured from the
North.
In hill training, each
plant is allowed a
space by itself, culti-
vation is given both
ways, and no runners
are allowed to set. Hill or stool training is practised
commercially in Florida, the Gulf States, and on the
Pacific coast, and, to a slight extent, in northern market-
gardens. It is the most practicable method under
irrigation, and in a very humid climate. The chief dis-
advantage is the heavy- expense of removing all the
runners. Hills give choicer berries than narrow matted
rows, but the yield is not so heavy. For commercial
results, plants are generally trained in narrow rows.
The old method was to plant in rows 3 to 3H feet
apart and the plants from 12 to 15 inches apart in
rows, keeping off the runners until late in July and
then allowing the runners to grow and root at will,
making a wide matted row. In this system some plants
are almost on top of others, the roots barely in the
ground, and they suffer in a season of drought. The
rows are so wide that to pick fruit in the center it is
almost necessary to crush fruits on the outside of the
row. This system gives few large first-class fruits, and
is now passing away. The largest and highest colored
fruits are found on plants along the outside of the
rows; therefore have as many outside rows as possible.
This may be accomplished by having rows closer
together and much narrower. The rows are made from
30 to 36 inches apart and the plants from 18 to 24 or
even 30 inches apart in the rows, much depending on
the prolificacy of the variety as a plant-maker. If the
plants used for a new bed are strong and start into
growth vigorously, the first runners are used, as it has
been found that under most conditions the plants
about twelve months old yield the greatest number of
fine fruits. These first runners are usually "bedded-in,"
3715. Old strawberry plant, usually
not desirable for setting.
i. e., planted by hand, training them along the wide way
of the rows, using from four to eight of the first runners
and cutting off those growing later. This method of
planting allows cultivation both ways until the runners
start, retaining moisture and saving labor in hoeing.
In the "narrow mat-
ted row," which is
now used more than
any other method of
training, the runners
are allowed to set at
random until they
have made a row 12
to 24 inches wide;
subsequent runners
that encroach upon
the tilled middles
are cut off. In the
"spaced row," the
early runners are set
by hand at more or
less regular distances
apart until a row 12
to 24 niches wide has
been formed; there-
after all other run-
ners are cut off. In
the "hedge row," two to four runners are set from
each mother plant, and are kept in alignment, forming
a single, double, or triple hedge row; all other runners
are removed. The drift is steadily away from the
matted row toward the spaced row and hedge row.
Surplus runners are pulled off or are cut off with a
knife, hoe, or one of the many types of runner-cutters
that may be attached to the cultivator. Circular cutters
are used for hill plants. In late fall, the matted row
may be thinned by pulling out the weaker plants with
an iron rake or spike-toothed harrow.
In the North, strawberries are usually mulched in the
fall, in order to protect them from alternate freezing
and thawing in the winter and early spring and to
prevent the soil from heaving. In some cases the mulch
is allowed to remain on the plants rather late in the
spring, in order to retard the season of bloom. Some-
times the crop may be retarded a week or ten days by
this means. It should not be removed until settled
spring weather has come, nor left on so long that the
plants bleach. The mulch is more necessary in regions
of light and precarious snowfall than in those in which
3716. Pot-grown strawberry plant.
3717. Heavy mulching of strawberry pli
in parts of the North.
s, as practised
the snow blanket is deep and lies all winter. In regions
of deep and continuous snowfall, a heavy mulch is
likely to prove injurious. Experience has shown that
the best mulch is some strawy material. Along the
seacoast, salt hay from the tide marshes is much used.
In interior places clean straw, in which there is no grain
to sprout and to make weeds, is very largely employed.
(Fig. 3717.) In the South, pine needles are used. Some-
3262
STRAWBERRY
STRAWBERRY
times loose strawy manure is used, and the mulch adds
fertilizer to the soil as well as affords protection. Corn
fodder, leaves, brakes, seaweed, evergreen boughs, and
other wild herbage are used occasionally. Cowpeas and
sorghum are grown for mulching material when straw
is scarce. The practice of growing oats, barley, or some
3718. Sexes of strawberry flowers: at the left a perfect flower; at the
right a pistillate flower; in the middle, stamens few.
other small grain between the rows of strawberries, to
fall down and mulch the berries, is not generally
advisable. Under ordinary conditions the mulch is 3 or
4 inches deep over the plants after it is fairly well
packed down. It is not always possible, however, to
mulch as heavily as this, since the material is likely to
be expensive when one has a large area. The mulch
is usually applied late in the fall after the ground has
frozen, and, if the material is abundant, both the plants
and the intervening spaces are coverea. In the spring
the mulch is raked from the plants as soon as they
begin to start. Some persons allow it to lie between
the rows as a cover to retain moisture and to keep the
berries clean. The most expert growers, however,
prefer to take the mulch from the field and to till the
plantation once or twice before the plants are in bloom ;
the material is then returned and spread on the loose
soil between the rows and beneath the vines. In the
northern prairie states, heavy mulching is essential.
For western Minnesota and Dakota a covering of at
least 6 inches of straw is advised. This mulch is easily
provided, since straw is so abundant in that country
that it is often burned as the readiest means of getting
rid of it. When not mulched in that region, the plants
are likely to be killed outright or to start with a very
weak growth. Mulching for winter protection is not
necessary south of Virginia and Missouri, but mulching
to keep the fruit clean is as profitable in the South as
in the North. The fruiting mulch is applied after the
Giants begin to bloom. Pine "straw" is used most. A
irge handful is dropped upon each plant; the leaves
soon push through. Rarely is it desirable to cover the
entire area between the rows. On the Pacific coast,
strawberries are not mulched, as it is not necessary for
winter protection, and it would interfere with irrigation.
Strawberry flowers may be either perfect or imperfect,
and the nature of the flower
is characteristic of the vari-
ety. In some kinds, the
flower is perfect or hermaph-
rodite (having both stamens
and pistils) and is conse-
quently self -fertile. These are
commonly called staminate
varieties. In others it is pistil-
late, producing little or no
pollen, and requiring a pollen-
bearing variety to pollinate
it. (Fig. 3718.) There are
3719. Strawberry nubbin, no modern varieties bearing
only staminate or sterile flowers, although such forms
were common abcut 1840. The perfect-flowered varie-
ties differ greatly in the amount of pollen they produce.
Some, as the Crescent and Glen Mary, bear so few
stamens that they are practically pistillate or sterile.
Any variety will fertilize any other variety if it bears
sufficient pollen and if the two kinds bloom at
the same time. The variety used as a pollinizer
does not affect the shape, color, and quality of
the fruit of the pistillate sort, as was once
thought. It is preferable to plant an early-
blooming pollinizer on one side of the rows of
the pistillate sort, and a late-blooming polli-
nizer on the other side. When planting pistil-
late varieties, every third row should be a
pollen-bearing kind. Pistillate varieties as a
class are somewhat more productive and hardy
than staminate varieties as a class; but this
fact has little weight, since some staminate
sorts are fully as prolific and hardy as the
best pistillate varieties. It is an inconvenience
to be obliged to mix varieties for pollination;
hence pistillate varieties are steadily declining
in popularity. In time, all North American
varieties will be staminate, as is now the
case in England. The horticultural bearing of
the sexual characters of the strawberry flower was first
clearly explained in this country by Nicholas Long-
worth, of Cincinnati (see page 1585; also his essay on
the subject in his "Cultivation of the Grape," 1846, and
the "Strawberry Report" of the Cincinnati Horti-
cultural Society, 1848). When many of the achenes or
"seeds" of the strawberry are not fertilized or are killed
by frost or other means, the berry fails to develop at
that point and a "nubbin," or imperfect berry, is the
result (Fig. 3719). Nubbins are usually most abundant
late in the fruiting-season, when the pollen-supply is
small and when the plants are relatively exhausted.
Ordinarily the common varieties bear but once a
year, in the spring. Under certain conditions of tem-
perature and moisture they may become "double
croppers," and give a fall crop, also. In the South,
particularly in southern California, the bearing season
may be extended over several months; but no varieties
were consistently everbearing in the North until 1898,
when Samuel Cooper, of Deleyan, New York, found the
Pan-American in a row of Bismarck. European ever-
bearers, which are hybrids of the common strawberry
and the Alpine, do not succeed here. The numerous
descendants of the Pan- American are true everbearers;
they yield a small quantity of berries throughout the
season from spring-set plants. It is better, however,
to cut off all blossoms until midsummer; then there
will be considerable fruit from August until frost, but
not so much as a good crop from a spring-bearing
variety. The culture of the everbearers does not differ
materially from that of other sorts, save in the cutting
of the blossoms weekly, which is a heavy expense. They
require rich soil and an equable supply of moisture;
they fail in a dry season. The market for berries in
late summer and fall is limited, and the cost of picking
is heavy. The following spring, a year from the time
they were set, the everbearers produce a good crop,
perhaps equaling that of single-bearing sorts. This is
one point in which the North American everbearers
are distinctly superior to those of Europe. The ever-
bearers have little commercial future merely for supply-
ing summer and fall berries, but their habit of bearing
a heavy spring crop, also, may make them useful to
some growers who cater to personal or near markets.
They are not likely to find favor with those who grow
strawberries for the wholesale market. The everbearers
are valuable mainly for the home-garden.
The cost of growing an acre of strawberries under
commercial conditions in Oswego County, New York, is
approximately as follows:
STRAWBERRY
STRAWBERRY
3263
Rent of land, two years $11 00
Plowing and fitting 6 00
Plants 15 00
Setting plants 4 00
Cultivation 16 00
Straw for winter and fruiting mulch 15 00
Labor — hoeing, pulling weeds, etc 10 00
Total cost $77 00
Many northern growers raise berries at a much less
cost, and a few exceed this sum, especially when located
near a large town where rents are high; but it would
be safe for one about to engage in strawberry-growing
to figure close to this total, aside from the cost of
fertilizer.
A Michigan grower estimates that the cost of pro-
ducing and marketing an average yield of 200 sixteen-
quart crates to the acre is $1.56 a crate; and the average
net return 88 cents a bushel, giving a profit of $88 an
acre. This is fairly representative of field culture in
the North. The high cost of production in Florida is
in marked contrast. As reported by a Plant City
grower it is:
Interest on investment and land $20 00
Interest on equipment 10 00
Preparation of land 10 00
Fertilizer 40 00
Plants 40 00
Setting plants 5 00
Cultivation 10 00
Picking 3,000 quarts at 2 H cents 7500
Grading and packing at 1 cent 30 00
100 crates at 15 cents 15 00
3,000 boxes 11 00
Hauling to station 10 00
$276 00
Still another phase of strawberry economics may be
observed in southern California. There it costs 3%
cents to produce and market a pint box of strawberries,
and the average selling-price is about 5 cents. Although
yields of 10,000 to 15,000 quarts to the acre are common,
the expense of picking is very heavy, since the season
lasts six to eight months, and it costs §150 an acre to
set a new field, since it requires 30,000 plants to the acre.
These examples serve to illustrate the very wide range
of conditions. The average yield, according to recent
census statistics of the United States and Canada, is
1,700 quarts to the
acre. The average
selling-price, net to
the grower, is 6 to
7 cents a quart.
Authentic yields of
25,000 to 27,000
quarts to the acre
Have been secured
under intensive cul-
ture.
New varieties of
strawberries are
raised from seed
with the greatest
ease. The genera-
t ions of strawberries
are short and new
varieties soon find
favor. The varie-
ties change so fre-
quently in popular
estimation that it is impracticable to recommend a list
of them in a work like this. The first great American
berry was the Hovey, introduced in 1838. (Fig. 1861,
Vol. III.) The most popular single varietv has been
the Wilson (Fig. 3720), introduced in 1854 and still
popular in Canada and the northern Pacific states. It
held almost undisputed control of the market from
1860 to 1880, when the Crescent and Sharpless secured
recognition. These three are the most important North
3720. Wilson strawberry.
3721. Gandy strawberry.
American varieties; two-thirds of the 348 varieties of
known parentage have descended from them. Other
old favorites, now no longer grown, are the Cumber-
land, Triumph, Downer Prolific, and Charles Down-
ing. European varieties do not succeed here; notable
exceptions are Jucunda, and Triomphe. Over 1,800
varieties of North
American origin have
been introduced but
less than 150 of these
have attained promi-
nence. The oldest
North American va-
riety now cultivated
is the Longworth, in-
troduced in 1851; it-
is still prized in the_
San Francisco mar-"
ket. The dominant
commercial varieties
of today are the
Dunlap, Haverland,
Marshall, Klondvke.
Aroma, Gandy, Glen
Mary, Bubach,
Brandywine, Clark,
Warfield. At least
fifty others are grown
to a considerable extent. The accompanying pictures
(Figs. 3720-3725) show types of American strawberries.
The strawberry has been in cultivation but a short
time, as compared with other fruits. It has been grown
in gardens less than 600 years, and was not cultivated
commercially to any extent until early in the nineteenth
century. The first record of garden culture is in France,
early in the fourteenth century. This was the wood
strawberry, Fragaria vesca. The common wild straw-
berry of eastern North America, F. virginiana, was in-
troduced into Europe early in the seventeenth century.
Neither species showed much promise under cultiva-
tion. F. chiloensis, which is native to the Pacific coast
of America, was brought to Europe from Chile in 1712,
by M. Frezier, a Frenchman. See Fragaria. Although
the berries are large, this species found little favor
because of shy bearing and poor quality; it gave prac-
tically no improved varieties. Near the middle of the
eighteenth centurv the Pine strawberry (referring
to the pineapple fragrance of the fruit) appeared in
Europe, and became the principal progenitor of the
garden strawberry. The botanical origin of the Pine is
obscure. One view is that it was a form of F. chiloensis;
another, that it resulted from the hybridization of that
species with F. virginiana in European gardens; all the
early importations of the Chile were pistillate plants,
and varieties of the Scarlet were commonly planted
with them. The first of the modern race of large-
fruited varieties was the Keens' Seedling, originated
by Michael Keens, of England, hi 1819; it was a Pine,
and from it have sprung most of the European varieties
of today. The Hovey, from which modern North
American varieties have descended in large measure,
was undoubtedly a Pine in part, but there is consider-
able evidence that one of its parents was a variety of
F. virginiana.
Wild strawberries were so abundant in North America
that there was no garden culture of this fruit until
about 1770. The Alpine and Hautbois types of straw-
berries (F. vesca and F. moschata) were introduced
then from Europe, but did not become popular; prefer-
ence was given to transplanted wildings of the Scarlet.
These species have never been grown here except by a
few amateurs. Commercial strawberry-culture began
soon after 1800, mainly in the vicinity of the four largest
towns of that period — Boston, New York, Philadelphia,
and Baltimore. The varieties used were slightly
improved forms of F. nrginiana, notably Large Early
3264
STRAWBERRY
STRAWBERRY
Scarlet, Hudson's Bay, Early Hudson, and Crimson
Cone. These persisted until the introduction of the
Wilson. The first variety of any fruit produced in
North America by hand-crossing was the Hovey,
originated by C. M. Hovey, of Boston, in 1836. The
Hovey was a failure as a market variety, except in a
few places, but it was an excellent amateur variety
and greatly increased interest in strawberry-culture.
The heated discussion of "Longworth's Theory" (1841-
1845) concerning sex in the
strawberry also stimulated
interest and offered a practi-
cal solution of a pressing cul-
tural problem. As yet, how-
ever, the strawberry was
mainly a fruit of the open
fields and home-gardens; the
commercial planting was very
limited. The total quantity
of fruit marketed in 1854 was
less than 40,000 bushels, the
product of about 1,400 acres.
3722. Haverland strawberry.
The variety that marked the beginning of commer-
cial strawberry-culture in North America was the
Wilson, originated by James Wilson, of Albany, New
York, in 1851. Until then, strawberry-culture had been
difficult, and the results very uncertain; the Wilson
thrived under even indifferent care. Its introduction
was followed by a remarkable increase, coincident with
the extension of railroads, in commercial planting. The
"strawberry fever" that swept over the country between
1858 and 1870 has not been equaled in intensity by the
boom days of any other fruit. The inevitable reaction
came between 1870 and 1885. This was emphasized by
the heavy losses from shipping berries long distances
without refrigeration. The experiments of Parker
Earle, of Cobden, Illinois, resulted in the first success-
ful use of the modern refrigerator-car system, in 1887,
and made possible the great shipping districts of today,
many of which are over 1,000 miles from their markets.
There are now approximately 150,000 acres of straw-
berries in the United States, and 14,000 acres in Canada.
The value of the crop is $20,000,000 annually. The
strawberry is fourth in commercial importance among
deciduous fruits, being preceded by the apple, peach,
and grape. The most important shipping districts,
according to the Census of 1909, are Maryland, 14,292
acres; Tennessee, 10,761; Missouri, 9,048; New Jersey,
8,684; Michigan, 8,051 ; Arkansas, 7,361 ; Ontario, 7,702;
Delaware, 7,194; Virginia, 6,606. Sussex County, Dela-
ware, has the largest county acreage, with 6,404 acres
in 1909.
There are several serious fungous diseases and insect
pests of the strawberry. White grub is controlled by
avoiding newly plowed sod land when setting the bed;
weevil, by planting largely of pistillate varieties or
profuse-blooming staminate sorts; leaf -roller, by spray-
ing with arsenate of lead, and burning the leaves; root-
louse, by setting clean plants in clean land. The several
types of leaf-blight (Fig. 3726) may be prevented to a
considerable extent by spraying with bordeaux, but it
is more practicable to plant resistant varieties. The fun-
damental treatment of all these is to fruit the bed but
once, or at most but twice, and to grow succeeding
crops on other land, cleaning up the old plantation
thoroughly after the last fruiting. Short,
quick, and sharp rotations and clean culture
do much to keep all enemies in check.
The American book writings on the straw-
berry are: R. G. Pardee, "A Com-
plete Manual of the Cultivation
of the Strawberry," New York,
1854, and subsequent editions;
A. S. Fuller, "The Illustrated
Strawberry Culturist," New York,
1862, and subsequent editions;
J. M. Merrick, Jr., "The Straw-
berry and its Culture," Boston,
1870; Charles Barnard, "The
Strawberry Garden," Boston,
1871; T. B. Terry and A. I. Root,
"How to Grow Strawberries,
Medina, Ohio, 1890; L. J. Farmer,
"Farmer on the Strawberry,"
Pulaski, N. Y., 1891; A. F. Wil-
kinson, "Modern Strawberry-
Growing," 1913. Aside from these
writings, the strawberry is well
treated in various books devoted
to small-fruits and to fruit in
general, and in the horticultural
periodicals, g. w. FLETCHER.!
Strawberry-growing in
the South.
The strawberry is by far the
most important small-fruit grown
in the South, being raised commercially in every state.
The industry is more concentrated in the South than
in the North. This concentration is probably due to
the fact that nearly all of the strawberries are shipped
by freight to distant markets. The strawberry industry
in the South has developed as an independent unit, or
as an adjunct to truck-growing rather than in connec-
tion with other fruit-growing enterprises.
An important consideration in growing strawberries
for northern markets is the selection of a location where
the soil and climatic conditions are conducive to early
ripening of the fruit, so that there will be little compe-
tition from regions farther north. In many southern
sections where strawberries are grown on a commercial
scale, shipments practically cease as soon as berries
from a more northern location begin to move in car
lots. This is due to the fact that toward the end of the
picking-season the berries are small and cannot compete
successfully with the larger fruit from a region nearer
the market that is just beginning to harvest its crop.
While strawberries are grown on nearly all types of
STRAWBERRY
STRAWBERRY
3205
soil in the South, sandy and gravelly loams are con-
sidered best. A warm quick soil, although poor, is
preferable to a heavy retentive soil well supplied with
plant-food. Plant-food can be supplied by the addition
of fertilizers, but the physical condition of the soil can
be modified only with difficulty and loss of time by
cultivation, drainage, and the addition of humus. The
soil for strawberries should be well supplied with humus
in a well-decomposed state. Many growers think that
new land is essential for good results, but when old
soils are well supplied with organic matter they will
yield as large crops as new soils.
Few soils in the South that are adapted to strawberry-
growing are rich enough to produce large crops of fruit
without the addition of fertilizers. Stable or barnyard
manure is the best fertilizer for strawberries as it sup-
plies both humus and plant-food. It is best, however,
to apply the manure to the crop preceding the straw-
berries in order that it may become well-decomposed,
and so that most of the weed seeds will have germinated.
When manure is not available, commercial fertilizers
are applied in large quantities, but these should be used
in connection with green-manure crops such as cow-
peas, soybeans, velvet beans, vetch, and clovers. Some
growers use as high as one ton, or even
as much as a ton and a half, of com-
mercial fertilizer to the acre. How-
ever, under most conditions, 1,000 to
1,500 pounds of a fertilizer analyzing 2
to 3 per cent of nitrogen, 6 to 8 per
cent of phosphorus, and 6 to 8 per cent
of potash, should be sufficient. On land
where legumes have been grown, a part
of the nitrogen may be left out. It
should be borne in mind that large
applications of commercial fertilizers
are profitable only when used on soils
in good physical condition, and well
supplied with humus.
There are three systems of growing
strawberries in the South: the hill sys-
tem, the hedge-row system, and the
matted-row system.
In the hill system the plants are set
separately, one plant in a place, and no
new plants are allowed to form. The
plants are set 12 to 14 inches apart in
rows 3 to 3J2 feet apart. This makes
a large, vigorous plant, producing large
uniform berries which ripen evenly.
This system is followed in Florida.
The quantity of berries produced is not
so large as under the other systems, but
the quality is better and the percent-
age of first-class berries larger.
In the hedge-row system the plants
are set 10 to 18 inches apart in rows
3 to 3J2 feet apart, and runners are
allowed to form plants along the row in a strip a few
inches wide. This system is practised in the southern
part of the lower tier of southern states, with the excep-
tion of Florida, where the hill system is used.
In the matted-row system the plants are set 15 to 18
inches apart in rows 31 2 to 4 feet apart. The runners
are allowed to form plants 6 to 9 inches on either side
of the row. Sometimes the plants are allowed com-
pletely to cover the ground. This system probably
produces the largest crop of berries, but the fruit is
usually smaller and does not ripen so well as under the
other systems.
Strawberries are planted in Florida any time from
June to November, whenever the soil and climatic con-
ditions are favorable. In other southern sections of the
South Atlantic and Gulf Coast states, the plants are
set in late summer or autumn. In all other sections of
the South, the plants are usually planted in late winter
or early spring, and no crop is allowed to be produced
the first season.
The length of time that a field should be allowed to
produce fruit depends upon many conditions and varies
in different parts of the South. In sections where weeds
and grass grow very rapidly and where the picking-
season is long, as is the case in the lower South, usually
only one crop is grown. In the upper sections of the
South, two or more crops are produced. Some growers
allow their fields to produce five or six crops,
but under most conditions two crops should
be the maximum, as the fields become weedy
and the soil compact. It is possible to clean
up an old patch in such a way that large
crops can be secured for several years, but
very few growers give the fields the attention
necessary to produce heavy crops of first-
class fruit.
When the field bears more than one crop,
the strawberries should be thoroughly cleaned
out, thinned, cultivated, and fertilized after
the fruit has been harvested. As a rule, the
best crop is produced on new plantings and
for this reason frequent renewal is recom-
mended.
Cultivation should begin soon after the
plants are set, and should be continued when-
ever weeds start or
a crust forms. Fre-
quent shallow cul-
tivation will make
it unnecessary to do
much hand -hoeing
or hand-weeding. A
cultivator which
merely breaks the
surface without dis-
turbing the roots is
to be preferred. Any
weeds which inter-
fere with the de-
velopment of plants
or fruits during the
picking -season are
pulled by hand, or
cut off with sharp
hoes.
In most sections
of the South, some
form of mulch is
used to hold mois-
ture during the
picking-season
when the soil is not
stirred, to keep the
berries clean, and to
prevent " heaving
out" in regions
where freezes occur. The materials used for mulch are
pine straw, oat, wheat, or rye straw, leaves, and marsh
hay. These materials are of value as humus when
turned under. In sections where freezes do not occur,
the mulch is usually applied in late winter.
For best results in growing strawberries a good system
of rotation should be followed. In any system of rota-
tion, a leguminous crop should be turned under once
in three or four years, and a cultivated crop grown on
the area the season before the strawberry plants are
set. The following system of rotation is a good one for
the South:
1. Strawberries one or two years, followed by cow-
peas after the strawberry plants are plowed under.
2. Early vegetables followed by cowpeas or late
vegetables.
3. Corn with cowpeas between the rows. The corn
stubble and the cowpeas should be turned under for
3723. Bomba strawberry. (Xearly natural size)
3266
STRAWBERRY
STRAWBERRY
strawberries the following year, in case the plants are
set in the spring.
In sections where vegetables are not grown com-
mercially, oats may follow the cowpeas turned under
the second season.
The varieties of strawberries grown in the South are
Klondyke, Missionary, Lady Thompson, Excelsior,
Aroma, Gandy, Chesapeake, and Early Ozark. In the
lower sections of the South, the Klondyke and Mission-
ary are grown more than all others. For a succession
of crops the Excelsior or Early Ozark may be grown for
early fruit, the Missionary, Klondyke, and Lady
Thompson for medium,
and the Aroma or
Gandy for late ripen-
ing. In the upper sec-
tions of the South, the
Early Ozark, Chesa-
peake, Klondyke,
Aroma, and Gandy
are all grown, but very
rarely does any grower
raise more than two
varieties for commer-
cial purposes.
3724. Belmont strawberry. (Natural size.)
As a large part of the strawberries grown in the South
are shipped to distant markets, they must be picked
before they are fully ripe. For long distances the berries
should be fully grown and about three-fourths ripe.
When picked before they are at all colored the berries
will shrink and wither, making them unfit for sale.
The berries should be well graded and packed before
being shipped. When experienced pickers are employed
the best results can be secured by grading the berries
in the field, as they are picked, so as to avoid rehandling
and the consequent bruising and deterioration of the
fruit. The common practice, however, is for expert
packers to do the grading and packing in a packing-
shed to which the fruit is delivered by the pickers. The
top layer of berries should be placed so as to hold them
in place, but care should be taken not to put small
inferior berries in the center and large berries on top.
All types of berry boxes are in use in the South, but the
tendency is toward a standard full-size quart box. In
some sections of the South, particularly in Louisiana,
pint boxes are used for the early shipments. The fruits
carry better and the price received is higher; later in
the season as fruits become more abundant and the
price is lower, fruit from these same regions is shipped
in quart boxes in crates holding twenty-four or thirty-
two quarts. A long narrow box is objectionable.
Berries which are well graded and sorted and put in
clean, neat, attractive packages of standard sizes
command the highest price and sell most readily. The
type of crate depends upon the boxes used. Any crate
that is substantially built and well ventilated is satis-
factory, but the cost is an important consideration, as
they are not returned to the shipper. The largest crate
that can be handled conveniently is the one to use, as
the large ones are cheaper in proportion to the quantity
of berries they carry. The twenty-four- and thirty-two-
quart crates are in most common use, although in some
sections the sixty-quart crate is employed. Crates with
hinged lids have the advantage that they can be opened
easily and quickly, and as a result invite inspection.
A large part of the Florida crop is packed in quart
boxes which are placed in pony refrigerators for ship-
ment to northern markets.
The cost of growing strawberries in the South is from
$75 to $150 an acre, divided about as follows:
Interest on investment (land and
equipment) $8 00 to $15 00
Preparation of land 5 00
Manure or fertilizer 10 00
Plants 10 00
Setting plants 8 00
Cultivating and hoeing 20 00
Mulching 15 00
10 00
25 00
20 00
12 00
35 00
25 00
Total for growing $76 00 to $142 00
Picking, grading, and packing 2,000
quarts $40 00 to $70 00
Crates and boxes 20 00 25 00
Hauling to station, loading, etc 5 00 10 00
Total for picking, packing, grad-
ing, etc $65 00 to $105 00
Total for growing 76 00 142 00
Grand total $141 00 to $247 00
The lower estimate is about the average for
most sections of the South, while the higher figures
cover the extreme cost. The average cost in Florida
is between the two estimates, but nearer the higher.
H. C. THOMPSON.
The strawberry in California and northward.
California conditions include both those most favor-
able and most trying for the growth of strawberries.
There are situations where, through local topography
and proximity to the ocean, winter temperatures are
very seldom too low for the growth and fruiting of the
plants and where, by summer irrigation to maintain
this continuous activity of the plants, it is possible to
gather fruit every month in the year. This fact is not,
made of much commercial account, however, nor is it
widely true that one can have strawberries all the year
round in the open air. It is true, however, that even on
the lowlands, where the commercial crops are chiefly
grown, the winter is so mild that strawberries begin to
ripen in shipping quantities as early as March and by
proper cultivation and irrigation the fruiting is con-
tinued until late in the autumn, and the grower has
therefore a very short closed season. The trying condi-
tion for the strawberry is found in the long dry sum-
mer, which enforces dormancy as early as June on light
loams in the more arid localities of the interior. Such
soils become dry and hot to a depth of several inches in
spite of surface cultivation and cause the dwindling and
death of a shallow-rooting plant like the strawberry
unless frequent irrigation is begun in time. This trouble
is less acute on more retentive soils in regions of lower
summer temperature and greater rainfall, and plants in
such situations may survive the summer dormancy, but
it is true that everywhere in California and even in the
more humid states on the north that strawberry-grow-
STRAWBERRY
3267
ing without irrigation results either in failure or only
partial satisfaction and the venture is seldom to be com-
mended. It is usually so easy, however, to secure the
small amount of water necessary for home production,
and the plant when fairly treated is so highly produc-
3725. Shuster (Gemj strawberry. ( X }^)
tive, that a general exhortation to strawberry-growing
on an irrigation basis is fully warranted.
There are several species of strawberries indigenous
to California, and they are of both littoral and alpine
types. Albert F. Etter, of Ettersburg, Humboldt
County, California, has worked continuously with these
species for more than twenty-five years, by selecting
seedlings, and by crossing the species among themselves
and with the leading cultivated varieties. He has
established an Ettersburg group of new varieties, which
for vigorous growth of plant, resistance of drought and
true everbearing habit are very notable. Some of them
have strictly evergreen .foliage under California con-
ditions. For abundant fruiting and for firmness of
fruit, some of these varieties have shipping and canning
characters new to the strawberry. Etter describes his
work in detail in the Pacific Rural Press of San Fran-
cisco for March 4, 18, and April 1, 1916.
The varieties chiefly grown in California are different
from those popular at the East. New varieties from
the eastern states and from Europe are freely tried, but
few are successful and they retain local popularity
after abandonment in their birthplaces. A striking
instance of this fact is the continued popularity of
Lpngworth Prolific, Sharpless, Monarch of the West,
Wilson, Albany, and the like. Longworth has survived
more than fifty years' continued growing. Other pop-
ular varieties are Melinda, Jessie, Dollar, Brandywine,
Marshall, and Lady Thompson. Brandywine (Fig.
3730) is the most widely approved variety in the state
and is standard in southern California, Excelsior and
Klondyke standing next in popularity as early varieties,
and Americus and
Iowa as autumn-
fruiting varieties. In
the central regions of
the state, the Dollar
and Marshall lead
among the newer
kinds and the Ban-
ner is exclusively
grown by some pro-
ducers for the San
Francisco market.
Jessie and Dollar are
shipment to interior states and to the northern coast
before the local fruit ripens.
The growth of strawberries is almost wholly in
matted rows, the rows usually occupying low ridges only
sufficiently elevated to allow the slightly depressed
intervals to serve as irrigation ditches and as walks dur-
ing picking. The slight elevation of the plants also
assists in surface drainage, when heavy rains fall during
the early part of the fruiting-season, and this promotes
early growth and fruiting of the plants. Where the soil
is too coarse to permit free rise of water from the
depressed ditches, the conditions are reversed and low
levees are made to inclose blocks of plants which are
irrigated by flooding the inclosures. In the chief com-
mercial regions a fine loam is used and irrigation from
the small ditches on both sides of the ridges, which are
about 2 feet wide, is the ruling method. Nearly level
land is selected and grading is done before planting to
reduce dry knolls and fill low places so that the water
will flow slowly and will evenly moisten the whole field.
Subirrigation by tile has been often advocated but
never has been employed to any extent.
One of the chief strawberry-shipping districts in
central California is characterized by a shallow loam
underlaid by an impervious indurated clay or hardpan,
which prevents the percolation of the irrigation water
and enables growers to maintain a large acreage by
means of the small water-supply secured by windmills.
In this case water is applied very frequently, even
oftener than once a week in some cases, but the total
amount for the season is small. Quite in contrast to
this is the growth on light deep loams where water
sinks so rapidly that the plants suffer, although water
is almost constantly running in the ditches. In such
cases mulching and sprinkling are the price of success,
and these are too costly except on a small scale for
3726. Leaf-blight of strawberry.
207
largely grown for
3727. Fancy packing of strawberries, each quart wrapped
in paper; a picking-stand on the left.
home supply. The largest producing districts have
soils midway between the extremes above noted, viz.,
deep retentive loams, situated rather low in the valleys
and with irrigation available either by ditch system or
by wells both flowing and pumped. The pump wells re-
quire usually only a short lift, and abundant water is
secured cheaply by the use of modern pumps and
motors.
In addition to supplying the home markets, which are
very good, California strawberry-growers find a good
outlet for the fruit all through the region west of the
Missouri River. Southern California supplies the south-
ern portion of this district, while the growers in central
California, chiefly near Florin in Sacramento County,
make large shipments eastward as far as Colorado and
northward to all the great interior states and to Oregon,
3268
STRAWBERRY
STRAWBERRY
Washington, and British Columbia before the locally
grown fruit in those regions is available.
The states of Oregon and Washington in their areas
lying west of the Cascade Mountains have conditions
excellently suited to the growth of the strawberry.
Their conditions more nearly resemble those in the east-
ern states than any other part of the coast. The cooler
weather and more abundant moisture give a better
spring season than that of California, but the season is
on the whole much shorter because of the longer winter.
Irrigation is also necessary in most places for continued
fruiting during the summer. The most famous district
is Hood River, Oregon, where arid conditions east of
the Cascade Mountains are modified by western influ-
ences which reach through the gap in these mountains
where the Columbia River flows through. Irrigation is
regularly employed and a large commercial product
grown. The varieties chiefly grown in this region and
in adjacent parts of Washington and Idaho are of local
origin, the Hood River (Clark Seedling) and Magoon
being widely approved. Jessie, Sharpless, Wilson,
Haverland, Crescent, Cumberland, Jucunda, and
Parker Earle are also commended by growers in the
northwestern states. E. J. WICKSON.
Cultivation of the strawberry on home grounds.
Of all the fruits which can be grown in the garden,
the strawberry offers to the amateur the greatest
inducements on account of ease of growing, delicious
quality, long season and comparatively quick-bearing
habit, and wide geographical range. No garden should
be without this important fruit. It can be grown in
almost any soil and in so many different ways that
even in a most crowded garden some space may be
found for it.
The strawberry thrives best in a sunny location but
will also do well in partial shade like that from small-
fruit bushes or young fruit-trees. Heavy shade draws
the vines up, and while a luxuriant growth of foliage
ensues there will be but little fruit. On the other hand
southern slopes where the berries are exposed to the
unbroken rays of the sun will result in scalded fruit
unless some artificial protection can be given.
The location of the strawberry-bed in the garden is
very important and should be governed to a large
extent by the other crops. Remembering that the straw-
watering may be practised, it is often done at the
expense of quality in the fruit. Soils may be easily
improved. A light soil can be well filled with manure or
humus of some sort, and a heavy soil drained with tile.
If possible the land should have a slight slope to turn
off surplus water in the winter, but if this is impossible,
- '
3728. A prolific row of strawberries, the fruit resting on a mulch.
berry will occupy the land for at least two seasons, such
tall-growing crops as corn, pole beans, or asparagus
should not be planted too near. Soils often govern
location to a great degree. While the strawberry will
thrive in almost any soil it is better to choose one which
has good water-holding capacity, for although the
strawberry will make splendid plant growth in light
soil the fruit will not be so good or large if there is a
lack of water at the fruiting-season. While artificial
3729. Strawberry-field grown in matted-row system.
be sure that the bed is not placed in a depression where
water collects during the winter.
The preparation of the soil is very important, for a
finely rooted plant like the strawberry needs soil well
pulverized and free from clods of earth. The land should
be planted at least one year with some crop which will
require good cultivation. Avoid planting on sod land
or land where witch-grass and perennial weeds are
abundant. Spading to a depth of at least 1 foot and
mixing through the soil a good liberal amount of well-
rotted manure will be good preparation for the straw-
berry-bed. There is, however, on soil naturally rich in
nitrogen, danger in putting on too much manure, as an
excess will often produce foliage but not fruit. Other
fertilizers should be added during the season as the
plants grow. Mixed fertilizer should contain about
5 per cent of nitrogen, 10 per cent of phosphoric acid,
and from 5 to 6 per cent of potash. All of the artificial
fertilizers should not be applied at one time. It is best
to make at least three applications during the season as
the plants grow and the amount will be governed by
the growth of the plants. Artificial fertilizers should
not be spread on the foliage. Generally speaking, one
pound of the mixture given above in three applications
should be ample for six plants during the growing
season.
^ Having prepared the ground as outlined,
the next question to settle is the system
under which to grow the bed. There are three
systems which may be used for the garden
strawberry-bed: the wide matted-row, the
hedge-row, and the single-hill systems; and
as the plan of a system depends very much
on the variety grown it will be necessary to
consider variety in this connection. In the
' selection of varieties for the home-garden, the
following conditions should be carefully con-
sidered: quality, attractiveness of the fruit,
productiveness, vigor of plants, season. Many
very productive varieties lack quality and
attractiveness while as a rule the quality
berries are not good commercial varieties and
it is often difficult to procure the plants of the
better varieties in the nursery.
As it is practically impossible to obtain
all of the points outlined above in one variety, it is
generally best to plant at least three, not alone to
insure a longer season but variety in the fruit is very
essential; also some years one variety alone does not
do well while with a number of varieties some are sure
to succeed. This will be found especially true when
late spring frost may entirely ruin one variety and not
injure another.
Vigorous-growing varieties with good clean-growing
STRAWBERRY
STRAWBERRY
3269
foliage should be chosen. Such varieties are generally
to be relied upon. In choosing varieties one should
secure those which do well in one's vicinity, for in some
cases quality in a variety depends to a large degree on
environment.
It is always best to plant at least three varieties so
that a long season will be assured. While it is impossible
not to have varieties overlap, an abundance at one time
during the season is no detriment, for at this time
preserving may be done and there are so many ways
in which strawberries can be used that an abundance
should be sought.
The strawberry is bisexual in its bloom and therefore
it will be necessary either to choose varieties which have
perfect flowers or have those of both sexes in order to
insure perfect pollination. Sex in strawberries does not
seem to have any direct bearing on quality or produc-
tiveness, although there is a common fallacy that pis-
tillate varieties are most productive and staminate
varieties of the better quality.
In the matted-row system of planting, the plants are
set 4 by 2 feet apart, and allowed to run so that a row
from 2 to 3 feet wide is formed. This is probably the
easiest way in which to grow the strawberry. There is
great danger, however, that too many plants will be
allowed to grow in this system and, in consequence,
through overcrowding, the fruit will be small and rather
poor. In this system plants should
not be allowed to set closer than 6
inches apart and all runners which
are made beyond those necessary to
cover the ground when at this dis-
tance should be removed.
In the hedge- or narrow matted-
row system, set plants 3 by 2 feet
apart, and allow each to make four
or six new plants, which are set so
that there are practical!}7 three
separate rows with the plants in
the row about 8 to 10 inches apart.
All other plants and runners are
removed. ^'A "p
In the hill system, the plants are ^f*4*
set in various ways, first in straight '**.*?
rows, 3 feet apart, and the plants in
the row from 12 to 20 inches apart,
or plants are set in beds 14 by 14
inches or 18 by 18 inches or even
20 by 20 inches apart, and from
three to four rows are set, depend-
ing on the variety. In this system
all of the runners are removed from
the parent plant and the bed is gen-
erally allowed to remain for about three years.
To obtain strawberries earlier they may be raised in
frames as other perennials are grown. The plants are
set in August or September about a foot apart in rich
garden loam and given good cultivation. The frames
should not be more than 8 niches deep. Hill culture is
practised in this system and plants are protected during
the winter by a light mulch. Glass frames are put on
early in March, careful cultivation given, plenty of
air and careful watering. This method will advance the
crop two to three weeks ahead of the outdoor crop.
Such varieties as are suitable for greenhouse culture
should be used for growing in frames.
Growing strawberries in a barrel, or rather on a barrel,
is practised by those who have very limited space, ana
while there are many drawbacks to doing this success-
fully it can be accomplished with care. A clean cider bar-
rel should be used and several 1-inch holes bored in the
center of the bottom and a ring of 1 H-inch holes about
8 inches apart around the barrel with a space of 8 inches
between the rows of holes. If the holes are started near
the bottom, it will be possible to get three rows of holes
and about eight holes around the barrel. Good strong
pot-grown plants should be secured and a good compost
of garden loam. Place in the barrel and over the holes
cut in the center of the bottom a piece of 6-inch drain-
tile about a foot long, filling the center of the tile with
coarse gravel or small stones. Put the roots of the
plants into the IK-uich holes in the sides of the barrel
and fill the barrel with the compost, adding pieces of
tile to that in the center as the barrel is filled so that
the drain-pipe comes up to the top of the barrel. A row
of plants may be planted on the top of the barrel so
that sides and top are covered. Water-ing should be
done through the drain-pipe and if the coarse material
used inside the drain is satisfactory, the plants will take
up about the proper amount of water before it ah1 passes
through the barrel. The barrel should be carefully
protected in winter by covering with straw and pine
branches and the top protected so that excessive rain
will not get in; elevating the barrel on stones will help
the drainage.
Having decided upon the method or system of grow-
ing strawberries, the season for
: :- .7 planting should be the next consid-
eration. As a rule the early spring,
from April 1 to May 10, is the best
time to plant in the North, although
in many gardens which have to
economize space, August and Sep-
tember planting is made necessary,
3730. Brandywine strawberry.
as the strawberry has to follow some of the other
early crops, as peas, beans, lettuce, and the like. For
August or September setting, pot-grown plants are
better than the runner plants unless one can take runner
plants directly from one's own bed and transplant them
under favorable weather conditions.
To obtain the best pot-grown plants, the runners of
the current season's growth should be used, as these
make better plants than those of last season's growth
which have been placed in cold storage and potted after
then- natural season of planting has gone by. If layer
plants are used in spring, great care should be taken
in planting so that the plants may be assured of a good
start. Remove practically all of the foliage and cut
back the roots at least one-half. If the ground has been
prepared carefully the hand may be used in making the
hole for the roots, but in stony ground it is best to use
a trowel. Be sure that the crown of the plant is not set
either too deep or too far above ground. The crown
should be on a level with the surface of the soil. When
setting, spread the roots out fan-shape and be sure to
press the soil firmly about them. Be sure that the rows
are straight. Various devices are used on commercial
3270
STRAWBERRY
STRAWBERRY
farms but for garden culture nothing is better than a
line for securing straight rows.
Whether set in spring or fall, cultivation of the soil
should begin as soon as the plants are set and kept up
until late September, when cultivation should cease
and the plants given a chance to harden up for the
winter. Cultivation, whether done by wheel-hoe, hand-
hoe, or weeder, should be shallow, never more than 2
inches deep, as the strawberry roots are near the surface
and light cultivation of the surface soil does as much
good as any other form. Weeds of all kinds should be
3731. The forcing of strawberries under glass.
kept down and comparatively little weeding will be
necessary provided the ground is kept stirred.
During the summer at least three applications of fer-
tilizer should be made, preferably before or during a
rain. If the fertilizer mentioned previously cannot be
obtained, bone-meal will give good results, particularly
if wood-ashes are added.
If the season is particularly dry or the land is in-
clined to dry put rapidly, artificial watering may be
practised, but it is better not to use water if it can be
avoided. Plenty of cultivation will grow good plants
on nearly all soils.
In the late fall after heavy frosts have come and the
ground freezes slightly at night, it will be necessary to
put some winter protection on the strawberry-bed.
Many kinds of materials may be used, but first it is best
to have a light mulch of well-rotted stable-manure
scattered among the plants and worked under the foli-
age. Following this the winter protection may be put
on. This should be of coarse hay, cornstalks, or very
strawy manure, care being taken not to put on too
much. A good rule to follow in placing a covering is that
it must not be too close to prevent seeing some of the
foliage of the strawberry plants under the mulch. The
mulch may be held in place by brush, light cordwood
or even soil, and in places where there is little snow
great care must be taken to keep the mulch in place.
It must be borne in mind that this careful protection is
not to prevent the ground from freezing but rather to
prevent the alternate freezing and thawing of unpro-
tected ground in winter. In the spring as soon as
danger from extreme frosts is past, the material for
holding the mulch in place should be removed and also
a part of the mulch itself, leaving some of the covering
on the land to serve as protection to the fruit in the
fruiting-season and to keep the soil moist. Some
persons prefer to remove all the mulch and to cultivate
the ground, and in some cases this is desirable; but,
when the plants have had good culture the previous
year it is just as well not to do much cultivating in the
spring. Fertilizers should be added at this time, pref-
erably bone-meal and wood-ashes mixed at the rate
of one-half pound of ashes to one pound of bone-meal
and put on about one-eighth pound to the square foot.
If the weather is dry and the soil more or less inclined
to dry out, water may be added at this time and up to
the time the fruit is well set, being careful not to water
during the daytime when the sun is shining. The ques-
tion of watering strawberries is a very difficult one as so
many conditions enter into the discussion. Some soils
are naturally moist, and when water is added artificially
to these, the tendency is for the plants to go to foliage
or soft fruit or decayed berries. Too much water on a
dry soil, particularly if added as the berries
are coloring, is likely to injure the quality of
the fruit while increasing the size, so that
quality often is sacrificed to bulk. Generally
speaking, in most seasons, if the land has
been well cultivated the season before and
the bed has been well mulched, there will be
enough moisture in the land to carry the crop
to maturity.
As quality in the strawberry depends very
much upon ripeness and condition, it is well
not to begin to pick too soon, but wait until
the fruit has colored all over and has taken
on the characteristic depth of tint which
may be common to the variety. Be sure
to pick the fruit early in the morning before
the sun gets hot, keeping what berries are
not used early in the day on ice. Pick the
fruit with a stem; and for household use ber-
ries are much more attractive when picked
in a shallow basket with some kind of
foliage.
Within the past few years a new race of
strawberries has been developed commonly called ever-
bearing from their habit of producing fruit after the
regular strawberry season has passed. This strain has
now been permanently established and it is a great source
of satisfaction to strawberry-lovers to have fruit after
the regular season is over. There are several varieties of
these everbearing strawberries, and every garden should
have a few of them. They may be planted in any of
the ways suggested for the regular varieties but they
should have plenty of water during the summer to
insure the full development of the fruit. In most loca-
tions in the northern states these varieties begin to
ripen early in August and continue until heavy frosts.
It is advisable to cut off the blossoms in May if a
large crop is wanted in August, but they will fruit at
both tunes after a short rest in July. Many of these
varieties have a tendency to make too many plants
and it is well to follow the same general directions as
given for growing the standard varieties. Most of
these everbearing varieties do very well in the usual
hill culture. WILFRID WHEELER.
Forcing of strawberries. (Figs. 3731, 3732.)
The forcing of strawberries for a winter crop has not
as yet become of any great commercial importance in
North America. Some gardeners grow a few potted
plants for either Christmas or Easter decoration. Very
few, if any, commercial growers are forcing strawberries
exclusively to any profitable extent. The few straw-
berries that are forced are grown either in pots or
planted out on benches. The former method is the one
generally employed. There are several good reasons for
this, some of which are: first, the confinement of the
roots; second, the ability to ripen the crowns in the fall;
third, the control of fertilizers and liquid manure;
fourth, the privilege of having the crop grown in several
houses at one time or brought from a coolhouse into
heat; and fifth, the opportunity to supply particular
demand of the potted plants or their fruits. The first
expense of the pot method is considerably more than
when the plants are grown in the benches, but after
STRAWBERRY
STRELITZIA
3271
the pots are once purchased the cost of each method
should be about the same.
The pot method as practised at Cornell University is
about as follows: As early in the spring as possible large
plants are set in well-enriched soil. The first strong
runners made by these plants are secured and potted.
Numerous 2- of 3-inch pots filled with good soil are
plunged to the rim along the strawberry row. The
runners are trained to these pots, and a small stone is
placed on each runner to keep it from growing beyond
the pot. When the pot is filled with roots the young
plant is cut from the parent stock, the pots lifted and
taken to the potting-shed or other convenient place,
where they are at once shifted into the fruiting-pots
(usually a 6-inch pot). The soil used at this time should
be three parts fibrous loam and one of good sharp sand.
This potting-soil should have mixed with it bone-flour
or dissolved rock at the rate of about one pint to two
bushels of soil. Ample drainage should be given, as
through the season of ripening the crowns and the
following forcing-period, a large quantity of water must
be given and none should be allowed to stand around
the roots.
The pots should then be plunged to near the rim in
some coarse material, preferably coal-ashes, which, if
deep enough to extend from 4 to 6 inches below the
plunged pots, will prevent the earthworms from enter-
ing the pots. The use of a frame in which to plunge the
pots is recommended for protection against heavy rains
or early frosts. Attention to watering is all that will be
necessary through the growing season. Late in Sep-
tember or early in October the pots will be filled with
roots and the plants will have attained their full growth.
At this time larger and firmer crowns will be had by
careful attention to watering and subsequent drying off
to almost the wilting stage than by watering the plants
up to the time of freezing weather. The drying process
seems to represent the late fall season and causes the
plant to store up material in the crowns at an earlier
period. At the coming of cold weather the soil in the
pots may be allowed to freeze. It is very desirable that
the soil be on the drj- side before freezing, for if the ball
of earth is wet there is danger of breaking the pots
when the cold becomes intense. The period of forcing,
3732. A good winter strawberry plant in bloom.
from the time the frozen plants are brought in until
the ripening of the fruits, will be about eight weeks. The
time will van," slightly under different conditions of
heat and sunlight. When first brought in, the plants
should be cleaned of all dead or diseased leaves. The
pots should be plunged to near the rim in some material
that will retain moisture, e. g., tanbark or coal-ashes.
The benches or shelves should be as near the glass as
convenient. A thorough spraying with bordeaux mix-
ture or some other fungicide should be made at once.
For the first few days the house should be held at about
35°, with little if any rise through the day. After a week
a rise of 10° may be given. At the end of the second
week 50° at night, with a rise of 10° to 15° through the
day, will be about right.
Strict attention must be given to syringing the foli-
age every pleasant day. Keep the walks wet until the
time of blossoming. This moisture keeps down the
red-spider. At blossomin;: time the house should be
allowed to dry out, and a free circulation of air should
be maintained through the middle of the day, in order to
ripen the pollen. It is necessary to pollinate each flower
by hand. The pollination may be done in the middle of
the day while the houses are dry. A small camel-hair
brush is useful for distributing the pollen. A ladle or
spoon should also be provided in order to carry the sur-
plus pollen. The surplus pollen may be used on varieties
that are pistillate or do not have pollen enough to set
their own fruits. Six to eight fruits are enough for a
6-inch pot. When these are set the remaining flowers
should be cut off, in order that the entire strength of
the plant may go to swelling the chosen fruits. After
swelling begins, liquid manure should be given. During
the first week give one dilute application. After this
give two applications a week, increasing the strength
of the manure liquid each time. Well-rotted cow-
manure or sheep-droppings furnish good material for
this purpose. When the fruits are coloring the liquid
manure should be withheld and only clear water given.
As they swell, the fruits will need support, and the best
method of furnishing this is probably by using small-
meshed window-screen wire cut into suitable squares.
These squares may be laid on the pot, under the clus-
ters of fruits. They hold the fruits away from the
sides of the pots, protect them from any water or liquid
manure that is given the plants, and enhance the
beauty of the potted plant. After one fruiting, the
plants are worthless. c. E. HTJNN.
STRAWBERRY BUSH: Etvnymus americana. S. Geranium:
Saxifrapa aarmentosa. S.-Raspberry: Rvbus Mecebrosus. S. Tomato:
Ph'jsalis Alkekengi and other species of Physalis. S. Tree: Arbutus
Unedo.
STRELITZIA (for the wife of King George III,
Charlotte Sophia, of the family Mecklinburgh-Strelitz,
a patron of botany). Musaces. BIRD-OF-PABADISE
FLOWER. Perennial herbs, adapted to the warmhouse,
grown for the banana-like foliage and the very odd
showy flowers.
Rhizome sometimes subterranean, sometimes an
erect woody st. : Ivs. large, long-petioled: scape terminal
or in the upper axils, short-exserted from the sheaths of
the Ivs. : bracts large, spathe-like, boat-shaped, acumi-
nate, solitary at the end of the scape or 2 slightly dis-
tant: perianth long-exserted; sepals free, long, carinate;
petals very dissimilar; stamens 5; ovary 3-celled, many-
seeded. — About 5 species, S. Afr. The genus has been
monographed by K. Schumann in Engler's Pflanzen-
reich, hft. 1 (IV. 45) 1900.
The Strelitzia Regime requires a strong soil, a copious
supply of water, and considerable sunlight. It is a
serviceable plant for house decoration or for the porch
or lawn in summer. It will endure much neglect, but
unless well cared for it may fail to bloom regularly and
well. A night temperature of 50° is sufficient. This
plant may be induced to set seed if the flowers are hand-
fertilized. The usual method of propagation, however,
is by suckers and division.
A. Plant nearly stemless.
B. Lvs. ovate or ovate-oblong, margin crisped.
Regime, Banks. BIRD-OF-PARADISE FLOWER. Fig.
3733. About 3 ft. high: roots large, strong-growing:
Ivs. oblong, about 1 ft. long, stiff, concave; If.-stalks
all radical, 2-3 times as long as the Ivs.: scape higher
3272
STRELITZIA
STREPTOCARPUS
than the Ivs. : spathe about 6 in. long, nearly horizontal,
purplish at the base, about 6-fld., the fls. orange and
blue-purple. Winter. B.M. 119, 120. G.C. III. 54:86.
Gn. 60, p. 412; 76, p. 168. Gn.W. 23:185. R.H. 1909:
308. Var. citrina, Hort., is cult, abroad. Gn. 78, p. 30.
BB. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, margin flat.
parvifdlia, Dry., is at once distinguished by its
linear-lanceolate lys. with an equal base and flat margin.
S. Afr. — The species is probably nob cult. Var. juncea,
3733. Strelitzia Reginse. (XK)
Andr. (S. juncea, Link), has Ivs. with practically no
blade: spathe green margined with magenta, sepals
orange, petals rich blue, white-tipped. S. Afr. B.R.
516. R.B. 29, p. 184.
AA. Plants with finally tall woody sts.
B. Base of Ivs. cordate: interior petals white.
augusta, Thunb. (S. angusta, D. Dietr.). Becoming
18 ft. high: Ivs. at the summit of the st. 2-3 ft. long,
oblong, acute; petiole 4-6 ft. long: peduncle short, from
a leaf -axil: spathe deep purple: fls. on short purple
pedicels, all parts of the fl. pure white; petals round at
the base. B.M. 4167; 4168. G.C. III. 35:402.
kewensis, Hort. (S. augusta x S. Regime). Plant
about 5 ft. high: Ivs. as in S. augusta but the blades 2 x
1J4 ft.: fls. vertical, pale watery yellow, more resem-
bling those of S. Reginse, but the small hooded petal is
more like the other parent as are the lilac-pink patches
at the base of the sepals. Garden hybrid. G.C. III.
47:217; 54:87.
BB. Base of Ivs. obtuse: interior petals blue.
Nicolai, Regel & C. Koch. Resembling S. augusta in
habit and foliage, but the fls. and spathe are much
larger and the petals are hastately combined and blue
in color. B.M. 7038. F.S. 13:1356. Gt. 7:235.
. F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
STREPTOCALYX (twisted calyx). Bromelidceae.
There are 7 species of Streptocalyx, according to Mez
(DC. Monogr. Phaner., vol. 9), of Brazil. The genus
differs from Bromelia in having strongly imbricated
broad sepals and long corolla-tube. No species are in
the American trade, but S. Furstenbergii, Morr., is
described in horticultural literature (sometimes as &ch-
mea Furstenbergii, Morr. & Wittm.). It is a stemless
pineapple-like plant, with 30-40 rigid lanceolate Ivs. in
a dense rosette: cluster a central dense panicle 1-1 K ft.
long, with many 2-sided spikes of rather dull fls. S.
longifolius, Baker (Bromelia longifolia, Rudgej, has
densely rosulate Ivs. 3-6 ft. long, vaginate at base,
spinulose at apex and margin, dark-colored on the
edges, scaly. Guiana.
STREPTOCARPUS (Greek compound, meaning
twisted fruit). Gesneriacese . CAPE PRIMROSE. Herbs,
frequently yillous or lanate, adapted to greenhouse
culture; choice plants, grown for the showy bloom.
Stemless, with 1 or more spreading radical Ivs. or
rarely with a st. and opposite Ivs. : peduncles scape-like
or axillary, sometimes 1-2-fld., sometimes cymose,
several-fld. : fls. pale purple or blue, showy; calyx 5-
parted; corolla-tube elongated, cylindrical or spreading
above, limb obliquely 2-lipped, posterior lip 2-cleft,
anterior larger, 3-cleft; perfect stamens 2; disk short-
annular; ovary superior, imperfectly 4-celled: caps,
linear, terete, splitting in 2, rarely 4 valves. — About 60
species, natives of S. Afr. and Madagascar. In Oct.,
1826, there bloomed at Kew a most interesting gloxinia-
like little plant, seeds and specimens of which had been
collected in S. Afr. by Bowie, on the estate of George
Rex, at Knysna. The plant was described as Didymo-
carpus Rexii. It is a stemless plant, with 1 or rarely 2
long-tubular nodding pale blue fls. on each of several
short scapes, and with several clustered root-lvs. It
proved to be a profuse bloomer and easy to grow. "So
abundantly does it produce seed," wrote W. J. Hooker,
in 1830, "that new individuals come up as weeds in the
neighboring pots, and a succession of flowers may be
obtained at almost every period of the year." In 1828,
John Lindley made the genus Streptocarpus for this
plant, calling it S. Rexii, the name it now bears. It
appears to have been nearly thirty years after the intro.
of S. Rexii that another Streptocarpus bloomed in Eng-
land. This second species was S. polyanthus, which may
be taken as the type of a group that has one leaf lying
on the ground and from the midrib of which arise succes-
sive several-fld. scapes. The intro. of this curious plant
seems to have revived the interest in streptocarpuses,
an interest that has been kept alive by the frequent
intro. of other species. The chief stimulus to the sys-
tematic breeding of these plants seems to have been the
intro. of S. Dunnii, said by J. D. Hooker to be "quite
the monarch of its beautiful genus" (but now excelled by
S. Wendlandii) . Seeds of this species were sent to Kew
in 1884 by E. G. Dunn, of Cape Town. It is one of the
monophyllous section to which S. polyanthus belongs.
In the meantime, S. parmflorus, a species allied to S.
Rexii, had been intro. from the Cape region. With the
three species, S. Rexii, S. parmflorus, and S. Dunnii,
Wm. Watson of the Royal Gardens, Kew, set to work
systematically to breed a new race of Streptocarpus, and
his efforts met with unqualified success. When the
hybrids came to notice in 1887, the Gardener's Chroni-
cle made the following comment on the value of the
work: "The results are very striking, and we can hardly
doubt that Mr. Watson has set the foundation of a new
race of plants, parallel in importance to the Achimenes
and Tydaeas." Several hybrid races have now been pro-
duced and several interesting species have been intro.
from the wild, so that Streptocarpus seems to be
destined to become a very important and popular
garden genus.
Bentham and Hooker's treatment divides the Ges-
STREPTOCARPUS
STREPTOCARPUS
3273
neriaceae into two great tribes: Gesnerece, with ovary
more or less inferior and fruit a capsule; Cyrtandreae,
with ovary superior and fruit sometimes a berry. The
latter tribe, the species of which have been monographed
by C. B. Clarke in vol. V of DeCandolle's ''Mono-
graphiae Phanerogamarum," contains the genera Strep-
tocarpus, Episcea, Cyrtandra, JSschjTianthus, Ramon-
dia, and others. Streptocarpuses are of three groups:
the stemless monophyllous species, with one prostrate
leaf from the midrib of which the scapes arise (this leaf
is really an enlarged cotyledon, the other cotyledon not
enlarging); the stemless species, with several or many
radical more or less primula-like leaves (whence the
English name "Cape primrose") ; the stem-bearing
species, with opposite cauline leaves. The cultivated
species chiefly represent the first two sections. In the
American trade, four specific names chiefly occur, S.
Rexii, S. Galpinii, S. Dunnii, and S. Wendlandii; but
since the hybrids represent several other species, these
additional species are inserted in the following account.
Streptocarpus is an African genus. The stem-bearing
section is confined to central Africa and Madagascar,
and the others to South Africa. Clarke's monograph,
1883, describes nineteen species, but S. Dunnii, S.
Wtndlandii, S. Galpinii, and many others have since
been discovered.
Streptocarpuses are not difficult plants to grow. They
are usually raised from seeds, the seedlings blooming in
eight to fifteen months from starting. The seeds are
very small, and care must be taken not to cover them
too deep. Give an open sunny place in an intermediate
temperature. They are not stove or warmhouse plants.
Of the new hybrid forms, seeds sown in February or
March should produce plants that will bloom the fol-
lowing fall and winter; after blooming, the plants may
be discarded, for better results are usually secured from
new plants than from those more than one season old.
The season of most profuse bloom is summer, but the
bloom continues until winter. The monophyllous spe-
cies can be propagated also by cuttings of the leaf. Some
fanciers of Cape primroses advise propagating select
types by leaf-cuttings or by division.
achimeniflorus,
albus, 13.
biflorus, 2.
Bruantii, 14.
caulescens, 1.
cyaneus, 3.
Dunnii, 8.
Dyeri, 15.
13.
IN-DEX.
Galpinii, ~.
Gardenii, 2.
giganteus. 13.
grandiflorus, 9.
grandis, 10.
Junodii, 6.
kewensis, 16.
luteus, 5.
parviflorus, 4.
polyanthus, 9.
Rexii, 2.
roseus, 13.
Saundersii, 11.
Watsonii, 17.
Wendlandii, 12.
3754. Streptocarpus Rexii,
KEY TO .THE SECTIONS.
A. Plants of native origin.
B. Sts. elongated: Ins. opposite.
Section I. CAULESCENTES. Species 1.
BB. Sts. lacking or very short: hs. all radical,
c. Lvs. several, forming a rosette.
Section II. ROSULATI. Species 2-6.
CO, Lvs. solitary.
Section III. UNIFOLIATI. Species 7-12.
AA. Plants of hybrid origin.
Section IV. HYBRIDA. Species 13-17.
Section I. CAULESCEXTES.
1. caulescens, Vatke. Caulescent, hirsute: Ivs. long-
petioled, oval-oblong, entire, rather repand, apiculate,
obtuse, base contracted to the petiole, puberulent above,
villous beneath: fls. blue, J^in. across; calyx hirtellous,
lobes linear; corolla up to nearly %in. long, 6 times
longer than the calyx, limb strongly unequal. Trop.
Afr. B.M. 6814.
Section II. ROSULATI.
A. Scapes 1-2-fld.
B. Fls. blue or mauve 2. Rexii
BB. Fls. pale lavender to rosy pink or
rosy mauve 3. cyaneus
AA. Scapes 3- to many-fid.
B. Corolla-tube cylindric, nearly
straight, limb slightly 1-sided.
c. Lvs. not decurrent on the petiole.. . . 4. parviflorus
cc. LTS. attenuated into the petiole 5. luteus
BB. CoroUa-tube much curved, limb very
oblique 6. Junodii
2. Rexii, Lindl. (S. Gardenii, Hook.). Fig. 3734.
Acaulescent : Ivs. several, suberect, 8x2 in., oblong,
crenate, hairy on both surfaces: scapes several, 4-12 in.
high, 2-1-fld.: calyx-lobes narrowly oblong, hairy;
corolla 2 in. long, about as wide, blue or mauve, tube 1 J^
in. long, very narrowly linear-funnel-shaped, lobes a
little unequal. S. Afr. B.M. 3005; 4862. B.R. 1173.
L.B.C. 14:1305. F.S. 12:1214. Var. bifldrus, Ortgies,
differs in having stouter 2-fld. scapes. Gt. 6:204.
3. cyaneus, S. Moore. St. prostrate, slightly elon-
gated, bearing 4 Ivs. : Ivs. linear-oblanceolate, narrowed
below the middle into a narrow petiole-4ike portion,
apex obtuse: scape always 2-fld.: fls. varying from pale
lavender or blue to rose-pink or rosy mauve, with a few
streaks of red on the 3 lower lobes and a blotch of
yellow in the throat; calyx-lobes linear-oblong, pilose-
pubescent; corolla about 1J4 in. long, puberulent put-
side. Transvaal. B.M. 8521. G.C. III. 55:31.— Allied
to S. Reiii.
4. parviflorus, Mey. Acaulescent: Ivs. several,
spreading or suberect, nearly or quite sessile, elliptic,
up to 9 x 3^ in., crenate and bullate, shaggy, dark
green above, nearly white beneath: scapes several, 6-10
in. high, reddish, shaggy, bearing 3-10-fld. cymes: fls.
about %in. across; calyx glandular-pubescent, lobes
narrowly oblong; corolla-tube glandular-pubescent,
%-%in. long, cylindrical, obscurely widened upward,
purplish outside, mouth a little oblique, lobes orbicular,
white. S.Afr. B.M. 7036.
5. luteus, C. B. Clarke. Lvs. several, petioled,
elongate-oblong, 8-13 x 2-2% in., obtuse, attenuate at
base, crenate, villous on both surfaces, almost tomen-
tose beneath: peduncles and fls. almost as in S. parvi-
florus: corolla shorter, white, throat yellow, or almost
white penciled with purple, tube slightly widened
upward: caps, densely silky. S. Afr. B.M. 6636 (as
S. parviflorus).
6. Junddii, Beauverd. Acaulescent, caespitose: Ivs.
4-6, rugose, base attenuate, villous, veins prominent
beneath: peduncles erect from the If .-axils, pilose,
3-4H in. high: fls. 3-6, pendulous, blue-lilac; calyx
Departed, segms. unequal, linear, recurved; corolla
hirsute outside, 1H~2 in. long, arched, limb 5-lobed,
3274
STREPTOCARPUS
STREPTOCARPUS
oblique, lobes rotund, the lower yellow-blotched at
base. S. Afr.
Section III. UNIFOLIATI.
A. Corolla-tube broader than long 7. Galpinii
AA. Corolla-tube longer than broad.
B. Fls. rose to reddish 8. Dunnii
BB. Fls. bluish or purplish.
c. Tube of corolla linear-cylindrical... 9. polyanthus
cc. Tube of corolla more or less
widened at the mouth.
D. Limb of corolla much shorter
than the tube 10. grandis
DD. Limb of corolla nearly as long
as the tube.
E. Lf. rarely over 1 ft. long:
corolla usually less than 1
in. across 11. Saundersii
EE. Lf. usually much over 1 ft.
long: corolla usually more
than 1*4 in. across 12. Wendlandii
7. Galpinii, Hook. f. Acaulescent: If. solitary, ses-
sile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, very entire, base subcordate,
silky-villous above, fleshy nerves which are strongly
red beneath: scapes several, they and the pedicels
densely glandular-pubescent: fls. racemose, on stout
erect or spreading pedicels, violet; calyx-segms. linear,
obtuse; corolla campanulate, tube slightly incurved,
lobes 5, equal, spreading-recurved, orbiculate. Trans-
vaal. B.M. 7230. J.H. III. 23:389. G.C. III. 11:139.
8. Dunnii, Mast. Fig. 3735. Acaulescent, soft glan-
dular-pubescent or tomentose: If. solitary, very large,
2-3 ft. long, sessile, ovate-oblong, obtuse, margin irreg-
ularly lobulate and crenate, bullate between the reticu-
late veins, midrib thick and villous beneath : scapes very
numerous, clustered, produced serially, stout, 1 ft. or
more high, bearing many-fld., secund panicles: fls. 1J^
in. long, pale brick-color to rose, short-pedicelled, in-
clined or nodding; calyx-segms. linear-oblong; corolla
curved, tubular-funnel-shaped, puberulent, lobes short
rotund, ciliolate. S. Afr. B.M. 6903. G.F. 3:609
(adapted in Fig. 3735). — A plant sometimes produces
more than 100 fls.
9. polyanthus, Hook. Acaulescent: If. solitary, 5-7
x 3 in., round or elliptic, obscurely crenate, hairy on
both surfaces: scapes 1-3, up to a foot or more high,
rather stout, 4-10-fld.: calyx hairy, teeth linear; corolla
pale blue, about 1J^ in. across, tube linear-cylindric,
curved, limb unequal, the 3-lobed lip much longer than
the 2 upper segms. S. Afr. B.M. 4850. Gt. 6:206.
R.H. 1862, p. 250; 1889, p. 398; 1896, p. 12. Var.
grandifldrus, Hort., is a large-fld. form. H.F. II. 1:128.
— Said to be a garden hybrid.
10. grandis, N. E. Br. Acaulescent: If. solitary,
radical, 2-3^ ft. long, 1-2J4 ft. broad, ovate, base cor-
date, crenate, pubescent on both sides; cauline Ivs.
none or few, small, ovate, sessile: peduncles several,
3735. Streptocarpus Dunnii. ( X about
3736. Streptocarpus Wendlandii.
t. high, bearing above 2-6 lax racemes, pubes-
cent: fls. in 2's, lavender or light blue outside, white
within, marked with 2 broad lilac stripes in the throat;
corolla-tube about 1 in. long, bent downward, upper
lobes pale blue or lavender. Zululand. B.M. 8042.
11. Saundersii, Hook. Acaulescent: If. solitary, ses-
sile, flat on the ground, 14 x 12 in., very broadly elliptic,
short-hairy on both surfaces, crenate, yellowish green
above, purple-rose beneath: scapes 1-5 from the axil,
10-18 in. high, sometimes bearing a small If. near the
base; cyme repeatedly divided, 40-80-fld. : calyx-lobes
narrow-oblong, hairy; corolla pale blue with purple
blotches in the throat, tube somewhat funnel-shaped, a
little curved, limb oblique, 2 lobes much shorter. S.
Afr. B.M. 5251. F.S. 17:1802. Gt. 24:826.
12. Wendlandii, Sprenger. Fig. 3736. Acaulescent:
If. solitary, attaining a size of 30 x 24 in., crenate,
closely hairy, red-purple beneath: scapes several,
1-2 Yi ft. high, forked; infl. 6-8 in. long, 30-fld.: calyx-
lobes linear, hairy; corolla violet-blue, tube about 1 in.
long, slightly curved, limb 1}^ in. across, oblique, lobes
broad and entire. S. Afr. B.M. 7447 (part of which is
copied in Fig. 3736). G.C. III. 22:275. Gn. 45, p. 511;
50, p. 394. J.H. III. 28:223. G. 17:181.— One of the
finest species in cult.
Section IV. HYBRID A.
(For colored pictures of modern hybrid types, see
Gn. 29:545; 41:843; 50:1092.)
13. achimeniflorus, Hort. Acaulescent: Ivs. several,
radiating or opposite, rather elliptical, somewhat
fleshy, brilliant light green: fl.-st. stiff, most often 1-fld.:
fl. as large as a gloxinia, but with the corolla divisions
more deeply cleft, and finely dentate, bright lilac tinted
with marine blue through pale lilac to pure white, the
lower part of the corolla is always striped with deeper
color. Possibly a garden hybrid. R.H. 1906, p. 309.
Var. albus, Hort., is offered in the trade as a large-fld.
white form. Var. giganteus, Hort., is offered as a
lavender-blue form. Var. roseus, Hort., is offered as a
soft delicate rose form.
14. Bruantii, Hort. (S. Rexii x S. polyanthus). Lvs.
very large, not cordate, very velvety, bright green:
scapes up to 14 in. high: fls. about double the size of
STREPTOPUS
3275
those of S. polyanthus, about \l/z in. long, blue or bright
mauve, throat yellowish white. Garden hybrid.
15. Dyeri, W. Wats. (S. Wendlandii x S. Dunnii).
Acaulescent: If. solitary, 2xlJ£ ft., rich olive-green
above, vinous purple beneath, soft-hairy: fl.-st. 1-2 ft.
high, several from a If.: fls. numerous, long-tubular,
bright red-purple. A garden hybrid.
3737. Streptocarpus kewensis.
16. kewensis, Hort. (S. Rexii x S. Dunnii). Fig.
3737. Lvs. 2 or 3, large, but not so large as those of S.
Dunnii, oblong or elongate-ovate, bright green: fl.-sts.
numerous, each 6-8-fld., forming a tolerably compact
mass: fls. bright mauve-purple, striped with dark
brownish purple in their throat ; corolla about 2 in. long,
IM-IJi m- across. Garden hybrid.
17. Watsonii, X. E. Br. (S. luleus x S. Dunnii). Lf.
solitary. similar to but smaller than that of S. kewensis:
scapes several, bearing 10-16 fls. each: fls. about 1J4 in.
long and 1 in. across, bright rose-purple, with a white
throat, which is striped with brownish purple. Garden
hybrid. G.C. III. 2:215.
The folio-wing species are either little known or have not found
their way into general cult.: S. Armtiagei, Baker & Moore, is closely
allied to S. Dunnii, differing in having a corolla much less funnel-
shaped and straighter, with less spreading lobes; originally described
as soh'tary-lvd., but 4 Ivs. are said to have developed in the cult.
plant. S. Afr. — S. Bdnksii, Lynch (S. Wendlandii X some hybrid),
has 2 Ivs. about 19x13 in. for the lower, the second somewhat
smaller: fls. large, purple-blue. Garden hybrid. G.C. III. 56:192. —
S. biflams, Pucci, is a name appearing in horticultural journals for
some unknown plant, which is said to have several blue fls. — S.
biflorv-polyanthus, Duch., is a hybrid, the female parent of which is
S. polyanthus, the male the above-mentioned S. biflorus: it is said
to have 5 ovate-oblong, crenate, rugose Ivs. : several scapes with
2-4 pale lilac fls. F.S. 23:2429. — S. Blythinii, Lynch (S. Wend-
landii xS. cyaneus), has 2-5 Ivs., the largest of which is 15x9 in.
and another is 12x7 in., green beneath, in some cases reddish
toward the tip, in others with the color here and there: scapes 9-10,
each with 5-14 fls., about 14 in. high: fls. about 1H in. across,
lavender or bluish purple: petals marked with dark purple stripes.
Garden hybrid. G.C. III. 56:260. — S. cantabrigiemis. Lynch (S.
cyaneus X S. Dunnii), has several Ivs. which are 7-8 x 3 in.: scapes
about 7 in. high, 2-12-fld., conspicuously hairy: calyx-segms. linear-
lanceolate; corolla 2 in. long, about l*-i in. across, tube funnel-
shaped, lobes rounded, throat white with 7 deeply colored lines,
limb deep rose. Garden hybrid. G.C. III. 59:131. — S. Gaudlnii,
Hort., is offered in the trade. — S. Greenii, Hort. ex Wilson (S.
Saundersii X S. Rexii), is dwarf er and more compact than the former
parent, the scapes many-fld.: fls. pale lilac-blue. Garden hybrid.
G.C. II. 17:303. Said to be the first hybrid streptocarpus.-^.
Hitlstii, EngL, resembles S. caulescens: plant about 1^2 ft. high,
producing a large number of sts., each bearing 6-8 dark violet-blue
fls. Ji-1 in. long, spotted with white on the midlobe of the lower lip.
German E. Afr. (Section I.) B.M. 8150. — S. hybridus, Hort., is a
name applied to garden hybrids in general. — S. Kirkii, Hook. f.
Caulescent; st. 4-6 in. high, stout, erect, hairy: Ivs. 1-2 in. long,
broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate, finely pubescent on both surfaces,
base rounded or cordate; petiole \y- h>in. long: scapes axillary, very
slender, 3-4 in. high: fls. drooping, opposite; calyx-lobes lanceolate,
pubescent: corolla 34in. long, pale lilac, tube hairy, upcurved,
broad and subcampanulate, mouth expanded, lobes short rounded,
ciliate, Trop. E. Afr. B.M. 6782. (Section I.) Allied to S. caules-
cens.— S. lichtensteiningis, Hort. (S. Wendlandii X S. Watsonii), has
2 Ivs., 1 prostrate and the other smaller and erect: fls. numer-
ous, lilac-blue. Garden hybrid. — S. Mahdnii, Hook. f. Acaules-
cent: If. solitary, 1 ft. or more long, flat on the ground, sessile, ovate-
oblong, crenulate, tip rounded, base cordate: scapes many, crowded,
densely pilose: fls. long-pedicelled; calyx-segms. pubescent, linear,
corolla violet, tube Jim- long, pubescent, decurved, somewhat
inflated above; lobes rotundate, Brit. Cent. Afr. B.M. 7857. —
S. muUiflbra, Laing., is a seedling of S. Rexii, with up to 30 large
bluish purple fls., which have darker purple lines in the throat and
running up onto the lower lip. Garden hybrid. G.C. III. 18:211;
32:327. I.H. 43, p. 67.^5. artintatis, Craib. Caulescent; st. soli-
tary, erect, simple, 6-16 in. high, leafy: Ivs. ovate to elliptic-ovate,
apex obtuse, base cuneate, crenate or crenate-eerrate, 1-3 ^ x
J^-2 Ji in., both surfaces glandular-pilose; petioles up to 2 in. long:
infl. axillary, cymose: calyx-lobes lanceolate or linear-lanceolate,
white-glandular-hairy outside; corolla purple outside, paler within,
tube over 1 in. long, limb about Jiin. across, lobes reflexed-spread-
ing, wide oblong, tip rounded. Siam. B.M. 8526. — S. Veitchii,
Hort., is offered in the trade. p TRACY HUBBARD.f
STREPTOPUS (Greek, twisted stalk, referring to the
peduncles). Liliacese. TWISTED STALK. Perennial
herbs, with the aspect of Polygonatum, hardy and
adapted to the wild-garden; should be grown in shade
or with rich, loose, and moist soil in sunlight.
Stems erect from a short dense, or longer, repent
rhizome, simple or slightly branched: Ivs. alternate,
ovate or lanceolate, membranaceous, sessile or clasp-
ing: fls. medium-sized, solitary or paired in the axils,
nodding, rose or whitish; perianth campanulate, segms.
distinct or connate at base; stamens 6; style 3-cleft;
ovary sessile, ovoid, 3-celled: berry subglobose, inde-
hiscent. — About 6 species, Eu., Temp. Asia, and N.
Amer. Woodland plants closely related to Disporum
which has terminal fls.
A. Fls. purple or rose.
roseus, Michx. Fig. 3738. Pvootstock short, stout:
st. 1-2 ft. high : Ivs. sessile, only partially clasping, 2-4
in. long: peduncles less than 1 in. long, mostly 1-fld.:
fls. about J^in. long: berry red, ^in. thick. May- July.
Moist, rich woods in the northern states, S. to Ga.
3738. Streptopus
roseus. (X>i)
AA. Fls. greenish white.
amplexifdlius, DC. Pvootstock short, stout: st. usu-
ally taller than S. roseus: Ivs. clasping, 3-6 in. long:
peduncles 1-2 in. long, usually 2-fld.: fls. about Hm-
long: berry red. May-July. Moist rich woods, N. U.
S. and Canada south to N. C. and New Mex. ; also in
Eurasia. F. w. BARCLAY.
3276
STREPTOSOLEN
STROBILANTHES
STREPTOSOLEN (Greek, streptos, twisted, solen,
tube, with reference to the form of the corolla-tube).
Solanacese. Scabrous-pubescent shrub, suitable for
greenhouse culture and for outdoors, as an ornamental,
in the extreme S. Lvs. entire, not large, rugose: fls.
orange-red, pedi celled, in a terminal corymbose panicle;
calyx tubular - campanulate,
shortly 5 -cleft; corolla -tube
elongated, spirally twisted be-
low, widening above, limb
spreading, 5-lobed, lobes broad,
very obtuse; perfect stamens
4, didynamous; ovary stipi-
tate, 2-celled: caps, somewhat
leathery, valves 2-cleft. — One
species, Colombia.
Jamesonii, Miers (Browdllia
Jamesonii, Hort., & Benth.?).
Fig. 3739. Handsome ever-
green scabrous- pubescent
shrub, 4-6 ft. high, hardy and
much cult, in Calif, as far north
as San Francisco. June. G.C.
II. 21:797. Gn. 26:6. R H.
1883:36. B. M. 4605. F.S.
5:436. P.M. 16:6. G.M. 39:
200. V . 7 : 298 ; 9 : 147.— An old
favorite in northern green-
houses. p. TRACY HUBBARD.!
STRICKLANDIA (named in
honor of Sir C. W. Strickland).
Amaryllidacese. Perianth nar-
rowly funnelform, tube short,
segms. oblanceolate, equal;
stamens not declinate, filaments
united half-way up in a cup,
lanceolate above it, without
any teeth between; ovary glo-
bose, 3-lobed, 3-celled: caps.
short, deeply 3-lobed, loculicid-
ally 3-valved; seeds many,
small. One species, Andes of
Ecuador. S. eucrosioides, Baker
(Leperiza eucrosioides, Baker.
Phsedrandssa eucrosioides,
Benth. & Hook. f. Stenomesson
Strickldndi, Baker). Bulb ovoid, 2 in. diam.; tunics
brown, membranaceous : Ivs. 2 to a st., produced after
the fls., thin, green, oblong, 6-9 in. long: peduncle slen-
der, terete, 1 ft. high: fls. 3-4 in an umbel, horizontal
or cernuous; spathe- valves linear; perianth-tube green,
lobes red, laxly nerved, not keeled nor tipped with
green. Andes of Ecuador. G.C. III. 30:263. Cult, as
for Phsedranassa.
STROBILANTHES (Greek, cone and flower, refer-
ring to the inflorescence) . Acanthacex. Herbs or shrubs,
erect, sometimes tall, glabrous, scabrous-pubescent or
villous; greenhouse, or out-of-doors in extreme South.
Leaves opposite, in a few species strongly separated,
entire or toothed: fls. blue, violet, or white, rarely yel-
low, solitary at the axils of the opposite bracts, sessile or
short-pedicelled, sometimes in dense or interrupted
terminal spikes or the peduncles clustered at the axils;
calyx deeply 5-cleft or almost 5-parted, segms. linear;
corolla-tube slender at the base, widened above; limb
spreading, 5-lobed, lobes ovate; perfect stamens 4 or 2:
caps, oblong or linear, 2-celled at or near the base. —
About 200 species, India, Malaya, China, and Japan,
also 1 in Trop. Afr. Adapted to the warmhouse.
Strobilanthes are mostly erect half-shrubby plants
cultivated for their flowers and foliage. Only young,
well-grown plants are attractive, the older ones becom-
ing weedy and unattractive. Some species are grown as
ornamental foliage bedding plants, but they are not so
3739. Streptosolen
JamesoniL
desirable for general use as the coleus, the slightest
cool weather changing the color of their leaves to a very
undesirable shade. In the greenhouse they make fine
decorative foliage plants but require at all times a high
temperature and an abundance of moisture and much
syringing. Under unfavorable conditions they lose
their leaves and become unsightly.
anisophyllus, T. Anders. (Gold-
fussia anisophylla, Nees) . Branches
somewhat zigzag: Ivs. broadly
lanceolate, acuminate, serrulate,
opposite, but one of each pair
much smaller than the other: fls.
purplish and white ; corolla funnel-
shaped, very broad at the mouth,
with a somewhat irregular 5-lobed
limb. India. B.M. 3404. B.R.
955 (as Ruellia persicifolia) . R.B.
29 : 36. — Similar to S. isophyllus in
habit and use.
calldsus, Nees. Shrub, 6-8 ft.
high: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, acumi-
nate, puberulous, narrowed into a
long, slender petiole which is winged to the middle: fls. in
short, oblong spikes, large, pale violet-blue; corolla-tube
very short, dilated into a subcampanulate throat and
expanding into a limb 2 in. across; lobes orbicular,
undulate. B.M. 7538. — A native of W. India, where it
forms a shrub 6-8 ft. high; said to flower in its third
year.
Dyerianus, Mast. An erect, branching, soft-wooded
stove shrub: st. hirsute: Ivs. opposite, 6-8 in. long,
elliptic-lanceolate, serrulate, cordate at base, sessile,
variegated with iridescent tints of blue and lilac, rose-
purple beneath: fls. in erect spikes, 1^ in. long, pale
violet; calyx unequally 5-lobed, lobes linear, obtuse;
corolla-tube curved, ventricose, limb of 5 short, broad,
revolute lobes. Burma. B.M. 7574. R.B. 20:133.
J.H. III. 26:359. A.G. 17:297. V. 19:67. G.M. 46:
149. — Used for bedding.
gossypinus, T. Anders. Shrubby, covered with dense
yellowish wool: Ivs. 4x2 in., ovate, acute, base broad-
rhomboid, subcoriaceous, entire, wool of upper sur-
face deciduous: spikes 1-3 in. long, linear-oblong,
woolly, compound, becoming paniculate: fls. violet;
calyx-segms. narrowly lanceolate; corolla nearly
straight. India. B.M. 7790. G.M. 56:958.
isophyllus, T. Anders. (Goldfussia isophylla, Nees).
A low, much-branched, bushy shrub, 2-3 ft. high,
swollen at the joints: Ivs. short-petioled, opposite, nar-
rowly lanceolate, distantly serrulate or entire : peduncles
axillary, shorter than the Ivs., bearing several fls.:
corolla 1 in. long, funnel-shaped, blue and white; limb
5-lobed; lobes emarginate. India. B.M. 4363. B.
5:244. — Used either for bedding or for pots. Blooms
profusely either in winter or summer, according to
treatment.
Micholitzii, Ridley. Subshrub, 3-4 ft. high: st. 4-
angled. dilated at the nodes: Ivs. lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, 6x2 in., one of the pair much larger than
the other, acuminate at both ends: racemes axillary,
very numerous, cone-like, ^-%in. long; bracts rounded,
white, tipped with green: fls. white, projecting slightly
from the cone. Sumatra.
S. auriculAtus, Nees. Shrub, 2-6 ft. high, glabrous, except the
more or less hairy tips of the branches: Ivs., one sometimes 10 x 2 1A
in., the other 3 x 1 Vi in., ovate, serrulate: spikes terminal, solitary:
fls. pale purple. India. H.U. 6, p. 196.— S. glomeratus, T. Andf-rs.
Shrub, with branches often horizontal and hairy upward: Ivs.
ovate and acute, complanate (flattened), serrate, hairy or villoi
above: fls. purple, about 2 in. long. India. B.M. 3881 (as Gold-
fussia glomerata).— S. Wdllichii, Nees. Weak subalpme s,
with angled branches: Ivs. elliptic, acuminate: fls. blue, in pan
or solitary. Himalaya. B.M. 5119 (as Goldfussia Thomsom).
HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
STROMAXTHE
STROPHOLIRION
3277
STROMANTHE (Greek, couch and flower; said to
allude to the form of inflorescence). Marantaceae. Per-
ennial herbs grown in the warmhouse for the foliage.
Steins leafy, erect, from a thick horizontal rhizome,
somewhat branched, the base covered by the long If .-
sheaths: Ivs. short-petioled : infl. rather lax, terminal on
a long peduncle, more or less compound, rarely narrow,
almost raceme-like, frequently all colored blood-red;
bracts and bractlets spathe-like, colored; sepals 3, free,
oval-oblong; petals 3, slightly narrower than the sepals;
ovary 1 -celled, 1-ovuled: fr. subglobose. — About 12
species. S. Amer. (Schumann, in Engler's Das Pflanzen-
reich, hft. 11.— IV. 48). Closely allied to Calathea,
Maranta. Phrynium and Thalia. It agrees with Ma-
ranta and Thalia in having a 1-loculed caps., and
thereby differs from Calathea and Phrynium, which
have 3 locules. From Maranta it differs in having a
very short perianth-tube and the segms. not standing
opposite each other. From Thalia it differs, as does
Maranta. in having 2 side staminodia rather than 1.
For cult., see remarks under Calathea.
Porteana, Griseb. (Maranta Porteana, Koern.). Two
to 4 ft. high, with maranta-like Ivs., the blades long-
elliptic or ovate-lanceolate, varying from acuminate to
almost obtuse, purple beneath, bright green above with
transverse stripes or bars of silvery white : fls. solitary or
twin on the rachis, blood-red, the infl. simple or com-
pound. Brazil. Lowe 26.
sanguinea, Sender (Thalia sanguinea, Lem.). Lf.-
blades about 1 ft. long, oblong-acuminate, purple be-
neath and green above: scape 12-20 in. tall, red toward
the top. bearing a panicle of bright red and red-bracted
fls. Probably Brazilian. B.M. 4646 (as Phrynium).
F.S. 8:785. "J.F. 3:268; 4:401.— An old garden plant.
Thrives in an intermediate house and attains a height of
5 ft. when planted in a border. Var. spectabilis, Eichler
(S. spectabilis, Lem. Maranta spectdbtiis, Koern.). Lvs.
particolored with green beneath. L jj B.
STRONGYLODON (Greek, round and tooth; the
lobes of the calyx are rounded). Leguminbsae. Glabrous
twining shrubs or subshrubs: Ivs. pinna tely 3-foliate,
stipelled; stipules small: fls. red, showy, fasciculately
racemose on elongated, axillary peduncles; calyx-teeth
broad, obtuse: standard ovate-oblong, acute, recurved,
finally reflexed, 2-appendaged inside above the claw;
wings shorter than the standard and adherent to the
keel which is beaked, strongly incurved, equaling the
standard and connate with the petals; stamens free
from the standard; ovary stipitate, 1- or few-ovuled:
legume stipitate, obliquely ovate-oblong, 2-valved. —
About 20 species, Madagascar, Ceylon, to X. Austral,
and the Pacific islands. May be planted far S.
pseudolucidus, Craib. Climbing shrub: Ivs. 3-foliate,
nearly 5 in. long; Ifts. more or less ovate, 3J^>x2-2J4
in.: racemes axillary, up to 3 in. long: fls. bright red,
about 1 in. long. Madagascar, Ceylon, N. Austral.
B.M. 8494.
STROPHANTHUS (Greek, tunsted cord and flower,
alluding to the corolla-segms.). Incl. Roupellia.
Apocynaces. Shrubs, often scandent, glabrous or more
or less hairy, with persistent or deciduous foliage, suita-
ble for the warmhouse : Ivs. opposite, rarely ternate : infl.
terminal, often at the ends of short branches, corymbose,
many- or few-fid, or reduced to solitary fls. : fls. mostly
showy; sepals 5, imbricate, sometimes foliaceous; corolla
funnelform or campanulate. tube cylindrical, long or
short, mouth with paired appendages alternating with
the lobes which are 5. acuminate and produced into very
long filiform tails; disk none: mericarps 2, follicular,
oblong or fusiform, divaricate. — About 40 species, Trop.
and S. Afr. and Trop. Asia.
S. dichotomy, DC. Erect shrub with stout branches: Ivs. ellip-
tic-oblong or obovate, 3-5 Yi x 2-3 in., obtuse, acute or apiculate,
rather coriaceous: cymes much shorter than the Ivs., dichotomous.
few-fid.: sepals subulate from an ovate base; corolla-tube and
throat Ji~l m- long, whitish tails 5-7 in. long, purple: follicles very
large, 8 x 2 in., divergent. India, Malaya, and Java. H.U. 2, p. 225.
— S. grandifldrug, Stapf (S. Petersianus var. grandiflorus, N. E.
Br.). Dense shrub, 5-6 ft. high, with long, slender, reddish brown
branches: Ivs. ovate to elliptic-oblong, shortly acuminate, 2-3 x
Ji-1 in., membranous: cymes terminal on leafy branches, usually
reduced to a single fl.: sepals oblong to lanceolate-oblong, erect:
corolla wide, purplish without, milk-white or creamy within, the
lobes ovate, produced to filiform tails about 6 in. long. Trop. and S.
Afr. B.M. 7390. — S. gratws, Franch. (Roupellia grata, Wall. &
Hook.). Small glabrous tree or shrub: Ivs. oblong, short-acuminate,
base obtuse or subacute, leathery: cymes terminal, sessile, few- to
12-fld. : fls. white or tinged with pink, large; sepals broad, oblong or
obovate; corolla-tube l^ in., long, lobes broad, obovate, V^-\ in-
long; ovary glabrous: follicles obtusely acuminate. Trop. Afr.
B.M. 4466. G.C. III. 28:151. J.F. 1:16.— S. Ledienii, Stein.
Shrub, with softly and sparingly pubescent branches, brown when
young: Ivs. obovate, abruptly cuspidate, cuneate at the base:
cymes sessile, terminal, 3— 7-fld.: sepals linear from an elliptic base,
acute; corolla-tube pale yellow, the lobes deep yellow, ovate, 6_-8
in. long, including tie tails: follicles slender, brown, mottled with
yellow, coriaceous. Trop. Afr. Gt. 36: 1241. — S. Preiussii, Engl. &
Pax. Rambling or climbing shrub, up to 12 ft. high: branches gla-
brous, brown or red-brown: Ivs. elliptic or oblong to obovate or
ovate, abruptly acuminate, 2-5 x 1 Ji-2 in. : cymes terminal, corym-
bose, many-fld.: sepals linear-oblong or linear; corolla cream-
colored to orange with purple spots and streaks in the throat and
purple tails, the lobes ovate, suddenly constricted and produced
into tails 1 ft. long. Trop. Afr. B.M. 8250. — S. specidsus, Reber
(S. capensis, A. DC.). Glabrous, rambling shrub: branches trailing
on other shrubs, sometimes running high up, olive-green: Ivs. in
whorls of 3-4, rarely the uppermost opposite, oblong-lanceolate to
lanceolate, acute, rarely acuminate, 1M-3H* H~l in-, leathery:
cymes terminal or pseudo-axillary, corymbiform, few- to 12-fld.:
sepals lanceolate to linear, sometimes recurved; corolla cream-col-
ored to yellow or orange spotted with red, the lobes attenuate from a
somewhat broader base into linear spreading tails about 1-1 H in.
long: follicles very slender, lanceolate, about 6 in. long. S. Afr.
F. TRACT HUBBARD.
STROPHOLIRIpN (Greek for twisted rope and lily,
referring to the twining stem). LUiacex. Herbaceous,
with a conned base, used for outdoor planting: Ivs. few,
radical: scape simple, leafless, often twining several feet
fls. rose, numerous in a terminal umbel; perianth urn-
shaped, 6-lobed; stamens 3; ovary sessile, ovoid, 3-
3740. Stropholirion calif ornicum. ( X Js)
3278
STROPHOLIRION
STYLIDIUM
celled : caps, included in the persistent calyx, globose. —
One species, Calif. Very like Brodisea, and sometimes
referred to that genus, but differing in always having 3
stamens and a perianth which is contracted at the
throat and saccate at the base. S. californicum, Torr.
(Brodisea volubilis, Baker). Fig. 3740 (adapted from
Pacific R. R. Rep.). In many ways it resembles Bre-
voortia Ida-Maia, except that the scape is climbing to a
height of 3-4 ft., and bearing an umbel of delicate
rosy pink fls. The scape twines readily about any stick
or bush that stands near it. Lvs. 1 ft. or. more long,
keeled, %in. or less broad: corm about 1 in. diam. Cent.
Calif. B.M. 6123. G.C. III. 20:687. Cult, as for Bre-
voortia Ida-Maia. CARL PURDY.
STRUTraOPTERIS: Matteuccia.
STRYCHNOS (an old Greek name used by Theo-
phrastus for some plants belonging to Solanaceae).
Loganiacese. Scandent shrubs with short tendrils, or
trees, of economic importance ; some of the species have
been introduced into the southern United States.
Leaves opposite, in scandent species some axils bear
short clavate tendrils; the adjacent If. being often sup-
pressed: cymes terminal or lateral; bracts small: fls.
white to yellowish; calyx 5-4-lobed; corolla 5-4-cleft,
tube short or long or hardly any, lobes valvate; sta-
mens 5 ; ovary 2-celled (or 1 -celled above) : berry glo-
bose or oblong. — About 220 species, tropics of both
hemispheres.
Nux-v6mica, Linn. Tree attaining a height of 40 ft. :
Ivs. ovate, 5-nerved, glabrous, 3)^x2 in.: cymes ter-
minal, short-peduncled, 1-2 in. diam.; pedicels hardly
any: fls. numerous; corolla-lobes glabrous: berry 1}^ in.
diam., globose, many-seeded. India. — The seeds yield
the drugs, nux-vomica and strychnine, and the bark is
somewhat used as a tonic.
potatSrum, Linn, f . Tree attaining a height of 40 ft. :
Ivs. elliptic, 2^2 x 1 in., 3-nerved, subsessile, glabrous or
nearly so: cymes axillary, nearly sessile, 1 in. diam.:
berry ^-%in. diam. India and Ceylon. — The seeds are
known as the clearing-nut as they have the property of
clearing muddy water when they are rubbed on the
inside of the vessel into which it is put.
spinosa, Lam. Low tree: branchlets slender, armed
with pungent spines from the nodes: Ivs. obovate or
suborbicular, 5-nerved from near the base, glabrous,
subcoriaceous: cymes short, dense, terminal, very com-
pound: fls. greenish; calyx-tube very short, segms.
linear; corolla-tube short, campanulate, the lobes usu-
ally 5, ovate: fr. the size and color of an orange, the
shell leathery, the pulp abundant and edible; seeds
large. Trop. and S. Afr., Madagascar, and Seychelles. —
A promising fr. intro. into the S. U. S.
S. Schumannidna, Gilg (S. Schumanni, Hort.). Tree, 12-22 ft.
high with axillary recurved spines: Ivs. decussate, elliptical, gray-
pilose on both surfaces: cymes terminal on the gray branches,
many-fld.: calyx gray-hirsute, lobes linear; corolla-lobes deltoid-
ovoid: fr. edible. Trop. Afr. Reported as intro. into S. Calif, but
not successful. — S. Volkensii, Gilg. Tree, 30-40 ft. high: branch-
lets armed at the nodes with curved pungent spines: Ivs. oblong or
oblong-ovate, glabrous: cymes lax, many-fld., from the tip of the
branches; sepals ovate; corolla-lobes ovate: fr. shaped like an
orange, edible. Trop. Afr. Reported as intro. into S. Calif.
F. TRACY HTJBBARD.
STRYPHNODENDRON (Greek, astringent and tree;
the bark has a puckery taste) . Leguminosse. Unarmed
trees, usually small, with thick branches, grown in the
greenhouse and also outdoors in the extreme S.: Ivs.
twice pinnate, Ifts. small, many-paired, frequently
rather broad: fls. small, hermaphrodite or somewhat
polygamous, borne in short-peduncled, axillary spikes,
5-merous, sessile; calyx campanulate; petals connate to
the middle, finally free; stamens 10, free; ovary short-
stipitate, many-ovuled: legume linear, compressed,
thick. — Nine species in Trop. Amer.
guianense, Benth. Branchlets subterete, they and
the petioles rusty-tomentellous: pinnae 6-12 pairs; Ifts.
with 8-10 pairs of divisions, oblique, oval-oblong, 4-5
lines long, shiny above, reddish beneath : corolla smooth,
about 3 times as long as the calyx: pod straight or
slightly incurved. Guiana and intro. into Fla.
S. floribundum, Benth. (Acacia pulcherrima, Willd.). Spineless:
pinnse 13 pairs; Ifts. many pairs, oblong-linear, obtuse, pubescent
beneath; petiole pubescent and with 2 convex glands at base:
spikes twin, axillary, filiform: fls. 5-parted, pilose. Brazil.
STUARTIA: Stewartia.
STYLIDIUM (stylos, a column, referring to the body
formed by the union of the stamens and style). Can-
dolleacese or Stylididcese. Herbaceous or somewhat
woody perennials of many perplexing species mostly in
Australia, seldom grown under glass or in the open in
mild climates.
Confusion has arisen in the name of this group, and
recent authorities adopt the name Candollea, but Can-
dollea is itself confused. In 1805, La Billardiere founded
the genus Candollea for the plants which a few months
earlier were named Stylidium, Swartz, by Willdenow
(Sp. PI. iv. 146). As the first application of the name
Candollea was thus invalidated, La Billardiere, in
1806, used Candollea for a genus belonging to Dillen-
iacese; this is the group described on page 653, Vol.
II, now included in Hibbertia by Gilg in Engler &
Prantl's Pflanzenfamilien, although kept separate by
Bentham in Flora Australiensis and by Bent ham
& Hooker in Genera Plantarum. Although the name
Stylidium, Swartz, is antedated by Stylidium, Loureiro,
founded in 1790 on a plant of the Cornaceae, Swartz's
name stands, since Loureiro's Stylidium belongs as a
synonym to the earlier genus Alangium (see page 243,
Vol. I). According to the International Rules, as well
as on the principle of fifty years of accepted usage, it is
correct to retain Candollea for the Dilleniaceous plants
(page 653) and to use Stylidium for the genus we are
now considering, as is done by Bentham & Hooker.
Schonland, however, in Engler & Prantl, and, earlier, F.
von Mueller, revive the Candollea of 1805 and make
Stylidium a synonym, and in this case the Candollea of
1806 would become Eeldea of Durand if it is retained
as a genus distinct from Hibbertia. According to the
Philadelphia or American Code, however, the existence
of earlier homonyms, no matter whether valid names or
synonyms, prevents the use of Stylidium, Swartz, and
of Candollea of 1806, and Forsteropsis would apparently
be the name to be used for the Stylidium of Swartz,
while Eeldea would replace Candollea. The latest monog-
rapher, Mildbraed, in Engler's Pflanzenreich, hft. 35
(iv. 278. 1908), adopts Stylidium, Swartz. It may be
said in passing that the generic name Candollea has
also been used for plants distinct from either of the
groups we are here considering, but these applications
are of later origin.
The stylidiums are of very minor importance horti-
culturally and scarcely appear in the American trade,
although S. adnatum has been listed in southern Cali-
fornia. The species are difficult of determination in
Australia; Mildbraed describes 103. Most of the
species "form a rosette or spreading tuft of radical
leaves from the midst of which springs the scape. Some-
times the following year the new leaves and scape are
close to the old ones, forming a dense, tufted stock, the
bases of the leaves sometimes assuming a bulbous
appearance; in others, one or two short stems are formed
above the old tuft, each crowned by a new rosette and
scape, and sometimes several successive tufts of
leaves, separated by short stems or branches, may be
observed." The plants are more or less lobelia-like, with
pink, purplish, yellow, or white fls. in racemes, pani-
cles, or cymes; corolla irregular, five-lobed of which
four lobes ascend in pairs and the other (the lip) much
smaller and deflexed or sometimes nearly as large as
STYLIDIUM
STYRAX
the others and curved upward; calyx fiye-lobed, more or
less two-lipped; stamens two, united with the style : fruit
a capsule, two-valved from the top downward: leaves
all radical, or scattered in whorl-like tufts, as described
above.
S. adnatum, R. Br. (Candollea adnata, MuelL), has mostly very
narrow or linear Ivs. scattered along the st,, the upper ones crowded
in a terminal tuft: fls. pink, nearly sessile in compound racemes or
spike-like panicles: sts. 12 in. or less long. — 5. Brunonidnum,
Benth. ^Candollea Brunoniana, MuelL). Tufted or rarely prolif-
erous, the radical Ivs. linear to oblanceolate: scapes 12-18 in. high,
with whorls of narrow Ivs., and bearing many small pink fls., the
corolla-throat appendaged, B.R, 28:15. H.U. 4:72.— 5. cili&um,
lindl. (S. saxifragoides, LindL Candollea ciliata, MuelL ).==S.
piliferum. — 5. dichotomum, DC. (S. mucronifolium, Hook. Can-
dollea dichotoma, MuelL ). Low, the scapes 2-4 in. high and glandu-
lar-pubescent: Ivs. narrowly linear, acute, scattered between tufts
at base and top: fls. yellow in a glandular-hairy compound raceme
or panicle. B.M. 4538. F.S. 6:606 (as S. Hookeri). J.F. 1:59. —
S. fframinifolium. Swart* (S. Armeria, LabilL Candollea gramini-
folia, MuelL). Tufted or somewhat proliferous, the scapes 6-18 in.
high: Ivs. rather rigid, linear, sometimes denticulate: fls. pink,
nearly sessile in a raceme or interrupted spike. B.R. 90. B.M.
1918. J.F. 3:286. — S. piliferum, R. Br. Tufted, Ivs. linear and hair-
pointed, the plant with yellow glandular hairs: scape 6-12 in. high,
bearing a raceme or panicle of yellow or whitish or pinkish fls., the
corolla-throat not appendaged" B.M. 3883 (as S. tiliatum); 4529
(as S. saxifragoides). J.F. 1:34. L H B
STYLOMA (name refers "to the large indurated
styles"). Palmacex. A genus very recently proposed
by O. F. Cook for the Pacific island palms heretofore
referred to Pritchardia (Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci., 1915,
p. 241). Pritchardia pacijlca under this disposition
becomes Styloma pacifica, Cook; and the other species
on page 2810, Vol. V, become S. Gaudichaudii, S.
Marlii, S. pericularum, and S. Tkurstonii, Cook. He
keeps Pritchardia Wrightii distinct under Colpothrinax.
3741. Stylophorum
diphyllum. (XJi)
STYLOPHORUM (Greek, style and bearing, in refer-
ence to the persistent style). Papaverac&e . Hardy,
perennial herbs, with stout rootstocks and yellow- sap:
Ivs. radical, pinnatifid or none; cauline few, lobed or
cut: fls. yellow or red; peduncles elongated, solitary or
somewhat fascicled; buds nodding; sepals 2; petals 4;
stamens many; ovary 2— 4-placentae : caps, frequently
stipitate, ovoid, oblong or linear, dehiscent from the
apex to the base. — Three species, according to Fedde,
one from N. Amer., the other two from China.
diphyllum, Nutt. (Papaver Stylophorum, Hort.).
CELAXDIN-E POPPY. Fig. 3741. A hardy perennial
about 1 ft. high, forming large clumps: st. with 2 Ivs. at
the summit: Ivs. light green, pinnately parted: fls.
yellow, 2 in. across, in clusters of 3-5. May, June.
"Moist shade, W. Pa. to Wis. and Ark. B.B. 2:102.
J.H. III. 34:475. Gn. 65, p. 283.— An attractive plant
of easy cult, in any rich, rather loose, moist soil in
either shade or open, but preferably in partial shade. It
is easy to transplant. F w BARCLAY.
STYLOPHYLLUM (Greek, style or column and leaves).
Crassulacex. A genus separated from Cotyledon and .
composed mostly of new species: basal Ivs. linear, elon-
gated, base sometimes broad clasping: calyx 5-lobed,
the lobes ovate, equal and small; corolla campanulate,
not angled, white, red, or yellowish, the lobes broad,
thin, and spreading, united below into a tube : carpels 5,
united below, generally strongly spreading as in Sedum.
—Twelve species all from Calif. S. Orcuttii, Rose.
Rather stout and very glaucous, woody at base: Ivs.
linear: calyx-lobes obtusish; corolla-tube shorter than
the calyx, the lobes rather broad and somewhat keeled,
rose-colored, not at all tinged with yellow. S. Calif .
and adjacent islands. — This plant was distributed as
Cotyledon attenuata, which is probably a different
species.
STYRAX (ancient Greek name of Styrax officinalis).
Styracacese. STORAX. Ornamental woody plants chiefly
grown for their handsome flowers.
Deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs more or less
stellate-pubescent : Ivs. short-stalked, exstipulate, more
or less covered, like the infl., with stellate hairs: fls.
white; calyx campanulate, obscurely 5-toothed or
truncate; petals 5, connate only at the base; stamens 10,
inserted at the base of the corolla and usually somewhat
connate below; ovary superior, often united at the base
with the calyx, 3-loculed at the base, 1-loculed at the
apex; style slender: fr. a drupe, mostly subglobose,
fleshy or oftener dry with dehiscent pericarp, 1-2-
seeded, with large, subglobose seeds. — About 100
species in the tropical, subtropical, and warmer tempe-
rate regions of Amer., Asia, and Eu. There is a mono-
graph by Miss J. Perkins in Engler, Pflanzenreich
(IV. 241), Styracaceae, pp. 17-88 (1907). S. Benzoin
yields the benzoin, a balsamic exudation of the wounded
tree ; storax, a similar gum-resin, was formerly obtained
from S. officinalis, but the storax of today is a product
of Liquidambar.
The storaxes are handsome shrubs of graceful, usu-
ally loose and spreading habit with numerous white and
mostly fragrant, often pendulous, flowers in racemes or
few-flowered clusters, followed by rather insignificant
subglobose drupaceous fruits. S. japonica and S.
Obassia are the hardiest and stand the winter in shel-
tered positions as far north as Massachusetts. S.
americana is somewhat tenderer; S. grandifolia is hardy
about Philadelphia and S. Wilsonii is probably of the
same hardiness; S. officinalis is hardy only South. They
are well adapted for borders of shrubberies or as single
specimens on the lawn, and thrive best in a light, porous
soil. Propagation is by seeds which are usually pro-
fusely produced in cultivation, sown soon after ripening,
and by layers sometimes grafted on Halesia Carolina;
S. japonica and S. americana may also be grown from
cuttings, but usually only a small percentage will root.
A. Fls. in many-fld. racemes: Ivs. 2-10 in. long.
B. Young branchlets, petioles, and racemes grayish-
tomentose.
grandifdlia, Ait. Shrub, 4-12 ft. high: Ivs. oval to
obovate, shortly acuminate, usually narrowed toward
the base, denticulate or almost entire, glabrous above,
grayish-tomentose or -pubescent beneath, 2V£-€ in-
long: fls. fragrant, in loose racemes 3-6 in. long or some-
times in clusters; corolla fully Hm- long> vrith spread-
ing, oblong petals: fr. subglobose, about ^in. across.
3280
STYRAX
SUCCULENTS
May. S.Va.toFla. L.B.C. 11:1016 (poor). B.B. (ed. 2)
2:723.
BB. Young branchlets, petioles, and racemes soon
glabrous.
Obissia, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub or small tree, 30 ft.
high: young branchlets and petioles covered with a
quickly disappearing floccose rusty tomentum: Ivs.
orbicular to broadly obovate or oval, abruptly acumi-
nate, usually rounded at the base, remotely dentate
above the middle and sometimes tricuspidate at the
apex, glabrous above, pubescent beneath, 6-40 in. long:
fls. fragrant, in racemes 5-7 in. long; rachis glabrous;
pedicels and calyx finely tomentose; corolla %in. long,
with slightly spreading obovate-oblong petals: fr. Mil-
long, ovoid, pointed. May. Japan. S.Z. 1:46. B.M.
7039. G.C. III. 4:131 (not correct in regard to habit).
A.F. 12:30. M.D.G. 1898:16. S.I.F. 1:80. G. 36:531.
AA. Fls. in few-fid, clusters or short racemes:
Ivs. ]^-3 in. long.
B. Lvs. ]/y-l in. long, serrate or denticulate, tomentose
beneath.
Wflsonii, Rehd. Small compact shrub, to 6 ft.: Ivs.
rhombic-ovate or oval, obtuse or acutish, sparingly
toothed or denticulate, sparingly pubescent above,
white-tomentose beneath, J^--l in. long: fls. short-
stalked in 3-5-fld. clusters, %-}$w.
long; calyx stellate-pubescent; co-
rolla-lobes oblong: fr. globose-ovoid,
J^in. long, finely velvety. May,
June. W.China. B.M. 8444. G.M.
56:369. G. 36:161. R.H. 1914, p.
33. — Handsome little shrub, begins
to bloom when about two years old
and less than a foot high.
BB. Lvs. 1-3 in. long.
c. Petals 5-8: Ivs. pubescent beneath,
entire, usually obtuse.
officinalis, Linn. Shrub or small
tree, to 20 ft.: Ivs. broadly oval or
ovate, obtuse or acutish, entire,
stellate-pubescent, at least when
young, 1-2^ in. long: fls. in few-fid,
tomentose clusters; pedicels about
as long as calyx; corolla %in. long,
with 5-7 oblanceolate petals; sta-
mens 10-16, with the filaments pubescent and connate
at the base. April- June. Eu., Asia Minor. L.B.C.
10:928. Var. calif6rnica, Rehd. (S. calif ornica, Torr.).
Shrub, 5-8 ft. : corolla usually 1 in. long, sometimes with
8 petals; stamens connate nearly one-third. Calif.
cc. Petals 6: Ivs. almost glabrous, acute.
D. Pedicels about as long as calyx, puberulous.
americana, Lam. (S. gldbrum, Cav. S. laevigatum,
Ait.). Shrub, 4-8 ft. high: Ivs. oval to oblong, acute at
both ends or acuminate, entire or serrulate, bright
green and almost glabrous, 1-3 in. long: fls. nodding, in
few-fld. clusters; pedicels about as long as calyx or
little longer, puberulous; corolla about J^in. long,
almost glabrous, with spreading or reflexed, lanceolate-
oblong petals; calyx-teeth minute, acute. April-June.
Va. to Fla., west to Ark. and La. B.M. 921. L.B.C.
10:960. B.R. 952 (as Halesia parviflora). Var. pul-
verulenta, Perkins (S. pulverulenta, Michx.). Lvs.
stellate-pubescent, at least when young: fls. on tomen-
tose pedicels. S. Va. to Fla. and Texas. B.B. (ed. 2)
2:723.
DD. Pedicels %-l in. long, glabrous.
jap6nica, Sieb. & Zucc. Fig. 3742. Shrub or small tree,
becoming 30 ft. high, with slender spreading branches:
young branchlets and Ivs. with stellate pubescence,
which soon disappears: Ivs. broadly elliptic to elliptic-
lanceolate, acute at both ends, often acuminate, ere-
nately serrulate, glabrous, 1-3 in. long: fls. pendulous,
in 3-6-fld. glabrous racemes; corolla about J^in. long,
with slightly spreading, elliptic, tomentulose petals;
calyx usually with short and broad, obtuse teeth. June,
July. Japan, China. S.Z. 1:23. Gt. 17:583. B.M.
5950 (as S. serrulatum). M.D.G. 1899:229, 230.
R.H. 1888, p. 320. S.I.F. 1:80. G.W. 3, p. 207. Gn.
76, p. 588. Gn.W. 12:705. G. 32:485; 36:533. G.M.
48:347; 53:143. — The hardiest species and exceedingly
handsome in bloom with its profusion of gracefully
drooping white fls.
S. Benzoin, Dry. Small tree, allied to S. japonica: Ivs. stellate-
tomentose beneath, also pedicels and calyx. Malay Archipelago. —
S. dasydntha, Perkins. Shrub or small tree, to 25 ft.: Ivs. obovate
to oblong, acuminate, serrulate, sparingly stellate-pilose, 2Ji-4 in.
long: fls. nearly }^in. long, in many-fld. racemes or panicles. Cent.
China. Var. cinerdscens, Rehd. Lvs. stellate-tomentose beneath. —
S. Hemsleyana, Diels. Shrub or tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs. broadly ovate,
acuminate, serrate, pubescent on the veins beneath, 3-6 in. long:
fls. *<£-! in., in long racemes, sometimes panicled. Cent, and W.
China. Gn. 79, p. 205. B.M. 8339.— S. platanifdlia, Engelm.
Allied to S. calif ornica. Almost glabrous: Ivs. undulate or irregu-
3742. Styrax japonica. ( X H)
larly sinuately lobed. Texas. — S. serrulata, Roxbg. Shrub or tree,
40 ft. high, allied to S. americana: Ivs. usually elliptic-oblong, acu-
minate, distinctly serrulate: fls. short-pedicelled, in 5-10-fld. short
racemes; calyx and pedicels tomentose. E. India. — S. Shiraiana,
Makino. Small tree: Ivs. rhombic to orbicular, coarsely toothed,
nearly glabrous, 1 J^-3 in. long: fls. nearly 1 in. long, in short
racemes. Japan. — S. Veitchidrum, Hemsl. & Wilson. Tree, to 30 ft. :
Ivs. lance-ovate to oblong-ovate, acuminate, denticulate, glabrous,
3-4}^ in. long: fls. over J^in. long, in many-fld. racemes or pani-
cles: bears the large galls found on S. Benzoin and other species.
ALFRED REHDEK.
SUCCISA (succise, praemorse; cut off at the lower
end, referring to the root). Dipsacese. Three or 4 herbs,
by some authorities incl. in Scabiosa, of the Medit.
region to Trop. Afr., marked by the soft or herbaceous
scales or palea (involucels) subtending the florets in
the head, and by other technical characters. To this
genus or group belongs the "teufelsabbiss" of the Ger-
mans. The plants are little known in cult., but S.
australis, Mert., is listed abroad among outdoor per-
ennials. Nearly or quite glabrous: Ivs. ovate-elongate
and acuminate, entire, the lower ones somewhat auric-
ulate: heads ovate, with lilac- violet or ochroleucous fls.;
scales of involucre in 2 series. S. pratensis, Moench.
(Scabiosa Succisa, Linn.), may be cult.: root praemorse
(as if cut off) : radical Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate
and entire, the cauline ones connate : scales of involucre
in 2 or 3 series.
SUCCULENTS: Planting, page 2672.
SUGAR-APPLE
3281
SUGAR-APPLE: Annona squamosa. S.-Cane: Saccharum.
SUKSDORFIA (W. N. Suksdorf, botanist of Wash-
ington state). Saxifragaceae. One species as recently
delimited, a slender perennial, S. violacea, Gray, growing
on wet cliffs and rocks, Mont, to Ore. and Wash.:
glandular-pubescent, the rootstock bearing bulblets:
fls. small, pink, in few-fld. panicles on leaf}' axial shoots:
st. 1 ft. or less high: Ivs. reniform, 5-7-round-lobed, the
lower ones petioled and the upper ones on the st. sessile:
sepals, petals, and stamens 5, the anthers almost sessile.
SULLIVANTIA (William S. Sullivant, American
bryologist). Saxifragacese. Slender perennial herbs,
useful in wild-gardens and for colonizing, but scarcely
in cult. Four species are now recognized, all natives in
the U. S., mostly local, allied to Saxifraga: rootstock
horizontal, short": fls. perfect, white or whitish, regular,
small, in a panicle on a nearly leafless scape-like st.:
Ivs. mostly basal, reniform to orbicular, shallowly lobed
and coarsely toothed, long-petioled: sepals 5; petals 5,
clawed; stamens 5, the filaments subulate, shorter than
the petals; carpels united below the beaks, forming erect
follicles, the seeds winged. S. Suttivaniii, Brit. (Soai-
fraga [?] Sullirantii. Torr. & Gray. Sullivdniia ohionis,
Torr. & Gray). Fl.-st. 6-16 in. high, growing on lime-
stone cliffs in Ohio and Ind. S. Hopemanii, Coult.,
differing in 3-nerved rather than 1-nerved sepals and
much smaller stature, grows from Wis. and Minn, to
Colo.
SUMACH: Rhus.
SUNDEW: Drosera. S.-drop: Primula; also (Enothera fruti-
cota and allies. S. Rose: Hdianthemum.
SUNFLOWER: Helianthus. Since the publication
of Volume III some progress has been made in the
study and breeding of sunflowers, and a brief account
of the principal results follows: The investigations of
A. H. Church, of Oxford, have shown that the typi-
cal unbranched monocephalous sunflower (Helianthus
annuus. Linn.), which is not known in the wild state,
has come down to us unchanged from ancient times,
and existed in cultivation in pre-Columbian America.
It was grown at Madrid and described by Dodonseus
as early as 1567. (American Naturalist, XLIX (1915),
page 609). It is found that "marking factors" exist in
rays of annual sunflowers, which give rise to different
patterns when the anthocyan colors are introduced. The
system of markings in H. annuus and varieties is quite
different from that in H. cucumerifolius (or H. debilis
var.) and varieties; thus the red varieties of H. cucum-
erifolius produced by Herb, of Naples, have rays red-
dened at the end, or have a red stripe down the middle
of the ray, or may have the whole upper surface of ray
deep brownish pink, and the under side entirely clear
light sulfur-yellow. (Journal of Heredity, VI (1915),
page 542). In a culture of red sunflowers (H. annuus,
variety) at Boulder, Colorado, a collarette form has
been obtained in some numbers, both in the chestnut
and wine-red colors. The ray-florets have extra lobes,
which are small and directed inward, the structure
being like that of the collarette dahlia, though less
regular. The type will doubtless be improved in course
of time. (Gardeners' Chronicle, November 6, 1915,
page 295.) Varieties are now obtained, but have not
yet been sufficiently selected and isolated, with two or
more rows of rays, in the manner of the star dahlias.
It is hoped that some very good forms of the red sun-
flower will be developed along these lines. A new form
of the wine-red sunflower has the bicolor pattern, with
the background pale (dilute) orange instead of prim-
rose. This gives, in certain cases, an exceedingly rich
and bright color. By crossing the silky-haired H. argo-
phyllus with vinous H. annuus, and again crossing the
resulting plants with vinous H. annuus, a very pretty
new hybrid has been obtained, the rays very pale
yellow, tinted with vinous or with a broad ring of color
at the base. It has the H. argophyttus foliage.
As early as 1896 (Bulletin Torrey Botanical Club, vol.
23, page 357) hybrids between annual and perennial
sunflowers were recorded, but without details. The
hybrid H. annuus x H. scaberrimus (rigidus) was listed
by Thellung in 1913. In 1913 Leonard Sutton in Eng-
land used the pollen of H. rigidus (H. scaberrimus) on
the red variety of H. annuus, and obtained fertile seed.
The F, had the characters of the perennial parent, but
Sutton reports that an F, plant has been obtained with
small streaks and splashes of red. In 1914 Mrs. Cock-
erell used the pollen of the perennial H. pumilus on
vinous H. annuus, and obtained seeds which produced
plants in 1915. These resembled the perennial parent,
and formed rosettes only during the first season. An
attempt to force these into flower in the greenhouse in
the winter of 1915-1916 totally failed; but three seeds
of the original lot placed in a coldframe early in 1916
produced plants, one of which is a rosette, while the
other two have formed no rosette, and have flowered the
first season, like an annual. The largest of the first lot
of plants from the H. pumilus x H . annuus cross flow-
ered about the middle of July, 1916, and in its mature
form showed a curious combination of characters. The
rays, however, were entirely without red, and as is usual
with perennials, gave a red color with caustic potash.
(Since this was written, one of the hybrids has flowered
showing the collarette character, and the lobes forming
the collarette are largely red.) This hybrid plant has
a curiously close resemblance to the horticultural form
known as Daniel Dewar. The broad leaves with well-
developed petioles are, however, like those of H . pumi-
lus and H. annuus, not Daniel Dewar. The strongly ser-
rate margins resemble H . annuus. At the present time
the hybrids between annual and perennial sunflowers
present many problems, and are exceedingly puzzling.
It seems probable that results of considerable botanical
and horticultural interest will eventually be obtained.
S. Alexander of Michigan has made an elaborate
study of the forms of perennial sunflowers growing in
his region. He finds that only part of the species are
perennial in the strictest sense, the others reproducing
by underground branches, having no permanent bud-
ding crowns. He also finds that the forms are extremely
diverse and has recognized over 600 minor species,
differing in a variety of characters. This great diversity
of character should afford the basis for many interesting
horticultural forms. The nature of these lesser types,
from the standpoint of genetics, has not been ascer-
tained. If crossing has taken place, the various com-
binations arising may have been perpetuated and
increased by the system of vegetative reproduction by
"earth-branches," which would give us areas covered
with plants of the same composition, constituting appar-
ently fixed and constant ' 'species." Alexander finds, how-
ever, that the true stationary perennials present a great
diversity of forms, though they appear to be far less num-
erous than are the migrators, x. D. A. COCKERELL.
SURINAM CHERRY (Fig. 3743), Eugenia uniflora
(E. Michelii) of the family Myrtaceae, is a large shrub,
sometimes becoming a small tree, but commonly
branching close to the ground and forming a broad com-
pact bush 6 to 12 feet high. It is indigenous to Brazil,
where it is called pitanga. In Cuba it is cultivated
under the name of cerezo de Cayena, or Cayenne cherry;
in Florida it is a common garden plant, and is hardy as
far north as Putnam County, according to Reasoner. In
recent years the fruit has begun to appear in the mar-
kets. In California the plant does not seem to fruit
very freely, and has never become generally cultivated,
though it is sufficiently hardy to be grown in the open
ground throughout the southern part of the state.
The branchlets are rather thin and wiry: the leaves
3282
SURINAM CHERRY
SWAINSONA
subsessile, opposite, entire, ovate, subacuminate at the
apex and rounded to subcordate at the base, 1 to 2
inches long, glabrous, reddish when young but when
mature of a deep glossy green color. When crushed they
emit a pungent odor which is rather agreeable; in Brazil
they are often gathered and scattered over the floors of
the houses, the odor which they give off when trampled
upon being appreciated and considered efficacious in
driving away flies. The white slightly fragrant flowers
are about J^ inch in diameter, solitary in the axils of
the leaves on slender peduncles up to 1 inch long; the
sepals are four, oblong, concave, ciliate; the petals four,
oblong-obovate, cupped, ciliate. The stamens are
numerous, erect in a large cluster, the filaments filiform
and the anthers oval, laterally dehiscent. The style is
slightly longer than the stamens, filiform, the stigma
simple; ovary bilocular. See page 1162.
The fruits are produced in great abundance during the
early spring in south Florida, with frequently a second
crop later in the summer; they are subglobose, about 1
3743. Surinam cherry.
(XX)
inch in diameter or somewhat less, prominently eight-
ribbed longitudinally, deep crimson in color when fully
ripe, each containing one large spherical seed or two
hemispherical ones. The flesh is soft and melting, very
juicy, of the same color as the thin skin and of an aro-
matic, subacid flavor. The fruit is a great favorite in
parts of Brazil, where it is commonly eaten out of hand
or made into jellies, preserves, and sherbets.
The plant is of very simple culture. It is usually
propagated by seeds, which will germinate upon the
ground beneath the bush if the fruits are allowed to fall.
They can be sown in flats of light sandy loam, and cov-
ered to the depth of about an inch. Germination usu-
ally takes place within a few weeks. When a foot high,
the plants may be set out in the open ground, where
they require very little attention. They succeed remark-
ably well on the shallow sandy soils of southeast
Florida, but in their native home are found upon clay
or clay loam. Their behavior in California indicates that
they are reasonably drought-resistant. Because of
their attractive appearance and close, compact growth
they are often used in Brazil for hedges, for which pur-
pose they are excellent. j\ w. POPENOE.
SUTHERLANDIA (named for James Sutherland).
Leguminosse. Tender canescent shrubs, hardy in the
extreme S., otherwise grown in the greenhouse: Ivs.
unevenly pinnate; Ifts. many, very entire, without
stipels; stipules small, narrow: fls. showy, scarlet, few in
short axillary racemes; calyx-teeth subequal; standard
erect, spreading at the top; wings small, oblong; keel
erect, incurved, rather acute, exceeding the standard;
stamens 1, free from the standard, the others connate in
a sheath; ovary stipitate: legume ovoid, membrana-
ceous, much inflated, rather indehiscent.— -One species,
S. Afr. Prop, by seeds and said to be easily raised from
cuttings. The seeds are generally sown in June or July
and the plants wintered in the greenhouse, where they
should have very moderate watering and as much air
and light as possible. Grown for the bloom.
frutescens, R. Br. Shrub, about 3 ft. high: Ivs. with
9-11 pairs of Ifts. and an odd one: fls. drooping and in
the best variety 1 in. or more long, not pea-shaped:
pod sometimes 2J4 x 1 J4 in., bladder-like. S. Afr. G.W.
14, p. 383. Var. commiinis, Harv., has Ifts. glabrous
above, elliptical or oblong: ovaries and pods glabrous.
B.M. 181 (as Colutea frutescens). R.H. 1896, p. 206.
Var. tomentdsa, Harv. Lfts. shorter and broader, obo-
vate or obcordate, silvery white on both sides: ovaries
and pods hispid. Var. grandiflSra, Hort. (S. flori-
bunda, Carr., not Vilm.), has large red fls. and does not
bloom until the second year. R.H. 1871:610. Var.
alba, Hort. (S. floribunda, Vilm., not Carr.), has white
fls- F. TRACY HuBBABD.f
SWAINSONA (named for Isaac Swainson, an Eng-
lish horticulturist of the latter part of the eighteenth
century). Often incorrectly spelled Swainsonia.
Leguminosse. Glabrous or subappressed-pilose herbs
or subshrubs, adapted to greenhouse culture or out-of-
doors in the extreme South.
Leaves odd-pinnate; Ifts. many without stipels;
stipules frequently herbaceous, base broad, rarely
bristle-like: fls. blue- violet, purple, red, rarely white or
yellowish, in axillary, usually peduncled racemes;
calyx-teeth subequal or the 2 upper shorter; standard
orbicular or reniform, spreading or reflexed; wings
oblong, falcate or somewhat twisted; keel broad,
incurved, obtuse; stamens 9 and 1; ovary sessile or
stipitate, many-ovuled: legume ovoid or oblong, turgid
or inflated, coriaceous or membranaceous. — About 30
species, Austral. Differs from Colutea chiefly in
smaller stature and the large lateral stigma. By far the
most popular kind is S. galegifolia var. albiflora.
A. Standard with prominent oblique or longitudinal calli:
pod stipitate, thin, inflated. (S. Maccullochiana
probably has no calli; cf. under AA.)
B. Calyx densely white-tomentose.
Greyana, Lindl. (£. grandifldra, R. Br.). Perennial
or subshrub, 2-3 ft. high: sts. erect or ascending, young
shoots and Ivs. white-tomentose, becoming glabrous:
Ifts. 11-21, oblong, obtuse or retuse, %-lJi in. long:
fls. large, pink, in long, erect, pedunculate racemes:
calyx dense white-tomentose, teeth short; standard
%in. diam., with 2 prominent, erect, plate-like calli,
wings shorter, keel incurved, obtuse: pod stipitate,
inflated up to 1^-2 in. long. Austral. B.M. 4416.
B.R. 32:66. H.F. 3:72.
BB. Calyx glabrous or nearly so.
galegifolia, R. Br. (Vicia galegifolia, Andr. Colutea
gategifolia, Sims, S. Osbornii, Moore). Small gla-
BWAINSONA
SWEET CICELY
32S3
brous attractive shrub, with long flexuose or half-
climbing branches: Ifts. 5-10 pairs and an odd terminal
one, small, oblong and obtuse or somewhat emarginate:
racemes axillary and mostly exceeding the foliage, bear-
ing rather large deep red fls.: pod 1-2 in. long, much
inflated, stipitate. Austral. B.M. 792. H.F. U. 4:276.
J.F. 3:304. J.H. III. 49.547.— An old-time garden
plant, blooming freely in a cool- or intermediate house
along with carnations and roses. It thrives well either as
a pot-plant or in beds. It is hardy at San Francisco.
It is a nearly continuous bloomer. Cuttings taken in
late winter bloom in summer; these plants may then be
transferred to the house for winter bloom, although
maiden plants are to be preferred. By cutting back old
plants, new bloom may be secured. Cuttings grow
readily. The plant is easy to manage. The original
form of swainsona is little known in cult., but the
advent of the white form has brought the species to
the fore.
Var. albiflora, Lindl. (var. dflxz, Hort. S. albiflora,
Don). Fig. 3744. Fls. pure white. B.R. 994. L.B.C.
17:1642. A.F. 8:1173; 10:611; 11:1180. Gng. 5:185.—
In X. America this is one of the most popular of
florists' white fls. for use in winter decorations. It has
been called the "winter sweet pea" because of the shape
of the fls., but it has no fragrance. The delicate bright
green foliage affords an excellent contrast with the
pure white fls. This variety is often grown at the end
of a rose- or carnation-house, or trained on a trellis. It
Likes abundant sunlight, rich soil, and liquid manure.
When allowed too much root-room, the plants become
very large and are slow to bloom, wherefore a large pot
or tub is preferable to the border.
Var. violacea, Hort., has rose-violet fls., and is some-
what dwarf. 5. coronUlsfolia., Salisb., probably repre-
sents this form or something very like it. B.M. 1725.
S. coronill&folia is an older name than S. galegifolia,
and if the two names are considered to represent the
same species the former should be used.
Var. rosea, Hort., has pink fls.
AA. Standard without callosities: pod various. (S. Mac-
cullochiana may have catti.)
B. Lfts. glabrous above, puberulent beneath.
Maccullochiana, F. Muell. Shrub, erect, up to 8 ft.
high, pubescent: Ivs. pinnately compound, 8-10 pairs
of Ifts., which are elliptic or obovate, mucronate, rather
glabrous above, puberulent beneath; stipules obliquelj"
deltoid: raceme many-fld.: fls. reddish purple; standard
ovate-orbicular: wings oblong, rounded, base auricula te;
keel slightly curved, obtuse: pod 2 in. long, stipitate.
N. W. Austral. B.M. 7995.
BB. Lft-s. more or less pubescent on both surfaces.
c. Fls. violet-purple: Ifts. 9-15 pairs.
lessertiaefolia, DC. (S. Froebelii, Regel). Perennial,
1-1^2 ft. high: sts. diffuse or ascending, glabrous except
the young shoots and foliage which are more or less
gray-appressed-pubescent : Ifts. 9-15 or rarely more,
oblong, obtuse, mucronate or almost acute, %-%,
rarely 1 in. long; stipules rather broad: fls. rather small,
violet-purple, in short racemes, sometimes reduced to
umbels or heads; calyx more or less pubescent with
black appressed hairs; standard nearly J^in. broad
without callosities, wings shorter, keel very obtuse,
almost hood-shaped: pod sessile, inflated, %-I in. long.
Austral. Gt. 3:89.
cc. Fls. lilac-rose: Ifts. 6-10 pairs.
ecalldsa, Sprague. Herb, erect, about 2 ft. high,
pubescent: Ivs. 3-5 in. long; Ifts. 6-10 pairs, elliptic-
oblong, obtuse or retuse, sometimes mucronate, J^-%in.
long, pubescent on both surfaces; stipules deltoid at
base, apex subulate: racemes axillary, 4-5-fld.: fls. lilac-
208
rose; standard without ealli, 7-8 lines diam., much
longer than the wings; keel broad, obtuse; ovary silky.
W. Austral.
S. alba, Hort., is mentioned in the horticultural journals as a form
with snow-white fls.; possibly only a variation of S. galegifolia.
G.W. 3, pp. 353, 354; 11, p. 13. Var. grandiflora, Hort., is offered in
the trade, — nS. atrococdnea, Carr. Similar to S. Ferrandii but with
larger Ivs.: infL large; peduncle slightly purplish: fls. purplish red,
standard broad-spread, 2-lobed, slightly convex, with a white spot
at base, keel brilliant red-violet. A horticultural form. — S.
Ferrdndii, Hort. Perennial, 12-20 in. high, much branched: Ivs.
compound, unevenly so; Ifts. numerous, elliptic, apex rounded,
glabrous: fls. in axillary racemes; peduncle short and arched; stand-
3744. Swainsona galegifolia var. albiflora. (X?.D
and broadly expanded ; wings much reduced ; keel small. Probably of
garden origin. Var. alba, Hort., has pure white fls. Var. carminea,
Hort,, has carmine^>ink fls. — -5. grandiflora var. alba, Hort., is
offered in the trade, very probably is a form of S. galegifolia. — S.
rdsea var. grandiflora, Hort., is offered in the trade.— 5. splendens,
Hort. appears in the trade. R TRACT HuBBARD.f
SWEET ALYSSUM: Alyssum maritimum. S. Bay of general
literature is Laurus nobilis; in America, Magnolia glauca. S.-
brier: Rosa rubiginosa.
SWEET CICELY, or SWEET-SCENTED CHERVIL
(Myrrhis odorata, Scop., which see), indigenous to
Europe on the banks of streams, is a graceful hardy
perennial 3 feet tall, with very large downy grayish
green, much-divided leaves, hairy stems and leaf-
stalks, small, fragrant white flowers, and large brown
seeds of transient vitality. The leaves, which have an
aromatic, anise-like, sweetish flavor and odor, character-
istic of the whole plant, are still occasionally employed
in flavoring soups and salads, though their use as
a culinary adjunct, even in Europe, is steadily declining.
In American cookery, the plant is almost confined to
the unassimilated distinct!}" foreign population.
Though easily propagated by division, best results are
obtained from seed sown in the autumn either spon-
taneously or artificially; the seedlings, which appear in
the following spring, are set 2 feet apart each way in
3284
SWEET CICELY
SWEET PEA
almost any ordinary garden soil. Spring-sown seed
frequently fails to germinate. When once established
common care will be sufficient. M Q KAINS
SWEET CLOVER: Mdilotus alba. S. Fern: Comptonia. S.
Flag: Aconis Calamus. S. Gale: Myrica Gale. S. Gum: Liquid-
ambar.
SWEET HERBS. The term "sweet herbs" has long
been applied to the fragrant and aromatic plants used
in cookery to add zest to various culinary preparations,
principal among which are dressings, soups, stews, and
salads. At the commencement of the nineteenth cen-
tury many were to be found in gardens and kitchens
that now have been dropped entirely or have but very
limited use. Perhaps no group of garden plants dur-
ing this time has been marked by so little improvement.
Except in parsley, very few distinctly new or valuable
varieties have been produced or disseminated. This is
mainly due to the prevailing ignorance of their good
qualities, to which ignorance may be charged the
improper handling, not only by the grower, but by the
seller and often by the final purchaser. With the public
duly awakened to the uses of herbs, improvements in
growing, handling, and in the plants themselves will
naturally follow, to the pleasure and profit of all.
In this country the herbs best known and appre-
ciated are parsley, sage, thyme, savory, marjoram,
spearmint, dill, fennel, tarragon, balm, and basil,
arranged approximately in their order of importance.
Since parsley is more extensively used as a garnish than
any other garden plant, it is grown upon.a larger scale
than all other herbs combined. Hence some seedsmen
do not rank parsley with sweet herbs. Sage is the uni-
versal flavoring for sausage and the seasoning par
excellence for rich meats such as pork, goose, and duck.
It is more widely cultivated than thyme, savory, and
marjoram, which have more delicate flavors and are
more popular for seasoning mild meats, such as turkey,
chicken, and veal. With the exception of spearmint,
without which spring lamb is deemed insipid and the
famous mint julep a thing of little worth, the remaining
herbs mentioned above are scarcely seen outside the
large city markets, and even there they have only a
very limited sale, being restricted mainly to the foreign
population and to such restaurants and hotels as have
an epicurean patronage.
In many market-gardens especially near to the large
cities, sweet herbs form no small source of profit, since
most of them, when properly packed, can be shipped in
the green state even a considerable distance, and when
the market is over-supplied they can be dried by the
grower and sold during the winter. Probably more than
one-half the quantities used throughout the country are
disposed of in the latter manner.
As a rule, the herbs are grown as annuals and are
propagated from seed sown in early spring, though
cuttage, layerage, and division of the perennials are in
favor for home practice and to a certain extent also in
the market-garden. Commercially they are most com-
monly grown as secondary crops to follow early cab-
bage, peas, beets, and the like. In the home-garden they
are frequently confined to a corner easily accessible to
the kitchen, where they remain from year to year. In
general, herbs should be planted on good light garden
soil of fine texture, kept clean by frequent cultivation,
gathered on a dry day after the dew is off, dried in a
current of warm, not hot air, rubbed fine and stored in
air-tight vessels.
For specific information, see articles on the follow-
ing: Anise, Angelica, Balm, Basil, Caraway, Coriander,
Dill, Fennel, Hyssopus, Mentha, Origanum (Mar-
joram), Parsley, Sage, Samphire, Savory, Tarragon.
Also book on "Culinary Herbs," M. G. Kains.
M. G. KAINS.
8WEET MARJORAM: Origanum.
SWEET PEA. The popular name of Lathyrus odo-
ratus, one of the Leguminosse, grown for its handsome
and fragrant flowers. See Lathyrus for botanical
account; for structure of the flower, see Legume; see
also Orobus.
Because of its range of color, beauty of form, fra-
grance, and value as cut-flowers, the sweet pea is not
only the queen of the large genus to which it belongs,
but now ranks first among annual flowers. It has been
long cultivated in gardens, and in recent years in
America it has risen to a place among the five leading
commercial cut-flowers.
The sweet pea is a native of the island of Sicily and
was first described by Father Franciscus Cupani, a
devout Italian monk and an enthusiastic botanist, in
a small work published at Panormi in 1695. Cupani
sent seeds in 1699 to Dr. Uvedale at Enfield, England,
and to Caspar Commelin at Amsterdam, Holland. The
latter published a figure and description of the plant in
his "Horti-Medici Amstelodamensis" (1697-1701).
From this description it is learned that the flowers had
purple standards and sky-blue wings, were fragrant,
and that the plants were climbing in habit, as they grew
to a height of 6 or 7 feet. A white-flowered variety of
the sweet pea appears to have been known in 1718, and
in 1737 Burmann called attention to the pink-and-
white-flowered form. Although he admitted that his
plant differed only in the color of the flowers from that
described by Cupani, and which, he says, occurred
frequently in gardens, Burmann proceeded to make a
new species, Lathyrus zeylanicus, because he received
the seeds among a collection of plants from Ceylon.
Later botanists have not found the sweet pea growing
wild in Ceylon, from which the authorities conclude
that a mistake was made. This form was named Painted
Lady and was grown until about 1900, when it gave
way to its improved form, Blanche Ferry.
Sweet pea seeds were offered for sale as early as 1724.
The three colors mentioned appear to have been the
only cultivated varieties until 1793, when the black
and scarlet varieties were catalogued. In 1837 the first
striped variety, in 1860 a yellow-flowered and also the
Blue Edged varieties, were offered. The latter was
white with a distinct blue edge. Later this form was
known as Butterfly, and it was the forerunner of the
Picotee section. In 1865 Invincible Scarlet won the
first certificate awarded a new sweet pea. Crown
Princess of Prussia, the first of light pink varieties, was
offered in Germany in 1868. Adonis (1882) was the
first of the rose-pink varieties. Until 1880 (a period of
185 years) little improvement had been made in the
sweet pea, and it had not been given the attention that
had been bestowed upon the dahlia, verbena, hollyhock,
or the rose. There were nine distinct varieties in 1860,
and although many new names appeared during the
next twenty years, these mainly represented supposed
improved strains of the existing colors. It is very
probable that not more than fifteen distinct varieties
of sweet peas existed when Henry Eckford, the great
specialist, began his remarkable work.
No one can understand the improvement in sweet
peas within the last forty years unless one considers the
form of the flowers as well as the limited number of
colors which then existed. The oldest illustrations of
the sweet pea show the wings to be more prominent
than the standard, and although there appears to have
been some improvement in the size of the standard
before 1875, nevertheless the flower was lacking in
many respects. The standards of most of the varieties
had a tendency to reflex at the edges, and the apical
notch was very prominent. Often there were side
notches which caused the standard to droop forward.
The natural line of improvement, aside from securing
better colors or color combinations, was to round out
the outline of the standard and to give it a more
expanded form and greater substance.
CIX. Sweet peas of the Spencer or Waved type.
SWEET PEA
SWEET PEA
3285
Eckford, after long experience and signal success as
a breeder of florists' flowers, began his work on the
sweet pea about 1876. Beginning with a few varieties,
he patiently crossed and selected for several years before
he began to secure results. His first notable variety,
Bronze Prince, was awarded a first-class certificate by
the Royal Horticultural Society in 1882. Soon he began
to secure new colors and sent out the deep bronze-blue
Indigo King (1885), Orange Prince (1886) and the dark
maroon Boreatton (1887). These were followed each
year by new colors and improved forms of the flowers.
The hooded varieties appeared and gave a new inter-
est to sweet pea improvement. Although many of the
hooded 'varieties that were introduced had flowers in
which the standards were hooded so much as to appear
triangular in outline, nevertheless many were very
beautiful. The perfection of this form was reached in
the variety Dorothy Eckford (1903). The increased
size of many of Eckford's varieties led to the name
Grandiflora sweet peas, but this name is now used to
designate all varieties which do not have flowers of
the waved or "Spencer" form.
At the time of the great bicentenary conference on
the sweet pea held in London in 1900, Eckford had
introduced 115 out of the 264 varieties catalogued up
to that time. Even in America the Eckford varieties
constituted at least 60 per cent of all lists of selected
varieties; and in 1916 of the Grandiflora varieties
remaining in the trade, as shown by the catalogue of
the leading American dealer, more than one-half origi-
nated in Eckford's garden at Wem, in Shropshire.
Improvement in America.
The real interest in sweet peas in America began
soon after the first introduction of the Eckford varie-
ties by Breck and by Henderson in 1886. Added
impetus was given by the introduction of Blanche
Ferry in 1889, and by Emily Henderson in 1893. As
early as 1890 the sweet pea had become a popular
flower in this country, and soon local sweet pea shows
were held. The demand for seed greatly increased and
the competition in the shows was keen enough to
bring about a desire for new and better varieties. The
growers looked forward with anticipation for Eckford's
annual set of novelties. Meanwhile in England there
was not yet the keen interest in sweet pea that had
taken hold of America. The popularity of the sweet
pea in America was Eckford's constant inspiration to
better things, but gradually England came more gen-
erally to appreciate this flower with the result that
since the waved form appeared the sweet pea has sur-
passed the popularity it attained in America. The
demand for seed was satisfied when it was found that
California had superior advantages for seed production.
When the Eckford novelties were grown in California
they sometimes proved to be unfixed, and some of these
variations, together with the results of some artificial
crossing, gave the growers some new varieties. Many
of the best striped, as well as marbled varieties, are of
American introduction.
The most striking novelty in sweet peas, the dwarf or
cupid race, was found in California in 1893 and was
offered to the seed trade under the name Cupid in 1895.
The first variety was white-flowered. This was followed
by other varieties, and soon all the colors then known in
sweet peas were to be found in the dwarf type. The
Cupid sweet pea grows only a few inches high, forming
a dense mass. The dwarfing is the result of the extreme
reduction in the length of the internodes of stems. The
flowers were of the open and hooded form, borne upon
short stems, and characterized by little or no fragrance.
They appear to thrive under more drought and heat
than the ordinary type. They have not succeeded very
well outside of California, for in a season of normal rain-
fall in the East the plants are injured by lying on the
moist ground. The appearance of the dwarf sweet pea
offers perhaps the best example of synchronous vari-
ation on record. This remarkable variation appeared
in California, Germany, England, and France within
the period of two years prior to its announcement here
by Burpee.
The Cupids were followed by the bush varieties
which were considered to be intermediate in growth.
This class did not gam much favor and soon disap-
peared. The snapdragon varieties, which had the stand-
ard reduced in size and in contact with the wings, giving
the blossom the general effect of a snapdragon, were
offered in 1897 but attracted little attention.
The winter-flowering type is the most important of
all those originating in America. This type has been per-
fected in this country and has tremendously enhanced
the financial value of the sweet pea as' a cut-flower.
No other country can begin to approximate the extent
of the industry of sweet pea growing under glass.
Development of the waved varieties. (Fig. 3745.)
At the time of the bicentenary of the sweet pea, it
seemed as if the future improvement of the sweet pea
would be along the line of an increase in the number of
flowers to a spike or the securing of new colors or color
combinations in the
existing open and
hooded forms of the
flower. No one
seemed to realize
that the sweet pea
was on the eve of
the most remark-
able improvement
in the form of flower
and that along with
it would come in-
creased size and a
greater average
number of flowers
to a spike. This was
the introduction of
the wav£d or, as it
is called in America,
the Spencer type,
in 1904. The first
variety was raised
by Silas Cole who
named it Countess
Spencer in honor of
the wife of his em-
ployer. The parent-
age of this variety,
although doubted
by some, has been
given as (Lovely x
Triumph, 1898 )x
Prima Donna, 1899.
It was shown at
various English
shows for three years prior to its introduction. Countess
Spencer was such an improvement in size, and the form
so distinctly new, that it created a sensation. The very
large standard and wings were beautifully frilled and
waved. The clear pink color was also especially pleas-
ing. This variety was not entirely fixed when it was
sent out and soon numerous sports were offered. Among
the first of these were the orange-pink Helen Lewis and
the carmine-rose John Ingman. Especial difficulty was
experienced when the seed of new waved varieties was
grown in California, but from this tendency to sport
have been secured many of the finest varieties.
About the time that the Countess Spencer appeared,
W. J. Unwin found a sport in the variety Prima Donna
which he named Gladys Unwin. It was also of the
waved type of about the same shade of pink as Countess
Spencer, but the flowers were not so large. Soon other
3745. Waved type of sweet pea. (XD
3286
SWEET PEA
SWEET PEA
varieties appeared, and for a few years this group vied
with the Spencer varieties for popular favor.
The introduction of the waved form aroused great
interest and soon large numbers were growing sweet
peas for exhibition. Many took up the production of
new varieties, and soon new forms were offered in
large numbers. In some cases the same sport had been
found and given different names. It was seen that
hopeless confusion would result if some means were not
found to eliminate the synonyms. The English Sweet
Pea Society established trial grounds, and when the
American Sweet Pea Society was organized in 1909
it established trial grounds in cooperation with the
Department of Floriculture of the New York State
College of Agriculture at Cornell University, Ithaca,
New York. These two national societies hold annual
exhibitions, and the American Sweet Pea Society holds
exhibitions of winter-flowering varieties at the National
Flower Shows held each spring.
Classification.
More than 1,000 varieties of sweet peas have been
introduced, but some of these represent strains of exist-
ing varieties or were applied to seedlings which did not
present any improvement.
123
3746. Forms of sweet pea flowers: 1, hooded; 2, waved;
3, open. (XD
The modern sweet pea may be classified as follows:
Climbing and dwarf types, the former being subdivided
into garden and winter-flowering types. The varieties
may be classified as to the form of the flower into
open, hooded and waved forms (Fig. 3746).
Garden type
Open form
Hooded form
Waved form
Winter-flowering
type
Open form
Hooded form
Waved form
Dwarf type (Cupid)
Open form
Hooded form
The open form may be further separated into notched
and rounded standards; the hooded varieties according
to the degree of hooding, the most extreme case being
the snapdragon varieties; and the waved varieties may
be classified according to the degree of waviness as it
appeared to be less or greater than Countess Spencer.
This latter classification would require that the flowers
be taken from plants under uniform conditions of
growth. The National Sweet Pea Society of England
classifies sweet peas according to form of the flower into
grandiflora or waved, and into thirty-seven color sec-
tions as follows: Bicolor; Bicolor (Dark); Light Blue;
Dark Blue; Blush-Pink; Lilac-Blush; Carmine; Cerise
(Pale); Cerise (Dark); Cream, Buff, and Ivory; Cream-
Pink (Pale); Cream-Pink (Deep); Crimson; Fancy;
Lavender; Lavender (Pale); Lilac; Magenta; Marbled
and Watered; Maroon; Maroon-Red; Mauve (Pale);
Mauve (Dark); Orange-Pink; Orange-Scarlet; Picotee-
edged (Cream Ground) ; Picotee-edged (White Ground) ;
Pink (Pale); Pink (Deep); Rose; Salmon; Salmon
(Pink); Scarlet; Striped and Flaked (Purple and Blue);
Striped and Flaked (Chocolate on Gray Ground);
Striped and Flaked (Red and Rose) ; White.
The bright sunshine and summer heat of America
tends to destroy some of these fine distinctions of
color, and the varieties can be grouped in about twenty-
five color sections.
Garden culture.
One of the first essentials in sweet pea culture is the
choice of an open sunny location, thus providing
plenty of light and air. Plants grown in too much
shade are weak and spindling hi growth, producing
few flowers. Any ordinary garden soil is suitable for
sweet peas, provided it is sufficiently drained so that
in periods of excessive rains the water will not lie on
the surface, causing the plants to become yellow and
the roots to decay. A heavy soil usually gives better
results than a light one as it holds moisture better.
A preparation of the soil as is usually made for the
growing of vegetables will give fairly good results; but
extra care in the selection and preparation of the soil
will be repaid in larger flowers, longer stems, better
colors, and a longer blooming-period.
The sweet pea is a deep-rooting plant, and in order
to provide suitable conditions so that the effects of
drought are overcome, the preparation must be deep
and thorough. Deep preparation not only promotes
available fertility, but also increases the area in which
moisture and nourishment may be found, and the
plant responds by sending feeding-roots in all directions.
The preparation of the soil should be made in autumn
by trenching at least 2 feet in depth. Since this is
an expensive operation, it is advisable instead to dig a
trench 16 inches wide and 2 feet deep for each row of
peas. If the subsoil is poor or of unsuitable character,
it should be removed and replaced with good soil.
If the subsoil is very heavy, coarse stable-manure
should be mixed with it. A good dusting of air-slaked
lime, applied while working the soil in the autumn, is
very beneficial. Many soils that have been cultivated
for a long time are acid, so that leguminous plants, such
as clover or sweet peas, will not grow, or at least do
not thrive. Lime corrects this acid condition and,
furthermore, it releases plant-food that would not
otherwise be available in soils which are not acid. Clay
soils are made more open, and porous by the use of
lime. Half-decayed stable-manure should be mixed
with the top soil. Bone-meal applied at the rate of
one-quarter to one-half pound to a lineal yard of trench
will prove beneficial. The trenches should be filled
more than level full, and left rough. During the whiter
the soil settles, but if in spring the ridges can yet be
seen, it will be found that these dry rapidly and thus
favor early planting.
Sweet peas for the garden are either sown where the
plants are to be grown or are sown in pots and trans-
planted. Sowing in the open ground may be done
either in autumn or spring. South of the latitude of
New York, sweet peas may be successfully grown from
fall sowings. North of this line the practice is not
always successful unless they are planted in a well-
drained situation in a sandy loam. The general con-
ditions requisite to success are to plant late so that the
seed does not germinate and appear above the surface.
If any top growth is made, the plants will be killed in
sections where the ground freezes. The rows should be
slightly ridged up to prevent water standing over the
row. After the ground freezes, a mulch of manure is
SWEET PEA
SWEET PEA
32S7
3747. Sweet peas started
in pots, with supports.
applied. Fall-sown sweet peas bloom ten days to two
weeks earlier than the spring-sown, and usually produce
better flowers.
Sweet peas planted in the spring should be sown early.
As soon as the soil is dry enough, the rows should be
sown over the trenches prepared in the fall. If the ridges
remain, they will dry earlier than level soil. These may
be raked level and a drill
opened so that the seed may
be sown 2 inches deep and 2
inches apart. After the plants
have started, but before they
begin to stool, they should be
thinned so that the plants
stand 3 to 4 inches apart. A-
soon as the tendrils appear,
small twigs should be thrust
in the ground to support the
plants and prevent their injury
by the wind.
Sweet peas mav be sown in
3- to 4-inch pots" (Fig. 3747 .
A suitable potting-soil made of
well-rotted sod, with a little
leaf-mold and sand, is best.
Four or five seeds are sown in
each pot and covered with an
inch of clean sand. The sow-
ing should be made six to eight
weeks prior to the usual time
.sweet peas can be sown. The
pots are placed in a cool greenhouse or a well-pro-
tected coldframe and given plenty of light and air
so as to keep the plants short and sturdy. When the
plants begin to produce tendrils, insert some small
twigs in the pots to support the plants. The plants are
gradually "hardened off'' so that they may be set out
in the open ground. One great advantage of this system
is that the grower is independent, to a certain extent,
of weather conditions as he can wait until the soil is in
the best possible condition before planting. The pots
may be set 12 to 18 inches apart, using care to keep the
ball of earth intact and without interfering with the
supports. Good twiggy brush will make the best sup-
ports for sweet peas, but when not obtainable, wire
netting makes an excellent support. The latter is dur-
able and looks neater when not covered with vines.
The soil should be frequently stirred, and in hot
weather a mulch of straw or lawn-clippings will serve
to conserve moisture. If waterings are given in dry
weather, they should be copious. The quality of the
flowers may be improved by watering with weak manure
water, but other liquid fertilizers are seldom used. The
prompt removal of all withered flowers and pods is
essential in preserving a long period of bloom.
Sweet peas in greenhouses (Figs. 3748, 3749).
The winter-flowering varieties are the most impor-
tant type yet developed from the garden form, and this
type has attained its greatest perfection in the United
States. This range of sweet peas is distinct in habit of
growth and early-flowering character. Unlike the gar-
den type which apparently ceases growing for a time
when the plants are a few inches high while the side
shoots develop, the winter-flowering
sweet peas grow rapidly until they
attain a height of 2 to 4 feet. Then
they begin to flower freely, after
which time side branches are de-
veloped. Winter-flowering varieties
planted in September begin to flower
between Thanksgiving and Christ-
mas, while varieties of the garden
type planted at the same time do
not flower until April or May. A
knowledge of these characteristics
of the early stage of growth will enable a grower to
guard against considerable loss from getting the wrong
seed.
Soon after the introduction of Blanche Ferry, florists
began to grow that variety in boxes placed across the
ends of the greenhouse where the plants were near the
glass, or small clumps were grown on. carnation benches
and trained round the purlin posts. With such methods
of culture, and with the varieties then available, the
flowers were not received on the market in sufficient
quantity to be quoted until March or April.
Anton C. Zvolanek, in 1892, found a chance seedling
among the variety Lottie Eckford which was much
earlier and dwarfer in habit. This was later crossed
with Blanche Fern,-, and the result of this line of cross-
ing was the variety Christmas Pink, sent out in 1899.
Miss Florence E. Denser, a white variety, was intro-
duced in 1902. Since the latter date many varieties
have been sent out. The first varieties had flowers of
the open or hooded form, but as soon as the waved
sweet peas were introduced, Zvolanek made crosses
with the winter-flowering varieties. It was not until
1912 that this class was ready to introduce to the trade,
but in 1913 twelve varieties were offered. At present
waved varieties of all the colors known among winter-
flowering sweet peas are grown, and the older varieties
are rapidly disappearing in the competition.
Another group of the early-flowering sweet peas is
the Telemly, originated in Algeria in 1900. These
varieties are an adaptation of the climate of northern
Africa where the varieties of the garden type planted
in the latter part of September do not flower until May.
An exception to this was Blanche Ferry which flowered
about the first of April. An early sport was found flower-
ing in February, and from this have been developed a
number of varieties which flower from Christmas until
after the garden varieties come into bloom. Recently
waved-flowered varieties have been developed by Ark-
wright, the originator of this strain. This group is
better known in Australia or England, and in the latter
country these varieties are grown to some extent in
winter under glass.
The culture of sweet peas under glass has increased
rapidly since 1902, when William Sim began to grow
this flower extensively and has developed the modern
methods. Today large greenhouses are specially con-
structed for the purpose of growing this flower, and the
amount thus invested represents considerable capital.
Low or dark greenhouses are not suitable for raising
sweet peas. Large, wide houses with side walls at least
6 feet high and with good top and side ventilation, are
now built for sweet-pea growing. No beds or benches
are required. If the soil in the greenhouse is not natur-
ally good, it is removed to a depth of 2 or 3 feet and
replaced with better earth. The soil is trenched 2 feet
deep or deep trenches are dug in which to place com-
posted soil in preparing to sow sweet peas. The soil
should be made sweet by the addition of lime, and
enriched by liberal applications of bone-meal. Each
year the soil should be deeply prepared and manure
worked into it before sowing.
The colors most in demand on the market are pink
and white, pink, lavender and white. The reds and
orange colors are usually grown in less quantity. The
3748. A sweet pea house at Detroit, Michigan.
3288
SWEET PEA
SWEET PEA
varieties chosen should be those possessing good, clear,
well-defined colors. The Grandiflora varieties are more
E reductive, but do not bring so good a price in the
irger cities as the waved varieties.
The early crop is sown about August 15, and the later
crop during the latter half of September. The seeds are
sown in drills where the plants are to stand, except the
white-seeded varieties which are sown in sand and trans-
planted. The latter do not germinate well in soil, as
a rule, but when treated in this way a good stand is
secured. When the rows run east and west they should
be 5 feet apart, and if they run north and south they
may be placed as close as 3 feet.
The plants should be thinned to four plants to a
lineal foot of row whether grown in single or double
drills, and in planting from pots this rule should be
observed.
Sweet peas are often grown after chrysanthemums,
and for this purpose the plants should be started in
2><2-inch pots. Two seeds may be planted in deep rose
pots or in paper pots. The soil should be fibrous loam
with the addition of fine old manure and sharp sand.
The seeds are covered 1 inch deep,
and the pots placed in a tempera-
ture of 55° to 60° F. for germination,
after which the plants must be
placed in a lower temperature to
prevent them from becoming drawn.
The plants must soon have sup-
ports, and the best material to use
under glass is ''string. If the rows
are in line with the purlin posts,
binder twine can be stretched from
post to post on either side of the
row thus inclosing the plants.
These tiers of string will need to be
as close as 6 to 8 inches at the
bottom, but later as the vines grow
may be as much as a foot apart.
When the purlin posts are not in
the row, temporary posts of iron
pipe or 2- by 2-inch strips may be
used. Wire netting is generally
condemned by commercial growers,
owing to the labor and expense con-
nected with its erection and re-
moval, and also because they think
more crooked-stemmed flowers re-
sult. The vines supported by string
can be easily removed at a minimum expense and the
house quickly made ready for another crop.
The temperature in the autumn is often too high for
sweet peas, and under such conditions the plants often
show a tendency to flower when only 2 feet high; but,
as a rule, it is usually better to remove all such flowers
until the plants gain more strength. As far as possible,
the night temperature should be from 40° to 45°, for
if a higher temperature is given, the plants flower too
soon and before they have made a good root-system.
When the plants are from 30 inches to 4 feet high and
showing buds, the temperature should be gradually
raised to 52°. This is the highest temperature required
for the Grandiflora varieties. When in bloom, the tem-
perature should be 60° on cloudy days, and 68° on
bright ones. The waved, or orchid-flowering, varieties
require the same treatment previous to flowering, after
which the night temperature should be 55°, 60° to 65°
on cloudy, and 70° to 72° on sunny days.
Picking and packing.
Sweet pea flowers should be picked when the top
flower is at least half open, unless the flowers are to
be shipped a long distance, when they may be cut in a
less fully developed state. The proper time to cut the
flowers is in the morning, although this will depend
upon the time the shipments can be made. The flowers
should be kept two to three hours in water before
packing, and this will govern the hour of picking for
the florist. The flowers must be packed dry, and if the
outdoor flowers must be picked wet, they should be
placed while in water in a warm current of air to dry
the blooms. The flowers are made into bunches of
nineteen to twenty-six spikes, according to quality.
These are tied near the base of the stems, which are
wrapped with waxed paper. The bunches are packed
in shallow boxes with one, or at most two, layers of
bunches packed in each box thus preventing the bruis-
ing of the flowers. The boxes often employed are 4
by 10 by 12 or 5 by 12 by 24 inches in depth, width,
and length. The amount of wrapping on the boxes
will depend on the temperature and other conditions
at the time of shipment.
Exhibiting.
Exhibitors should keep the flowers off their vines
until four or five days before the exhibition, and three
days before this event a shade of cheese-cloth should
be erected over the orange-, scarlet-, and blue-flowered
3749. Interior of sweet pea house.
varieties to prevent the scorching of the blooms. This
shading must be removed after the exhibition flowers
are cut. The spikes are cut so that all the flowers are
fully open when they are judged. The ideal spike has
a stem 12 to 18 inches long with four flowers. Twenty
spikes loosely arranged so that each may be easily seen,
is the proper number for a vase. The stems may be
kept in the proper position by placing in the vases
some 2-inch pieces of stiff reeds or grass stems. Some
gypsophila may be used in the vases if permitted by
the rules of the competition. Arrange the vases of a
collection of varieties so that colors do not clash and
so as best to exhibit the merit of the blooms. The
educational value of the exhibit is enhanced if each
vase is neatly labeled with the name of the variety.
Insects and other pests.
Snails sometimes destroy sweet pea seedlings in
frames or greenhouses, but can be prevented by scatter-
ing lime under the pots. The red-spider is sometimes
troublesome in the greenhouse and outdoors, and can
be controlled by the usual methods. The green aphis
or "green-fly" attacks sweet peas under glass, but is
easily controlled by regular fumigations of tobacco
preparations. In the garden a larger green aphis, the
clover aphis, is not infrequently found, but spraying
with tobacco extract, nicotine, or kerosene emulsion
SWEET PEA
SWEET PEA
3289
will usually destroy them. Plants that are frequently
syringed with cold water are seldom infested with
insects.
Fungous pests.
The most prevalent fungous pest affecting sweet peas
under glass appears to be Thielaria basicola, or root-
rot. Infected plants have little or no root-system, due
to the fact that new roots are constantly destroyed.
The leaflets often turn yellow with white edges, finally
dying and falling to the ground. Sometimes one por-
tion of the plant may be dry and dead while the
remainder is green, although it does not grow or pro-
duce flowers. In fact, it is sometimes a mystery how a
diseased plant can continue to live with its very limited
root-system. There are some other root-rot organisms,
but their action is similar and the method of control is
the same for all — the removal of infected soil or steri-
lizing it.
The powdery mildew attacks greenhouse sweet peas
at any stage of growth if the proper temperature is
not maintained. The application of sulfur to the heat-
ing-pipes will check this disease. Care must be taken
not to use the sulfur too strong or the flowers will be
injured. Outdoor mildew usually does not appear until
late in the season when the plants are failing.
Sweet peas grown in the open garden may be at-
tacked by the root-rots above mentioned or by anthrac-
nose and mosaic diseases, which may be serious. The
former attacks the leaves, stems, flowers, and pods,
but is most frequently found on the latter which are
attacked at any stage of development. The affected
parts wilt and die. The disease can be carried over
winter upon the seeds. The prompt destruction of
infected plants, as well as the burning of all old vines
in the fall and the use of clean seed or treating the seed
before sowing, will do much to lessen the danger from
this disease. The mosaic disease, which may be allied
to or identical with the trouble known as streak in
England, is a rather baffling disease to the growers.
It is distinguished by a yellow mottling of the leaves
and stems of the plant. This is often accompanied
by a curling of the leaves. The plants become stunted
in growth and cease flowering if they have reached the
flowering stage. It is a disputed point whether it is a
bacterial disease or not, but it seems certain that the
trouble is transmissible by the feeding of aphides. No
remedy is known except the obvious one of keeping
insects in check and destroying affected plants by fire.
The dropping of the young flower-buds either in the
open or under glass is usually due to physiological con-
ditions. Low temperature, lack or excess of plant-food,
too much nitrogenous fertilizer, lack or excess of water
are among the causes of this trouble. A. C. BEAL.
Growing sweet pea seed in California.
Up to about the year 1885, most of the sweet pea
seed was grown in England, France, and Germany,
and imported to this country; at that time the first
attempt was made to grow the seed in California. This
resulted in almost immediate success, and in 1900
more than 600 acres were devoted to the growing
of the crop. Most of the sweet peas grown at this
time were of the Grandiflora type and yielded an
average of 1,100 pounds to the acre, sometimes in a
good year even as much as 2,200 pounds. With the
introduction of the Countess Spencer type of sweet
pea, about 1904, however, the waved forms supplanted
the Grandiflora type, the larger part of the acreage
being now devoted to the Spencer type. Approxi-
mately 2,500 acres are now planted to the sweet pea.
The original Countess Spencer sweet pea was of a
shell-pink color, but it was not fixed and many color
sports were produced. At present there are about 150
distinct varieties of the Spencer type under about 460
different names, resulting from different growers finding
the same sports, or from varieties which were not
improvements on existing varieties of the same colors.
The yield of seed to the acre of the Spencer type is
much less than from the Grandiflpra type, only about
250 pounds to the acre being obtained. This difference
in yield is due to the structure of the flowers: in the
Grandiflora type the keel is closed, not allowing the
pollen to escape so that each variety must pollinate
itself, and the varieties can be grown close together and
yet remain true to color and t ype ; in the Spencer type,
however, the keel is open, allowing the pollen to be
blown out, and, as a consequence, about 75 per cent
of the flowers do not set seed; also the plants must be
set far apart in order to keep them true to color and
type.
A cross was made between the Spencer sweet pea
and the winter-flowering sweet pea, resulting in the
winter orchid-flowering sweet pea. This is a shyer
seeder than the Spencer, yielding only about seventy-
five pounds to the acre. The flowers resemble the
summer Spencer except that the growth is dwarf and
the foliage more pointed. If sown in August under
glass in the eastern states, they will bloom from
November until late in spring. If sown outdoors, they
will bloom three to four weeks earlier than the summer
type, just before the extreme hot weather.
There are four types of sweet pea now grown in
California: the summer Grandiflora, the winter Grandi-
flora, both of these being grown only on a small scale;
the summer Spencer, and the winter orchid-flowering.
In addition, the Cupid, which grows 5 to 6 inches high,
is occasionally grown, only about 30 acres a season
being devoted to it.
The raising of the sweet pea seed is usually on a large
scale. Large tracts of land are plowed in autumn about
10 inches deep, either by horse-power or large tractors,
before the beginning of the rainy season. The field is
then carefully disced and pulverized and left to settle.
If the rainy season begins as early as October, the
fields shoulo! be harrowed again after the rain and the
seeds planted. However, if the rains do not come until
late, the seed must be sown in the dry soil, although
they will not germinate so evenly. The most successful
seeding is done between November and January. The
seed is sown mostly by four- or two- row horse planters,
being planted 30 inches apart and 3 inches apart in
the rows, and 2 inches deep. Between each named
variety, at least 10 feet must be left to prevent crossing.
After the seed is planted, the field must be[_kept in
good condition by hoeing. After each ram the ground
between the rows must be broken up. As soon as the
plants are up, a horse cultivator may be used which
breaks the crust 2 or 3 inches deep and 3 to 4 inches
from the plants; but hand labor must be used to cul-
tivate nearer the plants. This must be done after
each heavy rain, sometimes five times being necessary.
Irrigation is seldom practised, as 10 inches rainfall ig
sufficient for a good crop of sweet peas.
By the latter part of March and April the winter or
early sweet pea will be in flower, and the summer or
late sweet pea begins to bloom in May. Now must
begin the process of thinning. No matter how carefully
the seeds have been selected, there will be some
"rogues" and these must all be removed. The best
among these may be tagged and kept for stock seed to
grow later on. All novelties and the stock seed for the
next year are usually planted and taken care of by
hand.
After the thinning has been done, the plants are left
to themselves, no supports being given them, until the
seed is ripe. These seeds are not evenly ripened and
the cutting must be done when the larger part of the
seed is ready to be harvested. The cutting is per-
formed by a specially constructed ripper drawn by two
horses and cutting two rows at once. As soon as cut,
3290
SWEET PEA
SWEET POTATO
the plants are piled in small heaps and left for several
days to dry. They are then put in large piles to cure
which takes from three to four weeks. As soon as all
the seed is perfectly cured and sufficiently dry, the
thrashing begins. This is usually performed by gasoline
power, and the clean seed is run directly from the
thrasher into the sacks. ANT. C. ZVOLANEK.
SWEET POTATO. The plant Ipomaea Batatas,
grown for its large edible root^tubers (Fig. 3750). The
origin is not definitely known (see page 1662, Vol. Ill),
but it is probably tropical American. It is a widely
variable plant in foliage, as shown by the leaf-forms in
Fig. 3751. The top is herbaceous, form a running vine.
Flowers and fruits are rarely seen.
Neither the acreage, production, nor the money value
of the sweet potato crop give an adequate idea of its
economic importance. In those parts of the earth's
surface where it thrives, it forms an important food
staple for the inhabitants, and thus occupies a position
not accorded crops which, though of great money worth,
do not contribute directly to the food-supply of the
territory in which they are grown.
The sweet potato, being native to tropical and sub-
tropical regions, is restricted in its range of cultivation
3750. A good hill of sweet potatoes.
more by climatic than by soil conditions, although its
commercial cultivation is confined almost exclusively
to sandy or loamy soils. It is, in fact, one of the staples
of the southern states which thrives well on lands that
have been considerably depleted by cropping with
other plants, and one which can be made to produce
a profitable return on light sandy soils carrying little
humus, provided an adequate supply of plan Wood in the
form of commercial fertilizer is available. The ability
of this plant to thrive and produce under such condi-
tions, together with its great food value, which is con-
siderably higher than that of the Irish potato, has served
to advance it to the position of second place among
the truck crops grown in the South and to seventh place
among the standard agricultural crops of the nation.
Botanically the sweet potato belongs to the Con-
volvulus or morning-glory family. The edible part is
the thickened root. It does not possess eyes or scars
as do some other roots and tubers, but it possesses the
ability to develop adventitious buds, which character
is taken advantage of in reproducing the crop by vege-
tative means.
Roots to be used for seed purposes, selected at the
time of harvest, are usually small, from 1 to 1J4 inches
in diameter, of uniform shape, and characteristic of the
variety. These roots are cured and stored under con-
ditions most certain to insure an adequate supply of
seed material, which, at the northern limit of the culti-
vation of the crop, is needed for bedding in April to
insure a supply of "draws" for planting during the
second and third weeks in May.
The seed-supply should not only be selected as above
stated but it should be chosen from healthy plants and,
in addition, should be carefully examined for disease.
All specimens showing the slightest trace of decay or
rot of any kind should be discarded.
The soil for the plant-bed, whether it be in the
open or a manure- or fire-hotbed, should be free from
contamination — preferably sterilized. If such precau-
tions are observed, the first step in the insurance of
the crop against loss from rot either in the field or in
the storage house has been taken. Young sprouts
which grow from the bedded seed roots are known as
"draws" or "sets." These are chiefly used for planting
in the field, but roots, or pieces of roots, may be and
sometimes are used. In the warmer sections where
seasons are long, it is a common practice to grow enough
early draws or sets to plant an area large enough to give
a sufficient quantity of vine cuttings to plant the com-
mercial area. This is a good system as it insures disease-
free plants, so far as the root-rots are concerned, for
setting the field. An even closer approach to a let-alone
system is followed in some sections. Instead of har-
vesting and storing seed and propagating sets, a portion
of last season's crop is allowed to remain unharvested
over winter and it is from the volunteer plants of such
an area that a supply of vine cuttings for the com-
mercial plantation are secured.
Sweet potatoes are for the most part long-stemmed,
creeping, or viny plants. They can be planted in hills
but are more often set on parallel ridges thrown up
30 to 36 inches apart. The ridges are often made by
throwing two furrows together over a trench in which
well-rotted stable-manure has been scattered, or in
which commercial fertilizer containing a liberal per-
centage of potash has been placed. On such ridges the
draws are usually planted, either by the use of a hand
dibble, tongs, or transplanting machine, 14 to 16
inches apart.
The subsequent culture consists in keeping the area
free of weeds with horse-drawn implements as long as
the growth of the plants will permit even by the use
of a vine-lifter, after which all large weeds are removed
by hand.
The signal which summons all hands to the sweet
potato harvest is the first frost which causes the leaves
to blacken. The home-garden plantation will be har-
vested with potato forks or with a turning plow after
the vines have been cut away with a hoe, but the com-
mercial area will be entered with a special digging-plow
with rods in place of a moldboard and two rolling coul-
ters so arranged on a cross-piece fastened to the beam
of the digger that they cut the vines on either side of
the ridge, thus preventing their interference with the
operation of digging. As soon as the roots have been
turned out and have dried in the sun, they should be
carefully gathered, so as to avoid breaking or bruising,
into one-half- or five-eighths-bushel hampers and hauled
on spring wagons to the curing and storage house.
In placing the roots in the house, care should be exer-
cised to avoid breaking or bruising them. Some growers
spread layers of pine straw between each 12- or 15-inch
layer of roots placed in the storage house. This practice
is less common at the present time since especially
designed storage houses have come into general use.
The storage houses in most general use both North
and South are frame structures built entirely above
ground, although there are a few houses at the North
that possess a basement or semi-basement story used
for the storage of sweet potatoes. These frame struc-
tures are so built that their contents are exposed in the
least possible degree to outside changes of temperature.
While the buildings are not insulated, they are provided
with paper between the studding and sheeting, between
the sheeting and the clapboarding, and on the inside
under the sheeting. In the more exposed situations,
either back plaster or a strip of paper is used between
SWEET POTATO
SWERTIA
3291
the studding in addition to the construction above
noted. The floors as well as the ceilings are made as
nearly frost-proof as possible and to add still greater
safety the roots are not placed on the main floor of the
building itself but upon slat floors raised
at least 2 inches off the main floor. Besides
adding a factor of safety against frost,
these slat floors serve another important
function, that of facilitating the distribu-
tion qf heat throughout the heap of roots
during the curing process. The partitions
between the bins should also be double-
slatted partitions in order to act as venti-
lators or chimneys so that the ventilation
of the material in the storage may be
insured as well as more rapid and more
uniform curing.
The curing of sweet potatoes at har-
vest-time is of equal importance with a
proper storage room, good ventilation, and
the maintenance of a proper storage tem-
perature subsequently. As the sweet
potatoes come from the field, they should
be placed in the bins in layers distributed
evenly over the surface, and during the
time the house is being filled and for a
period of ten days or more thereafter the
temperature of the storage house should
be maintained at 85° to 90° F. both night
and day. After this drying or curing
period, the temperature should be gradu-
ally reduced, but at no time during the
storage period should it fall below 45° F.
The temperature which has proved most
satisfactory for holding the roots after the
curing period is 50° F. While sweet pota-
toes can be successfully stored in hamp-
ers or crates, most commercial storages
depend on the use of bins with slat floors
separated by hollow slat partitions. A
convenient arrangement is so to construct
the storage that each bin holds one car-
load or other unit quantity, depending
on marketing facilities. In no case should
sweet potatoes once placed in storage be
rehandled or disturbed in any way until
the contents of that particular receptacle,
be it hamper, crate, or bin, is to be pre-
pared for immediate delivery to the mar-
ket. Sweet potatoes will not tolerate
sorting or handling of any kind while in
storage. The successful keeping of sweet
potatoes in storage, therefore, depends on
care in using disease-free seed or sets,
careful handling of the roots from field
to storage, a frost-proof storage provided
with adequate heat for curing and ven-
tilators for insuring rapid change of air
during the curing-period as well as at sub-
sequent periods when atmospheric con-
ditions demand it, and the load of the
house so placed, at time of storing, that
any given unit may be discharged without
disturbing the remainder of the material
in storage. At harvest-time, and at all
subsequent periods, except in severe
weather when there is liability of injury
from frost, sweet potatoes can be dis-
tributed in double-headed or burlap-
covered, ventilated barrels. Such contain-
ers are economical, are more convenient
to handle than crates or hampers, and
form a satisfactory market unit. Bags
should never be used. In cold weather
when perishable freight or express is liable
to frost-injury, strong hampers holding
3751. Leaves of sweet potato.
one and one-half bushels or one-half barrel are often
used as containers for sweet potatoes. Such packages
are prepared for shipment by first lining them with a
tough grade of paper, and, after the container has been
filled and covered, wrapping it with a
similar material. One of the great handi-
caps to the sweet potato industry at the
present time is the highly perishable nature
of the crop, making it difficult for those
who do not have the best of facilities to
market the crop during severe weather
except to nearby markets.
There are two important types of sweet
potatoes grown in the United States, one
with a dry mealy flesh and another with a
flesh of a soft, moist, sugary consistency
when cooked. The northern markets gen-
erally prefer the dry mealy varieties with
yellow color, while the soft, moist sorts,
either light or deep yellow in color, are
preferred by the southern markets. The
commercial grower will therefore grow the
sort or sorts demanded by the markets in
which he expects to dispose of his product.
His own likes and dislikes should not be
given any weight in choosing market sorts.
Among the dry mealy-fleshed sorts may
be mentioned Big Stem Jersey, Yellow
Jersey, Early Carolina, and Triumph;
characteristic representatives of the other
class include such sorts as Nancy Hah1,
Georgia, Pumpkin Yam, Dooley, ana
Porto Rico. L. c. CORBETT.
SWEET SCABIOUS: Scabiosa. Sweet-scented
Shrub: Calycanthus. S.-Sop: Annona squamosa. S.
Sultan: Centaur ea moschata. S. Vernal Grass:
Anthoxanthum. S. William: Dianthus barbatus.
SWERTIA (named for Emanuel Swert,
a bulb-cultivator of Holland and author of
"Florilegium," 1612). Also spelled Sweer-
tia.Gentianacese. Erect, simple or branched,
perennial or annual herbs, some of which are
hardy, others adapted to the greenhouse;
mostly border or rock-garden plants.
Leaves opposite, or radical in the peren-
nial species, long-petioled, some of the
cauline Ivs. sometimes alternate: fls. blue,
rarely yellow, arranged in racemose pani-
cles or laxly corymbose; calyx 4-5-parted,
segms. linear or lanceolate; corolla-tube
very short, rotate, glandular-pitted, lobes
4-5, overlapping to the right; stamens 4-5;
ovary 1-celled: caps, dehiscing by 2 valves
at the sutures. — About 85 species, widely
scattered about the world but mainly
from S. Asia.
A. Nectariferous pits destitute of a fringe.
dilute, Benth. & Hook. (Ophelia dUitta,
Ledeb.). A tender perennial about 1 ft.
high : st . winged and angled, branching from
near the base: Ivs. glabrous, ovate-lanceo-
late, 3-nerved, rather obtuse, rounded at
the base, short-petioled: fls. 4-merous,
blue, in a dense, fastigiate umbel; corolla-
lobes ovate, rounded at the apex and bear-
ing at the base a single ovate,'nectariferous
pit destitute of a fringe. E. Asia, Japan.
AA. Nectariferous pits with a fringe.
B. Pits oblong.
punctate, Baumg. Perennial: sts. as-
cending from the base, many-fld. : Ivs. sev-
eral, alternate, elliptic-oblong, acutish;
lower attenuate to a broad petiole : fls. erect,
VIMtLESMUA.J
3292
SWERTIA
SYMPHORICARPOS
greenish yellow, dark-spotted; corolla-segms. mem-
branaceous, lanceolate, rather obtuse, pits in 2's,
oblong, crested and fringed. S. E. Eu., Caucasus.
BB. Pits orbicular.
connata, Schrenk. Perennial: st. erect, many-fld.:
Ivs. oblong, acutish, lower attenuate to the petiole;
cauline all connate at base: fls. erect, greenish yellow,
dark-spotted; corolla punctate, segms. obtuse, apex
denticulate; pits distant, very long-ciliate. Siberia.
perennis, Linn. A hardy perennial J^-l ft. high:
lower Ivs. obong-elliptical, long-petioled ; st.-lvs. ovate-
oblong, obtuse: fls. mostly 5-merous, blue to white, in a
thyrse; corolla-lobes elliptical-oblong, acute, bearing at
the base 2 orbicular nectariferous pits crested with a
fringe. Colo., Utah, and northward; also in the alpine
regions of Eu. and in Asia. — S. perennis is an alpine
bog-plant and should be given a cool deep moist soil.
F. W. BARCLAY.
F. TRACY HusBARD.f
SWE2TENIA (named for Gerard van Swieten, 1700-
1772). Meliacese. Trees, sometimes grown in the warm-
house, one of them yielding the mahogany of commerce :
Ivs. even-pinnate, very glabrous; Ifts. opposite, petioled,
obliquely ovate, long-acuminate: fls. small, in axillary
or subterminal panicles; calyx small, 5-cleft; petals 5,
spreading; staminal tube urn-shaped, 10-toothed,
anthers 10; disk annular; ovary sessile, ovoid, 5-celled:
caps. 5-celled, about 3 in. diam. — Three species, Trop.
Amer. Intro, into S. U. S.
Mahagoni, Jacq. MAHOGANY. A large evergreen tree
with hard dark red wood of well-known value : Ifts. 6-
10: fls. greenish yellow. Tropical regions of N. and S.
Amer., W. Indies, and S. Fla. G.C. III. 54:437.—
According to Mueller, the degree of endurance is not
sufficiently ascertained. In Jamaica it hardly reaches
an elevation of 2,000 ft. It requires rich soil. It is said
that the tree will bloom at small size when grown in pots.
S. Chlordxylon, Roxbg.=Chloroxylon Swietenia.
F. W. BARCLAY.
SYAGRUS: Cocas.
SYCAMORE in Europe is Acer pseudoplatanus; in
America, Platanus occidentalis, although this plant
should be called plane-tree. The sycamore of the
ancients was a kind of fig known as Pharaoh's fig, Syco-
monis antiquorum, or Ficus Sycomorus (for which see
pages 1233, 1234, Vol. III).
SYCOPSIS (Greek, fig and appearance, alluding to
its resemblance to certain figs). Hamamelidacese. Five
species of evergreen shrubs or trees of China and the
Himalayas, with generally oblong, entire or denticulate,
stipulate Ivs. and rather insignificant apetalous monoe-
cious fls. with minute calyx-lobes in heads or short
racemes: stamina te fls. in heads surrounded by pubes-
cent bracts; stamens 8, with a rudimentary ovary; pis-
tillate fls. with an urceolate calyx inclosing the ovary;
styles 2, slender, with decurrent linear stigmas: fr. a
dehiscent pubescent caps., with 2 brown lustrous seeds.
Only the following species is sometimes cult, for its
evergreen foliage ; also the staminate fls. with their rather
large red anthers are attractive. It stands the winter
with some protection or in a sheltered position at the
Arnold Arboretum. Prop, is by seeds or by cuttings of
nearly mature wood under glass with slight bottom
heat. S. sinensis, Oliver. Shrub or small tree, to 20 ft.:
Ivs. short-petioled, elliptic-ovate to elliptic-lanceolate,
acuminate, usually denticulate above the middle, gla-
brous or sparingly pubescent, 2-4 in. long: pistillate
fls. in 6-12-fld. stalked heads; staminate fls. in small
heads surrounded by brown pubescent bracts; anthers
oblong, red, on slender filaments: caps, densely pubes-
cent. Cent, and W. China. H.I. 20:1931; 29:2834,
figs- 1~3' ALFRED REHDER.
SYMBEGONIA (name refers to the union of parts of
the flower) . Begonidcese. A few small herbs, all natives
of New Guinea (Afr.), differing from Begonia in the
tubular female fls.; the male fls. have the parts dis-
tinct. <S. fulvo-villosa, Warb., for some time the only
known member of the genus, appears to be the only
species that has appeared in cult., but is apparently not
in the trade: erect herb 8 in. or less high, with red-
tinged st. and oblique lance-oblong strongly double-
serrate green Ivs. : female fls. pale yellow, with 5 spread-
ing serrulate lobes and a 3- winged inferior ovary; male
fls. of 2 separate sepals, and 12-20 stamens. B.M. 8409.
L. H. B.
SYMBIOSIS is the intimate association of two or
more distinct organisms, with benefit to one only, or to
both; commensalism ; consort ism; copartnership. In
this association each organism is called a symbiont.
According to the character of the union, several kinds
of symbiosis have been recognized: (1) Mutual antago-
nistic symbiosis (mutual parasitism), when two organ-
isms are foes of each other, as certain bacteria and
animals, the latter showing a "natural resistance;" also
the syntropism of certain lichens with lichens. (2) Antag-
onistic symbiosis (true parasitism), when the host is
partly or completely killed by the parasite, as the potato
and the rot fungus (Phytophthora infestans}; or galls
(hypertrophies) produced on the host, as in the black-
knot of plums; and in higher plants, which live at the
expense of others, as the mistletoe (green) and the dodder
(chlorophylless). (3) Mutual symbiosis, when there is
often reciprocal advantage; (a) nutricism, when one
symbiont nourishes the other without apparently
receiving any return, as the mycorrhiza and the roots of
forest trees (mycosymbiosis) ; (6) mutualism, when a
mutual benefit results from the union of two organisms
capable of living separately, as the bacteroid and the
roots of the Leguminosse; (c) individualism, when the
symbionts are so intimately connected in their growth
as to suggest a single individual, as the union of alga and
fungus to form a lichen. By some this relationship of
alga and fungus hi the lichen thallus is regarded as
helotism, or slavery, where the alga lives entirely indif-
ferent to the fungus. The views of Bruce Fink, who con-
siders the lichen to be a fungus with an alga associated
with it, are widely different from the usually accepted
views on the subject. (4) Prototrophy, the wet-nurse
relationship, as in the lichen Lecidea intumescens, which
eventually gets its nourishment by means of a lodger, a
different lichen. (5) Contingent symbiosis, when one
symbiont lives in the interior of another for shelter, as
Nostoc in the tissues of Hepaticse, Lemna, Cycas,
Gunnera; and Anabaena in Azolla. Green plants live
symbiotically with animals such as Spongilla, Hydra,
and Convqluta. In Hydra, the green alga, known as
Chlorella, is found in the endodermic layer and when
the colorless eggs of the fresh-water polyp are almost
mature a few of the green cells are found migrating into
the protoplasm of the egg-cells.
JOHN W. HARSHBERGER.
SYMPHORICARPOS (Greek, symphorein, to bear
together and karpos, fruit, referring to the clustered
fruits). Sometimes spelled Symphoricarpus. Syn.,
Symphoria. Caprifoliacese. SNOWBERRY. Ornamental
shrubs grown chiefly for their attractive fruits.
Deciduous upright or rarely prostrate shrubs: Ivs.
opposite, entire, or on vigorous shoots often sinuately
dentate or lobed, exstipulate: fls. short-pedicelled, in
terminal or axillary clusters or spikes or sometimes
solitary; calyx 4-5-toothed; corolla campanulate or
tubular, 4—5-lobed; stamens 4-5, included or somewhat
exserted, style slender with capitate stigma; ovary with
2 fertile and 2 sterile cells: fr. a 2-seeded berry. — About
15 species in N. Amer., south to Mex. and 1 in W.
China; many of the American species are closely related
and difficult to distinguish.
SYMPHORICARPOS
SYMPHORICARPOS
3293
The snowberries are low or medium-sized shrubs with
slender upright or decumbent stems, spreading more or
less bv suckers, with small generally oval or ovate
leaves and small clustered, rarely solitary, white or
pink flowers followed by attractive usually white, rarely
pink, dark red or bluish black berries. The flowers are
rather insignificant in most species except in S. oreo-
philus, S. microphyUus and allied species which bear
larger tubular nodding flowers aad are rather attractive
•when in bloom. The chief ornamental feature is the
fruits which are usually white and retained far into the
•winter; among the handsomest are S. albus yar. laevi-
gatus with heavy clusters of snowy white fruits at the
tips of the arching branches, and S. orbiculatus with dark
red fruits densely clustered along the slender branches
and remaining plump and fresh far into the winter, its
foliage also remaining unchanged until severe frost sets
in. Some species, as S. albus, S. orbiculatus, and S. occi-
dentalis, are quite hardy North, while S. mollis, S.
rotundifolius, and S. oreophilus are hardy as far north
as Massachusetts; S. microphyUus is tender. They are
3752. Symphoricarpos occidentalis. ( X H)
excellent plants for borders of shrubberies and for cov-
ering the ground under trees, spreading more or less by
suckers; they will thrive in almost any soil from heavy
clay to dry gravelly banks. Propagation is readily
effected by hardwood and by greenwood cuttings, by
division, and also by seeds.
IXDEX.
acutus, 4. mollis, 4, and suppL pauciflorus, 3.
albus, 3. montanus, 7. racemosus, 3.
aureo-reticulatus, 1. occidentalis, 2. rotundifolius, 5.
glomerata, 1. orbiculatus, 1. Symphoricarpos, 1.
Heyeri, 2. oreophilus, 6. variegatus, 1.
laevigatus, 3. ovatus, 3. rulgaris, 1.
microphyllus, 7. •parciflarus, 1.
A. Fr. red: fls. campamdate.
1. orbiculatus, Moench (S. vulgaris, Michx. S.
parviflorus, Desf. S. Symphoricarpos, MacMillan.
Symphbria conglomerdta, Pers. S. glomerata, Pursh).
INDIAN CCRRANT. CORAL BERRY. Shrub, 2-5 ft., with
slender upright branches: Ivs. oval or ovate, mostly
obtuse, usually pubescent beneath, %-l% in. long: fls.
in dense and short axillary and terminal clusters or
spikes; corolla campanula te, Min. long; stamens and
the hairy style included: fr. purplish red, subglpbose,
K~/4in. across. July: fr. in Oct., Nov., long persistent.
N. J. to Ga., Kans., and Texas, west to S. D.; some-
times escaped. Mn. 1, p. 84. Gn. 34, p. 280. G.C. III.
28:413. Var. variegatus, Schneid. (var. aureo-reticu-
latus, Zabel). Variegated with yellow. — One of the
most desirable species on account of the long-persisting
fr. and foliage.
AA. Fr. white or pinkish.
B. Fls. campanulate.
c. Style and stamens exserted.
2. occidentalis, Hook. WOLFBERRY. Fig. 3752.
Shrub with upright rather stiff branches, 1— 1 ft. : Ivs.
oval or ovate, entire or undulate-crenate, thickish,
grayish green and pubescent beneath, 1-3 in. long: fls.
in axillary clusters or spikes J^-l in. long; corolla cam-
panulate, pubescent inside, pinkish white, ^in. long:
fr. subglobose, white, about ^m. long. June, July; fr.
Sept. 111. and Mich, to Brit. Col. south to Colo, and
Kans. G.F. 3:297 (adapted in Fig. 3752). G.C. III.
49:104. Gn. 75, p. 508.— S. Heyeri, Dipp. (S. occiden-
talis var. Heyeri, Dieck), is very similar and differs
chiefly in the thinner Ivs. less distinctly veined beneath
and more often undulate-dentate and in the somewhat
shorter stamens and style; it is possibly a hybrid
between this and the following species, found in Colo.
cc. Style and stamens included.
3. albus, Blake (S. racembsus, Michx. Vaccinium
album, Linn.). SNOWBERRY. WAXBERRY. Shrub with
upright slender branches, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. oval to
elliptic-oblong, obtuse, pubescent beneath, on shoots
often sinuately lobed, 1-2 in. long: fls. hi terminal
spikes or axillary clusters; corolla campanulate, pink-
ish, about J^in. long: fr. globose or ovoid, snow-white,
*4-l4va.. long. June-Sept.; fr. Sept.-Oct. Nova
Scotia to Alaska south to Pa., Idaho, and Calif. Var.
laevigatus, Blake (S. racembsus var. laevigatus, Fern.).
Taller, to 6 ft., with glabrous usually larger Ivs. and
larger clusters of frs. Que. to Wash., south to Va., often
escaped. L.B.C. 3:230. B.M. 2211. G.W. 8:115.
Gn. 77, p. 527. C.L.A. 15:33. G. 29:169; 35:769 and
G.M. 56:763 (as S. mollis}. Var. ovatus, Rehd. (S.
ovatus, Spaeth). A form of the preceding with broadly
ovate, bluish green Ivs. mostly about 2 in. long and 1%
in. broad, rounded or nearly truncate at the base. — The
snowbeny generally cult, as S. racemosus is the var.
laevigat usj while typical S. albus is sometimes grown as
var. pauciflorus, but the true var. pauciflorus, Blake, is a
low shrub with smaller Ivs. with grayish white pubes-
cence beneath and only 1-3 fls. at the end of the branch-
lets; it is found from Lake Superior to Alberta and south
to Colo, and Ore., and is apparently not in cult.
4. acutus, Dipp. (S. mollis var. acutus, Gray). Low
diffuse or procumbent shrub: branchlets velutinous or
puberulous: Ivs. elliptic to elliptic-oblong, acute at
both ends, soft-pubescent, grayish or whitish beneath,
often irregularly dentate, Yf-\ in. long: fls. in terminal
few-fld. clusters and solitary or in 2's in the axils below;
corolla pinkish or white, about J^in. long: fr. subglobose,
white, J4-^in. long. June, July; fr. Aug., Sept. Wash,
to Calif, west to Idaho, Colo., and N. Mex.
BB. Fls. tubular or funnelform; style and stamens
included.
c. Anthers reaching about the middle of the corotta-lobes.
5. rotundifdlius, Gray. Upright shrub, to 3 ft.: Ivs.
orbicular to elliptic, entire or lobed, usually puberulous
above, grayish and pubescent beneath, J^-l in. long: fls.
in 2-5-fld. terminal clusters and axillary; corolla pink-
ish, J4-Mm- long, the tube pubescent within: fr. white,
subglobose. June, July. Wash, to Calif, and N. Mex.
6. oreo'philus, Gray. Upright shrub, to 4 ft., with
slender spreading branches: Ivs. oval to elliptic, usually
acutish, slightly puberulous above, grayish or whitish
Subescent beneath, ^z-1 in. long: fls. in terminal 2-5-
d. clusters and axillary; corolla pinkish, nearly J^in.
long, the tube almost glabrous within: fr. white, ovoid.
June, July. Ore. to Calif, and Ariz. I.T. 3:98.
cc. Anthers as long as corotta-lobes.
7. microphyllus, Kunth (S. monidnus, Kunth).
Upright shrub, to 3 ft. : branchlets glabrous or puberu-
3294
SYMPHORICARPOS
SYMPHYTUM
lous: Ivs. ovate, acute, rounded at the base, pubescent
and bluish gray beneath, J-^-l^ in. long: fls. in terminal
clusters and axillary; corolla pinkish, ^-^in. long,
pubescent inside: fr. pink. Aug., Sept. Mex. B.M.
4975.
S. longifldrus. Gray. Allied to S. oreophilus: Ivs. smaller and nar-
rower, acute at both ends: fls. slender, J^in. long; style pubescent.
Calif, to Utah and N. Mex. — S. mottis, Gray. Closely allied to S.
acutus, but Ivs. oval t9 suborbicular, obtuse. Calif. The plant
cult, under this name is usually S. acutus. — S. sintnsis, Rehd.
Slender glabrous shrub, to 5 ft. : Ivs. oval to rhombic-ovate, Y<r-\ in.
long: fls. in terminal peduncled spikes; corolla campanulate, white:
fr. bluish black, bloomy. W. China. Has proved hardy at the
Arnold Arboretum. — S. vaccinioides, Rydb. Allied to S. rotundi-
folius: Ivs. elliptic, acute at both ends, puberulous or glabrescent:
fls. small. Wash, to Wyo. and Utah. ALFRED REHDEB.
SYMPHYANDRA (Greek, anthers grown together).
Campanulacese. Perennial herbs with a thick caudex,
most of them hardy.
Leaves broad, usually cordate, dentate, the radical
ones long-petioled, the cauline alternate, few or small:
fls. usually nodding, rather large, racemose or laxly
panicled, white, yellowish or bluish (?); calyx-tube
adnate, hemispherical or turbinate, limb deeply 5-
lobed or -parted; corolla campanulate, 5-lobed; ovary
inferior, 3-celled. — About 8 species from the Caucasus
and Asia Minor and one reported from Korea. Its
special botanical interest lies in the fact that the
anthers are grown together into a tube, which character
tends to annul the distinction between the Campanula
and Lobelia families. Otherwise the genus is much like
Campanula, and used for similar purposes.
A. Calyx without appendages.
H6fmannii, Pant. Much branched, 1-2 ft. high,
pilose: branches decumbent: Ivs. oblanceolate, acute,
doubly dentate: fls. white, pendulous, 1J^ in. long, 1 in.
or more across, borne in a large leafy panicle; calyx-tube
hemispherical, without appendages, segms. large, leafy,
cordate; corolla campanulate, hairy inside. Bosnia.
B.M. 7298. Gn. 57, p. 303. G.C. III. 4:761. R.H.
1910, p. 285. — Under favorable conditions in England
this plant has maintained a succession of bloom from
July-Dec. In Amer. the plant is said to be liable to
exhaust itself in blooming, thus behaving like a bien-
nial. It has large fleshy roots, needs a dry position,
and sows itself. A plant of good habit and well worth
cultivating.
AA. Calyx with appendages.
armena, A. DC. Perennial, rather pilose: sts. slen-
der, erect and decumbent, about 6-12 in. high, branched
above: Ivs. coarsely and rather acutely dentate; lower
long-petioled, cordate-ovate; upper minute, subsessile:
peduncles filiform, 1-branched or somewhat corymbose,
3-5-fld.; calyx hirsute, segms. spreading triangular,
acute, appendages very short, acute; corolla velvety,
narrowly campanulate, lobes short. Caucasus.
ossetica, A. DC. Perennial, rather glabrous, about 6
in. or less high: sts. leafy, rather stout, incurved-pendu-
lous: Ivs. acutely double-dentate; radical rather long-
petioled, subcordate, ovate or oblong-acuminate;
intermediate Ivs. sessile: peduncles filiform, stoutly or
rather simply racemose: fls. pale blue; calyx glabrous,
segms. very broadly lanceolate, acuminate, appendages
acuminate and short; corolla glabrous, tubular-cam-
panulate. Caucasus.
S. p&idula, Bieb. Perennial, pilose: sts. fleshy, 6-12 in. high: Ivs.
crenate-dentate, lower ovate, cordate, long-petioled; intermediate
Ivs oblong, acute, cuneate, short-petioled : fls. simply racemose,
yellowish white; calyx canescent-tomentose, appendages acuminate;
corolla campanulate, whitish-tomentellous. Caucasus. F. W. 1877 :
289. — S. Wdnneri, Heuff. Perennial, hispidulous: sts. 1-3, ascend-
ing, 6 in. or more high: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acutely serrate or
somewhat lacmiate; radical long-attenuate to the petiole; cauline
attenuate to the base, sessile: infl. thyrsoidly branched, branches
L-3-fld.: fls. blue- violet, large, nodding; calyx-tube hemispherical,
segms. broadly and elongated-lanceolate, not appendaged; corolla
long-campanulate. S. E. Eu. Gn. 65, p. 410.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
SYMPHYTUM (Greek, to grow together, in reference
to the supposed healing virtues). Boraginacese. COM-
FREY. Erect often hispid herbs, usually hardy in all
but the far North, sometimes grown for the variegated
foliage of some species.
Roots sometimes tuberous: Ivs. alternate or several
radical ones; the cauline sometimes decurrent; the
upper sometimes strongly approximate, almost oppo-
site: cymes terminal, usually single or twice bifid or
simple unilateral racemes: fls. yellowish, blue, or pur-
plish, pedicelled; calyx 5-cleft or -parted, lobes or
segms. linear; corolla broadly tubular, lobes 5, very
short; stamens 5; ovary distinctly 4-lobed: nutlets 4,
obliquely ovoid, erect, rugose. — About 25 species, Eu.,
N. Afr., and W. Asia. Monographed by C. Bucknall
in Journal of the Linnean Society, vol. 41 (1913). Of
easy cult, in any good soil. The shade of overhanging
trees is not objectionable. When grown for the beauty
of the variegated foliage, the flowering sts. may be
removed with advantage. Useful in borders.
A. St. branched: fls. generally numerous.
B. Calyx divided to or below the middle.
c. Lvs. decurrent on the st.
officinale, Linn. (S. bohemicum, F. W. Schmidt).
Perennial, about 3 ft. high: root thick: st. branched,
white-pilose: Ivs. slightly
pilose, basal and lower
cauline ovate - lanceolate,
upper oblong -lanceolate,
all broadly decurrent at
base: fls. white, yellowish,
purple, or rose, in droop-
ing cymes. Eu., Asia.
Var. argenteum, Hort.,
is offered in the trade as
growing 2 ft. high, with
silver - variegated foliage
and drooping blue fls.
Var. aftreum, Hort., is
offered in the trade as a
golden variegated form
growing 2 ft. high. Var.
coccineum, Hort. (S. cocci-
neum, Hort. ex Schlecht.),
is offered in the trade as
a scarlet-fid, form. Var.
lilacinum, Hort., is offered
in the trade. Var. pur-
pftreum, Pers. (S. officinale
var. bohemicum, Don), has
reddish purple fls. Eu.
Var. variegatum, Hort..
has Ivs. widely margined
with creamy white. F.S.
18:1901-1902.
cc. Lvs. not decurrent.
D. Calyx-segms. obtuse: upper Ivs. subpetiolate.
asperum, Lepech. (S. asperrimum, Donn). PRICKLY
COMFREY. Fig. 3753. Perennial, 2^-5 ft. or even
more high: root thick: st. branched, uncinate: Ivs.
hispid or prickly on both surfaces, ovate or elliptical,
acuminate; lower petioled base cordate or rotundate;
upper subpetioled, base cuneate: fls. at first rose then
blue, smaller than those of S. officinale. Russia, Cau-
casus, Persia. B.M. 929. — Has some forage value.
There are horticultural forms with yellow-variegated
or -margined Ivs. known as S. asperrimum aureo-varie-
gatum, and S. asperrimum var. variegatum.
DD. Calyx-segms. acute: upper Ivs. sessile.
peregrinum, Ledeb. Perennial, about 31A ft. high:
st. erect, tall, branched, prickly, prickles slightly
retrorse: lower Ivs. long-petioled, elliptic-lanceolate.
acuminate, about 10 x 4^ in.; upper Ivs. sessile, all
3753. Symphytum asperum.
(XM)
SYMPHYTUM
SYMPLOCOS
3295
softly hispid; petioles decurrent: fls. sky-blue; buds
pinkish; calyx 5-parted almost to the base, segms.
triangular-lanceolate; corolla-tube angled, constricted
at the middle, upper part somewhat campanulate,
mouth 5-cleft. Caucasus. G.C. III. 50:127.— Closely
related to S. officinale, may be a hybrid.
BB. Calyx not divided to the middle.
caucasicum, Bieb. Perennial, 1-2 ft. high, branched,
softly pilose-hirsute, grayish: st. erect: lower Ivs.
3754. Skunk cabbage tSymplo carpus foetidus), as
the hoods come up in spring. ( X h)
oblong, attenuate to the petiole; upper Ivs. narrowly
and shortly decurrent: fls. paniculate-corymbose, blue;
calyx viscidulus and setulose; corolla tubular-funnel-
form, lobes shortly and broadly ovate. Caucasus.
AA. St. simple or nearly so: fls. generally few.
B. Lvs. nearly glabrous.
cordatum, Willd. Perennial: st. simple, glabrous:
Ivs. rather glabrous, subrptund-cordate, acuminate,
radical long-petioled; cauline short-petipled; upper-
most sessile, ovate-lanceolate: fls. yellowish white, in
short, recurved racemes; calyx somewhat 5-parted,
lobes lanceolate; corolla funnelform-tubular. Hungary.
BB. Lvs. hispid.
grandiflorum, DC. Perennial, about 1 ft. high: st.
rather simple, base glabrate, otherwise reflex-spread-
ing, hispid: lower Ivs. long-petioled, subcordate-ovate,
acute, decurrent along the petiole; uppermost Ivs.
opposite, oval, decurrent on the st.: fls. yellowish white,
in a few-fld. raceme; calyx lobed below the middle, lobes
linear; corolla-lobes broad and obtuse. Caucasus.
G.W. 7, p. 294. p. T^CY HUBBARD.
SYMPLO CARPUS (Greek, referring to the aggre-
gate fruit). Aracese. Spathyema is the older name, but
the other is retained by the "nomina conservanda" list
of the Vienna rules. SKTTNK CABBAGE. A hardy swamp-
loving perennial herb which pushes up its hooded
spathes in very early spring or even before the first of
January in favored situations.
Spadix globose or oblong, entirely covered by fls., the
ovaries of which are embedded in the spadix; perianth
of 4 hooded sepals; anthers 2-celled; style pyramidal,
4-sided; ovary 1-loculed, with a solitary, suspended,
anatropous ovule: berries in large heads, 1-seeded. —
Only one species. See Krause, in Engler's Pflanzen-
reich, hft. 37 (IV. 23 B), 1910.
The spathes are 3 to 6 inches high, usually grow in
clumps, and the variation in their coloring is a never-fail-
ing delight. They are mottled with purplish brown and
greenish yellow, the former color sometimes becoming
bright red, the latter ranging from dark green to bright
yellow. These spathes are produced several weeks
before the leaves appear, and they inclose odd flowers
which are described below in detail. Just when the skunk
cabbage flowers is a matter of some debate; the sta-
mens are generally out in February or March. The hoods
retain their beauty for months. In April or May they
decay and the strong-growing leaves soon attain a height
of 1 to 3 feet and a breadth of 1 foot or more. AH parts of
the plant give a strong skunk-like odor, but only when
bruised. Skunk cabbage is offered by dealers in hardy
plants, as also by collectors. Its hardiness and bravery
have been celebrated by outdoor writers from Thoreau
to the present day. The question of its pollination has
been much discussed. It was long supposed to be polli-
nated by the action of the carrion flies which are
attracted by its odor. However, Trelease has shown
that the bees are busy with the pollen while the plant
is in flower and that the carrion flies mostly come
later.
fcetidus, Linn. (Spathyema f&tida, Nutt.). SKUNK
CABBAGE. Fig. 3754. Lvs. numerous, 1-3 ft. long, 1 ft.
wide, ovate, strongly nerved: spathe preceding the Ivs.,
colored as describea above: fr. ripe Aug., Sept. Nova
Scotia to Minn., south to Fla. and Iowa; also in Asia.
B.M. 836 (as Pothos fattida); 3224. V. 23". 186. A.G.
14:367. WILHELM MILLER.
SYMPLOCOS (Greek, symplocos, entwined or con-
nected, the stamens being connate at the base). In-
cluding Hopea and Lodhra. Styracacese. Ornamental
woody plants grown chiefly for their attractive flowers
and fruits.
Deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs: Ivs. alternate,
entire or serrate, exstipulate: fls. perfect or sometimes
polygamous, in terminal or axillary racemes or pani-
cles, rarely solitary; calyx 5-lobed, imbricate, corolla 5-
lobed or 5-parted, often split almost to the base,
rarely consisting of 2 whorls ; stamens numerous, rarely
few, usually connate at the base, and often more or
less adnate to the corolla; style filiform; ovary 2—5-
loculed, inferior: fr. a drupe with a long 1-5-seeded
stone. — About 285 species, widely distributed through
the tropical regions except Afr. ; only a few outside the
tropics. Monograph by Brand in Engler's Pflanzen-
reich, hft. 30 (IV. 241), 1907. Several species have
medicinal properties; S. tinctoria yields a yellow dye.
Of the numerous species only S. paniculata which is
3755. Symplocos paniculate. (XH)
3296
SYMPLOCOS
SYNDESMON
3756. Synadenium Grantii.
hardy as far north as Massachusetts, is generally culti-
vated; it is a shrub or sriiall tree with abundant white
flowers in small panicles, appearing in spring, and with
bright blue berry-like fruits in autumn. It thrives in
well-drained soil and sunny position. The half -ever-
green S. tinctoria, which seems not hardy north of its
natural habitat,
prefers moist soil
and shady situ-
ation. The ever-
green species are all
tender and little
known in cultiva-
tion. Propagation
is by seeds, which
usually do not ger-
minate until the sec-
ond year, and by
greenwood cuttings
under glass; also by
layers.
paniculata, Wall.
(S. cratsegoldes,
Buch.- Ham. Lod-
hra cratxgoides,
Decne.). Fig. 3755.
Deciduous shrub or
sometimes tree, attaining 40 ft., with slender, spread-
ing branches, forming an irregular open head: young
branches pubescent: Ivs. short-petioled, oval or obo-
vate to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate, sharply
serrate, distinctly veined beneath and more or less
pubescent at the veins, rarely glabrous, 1K-3 in. long:
fls. white, fragrant, J^-J^in. across, with spreading,
oblong-oval petals in panicles 1^-3 in. long: fr. usually
1-seeded, oval, blue, about J^in. high. May, June.
Himalayas to China and Japan. G.F. 5:89 (adapted
in Fig. 3755). M.D.G. 1901:100, 101. S.I.F. 2:68. G.
33:425.
tinctoria, L'Her. SWEET LEAF. HORSE SUGAR. Half-
evergreen shrub or small tree, occasionally to 30 ft. tall:
Ivs. elliptic to oblong-oblanceolate, acute to short-
acuminate, undulate or obscurely serrate, lustrous
above, pubescent beneath, 2-5 in. long: fls. sessile, J^in.
across, yellowish, fragrant, in axillary dense clusters: fr.
oblong, crowned with the persistent calyx-lobes, Mm.
long, orange-brown. Spring. Del. to Fla. and La. S.S.
6:255,256.
S. coccinea, Humb. & Bonpl. Evergreen tree: Ivs. oblong,
acuminate, crenulate, 3-5 in. long: fls. solitary, axillary, pink, 1 in.
across, with 10 petals. Spring. Mex. R.H. 1846:281. F.S. 2:133.
— S. japtinica, DC. (S. lucida, Sieb. & Zucc.). Evergreen shrub or
small tree, 20 ft. high: Ivs. elliptic to oblong, acute, remotely ser-
rate, glabrous, 2-3 in. long: fls. yellowish, in short, few-fld. racemes:
fr. oblong, red. Spring. Japan. S.Z. 1:24. S.I.F. 2:66. A shrub
which has been distributed by several botanic gardens under the
name of S. japonica has proved to be Pyracantha crenulata. —
S. sinica, Ker. Deciduous shrub, closely allied to S. paniculata: Ivs.
elliptic, acute, serrate, pubescent on both sides, l}i-2 in. long: fls.
white, in short panicles; calyx-teeth acute. May, June. China.
B.R. 710.— S. surmintia, Buch.-Ham. Small evergreen tree: Ivs.
oblong-elliptic, acuminate, cuneate at the base, serrulate, glabrous,
3-5 in. long: fls. white, in short racemes: fr. oblong. Himalayas.
Gt. 31 : 1073.
ALFRED REHDER.
SYNADENIUM (Greek name, indicating the united
involucral glands). Euphorbidcese. Thick-branched
tropical shrubs, sometimes cult, in collections of suc-
culents, having the generic characters of Euphorbia,
except that the glands of the involucre are united so as
to form a ring around the lobes. — About 10 species,
chiefly in Trop. Afr. Prop, and treated similarly to the
succulent euphorbias.
arborescens, Boiss. A shrub, up to 4 ft. high, the st.
unbranched: Ivs. obovate-cuneate, obscurely crenulate;
midrib keeled and often denticulate: bracts puberulent:
involucre yellow. S. Afr. B.M. 7184.
Grantii, Hook. AFRICAN MILK BUSH. Fig. 3756. A
shrub 10 ft. or less high, branched: Ivs. obovate-spat-
ulate, 3-4 in. long, obtuse; midrib rounded: cymes
dichotomous, with tomentose bracts and red involu-
cres. Trop. Afr. B.M. 5633. j. B. S. NORTON.
SYNANDRA (Greek, together and anther, referring to
the connate anthers). Labiatae. Hardy fibrous-rooted
biennial herb, with the habit of Lamium, suitable for
border planting: calyx campanulate, inflated; corolla-
tube long, much expanded above and at the throat, the
upper lip slightly arched, entire, the lower spreading and
3-cleft, with ovate lobes, the middle one broadest and
notched; anthers approximate, in pairs under the upper
lip, the 2 upper each with 1 fertile and 1 smaller
sterile cell, the latter cells cohering together. One
species, N. Amer. S. hispidula, Brit. (S. grandiflbra,
Nutt.). Hairy biennial, 1-2 ft. high, lower Ivs. long-
petioled, broadly ovate, cordate, crenate, thin; the
floral Ivs. gradually reduced to bracts, each with a
single, sessile fl.: corolla 1-1% in. long, yellowish white.
Shady banks of streams, Ohio to 111., Tenn., and Va.
SYNCARPIA (Greek, together and fruit, referring to
the head-like clusters of caps.). Myrtacese. Trees, one
of which is intro. into Calif.: Ivs. opposite, ovate,
evergreen: fls. gathered in globose heads: peduncles
1-headed, lateral axillary or paniculate at the ends of
the branches, rather small, white; calyx-tube adnate at
base of ovary, turbinate or campanulate, segms. 4,
rarely 5, persistent; petals 4, rarely 5; stamens many,
free; ovary inferior, 2-3-celled: caps, adnate to the
calyx and inclosed in it. — Two species, Austral.
glomulifera, Niedenzu (S. laurifblia, Ten.). TUR-
PENTINE TREE. Lvs. broadly ovate to elliptic-oblong,
obtuse or obtusely acuminate, 2-3 in. long, often appear-
ing as if in whorls of 4: fls. 6-10 in a head, with 2-4
bracts of variable size under the head; calices connate
at the base ; petals broadly ovate or orbicular, less than
2 lines long; ovary 3-loculed; ovules several to each
locule. — According to Von Mueller's Select Extra-
tropical Plants, this tree attains a height of 200 ft., with
a trunk often 30 ft. in circumference; it is of quick
growth and well adapted for a shade tree. The wood is
very durable and almost fireproof and is valuable for
piles, railway sleepers, and shipbuilding. It takes a high
polish and is used for flooring and cabinetwork. Offered
in S. Calif. p. TRACT HUBBARD.!
SYNDESMON (Greek, bound together, because the
plant unites characters of Thalictrum and Anemone).
Ranunculacese. RUE ANEMONE. Dainty perennial herb
grown in wild borders for its carpet of beautiful leaves
and attractive spring flowers.
Glabrous, from a cluster of tuberous roots: basal Ivs.
2-3-ternately compound: involucre similar but sessile,
the Ifts. being stalked: fls. white or pink, in an umbel;
pedicels slender; sepals thin, 5-10, petal-like; petals
none; stigma sessile, truncate: achenes terete, deeply
grooved. — A monotypic genus of E. N. Amer. Under
the International Rules, Anemonella is the tenable
name (Anemonella thalictroides). Syndesmon was used
earlier (1832 as against 1839), but in such a way as not
to constitute publication as defined by those Rules,
although it is tenable under the American Code. The
plant should have been treated under Anemonella in
this work.
The plants should be grown in partial shade. The
soil should be moist and light or sandy. They should
be left undisturbed for years. They will then form a
carpet of great beauty. Propagation is by division of
roots in spring or fall, but such division greatly weakens
them and the plants for propagation should be taken
from the edges of the beds.
thalictroides, Hoffmg. (Anemone thalictroides, Linn.
Thalictrum anemonoldes, Michx. Anemonella thalictroi-
des, Spach). Fig. 3757. Plant 3-6 in. high: Ivs. much
like those of thalictrum: fls. resembling those of Ane-
SYNDESMON
SYRIXGA
3297
mane quinquefolia, appearing before the basal Ivs.
March-June. Common in woods and open fields.
L.B.C. 10:964. Gn. 35:408; 63, p. 277; 76, p. 305. J.H.
111.48:388. B.M. 866. I.H. 6:211. Var. fldre-pleno,
Hort. Fls. double. Very pretty. L.B.C. 8:770. F.S.
11:1155. R.B. 11:205. K. C. DAVIS.
SYNECHANTHTJS (Greek, continuous and flower,
alluding to the arrangement of the infl.). Pcdmacex.
Unarmed gregarious palms, grown in the warmhouse:
trunk slender, an-
nulate, often stolo-
niferous: Ivs. termi-
nal, equally pinnati-
sect, segms. broad
or narrow, mem-
branaceous, acumi-
nate, plicately
nerved: spadices
several, long- and
slender - peduncled,
the floriferous erect ;
spathes several,
tubular, membra-
naceous, persistent:
fls. green or the
male purplish, mi-
nute, arranged in 1-
2 rows in alternate
elongated groups,
the superior in the
groups male, the
inferior female: fr.
reddish yellow,
shining, ellipsoid,
1- seeded. Three
species, Cent. Amer.
3757. Syndesmon thalictroides. (XJs) and Colombia. S.
fibrosus, Wendl.
Trunk 4 ft. high, green: Ivs. 4 ft. long, erect and spread-
ing; Ifts. numerous, 1-1 ^ ft. long, spreading and rather
pendulous, linear-lanceolate: spadices one-third as long
as the Ivs., the branches many, very slender, forked: fr.
orange-red. Cent. Amer. B.M. 6572.
SYNGONIUM (Greek name, said to refer to the
cohesion of the ovaries). Araceae. Tropical American
woody climbing or creeping plants, with milky juice
and sts. rooting and If. -bearing at the nodes: Ivs sagit-
tate, becoming with age pedately 5-9-parted, on long
petioles, with a persistent accrescent sheath: peduncles
short: spathe yellowish or whitish green; tube small,
ovoid, persistent; spadix shorter than the spathe:
staminate fls. with 3-4 stamens, pistillate fls. with
oblong-ovoid 2- or abortively 1-loculed ovary: seeds
solitary in the locules, pbovoid or globose, black. —
About 10 species, W. Indies and Mex. to Brazil. Mono-
graphed in DC. Mon. Phan., vol. 2, 1879.
podophyllum, Schott. A tender creeping plant: Ivs.
becoming 5-7-pinnatisect, 4-6 in. long; petioles becom-
ing 15-20 in. long: tube of the spathe 1-1 M m- long;
blade of the spathe 2^ in. long, greenish outside, white
within. Mex. The typical form is probably not in cult.
Var. albolineatum, Engl. (S. olbolineatum, Bull.),
has whitish costse and lateral nerves. Offered by John
Saul, 1893, presumably as a tender foliage plant.
F. W. BARCLAY.
SYNTHYRIS (Greek, together and little door or valve,
the valves of the capsule long adhering below to the
short placentiferous axis). Scrophulariaceje. Hardy
herbaceous perennials, glabrous or pilose: rhizome
thick: Ivs. radical, petioled, ovate or oblong, crenate or
incisely pinnatisect: peduncles scape-like, simple: fls.
racemose or spicate, blue or reddish; calyx 4-parted,
segms. narrow; corolla-tube very short or almost none,
subrotate-campanulate, 4-lobed or none; stamens 2:
caps, compressed, obtuse or emarginate, 2-grooved. —
About 15 species, natives of W. N. Amer. Synthyris is
nearly related to Wulfenia of S. E. Eu. and the Him-
alayas, but the anther-cells are not confluent and the
seeds are discoidal. In their native region they are
summer-blooming plants with small purplish or flesh-
colored spikes or racemes. Border plants.
reniformis, Benth. (Wulfenia cordala, Greene). A
tufted plant about 1 ft. high: Ivs. glabrous, orbicular-
reniform, crenately incised, the small lobes sharply
toothed, 1-3 in. diam. ; petioles 3-6 in. long: infl. a
raceme about o in. long with about 40 purple-blue fls.
which are ^in. across; pedicels slender and short;
calyx-lobes lanceolate. Ore. and Wash. Gn. 74, p. 165.
— In England this plant is considered a winter bloomer;
it flowers there in Feb. or March, occasionally Nov.
rotundifolia, Gray. Nearly or quite stemless: Ivs.
tufted, cordate-orbicular, 1-2 in. diam., long-petioled,
doubly crenate, or crenate-incised, slightly pubescent:
scape 4-6 in.: fls. few in a terminal raceme, blue or
purple; calyx-lobes ovate, acute. Shady coniferous
woods, Ore. p. TRACY HUBBARD.
SYRINGA (of doubtful meaning; probably from
syrinx, pipe, because pipes are made from the straight
stems of Philadelphus by removing the pith, and the
name Syringa had been originally applied to Phila-
delphus but was transferred to the lilac. Philadelphus
is still popularly called Syringa). Oleacex. LILAC.
Ornamental woody plants grown chiefly for beautiful
and showy often fragrant flowers.
Deciduous, rarely evergreen (S. sempervirens), shrubs
or small trees: Ivs. opposite, entire or rarely pinnate,
exstipulate: fls. in panicles; calyx small, campanulate,
4-toothed; corolla salverform, with cylindrical tube and
4-lobed limb; stamens 2; ovary 2-loculed: fr. a leathery,
oblong or oval caps., loculicidally dehiscent, with 2
winged seeds in each locule. (Fig. 3758.) In S. sem-
pervirens the caps, is fleshy, one-seeded, and drupe-like,
though dehiscent. — About 30 species from S. E. Eu., to
the Himalayas, N. E. Asia, and Japan.
The lilacs are mostly large shrubs with bright green
medium-sized foliage and with large showy panicles of
lilac, purple, or white flowers followed by brown insig-
nificant capsules. They are among the most popular and
ornamental flowering shrubs, and
hardly any garden or park is found
without them. The fragrance of the
common lilac is very sweet, as also of
S. oblata and S. pubescens. The strong
odor of S. chinensis is not agreeable
to everyone. S. vittosa and S. Josikiea
are almost scentless. S. amurensis and
its allies have only a slight odor similar
to that of the privet. Almost all species
are hardy North, but S. emodi is some-
what tender; also, S. pekinensis is not
quite so hardy as S. amurensis and S.
japonica. The lilacs are very showy
in bloom, especially when massed in
groups, and groups as a rule are the more
effective the fewer different varieties
they contain. The mixing of species
and varieties differing in habit and
blooming season only spoils the effect,
and so does too great a variety of
colors. S. japonica is the only real
tree of the genus; it attains a height of 30 feet. S.
vulgaris, S. amurensis, and S. pekinensis sometimes
grow into small trees or at least large shrubs 10 to 20
feet high. S. persica is one of the smallest species and
seldom exceeds a few feet. The first in bloom are S.
affinis and S. oblata, followed closely by S. vulgaris, S.
chinensis, S. pubescens, S. Julianx, S. persica, S. vil-
3758. Capsule of
Syringa vulgaris.
(X3)
3298
SYRINGA
SYRINGA
losa. S. emodi, and S. Josiksea; after the middle of
June S. amurensis and S. pekinensis come into bloom,
followed by S. japonica as the last, blooming in the
North in the beginning of July. S. amurensis and S.
pekinensis sometimes bloom sparingly a second time in
fall. The foliage is bright green and handsome, but
drops comparatively early in fall, especially in S.
japonica, without assuming any fall coloring as a rule.
In S. oblata the foliage turns to a deep vinous red and
remains until November. In S. pekinensis it is retained
until late in fall and finally assumes a purplish hue or
turns pale yellow.
The foliage is not much attacked by insects, but a
fungus, Microsphaera alni, late in summer often covers
the whole foliage of S. vulgaris and also of S. chinensis
and S. persica with a white mealy coat, while S. oblata is
but rarely troubled with this fungus and the other
species never. Much damage is sometimes done by a
borer, Trochilium denudatum, which lives in the stems
and branches of S. vulgaris, but is rarely found in any
other species.
After blooming, the inflorescence should be removed
if possible and the pruning be done as far as necessary.
Pruning in winter or spring would destroy a large part
of the flower-buds for the coming season. Lilacs grow
in almost any kind of soil, but a rich and moderately
moist one is the most suitable. They are easily trans-
planted at any time from fall to spring. S. vulgaris
and its numerous varieties are the most popular of the
lilacs on account of their early and profuse blooming,
their sweet fragrance, and the variety of colors ranging
from dark purple to lilac, pink, and white. The double-
flowered varieties keep the blooms longer, but the
panicles are less graceful and they usually do not bloom
so profusely as the single ones; they also remain mostly
dwarfer and have a more compact habit. The faded
flowers do not fall off, but remain on the inflorescence;
this gives the plant a very unsightly appearance if the
faded panicles are not removed. W. J. Stewart sug-
gests a word of warning against lilacs not on their own
roots, because of the attacks of borers and the bad habit
of suckering in some cases.
Some of the best single-flowered varieties are the
following:
SINGLE-FLOWERED LILACS. — White: Alba grandiflora;
Alba pyramidalis; Frau Bertha Dammann, A.F. 12:
1078; Madame Moser; Marie Legraye, one of the very
best, B.H. 29:135; Princess Marie; Princess Alexandra
is a favorite variety of this class in America. — Blue,
lilac, or pink: Ambroise Verschaffelt, pale pink; Dr.
Lindley, pinkish lilac, F.S. 14:1481; Geant des batailles,
bluish lilac; Geheimrath Heyder, light lilac; Gigantea,
bluish red; Gloire des Moulins, pale pink, G.M. 44:499;
Goliath, purplish lilac; Lovaniana, light pink; Macro-
stachya, light pink; Sibirica, purplish lilac; Trianon-
iana, bluish lilac. — Red: Aline Mocqueris, dark red;
Charles X (Caroli), dark lilac-red, A.F. 12:1076. F.
1873, p. 76; Marlyensis, sometimes called Rubra de
3760. Syringa villosa.
XK)
3759. Syringa viiiosa.
wEspKgC-vi''- -t:
^Wi^jK.^j^.-V
-1"?/*": .- vvEp .'
Marley, lilac-red; Rubra insignis, purplish red. — Dark
purple: Philemon; Ludwig Spaeth (Andenken an Lud-
wig Spaeth, Louis Spaeth), very large panicles, the best
of the dark varieties; Negro, deep violet-purple; Congo,
deep wine red.
DOUBLE-FLOWERED LILACS. — White: Madame Abel
Chatenay, compact panicles; Madame Casimir-Perier,
large graceful panicles, one of the
best; Madame Lemoine, large fls. in
dense panicles; Obelisque; Virginite,
white and pink. — Blue, lilac, or pink:
Alphonse Lavalle, bluish lilac, A.F.
12:1077; Belle de Nancy, fls. pink
with white center; Charles Baltet,
lilac-pink; Condorcet, blue, A.F. 12:
1074; Doyen Keteleer, lilac-blue; Jean
Bart, pinkish violet; Lamarck, pale
lilac, large, rather loose panicles;
Lemoinei, lilac-pink, B. H.
28:174; Leon Simon, chang-
ing from pinkish to bluish
lilac. Gt. 43:1407; Maxime
Cornu, pinkish lilac; Michel
Buchner, pale lilac, large and
very double fls.; President
Carnot, pale blue. — Purple:
Charles Joly, dark purplish
red, one of the darkest ; Comte
Horace de Choiseul, lilac-pur-
ple; La Tour d'Auvergne, vio-
let-purple.
The lilacs have been favor-
ite forcing plants in France
for more than a century and are nowadays among the
most important cut-flowers during the winter season in
France as well as in Germany and England. They are
on the market from the end of September until they
bloom outdoors. Charles X is considered one of the
very best for forcing. Marlyensis, Marie Legraye, Alba
virginalis, Ludwig Spaeth, and other varieties are also
good for forcing. Of the double-flowered varieties the
following have proved adapted for forcing: Madame
Casimir-Perier, Madame Lemoine, Charles Baltet,
Jean Bart, Leon Simon, S. chinensis duplex, and others.
Either grafted plants or plants on their own roots are
used. Both force equally well, but grafted lilacs can be
grown into plants well set with flower-buds and suited
For forcing in two or three years, while plants grown
from cuttings require four to six years. Marlyensis is
always used on its own roots and propagated either by
seeds, cuttings, or division. Special attention must be
given to pruning in order to have well-branched plants
of good compact habit (see Fig. 1555, Vol. Ill, p.
1265). The lilac has nothing like the commercial impor-
tance for forcing in America that it has in Europe, but
the appreciation of it for winter bloom is on the increase
in this country.
Lilacs are generally forced in pots, being potted usu-
ally in July or in the fore part of August, that they may
fill the pots with new roots before winter. Some grow-
ers pot the plants in spring or in the preceding fall. This
practice is of especial advantage if the plants are
intended for very early forcing. These early potted
plants are then plunged into the ground outdoors,
mulched, well watered and regularly manured; after
June, when the young growth is almost finished, only
enough water is given to prevent wilting. When the
flower-buds have been formed, more water is given
until they have reached their full size. It is essential
to keep the plants rather dry in fall, so that the wood
may ripen thoroughly and early. When the leaves have
fallen off, the plants are stored away in convenient
places, where they are sheltered from severe frost.
Sometimes the lilac, especially S. marlyensis, is forced
from balls of earth which are not potted, but this does
not always give satisfactory results.
SYRINGA
SYRINGA
3299
About three to four weeks is required to force the
plants into bloom with the temperature recommended
below. The first days after bringing the plants into the
forcing-room, a temperature of 55° to 60° may be given,
gradually rising to 78° to 88° and maintained as equally
as possible until the panicles are fully developed and the
first flowers begin to expand; then the temperature is
lowered to 60° to 66°, and when the panicles are about
half open the plants are tranferred to a cool greenhouse.
Hardening-off is essential to ensure good keeping quali-
ties of the flowers. The red-flowered varieties are often
forced in darkened rooms in order to have the flowers
blanched or only slightly colored. The shade of color
depends entirely on the time when full light is given
and also on the temperature. Show plants in pots
3761. Syringa vulgaris. — The
common lilac. ( X ,' 3)
should be grown in full light to have the foliage well
developed. When the temperature is higher than 76°,
frequent syringing is necessary. It is. of course, pos-
sible to force lilacs in a lower temperature, and this
will even be advisable if the longer time required does
not count. Full advice for commercial lilac-forcing
is given by Fr. Harms in "Flieder und Asparagus," a
book devoted almost exclusively to lilac-forcing.
Interesting experiments recently conducted have
shown that the lilac is more readily forced when the
plants are subjected to the influence of ether during
forty-eight hours shortly before forcing. An account
of these experiments by W. Johannsen is entitled "Das
^Etherverfahren beim Friihtreiben mit besonderer
Beriickrichtigung des Flieders." That the ether has a
particular effect on the metamorphosis and regenera-
tion of the albuminoids in the plant has been stated
recently by other botanists also.
Lilacs may be propagated by seed, which is sown in
spring. This method is usually practised only with the
209
more common typical species. The many varieties and
rarer kinds are usually propagated by greenwood cut-
tings under glass in June (or in early spring from forced
plants), by hardwood cuttings, by grafting, and also by
suckers and division, especially in the case of S. chinen-
sis, S. persica, and S. vulgaris. As a stock, S. vulgaris is
mostly used and sometimes ligustrum. S. japonica will
probably prove to be a good stock. S. viUosa, though
readily growing from seed and of vigorous habit, is not
to be recommended. Budding in July and August is the
most extensively practised method. Grafting is done
either in April or May in the open or in February or
March in the greenhouse on potted stock. Almost any
kind of grafting may be employed as the lilac unites
readily. Crown-grafting is to be preferred in order to
avoid the troublesome suckers. Plants intended for
forcing but deficient in flower-buds are sometimes
grafted in October or early in November with branches
well set with flower-buds and forced in January or later.
Forcing lilacs. — Most of the lilacs used by American
commercial florists for forcing are imported. Care
should always be taken to procure pot-grown plants,
that is, plants that have been grown in pots the previous
summer. The florist who wishes to grow his own
plants should lift them in the field in April or before the
growth starts and pot them without losing much root.
Plunge them out-of-doors during summer and give
them plenty of water. This treatment will insure a good
growth and the check the plants receive from lifting will
induce them to form new flower-buds. These plants
will force with the greatest certainty. It is well to allow
five weeks for the earliest forcing. A strong heat is
necessary, beginning at 60° for the first few days
and increasing to 75° to 80°, with a daily watering
and syringing several times. After the flowers begin to
open, the syringing can be discontinued and when
fully expedient the plants are better
removed to a coolhouse, where they
will harden off and be much more
serviceable when cut. As the sea-
son advances, say March and
April, less heat is needed. They
will then force in any ordinary
house where the night temperature
is about 60°F. The Persian lilac, on account of its
abundance of bloom and delicate truss, is very
desirable, but this must be forced almost in the
dark to produce white flowers. Marie Legraye is
for all purposes the most useful lilac which has been
used for forcing. (Wm. Scott.)
affinis, 7.
alba, 7, 9, 10, 11, 13.
amurensis, 12, 13, 14.
argentea, 14.
aurea, 3.
aureo-variegata, 3.
Bretschneideri, 2.
cserulea, 9.
chinensis, 10.
dubia, 10.
duplex, 10.
emodi, 2, 3.
erimia, 2.
filicifolia, 11.
Giraldii, 7.
Henryi, 2.
INDEX.
hyacinthiflora, 8.
hybrida, 2.
japonica, 14.
Josiksea, 1, 2.
Julians, 6.
laciniata, 11.
liffustrina, 13.
mandshurica, 13.
marlyensis, 9.
metensis, 10.
oblata, 7, 8.
ovalifolia, 5.
pallida, 1.
pekinensis. 12.
pendula, 12.
persica, 11.
pinnata, 11.
plena, 8, 9.
pteridi folia, 11.
pubescens, 5.
reflexa, 4.
rosea, 2.
rothomagensis, 10.
rubra, 1,9, 10, 11.
saugeana, 10.
sibirica, 13.
Steencruysii, 11.
varina, 10.
villosa, 2, 3, 5.
violacea, 9.
vulgaris, 9.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Tube of corolla much longer than
calyx; anthers sessile, not exserted.
B. Panicles on leafy branches, usually
terminal: Ivs. whitish beneath.
c. Infl. upright.
D. Anthers not exserted.
E. Stamens inserted near the mid-
dle of the tube; corolla-lobes
nearly upright ...........
1. Josikaea
3300
SYRINGA
EE. Stamens inserted below the
mouth of the tube; corolla-
lobes spreading 2. villosa
DD. Anthers exserted about one-half
above the mouth: Ivs. very
white and glabrous beneath. ... 3. emodi
cc. Infl. nodding or pendulous: co-
rolla-lobes little spreading 4. reflexa
BB. Panicles from lateral buds, without
Ivs. at the base; terminal bud sup-
pressed.
c. Anthers dark violet, inserted much
below the mouth: Ivs. more or less
pubescent beneath, at least while
young.
D. Branchlets and Ivs. above gla-
brous 5. pubescens
DD. Branchlets and Ivs. above pubes-
cent 6. Julianas
cc. Anthers pale: Ivs. glabrous except
in No. 7.
D. Base of Ivs. truncate or cordate.
E. Lvs. roundish or broadly ovate.
F. Young Ivs. more or less
finely pubescent: inft.
7. affinis
FF. Young Ivs. quite glabrous
or minutely glandular:
infl. dense 8. oblata
EE. Lvs. ovate 9. vulgaris
DD. Base of Ivs. cuneate.
E. Shape of Ivs. ovate-lanceolate. 10. chinensis
EE. Shape of Ivs. lanceolate 11. persica
AA. Tube short, little longer than calyx;
stamens exserted: fls. white. (Ligus-
trina.)
B. Base of Ivs. narrowed: habit spread-
ing 12. pekinensis
BB. Base of Ivs. usually rounded: habit
upright,
c. Under side of Ivs. glabrous: Ivs.
abruptly acuminate: tall shrub.. ..13. amurensis
CC. Under side of Ivs. more or less
pubescent; Ivs. rather gradually
acuminate: tree 14. japonica
Section ETJSYRINGA.
x
Group VILLOSJE.
1. Josikafea, Jacq. Shrub, attaining 12 ft., with
upright, stout, terete branches: Ivs. broadly elliptic to
elliptic-oblong, acute at both ends, finely ciliate, dark
green and shining above, glabrous or pubescent on the
midrib beneath, 2J^-5 in. long: fls. violet, short-pedi-
celled or almost sessile, clustered, in rather narrow pani-
cles 3-7 in. long; corolla with the half-upright lobes %in.
long; stamens inserted somewhat above the middle of
the tube. June. Hungary. B.M. 3278. B.R. 1730.—
Less handsome than most other species, but valuable
for its late blooming season. Var. pallida, Hort., has
pale violet fls.; var. rubra, Hort., reddish violet.
2. villosa, Vahl (S. Bretschneideri, Lemoine. S. emodi
var. rosea, Cornu). Figs. 3759, 3760. Bushy shrub, 8
ft. high, with rather stout, upright, terete and warty
branches: Ivs. broadly elliptic to oblong, acute at both
ends, finely ciliate, bright green and dull above, pubes-
cent usually only near the midrib, rarely glabrous
beneath, 3-7 in. long: fls. pinkish lilac or whitish, short-
pedicelled, in broad or somewhat narrow usually pubes-
cent panicles, 3-7 in. long, rachis terete; lobes spreading,
tube about J^in. long; stamens inserted near the
mouth. May, June. China to Himalayas. R.H. 1888:
492; 1914, p. 333. G.F. 1:521. Gn. 39, p. 91. Gt.
44, p. 500. G.W. 16, p. 138. G. 13:519. A.F. 24:371.
B.M. 8292. — A hybrid between this and the preceding
species is S. Henryi, Schneid. (S. Bretschneiden hybrida,
L. Henry). Intermediate between the parents, but more
similar to S. villosa: Ivs. villous along the midrib: infl.
large, to 10 in. long, more pyramidal and looser: corolla
2iin. long, pale violet-purple, with the stamens just
below the mouth. R.H. 1902:40. J.H.S. 27, p. 800.
SYRINGA
"Lutdce" is scarcely different. Var. eximia (S. Josi-
ksea eximia, Froebel) has compact large panicles of
reddish rose fls. changing to light pink. G.C. III.
42:280. M.D.G. 1901:561. M.D. 1907, p. 262. "H.
Zabel" is similar, but the fls. are reddish lilac.
3. emodi, Wall. (S. villosa var. emodi, Rehd.).
Shrub, to 15 ft.: branchlets brownish or dark olive-
green, dotted with pale lenticels: Ivs. elliptic to oblong,
acute at both ends, white and glabrous beneath, 6-8 in.
long: infl. narrow, 3-6 in. long, with leafy bracts; rachis
angular: corolla pale lilac or whitish, not pleasantly
scented, tube jHjin. long; anthers partly exserted; calyx
obscurely lobed. Himalayas. B.R. 31:6. R.H. 1876,
p. 368. Gn. 39, p. 106. R.B. 28:193.— Not quite
hardy in Mass. There are varieties with yellow Ivs.,
var. aurea, Simon-Louis, and with yellow-variegated
Ivs., var. aureo-variegata, Hort.
4. reflexa, Schneid. Shrub, to 12 ft. : branches gray
or purplish gray, dotted with lenticels: Ivs. ovate-
oblong to lance-oblong, sometimes elliptic-obovate,
acuminate, cuneate at the base, glabrous above, villous
beneath chiefly along the veins, 3-5 in. long: infl. nearly
cylindric, nodding or pendulous, 5-7 in. long and 1 J^-2
in. across; rachis, pedicels, and calyx sparingly villous
or calyx nearly glabrous: corolla pinkish, H~%m- l°ng
with nearly upright lobes: fruiting panicles pendulous
with reflexed, slightly warty oblong caps. W. China. —
A remarkable species very distinct from all others by the
pendulous panicles and particularly handsome before
the fls. open because of the carmine color of the buds.
Group VULGAKIS.
5. pubescens, Turcz. (S. villbsa, Decne., not Vahl. S.
vittosa var. ovalifdlia, DC.). Shrub, 6 ft. high, with
slender, somewhat quad-
rangular glabrous
branches: Ivs. roundish
ovate to rhombic-ovate or
ovate, shortly acuminate,
ciliate, dark green and
glabrous above, 1-3 in.
long: fls. pale lilac, fra-
grant, short-pedicelled, in
ovate, not very large, but
numerous panicles; tube
very slender; anthers
violet, inserted much
below the mouth. May.
N. China. G.F. 1:415;
6:266. B.M. 7064. G.C.
III. 38:123 (as S. villosa
var. pubescens ) . — Free-
flowering shrub of grace-
ful habit, with handsome
dark foliage.
6. Julian ae, Schneid.
Spreading shrub, to 6 ft. :
branchlets villous: Ivs.
elliptic - ovate, acute or
acuminate, cuneate at
the base, short-pubescent
above, pale and more
villous-pubescent beneath,
particularly on the veins,
1-2 in. long: infl. 2-4 in.
long, rather loose; rachis
and pedicels slightly hairy
and like the glabrous dis-
tinctly toothed calyx pur-
plish violet: corolla lilac-
purple outside, fragrant,
small, the spreading lobes
3762. Winter twig of Syringa
vulgaris, showing the absence
of a terminal bud and the per-
sistent dehisced pods. ( X 1A)
white inside ; anthers
violet, inserted a little
below the mouth. May,
SYRINGA
SYRINGA
3301
June. W. China- B.M. 8423. — A handsome and dis-
tinct species similar to S. pubescens; the deeper color
of the fls. is heightened by the purplish violet color of
the whole infl.
7. affinis, L. Henry (S. oblata var. alba, Hort.). Slen-
der, loosely branched shrub; Ivs. broadly ovate, acumi-
nate, truncate at the base, finely pubescent while
voung, particularly on vigorous shoots, on flowering
pranchlets sometimes glabrous or nearly so, l^-2Vij
in. long and l%-2% in. broad: infl. slender and rather
loose, 4-5 H in. long: calyx distinctly 4-toothed; corolla
white, tube J^in. long. May. N. China. Var. Giraldii,
Schneid. (S. Giraldii, Lemoine, not S. Giraldiana,
Schneid.). Lvs. usually more densely pubescent while
young: infl. 5-6 in. long, fls. purplish lilac; rachis, pedi-
cels, and calyx purple-violet. N. W. China. R.H. 1909,
p. 335. — The earliest of the lilacs to bloom and the fls.
do not suffer from frost as do those of S. oblata. Hy-
brids of var. Giraldii with S. vulgaris have been raised
recently by Lemoine, which flower nearly two weeks
before the earliest varieties of S. vulgaris; such are
''Lamartine" with rose-mauve fls. and "Mirabeau"
with rosy lilac fls.
8. oblita, Lindl. Shrub or small tree, 12 ft. high,
rather compact: Ivs. roundish ovate or renifonn, often
broader than long, cordate, short-acuminate, bright
green, their margins usually reddish while young,
2J^-^^ in. across: fls. pale lilac to purple-lilac, in dense
subglobose or pyramidal panicles, 3-5 in. long; pedicels
about as long as the distinctlv toothed calyx. May. N.
China. G.F. 1:221. A.G. 22:183. G.W. 5, p. 549.
B.M. 7806. G. 36:355.— Next to the preceding species
the earliest to bloom and handsome in fall with its
vinous or russet-red foliage. A hybrid with the follow-
ing species is S. hyacinthiflSra, Rehd. Intermediate
between the parents, with broadly ovate Ivs., turning
purplish in fall. Only known in the double form, var.
plena, Lemoine. Many or perhaps most of the newer
double-fld. varieties have originated by recrossing this
form with varieties of S. I'ulgaris.
9. vulgaris, Linn. Figs. 3758, 3761, 3762. Upright
shrub or small tree, 20 ft. high: Ivs. ovate, truncate or
slightly cordate, acuminate, bright green, 2-4 in. long:
fls. lilac, blue, purplish, or white, in large panicles.
May. S. E. Eu. to Caucasus and Afghanistan; some-
times escaped from gardens in the eastern states. B.M.
183. Gn. 53, p. 156. M.D.G. 1899:205. F.E. 22:5.
R.H. 1903, pp. 126^-128.— The most important of the
older original varieties are the following: Var. alba, Ait.,
branches yellowish gray: fls. white; buds yellowish
green; blooms a week earlier than the other varieties.
A.F. 12:1081. Var. caerulea, Ait. Fls. blue, in rather
loose panicles. Var. rubra, Loud. Fls. purplish red, in
large and rather dense panicles. Here belong also var.
marlyensis, Hort., and Charles X. Var. violacea, Ait.
Fls. violet-lilac, in rather loose panicles. Var. plena,
Hort. With double fls. There are several varieties with
variegated Ivs., but these are hardly worth cultivating.
10. chinensis, Willd. (S. persica x S. ndgaris. S.
dubia, Pers. S. rothomagensis, Loud. S. vanna, Dum.-
Cours.). Shrub, attaining 12 ft., with slender, often
arching branches: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
2-4 in. long: fls. purple-lilac, red, or white, in large and
broad panicles. May. Originated in 1777 in Rouen,
France. R.H. 1883, p. 80. F. 1873, p. 76 (as S. persica).
G.M. 44:498; 50:431.— Very free-flowering. Var. alba,
Loud., with white fls. Var. metensis, Simon-Louis,
with pale purplish fls. Var. saugeana, Loud. (var.
rubra, Lodd.), with deep purplish red fls. Var. duplex,
Lemoine, with double purplish lilac fls.
11. persica, Linn. Fig. 3763. Shrub, attaining 5-10
ft., with slender, arching branches: Ivs. lanceolate,
acuminate, 1^2-3 in. long: fls. pale lilac or whitish, in
rather loose, broad panicles, about 3-4 in. long; pedicels
as long as or longer than calyx. May, June. Caucasus
to Afghanistan. B.M. 486. Var. filba, Loud. (S.
Steencruysii, Hort.). Fls. white. Var. rubra, Hort.
Fls. red. Var. laciniata, Vahl (S. pteridifolia, S. filici-
/dJia, a_nd S. pinnata, Hort.). With pinnately lobed or
pinnatifid Ivs., of dwarfer habit and with smaller pani-
cles. R.H. 1878, pp. 452, 453; 1883, p. 80; 1901, pp.
40,41.
Section LIGTJSTRINA.
12. pekinensis, Rupr. (Ligtistrina amurensis var.
pekinensis, Maxim. Ligustrina pekinensis, Regel).
Large shrub, attaining 15 ft., with slender, spreading
3763. Syringa persica, one of the common lilacs. ( X Jfl
branches, brownish red when young: Ivs. ovate to ovate-
lanceolate, usually narrowed at the base, acuminate,
rather dark green above, pale or grayish green and
glabrous beneath, 2—4 in. long, 1-1 ^ in. broad: fls. yel-
lowish white in large glabrous panicles, usually in pairs
at the ends of branches; stamens about as long as limb.
June. N.China. G.F. 3: 165; 7:385. M.D.G. 1899:425.
— Large shrub, of excellent habit, with handsome foliage
retained until late in fall; flowers profusely only when
older. Var. pendula, Hort. With very slender, pendu-
lous branches.
13. amurensis, Rupr. (S. ligustrina, Hort. Liqfa-
trina amurensis var. mandshurica, Maxim. Ligustrina
amurensis, Regel). Shrub, attaining 12 ft., with spread-
ing or upright branches: Ivs. broadly ovate to ovate,
usually rounded at the base, bright green above, pale or
grayish green and glabrous beneath, 2-6 in. long,
l in. broad: fls. yellowish white, in large, rather
loose glabrous panicles ; stamens almost twice as long as
limb. June. Manchuria. Gt. 12:3%; 45, p. 64. G.F.
2:271. Gn. 12, pp. 623, 624. R.H. 1877, pp. 453-155.—
Sometimes cult, under the name of S. sibirica or S.
sibirica alba.
14. japonica, Decne. (Ligustrina amurensis var.
japonica, Maxim.). Fig. 3764. Pyramidal tree, attain-
3302
SYRINGA
ing 30 ft., with upright branches: Ivs. broadly ovate to
broadly elliptic, rounded or slightly cordate at the base,
shortly acuminate, pale green beneath, and usually
pubescent when young, 3-7 in. long: fls. yellowish
white, in very large pubescent panicles often 1 ft. or
more long; stamens little longer than limb. June, July.
Japan. B.M. 7534 and S.I.F 2:63 (as S. amurensis).
G.C. II. 25:561. Gn. 76, p. 356. G. 29:549. G.F.
2:293,295. M.D G. 1899:424; 1907:381. Gt. 37:217.
Mn. 4, p. 5; 7, p. 167. R.H. 1894, p. 325.— Very
desirable free-flowering tree and quite hardy N. Var.
argentea, Temple, has the Ivs. variegated with silvery
white.
S. albo-rdsea, N. E. Br. . . S. tomentella. — S. Koehneana, Schneid.
(S. velutina, Hort., not Komarov). Allied to S. pubescens. Young
branchlets puberulous: lys. oval to oblong-lanceolate, pubescent on
both sides. 2-3 in. long: infl. 3-4 in. long, pubescent: fls. pale lilac.
China. — S. Komardvii, Schneid. Allied to S. villosa. Lvs. oblong-
ovate, pubescent beneath, 4-6 in. long: infl. narrowly pyramidal, to
6 in. long, pubescent: corolla lilac; anthers partly exserted. W.
China. Var. Sargentiana, Schneid. Branchlets slightly pubescent:
infl. usually somewhat larger: corolla purple; anthers usually
scarcely exserted. W. China. — <S. Meyeri, Schneid. Allied to S.
pubescens. Small shrub: Ivs. elliptic-9vate, sparingly pubescent
beneath: i"fl, rather dense: fls. lilac with very slender tube over
Jiin. long. N. China. Blooms when scarcely a foot high. — S. pin-
natifolia, Hemsl. Allied to S. persica. Lvs. pinnate, 2-3 Ji in. long
with 9-11 sessile and decurrent Ifts.: infl. slender, about 2 in. long;
fls. whitish pink, the tube J£in. long. W. China. G.C. III. 55:269.
— S. Rehderiana, Schneid. Allied to S. villosa. Branchlets tomen-
tose: Ivs. elliptic, pubescent on both sides, 3-4 in. long: infl.
broadly pyramidal, to 7 in. long, villous: fls. white. W. China. — &.
Sargentiana, Schneid.=S. Komarovii var. Sargentiana. — S. semper-
virens, Franch. Shrub, to 4 ft., glabrous: Ivs. persistent, coriaceous,
broadly oval, obtuse or acutish, 1-1 % in. long: fls. white, Jim.
long, in dense panicle* 2-3 in. long: fr. fleshy, dehiscent. S. W.
China. It looks more like a privet than like a lilac; not hardy N.
— S. Sweginzbwii, Koehne & Lingelsh. Allied to S. villosa. Lvs.
ovate, usually rounded at the base, pubescent beneath only near
the veins, 2-4 in. long: infl. to 10 in. long, with purple rachis: fls.
yellowish white suffused with pink, fragrant, the tube about Jim.
long. E. Asia. G.C. III. 57:345. M.D. 1910, p. 112.— S. tomen-
tella. Bur. & Franch. (S. albo-rosea, N. E. Br.). Allied to S. vil-
losa. Branchlets glabrous or short-pubescent: Ivs. elliptic to oblong-
SYZYGIUM
lanceolate, more or less pubescent beneath, 1-3 Yi in. long: infl.
dense, to 7 in. long, puberulous; fls. lilac-pink; tube over Jiin.
long. W. China. M.D. 1910, p. 112.— -S. velutina, Hort., not
Komarov=S. Koehneana. The true S. velutina, Komarov, is
apparently not in cult. ; it differs chiefly in its larger Ivs. and the
glandular petioles and infl. — S. Wilsonii, Schneid. Allied to S. vil-
osa. Lvs. elliptic-ovate, to elliptic-lanceolate, pubescent beneath
near the veins, 2 J£-5 in. long: infl. broad, to 6 in. long, glabrous
or nearly so; fls. white or lilac, tube about Jiin. long. W. China. —
S. Wdlfii, Schneid. Allied to S. villosa. Lvs. elliptic-oblong,
nearly glabrous: infl. to 12 in. long: fls. lilac, fragrant, %in. long.
N. China. Remarkable for its very large panicles. — S. yunnanensis,
Franch. Allied to S. villosa. Shrub: Ivs. elliptic- oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, glaucescent beneath, glabrous, 1J£-;3J3 in. long: infl.
slender, 3-6 in. long, puberulous: fls. pinkish, with upright-spread-
ing lobes. S. W. China. ^^ REHDER
SYZYGIUM (from the Greek, united, referring to
the calyptrate petals). Myrtacex. Trees and shrubs
of the tropics of the Old World, variously defined and
by some authors made a section of Eugenia: from
Eugenia proper the group differs in the united petals,
the calyx truncate or with a 4-5-lobed limb and no
staminal disk: fls. small, in compact clusters: fr.
small 1- or 2-seeded berries. As defined by Niedenzu,
the genus has about 140 species. One or two names
under this genus appear in the trade. For S. jambolana,
see Eugenia, jambolana, p. 1163, Vol. II.
operculatum, Niedz. (S. nervdsum, DC. Eugenia
operculctta, Roxbg.). A large evergreen tree with 4-
angled or nearly terete branches: Ivs. opposite, broad-
ovate or elliptic, rounded or somewhat acuminate at
apex and narrowed at base, 3-8 in. long, dark green
and glossy, the primary lateral nerves few and sepa-
rated: fls. in 3's and collected into a more or less thyr-
soid infl., greenish: berry J^in. or less diam., juicy,
edible. Himalaya. — This name appears recently in
Calif.: young plants described as having handsome
foliage; said to be an acquisition. L. H. B.
3764. Syringa japonica. (XJi)
TABEBUIA (Brazilian name). Bignonidcex. Orna-
mental trees grown chiefly for their showy flowers.
Evergreen: Ivs. opposite, simple or digitate, entire or
serrate: fls. in terminal panicles or racemes, rarely soli-
tary; calyx irregularly splitting or unequally 3^5-lobed;
corolla f unnelform-campanulate ; stamens included;
disk annular or cupulate ; ovary with the ovules in many
series: caps, more or less com-
pressed, usually elongated,
glabrous or scaly. — About 90
species in Trop. and Sub-trop.
Cent, and S. A m e r. By
Bureau and by Schumann,
Tabebuia is limited to the 5
or 6 species with simple Ivs.,
and the species with digitate
Ivs. are referred to Tecoma,
while the Tecoma of this
work is called Stenolobium
by these authors. See, also,
Bignonia.
The tabebuias are upright
trees with large evergreen
foliage simple or digitate and
with large pink, white, or yel-
low flowers in terminal, usu-
ally few-flowered panicles or
racemes or sometimes soli-
tary. They are suited for
cultivation in tropical or sub-
tropical countries only and
are sometimes grown in
southern California and Flor-
ida. They grow luxuriantly
in rich or well-manured soil
and are easily propagated by
cuttings and also by air-lay-
ering.
A. Li's, simple.
Ieuc6xyla, DC. (Bignonia
leucoxyla, Veil. B. pdUida,
Lindl.). Fig. 3765. Evergreen
tree or shrub: Ivs. elliptic-
oblong to oboyate-oblong,
obtuse or sometimes margi-
nate at the apex, glabrous,
dark green, with distinct pale
midrib, 4-7 in. long: fls. in
few-fld. terminal racemes;
corolla funnel-shaped, about
3765. Tabebuia leucoxyla. ( X %) C, winged seed.
2 in. long, with yellow tube and pale lilac limb. Brazil.
B.R. 965.
AA. Lvs. digitate.
B. Fls. pink.
triphylla, DC. (Bignonia leucoxylon, Linn. Tecoma
leucoxylon, Mart.). Evergreen tree: Ivs. long-petioled,
digitate; Ifts. 3-7, usually 5, stalked, oblong-lanceolate,
entire, glabrous, 1-2 J/6 in. long: fls. in usually few-fld.,
loose panicles or 1 or 2; corolla funnelform, with large,
spreading limb, rosy pink or nearly white, suffused with
pink, 2 in. long; calyx 2-lipped: caps, linear, 6-8 in.
long. W. Indies, Guiana.
rdsea, DC. (Tecoma rdsea, Bertol.). Evergreen tree:
Ivs. digitate; Ifts. 5, rarely 3, long-stalked, ovate to
oblong, acuminate, entire: fls. in many-fld. terminal pan-
icles; corolla f unnelform-campanulate, with short tube
and large spreading lobes, rosy pink; calyx campanu-
late, obscurely 2-lobed, almost truncate. Guatemala.
BB. Fls. yellow.
chrysantha, Nichols. (Tecoma chrysdntha, DC.). Ever-
green tree: Ivs. digitate; Ifts. 5, ovate, acuminate, entire,
tomentose, 4-7 in. long,
long-stalked: fls. in terminal
dense racemes, yellow, fun-
nelform, 2 in. long. Caracas.
T. sesculifdlia, Hemsl. (Tecoma
sesculifolia, DC. Bignonia sesculi-
folia, Humb. & Bonpl.). Evergreen
tree, about 20 ft. high: Ivs. digitate,
with 7 oblong-obovate Ifts., pubes-
cent above, tomentose beneath: fls.
in terminal panicles, subeampanu-
late, orange-red, with yellow spots
on the 3 lower lobes. Mex. — T.
Donnell-Smithii, Rose. Known in
Mex. as "Primavera" and said to
be one of the most beautiful trees,
sometimes 4 ft. diam., and the wood
very valuable: fls. beautiful golden
yellow, in great abundance, usually
appearing before the palmately
compound Ivs.: Ifts. 7, oblong to
ovate, acuminate, rounded or trun-
cate at base, serrate. — T. Pdlmeri,
Rose. Tree, 18-25 ft., bearing pau-
lownia-like fls.: Ivs. opposite; Ifts.
4, about 2—5 in. long, oblong, some-
what acuminate, obtuse at base:
fls. white and purplish, with yellow
spots, in close clusters at ends of
naked branches; corolla 1J4-2 in.
long. Mex. — T. pentaphylla, Hemsl.
(Tecoma pentaphylla, Juss.).
Closely related to T. triphylla.
Tree, to 60 ft. : Ifts. usually 5, ellip-
tic to oblong-o_bovate, obtuse or
acutish: fls. rosy pink, larger. W.
Indies, Cent. Amer., Venezuela.
The plant intro. under this name
by the Dept. of Agric. under No.
38649 is said to have orange-col-
ored fls. and belongs probably to
some other species. — T. serratifdlia,
Nichols. (Tecoma serratifolia, Don).
Evergreen tree: Ivs. digitate, with
4-5 oblong - ovate acuminate Ifts.
serrate at the apex, 3-5 in. long:
fls. in terminal panicles, tubular-
funnelfprm, yellow. W. Indies. — T.
spectdbilis, Nichols. (Tecoma spec-
tabilis, Planch. «fe Lind.). Ever-
green tree: Ivs. digitate, with 5
stalked ovate to oblong-ovate, cre-
nately serrate Ifts.: fls. in terminal
panicles, orange - yellow, f unnel-
form-campanulate. Colombia. F.S.
J48' ALFRED REHDER.
TABERNJEMONTANA (named for J. T. Taber-
naemontanus of Heidelberg, physician and botanist;
died 1590). Apocyndceae. Evergreen usually glabrous
trees or shrubs, grown in the warmhouse.
Leaves opposite, thin or leathery: cymes rather
branched, terminal or dichotomously arranged: fls.
white or yellowish, small or rather large; calyx usually
short, deeply or to the middle 5-lobed or -parted; corolla
salver-shaped, tube cylindrical, lobes twisted; disk
various; ovary with 2 distinct carpels: berries or folli-
cles 2, globose, oblong, ovoid or recurved-reniform,
smooth or 3-ribbed. — About 160 species, widely dis-
tributed throughout the- tropics. See Gonioma for
distinctions from that genus.
The East Indian rosebay, T. coronaria, is one of the
(3303)
3304
TABERN^EMONTANA
T^NIDIA
best ornamental shrubs for subtropical gardens. This
species and T. Camassi, referred in this work to Goni-
oma, nourish everywhere in Florida from Jacksonville
southward. If they receive proper attention, tiny
cuttings soon develop into dense, bushy plants 3 to 5
feet high, covered with deliciously scented flowers
throughout the summer. Indeed the plants are so
densely covered with buds and flowers that it is often
difficult to find a sufficient supply of cuttings for propa-
gation. T. coronaria has larger leaves than T. Camassi
and the flowers are much like those of the double white
oleander, while T. Camassi has solider and smaller
blossoms. Both do well under the same treatment. In
order to enjoy the beauty of the East Indian rosebay to
its fullest extent, it must be planted in rich, sandy soil,
not too wet and not too dry, and in places fully exposed
to the sun. Only very strong pot-grown plants should
be set out in the garden. This should be done during
the rainy season. Avoid breaking the ball in transplant-
ing. It is useless to transplant in November, the time
when most evergreens and other plants are most suc-
cessfully set out. The plants at this season have not
time to become established before the first sharp frost
comes, and a weakened tabernaemontana is usually
killed outright by even a slight frost. Just before
Christmas all the plants of this nature (bauhinias,
oestrums, Poinciana regia, Tristania conferta, grevilleas,
eucalypti, and so on) are banked about 18 inches to 2
feet high with dry sand, and they always come through
without much damage. In April or even earlier, the
banking is taken away and the plants cut back to
sound wood. The tabernaemontanas look best in
groups by themselves or in front of other glossy leaved
evergreens. (H. Nehrling.)
A. Fls. white.
coronaria, Willd. CRAPE JASMINE. NERO'S CROWN.
A tender shrub, 6-8 ft. high: Ivs. glossy green, oblong
to oblanceolate: fls. white, fragrant, 1-2 in. across, in
1-8-fld. clusters in the forks of the branches; petals
crimped on the margin, whence the common name.
Cult, in India but native country unknown. Var.
fldre-pleno, with double, somewhat larger, very sweet-
scented fls., seems to be far more common in cult. P.M.
16:354. B.M. 1865 (as Nerium coronarium). — Cult.
in the more southern states and also in greenhouses.
Also known as Adam's apple and East Indian rosebay.
AA. Fls. yellow.
grandifl&ra, Jacq. A small, tender shrub: Ivs. oblong-
ovate, sharply acuminate, 2-3 in. long, thick: fls.
single, yellow, 1-2 in. long, hi few-fld. clusters; corolla-
lobes oval, obtuse, entire. Early fall. Carthagena,
Guiana. B.M. 5226. — Rarely cult, in the more south-
ern parts of the U. S.
T. Camdssi, Regel. SeeGonioma Kamassi. — T. dichdtoma, Roxbg.
(Cerbera dichotoma, Lodd.). About 6 ft. high: Ivs. oblong, acute at
base, obtuse at apex, 2 J^-5 in. long: cymes terminal, dichotomously
branched, many-fld.; fls. slightly odorous, 1 in. long. India. B.R.
27:53. L.B.C.16-.1516. H.W. 3, p. 259.— T. grandifdlia, Hort., is
listed in the American trade, presumably an error for T. grandiflora.
F. W. BARCLAY.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
TACAMAHAC: Populus balsamifera.
TACCA (Malayan name). Syn., Atdccia. Taccaceae,
a family allied to the Dioscorea tribes. Perennial
herbs from a tuberous or creeping rhizome, adapted to
the warmhouse.
Leaves radical, large, petioled, sometimes undivided
and entire, sometimes variously Ipbed or dissected: fls.
at the top of erect leafless scapes in dense umbels, lurid
brown or greenish; perianth 6-lobed in 2 rows; stamens
6; ovary inferior, 1-celled: fr. globose, ovoid, turbinate
or elongated, usually 3-cornered or 6-ribbed, berry-like
and indehiscent, rarely finally 3-valved. — About 13
species in the tropics of both hemispheres. The fl.-
cluster is subtended by a few, usually 4, leaf-like or
colored bracts, and intermixed with the fls. are more or
less numerous, long and conspicuous, sterile, filiform
pedicels, which usually droop below the fl.-cluster.
Taccacese contains only one other genus, Schizocapsa.
A. Lvs. much lobed.
pinnatifida, Jack. Tender perennial herb, about 2 ft.
high: rootstock globose, becoming 1 ft. through: Ivs.
large, usually 3-branched, the divisions pinnately cut or
divided, the ultimate lobes sometimes irregular and
unequal but usually ovate to lanceolate: fls. greenish, 8
lines across, many with the sterile pedicels purplish:
berry nearly globular, 1 in. through. Afr., India, and
Austral. L.B.C. 7:692. B.M. 7299, 7300.— Accord-
ing to Von Mueller's Select Extra-tropical Plants, the
Fiji arrowroot is prepared from the tubers of this
species. The plant thrives even on the sand-shores of
tropical countries, and it is not unlikely that it will
endure a temperate climate.
AA. Lvs. not lobed.
cristata, Jack (Atdccia cristata, Kunth). Rootstock
a short conic caudex, marked with If .-scars: Ivs. 1-2 ft.
long, oblong, acuminate, dark purplish green: scape
longer then the Ivs.: fls. dark purple, 1J/2 in. across, in a
somewhat 1-sided umbel, with numerous pale sterile
pedicels 8-10 in. long: involucral bracts 4, conspicuous,
the 2 inner elliptical, narrowed to a petiole, the 2 outer
revolute. Malaya. B.M. 4589. F.S. 9:860-861. Gn.
45, p. 415; 49, p. 423.— According to Gn. 45, p. 415,
it requires good, rich, open soil, with ample drainage,
plenty of water, and a stove temperature. In the winter
season the plant should be kept in a state of partial rest.
Chantrieri, Andre. Plant stemless, on a fibrous, red-
brown caudex: Ivs. on petioles attaining a length of 28
in., which are dilated and imbricated at base, chan-
neled and red-brown; blades oval, acute at apex, about
20 x 8-10J^ in., brilliant shining green, not symmetri-
cal at base: infl. red-brown, brilliant purple, spathes
brilliant purple ; fls. about 20, almost 2 in. long. Malaya.
R.H. 1901, p. 541. — Resembling T. cristata but larger
in its proportions and having more numerous long-
stalked fls. F.W.BARCLAY
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
TACSONIA (from the Peruvian name of one of the
species). Passifloraceze. From Passiflora, Tacsonia
differs in having a long-tubular calyx, stamens and
petals usually 5, the latter never wanting, corona of
tubercles or very short threads, and in a short reflexed
crown near the base of the fl.-tube. However, the line
of demarcation between the two genera is often not
well marked and Harms (Engler & Prantl's Pflanzen-
familien) unites Tacsonia with Passiflora. Masters
(Trans. Linn. Soc. 27) accepts 25 species of true Tac-
sonia, relegating the intermediate forms largely to Pas-
siflora. Other species have been discovered subse-
quently. The Tacsonias are all S. American, inhabiting
the Andes. They are tendril-climbing shrubs or herbs,
requiring the treatment given passifloras. Tacsonias
are cult, freely in the open in Cent, and N. Calif. T.
manicata (Passiflora manicata) is a common and strik-
ing red-fld. tall climber in S. Calif.
In this work, following Engler & Prantl and also
Hooker, the Tacsonias are described under Passiflora.
T^ENIDIA (Greek, making reference to the very
small ribs of the fr.). Umbelliferse. One species, a
slender smooth glaucous perennial of E. Canada and
U. S., T. integerrima, Drude, formerly known as Pirn-
pinella integerrima, Gray, and Zizia integerrima, DC.
It has little value to the horticulturist, although inter-
esting to the collector of native plants for the hardy
border. It is erect, 2-3 ft., slender, open-branched,
with long-rayed umbels of small yellow fls. in spring
and early summer: Ivs. ternately 2-compound, the Ifts.
oval to lanceolate, entire, nearly or quite obtuse.
TAGETES
TAIXIA
3305
3766. Single French marigold. —
Tagetes patula. ( XJi)
TAGfiTES (Tages, an Etruscan god, or perhaps of
other derivation). Composite. MARIGOLD. American
perennial and annual flower-garden herbs.
Leaves opposite or alternate, pinnately cut or rarely
simply serrate: fl.-heads of various sizes, yellow or
orange, marked in some species with red : strong-scented
plants with opposite or
alternate mostly pinnately
divided Ivs. that bear oil-
glands : involucre of united
parts forming a cup or
tube, naked at base:
achene angled or flattened,
the pappus of a few entire
mostly unequal bristles
or scales: rays pistillate;
disk-fls. perfect. — Species
about 20, from New Mex.
and Ariz, to Argentina,
mostly annuals. The
popular annual species
known as "African" and
"French" marigolds have
been derived respectively
from T. erecta and T.
patula, both of which are
native to Mex. According
to Sweet's Hortus Britan-
nicus, these two species
were intro. into cult, in
1596 and 1573.
For garden purposes
Tagetes may be divided
into two groups, based upon habit of growth. T. erecta
and T. lucida are of upright and somewhat open growth;
while T. patula and T. signata are spreading and bushy,
the lower branches lying close to the ground and often
rooting. The French marigolds, T. patula, are valua-
ble bedding plants. Good garden forms are of even
height and bushy compact growth, with a mass of
good foliage and well-colored flowers appearing con-
tinuously from June until frost. In raising plants, it is
preferable to grow them in pots, as this practice seems
to check the plants sufficiently to cause them to bloom
at a small size and more plentifully during the early
summer months than if they were raised with unlimited
root room. They should be planted about 1 foot apart.
This species also makes attractive specimens in small
pots in a few weeks from seed. Mixed seed of the
double sorts will give a large percentage of good double
flowers, while the seed of special named double sorts is
remarkably good. Some of the single forms are very
finely colored. The African marigolds, T. erecta, are
not well suited to bedding purposes, the growth being
too open, but for the mixed border or shrubbery they
are excellent late-blooming subjects. This species
should be grown with plenty of root room, air, and rich
soil from start to finish if the largest and most double
flowers are desired. The African marigolds are very
useful as cut-flowers except under circumstances where
their odor is objectionable.
For pot marigold, see Calendula.
A. Fls. generally marked with red.
patula, Linn. FRENCH MARIGOLD. Fig. 3766. A
hardy annual, usually about 1 ft. high and much
branched from near the base, forming a compact, bushy
plant: Ivs. darker green than in T. erecta, pinnately
divided; lobes linear-lanceolate, serrate: fls. smaller
than in T. erecta and borne on proportionately longer
peduncles. Mex. B.M. 150; 3830 (as T. corynibosd). —
Both the single and double forms are grown. The spe-
cies is very variable as to the color-markings of the fls.
which range from almost pure yellow to nearly pure
red. A dwarf varietv, nana, Hort., is known. Gn. 63,
p. 24; 73, p. 127.
1
AA. Fls. not marked with red.
B. Lvs. pinnately dinded.
c. Rays numerous.
erecta, Linn. AFRICAN MARIGOLD. Fig. 3767. A
hardy annual growing about 2 ft. high, erect, branched:
Ivs. pinnately divided, segms. lanceolate-serrate: fls. 2-
4 times as large as in T. patula and of one solid color, the
typical color, according to DeCandolle, being a lemon-
yellow. Mex. — The rays are sometimes rather 2-lipped
and in one of the garden forms they are quilled. The
color ranges from a light sulfur-yellow to a deep orange,
many of the light yellow shades being rare amongst
fl. colors. This is the common marigold of old gardens
•in Amer. Foliage very strong-scented.
cc. Rays few, usually 5.
signata, Bartl. An annual branching species: Ivs.
pinnately divided into usually 12 oblong, linear,
sharply serrate segms., the lower teeth awned: rays 5,
yellow, roundish-obovate. Mex. R.H. 1895, p. 505.
Var. pumila, Hort., a dwarf, bushy form, usually less
than 1 ft. high, seems to be the only form in the trade.
The fls. are bright yellow and small but numerous. —
The species is suited for massing or for borders.
BB. Lvs. lanceolate, simply serrate.
lucida, Cav. SWEET-SCENTED MARIGOLD. A tender
perennial plant, entirely distinct from the foregoing
Annuals in the sessile, lanceolate Ivs. and small, usually
2-3-rayed fls. in dense, terminal corymbs. The fls.
have a much more agreeable odor than the other spe-
cies cult. Mex. B.M. 740. R.H. 1895, p. 505.— Some-
times used as a substitute for tarragon, which see..
T. Idcera is a species
discovered about 1896
by T. S. Brandegee in
Low. Calif. It makes
a compact bush 4-5
ft. high, bearing a
profusion of yellow
fls. in winter. Small
plants flower well in
pots. See G.F. 9:67.
— T. Lewimonii.Gray,
also a shrubby nearly
smooth plant about 2
ft. high, seems to be
grown in Calif. It is
distinctly woody but
rather slender: Ivs. all
opposite, 3-7 - folio-
late, the serrulate Ifts.
about 1 in. long: heads
about 1 in. diam.,
showy. Ariz. G. C.
III. 27:21.
F. W. BARCLAY.
TAINIA (Greek,
band or fillet, allud-
ing to the shape
of the lip). Orchi-
dacese. Terres-
trial warmhouse
orchids. Sterile
st. from a many-
sheathed rhizome
finally thickened
into a pseudobulb :
If. single, terminal,
large, long - peti-
oled: flowering
scapes arising
from the rhizome,
tall, leafless, base
few-sheathed,
bearing a simple
terminal raceme:
fls. pedicellate,
sparse, rather
large or medium-
3767. African marigold. — Tagetes
erecta.
3306
TAINIA
TAMARINDUS
sized; sepals about the same length, narrow, acutish
to acuminate; petals similar to the rear sepal or nar-
rower; labellum affixed to the foot of the column, erect,
gibbous at base, lateral lobes erect and parallel or
clasping the column, the middle lobe spreading, short,
broad; pollinia 8. — About 14 species, India, S. China,
and Malaya.
Fuerstenbergiana, Schlecht. Tall: pseudobulbs
ovoid, about 2 in. long, 1-lvd. : If. erect, petioled, lanceo-
late, about 2 ft. long: scape slender, erect, 2 J^-3 ft. tall,
bearing a lax 10-15-fld. raceme: fls. about 2 in. across;
sepals and petals oblong-ligulate; lip oblong, 3-lobed.
Habitat (?). — Closely allied to T. penangiana.
penangiana, Hook. f. Not pseudobulbous : IS. 8-12
x 1^-2 in., about equaling the slender petiole: scape
twice as long: sepals linear-lanceolate, %in. long, acu-
minate; petals narrow, 5-7-nerved, spur shortly conical,
obtuse; lip oblong, side lobes subacute, incurved, over-
lapping the orbicular, acuminate, crisped midlobe.
Penang, Malayan Penins. F. TRACY HUBBARD.
TAINIOPSIS (like Tainia). Orchidacese. Epiphytic
plants, probably adapted to the coolhouse. Roots
rather stout, with a short decumbent rhizome : pseudo-
bulbs ovoid, slightly 4-angled, finally rugose, at apex
2-lvd. : Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate, acuminate, narrowed to
the petiole, lightly plicate, 1 ft. or more long: scape
lateral from near the base of the pseudobulb, erect,
slender, more or less exceeding the Ivs.: infl. simple or
slightly branched, laxly several- or many-fld.: sepals
ringent, ligulate, rather obtuse, minutely puberulent
outside, glabrous inside, lateral recurved, falcate, base
broadened; petals obliquely linear, obtuse, recurved,
. glabrous, as long as the sepals; labellum curved, mobile,
lanceolate-tongue-shaped, apex hastately dilatate with
the margins incurved; column medium-sized, broad-
ened toward the apex; pollinia 8. One species, Khasia
Mts. and Burma, T. barbtita, Schlecht. O. 1915:11.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
TALAUMA (S. American name). Magnoliacex.
Evergreen trees, grown occasionally in the warmhouse.
Lvs., infl., and seeds as in Magnolia: sepals 3; petals 6
to many, imbricate in 2 rows; stamens numerous; car-
pels numerous, capitate or spicate, 2-ovuled. — About 30
species in the tropics of E. Asia, S. Amer., and Japan.
Talauma is closely allied to Magnolia, but the carpels
are indehiscent and deciduous, while those of Magnolia
dehisce dorsally and are persistent.
Hodgsonii, Hook. & Thorn. Tender evergreen tree,
50-60 ft. high, producing Ivs. and fls. at the same time:
Ivs. 8-20 x 4-9 in., obovate-oblong, cuspidate or obtuse,
leathery, glabrous: fls. cup-shaped, fully 6 in. across and
4 in. deep, solitary, terminal; sepals 3-5, purple outside;
petals about 6: fr. 4-6 in. long. Himalayas. B.M.
7392. — The fls. have a spicy odor, hard thick fleshy
texture, and the glaucous purplish blue of the sepals
contrasts well with the ivory-white of the petals.
Hooker ranks this species second in beauty only to
Magnolia Campbellii (p. 1969, Vol. IV). T. Hodgsonii
grows at an elevation of 5,000-6,000 ft. This fine tree
has been flowered at Kew and perhaps elsewhere in
Eu., but never in Amer., so far as is known. Many
times seeds were received at Kew from India, but they
never germinated, the reason being the rapid decay of
the albumen, involving that of the embryo. The trees
now cult, in Eu. have been derived from young plants
sent from India in Wardian cases at considerable
expense and risk. WILHELM MILLER.
TALINUM (possibly a native name in Senegal).
Portulacacese. Fleshy herbs, sometimes becoming
woody at the base with age, occasionally cult, in the
warmhouse. Lvs. alternate or rather opposite, flat: fls.
small, in terminal cymes, racemes, or panicles, rarely
solitary, axillary, or lateral; sepals 2; petals 5, hypog-
ynous, ephemeral; stamens 5 to many; ovary many-
ovuled: caps, globose or ovoid, chartacepus, 3-valved. —
About 15 species, widely scattered in the warmer
regions.
The variety of T. patens is a handsome greenhouse
shrub, with foliage marked white and sometimes also
pink. The young stems are pink and succulent, but
they become woody with age. The plant is allied to
portulaca and will endure much heat and drought, but
is very impatient of overwatering and lack of drainage.
The plants bloom freely, the flowers being small, light
pink, and followed by small yellow capsules filled with
an indefinite number of little brown seeds. Some prefer
to retain the sprays of blossom, but to make the best
show of foliage the flower-shoots should be cut off as
soon as they appear. Talinum is a satisfactory house-
plant. It should be placed in a window with a northern
exposure or in some other shady position. Talinum
may also be planted out during the summer. (W.
C. Steele.)
patens, Willd. Erect subshrub: st. almost simple,
1-2 ft. high, leafy to the middle, where the panicle
begins: Ivs. mostly opposite, oval, abruptly tapering at
the base: panicle terminal, long, leafless, bearing dichot-
omous cymes: fls. carmine; petals 3 lines long; sta-
mens about 15-20. W. Indies and east coast of S. Amer.
to Buenos Ayres. Var. variegatum, Hort. ("Tolinium
variegatum," Hort. Basella variegata, Hort.), is prob-
ably the plant described as sweet Malabar vine in Vol.
I, page 455, of this work.
triangulare, Willd. Lvs. alternate, obovate-lanceo-
late: cymes corymbiferous: pedicels 3-cornered (in T.
patens they are filiform): fls. red or white. W. Indies,
Brazil, Peru. Var. crassifolium, Hort. (T. crassifolium,
Hort.), is said to be taller and more branched: Ivs.
larger, often emarginate and mucronate.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
TAMARACK: Lori*.
TAMARINDUS (from the Arabic tamar-Hindi, mean-
ing "Indian date"). Leguminosse. A tropical genus
containing but one species, the well-known tamarind.
It is considered to be indigenous to tropical Africa (the
upper Nile region) and possibly southern Asia as well.
It has long been cultivated throughout the tropics of
both hemispheres, being grown both as an ornamental
and for its acid fruits, which have many uses. The
tamarind became known in Europe during the Middle
Ages, doubtless through the Arabians. Until correctly
described by Garcia d'Orta (1563) it was supposed
by Europeans to be produced by an Indian palm
(Dymock).
Leaves alternate, equally pinnate, the Ifts. small,
indefinite in number; stipules minute, caducous: fls.
irregular, produced in racemes at the ends of the
branches; bracts and bracteoles ovate-oblong, colored,
caducous; calyx-tube turbinate, narrow, the segms. 4,
imbricate, membranacepus, colored; 3 superior petals
imbricate, yellowish, veined with red, 2 inferior reduced
to bristles hidden at the base of the staminal tube;
fertile stamens 3, connate in a sheath, opening above
with short, free filaments, anthers oblong, longitudi-
nally dehiscent; ovary many-ovuled, with a stalk adnate
to the calyx-tube, the style filiform, stigma terminal,
subcapitate: fr. an oblong or linear, compressed, inde-
hiscent pod, with a thick, crustaceous epicarp, pulpy
mesocarp, and coriaceous endocarp septate between
the obpvate-orbicular, compressed seeds; embryo
exalbuminous. The genus is distinguished from Schotia,
the only ally which seems to be cult, in Amer., by its
floral characters.
indica, Linn. TAMARIND. TAMARINDO. Fig. 3768.
A large tree, attaining to 80 ft. in height when grown
on deep soils, with a trunk 25 ft. in circum.: bark
brownish gray, somewhat shaggy: Ivs. abruptly pin-
TAMARINDUS
TAMARIX
3307
nate; Ifts. 20-40, opposite, oblong, J^-%in. long, gla-
brescent, soft, pale green, obtuse: fls. few together in
lax racemes, individually about 1 in. broad, pale yellow,
the petals veined red; calyx-teeth lanceolate, the lowest
2 connate: pod 3^8 in. long, %-l in. broad, cinnamon-
brown, with a brittle epicarp and brown pulp inclosing
1-12 seeds. Flowers in April and May in the northern
hemisphere, ripening fr. in late autumn and winter.
B.M. 4563 (as T.officinalis). J.F. 2: 133— The tamarind
is a magnificent evergreen tree, extensively cult, in
nearly all tropical countries. It succeeds in S. Fla., and
has been grown as far north as Manatee, where a large
specimen was killed by the freeze of 1884. It is not
sufficiently hardy to be grown in Calif., failure having
attended all past efforts to cult, it in that state, so far
as known. It delights in a deep alluvial soil and abun-
3768. The tamarind, Tama-
rindus indica. — Short-podded or
West India form. ( X H)
dant rainfall, the largest specimens being found in
tropical regions where the soil is rich and deep. On
the shallow soils of S. E. Fla. it does not attain to
great size. When small it is very susceptible to frost,
but when mature it will probably withstand tempera-
tures as low as 28-30° F. without injury.
The plump slightly curved pod has a thin brittle
shell. It contains a soft brownish pulp transversed by
a few strong branched fibers; the large flattened glossy
seeds, varying from one to twelve in number, are sur-
rounded by a thin tough membrane. The pulp con-
tains sugar together with acetic, tartaric and citric
acids, the acids being combined, for the most part, with
potash. In East Indian tamarinds, according to Dymock
(Pharm. Ind. pt. II, 532-36) citric acid is present in a
small quantity, about 4 per cent, while there is about 9
per cent of tartaric. The pulp is widely used in the
Orient as an ingredient in chutnies and curries, and for
pickling fish. In medicine, it is valued by the Hindus as
a refrigerant, digestive, carminative, laxative, and
antiscorbutic, for which latter purpose it is sometimes
used in place of lime juice. With the addition of sugar
and water, it makes a cooling drink or refresco, espe-
cially well known in Latin America. For the prepara-
tion of this drink, a sirup is often made from the pulp
which can be bottled and used as desired. In some
countries tamarinds are an important article of export.
In Jamaica the fruit is prepared for shipment by strip-
ping it of its outer shell, and then packing it in casks,
with alternate layers of coarse sugar. When the cask
is nearly full, boiling sirup is poured over all, after which
the cask is headed up. In the Orient, the pulp, con-
taining the seeds, is pressed into large cakes, which are
packed for shipment in sacks made from palm leaves.
This product is a familiar sight in the bazaars. It
seems to be greatly esteemed as an article of diet by
the Indians, as also by the Arabs, large quantities
being shippea to Arabia from India.
According to Watt, the natives of India have an
aversion to sleeping under the shade of the tree because
of the supposed acid exhalation from the leaves. Pittier
states, however, that he has slept under a tamarind
tree for weeks without suffering the least inconvenience.
Gamble writes that the leaves corrode the cloth of
tents pitched in the shade of the tree. This happens, he
says, in wet weather; the leaves fall on the tents, and
within a day or two the cloth is decomposed in holes.
The tree is easily propagated by means of seeds,
which is the only method commonly used. Seeds can
be transported without difficulty, as they retain their
viability for a considerable length of tune if kept dry.
They are best germinated by planting them K inch
deep in light, sandy loam. The young plants are
rather delicate and must be handled carefully to pre-
vent damping-off . In India, the yield of a mature tree
is said to be about 350 pounds of fruit per annum. Little
is known of the insect pests which attack the tree;
Maxwell-Lefroy mentions two, Caryoba/rus gonagra, a
large gray-brown chrysomelid beetle found in tamarind
seeds, and Charaxes fabius, a large black yellow-epotted
butterfly whose laryse feed on the leaves. Both these
insects occur in India.
Firminger mentions three varieties of tamarind grown
in India, but does not know whether they can be
depended on to come true from seed. Masters, in the
''Treasury of Botany," states that the East Indian
variety has long pods, with six to twelve seeds, while
the West Indian variety has shorter pods, containing
one to four seeds. Seedlings undoubtedly show con-
siderable variation in the size and quality of their
fruit, which accounts for the different varieties which
have been noted by many writers. Firminger recom-
mends that seedlings which produce unusually choice
fruit be propagated by gootee, or stem-layering, a
method which is described under Litchi. More
recently (1913) Wester has reported that the tree can
be shield-budded successfully the method being similar
to that used with avocado. F. w. POPENOE.
TAMARISK: Tamarix.
TAMARIX (ancient Latin name). Tamaricacex.
TAMARISK. Ornamental woody plants, grown chiefly
for their showy panicles or racemes of pink or whitish
flowers; and also for their very fine graceful foliage.
Deciduous shrubs or trees: Ivs. alternate, sessile,
often sheathing, small, and scale-like: fls. small, short-
pedicelled or sessile, in rather dense racemes, usually
collected into terminal panicles; sepals and petals 4-5;
stamens usually 4-5, rarely 8-12, sometimes slightly
connate at the base; ovary 1-celled, surrounded at the
base by a more or less deeply 5- or 10-lobed disk; styles
2-5, clavate or short and thick: fr. a caps., dehiscent into
3-5 valves; seeds many, minute, with a tuft of hairs at
the apex. — About 75 species from the Medit. region to
3308
TAMARIX
TAMARIX
E. India and Japan. Several species have medicinal
properties and yield dye-stuffs. The punctures of an
insect, Coccus manniparus, cause T. mannifera to pro-
duce "manna."
The tamarisks are very graceful shrubs or small trees
with slender branches clothed with minute scale-like
appressed leaves, and with usually light pink small
flowers in large and loose terminal panicles or in numer-
ous lateral racemes, followed by small capsular fruits.
None of the species is quite hardy North, but T. pen-
tandra, T. odessana, T. gallica, and T. parviflora are
fairly hardy as far north as Massachusetts. Several of
the species bloom late in summer and are a welcome
addition to the autumn-flowering shrubs. As they are
inhabitants of warmer arid regions, they are adapted
for dry-land conditions, and they also grow well in
saline and alkaline soil. They are excellent for seaside
planting and thrive in the very spray of the salt water.
Propagation is by seeds, which are very fine and should
be only slightly covered, or usually by cuttings of
ripened wood in the open ground or by greenwood cut-
tings under glass.
INDEX.
sestivalis, 4. gallica, 7. odessana, 6.
africana, 1, and suppL Eispida, 4, 8. Pallasii, 4.
amurensis, 4. indica, 7. parviflora, 1.
arborea, 7. japonica, 3. pentandra, 4.
canariensis, 7. juniperina, 3. plumosa, 3.
caspica, 4. kashgarica, 8. purpurea, 1.
chinensis, 5. narboimensis, 7. tetrandra, 1, 2.
elegans, 7.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Fls. J+-merous: racemes lateral on last
year's branches.
B. Petals spreading, persistent; styles
usually 3 1. parviflora
BB. Petals erect, deciduous; styles usually
4 2. tetrandra
AA. Fls. 5-merous.
B. Racemes lateral on last year's
branches 3. juniperina
BB. Racemes forming large terminal pani-
cles, rarely lateral on the current
year's branchlets.
c. Lvs. glabrous.
D. Petals persistent.
E. Bracts ovate-lanceolate 4. pentandra
BE. Bracts subulate.
F. Infi. nodding: tree with
spreading branches 5. chinensis
FF. Infi. upright: erect shrub. 6. odessana
DD. Petals deciduous 7. gallica
cc. Lvs. finely pubescent 8. hispida
1. parviflfira, DC. (T. tetrdndra var. parviflora, Boiss.
& Kotschy). Fig. 3769. Shrub or small tree, 15 ft.
high, with reddish brown bark and slender spreading
branches: Ivs. ovate, acuminate, semi-amplexicaul,
scarious at the apex when older: fls. pink, very short-
pedicelled, in slender racemes about 1 in. long along
last year's branches; petals spreading, persistent;
calyx very small, sometimes only 3-parted; styles usu-
ally 3, much shorter than ovary. April, May. S. Eu.
F.S. 9:898. R.H. 1855:401. Gn. 61, p. 273; 71, p. 358.
— Often confounded with the T. tetrandra, also with
T. africana and T. gallica and cult, under these names.
T. tetrandra var. purpurea probably belongs here.
2. tetrandra, Pall. Shrub or small tree, attaining 12
ft., with almost black bark: Ivs. ovate-lanceolate, some-
what narrowed at the base, with diaphanous margin:
fls. light pink or almost white, in racemes 1-2 in. long
along last year's branches; disk purple, deeply 4-lobed;
styles usually 4, about as long as ovary. April, May.
S. E. Eu., W. Asia. — Doubtful whether in cult, in this
country; all plants seen under this name by the writer
belong to the preceding species.
3. juniperina, Bunge (T. japdnica and T. plumosa,
Hort.). Shrub or small tree, attaining 15 ft., with
slender spreading branches: Ivs. green, oblong-lanceo-
late, acuminate, scarious at the apex: fls. pinkish, in
lateral racemes 1^-2^4 in. long on last year's branches;
pedicels slender, shorter than calyx; sepals ovate-lan-
ceolate, little shorter than the persistent petals; disk
5-lobed, with emarginate lobes. Japan, N. China.
S.Z. 1:71 (as T. chinensis.)
4. pentandra, Pall. (T. Pallasii. Desv. T. hispida
sestivalis, Hort.). Shrub or small tree with usually
purple branches: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate, acute, glau-
cous or pale green: fls. pink, in large panicles, the
racemes dense, 1-2 in. long; bracts ovate-lanceolate,
acute or acuminate, as long or slightly longer than
pedicels; petals broadly ellip-
tic-oblong, connivent; disk 5-
lobed, with emarginate lobes;
styles 3, with obovate, con-
nivent stigmas. Aug., Sept.
S. E. Eu. to Cent. Asia. B.M.
8138. Gn. 77, p. 494. Gn.W.
25:121. — T. amurensis, Hort.,
is a form of this variable spe-
cies. F.E. 20:344, pi. 105.
Also T. caspica probably be-
longs here.
5. chinensis, Lour. Shrub
or small tree, attaining 15 ft.,
with slender spreading, often
drooping branches: Ivs. bluish
green, lanceolate, acuminate,
keeled: fls. pink, in large and
loose usually nodding panicles,
pedicels as long as calyx ; sepals
ovate, much shorter than the
persistent petals; disk deeply
10-lobed. July-Sept. China.
6. odessana, Stev. Shrub,
4-6 ft. high, with upright, slen-
der branches: Ivs. lanceolate,
subulate, decurrent: fls. pink;
racemes slender, about 1 in.
long, on short, naked pedun-
cles, spreading and disposed in
ample loose panicles; pedicels
about as long as calyx; petals
slightly spreading; disk 5-lobed,
with rounded lobes. July-
Sept. Caspian region.
7. gallica, Linn. (T. arbdrea,
Sieber, not Ehrenb. T. canar-
iensis, Willd.). Shrub, or small
tree with slender spreading
branches: Ivs. dull to bluish
green, closely imbricated, rhom-
bic-ovate, acute or acuminate,
keeled, semi-amplexicaul, with scarious margin : fls. white
or pinkish, globose in bud, almost sessile, in slender,
panicled racemes; petals deciduous; filaments somewhat
dilated at the base, inserted between the rounded
lobes of the 10-lobed disk; styles 3. May- July. W. Eu.,
Medit. region to Himalayas; naturalized in S. Texas
and N. Mex. Gn. 34, p. 329. Var. indica, Ehrenb. (T.
indica, Willd.). With slender, upright branches: Ivs.
dull green: racemes longer and slenderer: fls. pink, disk
obscurely and minutely 10-lobed. Himalayas. Var.
narbonnensis, Ehrenb. Racemes short, almost sessile,
lateral on the current year's branches. S. W. Eu. Var.
elegans, Schelle (T. elegans, Hort.), is a garden form of
slenderer habit and with brighter green foliage; blooms
somewhat later.
8. hispida, Willd. (T. kashgdrica, Hort.). Shrub, with
slender upright branches: Ivs. bluish green, cordate and
subauriculate at the base, acuminate, somewhat spread-
ing, finely pubescent: fls. pink, almost sessile, in dense
racemes 2-3 in. long, disposed in terminal panicles;
3769. Tamarix parvi-
flora. (X1A)
TAMARIX
TAXGELO
3309
petals deciduous, much longer than sepals; disk 5-
lobed. Aug., Sept., R.H. 1894:352.
T. africana, Poir. Allied to T. juniperina. Racemes 2-3 in. long:
fls. very short -pedicelled: styles slenderer. Medit. region. Appar-
ently not in cult. ; the plant offered in trade under this name is usu-
ally T. parviflora. — T. algerica or T. algeriensis, Hort., is probably
T. gallica: no species has been described under these names. The
Algerian species are: T. gallica. Linn., T. brachystylis. Gay, T.
bounopaea. Gay, T. africana, Poir., T. Balansse, Gay, T. rubella,
Battand., T. pauciovulata. Gay. and T. articulata, Vahl. — T. an-
glica, Webb. Allied to T. gallica. Shrub, to 10 ft.: Ivs. bluish
green, somewhat constricted at the base: fls. ovate in bud; fila-
ments filiform at the base, attached to the acute lobes of the
5-angled disk. W. Eu. S.E.B. 2:261. — T. articulata, Vahl. Tree,
attaining 30 ft., with slender, jointed branches: Ivs. glaucous,
minute, sheathing: fls. o-iaerous, pink, sessile, in terminal panicles.
W. Asia. Not hardy X. — T. dahurica, Willd.=Myricaria dahurica.
— T. germdnica, Linn.=Myricaria gennanica. — T. rubella, Bat-
tand. Allied to T. parviftora. Tree or shrub with red erect
branches: Ivs. minute, imbricate: bracts ovate, acute, almost as
long as calyx; calyx-segms. 4; petals 4, rose; stamens 4, with long
filaments and dark purple anthers. Algeria,
ALFRED REHDER.
TAMONEA (native name). Melastomacese. This
name was revived to cover the names Cyanophyllum,
Miconia. and others (Krasser, in Engler & Prantl,
Die Xatttrlichen Pflanzenfamilien, III. 7. 1898), but
later (Xachtr. 1, p. 267) the name Miconia was
restored. Miconia is also retained in the list of "nomina
conservanda" of the International (Vienna) Congress.
Our cross-reference from Cyanophyllum to Tamonea,
therefore (Vol. II, p. 930), should be to Miconia. There
is apparently only one plant commonly known in cult,
as Cyanophyllum, and this is accounted for as Miconia
magnified on p. 2047, Vol. IV; and others are there
described. Under these dispositions, therefore, the
name Cyanophyllum is dropped.
TAMUS (the old Latin name used by Pliny). Also
spelled Tamnus. Dioscoreacese. Herbaceous perennials
from a tuberous root: st. annual, twining: Ivs. alternate,
cordate, entire or 3-lobed: infl. axillary racemes; male
often elongated, lax, with the fls. solitary along the
rachis or disposed in lax few-fld. racemelets or cymules;
female very short, few-fld., sometimes reduced to a
sessile fascicle ; fls. dioecious ; male perianth urn-shaped-
campanulate, deeply 5-cleft; stamens 6; female peri-
anth-segms. 6, small, narrow, distinct; staminodes
minute or none; ovary 3-celled: berry subglobose, suc-
culent, indehiscent. About 2 species, 1 from Canary
Isls.. the other from Eu., N. Afr., and Temp. Asia. T.
commit nis, Linn. BLACK BRYONY. Rootstock ovoid,
black, fleshy: st. very long, twining, branched: Ivs. 2-3
in. long, ovate-cordate, acuminate, obscurely laterally
lobed: fls. yellowish green, small: berry red. May, June.
Eu., X. Afr., and Temp. Asia.
TANACETUM (name of doubtful derivation). Com-
posite?. Annual or perennial herbs which are odorous:
lys. alternate, variously cut : heads of small to medium-
sized yellow fls. disposed in corymbs, or rarely solitary,
heterogamous, disk-shaped; female fls. with 3-5-
toothed, tubular corollas: achenes 5-ribbed or 3-5-
angular. with a broad truncate summit, bearing a
coroniform pappus or none. — Thirty-five species scat-
tered about the northern hemisphere, of which about
7 are native to X. Amer. For cult., see Tansy.
vulgare. Linn. (Chrysanthemum vuLgare, Bernh.).
TAXSY. Fig. 3770. St. robust, erect, 2-3 ft,, leafy to
the summit: Ivs. pinna tely divided into linear-lanceo-
late segms. which are serrate or pinnately cut: fl.-
heads J^-^in. across, numerous, in a dense flat-
topped cyme. July-Sept. Eu. Adventive in the U.
S. Var. crispum, DC., has the Ivs. more cut and
crisped.
T. adenanthum, Diels. Plant densely tufted, 6-12 in. high: lys.
finely divided, clothed with white silky hairs: fl.-heads about Jiin.
across. W. China. — T. quercifAlium, W. W. Smith. Lower Ivs.
4-6 in. long: fl.-heads containing about 20 yellow florets. Yunnan.
F. W. BARCLAY.
TANAKSA (named in honor of M. Tanaka). Saxi-
fragraceae. Herb probably hardy and perennial: plant
dioecious, perhaps sometimes monoecious, stolonif-
erous; stolons slender, leafy and rooting: Ivs. basal,
long-petioled, thick or somewhat fleshy, finally leathery,
including the petioles 4—8 in. long; blade oblong-lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or somewhat cordate
at base, acute, doubly serrate: scapes very slender,
branched, pyramidal, 6-8 in. high: fls. very small,
greenish white, shortly pedicelled, solitary in the axils of
the bracts; sepals 5, almost free, oblong-lanceolate;
petals none; stamens 10, alternate ones shorter; ovary
glabrous, almost entirely free, 2-celled. — One species,
Japan, T. radicans, Franch. & Sav. B.M. 7943. G.
35:373; 36:515.
TANGELO (from tangerine and pummelo; by syn-
copation: tange[rine] [pumme]lo). A new group of cit-
rous fruits originated in 1897 by the writer by cross-
ing the Dancy tangerine with the Bowen grapefruit.
3770. Tansy. — Tanacetum
vulgare. (X>s>
The resulting hybrid, named Sampson tangelo by H.
J. Webber and the writer (United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture Yearbook, 1904) does not closely
resemble either parent in its fruit characters, being a
slightly pear-shaped thin-skinned smooth and shi-
ning fruit of medium to large size, pale orange in color,
and with a rather acid sprightly flavored very soft
and juicy orange-colored pulp. It ripens very late,
several months after it begins to color, and sometimes
becomes partly dry before complete maturity. When
properly grown it is a delicious fruit. It is being grown
commercially on a small scale, but its delicate «kin and
liability to dry out before fully ripe probably will
preclude its culture except by experts for a special
market.
The Thornton is another tangelo, a hybrid of tan-
gerine with a Florida grapefruit. It is a rough thick-
skinned round fruit with very pale orange-colored
juice and sprightly flavored pulp. It ripens earlier
than the Sampson tangelo and is less acid. It is very
like a tender good-flavored orange in character. It is
beginning to be grown commercially on a small scale.
The success of the first two tangelos produced by
artificial hvbridization has led to the creation of hun-
3310
TANGELO
dreds of additional hybrids between
all the mandarin types of orange
(Citrus nobilis) such as the tanger-
ine, willow-leaf mandarin, King,
Satsuma, and the like, and the
better sorts of grapefruit and pum-
melo (Citrus grandis). These fruits
in general resemble round oranges
(Citrus sinensis) more than either
of their parents and are exceedingly
variable, sister fruits from seeds of
a single cross-pollinated fruit often
being very unlike. Among the
tangelos there are some of much
promise because of their superior
flavor and juiciness.
The spread of citrus canker (a
bacteria] disease caused by Pseudo-
monas citri) to many of the hot
moist orange-growing regions of the
world makes it desirable to breed
new types of tangelos by hybri-
dizing the canker-resistant man-
darin oranges with canker-resis-
tant pummelos such as can be
found in the Orient. Such tan-
gelos, if canker-resistant, could
perhaps be grown in place of
the more susceptible round
oranges, just as limequats can
be grown in place of the com-
mon lime, which is very suscep-
tible to canker.
WALTER T. SWINGLE.
TANGERINE: Orange and Citrus.
TANSY (Tanacetum vulgar e,
Linn.). A coarse-growing her-
baceous perennial naturalized
from middle Europe, and a famil-
iar occupant of old gardens,
waste places, and roadsides. Its
common name is said to be
derived from athanasia, immor-
tality, an idea suggested to the
ancient Greeks by the character-
istic permanent possession it
takes of the soil. Its annual
upright usually unbranched
stems, which rise about 3 feet
from the perennial root, bear
greatly divided deeply cut com-
pound bitter aromatic leaves
and rather dense corymbs of
numerous small yellow flower-
heads which appear in mid-
summer. The seed, which is
small, is marked by five rather
prominent grayish ribs and
retains its vitality for about
two years. Formerly its leaves
were in great favor as
a seasoning for various
culinary preparations,
especially puddings
and omelettes, uses
now almost obsolete.
By the medical profes-
sion, its tonic 'and
stimulant properties
and its efficacy in
hysterical and dropsi-
cal disorders are still
recognized, although
other medicines are
3772. Large-leaved form of dandelion.
3773. Cut-leaved form of dandelion.
TAPISCIA
more popular. In domestic practice
it played an early r61e as an anthel-
mintic and stomachic and is still
somewhat popular as a local agent
to relieve the pain of muscular
rheumatism, bruises, and chronic
ulcers. The wild plants usually
satisfy all demands, but when no
wild supply is at hand seed may be
used to start the half-dozen speci-
mens that a family should need.
Easily started, readily transplanted
or divided, tansy requires no special
care in cultivation except to keep
it clear of weeds and to prevent
its spreading and thus becoming
troublesome. It will thrive in
almost all soils and situations that
are not too wet. For botanical
account, see Tanacetum.
M. G. KAINS.
TAPEINOTES (from the
Greek, referring to its low
stature). Gesneriacese. Under this
generic name, one species is listed
abroad, T. Carollnse, Wawra.
The genus is now included in
Sinningia and the current name
is S. Carolina, Benth. & Hook.
(S. barbdta, Nichols.). It is a
Brazilian plant, adapted to the
warmhouse: decumbent or as-
cending, with oblong to lanceo-
late crenate-serrate Ivs. 1 ft. or
less long and red beneath: fls.
white, red-marked inside, with a
contracted and hairy throat and
tube swollen at base. B.M. 5623,
which represents a striking plant
with Ivs. brilliant red-purple
beneath and curved hairy
deflexed white corollas 13/2 in.
long: described as a small under-
shrub.
TAPIOCA: Manihot.
TAPIRIRA (from a native
name in Guiana). Also spelled
Tajnria. Anacardiacese. A name
of disputed application. The
plant likely to interest horticul-
turists in this relationship is
Cyrtocarpa procera, from Mex.,
described on p. 945, Vol. II.
Of Tapirira itself, distinguished
by 4-5 styles, those in the
pistillate fls. short, none is
probably regularly in cult. As
formerly denned, the species
are S. American, with a few
in Afr. and Asia, 8 or 10 in
number. Later authors restrict
the genus to S. Amer.,
mostly to Brazil. Under
any definition, the
genus is probably
adapted to cult, only
on our southernmost
borders.
TAPISCIA (anagram
of Pistacia, to which
it bears a strong re-
semblance, though
not closely related).
TAPISCIA
TARO
3311
Staphyleaceae. An ornamental deciduous tree from
China with large alternate odd-pinnate Ivs., deciduous
stipules and with small yellow fragrant fls. in axillary
panicles: calyx tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed; petals
5, spatulate-obovate, little longer than the calyx;
stamens 5, exserted; style slender, longer than sta-
mens; ovary superior: fr. a 1-seeded ovoid drupe. It is
as yet little known in cult., but probably can be grown
successfully in the S. only; it may be recommended
chiefly for its bold pinnate foliage and the honey-
scented fls. Prop, can probably be effected by cuttings
besides by intrp. seeds. T. sinensis, Oliver. Small tree,
to 30 ft., occasionally to 90 ft. : Ifts. 5-7, ovate to ovate-
oblong, acuminate, cordate at the base, serrulate, glau-
cescent and nearly glabrous beneath, 3-5 in. long:
panicles broad, 2-3 in. long: fls. vjin. long, yellow, fra-
grant: fr. ovoid, black, ^in. long. June, July. Cent,
and W. China. H.I. 20:1928. ALFRED REHDEB.
TARAXACUM (name probably associated with sup-
posed medicinal properties). Leontodon of some
authors. Compdsitee. DANDELION. Low nearly or quite
stemless herbs of cold and temperate regions, mostly of
the northern hemisphere. Distinguished by having
large many-fld. ligulate yellow heads solitary on naked
and hollow scapes; involucre with one inner series of
3774. Variation in foliage of the common dandelion.
(All lea ves drawn to the same scale.)
erect narrow bracts and outer calyx-like spreading some-
times reflexed bracts; pappus simple and capillary,
borne on a slender beak terminating a fusiform elon-
gated angled achene: fls. opening in sunshine, The
plants are exceedingly variable and there are conse-
quently great differences of opinion as to the number of
species. Bentham & Hooker would reduce them to
about 6, and others would retain 25 or more. The
common dandelion is T. officinale, Weber, known also
as T. Dens-lebnis, Desf . It 'varies immensely in stat-
ure and form of Ivs., as shown in Figs. 3771-3774.
For history, see Sturtevant, Proc. 6th Meeting Soc.
Prom. Agr. Sci., and Amer. Nat., Jan., 1886. For an
account of the red-seeded dandelion, T. erythrosper-
mum, Andrz., see Fernald, Bot. Gaz., July, 1895:323.
From the common dandelion it differs in having smaller
sulfur-yellow heads, smaller and very deeply cut Ivs.,
outer involucral scales not reflexed and somewhat
glaucous: achenes red or red-brown and shorter beaked:
pappus dirty white. It is known to occur in New
England, N. Y., Pa. and W.; probably naturalized from
Eu. For the cultural directions, see Dandelion, Vol. II.
L. H. B.
TARE, TARES. To the modern English farmer
the word "tare" means the common vetch, Vicia
saliva, although tare is also applied loosely to other
species of Vicia and Lathyrus, particularly Vicia
hirsuta. The celebrated passage in Matthew xiii,
25, "His enemy came and sowed tares among the
wheat," refers probably to the darnel, Lolium temu-
lentum. The original Greek word in Matthew is
Zizania, a name which in botany refers to the wild
rice. Darnel belongs to the grass family and its
seeds were long thought to stupefy those who ate
them unwittingly. The supposed narcotic property
in the fruit is said to be due to the presence of a
fungus.
TARO. A group of tuberous-rooted edible aroids,
of the genus Colocasia, scattered throughout the
tropics and subtropics of the world; cultivated also
in many warm regions of the temperate zones, as
Egypt, Syria, China, Japan, and New Zealand, and
latterly in the southern United States.
The taro has been cultivated from very early
times and the Egyptian variety, under the name
"colocasia," is mentioned by Pliny as being of great
importance in Egypt at that time. The culture of
it was said to have been already introduced into
Italy. The Egyptian variety, now called qolqas,
is Colocasia aniiquorum (Arum Colocasia), Fig.
3775, a quite different plant from that of the
varieties most commonly grown in south-
eastern Asia and the islands of the Pacific.
The qolqas is of very inferior quality and
is said to be eaten in Egypt only by the
laboring classes.
The botany of the taros of the Pacific
regions is in an unsatisfactory state, owing
largely to the infrequency with which
many varieties flower, but most of them
evidently belong to Colocasia esculenta
(by some considered to be a variety of C.
antiquorum and so treated in Vol. II, page
830). See Fig. 3776.
The culture of taro has probably
reached its highest development in the
Hawaiian Islands and it is largely through
its extensive use there that the plant
has become so widely known among
travelers and others. The large number
of varieties despite the fact that the plants
seldom, if ever, set seed, testifies to the
antiquity of the culture of this type of
taro. MacCaughey and Emerson, in the
Hawaiian Forester and Agriculturist
3312
TARO
TARO
(vols. 10, 11, 1913-1914), record a list of 262 named
varieties of taro, or "kalo," which are said to have
been grown on the islands. But few of these are of
commercial importance, and many are no doubt lost.
In Hawaii, taro is eaten mostly in the form of poi,
a sticky paste made by steaming or boiling the taro,
then peeling and "pounding" or grinding it with the
addition of a little water. It is usually allowed to
ferment for a day or two before being eaten, and is
considered to be a very easily digested, wholesome, and
nutritious food. The organisms in-
volved in the fermenting process are
probably not always the same, but
they appear to include a yeast and
one or more bacteria. Fermented or
sour poi is not alcoholic, but acid.
Poi frequently constitutes an impor-
tant part of the diet of invalids. By
others it is usually eaten with meat,
especially fish. Taro is also eaten
boiled, or parboiled and baked, and
in many other ways
like the potato.
Most varieties are
acrid in the raw
state, however, and
these often require
longer cooking in
order to destroy this
property. When
properly cooked and
served, the better
varieties of taro are
highly palatable
and constitute a
most valuable food.
The young leaves,
before they open,
are prized as greens
and are called
"luau." They are
parboiled with bak-
ing soda or cooked
with fat meat to de-
stroy the acridity.
The cultivation
and use of taro in
Hawaii appears to
be slowly decreas-
ing, although in
1913 it was esti-
mated that the total
planting was some-
what greater than
1,500 acres. It is
reckoned as fourth
in importance
among the crops
cultivated, sugar-
cane, rice, and pine-
apple exceeding it.
Taro-culture is of two general types, water and upland,
and a different set of varieties is grown for each. The
length of season required to grow a crop is about one
year, although some varieties require longer and some
mature in less time. Propagation is by a "huli," which
consists of the top of a corm or cormel with 7 or 8
inches of the inner petioles still attached. Planting is
undertaken at any time of the year.
In water culture the hulls are placed rather close
together, often no more than a square foot being
allowed for each plant. The cultural treatment varies
greatly and is doubtless influenced by the water-supply,
water being often scarce. The soil is puddled in order
to prevent too rapid seepage. In some cases the land is
rested for several weeks between crops, but more often
377S. Taro — Colocasia antiquorum.
a, Inflorescence, showing wide-open
limb of spa the and long sterile append-
age of spadix characteristic of this spe-
cies, b, Spadix, showing the following
areas, beginning above the base: 1,
pistillate flowers; 2, abortive flowers
which were compressed by the neck of
tube of spathe; 3, staminate flowers;
4, sterile appendage.
replanting is made at once. Again, water is sometimes
withheld for two to four weeks after planting, while at
others the ground is not allowed to dry. At harvest-
time the laborers wade into the mud and water and pull
up the taro plants by the roots. The roots are then
removed from the corms, the outer leaves stripped off,
and hulis made from the tops as already described.
The practice in growing upland taro in Hawaii also
varies considerably in the spacing of the plants, they
being sometimes planted in small groups, at regular
intervals, though more commonly in regular rows. The
harvesting is performed by hand in much the same
manner as described for water taro, a simple tool
being used, however, in lifting the plants. Upland
taro can be grown only where the rainfall is abundant
and well distributed throughout the year, hence its
culture is limited to certain localities.
The dasheen.
A variety of this same species of taro.
Colocasia esculenta, known as the Trinidad
dasheen (Fig. 3777), was introduced
into the United States for culture
in the South, in 1905, it having
been previously brought from the
island of Trinidad to Porto Rico
by O. W. Barrett. This variety,
which has come to
be known simply
as "dasheen," is
thought to have
come originally
from China, as its
name, a corruption
from "de la Chine"
or "da Chine," in-
dicates. Varieties
similar in appear-
ance but inferior in
quality exist, some
of them known to
be of Chinese
origin.
The Trinidad
dasheen is con-
sidered to be one
of the most promis-
ing crop plants in-
troduced into the
United States in
recent years, as it
is thoroughly
adapted for culture
in the moist sandy
loams of the South
Atlantic and Gulf
3776 Taro — Colocasia esculenta
(C. antiquorum var. esculenta) . a, In-
florescence, showing limb of spathe
open to trough-shape and short sterile
appendage characteristic of this spe-
cies, b, Spadix, showing the following
areas, beginning above the base: 1,
pistillate flowers; 2, abortive flowers
which were compressed by the neck of
tube of spathe; 3, staminate flowers;
4, sterile appendage.
states and, as grown
in such soils, is of ex-
cellent quality. The
crop from each hill
when well grown,
consists of one or more large central corms, with a
large number of lateral cormels or "tubers" (Fig.
3778). The total yield from one hill in good soil
ranges from four pounds to as high as thirty pounds
in rare cases. These are cooked for table use like pota-
toes. They are somewhat drier and have a delicate
nutty flavor when they have been grown under suita-
ble conditions and are properly prepared. The color
of cooked dasheens varies from white or cream to
gray or violet. When grown in heavy or poorly drained
lands, however, the quality is usually inferior, in both
texture and flavor.
An average of eleven analyses of the dasheen gives
27% per cent of starch and sugars and 3 per cent of
protein. The sugar-content is a little higher than in
TARO
TASMANNIA
3313
the white potato, making the dasheen seem slightly
sweet hy comparison, lake other taros, it is held by
many to be easy of digestion as compared with most
other starchy foods.
In the United States, the dasheen is at present grown
exclusively as an upland crop, that is, not under flooded
conditions as other taros are usually grown in Hawaii.
The crop requires about seven months of warm frost-
less weather fully to mature. It has been grown with
best results in a moist but well-drained rich sandy
loam. Heavy soils produce a low quality of conn and
tuber, and often a poor yield. Muck soils, if they con-
tain a moderate amount of moisture, usually produce
a heavy crop of dasheens but of poor quality for table
use. Dry soils of any kind are useless for dasheens.
Planting should be made in the early spring, just so
that the last spring frost will be past before the plants
are up. In central Florida, it is made about the middle
of March and farther north, up to early April. Cormels,
or "tubers," two to four ounces in weight, are generally
used for planting, although smaller ones may be used.
I-arger tubers, small conns, or the upper parts of
larger conns may also be planted when available. The
character of soil is of greater importance than the size
of tuber planted. The tuber is planted about 2 inches
below the surface. The plants are spaced 4 by 3 or
3H by 3l/i feet, on level ground except where there is
danger from standing water, when planting should be
done on ridges. With level planting the soil is gradually
drawn toward the plants in cultivating during the
latter half of the season. The large leaves shade the
ground almost completely by midseason if the soil
conditions are good.
The crop matures in late October and early Novem-
ber in the southern United States. Harvesting is per-
formed with a spade or with team and plow. Dasheens
keep well when properh- handled and stored. The entire
subject is treated at length in bulletins of the United
States Department of Agriculture.
ROBERT A. YOUNG.
TARRAGON (Artemisia Dracunculus, which see) is
a close relative of wormwood (A. Absinthium). It is a
perennial composite herb native of the Caspian Sea
region and Siberia, and is cultivated as a culinary
herb in western Europe. Its lanceolate entire leaves
and small inconspicuous and generally sterile blos-
soms are borne upon numerous branching stems, 2 to 3
feet tall. Its green parts, which possess a delicate
aromatic flavor resembling anise, are widely used for
seasoning salads and for flavoring vinegar, pickles, and
mustard. The essential oil of tarragon and tarragon
vinegar are articles of commerce, the crop being grown
extensively in southern France for this purpose. The
3777. Full-grown plant of dasheen, the variety of taro
grown in the United States.
3778. A hill of dasheen. The large central conn, with part ol
leaf-stems still attached, is surrounded by the connels, or tubers,
just as they grow.
former is obtained by distillation of the green parts, the
latter by simple inf usion in vinegar. The best time to
gather the crop for distillation or infusion is when the
first flowers begin to open, since the plants have then a
larger percentage of oil than before or after. From 300 to
500 pounds of green parts, according to seasonal and
other conditions, are needed to produce one pound of oil.
As cultivated tarragon rarely produces viable seed,
the plant is propagated by cuttings of both old and
green wood and by division of the roots. Cuttings may
be taken at any convenient time, but the best time for
the division is when the plants have just begun to
grow in the spring. Tenacious and wet soils should be
avoided and only loams of medium texture and of
poor quality in sunny situations chosen. The plants
may be set, either in the spring or in the autumn, 1
foot apart and cultivated like sage or mint. The flower-
stems should be removed as soon as seen, as this will
force greater growth of leaves. The green parts may
be gathered at any time, after the plants have become
established, and used fresh. Dried tarragon is nearly
as useful as green, but there is little market for it, less
even than for the leaves. At the approach of winter,
especially in cold and snowless climates, the stems
should be cut down and the plants covered with litter
or leaves. The position of the beds should be changed
every three or four years. Tarragon is less cultivated
in America than it deserves. Most of our tarragon
vinegar comes from France.
A wholly different plant, Tagetes lucida, is much like
tarragon in flavor and has been used as a substitute
for it. M. G. KAINS.
TASMANNIA (named after Abel Jansen Tasman,
navigator, for whom the island Tasmania is named).
Now considered a synonym of Drimys. One species,
Drimys aromdtica, Muell. (Tasmdnniaaromdiica, R.Br.),
is sometimes mentioned in horticultural literature:
small tree or a bushy shrub with pinkish fls., elliptic-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate Ivs. and aromatic pea-size
berries. Victoria, Tasmania. B.R. 31:43.
3314
TAVARESIA
TAXODIUM
3779. Taxodium distichum. —
Bald cypress.
TAVARfeSIA (derivation unexplained). Asckpiada-
ce%. Succulent stapelia-like perennials, branching at
the base: sts. 6yl2-angled, angles tuberculate, toothed,
each tubercle with 3 bristles : fls. large and showy, in ses-
sile cymes at base of young sts.; calyx 5-parted; corolla
large, tubular-funnel-
shaped, 5-lobed; crown dou-
ble, outer shortly tubular at
base, then divided into 10
long filiform segms., each
terminated by a knob, inner
crown of 5 narrow lobes;
staminal column arising
from base of corolla. Two
species, Trop. and S. Afr.
T. Bdrklyi, N. E. Br. Gla-
brous: sts. 3-4 in. high,
thick, fleshy, cylindrical,
10 -12 -angled, tubercles
white-bristled: cymes ses-
sile, few-fld.: corolla
smooth, pale greenish or
greenish white spotted with
purple-red outside, inside
papillate, pale yellowish,
covered with small purple-
red spots, base entirely pur-
ple-red; knobs of the fili-
form outer crown-segms.
globular. Trop. and S. Afr. B.M. 6203. G.C. III.
27:210 (both as Decabelone Barklyi). G.W. 15, p. 117.
TAXODIUM (alluding to the similarity of the foliage
to that of Taxus). Syn., Glyptostrbbus, Schubertia.
Pindcese. Ornamental woody plants, grown chiefly for
their graceful feathery foliage.
Deciduous or evergreen trees or shrubs: Ivs. alter-
nate, linear, usually 2-ranked, falling off in autumn or
the second year together with the short lateral branch-
lets: fls. monoecious, small; staminate fls. catkin-like,
consisting of spirally arranged anthers, with 4-9 anther-
cells and forming terminal panicles; pistillate fls. soli-
tary or in pairs at the ends of branchlets of the previous
year, composed of imbricated scales bearing 2 ovules
inside at the base: cone globose or nearly so, maturing
the first year, consisting of spirally arranged woody
scales enlarged at the apex into an irregularly 4-sided
disk with a mucro hi the middle and toward the base
narrowed into a slender stalk: 2 triangular, winged
seeds under each scale; cotyledons 4-9. — Two species
in N. Amer. and 1 in China.
Of the three species, the only one well known in culti-
vation is the bald cypress, T. distichum, a tall pyramidal
deciduous tree with small linear two-ranked leaves and
small globose cones. It is hardy as far north as
New England and is a very desirable tree for park
planting. Its light green feathery foliage and the nar-
row pyramidal habit which it usually retains hi culti-
vation give it a very distinct appearance. In its native
habitat it forms in old age a broad round-topped head
sometimes 100 feet across and has the trunk much
enlarged at the base by huge often hollow buttresses
projecting in all directions and terminating in long
horizontal roots. From these roots spring the peculiar
cypress knees, pyramidal protuberances composed of a
very light, soft, spongy wood and spongy bark. These
sometimes attain a height of 10 feet and with age
usually become hollow. From the under side of the
horizontal roots large anchor-roots are sent perpendicu-
larly into the earth and help to anchor the tree firmly
in the swampy yielding soil. The knees are thought
by some to be formed for the purpose of strengthening
this root-system, since they are chiefly found opposite
to the anchor-roots, but their main purpose is probably
to bring air to the roots during the several weeks or
months when the swamps are covered with water. The
knees always grow high enough to rise above the sur-
face of the water (see, also, G. F. 3, pp. 2, 21, 22, 57).
The bald cypress is one of the most valuable timber
trees of North America. The wood is brown, light and
soft, close and straight-grained, but not strong; it is
easily worked, durable in the soil and much used for
construction. The bald cypress thrives best in moist
sandy soil, but also does well in drier situations. The
habit seems to depend somewhat on the degree of
moisture; in drier soil the head is more narrow-pyram-
idal, hi moist soil broader and more spreading.
Propagated by seeds sown in spring and the varieties
by grafting on seedling stock early hi spring in the
greenhouse; also by cuttings in sand constantly satura-
ted with water or grown in water alone, under glass.
distichum, Rich. (Cupressus disticha, Linn. Schu-
bertia disticha, Mirbel). BALD CYPRESS. DECIDUOUS
CYPRESS. Fig. 3779. Tall deciduous tree, becoming
150 feet high, with a buttressed trunk usually 4-5,
but sometimes attaining 12 ft. or more in diam.,
usually hollow hi old age; bark light cinnamon-
brown, flaky: branches erect or spreading, distichously
ramified, forming a narrow pyramidal head, becoming
at maturity broad and rounded, with slightly pendulous
branches: Ivs. narrowly linear, acute, thin, light green,
Ji~%in. long: panicles of the purplish staminate fls.
4-5 in. long: cone almost globose, rugose, about 1 in.
across and destitute of mucros at maturity, seed J^in.
long. March-May. Del. to Fla., west to Mo. and
Texas, in swamps, along the larger rivers and over cal-
careous rocks. S.S. 10:537. G.F. 3:7; 10:125. G.C. II.
11:372; 18:361; 111.7:325, 328; 14:659; 24:320;
54:251. Gn. 76, p. 562. F.S.R. 2, p. 163. Gn.M.
2:11. F.E. 27:71. Gng. 2:225; 5:1. G.M. 39:875.
M.D.G. 1896:303. S.H. 2:541. G.W. 14, p. 512.— An
interesting natural variety is: Var. imbricarium, Nutt.
(T. adscendens, Brongn. T. microphyllum, Brongn.
T. distichum var. erectifrons, Schelle). Smaller tree
with deeply furrowed bark: branches upright: Ivs.
subulate, ^-J^in. long, more or less upright and rather
appressed. Va. to Fla. and Ala., in lakes, ponds, small
rivers, apparently always over a clay subsoil. B.M.
5603. F. 1871, p. 60. Var. pendulum, Carr. (T. dis-
tichum sinense pendulum, Loud. Glyptostrbbus pendu-
lus, Endl. G. sinensis, Hort.). A form of the preced-
ing variety with pendulous branches. Var. pyramida-
tum, Carr. Narrow pyramidal form with short
3780. Old English yews that have reached maturity.— Taxus
baccata. Addison's walk, at Glasnevin, Ireland.
ascending branches. Var. fastigiJitum, Knight. With
slender, upright, virgate branches sparingly ramified.
Var. nanum, Carr. Dwarf, shrubby form, with numer-
ous short branches. Var. nutans, Ait. Branches
spreading, long and slender, nodding at the tips. F.E.
29:9 (as T. distichum pendulum). Var. microphyllum,
Carr. Shrub, with short spreading branches; the lateral
TAXODIUM
TAXUS
3315
branchlets with typical foliage, those of the longer
branches gradually passing toward the end into small,
scale-like, imbricate Ivs.
mucronatum, Ten. (T. mexicanum, Carr. T. dis-
tichum var. mexicanum, Gord. T. distichum var. mucro-
natum, Henry)- MOXTEZUMA CYPRESS. Similar to the
preceding species: taller evergreen tree, occasionally
170 ft. high with a trunk 20 ft. or more in diam.: Ivs.
shorter, obtusish and mucronulate, falling with the
branchlet the second year: staminate fls. and cones
larger. Mex. G.F. 3:155. G.C. III. 12:647.— Some-
times planted in S. Calif.
T. heterophyUum, Brongn. (Glyptostrobus heterophyllus, Endl. ).
Shrub, 10 ft. high: lower branches pendulous: Ivs. linear and scale-
like on the same plant: cones ovoid, Jiin. long. China. Tender and
rarely cult. Often confounded with varieties of T. distichum.
ALFRED REHDER.
TAXUS (ancient Latin name of the yew). Taxaceae,
formerly named in the Coniferae. YEW. Ornamental
woody plants, grown for their dark green foliage and the
scarlet berry-like fruits.
Evergreen trees or shrubs: Ivs. linear, without resin-
ducts, pale or yellowish green beneath, usually 2-
ranked: fls. usually dioecious, solitary and axillary,
rarely terminal, small, appearing in early spring;
staminate globose, composed of 4-8 stamens each,
with 3-S anther-cells attached to the peltate connective;
pistillate consisting of a single terminal ovule with
several bracts at the base: seed a bonv nut surrounded
shade well. Large plants may be successfully trans-
planted if it is possible to secure a sufficient ball of
earth with the roots. Propagation is by seeds, which do
not germinate until the second year, and by cuttings
taken early in autumn and kept during the winter in a
cool greenhouse or frame; the varieties also often by
grafting on the type in early spring in the greenhouse,
or sometimes by layers. Plants raised from cuttings
grow more slowly than grafted ones and cuttings of the
tvpe rarely grow into trees but usually into low-spread-
ing shrubs (see M.D.G. 1898:565).
baccata, Linn. Fig. 3780. Tree, attaining 60 ft,, with
a usuallj" short trunk, occasionally 8 ft. or more in
diam.: bark reddish, flaky, deeply fissured in old
trees: branches spreading, forming a broad, low head;
branchlets somewhat pendulous: Ivs. 2-ranked, linear
and usually falcate, shortly acuminate, with prominent
midrib, dark green above, pale beneath, %-!}£ m- ^onS
or shorter in some varieties: fr. ^-Kin- across, with
almost globose disk, about a third longer than the
broadly ellipsoid brown seed J4m- long. Eu. and
N. Afr. to Himalayas. G.C. II. 23:309; 111.29:262.
Gn. 27, p. 578; 35, pp. 36, 37. G.F. 9:265. F.S.R.
3, p. 59. G.W. 10, p. 249; 11, p. 304; 13, pp. 67,
175. Gng. 1:309. — Many garden forms have origi-
nated in cult.; the following are the most impor-
tant: Var. adpressa, Carr. (T. parvifolia, Wender.
T. brevifolia, Hort., not Xutt. T. tardiva, Laws. T.
baccata tardiva, Pilger). Shrub or low tree of irregu-
3781. Spray of Taxus canadensis.
or almost inclosed by a fleshy cup-shaped scarlet disk;
cotyledons 2. — Six species are known. They are distrib-
uted throughout the northern hemisphere and in Amer.
south to Mex. They are all very closely allied and have
been considered geographical varieties of a single
species. The wood is heavy, hard, close-grained, strong,
elastic, and of reddish color. It is highly valued for
cabinet-making and turning, and before the invention
of gunpowder was in great request in England for the
manufacture of bows. The foliage is poisonous to horses
and cattle, but the berries are not.
The yews are evergreen, usually small slow-growing
trees or shrubs, with 2-ranked linear dark green leaves,
insignificant flowers and showy berry-like red fruits.
The best-known species is T. baccata, which is hardy as
far north as Rhode Island and northwestern New York,
and in some forms as far as Massachusetts, while T.
cuspidala and T. canadensis are considerably hardier
and thrive as far north as Canada; the other species are
little known in cultivation. The yews are very desira-
ble- evergreens for park planting: they are densely
clothed with dark green foliage and the pistillate plants
are particularly beautiful in autumn when loaded with
scarlet fruits. They are well suited for hedges and easily
trimmed into any desired shape. They were formerly
much used for fantastic topiarv work (see e. g., G.C. II.
2:264, 265).
That the typical tree-like form of the yew is nowa-
days not much planted is chiefly due to its slow growth,
but the numerous mostly shrubby garden forms are
popular plants for small gardens. The yews thrive
best in a moderately moist sandy loam and endure
210
lar habit, with long spreading branches: Ivs. oblong,
obtusish, mucronulate, ^}-J^in. long: disk of fr. shorter
than the seed. R.H. 1886, p. 104. Gn. 35, p. 37. Very dis-
tinct form. Var. adpressa erecta, Nichols, (var. adpressa
stricta, Beissn.), has the foliage of the preceding, but
erect branches forming a columnar bush. Var. aurea,
Carr. (var. elra-stonensis aurea, Beissn.). Lvs. golden
yellow, more brightly colored at the tips and margin.
This form has proved hardier than the type in New
England. F.E. 20:703. Var. argentea, Loud. (var. ele-
gantissima, Hort.). Lvs. striped straw-yellow or some-
times whitish. Var. Dovastonii, Loud. Branches wide-
spreading, nodding at the tips: Ivs. dull green, short and
abruptly mucronulate. G. 3:89. A very handsome
form. Yar. Dovastonii aureo-variegata, Beissn., is a
form with the Ivs. variegated with yellow. Var. erecta,
Loud. (var. stricta, Hort.). Bushy form, with slender,
upright branches and branchlets: Ivs. narrower and
smaller than in the type. Var. ericoides, Carr. (var.
microphi'/lla, Hort.). Dwarf form, with slender branches
and small and very narrow, pointed leaves. Var. f asti-
giata, Loud. (T. hibernica, Hort.). Strictly fastigiate
form, with stout crowded upright branches and
branchlets: Ivs. spirally arranged around the branches,
dark glossy green. Gn. 35, p. 36; 40, p. 62. R.H.
1886:105. G. 2:85. F.E. 18:397; 33:315. G.W. 1, p.
349; 8, p. 301; 10, p. 393. One of the most desirable
evergreens of columnar habit for formal gardens. Var.
fastigiata variegata, Carr. Less vigorous and more
tender: Ivs. marked yellowish white. Var. fastigiata
aurea, Standish. Young growth golden yellow. Var.
Fisheri, Hort. Some of the Ivs. deep yellow, others
3316
TAXUS
TECOMA
green. Var. glatica, Carr. Vigorous form, with longer
and narrower Ivs. dark green above and with a glaucous
bluish tint beneath. Var. Jacksonii, Gord. (var.
pendula, Hort.). Branches spreading, pendulous at the
tips, with more or less incurved Ivs. Var. Iftteo-
baccata, Pilger (var.fructu luteo, Loud.). With yellow fr.
Gn. 35, p. 37. R.H. 1886, p. 104. Var. procumbens,
Loud. Prostrate shrub, with elongated and much rami-
fied branches. Var. repandens, Hort. A low form with
long wide-spreading branches and dull bluish green Ivs.
Var. Washington!!, Beissn. Vigorous form, with longer
Ivs., partly colored golden yellow.
cuspidata, Sieb. & Zucc. (T. baccata var. cuspidate,
Carr.). Tree, attaining 50 ft., with a trunk usually 2 ft.
diam.: bark bright red: branches ascending: Ivs. usually
falcate, thickish, distinctly and abruptly mucronate,
dark green above, pale fulvous green or pale green
beneath, YT-\ in. long: fr. with ovoid seed slightly
3-4-angled and ygm. long. Japan. S.I.F. 1:15. Very
similar to T. baccata, but branches stouter and Ivs.
3782. Taxus brevifolia. ( X K)
darker green above and tinged yellowish beneath,
somewhat broader, more abruptly mucronate and
thicker in texture. Var. nana, Rehd. (var. brevifdlia,
Hort. Amer. Var. compdcta, Bean). Shrubby form with
spreading branches densely clothed with short branch-
lets: Ivs. somewhat shorter and duller, ascending and
not or scarcely 2-ranked: slow-growing, rather compact
while young, but with age becoming more open. C.L.A.
11:308. F.E. 29:409. Gn.M. 2:11. yar. densa,
Rehd. Low form making a dense sometimes almost
hemispherical bush with ascending branchlets: Ivs.
like those of the preceding form. Var. chinensis, Rehd.
& Wilson (T. baccata var. chinensis, Pilger). Lvs. more
falcate, lighter green, %r^% m- l°ng> convex above
with the midrib very slightly raised: seeds broadly
ovoid, slightly compressed, slightly 2-angled. Cent,
and W. China. — This variety fruits very profusely.
The plant offered as var. capitata does not differ from
typical T. cuspidata.
canadensis, Marsh. (T. baccata var. minor, Michx.
T. baccata var. canadensis, Gray. T. minor, Brit.).
Fig. 3781. Prostrate shrub, with wide-spreading slen-
der branches, rarely more than 3 ft. high: Ivs. shorter
and narrower, less crowded and of a lighter, more yel-
lowish green than those of T. baccata, assuming in
winter usually a reddish tint: fr. ripens about 2 months
earlier than that of T. baccata; seeds depressed, broader
than long: fls. monoecious (at least usually). New-
foundland to Man., south to Va. and Iowa. B.B.
(ed. 2) 1:67. V. 14:252. Gn.M. 2:22.— In cult, it
becomes usually a more upright and less straggling
shrub.
brevifdlia, Nutt. Fig. 3782 (adapted from Pacific
R. R. Report). Tree, 40-50 or occasionally 80 ft. high,
with slender horizontal or somewhat pendulous
branches forming a broad, open, pyramidal head: lys.
distinctly 2-ranked, sharply pointed, dark yellowish
green, M-%in. long: seeds ovoid, 2-4-angled. Brit.
Col. to Calif. S.S. 10:514.— Probably as hardy as T.
baccata.
T. floridana, Chapm. Bushy tree, 25 ft. high or sometimes
shrubby: Ivs. slender, %-\ in. long, dark green. Fla. S.S. 10:515.
— T. koraiensis, Hort.=Cephalotaxus Harringtonia var. fastigiata.
— T. Wallichidina,Zucc. Tree, to 100 ft.: Ivs. gradually long-acumi-
nate, 1-1 Vi in. long. Himalayas, Malay Archipelago, Philippine Isls.
Apparently not in cult. ALFRED REHDER.
TCHIHATCHEWIA (named for Count Paul Tchi-
hatchef). Crucjierse. Hardy perennial herb (possibly
of shorter duration), suitable for the rockery. Plant very
hispid: root thick: st. stout, leafy, pilose: fls. purple;
sepals erect, the lateral ones saccate at base; petals
clawed, blade minute; stamens without teeth: silique
pendulous, obovate, compressed, broadly membrana-
ceous-marginate, 1-celled, 2-seeded. — One species,
Armenia. Sometimes spelled with another c, Tchi-
chatchewia.
isatidea, Boiss. St. very stout, 6-10 in. high:
Ivs. 1^2-2^2 in- l°ng> spreading and recurved, the
upper ones gradually larger, sessile, linear, hispidly
hairy: fls. bright rosy red, vanilla-scented, disposed in a
dense, hemispherical, much-branched corymb, 4 in.
across. Armenia. B.M. 7608. G.C. III. 42:324. R.H.
1895, p. 352.
TEA: Thea. T., Oswego: Monarda didyma. T., Paraguay:
Ilex paraguariensis.
TEAK: Tedona.
TEASEL: Species of Dipsacus.
TECOMA (abridged from the Mexican name Teco-
maxochitl). Including Stenolbbium. Bignoniacese. Or-
namental shrubs, grown for their showy flowers.
Upright plants with herbaceous shoots: Ivs. opposite,
odd-pinnate, rarely simple; Ifts. serrate, membranous:
fls. in terminal panicles or racemes; calyx tubular-
campanulate; corolla funnelform or funnelform-cam-
panulate; stamens included, with diverging anther-
cells and enlarged foliaceous connective; disk cupulate,
crenate: caps, linear, with leathery valves; seeds nar-
row-elliptic, with 2 large thin wings. — About 5 species
from Fla. and Texas to Argentina. The trumpet-vine,
commonly referred to Tecoma, will now be found
under Campsis.
The tecomas are upright shrubs with pinnate decidu-
ous or subpersistent foliage and large and showy
usually yellow flowers in terminal clusters. They stand
but little frost and are well suited for cultivation in
Florida and southern California. Propagation is by
seeds which are usually freely produced and by green-
wood cuttings under glass.
The yellow elder, T. stans, grows exceedingly well,
on high pine-land and is perfectly at home in Florida,
attaining an immense size if well fertilized and mulched,
dense masses 18 to 25 feet high and as much through
being not at all rare. This tecoma is the glory of the
south Florida gardens in autumn, as is the beautiful
Bauhinia purpurea in April. No shrub is better
adapted for the new settlers in the sandy pine-land
gardens. When covered with its large fragrant flowers
it is visited by numberless hummingbirds and insects.
Owing to its rapid growth and dense foliage from the
ground, the yellow elder is highly valued as screen for
TECOMA
unsightly fences and buildings. This tecoma ripens its
seed so abundantly that hundreds of seedlings come up
around the old plant. The value of this shrub, bloom-
ing so late in autumn, cannot be overestimated. T.
mollis, incorrectly known to the trade as T. stems var.
iflutina, also does well, but being a native of Guate-
mala it is much less hardy than the former. The growth
is more upright and stiff, the leaflets are much larger,
less serrate, and much darker green and the flowers,
which are borne in terminal panicles, are smaller and
without fragrance and the color is a much lighter yellow.
It also flowers several weeks earlier than T. stems. The
foliage looks crimped and often blackish, being attacked
by a kind of aphis and by several fungi. T. Smiihii is
said to be a hybrid between T. mollis and Tecomaria
capcnsis, raised near Melbourne, Australia, by Edwin
Smith. The plant comes true from seed, and seedlings
flower when about a year old, beginning to open their
large clusters of yellow and reddish trumpets in April
and continuing with short intervals until cut down by
frost in December. (H. Xehrling.)
A. Fls. pure yellow, funnelform-campanulate, abruptly
contracted above the base.
B. Lvs. glabrous or nearly so.
stans, Juss. (Stenolbbium stdns, Seem.). YEIXOW
ELDER. Upright shrub: Ivs. odd-pinnate; Ifts. 5-11,
almost sessile, oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acuminate,
serrate, glabrous. 2-5 in. long and %-lJ^ in- broad: fls.
in large, terminal racemes or panicles; corolla funnel-
form-campanulate, yellow, 1J-3 in. long; anthers pubes-
cent : calyx with 5 short teeth: caps, linear, 5-7 in. long.
Sept.-Dec. S. Fla. to W. Indies and S. Amer. B.M.
3191. — Sometimes called yellow bignonia. Fls. fra-
grant. Var. angustata, Rehd. (Stenolobium indsum,
Woot. <fc Standley). Lfts. 7-11, lanceolate to linear-
lanceolate, sharply or incisely serrate with flaring teeth,
1-3 in. long and j^-J^in. broad. Texas, Ariz., and Mex.
This variety is hardier than the type, which is some-
times cult, as T. sambucifolia; the true T. sambuci-
folia. HBK., from Peru, which has glabrous anthers,
is probably not in cult.
BB. Lvs. villous or tomentose beneath.
m611is, Humb. & Bonpl. (T. vdutina, Lindl. T.
stdns var. relutina, Hort.). Similar to the preceding,
but pubescent: Ifts. 5-9, oblong-ovate., acuminate, less
deeply serrate or almost entire, villous-pubescent on
both sides or only beneath. 2-4 in. long: fls. like those
of the preceding, but smaller and paler and not fra-
grant. Mex. to Chile and Peru. — It lasts in bloom
much longer and the fls. keep well in water, a rare
occurrence in this genus.
AA. Fls. yellow and red, tubular-funnelform, gradually
narrowed toward the base.
B. Lfts. obtuse or acutish.
Smithii, W. Wats. Fig. 3783 (adapted from The Gar-
den). Upright shrub: Ivs. odd-pinnate; Ifts. 11-17,
oblong, obtuse or acutish, serrate, 1-2 in. long: fls. in
large, compound panicles, sometimes 8 in. long and as
broad; corolla tubular-funneiform. with 5 reflexed
rounded lobes, bright yellow tinged with orange, lJ^-2
in. long. Sept.-Jan. Intro, from Austral, and supposed
to be a hybrid of T. mollis and Tecomaria capensis. G.C.
111.14:649. Gn. 48:23. I.H. 43:55, 107. Gt. 44, p.
52. G.M. 36:627. J.H. III. 42:371.— Blooming in the
greenhouse in winter and well suited for cult, in pots.
It has been said that it comes true from seed, but
plants raised by Franceschi from seed received from
the originator had mostly pure yellow fls.
BB. Lfts. acuminate.
Garrocha, Hieron. Glabrous small shrub: Ivs. 3J£-5
in. long; rachis narrowly winged; Ifts. 7-11, short-
stalked, oblong-ovate, acuminate, serrate, 1-2 in. long:
TECOMARIA
3317
fls. in slender racemes forming terminal panicles 4-6 in.
long; calyx with long-acuminate teeth; corolla about 2
in long, yellow with scarlet tube, slender, very gradu-
ally narrowed toward the base, limb %-l in. across;
anthers slightly exceeding the mouth: caps. 2^-4 in.
long. July-Aug. Argentina. — A smaller and more
graceful plant than T. stans, strikingly handsome with
its bright yellow and scarlet fls.
T. se*culif6lia, DC.=Tabebuia sesculifolia.— T. amboinbisis,
Blume. Evergreen climbing shrub: Ivs. odd-pinnate with usually
5 ellipuc-obovate Ifte. 3-3 Ji in. long: fls. tubular-funnelform, rei
3-4 in. long, in lateral racemes. Amboina. Once offered by John
baul, but has probably now disappeared from cult. It is not a true
Tecoma and belongs possibly to Pandorea. — T. australis, R. Br =
Pandorea australis. — T. Brycei, N. E. Br.=Pandorea Brycei.—
T. capensis, LindL=Tecomaria capensis. — T. chinensis, Koch=
Campsis chinensis. — T. filicifdlia, Nichols.=Pandorea australis. —
T. ./titoo, Don=Tecomaria fulva. — T. grandiflora, DeL=Campsis
chinensis. — T. hybrida, Jouin=Campsis hybrida. — T. intermedia,
>
3783. Tecoma Smithii. ( X Ji)
Schelle=Campsis hybrida. — T. jasminaides, LindL=Pandorea ias-
minoides. — T. leucorylon, Mart.=Tabebuia triphylla. — T. Mdc-
kenii, W. Wats.=Pandorea Ricasoliana. — T. pentdntha, offered by
the S. Calif. Acclim. Assoc., is unknown to the writer. — T. penta-
phyUa, Juss.=Tabebuia pentaphylla. — T. radicans, Juss.=Campsis
radicans. — T. Regime Sabx, Franceschi^Pandorea Brj-cei. — T.
Ricasoliana, Tanfani=Pandorea Ricasoliana. — T. rosea, Bertol.=
Tabebuia rosea. — T. serraiifdlia, Don=Tabebuia serratifolia. — T.
shirensis, Baker=Tecomaria shirensis. — T. spectdbilis. Planch.^
Tabebuia spectabiUs. — T. Thunbergii, Sieb.=Campsis chinensis
var. Thunbergii. — T. mldiriana, PhiL=Campsidium chilense —
T. Whytei, C. H. Wright^Tecomaria shirensis.
ALFRED REHDER.
TECOMARIA (name derived from Tecoma, alluding
to its affinity). Bignoniacex. Warm-country plants,
grown for their showy bloom.
Evergreen shrubs with slender, often sarmentose
branches: Ivs. opposite, odd-pinnate; Ifts. serrate: fls.
in terminal panicles or racemes; calyx campanulate,
regularly 5-toothed; corolla funnelform, slightly curved;
stamens mostly exserted, with pendulous diverging
cells; disk cupulate: caps, linear, compressed. — Five
species in Cent, and S. Amer. and in S. Afr.
The tecomarias are half-climbing or nearly upright
3318
TECOMARIA
TEEDIA
shrubs with handsome pinnate foliage and yellow,
orange, or scarlet flowers in rather dense terminal
clusters. They can be grown outdoors only in sub-
tropical regions. Of the several species in cultivation
only T. capensis seems to be planted in southern Cali-
fornia and Florida. Moderate pruning in spring insures
a more profuse blooming. Propagation is by seeds
and by cuttings under glass in spring or in midsummer.
The cape honeysuckle, T, capensis, grows most lux-
uriantly in Florida gardens and in those all along the
Gulf coast. It is usually grown on trellises on verandas
3784. Tectaria cicutaria.
and piazzas with a southern exposure. Of all the spe-
cies this is the best and most suitable for verandas,
being a dense and compact grower, evergreen, almost
constantly in flower, easily kept in health and readily
trained into shapely specimens. If the long shoots are
cut back severely, the plant can be easily trained into
shrub form. These long shoots, usually lying flat on
the ground, readily strike root and form an excellent
material for propagation. T. capensis and Tecoma
Smithii are the only ones which grow and flower fairly
well as pot-plants in northern greenhouses. They need
good soil and rather large pots to do well. If not well
cared for they lose most of their foliage and look poor
and unshapely. (H. Nehrling.)
capensis, Seem. (Tecoma capensis, Lindl.). CAPE
HONEYSUCKLE. Half-climbing or nearly upright
shrub: Ivs. odd-pinnate; Ifts. 7-9, broadly oval to
ovate, acute, serrate, glabrous, %-2 in. long: fls. in
peduncled terminal racemes; corolla tubular, curved,
with 4-parted spreading limb, the upper lip emarginate,
orange^red to scarlet, about 2 in. long; calyx 5-toothed:
caps, linear. 1-2 in. long. Aug.-Nov. S. Afr. B.R.
1117. L.B.C. 17:1672. R.H. 1895, p. 108.
T. fiilva, Baill. (Tecoma fulva, Don). Evergreen upright shrub
to 15 ft. high. : Ivs. odd-pinnate, with 9-13 small, ovate, toothed_lf ts. :
fls. in terminal panicles, tubular-funnelform, slender, yellow, tinged
red, \Yi in. long; stamens slightly exserted. Peru. B. M. 4896. F.S.
11:1116. — T. shirtnsis, Schum. (Tecoma shirensis, Baker. T.
Whytei, C. H. Wright). Similar to T. capensis. Shrub, to 10 ft.:
Ifts. 9-13, ovate, serrate, 1-1 Yi in. long: corolla about 2 in. long,
orange-yellow, the limb marked with red stripes. Nyassaland.
B.M. 7970. ALFRED REHDER.
TECOPIfflJSA (named for Tecophila Billotti,
daughter of a botanist). Amaryttidacese. CHILEAN
CROCUS. Bulbous plants, useful for blooming in pots
indoors early in the spring. Lvs. radical, few or 1,
inclosed in a long scarious sheath at the base, blade
spreading, linear or lanceolate: scape included with
the Ivs. at base in the sheath, otherwise leafless, 1-fld.
or laxly few-fld.: fls. blue; perianth campanukte, 6
segms.; stamens 3 perfect and 3 staminodia; ovary 3-
celled: caps, conical toward the top, loculicidally dehis-
cent.— Two species, Chile. The botanical position of
Tecophilsea is open to discussion, but the inferior ovary
seems to take it out of the Liliacesc, with which it has
been placed by some writers. The plants are useful for
blooming in pots indoors early in spring. T. violxflora,
Bert., does not appear to be introduced.
cyanocrocus, Leyb. (sometimes written T. cyano-
crocea). Scapes 1-3, erect, 3-6 in. high, 1-fld. ^Ivs. 2^3,
linear-canaliculate and undulate: fl. azure-blue with
white throat, about 1% in- long, with a narrow tube
and oboyate segms. G. 37:183. R.H. 1900:70. Var.
Leichtlinii, Hort., has fls. deep blue with no trace of yel-
low; said by some to have a white center. Var. Regelii,
Baker (not known to be in the trade), has longer pedun-
cles, longer and narrower scarcely undulate Ivs., and
narrow oblong segms. Species hardy at New York
City in protected places, but usually the plants do not
thrive more than a year or two; they ought to do better
farther south. Blooms very early in spring. Fls.
violet-scented. p. TRACY HuBBARD.f
TECTARIA (Latin for cover, the indusium having
shield-shaped coverings). Polypodiacese. A group of
ferns, mostly of large and coarse habit, with superior
reniform or heart-shaped indusia fixed by the sinus,
as in Dryppteris, but with veins uniting freely to form
areoles with free included veinlets. — About 25 species
are known, largely from the E. Indies, a few from
Trop. Amer. By some included in Polystichum.
decurrens, Copeland. Lf.-stalks narrowly winged
from a creeping rootstock: Ivs. 2-4 ft. long, 1 ft. or
more wide, cut down to a winged rachis and with 4-^8
pairs of pinnae 6-12-in. long, 1-2 in. wide: sori large, in
2 regular rows between the principal veins. India to
Polynesia.
cicutaria, Copeland. Fig. 3784. Caudex stout, erect,
scaly above: Ivs. 6-8 in. to 1H ft. long; pinnae horizon-
tal, subsessile from a rather broad truncated base, 2-3
in. long: sori on disk of larger pinnules in 2 rows, oblong,
those on terminal narrow segms. solitary, quite mar-
ginal. Trop. Amer.
TECTONA (derived from Tekka, the Malabar name
of T. grandis). Syn., Theka. Verbenacese. Tall trees,
stellately tomentose, including the well-known teak-
wood, sometimes grown in the warmhouse as a curi-
osity. Lvs. opposite or ternately verticillate, large and
entire: cymes dichotomous, many-fld., arranged in a
large terminal panicle: fls. small, white or bluish, sessile ;
calyx campanulate, shortly 5-6-cleft, inflated in fr.;
corolla-tube short, limb spreading, 5-6-cleft; stamens
5-6; ovary fleshy, 4-celled, cells 1-ovuled: drupe inclosed
in the calyx, 4-celled; endocarp bony. — Three species,
Asia, India, Burma, Malaya, and Philippines.
grandis, Linn. TEAK. Tree, 80-150 ft. high: branch-
lets quadrangular: Ivs. 8-12 in. (of seedlings sometimes
3 ft.), ovate, cuneate at both ends, close tomentose
beneath: fls. white or bluish, numerous, but only a few
fertile, in panicles 18 in. diam.; calyx stellately white-
tomentose, 1 in. diam. in fr. when it is ovoid or sub-
pyramidal; corolla scarcely ^in. long. India, Malaya.
— The timber of this important tree is much used in
ship-building because of its durability, great strength,
and the ease with which it can be worked. Not planted
in this country except experimentally.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
TEEDIA (named for J. G. Teede, German botanist).
Scrophulariacese. Glabrous or pubescent shrubs, grown
in the greenhouse. Lvs. opposite, ovate, entire : pedun-
cles in the upper axils, bearing a few-fld. cymose infl.:
fls. rose, rather small; calyx deeply 5-cleft, lobes nar-
row; corolla-tube cylindrical, limb spreading, 5-lobed,
lobes subequal, rotundate; stamens 4: berry subglobose,
indehiscent. — Two species, S. Afr. The foliage of both
species has an objectionable odor.
lucida, Rud. Glabrous: st. 4-cornered: Ivs. oblong-
ovate, acuminate, 2 in. long, decussate; petioles winged:
TEEDIA
TELANTHERA
3319
panicles leafy, decussate: fls. rosy pink: seeds many,
small. S. Afr. B.R. 209. — This species was intro. into
tlif . some years ago, but appears to have lost favor.
It is said to act like an annual there, but seeds freely
and prefers half shade.
T. pubescent, Burch., grows about 2 ft. high, rusty-pubescent or
villous: Ivs. ovate or elliptic, often broader than those of T. lucida.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
TELANTHERA (name refers to the fact that all ten
parts of the stamina! cup are equally developed). Ama-
rantaceae. ALTERXANTHERA. Small much-used bedding
plants, popular in design work because they are com-
pact and stand shearing well.
Apparently ail the alternantheras used by gardeners
as bedding plants belong to the genus Telanthera, which
is distinguished from the true genus Alternanthera
by having 5 anther-bearing stamens and 5 elongated
antherless staminodia united into a cup or tube. In
Alternanthera the tube is short or almost none, the
anther-bearing stamens sometimes less than 5, and the
staminodia short or none. Of Telantheras there are 40-
50 species, mostly herbs, in Trop. Amer. and 1 in W.
Afr. The Ivs. are entire, ovate to elongated, opposite:
fls. small, usually in dense heads in the axils, whitish
or sometimes colored, perfect, each subtended by 2
bractlets. In Engler & Prantl, Die Xaturlichen Pflan-
zenfamilien, Schinz retains Telanthera under Alter-
nanthera. not dividing the group.
The alternantheras of gardeners are much used in
carpet-bedding and for ribbon-borders, because of
their low compact growth, the bright colors of the
foliage, which holds its character throughout the
season, and the ease with which they withstand shear-
ing. They are usually kept within 6 inches of the
ground. The plants are tender to frost, and grow best
in warm sunny places. They comprise the stock
plants for the foundation work in carpet-bedding. The
flowers are inconspicuous and of no account to the
gardener.
The plants are propagated by cuttings or divi-
sion. In either case, they must be carried overwin-
ter in the greenhouse or in hotbeds, preferably in
the houses at the North. The plants should be
kept at 60° or 65° during winter, and rather
dry to hold them more or less dormant. Place
them where they will receive only enough light
to keep them healthy. (1) Cuttings are usually
made in August from strong plants growing in
the open. The cuttings may be struck in shal-
low flats and then wintered in these flats without
transplanting. The cuttings should be well estab-
lished before whiter sets in, else they will remain
weak. In March or April they may be potted
off, preparatory to using them in the open. (2)
Division is usually preferred by gardeners who
have much bedding to do. The plants are lifted
after the first frost, cut back to 3 or 4 inches
long, and planted in flats. In March or April,
the plants are divided and the parts (with the
old roots shortened hi) potted or transplanted to
other flats. However grown, the plants should
have four to six weeks in a hotbed if possible,
before they are placed in the open ground. Even
in the warm greenhouse they usually make slow
growth in March and April.
The botanical status of the garden alternan-
theras is imperfectly understood, and the group
needs careful study from living plants. Various
garden names cannot be accounted for at pres-
ent. The common garden alternantheras appear
to have issued from the first three following
Brazilian species.
A. Lvs. essentially lanceolate or elliptic.
amcena, Regel. Fig. 3785. Very dwarf: Ivs.
long-lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, sometimes
elliptic, acuminate, very short-petioled, the under color
mostly green but veined and blotched with red and
orange: fl.-heads sessile, single, in pairs or 3's, and
terminal. I.H. 12:447; 15:558.— To this apparently
belong the garden names amabilis, spectabUis, sessilis,
rosea, Reinhardii.
AA. Lvs. essentially spatulate.
Bettzickiana, Regel (originally, in 1862, spelled as
here, but changed by the author in 1862 to Bettzichir-
ana,). Fig. 3785. Plant described as suffruticose and
erect, the st. branched at base and terete, adpressed-
pilose but becoming glabrous: Ivs. narrow, spatulate,
narrowed into long petiole, apex acuminate and some-
what mucronate: fl.-heads sessile, single, hi pairs or
3's, terminal and axillary; bracte ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate, nearly or quite entire; staminodia much
shorter than stamens, 2-3-cut at apex. — To this varia-
able species appear to belong the garden names picta,
tricolor, aurea, awea nana compacta, paronychioides,
versicolor aurea, magnifica, and others. Var. typica,
Regel (Alternanthera paronychioides, Hort.), is low, 2-3
in. tall, with olive-colored Ivs. and the upper ones red
at apex. Var. spathulata, Regel (A. spathulata, Lena.),
is 6-8 in. tall, the st. and Ivs. red. I.H. 12:445.
versicolor, Regel. Fig. 3785. Usually becoming
taller, much branched, and apparently less used for
carpet-bedding than the others: ITS. round-spatulate,
narrowed into a short petiole, the colors mostly in
shades of copper-red or blood-red, with patches of
green between the veins: fl.-heads sessile, single or in
pairs. I.H. 12:440.
ficoidea, Moq. St. herbaceous, repent at base and
ascending, angled and striate, glabrous, or puberulent
above and in the If .-axils: Ivs. spreading or deflexed,
short-stalked, broadly lanceolate, attenuate and some-
what acute, mucronulate, the margin undulate-repand:
heads ><j-Min. long, sessile, solitary or in 2's; bracts
3785. Spray of Telanthera amoena; also leaf-outlines of a, T.
b, T. Bettzickiana; c, T. versicolor. ( XD
3320
TELANTHERA
TELOPEA
acuminate-cuspidate, much longer than outer sepals.
Brazil. — The T. ficoidea, Hort., may be a form of one
of the other species. ]J> jj, g.
TELEKIA: Buphthalmum.
TELEPHIUM (an old Greek name). Caryophyl-
lacex, in Engler & Prantl, Die Natiirlichen Pflanzen-
familien; Ficmdese, in Bentham & Hooker, Genera
Plantarum. ORPINE. One species, T. Imperdti, Linn.,
is listed abroad as a hardy perennial but it has little
to commend it to the cultivator: it is a low plant with
woody base and slender prostrate sts., with erect or
ascending branches: Ivs. many, J^in. long, alternate or
scattered, oval or elliptic, entire : fls. several and incon-
spicuous, in small compact clusters. Perhaps valuable
on banks or as a carpeter.
The genus Telephium comprises 2 or 3 species in
the Medit. region, being diffusely branched and glau-
cous herbs: Ivs. alternate, paired or opposite, without
distinct midrib or nerves: fls. small, in compact terminal
clusters, the 5 petals white but not showy; sepals 5,
persistent; stamens 5; ovary ovoid, 3-angled and usu-
ally 3-celled, the styles 3 and short: fr. a dry caps,
included in the calyx. L H. B
TELFAIRIA (named after Charles Telfair, 1778-
1833). Cucurbitaceae. Climbing shrubs, occasionally
grown in the warmhouse, of economic value in the
tropics. Lvs. digitately compound; Ifts. 3-5, oblong,
auriculate at the base on the outside; tendrils lateral
and 2-cleft: fls. dioacious, medium or large, male
pedicels bracteate, pale purple; male racemose, calyx
turbinate, lobes lanceolate; corolla rotate, 5-parted,
segms. obovate-cuneate, elongated, fimbriate-tendrilled;
stamens 3; female solitary, calyx and corolla like male;
stamens rudimentary or none; ovary oblong, 3-5-
celled: fr. elongate, base swollen, many-seeded; seeds
edible. — Two species, Trop. Afr.
pedata, Hook. (Feuillsea peddta, Sims). Root stout,
fleshy: st. perennial, 50^100 ft. long: Ivs. long-petioled;
Ifts. 3-5 in. long, acuminate, repand-toothed, glabrous
except nerves beneath: fls. pale purple, fringed, male 2
in. across; petals obovate-cuneate; female fls. about 4
in. across; ovary obtusely 10-ribbed: fr. fleshy, some-
times weighs 60 Ibs., 200-300-seeded; seed 1 in. broad,
edible. Zanzibar. B.M. 2681; 2751, 2752.— Intro, into
S. Calif, but not successful. The seeds are roundish,
about an inch across, and the kernels are sweet to the
taste, and are said to be as good as almonds. The
negroes of Trop. Afr. boil and eat them. These seeds
also yield an abundance of oil which has been said to be
equal to olive oil. The fr. becomes 1K-3 ft. long and 8
in. wide. It is oblong in shape, has 10-12 deep furrows,
and is always green. Both male and female fls. are 5-
lobed, copiously fringed and purple in color, the females
somewhat brownish, with a circular green throat,
while the males have a 5-pointed star of green in the
middle. The male fls. are about 2 in. across, females 4
in. across, with an ovary 2 in. long. The foliage has an
unpleasant smell when bruised.
T. occidentalis, Hook, f., is very similar to T. pedata, but the Ifts.
are all triple-nerved from near the base (those of T. pedata all at an
angle of 45° from the midrib): fls. smaller. Upper Guinea. Said to
be cult, for the seeds which the negroes boil and eat.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
TELLIMA (anagram of Mitella). Saxifragacex.
Erect rather simple hardy herbaceous perennials, the
western American representatives of Mitella, well
adapted to the wild-garden.
Plants pilose or glandular: Ivs. petioled, subrotund-
cordate, lobed, dentate; stipules none or adnate to the
base of the petioles: fls. pedicelled, nodding, greenish or
white, petals rarely reddish; calyx-tube large, dilated or
inflated, campanulate, 5-toothed or 5-cleft; petals 5,
usually elongate, entire, 3-fid or pinnatifid, sessile or
clawed; stamens 10; ovary semi-superior, conical, 1-
celled: caps, membranaceous, 1 -celled, many-seeded. —
About 10-12 species, W. N. Amer. Tellima differs from
Mitella mainly in the caps., which is 2-beaked in Tellima,
not beaked in Mitella.
A. Petals pinnately cut into long, thread-like segms.
B. Fls. not fragrant.
grandifldra, R. Br. FALSE ALUM ROOT. Height
1M-2J4 ft.: Ivs. rounded, cordate or angle-lobed and
toothed: fls. greenish, becoming pink or red; calyx
inflated-bell-shaped, nearly ^in. long; petals laciniate-
pinnatifid, sessile. Calif, to Alaska. B.R. 1178. Var.
r&bra, Hort., grows 1 ft. high, has red foliage and yellow
fls.
BB. Fls. fragrant.
odorata, Howell. Height 1-2 ft. : Ivs. broadly cordate,
obscurely lobed and crenately toothed: fls. red. Wet
places near Colombia River.
AA. Petals palmately 8-7-lobed or -parted.
B. Basal Ivs. not divided to near the base.
affinis, Gray (Lithophrdgma affinis, Gray) . Sts. stout,
1-2 ft. high: Ivs. radical, roundish in outline, crenately
lobed, varying into the cauline; cauline mostly parted
into 3 broad divisions, which are deeply incised or
merely toothed: calyx turbinate; petals 3-lobed at the
apex. Ore. to S. Calif.
BB. Basal Ivs. divided to near the 6ose.
parvifldra, Hook. (Lithophrdgma parviflora, Nutt.).
Height %-l ft.: radical Ivs. mostly 3-5-parted or
-divided, the divisions narrowly cuneate and once or
twice 3-cleft into narrow lobes: fls. pink or sometimes
white; petals with a slender claw, the limb palmately
3-7-parted. Brit. Col. to Utah and Colo.
T. rubrifblia, Hort., is offered in the trade abroad, as a plant
growing 1 ft. high with beautiful foliage and very pretty fls. Prob-
ably it is T. grandiflora var. rubra. R TRACy HtJBBARD f
TELOPEA (Greek, seen at a distance, of fanciful
application). Proteacese. Tall shrubs, occasionally
grown in the greenhouse and one species has been
experimented with in S. Calif., but so far has not proved
very successful. Lvs. alternate, entire or dentate: fls.
showy, red, hermaphrodite, twin-pedicelled, densely
racemose; racemes terminal, subglobose or ovoid:
bracts exterior, membranaceous, colored; perianth-
tube elongated, segms. at length more or less separated;
disk fleshy, strongly oblique but almost perfectly annu-
late; ovary long-stipitate, many-ovuled: follicle stipi-
tate, oblique, leathery, recurved. — Three species, 2
Australian, 1 Tasmanian. An earlier name of the genus
is Hylogyne, but Telopea is included in the list of
"nomina conservanda" accepted by the Vienna
Congress.
speciosissima, R. Br. (Embbthrium speciosissimum,
Smith). WARATAH. WARRATATT. Stout glabrous
shrub 6-8 ft. high: Ivs. cuneate-oblong, 5-^10 in. long,
mostly toothed in the upper part, coriaceous: fls.
crimson, in a dense ovoid or globular head 3 in. across:
involucral bracts colored, the inner ones 2-3 in. long.
New S. Wales. B.M. 1128. G.C. II. 17:677; III.
55 : 348. Gn. 22 : 400. I.E. 34 : 29.— One of the showiest
shrubs of New S. Wales. The heads are 3 in. across and
3-4 in. deep and bear a rough resemblance to a florist's
chrysanthemum. The showiest parts, however, are
involucral bracts. This plant is known as waratah. It
is one of the most distinct members of its family, for a
horticultural account of which see Protea. Seeds of
this species are imported into Calif, frequently, but
although they germinate readily, the seedlings damp-
off still more readily. Probably if the plant were once
established it could be easily prop, by layering or by
cuttings. F> TRACY HUBBARD.!
TEMPLETOXIA
TERMIXALIA
3321
TEMPLETONIA (J. Templeton, botanist of Belfast,
early part of 19th century). Leguminbsy. CORAL
BUSH. Shrubs or rarely subshrubs, cult, in the green-
house abroad and hardy outdoors in the extreme S.,
where they may be used as ornamentals. Lvs. alter-
nate, simple, entire or reduced to minute scales; stipules
small or none : fls. red. yellow, or purple, axillary, solitary
3786. Tephrosia macraatha. (XH)
or 2 or 3 together: calyx 5-lobed, lobes unequal; stand-
ard orbicular or obovate, usually reflexed; wings nar-
row: keel as long as the standard or shorter; stamens
all united in a sheath open on the upper side; ovary
sessile or stipitate: pod sessile or stipitate, much flat-
tened, ovate-oblong or linear, completely dehiscent. — •
About 8 species. Austral. Said to do best in a mixture
of sandy loam and peat. Prop, by cuttings.
retusa, R. Br. (T. glauca, Sims). CORAL BUSH. Tall
glabrous or glaucous shrub: Ivs. broadly obovate to
narrow-cuneate-oblong, sometimes all under %in.,
sometimes all over 1 in. long, emargmate or mucronate,
coriaceous: fls. red (or rarely white); calyx with 4 very
short, broad teeth, the lowest longest: pod l^£-2 in.
long. B.M. 20SS: 2334. B.R. 383; 859. L.B.C.
6:526; 7:644.— Cult, in S. Calif, where it blooms in the
winter. f\ TRACY HUBBARD.!
TEOSDTTE: Euchlxna.
TEPHROSIA (Greek, iephros, ash-colored, hoary;
referring to the foliage). Leguminbsse. Hardy or half-
hardy perennial herbs, subshrubs, or rarely shrubs, of
little horticultural value.
Leaves uneven-pinnate: Ifts. numerous, rarely 1-3,
linear; stipules bristle-like or broader and striate:
racemes terminal, opposite the Ivs. or in the upper
axils: fls. in fascicles of 2-6, red, purple, or white;
calyx-lobes subequal or the 2 upper longer; petals
clawed, standard suborbiculate, outside more or less
silky- villous; wings obliquely obovate or oblong; keel
incurved, obtuse or rather acute; ovary sessile, many-
ovuled: pod linear, rarely ovate, compressed 2-valved.
— About 170 species, natives of the warmer regions
of the world.
grandiflora, Pers. (Galega grandiflora, Vahl).
Rigid shrub 1-2 ft. high, pubescent or nearly glabrous:
Ivs. short-petioled; Ifts. 5-7 pairs, cuneate-oblong or
linear-oblong, variably pubescent on both surfaces: fls.
fasciculate-corymbose, red, fulvescent on the outside,
8-10 lines long: pod broad, linear, piano-compressed.
S. Afr. B.R, 769.
virginiana, Pers. (Crdcca virginiana, Linn.). GOAT'S
RUE. CATGUT. WILD SWEET PEA. HOARY PEA.
Silky-villous: st. erect, simple, 1-2 ft. high, leafy to the
top: Ifts. 17-29, linear-oblong: fls. large and numer-
ous, clustered in a terminal, ellipsoid, dense raceme or
panicle, yellowish white marked with purple. June,
July. Dry sandy soil, southern X. H. to Minn, and
southward.
macrantha, Rob. & Greenm. Fig. 3786. Shrub,
6-10 ft. tall: Ivs. odd-pinnate; Ifts. about 10-12 pairs,
oblong-linear, entire, short-acute or cuspidate: fls. in
loose terminal panicles 1 ft. long, shaded purple and
white, nearly as large as sweet peas; standard very
large, erect, oblong-orbicular. Mex. G.F. 7:175 (re-
duced in Fig. 3786). — A very showy plant, deserv-
ing of planting where hardy. Pringie writes that ''for
weeks it lights up the thickets of hillside ravines with
masses of pleasing color." F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
TERMINALIA (alluding to the leaves being borne
upon the terminus of the shoot). Combretacex. Only
one species, T. Catappa, the Indian almond or tropical
almond, is well known in American horticulture, but
several others are important in the Orient, principally
for their fruits, known as myrobalans, which are used
in dveing, tanning, and in medicine.
Leaves alternate, or rarely opposite, often crowded
toward the ends of the branchlets, usually petiolate
and entire: fls. sessile or nearly so, small, hermaphrodite
or polygamo-dicecious, usually in elongated spikes but
sometimes in heads; calyx-tube ovoid or cylindrical,
constricted above the ovary, the limb urn-shaped or
campanulate, 5-toothed, usually deciduous; petals
none; stamens 10, in 2 series, the 5 inferior opposite the
calyx-teeth, the 5 superior longer, alternating with the
teeth; filaments exserted, subulate or filiform; anthers
small, the lobes scarcely connected; ovary unilocular,
style subulate, often villous at base, stigma simple;
ovules 2, rarely 3: fr. a drupe, ovoid, angular, com-
pressed or 2-5-winged, 1-seeded, the cotyledons con-
volute.— A genus of about 100 species distributed
throughout the tropics, principally in S. Asia, with
only a few in Amer.
Catappa, Linn. TROPICAL ALMOND. INDIAN ALMOND.
MYROB VLAN. ALMEXDRO. AMEXDOEIRA. Fig. 3787. A
tall, stately tree, up to 80 ft. high, with horizontal
branches arising from the primary axis in whorls 3-6
ft. apart : bark smooth, brownish gray: Ivs. clustered at
the ends of the young branchlets, alternate, entire,
obovate, obtuse to subacuminate at the apex, atten-
uate toward the slightly auricled
base, 6-12 in. long, 3-6 in. broad,
coriaceous, glabrous above, very
finely pubescent below, venation
slightly raised on both surfaces but
most prominent, below; petiole
stout, under 1 in. long, flattened
above, rusty-pubescent: fls. whitish,
upper ones staminate and lower
ones perfect, in finely pubescent
spikes up to 6 in. long; calyx-segms.
acute, slightly concave, valvate in
bud, finely pubescent; filaments
subulate, inserted upon the hairy 3787 uut Of
disk; anthers cordate: fr. broadly cai almond. — Tenm-
oval in outline, elliptical and 2- nalia Catappa. (XH)
3322
TERMINALIA
winged in transverse section, lJ^-2 in. long, inde-
hiscent, greenish or reddish, glabrous, with a firm,
fleshy exocarp and a hard endocarp inclosing the oblong-
elliptical seed; testa membranous, the cotyledons
whitish, inrolled spirally. B.M. 3004. — Indigenous to
beach forests of the Andaman Isl., but now cult, widely
throughout the tropics; Schimper points out that the
frs. are adapted for dispersal by ocean currents, the
thick husk containing air-cells enabling them to float
for a long time. The tropical almond (so-called, but not
related to the true almond) is extensively planted in S.
Fla., the W. Indies, Cent, and S. Amer., as a street and
ornamental tree. Its greatest disadvantage seems to be
that it is deciduous during the cold season (shedding
its Ivs. twice a year in Ceylon, according to Macmillan),
but the rich reddish hues assumed by the foliage before
falling make it very attractive. There are many fine
avenues planted to it throughout the tropics. The nut
seems to be much less esteemed in Amer. than in the
Orient. Firminger describes it as "of a fine filbert-like
flavor, with a crispness like that of a fresh walnut;
beyond comparison the most delicious of any kind of
nut the country (India) affords." He also states that
the kernels, when removed from the husk, are generally
served on the table in a plate of water. They yield a
valuable oil, resembling almond oil, which is used in
India. The tasar silkworm is fed on the Ivs., accord-
ing to Watt. In S. Fla. this is one of the most popular
ornamental trees for street and avenue planting. It is
not grown in Calif., and is probably too tender for most
locations in that state. Prop, seems to be exclusively
by seed.
T. Arjiina, Bedd., a large tree indigenous to Cent, and S. India,
and cult, in other parts of the country, has recently been intro. to
the U. S. and is doing finely in S. Fla. The bark is sometimes used in
dyeing and tanning, according to Watt, and also in native medicine.
— T. austrdlis, Cambess., Brazil and Argentina, has been intro. in
S. Calif.: described as a medium-sized and very rapid-growing
tree of symmetrical shape, suitable for street planting: Ivs. small
for the genus, lanceolate, acute or obtuse, shining above: fls. in
roundish congested long-peduncled heads: drupe glabrous, ovate-
lanceolate, beaked, with plicate margin. — T. Betttrica, Roxbg., the
beleric myrobalan, a large tree found throughout the forests of
India, Burma, and other parts of S. Asia, yields a fr. which is
exported from India for use in tanning. The kernels are eaten in
India, but are said by Watt to cause intoxication if taken in excess.
— T. BSnzog, Pers., properly T. angustifolia, Jacq., has recently
been intro. to S. Fla., and promises to succeed. It is a handsome
tree with narrow Ivs., indigenous to Malaya. — Under the name of
T. edulis, Blanco, a plant has recently been intro. to the U. S. from
the Philippines which is probably T. Bellerica. It is doing well in
S. Fla. and promises to be an unusually handsome ornamental.
Barrett says of it "this magnificent large forest tree occurs, not
very commonly, in the provinces of Bataan and Cavite (Philip-
pines). In the rainy season abundant crops of cherry-like frs.,
about 2-3 cm. in diam., are produced. Each fr. contains 1 seed
surrounded by sweet pulp somewhat resembling that of the duhat
(Eugenia jambolana) in flavor. The pulp with the addition of lemon
or some other acid juice makes a beautifully colored jelly." The
tree is known as "calompit" in the Philippines.
F. W. POPENOE.
TERNSTRCEMIA (named for Christopher Tern-
strcem, Swedish naturalist; died 1745). Ternstrcemi-
acese. Evergreen trees or shrubs, adapted to the warm-
house. Lvs. leathery, entire or serrate-crenate : pedun-
cles 1-fld., recurved, axillary or lateral, solitary or
somewhat fascicled, 2 bracteoles below the fl.: sepals 5;
petals 5; stamens numerous; ovary 2-3-celled (some-
tunes imperfectly so): fr. indehiscent. — About 45
species, warmer Asia, Indian Archipelago and Trop.
Amer.
japonica, Thunb. (Cleyera, japdnica, Thunb., not Sieb.
& Zucc. See Cleyera.). Small tree or shrub, 10-12 ft.:
Ivs. alternate, short-stalked, entire, obovate-oblong or
oblong, glabrous, feather- veined: fls. clustered: berries
about the size of peas. Japan. S.Z. 1:81.
TESTUDINARIA (from testudo a tortoise, alluding
to the supposed resemblance to a tortoise of the above-
ground roots). Dioscoriacest >. The HOTTENTOT'S BREAD.
TORTOISE PLANT, or ELEPHANT'S FOOT. Perennial
plants bearing a slender twining vine from a large
hemispherical rhizome or caudex which is above ground
and solid-fleshy or woody; sometimes grown in the
greenhouse as curiosities or for illustration to students
of botany, but not in common cultivation.
Stems twining, slender, herbaceous: Ivs. alternate,
caudate or somewhat deltoid: fls. dioecious, small,
racemose at the axils; perianth of male fls. broad-cam-
panulate, 6-cleft, stamens 6, styles rudimentary;
perianth-segms. of female fls. small, staminodia small;
ovary ovoid or oblong, 3-ceLled: caps. 3-angled, angles
prominent, cuneate-wing-like. — Three species from
S. Afr.; a fourth has been described from Mex.
elepMntipes, Salisb. Rootstock studded with angu-
lar woody protuberances, sometimes 1-3 ft. diam. : sts.
slender, glabrous, much branched, twining, 8-10 ft. high:
Ivs. suborbicular, bright green or glaucous, mucronate:
fls. small, inconspicuous, the racemes greenish yel-
low or whitish. S. Afr. B.M. 1347 (as Tamus. B.R.
921. — The globular yam-like bulb or rootstock some-
times weighs 100 pounds. The inner part of this "bulb"
has been compared to a turnip for texture and color.
The Hottentots used to cut it in pieces, bake it in the
embers and eat it. Old and grotesque bulbs haye been
brought from time to time from the Cape as curiosities.
The plant is of easy cult, in a cool greenhouse. No
method of prop, by the bulb is known.
paniculate, Duemmer. Rootstock above ground,
about 3 in. high, irregularly oblong, woody, flattened
above, tessellately lobed, fuscous: sts. twining above,
rigid, glabrous, greenish: Ivs. 1-3 x 1H-4H in., broadly
reniform or shortly deltoid-subcordate, obsoletely
3-lobed, mucronate, petioled: panicles axillary, many-
fld., sparsely or much branched: fls. pedicelled, odorous,
rather greenish or pale yellowish. S. Afr.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
TETRACENTRON (Greek, four and spur, referring
to the 4 spur-like appendages of the fr.). Magnoliacese.
A deciduous tree from China with alternate petioled
ovate Ivs. palmately 5-7- veined, serrate, exstipulate:
fls. sessile, small, perfect, in slender pendulous racemes,
apetalous; sepals 4, ovate, imbricate; stamens 4, inserted
before the sepals, exserted; carpels 4, connate along the
ventral suture; styles 4, recurved; ovules pendulous,
several in each cell: fr. a 4-celled deeply lobed caps.,
loculicidally dehiscent; seeds linear-oblong. Next to
Cercidiphyllum this is the tallest deciduous tree of
China, attaining occasionally to 100 ft., and 20 ft.
in girth. In its foliage it bears a strong resemblance to
Cercidiphyllum, though not closely related, but it is
easily distinguished by the alternate Ivs., solitary, not in
2's on the spurs. It has proved hardy at the Arnold
Arboretum, at least in sheltered positions, but does not
seem to grow so well as Cercidiphyllum, with which it
probably shares the same exigencies as to cult, and prop.
T. sinense, Oliver. Tall tree with smooth pale or
rufous gray bark: Ivs. slender-petioled, ovate or elliptic-
ovate, acuminate, cordate at the base, bluntly serrate,
3-5 in. long: racemes 2J^-4 in. long, short-stalked,
slender; fls. yellowish, minute; the exserted stamens
about 1 line long: caps, brown, Km- l°ng- June, July.
Cent, and W. China. H.I. 19:1892.— The tree needs
to be further tested in this country.
ALFRED REHDER.
TETRAD^ MIA (four together, from Greek words,
referring to the 4-fld. heads of one species). Composite.
A genus of low rigid shrubs of the composite family
native to the arid regions of W. N. Amer. Herbage
covered with dense matted wool: Ivs. alternate, often
modified into spines. The original species, T. canescens,
is the best known. Its heads have only 4 fls. They are
yellow and about J-^-^in. long. This plant was offered
in the E. in 1881 by western collectors but has no
horticultural standing and is now probably not in cult,
in Amer. There are about a half-dozen species, but not
known horticulturally.
TETRAGONIA
TETRAPANAX
3323
TETRAGONIA (Greek, four-angltd, referring to the
usuall}- four-angled fruit). Aizoacese. Here is included
a garden vegetable of minor importance.
Herbs or subshrubs from the southern hemisphere
and Japan; usually decumbent: Ivs. alternate, short-
petioled, somewhat fleshy: fls. yellow, green, or reddish,
axillary, apetalous; calyx 3-5-lobed.— :Only 1 species
in cult., but 2O or more species are known in E. Asia
and the southern hemisphere.
expanse, Thunb. NEW ZEALAND SPINACH. NEW
ZEALAND ICE-PLANT. Fig. 3788. A hardy or half-
hardy annual 4-8 in. high, often spreading 4-^6 ft. : Ivs.
triangular, larger ones 4—5 in. long by 2-3 in. broad:
fls. small, yellowish green. New Zeal. B.M. 2362.
New Zealand spinach is chiefly useful for furnishing
greens during the summer when the common spinach
cannot be grown. It tastes something like spinach but
is somewhat tougher, as a rule. It is grown to some
3788. Tetragonia erpansa.
extent in California both for man and sheep. It readily
self-sows. For an early outdoor crop, fresh seed should
be sown in rich soil in a warm room in January or early
February. The seed may germinate in a week or ten
days but frequently requires a month to start. After
growing about two weeks the seedlings should be trans-
planted to thumb-pots and about a month later to
4-inch pots. Growing vigorously in this condition they
will be good-sized plants to move into the garden toward
the end of April, where they should be set 3 to 4 feet
apart each way, and the plants, when grown, will
entirely cover the ground. They should be handled with
great care in transplanting, otherwise growth will be
so checked that it will require several weeks to recupe-
rate. Again, plants should never be allowed to become
pot-bound, as this will immediately bring them into
flower and fruit and stunt their further growth, as
well as greatly shorten their period of productiveness.
Well-grown plants should be ready for use by June 1
and, if vigorous growth continues, nearly a peck of
greens can be gathered from each plant once a week
until heavy autumn frosts. In gathering, only 4 or 5
inches of the tip ends of the larger plants should be
taken. In the South, it is usually dwarf, not generally
exceeding 6 to 8 inches. There is another and somewhat
easier method of growing the crop, although a given
area will be less productive. Inasmuch as the plant is
a hardy annual, many seeds which ripen late in autumn
will fall to the ground and germinate early in spring,
though not early enough for the plants to be injured
by spring frosts. These will be large enough for use
toward the end of June. Annual crops are thus grown
on the same ground several successive seasons with no
care except removing old plants and keeping the
ground free from weeds.
For the forcing-house crop, seed should be sown
during July in seed-beds where the plants remain until
the latter part of September, when they should be
taken directly to the benches and will be ready for use
early in November. It is best to set the plants about
18 inches apart in benches at least 6 inches deep. No
further attention is necessary except to give plenty of
water, and under good conditions a peck of greens will
be produced once a week on 4 square feet from Novem-
ber to May inclusive. A crop may also be grown
beneath the benches near the walks, as well as in the
grapery borders. Space that cannot be used for other
purposes may thus be utilized to very good advantage,
although the plants will not produce so abundantly.
This crop may also be grown in houses with portable
roofs by starting the plants in summer in houses with
the roofs removed, the roofs being replaced on the
approach of cold weather. The plants will continue
producing the entire winter and following spring, when
they should be uncovered and will reproduce them-
selves in the same way as the summer crop.
H. C. IRISH.
TETRAGONOLOBUS: Lotus. The following species
now in cult, was not treated in Vol. IV, p. 1917. Lotus
siliqudsus, Linn. (Tetragonolobus sUiquosus, Both).
Perennial, trailing, hirsute: rhizome slender, branched:
sts. ascending: Ivs. oblong or obovate; petioles with the
stipules shortly adnate: peduncles 1-fld., much longer
than the fl.: fls. pale yellow; calyx-segms. lanceolate:
pod with straight wings much narrower than the body.
Medit. region.
TETRAMlCRA: Leptote*.
TETRANEMA (Greek, four and filament; the genus
is characterized by having 4 stamens). Scrophidari-
cux3B. Perennial herbs, grown in the greenhouse. St.
very short or in cult, slightly elongated, ascending: Ivs.
nearly radical, opposite, obovate or oblong, slightly
crenate-dentate, base angulate, glabrous: peduncles
axillary, scape-like, longer than the Ivs., bearing an
umbel-like cyme at the top: fls. short-pedicelled, nod-
ding, purple-violet, variegated paler; calyx 5-parted;
corolla declinate, posterior lip shortly 2-lobed, anterior
larger, 3-cleft; stamens 4: caps, rather compressed,
loculicidally dehiscent. — Two species, Mex. and Guate-
mala. T. aiexicanum, Benth., is the only species cult.,
known as the "Mexican foxglove" and formerly as
PenLstenum mexicanus. The pretty fls. are borne in pro-
fusion on the summits of slender purple scapes 6-8 in.
high. Although essentially a summer bloomer, with
good care it may be made to flower most of the year. It
is usually regarded as a warmhouse subject, but it
makes a good window-plant and is easy to grow. Plants
continue to bloom year after year. Prop, by seeds.
B.M. 4070. B.R. 29:52. H.U. 6, p. 71.
F. TRACT HUBBAKD.!
TETRAPANAX (four and pcmax, referring to the
four-merous flower structure). Arcdiaceae. By Bentham
& Hooker (Genera Plantarum) this genus is included
in Fatsia, and is so treated in Vol. Ill, page 1204. By
others, however, it is kept distinct, and the plant known
as Fatsia papyrifera then becomes T. papynferum,
Koch, the only species. The reader may take his choice
whether to name the plant in one genus or the other;
3324
TETRAPANAX
TEUCRIUM
the preference probably lies with placing it in Tetra-
panax. This genus, if accepted, differs from Fatsia in
its four-merous rather than mostly five-merous flowers,
with two-merous ovary, the tomentose-lanate char-
acter, and other features. T. papyriferum is an excel-
lent subtropical subject.
Fatsia japonica, Decne. & Planch., remains in that
genus, as treated on page 1204.
TETRASTIGMA (Greek, four and stigma, in refer-
ence to the 4-lobed or 4-parted stigma) . Vitacese. About
40 species in Trop. and Subtrpp. Asia of shrubs climb-
ing by tendrils: Ivs. alternate, digitate or pedate; Ifts.
3^-5, sometimes reduced to 1; tendrils with adhesive
disks or twining: fls. polygamo-dioecious, in axillary
cymes or umbels, 4-merous; petals spreading; disk
adnate to the base of the ovary; stigma sessile, 4-lobed
or 4-parted: berry 2-4-seeded; seeds ovoid-globose, sul-
cate on the inner surface. Allied to Cissus and Par-
thenocissus but easily distinguished by the sessile
4-lobed stigma and from the latter by the 4-merous fls.
Of the numerous species only the following are occa-
sionally cult.; T. obtectum and T. serrulatum are proba-
bly the hardiest, but tender in the N., and are graceful
small-lvd. vines which may be used where vines of more
delicate character are desired; the first species clings to
walls, the second has twining tendrils. T. Harmandii is
a tall-growing vine with larger Ivs. and edible berries,
suited only for tropical or subtropical countries. For
cult, and prop., see Cissus and Parthenocissus. T.
obtectum, Planch. (Cissus obtecta, Wall.)- Climbing with
disciferous tendrils: branchlets hirsute: Ivs. long-stalked,
persistent or subpersistent; petioles pubescent; Ifts.
5, digitate, sessile, cuneate-obovate to elliptic, acute,
remotely crenate-serrate with mucronate teeth, gla-
brous, or in var. pilosum, Gagnep., pubescent beneath,
K-1M in- long: fls. greenish, in slender-stalked umbels;
pedicels slender: berries ovoid, J^in. long. Himalayas,
Cent, and W. China. T. serrulatum, Planch. (Cissus
serrulate, Roxbg. Vltis capreoldta, Don) . Climbing with
twining tendrils, glabrous: Ifts. 5, pedate, sometimes
3, short-stalked, ovate or elliptic to elliptic-lanceo-
late, acute or acuminate, serrate, %-2% in. long: fls. in
compound cymes: fr. globose, black, J^in. thick or
slightly larger. Himalayas, W. China. T. Harmandii,
Planch. High climbing with twining tendrils: Ifts. 3-5,
short-stalked, narrowly lanceolate, serrate, glabrous,
about 2-3 in. long: fls. in axillary short-stalked cymes:
fr. globose, 2-3-seeded. Philippine Isls. Recently
intrp. by the Dept. of Agric.; said to have edible berries
similar to those of the Scuppernong grape.
ALFRED REHDER.
TETRATHECA (Greek, four and cell; the anthers
are sometimes four-celled). Tremandraceae. Slender
glabrous or stellate-pubescent, heath-like little shrubs,
grown in the greenhouse and out-of-doors in the
far South.
Leaves alternate, verticillate or scattered, heath-like,
entire, flat and toothed or reduced to minute scales : fls.
4-5-merous; stamens apparently in a single series; disk
inconspicuous: caps, opening only at the edges. —
About 20 species, all from Austral. In European green-
houses all the plants of this family are considered
difficult of cult. They are treated like many other
Australian heath-like plants, being potted in fibrous
peat and silver sand and watered carefully at all
times. It is said that only soft rain-water should be
used.
A. Sts. terete, leafy.
B. Lvs. mostly verticillate.
thymifdlia, Smith. Lvs. almost all verticillate in 3's
or 4's, ovate-elliptical or lanceolate: fls. purple; sepals
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, seldom reflexed;
ovary glabrous or more frequently pubescent, with 2
superposed ovules. B.M. 8028.
ericifolia, Smith. Subshrub 1 ft. or less high,
branched, rough-pubescent or nearly glabrous, rarely
hirsute: Ivs. mostly verticillate, narrow-linear, margins
closely revolute, rarely oblong-lanceolate and more
open: fls. pink, on slender pedicels; sepals ovate,
obtuse, not reflexed; ovary glabrous or rarely pubescent
with 2 superposed ovules: caps, obovate-cuneate. R.B.
28:121.
BB. Lvs. rarely somewhat verticillate.
pilosa, Labill. Much branched, glabrous or hispid,
about 1-1 }/2 ft.high: Ivs. usually linear, margins much
revolute, 4-6 lines long: fls. purple, rather small; sepals
ovate, obtuse or acute; petals narrow; ovary glabrous or
pubescent, 1-ovuled: caps., obovate. F.S. 10:1065 (as
T. ericoides). Gn.W. 20:361.
AA. Sts. very angular or flat, almost leafless.
hirsuta, Lindl. Sts. rather rigid and erect, 6-18 in.
high, minutely pubescent and often hispid with few
long spreading reddish hairs: Ivs. mostly alternate,
ovate-lanceolate to oblong-linear, obtuse, all less than
Y<ivh.. long: fls. rather large, pink, on slender pedicels;
sepals lanceolate; petals oblong, ovary glabrous or
slightly glandular, with 1 ovule in each cell. B.R.
30:67. J.H. III. 42:461. F. TRACY HUBBARD.
TEUCRIUM (Teucer was the first king of Troy).
Labiatse. GERMANDER. Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs,
some of which are greenhouse plants or outdoors in the
extreme South, others of them hardy in the North and
suitable for the wild-garden or rockwork.
Leaves entire, dentate or incised, sometimes many-
cleft; floral Ivs. similar or reduced to bracts: floral
whorls 2-fld., rarely many-fld., arranged in racemose
spikes or terminal heads, rarely with the fls. in a ter-
minal spike or irregularly whorled; calyx tubular or
campanulate, rarely inflated, 10-nerved, 5-toothed;
corolla-tube included or rarely exserted, limb as if 1-
lipped, lower lip large, upper very small or split so as
to appear to be wanting; stamens 4, in 2 pairs, exserted
through the split notch in the short upper lip : nutlets
obovpid, reticulate, rugose. — About 160 species, widely
distributed through the warmer and temperate regions
of the world. Monographed by Bentham in De Can-
dolle's Prodromus Systematis Naturalis, Vol. 12 (1848).
The specific descriptions in the present article are
largely based on this work but the sequence of sections
and species is according to Briquet in Engler and Prantl,
Pflanzenfamilien VI. 3a.
The teucriums are little known in cultivation. They
probably present no special difficulties to the gardener.
aureum, 2.
betonicum, 12.
bicolor, 9.
canadensf, 7.
Cbamsedrys, 4.
INDEX.
flavescens, 2.
fruticans, 11.
hircanicum, 8.
hyrcanicum, 8.
Marum, o.
montanum, 1.
orientals, 10.
Folium, 2.
pyrenaicum, 3.
Scorodonia, 6.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
Folium
pyrenaicum
A. Floral whorls condensed into a terminal
subglobose head.
B. Lvs. entire 1. montanum
BB. Lvs. crenate.
c. Blades oblong or oblong-linear. ... 2.
cc. Blades rotundate 3.
AA. Floral whorls not condensed into a ter-
minal head.
B. Calyx erect.
c. Lvs. entire or the lower somewhat
dentate 11. fruticans
cc. Lvs. incise-dentate or dissected.
D. Pedicels shorter than the floral
Ivs 9.
DD. Pedicels much longer than the
floral Ivs 10.
BB. Calyx declinate.
bicolor
orientate
CXI. Syringa (lilac), Madame Lemoine.
TEUCBIUM
TEYSMAXNIA
3325
C. Fls. not in regular floral whorls,
usually in a dense simple
spike, sometimes somewhat
whorled.
D. Calyx with the upper teeth
slightly broader than the lower. 7. canadense
DD. Calyx with the uppermost tooth
much broader 8. hircanicum
cc. Fls. in regular floral whorls.
D. Floral whorls 2-6-fld.: small
shrubs or subshrubs erect or
procumbent at base.
E. Lrs.crenateorincised-dentate. 4. Chamsedrys
EE. Lts. entire or acutely few-
toothed at apex 5. Marum
DD. Floral whorls 2-fld.
E. .Species perennial herbs. 6. Scorodonia
EE. Species hoary shrubs 12. betonicum
Section I. POLUJM.
1. montanum, Linn. Low subshrub, prostrate,
hoary or pubescent : sts. much branched at base, sum-
mit shortly ascending or rarely suberect and 2-4 in.
high: Ivs. " oblong-linear, entire, base narrowed to a
very short petiole, beneath or both surfaces hoary:
floral whorls few, condensed into a terminal head, which
is hemispherical: fls. white becoming yellow; calyx
tubular-campanulate, glabrous or hoary, teeth lanceo-
late, subulate-acuminate. S. Eu. and Orient.
2. Pdlium, Linn, Low canescent-tomentose, lanate
or rarely pilose-hispid shrubs, 2-6, rarely 12 in. high:
basal branches procumbent, ascending or rarely sub-
erect: Ivs. cuneate-oblong or linear, sessile, crenate,
margin revolute, upper surface very short-tomentose,
densely lanate or pilose, color, especially above, yellow-
ish hoary, golden or rarely green; floral Ivs. similar:
floral whorls few, 2-j6-fld., condensed in a globose or
oblong head, which is solitary or often several corym-
bosely glomerate: fls. white, yellow, or purple; calyx
tubular-campanulate; corolla small. Medit. region and
Orient. — A decidedly variable species. Var. flavescens,
Benth. (T. aitreum, Schreb.), has broader Ivs., very
hairy heads and yellow tips to the branches.
3. pyrenaicum, Linn. Perennial, repent or diffusely
much branched, villous, sterile branches whip-like,
fertile short-ascending: Ivs. petioled, rotundate, 4-8
lines diam., crenate, base truncate, rounded or cuneate,
both surfaces green and hirsute, especially near the
margins and nerves; floral Ivs. petioled, oblong-linear,
entire, acute: floral whorls few, condensed in a small
terminal head: fls. yellow (or white); calyx campanu-
late, teeth acuminate-;acute; corolla-lobes often pur-
plish at base. Mountains of S. W. Eu.
Section II. CHAM.F.DRYS.
4. Chamaedrys, Linn. Perennial or shrubby, 1-2 ft.
high, base decumbent, branching, pubescent or vil-
lous: Ivs. short-pet ioled, ovate or oblong, incised-
crenate, base cuneate, both surfaces green or canescent
beneath; floral Ivs. smaller and dentate: floral whorls
2-6-fld., the upper racemose: fls. red-purple or bright
rose, with red and white spots, ^in. long, rather showy;
calyx tubular-campanulate, teeth lanceolate, acumi-
nate. Eu. — A good border plant for late summer
bloom.
5. Marum, Linn. Shrub, low, very much branched,
and hoary: Ivs. small, ovate, 2-4 lines long, short-
petioled, entire or very rarely crenate, hoary beneath;
floral Ivs. smaller: floral whorls 2-4-fld., racemose,
subsecund, raceme 1—2 in. long, whorls approximate:
fls. purplish; calyx hirsute, tubular-campanulate;
corolla villous outside. Medit. region. — A low green-
house shrubby plant similar in habit to Thymus vul-
garis.
Section III. SCORODONIA.
6. Scoroddnia, Linn. Erect, hispid perennial, 1-2
ft. high, pubescent or subglabrous: Ivs. ovate, 1-2 in.
long, obtusely crenate, short-petioled, base rounded or
cordate, both surfaces green; floral Ivs. minute: raceme
somewhat branched, rather paniculate above: fls. yel-
low; calyx rather villous, broadly campanulate; corolla-
tube exserted, pubescent outside, the tube twice as
long as the calyx. Eu. and adventitious in E. N. Amer.
Section IV. STACHTBOTHTS.
7. canadense, Linn. Erect, perennial herb, 1-3 ft.
high, soft-pubescent or canescent: Ivs. ovate-lanceo-
late to oblong-ovate, 2-3 in. long, serrate, base rounded,
somewhat canescent beneath, short-petioled; floral Ivs.
bract-like, sessile, lanceolate: spikes 2-6 in. long, rather
lax, simple: fls. purple to cream-color; calyx short-
pedicelled, campanulate, hoary and somewhat villous;
corolla-lip elongated. Low ground, Maine to Brit. Col.,
southwara to Pa., Ohio, Mo., New Mex., and Calif. —
Useful for low grounds and moist borders.
8. hircanicum, Linn.; also spelled hyrcanicum. Erect
perennial herb 1-2 ft. high, slightly branched, pubes-
cent: Ivs. ovate-cordate, 1-3 in. long, obtuse, coarsely
crenate, base deeply cordate, scarcely pubescent above,
softly somewhat canescent beneath; floral Ivs. as subu-
late bracts: spike simple, 3-8 in. long, dense: fls. purple
or red; calyx 2-lipped; corolla villous outside. Cau-
casus and Persia.
Section V. TETJCRIS.
9. bicolor, Smith. Dwarf, herbaceous, glabrous: Ivs.
ovate, oblong or lanceolate, about 1 in. long, obtuse,
entire or incised, both surfaces green; floral Ivs. usually
exceeding the fls.: peduncles axillary, 1-fld., short,
upper subracemose: fls. blue and white; calyx broadly
campanulatc, green, teeth broad-lanceolate, acute;
corolla-tube included. Peru and Chile. — Offered in
Calif, at one time, but apparently not successful.
10. orientate, Linn. Erect perennial herb, about 1 ft.
high, branched at base, green and glabrous or pubes-
cent, canescent: Ivs. 1-2-pinnatisect, lower lJ^-2 in.
long, segms. linear, entire or incised, both surfaces pale
or green; upper Ivs. smaller; floral Ivs. minute: pedun-
cles laxly racemose, irregularly 1-3-fld.; pedicels much
longer than floral Ivs.: fls. violet or blue; calyx cam-
panulate, teeth lanceolate; corolla 3 times longer than
calyx. Caucasus and Asia Minor.
11. fruticans, Linn. Shrub 2-3 ft. high, divaricate
branching: Ivs. ovate, entire, obtuse, glabrous above,
white or reddish brown, tomentose beneath, petioled;
floral Ivs. similar, smaller: racemes terminal or lateral
on short branches, few-fld.; peduncles 1-fld., shorter
tb^m the calyx: fls. blue; calyx campanulate, tomen-
tose; corolla-lip twice longer than the calyx. Eu. —
Recommended for dry places S. It has a long blooming
season.
Section VI. TEUCRIOPSIS.
12. betonicum, L'Her. Shrub 2-3 ft. high: branches
hoary-tomentose : Ivs. ovate-oblong, 1-1 ^ in. long,
rather long-petioled, hoary beneath or on both sides;
floral Ivs. usually lanceolate: floral whorls 2-fld., secund,
laxly racemose, raceme 3-6 in. long: fls. purple; calyx
campanulate; corolla-tube somewhat exserted, pubes-
cent outside, upper lobes of limb forming an obsolete
upper lip, lateral lobes small, oblong, lowest oblong,
concave. Madeira. R.H. 1912, p. 465.
T. frutescens, Hort., is offered in the trade as a shrub for the
rockery, with downy foliage and heads of pale blue fls. ; not known
botanically; possibly it is an error for T. fruticans.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
TEYSMANNIA (named for J. E. Teysmann). Pal-
mace&. Low unarmed palm, grown in the warmhouse:
caudex underground: Ivs. erect, elongate-rhomboid
obtuse, base acute, margin laciniate, divisions 2-cleft:
spadix rather short, branches divided at base, reflexed
above; spathes papery-leathery: fls. hermaphrodite,
3326
TEYSMANN1A
THALICTRUM
minute; calyx cup-shaped, 3-toothed; petals thick;
stamens 6; ovary of 3 carpels, rarely 1 or 2, free or
slightly coherent: fr. globose or depressed-globose,
1-celled, 1-seeded. One species, Sumatra. T. dltifrons,
Reichb. f. & Zoll. Lvs. 6-7 x \YZ ft., folded; petioles
carinate dorsally, pbsoletely concave in front, the angles
rounded and uncinate-prickly : spathes sheathing the
tomentose peduncle: fr. as large as an apple. Sumatra.
THALIA (named after Johann Thalius, a German
naturalist; died 1588). Marantdcese. Perennial marsh
or aquatic herbs, some of them hardy, others suitable
for the warm- or greenhouse.
Leaves few, large, long-petioled, often canna-like:
panicles terminal; fls. in pairs along the branches form-
ing lax spikes, the pairs in a 2-valved spathe; sepals 3,
free, equal, membranaceous; petals 3, free or very
shortly connate; lobes of the andrcecium petaloid, very
irregular; lip broad, crested within; anthers 1-celled;
ovary 1-celled, 1-ovuled, stigma 2-lipped: caps, oblong-
ovoid or globose. — Schumann (Das Pflanzenreich, hft.
11) accepts 7 species, in Trop. and warm Temp. America.
A. Plant covered with a white powder.
dealbata, Fras. Stemless: petioles 1-2 ft. long: Ivs.
canna-like, cordate, ovate, 6-9 in. long: scape terete,
3-5 ft. high: panicles erect: spikes erect. June-Sept.
Ponds and marshes, S. C. and west. B.M. 1690. G.W.
3, p. 620. B.B. 1:455.— A stately aquatic; should be
placed hi shallow water or in wet soil.
AA. Plant not powdery.
geniculata, Linn. (T. divaricdta, Chapm.). Stemless:
petioles longer than in T. dealbata: Ivs. banana-like,
1-3 ft. long, oblong-ovate: scape 5-10 ft. high: panicles
2-4 ft. wide: spikes zigzag, pendulous. Sept., Oct.
Ponds, Fla. — This native ornamental-lvd. marsh-plant
thrives in garden soil with cannas and like plants. Does
well under cultivation in S. Calif.
T. sanguined, Lem.=Stromanthe sanguinea.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
THALfCTRUM (ancient name of doubtful origin;
perhaps ultimately from Greek thallo, to grow green).
Ranunculacese. MEADOW RUE. Interesting plants for
the herbaceous border and wild-garden, with fern-like
foliage and small flowers in panicles or terminal clusters.
Erect perennial herbs: Ivs. ternately compound and
decompound: st.-lvs. alternate: fls. dioecious, polyga-
mous, or perfect in some species, rather small, generally
greenish white or
sometimes purple
or yellow, borne in
a panicle or loose
raceme; sepals 4
or 5, deciduous;
petals wanting;
stamens many,
showy: carpels
usually few, 1-
seeded. A mono-
graph of the entire
genus was pub-
lished in 1885, by
Lecoyer, in Bull.
Soc. Roy. de Bot.
de Beige, where he
describes 69 spe-
cies. In 1886
Trelease pub-
lished a treatment
of "North Ameri-
can Species of
Thalictrum" in
Proc. Soc. Bost.
Nat. Hist. 23: 293-
3789. Thalictrum aquilegifolium. ( X Vt> 304, in which he
recognized 11 species and 4 varieties north of Mex*
His treatment is rather closely followed by Robinson
in Gray's Syn. Flora, 1895. All N. American forms
were treated by K. C. Davis in Minn. Bot. Studies,
Aug., 1900. See also recent studies by E. L. Greene.
About 80-90 species are now known, widely distributed
in temperate regions, a few in the tropics.
Many thalictrums are very hardy, and only the more
southern forms of those given below are at all tender.
These plants are valued for their feathery heads of
flowers, contrasting with their handsome stems and
leaves, which are often of a purple cast. They are neat
and attractive subjects, often conspicuous in the wild
but not so much planted as they deserve. The spring-
flowering species are mostly inhabitants of woods
and groves, and the summer-flowering of low open
grounds and swales, but they do well under garden con-
ditions. The early ones are small and delicate plants,
and the late ones are tall and often commanding. The
tassel-like staminate inflorescence of some species is
very attractive. Thalictrums may be propagated by
seed, or by division of roots in early spring just as
growth begins. The division of the roots is more popu-
lar than the seed method, as it produces strong plants
much earlier. Seed is scarce in some species. Any good
loamy soil will suit them, if woll drained.
INDEX.
adiantifolium, 8.
adiantoides, 8.
alpinum, 7.
aquilegifolium, 1.
Chelidonii, 3.
confine, 17.
Cornuti, 1, 15.
dasycarpum, 16.
Delavayi, 4.
dioicum, 18.
dipterocarpum, 2.
Fendleri, 14.
flavum, 10.
glaucum, 11.
minus, 8.
occidentals, 13.
petaloideum, 5.
polycarpum, 12.
polygamum, 15.
Purdomii, 9.
purpurascens, 16.
purpureum, 8.
saxatik, 8.
sparsiflorum, 6.
speciosum, 11.
venulosum, 17.
A. Fr. strongly angled and 2-3-winged, usually stipitate.
1. aquilegifolium, Linn. FEATHERED COLUMBINE.
Fig. 3789. Sts. large, hollow, 1-3 ft. high, glaucous:
Ivs. once or twice 3-5-parted; Ifts. stalked or the lateral
ones nearly sessile, slightly lobed or obtusely toothed,
smooth, suborbicular: fls. in a corymbose panicle,
dioecious; sepals white; stamens purple or white: fr.
3-angled, winged at the angles. May-July. Eu., N.
Asia. B.M. 1818; 2025 (as var. formosum). Gn. 47, p.
357; 50, p. 117. A.F. 16:1234. J.H. III. 50:203.
Gn.W. 23:676 (var. atropurpureum) . G.L. 23:249
(var. atropurpureum). G. 32:623 (var. album). G.C.
111.47:211 (var. album). — A good garden plant and
frequently planted; fls. in early summer. The old
name T. Cornuti, Linn., may be a synonym of this, and
if so it is the older name, being published on a preced-
ing page, but T. Cornuti was described as an American
plant, while T. aquilegifolium is not. As the descrip-
tion and old figure of T. Cornuti do not agree with any
American plant, the name may well be dropped. Plants
advertised as T. Cornuti are probably T. aquilegifolium
or T. polygamum.
2. dipterocarpum, Franch. Very smooth, rhizome
short: st. simple, 2 ft. or more high, angled above:
lower and middle Ivs. broadly triangular, 4-6 in. broad,
thrice ternately cut; Ifts. subrotund, base slightly cor-
date, pale greenish above, glaucous beneath; cauline
Ivs. much smaller : panicle narrowly pyramidal: fls. rose,
rather large; sepals ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate:
achenes subsessile, compressed, obovate, perceptibly
inequilateral, marked on the faces with 3 fuscous nerves,
each side rather broadly winged ; wings membranaceous,
white. Yunnan, China. G.C. III. 45: suppl. Aug. 3. G.
33:111; 36:277. G.M. 51:661. Gn. 72, p. 435. J.H.
111.64:95. — An excellent plant, much noticed abroad.
3. Chelidonii, DC. Dwarf and much branched: Ivs.
biternate, glaucous beneath and pale green above; Ifts.
about 1 in. across, orbicular-cordate, crenate or lobed:
fls. 1 in. across? lilac or purple, in a rigid-branched
panicle, the pedicels deflexing in fr. ; sepals elliptic and
THALICTRUM
THALICTRUM
3327
•obtuse: achenes many, long-stalked, reticulate, with
an incurved style. Himalayas, 8,000-12,000 ft. G.C.
III. 28:167. — A handsome plant.
4. Delavayi, Franch. Slender, 2-3 ft. high, glabrous:
lower Ivs. on long, slender petioles, 2-3 times 3-5-
parted: Ifts. long-stalked, 3-5-lobed, base cuneate,
rounded or cordate: fls. pendulous, dioecious; sepals
purple or lilac, Viva, long, equaling the slender stamens;
anthers linear: carpels 10-12: fr. winged at the 3
angles stipitate. Summer. Mountains of E. China.
B.M.7152. G.C. III. 8: 125; 38:450. G. 35:793.
AA. Fr. striate edged or ribbed rather than winged,
sessile or essentially so in most species.
B. Fls. probably perfect.
c. Filaments widened near the anthers, the latter ovate
and obtuse.
D. Achenes sessile in a head, ovate-oblong.
5. petaloideum, Linn. St. round, nearly 1 ft. high,
almost naked: Ivs. 3-5-parted; Ifts. smooth, ovate,
entire or 3-lobed: fls. corymbose, perfect; sepals white,
rotund; filaments pink; anthers yellow: fr. ovate-
oblong, striated, sessile. June, July. N. Asia. L.B.C.
9:891. G. 28:625.
DD. Achenes somewhat stalked, widely spreading, straight
on the dorsal margin.
6. sparsiflSrum, Turcz. St. erect, sulcate, 2-4 ft.
high, branching, usually glabrous: Ivs. triternate, upper
ones sessile; Ifts. short-stalked, round or ovate, variable
in size and shape of base, round-lobed or toothed: fls.
in leafy panicles on slender pedicels, perfect; sepals
obovate, whitish, soon reflexed; filaments somewhat
widened: anthers very short: achenes short-stalked,
obliquely obovate, flattened, dorsal margin straight,
8-10-nefved; styles persistent. N. Asia, through
Alaska to Hudson Bav, in mountains to Colo, and
Calif.
cc. Filaments filiform or at least very slender; anthers
linear, acute or mucronate.
D. Stigma hastate or spurred.
7. alpinum, Linn. Sts. smooth, naked or 1-lvd., only
4-8 in. high, from a scaly rootstock: Ivs. tufted at the
base, twice 3-5-parted; Ifts. coriaceous, orbicular or
cuneate at the base, lobed, reyolute: fls. in a raceme,
perfect; sepals greenish, equaling the yellow stamens;
stigma linear: achenes small, obliquely obovoid.
Northern and Arctic, and alpine regions of both Old
and New Worlds. B.M. 2237.
DD. Stiffma not hastate or spurred.
8. minus, Linn. {T. purpureum, Schang. T. saxdtUe,
Vill.). Sts. round, sulcate, 1-2 ft. high: Ifts. variable,
acute or obtusely lobed, often glaucous: fls. drooping,
in loose panicles, perfect; sepals yellow or greenish:
fr. ovate-oblong, sessile, striated. Summer. Eu., Asia,
N. Afr. — A polymorphous species in the variation of
the Ifts.
Var. adiantifSlium, Hort. (T. adiantfndes, Hort. T.
adianthi folium, Bess.). Lfts. resembling those of adi-
antum fern. — A form much used and admired.
9. Purdomii, J. J. Clark. Much like T. minus, but
fls. larger, sepals acute or acuminate, the pedicels longer
and somewhat capillary: glabrous, the branches red-
dish green: Ivs. 2- or 3-pinnate, about 8 in. long, the
pinnas 3-5 pairs; Ifts. ovate, 3-lobed, membranaceous:
fls. small, greenish, pendulous, in lax panicles; sepals 4,
ovate-lanceolate, 3-nerved, acute or acuminate; sta-
mens about 14: carpels 5, sessile, 8-ribbed. N. China;
very recently described; cult, abroad.
10. flavum, Linn. Stout, 2-4 ft., with furrowed st.
and creeping stoloniferous rootstock: Ivs. large, 2-3-
compound; Ifts. to \l/z in. long, 3-lobed, obovate or
obcuneate: infl. compound and compact, the fls. erect
and pale yellow (the anthers bright yellow); sepals
small: achenes 6-10, small, 8-ribbed. Eu.
11. glaftcum, Desf. (T. speciosum, Hort.). Sts. erect,
round, glaucous, 2-5 ft. high: Ifts. ovate-orbicular,
3-lobed; lobes deeply toothed: fls. in an erect panicle,
perfect; sepals and stamens yellow: frs. 4-6, ovate,
striated, sessile. June, July. S. Eu.
BB. Fls. dioecious or polygamo-diwcious.
c. Achene somewhat inflated, obovoid, and short-stalked.
12. polycarpum, Wats. Aromatic, to 3 ft. high,
glabrous throughout; Ifts. long-stalked, ovate or
roundish, serrate, cut or
divided, veined beneath:
fls. dioecious, in rather
close panicles; sepals
elliptic or ovate; stamens
16-25, with yellowish
anthers: achenes larger,
in a dense globose head,
short -stalked, obovoid,
turgid, tapering into
reflexed styles. Sandy
streams, coast ranges of
Calif . to Columbia River.
cc. Achene flattened and
2-edged, nearly or
quite sessile.
13. occidentile, Gray.
St. to 3H ft. high, bear-
ing 2 or 3 Ivs. which are
2-4-ternate and glandu-
lar-pubescent: Ifts. thin
and glaucescent, with
rounded lobes: achenes
long, slender, thin-
walled. 2-edged, ribbed,
not furrowed. Colo.,
northward and west-
ward.
14. Fendleri, Engelm.
Fig. 3790. Plant 1-3^
ft. high, rather stout
3790. Thalictrum Fendleri. ( X J*) and leafy: Ivs. 4-5 times
pinnatifid, upper st.-lvs.
sessile; Ifts. rather firm, ovate to orbicular, usually
with many shallow rounded or acuminate lobes; bases
variable: fls. dioecious, in rather compact panicles;
stamens many; anthers long: achenes nearly sessile,
obliquely ovate, flattened and 1 edge gibbous, 3-4
ribs on each face. July, Aug. S. Colo., westward and
southward.
ccc. Achene ovoid, sessile or nearly so, striate or ribbed.
D. Filaments dub-shaped or dilated to nearly or quite
the width of the anthers.
15. polygamum, Muhl. (T. Cornuti, Auth., not Linn.).
TALL MEADOW RUE. Erect, 3-8 ft. (or more) high,
branching and leafy, smooth or pubescent, not glandu-
lar: Ivs. 3-4 times ternate or terminally pinnate; Ifts.
oblong to orbicular, bases variable, 3-5 apical lobes: fls.
in a long, leafy panicle, polygamo-dioecious; sepals
white; filaments broadened when young; anthers short:
achenes ovoid, stipitate, 6-8-winged or -ribbed, with
stigmas as long, which become curled. July, Aug. Low
or wet grounds, Newfoundland and Canada to Fla.,
westward to Ohio.
DD. Filaments very slender, usually filiform.
16. dasycarpum, Fisch. & Lall. (T. purpurdscens,
Auth., not Linn.). Stout and erect with purplish st.,
3-7 ft. tall, leafy and branching: Ivs. 3-4-ternate; Ifts.
short-oblong and mostly 3-toothed, pubescent beneath
but not waxy or glandular: fls. mostly dioecious but
perhaps in some cases polygamous, with purplish
3328
THALICTRUM
THEA
sepals and filaments: achene ovoid, with 6-8 prominent
ribs. N. J. to N. D. and Sask. and far southward. — An
attractive plant.
17. venul&sum, Trel. (T. confine, Fern.). St. simple,
erect, 10-20 in. high, glabrous, glaucous, bearing 2-3
long-petioled Ivs. above the base: Ivs. 3-4 times
3-parted; Ifts. short-stalked, rather firm, rounded and
lobed at the apex, veiny beneath : fls. in a simple panicle,
dioecious, small; sepals ovate; stamens 10-20, on slen-
der filaments; anthers oblong, slender-pointed: achenes
nearly sessile, 2 lines long, ovoid tapering to a straight
beak, thick-walled and 2yedged. S. D. westward and
southward in the mountains.
18. dioicum, Linn. Rather slender, 1-2 ft. high, gla-
brous: Ivs. 3-4 times 3-parted; Ifts. thin, orbicular,
several-lobed or revolute, bases variable: fls. in a loose,
leafy panicle with slender pedicels, dioecious; stamens
much longer than the greenish sepals; anthers linear,
obtuse, exceeding their filaments in length: achenes
ovoid, nearly or quite sessile, longer than their styles,
with about 10 longitudinal grooves. Early spring.
Woods, Lab. to Ala., west to Mo.
For T. anemonoides, see Syndesmon. — T. orientate, Boiss. Low
perennial, st. J^ft. high, flexuose, plant surculose (emitting run-
ners): Ivs. triternate; segms. roundish, very obtuse, somewhat
3-lobed: panicle few-fld.; sepals petal-like and persistent, obovate,
white, surpassing the stamens; filaments linear: carpels 3-6, linear-
oblong, deeply striate, Jijn. long. Asia Minor. Fls. like those of
Syndesmon. The plant listed under this name is said to grow 3
ft. high and to have elegant much-divided fern-like glaucous-green
Ivs. and branching clusters of white fls. — T. paniculatum, Hort., is
described as a dwarf (1 ft.) with yellow fls. ' It probably is not T.
paniculatum, Bess. — T. paniculatum,, Bess., differs from T. minus
in the Ifts. being trifid from the ovate base, in the very open pan-
icle and the reddish If.-segms. : habitat doubtful. — T. prxstans, Hort.,
listed abroad, is said to be a graceful plant 4-5 ft. high, with yellow
and mauve fls. — T. sulfureum, Hort., is a hybrid.
K. C. DAVIS.
L. H. B.f
THAMNOPTERIS (Greek, bushy fern}. Poly-
podiaceae. A generic name for a small group of simple-
leaved ferns which cannot properly be separated from
Asplenium, to which they are here referred (page 414).
One species (and a probable variety) is all that is in
common cultivation, viz., A. Nidus, the bird's-nest fern.
Some authors name it under Neottopteris (which see).
THASPIUM (name modified from Thapsia, another
genus of the same family). Umbelliferas. MEADOW
PARSNIP. Glabrous hardy perennials: Ivs. ternately
divided: umbels terminal, composite; involucre none:
fls. yellowish or purple, polygamous; calyx-teeth con-
spicuous, deciduous; petals acuminate; disk spread out:
fr. ovate or ovate-oblong. About 3 species, N. Amer.
T. aftreum, Nutt. St. branched, \1A ft. high: root-lvs.
mostly cordate; st.-lvs. ternate; Ifts. ovate to lanceolate,
serrate: fls. yellow. June, July. Var. trifoliatum, Coult.
& Rose, with crenate Ivs. or Ifts., is a common western
form. Var. atropurpilreum, Coult. & Rose, fls. dark
purple. The species is of easy cult, in any ordinary soil.
In the wild state the plant grows in at least partial
shade. Well-grown plants, especially of var. atropur-
pureum, make attractive specimens, p ^y BARCLAY.
THEA (the latinized Chinese name of the tea plant).
Ternstroemiacese. TEA. Woody plants ; one species grown
for its leaves which yield the tea, the others grown for
their handsome flowers and foliage.
Evergreen shrubs or small trees: Ivs. alternate, short-
petioled, serrate: fls. axillary or sometimes terminal,
usually solitary, stalked, nodding; sepals 5-7, persist-
ent; petals 5-7, rarely 9, stamens numerous, more or
less connate below; ovary 3-5-celled; styles 3-5, fili-
form, connate below: fr. a dehiscent caps, with 1 large
globose or ovoid seed in each cell. — About 14 species
in Trop. and Subtrop. Asia. Camellia, differing in its
sessile upright fls. with many deciduous sepals, is often
united with Thea, but from a horticultural point of
view it seems desirable to keep the two separate.
The most important member of the genus is T.
sinensis, cultivated in nearly all subtropical countries
and in the mountainous regions of the tropics for its
leaves which yield the well-known tea and are an arti-
cle of great commercial importance. The other mem-
bers of the genus are ornamental shrubs occasionally
grown for their handsome white or pink flowers and
the attractive evergreen foliage. They are but little
3791. Thea sinensis. — Tea plant.
known in this country and require about the same
treatment as camellia, which see for culture and
propagation.
sinensis, Linn. (Camellia Thea, Link. Camellia the~
Ifera, Griff.). TEA. Fig. 3791. Shrub, sometimes tree,
to 30 ft.: Ivs. elliptic-lanceolate or obqvate-lanceolate,
acuminate, serrate, glabrous, sometimes pubescent
beneath, 2-5 in. long: fl. white, fragrant, 1-1 % in.
broad; petals usually 5. China, India. — Several varie-
ties have been distinguished, of which the following are
the most important: Var. Bohea, Pierre (T. Bohea,
Linn.). Lvs. elliptic-oblong, obtuse, flat, dark green,
to 3 in. long: fls. usually solitary; sepals pubescent
inside or glabrous, ciliate, petals 5-6; styles connate
below: branches erect. B.M. 998. L.B.C. 3:226. Var.
viridis, Pierre (T. viridis, Linn.). Lvs. oblong-lanceo-
late, acutish, often concave, light green, to 5 in. long:
fls. 1-4; sepals pubescent, ciliate; petals 5-9; styles
free: branches spreading. B.M. 3148. L.B.C. 3:227;
19:1828. Var. cantoniensis, Pierre (T. cantoniensis,
Lour.). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate: fls. usually terminal,
solitary; sepals pubescent inside; petals 7-9; styles
free only near the apex. Var. assamica, Pierre (T.
assdmica, Mast.). Lvs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate:
fls. 1-4; sepals glabrous inside; petals 7-9; styles free
only at the apex. — The black tea, however, and green
tea of commerce are not derived from certain varieties,
but are the result of different treatment of the Ivs. after
gathering. For the cult, of tea in N. Amer., see Vol. II,
Cyclo. of Amer. Agric.
T. cuspidata, Kochs (Camellia cuspidata, Hort.). Shrub, to 6 ft. :
Ivs. elliptic to lanceolate, thick, long-acuminate, indistinctly dentic-
ulate, glabrous, 2-3 in. long: fls. solitary, white, 1}^ in. across.;
petals 6; ovary glabrous. China. G.C. III. 51 : 261. J.H.S. 38, p. 62,
fig. 38. — T. druplfera, Pierre=Camellia drupifera. — T. euryoides,
Booth (Camellia euryoides, Lindl.). Shrub, to 4 ft.: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, silky beneath: fls. white, nodding, axillary, rather small.
B.R. 983. L.B.C. 15:1493. — T. hongkongensis, Pierre=Camelha
hongkongensis. — T. malifldra, Seem. (Camellia rosseflora, Hook.).
Shrub: young branchlets pubescent: Ivs. ovate, acuminate, 2-3 in.
long: fls. pink; petals, 5, obcordate; ovary glabrous. China. B.M.
5044 Var. plena (Camellia maliflora, Lindl.). Fls. double, pink.
THEA
THEOBROMA
3329
B.R. 547. L.B.C. 12:1134. B.M. 2080.— T. reticulate, Pierre=Ca-
mellia reticulata. — T. rossfldra, Kuntre=T. maliflora. Seem. — T.
Sasdnqua, Nois.=Camellia Sasanqua. ALFRED REHDER.
THECOSTELE (Greek, receptacle and column, in
allusion to the shape of the gynostegium, the sheath or
covering enveloping the female elements). Orchidacese.
Epiphytic herbs adapted to the warmhouse. Pseudo-
bulbs fleshy, ribbed, 1-lvd.: Ivs. oblong, leathery: scape
recurved from the side of the pseudobulbs, bearing a
simple raceme: fls. medium-sized, short-pedicelled;
sepals equal, free, spreading rather broad; petals linear;
labellum connate at base with the column in a broad
tube, lateral lobes erect, falcate, almost curled, midlobe
spreading, elongate, sinuate, undivided; column apex
appendiculate with 2 falcate wings at the side of the
stigma; pollinia 2: caps, ovoid, beakless. — About 5
species, Malaya.
Zdllingeri, Reichb. f. Pseudobulbs the size of a nut-
meg or narrower: If. 5-9 in. long, oblong or linear-
oblong: scape with the raceme 5-8 in. long: fls. %in.
diam. ; sepals and narrowly linear petals white, blotched
with brick-red or crimson; lip yellowish with a pink
pubescent front, side lobes subclavate, sigmoid, mid-
lobe broadly obcordate. Lower Burma and Malay
Archipelago" F. TRACY HUBBARD.
THELESPfRMA (Greek, wart, seed; the seeds are
often papillose). Compdsiis. Glabrous herbs or sub-
shrubs grown in the warmhouse or greenhouse, and
sometimes planted out-of-doors.
Leaves opposite or the upper alternate, linear, often
filiform, simply or twice pinnately parted or the upper
not divided: head medium-sized, long-peduncled,
heterogamous: ray-fls. yellow, in 1 row, neutral; disk-
fls. purplisli, fertile; involucre in 2 rows, the inner row
of bracts campanulate and connate to the middle or
more: achenes glabrous, smooth or tuberculate. —
About 15 species, Mex. and extra-Trop. S. Amer. The
genus may be separated from Coreopsis by the form of
the involucre, which is in 2 series of bracts with the
inner series united to about the middle into a cup, while
in Coreopsis the 2 series are distinct and united only at
the very base. The seeds, especially the outer ones of
the head, in Thelesperma are often tuberculate.
trifidum, Brit. (T. filifblium, Gray). Annual or
biennial. 1-2 lo ft. high, loosely branching: Ivs. twice-
pinnate, lobes filiform, outer involucral bracts subulate-
linear: rays somewhat spatulate, 3-lobed, disk purple or
brown. S. -D.. Mo., and Xeb. to Colo., Texas, New
Mex.. and X. Mex. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:500.— Probably
rare in cult.
hybridum, Voss (Cosmidium Burridgeanum, Hort.).
Fig. 3792. A hardy annual, 1 ^ ft. high, a hybrid of T.
trifidum and Coreopsis tinctoria, from the latter of
which it acquires the brown-purple color of its rays:
Ivs. bipinnately divided into filiform lobes not wider
than the st. This is probably Coreopsis atropurpurea,
Hort. F TRACY HcBBARD.f
THELYMITRA (Greek, woman and cap, alluding to
the hood-shaped column). Orchiddcex. Terrestrial herbs
with ovoid tubers, occasionally grown in the greenhouse.
Lf. solitary, usually with a rather long sheath, linear,
lanceolate or rarely nearly ovate: fls. usually several in
a terminal raceme, sometimes reduced to 1 or 2, blue,
purple, red. or yellow, occasionally with white varie-
ties: sepals and petals nearly equal, spreading; label-
lum similar: column erect, broadly winged, the wings
variable, sometimes extended into a broad lobed hood
over the anther, lateral lobes often penicillate or
crested: caps, erect, obovoid or oblong, beakless.
About 30 species. Austral., Xew Zeal., Xew Caledonia,
and Malaya. Cult, similar to that of bletia. None of
the species is in common cult., but a number of them
are of interest to orchid fanciers.
T. cdrnea, R. Br. St. slender, often flexuous, 6-12 in. high: Ivs.
narrow-linear: fls. 1-3, pink, sepals and petals oval-elliptic, oblong or
obtuse, about 4 lines long. AustraL — T. irimdes, Sw. St. usually
more than 1 ft. high: Ivs. long- linear or linear-lanceolate, flat or
channeled, with 1 or 2 shorter ones: fls. blue, pedicellate, usually
forming a raceme 4-6 in. long; sepals, petals, and lip elliptic-oblong,
9-10 lines long. Austral. — T. lonffifMia, Forst. (T. Forsteri, Sw., T.
graminea, Lindl. T. pauciflora, R. Br. ). Usually about 1 ft. high:
Ivs. long and narrow: fls. blue, lilac, or pink, rather large, several to
a raceme, column produced into a broad hood, usually conspicuous
from its dark color. Austral. — T. rarifgdta. Lindl. St. not very
stout, 1 ft. or more high: Ivs. with a villous sheath, blade linear,
glabrous, with a much dilated base: fls. 2—4, purple, large; sepals and
petals lanceolate, shortly acuminate or acute, *4-l in. long, varie-
gated. AustraL — T. teniaa, R. Br. St 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. long and
narrow: fls. blue, 6-10; sepals and petals Ji-Jiin. long; column
broadly winged. AustraL R TRACY HUBBAKD
THEOBROMA (Greek, food of the gods). Sterculid-
cex. Here belong the trees that produce the seed from
which chocolate and cocoa are derived.
About a score of small trees in Trop. Amer., with
large simple thick and strongly nerved entire Ivs., and
small fls. which in at least some species are borne lat-
erally on the branches rather than in axils: calyx deeply
3792. Thelesperma
hybridum.
(Flower XJi)
5-parted or -lobed; petals 5, mostly clawed or narrowed
below; fertile stamens 5, opposite the sepals; ovary
sessile and 5-celled, many-ovuled, the style filiform:
fr. a large woody drupe or pod, with "seeds imbedded in
the pulp. The species of prime economic importance is
T. Cacao, but other species are probably concerned in
the production of cocoa, and the natural history of the
group is yet confused. The word "cacao" (pronounced
ka-kow') is the name of the plant and the unmanufac-
tured product of it; "cocoa" is the manufactured prod-
uct, produced from the bean-like seeds, chocolate
being the chief commercial commodity. (Coco is a
3330
THEOBROMA
THEOBROMA
very different plant: see Erythroxylon.) The beans are
washed or fermented, or both, to remove the mucilag-
inous substance with which they are surrounded or
coated with clay to make them moisture-proof, to pre-
vent decay, and preserve the aroma.
The common cacao is T. Cacao, Linn., native appar-
ently in Cent, and S. Amer. It is a wide-branching
evergreen tree, reaching 20-25 ft. in height (or some-
what more in the wild), with pubescent twigs and
alternate oblong-oval or elliptic-oblong entire short-
petioled Ivs., the blade 6 in. long more or less, rounded
at base and abruptly acuminate at apex, with strong
midrib and paired or somewhat alternate arching side
veins: fls. small, in fascicles directly on the bark of the
trunk and main branches, about %in. across when
expanded, on slender pedicels Yiva., or more long;
calyx rose-colored, with acuminate segms.; corolla
yellowish, the long petals with a stalk-like claw and
expanded blade: fr. or "pod" 1 ft. or less long and
mostly 4 in. or less in diam., about 10-ribbed, red,
3793. Theobroma Cacao, chief source of chocolate, a, b, flowers, enlarged
c, fruit, much reduced.
yellow, purplish, or brown, elliptic-ovoid in form, the
rind thick, hard, and leathery; cells 5, each with 5-12
"beans" in a row imbedded in a white or pinkish acid
pulp; the pods will average about 20-40 good beans;
these flat brown or purple beans or seeds, each an
inch or more across, constitute the commercial cacao,
from which the products are manufactured. For an
account of the cult, of cacao, see Cyclo. Amer. Agric.,
Vol. II, pp. 224-6. There is a large literature on the
subject.
The estates devoted to the culture of the plant are
usually known as "cacao plantations" and are largely
on the increase in all suitable climates, owing to the
increased demand for the manufactured article in the
different forms in which it is now prepared for con-
sumption. The larger proportion of commercial cacao
is produced by Theobroma Cacao (Fig. 3793). Other
species native to Central America and the West Indies
are T. pentagona, T. speciosa, T. angustifolia, and the
closely related Tribroma bicolor.
In vigor of growth and productive capacity, Theo-
broma pentagona resembles to a very large degree the
generally cultivated varieties of T. Cacao, but it differs
in the flowers, in the size of the beans, and especially
in the shape of the pods. The beans are larger in size
than those of T. Cacao, fully equal if not superior in
flavor, and are capable of being worked up in the same
way as the commoner species. This kind is known on
the mainland as "Alligator" cacao, from the fancied
resemblance of its skin to the hide of an alligator. The
outside of the pod is soft and easily broken, and does
not afford such good protection to the interior as the
harder shell possessed by T. Cacao. In Nicaragua, T.
Cacao and T. pentagona are grown together, and the
produce is mostly a mixture of the two species. From
the presence of T. pentagona, it is possible that hybridi-
zation has taken place between two species. It has been
noted that the pods of T. Cacao produce much larger
seeds or beans in Nicaragua than in countries where
this species is not grown in company with T. pen-
tagona: and the beans of the two species are almost
impossible to distinguish when cured together. The
product of Nicaraguan plantations also requires much
less time for fermentation than the produce of Grenada,
Trinidad, or Venezuela, some forty-eight hours being
the usual period, while more than four times that
number of hours will be required for the proper fer-
mentation of the produce of the last-mentioned coun-
tries.
The "Monkey cacao" of the mainland is produced by
Theobroma speciosa. This is never made into market
cacao, as it is very inferior in quality and has a dis-
agreeable flavor. The pods are hard, much
corrugated, warted, and of a dirty brown
color when ripe.
Many names have arisen for the varieties
of Theobroma Cacao which are in cultiva-
tion, as many as forty having been listed
by a Trinidad cultivator of large experi-
ence. Looking at the matter from a practi-
cal point of view, all these are merely
strains of the one species, produced by
natural cross-fertilization of the older
types. According to Hart's "Cacao,"
Trinidad, 1900, there are but three major
strains or classes of T. Cacao, respectively,
"Criollo," "Forastero," and "Calabacillo."
The type of the first is found indigenous
in Trinidad and various places on the
mainland, its distinctive character being
its bottle-necked pod, with a thin skin and
finely ribbed exterior, together with its
white or whitish seeds or beans, which
are mild in flavor and somewhat rounded
in form.
The characters of "Forastero" are its
roughly corrugated or verrucose pod, containing large
flattish seeds of a purplish color. It is a tree having
greater vitality than "Criollo," and gives a much larger
crop. "Forastero" means foreign, and this type is said
to have been found on the mainland of South America,
whence it was imported to Trinidad by Arragonese
Capuchin Fathers about 1757. (De Verteuil, "History
of Trinidad," 1884.)
"Calabacillo" is the third form, its chief characteris-
tics being the vigor of its growth and its small flat and
strongly flavored bean. By some it is considered as a
degraded form of Forastero.
While the above gives a brief sketch of the chief
characters of the principal types, it must be understood
that there are varieties intermediate between the forms;
in fact, on the larger number of estates it is impossible
to find any two trees exactly alike in all their botanical
characters, occurring, without doubt, from the unin-
terrupted cross-fertilization which has taken place.
Still, each country appears to maintain certain charac-
ters more permanent than others, and thus secures for
itself a- name upon the markets of the world. It is
probable that this is due, in a measure, to the uncon-
scious preference taken by some to distinctive features
of the produce by the continuous cultivation of a fairly
THEOBROMA
THERMOPSIS
3331
fixed strain which has arisen. It may also be due in
some measure to the influence of climate and environ-
ment. Certain it is, however, that there are today
strains of cacao which are possessed of distinctive
characters, not readily produced by anv process of
preparation in places other than that in which they are
grown. A fine set of illustrations of varieties common
to different countries has been published in a work by
Paul Preuss, who traveled in cacao-producing countries
on behalf of the German government.
These different brands are bought by manufacturers
and blended to suit their particular market, but there
are certain kinds possessing special flavor which are
readily sold at high prices. The value of the commercial
product fluctuates and the price has marked varia-
tions due to many causes. Whether this results from
increased production or from a deterioration in the
quality cannot be ascertained. It is clear that if culti-
vators grow cacao for seed without regard to the best
rules of selection, the quality must deteriorate. What
mitigates this fact is that all the cacao world has, up
to a recent date, followed the same practice. The pro-
cess of grafting, to which the cacao tree readily sub-
mits, as has been proved in Trinidad, will enable oper-
ators to make large fields of the choicer varieties, and
it may confidently be expected that in a few years a
great improvement will be shown in the various grades
placed upon the market. (For a recent account of bud-
ding, see Wester. Philippine Agric. Pvev., 1914, p. 27.)
But little cacao is manufactured in the countries where
it is grown.
Chocolate is the term used for sweetened and hard-
ened preparations of the roasted and ground cacao bean,
with the larger proportion of the original fat retained,
while the so-called ''cocoa" preparations are the same
material in fine powder, sweetened or unsweetened, but
with the greater proportion of the cacao fat extracted.
This fat, when clarified, is a pure white substance,
almost as hard as beeswax, and is used in many phar-
maceutical preparations. Chocolate and cocoa are
both made from the beans or seeds of Theobroma Cacao
and T. pentagona, and differ only in the method of
preparation.
The word "cocoa" is a market corruption of the
original Spanish "Cacao," which was adopted by
Tournefort as a generic name but has since been dis-
placed by the Linnaean Theobroma.
The plant known as Theobroma bicolor has recently
been made the type of a new genus (Tribroma bicolor,
Cook) on account of distinctly different habits of fruit-
ing and flowering and structural differences in the
flower (O. F. Cook, Journ. Wash. Acad. 5:287-289,
1915). The leaves are large, and in the juvenile stages
of growth are broadly cordate in form, and assume the
mature or oblong form only on reaching the third or
fourth year's growth. The pods are oval, ribbed and
netted, hard and woody, with an outer shell % inch
in thickness which can be cut only with a saw. The
seeds are oval, much flattened, with a dark, hard, and
smooth exterior. The interior is white, and has a some-
what nutty flavor. They are used in sweetmeats in the
same way as almonds, but cannot be made into com-
mercial cacao, suitable for the manufacture of choco-
lates. This species is very widely distinct from any of
the varieties of T. Cacao which produce commercial
cacao. The produce of T. bicolor is known in some
parts of Central America by the names of "Wariba,"
"Tiger," and "Patashte" cacao. See also Cpnt. Nat.
Herb., vol. 17, pt. 8, for branching and flowering habits
of cacao and patashte. J H HART.
L. H. B.f
THEODOREA (probably a personal name). Orohi-
daces. One Brazilian orchid, T. gomezoide$, Rodr., of
botanical interest but very little known in cult. By
some it is referred to Gomezia. Rolfe describes it as
having "the general habit of some small slender oncid-
211
ium, about 5-6 in. high, but the fls. are borne in slender
arching racemes of about 6-12 each. The sepals and
petals are subconnivent, lanceolate, acute, 4-5 lines long,
and light green in color, with a broad dark brown line
toward the base. The lip is oblong-ovate, acute, some-
what reflexed at the apex, and white, with an orange-
buff blotch in the center. It appears to be a free-growing
little plant, and its appearance in cult, is interesting."
THEpPHRASTA (named for Theophrastus, a Greek
naturalist and philosopher, 370-285 B.C.). Myrsind-
cex; by Mez separated in the family Theophrastacex.
Glabrous shrubs, adapted to the warmhouse.
Stem stout, erect, rather simple: Ivs. somewhat
terminally clustered, spreading, very short-petioled,
linear-oblong, spinose-dentate, netted-veined: fls. her-
maphrodite, rather large, in short many-fld. racemes,
white; calyx 5-parted, segms. ovate; corolla cylindri-
cal-campanulate, 5-lobed at the top, lobes rotunda te;
stamens 5, staminodes 5; ovary ovoid: fr. globular,
apple-shaped, fleshy, many-seeded. — Two species ac-
cording to Mez, Pflanzenreich, hft. 15 (TV. 236a). W.
Indies. The chief technical differences between Theo-
phrasta and Clavija are in the fls. and frs. In Theo-
phrasta the corolla is cylindrical and shallowly 5-lobed;
staminodia attached on the base of the corolla: fr.
large and many-seeded. In Clavija the corolla is sub-
rotate and deeply 5-cleft; staminodia attached on the
tube of the corolla; fr. 1- to many-seeded. See Clavija.
JussieuJ, Lindl. (T. densiflbra, Decne.). Small slen-
der tree, 4-8 ft. high, trunk spiny, 1 in. thick: Ivs.
large, elongate, linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed
toward the base, about 1J^ ft. long, margin sinuate-
serrulate, serrulations spinulose, both surfaces lepidote-
punctate: infl. many-fld., tomentose with chestnut-
brown hairs: fls. white; sepals narrowly rotundate or
acutish at apex; corolla fleshy; staminodes dark brown,
papillose. Haiti and Santo Domingo. B.M. 4239.
americana, T.inn. (T. fusca, Decne.). Subshrub 1-3
ft. high: st. simple, with ash-gray bark: Ivs. elongate,
linear-lanceolate, gradually narrowed toward the base,
18-20 in. long, about 2 in. wide, margin with small
teeth: infl. many-fld., very densely cylindrical raceme,
fuscous-tomentose: fls. dull brown, becoming black;
sepals rotundate at apex; corolla urceolate; staminodes
slightly emargrnate, pulvinate-fleshy. Haiti and Santo
Domingo. — Probably rare in cult.
T. imperialis, Lind.=Martiusella imperialis. — T. latifolia,
Willd-=Clavija latifolia. — T. Ian ffi folia, Jacq.=Clavija longifolia,
— T. macTophytta, LincL, not Link=Clavija grandis. — T. minor,
Lind., is offered in the trade; it is some species of Clavija.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
THERMOPSIS (Greek, lupin and like). Legumi-
nbsse. Hardy perennial herbs.
Rhizome usually repent, sending up annual, erect,
simple or branched sts., sheathed at their base : ^..alter-
nate, digitately 3-leafleted; stipules free, If .-like: fls.
rather large, yellow, rarely purple, in terminal racemes
or disposed opposite the Ivs.; pedicels solitary; calyx
narrowly campanulate, teeth or lobes subequal; stand-
ard suborbicuLar ; wings oblong; keel equaling or scarcely
longer than the wings; stamens free: pod subsessile or
short-stipitate, linear-oblong or ovate-inflated, straight
or curved. — About 18 species, N. Amer. and N. and E.
Asia. They are not particular as to land or position,
but do best in a deep light well-drained soil. They are
generally deep-rooted plants and endure drought very
well. Prop, may be effected by division, especially in
T. montana, T. fabacea, and T. rhombifolia, which spread
extensively by the root, but in general the better way is
by seed, although the seed is rather slow to germinate
and should be sown as soon as ripe or in the spring with
some heat.
A. Pod strongly recurved.
rhombifolia, Richards. Plant about 1 ft. high,
branched: Ifts. usually oval or obovate, J^-l in. long:
3332
THLADIANTHA
fls. in a compact spike: pod glabrous. June, July.
Western states. B.B. 2:265.
lanceolata, R. Br. (Podalyria lupinoides, Willd.).
Sts. 6-12 in. high: Ivs. nearly sessile, the lower and
uppermost ones often simple; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate,
silky-puberulent on both surfaces; stipules lanceolate,
half as long as Ifts.J fls. geminate or somewhat verticil-
late, bright yellow. Siberia and Alaska. B.M. 1389.
AA. Pod straight or only slightly curved at the apex.
B. Plant 3-5 ft. high.
caroliniana, Curtis. St. stout, smooth, simple: Ivs.
long-petioled; Ifts. obovate-oblong, silky beneath;
stipules large, clasping: racemes 6-12 in. long, erect,
rigid, many-fld.: pod 2 in. long, erect, villous, and
hoary. June, July. Mountains of N. C.
BB. Plant 1-3 ft. high.
c. Stipules longer than the petiole.
montana, Nutt. Plant 1M ft. high, somewhat silky-
pubescent: Ifts. oblong-obovate to oblong, 1-3 in. long:
fls. in long spikes: pod straight, erect, pubescent. May,
June. Western states. B.M. 3611. B.R. 1272 (both
erroneously as T.fabacea). — Sometimes called "buffalo
pen" in the West.
cc. Stipules shorter than the petiole.
D. Racemes axillary.
fabacea, DC. Resembles T. montana and has pos-
sibly been confounded with it in the trade. It differs in
having more spreading pods and larger and more com-
pressed seeds. May, June. Siberia.
DD. Racemes terminal.
m611is, Curtis. St. erect, branched, 2-3 ft. high,
pubescent: Ifts. obovate-oblong, 1-2 in. long: racemes
6-10 in. long: pod slightly curved at the end, 2-4 in.
long. May- July. Va. and N. C.
fraxinifdlia, Curtis. Sts. 1-3 ft. high: Ifts. 3, oblance-
olate to elliptic, oval or lanceolate, glabrous or nearly
so; stipules linear to linear-lanceolate: fls. in a loose
raceme 4-12 in. long: pod falcate, linear, pubescent,
2-4 in. long. Mountains of N. C. and Ga.
F. W. BARCLAY.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
THESPESIA (Greek, divine; application doubtful).
Malvdcese. Trees or tall herbs, grown in the warm-
house, and planted in warm regions.
Leaves entire or angulate-lobed : fls. usually yellow,
showy; calyx truncate, minutely or bristle-toothed,
rarely 5-cleft; ovary 5-celled: caps, woody-coriaceous,
loculicidally 5-valved. — About 10 species, Trop. Afr.,
Asia and the islands of the Pacific, and 1 from Porto
Rico. They have the aspect erf hibiscus and may be
distinguished by the confluent stigmas, more woody
caps., and the obovoid compressed seeds.
populnea, Soland. A small tree with the younger por-
tions covered with peltate scales: Ivs. long-petioled,
ovate, cordate, acuminate, 3 in. across: fls. axillary,
2-3 in. across, yellow. Trop. Asia, Afr., and the islands
of the Pacific. — Cult, in S. Calif., where it is said to
succeed only in warm and moist locations. The fls. are
described as varying from yellow to purple. A com-
mon tree on tropical seacoasts, reaching 30-40 or even
50 ft., with dense top, blooming all the year; the inner
bark yields a fiber, and the wood is durable and useful.
T. grandifldra, DC. Tree, 30-45 ft. high: Ivs. ovate, subcordate,
apex subacuminate: fls. purple or red, 4-5 in. diam. Porto Rico.
The wood is used in Porto Rico for furniture and other
it is recommended for ornamental uses.
.
purposes and
.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
THEVETIA (named for Andre" Thevet, a French
monk, 1502-1590). Apocynacese. Glabrous small trees
or shrubs which are grown in the warmhouse, or out-
of-doors in the extreme South.
Leaves alternate, 1-nerved or lightly feather- veined:
fls. large, yellow, in terminal, few-fid, cymes; calyx 5-
parted, many-glanded inside at the base, segms. acute,
spreading; corolla funnelform; lobes broad, twisted;
disk none; ovary shortly or deeply 2-lobed, 2-celled:
drupe broader than long, 2-celled. — About 10 species,
Trop. Mex. southward to Paraguay.
The yellow oleander of Florida gardens, T. nereifolia,
is a very ornamental small evergreen shrub, growing
luxuriantly in rich sandy soil, not too moist and not
too dry, ultimately attaining a height of 6 to 8 feet and
almost as much in diameter. The foliage is abundant,
light glossy green, and reminds one of the oleander, but
the leaves are narrower. The pale yellow flowers are
abundantly produced. The fruit, which is of the size
and somewhat of the form of a hickory-nut, is regarded
as poisonous by the negroes. Thevetia can stand a few
degrees of frost. If banked with dry sand in fall it does
not suffer to any great extent, although the top may
be killed. (H. Nehrling.)
A. Lvs. 8-10 in. long, about 2 in. wide.
nitida, DC. A tender shrub: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, margins revolute: fls. rather large; corolla
white, with a yellow throat. W. Indies; cult, in S. Calif.
AA. Lvs. 3-6 in. long, less than ]^in. wide.
nereifolia, Juss. Known locally in Fla. as ''trumpet-
flower" and incorrectly as "yellow oleander." A ten-
der shrub: Ivs. linear, shining, margins revolute: fls.
about 3 in. long, yellow, fragrant. W. Indies, Mex.
B.M. 2309 (as Cerbera Thevetia).— Cult, in S. Fla. and
S- Calif. p. TRACY HUBBARD.!
THIBAUDIA (named for Thiebaud de Berneaud, a
French botanist). Ericaceae. Shrubs with the st. some-
times tall-climbing: Ivs. alternate, persistent and
leathery: fls. in numerous many-fld. axillary racemes,
scarlet; calyx 5-lobed or 5-toothed; corolla tubular,
contracted at the mouth, 5-lobed; stamens 10; ovary
^celled: berry small, globose, 5-celled. About 20 spe-
cies, Trop. Amer. Probably none of the true Thibaudias
is common in cult., although the two following species
have been grown. T. floribunda, HBK., with grayish
branches, oblong-lanceolate Ivs. and glabrous fls. in
solitary raceme. Peru. T. pichinchensis, Benth.,
growing 6-12 ft. high, with Ivs. 3-4 in. long and oval-
oblong or sublanceolate and the calyx scurfy-tomentose.
Ecuador. T. acuminata, Wall., is correctly Corallo-
botrys acuminata, Hook. f. (Epigynium acuminatum,
Klotzsch). Shrub 2-4 ft. high: branches thick: Ivs.
alternate, petioled, 5 x 1 J^ in., sometimes 10 x 2% in.,
lanceolate, base cuneate, glabrous: fls. red, in axillary
corymbs; calyx-tube cinereous pubescent or glabrous,
5-lobed; corolla glabrous or glandular-puberulent out-
side, small, 5-toothed. India. B.M. 5010.
T. glabra, Griff.=Agapetes glabra. — T. macrdntha, Hook.=Aga-
petes macrantha. J.F. 1:95. R.B. 26:181.— T. pulchra, Hort., is
offered in the trade as an orange-red-fld. form. This may be the
same as T. pulcherrima, Wall., which equals Agapetes variegata. —
T. setigera, Wall.=Agapetes setigera.
THISTLE: Carduus, Cirsium. Blessed T.: Cnicus. Cotton T.:
Onoporden. Globe T. : Echinops. Golden T.: Scolymus. Scotch
T. : Onopordon. Sow T. : Sonchus.
THLADIANTHA (Greek, to crush and flower; the
author of the genus is said to have named it from
pressed specimens). Cueurbitacese. Herbaceous softly
pubescent vines with tuberous roots, some of which are
hardy, others adapted to the greenhouse.
Leaves ovate-cordate, denticulate, sinus deep; ten-
drils simple: fls. dioecious, rather large, golden yellow;
male fls. solitary or racemose, calyx-tube short-cam-
panulate, 5-lobed, corolla rather irregularly campanu-
late, 5-parted, stamens 5, ovary rudimentary; female
fls. solitary, calyx and corolla as in the male, stamens
rudimentary or none; ovary oblong, pubescent, with 3
placentae: fr. oblong, fleshy, indehiscent, many-seeded.
• — About 13 species, China, Java, and Himalayas.
THLADIAXTHA
THRIXAX
3333
dubia, Bunge. A tall climber: Ivs. light green, oval,
base cordate, apex acute: fls. numerous, yellow, bell-
shaped; male fls. solitary in the axils without bracts: fr.
ovoid-oblong, about 2 in. long, red; seeds black, smooth.
Summer. N.China. G.C. III. 28:279; 54:54. B.M.
5469 (male fl. only). G.M. 43:657.— According to R.
I. Lynch, in Gn. 56, p. 518, the plants are of easy cult,
and by planting both sexes and artificial pollination the
fr. may be grown. He further states that the root-tubers
are without buds but form buds just before growth com-
mences, as does a root-cutting. According to Danske
Dandridge, the plant is hardy in W. Va., increasing
rapidly by tubers and becoming a pest when planted
with choicer plants.
Oliveri, Cogn. More vigorous than the former:
annual sts. attaining a height of 30 ft. or more, glabres-
cent, tubers absent: Ivs. larger, cordate, acute, about 8
in. long: fls. more numerous, golden yellow. Cent.
China. R.H. 1903, p. 473.— There is also a hybrid
between these two species which is offered in the trade.
F. TRACT HUBBARD.|
THLASPI (Greek, crushed, referring to the strongly
flattened pods and seeds). Crueiferse. Annual or
perennial herbs which are glabrous or glaucous, rarely
pilose, some of which are cultivated now and then.
Leaves basal, rosulate, entire or dentate; cauline
oblong, hastate-auriculate: fls. racemose, without
bracts, white, rose, or pale purple; sepals erect, equal
at base; petals obovate; stamens free, without append-
ages: silique short, laterally compressed, oblong, obcor-
date or obcuneate. — About 90 species, widely dis-
tributed in the temperate, alpine, and arctic regions,
mostly in the northern hemisphere, but also in S. Amer.,
S. Air., and Austral.
alpestre, Linn. Perennial, 2-12 in. high but usually
low, glabrous, somewhat glaucous, habit tufted, form-
ing rather thick mats: basal Ivs. in a rosette, petioled,
obovate; cauline Ivs. elongated-lanceolate, base cor-
date, entire or dentate: peduncle unbranched, terete:
fls. white, sometimes somewhat reddish; sepals purplish.
Alpine Eu. — Has been offered as a neat little rock-
plant. It should be given shade and a cool moist soil.
The material growing in Colo, and formerly called T.
alpestre is now considered a distinct species, T. colora-
dense, Rydb. Perennial, cespitose: basal Ivs. rosulate,
broadly spatula te, sinuately crenate or subentire;
cauline Ivs. oblong or obovate, obtuse: infl. short and
dense; fls. white; sepals with a white margin. Moun-
tains of Wyo. and Colo. The fls. are larger than those
of T. alpestre and the pod differs. It is uncertain
whether the material in cult, in Amer. is this plant or
T. alpestre.
arvense, Linn. PEXXY CRESS. Annual or biennial,
6-18 in. high, glabrous, yellow-green: basal Ivs. obovate
or spatulate, petioled; upper Ivs. oblong, remotely and
irregularly dentate: fl.-st. mostly branched above: fls.
small, white; sepals greenish. Eu. — A weed in most
countries, including Amer.
T. btUidifblium, Griseb. Perennial, dwarf, cespitose: basal Ivs.
oblong-spatulate; cauline Ivs. few, oblong, very short auriculate:
fls. violet. Mountains of S. E. Eu. and Caucasus. — T. rotundifdlium,
Gaudin. Perennial, 2-6 in. nigh: sts. numerous, ascending: basal Ivs.
rotundate-ovate, petioled; cauline Ivs. clasping, auricled: fls. violet,
rarely white. Switzerland. G.C. III. 49:116.
F. TRACT HUBBARD.
THORN: Cratsgus. Christ's T.: Paliunu Spina-Christi.
Jerusalem T.: Paliurus Spina-Christi; also Parkinsonia acuteata.
Swallow T.: Hippophae rhamnoides.
THORN-APPLE: Datura Stramonium; also Crategus-
THRIFT: Armeria, Statice,
THRINAX (Greek, fan). Palmacese, tribe Cdryphese.
THATCH PALM. Fan palms well adapted for pot culture.
Spineless palms: trunks low or medium, solitary or
cespitose, ringed below, clothed above by the fringed
If .-sheaths: Ivs. terminal, orbicular or truncate at the
base, flabellately plicate, multifid; segms. induplicate,
bifid; rachis short or none; ligule free, erect, concave;
petiole slender, biconvex, smooth on the margins;
sheath usually beautifully fringed: spadices long; axis
clothed with tubular sheaths, papery-coriaceous, split:
fls. perfect, the calyx and corolla united into a lobed or
entire cup, on rather long, slender pedicels, the pedicel
with a caducous bract at the base; stamens 6, their
filaments united below; ovary 1-celled: fr. the size of a
pea. — About 17 species, native to W. Indies and Fla.,
and not much known in cult. For the new Porto
Rican species, see Cook, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club, Oct.,
1901 (vol. 28). Upon a technical embryo character
some of the species below and many other wild species
are segregated to constitute the genus Coccothrinax,
Sargent. As that genus does not differ horticulturally,
these species are here treated with Thrinax. See Cocco-
thrinax.
The species are of slow growth, but succeed with
indifferent care. They are mostly of elegant form and
habit. A good specimen is shown in Fig. 3794.
3794. A good specimen of Thrinax.
A. Under surface of Ivs. green.
B. Ligule irith a blunt appendage at the middle.
radiata, Lodd. (Coccothnnax radiata, Schum. T. ele-
gans, Hort.). Caudex short: Ivs. green, glabrous or
slightly puberulent beneath ; segms. united to or beyond
one-third; ligule broadly rounded, with a short, blunt
appendage at the middle: spadix large, 2-2 Y^ ft. long,
paniculate. Cuba to Trinidad. — Said to have been
known in cult, as T. elegans and T. gracilis.
BB. Ligule bluntly deltoid.
parvifldra, Swartz. Caudex 10-20 ft, tall: Ivs. 10-25
in. long, minutely pubescent, becoming glabrous, green
beneath; segms. united one-fourth or one-sixth their
length; ligule bluntly deltoid, \}/% lines long. Jamaica.
— The plant of Fla. heretofore known as T. parviflora
seems to be T.floriddna, Sarg., a plant not in the trade.
S.S. 10:510.
BBB. Ligule obsolete, truncate.
barbadensis, Lodd. (Coccothnnax barbadensis, Becc.).
Trunk middle-sized: Ivs. green, glabrous; segms. united
at the base; ligule obsolete, truncate: spadix panicu-
late: berry polished, J^in. thick. Barbados.
3334
THRINAX
THUJA
AA. Under surface of Ivs. silvery or glaucous.
B. Lf.-segms. connivent at base.
argentea, Lodd. (Coccothrinax argentea, Schum.).
Caudex 12-15 ft. high, 2-3 in. thick: Ivs. shorter than
the petiole, silvery gray beneath, making one of the
most beautiful effects in all the palms; segms. united at
the base; ligule concave, semi-lunar, erose. W. Indies.
BB. Lf.-segms. connivent for one-third their length.
excelsa, Lodd. Lvs. pale green above, hoary-glau-
cous beneath; segms. united one-third; ligule bluntly
deltoid; sheath densely buff-lanate. Jamaica, British
Guiana. — Held by some to be a form of the preceding.
BBB. Lf.-segms. connivent for one-half their length.
multiflora, Mart. (T. graminifolia, Hort.). St.
medium, 6-8 ft. high: sheaths ragged, fibrous, irregu-
larly reticulate, tomentose: young Ivs. white woofiy-
tomentose; blade equaling the petiole, laciniate; segms.
united one-half their length, ensiform-acuminate,
rather strict* glaucous beneath; ligule transversely
oblong, sinuate, 3-lobed. Haiti. I.H. 31:542.
Other species of Thrinax are in cult, in private collections (see
p. 2446), but it is doubtful whether they are in the trade. Some of
them may be listed as Coccothrinax. T. altlssima, Hort. Lvs.
large, 4}^ ft. diam., nearly orbicular, the upper lobe of the base
folding over the lower one some 7 or 8 segms., rich glossy green
above, brilliant silvery beneath, with about 58 segms. which reach
over one-third of the way to the base; ligule deep buff-orange,
subreniform, open at base; a small basal area of the If. orange-
tinted; petioles 4}^ ft. long, biconvex, slightly channeled above,
bases included in a closely woven network of strong fiber, greenish
yellow, the fiber ashy brown. Grows with vigor in Fla., on ordi-
nary pineland. The botanical position of this palm is undetermined.
— T. argentea, Chapm. =Coccothrinax. — T. C7iuco=Acanthorrhiza
Chuco. — T. crinita, Griseb. & Wendl. Cuban. A moderate-sized
palm with Ivs. about 3 ft. diam., and with a short, stiff ligule. Proba-
bly belongs, according to Beccari, somewhere near Coccothrinax
argentea. This palm was lost to science for 60 years and has
recently been rediscovered. A specimen growing in the Brooklyn
Botanic Garden has the trunk covered with a fibrous hair-like
growth, unlike any W. Indian palms known. — T. elegantissima,
Hort., seems to be unknown to botanists. It may be T. elegans
which probably belongs to T. radiata. — T. floridana, Sarg. A slen-
der tree, to 30 ft. : If .-blades 3—4 ft. across, yellowish green, shining
above: spadix 3-4 ft. long: fls. slender-pedicelled, the sepals and
petals united; filaments subulate: fr. small, J^in. diam. or less.
Fla. and Keys. — T. Gdrberi, Chapm. =Coccothrinax. — T. keyensis,
Sarg. Rather stout, 25 ft., the trunk on a base of matted roots: lf.-
blades 3—1 ft. across, yellowish green above: spadix 6 ft. or so
long: fls. on short disk-like pedicels, and sepals and petals only
partly united; filaments triangular: fr. }^in. or less thick. Lower
Keys. — T. microcdrpa, Sarg. Tree, 30 ft. or more: If. -blades 3-4
ft. broad, pale green above and silvery white beneath: spadix 1-2
ft. long: fls. on disk-like pedicels, the sepals and petals only parti-
ally united; filaments triangular: fr. very small, only J^in. or less
thick. Keys of Fla. — T. Morrisii, Wendl. One to 2^ ft. high: Ivs.
glaucescent beneath; segms. free for about two-thirds or three-
fourths their length. G.C. III. 11:113; 30:353. Anguilla. — T.
Wendlandiana, Becc. Lys. flabellate-orbicular, paler beneath;
segms. linear-oblong: spadix elongated: fls. long-pedicelled. Cuba
and Honduras. N TAYLOR.t
THRIXSPERMUM (Greek, hair and seed, referring
to the hair-shaped seeds). Syn., Sarcochllus. Orchi-
dacese. Epiphytic non-pseudobulbous orchids, grown
for their bloom in the warmhouse.
Stems short, either covered with prominent per-
sistent truncate bases of the Ivs. or leafless: Ivs. flat
and often falcate, or narrow-linear, or none: racemes
axillary; bracts small; sepals and petals nearly equal,
free, spreading, the lateral sepals often more or less
dilated at the base; labellum articulate at the end of the
basal projection of the column, 3-lobed; column short,
erect, produced at the base ; pollen-masses 4 : caps, usu-
ally linear or narrow-oblong. — Species 30, Old World.
Cecfliae, Reichb. f. (Sarcochilus Cecilix, F. Muell.).
Sts. short, sometimes elongated to 2-3 in.: Ivs. linear or
narrowly linear-lanceolate, thick, 2-3 in. long: racemes
up to 6-8 in. long, erect, bearing above the middle
several small short-pedicelled pink fls.; lateral sepals
almost ovate, dorsal sepal narrower; petals still nar-
rower; labellum shorter than the sepals. Austral.
Hartmannii, Reichb. f. (Sarcochilus Hdrtmannii, F.
Muell.). Sts. short: Ivs. fleshy, 3-5 in. long: scapes
erect: fls. rather small; sepals and petals white, spotted
basally with red; labellum shorter, saccate, white,
streaked with red-purple. Queensland. G. 32:337.
lilacinum, Reichb. f. (Sarcochilus lildcinus, Griff.).
Climbing: sts. slender, 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. alternate, ovate,
pale green, l}^-2 in. long, cordate and amplexicaul at
the base: raceme 1-8 in. long; rachis very stout, com-
pressed, few- to many-fld. : fls. pale rose, white-lilac or
bluish, very short-pedicelled; sepals and petals broadly
ovate; labellum saccate, white, yellowish and pubes-
cent within: caps. 4-6 in. long, linear. Malaya. B.M.
7754. p. TRACY HUBBARD.
THRYALLIS (old Greek name, transferred to
these plants). Malpighidcese. Confusion in practice
has arisen in the application of this name and Gal-
phimia. As expressed by J. N. Rose, "the genus
Thryallis was published by Linna?us in the second
edition of his Species Plantarum, basing it upon a
single species, T. brasiliensis. In 1829 Martius described
two additional species, T. longifolia and T. latifolia.
These two species, however, were soon found not to be
congeneric with the original species, but instead of
being taken out as a new generic type, were allowed to
remain as Thryallis, while the true type of that genus
was transferred to Galphimia." Kuntze gave the name
Hemsleyna to the two plants of Martius. If Thryallis
is restored to its original application, with its legiti-
mate extension, then the plants described under Gal-
phimia, page 1312, become T. brasiliensis, Linn. (G.
brasiliensis, Juss.); T. hirsuta, Kuntze (G. hirsuta,
Cav.); T. glauca, Kuntze (G. glauca, Cav.). There is a
native species, T. angustifolia, Kuntze (G. angusti-
folia, Benth.), in Texas and adjacent Mexico, 1 to 2%
feet tall, more or less woody at base, with linear to
lanceolate leaves and petals yellow turning reddish.
THRYPTOMENE (Greek word said to refer to the
low heath-like appearance of the plant). Myrtaceae.
Glabrous heath-like shrubs, which were at one time
popular greenhouse plants, now apparently not so com-
monly in cult. Lvs. opposite, small, entire: fls. small,
sessile or pedicelled, solitary at the axils or rarely fas-
ciculate; bracteoles 2; calyx-tube hemispherical, turbi-
nate or short-campanulate limb with 5 petaloid or
scarious, entire, spreading segms.; petals 5, persistent,
usually connivent above the genital organs; stamens 10;
ovary inferior, 1-celled: fr. sometimes 1-seeded, inde-
hiscent, sometimes 2-seeded and spuriously 2-berried.
— About 25 species, Austral.
Mitchelliana, F. Muell. A compact, bushy shrub with
slender branches: Ivs. oblong, flat, J^-^in. long: fls.
in the upper axils solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3, white.
Offered in S. Calif .—Intro, by Mrs. T. B. Shepherd, who
says the plant rarely exceeds 4 ft. in height, blooms in
midwinter and is good for cut-fls.
F. TRACY HUBBARD. f
THUJA (Thy a or Thyia, an ancient Greek name for
a resinous tree or shrub). Also spelled Thuya or Thuia.
Including Biota. Pinacese. ARBOR-VIT.E. Ornamental
woody plants, grown for their handsome evergreen
foliage and formal habit.
Resiniferous trees with short horizontal much rami-
fied branches; the flattened branchlets arranged frond-
like: Ivs. decussate, scale-like, appressed, usually glan-
dular on the back: fls. monoecious, globose, small,
terminal on short branchlets, staminate yellow and
consisting of usually 6 opposite stamens each with 2-4
anther-cells; pistillate consisting of 8-12 scales in
opposite pairs, of which only the middle ones, or in the
section Biota the lower ones, are fertile, each scale with
2 ovules inside at the base: strobiles globose-ovate to
oval-oblong, with 2 seeds under the fertile scales. — •
Five species occur in N. Amer., E. and Cent. Asia.
The wood is light and soft, brittle and rather coarse-
THUJA
grained, durable in the soil; it is much used for construc-
tion, cabinet-making, and in cooperage. T. occidentalis
contains a volatile oil, and thujin and is sometimes
used medicinally.
The thujas are trees of narrow pyramidal habit, but
low and bushy in many of the numerous garden forms,
with much ramified branches, the branchlets arranged
frond-like, flattened and clothed with small scale-like
leaves; the fruit is a small strobile or cone not exceeding
THUJA
3335
3795. Typical form of Thuja occidentalis.
1 inch in length. The well-known T. occidentalis is
hardy North; and also T. Standishii, T. plicata, and
several forms of T. orientalis are hardy as far north as
Massachusetts. Thujas are favorites for formal gardens.
They are all of regular symmetrical habit. Their
numerous garden forms vary greatly in habit and in
color of foliage. For planting as single specimens in
parks they are mostly too stiff and formal, but they are
well suited for massing on borders of streams or lakes.
The most beautiful and the most rapidly growing
species is T. plicata. Thujas are well adapted for
hedges and windbreaks (see Gn.M. 2:15). They bear
pruning well and soon form a dense hedge. They thrive
best in somewhat moist, loamy soil and are easily trans-
planted. Propagation is by seeds sown in spring. The
varieties, especially those of T. occidentalis, are usually
propagated by cuttings taken late in summer and kept
during the winter in a cool greenhouse or frame; also
by grafting on seedling stock in summer or early in
spring in the greenhouse. The varieties of T. plicata
and T. orientalis are usually grafted, since they do not
grow readily from cuttings, except the juvenile forms
of the latter, as var. decussata and var. mddensis. Con-
sult Retinispora.
A. Cones pendulous, with thin scales apiculate below
the apex; seeds winged, compressed: branchlets
ramified more or less horizontally, with a distinct
upper and under side.
B. Lvs. yellowish or bluish green beneath, glandular: lead-
ing shoots compressed.
occidentalis, Linn. COMMON ARBOR-VTTE. Errone-
ously but commonly called WHITE CEDAR (which is prop-
erly "Chamaecyparish Figs. 3795-3797. Tree, attaining
60 ft. and more, with short horizontal branches ascend-
ing at the end and forming a narrow pyramidal rather
compact head: Ivs. ovate, aeute, usually glandular,
bright green above, yellowish green beneath, changing
in winter usually to dull brownish green: cones oval to
oval-oblong, about %vn. long, brownish yellow with
usually 2 pairs of fertile scales; seeds y&n. long. New
Bruns. to Man., south to N. C. and El. S S 10 '532
Gn.M. 4: 19. F.E. 25:495.— Much used for telegraph
poles. A great number of garden forms, about 50, are
in cult. The best known are the
following: Var. alba, Nichols,
(var. dtto-splca, Beissn. Var.
Queen Victoria, Hort.). Tips of
young branchlets white. Var.
argentea, Carr. (var. dlbo-varie-
gata, Beissn.). Branchlets varie-
gated silvery white. Var. aurea,
Nichols. Broad bushy form, with
deep yellow foliage (F.E. 22:
797) ; also var. Burrowii, Douglas'
Golden and Meehan's Golden
are forms with yellow foliage.
See also var. lutea. Var. afireo-
variegata, Beissn. (var. aurea
maculata, Hort.). Foliage varie-
gated with golden yellow. Var.
Beteramsii, Schwerin. Copper-
colored, gradually changing to
green. Var. cfinica densa, Hort.
"Dense conical form." Var.
Columbia, Hort. "Strong habit;
foliage broad, with a beautiful
silvery variegation." Var. com-
pacta, Beissn. (var. Froebeli,
Hort. Var. globularis, Hort.).
Globose, light green form with rather thin branchlets.
Var. cristata, Carr. Irregular dwarf, pyramidal form
with stout, crowded, often recurved branchlets. Var.
Douglasii pyramidalis, Spaeth. Dense pyramidal form
with short densely branched fern-like branches often
cristate at the ends. Var. dumosa, Hort. (var. plicata
dumosa, Gord.). Dwarf and dense form of somewhat
irregular habit ; in foliage similar to var. plicata. G.M.
54:223. Var. EUwangeriana, Beissn. (var. Tom Thumb).
Fig. 3798. A low broad pyramid, with slender branches
clothed with two kinds of foliage, adult Ivs. and pri-
mordial, acicular spreading Ivs.; it is an intermediate
form between the var. ericoides and the type. R.H.
1869, p. 350; 1880, p. 93. Var. Ellwangeriana aftrea,
Spaeth. Like the preceding but with yellow foliage.
Var. ericoides, Beissn. & Hochst. (Retinispora dubia,
Carr. R. ericoides, Hort., not Zucc.). Fig. 3799. Dwarf,
globose or broadly pyramidal form, with slender branch-
lets clothed with needle-shaped soft spreading Ivs.,
dull green above, grayish green beneath and assuming
a brownish tint in winter. R.H. 1880, pp. 93, 94. A
juvenile form. See, also, Retinispora. Var. globosa,
Beissn. (Var. compdcta globosa, Hort.). Dwarf globose
form, similar to var. compacta, but lower and smaller.
Var. fastigiata, Beissn. (var. pyramidalis, Hort. Var.
columnaris, Hort.) . Columnar form with short branches.
Var. filifdnnis, Beissn. (var. Douglasii, Rehd.). Bushy
3796. Seedling of Thuja
occidentalis. (Xh)
3797. The arbor-vitse.— Thuja occidentalis. (Nearly full si*e)
3336
THUJA
THUJA
form, with long and slender sparingly ramified branches
nodding at the tips, partly 4-angled and clothed with
sharply pointed Ivs. A very distinct form, somewhat
similar to Chamsecyparis pisifera var. filifera. M.D.G.
1901:357. yar. Harrisonii, Hort. "A neat little tree
with the entire foliage tipped almost pure white." Var.
H6veyi, Veitch. Dwarf, dense, ovate-globose form with
bright green foliage. Var. intermedia, Hort. "Of dwarf,
3798. Thuja occidentals var. Ellwangeriana. ( X H)
compact habit." Var. Little Gem, Hort. Very dwarf
dark green form, growing broader than high. Var.
lutea, Veitch (var. elegantissima, Hort. Var. George
Peabody Golden). Pyramidal form, with bright yellow
foliage. F.E. 27:7. Var. nana, Carr. (T. plicdta var.
compdcta, Beissn.). Dwarf compact globose form; foli-
age similar to var. plicata. Var. pendula, Gord. With
the branches bending downward and the branchlets
more tufted. M.D.G. 1901:169. Var. plicata, Mast. (T.
plicata, Parl., not Don. T. Wareana, Booth). Pyrami-
dal tree, darker and denser than the type: branchlets
short, rigid, much flattened: foliage distinctly glandular,
brownish dark green above, bluish green beneath. G.C.
III. 21:258. Said to have been intro. from N. W. Amer.,
but not found wild there. Var. pumila, Beissn. Dwarf
dense form with dark green foliage. Var. pygmaea, Hort.
(T. plicata var. pygmaea, Beissn.). Similar to var.
dumosa, but still dwarfer, with bluish green foliage.
Var. Reidii, Hort. "Broad, dwarf form with small Ivs.,
well retaining its color during the winter." Var.
Spaethii, P. Smith. Peculiar form with two kinds of
foliage; the younger and lower branchlets with spread-
ing acicular Ivs. like those of var. ericoides, but thicker
in texture; the upper branchlets slender and sparingly
ramified much like those of var. filiformis. Gt. 42, p.
539. Var. Veraeneana, Henk. & Hochst. Of smaller
and denser habit than the type: branchlets slenderer,
with yellowish foliage, bronzy in winter. F.E. 30 : 1 1 17.
G.W. 1, p. 296; 6, p. 474. Var. Wagneriana, Beissn.
(var. Versmannii, Hort.). Globose form, retaining its
bright green color during the winter. M.D.G. 1895 : 123.
Var. Wareana, Beissn. (var. robusta, Carr. T. caucdsica,
T. tatdrica, and T. sibirica, Hort.). Pyramidal tree,
lower and denser than the type, with stouter branchlets;
foliage bright green. Very desirable form. Gn.M. 2:11.
R.H. 1908, p. 79. G.W. 1, p. 295. Var. Woddwardii,
Hort. "Dense, globose form, with deep green foliage."
BB. Lvs. with whitish markings beneath, without or with
indistinct gland.
plicata, Don (T. gigantea, Nutt. T. Menziesii,
Douglas. T. Lobbii, Hort.). Fig. 3800. Tall tree,
attaining 200 ft., with short horizontal branches often
pendulous at the ends, forming a narrow pyramid:
trunk with a much-buttressed base and clothed with
cinnamon-red bark: branchlets slender, regularly and
closely set: Ivs. bright green and glossy above, dark
green beneath and with whitish triangular spots: Ivs. of
vigorous shoots • widely spaced, ending in long points
parallel to axis, of the lateral branchlets acute and
scarcely glandular: cones cylindric-ovoid, little over
3^in. long; scales 8-10, elliptic-oblong, usually the 3
middle pairs fertile; seeds winged, notched at the apex.
Alaska to N. Calif, and Mont. S.S. 10:533. G.C. III.
21:215, 258 (adapted in Fig. 3800). G.F. 4:116. Gn.
74, p. 65. G. 9:305. M.D.G. 1909:42. Var. atrovirens,
Sudw. (T. gigantea atrovirens, Beissn.). Foliage dark
green. Var. fastigiata, Schneid. (T. gigantea fastigidta,
Beissn. T. gigantea pyramiddlis, Bean). Columnar
form. G.C. III. 41:200. Var. gracilis, Rehd. (T. gigan-
tea var. gracilis, Beissn.). Smaller tree, with more slen-
der branches and smaller foliage of paler green. Var.
pendula, Schneid. (T. gigantea pendula, Beissn.). Form
with slender pendulous branches.
Standishii, Carr. (T. japdnica, Maxim. T. gigantea
var. japonica, Franch. & Sav. Thujdpsis Standishii,
Gord.). Fig. 3801. Similar to the preceding but lower,
usually only 20-30 ft. high: branchlets more irregularly
set, thicker and less compressed: Ivs. of vigorous shoots
closely placed together, ending in short rigid points
spreading outward, of the lateral branchlets ovate,
obtusish, thickish, lighter green above, darker beneath
and with whitish, triangular spots, without gland:
cones oval, little over Km- l°ng! scales 8, oval, usually
the 2 middle pairs fertile. Japan. G.C. III. 21:258
(adapted in Fig. 3801). R.H. 1896:160. C.L.A. 11:311.
S.I.F. 1:11.
AA. Cones upright, the thickened scales with a prominent
horn-like process below the apex; seeds wingless:
branchlets ramified in a vertical plane with both
sides nearly alike. (Biota.)
orientalis, Linn. (Biota orientdlis, Endl.). Pyramidal
or bushy tree, attaining 25 ft., with spreading and
ascending branches: branchlets thin: Ivs. rhombic-
ovate, acute, bright green, with a small gland on the
3799. Thuja occidentalis var. ericoides. ( X Ji)
back: cones globose-ovate, }^-\ in. long; usually 6
ovate scales, each with a horn-like process, the upper-
most pair sterile. From Persia to E. Asia, in Japan
probably only cult. There are many garden forms, of
which the following are the best known: Var. athro-
taxoides, Carr. Dwarf, irregularly and not frond-like
branching; branchlets nearly quadrangular, slender,
dark green. R.H. 1861. p. 230. Var. aurea, Hort. Low,
THUJA
THUNBERGIA
3337
compact, globose shrub, golden yellow in spring, chang-
ing to bright green. G.W. 1, p. 299. Var. aurea con-
spicua, Hort. More erect, the intense golden foliage
partially suffused with green. Var. aurea nana, Hort.
Golden" yellow foliage and very dwarf and compact
habit. Var. a&reo-variegata, Hort. Of pyramidal
habit : branchlets variegated with yellow. Var. bever-
leyensis (Thuja beverleyensis, Hort.). A columnar form
with the tips of the branchlets golden yellow. Var.
decussata, Beissn. & Hochst. (Reiinisporajunipermdes,
Carr. Chamsecyparis decussata, Hort.). Fig. 3369.
Dwarf globose form: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, spreading,
stiff, acute, bluish green. A juvenile form; see, also, Reli~
nispora. Var. elegantissima, Gord. Of low columnar
habit, bright yellow in spring, yellowish green after-
ward. Var. falcate, Lindl. Of dense pyramidal
growth, deep green, the horns of the strobiles curved
backward. Var. filifdrmis stricta, Hort. Round-
headed dwarf bush, with upright, thread-like branches.
Var. gracilis, Carr. Of pyramidal somewhat loose and
slender habit, with bright green foliage. Var. frene-
loides and var. nepalensis are hardly different from this.
Var. meldensis, Veitch. Of columnar pyramidal some-
what irregular growth : Ivs. acicular, bluish green, some-
times passing into the normal form. Intermediate
between the var. decussata and the tvce. Var. pendula,
Parl. (var. filifdrmis,
Henk. & Hochst. T.
pendula, Lamb. T.
filiformis, Lindl.).
Branches pendulous,
thread-like, sparingly
ramified, and with
the Ivs. wide apart
and acuminate. Var.
funiculata, Hort., and
var. intermedia,
Carr., are intermedi-
ate forms between
this variety and the
type. H.TJ. 4:70.
Var. pyramidalis,
Endl. Of pyramidal
habit, with bright
green foliage; one of
the tallest and hardi-
est varieties. Var.
semperaurescens,
Veitch. Dwarf, glo-
bose; the golden hue
of the foliage remains
throughput the whole
year. Var. Sieboldii, Endl. (var. japonica, Sieb. Var.
nana, Carr. Var. Zuccariniana, Veitch. Var. compdcta,
Beissn.). Globose compact low form, bright green.
T. dolobrata, Linn.=Thujopsi3 dolobrata,
A T L'Lj"pT\ T?T"TTT)ER
THUJOPSIS (Greek, Thuja-like). Also spelled
Thuyopsis. Pinacese. Ornamental tree or shrub grown
chiefly for its handsome evergreen foliage and the formal
habit!
A tree closely related to Thuja and chiefly distin-
guished by the broader much flattened branchlets and
by its conelets having 3-5 winged seeds under each
scale. — Only one Japanese species. Its yellowish white
close and straight-grained wood is very durable and is
used in Japan in boat- and bridge-building.
Thujopsis is one of the most beautiful Japanese coni-
fers and forms a pyramidal tree, in cultivation some-
times shrubby, with spreading branches, the branchlets
arranged in a frond-like fashion, much flattened and
clothed with scale-like glossy green foliage. It is well
adapted for planting as a single specimen on the lawn
wherever it can be grown successfully. It is hardy as
far north as Massachusetts, but usually suffers from
summer drought. It thrives best in a sheltered and
3800. Thuja plicata. (X X)
shaded position and in moist loamy soil, and seems to
grow to perfection only in cool and moist climates.
Propagation is by seeds, also by cuttings and by
grafting like thuja. Plants raised from cuttings usually
grow into bushy round-headed plants. Plants grafted
on thuja are said to be short-lived. Seedlings are there-
fore to be preferred.
dolobrata, Sieb. & Zucc. (Thuja dolobrata, Linn.).
PjTamidal tree, attaining 50 ft., or sometimes shrubby:
branchlets irregularly whorled or scattered, horizontally
spreading and often nodding at the ends; branchlets
$£-$4 in. broad: Ivs. glossy green above, marked with a
broad white band beneath, those of the upper and under
side obovate-oblong, obtuse, adnate except at the apex,
the lateral ones spreading, ovate-lanceolate and curved
(hatchet-shaped), obtusish: cone globose-ovoid, about
%in. long; scales 6-10, much thickened at the obtusely
pointed apex, the middle
ones fertile and with 3-5-
winged seeds under each
scale. Japan. S.Z. 2:119,
120. G.C. II. 18:556. Gn.
M. 2:23. G.Z. 25, p. 49.
F.E. 16:517. C.L.A.7:364.
S.I.F. 1:11. Var. altissima,
Ansorge. Vigorous and
of almost columnar habit.
Var. cristata, Ansorge.
Branches compact, very full
and somewhat crisped." Var.
nana, Sieb. & Zucc. (T.
teterirens, Lindl.). Dwarf
form, with more slender and
narrower branchlets of a
lighter green. Var. plicata,
Ansorge. Very vigorous
with heavy branches which
hang over and appear
folded. Var. variegate, For-
tune. Tips of branchlets
creamy white. Var. Hdndai,
Makmo(T. Hdndai, Henry) .
Tall tree, to 100 ft.:
branches more densely
ramified: Ivs. smaller and
whiter beneath: cone sub-
globose, with the scales not
thickened at the apex. This
is the more northern form
and probably hardier than
the type which has been
called var. australis by
Henry. Recently intro. and now growing at the Arnold
Arboretum.
T. boreolis, Hort.=Chamsecyparis nootkatensis. — T. Stdndishii,
ALFRED REHDER.
THUNBERGIA (after Karl Peter Thunberg, profes-
sor of botany at Upsala and successor to Rudbeck and
Linnaeus; died 1828). Acanthaceje. Mostly tall peren-
nial climbers producing flowers in great profusion;
greenhouse, and in the open far South.
Leaves opposite: fls. blue, yellow, purple, or white,
solitary and axillary or in racemes; calyx annular and
scarcely lobed or toothed or 10-45-toothed, surrounded
by 2 large bracts which often inclose also the corolla-
tube; corolla trumpet-shaped, with a spreading limb,
tube curved or oblique, often compressed, enlarged
toward the mouth; stamens 4, didynamous, fixed near
the base of the tube, filaments thickened at the base,
separate; anther-cells parallel, equal, mostly mucro-
nate at the base: ovary seated on a fleshy disk, 2-
loculed, each cell with 2 ovules (rarely only 1). The
Thunbergieae are distinguished by the contorted corolla,
the 4-seeded caps., and the globose seeds. — About 75
species, in the tropics of the world, particularly in Afr.
3801. Thuja Standisbii. (xJi)
3338
THUNBERGIA
THUNBERGIA
The thunbergias are nearly all vigorous greenhouse
climbers resembling allamandas in habit. In large con-
servatories where they are not cramped for room they
flower freely and display their flowers to the best
advantage. Severe pruning, which is necessary in small
greenhouses, prevents the production of flowers. The
larger species, T. laurifolia, T. affinis, T. grandiflora,
T. mysorensis, and T. coccinea are rapid growers,
requiring plenty of feeding and root-room. All do
better in open beds than in pots. They may be propa-
gated either from seeds or by cuttings which are taken
from the young wood which starts into growth after the
plants have been cut back during winter. These pro-
duce few flowers the following autumn, but bloom
freely the second season. As a rule, the plants flower
in late summer or autumn, but the time of flowering
may be made to vary according to treatment in some
species. T. data and its varieties and T. fragrans are
often treated as annual garden plants, flowering in late
summer. T. erecta and T. affinis, when grown in pots,
form rather compact shrubby plants (see Gn. 24, p. 314;
30, p. 292, -47, p. 150). In Porto Rico T. alata has escaped
and is common. Cook writes that there are two forms,
one with corolla-limb cream-yellow and other whitish.
Thunbergias and allamandas are great favorites in
central and southern Florida, being used on verandas,
3802. Thunbergia alata. ( X W)
arbors, small trees, old stumps, trellises and buildings.
Of the blue-flowered kinds T. grandiflora is hardiest and
commonest. It has large heart-shaped leaves which
overlap one another in a charming manner. It blooms
from September until Christmas, the flowers being light
blue and rather dull. The form of T. laurifolia known
to the trade as T. Harrisii, has nearly sky-blue flowers,
of a deeper but brighter hue than the preceding. It is a
taller-growing and choicer plant, and has ten or more
flowers in a raceme, while those of T. grandiflora are
solitary in the axils. T. fragrans is the common white-
flowered kind. The form cultivated in Florida is proba-
bly var. vestita, as the blossoms are not fragrant. T.
alata is a general favorite. The flowers range from buff
and white to orange with a deep purplish brown
throat, the last form being the most popular. This
species is killed to the ground by sharp frost every
winter but sprouts vigorously the following spring. It
also comes up from self-sown seed. This species grows
only 7 to 8 feet high. All the thunbergias mentioned
above are easily raised from cuttings or layers in
summer. T. erecta is not a climber but has a some-
what straggling habit. It has small dark green leaves
and large deep purplish blue gloxinia-Eke flowers
which are white at the base. There is a pure white
variety of it. It blooms all summer and autumn. It is
readily raised from cuttings during the rainy season
(H. Nehrling.)
affinis, 1.
alata, 2.
alba, 2, 4.
alhiflora, 2.
aurantiaca, 2.
Backerii, 2.
Bakeri, 2.
cserulea, 4.
chrysops, 6.
INDEX.
coccinea, 10.
Doddsii, 2.
elegans, 11.
erecta, 4.
fragrans, 3.
Fryeri, 2.
grandiflora, 7, 8.
Harrisii, 8.
intus-alba, 2.
laevis, 3.
laurifolia, 8.
lutea, 2, 9.
mysorensis, 9.
natalensis, 5.
sulphurea, 2.
unicolor, 2.
vestita, 3.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Fls. axillary, solitary.
B. Lvs. entire : l.
BB. Lvs. angularly toothed.
C. Petioles winged 2.
cc. Petioles not winged.
D. Color of fls. white: corolla-lobes
truncate and sinuately toothed
at the apex 3.
DD. Color of fls. blue (white only in
varieties).
E. Plant erect or suberect.
F. Lvs. petiolate 4.
PF. Lvs. sessile 5.
EE. Plant climbing.
F. Throat of the corolla, yellow. 6.
FF. Throat of the corolla white . 7.
AA. Fls. in terminal or axillary racemes
(see, also, T. grandiflora).
B. Color of fls. blue 8.
BB. Color of fls. yellow 9.
BBB. Color of fls. scarlet 10.
11.
affinis
alata
fragrans
erecta
natalensis
chrysops
grandiflora
laurifolia
mysprensis
coccinea
elegans
1. affinis, S. Moore. A rambling shrub, 10-12 ft.
high, smooth: branches 4-angled: Ivs. short-petioled,
elliptic, acute, entire: fls. 2 in. across, deep purple-blue,
with a yellow throat. Summer. Trop. Afr. B.M. 6975
G.C. III. 2:461. G.M. 32:291.— This plant is closely
allied to T. erecta, from which it differs by its entire
Ivs. and larger fls., which are about twice the size
of those of T. erecta. When grown in a pot the plant
forms a compact shrub, but when given more room it
is a rambling climber.
2. alata, Bojer. BLACK-EYED SUSAN. Fig. 3802. St.
square, climbing, hairy: Ivs. opposite, triangular-ovate,
hastate, repand-toothed, rough-pubescent, tomentose
beneath; petioles winged, about as long as the Ivs.:
fls. solitary, on axillary peduncles; calyx very small, sur-
rounded by 2 large inflated bracts; corolla-tube some-
what longer than the involucre, dark purple within;
limb rotate, oblique, of 5 rounded segms., buff or cream-
colored. S. E. Afr. B.M. 2591. P.M. 2:2. B 5'238
(not good). L.B.C. 11:1045. J.H. III. 48:11. G.L.
27:38. — A perennial climber which may also be treated
as an annual greenhouse plant. Usually prop, by seeds.
It is used either as greenhouse climber or to grow on
trellises outdoors. Outside it flowers mostly in Aug.,
but by prop, at various times plants may be had in blos-
som nearly the whole year in the greenhouse. There
are many varieties, some of which have been described
as species.
Var. alba, Paxt. (T. alata var. albiflora, Hook.).
Fls. white, with a blackish center. P.M. 3:28. B.M.
3512. Var. aurantiaca, Kuntze (T. aurantiaca, Paxt.).
Fls. bright orange, with a dark center. The best of the
group. P.M. 6:269. H.U. 1, p. 355. Subvar. D6ddsii
has variegated Ivs. P.M. 15:221. F.S. 4:415. Var.
Bakeri, Hort. (T. Bakeri or Backerii, Hort.). Fls. pure
white. Var. Fryeri, Hort. (T. Fryeri, Hort. T. alata
var. intm-dlba, Hort.). Pale orange, with a white
center. Var. sulphfcrea, Hort. Fls. sulfur-yellow. Var.
Ifttea, Hort. (T. alata var. unicolor, Hort.). Fls.
entirely yellow.
3. fragrans, Roxbg. St. slender, climbing: Ivs.
lanceolate to triangular-ovate, cordate or subcordate,
mostly angularly toothed on each side of the base,
rough on both sides, petiolate: fls. white, axillary;
corolla-tube narrow; limb spreading, 1}^ in. across,
THUNBERGIA
THUNIA
3339
lobes truncate and repandly toothed at the end. Sum-
mer. India.
Var. laevis, Clarke, is glabrous. B.M. 1881. L.B.C.
20:1913. G.C. III. 46:410. Var. vestita, Clarke, is
more hairy and the fls. are not fragrant.
4. erecta, T. Anders. (Meyenia erecta, Benth.).
Shrub, 2-4 ft. high, with loose spreading branches, half-
erect: Ivs. opposite, petiolate, ovate or subrhomboid,
smooth, entire or sinuate-toothed: fls. solitary on axil-
lary peduncles; calyx cut into 12-14 short teeth, con-
cealed by the large bracts; corolla funnelform; tube
curved, deep yellow within; limb purple, 1^-2 in.
across, of 5 subrotund obcordate lobes. Trop. W. Afr.
B.M.5013. F.S. 11:1093. R.H. 1863:251. I.H. 3:99.
F. 1855:225. J.H. III. 28: 35; 49: 261; 54: 39.— A green-
house shrub, producing fls. freely at almost any season.
Grows in the open in Fla. Not a climber. Var. alba,
Hort. Fls. white. Var. casrulea, Hort. Fls. large,
intense violet, with orange throat.
5. natalensis, Hook. Plants erect, 2 ft. or more high,
shrubby at base, green above: sts. quadrangular,
mostly glabrous: Ivs. somewhat crowded, oppo-
site, sessile, ovate, acute or subacuminate, sinuate-
dentate, glabrous above, hairy on the veins beneath:
fls. large, pale blue, yellow in the throat, subhori-
zontal on erect peduncles which are shorter than
the Ivs.; tube of the corolla yellow, 2 in. long, curved
upward, limb of 5 broad spreading obcordate lobes;
calyx of 6 teeth. Natal. B.M. 5082. G.C. III.
37:162. — Very near T. erecta, which has petiolate
Ivs. and a greater number of calvx-teeth (if con-
stant?).
6. chryspps, Hook. St. climbing, slightly hairy:
Ivs. opposite, petiolate, ovate-cordate, angularly
toothed: peduncles axillary, solitary, 1-fld.: corolla
funnelform or campanulate; tube yellow, limb pur-
ple, bluish around the throat. Sierra Leone. B.M.
4119. F.S. 1:5. P.M. 11:221. F. 1844:193.— Natu- -
rally a climber, but said to become somewhat erect
if grown in a coolhouse.
7. grandiflora, Roxbg. Fig. 3803. St. tall, climb-
ing: Ivs. broadly ovate, angularly cordate and
toothed or lobed, somewhat roughened on both
sides, petiolate: fls. solitary or in short, stout
racemes in the If.-axils, bright blue, becoming
whitish in the throat; corolla -tube bell-shaped;
limb 3 in. across, of 5 large, spreading rounded
lobes. Bengal. B.M. 2366. P.M. 7:221. L.B.C.
4:324. B. 2:76. B.R. 495. Gn. 47:150. I.H.
42:32. G.C. III. 9:789.— A very large perennial
greenhouse climber; flowers during the summer or
autumn. There is also a white-fld. variety.
8. laurif&lia, Lindl. (T. Hdrrisii, Hook. T. grandi-
flora, Wall.). St. terete, smooth except the youngest,
twining: Ivs. long-petiolate, ovate-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, rounded at the base, smooth,
entire or slightly toothed: fls. 3 in. across, pale
blue, white or yellow in the throat, borne in axillary
whorls or in a raceme in which they are clustered or
whorled; corolla with a wide, oblique trumpet-shaped
tube and a large 5-lobed limb. India. B.M. 4985;
4998. F.S. 12:1275. Gn. 12, p. 420; 30:292 and p.
293. R.H. 1860, p. 342. J.H. III. 28:345; 45:131.
Gng. 3:295. G. 3:42, 43. G.W. 3, p. 45; 10, p. 180.—
Perennial greenhouse climber, flowering profusely in
winter. Prop, by cuttings.
9. mysorensis, T. Anders. (Hexacentris mysorensis,
Wight). Climbing shrub, with long, slender branches:
Ivs. opposite, petiolate, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate,
entire or somewhat distantly toothed: racemes long,
pendulous: fls. yellow, 2 in. across, the tube purple,
inclosed by the spathe-like bracts; limb 4-lobed, the
upper lip erect, concave, with reflexed side lobes, lower
lip of 3 subequal, spreading lobes. India. B.M. 4786.
F.S. 8: 752. S.H.2,p. 130. G.C. 111.40:356. J.F.3:285.
G.W. 3, p. 187. — A tall greenhouse climber which flow-
ers, according to treatment, at all seasons.
Var. liitea, Hort. (Hexacentris lutea, Hort., Veitch.
G.C. 1854, p. 151, not T. lutea, T. Anders.), has the fls.
pure yellow; a variety with a crimson limb and yellow
tube is figured in Paxton's Flower Garden, 3:88.
10. coccinea, Wall. (Hexacentris coccinea, Nees). A
very tall climber: st. much branched, 4-angled: Ivs.
short-petiolate, variously shaped, the lower broadly
ovate, with a hastate or cordate angled base, the upper
ovate, cordate, all angularly toothed or the upper
entire: fls. in terminal or axillary racemes, 1-3 ft. long;
bracts large, inflated, as long as the tube; limb scarlet,
of 5 reflexed emarginate lobes; throat orange. Autumn
and winter. India. B.M. 5124. L.B.C. 12:1195.
F.S. 23:2447-48. R.H. 1890, p. 197. G.W. 3, p. 44.
11. elegans, Borzi. Resembles T. coccinea. The fls.
are said to vary from red to intense yellow. Known
only from plants in the Palermo Botanic Garden, to
which it is supposed to have been intro. from a nursery
in S. France.
T. Gibsonii, S. Moore. Sts. prostrate:
Ivs. about 1 in. long, triangular, glossy
above: peduncles axillary, erect, 3 in.
long: fls. solitary, about 1 J£ in. across,
yellow, each with a pair of inflated and
united crimson-stained bracts. British
E. Afr. B.M. 8604. — T. primtilina,
HemsL Perennial, silky hairy at first:
3803. Thunbergia grandiflora. ( X }•>)
lys, rhomboid ovate, 1}^-2J^ in, long, with 1 small lobe 911 each
side: fls. axillary, solitary, about 1 Yt in. across, resembling the
common primrose in shape and color. E. Trop. Afr. B.M. 7969, —
T. VogeliAna, Benth. (Meyenia Vogeliana, Benth.;. Erect: Ivs.
large, ovate or oblong, dark green; fls. a"bout equaling those of T.
erecta, deep bluish violet with yellowish throat: handsome sum-
mer-flowering species. Fernando Po, Afr. B.M. 5389.
HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
THUNIA (Count Thun-Tetschen, who had an impor-
tant collection of orchids about the middle of the nine-
teenth century). Orchidacese. Tall plants with annual
leafy stems terminating in a raceme of showy flowers.
Formerly united with Phaius, from which it differs by
the terminal infl.: sepals and petals similar, spreading;
labellum convolute over the column, spurred, orna-
mented with several crests consisting of lines of fleshy
hairs; pollinia 8: fls. subtended by large membranous
bracts. — About 6 species in N. India, Burma, and in the
S. Himalaya region ascending to a height of 6,000 ft.
3340
THUNIA
THYMUS
The culture of the thunias is very simple. They begin
growth naturally at the end of February or early in
March. As soon as new growth is visible the plants
should be given new material, consisting of fibrous peat
or fern-root and sphagnum mixed with loam and some
sand and potsherds for drainage. In their native home
the plants are said to be epiphytic, and when treated as
terrestrial orchids the native habit may be imitated
by setting them well above the pot, which should not be
too large. For the first four to six weeks until the young
roots have made good growth, it is necessary to apply
water sparingly. Thunias are very rapid-growing
orchids and may be liberally supplied with liquid
manure until the end of the flowering season, which
occurs about the middle of August. Soon after this
the leaves fall. The old stems winter in this condition
and serve as food reservoirs for the young growth of the
next season, but although they remain on the plant
two years they form no leaves the second season. Dur-
ing the resting-period they should be kept in a rather
3804. Thunia alba. ( X X)
dry atmosphere and be given only enough water to
prevent the stems (pseudobulbs) from shriveling.
This is one of the few orchids which can be profitably
propagated by cutting the old stems into lengths of
about 6 inches and rooting them in sand or sphagnum.
When rooted the young plants may be potted in the
usual way. A temperature of 60° to 65° is favorable
during the growing season.
alba, Reichb.f. (Phaius dlbus, Lindl.). Fig. 3804.
Suberect, 2-3 ft., clothed with sheathing, oblong-lan-
ceolate, striate Ivs. 6 in. long: raceme drooping at the
end of the st., 6-12-fld.: fls. white, 3-4 in. across when
fully open; sepals and petals oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate; labellum shorter than the segms., not manifestly
3-lobed, lateral lobes convolute over the column, apex
spreading, wavy and finely crisp; color of labellum
white veined with purple in the throat, with 5-9 pur-
ple or yellow fringed keels; wings of the column entire.
April-Aug. Burma and S. Himalaya region. B.M.
3991. B.R. 24:33. P.M. 5:125. F.C. 3:125. R.H.
1874:450. Gt. 47, p. 233. G. 31:475.— There are sev-
eral varieties of this species. The throat of the label-
lum is often yellow.
Bensoniae, Hook. f. (Phaius Bensonise, Benth.). Sts.
fascicled, 1-2 ft. high, leafy: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 8-10
in. long: fls. like those of T. alba but of a pale purple
color; labellum large, 3-lobed, deep purple in front, with
a yellow crested disk, with 6-7 rows of fringe-like
golden yellow hairs; spur short, slender. India. July-
Sept. B.M. 5694. G.M. 31:557. F.W. 1871:161 —
The most showy species of the genus.
Marshalliana, Reichb. f. (Phaius Mdrshallise,
Nichols.). Closely related to T. alba. Sts. somewhat
stronger: segms. pure white, acuminate: labellum evi-
dently 3-lobed, with the lateral lobes surrounding the
column, middle lobe wavy and crisp; color of labellum
yellowish white, with 5 orange-fringed keels in the
throat; wings of the column toothed. May-Aug.
India. R.B. 21:229. S.H. 2, p. 335. Var. ionophlebia,
Reichb. f ., has the center of the labellum bright yellow,
paler toward the margin. Var. alba, Reichb. f., has
white fls. with sulfur-yellow disk to the lip.
T. Veitchiana=T. Bensoniae X T. Marshalliana. Sepals and
petals white, flushed light mauve at tips; front of lip mauve-purple,
the ba8e white, purple-lined. HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
THtTYA: Thuja.
THUYOPSIS: Thujopsis.
THYMEL5JA (Greek, thyme and olive, referring to
the thyme-like foliage and the small olive-like fruit).
Thymelseaceae. Hardy or half-hardy perennial herbs,
subshrubs or small shrubs, which are very much
branched: Ivs. sparse, frequently small or narrow: fls.
small, sessile and fascicled or solitary at the axils, her-
maphrodite or polygamous by abortion; perianth urn-
shaped or rarely, especially in male fls., with a slender
cylindrical tube; lobes 4, spreading; stamens 8; ovary
subsessile, 1-celled: fr. dry. — About 20 species, Medit.
region, chiefly, also in Canary Isls., and in Asia. T.
hirsuta, Endl. (Passenna hirsuta, Linn.). Decumbent
greenhouse or half-hardy shrub, 1-2 ft. high: sts. slen-
der, fastigiate branched: Ivs. coriaceous, ovate, nearly
round or oblong, obtuse, 2-3 lines long, glabrous above,
white-tomentose beneath: fls. white, in axillary or
terminal few-fld. fascicles, which equal the Ivs. July.
Medit region. B.M. 1949. T. Tartonraira, All. (Daphne
Tartonraira, Linn. Passenna Tartonraira, Schrad.).
Small hardy shrub, wholly silky-canescent, whitish or
becoming fulvous: Ivs. coriaceous, obovate or obovate-
oblong, 5-10 lines long: fls. white, numerous, 2-5-
glomerate in the upper axils. June. S. Eu.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
THYMUS (the 9ld Greek name used by Theophras-
tus either for this plant or for savory). Labidtx.
THYME. Small shrubs or subshrubs, mostly hardy, and
excellent for edging and the rockery.
Leaves small, entire; floral Ivs. similar or changing to
bracts in the spike: floral whorls usually few-fld., some-
times all distant and axillary, sometimes gathered in
terminal short or lax spikes; bractlets minute: calyx
ovoid, 10-13-nerved, 2-lipped, 5-toothed; corolla-tube
included or exserted, naked inside, limb somewhat
2-lipped; stamens 4, in pairs: nutlets ovoid or oblong,
smooth. — About 120 species, broadly dispersed in
temperate regions, although the greatest number are
natives of the Medit. region.
Thymes are erect or prostrate plants with strong mint-
like odor. Most of the species are grown as a ground-
cover on banks, in borders, or rockwork. The creeping
or prostrate habit, ability to persist in dry places and
poor soils, and the colored or woolly foliage of some
species make them adaptable to a variety of uses. The
common T. Serpyllum is evergreen. T. vulgaris is the
thyme of sweet-herb gardens, being prized in cookery.
All thymes are easily propagated by means of division,
although seedlings may sometimes be used to renew
plantations of some of the species, particularly of T.
vulgaris. Several names occur in American catalogues,
all of which seem to be referable to three species, one of
THYMUS
3341
which is not a true Thymus. See Sage, where general
culture of such herbs is given.
albus. 4.
argenteus. 4.
aureus, 4.
ozorurus, 4.
capitatus, 11.
carnosus, S.
Chamsediys, 3, 4.
Chaubardii, 4. 7.
citriodorus, 4.
INDEX.
coccineus. 4.
Herba-barona, 2.
heterotrichus, 7.
hirsutus, 4. 5.
laniiginosus, 4.
micans, 4.
moQtanus, 4.
odoraii-ssimus, 6.
pectinatus, 6.
pulchellus, 4.
SerpyUum, 4.
splendens, 4.
striatus, 10.
variegatus, 4.
villosus, 9.
vulgaris, 1, 4.
Zygis, 10.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Floral hs. similar to the cauline, nar-
rower or scarcely broader, lax.
B. Sts. suberect, like a little shrub 1.
BB. Sts. procumbent: flowering branches
short-ascending,
c. Lrs. orate, oblong, or elliptic.
D. Apex of Its. acute 2.
DD. Apex of Its. obtuse (usually
broadly so).
E. Branches all ascending from
the base: upper lip of corolla
short and broad 3.
EE. Branches trailing at base, the
flowering ones ascending:
upper lip of corolla oblong. 4.
cc. Lrs. linear-subulate to linear-
lanceolate.
D. Surfaces of Irs. tomentose 5.
DD. Surfaces of Irs. glabrous.
E. Blades linear-subulate, nearly
terete 6.
EE. Blades linear-lanceolate, flat. 7.
AA. Floral hs. much broader than the cauline,
subimbricate.
B. Plants diffuse subshrubs with the
flowering branches ascending.
c. Lrs. subtercte 8.
cc. Lrs. flat.
D. Surfaces of hs. tiHous: hs.
linear 9.
DD. Surfaces of hs. glabrous: hs.
usually subspatulate 10.
BB. Plants suberect little shrubs with the
flowering branches rigid and erect:
heads, dense, cone-like 11.
vulgaris
Herba-
[barona
Chamaedrys
Serpyllum
hirsutus
pectinatus
heterotrichus
carnosus
villosus
striatus
capitatus
1. vulgaris, Linn. COMMON THYME. Subshrub, erect,
6 in. high: sts. sometimes decumbent at base: branches
stiff and woody, usually white-pubescent: Ivs. sessile,
3-6 lines long, linear- or ovate-lanceolate, fascicled at
the axils; floral Ivs. lanceolate, obtuse: floral whorls lax
interrupted spikes: fls. small, lilac or purplish, calyx-
teeth of upper lip lanceolate, of lower subulate. S. Eu.
— An old garden plant, being grown as a sweet-herb.
The Ivs. and shoots are used for seasoning. It is well to
renew the plants from seeds even,' 2 or 3 years. There
are varieties with broad and narrow Ivs.
2. Herba-bar6na, Loisel. Subshrub, much branched,
procumbent, glabrous below: flowering branches short ly
ascending, 3-5 in. high: Ivs. short-petioled, ovate-
lanceolate, acute, base rotundate, viscid-glandular;
floral Ivs. rather similar: floral whorls approximate and
capitate: fls. purplish; calyx white-pilose and red,
glandular, upper lip trifid, lower teeth of calyx subulate
and ciliate-barbed; corolla-tube slightly exserted.
Corsica.
3. Chanuedrys, Fries. Subshrub, low, forming a
tuft: sts. diffuse, ascending: Ivs. broad-oblong; petioles
ciliate; floral-lvs. similar: fls. whorled or capitate, pur-
ple; calyx-teeth of upper lip 3, triangular, of lower lip 2,
subulate. X. Eu. — Similar to T. Serpyllum and by
most considered a form of that species, but said to differ
in having the Ivs. less narrowed to the petiole and only
the petiole ciliate; also the Ivs. are less prominently
veined.
4. Serpyllum, Linn. ; also spelled Serpyttus (T. azori-
cus, Lodd. T. hirsutus, Auth. not Bieb. T. mlcans,
Lowe). MOTHER OF THYME. CREEPING THYME. Per-
ennial or subshrubby, cespitose or creeping: sts. wiry,
prostrate and rooting below, ascending-erect above,
slightly puberulent : Ivs. elliptic, oblong or ovate, obtuse
base more or less attenuate, seldom J^in. long, short-
petioled: floral-whorls sessile, congested into a head or
the lower more or less distant and racemose: fls. minute,
lilac or rose; calyx more or less hairy, 2-lipped to the
middle, teeth of upper lip triangular, glabrous or ciliate,
of lower lip 2, lanceolate-subulate, ciliate; corolla-tube
rather included. Temperate parts of Eu., Asia, and X
Afr. G.M. 57:807. L.B.C. 16:1530.— A common plant
in old gardens, prized as an evergreen edging and as cover
for rockwork and waste places; also run wild. The Ivs.
are sometimes used for seasoning, as are those of T. vul-
garis. The nodes are short, making it a very leafy plant.
Variable. Var. albus, Hort., is a white-fld. form. Gt. 45,
p. 108. Var. argenteus, Hort., is a form with silver varie-
gated Ivs. commonly known in the trade as T. citrio-
dorus argenteus, Hort. Var. aureus, Hort.. is a form with
golden variegated Ivs. growing about 8-12 in. high;
usually known in the trade as T. aureus, Hort., or T.
citriodorus aureus, Hort.; there is also a minor varia-
tion known in the trade as T. Serpyllum aureus mar-
ginatus. Var. Chaubfirdii, Boiss. & Heldr., see T.
heterotrichus. Var. citrioddrus, Hort., see var. vulgaris.
Var. coccineus, Hort. (T. coccineus, Hort.), grows
about 1^-3 in. high, has dark green Ivs. and bright
crimson fls. Var. lanugtnosus, Hort. (T. lanuginosus,
Mill. T. Cham&drys lanuginosus, Hort.), is a low form,
about 3 in. high with small roundish Ivs. which are
gray-pubescent; a good edging plant. Var. montanus,
Benth. (T. montanus, Waldst. & Kit. T. Chamasdrys,
Auth., not Fries), is a form with the branchlets more
erect and the Ivs. larger than the type. Var. pulchellus,
Hort., has the upper part of the calyx and its teeth
purple. G.M. 56:83. Var. splendens,* Hort., is a form
with brilliant red (according to some bright purplish
red) fls. Var. variegatus, Hort., has white- variegated
Ivs., possibly the same as var. argenteus. Var. vulgaris,
Benth. (T. SerpyUum var. citriodorus, Hort. T. citrio-
ddrus, Schreb.). LEMON THYME. Lvs. smaller than the
type and strongly veined; the plant has a decided
lemon odor.
5. hirsutus, Bieb. Perennial or subshrub, cespitose
and cushioned or procumbent: flowering branches
ascending, hoary-pubescent : Ivs. not punctate, sessile
or nearly so, linear-subulate, obtuse, both surfaces
hoary-tomentose, margin ciliate: fls. closely approxi-
mate in an oblong head, rose; calyx reddish, hirsute,
2-lipped below the middle, teeth of upper lip lanceolate,
acuminate, of lower subulate; corolla-tube included.
S. E. Eu. and Caucasus.
6. pectinatus, Fisch. & Mev. (T. odoraiissimus, Bieb.,
not Mill.). Perennial, bush-like: young branches slen-
der, erect, leafy: Ivs. glandular-punctate, linear-subu-
late, obtuse, fascicled at the axils; floral Ivs. similar:
fls. pale purple, in heads; calyx equally 2-lipped almost
to the middle, teeth of upper lip lanceolate, rather acute,
of lower subulate; corolla-tube included. S. Russia and
Asia Minor. G.M. 56:82. Gn. 78, p. 134.— Very
closely related to T. SerpyUum. Strongly fragrant.
7. heter6trichus, Griseb. Subshrub, 3-6 in. high:
branches ascending, puberulent: Ivs. 6-8 lines long,
linear-lanceolate, rather obtuse, fascicled in the axils,
flat, glabrous; floral Ivs. similar: floral whorls approxi-
mate in a head-like raceme : fls. pale violet ; calyx pilose,
upper lip trifid to the middle, its segms. lanceolate-
acuminate. Greece and Macedonia. G.W. 12, p. 461. —
Treated by some authors as T. Serpyllum var. Chau-
bardii, Boiss. & Heldr.
8. carnSsus, Boiss. Subshrub, about 9 in. high: sts.
decumbent at base, otherwise erect, white-pubescent:
Ivs. minute, fascicled, strongly revolute, fleshy, sub-
terete, oblong, obtuse, glandular-punctate, glabrous,
3342
THYMUS
THYSANOTUS
glaucous; floral Ivs. ovate, with reyolute margins, hir-
tellous: heads dense, ovate: fls. white; calyx hirtellous,
upper lip 3-toothed to hardly the middle, margin re vo-
lute; lower lip with bristle-like teeth. Portugal.
9. vill&sus, Linn. Subshrub, about 3 in. high: sts.
much branched, erect, pubescent: Ivs. narrow-linear,
acute, ciliate, fascicled at the axils; floral Ivs. broadly
ovate, acuminate, villous: floral whorls in an ovate-
globose spike: fls. purplish crimson; calyx villous, teeth
of upper lip short, ovate-lanceolate, of lower subulate.
Portugal. — Some of the -material offered in the trade
under this name may be a form of T. Serpyllum.
10. striatus, Vahl (T. Zygis, Sibth. & Smith, not
Linn.). Subshrub, about 3 in. high: branches woody,
procumbent; flowering branchlets erect, somewhat hir-
sute: Ivs. stiff, sessile, linear or subspatulate, glabrous,
more or less ciliate beneath; floral Ivs. broadly cordate-
ovate, striate and pubescent: fls. congested in a dense,
ovate head with the uppermost Ivs. forming an involu-
cre, white (purple?); calyx-teeth lanceolate; corolla-
tube rather included.
11. capitatus, Hoffmgg. & Link (Coridoihymus capi-
tatus, Reichb. f.). Subshrub, 6 in. to about 1 ft. high:
branches stout and erect, sterile branches finally
spiny: Ivs. stiff, linear, very short, rather 3-sided: head
ovate, dense, cone-like: fls. rose; calyx compressed at
the margins, teeth ciliate; corolla-tube short-exserted.
Medit. region. — Treated as a distinct genus, Cori-
dothymus capitatus, by Briquet in Engler & Prantl,
Pflanzenfamilien IV. 3a.
T. c6rsicus, Pers.=Satureia Corsica. — T. er ictus, Hort., is offered
in the trade as a small shrubby evergreen about 9-12 in. high, with
a rigid habit and clusters of rose or pale pink fls. — T. ericsefdlius,
Roth=Micromeria varia, Benth. Subshrub, procumbent, pubescent
or villous: Ivs. sessile, lower ovate, upper lanceolate, somewhat
canescent beneath: fls. minute, sessile in a sessile or peduncled fas-
cicle; calyx usually purplish. Canary Isls.
F. TRACY HTJBBARD.
THYRSACANTHUS (Greek, thyrse and flower).
Acanthdcese. Erect, glabrous, pubescent or villous
herbs, which are adapted to the warmhpuse. Lvs.
opposite, entire, usually large: fls. red, fascicled at the
bract-axils, pedicelled; fascicles or cymes arranged in a
terminal thyrsoid,
simple raceme or panic-
ulately branched;
calyx short, rather 5-
parted, segms. narrow,
acute or acuminate;
corolla -tube elongate,
straight or somewhat
incurved, limb some-
what 2-lipped, 4-cleft;
stamens 2, staminodia
2; disk rather thick:
caps, oblong; seeds 4 or
fewer by abortion. —
About 23 species, Trop.
Amer. The oldest and
now accepted name of
the genus is Odonto-
nema.
O. Schomburg-
kianum, Kuntze (Thyr-
sacdnthus Schomburg-
kidnus, Nees. T.
rutilans, Planch.). Fig.
3805. A shrubby plant,
becoming 6 ft. high:
Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
nearly sessile : racemes
8-10 in. or even 3 ft.
long from the upper
axils, slender, droop-
3805. Odontonema (Thyrsacanthus) ing: fls. tubular, red,
Schomburgkianum. (XH) about 1^ in. long,
pendulous. Dec.-March. Colombia. B.M.4851. R.H.
1852:160. Gn. 42, p. 482; 69, p. 209. F.S. 7:732. G.
20:177; 36:177. G.W. 4, p. 352; 11, p. 196.
O. callislachyum, Kuntze (Thyrsacanthus callistachyus, Nees.
T. lilacinus, Lindl. Justicia lilacina, Hort.). Shrub, 2 ft. high: Ivs.
oblong, petioled, tomentose: fls. red; sepals pubescent, bristly-
acuminate; corolla glabrous. Mex. J.F. 2:165.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
THYRSOPTERIS (Greek, bunch or raceme and fern;
the fructification is disposed in racemose bunches).
Polypodiacese. Tree-like fern: Ivs. decompound, the
fertile portions appearing like bunches of stipitate
acorn-cups, the sterile portions twice-pinnate and
then deeply pinnatisect. One species, Isl. Juan Fernan-
dez, T. elegans, Kunze. Tree fern about 15 ft. high: Ivs.
decompound, reaching a length of 5-6 ft., one-third of
which is naked; sterile portions bipinnate, with lan-
ceolate incised pinnules; fertile parts tripinnate, each
pinna becoming a raceme of stalked involucres: sori
globose; involucre cup-shaped.
THYRSOSTACHYS (Greek, thyrse and spike). Gra-
minese, A genus of 2 species of arborescent bamboos
native to Upper Burma and Siam, which has been
referred to Rottboellia but is probably sufficiently
distinct. The st.-sheaths are long, thin and persistent,
with a long narrow blade. The Ivs. are small or moder-
ate-sized. T. siamensis, Gamble, is a tender, deciduous,
"giant bamboo," with very graceful tufted sts. 25-30
ft. high and 1^-3 in. thick: st.-sheaths waved and
truncate at the top, 9-11 x4^-8 in.; auricles short-
triangular: blade narrowly triangular: Ivs. small, nar-
row, linear, 3-^6 x H-%in. Siam. — Once intro. in S.
Calif., but it did not persist. Probably not now in cult,
in this country outside test-grounds.
THYSANOTUS (Greek, fringed and ear, alluding to
the 3 inner perianth-segms. which are fringed) . Liliaceae.
Perennials, suitable for the greenhouse. Rhizomes
sometimes very short, sometimes stout and horizontal:
Ivs. radical, grass-like, flat or terete: scapes leafless,
now erect and simple or paniculate above, now much
branched or in one species twining: fls. sometimes
densely fascicled, with 1 terminal fascicle or few at
the top of the scape, sometimes variously panicled;
perianth withering, persistent, segms. distinct, outer
narrow, margin entire, inner with a broad colored
margin, beautifully fimbriate-ciliate; stamens 6; ovary
sessile or short-stipitate, 3-celled: caps, globose or
ovoid. — About 21 species, Austral., one of which is also
found in the Philippines and China. The difference in
the inner and outer stamens and the absence of the
latter in some species may not always be as constant
as it would appear at first sight. The following species
have been occasionally cult. They thrive in sandy
loam and may be increased by offsets.
T. dich6tomus, R. Br. (T. intricatus, Lindl. T. tenuis, Lindl., not
Endl.). Rhizome thick; sts. very variable, sometimes erect,
branched, 1-2 ft. high, rarely almost twining: Ivs. radical, few, short:
fls. 1 or 2, rarely 3, in terminal umbels; perianth-segms. purple;
stamens 6. B.R. 24:50; 26:4. J.F. 4:402.— T. junceus, R. Br.
Rhizome thick: sts. slender, loosely branched, erect or flexuous, 1-2
ft. high: Ivs. radical, few, narrow-linear, short: fls. 1-3, in terminal
umbels and sometimes 1 or 2 sessile along the lower branches; peri-
anth-segms. purple, 5-6 lines long; stamens 6. B.M. 2351. B.R
656. — T. muUifldrus, R. Br. Rootstock densely tufted: Ivs. all radi-
cal, densely tufted, erect, rigid, much shorter than the scape: scapes
simple, 6-18 in. high, bearing a single terminal, many-fld. umbel or
rarely a second one lower down: perianth-segms. purple, the outer
very acute, inner rather shorter; stamens 3. Var. prolifer, Hort. (T.
proliferus, Lindl.), is a luxuriant form, with a large terminal umbel,
frequently a second rather lower down: the Ivs. sometimes exceeding
the scape. B.R. 24:8. F.S. 18:1911.— T. tuberdsus, R. Br. (T.
elatior, R. Br. T. isantherus, Lindl., not R. Br.). Roots swollen
into tubers: Ivs. radical, not numerous, narrow-linear, as long as
the scape which is erect, rigid, terete and 6-12 in. (or more) high,
branching into a loose, irregularly dichotomous panicle, each branch
bearing a terminal 1-4-fld. umbel and sometimes a lateral sessile
one: perianth purple, sometimes 6-7 lines long; stamens 6. B.R.
655' F. TRACY HUBBARD.
TIARELLA
TIBOUCHINA
3343
3806. Tiarella cordifolia. ( X X)
TIARELLA (Latin, a little tiara or turban; in refer-
ence to the form of the pistil). Saxifragdcefe. FALSE
MITREWORT. Slender erect hardy perennial herbs,
useful for the wild-garden or anv shaded spot.
Leaves sev-
eral, radical,
long-petioled,
simple or 3-foli-
ate; stipules
small, adnate to
the petiole: ra-
ceme terminal,
somewhat brac-
teate, simple or
compound : fls.
white or reddish;
calyx-tube short,
lobes 5, ovate;
petals 5, entire;
stamens 10;
ovary superior,
compressed, 1-
celled: caps,
membranaceous,
1-celled, 2-
valved. — About
8 species, 1 from
Japan, 1 from
the Himalayas,
the remainder
from N. Amer.
These plants are
little grown, but
they are useful for colonizing or perhaps for the rock-
garden and are particularly attractive in the autumn
on account of their brilliant If.-coloring. Prop, by
division.
A. Lvs. simple.
B. Petals oblong.
cordifdlia, Linn. FOAM-FLOWER. Fig. 3806. A hand-
some native perennial, forming a tufted mass, 6-12 in.
high, of broadly ovate lobed and serrate Ivs. and simple
erect racemes of white fls. borne well above the foliage
in May. Fls. about J^in. across; petals oblong, clawed,
somewhat exceeding the white calyx-lobes. In rich,
moist woodland, Nova Scotia to Ont., south to Ga.
Gn. 22, p. 21; 32, p. 511; 53, p. 456; 55, p. 40; 66, p. 87.
V. 11:35. G.L. 26:153. C.L.A. 4:340. G. 6:27; 10:
144; 12:127; 17:464. Gn.M. 1:188. Gn.W. 21:893.
J.H. III. 54:423.— An elegant plant well worthy of
general cult. It is a lover of cool shaded places and of
rich moist soil. It will do well, however, in ordinary
soil and flower freely in a half -shaded place, but the
varied If. -markings of bronzy red and other signs of
luxuriance are not brought out to their fullest extent
except with moisture, coolness and a fairly rich soil.
The plant forces well and easily in a coolhouse for early
spring flowering. It is tenacious of life and generally
easy to manage. Var. albiflora, Hort., is a fine white-
fld.'form. Var. purpurea, Hort. (T. purpurea, Hort.), is
a purple-fld. form, of which the following variations
are also offered in the trade: purpurea m&jor, with sal-
mon-rose or wine-red fls. ; purpurea major compdcta, a
more compact grower with bronzy chamois-colored fls.;
purpurea marmorata, with very attractive bronze foliage
passing to blackish green and marbled with purple: fls.
very numerous, maroon.
BB. Petals filiform, inconspicuous.
unifoliata, Hook. Hardy perennial: Ivs. thin,
rounded or triangular, 3-5-lobed, the lobes crenate-
toothed; st.-lvs. usually only 1, rarely 2-3: panicle
loose; petals small. W. Amer.— The lobing of the Ivs.,
according to Bot. of Calif., varies so that it may pass
into the next species.
AA. Lvs. 3-foliolate.
trifoliate, Linn. Resembling T. unifoliata except in
having 3-foliolate Ivs. Ore. to Alaska, also N. W. Asia.
T. toernAta, Vent.=Astilbe biternata.
F. W. BARCLAY.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
TIBOUCHINA (native name in Guiana). Including
Plerbma. Melastomaceae. Shrubs or subshrubs, rarely
herbs, sometimes climbing, usually strigose-pilose or
hispid, adapted to the warmhouse or to out-of-doors in
the extreme South.
Leaves usually large, leathery, petioled, ovate or
oblong, entire, 3-7-nerved: fls. generally in trichotomous
terminal panicles, large, violet or purple, rarely 4-
merous; calyx hirsute or strigose, tube ovoid, campanu-
late, urn-shaped or elongated, lobes 5, subulate, lanceo-
late or oblong; petals 5, obovate; stamens 10; ovary
free or adhering toward the base to the 5 calyx-ribs,
5-celled: caps. 5-valved. — About 215 species, Trop.
Amer., but chiefly from Brazil.
Tibouchinas are among the handsomest of our inter-
mediate greenhouse plants, and can be readily trained
in bush form, probably with the exception of T. semi-
decandra, which is better adapted as a pillar or trellis
plant. These plants may be propagated at any time of
the year, but early spring is the best season. Small pots
should be half filled with sandy loam, the remainder
being all sand and the cuttings inserted singly. They
should be kept quite close and fairly moist, and they
will root in a few weeks. After they are rooted, place
them in a greenhouse with a night temperature of
about 55°, allowing a rise of 20° in the middle of the day.
Pinch the heart out as soon as they begin to grow, and a
few days after they have been cut back, move them into
a pot about 3 inches larger. A good fibrous loam may
now be used for all future pottings, and as the plants
get stronger about a third of sheep-manure may be
added, also a little sharp sand and charcoal, to keep the
soil sweet and porous. Give plenty of light at all times,
but avoid strong sunshine. Give plenty of water, and
syringe the under side of the foliage to prevent red-
spider, which is about the only insect that is trouble-
3807. Tibouchina semidecandra. (XJs)
3344
TIBOUCHINA
TIGRIDIA
some. Never allow the plants to become pot-bound
until the size desired for flowering is attained. Give
strict attention to keeping the plants in shape, by pinch-
ing the strong shoots, and tying them to the outer edge
of the plants, allowing the weaker ones to grow, and fill
up the middle of the plant. In summer the plants may
be placed out-of-doors, and plunged to the rim of the
pot, in a bed of ashes; but never allow the sun to strike
them directly, as it will disfigure the foliage. These
plants are excellent for exhibition purposes and con-
servatory decoration. The species T. elegans and T.
semidecandra are worthy of general cultivation. (George
F. Stewart.)
semidecandra, Cogn. (Lasidndra macrdntha, Lind.
& Seem. Pleroma macrdnthum, Hook.). Fig. 3807. A
tender shrub: Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate, 2-6 in. long,
round at the base, short-petioled, densely setose above,
villous beneath, not foveolate, 5-nerved or 3-nerved:
bracts broadly suborbicular, somewhat rounded at the
apex and shortly apiculate, margin not translucent : fls.
reddish purple to violet, often 5 in. across, solitary and
terminal or 1 fl. terminal and 2 in the upper axils on
the branchlet; stamens purple; style setulose. Brazil.
B.M. 4412 (as P. Kunthianum); 5721. F.S. 23:2430.
Gn. 44 : 120. F. 1868 : 193. I.H. 16 : 594. G. 29 : 34.
G.W. 7, p. 390. G.Z. 15:1. J.H. III. 42:219. H.F. II.
10:72. Var. floribunda is more suited to pot cult, and
flowers more freely than the type when small . Lasidn-
dra, or Pleroma splendens, Hort., should be compared
with this. The fls. of T. semidecandra last but a day
or so, but the flowering season lasts for several weeks.
Plants may also be used for summer bedding. They
are seldom out of bloom. The species is much esteemed
in Fla., where it makes a showy shrub 8 ft. high. It
endures a few degrees of frost with impunity, and even
if cut down it sprouts readily.
elegans, Cogn. (Pleroma elegans, Gardn.). Tender
shrub, 3-6 ft. high: Ivs. rigid, fragile, oblong or ovate-
oblong, 3-nerved: fls. purple, \Yi in. across; calyx more
or less armed with rigid spreading bristles which are
thickened at the base. Brazil. B.M. 4262. P.M. 15:27.
F.S. 12:1212 (as Lasiandra elegans). H.F. 3:24.
There is a plant offered in the trade under the name of PlerAma
cdndidum, Hort. Bull, described as being a shrub with dark green
ovate-lanceolate Ivs., densely silky-hairy, the 5 longitudinal veins
Very prominent beneath : fls. snowy white, about 1 %-l % in. across,
borne in loose terminal heads. Said to have been intro. from S.
Austral. As there are no Tibouchinas known outside of S. Amer. it
is not likely that this is correctly placed in Pleroma; the proper
identification of the plant is at present impossible. — T. lepiddta,
Baill. (Lasiandra lepidota, Naud.), is a plant which has been much
confused and is still uncertain. F. W. 1874 : 289. — There is a plant
at least formerly cult, under the name of Plerdma sarmentdsum,
Hook. Small villous shrub with the branches and branchlets sar-
mentose: Ivs. short-petioled, ovate or oblong, acute, base rounded or
cordate, 7-nerved, pilose: fls. blue, about 2 in. across; calyx-tube
obovoid or subglobose, densely tomentose; petals cuneate-obovate.
Peru. Its position and name in Tibouchina are uncertain. B.M.
5629. F.W. 1869:225.—?'. stenocdrpa, Cogn. Shrub with acutely
4-angled branches whieh are sometimes somewhat winged: Ivs.
short-petioled, usually oblong, base generally short-attenuate, 5-
nervea, silky villous: fls. many in a terminal panicle, usually rather
large, purple or violet-purple; calyx-tube campanulate; petals
narrowly obovate-cuneate. Brazil. p TRACY HtJBBARD.t
TIEDEMANNIA: Oxypolis.
TIGER-FLOWER: Tigridia. T. Lily: Lilium tigrinum.
TIGRIDIA (tiger-like, referring to the peculiarly
marked flowers). Iridacese. Bulbous plants, grown in
the greenhouse and also making very showy summer-
blooming subjects.
Bulbs tunicated: st. erect, mostly unbranched, 1-
lYi ft. tall, with a few narrow plicate Ivs. at the base
and 2 or 3 smaller ones higher up: spathes 1 or 2, leaf-
like, each bearing 1 or few blossoms: fls. in shades of
yellow, orange or purplish, variously spotted, often very
showy; perianth wide-spreading, with no tube, the
segms. 6, in 2 dissimilar series, connivent into a broad
cup at the base; stamens 3, the filaments united into a
long cylindrical tube including the style; pistil with
3-loculed ovary, long style with 3 2-parted branches. —
About 13 species from Mex., Cent. Amer., Peru, and
Chile. T. Pavonia, from S. Mex., was in cult, in Eu.
in the 16th century. L'Obel described it in 1576. The
younger Linnaeus referred it to the genus Ferraria, and
some of the tigridias are yet cult, under that name.
Ferraria, however, is a S. African genus, and all the
parts of the perianth are nearly equal. T. Pavonia is
cult, in many forms, and is the only common species in
gardens. The fls. of all tigridias are fugitive, lasting
only for a day.
Tigridias are tender "bulbs" requiring the treatment
given gladiolus. Plant in well-prepared soil when set-
tled weather comes, 2 to 3 inches deep and 4 to 8 inches
apart. The principal blooming period is July and
August. Allow the corms to remain in the ground until
danger of frost approaches, then store in a dry place
where dahlias or gladioli
will keep. See that the
corms are dry before being
placed in storage. Propa-
gation is by cormels and
seeds. The best colors are
secured in warm weather.
A. Fls. large (often 4 in. or
more across)', the 2
rows of perianth-
segms. very dissimi-
lar; stigmas decurrent.
(Tigridia proper.)
PavSnia, Ker-Gawl.
TIGER - FLOWER. SHELL-
FLOWER. Fig. 3808.
Erect, usually unbranched,
l//2-2}/2 ft. tall, glabrous,
with several sword-shaped,
strongly plicate long-
pointed Ivs., the spathe-
Ivs. 3-5 in. long: fls. pro-
duced in succession
through the warm season,
very large and showy, in
some forms 5-6 in. across,
oddly marked, with a
cup - shaped or saucer-
shaped center and wide-
spreading limb formed
by the obovate outer
segms. which are bright red on the limb, and purple,
yellow, or red-spotted on the claw; inner segms. pan-
duriform (fiddle-shaped), about half the length of the
outer ones, the blade ovate-acute, orange-yellow, and
copiously spotted. Mex. and Guatemala. B.M. 532
(as Ferraria Tigridia). I.H. 38:142. G.C. III. 55,
suppl. Feb. 21. Gn. 64, p. 56. G.W. 11, p. 290; 14,
p. 674. R.B. 26:73. Var. conchiflora, Hort. (T.
conchiflora, Sweet), has bright yellow fls. Var. Wat-
kinsonii, Hort. (var. aurea, Hort. T. conchiflora
Wdtkinsonii, Paxt.). Raised from seeds of var. con-
chiflora pollinized by T. Pavonia, before 1840, by J.
Horsefield, Manchester, England. Horsefield is quoted
as follows by Paxton: "In habit and strength this
hybrid resembles T. Pavonia, the male parent; but in
color and the markings of the flower it resembles T.
conchiflora, the female parent; the large outer sepals,
however, are of a very deep yellow, inclining to orange,
and sometimes elegantly streaked with red lines ; whilst
the spotted center equals, if not surpasses, the brilliancy
of either of the species. One of its greatest merits is
being so free a bloomer, and as easy to cultivate and
increase as T. Pavonia, whereas T. conchiflora is rather •
delicate, increases slowly, and is easily lost." Dutch
bulb-dealers may still offer it. P.M. 14:51. Var. alba,
Hort., has white fls., with red spots in the throat. G.L.
3808. Tiger-flower. — Tigridia
Pavonia.
TIGRIDIA
TILIA
3345
26:128 (as T. alba}. Var. alba immaculata, Hort., is a
spotless white variety, a sport from var. alba. Gn. 49, p.
361. Var. flava, Hort.. has pale yellow fls. with red-
spotted center. Gn. 50:22. Var.' canariensis, Hort.,
is also a pale yellow-fld. form, but named as if an
inhabitant of the Canaries. Var. lutea immaculata,
Hort., has pure yellow spot-
less fls. Var. rosea, Hort.,
has rose-colored fls. with
yellow variegated center.
Var. lilacea, Hort., has lilac
fls. with spotted center.
Gn. 45:26. Var. speciosa,
Hort., is a partially dwarf
form with deeper red color,
the interior of the cup
being similar in color to
the limb. Described in
1843. G. 36:359. Var.
grandiflora, Hort., has fls.
much like those of T.
Pavonia itself except that
they are larger and brighter
colored. Gn.45, p. 263. G.
1:20; 6:263 (as T. grandi-
flora). Identical with this,
or subtypes of it, are the
forms known as Wheeleri,
coccinea, splendens. Most
of the marked departures
in colors of T. Pavonia are
recent. In catalogues the
above names often appear
as if they were species
names.
3809. Tigridia Pringlei. ( X \i) Pringlei, Wats. Fig. 3809.
Distinguished by Sereno
Watson, the author of the species, as follows: "Very
closely related to T. Pavonia. and if color alone were to
decide, it might be considered a variety of it, though
differing markedly even in that respect from the old
species. The base of the sepals is blotched (rather than
spotted) with crimson, with a border of orange, the
reflexed blade being of a bright scarlet-red. The petals
have the base blotched and coarsely spotted with
crimson, with a well-defined, deeper-colored, brownish
margin, the blade orange, tinged with scarlet, but not at
all spotted as in T. Pavonia. The more essential differ-
ence is in the form of the petals, which have a broadly
cordate or reniform base, with a much narrower small
triangular-ovate acute blade. The sepals are also
smaller and more oblong in outline." N. Mex. G.F.
1:389 (adapted in Fig. 3809). B.M. 7089.
AA. Fls. relatively small; the 2 rows of segms. differing
less in size; stigmas capitate, or at least not strongly
decurrent. (Subgenus Beatonia.)
buccifera, Wats. Fig. 3810. About 1 ft. high, slender,
branching, glaucous: Ivs. very narrow, strongly plicate:
fl. 2 in. across, the cup pale greenish yellow, dotted with
purple, the obovate obtuse blade of the outer segms.
light purple; inner segms. "folded together in such a
manner as to form a sunken longitudinal tube down the
center, the dilated sides at the outer end of the tube
approaching each other in the form of 2 cheek-like
prominences, — these are colored white, purple, and
yellow, while the small rounded terminal blade is a
deep purple." Mountains of Jolisco, Mex. G.F. 2:413
(adapted in Fig. 3810). — Offered in 1889 by Hereford.
T. aurea, Hort., is Cypella plumbea. — T. c&lesti-s, Hort., is Cypella
plumbea. — T. HoiUtei, Roezl, is HydroUenia Van Houttei. — T.
Mtleagris, Hort., is abo a Hydrotaenia (H. Meleagris, Lindl.), but is
not in the American trade. B.R. 28:39. — T. riolacea, Schiede. <fe
Schlecht. One of the Beatonia section: slender, narrow-lvd. : fls. 2 in.
across, violet, spotted at the base; inner segms. small, cusp-pointed.
Mex. B.M. 7356. H.U. 3, p. 301. Other kinds of Tigrida are likely
to appear in cult. L H B
TILIA (the classical Latin name). Tiliacex. LINDEN.
LIME. BASSWOOD. WHITEWOOD. Ornamental trees,
grown for their handsome foliage, good habit, and also
for their fragrant flowers.
Deciduous: winter buds large, obtuse, with several
imbricate scales, terminal bud wanting: Ivs. alternate,
petioled, usually cordate, serrate, with caducous
stipules: fls. small, in long-peduncled drooping cymes;
the peduncle for about half its length adnate to a mem-
branous ligulate bract; sepals 5; petals 5, often with
5 opposite petaloid staminodes; stamens many, with
the filaments forked at the apex; ovary superior, 5-
celled; style slender, with 5-lobed stigma: fr. globose
or ovoid, nut-like, usually with 1-3 seeds. — About 25
species throughout the temperate regions of the north-
ern hemisphere, in N. Amer. south to the highlands of
Mex., except W. N. Amer., and in Asia south to Cent.
China. The names of the lindens, and particularly of
those in cult., have been much confused, owing to the
great variability of some species, the rather slight dif-
ferences between many of the species and to the pres-
ence of many hybrids originated spontaneously and
in cult. The light-colored soft and light wood is easily
worked and much used for the interior finish of houses,
for wood-carving, wooden baskets and other small
wooden ware. The tough inner bark is used as a tying
material and, particularly in Russia, in the manufac-
3810. Tigridia buccifera. (Xnearly
ture of mats, cords, shoes, and other articles. The fls.
yield large quantities of nectar and afford an excellent
bee pasture, except T. tomentosa and T. petiolaris,
which are poisonous to bees.
The lindens are very desirable trees of comparatively
rapid growth and regular pyramidal habit while young,
with slender-stalked medium-sized or rather large
leaves and with small yellowish fragrant flowers in
3346
TILIA
TILIA
drooping clusters followed by small inconspicuous
nutlets. The species in cultivation are nearly all hardy
North and not particular as to the soil, but do not thrive
well in dry locations or in dry climates. They are much
planted as shade and ornamental trees and, particularly
in Europe, are favorite avenue and street trees. The
best for avenue planting are T. tomentosa, T. euchlora,
T. americana, T. cordata; T. tomentosa stands heat and
drought better than any of the others, while T. platy-
phyllos, although often planted for its rapid growth, is
likely to suffer in dry seasons or in dry localities.
Propagation is by seed which must be sown soon after
ripening or stratified, as it does not germinate until the
second year if kept dry and sown in spring. Also
increased by layers; in layering usually the method of
3811. Tilia platyphyllos.
"stooling" is employed; this consists of cutting a
younger tree close to the ground and of laying down and
covering partly with earth the numerous shoots which
will appear. Varieties or rarer species are often grafted
in spring or budded in August on common stock. Plants
raised from layers or grafts remain often one-sided for
many years, as the lateral branches usually employed
for propagation have the tendency to grow horizontally
instead of strictly upright.
INDEX.
alba, 9, 11, 12, 13.
intermedia, 2.
parvifolia, 4.
americana, 7, 13.
japonica, 5.
pendula, 13.
argentea, 12.
laciniata, 1.
petiolaris, 13.
asplenifolia, 1.
macrophylla, 7.
platyphyllos, 1.
aurea, 1.
mandschurica, 14.
pubescens, 8 and
Blechiana, 11.
Maximowicziana, 16.
suppl.
corallina, 1.
Michauxii, 8, 9.
pyramidalis, 1, 4, 12.
cordata, 4, 5.
microphylla, 4.
rubra, 1,3, and suppl.
da sy stylo, 3.
Miqueliana, 15, 16.
sihestris, 4.
euchlora, 3.
mississippiensis, 7.
spectabilis, 11.
europxa, 1, 2, 4.
Miyabei, 16.
tomentosa, 12, 13.
filicifolia, 1.
Moltkei, 11.
ulmifolia, 4.
glabra, 7.
mongolica, 6.
vitifolia, 1.
grandifolia, 1.
neglecta, 8.
vulgaris, 2.
heterophylla, 9.
Oliver!, 10.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Lvs. green or glaucous^ beneath, glabrous
cr pubescent with simple hairs.
B. Under side of Ivs. and branchlets pu-
bescent: fls. without staminodes. . .
BB. Under side of Ivs. glabrous except
axillary tufts of hairs.
c. Axillary tufts present at the base
of the If. and elsewhere.
D. Margin of Ivs. finely serrate: fls.
without staminodes.
E. Lvs. green beneath; the tertiary
veins prominent.
1. platyphyllos
P. Upper surface of Its. dull
green, margin with short-
pointed teeth 2. vulgaris
FF. Upper surface glossy dark-
green, margin with long-
pointed teeth 3. euchlora
EE. Lvs. glaucous beneath; the ter-
tiary veins not prominent.
F. Cymes 5-11-fld.: fls. with-
out staminodes 4. cordata
FF. Cymes 8-40-fld.: fls. with
staminodes 5. japonica
DD. Margin of Ivs. coarsely serrate,
Ivs. often S-lobed: fls. with
staminodes 6. mongolica
cc. Axillary tufts of hairs wanting at
the base, present elsewhere: Ivs.
4~5^in. long: fls. with stami-
nodes 7. americana
AA. Lvs. with stellate hairs or stellate tomen-
tum beneath: fls. with staminodes.
B. Branchlets glabrous.
c. Axillary tufts of hairs present on
the grayish green or grayish
under side of the Ivs 8. neglecta
cc. Axillary tufts of hairs wanting,
under side white or whitish.
D. Under side of Ivs. densely white-
tomentose.
E. Size of the ovate or ovate-
oblong Ivs. 4~? in-i margin.
sharply serrate 9. heterophylla
EE. Size of the orbicular-ovate Ivs.
2-4 in., margins sinuately
serrate 10. Oliveri
DD. Under side of Ivs. thinly grayish
tomentose or stellate-piibescent,
usually with long hairs on the
veins 11. spectabilis
BB. Branchlets pubescent.
c. Without axillary tufts of hairs on
the Ivs. beneath.
D. Shape of Ivs. orbicular-ovate, the
white tomentum persisting.
E. Tomentum of branchlets,
buds, and petioles grayish
or whitish; margin of Ivs.
finely serrate with short-
pointed teeth.
F. Habit upright: petioles
shorter than half the blade:
fr. slightly 5-angled 12. tomentosa
FF. Habit pendulous: petioles
longer than half the blade:
fr. 5-furrowed 13. petiolaris
EE. Tomentum of branchlets, buds,
and petioles yellowish or
brownish: margin of Ivs.
coarsely serrate with long-
pointed teeth 14. mandschurica
DD. Shape of Ivs. ovate or triangular-
ovate: Ivs. irregularly and
coarsely serrate with short-
pointed teeth, often glabrescent
with age 15. Miqueliana
cc. With axillary tufts of hairs; Ivs.
orbicular-ovate, grayish - tomen-
tose beneath, brownish on midribs
and nerves 16. Maximowic-
[ziana
1. platyphyllos, Scop. (T. grandifolia, Ehrh. T.
europasa, Linn., in part). LARGE-LEAVED LIME. Fig.
3811. Tree, to 120 ft.: young branchlets pubescent,
older glabrous: Ivs. orbicular-ovate, abruptly acumi-
nate, obliquely cordate at the base, regularly serrate,
dull green and short-pubescent or glabrous above, light
green and pubescent beneath, 3-4 in. long; petioles
stout, hairy: fls. in usually 3-fld. pendulous cymes;
petals oblanceolate, longer than sepals; stamens 30;
style glabrous: fr. globose, ovoid or pyriform, 3-5-
ribbed, apiculate, tomentose, thick-shelled. June; the
earliest species to bloom. Eu. G.F. 2:256 (adapted in
Fig. 3811). H.W. 3:42, p. 24, 25. R.F.G. 6:316, 317,
318. — Very variable; some of the most important varie-
TILIA
TILIA
3347
3812. Tilia vulgaris.
ties are the following: Var. pyrarnidalis, Kirchn. Of
narrow pyramidal habit. M.D.G. 1898:161. Var.
corallina, Dipp. (var. rubra, Hort.). Young branches
red. Var. aurea, Kirchn. Young branches golden yel-
low. Var. laciniata, Henry (var. asplenifolia, Kirchn.
var. iUicifolia, Hort. T. europsea var. laciniata, Loud.).
Lvs. deeply and irreg-
ularly cut, G.W. 15,
p. 662. Var. vitifdlia,
Simonkai. Lvs. slightly
3-lobed or indistinctly
lobed. — This species is
the strongest grower
and in this country
often sold as T.
europaea. It is more
impatient of drought
than most other species
and therefore not to
be recommended as a
street tree.
2. vulgaris, Hayne
(T. intermedia, DC. T.
europaea, Linn., in
part). COMMON LIN-
DEN. Fig. 3812. Tree,
to 120 ft.: young
branchlets glabrous:
Ivs. broadly ovate,
abruptly acuminate,
obliquely cordate or
truncate at the base, serrate with short-pointed teeth,
dark green above, light green beneath, glabrous except
axillary tufts of hairs, 3-4 in. long; petiole about half as
long as the blade: fls. 5-10, similar to those of the pre-
ceding species : fr. ovoid or globose, apiculate, tomentose,
thick-shelled. June, July; a week or 10 days later than
the preceding species. G.F. 2:256 (adapted in Fig. 3812).
R.F.G. 6:313. M.D.G. 1904:188, 189.— Supposed to be
a spontaneous hybrid of the preceding species and T.
cordata. This is one of the best species for general
planting and fine old trees of it are occasionally seen in
this country.
3. euchldra, Koch (T. dasystyla, Kirchn., not Stev.
T. rubra var. euchldra, Dipp.). CRIMEAN LINDEN.
Tree, to 50 ft.: young branchlets glabrous, green: Ivs.
orbicular-ovate, abruptly acuminate, obliquely cor-
date at the base, regularly serrate, the teeth with slen-
der points, dark glossy green above, paler beneath and
glabrous except axillary tufts of brown hairs, 2-3 in.
long; petiole slender, more than half as long as the
blade: fls. 3-7, in pendulous cymes; style pubescent near
the base: fr. ovoid, slightly 5-ribbed, tomentose, thick-
shelled. July. M.D.G. 1901:381, 540.— Supposed to
be a hybrid of T. caucasifa, Rupr., and T. cordata and
seems to occur spontaneously in the Caucasus and
Transcaucasia. It is one
of the most beautiful lin-
dens on account of its
dark green glossy foliage.
It is usually prop, by bud-
ding.
4. cordata, Mill. (T.
ulmifblia, Scop. T. parvi-
folia, Ehrh. T. micro-
ph ylla, Vent . T. silvestris,
Desf. T. europsa, Linn.,
in part). SMALI/-LEAVED
LINDEN. Fig. 3813. Tree,
to 100 ft.: young branch-
lets at first slightly pubes-
cent, soon glabrous: Ivs.
suborbicular, often
broader than long, cuspi-
date, cordate at the base,
regularly serrate with short-pointed teeth, dark green
and somewhat lustrous above, glaucous and glabrous
beneath with brown axillary tufts, 1J^-2H in. long:
petioles about half as long as blade: fls. 5-7 in nearly
upright cymes; style glabrous: fr. globose, slightly
ribbed, apiculate, tomentose, with thin fragile shell.
July. Eu. G.F. 2:257 (adapted in Fig. 3813). H.W.
3:41, pp. 21, 22. R.F.G. 6:311, 312. M.D.G. 1904:
188. Var. pyramidalis, Wittm. Of narrow pyramidal
habit,
5. japonica, Simonkai (T. cordata var. japonica,
Miq.). Tree, to 60 ft,: young branchlets slightly pubes-
cent at first: Ivs. suborbicular, almost like those of the
preceding species, 2-3 in. long; petioles usually longer
than half the blade: fls. 7—40, in pendulous cymes;
staminodes present: fr. ovoid, not ribbed, tomentose,
thin-shelled. July. Japan. S.I.F. 1:72.
6. mongdlica, Maxim. Small tree, to 30 ft.: young
branchlets glabrous, reddish: Ivs. suborbicular, or
ovate, acuminate, subcordate or truncate at the base,
coarsely serrate and usually 3-lobed, dark green and
shining above, glaucescent beneath, glabrous except
axillary tufts, l%-2% in. long: fls. 6-12 in a cyme; the
bract stalked; staminodes present; style glabrous: fr.
ovoid, mucronulate, tomentose, thick-walled. July.
Mongolia, N. China. R.H. 1902, p. 476. S.T.S. 1:61.
3814. Basswood, or
American linden. — Tilia
americana. ( x Ji)
— Very distinct with its small coarsely serrate, birch-
like Ivs. reddish when unfolding; it flowers when only a
few feet high.
7. americana, Linn. (T. gldbra, Vent.). Fig. 3814.
Tree, to 120 ft.: young branchlets glabrous, green: Ivs.
broadly ovate, abruptly acuminate, cordate or trun-
cate at the base, coarsely serrate, the teeth long-pointed,
dark green above, light green beneath with tufts of
hairs in the axils of the lateral veins, but wanting at
the base, 4-6 in. long, turning yellow in autumn: cymes
pendulous, many-fld.: bract stalked, tapering toward
the base: staminodes present: fr. ovoid or globose,
without ribs, tomentose, thick-shelled. July. Canada,
south to Va. and Ala., west to X. Dak., Kans., and
E. Texas. S.S. 1:24. Mn. 6:153. Var. macrophylla,
Hort. (var. mississippiensis, Hort.). A large-lvd. form.
—This species is frequently planted as an avenue tree.
Its wood is much used in the manufacture of wooden-
3348
TILIA
TILIA
ware, cheap furniture, panels of carriages, and also of
paper pulp.
8. neglecta, Spach (T. Michauorii, Sarg., not Nutt.
T. pubescens, Hort., not Vent.). Tree, to 80 ft.: branch-
lets glabrous, red: Ivs. broadly ovate or ovate, acumi-
nate, obliquely cordate at the base, rarely truncate,
coarsely serrate, with long-pointed, usually incurved
teeth, dark green and glabrous or sparingly pubescent
above, more or less stellate-pubescent and grayish green
beneath with conspicuous axillary tufts, 6-6 in. long,
turning yellow in autumn: cymes many-fld.; bract
decurrent nearly to the base, tomentulose above;
peduncle glabrous: fr. subglobose or ovoid, slightly fur-
rowed, tomentose. July. E. Canada to Ga. and Texas
west to Ohio. S.M. 673. — This species has often been
confused with T. pubescens and with T. heterophytta.
9. heterophylla, Vent. (T. dlba, Michx. T. Mich-
auxii, Nutt.). Tree, to 60 ft.: young branchlets gla-
brous and red: Ivs. broadly ovate to oval-ovate, short-
acuminate, obliquely truncate or cordate at the base,
finely serrate with rather short-pointed teeth, dark
green and glabrous above, white-tomentose beneath
without axillary tufts, 4—7 in. long: fls. in many-fld.
pendulous cymes; bract decurrent often nearly to the
base, rather large: fr. subglobose, tomentulose. June.
W. N. Y. to Ala. and 111. S.S. 1:27.— This is a very
handsome linden with its large Ivs. silvery white below
and is sometimes sold as T. macrophylla.
10. Oliveri, Szyszylowicz. Tree, to
60 ft. : young branchlets reddish brown,
glabrous: Ivs. ovate, short-acuminate,
cordate or truncate at the base, sinu-
ately denticulate, with short gland-
tipped teeth, dark green and glabrous
above, white-tomentose beneath, with-
out axillary tufts, 3-5 in. long; petioles
glabrous: fls. about 20, in pendulous
cymes; bract sessile; pedicels short,
thickened: fr. globose, tomentose and
tuberculate, apiculate, thick -shelled.
Cent. China. — This recently intro.
species promises to be a handsome ornamental tree.
11. spectabilis, Dipp. (T. dlba spectdbilis, Hort. T.
Blechiana, Hort.). Hybrid of T. americana and T.
petiolaris or T. tomentosa. Tree of vigorous growth:
branchlets glabrous or slightly pubescent at first; buds
pubescent toward the top: Ivs. similar to those of T.
americana, ovate, slightly grayish tomentose beneath,
with long hairs on the veins, without axillary tufts, 4-6
in. long, 3-5 in. wide: infl. and size of fls. like those of T.
americana, but tomentose though less densely than T.
tomentosa. Blooms 2 or 3 weeks earlier than T. tomen-
tosa. Of unknown origin; a similar form was raised
from seed of T. petiolaris at the Arnold Arboretum in
1900. Var. M61tkei, Rehd. (T. Mdltkei, Spaeth).
Branchlets and buds quite glabrous: Ivs. often without
long hairs on the veins, 6-7 in. long. Originated at
Spaeth's nursery near Berlin, Germany.
12. tomentSsa, Moench (T. argentea, DC. T. dTba,
Ait. T.dlbapyramiaalis,~KoTt.). WHITE LINDEN. Tree,
to 100 ft. with upright branches: young branchlets
stellate-tomentose: Ivs. nearly orbicular, abruptly
acuminate, truncate or cordate at the base, serrate
or doubly serrate, often lobulate, with short-pointed
teeth, sparingly pubescent above, white-tomentose
beneath, 3-5 in. across; petiole pubescent, less than
half of the length of the blade: fls. 7-10, in pendulous
tomentose cymes: fr. ovoid, slightly 5-angled, tomen-
tose; shell woody. July. E. Eu., Asia Minor. R.F.G.
6:324. H.W. 3:43, p. 26. F.E. 14:1154, pi. 39. G.W.
8, p. 617. M.D.G. 1903:190; 1904 : 189.— This is a
very handsome tree of dense habit with upright
branches; it stands heat and drought better than any of
the other species. Its fls. and those of the following
species have proved poisonous to bees.
13. petiolaris, Hook, f., not DC. (T. tomentosa var.
petiolaris, Kirchn. T. dlba, Koch. T. americana pen-
dula, Hort.). WEEPING WHITE LINDEN. Tree, to 80
ft., with slender pendulous branches: young branch-
lets tomentose: Ivs. similar to those of the preceding
species, but more finely and regularly serrate and
petioles slenderer, longer than half the blade: fls. also
like those of T. tomentosa: fr. globose, depressed at the
apex, with 5 furrows, tomentose; seeds often imperfect.
G.L. 19:257. Gng. 5:210; 15:291. Gn.W. 22:35
(suppl. Jan. 14). G. 34:687. M.D.G. 1901:163. B.M.
6737. — Known only in cult, and probably a variety of
the preceding species.
14. mandsh&rica, Rupr. & Maxim. Tree, to about
60 ft.: young branchlets and buds with brownish
tomentum: Ivs. orbicular-ovate, short-acuminate, usu-
ally cordate at the base, coarsely serrate with long-
3815. Tilia Maximowicziana.
(Xnearly Y2)
pointed teeth, sparingly pubescent above, white-
tomentose beneath, 4-6 in. long; petiole about half as
long as the blade, tomentose: fls. 7-10, in pendulous
cymes covered with brownish tomentum: fr. globose,
tomentose, with 5 distinct ribs toward the base or
without ribs. N. China, Manchuria, Korea. — Similar
to T. tomentosa, from which it differs in the larger Ivs.
with long-pointed teeth and in the fr. Like the two
following species still rare in cult.
15. Miqueliana, Maxim. Tree, to 40 ft.: young
branchlets finely tomentose: Ivs. ovate or deltoid-ovate,
usually much longer than broad, acute or acuminate,
obliquely cordate at the base, coarsely serrate with
broad mucronate teeth, dark green and glabrous or
nearly so above, grayish tomentose beneath, without
axillary tufts of hairs, 2^-5 in. long: fls. 10-20 in
pendulous tomentose cymes; stamens 60-75; style
shorter than petals, hairy at the base: fr. subglobose,
tomentose, 5-ribbed at the base. Cult, in Japan;
native habitat unknown. S.I.F. 1:72.
16. Maximowicziana, Shirasawa (T. Miyabei, Jack.
T. Miqueliana, Sarg., not Maxim.). Fig. 3815. Tree, to
100 ft.: young branchlets tomentose: lys. broadly ovate
or orbicular-ovate, abruptly acuminate, obliquely
cordate at the base, coarsely serrate with broad mucro-
TILIA
TILLAGE
3349
nate teeth, dark green above and pubescent at first,
finally glabrous or nearly so, grayish tomentose beneath
with brownish axillary tufts of hairs, finally often
becoming partly glabrous, 3-6 in. long; petiole stout,
than half the length of the blade: fls. small, 10-18
in pendulous tomentose cymes; style exserted: fr.
globose. 5-ribbed, tomentose, thick-walled. Japan.
S.I.F. 2:50. G.F. 6:113 (adapted in Fig. 3815).
T. caucdsica, Rupr.=T. rubra. — T. corinthiaca, Bosc=T. rubra,
DC. — T. Henryana, Szyszyl. Tree, to 50 ft.: branehlets pubescent
at first: Ivs. broadly ovate, obliquely cordate or truncate, with
bristly teeth, brownish tomentose beneath, with axillary tufts of
hairs, 2-5 in. long: fls. 20 or more in a cyme. Cent. China. — T.
intonsa, Wilson (T. tonsura, Veitch). Tree, to 60 ft.: young
branchlets pubescent: Ivs. broadly ovate, _ cuspidate, serrate,
pubescent and grayish green beneath, 3-6 in. long: fls. 1-3: fr.
ovoid, 5-angled. W. China. — T. kiusidna, Makino & Shiras.
Tree, to 50 ft.: Ivs. oblong-ovate, acute, obliquely truncate at
base, serrate, glabrous, 1 }-£-2 in. long; petiole about J£in. long:
cyme 20-35-fld.: fr. globose. Japan. S.I.F. 2:50. Very distinct
on account of the small and narrow, short-stalked Ivs. — T. arbicur
laris, Jouin. Very similar to T. petiolaris, but lustrous and glabrous
above, grayish tomentose beneath, on shorter petioles. Supposed
to be a hybrid between T. petiolaris and T. euchlora, but probably
only a variety of the former; originated in the nursery of Simon-
Louis near Metz, Germany. — T. paucicostata , Maxim. Small tree;
allied to T. cordata: Ivs. ovate, usually truncate at base, with
long-pointed teeth, green on both sides, about 2H in. long. W.
China. — T. pubescens, Ait. Tree, to 40 ft. : branchlets rusty stellate-
pubescent: Ivs. ovate, obliquely truncate at the base, coarsely ser-
rate, rusty tomentulose beneath: fr. rusty tomentose. N. C. to
Fla. and Texas. S. S. 1:26. Tender and rarely cult.; the plant
cult, under this name is usually T. No. 8.—T. rubra, DC. (T. cau-
casica, Rupr. T. corinthiaca, Bosc). Tall tree with red glabrous
branchlets: Ivs. similar to those of T. platyphyllos, but glabrous,
lustrous above, light green beneath, with long-pointed teeth: cymes
3-7-fld.: fr. ovoid or subglobose, slightly angled. S. E. Eu., Cau-
casus, W. Asia. Apparently not in cult., often confused with red-
branched, slightly pubescent forms of T. platyphyllos. — T. Spaethii
=T. americana X T. cordata. — T. tonsiira, Veitch=T. intonsa. —
T. Tuan, Szyszyl. Tree, to 50 ft.: young branchlets glabrous or
nearly so: Ivs. broadly ovate, truncate or slightly cordate at the
base, minutely toothed, entire below the middle, grayish tomen-
tose beneath with axillary tufts, 2 Ji-5}^ in. long: cymes 10-20-fld.:
fr. subglobose, thick-shelled. Cent. China.
ALFRED REHDER.
TILL&A (named for M. A. TUli, 1653-1740).
Crassidaceie. Annual herbs, usually very small, aquatic
or terrestrial, somewhat succulent, generally very
glabrous: Ivs. opposite, cylindrical, subulate or flat,
very entire: fls. minute, axillary, solitary or cymose or
arranged in terminal cymose panicles, white or red-
dish; calyx 3-5-lobed or parted; petals 3-5, free or
connate at the very base; stamens 3-5; carpels 3-5,
free: follicles many, rarely 1-seeded. About 25 species,
cosmopolitan. T. muscbsa, Linn. Minute : sts. branched
and decumbent at base, reddish, about 1 in. or more
long: Ivs. oblong, blunt: fls. axillary, sessile; sepals
ovate or lanceolate; petals nearly subulate, white
tipped with red. Eu., in moist barren places.
TILLAGE. The working or stirring of the land, with
the purpose to improve it for agricultural purposes, is
known by the general name of tillage. There is a ten-
dency to use the word cultivation for these operations.
Tillage is a specific technical term, and is to be preferred.
In the eager discussions of scientific matters, as
applied to agriculture in recent years, there is danger of
forgetting that the fundamental practice in all kinds of
farming, after all, is the tillage of the land. The knowl-
edge of the importance of tillage has developed late in
the world's history. In fact, it was only within the
latter part of the last century that the real reasons for
tilling came to be popularly understood in this country.
Even now there are many persons who think that the
object of tillage is to kill weeds.
The modern conceptions of tillage probably date
largely from Jethro Tull's book on "Horse-Hoeing
Husbandry," which reached the second and full edi-
tion in 1733, in England. This book awakened so much
discussion that the system of "horse-hoe husbandry"
recommended by it was called the "new husbandry."
There had been tillage of land before Tull's time, but
his writing seems to have been the first technical effort
to show that tillage is necessary to make the soil pro-
ductive rather than to kill weeds or to open the ground
to receive the seeds. He contrived various tools whereby
grain crops could be sown in rows and afterward tilled.
The tillage of the land in early times was confined very
largely to that which preceded the planting of the crop.
In the vineyards of southern Europe, however, Tull
observed that tillage was employed between the vines
during the season of growth. Such vineyards pros-
pered. He made experiments and observations on his
return to England and came to the conclusion that
tillage is of itself a very important means of making
plants thrifty and productive wholly aside from its
office of killing weeds. He supposed that tillage bene-
fits plants by making the soil so fine that the minute
particles can then be taken in by the roots. On the
same hypothesis he explained the good effects of burn-
ing or "devonshiring" land, and also the benefits that
followed the application of ashes: the minute par-
ticles of the ashes are so small as to be absorbed by
roots. Although this explanation of the benefits of til-
lage was erroneous, nevertheless Tull showed that til-
age is necessary to the best agriculture and that it is
not merely a means by which seeds can be put into
the land, weeds killed, and the crop taken out.
Tillage improves land in many ways. It divides and
pulverizes the soil, gives the roots a wider "pasturage,"
as Tull puts it, increases the depth of the soil, aerates
it, and improves its physical condition with respect to
warmth and dryness.
Tillage also saves moisture by deepening the arable
soil so that moisture is held, and also by checking
evaporation from the surface by means of a thin blanket
or mulch of granulated earth that is made by surface-
working tools. Water is lost from the soil by under-
drainage and by evaporation from the surface. The
more finely the soil is granulated, within certain limits,
the more water it will hold. Its capillary power is
increased. As the water evaporates from the surface,
the moisture is drawn up from the under surface so
that there is a more or less constant flow into the
atmosphere. If any foreign body, as a board or a
blanket, is spread on the land, the evaporation is
checked. A similar result may follow when the soil is
covered with a layer of dry ashes or sand or sawdust.
Very similar results are also secured when the surface
is made fine and loose by means of frequent shallow
tillage. The capillary connection between the surface
soil and the under soil is thereby broken, This sur-
face soil itself may be very dry, but it may serve as a
blanket or mulch to the soil beneath. In some cases
this conservation of moisture by frequent shallow til-
lage is probably the chief advantage of the tillage of
the land in the growing season.
Land that is well tilled has different chemical rela-
tions from that which is neglected. Nitrification,
decomposition, and other bacterial activities are has-
tened. The stores of plant-food are rendered available.
The soil is made more productive.
The first requisite for the growing of the plant is to
have the soil in such condition that the plant can thrive
in it. It is only when the land is well tilled and pre-
pared, or when its physical condition is nearly or quite
perfect, that the addition of concentrated fertilizers may
be expected to produce the best results. Fertilizing,
therefore, is a secondary matter; tillage is primary.
The ideal tillage is that which is practised by the
gardener when he grows plants in pots. The soil is
ordinarily sifted or riddled so that unnecessary parts
are removed, and most of it is brought into such con-
dition that the plants can utilize it. The gardener
adds leaf-mold or sand or other material, until the
soil is brought into the proper physical condition. He
also provides drainage in the bottom of his pots or
boxes. Often the gardener will produce as much from
a handful of soil as a farmer will produce from a bushel.
L. H. B.
3350
TILLANDSIA
TILLANDSIA
TILLANDSIA (Elias Tillands was professor of medi-
cine at the University of Abo, Sweden; in 1673 he made
a catalogue of plants of the vicinity of Abo) . Bromelia-
cese. Mostly epiphytes and all natives of America, allied
to billbergias, sechmeas, guzmanias, pineapples, and the
like; ornamental glasshouse subjects.
Perennial herbs, mostly of upright growth (the com-
mon T. usneoides being a marked exception), the bases
of the narrow entire Ivs. often dilated and forming cups
that hold water and in which utricularias and other
water-plants sometimes grow: fls. usually borne in
spikes or heads, singly beneath bracts, perfect, with 3
sepals and 3 petals which are twisted or rolled in the
bud, 6 stamens, a superior ovary with filiform style: fr.
a 3-valved caps, containing hairy or plumose seeds.
Vriesia is distinguished by having 1 or 2 scales or
ligules at the base of the petals on the inside, whereas
the petals of Tillandsia are eligulate. By some authors
the Spanish moss is placed separately, as Dendropogon
usneoides, Raf., distinguished by the habit and also by
characters of flower and seed. Some of the cult, tilland-
sias belong to still other genera. This is the case with
T. zebrina, which is properly Cryptanthus zonatus (Fig.
1120, Vol. II). This is an odd plant, producing crinkled
deflexed saw-edged Ivs., which are whitish beneath and
brown-barred above, and small clusters of white fls. See
p. 902, where other kinds of Cryptanthus in the Ameri-
can trade are described. Many species are described in
horticultural literature as having been intro. into cult,
but most of these are known only to amateurs and in
collections where species of botanical interest are
chiefly grown. In the American trade about 30 names
appear, many of which are to be referred to other genera.
The generic limits of Tillandsia, as of most bromeliace-
ous genera, are ill defined. By different authors a
given species may be placed in any one of a half-dozen
genera. Lately, Tillandsia and Vriesia have been
merged, but in this book Vriesia is kept distinct, fol-
lowing Mez's monograph. It is useless to attempt a
^ftlW1
-fmMj.
3816. The Spanish moss (Tillandsia usneoides) hanging from the trees. Gulf coast
description of all the tillandsias that by chance may
occur in collections. Persons who want to know the
species other than those regularly in the trade should
consult Baker's Handbook of the Bromeliacese, 1889,
or Mez's Bromeliacese in DeCandolle's Monographise
Phanerogamarum, 1896. The latter work, which regards
Vriesia as a separate genus, admits 248 species of Til-
landsia. The genus extends northward into the U. S.,
growing chiefly in Fla., and Texas, although one or two
reach S. Ga., and the Spanish moss (which is Tilland-
sia usneoides) reaches Va. and is common throughout
the South. The native upright tillandsias are not in
the general trade, but they are sometimes offered: of
such are T. recwrvata, T. tenuifolia, T. fascicidata, T.
utriculata.
Tillandsias are grown both for foliage and for flowers.
The foliage is usually scurfy and sometimes blotched.
Many of the species are very showy when in bloom,
sending up strong central clusters of blue, violet, red,
yellow, or white flowers. In nature, the seeds are
carried in the wind by means of the soft hairs, and find
lodgment on trees, where the plants grow. A few
species, however, grow on the ground. In cultivation,
most of the species are treated as pot-plants. The
growing season is summer. In winter the plants should
be kept nearly dormant, although not completely dry.
They need a warm temperature and plenty of light
while growing. Give a soil rich in peat. In some cases
sphagnum may be added to advantage. Propagation is
by suckers; also by seeds. For further cultural notes,
consult Billbergia.
A. Plant-body slender and hanging: fls. solitary in
If.-axils.
usneoides, Linn. SPANISH, FLORIDA, or LONG Moss.
Figs.. 3816, 3817. Whole plant hoary-gray, hanging
from trees, the sts. very slender and often several feet
long: Ivs. scattered, narrow-linear, 1-3 in. long: fls.
solitary in the If .-axils, small and not showy, the petals
yellow and reflexed at the end. Trop. Amer. and in the
U. S. from Texas to Fla. and E. Va.; extends southward
to S.Brazil. B.M. 6309. Gn. 37, p. 221. Gt, 45, p. 267.
— This is one of the most characteristic plants of our
southern regions. In moist regions it gives a most
weird aspect to the forests. It is used as a packing
material, and also, when specially prepared, for
upholstery. It is rarely cult., although it is not uncom-
mon in greenhouses, being hung on branches and
beams; but it must be renewed frequently. The plant
is named for its resemblance to the lichen Usnea.
AA. Plant-body stiff and nearly
or quite erect.
B. Stamens shorter than the
petals.
c. Fls. few in the cluster.
recurvata, Linn. (T. Bdrtramii,
Ell., at least in part). A few
inches high, tufted, with scurfy
terete or filiform recurved 2-
ranked Ivs.: fls. 1-5 on spike
that is sheathed at the base but
naked above, the corolla blue
and exceeding the calyx. Fla. to
Argentina and Chile.
cc. Fls. many, distichous.
anceps, Lodd. (Vriesia dnceps,
Lem.). Erect, the fl.-st. 6^12
in. tall and bearing a spike with
large distichous green bracts
from which small blue fls. emerge :
Ivs. stiff, about 1 ft. long, dilated
and striped at the base: fls. 2 in.
or less long, blue or purplish, the
perianth much exceeding the
calyx. Costa Rica, Trinidad. L.B.C. 8:771.
Lindeniana, Regel (T. lAndenii, Morr. Vriesia Lin-
denii, Lem.). Lvs. rosulate, about 1 ft. long, dilated at
the base, long recurving: spike large, the showy dis-
tichous bracts carmine: fls. large, much exserted beyond
the bracts, the large wide-spreading segms. bluish
purple. Ecuador, Peru. I.H. 16:610; 27:370 (as var.
Regeliana). G.C. II. 12:461. R.H. 1872:230; 1898:
206 (as var. tricolor). F.M. 1872:44. — A handsome and
popular species. This interesting species has also been
described as Phytarrhiza Lindenii, Morr.
TILLAXDSIA
TIPULARIA
3351
BB. Stamens longer than the petals.
c. St. thickened and bulb-like at the base.
bulbosa, Hook. Small scurfy plant a few inches high,
the st. swollen at the base : Ivs. 3-5 in. long, much dilated
and clasping at the base and terete above: fls. few, in
racemose short spikes, long and narrow, the much
exserted but not spreading petals purple. Var. picta,
Hook., has the upper Ivs.
and bracts scarlet. W.
Indies to Venezuela. B.M.
4288. F.S.3:221.
cc. St. not prominently
swollen.
D. Lvs. linear or filiform
from the base or
abruptly from a di-
lated base.
polystltchya, Linn. (T.
angustifdlia, Swartz. T.
parnsplca, Baker). Lvs.
rosulate, lepidote or scurfy,
curved, equaling or exceed-
ing the st. : infl. compound,
somewhat paniculate, the
lateral spikes shorter than
the central ones, the bracts
distichous and pointed and
little exceeding the calyx:
fls. blue. S. Fla. to Brazil.
tenuifolia, Linn. (T.
c-cfspitosa, Le Conte, not
Cham. & Schlecht. T. 3317. Spanish moss.— Tillandsia
Bdrtramii, Ell., in part). usneoides. (Much reduced)
Plant less than 6 in. tall,
reddish, clustered: Ivs. awl-shaped and erect, nearly
terete, concave at the base, scurfy: fls. few in a simple
or somewhat compound spike, the blue petals exceeding
the bracts and recurving at the apex. Ga. to Brazil.
DD. Lvs. gradually narrowed from a broad base.
fascicuiata, Swartz (T. bradeata, Chapm. T. glau-
cophyUa, Baker. Vriesia glaucophylla, Hook.). Tall,
strong species with st. 2 ft. tall: Ivs. 1-1 % ft- long,
concave or channeled above, erect or ascending, scurfy
and bluish: st. longer than the Ivs. and branched, the
branches or spikes bearing distichous keeled acute
mostly greenish and red-tinged bracts: fls. narrow,
exserted, blue. S. Fla., W. Indies, and Cent. Amer.
B.M. 4415. F.S. 5:432.— Very variable.
utriculata, Linn. Plant 2-3 ft. high: Ivs. glaucous
and scurfy, becoming subulate and recurved at the
summit but much dilated and imbricated at the base
and forming pockets that hold water: infl. branched, the
fls. far apart on the branches : fls pale blue (pale colored
forms), narrow, the petals twice longer than the sepals.
S. Fla. to S. Amer. B.R. 749 (as T. flexvosa var. pal-
lida). — For full description of this species, together
with plate, see Trelease, 5th Rep. Mo. Bot. Card.
(1894).
T. biritlatq, Lind.=Cryptanthus bivittatus.— T. Bldkii, Hqrt=
Vriesia Blokii. — T. dianihoides, Rossi. Scape manifest, bearing a
simple infl.: fls. erect: sepals glabrous: petals violet. S. Amer. Gt.
3:138. R.H. 1905:464. — T. Durdtii, Vis. Infl. bi- or tri-pinnately
paniculate: fls. erect; petals blue. S. Amer. Gt. 50, p. 452. — T.
farinosa, Hort.=Billbergia pyramidalis. — T. iondntka. Planch. Lvs.
densely tufted, densely scaly: infl. simple, dense, and short; petals
violet. Mex. B.M. 5892. — T. La Salliana, "A new species from S.
Amer., with most brilliant fls. It is of free growth and easily cult.,
thriving best in a moderate temperature and in a light, fibrous soil
mixed with sphagnum." (Siebrecht. )- — T. Lindenii=T. Lindeniana,
— T. mus<itea=Guzmania. — T. muscdea, Hort., is probably a Pit-
cairnia. P. muscosa. Hook., B.M. 4770, is Piteairnia Beycalema.
The name T. muscosa has occurred in the trade, but the plant is
unknown to the writer. — T. polytrichioides. Mass. Lvs. small,
densely clothing an elongated st. : infl. 2— 1-fld. : petals pale. S. Amer.
R.H. 1912, p. 431. — T. splendent— Vriesia. — T. Wihonii, Wats., has
been intro. sparingly to cult., but does not appear to be in the
trade. It was discovered in Hernando Co., Fla., in 1887 by W. P.
Wilson, of the Univ. of Penna.: "St. simple, very short (about
1 ain. ) : Ivs. numerous, 1-3 or.4 in. long, gradually narrowed from the
clasping base to the long-attenuate apex, channeled above, more or
less hoary, with minute appressed, peltate, brown-centered scales:
peduncle very slender, recurved, about equaling the Ivs., with 2
distinct bracts, probably 1-3-fld. : fls. and caps, not seen." This is
Sereno Watson's original description, 1888. See Mn. 2, p. 180, and
6, p. 130, for pictures. — T. xiphioides, Ker. Lvs. densely scaly:
scape very short or wanting: petals white. Argentina. G.W. 6, p.
291. B.R- 105. — T. Zdhnii, Hort., is properly Guzmania Zahnii,
Mez. Tufted, branching from the base, glabrous throughout: Ivs.
1 ft. long, about 1 in. broad, crimson striped and yellow: infl. pan-
iculate, subtended by scarlet bracts: fls. yellow. Costa Rica. B.M.
6059 (as Caraguata Zahnii). In the trade. The following names
are accounted for under Vriesia: carinata, fenestralis, guttata, hiero-
glyphica, psittacina, Saundersii, tesseliata, zebrina (in part).
TIMOTHY: PHeum pratense.
L. H. B.
GEORGE V. NASH.!
TINANTIA (named after Tinant, a Belgian botanist).
Commelinacex. Erect herbs, either hardy or grown in
the greenhouse: lys. medium-sized or large: peduncle
terminal, rarely with 1-3 extra in the upper axils; cyme
terminal, with 1-3 branches floriferous from nearly
their base: fls. pedicelled; sepals distinct, green; petals
distinct, obovate; stamens 6, all perfect; ovary sessile,
3-celled: caps. 3-celled, loculicidally dehiscent. — About
6 species, Trop. Amer. T. f&gax, Scheidw., is a trades-
cantia-like herb: st. glabrous, \% ft. high: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, pilose above, glabrous beneath: peduncle
villous, 1-3-branched at apex, branches umbellate: fls.
blue, with their pedicels conspicuously bracteolate at
base. Known also as Tradescantia erecta, T. undata, T.
laiifolia. B.M. 1340. B.R. 1403. L.B.C. 13:1300 —
Sometimes seen in old gardens but not offered in the
trade.
TINNEA (named in honor of Mile. Tinn6). Labiate.
Tall perennial herbs or subshrubs, pubescent or woolly,
adapted to the wannhouse. Lvs. very entire: floral
whorls usually laxly 2-fld., axillary or in a terminal
raceme: fls. fuscous- or violet -purple, fragrant; calyx
ovoid, 2-h'pped; corolla-limb somewhat 2-lipped; sta-
mens 4, didynainous; ovary shortly 4-lobed: nutlets
obovoid-clavate. — About 23 species, Afr. T. Sacleuxii,
Sprenger. Dwarf shrub with the branches shortly and
densely pubescent: Ivs. short-petioled, oblong or ovate,
entire, %-l in. long: cymes axillary, 2-5-fld.: calyx
membranous, deeply 2-lipped; corolla nearly 1 in. long,
lower lip much longer than upper. Trop. Air. (?).
TIPUANA (name apparently Latinized from a
Brazilian name). Leouminosse. Showy unarmed trees,
used ornamentally in the extreme southern U. S.
Lvs. unevenly pinnately compound, without stipels;
Ifts. several, alternate; stipules minute, caducous: fls.
showy, yellow or pale purplish, in loosely branched
terminal panicles; calyx turbinate, teeth short and
broad; standard ovate or suborbicular, not appendaged;
wings obliquely obovate or oblong; keel-petals obliquely
oblong, obtuse, lightly connate; stamens all connate
in a sheath which is split above: pod stipitate, indehis-
cent, 1-3-seeded, samara-like. — About 4 species, S.
Amer. Here belongs the plant recently intro. to S.
Calif, as Machserium Tipu, which is said to yield one
of the rosewoods of S. Brazil.
specidsa, Benth. (Machxrium Tipu, Benth.). Ten-
der yellow-fld. tree: Ifts. 11-21, oblong, emarginate,
entire, \%vn.. long; veins somewhat parallel: standard
broadly orbicular; wings very broadly half -ovate, much
larger than the keel : pod veiny. S. Amer.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
TIPULARIA (Latin, Tipula, a genus of insects, allud-
ing to the form of the flower). Orchidacese. Small ter-
restrial orchids in N. Amer. and the Himalaya region.
Herbs with solid bulbs, having several generations con-
nected by offsets: If. solitary, basal, appearing in
autumn long after the flowering season: fls. in a long,
loose, terminal raceme, green, nodding; sepals ana
3352
TIPULARIA
TOFIELDIA
petals similar, spreading; labellum 3-lobed, produced
into a long spur behind; column erect, wingless or nar-
rowly winged. — Two species, one Himalayan.
discolor, Nutt. (T, unifblia, BSP.). CRANE-FLY
ORCHIS. Scape 15-20 in. high: If. ovate, 2-3 in. long,
appearing in autumn and often surviving through the
winter: raceme 5-10 in. long, loose: fls. green, tinged
with purple. July, Aug. Vt. and Mich, to Fla. and La.
B.B. 1:480.— Rare. HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
TITHONIA (of mythological derivation; Tithonus
was the favorite of Aurora). Compdsitse. Robust half-
hardy annuals sometimes shrubby at base: Ivs. alter-
nate, petioled, entire or 3-lobed: heads large, on a long
thickened peduncle, heterqgamous; ray-fls. neuter,
disk-fls. perfect and fertile; involucre hemispherical or
broadly campanulate; receptacle convex; corolla yellow,
ray-fls. ligulate, disk-fls. tubular, 5-toothed: achenes
somewhat pilose. — About 10 species, Mex., Cent. Amer.,
and W. Indies.
diversifdlia, Gray (Mirasblia diversifblia, Hemsl.).
Large shrub with rather stout branches, glabrous or
nearly so: Ivs. petioled, membranaceous, glabrous or
Euberulent, ovate or almost orbicular, entire or 3-5-
>bed, 9x6 in., crenate: heads orange, up to 6 in. diam.,
terminal or lateral, usually in 3's, on short thickened
peduncles: achenes club-shaped. S. Mex. and Guate-
mala.
speciosa, Hook. (Ldghia specibsa, DC. Helidnthus
specibsus, Hook.). Shrub with erect, terete st.: Ivs.
petioled, cordate, 3-lobed or entire, crenate: peduncle
with a single head, which is scarlet and about 3 in.
diam.: achenes obtusely 4-angled. Mex. B.M. 3295.
G.C. III. 57, suppl. Mar. 13. p. TRACY HUBBARD.
TOCOCA (tococo is the native name of T. guianen-
si&). Including Sphserdgyne. Melastomaceae. Glabrous
or hispid-pilose shrubs, sometimes bearded with setse
at the axils, grown in the warmhouse for their foliage.
Leaves petioled, large, membranaceous, rarely coria-
ceous, entire or denticulate, 5-nerved: fls. rather large,
arranged in terminal and sometimes also lateral pani-
cles, white or rose; calyx glabrous, pilose or hispid,
tube campanulate, terete or ribbed, limb obtusely
rarely acutely 5-6-lobed; petals 5-6, obovate or oblong;
stamens 10-12; ovary 3-5-celled: berry fleshy; seed
obovpid or pyramidal. — About 50 species, natives of
Brazil, N. Venezuela, and Guiana.
Tococa requires a warmhouse temperature, with
shady and fairly moist place. Use leaf -mold mixed with
fibrous loam, and provide ample drainage. It is best
propagated from what are called split joints, or eyes
with the leaf rolled up, and inserted in thumb-pots in
fine sand with chopped moss; then insert pot in sand or
cocoa fiber, with bottom heat of 75° to 80°. Cover with
bell-glass or other inclosure to exclude air and to keep a
fairly moist (but not wet) condition. In about two
months the cuttings will have rooted. The wood for
propagating should be well ripened. (H. A. Siebrecht.)
imperialis, Nichols. (SphserQgyne imperialis, Lin'd.).
St. simple or little branched, erect, robust: Ivs. opposite,
decussate, oval, with 5 longitudinal ribs running from
base to apex and many parallel transverse veins con-
necting them. Peru. I.H. 24:284. — Native of Peru,
and intro. to Eu. by Linden in 1871. It is said to be
easily grown in a warmhouse.
platyphylla, Benth. (Sphserdgyne latifblia, Naud.).
Short-stemmed plant with succulent somewhat tortu-
ous st: Ivs. broadly ovate, minutely denticulate-ciliate,
7-nerved: fls. rosy or red; ovary 5-loculed. Colombia,
Venezuela, Costa Rica. — Cogniaux puts this species
in a section characterized by having the Ivs. desti-
tute of vesicles and the calyx not winged. In this sec-
tion it is unique by reason of its herbaceous branches
with long bristles, especially at the nodes; the other
species of the section have shrubby and glabrous
branches. A very beautiful plant, but considered to be
difficult to grow. WILHELM MILLER.
TODDALIA (Kaka Toddali, Malabar name of T. acu-
leata). Rutacese. Shrubs usually somewhat climbing or
sarmentose, unarmed or prickly, adapted to the warm-
house and hardy outdoors in the extreme S. Lvs.
alternate, 3-foliate; Ifts. sessile, lanceolate, leathery,
entire or crenate, pellucid-punctate: cymes or panicles
axillary and terminal: fls. rather small, unisexual by
abortion; calyx short, 2-5-toothed, -lobed, or -parted;
petals 2-5, imbricate or valvate; male fls., stamens 2, 4,
5, or 8, ovary rudimentary; female fls., ovary ovoid,
oblong or globose, 2-7- rarely 1-celled: fr. pea-like, hard,
coriaceous, globose, permanently syncarpous. — About
20 species (including Vepris), natives to the Old-World
tropics and the Cape. In Toddalia proper the petals
are valvate, and the stamens as many as the petals;
in the subgenus Vepris the petals are imbricate and
the stamens twice as many as the petals.
lanceolata, Lam. (Vepris lanceoldta, A. Juss.). Small
tree or large shrub, erect, without prickles, entirely
glabrous: petioles 1-2 in. long; Ifts. oblong-lanceolate,
2-3 in. long, acute, entire, waved at the edge, %-l in.
broad: panicles axillary and terminal, thyrsoid: petals
a line long, imbricate; stamens 8, in the male fls.
exserted: fr. the size of a pea, 4-lobed, fleshy, gland-
dotted. Mauritius, Mozambique, Cape. — Intro, by
Reasoner Bros., 1891. WILHELM MILLER.
TODEA (H. J. Tode, a German botanist, 1733-1797).
Osmundacese. GRAPE FERN. A group of ferns with fleshy
sporangia, as in Osmunda, but having these borne on the
backs of ordinary Ivs. The last three species, although
frequently united with Todea, more properly form a
distinct genus Leptopteris, differing widely in habit
from the original Todea; they form delicate foliage
plants resembling the filmy feras in habit. For cult.,
see Ferns.
A. Texture leathery: Ivs. bipinnate.
barbara, Moore (T. qfricana, Willd.). St. short,
erect: Ivs. in a crown, 3-4 ft. long, 9-12 in. wide; pinnae
erect, spreading, sometimes 2 in. wide: sori closely
placed, often covering the whole under surface at
maturity. S. Afr. to New Zeal. G. 37:265. — A very
resistant and useful fern. It deserves wider cult.
AA. Texture thin: Ivs. with linear divisions.
B. Lvs. tripinnatifid.
hymenophylloides, Rich. & Less. (T. pellucida, Hook.).
Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 8-12 in. wide, lowest pinnae about as
long as the others; rachises mostly naked. New Zeal.
superba, Col. St. erect, woody: Ivs. 2-4 ft. long,
pinnae often crisped, the lower gradually reduced;
rachises densely tomentose. New Zeal.
BB. Lvs. bipinnate.
Fraseri, Hook. & Grev. St. erect, woody, 18-24 in.
high: Ivs. 1-2 ft. long, lowest pinnae nearly as large as
the others; rachis narrowly winged, naked. Austral.
L. M. UNDERWOOD.
TOFIELDIA (named after Tofield, a Yorkshire
botanist). Liliacese. Perennial herbs, mostly hardy:
sts. erect, from a short or repent rhizome: Ivs. radical
or clustered at the base of the st., short-linear, some-
what distichous; cauline Ivs. few or none: fls. small, in a
terminal spike, subsessile or short-pedicelled; perianth
persistent, segms. oblong or narrow; stamens 6; ovary
sessile: caps. 3-lobed. — About 25 species, mostly north
temperate and boreal regions but 1 or 2 in the Andes.
T. racembsa, BSP. (T. pubens, Michx. Tridntha race-
mbsa, Small). Sts. slender, 1-2 ft. high, minute glandu-
lar: Ivs. narrow-linear, 6-12 in. long: perianth rigid,
whitish, 2 lines long. Pine barrens, N. J. to Fla. and
Ala. B.M. 3859. Of no special horticultural value.
CXII. A good type of commercial tomato. — Brinton Best
TOLMIEA
TOMATO
3353
TOLMlfeA (named for Dr. Tolmie, surgeon of Hud-
son Bay Co.). Saxifragac&e. Herbaceous, glandular
pubescent, hardy: rhizome scaly: sts. simple: cauline
Ivs. alternate, radical petioled, cordate-incised-lobate;
stipules membranaceous: racemes terminal, slender,
simple: fls. rather secund, nodding, green; calyx-tube
elongate, funnelform-campanulate, 5-lobed; petals 5,
capillary; stamens 3; ovary narrowly oblong, 1-celled:
caps, exserted from the calyx, superior, 2-valved, 2-
beaked.— One species. Borders and wild-garden.
Menziesii, Torr. & Gray (Leptdxis Menziesii, Raf.).
Perennial herb, 1-2 ft. high, with slender creeping root-
stocks and some summer runners: Ivs. round-cordate,
more or less lobed and crenately toothed, slender-
stalked, all alternate, those of the st. 2-4 in number:
raceme ?4-lH ft. long: fls. and caps, nearly J^in. long,
greenish or tinged purple. Forests of Mendocino Co.,
Calif., to Puget Sound. — Prop, naturally by adven-
titious buds, produced at the apex of the petioles of the
radical Ivs. and rooting when these fall to the ground.
WILHELM MILLER.
TOLPIS (name unexplained). Comp6$itie. Herbs,
annual and perennial, allied to Crepis, with showy
3-ellow heads, suitable for the flower-garden or border,
but apparently not offered in this country; species
about 15, in the Medit. region, and the Canaries and
Azores. St. rarely somewhat woody: Ivs. mostly
radical or on lower part of st., entire, dentate or pinnati-
fid, the upper ones few and narrow: heads homogamous,
ligulate, the involucre campanulate with, narrow bracts
in several series; receptacle naked or pitted: achene
subterete, 6-8-ribbed, the pappus of 8-10 very slender
setae. T. barbata, Gaertn. (Crepis barbata, Linn.),
from S. Eu., is an erect branched annual with attrac-
tive yellow heads, the outer scales of involucre subulate:
Ivs. lanceolate, dentate, the upper ones near the fl.-
heads long-subulate: blooms from midsummer till
frost. B.M.35.
TOLUIFERA: Myroxylon. The following species
now planted as a shade tree in S. Fla. was mentioned
under Myrqxylon. M. Pereirae, Klqtzsch (Toluifera
Pereirse, BailL). Tree: Ivs. uneven-pinnate ; Ifts. 6-9,
from 2-3 in. long, 14-16 lines broad, oblong, glabrous;
petiole 4*2 in. long, terete and sparsely puberulent:
pod 2^2-3 in. long. Cent. Amer.
TOMATO. The plant Lycopersicum esculentum
(which see. page 1931, Vol. IV), grown extensively for
its edible fruit.
The tomato is probably grown more extensively in
North America than elsewhere, and the varieties have
reached a high degree of perfection. The American
standard or ideal is a tomato that is nearly globular,
solid and "smooth" (that is, not wrinkled). (Fig. 3818.)
The flat angled and wrinkled tomatoes (Fig. 3819) are
now little grown in this country. These forms are little
adapted to canning, in which use enormous quantities
of tomatoes are employed, and they do not satisfy the
popular desire. The old-time pear, cherry, and plum
forms (Fig. 3820) are still grown for curiosity and also
for the making of pickles and preserves, but their field
culture is relatively not important. The currant tomato,
grown for ornament and curiosity, is considered to be
Lycopersicum pimpindlifolium. It sometimes hybridizes
with the common species (Figs. 2234, 2235, Vol. IV).
The tomato requires a warm soil and climate, a
sunny open position, and also a long season.- The plants
are usually started in hotbeds or glass houses, being
transferred to the open as soon as settled weather
comes. They are usually set from 4 to 5 feet apart each
way and are allowed to grow as they will, finally cover-
ing the ground. For home use, however, the plants are
often trained, in order to forward their ripening and
to secure larger and better-colored fruits. The best
method is to train to a single stem, supported by a
stake or perpendicular wire or cord (Fig. 3821); or
sometimes it is tied to the horizontal strands of a trellis.
This single-stem training requires close attention, and
if the time cannot be spared for it, the vines may be
allowed to lie on an inclined trellis or rack. This rack
training keeps the plants from the ground and thereby
allows the individual fruits to develop perfectly and
also checks the spread of the fruit-rot; but it usually
does not give such perfect fruits as the single-stem
training, since the number of fruits is limited in the
latter. Sometimes a serious difficulty in tomato-grow-
ing is a rot of the fruit. This seems to cause most dam-
age following close wet weather when the fruit is ripen-
ing. It is thought to be worst on plants that cover
the ground thickly with foliage and do not allow it to
become dry on the surface. Usually it does not seri-
ously lessen the crop beyond a few pickings; and if the
plants are brought into bearing early and are kept in
thrifty condition for subsequent bearing, the percen-
tage of total injury is greatly reduced. The tomato is
tender to frost. The green fruit remaining when frost
kills the plants may be ripened in tight drawers or
cupboards, if it is nearly or quite full grown. The
tomato is a short-lived perennial, but in cold climates
it is grown from seeds as an annual. It may be grown
from cuttings. £,. ]j. B.
General culture of the tomato.
The tomato plant comes from regions in South
America where the conditions of temperature and
moisture in its growing season are very constantly
favorable for its rapid growth and the ripening of a
large yield of fruit. Although it cannot be classed as a
tropical and hardly as a semi-tropical plant, it thrives
best in a day temperature of 65° to 85° F., makes very
slow growth in one below 40° F., and, unless hardened
by gradual exposure, will be killed by a short exposure
to a temperature of 32°. It is a rapid-growing short-
lived plant and under favorable conditions will mature
its first fruit in ninety to one hundred and twenty
days from the sowing of the seed and continue in bear-
ing for fifty to ninety days, when it will generally die
of exhaustion, though its life may be prolonged (but
with lessened vigor) either by cuttings or layering. It
is emphatically a sun-loving plant and unobstructed
sunlight is essential for its most vigorous growth and
greatest fruitfulness. An attempt to grow tomatoes of
superior or even good quality in an orchard or at a
season when the sunlight is likely to be dimmed much
of the tune by clouds or mists is very likely to be
disappointing.
The splendid color often seen in Italian-grown fruits
is due to cloudless skies rather than to superior varie-
ties or cultural methods. Under favorable conditions
the plant is a vigorous and rapid grower and capable of
maturing an enormous crop of fruit, but it requires for
even a fair yield very constantly favorable conditions,
and any check in its growth from cold or cloudy weather
or too deep and harsh cultivation, even if the plant
seems fully to recover, will surely materially lessen
the yield of fruit. Many cases have been seen in which
cultures within a few miles of each other and on similar
soil have matured crops differing greatly in quantity
and quality as a result of such difference in cultural
Eactice as to bring one crop into the fruiting-stage in
tter condition, or at a time when the weather was
more favorable for a full setting of fruit. The plant,
however, is very tenacious of life and will often live
and produce some fruit under most unfavorable con-
ditions and many who have grown it for years do not
know of the amount of fruit a healthy tomato plant is
capable of producing. It is doubtful whether the aver-
age yield of all the cultures in the United States exceeds
6,000 pounds of marketable fruit to the acre. Yet every
3354
TOMATO
TOMATO
season for the past fifty years many fields have been
known where the salable crop was from 30,000 to 40,000
pounds to the acre, with exceptional still larger yields.
Exposure is often an important factor in determining
the profit of a crop. Generally a gentle inclination to
the southward, with protection of higher land or forest
on the side from which cold and damp winds may be
expected will give the largest yield of the most marketa-
ble fruit, but a sharp inclination to the south, particu-
larly if it be steep or such as to form a hot pocket.
coarse sharp-grained sand. Soils used in plant-boxes
or -beds should always be sterilized by spreading over
steam-pipes perforated on the lower side and filled with
live steam until a potato buried about 3 inches in the
soil is cooked soft. The seed can be sown rather thickly
and covered % to }/% inch deep. The boxes should be
well watered and set in the shade until the plantlets show
above the soil, when they should be set in full sunlight
and kept at a constant temperature between 65° and 80°,
and given water as needed. The plants should develop
IcLll v 11 l\J U\^ oLCClJ \Jl DUisii. Cw3 uv i\Jt.m c* UW ^v^^ivt;c;j cu.iu g,! v *jii v» ci* L'^JL «*3 uwww« •*- JJ.v- ^-MCUI uo onu ILLU *_i\^ v \^i\jj-f
rarely produces a maximum crop, although, because of large seed-leaves and bud within ten to fifteen days,
the early ripening of the fruit, it may be a profitable
one.
The largest yields recorded were generally grown on
red clay loam. Large yields are often secured from
soils of very different compositions, from "gumbo"
when they should be transplanted into the frames. The
soil of the frames should be 3 to 6 inches deep and freshly
made up and sterilized about as recommended for the
Elant-boxes. The plants may be set twelve to twenty-
)ur to the square foot, according to the time they are
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prairie, marsh muck, stiff clay, to a light sand provided expected to remain before setting in the field. The beds
the conditions of drainage, fertility, and tilth are
favorable, but a maximum crop can never and even a
profitable one very seldom be grown on a cold soil, or
one which is poorly
drained, sodden, sour,
or hard and solid from
want of cultivation. A
good crop of tomatoes
very seldom follows
one of tomatoes or
potatoes.
Tomatoes are rank
feeders and the use of
fresh stable manures
and those carrying a
large proportion of
nitrogen is likely to
result in a rank growth
of vines ripening a
small crop of fruit of
poor quality. The best
yields and quality of
fruit will usually be
from fields rich from
fertilizing in previous
years. On unfertile
fields where one is
obliged to use commer-
cial fertilizers, those
comparatively rich in
potash will generally
prove most profitable.
The largest yield and
best fruit have gener- 3818 A contemporaneous American tomato,
ally been from rich
clover sods, which were plowed as early as practicable
in the spring, rolled, and made friable by repeated sur-
face cultivation.
Although in all but the extreme northern part of the
United States, in very high altitudes and in some parts
of the Puget Sound country, tomatoes will generally
ripen a full crop from seed sown in the open ground!,
from Washington northward plants so grown will rarely
ripen their crop until past midsummer and much of it
will miss the long days of sunshine, which are essential
for the development of the best quality. On this
account it is desirable, in most cases, to start the
plants under glass, so as to give them fifty to sixty
days' growth by the time they can be set in the open
ground without danger from killing frosts. It is very
easy to grow plants to this age, but the character of
the growth and the condition in which they go into the
fields are most important factors in determining the
quantity and quality of the fruit.
Starting the plants under glass is usually accom-
plished best by sowing the seed in boxes about 4 inches
deep and of convenient size for handling, filled with
soil made up of two-fifths potting earth or garden loam,
two-fifths old well-rotted cow-manure, and one-fifth
should be closely watched and the sash opened as the air
in them becomes warmed by the sun to a
temperature above 60° and as promptly
closed as it cools below
40°. The soil should
be watered as neces-
sary to prevent the
plants wilting, but this
should be done as far
as practicable in even-
ing or early morning,
rather than during
bright sunshine. If
necessary the beds may
be protected from frost
by covering the sash
with sacks, old carpets,
straw, or even a sprink-
ling of earth. An inex-
perienced person will
be surprised to see how
effective even a slight
covering often is. In
case frost does creep
in, it is best to keep
the beds covered until
they can warm up
without direct sun-
shine, even if this takes
a day or two. Cases
have been known in
which plants that
seemed to be killed
were saved by slow
warming up. For a few
days before the plants are to be set in field, they should
be hardened off by scant watering and fuller exposure
both to the sun and night air, and the day before they
are to be set should be thoroughly sprayed with bor-
deaux mixture. The field, particularly if it has been a
clover sod, should be prepared and cutworms killed
by keeping it absolutely free of green vegetation for at
least a week before the plants are to be set and the
evening before scattering over the surface poisoned
bait made by thoroughly mixing one pound of paris
green or similar poison with fifty pounds of bran or
middlings moistened with sweetened water. The even-
ing after the plants are set, the poison should also be
scattered along the rows and the next day the plants
should be again sprayed with bordeaux.
Field culture should begin the day after the plants
are set and be repeated every four or five days and as
soon after every rain as it can be done without puddling
the soil. At first the culture should be as close to the
plants and as deep as possible, but it should be farther
from the plants and shallower each time until it is a
mere stirring of the surface in the center of the row,
always taking care to disturb the vines as little as
possible. The plants should frequently be looked over
TOMATO
TOMATO
3355
3819. The old-time angled
form of tomato.
carefully for potato bugs, the most effective way of
combating them being by hand-picking the beetles and
eggs when they first appear.
When quantity and quality of fruit is second to
early ripening, the seed may be sown earlier and the
growth of the plants checked by crowding and a
scarcity of water; so treated
they generally will form a
crown cluster of well-de-
veloped fruit by the time
one dares risk them in the
open. They are then set
close in the row and rather
deep, with the stem and
root slanting to the south
and will ripen the first clus-
ter very early, although the
remainder of the crop will
be late and poor.
When quality rather than quantity of fruit is of first
importance, staking and pruning is sometimes advan-
tageous, particular!}' if the season or the soil is inclined
to be wet. With many growers stakes 2 inches square
and 5 to 6 feet long have given the best satisfaction.
As soon as the tomato plant forms its first cluster of
bloom it divides, and both branches are allowed to
grow and then tied to the stakes while all other branches
are cut off just beyond the first cluster of blossoms;
during the early part of the season this will require
daily attention. Staking has been found profitable
and is very generally practised in the southern states.
Even when first discovered by Europeans, the plant
or plants now commonly called tomatoes existed in
many forms differing so materially in habit of plant
and character of foliage and fruit that they were classed
by botanists as distinct species, and the number of
varieties offered has increased with frequent changes
until American seedsmen have catalogued tomatoes
under at least 513 distinct names, while many other
more or less distinct forms are commonly grown abroad,
particularly in Italy.
The following are some of the names used in seeds-
men's catalogues, many of them standing for distinct
forms of vine or fruit, while others are simply varia-
tions in stocks.
Currant or Grape. — Rank-growing, but slender small-leaved
vine, very productive of long currant-like stems of bright red
fruits not over J 3 inch in diameter, of little culinary value,
Cherry, both Red and Yettoir. — Strong-growing vine, very pro-
ductive of cherry-shaped fruits, which are excellent for pickles and
preserving.
Pear, both Red and Yettote. — Strong-growing vine, small, long-
necked, pear-shaped, two-celled fruits.
Plum, both Red and YeOoie. — Long oval-shaped, 2-celled fruits,
which are excellent for preserving.
Turk's Turban. — Long oval, bright red fruit, with a peculiar
growth on the blossom end.
Potato or Broad-leared (in a number of variations). — Com-
paratively small vine, with broad entire leaves.
Dwarf Champion. — Vine very short, compact, leaves thick,
crumpled, nearly entire.
•. — Vine very short, compact and upright in growth, with
distinct thick nearly entire leaves.
Peach, both Red and Yellow. — Fruits covered with down similar
to that on a peach or plum.
Diadem. — Fruit bright red, distinctly striped with yellow.
White Apple. — Round smooth yellowish white fruit of delicate
flavor and the best of all varieties for eating from the hand.
Golden Queen. — Fruit bright yellow, often with a distinct red
blush.
Each of the above is so distinct in habit of plant
foliage or fruit that botanists might perhaps classify
them as distinct species, while the following are some
of the more distinct of the varietal forms listed by
seedsmen under different names.
Earliana. — Comparatively small weak-growing vine, but matur-
ing very early a large crop of smooth bright red fruit.
Bonny Bext. — Vigorous vine, ripening very early and evenlv a
large crop of uniformly round bright red fruit.
MatMett. — Large smooth bright red fruit, with red fine-flavored
but not very solid flesh.
Red Rock. — A healthy productive vine, with uniformly flattened
globular fruit of fine flavor.
Dtcarf Giant. — Vine dwarf, but very hardy and productive of
large handsome bright red fruit of superior quality.
Sterling Cattle. — Vine does particularly well under glass, produ-
cing large crop of small uniformly round bright red fruit.
Prince Bourghese. — An Italian sort, wonderfully productive of
bright red, long plum-shaped fruit of fine flavor.
Stone. — Very vigorous and productive vine, with oval purplish
red fruit,
Ponderom. — Very large solid-fleshed fruit with small seed cavi-
ties, little pulp, and few seeds.
June Pink. — Early-maturing, purplish pink fruit,
Acme. — Large vigorous vines, with round purple-pink fruit.
Beauty. — Strong-growing vine, with a large flattish oval Durole
fruit.
Honor Bright. — Vine, although apparently unhealthy, is very
productive of very firm hard-fleshed fruit, which in ripening changes
from white to distinct yellow, then to very bright red.
Many carefully conducted trials have shown that
first germination crosses will generally give a larger
yield of fruit than either parent. In the experience of
breeders, such increased yields have been in proportion
to the varietal distinctness and purity of stocks crossed.
Xo distinct difference in the varietal character of
plants from seed of different fruits of an isolated vine
of pure stock has been noticed, plants from seed of the
first and the last ripe fruit of the same vine showing no
difference in earliness. Xor has any consistent differ-
ence been detected in size or form of fruit in plants grown
from seed of a small smooth and a large rough fruit from
the same plant.
Although the flowers are seldom self-fertilized, it is
thought that they are with few exceptions pollinated
from those of the same plant, generally from those of
the same cluster and one should be guided in seed selec-
tion by the general character of the plant, rather than
by that of single fruit. When plants are grown so that
the branches intermingle, there would very likely be
crossing and it is wisest to save seed from isolated
plants.
One should first form a clear-cut conception of the
exact varietal character desired, then carefully select
isolated plants which come nearest to ideal and save,
separately, seed from a number of fruits. A few seeds
from eac& lot should be grown to fruit maturity under
glass during the winter. It is quite possible that this
will reveal some lots which do not breed true; such can
be rejected and the best and
purest lots planted for seed
crop.
Seed is often viable when
taken from fruit so green that it
shows but little color and plants
from such seed sometimes show
a little gain in earliness, but they
are weaker, less fruitful and do
not carry their individuality so
well as those from fully ripened
seed. Plumper, heavier seed,
which will retain its viability
much longer, is secured from fruit
which is fully ripe. The amount
to a bushel of fruit varies greatly
from only one to two ounces in
sorts like the Ponderosa to as
high as twelve to fourteen ounces
in the smaller more seedy sorts.
When the amount of fruit is less than a bushel and the
appearance of the seed is important, the best plan is to
spread the fruit in the sun until it is fully ripe. Cut
each fruit through the center, and by squeezing the
pulp and seed can be pressed out. Let this stand, and
in one to three days, depending on the ripeness of
the fruit and the temperature, it will separate, the
seed falling to the bottom. Pour off the liquid, add
to the seed two or three times its bulk of water, stir,
let settle and pour off the water and repeat with fresh
water until seed is clean. Spread not over three or
v
3820. Two forms of the
pear tomato.
3356
TOMATO
TOMATO
four seeds deep and stir every hour or two until seed
is thoroughly dry.
Larger quantities can be handled as follows: Separate
the pulp and seed from the flesh and skins. Seed-
growers usually do this by running the ripe fruit
through rollers about Yi inch apart. (In a small way, a
hand cider-mill will do this very well.) Then run the
pulp and seed through a slowly revolving cylinder of
wire netting of about J^-rnch mesh, set at a slight incline
so that the seed will fall through the netting, while the
flesh, skins, and the like will gradually work out of the
lower end. Allow the seed and pulp to stand and
ferment until the seed settles and is covered with liquid,
which will require from ten to forty-eight hours, accord-
ing to condition. Care should be taken not to add
water or rain while ground fruit is fermenting. Pour
off the liquid. Put two or three pails of seed in a
barrel, add four to eight pails of water, agitate, and
then let seed settle and carefully pour off the water,
carrying what pulp and bits of skin it will. Repeat
with fresh water till seed is clean. Spread seed not
over Y± inch deep on cloth- or wire-bottom screens.
Expose to sun and every few hours stir the seed until
it is entirely dry, then bag. Care should be taken
to be sure that seed is quite dry before bagging, for
it will seem dry to a novice long before it is fit.
W. W. TRACY.
Growing of tomatoes in the South.
The growing of tomatoes on a commercial scale in the
southern states began just prior to 1900 and has grad-
ually increased until it is now one of the most important
crops grown in that section. Especially is this true of
Florida, Mississippi, and Texas.
The crop in Florida begins to move in December
and continues at intervals during the winter months.
The movement in Mississippi and Texas is more con-
centrated, beginning the latter part of May and closing
the last of June. During the height of the tomato
season, solid trainloads of tomatoes are shipped out of
the two last-named states daily.
In growing the tomato for the northern markets,
earliness is of prime importance. For this purpose,
it is necessary to start the crop during the winter
months, and, as the tomato
is very sensitive to cold,
it must be given careful
protection for the first
six weeks or two months
of its growth. This neces-
sarily means extra care
and expense, which, in
turn, means that the
grower, in order to suc-
ceed, must exercise a
higher degree of intelli-
gence than is shown in
the production of the aver-
age vegetable crop.
It has been clearly de-
monstrated that it does
not pay to grow tomatoes
on a large scale, nor does
it pay to grow them when
most of the help has to
be hired. The best results
are obtained when a single
family plants not over two
or three acres and does
all the detail work con-
nected with the growing
and harvesting of the
crop.
Tomatoes for the early
3821. Stake-trained tomato. market are started in hot-
beds. Both manure and flue hotbeds are used for this
purpose. The soil of the hotbed should be loose and
porous, but not too rich. Especially should an exces-
sive amount of organic matter be avoided. A good
average soil, with 1 inch of leaf-mold added gives good
results.
The seeds are sown about January 20. They are placed
in rows 4 inches apart, Yi inch deep, and from three to
four seeds to the inch. Under nor-
mal conditions, the seed should
begin germinating in six to eight
days. The temperature should
not be allowed to go over 80°
F., during the day, nor below
65° at night. The heat should
be so regulated as to produce a
slow, steady growth. Too much
heat produces rapid, succulent
growth, often causing the plants
to become weak and spindling,
under which conditions they
are easily affected by adverse
weather and more subject to the
attacks of diseases.
As soon as the young plants
begin to grow, plenty of ventila-
tion should be given and the
soil frequently stirred. The soil
should be kept moist, but not
wet. By the last week in Febru-
ary, the plants begin to crowd in
the row, at which time they
should be moved to the cold-
frame.
The coldframe is usually
located in the field where the
crop is to be grown. The soil in
the coldframe should be richer
and should contain more organic
matter than that in the hotbed.
The rows are laid off about 3 to
4 inches apart, and the plants
set 4 inches apart in the row.
A board with wooden pegs set 4
inches apart may be used to advantage in opening the
holes for the plants. It is advisable to set the plants
deeper than they stood in the hotbed, and, as soon as
transplanted, they should be given a good watering.
Special pains should be taken to protect them from
sudden changes in temperature. At first they should
be carefully covered at night; and if the weather is
very threatening, an extra cover, such as cotton bag-
ging, Sudan grass mats, and the like, should be used.
Whenever the weather is clear and bright, the top
should be lifted during the warm part of the day.
During the latter part of March, when the nights are
warm, the cover may be left off entirely, so as gradu-
ally to harden the plants. By the first of April, the
tomatoes begin to crowd in the row, which is a good
indication that they are ready for moving to the open
field.
Tomatoes for the early market should be planted
on well-drained elevated land, that has some form of
windbreak on the north side. The land should be well
broken with a turning plow, then disked, harrowed, and
laid off in 4-foot rows. A furrow should be run down
each row and fertilizer applied and mixed in with the
soil. Just before taking the plants from the coldframe,
the soil should be given a thorough wetting. Then one
end of the coldframe should be knocked out and the
soil should be removed to a depth of 2 inches, up to
within a few inches of the first row of plants. A sharp
spade or mason's trowel is then used and a 4-inch
square is cut around each plant, after which the block
of soil containing the tomato is carefully lifted and
placed in a flat box or on a wide board, which is then
3822. A strand of win-
ter tomato, the clusters
supported by slings.
TOMATO
TOMATO
3357
set in a wagon. The wagon should be made to straddle
one row and the plants lifted out from the rear and
placed from 2 to 3 feet apart in the three adjoining
rows. Special pains should be taken when the plants
are placed in the furrow to prevent the soil from break-
ing away from the roots, as they will wilt easily at this
stage. Moist soil should be drawn by hand and pressed
around each plant. A sweep or small turning plow
should then be run around each row so as to fill in the
remainder of the furrow.
Tomatoes should receive frequent and thorough culti-
vation from the time they are set in the open field until
the first fruits begin to ripen. A crust should never
be allowed to form on the soil, nor should weeds be
allowed to grow. A five-tooth cultivator is one of the
best implements that can be used in cultivation.
When moved to the open field, the plants are often
beginning to show their first cluster of blooms and are
also beginning to force out shoots from the axils of the
leaves. The plants should be gone over carefully every
few days and all lateral shoots and suckers should be
removed before they have grown longer than 1 inch.
It is a serious mistake to neglect removing shoots and
suckers, even for a few days.
When three or four fruit-clusters have set, the ter-
minal bud is pinched out, and thereafter no new
growth whatever should be allowed. This severe prun-
ing undoubtedly reduces the amount of fruit to the
acre, but it is a considerable aid in the development of
quality and earliness.
The staking, like the pruning, should begin soon after
the plants are set in the field. A 4-foot stake, 1 by 2
inches, should be driven down within a few inches
of the plant, and coarse twine wrapped around the
plant and tied to the stake. Two or three tyings should
be made during the development of the plant. The
staking holds the vines and fruit off the ground, pre-
vents rotting of the fruit in wet weather, and allows the
sun and air to strike the fruit, thus inducing earliness,
while, at the same time, reducing the danger from
diseases.
Tomatoes in the southern states north of Florida
begin to ripen about the middle of May. As soon as
the ripening period arrives, the tomato patch should be
gone over every day during the shipping-season. As
soon as the fruit shows a deep -creamy white color,
with a faint blush of pink, it is ready for harvesting.
At the first of the season, the fruit may be allowed to
take on a deeper color than later on.
Tomatoes are gathered in one-half-bushel baskets,
lined with coarse ducking, and carried to the packing-
sheds, which are generally located in the field, and then
packed in four-basket crates, averaging twenty pounds,
or one-third bushel, each. As a rule, there are two
grades: fancy and choice. The fancy are packed with
the stem end down and average about twelve to the
basket. The choice are packed on the side and average
about fifteen to the basket. The six-basket crate is
now becoming popular in some sections.
The bulk of the crop is shipped in refrigerator cars,
well iced. It is now becoming the custom, when distant
markets are to be reached, to harvest the fruit as soon
as it is mature, but while still quite green in color.
Each tomato is wrapped with soft paper and packed in
flats or six-basket carriers and shipped in refrigerator
cars, -with the ventilators open, but without ice. This is
known as the "green-wrapped'' pack. It requires 896
four-basket crates to fill a car. A fair average yield is
250 crates to the acre, although a few growers some-
times produce as high as 600. A good average price
for a season is 60 cents a crate.
A medium to large tomato, one that is smooth and
does not crack easily, is the best for early shipping.
The Acme has been the leading variety for many years,
while the Earliana. Stone, ana Beauty, are grown on a
small scale in some sections.
There is no standard fertilizer for tomatoes. Tomato
soils of Texas are relatively rich in potash; so, as a rule,
it is not necessary to use more than 1 per cent of this
ingredient. Most of the Texas growers use a fertilizer
containing from 8 to 10 per cent of phosphoric acid,
2 per cent of nitrogen, and 1 per cent of potash. A
fertilizer containing from 400 to 600 pounds of equal
parts of acid phosphate and cottonseed meal to the
acre gives very satisfactory results. In the states east
of the Mississippi River, the amount of potash is con-
siderably increased; the total amount of fertilizer used
to the acre is also considerably greater. From 800 to
1,000 pounds of fertilizer to the acre, containing 6 per
cent phosphoric acid, 7 per cent potash, and 3 per cent
of nitrogen, seems to be satisfactory. Fifteen or twenty
loads of manure to the acre, applied broadcast, two or
3823. A prolific tomato,
the result of training to fjjl sl!'j( /
a single stem. / \r ''>' \
three months in advance of planting the crop, will
always give good results.
The damping-off fungi often attacks the young
plants while they are in the hotbed. These fungi work
on the stem of the plant, just where it enters the soil,
causing it to shrivel and the top to fall over. Wet soil
and a damp sultry atmosphere are conditions that
favor the development of this disease. Frequent stir-
ring of the soil and thorough ventilation will go a long
way toward preventing the appearance of this trouble.
A thin coating of tobacco dust or a mixture of three
parts of lime to one of sulfur, spread over the soil after
the seed is planted, will also help to hold the disease
in check.
The blossom-end rot is a very destructive disease.
It makes its appearance when the fruit first begins to
ripen, thereby destroying the earliest and most profita-
3358
TOMATO
TOMATO
ble part of the crop. The fruit is attacked at the blos-
som-end. A small black speck first appears, which
gradually increases in size until the entire fruit is
affected. There is practically no remedy. The best
thing to do is to gather and destroy the fruit as soon
as it becomes affected.
Tomato-wilt often attacks the plants when the crop
is grown on the same land more than one season in
succession. Rotation should be practised as a safe-
guard against this disease.
The nematode is a microscopic worm which attacks
the roots of a tomato plant and causes small bead-like
knots to form. Ground infested with this pest should
be avoided and whenever there is danger of infesta-
tion, cowpeas should not be planted on the land pre-
ceding tomatoes, as most varieties of peas encourage
the development of the nematode.
The boll-worm sometimes causes considerable dam-
age. This is a large green worm that enters the fruit
near the stem-end. As soon as the fruit becomes
infested, it is entirely worthless and should be removed
and fed to hogs or destroyed. The boll-worm can be
partially controlled by spraying with arsenate of lead;
put, as it seldom makes its appearance before the fruit
is full grown, there is danger in using any poison as
a sprav E. J. KYLE.
Tomato-growing under glass.
The tomato ranks next to the cucumber and perhaps
next to lettuce in importance as a vegetable forcing
crop. It is grown extensively under glass near all of
the large cities of the North from the Mississippi
River to the Atlantic coast. In some instances houses
are devoted wholly to tomatoes, while in the larger
number of cases other crops are grown in rotation with
tomatoes. A very common practice is to produce let-
tuce until early spring and then the beds and benches
are planted in tomatoes which will ripen during the
months of May, June, and July. An early summer crop
is considered more profitable than late fall and winter
tomatoes, notwithstanding the fact that prices are
always much lower. The larger net profits are due to
larger yields obtained at much less expense, and there
are no fuel bills to pay during the months of June and
July and very little artificial heat is required in April
and May. These remarks are not intended even to
suggest that the forcing of tomatoes should be restricted
to late spring and early summer, for many growers
realize satisfactory profits on the fall crop and some-
times on midwinter tomatoes.
The tomato is also a popular vegetable in houses
which are used solely in providing fresh vegetables at
all seasons for the home table. No fruit or vegetable
is more appreciated in the winter months than well-
grown greenhouse tomatoes which are superior in qual-
ity to those grown in the open ground.
Numerous varieties are used for forcing purposes.
English varieties have received much attention and
some of them, such as Comet, have been grown on a
large scale. American sorts, however, are now relied
on mainly by the most extensive American growers.
Bonny Best is undoubtedly taking the lead among red-
fruited varieties. It is very prolific and the round
smooth fruits are popular on most markets. Beauty,
Globe, and Trucker Favorite are planted most exten-
sively wherever pink or purple fruits are wanted.
In the starting of tomato plants for forcing, there
should be uninterrupted growth from germination
until the plants have attained full size in the beds. It
is customary to sow the seed for the fall crop soon after
June 20, and for the spring crop from January 15 to
February 1. If a very early spring crop is wanted, the
seed should be sown January 1 or even earlier. The
seedlings may be planted in beds or flats at the first
transplanting and the second shift should be made to
pots large enough to care for the plants without crowd-
ing. A third shift to 4- to 6-inch pots is often made,
and with good management this should result in very
fine plants.
Most of the large commercial growers employ solid
beds. Raised benches are used in some sections,
especially when carnations precede the tomatoes.
Solid beds require no expense for construction and
maintenance and it is less difficult to maintain uni-
form soil-moisture conditions. Benches are an advan-
tage when bottom heat is desired and this should be
considered if the crop is to be grown at midwinter. If
lettuce is grown until the tomatoes are planted early
in the spring, solid beds will be found entirely satis-
factory. Large pots -and boxes are often used in small
houses but they are not practicable on a large commer-
cial scale.
Some persons have an idea that the tomato does
well in poor soils. This is an erroneous impression, for
high yields are obtained only in rich soils. It is true
that the proportion of plant-food must be well bal-
anced. An excess of nitrogen, with copious watering
and high temperature, causes a rank growth of plants
and a low yield. But the soil must be well provided
with the mineral elements and enough nitrogen to
meet the needs of the plant. If lettuce is grown until
March, and enough manure employed to obtain good
crops, the soil should be in ideal condition for tomatoes.
It must be borne in mind that the greenhouse soil is
a kind of manufactured soil, and it is important to
give special attention to the supply of fiber or organic
matter. The productiveness of greenhouse soils, what-
ever the crop may be, depends more on their physical
properties than upon their chemical composition.
Stable manure, used in ample quantity for lettuce, will
make the best preparation for tomatoes and no addi-
tional manure will need to be applied to the tomatoes,
except as a mulch. Special fertilizers have not been
found necessary, and seldom an advantage, when
stable manure has been used in sufficient amount to
keep the soil in proper physical condition. While sandy
loams are preferable for growing tomatoes under glass,
any of the common soils, clays included, will give good
results when properly handled.
There is the greatest diversity of practice among
growers concerning planting distances. Some prefer
to plant close together in rows with liberal spacing
between rows. For example, a highly successful gar-
dener sets the plants 14 inches apart in rows 30 inches
apart. Some plant 2 feet apart each way with alleys
at convenient distances. In large commercial houses,
liberal spacing between rows is 'a great advantage in
training the plants, pollinating the flowers, and picking
the fruit.
It is possible to do a little intercropping between the
tomato plants. Lettuce and radishes are sometimes
grown between the rows, by starting the crops immedi-
ately after the tomato plants have been set. The prac-
tice is only fairly satisfactory because the tomato plants
shade the lettuce and radishes so that the latter crops
are seldom very good.
While tomato plants may be trained to two or more
stems, the almost universal practice under glass is to
grow single stems. (Figs. 3822, 3823.) This is easily
accomplished by removing with thumb and finger all
lateral branches as fast as they appear. In order that
the laterals do not make too much growth, it is best to
look over the plants every three or four days. When
the plants attain a height of about 5 feet the tops are
nipped. The stems may be supported in any conveni-
ent way. Various arrangements of wire, or wire and
strings, are usually employed. A common practice is
to use fairly heavy string or twine for the uprights
which are tied to wires running lengthwise in the house.
Tomatoes under glass may be tilled, if it is pre-
ferred, but the better practice is to mulch the ground
TOMATO
with 3 or 4 inches of fresh horse-manure which has
been aerated in thin layers a few days before being
applied. The mulch should be applied after most of
the fruit has been set. If applied too soon, an excessive
vine growth and sparse setting of fruit may result. A
mulch of manure keeps the soil in a loose and friable
condition; it conserves moisture more perfectly than
the most thorough tillage; it furnishes plant-food every
time water is applied; it prevents weed growth and
saves labor in rendering tillage unnecessary.
The temperature of the house at night should not
fall below 60°. From 10° to 15° higher during the day
will provide excellent growing conditions. If there is
bright sunshine and the ventilators are open, there need
be no fear if the temperature should rise to 100°. Some
fresh air should be admitted even- day, but good judg-
ment should be exercised in ventilating the houses.
Excessive watering must be avoided. High tempera-
tures, over-watering, and poor ventilation are respon-
sible for many failures.
Some attention must be given to the pollination of
the flowers. Various methods are followed. Some care-
ful growers use a little camel's-hair brush on each
flower that is likely to contain ripe pollen-grains, and
the grains of pollen are thus carried from flower to
flower just as bees and other insects might perform this
work out-of-doors. Jarring the plants daily is usually
sufficient to get a good setting of the spring and early
summer crops. Whatever the method employed, the
work should be done, if possible, when there is bright
sunshine and the atmosphere of the house is as drv as
possible.
Greenhouse tomatoes have certain enemies which
must be ^controlled if a satisfactory crop of fruit is
desired. Steam sterilization of the soil previous to set-
ting the plants is practicable in most large greenhouses.
This is by far the most effective means of destroying
the nematodes which cause an abnormal development
of the roots and interfere with the nutrition of the
plants. Steam sterilization also helps to prevent some
of the diseases to which the tomato is subject. Blight,
mold, and the Gedema are among the most serious dis-
eases. Frequent and thorough application of bordeaux
mixture is valuable in controlling various diseases. The
white-fly is the most destructive insect pest. It may
be controlled by fumigating with hydrocyanic gas.
Some of the most successful growers are able to
obtain yields of ten pounds to the plant for the spring
crop. This, however, is considerably above the average
when the entire count ry is taken into account. Six
pounds to the plant, for the spring crop, is a good vield,
and four pounds for the winter crop is considered satis-
factory. An average of 10 cents a pound for the spring
crop makes it a profitable undertaking, and 30 cents a
pound is not too much for the winter crop.
The greenhouse tomato should be of the highest
quality and special care should be exercised in market-
ing it. Small packages holding about five pounds are
preferable. The tomatoes should be clean and wrapped
in paper bearing the name of the grower. The grower
should be able to guarantee every specimen which is
packed in the number 1 grade. j^ L WATTS.
TOMATO, HUSK: Physatos, Strawberry T.: PhysaKa AUx-
kengi and P. pubescens. Tree T. : CyphomanSro.
TOMMASINIA: Angelica. The following species,
in the lists under Tommasinia, should be entered with
Angelica in Vol. I, p. 287. Angelica verticillaris,
Linn. (Tommasinia verticillaris, Bertpl. Peucedanum
fcrticillare, Koch). Advertised in this country as a
lawn plant. It is a hardy perennial, about 1 ft. tall,
with many small yellow-green fls.: Ivs. 3-pinnate, the
Ifts. ovate, acute-serrate and the lateral ones often
2-lobed and the terminal one 3-lobed, the petiole much
dilated at base. Piedmont region, S. Eu.
TORENIA
3359
TOOLS: Machinery and Implement*, V6L IV, page 1939.
TORENIA (named for Olaf Toren, clergyman;
traveled in China 1750-1752 and discovered T. asiatica).
Scrophulariacex. Glabrous, pubescent or hirsute annual
or perennial herbs, mostly low, branching and somewhat
decumbent, grown sometimes in the warmhouse for
winter bloom, but mostly grown as garden annuals.
Leaves opposite, entire, crenate or serrate: racemes
short, few-fld., terminal or false-axillary; calyx tubular,
plicate or 3-5-winged, apex obliquely 3-5-toothed or
2-lipped; corolla-tube cylindrical or often broadened
above, 2-lipped; stamens 4, perfect, in pairs of unequal
length: caps, oblong. — About 33 species, Trop. and E.
extra-Trpp. Asia and Trop. Afr.
Torenias are of easy cultivation and are very useful
for window-boxes, low borders, or even for large masses.
The flowers are not large but the plants are floriferous
and keep in good leaf and flowers from spring to frost.
T. Fournieri has the best habit for a bedding plant, but
it mav be bordered
with T. flava. They
are easily raised from
seed, sown indoors or
in the open, but may
also be grown from
cuttings.
In Florida Torenia
Fournieri is an excel-
lent substitute for
the pansy, which is
cultivated only with
difficulty so far south.
Young plants come up by the
hundreds around the old
plants from self-sown seed
during the rainy season. The
species can also be propa-
gated with great ease by
cuttings. The torenia shows
its full beauty when planted
in beds or borders or in
masses in front of small ever-
green shrubs. It flowers
abundantly throughout the
summer, and even late in fall
isolated flowers may be found.
The best results are obtained
by treating it as an annual.
Any good and rich light soil
seems to meet its require-
ments. It succeeds almost
everywhere but prefers shade
and moisture. It even grows
luxuriantly in wet places
along ditches and water-courses where forget-me-nots
grow in the North. If such localities, however, are very
shady, the flowers, though much larger, are neither pro-
duced so abundantly nor are they colored so brightly as
in sunny situations. On the other hand, it is sometimes
found in such dry positions, where only cacti and yuc-
cas manage to live, that one can scarcely understand
how it is able to succeed. In good soil the torenia
attains a height of 8 to 10 inches, and when planted
about 8 inches apart soon covers the ground entirely.
There is already a great variety in colors, but the typical
plant has beautiful light blue and royal purple flowers,
with a bright yellow throat, in texture rivaling the
most exquisite velvet. (H. Nehrling.)
A. Fls. mainly yellow.
flava, Buch.-Ham. (T. Baillonii, Godefr.). Usu-
ally decumbent and creeping: Ivs. 1-2 in. long, ovate to
oblong, coarsely crenate; petiole half as long as the
blade or less: fls. axillary and solitary or scattered at the
ends of the branches in pairs on an erect rachia; corolla-
II
3824. Torenia asiatica.
3360
TORENIA
TOURNEFORTIA
tube red-purple above, yellow beneath; corolla-limb
bright golden yellow with a purple eye. India and E.
Asia. B.M. 6700. F. 1883, p. 55.
AA. Fls. mainly blue or white.
B. Lvs. cordate-lanceolate.
Fournieri, Lind. (T. edentula, Hort., not Benth.).
Low, bushy, usually annual, becoming nearly 1 ft. high:
st. 4-angled: Ivs. petioled, cordate-lanceolate, 1-1 % in.
long, crenate-serrate ; petiole J^in. long: corolla-tube
narrow, yellow; corolla-limb 2-lipped, the posterior lip
not cut, pale blue, the anterior 3-lobed; lobes round-
obtuse, dark purplish blue, the anterior lobe marked
with a yellow blotch. I.H. 23:249. R.H. 1876, p. 465.
B.M. 6747. G. 1:58. Var. alba, Hort. (var. White
Wings), has pure white fls. A.F. 5:401. G.M. 36:87.
Var. compacta, Hort., is a more compact form than the
type and rather larger-fld. G.W. 10, p. 610. Var.
grandifldra, Hort., has somewhat larger fls. and is more
free-flowering. Var. speciosa, Hort., is a showy form
offered in the trade, probably very similar to var.
grandiflora.
BB. Lvs. ovate or deltoid-ovate.
asiatica, Linn. Fig. 3824. Annual, erect or diffuse: st.
quadrangular: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, long-
acuminate, serrate, obtuse, not cordate at the base,
rough to the touch: peduncles axillary, single-fld.;
corolla large; tube dark purple; limb 4-lobed, of a
delicate pale purple-blue, with a dark blotch on 3 of the
lobes, without a yellow eye; stamens 4, the 2 longer
with a subulate spur. India. B.M. 4249. Var. pul-
cherrima, Hort., has larger, dark violet-blue fls. with a
white spot on the upper lip. G.Z. 4:96.
atropurpurea, Ridley. Lvs. ovate or ovate-deltoid,
%-!}/£ x ^j-%in., short-petioled, serrate: fls. usually
solitary on peduncles at the ends of the branches; calyx
narrow, wingless; corolla dark purple, 1J^ in. long, tube
narrow at the base, much exserted, enlarged and
curved above, limb about 1 in. across with 4 rounded
lobes. Malay Penins. B.M. 8388.
F. TRACY HtJBBARD.f
TORREYA (named for Dr. John Torrey, one of the
most distinguished of the earlier American botanists;
1796-1873). Syns., Tumion, Caryotdxus. Taxdcese.
Ornamental evergreens, grown for their handsome foli-
age and interesting habit.
Strong broad trees: Ivs. 2-ranked, linear or linear-lan-
ceolate, with 2 narrow glaucous lines beneath, becom-
ing fulvous with age ; when bruised the foliage emits a
pungent or fetid odor except in T. grandis: fls. dioe-
cious, rarely monoecious; staminate fls. ovoid or oblong,
composed of 6-8 whorls of stamens, surrounded at the
base by bud-scales; pistillate fls. consisting of a soli-
tary ovule surrounded at the base by a fleshy aril and
several scales: fr. drupe-like, consisting of a rather
large seed, with thick woody shell entirely covered by a
thin fleshy aril. — Four species in N. Amer. and E.
Asia. The hard, strong, and close-grained wood is
much valued in Japan for cabinet-making and
building. It is very durable in the ground. In
this country it has been used for fence-posts.
The torreyas are handsome evergreen trees,
with spreading usually whorled branches, clothed
with yew-like two-ranked dark green foliage;
the fruits are drupe-like and about 1 inch long.
They are but little known in cultivation and
rarely seen in a flourishing condition. The Japanese
T. nucifera is the hardiest and has proved fairly hardy
as far north as Massachusetts; also T. grandis survives
in very sheltered positions in the vicinity of Boston, but
the other two species are much tenderer. Torreyas
grow best in shaded and sheltered positions and in a
somewhat moist loamy soil. Propagation is by seeds;
also by cuttings and by grafting on Cephalotaxus.
Plants raised from cuttings grow very slowly and usu-
ally remain bushy. For cions, terminal shoots should
be selected.
A. Branches, 2 years old, yellowish green or yellowish
brown.
B. Lvs. linear, emitting a fetid odor when bruised.
taxifolia, Arn. (Tumion taxifolium, Greene). Fig.
3825. Tree, attaining 40 ft., with spreading, slightly
pendulous branches, forming a rather open pyramidal
head: bark brown, tinged orange: Ivs. linear, acuminate,
dark or dark yellowish green above, with narrow white
lines beneath, %-lH in. long: fr. obovate, dark purple,
l-li^ in. long. Fla. S.S. 10:512.
BB. Lvs. linear-lanceolate, without strong odor.
grandis, Fort. (T. Fdrgesii, Franch. Tumion grdnde,
Greene). Tree, occasionally to 80 ft. high, sometimes
shrubby: Ivs. linear-lanceolate, J^-l in. long and J^in.
broad, bright green and lustrous above, with 2 white
lines beneath: fr. ovoid or globose, %-l in. long.
China. R.H. 1879, p. 173. G.C. II. 22:681.
AA. Branches, 2 years old, reddish brown: Ivs. emitting a
pungent aromatic odor when bruised.
B. Length of Ivs. 1-3% in-i shape linear.
calif ornica, Torr. (T. Myristica, Hook. f. Tumion
californicum, Greene). CALIFORNIA NUTMEG. Tree,
attaining 70 or occasionally 100 ft., with spreading,
slightly pendulous branches, forming a pyramidal or,
in old age, round-topped head: bark grayish brown,
tinged with orange: Ivs. linear, slightly falcate, acumi-
nate, lustrous and dark green above, 1-3 J^ in. long:
fr. oblong-oval or oval, light green, streaked with
purple, \-\Yi in. long. Calif. S.S. 10:513. B.M. 4780.
F.S. 9:925. G.C. II. 24:553; III. 5:800, 801. R.H.
1875, pp. 76, 77; 1879, pp. 171, 172.
BB. Length of Ivs. %-!% in., shape lanceolate.
nucifera, Sieb. & Zucc. Tree, usually 30 ft., but
occasionally 80 ft. high, with spreading branches, form-
ing a compact head, sometimes shrubby: bark bright
red: Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate, rigid and spiny pointed,
very dark green above, with 2 white lines beneath, %-
1J4 m- long and ^-i^in. broad: fr. obovoid-oblong,
green, about 1 in. long. Japan. S.Z. 2:129. R.H.
1873, p. 315. S.I.F. 1:15. ALFRED REHDER.
TOURNEFORTIA (Jos. Pitton de Tournefort, 1656-
1708; one of the earliest systematic botanists). Bora-
ginacese. A large genus comprising possibly 100 spe-
cies widely scattered about the warmer parts of the
3825. Torreya taxifolia. (XM)
TOURXEFORTIA
3361
world. Mostly trees and shrubs, rarely subshrubs, with
alternate simple Ivs. and small fls. in terminal cymes.
T. heliotropimdes, Hook. =Heliotropium anchusaefolium,
which see.
TOWNSENDIA (David Townsend, botanical associ-
ate of Wm. Darlington, of Pennsylvania). Composite.
Low many-stemmed herbs, nearly all of which are
natives of the Rocky Mountains; sometimes planted.
Leaves linear or spatulate, entire : heads rather large,
resembling those of Aster; rays in 1 series, from violet to
rose-purple or white and blooming from early spring to
summer. — About 17 species. The annual or biennial
species have larger heads than most of the perennials.
Judging from the literature, the largest-fld. of the peren-
nials are T. condensata, T. Wilcoxiana, and T. Roth-
rockii, 3 species which seem not to be in cult, as yet.
The species mentioned below are presumably among
the most desirable of the genus. They are offered by
collectors of Colo, wild flowers. As a genus, Townsendia
is distinguished mainly by its achene, which is com-
monly beset with bristly duplex hairs, having a forked
or glochidiate-capitellate apex. Townsendia is prac-
tically unknown to floriculture. For fuller account, see
Gray's Synoptical Flora of North America and Coulter
and Nelson's Manual of Rocky Mountain Botany.
grandiflora, Nutt. Biennial or perennial, 9-18 in.
high: sts. spreading from the base, sometimes branch-
ing also above: upper Ivs. often linear: bracts of involu-
cre conspicuously attenuate-acuminate and scarious-
margined: heads large; rays %in. long, bright blue or
violet. Summer. Foothills W. Neb. to Colo, and New
Mex.
exscapa, Porter. Nearly stemless perennial with ses-
sile heads surrounded and surpassed by the linear Ivs.:
heads %in. across; rays white or purplish-tinged;
involucral bracts narrowly lanceolate, mostly acute;
pappus-bristles very setose. April, May. Dry hills,
plains, or mountains, Sask. to Rockies, south to New
Mex. and Ariz. — Known as ''Easter daisy" in Colo.
T. condensata. Parry. Very lanuginous: Ivs. spatulate-obovate,
crowded around the large, broad, sessile heads: rays 100 or more,
narrow. Wyo. — T. Rothrockii, Gray. Lvs. spatulate, rosulate
around the solitary head which is closely sessile at surface of ground,
or at length with 1 or 2 additional heads from same erow*n. Colo. —
T. Wilcoxiana, Wood. A small stemless plant: Ivs. in rosettes,
spatulate, hairy: fl.-heads yellow, on short scapes, y&n. across.
Dry plains and hills, Okla. to Colo. WlLHELM MlLLER.
TOXICODENDRON (Greek, poison tree): Hy<e-
nanche, but by some retained as the tenable name.
This Toxicodendron dates from 1796, but the Toxico-
dendron of Tournefort and Miller is much earlier and
is revived by some botanists for the poison sumac and
poison ivy (T. Vernix and T. radican-s) and their kin
but which in this book are still retained in Rhus. T.
capense, Thunb., a very different plant and one of the
Euphorbiacea?, is treated under Hyaenanche, Vol. Ill,
page 1618.
TOXICOPHLJiA: Acocanthera.
TOXYLON: Madura.
TRACHELITJM (Greek, trachelos, neck; from its
supposed efficacy in diseases of the throat). Campanu-
lacese. THROATWORT. Perennial herbs or subshrubs,
glabrous or hispid, hardy but not much grown: sts.
sometimes tall and rather simple, with the fls. numerous,
in a much-branched corymbose panicle, sometimes
short, many-stemmed or cespitosely much branched,
with the fls. rather umbellate at the ends of the
branches: fls. blue; calyx-tube adnate, obovoid or sub-
globose, angulate; limb 5-parted, lobes narrow; corolla
narrowly tubular, top shortly 5-lobed; ovary inferior,
3- rarely 2-celled, many-ovuled: caps, subglobose,
angulate, membranaceous; seeds small. — About 6 or 7
species, Medit. region. Prop, by seeds or cuttings.
caeruleum, Linn. A half-hardy biennial or perennial,
1-3 ft. high: Ivs. ovate, acuminate, unequally serrate: fls.
blue or white, in dense terminal cymes, in late summer.
Shaded places in S. Eu. B.R. 72. Gn. 28, p. 181; 47, p.
303; 51, p. 84. J.H. III. 50:17.— An attractive late-
flowering perennial suited to cult, as an annual. Accord-
ing to Gn. 28, p. 181, the species is fairly hardy in
3826. Trachelospermum jasminoides. ( X /i)
England, but young plants are more floriferous than
old ones. Seed may be sown in March. The plant is
easily prop, by cuttings. According to Gn. 47, p. 303,
plants from cuttings are dwarfer than seedlings.
F. W. BARCLAY.
TRACHELOSPERMUM (Greek, neck and seed,
referring to the fact that the seed has a neck). Syn.,
Rhynchospermum. Apocynacese. Glabrous or slightly
tomentose-puberulent shrubs, the typical species
tall-climbing, grown in the warmhouse and a favorite
out-of-doors in the South.
Leaves opposite, distantly feather-veined: cymes lax,
terminal or pseudo-axillary: fls. white; calyx small, 5-
parted, with 5-10 scales or glands inside at the base;
corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindrical, 5-lobed, lobes
oblong, twisted to the left, overlapping to the right;
disk annulate, truncate or 5-lobed; ovary 2-carpelled:
follicles elongate, slender, terete. — About 16 species,
E. Asia and Malaya.
Trachelospermum is a most satisfactory greenhouse
shrub for a general collection. It requires no special
treatment, except that the plants should be kept on
the dry side during the winter. It requires several
years to work up a good-sized specimen. Young plants
should be given warmhouse treatment and encour-
aged to grow. Large well-established specimens thrive
in a coolhouse. In summer the pots may be plunged
outdoors in a partially shaded position. The species
is propagated by cuttings of half-ripened wood taken
with a heel in spring. The star jasmine is one of the
many good old standard greenhouse plants that are
too little seen nowadays. The specimens require con-
siderable room, and the gardener is sometimes com-
pelled to keep them in a cold pit until the chrysanthe-
mum season is over, altho-gh this treatment is not to
be advised. It is a tender evergreen shrubby climber
from China, with fragrant white five-lobed flowers. It
is a favorite in the South, where it is grown out-of-doors
and known as the "confederate jessamine." In northern
conservatories it is generally known under its synonym,
Rhynchospermum. Handsome specimens may Ixj
grown in large tubs, making dense bushes 3 to 4 feet
high and as much in diameter. (Robert Shore.)
jasminoides, Lem. (Rhynchospermum jasminoides,
Lindl.). STAR JASMIXE. Also called "Confederate,"
"Malayan" or "African" Jessamine. Fig. 3826. Tender,
evergreen, climbing shrub: Ivs. short-stalked, ovate-
lanceolate, acute, glabrous: peduncles much longer
than Ivs.: calyx-lobes reflexed; corolla-tube contracted
3362
TRACHELOSPERMUM
TRACHYMENE
below the middle; several jagged scales at base of
corolla; 5 large glands at base of ovary, 2 united, 3 free.
S. China. B.M. 4737. Gng. 5:132. Gn. 41, p. 507.
J.F. 1:61. R.H. 1902, p. 367. G. 37:191. Var. varie-
gatum, Hort., has Ivs. of green and white, tinged red.
T. divaric&tum, Kanitz (T. crocostomum, Stapf). Similar to T.
jasminoides in habit, but differs in having slightly smaller buff or
pale orange-colored fls. with exserted stamens, pointed in bud, and
smaller Ivs. Japan, Korea. G.W. 12, p. 415. — It is more hardy
than T. jasminoides. WlLHELM MlLLEE.
TRACHYCARPUS (Greek, rough or harsh
and fruit). Palmdcese, tribe Coryphese. In-
door and outdoor palms, one of which is
widely grown and very hardy.
Tall unarmed palms: Ivs. suborbicular or
reniform, folded, many-cut; segms. narrow;
rachis none: spadices many between the Ivs., stout,
branched; spathes many, sheathing, coriaceous, tomen-
tose, compressed; bracts minute: fls. small, polygamo-
moncecious; sepals 3, ovate; petals 3, broadly ovate,
valvate; stamens 6; carpels 3: drupes 1-3, globose or
oblong. — About 4 species, Himalayas, China, and
Japan. Monographed by Beccari in Webbia 1:41-72
(1905).
Fortune's palm (T. excelsa or T. Fortune?) is grown
both indoors and out in America wherever palms are
grown, although it is not one of the most popular spe-
cies with northern florists. It is grown throughout
California and even as far north as Oregon. It is com-
monly known by the name of Chinese windmill palm
in southern California. There are two types of trachy-
carpus, those which have the trunks covered with old
leaf-sheaths — the Himalayan type — and those which
have smooth polished trunks — the far-eastern species.
excelsa, H. Wendl. (T. Fortunei, H. Wendl. Chamse-
rops excelsa, Thunb. C. Fortunei, Hook. f.). FOR-
TUNE'S PALM. Fig. 3827. Trunk robust, clothed with
old If .-sheaths: Ivs. nearly orbicular; segms. numerous,
ensiform: fls. clustered 2-4 on a tubercle: fr. transversely
e'obose-reniform, deeply umbilicate. Upper Burma,
hina, and Japan; will grow in the open in Ga., with-
standing 10° F. — This description follows Beccari, who
refers T. Fortunei to T. excelsa. Hooker in founding
T. Fortunei (B.M. 5221) speaks of it as a more robust
tree than T. excelsa. The latter (which is from Japan)
is said to have smaller and stiffer Ivs., less deeply
divided (usually only about to middle) with stiff segms.,
while T. Fortunei (China) has Ivs. divided much below
the middle (as in Fig. 3827), and the segms. more flac-
cid at least in older Ivs. This group needs further
study botanically, and also horticulturally in this
country.
Martiana, H. Wendl. (T. Khasidna, H. Wendl.
Chamasrops Martiana, Wall.). Trunk slender, tall,
annulate-scarred, for the most part naked: Ivs. nearly
orbicular, divided to the middle into numerous segms.:
female fls. solitary, sessile: fr. oblong-elliptic, rather
compressed, rounded at both ends; seeds deeply sul-
cate. Himalaya region, Khasia, Burma, and Assam.
nana, Becc. Subacaulescent: Ivs. deeply many-
parted, glaucescent beneath; segms. shortly bidentate
at the obtuse apex: female fls. globose-ovate: fr. reni-
form, umbilicate and superficially sulcate. China.
Takil, Becc. Trunk robust, strongly clothed with
old If .-sheaths: Ivs. persist-
ent, nearly orbicular; segms.
numerous, ensiform, shortly
bifid or deeply and irregularly
2-parted: female fls. clustered
2-4 together: fr. transversely
reniform, deeply umbilicate.
Himalayas.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
3827. Trachycarpus excelsa. The leaves finally become 4 to 5
feet across.
3828. Trachymene caemlea.
TRACHYLOBIUM (Greek,
rough and pod; the upper sur-
face of the pod is tuber- _
culate - roughened ) . Leguminosse.
Unarmed trees : Ivs. with 2 If ts. which
are coriaceous; stipules caducous:
fls. white, panicled at the ends of
the branches; calyx-tube disk-bear-
ing, narrow - turbinate, segms. 4;
petals 5, sometimes the 3 upper
clawed and suborbicular, the 2 lower minutely scale-
like, sometimes all subequal and clawed; stamens 10,
free; ovary short-stipitate : pod ovoid-oblong, thick-
coriaceous, warty-rugose, indehiscent. — Three species,
Trop. Afr., Mascarene Isls., and Trop. Asia. T. verru-
cosum, Oliver (T. Hornemannianum, Hayne). Tree
wholly glabrous excepting the tawny or silky pubes-
cent infl.: Ifts. 1-paired, obliquely oblong or elliptical,
acuminate or apiculate: panicles overtopping the Ivs.;
calyx-segms. obovate-eliiptical or oblong; petals pos-
terior and lateral subequal, anterior equal or rudimen-
tary: pod 1-2-seeded, oblong or obovoid, 1M~2 in.
long. Mozambique and Madagascar. Gt. 51, p. 633.
T. verrucosum has the anterior petals nearly equal the
rest; T. Hornemannianum has them rudimentary.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
TRACHYMENE (Greek, rough membrane, alluding
to the fr.). Umbelliferae. Hirsute or rarely glabrous
annual or perennial herbs, used as garden annuals:
Ivs. ternately dissected or rarely undivided; stipules
none: umbels simple: fls. white or blue; calyx-teeth
minute or obsolete, rarely 1-2, subulate; petals entire,
obtuse; disk flat: fr. laterally compressed, usually flat. —
About 25 species, mostly Australian but a few from
Borneo, New Caledonia, and Celebes.
caeriilea, R. Graham (Didiscus caerulea, DC.). Fig.
3828. An erect annual about 2 ft. high, somewhat
TRACHYMEXE
TRADESCAXTIA
3363
hairy: Ivs. 1-2-triparted, with linear, acute, 3-cut
lobes: peduncles long, bearing an umbel 2-3 in. across
of very numerous blue fls.; calyx-teeth obsolete; petals
unequal, the external being longer. Juty-Oct. Austral.
B.M. 2S75. B.R. 1225. G.C. III. 49:114. G. 29:127.
Gn . W. 25 : 327. F. W. BARCLAY.
TRADESCANTIA (named for John Tradescant, gar-
dener to Charles I; died about 1638). Commelinaceae.
SPIDERWORT. Perennial hardy herbs, varying greatly
in habit from erect and bushy to trailing and rooting
at the nodes, grown for their ornamental value both
out-of-doors and in the greenhouse.
Stems simple or diffusely branched: Ivs. various:
cymes simple, sometimes umbellate or densely panicu-
late: fls. more or less pedicelled, few or numerous,
rarely solitary, red, blue, or white; sepals distinct, con-
cave, green or colored; petals distinct, obovate or orbic-
ular; stamens 6, all usually perfect; ovary 3- celled with
2 superposed ovules: caps, loculicidally dehiscent. —
About 90 species, all American, ranging from Manitoba
to Argentina. The genus was monographed in 1881 by
C. B. Clarke (DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3). The genus
Zebrina, usually confounded with this by gardeners,
differs, among other things, in having a tubular
perianth.
To horticulturists, tradescantias are known as hardy
herbs, coolhouse plants, and warmhouse plants. T.
virginiana is the best known of the hardy species, with-
standing the climate of the northern states. The wan-
dering Jew of greenhouses and hanging-baskets, usu-
ally known as T. tricolor, is partly T. fluminensis and
partly Zebrina pendida. T. Regime is perhaps the best
known warmhouse species at present, although various
species may be expected in botanic gardens and the
collections of amateurs. The glasshouse species are
essentially foliage plants. Several species have hand-
somely striped leaves. All tradescantias are free
growers, propagating with ease from cuttings of the
growing shoots.
INDEX.
alba. 7.
att>\ flora, 1.
atrosanguinea, 7,
brevicaulis, 4.
cserulea, 7.
carnea, 7.
coccinea, 7.
congests. 7.
delicata, 7.
dracenoides, 13.
elongata, 10.
fluminensis, 1.
fuscata, 2.
geniculata, 9.
Gofschkei, 1.
grandiflora, 7.
hypophxa, 9.
major, 7. _
montana, 7.
mundula, 1.
myrtiftora, 1.
navicularis, 5.
oceidentalis, 8.
plena, 7.
•procumbens, 1.
prosiraia, 1.
purpurea, 7.
reflexa, 6.
Reginse, 3.
repens, L
rosea, 11.
rubra, 7.
striata, 1.
tricolor, 1.
tumida, 7.
violacea, 7.
virginiana, 7, 8.
rirginica, 7.
riridis, 1.
rittata, 1.
Warscewicriana, 12.
A. Plant prostrate, rooting at the joints.
1. fluminensis, Veil. (T. mundula, Kunth. T. albi-
flora, Kunth. T. repens, T. repens vittata, T. viridis,
T. viridi-s inttata. T. viridis Goeschkei, T. prostrdta, T.
procumbent, T. striata, Hort. T. tricolor, Hort., in part.
T. myrti flora, Hort.). WANDERING JEW in part. Figs.
3829, 3830. Glabrous, with shining sts. and Ivs., the
nodes conspicuous, trailing, or the ends of the shoots
ascending: Ivs. ovate-acute, without distinct petiole,
ciliate at the very base, the sheaths J^-^in. long: fls.
white, hairy inside, the 6 stamens all alike, borne several
together in a sessile cluster subtended by 2 unequal
Ivs. or bracts, the pedicels not all of same age. Cent.
Brazil to Argentina. Gt. 16, p. 297. G.W. 13, p. 558.—
One of the commonest of greenhouse and basket-plants.
In greenhouses, usually grown under the benches.
When the plants grow very vigorously and have little
light, they are usually green, and this is the form com-
monly known as T. viridis. There are forms with Ivs.
striped yellow and white, but these colors usually do
not hold unless there is abundance of sunlight. In
light places, the Ivs. become red-purple beneath. Very
easily prop, by cuttings or pieces of shoots at any time
213
of the year. The plant needs plenty of moisture in
order to grow vigorously. Three plants are known as
wandering Jew, and although they belong to 3 genera,
it is not easy to tell them apart when not in flower
(Fig. 3830). These plants are Tradescantia fluminen-
sis, sheaths hairy or ciliate only at the top, fls. white;
Zebrina pendula, sheaths hairy throughout or at least
at base and top, Ivs. redder beneath and always colored
above, fls. rose-red; Commelina nudiflora, sheaths gla-
brous, fls. blue. The first two are tender to frost; the
last is hardy in the open ground in Cent. N. Y. All
of them are used for baskets and vases. The first two are
best known and are the plants commonly called wan-
dering Jew. All of them may have striped foliage. See
Commelina and Zebrina.
AA. Plant erect, or ascending from a decumbent base.
B. St. none, or scarcely rising above the ground.
2. fuscata, Lodd. (Pyrrheima Loddigesii, Hassk.).
Stemless, brown-tomentose or hairy: Ivs. 6-8 in. long,
oblong-ovate, entire, about 7-nerved, short-petioled:
fls. blue or blue-purple, 1 in. or more across, borne in
the midst of the Ivs. on very short pedicels; stamens 6.
S. Amer. L.B.C. 4:374. B.R. 482. B.M. 2330.
3829. Wandering Jew. — Tradescantia fluminensis.
(Natural size.)
BB. St. evident, usually branching (often very short in
T. brevicaulis).
c. Lvs. distichous (in 2 rows).
3. Reginae, Lind. & Rod. Stiff-growing upright-
plant: Ivs. lanceolater-acuminate, sessile, set closely on
opposite sides of the st. and spreading nearly horizon-
tally, about 6 in. long, the center purplish crimson, with
feathered border, the space toward the margins silvery,
the very edge of the If. darker, the under side purple.
Peru. I.H. 39:147; 40:173 (3); 41, p. 14. G.C. in.
11:699; 13:477. Gn.W. 8:693. R.B. 19:113.— Intro,
into Belgium from Peru in 1870. Named for the Queen
of the Belgians. It was intro. as Dichorisandra Regime,
which see, p. 1003.
cc. Lvs. not distichous (in several rows).
D. Infl. not peduncled.
E. Plants nllous.
4. brevicaulis, Raf. Villous, 1 ft. or less high, some-
times nearly acaulescent: Ivs. mostly from near the
ground, linear-lanceolate, more or less ciliate: fls.
about 1 in. across, blue or rose-purple, in a 4-12-fld.
umbel.; pedicel slender, 1-2 in. long; sepals ovate-lan-
ceolate, villous. Ky. to Mo.
3364
TRADESCANTIA
TRADESCANTIA
EE. Plants glabrous.
F. Blades ovate.
5. navicularis, Ortg. Stoloniferous: st. creeping,
geniculate-ascending, glabrous: Ivs. sessile, ovate, acute,
glabrous: fls. bright rose, in terminal umbels which are
sessile; sepals spreading, keeled; petals broadly ovate.
Peru. Gt.26:901.
FF. Blades linear to lanceolate.
6. reflexa, Raf. Slender, glabrous or nearly so: Ivs.
narrow, linear-attenuate from a lanceolate base : umbels
terminal; bracts soon deflexed: fls. blue; sepals ovate-
lanceolate, glabrous or with a tuft of hairs. Wet places,
Ohio to Mich., Minn., Kans., Texas, and S. C.
7. virginiana, Linn.; also spelled virginica (T. mon-
tana, Shuttlw., not Heyne. T. tumida, LindL). COM-
MON SPIDERWORT. Erect, branching, 1-3 ft., glabrous
or nearly so: Ivs. conduplicate, very long linear-lan-
ceolate (6-15 in. long), clasping: umbels several-fid.,
terminal, the pedicel recurving when not in bloom : fls.
violet-blue, in various shades, 1-2 in. across, produced
freely nearly all summer; sepals villous. N. Y. to S. D.,
Va., and Ark. B.M. 105; 3546 (as T. caricifolia).
L.B.C. 16:1513 (as T. elata). J.H. III. 49:373. B.R.
26:42. H.U. 2, p. 129. — An exceedingly variable
plant. Var. alba, Hort., is a white-fid, form. B.M.
3501. Var. alba grandifldra, Hort., is offered in the
trade. Var. alba major, Hort., appears in the trade.
Var. atrosanguinea, Hort., has dark red fls. Var. caerii-
lea, Hort., has bright blue fls. Var. caerftlea plena,
Hort., is a double-fld. form. Var. carnea, Hort., is
offered in the trade. Var. coccinea, Hort., has bright
red fls. Var. congesta, Hort., has purple fls. Var. deli-
cata, Hort., pale mauve. Var. grandifldra alba, Hort.,
is known in the trade.
Var. major, Hort., has
double fls. which are
about the size of the
type. Var. purpftrea,
Hort., is offered in the
trade. Var. rftbra,
Hort., has dark rosy
pink or red fls. Var.
violacea, Hort., has
purple-blue or violet
fls.
3831. Tradescantia
Warscewicziana.
3830. Three kinds of wan-
dering Jew. A, Tradescantia
fluminensis: tender, sheaths
hairy at top; flowers white. B, Ze-
brina pendula: tender; sheaths hairy
at top and bottom; flowers rose-red.
C, Commelina nudifiora: hardy;
sheaths glabrous; flowers blue. ( X J 2)
8. occidentalis, Smythe (T. virginiana var. occiden-
tdlis, Brit.). Slender, 1 ft. high: Ivs. narrowly linear,
involute, base often enlarged and scarious: fls. blue or
roseate; sepals glandular-pubescent. Iowa to Neb.,
Texas, and New Mex.
DD. Infl. peduncled.
E. Fls. white.
9. geniculata, Jacq. (T. hypophsea, Koch & Bouch6).
Procumbent, sts. geniculate, elongate, pilose: Ivs. ovate-
oblong, 7-10 x 4-6 lines, pilose, violet-brown beneath:
fls. small, white, terminal; sepals ovate-lanceolate, base
cuneate. Trop. Amer. G.W. 13, p. 558.
EE. Fls. rose or purplish.
F. Stamens unequal, 3 long and 3 short.
10. elongata, Meyer. Nearly glabrous, procumbent
and rooting at the base, then suberect to the height of
1-2 ft. : Ivs. lanceolate or oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, sessile, light
glaucous-green above and striped
with silver, reddish purple beneath :
peduncles 1-5, terminal: fls. rose-
colored, the sepals green. Trop.
Amer.
FF. Stamens all equal or nearly so.
G. Lvs. narrowly linear: sts. tufted.
11. r&sea, Vent. Slender and
nearly or quite simple, glabrous,
12 in. or less tall: Ivs. very nar-
row-linear: bracts short and scale-
like: fls. J^-Mm- across, rose-
colored. Md. to Mo. and south.
Mn. 2, p. 36.
GG. Lvs. lanceolate to ovate-
lanceolate.
H. Plant with a stout caudex.
12. Warscewicziana, Kunth &
Bouche (Dichorisdndra Warsce-
wicziana, Planch.). Fig. 3831.
Dichorisandra-like, having a stout
caudex or trunk, marked by lf.-
scars and finally branching: Ivs.
green, stiffish, 1 ft. or less long, clustered at the top
of the st., recurving, lanceolate-acuminate: fls. lilac-
purple, numerous in small crowded clusters along the
branches of a panicle-like cluster. Guatemala. B.M.
5188. R.H. 1860, p. 136.
HH. Plant without a stout caudex, more or less decumbent
at base.
13. dracaenoides, Greenm. Roots fascicled, tuberous:
sts. erect or nearly so, 8-20 in. high, simple or sparingly
branched: Ivs. lanceolate-attenuate to ovate-attenuate,
4-6 x %-l M mv villous-pubescent, strongly ciliate :
infl. an open, oblong racemose panicle: fls. rose; sepals
oblong, apex rounded; petals obovate. Mex.
T. aiireo-striata, Hort., is offered in the
trade as a form with green Ivs. striped with
yellow. — T. bengalensis, Hort., occurs in
the trade, having small, red, fleshy Ivs. and
blue fls. — T. crassifMia, Cav. (T. iridescens,
LindL). Something like T. virginiana, but
Ivs. short and broad, oblong-ovate, ciliate,
as also the st. : fls. 1 % in. across, blue-purple, in terminal and
axillary sessile umbels, the stamens all equal. Mex. B.M. 1598.
G.W. 7, p. 91. — T. Crdssula, Link & Otto. Somewhat suc-
culent, ascending: Ivs. thick, oblong and nearly or quite
obtuse, glabrous except on the edges: fls. about K~Min.
across, white, in terminal and lateral often stalked umbels, the
calyx and pedicels hairy. Brazil. B.M. 2935. L.B.C. 16: 1560.
— T. decora, Bull. Foliage plant: Ivs. long-lanceolate, dark
olive-green, with a central gray band. Brazil. — T. discolor is
Rhceo discolor, which see. — T. dracsensefolia. "A noble and
rapid-growing plant, with luxuriant and handsome foliage. The
Ivs. in many respects resemble a draca^na and are a deep green,
marked with chocolate or black. . . . When fully grown the
plant will send out long runners, bearing out tufts of Ivs. at
the end." John Lewis Childs, catalogue 1900. — T. Isekertensis,
Hort., is offered in the trade as a form with green and pink Ivs.
— T. lanceolata, Hort., is offered in the trade as having large,
green, downy Ivs. — T. multicolor, Hort. See Zebrina. — T. quad-
ricolor, Hort. See Zebrina. — T. spathacea, Swartz., e_quals Rhceo'
discolor. — T. sup&rba, Lind. & Rod. , has oval-oblong acuminate, ses-
sile Ivs., which are dark metallic green with a white band on either
side of midrib and are purple beneath. Peru. I.H. 39: 155; 40: 173,
fig 6. Gt. 46, p. 163. Perhaps not a Tradescantia. — T. thurlngiar
Hort., is said to have green-and- white Ivs. ; offered in the trade. — T.
tariegata, Hort., is Rhceo discolor var. vittata. — T. verslcolor, Salisb.,.
is Rhceo discolor. — T. vulgaris, Hort., occurs in the trade. — T,
zebrina, Hort., is Zebrina pendula. L H B
F. TRACY HuBBARD.t
TRANSPIRATION
3365
TRAGIA (from Hieronymus Bock [or Tragus], a
German botanist, 1498-1554). Euphorbiaceje. Herbs,
sometimes twining and often with stinging hairs, rarely
cult.: Ivs. alternate, toothed or lobed: fls. monoecious,
racemose, apetalous, inconspicuous; stamens simple,
generally 3; styles united above the base, with the
apex free: ovules 1 in each of the 3 cells. — About 50
species of tropical and temperate regions; related to
Plukenetia and Dalechampia. T. cannabina, Linn., of
Trop. Asia, is used for fiber to some extent. T. volubv-
li*. Linn. TWLXIXG COWTTCH, of the W. Indies, has
stinging hairs. Probably not cult. Several species of
Tragia are native in the'U. S. j. B. S. NORTON.
TRAGOPOGON (Greek for goat's beard). Comp6sitae.
GOAT'S-BEARD. Erect biennial or perennial herbs with
narrow grass-like leaves and heads of yellow or purple
flowers, belonging to the ligulate section of the com-
posite family (tribe Cichorioceas).
Mostly weedy plants with a tap-root: florets perfect,
with slender style-branches and sagittate anthers;
pappus composed of bristles in a single series; involucre
cylindric or nearly so,
with approximately
equal-length bracts in
a single row. — Between
30 and 40 species,
native to S. Eu., X.
Afr.. and Cent, and S.
Asia. One of them is
cult, for its edible tap-
root (salsify) and
another is now a fre-
quent weed in this
country. The fls. of
these open only in the
morning.
A. Fls. purple.
porriffilius, Linn.
SALSIFY. VEGETABLE
OYSTER. OYSTER
PLANT. Figs. 3532,
3832. Tall strict bien-
nial, sometimes 4 ft.
high when in bloom,
glabrous: Ivs. keeled,
tapering from a broad
often clasping base:
fls. showy, closing at
noon or before, the
outer rays exceeded by the involucral scales: peduncle
thickened and hollow beneath the heads. S. Eu. —
Naturalized in many parts of the country, often becom-
ing a persistent weed. See Salsify.
AA. Fls. yellow.
pratensis, Linn. GOAT'S-BEARD. More or less
branched, 3 ft. or less tall: Ivs. as in the preceding: outer
rays exceeding the involucral scales; rays yellow, showy,
about 2^2 in- wide: peduncle scarcely swollen. A weecl,
L. H. B.
TRAGOPfRUM LANCEOLATUM var. LATTF6LIUM: Atra-
pharif Muschkttoirii.
TRAILING ARBUTUS: Epigxa.
TRAINING: Pruning.
TRANSPIRATION is the term applied to the escape
of water from leaves and other parts of the plant in the
form of vapor.
There is no closed "circulation" of sap in plants com-
parable to the streaming of blood in animals. Water
which generally contains various mineral soil constit-
uents in solution enters the roots, and most of it passes
3832. Flowers of salsify or oyster
plant. — Tragopogon porrifolius.
(XH)
upward through the stems directly to the leaves, where
it is evaporated. In plants of a succulent character,
the intake often exceeds the loss, and a large amount of
surplus liquid may be accumulated in various organs,
from whence it may pass to the leaves in times of
drought.
The movement of water set up by transpiration car-
ries water and the contained salts to the centers of
food formation in the leaves, and the evaporation
process facilitates exchange of gases with the air. The
evaporation also tends to equalize temperatures. That
an enormous amount of work is performed by the
plant in transpiration may be seen when it is known
that a single sunflower plant will evaporate a pint of
water from its leaves in a single day, and about seventy
times this much in the course of its development. A
birch tree with 200,000 leaves will transpire from 700
to 1,000 pounds of water daily in the summer. A single
oak tree will throw 120 or 130 tons of water into the
air during the course of a season, and an acre of beech
trees containing 400 to 600 specimens will transpire
about 2,000,000 pounds in a single summer. It is
estimated that 98 per cent of the energy derived from
sunlight, by leaves is expended in the work of trans-
piration.
To determine the exact amount of water transpired
by a plant, a specimen not more than a yard in height,
growing in a pot, may be used. Set the pot on a square
of oilcloth, then bring the cloth up around the pot
and tie closely to the stem of the plant. This will pre-
vent evaporation except from the shoot. Now set
the prepared plant on one pan of a scale, together with
a small measuring -glass, and balance. Allow the
plant to remain in the warm sunshine for eight hours,
then note the amount of water which must be poured
into the glass to reach the original level and restore
the balance: this will represent the amount of trans-
piration.
To demonstrate that water actually does come from
the leaf, cut off a small leafy shoot of any convenient
plant and thrust the base of the stem through a piece
of cardboard into a tumbler of water: seal the opening
around the stem with wax or gelatine: then cover the
exposed part of the shoot with another tumbler and
set in a warm light place. Moisture which could have
come only from the leaves will soon gather on the glass.
Some transpiration occurs over the entire surface of
the plant, although only about one-thirtieth as much is
given off by the stem as from the same amount of
leaf-surface.
The structure of the leaves is such as to facilitate
transpiration. The interior of the leaf is made up of a
great number of loosely arranged cells which evaporate
water into the air between them. The air in the leaf
communicates with the atmosphere through openings
called stomata, which are generally placed on the lower
side of the leaf. Consequently the watery vapor
diffuses out through the stomatal opening. Near the
outer end of the stomatal chimneys are guard-cells
which undergo- alterations in form that change the size
of the opening of the guard-cells and modify the rate
of water loss. The position and shape of the guard-
cells are affected by the age of the leaf, turgidity of the
tissues, wind, and sunlight. The rate of transpiration
may also be affected by cutinization or other altera-
tions in the cell-walls through which evaporation into
the stomatal chambers takes place, or by the presence
of colloids retentive of water in the cells.
Species characteristic of arid regions generally have
limited waterproofed surfaces with a comparatively
small number of stomata. This modification is exem-
plified by the cacti, which transpire not more than one
three-hundredth as much water as a broad-leaved plant
of the same volume; and such succulents may lose as
tittle as one forty-thousandth of their total weight by
transpiration in a day. D T.
3366
TRANSPLANTING
TRANSPLANTING
TRANSPLANTING is a general term to designate
the removal of living plants whereby they may become
established in new quarters.
Transplanting may be performed when the plant is
in a dormant condition, as in winter, or when it is still
actively growing. Small herbaceous plants are usually
the only ones that are transplanted when in a growing
condition, and this only when the plants are living
under special garden conditions where they may have
the best of attention as to watering and shading. Con-
sidered from the standpoint of the plant, transplanting
is always a violent operation, for it destroys a con-
siderable part of the root-system, loosens the plant's
attachment to the soil, and arrests for the time being a
large part of its progressive vital activities. To over-
come these dangers, the earth into which the plant is
set should be well prepared and moist, so that the plant
may quickly reestablish itself; part of the top usually
should be removed to lessen transpiration, and with suc-
culent and growing plants some shade should be pro-
vided for a time. The deeper and finer the soil, and the
greater the quantity of moisture it holds, the more
successful the transplanting operation will be, other
things being equal. The operation is also more success-
ful in humid regions, as in the Atlantic states, than it is
in dry regions, as on the plains and westward. In the
more arid parts of the country transplanting is per-
formed as little as possible, whereas in the eastern part
great quantities of annual and other garden plants are
transferred from seed-beds to the open ground.
The successful transplanting of any plant depends in
part on the condition of the plant itself. The younger
the plant, as a rule, the better it withstands the opera-
tion. Herbaceous or growing plants that are relatively
short and stocky and compact, transplant better than
those that are long, "leggy," and weak. The stocky
plants are better able to withstand the vicissitudes of
inclement weather when they are transferred from a
protected place to
the open air, and they
probably also have
more recuperative
power to make new
roots and to attach
themselves again to
the earth. Many-
plants may be "hard-
ened off" or gradu-
ally inured to sun
and cold before they
are transplanted. The
more frequently a
given plant is trans-
planted the more
readily it endures
the removal. The
root-system becomes
close and compact
and there is relatively
less injury to the
roots at each sub-
sequent removal, pro-
viding a long interval does not take place between the
operations.
The success of transplanting also depends to some
extent on the weather at the time the removal is per-
formed. If cool, cloudy, and damp weather follows the
transplanting, the plants are much more likely to live.
Plants usually establish themselves more quickly in
freshly turned soil, because it contains a relatively large
amount of moisture. To bring the earth into contact
with the roots, it should be firmed closely about the
plants. This packing of the soil tends to bring the sub-
terranean moisture upward where it may supply the
roots; it also tends to increase evaporation from the
surface of the soil and thereby to waste the water,
3833. A transplanting - box, spe-
cially designed for melons. It is
made of a "flat" or splint 14 inches
long and 3% inches wide, bent at
four corners and held in place by a
tack. It has no bottom.
although much of the moisture is utilized by the plant
as it passes upward. To prevent the escape of moisture
from the surface of the soil, it is customary to cover the
ground with a mulch, from 1 to 3 inches in depth, of
fitter, sawdust, leaves, or coarse manure. When prac-
ticable the water may be saved by keeping the surface
well tilled, thereby providing a mulch of earth. See
Tillage.
In dry weather it may be advisable to water newly set
plants, particularly if they are green and growing fast,
as tomatoes, cabbages, and other annuals. The water-
ing may best be done at nightfall. The water should be
applied in a hole or depression about the plant or at one
side of it, rather than on the surface; and the following
morning the loose fresh earth should be drawn over the
roots in order to provide a surface mulch and to pre-
vent the soil from packing. Of course, this particular
pains cannot be taken in large field operations.
All kinds of plants can be transplanted, but some of
them remove with great difficulty. In these cases the
special skill which is born of experience with these par-
ticular plants must be invoked for success. The
difficulties are of various kinds. In some cases the
difficulty may be a tap-root system, as in the case of
the black walnut and the hickories. In these instances
the plant may be prepared a year or two in advance by
severing the tap-root some distance below the ground
by means of a spade or other sharp instrument that is
thrust underneath the crown. In other cases the
difficulty is the inability of the plant to make new feed-
ing roots quickly, as in some of the asiminas or papaws.
Such plants often may be treated like the tap-rooted
plants; that is, the long cord-like roots may be severed
at some distance from the crown a year or two before
the plants are to be removed. In other cases the ina-
bility to be transplanted is probably due to the exces-
sive rate of transpiration from the foliage. In these
cases cutting back the top rather severely and provid-
ing shade may contribute to success. In some cases
the difficulties are so great as practically to prohibit
transplanting.
Soncalled transplanting machines have been perfected
within the last few years for setting small herbaceous
stuff, as cabbages, tobacco, and tomatoes. These are
really vehicles, drawn by horses, that open a furrow and
drop a small quantity of water when the plant is
inserted in the furrow by the hands of an operator who
rides on the machine. The plants, already prepared for
setting, are carried in a tray or hopper, and the opera-
tor places these between guards which automatically
measure the distance. These machines are particularly
valuable in large areas where great quantities of plants
are to be set, and also in hard and dry land where it is
difficult to make the proper openings with the hand and
also otherwise to supply the plant with sufficient water.
For most small plants that are to be reset in small
quantity, the dibber is a most useful implement to
expedite the operation. (Fig. 3834.)
Plants grown in pots and small shallow boxes trans-
plant more readily than those raised in the open soil.
Particularly is this true of pot-grown plants, for the
bevel or slope of the pot allows the ball of earth to be
"knocked out" readily. See Potting. Special trans-
planting-boxes are on the market, to be used instead of
pots, for purposes of economy. These boxes are usually
made of thin basket stuff and are thrown away when
the plants are taken from them for transplanting.
(Fig. 3833.) The seeds are sown directly in these boxes.
Melons, cucumbers, and other plants that are difficult
to transplant are often grown on pieces of inverted turf,
taken from old pastures.
In the case of large trees and shrubs, success often
may be attained by transplanting in the winter, when a
ball of frozen earth may be removed. It is usually
better to give the transplanting of large trees into the
hands of an expert than to attempt to perform it with
TRANSPLANTING
TRANSPORTATION
3367
3834. A dibber. One of
the most useful implements
to aid in the transplanting
of small plants. The plant
is dropped into a hole made
by the dibber; this hole is
closed by inserting the dib-
ber at the side and moving
it against the plant.
unskilled help and inefficient appliances. Only a cer-
tain proportion of the efforts in transplanting very
large trees are really successful. The trees may live
for several years and yet never fully recover or make
satisfactory subjects. The surest and best results are
usually secured only when the
trees are nursery-grown and
have been transplanted two
or three times within a few
years of their final removal.
There are some species that
remove from the wild with
relative ease when they are
of large size, among which are
elms, maples, pin oak, bass-
wood; but the large number
of species do not readily re-
cuperate from the operation.
See Arboriculture, Vol. I, page
362.
It is sometimes said that a
plant cannot recover from the
transplanting operation, that
the severing of the roots in-
flicts injuries that are not out-
grown, and that a new type of
root-system develops. These
fears appear to be groundless.
In many cases the plant does
not regain itself, but these
instances are probably due to
lack of skill in the operation rather than to any inherent
difficulty in the transplanting process itself. But even
if the transplanting process were found to be theoreti-
cally injurious, nevertheless it must be employed in
the practice of modern horticulture. L_ g< j^
TRANSPORTATION of horticultural products.
Commercially, fruits and vegetables are grown pri-
marily for profit . Whether the business of fruit- or vege-
table%rowing results in profit or in actual loss to the
grower depends on a great many factors. Among the
more important are quality and quantity of produc-
tion, distance from markets, cost of transportation, the
condition in which the produce reaches the markets,
methods of marketing, and the supply and demand.
In present-day fruit-growing, especially when the
localities of production are often thousands of miles
distant from the larger markets, there is no factor of
greater importance than rapid and efficient transporta-
tion. Even.- fruit-grower is, or should be, aware^of the
necessity of safe and rapid transportation, together
with the delivery of perishable produce at the markets
in sound attractive condition. Soundness and freedom
from decay or deterioration are fundamental to profi-
table marketing, therefore to successful fruit-growing.
All the labor and moneys invested in production are
wasted if the products cannot be transported and
delivered in good condition.
Transportation is the link that connects the producer
with his market, his zone of distribution being deter-
mined largely by the cost of transportation and abso-
lutely by the distance over which the produce can be
shipped in sound marketable condition. This distance
will necessarily van- with the variety of fruit, the locali-
ties in which grown, cultural methods, care exercised in
handling and preparing it for shipment, the prompfr-
ness with which it is cooled, and the temperatures
maintained in transit. The factors above mentioned
are the more fundamental ones governing the con-
dition of horticultural produce in transportation. It is
clear, therefore, that successful transportation depends
not only on conditions in transit but on the prehand-
ling of the produce prior to shipment. The responsi-
bility for the condition of these products when delivered
at the markets is a common one as between producers,
shippers, and carriers. The very best refrigeration
that is practicable cannot be expected to deliver per-
ishable products in sound merchandizing condition
that have been badly handled prior to loading or ship-
ment. Nor can such produce properly handled be
delivered in good marketable condition without ade-
quate refrigeration in transit during warm weather or
sufficient protection against freezing in the cold
weather.
The railways of the United States annually pay out
millions of dollars in claims on account of breakage,
decay and deterioration, freezing, and other damage
in transit of perishable produce. This does not begin to
cover losses sustained by the shippers in claims that
are not paid, or deterioration for which no claims are
made, and the injurious effect on the price received for
the produce actually sound. The economic losses to
consumers, carriers, shippers, and producers, especially
consumers and producers, who finally shoulder the
greater part of the burden, are enormous. This great
wastage of the nation's food-supply is an important
factor in the high cost of living and is very generally
one of the main reasons for losses instead of profits to
the growers or producers. The most important fact
in this connection is that most of these losses are
unnecessary and preventable. As the decay and conse-
quent losses occur in transit, it is of the greatest impor-
tance that growers, shippers, and carriers have a clear
and accurate knowledge of the fundamental factors
governing condition of fruits and vegetables in trans-
portation.
Few commodities are more subject to decay and
deterioration in transit than are fruit and vegetable
crops. In considering the transportation of these prod-
ucts and their behavior in transit, it is absolutely
essential that the fact be kept in mind that fruit and
vegetables are living organisms with a definite span of
life beginning in the orchard or field and ending nor-
mally in actual death-decay. It must be remembered,
therefore, that, in preparing these products for ship-
ment, in transportation, and through all stages to the
ultimate consumer, one is dealing with real organisms,
the life-span of which will be lengthened or shortened
by methods of handling and conditions in transporta-
tion. A correct interpretation of the reasons for the
losses from decay and deterioration in transit depends
on accurate knowledge of types of troubles that de-
stroy the market value of fruits and vegetables. The
prevention of these losses must be based on a clear
understanding as regards the relation of the develop-
ment of these troubles to methods of handling prior to
shipment, and to temperature conditions in transit.
The types of troubles that may destroy or lessen the
value of these products are of two kinds, decay and skin-
blemishes. In ordinary transportation the former is
by far of the most importance, while in storage skin-
blemishes may be very important factors. Decay may
result either from attacks by fungous or bacterial
organisms, or through physiological breakdown which
may be termed natural death decay. The organisms
causing decay in transportation may for convenience
be divided into two groups, those which are parasitic,
or which may cause decay of sound uninjured fruits,
and those which are saprophytic or which have not the
power to attack the sound unbroken skin of fruits or
vegetables. Parasitic fungi causing decay in transit
are usually orchard or field diseases that ordinarily can
be controlled through proper cultural sanitation prac-
tices in the fields or orchards. Saprophytic organisms
are responsible for by far the largest proportion of losses
due to fungous decay in transportation and can be
controlled only through careful and correct handling
methods in the harvesting and preparation of the fruit
for shipment.
Physiological breakdown or death -decay hinges
largely on proper handling methods and temperatures
3368
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
in transportation. It is plain, therefore, that the funda-
mental factors influencing, to the greatest extent, the
behavior of fruits and vegetables in transportation come
under the following heads: (1) Cultural; (2) maturity
at time of picking; (3) care exercised in all handling
operations; (4) promptness of cooling; precooling; (5)
temperatures in transportation.
Cultural history of the crop.
In so far as cultural practices determine the crop's
freedom from disease when harvested and its inherent
keeping quality, are cultural operations responsible
for condition of these crops in transportation. Of
especial importance are the methods of orchard or
field sanitation. Field or orchard diseases attacking
crowing fruits or vegetables very often cause serious
decay in transit. Peaches from orchards or sections
affected with brown-rot (Sclerotinia) or Monilia usually
show serious development of brown-rot after shipment.
In certain humid sections of the Pacific coast, for exam-
ple, the prevalence of brown-rot makes long-distance
shipment of cherries and fresh prunes an extremely
hazardous 'venture. Certain vegetable crops, such as
lettuce, celery, and tomatoes, when transported long
distances, sometimes develop serious decay in transit
through diseases that attack the growing crops in the
fields. Decay in transportation, caused by diseases com-
monly affecting crops in field or orchards, can be con-
trolled only through proper orchard- and field-sanita-
tion practises. While the rapidity of the development of
such decay in transportation can be controlled, to some
extent, by quick prompt cooling and the maintenance
of very low temperatures, the only real preventive lies
in the control of these diseases in fields or orchards.
Maturity at time of harvesting.
The picking-maturity of peaches, muskmelons, and
other quick-ripening fruits is governed largely by the
distance from market and general experience as regards
the carrying quality of such fruits at different stages
of maturity under ordinary refrigeration. When they
are to be shipped for considerable distances, the usual
Eractice is to pick and pack them while still so green,
ard, and immature as to be unfit for immediate con-
sumption. Sometimes they are harvested in such a
green state that they do not properly ripen in transit,
and while not entirely worthless from a marketing
standpoint, their poor eating quality necessarily results
in very low prices. Fruits from certain sections have
undeservedly gained a reputation for poor quality
because the consumers never have had an opportunity
to taste any properly matured fruit. There is no
questioning the fact that if the quick-ripening fruits
entering into long-distance transportation could be
harvested at much nearer full maturity, that is, hard-
ripe, and transported to the consumer in sound con-
dition, both producer and consumer would benefit
greatly, the former in increased returns, the latter in
securing a more wholesome and palatable fruit.
The reason for the present condition is largely found
in the notion that such fruits must be picked while still
very green and hard to carry in sound condition to the
market. To some extent this idea is well founded.
Greater care, however, in all handling operations, with
prompt cooling, will enable growers and shippers suc-
cessfully to handle the quick-ripening fruits at more
advanced stages of maturity. WTien precooling
facilities are available, it has been demonstrated that
it is not only possible but practicable to harvest such
fruits as peaches and pineapples at advanced stages
of maturity as will give the consumer a product pos-
sessing its maximum fine quality and wholesomeness.
When such facilities are not available, much can be
accomplished toward the same end through proper
and careful handling, prompt loading and the stowing
of the load in the car in such a way as to facilitate cir-
culation and consequent quick cooling or refrigeration.
The practicability of successfully transporting more
nearly tree- or plant-ripened fruits, possessing the
maximum fine quality of the variety when delivered to
the consumer, will depend both on the grower and the
carrier. The grower must exercise, first of all, the
greatest care in handling and get his fruit under
refrigeration quickly. The carriers must provide refrig-
eration facilities in which the product can not only be
cooled faster but transported at lower temperatures
than is ordinarily obtained in the average equipment.
What has been said above, relative to the desirability
of harvesting certain fruits at much advanced stages
of maturity, does not, of course, apply to such fruits
as pears, lemons, and fruits or vegetables which should
be picked green in order that they may possess their
maximum fine quality when finally ripened or cured.
Care in harvesting and handling.
The care exercised in harvesting and preparing horti-
cultural products for shipment determines, to the
greatest degree, its shipping or keeping quality. Exten-
sive investigations conducted on a commercial scale by
the Bureau of Plant Industry, United States Depart-
ment of Agriculture, for a number of years, covering a
wide range of fruits and vegetables, have clearly and
conclusively demonstrated that decay in transit and
after arrival at the market is due very largely to rough
methods of handling. The fungous organisms causing
decay gain entrance through mechanical abrasions of
the skin made in picking, hauling, packing, or other
handling operations. Every injury or breakage of the
cells of the skin offers lodgment for fungous spores
which, given proper moisture and temperature con-
ditions, germinate and produce decay. Both high
temperatures and moist atmosphere favor rapid
development and growth of these organisms. Tempera-
tures are usually fairly high during the harvesting
season, as is frequently the humidity. During periods
of muggy or rainy weather, the conditions are ideal for
the germination and development of fungous spores,
and almost every injury is certain to result in decay.
The fundamental consideration, therefore, in all
handling operations is the preservation of the skin in a
sound and unbroken condition.
Nearly all growers and handlers of fruit or vegetables
realize that rough handling, resulting in mechanical
abrasions of the skin, is more or less responsible for
decay occurring in transit. Few, however, have a
clear idea of the extent of mechanical injuries made in
ordinary commercial handling, nor do they realize
fully the importance of the most careful work, or what
constitutes proper and careful handling of a perishable
product. In a short article it is obviously impossible
to go into details as to how injuries are made in hand-
ling from field to car. The handling operations in-
volved in the harvesting and preparation of the
citrous fruit crop for shipment may serve as a very good
example. In the harvesting of citrous fruits the
mechanical abrasions may result from cuts made by the
clippers used in severing the fruits from the tree, from
contact with thorns on the trees, from dropping the
fruits into the picking-sack or field-box, rough handling
in loading, and jarring in hauling oyer rough roads or
on springless wagons. Additional injury may result as
the fruit goes through the washing-machines, brushes
and driers, and over the sizers, and into the bins. Long
sharp stems also cause much injury as the fruits roll
against one another in the picking-sack, field-box,
and the various operations of washing, drying, grading,
and sizing. The pickers and packers, where gloves are
not worn, may cause much injury through finger-nail
cuts. The washing of fruit in dirty water, or slow and
incomplete drying, both afford ideal or favorable con-
ditions for infection of every injury and the consequent
development of decay. The so-called soft fruits require
TRANSPORTATION
TRANSPORTATION
3369
even more careful handling to avoid bruising and to
preserve the skin of the fruit in a sound unbroken
condition through all the operations of picking, hauling,
and packing. Peaches are very commonly injured
through the pickers exerting too great pressure with the
thumb or other fingers when removing the fruit from
the tree, by rough handling in loading, and bruising in
the various operations of grading and packing. While
sizers or graders have been used to a considerable extent
in the handling of peaches, most of the graders now in
use afford too many opportunities for injury to be
universally recommended in the handling of such crops.
In red raspberries, for example, the most serious decay
results from too great pressure on the berry when
removing it from the core. The use of three fingers
instead of two minimizes the pressure and danger of
injury. The inclusion of over-ripe berries in cups or
crates intended for long-distance shipment is also a
very prolific source of decay. The marketing or dis-
tributing zone of such fruits and berries can be extended
by several thousand miles by the exercise of a little
3835. Icing cars (at the top) at one of the stations of the Fruit
Express, Georgia.
more care in picking and grading. In grapes the most
serious injuries result from the loosening of the berry
from the pedicel, and it requires the most careful hand-
ling, both in picking and packing, to avoid this type of
injury which is chiefly responsible for the frequent
excessive decay occurring in transportation.
Careful handling involves the exercise of thoughtful-
ness in the manipulation of the fruit from tree to car in
order to preserve the skin of the fruit in an unbroken
sound condition. It necessitates the most careful
supervision of labor. It means simple and the minimum
amount of machinery for washing, drying, sizing or
grading, and constant attention to keep it clean and
in perfect order. The whole handling problem is an
economic one related to systems of both hiring and
supervising labor. In citrous states cooperative
associations have found it necessary to take over the
field handling as well as the packing-house handling to
insure uniformity of careful work. Where each grower
does his own picking, the bad handling of one nullifies,
to a large extent, the good work of the other, especially
if the fruit from the different growers is pooled and
shipped in the same cars. The success of this method
of cooperative handling depends largely on having
the right kind of manager and foreman, men who not
only know what careful handling is and means, but who
can secure such work from every man in the organiza-
tion having anything to do with the physical handling
of the fruit. The system of paying labor is largely
responsible for carelessness in handling and decay in
transit. Too much emphasis cannot be laid on quality
as the tendency is at present decidedly in the direction
of attaching too much importance to quantity. Quan-
tity at the expense of quality is poor economy in the
handling of any perishable fruit crop.
There is considerable question and argument as
regards the best picking-receptacle, particularly as to
whether picking-sacks or -bags are preferable to pails
or baskets or other similar containers. For citrous
fruits, and other hard thick-skinned deciduous fruits,
canvas picking -bags are usually preferable. Peaches
and other thin-skinned fruits, that are very liable to
injury by the rubbing of one fruit against another,
ought to be picked in receptacles with rigid sides. In
such receptacles the fruits will not be subjected to more
or less rubbing against one another as they would be
in a picking-bag where every fruit necessarily moves
somewhat with the movement of the picker.
Quickness and promptness of cooling.
Next to care exercised in the physical handling of the
fruit, temperature is the most important factor in
determining the life-span of the fruit. The question of
temperature in the handling of fruits for transporta-
tion is related primarily to the promptness and rapidity
with which the produce is cooled and the maintenance
of low temperatures in transit. Most of the fruits
and vegetables are harvested during periods of high
temperatures. The physiological and chemical changes
that constitute ripening proceed very rapidly
at high temperatures and but very slowly at
temperatures slightly above freezing. High
temperatures shorten the life-span of the
fruit, both through rapid ripening and the
rapid development and growth of decay-pro-
ducing organisms. The low temperatures
retard the ripening processes as well as the
germination and growth of fungi causing
decay. It is, therefore, of the greatest impor-
tance that the produce be cooled as promptly
and quickly as possible after removal from
the tree or field. Delay of a few hours of the
more quick-ripening fruits after harvesting in
the field or packing-house during the heat of
the day may mean the shortening of the normal
Hf e-span of such fruits by days. Prompt cooling
is essential, whether this is accomplished by precooling
before shipment or slower cooling in a refrigerator car.
Advantage also may be taken of cool night tempera-
tures by allowing the fruit to remain unpacked out hi
the open over night and packed later in the cool of the
morning. More cooling can usually be accomplished
this way over night than in a whole day in a refrig-
erator car, especially if the fruit is wrappea and tightly
packed.
Precooling.
The prompt quick cooling of produce prior to ship-
ment has been termed "precooling." It is usually
accomplished by mechanical means in warehouse
plants before loading in cars, or in car-precooling plants
after loading. In the latter case the precooling is
accomplished by forcing large volumes of cold air
through the load in the car. More recently smaller
warehouse plants have been built and successfully
operated using ice and salt for refrigeration. As to
which system is the best is still more or less of an open
question and depends largely on local conditions. Ware-
house plants have the advantage in so far as the
cooling of the produce can be commenced immediately
after packing without any delay. The cooling is usually
more uniform and very often the plants are used as
warehouses to hold fruits and vegetables in good con-
dition for considerable periods when, on account of
market conditions, or for any other reason, it is desira-
ble to do so. Mechanically cooled warehouse-preccoling
Growers
3370
TRANSPORTATION
plants are expensive to build and operate, and where
the harvesting-season is short, the benefits from pre-
cooling must be very marked to justify the expense.
The salt and ice plants were designed to meet this
objection and have proved very practicable where ice
can be obtained at a reasonable cost and where the daily
output does not exceed a few cars. The principal
objections to car-precooling plants are the delay
between loading and preceding and the more or less
unequal cooling of the different packages in the car.
The delay incidental to finishing the loading of a car,
and the switching to a precooling plant is sometimes
considerable and, in some instances, the total delay
may approximate, to some extent, the slow cooling
under regular refrigeration. In a number of instances,
where car-precooling plants are in operation, in order
to minimize delays, there is too much of a tendency to
cut down the actual period of precooling, which results
in partial precooling only. Some of the reasons why
precooling is not more universally utilized may be
found in the rather heavy initial investment necessary
to build a plant, and the delay in shipment necessitated
by holding over for precooling. Especially is this true
with deciduous fruits where, in many sections, the ship-
ping-season is short and where each shipper is desir-
ous of getting his fruit or produce to the market as
quickly as possible.
Precooling has been utilized more in connection with
the handling and shipment of citrous fruits from Cali-
fornia than anywhere else. It has apparently been
found to be profitable in the citrous industry largely
because of the long orange shipping-season, and for
the reason that it is utilized also to reduce the cost
of transportation. Precooled fruit from the growers'
warehouse plants is shipped with initial icing only dur-
ing the winter and spring season, the combined cost
of precooling and one icing being somewhat less than
the regular refrigeration rate. In Florida, precooling
of citrous fruits is more in the experimental stage.
Owing, however, to the short haul in warm territory
in winter, precooled fruit is usually shipped successfully
without any icing whatever. Comprehensive experi-
mental precooling investigations on a commercial
basis have shown decidedly favorable results from the
thorough precooling of lettuce and celery from Florida.
The principal berry-growing sections in California
and Washington have utilized precooling for several
years with the result that they have been able not only
to transport berries, such as red raspberries and logan-
berries, in better and sounder condition, but to widen
their marketing territory greatly.
In a number of cases in which precooling has been
tried on a commercial basis, the physical handling of
the fruit has been too careless to result in any marked
advantage from precooling. This serves to illustrate
very forcibly that precooling should not be depended
on to overcome difficulties arising from improper hand-
ling. Another factor of no little importance is the
inability of the average refrigerator equipment to
maintain sufficiently low temperatures, even under full
icing, especially in the upper tiers, in transportation.
The good effects of quick and prompt cooling have
been nullified to a considerable extent by the rapid
rise in temperature of fruits or produce while in trans-
portation. No matter what system is employed, the
full value cannot be obtained from precooling unless
the produce has been properly and carefully handled
in the first place. Used as a means to overcome the
effect of rough handling, precooling only retards decay
and deterioration and simply transfers the troubles
from the first receiver at the market to the retailer or
consumer. Precooling must be thorough and as uni-
form as possible. The refrigerator car used for the ship-
ment of precooled produce should be sufficiently insu-
lated to maintain reasonably low and uniform tempera-
tures in transit.
Temperatures in transit.
The necessity for the maintenance of low tem-
peratures in transit has already been emphasized. The
question is often asked: How low ought the tempera-
tures in a refrigerator car to be for best results? The
only answer to this question is: As low as possible
consistent with safety from freezing. The same
principle applies as in storage. The lower the tempera-
ture above actual freezing, the more effectively are
ripening and the development and growth of decay-
producing organisms checked. While most of them
continue to grow very slowly at temperatures of 40° F.
or below, few germinate at this temperature. If, how-
ever, germination has already taken place, the best that
can be expected of refrigeration is to check their
growth and development sufficiently to allow of sound
delivery. The necessity for prompt and quick cooling
is therefore very apparent.
The cooling in an ordinary refrigerator car is usually
rather slow and very unequal. It requires from six days
-to a week thoroughly to cool a load of oranges in tran-
sit and several days to cool wrapped deciduous fruits.
Unwrapped fruits in open containers cool relatively
fast because of the opportunity for free air circulation
around each individual fruit. The lower tiers cool
relatively fast in any load, especially near the ice-
bunkers. There are marked differences in temperature
between the ends and middle of the car, and between
the top and bottom tiers. In the quick-ripening fruits
these temperatures are reflected in the condition of the
fruit in the various positions in the car. Very often
the upper tiers are 15° to 20° higher in temperature
than the bottom tiers and have ripened to such an
extent as to make it necessary or desirable to sell them
separately from the remainder of the fruit in the car.
One of the principal problems in transportation and
refrigeration of fruits and vegetables in transit is to
secure quicker and more uniform cooling throughout
the car. This can be done, to some extent, through
methods of loading and stowing and care exercised at
time of loading to retain as much as possible of the
refrigeration within a pre-iced car. With deciduous
fruits and vegetables, cars intended for loading should
be pre-iced several hours before loading begins.
The shipper in loading should not only stow the load
so as to prevent shifting and breakage in transit but,
first of all, so as to facilitate free circulation from both
ends to the middle of the car. If crates are used, this
can be done by leaving straight uninterrupted aisles
between rows from one end to the other. Cleats between
each layer from bottom to top will also facilitate quicker
cooling. Racks so constructed as to provide a space of
4 inches between rack and floor for free circulation of
cold air from each bunker toward the middle of the car
underneath the load will greatly facilitate quick cooling
of every package in the load. In loading fruit into pre-
iced cars, it is very commonly the practice to leave both
doors open during the entire period of loading. Much
of the refrigeration is lost in this way which could
easily be conserved if more care was exercised to open
the doors only when absolutely necessary.
In so far as methods of loading and stowing are con-
cerned, the responsibility for the safety of the load and,
to some extent, its quick cooling rests on the shipper.
The other factors, however, in actual transportation
that have to do primarily with quick cooling and the
maintenance of low temperatures in transit and free-
dom from breakage are factors for which the carriers
must share responsibility. When properly prehandled
produce has been stowed and loaded correctly, both as
regards liability to shifting in ordinary freight handling
and as to facilitating air circulation and quick cool-
ing, a shipper has largely fulfilled his responsibility so
far as products in transportation is concerned. Fol-
lowing this, the responsibility for the safe transporta-
tion of properly loaded product rests almost entirely on
TRANSPORTATION
TRAPA
3371
the transportation company, both as relates to free-
dom from breakage and efficient refrigeration. The
care exercised in handling freight trains and cars in
switching is mainly responsible for the condition of a
properly stowed load as regards shifting, breakage, and
the like. The efficiency of the refrigerator car is pri-
marily responsible for the quickness of cooling and the
maintenance of uniformly low temperatures in tran-
sit as well as liability to freezing damage in cold
weather. The efficiency of a refrigerator car depends
not only on the quantity, quality, and condition of
insulation but on the size of the car, the kind of ice-
bunkers, and facilities for effecting free circulation and
quick refrigeration of all packages in the car.
Salt, as a means of securing lower temperatures in
refrigerator cars, is in use extensively in the transpor-
tation of meats and similar products requiring tem-
peratures below freezing. It has been used only very
sparingly with fruits. Recent tests with somewhat
modified equipment indicate that salt can be used to
good advantage in securing quick cooling and in main-
taining the necessary low temperatures in transit.
The methods of icing and charging for refrigeration
in transit vary considerably in different sections of
the country. From Pacific coast points to the East,
the carriers, under certain blanket rates, assume all
responsibility for refrigeration in transit from point of
shipment to destination. In the deciduous fruit sec-
tions all cars, unless precooled, go out under standard
refrigeration, that is, pre-icing before loading and full
re-icing enroute at all regular re-icing stations to
destination. The refrigeration rate is uniform on all
cars to any one point. Under the standard refrigera-
tion rate for citrous fruits, the cars are usually not iced
until after loading unless otherwise requested by the
shipper who pays a somewhat higher rate for pre-iced
cars. With citrous fruits from California, various other
rates are in effect permitting one pre-icing and a re-ic-
ing before final shipment, or precooling, and one icing
with no re-icing in transit. When the growers do their
own precooling and initial icing with no re-icing in
transit, a charge is made only for the use of the car
and freight on the ice hauled in the bunkers. In the
shipment of fruits from Florida there is not only the
standard refrigeration rate which calls for full re-icing
at the designated icing stations enroute, but there is
also another rate for half-icing, which means the refill-
ing of the bunkers at the various icing stations to
one-half of their capacity, the racks on the floors of
the bunkers being raised so as to hold the ice in the
upper hau" of the bunker. In the eastern states the
so-called blanket refrigeration rate to various points
is not used to any considerable extent in the shipment
of fruits and vegetables. The refrigeration charge to
the shipper is usually based on the amount of ice con-
sumed in transit as shown by the carriers' records at
icing stations. The shipper pays for the ice actually
used and the icing is done according to the instructions
furnished by him on the bill of lading. If the shipper
orders full refrigeration in transit, the cars are re-iced
at the regular icing stations. The shipper, however,
has the option of giving other instructions if he so
desires, namely, either the number of icings enroute
or the icing stations at which he wishes the cars to be
re-iced. Under the standard refrigeration rates, apply-
ing from the Pacific coast territory, the responsibility
for refrigeration in transit rests entirely with the car-
riers. In eastern territory the responsibility is divided
between the shipper and the carrier.
Freezing in transit.
The transportation of fruits and vegetables in sound
condition in transportation is related not only to
efficiency of refrigeration but protection against freez-
ing. During protracted periods of cold weather, such
as sometimes occur in the northern and eastern states
in the winter, the protection of fruits and vegetables
in transit is a real problem. While a number of
factors enter into the question of freezing protection
in transit, the principal one is insulation. Aside from
condition and quantity of insulation, shippers and car-
riers have both attempted to minimize the danger
from freezing by heavy tight loading and lining the
inside with heavy paper, sometimes using several
thicknesses, by putting in floor-racks and by placing
stoves in the bunkers or in the middle of the car.
Both tight and heavy loading are desirable when there
is danger from freezing. The tight load tends to hold the
heat more effectively and the heavier the load the more
heat there is to draw on. Lining with heavy building-
paper, or other paper of similar character, gives added
protection. Certain roads have found floor-racks of
decided value in minimi /ing the damage from freezing.
Results both experimentafly and commercially fully
justify their use to minimize frost damage as well as
an aid to more effective refrigeration. The use .of
stoves or heaters is hardly to be commended, as fre-
quently the injuries from overheating certain parts
of the car result in deterioration as regards quality,
condition, and appearance that exceed what the freez-
ing damage would have been. In the transportation of
potatoes during the colder months from northern
states such as Maine, heater cars are used to a con-
siderable extent. Ordinary freight cars with specially
constructed bins so as to provide an air-space between
floor and sides of car and the load are used very
largely also. A stove is placed in the middle of the car
and a messenger accompanies three, four, or more cars
to keep the fires going properly. The heat from heaters
either outside or inside the cars is depended on more
than the insulation to maintain temperatures above
freezing. H> j RAMSPT.
TRAPA (abbreviated from caldtrapa, which is the
same as caltrops, an instrument of war used to impede
the progress of mounted warriors; it had four spine-
like projections, like the fruit of the water caltrops).
Trap&ceae or Hydrocarydcese; by some retained in Onar
grdcese. Floating plants adapted to the aquarium.
Flowers small, axillary, solitary, short-peduncled;
calyx 4-parted, the segms. persistent, sometimes spines-
cent; petals and stamens 4; ovary 2-loculed; ovules
solitary, long, pendulous, affixed to the septum: fr.
top-shaped, leathery or somewhat bony, 1-loculed,
1-seeded. — Three species, native to the warmer parts
of the eastern hemisphere.
Trapa natans is one of the daintiest aquatics in cul-
tivation. It is perfectly hardy and very desirable for
aquaria, pools, ponds, or tub-culture. Its beautifully
mottled or variegated foliage is very attractive. The
flowers are white, small, and inconspicuous. The fruits
are very large in comparison with the flowers and leaves,
but they are hidden beneath the foliage until they
ripen, when they drop off. They are good to eat raw,
like chestnuts, and are sweeter and more palatable
before the shell becomes hard. The nut is not likely to
become of commercial importance in America. The
seeds drop from the plant and remain in the pond all
winter. Seeds must be kept in water or moist to retain
their vitality. (William Tricker.)
natans, Linn. WATER CHESTNTJT. WATER CALTROPS.
JESUIT'S-NUT. Petiole of floating Ivs. 2-4 in. long,
nearly glabrous; blade rhombic-orbicular, dentate in
upper half, slightly villous along the nerves beneath:
fr. 4-spined, but the 2 lateral ones shorter. Eu., Orient.
Gn.24, p. 557. G.C. II. 10:213. B.R. 259— It has
two kinds of Ivs. The submerged ones are root-like,
long, slender, and feathery. The floating Ivs. form a
loose rosette. The If.-stalks are swollen and spongy
near the apex. The fr. is an inch or two across and has
4 spinescent angles. It is roasted and eaten in some
parts of Eu. like the common chestnut. It is sparingly
3372
TRAPA
TREVORIA
naturalized in this country. Var. verbanensis, Cesati
(T. verbanensis, De Not.), of Lake Maggiore in Italy,
has deltoid Ivs. and compressed 3-angled fr. with 2
ehort horns.
bispinosa, Roxbg. SINGHARA-NUT. Petiole of float-
ing Ivs. 4-6 in. long, woolly; blade 2x3 in., slightly
crenate in the upper half, very villqus beneath : fr. %in.
thick, with 2 of the spines sometimes absent. India,
Ceylon. — Said to yield very large and sweet nuts which
are sold under the name of Singhara-nut; much used
by natives.
T. bicdrnis. Linn, f., the Ling of China, is by some referred to
T. natans: the fr. has 2 strong opposite long decurved horns like
those of a bull's head. WlLHELM MlLLER.
TRAUTVETTERIA (E. R. von Trautvetter, a Rus-
sian botanist). Ranunculacese. Tall erect perennial
herbs grown somewhat for their broad leaves and small
white flowers borne in clusters.
Leaves broad, palmately lobed: fls. white, small,
corymbose-paniculate; sepals 3-5, caducous; petals
none: carpels many, forming 1-seeded achenes. — Two
species, N. Amer. and E. Asia. Very hardy, thriving in
ordinary or rich soil. Easily prop, by division of roots
either in late fall or early spring. There is not likely
to be much difficulty associated with this operation.
Offered by dealers in native plants.
carolinensis, Vail (Hydrdstis carolinensis, Walt. T.
palmata, Fisch. & Mey.). Sts. 2-3 ft. high: lys. alter-
nate, reticulated, radical ones very large, with lobes
much toothed and cut. July. Pa., south and west.
B.M. 1630 (as Cimicifuga palmata). G. 29:395.
grandis, Nutt. (T. palmata var. ocddentalis, Gray.
Actasa grandis, Dietr.). Much like the above species:
Ivs. membranaceous, more deeply lobed, often to the
base, thin, sparsely hairy beneath along the ribs; retic-
ulations less distinct: styles longer and somewhat curled.
Wash., Idaho, Brit. Col.
The genus Trautvetteria is variously interpreted. Many authors
regard it as monotypic, the Japanese form (T. japonica, Sieb. &
Zucc.) being included in one cosmopolitan species (T. carolinen-
sis). E. L. Greene, on the other hand, described 6 new American
species at one time in 1912: T. nervate, from Ga. ; T. fimbriata,
from Ore.; T. applanata. Mo.; T. rotundata, Calif.; T. saniculi-
folia, Idaho; and T. media from New Mex. rr r* T\ AVIS
TRAVELER'S TREE: Ravenala.
TREE OF HEAVEN: Ailanthus.
TREES: Arboriculture.
TREE SURGERY: Arboriculture, Vol. I, page 354.
TREFOIL: Clover, Trifolium; sometimes applied to Lotus, Des-
modium (tick trefoil), and other Leguminoss?.
TREMA (Greek, trema, hole, alluding to the pitted
stone). Ulmacese. A group of about 30 species of ever-
green trees or shrubs in the tropical and subtropical
regions of the Old and New Worlds: Ivs. alternate, short-
petioled, serrate, 3-neryed or penninerved, stipulate:
fls. small, in nearly sessile clusters, monoecious or dioe-
cious, apetalous, 5- or rarely 4-merous; sepals of stami-
nate fls. valvate below, imbricate above; stamens 4-5;
ovary 1-celled, superior style with 2 linear arms: fr. a
small ovoid or subglobose drupe; embryo curved or
involute. Adapted for cult, in tropical and subtropical
regions only and sometimes planted for its evergreen
foliage. The first of the two species described below has
been offered in Calif ., the second in Fla.
bracteolata, Blume. Small tree, to 30 ft. : Ivs. ovate-
oblong to ovate-lanceolate, acute, rounded at the base,
crenate-serrate, pubescent on both sides, more densely
beneath, 3-nerved at the base, 2-4 in. long: fls. in small
axillary clusters: fr. globose, black, Kin. long, crowned
by the remnants of the styles. S. Afr. Wood, Natal
PI. 4:356.— It is said in Calif, that in deep soil it
makes a much-branched bushy tree with foliage similar
to mulberries, and remarkable for the bright orange
color of the old Ivs. before dropping down.
orientalis, Blume (Celtis orientalis, Linn,). Small
tree; branchlets pubescent: Ivs. rigid, ovate-oblong to
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cordate and 3-7-nerved at
the base, crenate-serrulate, scabrid above, clothed with
silvery, appressed pubescence beneath, 3-6 in. long: fr.
ovoid, Km- long, black. S. Asia. Wight, Icon. 1971. —
A plant offered under this name seen by the writer
proved to be a true Celtis, not a Trema.
ALFRED REHDER.
TREMANDRA (Greek, hole and anther; the anthers
burst open through a hole). Tremandracese. More or
less stellate-tomentose shrubs, sometimes grown in the
greenhouse. Lvs. opposite, ovate, dentate: fls. in 5's;
petals not inclosing the stamens, which are rather
in 1 row, dehiscing by a single somewhat 2-valved pore;
disk glandular, crenate, almost 5-lobed: caps, loculicid-
ally 2-valved. — Two species, Austral. T. stelligera, R.
Br. Densely stellate-hairy, 2 ft. or more high: Ivs.
short-petioled, ovate, obtuse, 1-1 Yi in. long, coarsely
and irregularly toothed: fls. on pedicels shorter than
the Ivs.; sepals villous or tomentose. Austral. Rarely
cult.
A plant is mentioned as in cult, under the name of T. ericoides
hirsuta, Bedingh., but there seems to be some confusion and also
doubt as to what it is. The plant in question has brown sts., small,
subulate, heath-like Ivs. and bright purplish pink drooping blos-
soms borne on rather long slender pink pedicels. Extra. -Trop.
Austral. R.B. 25:133.
TREVESIA (after the family Treves di Bonfigli of
Padua, patrons of botany). Araliacese. Showy and
rather striking small trees or shrubs from Trop. Asia
and the islands in that region: Ivs. either palmately
cut and simple, or digitately or pinnate compound: fls.
rather large for the family and borne in panicled umbels;
petals 8-12, valvate, somewhat thick; stamens 8-12;
ovary 8-12-loculed : fr. large, ovoid. — About 9 species.
Should be grown in a warm moist house, as the plants
naturally grow in damp jungles.
palmata, Vis. (Gastdnia palmata, Roxbg.). A small
tree frequently 20 ft. in cult., with the ends of the
branches sparingly prickly and the young parts tomen-
tose: Ivs. crowded at the ends of the branches, \-\Yi ft.
across, palmately 5-9-lobed to below the middle;
petioles 1-1 H ft- long: panicles long-peduncled, erect:
umbels 6 in. through, long-stalked: fls. 1 in. across, yel-
lowish white, showy. Himalayas. B.M. 7008.
T. Sdnderi, Hort. Lvs. handsome, deeply cut, borne on long
cylindrical petioles; If. -blade nearly circular in outline, 2 ft. across,
digitate, the divisions irregularly pinnatifid and joined at the base.
Perhaps a form of what is known in cult, as T. Sundaica. Annam.
G.C. III. 53:295. — T. sundaica, Regel, is apparently a form of T.
§almata; T. sundaica, Miq., is a distinct species from Java and
umatra, with infl. becoming recurved. See Gilibertia.
N. TAYLOR. f
TREVTRANA: A section of Achimenes.
TREVORIA (named for Sir Trevor Lawrence). Orchi-
dacese. Epiphytic orchids, grown in the warmhouse.
Pseudobulbs elongated-pyriform, not compressed,
1-lvd.: Ivs. large, rather leathery, folded, contracted
to the petiole: scapes arising from the base of the
pseudobulbs, simple, bearing a lax few-fld. raceme : fls
large, fleshy, pedicelled; sepals rather thick, free-
spreading, lateral ones oblique, very large; petals
fleshy, twisted, conspicuously narrower than the sepals;
labellum fleshy, concave, erect, not movably jointed
with the base of the column, lateral lobes erect, axe-
shaped, laxly surrounding the column; midlobe linear-
hastate; column rather long, terete, clavate or abruptly
truncate at apex; rostellum 2-toothed, membranaceous;
pollinia 2: caps, fusiform. — About 3 species, Trop. Amer.
Chldris, Lehm. Laxly cespitose: pseudobulbs long-
pyriform: If. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, long-
TREVORIA
TRICHOCEXTRUM
3373
petioled: spike pendulous, few-fld., common!}' 3: fls.
fleshy, greenish; dorsal sepals, oblong-lanceolate,
acuminate, revolute, lateral ovate, obliquely acuminate;
petals ligulate-falcate, cuspidate; lip with the lateral
lobes axe-shaped and the midlobe linear-hastate.
Colombia. G.C. IU. 21, suppl. May 29.
Lehmannii, Rolfe. Pseudobulbs fascicled, cylindri-
cal or elongate-pyrifonn, 1-lvd., not ribbed, covered
by brown lanceolate sheaths below the middle: Ifts.
subsessile, oblong-lanceolate, ph'cate: spike pendulous,
few-fld., rachis stout: fls. up to 2J-£ in. across, green;
sepals broad-ovate, subacute, concave, fleshy; petals
much narrower than the sepals, oblong-lanceolate,
spreading-recurved, paler; lip fleshy, lateral lobes ear-
shaped, erect, midlobe 5-grooved, stipitate, swollen,
2-callused. Colombia. B.M. 7805 (as T. Chloris').
F. TRACY HCBBARD.
TREWIA (from C. J. Trew, a German physician,
1395-1769). Also spelled Trevia. Euphorbiaceje. Small
tropical softwood trees rarely cult, in greenhouses,
but little known to gardeners and apparently not in
the American trade: branching from the base: Ivs.
opposite, entire, 3-5-nerved: fls. dioecious, in lateral
racemes or the pistillate singly, apetalous; stamens
simple, 50 or more; styles free above the base. About
5 species, mostly in Trop. Asia. Related to Mallotus.
T. nudiflbra, Linn., with broadly ovate, acute or
acuminate, cordate to subcuneate Ivs., has been in cult,
in Eu. from S. Asia. It is prop, by cuttings in sand.
J. B. S. NORTON.
TR1ANEA: Limnobium.
TRDBROMA: Theobroma, p, 333L
TRICALYSIA (Greek, triple calyx; true of some spe-
. Including Kraussia. Rubidcex. Erect or climb-
ing shrubs, used as ornamentals in extreme South.
Branches opposite, terete or obtusely quadrangular:
Ivs. opposite, short-pet ioled; stipules short, broad,
apiculate and intra-petiolar: fls. rather small, subsessile,
shortly pedicelled, axillary; calyx-tube turbinate or
campanulate, 4-6-lobed or shortly dentate; corolla
funnel-shaped or shortly salver-shaped, lobes 4-8, oval,
ovate, or lanceolate; stamens 4-8; disk annular, fleshy,
glabrous; ovary 2- rarely 3-celled: fr. pisiform, berry-
like, leathery, 1-2-celled, few-seeded. — About 65 species,
Trop. and S. Afr., Madagascar; two intro. in Flk. and
S.Calif.
A. Lvs. lanceolate, acuminate.
lanceolate, Hiern (Kraussia lanceolata, Sond.).
Shrub: Ivs. lanceolate, acuminate: cymes many-fld.:
calyx 5-toothed; throat of corolla densely bearded;
stigma deeply 2-lobed, lobes revolute: fr. globose, the
size of a pea. Natal.
AA. Lrs. elliptic, obtu-se.
Sonderiana, Hiern (Kraussia coriacea, Sond.).
Shrub: Ivs. elliptical, obtuse or minutely apiculate,
wedge-shaped at the base, coriaceous, IJ^SJ-i in. long:
cymes about 4-fld.: fls. pentamerous; pedicels J^-j^in.
long; throat densely bearded; stigmas deeply 2-lobed,
lobes revolute. Natal.
T. Kraussi-ana, Schinz (Coffea Kraussiana, Hochst. Kraussia
flonbunda, Harv. ). Shrub with reddish brown branches: Ivs. ovate-
oblong or lanceolate-subacute: cymes axillary, paniculate: corolla
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
TRICHILIA (Greek, by threes; the fls. are trimerous).
Meliace^e. Trees or shrubs, suitable for the warmhouse
or outdoors in the extreme S. as ornamentals. Lvs. with
3 Ifts. or uneven-pinnate; Ifts. opposite or alternate, usu-
ally many-paired, rarely 2-paired: panicles many-fld.,
axillary: fls. large for the order; calj-x short, 4-5-toothed
or cleft; petals 4-5, erect or spreading; staminal tube
8-10-cleft or -parted; disk annular, free; ovary sunken
in the disk, 2-3-celled: caps subglobose, leathery, 2-3-
celled. — About 120 species, Trop. Amer. and Trop. Afr.
spondioides, Jacq. Tree, 15-20 ft. high: Ivs. pin-
nately compound; Ifts. 7-10-paired, ovate-oblong,
oblique and round at base, glabrous: panicles puberu-
lent, divisions 3-11-fld.: fls. greenish yellow; staminal
tube cohering one-third its length, anthers 10, hairy:
caps, tomentose, rugulose, 5-6 lines diam. Trop. Amer.
and intro. into S. Fla.
T. undulatifdlia, Hort., is offered in the foreign trade.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
TRICHmiUM (Greek, hairy, alluding either to the
plant in general or to the fl.-heads). Amarantac?&.
Herbs, subshrubs or rarely shrubs glabrous or pubes-
cent, adapted to greenhouse cult.: Ivs. alternate, nar-
row, rarely obovate or spatulate, entire: fls. in dense
spikes or globose or oblong heads, white, straw-colored
or rose, hermaphrodite; perianth narrow or elongate,
5-parted, segms. equal, linear, rigid, usually plumose;
stamens 5; ovary sessile or stipitate, glabrous or lanu-
ginous, ovule 1: fr. an indehiscent utricle. — About 60
species, natives of Austral.
exaltatum, Benth. (Ptildtus exaMtus, Nees). A ten-
der perennial, 2—3 ft. high, erect, usually branching
above: lower Ivs. 2-5 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, rather
thick, contracted into a long petiole; upper Ivs. smaller:
spikes erect, long-peduncled, at first ovoid-conical,
becoming longer: perianth %in. or less long, yellowish,
with dull red tips. B.R. 25:28 (as T. alopecuroideum). —
Intro, in this country as a greenhouse subject.
T. Mdnglesii, LindL, is perhaps the choicest species. It has violet-
purple fls. in large pyramidal heads 3 in. long and 2 in. wide at base.
It could probably be grown as a summer annual. B.M. 5448. F.S.
23:2396. R.H. 1866:291. F. 1864:217. I.H. 13:464. G.C. 1864:
655;IIL32:18L G. 25:20. Gn. 68, p. 225.
F. W. BARCLAY.
TRICHLORIS (Greek, for three, and Chloris, a genus
of grasses, referring to the 3 awns which differentiate
the two genera). Grarmneae. Perennial grasses that
resemble Chloris but differ in having 3-awned lemmas.
Species 5, Mex. and S. S. Amer.
mendocina, Kurtz. (T. Blancho.rdid.na, Hack.).
Spikes several, erect, slender, approximate at top of the
culms, feathery with the delicate awns. Argentina. —
An ornamental grass, readily grown from seed.
A. S. HITCHCOCK.
TRICHOCAULON (Greek, hair and stem; said to
allude to the bristles that tip each tubercle on the st.).
Asdepiadacex. Perennial herbs, suitable probably for
the warmhouse. Sts. low, thick, fleshy, many-angled,
angles tuberculate; tubercles aculeate: fls. small,
between the angles, usually solitary, very short-pedi-
celled; calyx 5-parted, segms. acute; corolla disk-
shaped, deeply 5-cleft, lobes broadly ovate; disk double,
short-stipitate, outer deeply 5-lobed, inner 5 ligulate
lobes. — About 15 species, Trop. and S. Afr. T. pictum,
N. E. Br. St. subglobose or cylindrical, oblong, very
obtuse, 2-3 by about 2 in., irregularly tessellate-tuber-
culate, glabrous: fls. fascicled, erectj fascicles 2-4-fld.;
sepals broad ovate ; corolla not J^in. diam., white marked
with purple spots and numerous short lines, lobes broad
deltoid-ovate, acute. S. Afr. B.M. 8579. T. Pillausii,
N. E. Br. Plant 5-9 in. high, branching at base: sts.
1 34-2 J£ in. diam., cylindrical, with many tuberculate
angles, glaucous-green, glabrous, tubercles ending in
stiff bristles: fls. in small clusters, between the angles,
toward the top of the sts.; sepals ovate, very acumi-
nate; corolla bright creamy yellow, glabrous and smooth
outside, densely papillate on the inner face of lobes. S.
Afr. Var. major, N. E. Br. Plant and fls. larger than
the type. S. Afr. p TRACY HUBBARD.
TRICHOCENTRUM (Greek, hair and spur, allud-
ing to the long slender spur). Orchidacex . A small
group allied to Rodriguezia (Burlingtonia) ; the plants
grow in dense matted tufts.
Pseudobulbs very small, each bearing a broad fleshy
3374
TRICHOCENTRUM
TRICHOPILIA
If.: infl. a tew-fld. raceme on which usually only 1 fl.
opens at a time: sepals and petals free, spreading; label-
lum larger, spurred, with 2 lateral lobes and a 2-parted
middle lobe; column short; pollinia 2, on a wedge-
shaped stipe. — About 20 species. Epiphytes of dwarf
stature, growing best on blocks; free-flowering; they
suffer from too much water at the root; give them a
warmhouse temperature. Prop, by division.
filbo-purpftreum, Reichb. f. Lvs. oblong-lanceolate,
3 in. long, tufted: fls. on short peduncles, 2 in. across;
sepals and petals obovate-lanceolate, inside maroon-
brown, with greenish tips, outside greenish; labellum
subquadrate, white, with a large purple spot on each of
the lateral lobes. Brazil. B.M. 5688. A.F. 6:609.
J.H. III. 51:382.
tigrinum, Lindl. & Reichb. f. Similar in habit to
the preceding: Ivs. oblong, obtuse, speckled with red:
fls. pendulous, nearly 3 in. across; sepals and petals
broadly linear, yellow, speckled with red; labellum
cuneate-obovate, emarginate, white, rose toward the
disk. May. Cent. Amer. B.M. 7380. I.H. 24:282.
T. panamense, Rolfe. Fls. light green, with white lip, with red-
purple blotch at base; spur yellowish, short, dilated, divided at
apex into 4 short lobes. Panama.
HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
TRICHOGLOTTIS (Greek, hair and tongue, refer-
ring to the fine hairs on the labellum). Orchiddcese.
Epiphytic herbs, occasionally grown in the warmhouse.
Sts. leafy, elongated, not pseudobulbous: Ivs. distich-
ously arranged along the St., narrow: peduncles lateral,
very short, 1- to few-fid.: fls. small or medium; sepals
spreading, lateral very broad at the base, dorsal oblong;
petals like the dorsal sepal ; lip adnate with the column-
foot, forming a long horizontal spur-like chin, spread-
ing above, lateral lobes erect, short, midlobe rather
broad, spreading; column short, wingless; pollinia 2,
globose. — About 30 species, Malaya and the Philippines.
T. Solerederi, Kranzl. Sts. elongated: Ivs. fleshy, some-
what lanceolate, up to 5 in. long, about 1 in. wide:
racemes 1-fld.: sepals
obovate-oblong, 4-5 lines
long, bright green, each
with 5 transverse brown-
purple bands; petals much
smaller, similar in color,
but with only 3 bands; lip
^in. long, white, soon
becoming yellowish with
2 blood-red spots on the
disk. Philippines. T.Daw-
sonidna, Reichb. f. (Clei-
sostoma Dawsonidna,
Reichb. f.). Scape 6-10
in. high, stout: Ivs. 3-8
in. long, oblanceolate : fls.
2 in. diam., yellow-green
barred with brown ; sepals
oblong - lanceolate ; petals
shorter; lip subsessile, side
lobes oblong, midlobe
ovate, acute, with a short
falcate wing on each side
of the tip. Burma.
F. TRACY HTJBBARD.
TRICHOL^ENA (Greek
for hair and mantle, refer-
ring to the covering of
silky hairs on the spike-
lets). Gramineae. Allied to
Panicum: spikelets loosely
paniculate, clothed with
long silky hairs; first
glume minute, remote
from the second; second
3836. Tricholasna rosea. glume and sterile lemma
2-lobed, a slender awn from between the lobes. — Species
10, all African, 1 extending to the Medit. region and 2
to India.
rosea, Nees (T. violacea, Hort. T. grandiflbra,
Hochst. Panicum tonsum, Steud.). Fig. 3836. NATAL-
GRASS. Annual: culms usually geniculate at base, 1 J/£-3
ft. high: panicle 3-8 in. long, the silky spikelets a rich
wine- color when fresh,
changing to purplish when
dry. S. Afr. R.H. 1897, p.
273.— One of our most beau-
tiful ornamental grasses.
Sometimes called ruby-
grass. It has become natu-
ralized in parts of Fla. and
Calif. A. S. HITCHCOCK.
TRICHOLEPIS (Greek,
hair and scale, the involu-
cral scales are narrow with
long hair-like tips). Com-
posite. Annual or perennial
herbs, which are branched 3837. Fructification of Tricho-
and unarmed: Ivs. alter- manes. (Enlarged.)
nate, entire, toothed or the
lower pinnatifid: heads terminal, solitary, homogamous;
involucre ovoid or broader; bracts many-rowed, very
narrow, usually with long recurved hair-points: fls. all
hermaphrodite, similar and fertile, yellow, red, or
purple; tube slender; limb 5-cleft: achenes glabrous,
oblong or obovoid, ribbed. — About 7 species, India.
furcate, DC. Glabrous or puberulous herb, 1K~6 ft.
high, branched from the base: Ivs. 2-6x^-2^ in.,
elliptic-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, denticulate,
short-petioled: head rather large, yellow; involucral
bracts needle-like. Himalaya. Grown for ornament.
TRICHOMANES (Greek, soft hair). Hymenophyl-
Idcese. A group of filmy ferns distinguished by its tubu-
lar cup-like indusium and filiform elongate receptacle.
(Fig. 3837.) Very delicate in texture and capable of
being grown successfully only under shaded glass. Over
100 species are known. Various species may be found
in the collections of fanciers, but the following appear
to be the only ones regularly in the American trade.
For culture, see Ferns.
radicans, Swartz. Lvs. 2-8 in. long, 1-1 J^ in. wide,
bipinnatifid; pinnae ovate, obtuse; indusia terminal, on
short lobes. Tropical regions, extending into the
southern states as far as Ky.
Prieilrii, Kunze (T. dnceps, Hook.). Lvs. 12-18 in.
long, 6-12 in. wide, tri-quadripinnatifid; pinnae ovate-
lanceolate; sori 2-12 to a pinnule, small, in sinuses;
indusium with a much dilated lip. Trop. Amer.
L. M. UNDERWOOD.
TRICHONEMA: Romulea.
TRICHOPILIA (Greek, hair and cap; the anther is
concealed under a cap surmounted by three tufts of
hair). Orchiddcese. Handsome orchids, usually grown
in pots, although epiphytal.
Pseudobulbs crowded on the short rhizome, flattened
and often elongate, 1-1 vd., surrounded with dry scales
at the base: Ivs. large, solitary, erect, fleshy, keeled: fls.
abundantly produced on short, nodding or decumbent
scapes; sepals and petals narrow, spreading, often
twisted; labellum large, forming the most conspicuous
part of the fl., united with the column below, lateral
lobes convolute, middle lobe spreading; anther bent
over; pollinia on a triangular caudicle; clinandrum
fimbriately winged. — About 20 species, ranging from
Mex. to S. Amer. The fls. keep fresh a long time, both
on the plant and when cut. They need an intermediate
or greenhouse temperature. If grown too warm, they
suffer. Prop, by division.
TRICHOSAXTHES
3375
Galeottiana, A. Rich. & Gal. Pseudobulbs narrow,
flattened, 5 in. long: Ivs. oblong, acute, about 6 in. long:
scape* short, mostly 1-fld.: sepals and petals cuneate-
lanceolate, yellowish green, sometimes with a band of
cinnamon down the middle; labellum trumpet-shaped,
whitish with some purple streaks and dots in the center,
and yellow in the throat. Aug., Sept. Costa Rica,
Mex.' I.H. 6:225 (as T. picto). B.M. 5550 (as T.
Tunalisf). C.O. 5.
fragrans, Reichb. f. (Piliimna frdgrans, Lindl. T.
Backhotisiana, Reichb. f.). Pseudobulbs clustered, flat-
tened. 3-5 in. long. 1-lvd. : Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
acute, 6-8 in. long: scape pendent, 1 ft. long, about
6-fld.: fls. on pedicels 3 in. long; sepals and petals
spreading, linear-lanceolate, 2^2-3 in. long, wavy and
twisted, greenish white; labellum folded over the col-
umn, spreading in front, and somewhat lobed, white
with a yellow stain in the throat. Summer. Colombia.
B.M. 5035. C.O. 3. G. 35:411. G.M. 52:421.— Fls.
almond-scented.
n6bilis, Reichb. f. (PMmna nobtiis, Reichb. f. T.
Candida, Lind.) . Pseudobulbs large : Ivs. broadly oblong-
acute: fls. white; sepals and petals linear-oblong, acute,
2 in. long, scarcely twisted; labellum large, white with a
yellow spot in the throat. Venezuela. I.H. 19:94 (as T.
fragrant var. nobilis). F.M. 1872:21 (as T. fragrans).
—This has larger stouter pseudobulbs and shorter
broader Ivs. than T. fragrans. The labellum is larger
and the petals shorter compared with the size of the fl.
Var. alba, Hort., has fls. pure white.
tdrtilis, Lindl. Pseudobulbs oblong, compressed,
somewhat curved, 2-4 in. long: Ivs. solitary, oblong,
acute. 6 in. long: fls. solitary, on decumbent stalks
shorter than the lys.; sepals and petals linear-lanceo-
late, 2 in. long, spirally twisted, brown with yellowish
margins; labellum forming a tube around the column,
upper portion expanded, 4-lobed, white with crimson
spots, becoming entirely crimson within. Fls. profusely
in summer and sometimes again in winter. Mex. B.M.
3739. B.R. 1863. F.C.3:101. B.3:122. C.O. 6. Var.
alba, Hort., is advertised.
suavis, Lindl. Fig. 3838. Pseudobulbs thin, com-
pressed. 2 in. long: Ivs. broadly oblong, 8 in. long:
scape pendent, about 3-fld.: fls. on long, curved stalks,
large: sepals and petals lanceolate-acuminate, wavy,
nearly straight, 2 in. long, white or cream-colored;
labellum large, projecting forward, white or cream-
colored, spotted with pale purple, yellow in the throat ;
limb large-lobed, waw, and crenate. Mav, June. Cent.
Amer. B.M. 4654. F.S. 8:761. R.H. 1859, pp. 220,
221: 1S87. p. 454. Gn. 4, p. 511; 31, p. 452; 38, p. 185;
48, p. 79; 51, p. 371. C.O. 4. R.B. 23:256. G.M. 38:
2S1. A.G. 24:331. J.F. 3:277. J.H. III. 43:371. Var.
alba, Warner. Fls. white with a yellow spot in the
throat of the labellum. C.O. 4o. G. 16:686. G.W.
14. p. 52. Var. grandifl&ra, Hort. A large-fld. form.
G.W. 5, p. 344. Var. Candida, Hort. Fls. pure white
except yellow blotch at base of lip.
marginata, Henfr. (T. coccinca. Warsc. T. cri-spa
var. marginata, Hort.). Pseudobulbs clustered, oblong,
compressed: Ivs. broadly lanceolate, suddenly acumi-
nate, subauriculate at the base: scape about 3-fld.: fls.
large, whitish outside, reddish purple within; sepals and
petals linear-lanceolate, margined with white, the
former slightly twisted; labellum trumpet-shaped, with
a large, rounded, waw, 4-lobed blade. May, June.
Cent. Amer. B.M. 4857. F.S. 14:1490; 18:1925-26.
G.C. III. 20:456. F.M. 1874:98 (as T. hpida). J.F.
2:1S4. C.O. 2.
crispa, Lindl. This plant was described by Lindley
in Linden's catalogue. It is closely related to T. mar-
ginata. which is sometimes classed as a variety of T.
crispa. The following description is taken from Wat-
son's Orchids: Pseudobulbs ovate, flattened, 2-3 in.
long, dark green, 1-lvd. : Ivs. leather}', 6x2 in., keeled,
acute-pointed: fl.-spikes basal, drooping, short, 3-fld.'
fls. with pedicels 2 in. long; sepals and petals spreading.
2K in- long, J^in. wide, wavy-edged, twisted, brownish
yellow; Up folded over the column, spreading in front,
1 Yi in. across, colored deep crimson with a white margin.
May, June. Costa Rica. C.O. 2.
T. Gouldii=T. suavis XT. fragrans. — T. Hennitidna, KranzL
Fls. very fragrant, pure white, with 2 zones of golden yellow on
HP- c HZINRICH HASSELBKING.
TRICHOPTERIS (from Greek for hair, and Pteris).
Cyatheaceae. A generic name applied to several Ameri-
can species of Alsophila which, however, probably do
not deserve separation. T. Albertii, Hort., said to come
from the Congo, is not botanically known.
R. C. BENEDICT.
TRICHOSANTHES (Greek, hair and flower, alluding
to the fringed edge of the petals). Cucurbitace&. SNAKE
GOTTKD. Climbing herbs, annual or perennial, sometimes
shrubby at base, roots sometimes tuberous, grown both
in the greenhouse and outdoors as tender annuals.
Leaves entire or 3-5-lobed, base cordate; tendrils
simple or 2-3-cleft: fls. rather large or small, white,
monoecious; male fls. racemose, calyx-tube oblong or
3838. Trichopilia suavis. ( X X)
cylindrical, dilated above, 5-lobed, corolla rotate, 5-
parted; stamens 3, ovary rudimentary; female fls.,
calyx and corolla as in male, stamens rudimentary or
none; ovary oblong or globose: fr. usually large, fleshy,
globose, oblong, ovoid-fusiform, or conical. — About 50
species, Trop. Asia, N. Austral, and Polynesia. Mono-
graphed in DC. Monogr. Phaner. 3:351. The fr. is
often ornamental and highly colored; in T. Anguina it
has been noted over 6 ft. in length. The plants flower
in July from seed sown in March. They may be treated
as tender annuals.
A. Bracts small or none on the racemes of male fls.
B. Fr. ovoid.
cucumeroides, Maxim. Root fleshy, tuberous: st.
slender, 12-15 ft.: Ivs. ovate in outline, 4-6 in. long,
more or less palmately 3-5-lobed, margin crenulate:
peduncle bearing the male fls. 1-4 in. long and 3-15-fld.:
3376
TRICHOSANTHES
TRICHOSPORUM
petals about 3^in. long, oblong, acute, longly fringed:
fr. oblong, shortly rostrate, nearly 3 in. long, vermilion-
colored. Japan. — Offered by importers of Japanese
plants.
BB. Fr. oblong.
Anguina, Linn. (T. colubnna, Jacq.). SERPENT or
SNAKE GOURD. Fig. 3839. St. slender, tall-growing:
Ivs. nearly circular
in outline, 5-7 in.
across. 3-7-lobed;
lobes round; mar-
gin undulate or
wavy: peduncle
bearing the male
fls. 4-10 in. long,
8-15-fld.: body of
petals oblong, less
than Y-iya.. long,
fringes Hin. long: fr.
slender, contorted, often
exceeding 3 ft. in length.
India, but widely planted.
B.M. 722. B.R. 32:18.
R.H. 1859, p. 595.
AA. Bracts large on the
male raceme.
B. Calyx-segms. entire.
c. Lvs. lobed.
Kirilowii, Maxim.
(Eopepon vitifblius,
Naud.). Perennial root
tuber-like : st . annual,
high-climbing, 20-30 ft.:
lys. nearly circular in out-
line, 3-8 in. across, deeply 3839 Trichosanthes Anguina.
5-7-lobed, the lobes ob- (X|)
long, acute, coarsely ser-
rate: racemes bearing the male fls. 4-8 in. long, 3-8-,
rarely only 1-fld. : petals triangular-wedge-shaped, deeply
cut and the segms. much cut and longly fimbriate,
ovoid, somewhat acute; base shortly attenuate, yellow-
ish orange, about 4 in. long, 2K m- thick. Mongolia.
cc. Lvs. not lobed.
cordata, Roxbg. (T. palmata, Wall.). Root tuberous:
st. robust, high- climbing: Ivs. wide, ovate-cordate,
acute or shortly acuminate, 5-8 in. long, rarely some-
what angled or obscurely lobed ; margin slightly dentate :
peduncle bearing male fls. 5-8 in. long, 4-8-fld. : calyx-
segms. finely acute: fr. globose, red, orange-streaked,
not acute at the apex. India.
BB. Calyx-segms. toothed.
bracteata, Voigt (T. palmata, Roxbg.). St. stout,
climbing to 30 ft. : Ivs. broadly ovate, scabrous above,
usually deeply 3-7-lobed; lobes acute; margin dentate:
peduncle of male fls. 4-8 in. long, 5-10-fld. : fr. globose,
red with orange stripes about 2 in. long. India.
F. W. BARCLAY. F. TRACY HtJBBARD.f
TRICHOSMA (Greek, three and ridge, referring to
the 3-lobed labellum). Orchiddceae. A genus of 1 species
resembling Coalogyne. Sepals and petals similar, erect-
spreading, the lateral pair forming a distinct mentum
with the projecting foot of the column ; labellum 3-lobed,
the lateral lobes erect, convolute over the column, mid-
dle lobe with longitudinal ridges: sts. slender, 2-lvd. : infl.
racemose. T. dlbo-margindta of the trade is unidentified.
suavis, Lindl. (firia coronaria, Reichb. f.). Lvs. lan-
ceolate, undulate, 3-nerved: fls. few in a terminal
raceme, white, yellowish or purplish, fragrant; sepals
ovate-lanceolate; petals oblong; labellum ovate-oblong,
streaked with purple; disk yellow, middle lobe with
several crenate ridges. Himalaya. B.R. 28:21.
HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
TRICHOSPORUM (Greek, hair and seed; seeds with
1 or more long hairs at the ends). Syn., Mschyndnthus.
Gesneriacese. Subshrubs or shrubs, often climbing over
trees, glabrous or rather villous, grown in the warmhouse.
Lvs. opposite, fleshy or leathery: fls. showy, scar-
let, greenish or yellow and green mixed, fascicled in the
axils or at the ends of the branches, rarely solitary;
calyx truncate, 5-cleft or 5-parted; corolla-tube elon-
gated, ventricose or broadened above; limb somewhat
2-lipped, usually strongly oblique; perfect stamens 4;
disk annular, usually thick, cup-shaped; ovary supe-
rior, oblong or linear: caps, long-linear, 2-valved. —
About 55 species, India, Malaya, and E. Trop. Asia.
These beautiful free-flowering plants are propagated
by cutting the branches that have been made during
the season of growth into lengths of about 2 inches,
having two leaves attached and another joint to
insert in the sand. They root in about a month in a
close frame when the temperature top and bottom is
maintained around 70°. Being epiphytal under natural
conditions, these plants like a loose open material to
grow in, and equal parts of osmunda fiber and sphag-
num moss to which plenty of broken charcoal has been
added are the best potting material. Shallow pans are
best to grow them in, and provision should be made for
the water to pass freely through them. The plants
should not be allowed to flower the first season, the aim
being to secure a good foundation for a future plant,
and this is done by pinching the shoots three or four
times during the season, growing them in a night
temperature of 65°. In winter they may be kept 5°
cooler and given enough water to prevent shriveling.
The plants should not be stopped the second season, but
allowed to run to flower; but after they have finished
flowering they may be pruned back to within 6 inches
of the base of the plant. Trichosporums should be
grown hung from the roof of the house, near the glass,
and when the sun gets strong they should have a light
shade. When well rooted in the pan they are growing
in, manure-water should be given. These plants are not
subject to insect pests. (George F. Stewart.)
A. Calyx deeply 5-parted, the lobes acute.
grandiflorum, D. Don (JEschyndnthus grandiflbra,
Spreng.). St. creeping, mostly herbaceous, 4-5 ft.: Ivs.
lanceolate, acuminate, 4-5 in. long, repand-serrate,
fleshy: fls. aggregated; calyx fleshy and short; corolla
arched-tubular, 2-3 in. long, downy, orange-scarlet. E.
India. B.M. 3843. P.M. 5:241.— Will succeed in an
intermediate house.
AA. Calyx tubular, entire or shortly 5-toothed.
pulchrum, Blume (dSschyndnthus pulchra, Don.
M. pulcher, DC.). Fig. 3840. Trailing: Ivs. broadly
ovate, distantly
small-toothed : corolla
glabrous, brilliant
scarlet, 3 times longer
than the glabrous
greenish calyx. Java.
B.M. 4264. R.B. 18:
13. R.H. 1883:204.
P.M. 16:161.
Lobbianum,
Kuntze (Mschyndn-
thus Lobbiana,
Hook.). The com-
monest species in
cult, in this country:
differs from T. pul-
chrum in narrower and
nearly entire Ivs.,
corolla downy and
projecting only twice
or less the length of
the purple downy 3840. Trichosporum pulchrum.
TRICHOSPORUM
3377
calyx. Java. B.M. 4260, 4261.— A very attractive plant
when well grown.
T. Boschianum, Kuntze (.Eschynanthus Boschiana, De Vr. .E.
Lamponga, Miq.).- Lvs. ovate or elliptic, obtusish, entire: calyx
cylindrical, glabrous: corolla twice as long (2 in.), pubescent, scarlet.
Sumatra. P.M. 13:175. — T. fiilgtns, Kuntze (.Eschynanthus ful-
gens, WalL). Lvs. lanceolate: calyx tubular, short-toothed, gla-
brous; corolla about 2 in. long, orange-red, pubescent. E. Indies.
B.M. 4891. — T. jatdniciun, Kuntze (JEschynanthus javaniea.
Hook.). Allied to T. pulchrum: differs in having a pubescent calyx
and corolla. B.M. 4503. F.S. 6:008. — T. longiflorum, Kuntze
.ynanthus longiflora, Blume). Vigorous: Ivs. 3-5 in. long: calyx
deeplv" cut the divisions linear-subulate; corolla tubular, scarlet,
very long : fls. fascicled. Java. B.M. 4328. P.M. 15:25. — T. macro-
calyx, Kuntze (.Eschynanthus macrocalyx, C. B. Clarke). Lvs. 4-5
in. long, fleshy, oblong, acuminate: fls. axillary, solitary; calyx 1J£
in. long, lobes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; corolla cylindrical-
funnel-shaped, scarlet with dark purple nerves and spots. Siam. —
T. marmoratum, Kuntze (Eschynanthus marmorata, F. Moore, J2.
zebrina. Van Houtte). Lvs. 3 J* in. long, oblong-lanceolate, obovate-
lanceolate or ovate, acuminate, reddish purple beneath: fls. axillary;
corolla-tube green, curved, segms. ciliate, blotched with chocolate-
brown. Habitat unknown. — T. miniaium, Kuntze (Eschynanthus
miniata, Lindl. ). Fls. vermilion, in 3's in the axils of the oval or
elliptic entire Ivs.; corolla pubescent. Java, Borneo. P.M. 16:65. —
T. spefidfum, Kuntze (.Eschynanthus speciosa, Hook. £,. splen-
dens, LindL & Paxt.). Branches knotty: Ivs. large, oval-lanceolate,
nearly sessile, upper ones verticillate or in 3's: fls. fascicled, numer-
ous; calyx with linear-subulate divisions; corolla large, orange-red,
curved. " Java. B.M. 4320. P.M. 14:199. Gn. 51:188. — T. tric-
olor, Kuntze (Eschynanthus tricolor. Hook.). Lvs. small, oval or
lanceolate, hairy at the base: calyx obconic, pubescent; corolla
small, pubescent, blood-red, throat orange, upper lobes striped
black or purple; fls. mostly twin. Borneo. B.M. 5031. R.B.10:?.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
TRICHOSTEMA (Greek, hair and stamen, referring
to the filaments). Labiate. BLUECCKLS. Hardy or half-
hardy herbs, adapted to the wild-garden or rockery.
Leaves entire; floral Ivs. similar: floral whorls axil-
lary, densely or laxly many-fld.; calyx campanulate,
10-nerved, 5-toothed; corolla-tube slender, usually
exserted, without a ring inside; limb subequally 5-cleft,
lobes oblong or broadly declinate; stamens 4, didyn-
amous; ovary deeply 4-lobed: nutlets obovoid, reticu-
lately rugose. — About 10 species, X. Amer.
dichotomum, Linn. BASTARD PENNYROYAL. Low,
viscid annual: Ivs. oblong or lanceolate-oblong, obtuse,
short-pet ioled: corolla blue or pink, sometimes white.
Sandy fields, Mass, to Ivy., Fla., and Texas.
lanatum, Benth. A perennial shrubby plant with
rosemary-hke Ivs. and cymes of fls. in a naked terminal
thyrse: Ivs. narrow-linear, 1-nerved, sessile, margins
revolute: calyx and corolla covered with dense violet
or purple wool; corolla Mm- long. S. Calif. — A very
handsome shrub, known as "ramero."
Purpusii, Brandeg. Perennial, somewhat woody,
much branched, 1-1% ft. high: Ivs. short-petioled,
ovate, %-lM m- long; dark green: floral whorls axil-
lary, few-fld., forming terminal loose leafy panicles:
fls. showy, scarlet; corolla shortly hairy, about %in.
long, upper lip helmet-shaped, 3-lobed, lower lip pen-
dulous. S. W. Mex. Y. TRACY HcBBARD.f
TRICHOSTIGMA (named for the hairy stigma,').
Phytolaccace-se. Three Trop. American erect or scan-
dent shrubs, as defined by Walter in Engler's Das
Pflanzenreich, hft. 39 (IV. 83), 1909, of which T. pentr-
rianum. Walt. (Rinna perumdna, Moq. Villamttla peru-
viana, Hook. f. V. rbseo-cema, Rusby. Ledenbergia
roseo-senea, Lem.), may be expected to appear in
choice warmhouse collections. It is a climbing woody
plant prized for its ornamental Ivs., prop, by cuttings
under glass : 6 f t . or more tall, with slender branches : Ivs.
elliptic, acuminate, usually rounded or cordate but
unequal at base, thickish, shining metallic green above
and rose- violet beneath: fls. small and whitish, in
elongated lax partially erect but becoming drooping
racemes. Andean region. I.H. 16:591, which repre-
sents a handsome purple plant, with a long raceme of
phytolacca-like fls.
Trichostigma is characterized by alternate petiolate
entire oval or elliptic Ivs. and hermaphrodite racemose
small 4-parted fls.: sepals nearly equal, free, ovate or
elliptic, reflexed in fr.; petals none; stamens 8-25, more
or less inserted on the hypogynous disk; ovary 1-celled,
the style very short or none: fr. berry-like, globular.
TRICUSPIDARIA (Greek, three and points; the
petals are divided into 3 pointed lobes). Syn., Tricuspis.
El3£ocarpaceae. Trees grown in the greenhouse, hardy in
the extreme South where they are used as ornamentals.
Leaves alternate or opposite, serrate: peduncles
axillary, solitary, 1-fld.: fls. rather large; calyx cam-
panulate, truncate, obsoletely 5-toothed, deciduous;
petals 5, 3-dentate or -lobed; stamens numerous; ovary
3— 5-celled, ovules many in a cell : caps, leathery, usually
angled, loculicidally 3— 5-valved. — Two species, Chile.
The accepted name is now Crinodendron.
C. dependens, Schneid. (Tricuspidaria dependent,
Ruiz & Pav.). Compact tree : Ivs. broad oblong-obovate
or obovate, apex rather blunt, crenulate-dentate : fls.
white, campanulate, pedicels slender. Chile. B.M.
8115.— Intro, into Calif.
C. Patagua, Molina (C. Hookerianum, Gay. Tricus-
pidaria dependens, Hook., not Ruiz & Pav. T. heia-
petala, Turcz. T. lanceolata, Miq.). Tree, up to 30 ft.
nigh: Ivs. elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate, apex acute,
sharp-serrate: fls. red, hanging. Chile. B.M. 7160.
G. 37:197. Gn. 70, p. 284. G.C. III. 47:75; 55, suppl.
Jan. 10. G.M. 47:575. J.H. HI. 61:61 (last four as T.
dependens). p. TRACY HUBBARD.
TRICYRTIS (Greek, three convexities, referring to
the nectar-bearing sacs at the base of the three outer
perianth-segments). Liliaceae. TOAD-LILIES. Half-
hardy perennials, pretty garden plants; also used for
pot culture.
Rhizome short-creeping: sts. erect, simple below the
infl., leafy: infl. terminal, or laxly dichotomous in the
upper axils: fls.
few, rather large,
somewhat long-
pedicelled; peri-
anth usually beau-
tifully spotted in-
side, campanulate,
segms. distinct
from the base, lan-
ceolate, acute ; sta-
mens 6; ovary ob-
long, 3 -cornered,
3-celIed : caps, nar-
rowly oblong,
prominently 3-
cbrnered, septicid-
ally dehiscent,
erectjUsually more
than 1 in. long. —
About 9 species,
native to Japan
and Formosa.
Monographed by
J. G. Baker in
Journal T>in™g«n
Society, vol. 17,
p. 463 (1879).
A. Base of Ivs. not
clasping the st.
B. Plant not stolon-
iferous.
f ormo sana,
Baker. Sts. flexuous, about 1 ft. high: Ivs. few, sessile,
oblanceolate, acute, base cuneate, lower 4-5 in. long,
%-l in. broad, both surfaces green: fls. few, in a lax
corymb, whitish purple, scarcely spotted, about
long; style as long as the stigmas. Formosa.
3841. Tricyrtis hirta,
3378
TRICYRTIS
TRIFOLIUM
BB. Plant stoloniferous.
stolonifera, Matsum. Herbaceous, 2 ft. high, with a
stoloniferous base: st. reddish purple below, greenish
above, at first hairy, later glabrous: Ivs. elliptic-lanceo-
late, acuminate, narrowed to a sheathing base, 8x1%
in., glabrous above, with dark blotches and sunken
nerves: fls. purple, indistinctly blotched; perianth
yellow at base, segms. elliptic, acute, 1 in. long, 2-lo-
bately saccate at base. Formosa. B.M. 8560.
AA. Base of Ivs. clasping the st.
B. St. pilose, with spreading hairs.
hirta, Hook. (T. japdnica, Miq.). Fig. 3841. St.
1-3 ft. high, everywhere clad with soft whitish spread-
ing hairs: fls. 6-15, racemose or subcorymbose, whitish,
the outer segms. covered with rather large purple
spots. Widespread in the woods of Japan. B.M. 5355.
Gn. 30, p. 431; 49:290. V. 12:204. Var. nigra,
Hort. (T. nigra, Hort.), has black instead of purple
spots. Gn. 49:290. A form with variegated Ivs. was
once offered in this country.
BB. St. not prominently hairy, puberulent or very slightly
pilose.
c. Fls. yellow, unspotted.
flava, Maxim. St. dwarf: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate:
fls. racemose, yellow, not spotted. Seen by Maximo-
wicz in the gardens of Yedo only.
cc. Fls. spotted, not yellow.
D. Spots rather large.
pildsa, Wall. St. 2-4 ft. high, very slightly pilose:
Ivs. oblong: fls. numerous, loosely corymbose, whitish,
with large purple spots; style half as long as the stigmas.
Himalayas, 5,000-6,000 ft. B.M. 4955 (perianth-segms.
narrow, oblong). F.S. 12:1219.
DD. Spots minute.
E. Style as long as the stigmas.
latifdlia, Maxim. St. glabrous, flexuous, 2-3 ft. high:
Ivs. broadly oblong or the uppermost ovate: fls. few
in a terminal corymb, whitish, with minute purple
spots; style as long as the stigmas. Japan.
EE. Style half as long as the stigmas.
macropoda, Miquel. St. 2-3 ft. high, puberulous
above: Ivs. oblong: fls. in a loose corymb, whitish pur-
ple, with minute purple spots; style half as long as the
stigmas. Blooms in June and July, according to J. B.
Keller. Japan, China. B.M. 6544 (segms. broadly
ovate, decidedly yellow, spotted red and veined red
near tips) . — In F. S. 18 : 1820 is figured a plant with ses-
sile Ivs. striated with white, and no fls., which he refers
to T. macropoda. This was sent out by Van Houtte as
T. hirsuta, but it is a glabrous plant and probably lost
to cult. Var. striata, Hort., is offered in the trade as a
form with variegated green-and-white Ivs.
3842. Trifolium repens. — The white clover.
T. grandiflAra, Hort., should be compared with T. hirta var.
nigra. It is a name scarcely known to botany. It is said to have
orchid-like fragrant fls. in Oct. and Nov. (Baker says the genus has
no fragrant fls.). Dutch growers say that T. grandiflora has white
fls. mottled with black. WlLHELM MlLLER.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
TRIDAX (an old Greek name used by Dioscorides,
meaning summer eating, alluding to a plant that was a
summer vegetable). Composite. Hardy perennial
herbs, possessing little beauty. Plants branched, hir-
sute or glabrescent: Ivs. opposite, incise-dentate or
pinnately cut, segms. few and narrow: heads medium-
sized, long-peduncled, heterogamous : ray-fls. yellow,
male disk-fls. greenish, fertile; involucre ovoid, cam-
panulate or rather hemispherical; bracts few-rowed,
slightly unequal: achenes turbinate. — About 27 species,
Trop. Amer.; one species also occurs in India and
Mauritius. Two species have been cult, occasionally.
T. coronopifolia, Hemsl. About 1 ft. high: Ivs. vari-
ously pinnatifid or trifid, lobes linear: fls. yellow, rays
5-lobed. Mex. T. trilobata, Hemsl. (Galinsoga tn-
lobata, Cav.). About 1 ft. high: Ivs. 3-lobed or pin-
nately incised: fls. yellow; rays 5-toothed. Mex.
T. gaittardioides, Hook. & Arn.=Layia gaillardioides. F.S.R, 2: 72.
TRIENTALIS (Latin for the third of a foot; refer-
ring to the height of the plant). Primulaceae. STAR-
FLOWER. CHICKWEED-WINTERGREEN. Very glabrous
small perennials sometimes grown in wild borders.
Rhizomes slender, creeping: st. solitary, slender,
erect: Ivs. usually the same number as the petals,
somewhat whorled, obovate-elliptical or lanceolate,
very entire: peduncles 1-3-fld., filiform, without bracts:
fls. white; calyx 5-9-parted, segms. linear-lanceolate,
persistent; corolla rotate, 5-9-parted; tube very short,
segms. elliptic-lanceolate, very entire; stamens 5-9;
ovary free, globose: caps, globose, 5-valved, many-
seeded. — Two species, one in Eu., the other in N. Amer.
A. Lvs. acuminate at both ends.
americana, Pursh. St. naked below, 3-8 in. high,
5-9-lvd. at the summit: Ivs. lanceolate: divisions of the
white corolla finely acuminate. Damp woods, Lab. to Va.
AA. Lvs. obtuse (acute in var. latifolia).
europafea, Linn. St. either naked or with a few scat-
tered Ivs. below the cluster of obovate or lanceolate
oblong, obtuse or abruptly somewhat pointed Ivs.:
divisions of the white or pink corolla abruptly acuminate
or mucronate. Alaska, Eu., and Asia. Var. arctica,
Ledeb. Dwarf: Ivs. 1 in. long, decreasing below: corolla
white. Var. latifdlia, Torr. St. naked below the clus-
ter of 4-7 oblong-obovate, or oval, mostly acute Ivs.:
corolla white to rose-red. Woods, W. Calif, to Van-
couver's Isl. By Pax & Knuth in Engler's Das Pflan-
zenreich, hft. 22, this plant is kept separate as T. lati-
folia, Hook., making 3 species in the genus.
F. W. BARCLAY.
TRIFOLIUM (name refers to the three leaflets). Le-
gumindsse. CLOVER. Low annual and perennial herbs,
useful for cover-crops, soil-enrichment, and also in lawn-
seed mixtures.
Leaves digitately 3-, rarely 5-7-foliate; stipules
adnate to the base of the petiole: fls. usually purplish,
red or white, rarely yellow, in spikes, heads, or umbels,
or rarely solitary; calyx-teeth or lobes about equal
or the lower longer, the 2 upper sometimes more or
less connate; petals usually withering rather than fall-
ing off, more or less adnate to the base of the stamen-
tube; stamens 9 and 1; ovary small, ripening into a
few-seeded, mostly indehiscent pod. — Between 200 and
300 species, most abundant in the N. Temp. zone.
The clovers are very important agricultural plants,
but they have little distinctly horticultural value except
as cover-crops and green-manures. See Clover, page
805, Vol. II. For the role of clovers as nitrogen-fixers,
see Legumes, page 1834, Vol. IV. The species described
TRIFOLIUM
TRIGLOCHIN
3379
here are offered mostly as forage plants. Many clovers
are perennial, although they are of relatively short life,
so that frequent resowing is necessary if plants are to
be kept in robust condition. Some of the species are
annual, and these tend to become weeds. All are propa-
gated readily by means of seeds; but as the seeds are
small and oily, they may not germinate well in dry hot
soils. Three annual yellow-flowered species are weeds
in some parts, particularly in the East, where they have
been introduced from Europe: T. agrarium, Linn., yel-
low or hop-clover, with oblong-obovate sessile leaflets;
T. procumbens, Linn., low hop-clover, more spreading,
leaflets obovate and the terminal one stalked; T.
dubium, Sibth., with leaflets truncate or emarginate at
apex and the terminal one stalked. A silky-pubescent
white-flowered annual species from Europe, T. arvense
Linn., is the rabbit-foot clover of fields and waste
places. T. odoratum of seedsmen is evidently Melilotus.
Allied genera are Lespedeza, Medicago, and Melilotus.
A. Fls. in a long spike.
incarnatum, Linn. CRIMSON or SCARLET CLOVER.
Fig. 1C03, Vol. II. Annual, erect, 1-3 ft. high, soft-
hairy: Ivs. long-stalked, the Ifts. broadly obovate and
denticulate and sessile or nearly so by a cuneate base,
the stipules large and thin and veiny and somewhat
toothed: heads becoming 2-3 in. long, very dense: fls.
sessile, bright crimson and showy, the calyx sharp-
toothed and hairy. S. Eu. B.M. 328. — An escape in
some places. Now much used as a cover-crop in
orchards. See Cover-Crops. It is very showy when in .
bloom. If seeds are sown at midsummer or later, the
plants may be expected to survive the winter and bloom
early in spring.
rubens, Linn. Perennial, 20 in. or less tall, in clumps,
the sts. erect: Ivs. short-stalked, the Ifts. oblong-
lanceolate and strongly denticulate, the stipules long-
lanceolate: heads usually in pairs, becoming 3—4 in.
long: fls. purplish red, showy. Eu. — Attractive orna-
mental species. The heads become silky after flowering.
There is a white-fld. form.
AA. Fls. in globular or ovate heads.
B. Corolla yellow.
filifdrme, Linn. YELLOW SUCKLING CLOVER. Annual,
of diffuse growth: Ifts. obovate or obcordate, somewhat
denticulate, the terminal one stalked, the stipules
broadly ovate: peduncles long and filiform, bearing
sessile yellow fls. in umbel-like heads, the calyx-lobes
unequal. Eu. — Sometimes used for forage or grazing,
but little known in this country.
BB. CoroUa white or ochroleucous (yellowish white).
alexandrinum, Linn. EGYPTIAN CLOVER. BERSEEM.
Annual, with appressed hairs, the sts. tall, erect or
ascending and branching: Ivs. numerous, the Ifts.
oblong or lanceolate and somewhat denticulate, the
stipules lanceolate-subulate and partly free from the
petiole : head stalked or sessile, ovate, becoming oblong-
conic in fr. : fls. ochroleucous. Egypt, Syria.
pannonicum, Jacq. HUNGARIAN CLOVER. Peren-
nial, very hairy, the sts. usually simple, 2 ft. : Ifts. lance-
oblong and subacute to retuse, cihate and entire, the
stipules narrow and longer than the short petioles:
heads ovate-oblong, stalked: fls. pale yellowish white or
creamy yellow. Eu., Asia. — Handsome plant for the
border; also recommended for forage.
repens, Linn. WHITE CLOVER. Fig. 3842. Low
creeping glabrous perennial: Ivs. long-stalked, the Ifts.
obcordate and obscurely toothed, the stipules small and
scale-like: heads long-peduncled from the ground,
small and loose: fls. white, fragrant. Eu. and thought
to be native in the northern part of the U. S. and in
Canada, but naturalized everywhere. — Much used in
lawns, and in some parts prized for pasture. There are
214
forms with red and purplish foliage. This is considered
by most authorities to be the shamrock of Ireland. A
form of it is offered as T. minus, "the genuine Irish
shamrock." See Shamrock. Var. atropurpureum, Hort.,
is a dwarf form: Ivs. bronze, edged with bright green.
Var. pentaphyllum, Hort., is a creeping rock-plant: Ivs.
have a bronze luster. Var. purpureum, Hort., has fine
bronzy purple foliage. The species assumes many
forms.
BBB. Corolla rose-tinted or red.
c. Individual fls. pedicetted.
hybridum, Linn. ALSIKE or SWEDISH CLOVER. As-
cending or nearly erect, 1-3 ft. high, branching, gla-
brous: Ivs. long-stalked, the Ifts. obovate and serrulate,
3843. Day and night positions of red clover leaf; unfolding
young leaf at the right.
stipules ovate-lanceolate and thin: heads small and
loose, nearly globular, long-stalked: fls. rose-colored or
sometimes white on the top of the head. Eu. B.M.
3702. — A good forage plant; also naturalized. Thrives
best on moist lands. Very hardy. Perennial.
cc. Individual fls. sessile.
D. Plant perennial.
pratense, Linn. (T. pratense perenna, Hort.). COM-
MON RED CLOVER. PEA-VINE CLOVER. COW-GRASS.
Fig. 3843. Ascending and somewhat hairy, 1-1 ^ ft.:
Ivs. long-stalked, the Ifts. oval or obovate and some-
tunes notched at the end and the blade marked with a
large spot, the stipules broad but with a bristle point:
heads globular, ovate, sessile: fls. red-purple. Eu., but
everywhere intro., and much grown for pasturage hay
and green-manuring.
medium, Linn. MAMMOTH or ZIGZAG CLOVER.
Stouter and less erect: Ifts. oblong and entire and with-
out spots: heads usually stalked, and fls. rather deeper
colored. Eu., and intro., and much grown by farmers
for hay and forage.
DD. Plant annual.
resupinatum, Linn. (T. suaveolens, Willd.). Annual,
diffuse or trailing glabrous plant: Ifts. obovate and ser-
rulate and as long as the petiole, the stipules lanceolate-
acuminate : heads globose, with rudimentary involucre :
fls. purple. Greece, Egypt to Persia.— Grown for orna-
ment. L. H. B.
TRIGLOCHIN (Greek, referring to the 3-pointed
fruit of some of the species). Alismaceae', or by Buchenau
in Engler's Das Pflanzenreich, hft. 16 (IV. 14), 1903,
placed in the Scheuchzeriacese. Thirteen species of
linear-lvd. marsh plants of little value to the cultivator,
although 1 species is listed abroad for planting in bogs
or wet places. Perennial, erect: Ivs. rush-like, more or
less fleshy, sheathing at base: fls. small, spicate-race-
mose, on a long jointless naked scape, greenish; perianth
of 3-6 parts; stamens 3^-6; ovaries 3-6, united. T.
maritima, Linn., the species mentioned, is widely dis-
tributed in the northern hemisphere along seashores
and also in interiors: scape to 2^4 ft. tall: Ivs. thick:
fr. ovoid or prismatic, pedicelled, in a long open
racemose spike. The plant has a grass-like appearance
and inconspicuous bloom.
3380
TRIGONELLA
TRILLIUM
TRIGCNlSLLA (Latin, a little triangle; probably re-
ferring to the shape of the fls.) . Legumindsae. Annual or
perennial herbs, usually strong-smelling: lys. pinnately
3-foliate; Ifts. with the veins often running out into
teeth; stipules adnate to the petiole: fls. yellow, blue, or
white, solitary, capitate, somewhat umbellate or shortly
and densely racemose, sessile or peduncled at the
axils; calyx tubular; petals free from the stamens,
standard obovate or oblong; wings oblong, keel shorter
than the wings, obtuse; stamens 9 and 1; ovary sessile
or short-stipitate, many-ovuled: pod sometimes thick
and long-beaked, sometimes linear, compressed or
terete. — About 58 species, 1 from Austral., the others
from Eu., Asia, and extra-Trop. Afr.
Fofenum-Graecum, Linn. FENUGREEK, which see.
White-fld. annual, 1-2 ft. high, blooming in June and
Aug. Distinguished from other species in its section
by the erect unbranched st. and obovate Ifts., which are
obscurely dentate; stipules lanceolate-falcate, entire:
calyx pilose: pods falcate, twice as long as the beak.
Eu., Orient. p. TRACT HUBBARD.!
TRIGONfDIUM (Greek, three and small angle,
alluding to the triangular form of several parts of the
plant). Orchidacese. Epiphytic herbs, grown in the
warmhouse.
Stems very short, soon thickened into fleshy 1-2-
Ivd. pseudobulbs: Ivs. leathery, not folded, linear or
oblong: scape from below the pseudobulb or from a
simple rhizome, many-sheathed, 1-fld. : fls. rather large,
short-pedicelled, between spathe-like bracts; sepals
about equal, connivent or coherent into a 3-angled tube
at base; petals much smaller than sepals; lip erect,
lateral lobes clasping the column, midlobe spreading,
fleshy or callous at base; column without wings and
footless; pollinia 4. — About 10 species, Trop. Cent,
and S. Amer.
spatulatum, Lind. & Reichb. f. Pseudobulb ovate,
2-edged: If. broadly ligulate, 8 in. long: fl. terminal;
dorsal sepal ovate from a ligulate base, acute, lateral
sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute, all yellowish purple;
petals lanceolate, with a fleshy disk below the apex; lip
narrow, angulately 3-lobed, midlobe transversely
semi-ovate, rather acute. Colombia.
subrepens, Rolfe. Rhizome subrepent, stout: pseu-
dobulbs rather distant, oblong, somewhat compressed,
obscurely 3-ribbed, about 1 in. long, 1-lvd.: If. ligulate,
rather obtuse, fr-7 by about Hin., rather leathery: scape
6-7 in. high, with numerous lanceolate sheaths; dorsal
sepal rhomboid-oblanceolate, about 1 in. long, lateral
suboblique, broad-elliptic, all greenish yellow; petals
whitish with 3 brown lines, narrowly elliptic-oblong;
lip greenish yellow, with brown radiating veins on the
side lobes, 3-lobed, short, midlobe oblong. Habitat
unknown.
The following species are sometimes found in cult. : T. acumi-
natum, Batem. Pseudobulbs ovate, acute, sulcate: If. linear: fl.
dull straw-color, penciled with rich [brown inside; sepals acuminate
recurved at apex; petals oval-lanceolate. British Guiana. — T.
Egertoni&num, Batem. Pseudobulbs clustered, oval, compressed,
2-lvd. : Ivs. narrow ensiform, often \}/i ft. long: fl. pale liver-color,
dashed and veined with brown; sepals acute, the lateral ones
reflexed; petals slightly acute. Honduras. — T. latifdlium, Lindl. Lvs.
obovate-oblong, 6x2 in.: fls. yellow and purple; lip with a fleshy
yellow front lobe and narrow purplish side ones. — T. obtusum, Lindl.
Pseudobulb oblong or elongate obovoid, 2-lvd., compressed: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate: fl. terminal; sepals reddish yellow, obovate; petals
white, veined with rose, brown at the apex, obtuse; lip white, dor-
sally tubercled, lateral lobes red-margined, midlobe yellow in front.
British Guiana. B.R. 1923. — T. tSnue, Lodd. Pseudobulbs oval,
compressed, 1-lvd.: If. ensiform, very acute: fl. brownish purple;
sepals reflexed, very acuminate; lip obtuse, glabrous, reflexed at
apex. British Guiana.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
TRILISA (anagram of Liatris). Compdsitse. Autumn-
blooming plants 2 to 3 feet high, with numerous small,
purple or white, rayless flower-heads.
Closely related to Liatris, from which it differs in
the fibrous roots (those of Liatris being tuberous) : the
infl. panicled instead of racemose or spicate, and the
involucral bracts in only 2 or 3 series, while those of
Liatris are in many series. — Two species. Trilisa is not
so well known to gardens as the liatris. Although a
native of the low pine barrens from Va. to Fla. and
La., it is hardy at N. Y., along the coast. It is mentioned
in some English books as a hardy plant, thriving in
light soil and prop, by division or by seeds sown in
autumn. It is more fully described in the native
botanies.
odoratissima, Cass. (Lialris odoratissima, Michx.).
VANILLA -PLANT. Also called Carolina vanilla, dog's-
tongue, etc. Rather stout, glabrous, perennial herb,
2-3 ft. high, corymbosely branched above: Ivs. thick,
entire or sometimes dentate, obtuse, 4-10 x 1-1 Yi in.,
oblong, ovate or oval, sometimes spatulate: infl. corym-
bose-paniculate: fl.-heads about J^in. long. Aug., Sept.
B.B. 3:319. — The other species (T. paniculata, Cass.)
has a similar range and is distinguished by its viscid-
pubescent st. and thyrsoid-paniculate infl.
WILHELM MILLER.
TRILLIUM (Latin, triplum, triple: leaves and floral
parts in threes). Liliacese. WAKE-ROBIN. BIRTHROOT.
WHITE WOOD LILY. GROUND LILY. Interesting and
handsome perennial herbs, hardy and very useful for
spring-flowering in the wild border or rockery or even
in the garden border.
Rhizome short, thick, as-
cending or horizontal; sts.
simple, erect, sheathed at base :
Ivs. 3, whorled at the top of
the st., broad, subsessile or
long-petioled, 3-5-nerved: fls.
1, between the Ivs., sessile or
pedicellate, erect, cernuous or
reflexed, violet, lurid, white or
greenish; perianth persistent,
segms. distinct, spreading, 3
exterior thin herbaceous, green
or rarely colored, 3 inner petal-
like usually larger, spreading
sometimes recurved; stamens
6; ovary with a broad base,
sessile, ovoid or subglobose, 3-
celled: berry globose or ovoid,
usually 3-ribbed, indehiscent.
— About 30 species, N. Amer. and extra-Trop. Asia
from the Himalayas to Japan.
Trilliums are amongst the characteristic flowers of
American woods. The best-known species is T. grandi-
florum, which ranges from Canada to the mountains of
North Carolina and extends westward beyond the
Great Lakes. All trilliums delight in moist rich soil.
They thrive in woods mold. The root is a deep-seated
mostly perpendicular rhizome (Fig. 3844). It is cus-
tomary to transplant trilliums from the woods when in
bloom. This is because the plants can be found readily
at that time and because the desire to grow them is
strongest when the plants are in flower. It is better to
transplant in midsummer, or later, however, when the
growth is completed, although the plants are difficult to
find after the tops have died. The bloom is made largely
from the energy stored in the tuber the previous season.
After flowering, the plant stores energy for the succeed-
ing year. By midsummer this work is accomplished
and thejtops die: then the plants are at rest and they
are in proper condition to be moved. However, good
results are sometimes secured by moving them in
spring. These remarks will apply to most early spring-
blooming small herbs. Give trilliums a rich deep
rather moist soil in partial shade. Plant deep. A
colony will last for years. Trilliums force well. See
Forcing. Plants may be propagated by seeds sown as
soon as ripe. Blooming plants may be expected in two
or three years. Trilliums are among the choicest of all
3844. Vertical rhizome of
trillium.
TRILLIUM
TRILLIUM
3381
early spring plants, and they should be more common
in gardens. They can be made to thrive well in borders
about city yards. They may also be colonized in grass
where the lawn-mower is not used. Best results are
usually attained, however, when they are planted alone
in masses.
album. 10.
angustipetalum, 4.
INDEX.
atropurpureum, 10.
calilornicum, 4.
Caitsbsri, 14.
cernuum, 13.
discolor, 4.
erectum, 10.
erythrocarpum, 3.
faeiidum, 10.
giganteum, 4.
grandiflorum, 8.
lanceolatum, 5.
n«TTO»uin, 14.
nivale, 2.
Nuttallii, 4.
ovatum, 9.
pendulum, 10.
petiolatum, 7.
pictum, 3.
purpureum, 10.
pusillum, Iff,
recurvatum, 5, 6.
rivale, L
roseum, &
rubrum, 4.
sessile, 4.
stylosum, 14.
undulatum, 3.
Yaseyi, 11.
riridtscens, 4.
viridiflorum, 10,
Wrayi, 4.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Ovary 3-ldbed, not winged.
B. Peduncle longer than the hs 1. rivale
BB. Peduncle shorter than the IDS.
c. LTS. oblong, acute 2. nivale
cc. LTS. orate, acuminate 3. undulatum
AA. Orary 6-angled, often winged.
B. Fls. sessile.
c. LTS. sessile.
D. Blades broadly ovate or rhom-
boidal 4. sessile
DD. Blades lanceolate 5. lanceolatum
cc. LTS. petioled.
D. Petioles short: petals oblong-lan-
ceolate 6. recurvatum
DD. Petioles as long as the blade or
longer: petals oblanceolate. ... 7 petiolatum
BB. Fig. pedicelled.
c. Pedicd longer than the fl.: hs.
nearly or quite sessile.
D. Sepals much shorter than the
petals S. grandiflorum
DD. Sepals nearly or quite as long as
the petals.
E. Petals narrowly lanceolate or
narrowly orate (fls. white).. 9. ovatum
EE. Petals orate or broadly orate
(usually purplish).
F. Filaments stout, much
shorter than the anthers. . 10. e ectum
FF. Filaments slender, as long
as the anthers or nearly
so 11. Vaseyi
cc. Pedicel generally not exceeding and
usually much shorter than the fl.
D. fl. erect 12. pusillum
DD. Fl. declinate under the hs.
E. LTS. rhombic or orbicular-
rhombic 13. cernuum
EE. LTS. mate-lanceolate 14. stylosum
1. rivale, Wats. Sts. slender, 2-8 in. high: Ivs. lanceo-
late, rounded or subcordate at base, acute or acuminate,
1-2 in. long; petioles 1-15 lines long: fls. white, on a
slender rather erect or at length declinate pedicel, which
is a little shorter than the Ivs; petals rather rhombic,
acute or acuminate, J^-l in. long, more or less marked
with purple. Stream-banks, mountains of Ore. and
Calif. G.C. III. 54:43.— Allied to T. nivale, which it
closely resembles in habit.
2. nivale, Ridd. A dwarf species, 5 in. or less high,
early: Ivs. narrow and obtuse, 1-2 in. long: fls. white,
on a short erect or declined pedicel, the petals about
1 in. long, narrow and nearly or quite obtuse. Low
woods, Pa. and Ky. to Minn, and Iowa. B.M. 6449.
3. undulatum, Willd. (T. erytkrocdrpum, Michx. T.
pictum, Pursh). Of medium to large size, 1 ft. or more
high: Ivs. large, ovate and acute or acuminate, short-
stalked: fls. rather large, white, on a short but slender
erect or inclined pedicel, the petals oblanceolate and
wavy, about 1 in. long and usually purplish at the base.
Woods, Nova Scotia to Mo. and Ga. B.M. 3002. L.
B.C. 13:1232.
4. sessile, Linn. Strong-growing, 1 ft. or less high:
Ivs. broadly ovate or rhomboidal, acute, more or less
spotted: fls. sessile in the whorl of Ivs., small, purple or
greenish, the petals narrow and acute. Woods, Pa. to
Minn., Ark., and Fla. B.M. 40. L.B.C. 9:875. F.S.
22:2311.— Variable. Var. giganteum, H. & A. (var.
angustipetalum, Torr.). Similar to var. calijornicum, but
the Ivs. somewhat petiolate and the petals narrower.
Calif . and Ore. Apparently not in the trade. The forms
of T. sessile appear to be the only trilliums native to
Calif, except T. ovatum. Var. californicum, Wats. (var.
giganleum, Torr.). Fig. 3845. Much stouter, the Ivs. often
6 in. long and spotted, and the petals sometimes 4 in.
long: fls. purple, rose-color, or white, the petals rhombic-
ovate or narrower. Calif . and Ore. G.F. 3: 321 (adapted
in Fig. 3845). Var. Nuttallii, Wats. (T. viridescens,
Nutt.). Lvs. pubescent beneath, as also the upper part
of the st. : petals linear-lanceolate, purplish green with
brown base. Ark. Var. rubrum, Hort. A form of var.
californicum, with fls. deep red-purple. Var. Wrayi,
Wats. (T. discolor, Wray). Petals spatulate-obtuse, 1
in. long, greenish. Ga. B.M. 3097.
5. lanceolatum, Boykin (T. recurvatum var. lanceo-
latum, Wats.). Plant often more than 1 ft. tall: Ivs.
lanceolate, sessile: fls. dull or brown-purple, an inch or
3846. Trillium grandiflorum.
3382
TRILLIUM
TRIPETALEIA
more long, narrow-lanceolate or linear, the sepals
ascending or somewhat reflexed, the filaments usually
exceeding J^in. in length. Ga. and Ala. — Little known
in cult.
6. recuryatum, Beck. Strong-growing, usually 1 ft.
or more high: Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, tapering to
both ends, on short but slender petioles: fls. brown-
purple or dull purple, about 1 in. or more long, the
petals narrow and erect, the sepals narrow and reflexed.
Woods, Ga. to Minn., Miss, and Ark.
7. petiolatum, Pursh. St. scarcely arising above the
ground: Ivs. ovate-elliptic to reniform, with stalks as
long as the blade or even longer (blade 3-5 in. long) :
fls. purple, the petals 1-2 in. long and narrow-oblanceo-
late, the sepals erect. Idaho, Ore. and Wash. — Little
known in cult.
8. grandifldrum, Salisb. Figs. 1558 (Vol. Ill), 3846.
Stout, 1 ft. or more high: Ivs. broad-ovate or rhombic-
ovate, narrowed to both ends, often wavy: fls. erect or
nearly so, pure white, changing to rosy pink as they
fade, 2-3 in. long, the petals broadly oblanceolate and
spreading and much longer than the sepals. Que. to
Minn., Fla., and Mo. B.M. 855 (as T. erythrocarpum).
L.B.C. 14:1349. G.C. HI. 37:308. G. 9:663; 22:67;
28:173; 29:213; 36:
703. G.L. 25:395.
Gn. 29, p. 257; 36, p.
394; 40:222; 73, p.
167. G. M. 33:131.
Gn.M.8:172. G.W.
10, p. 36. F.W.1880:
257. Mn.4:17. A.G.
17:243. Gng.4:305;
6: 161.— Sporting
forms are not uncom-
mon. Sometimes
forms occur with
petiolate Ivs. A. G.
13:206. T. grandi-
flarum is the best and
handsomest species
for cult. Var. rdseum,
Hort. (T. roseum,
Hort.), is a form with
pink fls. Gn. 76, p.
229.
9. oviltum, Pursh.
Much like T. grandi-
florum, but the petals
narrow-lanceolate or
narrow -ovate, the
sepals usually nearly as long as the petals: plants 1 ft.
or less high: Ivs. ovate to nearly orbicular, often some-
what rhombic. Calif, to Brit. Col. — The Pacific coast
representative of T. grandiflorum.
10. erectum, Linn. (T. pendulum, Willd. T. purpu»
reum, Kin. T. f&tidum, Salisb. T. atropurpiireum,
Curtis). Fig. 3847. Stout, 1 ft. or more high: Ivs.
broadly rhombic-ovate: pedicel usually bent over or
inclined but sometimes erect: fls. brown-purple to
greenish purple, the petals usually about 1 in. long,
ovate to lanceolate, not much if any exceeding the
sepals. Nova Scotia to Man., N. C. and Mo. B.M. 470.
L.B.C. 19:1838. F.S. 10:990. Mn. 2:49. G.C. II.
19:605. G.W. 10, p. 36.— The fls. of T. erectum are ill-
smelling. Var. album, Lodd., has white fls. B.M. 1027.
L.B.C. 19:1850. Var. viridiflSrum, Hook. Fls. green-
ish. B.M. 3250. Not known to be in the trade.
11. Vaseyi, Harbison. St. erect from a horizontal
rootstock, 10-20 in. high, glabrous: Ivs. sessile or sub-
sessile, broadly roundish-rhomboidal, abruptly acumi-
nate, 4r-8 in. long: fls. dark purple, recurved or deflexed;
sepals lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, acute; petals about
the same length, ovate or broadly ovate, acute or
3847. Trillium erectum. ( X H)
obtuse. N. C., Tenn., and Ga., in the mountains. —
Allied to T. erectum.
12. pusfllum, Michx. Small, usually not 1 ft. high:
Ivs. lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, sessile: fls. pale flesh-
color, less than 1 in. long, on a short erect pedicel, pet-
als lanceolate and exceeding obtuse petals. Pine lands,
N. C., S. C.
13. cernuum, Linn. Plant 1 ft. or more high: Ivs. very
broadly rhombic-ovate, nearly or quite sessile: fls.
white, the petals 1 in. or less long, ovate-lanceolate,
wide-spreading or reflexed, undulate, equaling or
exceeding the sepals. Newfoundland to Ga. and
Mo. B.M. 954. Mn. 10:49.
14. styldsum, Nutt. (T. nervbsum, Ell., and T.
Ctiesbsti, Ell.). Slender, 12-18 in. high: Ivs. ovate-
lanceolate, narrow at each end, short-stalked: fls. rose-
color, the petals oblong, obtuse or acute, curved, undu-
late, sometimes 2 in. long. N. C. to Fla.
T. Govenidmum, Wall. A species of Temp. Himalaya, little known
and described by Hooker as follows: "Lvs. shortly petioled, ovate
or ovate-cordate, acute: sepals subequal, narrowly linear." — T.
obovatum, Pursh. Founded on a Canadian plant, which has been
referred to T. erectum. Maximowicz keeps it distinct, however,
extending its range to Kamchatka and Japan. It is the T. erectum
var. japonicum, Gray. According to Watson, the Japanese plant
"is distinguished by a somewhat produced connective (between the
anther-cells) and very short stigmas." Maximowicz says that the
plant differs from T. erectum in the petals being broader and more
obtuse and longer than the calyx, the fls. nodding from the first, and
the Ivs. broader than long, sessile, not attenuate at the base. — T.
Smdllii, Maxim. One of the T. erectum series (T. erectum var.
japonicum flore-pleno, Gray), of Japan. Fls. smaller than those of
T. obovatum (2 in. across), deep tawny red, the petals not exceeding
the sepals, nearly orbicular or obovate. — T. Tschonoskii, Maxim.
About 1 ft. tall: Ivs. sessile, broad-ovate or orbicular, somewhat
rhombic, acuminate: fls. dull purple, 1 in. or less across, the petals
oblong-lanceolate. According to Hooker, this differs from T. erec-
tum chiefly in the longer filaments. Himalaya to Japan.
L. H. B.
F. TRACT HTJEBARD.!
TRIOSTETJM (name shortened by Linnaeus from Tri-
osteospermum, which is from Greek for three bony
seeds'). Caprifoliacese. FEVERWORT. HORSE GENTIAN.
Coarse hardy perennial herbs, glabrous or glandular-
pilose: sts. rather simple, terete: Ivs. opposite, sessile,
rather fiddle-shaped or obovate, entire: fls. usually
axillary, solitary or clustered, dirty white, yellow, or
purple; calyx-tube ovoid, limb 5-lobed, persistent;
corolla tubular-campanulate, base of tube gibbous, limb
oblique, lobes unequal; stamens 5; disk small, swollen;
ovary 3-5-celled : berry fleshy or leathery, 2 (rarely 3-5)-
celled, 2-3-seeded. — About 8 species, N. Amer., Hima-
layas, and China.
perfoliatum, Linn. St. 2-4 ft. high, stout: Ivs. ovate,
shortly acuminate, narrowed below into connate-per-
foliate or simply connate base: corolla dull brown-
purple. Rich soil, New England and Canada to 111. and
Ala. B.B. 3:234. — Sometimes offered by collectors. It
is a weedy plant of very easy cult. p. yf. BARCLAY.
TRIPETALEIA (Greek, three and petals). Ericacex.
Two species of Japanese shrubs with deciduous alter-
nate, short-petioled entire Ivs. and white or pinkish fls.
in terminal racemes or panicles: sepals and petals 3; sta-
mens 6, shorter than the petals, the anthers opening
with a longitudinal slit; ovary 3-celled, superior, short-
stalked; style slender, curved: caps, septicidal, many-
seeded. Closely allied to Elliottia, but easily distin-
guished by its 3-merous fls. T, paniculata has proved
hardy at the Arnold Arboretum ; it seems to like humid,
but well-drained, peaty or sandy soil and will probably
grow best in a rockery in a partly shaded place. The
second species was only recently intro. and has not yet
been tested. Prop, is by seeds treated like those ^of
rhododendron and probably also by cuttings. T. panic-
ulata, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub, to 6 ft. : Ivs. short-petioled,
rhombic or rhombic-obovate, acute, cuneate at the base,
glabrous except a few hairs on the midrib beneath,
1-2^ in. long: fls. in panicles 2-4 in. long, white, tinged
pink, Hm- long) style exserted; bracts subulate. Aug.
TRIPETALEIA
TRIPTERYGIUM
3383
Japan. T. bracteata, Maxim., has smaller obovate ob-
tuse Ivs. and pink fls. in racemes, with elliptic or obo-
vate bracts. Japan. ALFRED REHDER.
TRIPHASIA (from the Greek for triplex). Rutdcex,
tribe Citrese. Small ornamental shrubs or trees dis-
tantly related to the orange, sometimes used as hedge-
plants.
Plants with spreading branches: spines double,
axillary; Ivs. alternate, sessile, trifoliate: fls. cupulate,
3-merous, white, stamens 6, free: fr. an ovate berry
filled with a sweet, sticky pulp and containing usually
a solitary seed.— -Only 1 species is known.
trifdlia, P. Wilson (Limbnia trifblia, Burm. T.
aurantiola, Lour. T. trifoliata, DC.). LIME -BERRY.
Fig. 3848. A shrub or small tree, sometimes attaining
a height of 15 ft.: Ivs. trifoliolate, dark green; Ifts.
ovate, retuse, entire-margined, lateral ones smaller than
the central one; spines in pairs, straight, very sharp,
shorter than the Ivs.: fls. white, fragrant, axillary, soli-
tary; petals thick; stamens free, filaments subulate,
shorter than the corolla; style thick, longer than the
stamens: fr. ovate, small, dull red, J^in. diam., having
a thick skin, 1-celled, generally with only a single large
seed, imbedded in the mucilaginous spicy pulp. Bur-
mann, Fl. Ind., tab. 35. Jacq. Icon. pi. rar. v. 3, pi.
463. L.B.C. 1:18. Riss. & Poit. Hist. nat. or. 2 ed.,
pi. 108. — Of unknown nativity but widely cult, and
naturalized in tropical and subtropical regions, being
grown as an ornamental plant. Prop, by seed. The
frs., which are filled with a highly aromatic juicy pulp,
are sometimes used in tropical countries for making
marmalade. The shrub is attractive, flowering and
fruiting freely and is used for lawn planting and
hedges, but it is injured by severe frosts. This species
is able to grow in soil too salty to support the common
citrous frs. and is being tested as a stock for use on
such soil. WALTER T. SWINGLE.
TRIPHORA (Greek, bearing three flowers). Orchida-
ceae. Terrestrial plants with leafy sts. and fleshy tubers.
Fls. axillary, solitary or several; sepals free, equaling the
petals; lip "erect, not crested, spurless, 3-lobed; column
elongated, clavate; pollinia granular-powdery, tailless.
— Species about 10, American. By some authors
retained in Pogonia.
trianthophora, Rydb. (T. pendula, Nutt. Ppgbnia pen-
dula, Lindl.). Sts. sometimes tufted, 2-12 in. tall: Ivs.
nearly orbicular to ovate, 2-8 in. long, clasping: fls.
single, or 2-7, drooping, pale purple; sepals and petals
obtuse, elliptic; Up about as long as petals, narrowed
into a short claw. E. N. Amer. B.R. 908.
GEORGE V. NASH.
TRIPLARIS (Latin, from triplex, the parts of the
fructification are in 3's). Syn., Velasquezia. Poly-
gonaceae. Trees grown out-of-doors in the extreme S., in
the warmhouse in the N. Lvs. alternate, short-petioled,
usually large, ovate-oblong or lanceolate: fls. sessile or
subsessile between bracts, arranged in pilose, simple,
long spikes or often in racemes, dioecious; male perianth
funnelform, limb 6-cleft, stamens 9, ovary rudimentary
or none; female perianth narrow, deeply 6-cleft, ovary
acutely 3-angled: nut prominently subacutely 3-angled.
— About 20 species, Trop. S. Amer.
americana, Linn. Small tree: Ivs. petiolate, ovate,
acuminate: spikes pilose, bracts ovate, acuminate,
small, pilose: calyx in fr. very long, tube ovate with
spreading lanceolate wings; lobes subulate: achene
ovate, 3-angled. Cent. Amer. — An insufficiently studied
and much confused species.
TRIPSACUM (Greek, to rub or thresh, probably
alluding to the ease with which the fertile spike can be
broken up). Gramineae. Perennial grasses with stout
culms and monoecious infl., in spikes terminating the
culm and branches: fls. monoecious, in the same spike,
the staminate above; spikes terminal and axillary;
staminate spikelets 2-fld., in pairs at each joint; pistil-
late single, 1-fld., imbedded in each joint of the rachis,
so that the smooth cartilaginous axis and the outer
glume form a nearly cylindrical mass; at maturity the
pistillate spikes separate into the joints.— Species about
6, of the warmer parts of N. Amer., one extending north
to Cent. U. S. and in many places furnishing consider-
able native fodder.
dactyloides, Linn. (T. violoceum and T. Ddctylis of the
trade). GAM A -GRASS. SESAME -GRASS. Culms in
bunches, 4-7 ft.; spike 2-3 at summit and often single
from the upper axils. Moist soil, Conn., LI., Kans.,
3848. Triphasia trifolia.
and southward. Dept. Agric., Div. Agrost., 20:13. — A
wild fodder-grass, sometimes cult, for forage and also
in gardens as a curiosity. Raised from seed, or more
certainly from cuttings of the rootstpcks.
For an illustrated account of Tripsacum-Euchlaena
and Tripsacum-Zea crosses, see article by Collins and
Kempton, Journal of Heredity, March, 1916.
A. S. HITCHCOCK.
TRTPTER^GIUM (Greek, three and icing, in refer-
ence to the 3-winged fr.). Celostrocese. Three shrubs
from E. Asia with deciduous alternate rather large Ivs.
and small white fls. in terminal panicles: fls. polyga-
mous; calyx 5-lobed; petals 5; stamens 5, inserted at
the margin of a cupular disk; ovary superior, 3-angled,
incompletely 3-celled, with short style : fr. a 3-winged,
1-seeded nutlet. The following species has proved hardy
at the Arnold Arboretum and is a handsome shrub con-
spicuous chiefly on account of its large bright green foli-
age contrasting well with the reddish brown sts. ter-
minated in July and Aug. by conspicuous panicles of
small whitish, fragrant fls. It apparently grows well in
any soil. Prop, is by seeds and probably by cuttings.
T. Regelii, Sprague & Takeda (T. WUfordii, Regel, not
Hook. f.). Glabrous shrub, to 2 ft., with angled warty
reddish brown branches: Ivs. petioled, broadly elliptic,
acuminate, broadly cuneate at the base, serrate, 3-6 H
in. long.: fls. greenish white, J^in. across, in terminal
panicles leafy at the base, and to 8 in. long: fr. little over
Hin. long, with 3 broad wings. July, Aug. Manchuria,
Korea, Japan. Gt. 18:612. Not yet in the American
trade. ALFRED REHDER.
3384
TRISETUM
TRITHRINAX
TRISETUM (Latin, three and bristles: the florets are
3-awned). ^Graminese. Tufted hardy perennials of no
real horticultural interest: inn. terminal spike-like or
loose panicles: spikelets 2 (rarely 3-5) -fld.; rhachilla
prolonged beyond the upper palea; glumes unequal,
keeled; lemma membranaceous, keeled, 2-toothed at
apex, bearing a slender dorsal awn; palea narrow, 2-
toothed. About 90 species, widely distributed through-
out the temperate regions of the world. T. flavescens,
Beauv. (Avena flavescens, Linn.). Culms 1^-2}^ ft.
high, erect, simple, glabrous: sheaths shorter than the
internodes; ligule ^in. long; blades l%-5 in. long, 1-3
lines wide: panicle open; branches somewhat flexuous:
spikelets 3-4-fld. ; glumes smooth or scabrous; awn long,
bent, and twisted. Eu., Asia, and intro. into Amer. B.B.
(ed. 2) 1:21.7. Not in common cult., but occasionally
used in agriculture. F. TRACY HUBBARD.
3849. Tristania conferta. ( X 1A)
TRISTAGMA (Greek, three drops, alluding to the 3
nectar-glands of the ovary). Including Stephanolirion.
Liliacese. Herbs with subglqbose tunicate corms, used
for fall-blooming. Lvs. radical, few, narrowly linear:
scape simple, leafless: fls. in a terminal umbel, not
numerous, pedicelled; perianth salver-shaped, tube
cylindrical, 6-lobed; crown fleshy at the throat or lack-
ing; stamens 6, in 2 rows; ovary sessile, ovoid, 3-celled:
caps, loculicidally dehiscent. — About 7 species, Chile
and Patagonia; probably to be planted in spring in
this country.
nivale, Poepp. (Millanivalis, Baker). Lvs. 6-9 in. long,
about 2 lines wide: scape slender, about 1 ft. long: fls. 1
in. long, 2-8 in an umbel, the segms. linear and greenish;
crown none. — Now treated by Baker as Brodisea nivalis,
Baker. Likely to be offered by Dutch bulb-growers.
T. narcissoides, Benth. & Hook., does not appear to be in the
American trade. It is 1 ft. or more high, with short narrow-linear
Ivs., and white fls. bearing a bright orange narcissus-like crown of
3-6 broad unequal more or less connate scales.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
TRISTANIA (in honor of Jules M. C. Tristan, 1776-
1861, a French botanist). Myrtacese. Tall trees or
shrubs, evergreen, cultivated as greenhouse shrubs in
Europe and hardy in California and Florida.
Leaves alternate or somewhat whorled and approxi-
mate at the ends of the branches, rarely opposite : fls.
usually rather small, yellow or white, in axillary, pe-
duncled cymes; calyx-tube turbinate-campanulate, limb
with 5 short segms.; petals 5; stamens numerous; ovary
inferior or semi-superior. — About 23 species, Malaya,
New Caledonia, and Austral. Prop, by half-ripened
cuttings in sand under glass, or by seeds.
conferta, R. Br. (Lophostemon arbor escens, Schott).
BRISBANE Box. Fig. 3849. An umbrageous tree attain-
ing 150 ft.: young shoots and calyx hoary-pubescent:
Ivs. 3-6 in. long, ovate-lanceolate, glabrous, usually
crowded at the ends of the branches and apparently
verticillate: fls. mostly on the branches well below
the Ivs.; petals about J^in. long, white and spotted,
fringed. Queensland. B.R. 1839 (as T. macrophylla) .
— A handsome evergreen shade tree, valuable for
avenues in hot dry regions, as it withstands great
drought; it also produces timber valued for strength
and durability. Much grown in New S. Wales as a
boulevard tree. Hardy in Cent. Calif ., withstanding an
exceptional temperature of 26° F. at Berkeley.
JOSEPH BURTT DAVY.
TRISTELLATElA (Latin, three and star: each flower
has 3 winged frs. which have the appearance of stars).
Malpighidcese. Scandent shrubs, probably adapted only
to the warmhouse. Lvs. opposite or verticillate in 4's,
entire, petioles usually 2-glandular at the top, base with
2 very short stipules: racemes terminal or lateral, some-
times paniculate: fls. yellow; calyx 5-parted; petals
clawed, keeled outside, sagittate-ovate; stamens 10, all
perfect; ovary 3-lobed: samara? 3, many-winged. About
20 species, Madagascar, Indian Archipelago, and Aus-
tral. T. australis, A. Rich. Strong climbing shrub with
pendent shoots: Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong, 2-4xl-2J4
in., glabrous: racemes 2-6 in. long, 12-16-fld. : fls.
opposite, short-peduncled, yellow; petals 5, oblong or
ovate-oblong, 5-6 lines long; filaments finally deep red.
Malaya and Australasia. B.M. 8334.
TRITELEIA: Brodisea. The following species, listed
under Triteleia, is to be combined with the treatment of
Brodisea in Vol. I, p. 576. B. uniflora, Baker (Triteleia
uniflora, Lindl. Milla uniflora, Graham). SPRING STAR-
FLOWER. Lvs. narrow-linear, 1 ft. or less long: scapes
8 in. or less tall, bearing a bract-like spathe toward the
top: fl. 1 (rarely 2), 1-1 J^ in. across, pale lilac or pale
blue, with pointed segms. violet-streaked through the
center. Argentina. B.R. 1921. B.M. 3327. G. 3:115;
36:610. Gn. 67, p. 203; 68, p. 365. Gt. 61, p. 219.
G.W. 15, p. 624. R.H. 1859, pp. 350, 351. Gng. 2:59.
Hardy in most of the northern states, although it
does not persist long. Grown chiefly as a pot-plant
for spring bloom. Var. caerillea, Hort., has porcelain*
blue fls. There are other horticultural forms. T. vio~
lacea, with "delicate violet fls.," is probably a form of
this species rather than the T. violacea, Kunth, a Chil-
ean species. L. jj. B.
TRITHRINAX (apparently triple Thrinax, alluding
to leaf -division). Palmaceae, tribe Coryphex. South
American fan palms, some of which are known to be
cultivated in the open in the United States.
The genus is distinguished from allied genera chiefly
by the following characters: fls. hermaphrodite; petals
imbricate; filaments connate into a tube: carpels dis-
tinct; styles long, distinct, terminal in fr. — Five species.
T. brasiliensis is a little-known palm. It seems to have
been confused in the trade with Thrinax Chiico, which
is referred in this work to Acanthorhiza Chuco. The If .-
segms. of the former are bifid; of the latter apparently
not. Andr6 says the first species described below is
unique by reason of its sheaths at the base of the Ivs.
These, he says, "are composed of fibers which are at
first parallel and longitudinal, then obliquely inter-
crossed and finally plaited at right angles like the mats
of pandanus in which the coffee of the Antilles and
Bourbon is exported. At the summit these narrow
strips unite and form a series of very long, robust,
recurved spines which are evidently designed to pro-
tect the fls. and frs. against climbing animals." Not
in common cult, in Amer., although 3 of the 5 known
species are planted.
brasiliensis, Mart. Trunk slender, 6-12 ft. high, 2-3
in. thick: Ivs. palmate-flabelliform, glabrous and often
TRITHRINAX
TRITONIA
3385
glaucous, the If .-segms. 22-30, linear, free for two-thirds
their whole length, deeply bifid: spadix much branched,
with many spirally arranged fls. on its branchlets: sta-
mens 6. Brazil. I.H. 22:202.
campestris, Drude & Gris. Fig. 3850. Differs from
T. brasiliensis in the segms. being shallowly bifid and
3850. Trithrinax campestris.
white-tomentose above but nearly glabrous beneath,
and with stouter spadix branches: plant more rigid.
Argentina.— Said to be a striking palm.
acanthocoma, Drude. Dwarf, stout, with many strong
reflexed spines, the caudex with netted sheaths: Ivs.
large, fan-like, cut nearly to base into about 40 narrow
bifid segms.: spadix branched. Brazil. Gt. 27:361.
L. H. B.f
TRITICUM (old Latin name for wheat). Graminese.
The genus as now limited comprises 2 sections, ^Egilops,
with 12 species of S. Eu. and Asia, one of which is
thought by some to be the original of the cult, wheats;
and Triticum proper, which includes wheats and spelts
themselves, that are referred by Hackel to 3 species.
Annual grasses with fls. in a terminal spike: spikelets
2-5-fld., placed flat-wise, singly on opposite sides of a
zigzag rachis; glumes ovate, 3- to many-nerved, these
and the lemmas more or less awned: gram free. The
common wheat is T. aestivum, Linn. (T. sotlvum, Lam.
T. vulgare, ViH.). (For account of a wild species of
Syria, the probable ancestor of wheat, see Aaronsohn,
Bull. Soc. Bot. France, 56:237). T. Richardsonii,
Trin. Under the name Cryptopyrum Richardsonii,
Schrad., this species has sometimes been catalogued by
seedsmen as an ornamental plant. It is a perennial
with a slender nodding spike of awned spikelets. The
species properly belongs in Agropyron (A. Richard-
sonii, Schrad.) and resembles the wild A. caninum,
Linn., with which some authors unite it. It is native
from Que. across the continent. ^.. gf HITCHCOCK.
TRITOMA: Kniphofia,
TRITONIA (name explained as follows by Ker-
Gawler, its author: "Name derived from Triton, in
the signification of a vane or weathercock; in allusion to
the variable direction in the stamens of the different
species"). Including Montbretia. Iridacese. BLAZING
STAR. Showy-flowered conn-bearing herbs used both
as greenhouse and summer-blooming subjects.
Conns or bulbs small, covered with fibrose sheaths or
tunics: sts. simple or slightly branched: Ivs. few, narrow-
linear or broader and sword-shaped, usually falcate:
spathes disposed along the rachis or the few branches,
short, membranaceous, often 3-toothed: fls. 1 to a
spathe, sessile; perianth-tube slender, limb concave or
broadly campanulate, lobes obovate or oblong, nearly
equal; ovary 3-celled: caps, membranaceous, ovoid or
oblong. — About 50 species, S. Afr. Allied to Crocosmia,
Acidanthera, Sparaxis, and Gladiolus. Few of them are
in general cult., although many of the species have been
intro. at one tune or another. Those of the Montbretia
class are showy hardy summer-flowering bulbs, to be
handled like gladioli; or they may be left in the ground
permanently if given protection of mulch in cold cli-
mates. As far north as N. Y. and Mass., however, they
are usually best wintered hi damp (not wet) earth
indoors. The best-known lands are T. crocosmseflora and
T. Pottsii. Most of the Latin names in catalogues
belong to these, as sulphured, tigridia, pyramidalis,
grandiflara, elegans, floribunda. To gardeners, tritonias
are usually known as montbretias. Garden tritonias
grow 1 ft. or more tall, producing several to many
showy fls. of a yellow, orange, or red color, and bearing
several stiffish linear or sword-shaped Ivs.
A. Three lower perianth-segms. bearing hatchet-shaped
processes.
bracte^ta, Worsley. True Ivs. about 3, appearing
after flowering, about 1 ft. high and Y<$n.. broad; the
early Ivs. are really bracts: scape about 1 ft. high,
flexuous, much branched: fls. 30-40, tawny red, scent-
less, opening singly or in 2's, subtended by the large
foliose bracts, irregular in shape, about 1 in. across;
outer segms. about Mm- broad, inner segms. about }^in.
broad and recurved. S. Afr.
AA. Three lower perianth-segms. without hatchet-shaped
processes.
B. Fls. hooded.
Clusiana, Worsley. Allied to T. securigera, from
which it differs in having Ivs. twice as long and wide, no
obtuse or other in-
dentation on the
outer spathe-valves :
plant about 1 ft.
high: fls. orange (?),
hooded, all facing
one way. S. Afr. —
This species with
hooded fls. seems
to form a link be-
tween Tritonia and
Antholyza.
BB. Fls. not hooded.
c. Perianth-segms.
obovate.
crocata, Ker-
Gawl. Slender, sun-
pie or branched
from near the base,
bearing few fls. in
loose 1- sided ra-
cemes: fls. about 2
in. across, tawny
yellow or orange-
red, the stamens
one-third the length
of the perianth-
limb. Cape Colony.
B.M. 184 (as Ixia
crocata). Gn. 54:
82. Var. miniata,
Baker (T. miniata,
Ker-Gawl.), has
light red fls. B.M.
609. There are color
varieties, as purptl-
rea, Hort., coccin- 3851. Tritonia PottsU.
3386
TRITONIA
TROCHODENDRON
ea, Hort., and aurantiaca, Hort. — These plants are
usually treated as greenhouse bulbs in the N.
cc. Perianth-segms. oblong.
rosea, Klatt. Tall and branched, with short linear
Ivs. and loose 6-15-fld. racemes: fls. bright red, with
oblong segms. (the 3 lower ones yellow-blotched at the
base) as long as the tube and anthers just protruding
from the tube. Cape Colony. B.M. 7280.-— Can be left
in the open as far north as Mass., if well protected, but
are usually safer if taken up.
P6ttsii, Benth. (Montbretia Pdttsii, Baker). Kg.
3851. Strong branching plant 2-4 ft. tall, with several
lax racemes, and few or
several firm narrow Ivs.:
fls. about 1 in. long, bright
yellow tinged red, the tube
broadly funnelform and
twice longer than the ob-
long unequal ascending
segms., the stamens about
half the height of the limb.
Natal, Transvaal, etc. B.
M. 6722. G.C. III.
7:301, showing how
the corms form one
above the other.
crocosmaeflora,
Lemoine (T. Pottsii
X pollen of Crocosmia
aurea [Fig. 1112, Vol.
II]). Fig. 3852. Slen-
der much-branching
erect plant 3-4 ft.
high, with several or
many sword -shaped
Ivs., and loose more
or less distichous
racemes: fls. 2 in.
across, orange -crim-
son, with a slender
curved tube nearly
or quite equaling the
oblong spreading
segms. R.H. 1882:
124. Gn. 25, p. 363;
31:490. G. M. 36:
484. G.Z. 27:169 —
Crocosmia aurea was
intro. (into England)
in 1847, and Tritonia Pottsii (into Scotland) in 1877 by
G. H. Potts. Victor Lemoine, at Nancy, France, hybrid-
ized the two, and the product, T. crocosmseflora,
bloomed in 1880. This hybrid is now the most popular
of tritonias (or montbretias).
The following varieties are offered in the trade under
the generic name Montbretia; as they are mainly color-
forms it seems inadvisable to make new combinations
for them, and they are accordingly retained under the
trade name. Montbretia crocosmaeflora var. aurantiaca,
Hort. (M. aurantiaca, Hort.), has deep orange fls. Var.
californica, Hort. (M. califdrnica, Hort.), has golden
yellow fls. Var. germania, Hort. (M. germania, Hort.),
has glowing orange-scarlet fls., with blood-red throats.
Var. pyramidalis, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var.
specidsa, Hort. (M . specidsa, Hort. T. specidsa, Hort.),
is said to have close spikes of rich deep yellow fls., the
reverse side apricot. J.H. III. 48:391.
Some of the following plants occur in the trade under Montbretia
and have never been transferred to Tritonia. They are little known
botanically and m some cases are probably hybrids or forms of T.
crocosmffiflora and are here listed as Montbretias as signified by the
M. before the specific name. — T. aiirea, Pappe (M. aurea, Hort.).
See Crocosmia aurea.— T. crispa, Ker-Gawl. Fl. whitish or pale
pink, with oblong, obtuse segms. and with crisped Ivs. B.M. 678 —
T. deusta, Ker-Gawl. Differs from T. crocata in having a purple-
black blotch on the claw of the 3 outer segms. B.M. 622. — M.
elegans, Hort., has yellow and apricot fls.; possibly a form of T.
3852. Tritonia crocosmseflora. ( X l/Q
crocosmaeflora. — T. fldva, Ker-Gawl. Fls. bright yellow, the segms.
oblong and the 3 lower ones with a callus in the throat: Ivs. very
short. B.R. 747. — M. germdnica, Hort., is offered in the trade as a
form with scarlet fls., shaded with orange, 3 in. across. — T. hyalina,
Baker. Differs from T. crocata in haying the perianth-segms. nar-
rowed at the lower part into a claw with hyaline margin. B.M. 704
(as T. fenestrata). — T. lineata, Ker-Gawl. Fls. white or pink, with
short oblong segms. and protruding anthers, of the shape of gladiolus
fls. B.M. 487 (as Gladiolus lineatus). — M. Prometheus, Hort., is a
horticultural form which grows up to 4 ft. high, with branching
spikes of rich orange or orange-red fls., 3^2 in. across, their center
crimson. Gn. 71, suppl. Jan. 19. G.M. 49:815. — M. rdsea, Hort., is
offered in the trade as a form growing 3 ft. or more high with long
arching spikes of rose or bright salmon-rose fls. — T. scittaris, Baker.
Small and slender: fls. pink, with wide-flaring narrow segms., ixia-
like. B.M. 629 (as Ixia polystachya). — T. securtgera, Ker-Gawl.
Lvs. short: fls. red or copper-colored, the 3 lower segms. with a callus
on the claw. B.M. 383 (as Gladiolus securiger). — T. unduldta,
Baker. Lvs. short and narrow, much crisped: fls. pink, with oblong
equal segms. B.M. 599 (as Ixia crispa). — T. viridis, Ker-Gawl.
Lvs. plane or crisped, linear: fls. green, with nearly equal oblanceo-
late segms. B.M. 1275. — T. Wilsonii, Baker. Lvs. very narrow-
linear: racemes simple or forked, lax, few-fld. : fls. white, tinged with
purple, the segms. obovate-cuspidate.
L. H. B.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
TRIUMFETTA (named for Giov. B. Trionfetti,
1658-1707 or 8). Tiliacese. Herbs, subshrubs, or shrubs,
which have been sometimes grown in the warmhouse
or greenhouse. Plants stellate-pubescent: Ivs. serrate,
entire, or 3-5-lobed: fls. yellow, axillary or opposite the
Ivs., few or densely fasciculately cymose; sepals 5; petals
5, rarely none; stamens numerous; ovary 2-5-celled,
cells 2-ovuled: caps, small, subglobose, spiny or bristled.
About 100 species, widely dispersed over the world.
Several species have been intro. abroad but none of
them is cult, to any extent.
TROCHETIA (named for R.I.G. du Trochet, 1771-
1847, Paris). Sterculiaceae. Shrubs or trees, evergreen,
grownin the warmhouse or coolhouse. Lvs. entire, leath-
ery: peduncles axillary, 1-3-fld.: fls. usually pendulous,
rather large; calyx 5-parted, leathery; petals 5, flat,
broad, and persistent; staminal column short, bearing
5 ligulate staminodia; anthers 10, 15, or 20, stipitate;
ovary sessile, 5-celled, cells with many ovules: caps,
loculicidally 5-valved. — About 6 or 7 species, natives of
Mauritius, St. Helena, and Mascarene Isls.
Blackburniana, Bojcr. Shrub or small tree '.branches,
petioles, and ribs of the Ivs. rusty-scurfy with stellate
hairs: Ivs. long-petioled, elliptic- or obovate-oblong,
acute, entire, or crenate-serrate, 7-ribbed from the base,
which is slightly cordate: peduncles above the axils,
1-fld., 2-bracted: fls. large, campanulate; sepals elon-
gated lanceolate; petals obliquely obovate-rotundate,
white, rose-veined, margins blood-red. Mauritius.
B.M. 7209. G.C. III. 36:112.
TROCHODENDRON (Greek, wheel and tree, allud-
ing to the appearance of the fls., the anthers of the
numerous spreading stamens forming a ring.). Trocho-
dendrdceee. Evergreen tree with aromatic bark and
foliage, with alternate or whorled long-petioled Ivs. and
small fls. in terminal upright racemes; fls. long-pedi-
celled, perfect, without perianth; stamens numerous, fila-
ments slender: carpels 6^-10 in one whorl, connate below,
with short linear spreading styles: fr. consisting of 6-10
follicles inserted below in the fleshy receptacle, dehiscent
at the apex, with several linear seeds in each carpel. The
tree is probably not in cult, in this country, but may be
recommended for its handsome evergreen foliage for the
middle and southern Atlantic states and for Calif . T.
aralioldes, Sieb. & Zucc. Tree, to 50 ft., or in cult,
spreading shrub, glabrous: Ivs. rhombic-obovate to
elliptic-lanceolate, obtusely acuminate, crenate-serrate,
lustrous and dark green above, lighter green beneath.
2-5 in. long; petioles 1-3 in. long: fls. green, %in. broad
across the stamens; anthers yellow: fr. brown, H~/4m-
across. June. S.Z. 1:39. B.M. 7375. S.I.F. 1:42.
G.C. III. 15:725. J.H.S. 27, p. 867. R.B. 30:86.
ALFRED REHDER.
TROLLIUS
TROLLIUS
3387
TROLLIUS (old German, trol, something round;
trollblume, in allusion to the shape of the flowers).
Ranunculaceae. GLOBE-FLOWER. A group of neat
hardy herbaceous perennials of a dozen or more
species, mostly found in moist or marshy places of the
North Temperate zone; useful in garden borders.
Roots fibrous, thickened: Ivs. palmately divided or
lobed: fls. large, solitary, whitish, yellow, golden
yellow, or purplish, those in cult, usually yeUow- or
orange-fid.; petals 5 to many, small, unguiculate, with
a nectariferous pit at the base of the blade; sepals 5-15,
large, usually constituting the showy part of the fl.;
stamens many; carpels 5 to many, sessile, many-ovuled:
follicles in a head. — Very like Ranunculus in general
appearance, but distinguished at once by bearing fol-
licles rather than achenes. For monograph, see Huth,
in Helios ix. (Berlin), 1892; and for the Eastern Asian
species, Finet & Gagnepain, Contrib. Fl. As. Or. 1:
136-139; also in Bull. Soc. Bot. France 51:393-396
(1904).
Trolliuses are grown for the beauty of their globular
flowers and show of dark green leaves. They are suited
to wet sunken gardens, wild borders, and edges of water-
gardens, although in a good garden soil not lacking in
moisture they do well. They may be increased either
by seeds or by dividing the old plants; but the young
plants grow slowly at first, and will not flower before
the second season from seed. The usual globe-flower of
the horticulturist is T. europaeus, with incurving sepals
so that the flower has a ball-like appearance; in most of
the species the sepals spread nearly or quite hori-
zontally. They bloom in spring and early summer.
acaulis, 12.
albiflorus, 11.
altaicus, 4.
americanus, 11.
asiaticus, 2.
caucasicus, 4, 9.
chinensis, 6.
INDEX.
dschungaricus, 3.
europaeus, 1.
genuina, 8.
giganteus, 2.
glebosus, 1.
japonicus, 7.
laxus, 8, 11.
Ledebouri, 5, 8.
Loddigesii, 1.
napelliformis, 1.
patulus, 8.
pumilus, 8, 9, 10.
sinensis, 6.
yunnanensis, 8, 10.
A. Number of sepals exceeding 10 (15-2O).
B. Sepals incurved, forming a globe-shaped fl.
1. europaeus. Linn. (T. globosus, Lam.). Fig. 3853.
Sts. erect, 15 in. or more high, often branching: lower
Ivs. petioled, others sessile; Ifts. only 5-parted, lobed,
cleft, and toothed, those of the root-lvs. on short
petioles: fls. of a lemon-yellow color, solitary or in 2's,
1-2 in. across, globular in form; sepals 10-15, ovate;
petals spatulate, often longer than the stamens: fr.
much as in T. laxus. Wet upland meadows of N. Eu.
May-July. Gn. 40:102; 71, p. 310. G. 19:609. G.W.
15, p. 129. J.H. III. 51:594; 54 : 555.— Different forms
are offered or sometimes listed. Var. Loddigesii, Hort.,
has deep yellow fls.
Var. napelliformis, Huth (T. napelliformis, Roep.).
St. many-fld. and Ivs. deeply divided.
BB. Sepals spreading, making an open fl.
c. Petals longer than the stamens.
2. asiaticus, Linn. Plant much like T. europaeus,
often taller, the smaller bronze-green Ivs. more finely
lobed and cleft: fls. a rich orange-color with sepals
spreading. May. Siberia. B.M. 235. — The blossoms
of this are well suited for cut-fl. purposes. The plants
thrive best and produce richest colors if partially
exposed to the sun. T. giganteus, found in garden lists,
is a very tall form of this species.
cc. Petals shorter than the stamens or not exceeding them.
3. dschungaricus, Regel. Much like T. europaeus.
but fls. open or spreading, golden yellow within ana
reddish outside; sepals about 15, rounded and mucro-
nate; style subulate and straight. Turkestan. — Men-
tioned in foreign lists.
4. altaicus, C. A. Mey. (T. caucasicus var. altaicus
Fin. & Gagn.). Plant 1-2 ft., with foliage much like
that of T. europseus: fls. large (2 in. across), yellow or
pale orange, with 15-20 broad and obtuse sepals (per-
haps sometimes as few as 10); petals 5-15, narrowly
linear and obtuse. Altai region, Siberia. Gt. 6:66. —
Little known in the trade.
AA. Number of sepals 5-10, spreading.
B. Petals one-third or one-half longer than the stamens.
5. Ledebouri, Reichb. f. Plant about 2 ft., with Ivs.
divided to the base and the divisions lobed and toothed:
fls. yellow, with 5 spreading veined ovate sepals; petals
10-12, narrowly linear, not prominent but surpassing
the stamens. Siberia. — Listed, but apparently little
known horticulturally.
6. chinensis, Bunge (T. sinensis, Hort.?). Long
regarded as a form of T. asiaticus, but now separated:
stout striate glabrous herb: radical Ivs. obsolete; lower
st.-lvs. reniform and the upper orbicular-reniform,
sometimes 7 in. across, palmately 5-parted, th'e segms.
broad-oblanceolate: sepals 12 or 13, the outer ones
broad-ovate and obtuse, the inner ones rather longer
and narrower; petals 20, linear, over 1 in. long, exceed-
ing the glabrous stamens. N. China. B.M. 8565. —
3853. Trollius europseus (X J£).
In English gardens this species is said to thrive well
and to seed freely when grown in the bog-garden or
beside water.
7. japonicus, Miq. St. low (4-8 in. high), scape-like
and 1-fld., the Ivs. being radical and involucrate: fl.
yellow, with 5 or 6 sepals which are 1 in. or less long.
Japan. — Sometimes combined with T. chinensis; ap-
parently closely allied to T. laxus. Franchet & Savatier,
in Flora of Japan, maintain the species as distinct.
BB. Petals about equaling the stamens in length (or some-
what shorter in No. 10 var.}, and shorter than the
sepals.
8. patulus, Salisb. Low, 1 ft. or less high: radical Ivs.
palmately dissected, the segms. incised-dentate: fl.
golden yellow; sepals usually 5, sometimes 6 or 7, ovate
and spreading; petals and stamens nearly equal, the
former 1-5; style erect and about equaling the ovary.
Caucasia to Persia. — Finet & Gagnepain define this
species very broadly, to include others. They make var.
3388
TROLLIUS
TROP^OLUM
genmna, Fin. & Gagn. to include T. laxus, Salisb., T.
pumilus, Don, and T. pumilus var. yunnanensis,
Franch; also var. Ledebouri, Fin. & Gagn. (T. Lede-
bouri, Reichb. f.), differing from the type in having the
sepals longer than the stamens.
9. caucasicus, Stev. (T. pdtulus var. caucdsicus,
Huth). Radical Ivs. palmately dissected, the segms.
incised-dentate: sepals 5-8, elliptic, spreading; petals
10, about equaling the stamens; style about equaling
the ovary. Caucasia, Armenia, etc. — Perhaps a form
of T. patulus, as considered by Huth. Under the name
T. caucasicus, the plant offered abroad is described as a
hardy perennial, with large orange fls. in June and
July; 2-3 ft. In horticultural literature the fls. are
usually described as globular, which raises a question
as to the identity of the cult, plant.
10. pumilus, Don. St. 1 ft. or less high, from a hori-
zontal rootstock, the base bearing old Ivs., with few
Ivs. on the st. and those above the middle: Ivs. small,
1-2 in. diam., orbicular, thickish, 5-parted, the segms.
broadly obovate and 3-lobed: fls. 1 in. across, solitary,
yellow; sepals 5 or 6, rounded, notched at the end;
petals 10-12, about equaling the stamens, cuneate-
oblong: follicles many. Alpine Himalaya.
Var. yunnanensis, Franch. St. to 2 ft. high and
sometimes 3-fld.: Ivs. narrowly dentate, the teeth
short and rigidly mucronate; cauline Ivs. 1 or 2: sepals
6-8, broadly ovate or suborbicular; petals long-clawed,
shorter than stamens. W. China. — Described as horti-
culturally not unlike Caltha palustris, but superior,
with dark green Ivs. and bright golden yellow salver-
form fls.
BBB. Petals shorter than the stamens and scarcely equal-
ing the filaments, and shorter than the sepals.
11. ISxus, Salisb. (T. americanus, Muhl.). Sts.
slender, weak, J^-2 ft. long, somewhat ascending:
radical and lower st.-lvs. long- or short-petioled; all
the Ivs. 5-7-parted; Ifts. cuneate and much cleft and
toothed: fls. usually solitary, 1-2 in. across; sepals
5-7, entire or toothed at the end, more spreading than
the other species; petals many, much shorter than the
stamens: follicles J^in. long, straight beak one-fourth
as long: head of fr. %in. across. Bogs and damp places,
Mich., to New England and Del. and westward. May-
July or Aug. B.M. 1988 and L.B.C.:56 (both as T.
americanus) .
Var. albifldrus, Gray (T. albiflorus, Rydbg.). Much
like the type but usually lower, more slender: Ifts.
usually 5: fls. pale or white; petals nearly equaling the
stamens. Mountain tops, Colo., northward and west-
ward.
12. aca&lis, Lindl. Plant only 3-4 in. high: Ivs. as in
the above, or only 5-parted: fls. lemon-yellow, spread-
ing, on sts. hardly reaching from the ground; sepals 9,
nearly lanceolate, acute, sometimes toothed; petals
spatulate, shorter than the stamens. N. India. B.R.
29:32.
T. aurantiacus, Hort., described as lemon-yellow: probably a
form of T. europseus. — T. Excelsior, Hort., and T. h-ybridus, Hort.,
with deep orange fls., are probably T. europseus forms.
K. C. DAVIS.
L. H. B.f
TROP^OLUM (from Greek word for trophy; the
leaves are shield-shaped and the flowers helmet-shaped).
Tropxolacese. NASTURTIUM of gardens (but not of
botanists). Climbing or rarely diffuse soft-growing
herbs, grown in the garden for their showy flowers.
Roots fusiform, sometimes tuberous: Ivs. alternate,
peltate or palmately angulate, lobed or dissected;
stipules none or rarely minute, bristle-like or dissected:
peduncles axillary, 1-fld. : fls. irregular, usually orange
or yellow, rarely purple or blue, but the garden forms
now show a great range of color; sepals 5, connate at
their base, posterior produced into a long slender spur;
petals 5 or fewer by abortion, usually narrowed into dis-
tinct claws, two upper smaller or dissimilar and inserted
in the mouth of the spur; stamens 8, free, unequal, with
declined usually curving filaments; ovary 3-lobed, 3-
celled, ripening into 3 1-seeded indehiscent carpels
(these constitute the "seed" of commerce). — About 45
species, S. Amer., chiefly from the cooler parts of Peru
and Chile. Monographed in 1902 by Buchenau in
Engler's Pflanzenreich hit. 10 (IV. 131).
The common species, T. minus and T. majus, are
also grown for their young pods and seeds, which are
made into pickles. The pep-
pery-tasting leaves are some-
times used like cress, in salads,
whence the name "Indian
cress" in England. In America
this use of the plant is little
known. Certain kinds, particu-
larly T. tuberosum, produce
edible subterranean tubers.
Tropaeolums thrive in any
warm sunny fairly moist place.
The tops are tender to frost.
For early effects, seeds may be
started indoors in pots or
boxes. The common climbing
species are T. majus and T.
peltophorum, both of which are
very useful for window-boxes,
balconies, for covering banks
and walls, and for growing
amongst shrubbery. The com-
mon dwarf species, T. minus,
is earlier and usually more flo-
riferous, and is very useful for
the front row in the border. On
rich soils, nasturtiums produce very heavy foliage that
overtops the bloom. T. peregrinum, the canary-bird
flower, is grown either indoors or in the open. Probably
most species are perennial. Many of them are tuberous
and withstand some frost at the root; but the half-
hardy species are little known in this country.
INDEX.
3854. Flower of Tropaeo-
lum minus. One of the
lower petals shown at a.
(XH)
atrococcineum, 5. •
fvlgens, 3.
peregrinum, 6.
atropurpureum, 3, 5.
grandiflorum, 9, 10.
pinnatum, 4.
atrosanguineum, 5.
hederifolium, 3.
polyphyllum, 1.
aureum, 3.
Heinemannii, 5.
Regelianum, 5.
azureum, 10.
hemisphericum, 5.
Regina, 3.
bimaculatum, 4.
Jarattii, 9.
Scheuerianum, 5.
brachyceras, 11.
Leichtlinii, 1.
Schillingii, 5.
cseruleo-roseum, 5.
Lobbianum, 3.
Schulzii, 5.
canariense, 6.
luteum, 4, 5.
speciosum, 2.
Chaixianum, 3.
majus, 5.
tricolor, 9.
coccineum, 5, 9.
miniatum, 3.
tricolorum, 9.
compactum, 3,
minus, 4.
tuberosum, 7.
fimbriatum, 3.
nan um, 5.
violaeflorum, 10.
flore-pleno, 5.
peltophorum, 3.
Yarattii, 9.
foliis-aureis, 5.
pentaphyllum, 8.
A. Species annual or perennial but not tuber-bearing.
B. Petals 5, entire or rarely emarginate or crenate at the
apex.
c. Inferior petals not ciliate at the base.
D. Plants perennial, low, prostrate, glabrous.
1. polyphyllum, Cav. Perennial, half-hardy: st.
succulent, prostrate or climbing: Ivs. peltate, orbicular,
cut beyond the center into 7-9 narrow divisions: fls.
much hke T. majus in shape, but smaller; spur slender
but rather short, the calyx-lobes triangular; petals
obovate-cuneate, unguiculate, yellow, wavy or emargi-
nate, the 2 upper ones streaked with red. Chile. B.M.
4042. P.M. 10:175. F.S.20:2066. G.C. II. 20:241. Gn.
45, p. 158. G.M. 58:367. St. naturally prostrate.— T.
Leichtlinii, Hort. Garden hybrid between T. poly-
phyllum and T. leptophyllum (see suppl. list), raised by
Max Leichtlin, of Baden-Baden. More closely
approaching the former, but with larger Ivs., more
TROP.EOLUM
numerous and more vivid-colored fls. and said to be
more hardy.
DD. Plants perennial, tatt, scandent.
2. speciosum, Poepp. & Endl. Half-hardy slender
cUmbing vine: Ivs. peltate at the base, short-petioled,
parted to the base into 6 obovate-oblong obtuse divis-
ions or If ts. : pedi-
cels very slender,
red, fls. shaped
much like those
of T. majus, but
smaller, vermilion-
red, showy, upper
cuneate, lower
almost quadrate.
Chile. B.M.4323.
F.S. 3:281. P.M.
14:173. Gn. 37,
pp. 253, 545; 61,
p. 274; 79, p. 68.
R.H.1904:88— A
perennial fleshy-
rooted plant,
hardy in England.
CC. Inferior petals
ciliate at base
(near the
daw).
D. Plant pubes-
cent.
3. peltophorum,
Benth. (T. Lob-
bianum, Veitch).
Annual, climbing,
hairy all over
except the under
parts of the Ivs.
and the petals:
Ivs. very long-
stalked, peltate,
nearly orbicular, undulate and with points on the
margin: fls. large, long-spurred, orange-red, the 2 upper
petals large, rotundate, broad and entire, the 3 lower
ones small and clawed and coarsely toothed and also
fringed on the claws. Colombia. B.M. 4097. F.S. 2:67.
P.M. 11:271. Gn.M. 9:16. Var. fimbriatum, Hubb.
(T. Lobbianum \&T. fimbriatum, Hort.), has all the petals
toothed or fringed. R.H. 1856: 101. Seldom seen in its
pure state. Var. hederifdlium, Hubb. (T. Lobbianum
var. hederifolium, Hort.), has variegated Ivs. which
resemble those of Hedera helix in shape. Var. miniatum,
Hubb. (T. Lobbianum var. miniatum, Hort.), is said by
some to be a hybrid with bright vermilion fls. Var.
Regina, Hubb. (T. Lobbianum var. Regina, Hort.), is a
form with bright salmon-red or salmon-orange fls.
There is a horticultural strain of more compact growth
known as T. Lobbianum compdctum ', this strain occurs in
numerous colors. Horticultural color-forms listed under
the name T. Lobbianum are atropupureum, dark purple;
aiireum, clear golden yellow; fulgens, dark scarlet;
Chaixianum, yellow, washed with red.
DD. Plant glabrous.
E . Lvs . orbicular-reniform; nerves terminating in mucrons:
petals mucronate.
4. minus, Linn. Fig. 3854. Dwarf annual, not
climbing, smaller in all its parts than T. majus: Ivs. •
orbicular-reniform, apiculate at the ends of the veins:
petals narrow and apiculate at the apex, the lower
intensely maculate. Peru. B.M. 98. — Very likely
blended with T. majus by hybridization, in garden
forms. T. pinnatum, Andr., is either a monstrosity of
this species or more probably a hybrid between T. minus
and T. peregrinum, having the Ivs. somewhat peltate,
TROPJEOLUM
3389
3855. Tropafolum majus; the common
climbing nasturtium. ( X H)
with obtuse, unequal lobes: fls. pinnate; petals cuneate
with the apex dentate. A garden form. Gt. 62, p. 279.
The form known as bimaculatum, Hort., has red peti-
oles and peduncles and the 2 upper petals bear a dark
blood-red blotch. There is also a yellow form known
as luteum, Hort.
EE. Lvs. orbicular; nerves and petals muticous (blunt).
5. majus, Linn. Fig. 3855. Strong-growing some-
what succulent climbing annual: Ivs. peltate, nearly
orbicular and undulate-angled: fls. large, mostly in
shades of yellow or orange, with straight spur, the 2
upper petals entire or undulate (not apiculate), the 3
lower ones narrower and fringed on the claws. Peru,
Colombia, and Brazil. G. 4: 2. B.M. 23; 3375 (var.
atrosanguineum). F.S. 12:1286 (var. airopurpureum
nanum). P.M. 1:176 (var. atrosanguineum). G.C. II.
11:665.— This species has been in cult, in Eu. since
1684. It is the foundation of the common climbing nas-
turtiums. Some of these garden forms are probably the
offspring of hybridization with T. peltophorum. Some
of the horticultural color forms are atropurpurevm, dark
red ; atropurpureum foliis-aureis, with golden yellow Ivs. ;
cocdneum, scarlet and the form of it with golden Ivs.
known as cocdneum foliis-aureis; Heinemannii, choco-
late; hemisphericum, light yellow; luteum, yellow; Regel-
idnum, purple-violet; Scheueridnum, straw-colored,
dotted; Scheuerianum cocdneum, scarlet, striped; Schil-
lingii, yellow, brown-spotted; Schulzii, scarlet, with dark
Ivs. Var. fl6re-pleno, Hort., is a strain with double fls.
occurring in different colors. Var. nan^irn, Hort. TOM
THUMB NASTURTITIMS. A dwarf strain occurring in
numerous color-forms, some of which are atrococdneum,
brilliant scarlet; atropurpureum, dark purplish red;
atrosanguineum, a deep blood-red; cocdneum, scarlet
and also the golden-lvd. form offered as ndnum cocdneum
foliis-aureis; caeruleo-roseum, dark rose; luteum, clear
yellow; Regelianum, purple-violet.
BB. Petals 5, serrate-ciliate, lobed or aristate-ciliate above.
6. peregrinum, Linn. (T.canariense, Hort.). CANARY-
BIRD FLOWER. Fig. 3856. Annual, tall-climbing; gla-
3856. Tropaeolum peregrinum, the canary-bird flower.
3390
TROP^OLUM
TSUGA
brous: Ivs. peltate near the margin, cordate-orbicular,
divided to about the middle into 5 lobes, which are
mostly apiculate: fls. canary-yellow, odd and very irreg-
ular; spur green, hooked; 2 upper petals erect and large,
obovate-clawed, much fringed; 3 lower petals small and
narrow and ciliate. Supposed to be native of Peru and
Ecuador. B.M. 1351. B.R. 718. G.W. 10, p. 497.— An
excellent quick-growing vine, although the fls. can
scarcely be called showy.
AA. Species tuber-bearing.
B. Tuber large, obconical or pear-shaped.
7. tuberdsum, Ruiz & Pav. Root producing a pyri-
form irregular tuber 2-3 in. long: st. climbing, glabrous:
Ivs. peltate near the base, cordate-orbicular, 6-lobed
nearly or quite to the middle: fls. rather small, the calyx
and long spur red, the petals
yellow, small and nearly erect
and little exceeding the calyx.
Peru and Bolivia. B.M. 3714.
F.S. 5:452. P.M. 5:49. R.H.
1853:341 (tubers). J.H. III. 30:
385. H.U. 1, p. 4.— Plant stands
some frost. In Peru, the tubers
are eaten, and the plant is some-
times cult, in Eu. for the tubers.
It appears in the American cata-
logues of European dealers. The tubers are
usually boiled, or said to be eaten in a par-
tially dried condition.
BB. Tuber longer, moniliform in many mem-
bers: Ivs. in 5 parts, usually divided to the
base: petals scarlet.
8. pentaphyllum, Lam. Slender climber, the
glabrous colored sts. arising from a tuberous
root: Ivs. divided to the base into 5 oblong or
pbovate segms. or Ifts.: fls. small (about 1^
in. long), the large red spur being the con-
spicuous part, the lobes green, and the 2 small
petals red. Argentina. B.M. 3190. B.H. 22:73.—
A half-hardy species, showy because of the great
number of bright small fls.
BBB. Tuber small, sphseroid or somewhat flattened,
rarely elongated: Ivs. smaller or small, divided to
the base.
C. Throat of the spur ventricose-turbinate, aperture
narrow; spur cone-like, its tip cylindrical-subulate;
petals lemon-yellow.
9. tricolor, Sweet, emended by Lindl. (Sweet spelled
the specific name tricolorum, but, as Lindley pointed out,
this is orthographically incorrect) (T. coccineum,
Miers). Fig. 3857. Perennial from a fleshy or tuberous
root, half-hardy, climbing: Ivs. peltate, orbicular,
divided into 6 oblong villous Ifts.: fls. about 1 in. long,
somewhat cornucopia-shaped, the calyx being the con-
spicuous part; main part of the calyx vermilion, the
short lobes purplish, the small petals yellow. Chile.
B.M. 3169. B.R. 1935. F.S. 4:369. P.M. 2:123. Gt.
62, p. 273. G.W. 6, p. 277.— Very choice half-hardy
plant and probably the best known in this country of
the tuberous-rooted kinds. Usually grown indoors. Its
growth is very delicate. Var. grandiflorum, Hort. (T.
Jardttii, Paxt. T. Yardttii, Buchen.), differs only in
having larger fls. P.M. 5:29.
CC. Throat of spur open; spur short or very short, conical;
throat of corolla narrow, almost closed when old; petals
blue.
10. az&reum, Miers (T. violseflbrum, Dietr.). Very
slender glasshouse climber: Ivs. peltate, 5-parted, nearly
or quite to the base, into narrow-obovate or oblanceo-
late divisions: fls. small, the calyx and short spur
green, the wide-spreading corolla azure-blue, the petals
2-lobed or emarginate. Chile. B.R. 28:65. R.H.
1843:300. F.S. 2:110. P.M. 9: 247. R.B.20:157. Var.
grandifldrum, Hort., has larger fls. F.S. 11:1160. I.H.
3:85.
ccc. Throat of spur conical, aperture broad; throat of
corolla broad, open; petals yellow.
11. brachyceras, Hook. & Arn. A very slender
climber, resembling T. tricolor in habit: Ivs. peltate,
nearly orbicular, deeply parted into 6 or 7 oblong or
obovate obtuse lobes: fls. small, on short pedicels, the
calyx green and very short-spurred, the corolla with
spreading yellow petals. Chile. B.M. 3851. B.R. 1926.
F.S. 4:368. P.M. 4:55.— Half-hardy perennial.
T. digitatum, Karst. Climber, with root fibrous: Ivs. peltate>
5-7-lobed: fls. yellow, 1 in. diam., the spur long and red, the petals
fimbriate. Venezuela. — T. leptophyllum, Don (T. edule, Paxt.).
Climber: Ivs. orbicular, with 5 or 6 narrow Ifts.: fls. in shape jike
those of T. majus but smaller, yellow. Produces tuberous edible
roots. Chile. P.M. 9:127. — T. Lindenii, Wallis. Beautiful climber
with large, peltate, undulate-lobed Ivs. that are purplish beneath
and beautifully veined with white above: fls. on long pedicels, the
long tube red and the calyx-lobes green. Colombia. I.H. 41 : 17.
L. H. B.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
TROXIMON (Greek, edible, which does not apply).
Compdsitx. Mostly perennial nearly stemless herbs,
belonging to the Cichoriacese,
with clusters of sessile radical
Ivs. and simple scapes bearing
a head of yellow or purple fls.
in summer, on a naked or
bracted stalk: involucre cam-
panulate, the bracts in several
rows : rays blunt and 5-toothed
at the apex. — Species 30, in
N. Amer., except possibly 2
i species which are S. American.
" The plants are little known to
horticulturists . The name
Troximon is now given up for
Agoseris (Greek, goat chicory).
Agoseris cuspidate, Dietr.
(Trdximon cuspidatum, Pursh.
Nothocalais cuspidata, Greene).
3857. Tropaeolum Root thick: Ivs. entire, linear-
tricolor, (xfc) lanceolate, thickish, 4^0 in.
long, the margins conspicuously
white-woolly and crisped : scape
about 1 ft. high: fls. yellow,
about 1-1 Yi in. wide: achene
not beaked. Prairies of 111. and
Wis. to N. D. — Cult, easy in
any good border. Not unattractive. It
has rather large dandelion-like heads of
fls. in late summer. May be offered by
collectors. N. TAYLOR.!
TRUMPET-CREEPER: Campsis, especially C. radicans. T.-
Flower: Bignonia capreolata. T.-Honeysuckle : Lonicera semper-
mrens and Campsis radicans. T.-Vine : Campsis radicans.
TSUGA (its Japanese name). Pinacex. HEMLOCK
SPRUCE. HEMLOCK. Ornamental trees, grown chiefly
for their graceful habit and handsome evergreen foliage.
Resinous trees with slender horizontal branches: Ivs.
usually 2-ranked, short-petioled, linear, flat or angular,
falling away in drying: staminate aments axillary, sub-
globose; ovule-bearing aments terminal, the scales
about as long as the bracts, each with 2 ovules at the
base: cones small, ovate, or oblong with thin flexible
persistent scales, much longer than the bracts; seeds
winged. — Nine or 10 species in N. Amer., E. Asia, and
the Himalayas. The genus is closely allied to Abies and
Picea and differs little in the structure of the fls.; the
cones are very similar to those of the larch, but the Ivs.,
which are much like those of Abies in their outward
appearance, though smaller, are very different in their
internal structure from all allied genera, having a soli-
TSUGA
TSUGA
3391
tary resin-duct situated in the middle of the If. below
the fibro- vascular bundle. The light, soft, brittle and
coarse-grained wood is not durable and not much valued
except that of T. heterophylla, which is harder and more
durable, and that of T. Sieboldii, which is esteemed in
Japan for its durability. The bark is rich in tannin and
that of T. canadensis is extensively used for tanning
3858. Tsuga Sieboldii. (XH)
leather. T. canadensis should be called "hemlock
spruce," but in common speech it is usually alluded to
as "hemlock." The "hemlock" of the ancients is a
poisonous umbelliferous herb described in this work as
Conium maculatum.
The hemlock spruces are evergreen trees of pyramidal
habit, with spreading irregularly whorled much rami-
fied branches clothed with small linear usually two-
ranked leaves and small cones which are usually freely
produced. The cones are only about 1 inch long except
in one species, which has cones two or three times as
large. T. canadensis is quite hardy North and the
Japanese species and T. caroliniana have proved hardy
as far north as Ontario. T. Mertensiana is almost as
hardy. T. heterophylla is tenderer. There are probably
no more beautiful hardy conifers than the hemlocks,
and they must be ranked among the most ornamental
and useful trees for park planting. They do not have
the stiff formal appearance of many of the conifers,
but are graceful and stately at the same time. T.
heterophylla is the most vigorous species and is more
graceful than the Canadian hemlock, but tenderer. T.
Mertensiana is noticeable for its light bluish green foliage
and the more narrow pyramidal habit. T. Sieboldii is a
very handsome species with dark green glossy foliage,
but of slow growth and in cultivation usually remains
shrubbv. T. canadensis bears pruning well and is well
suited for tall hedges (see Gng. 2:289. Gn. M. 2:15;
4:19). The other species will probably bear pruning
equally well. The hemlocks are not very particular as
to the soil, provided it contains a sufficient amount of
constant moisture. Tsugas are not difficult to trans-
plant. Propagation is by seeds sown in spring and by
grafting on T. canadensis. The varieties and the
Japanese species are also raised from cuttings. See also
Arboriculture, Abies, and Picea for cultivation.
INDEX.
Albtrtiana, 5. erecta, 4.
albo-spica, 4. globoea, 4.
Araragi, 1. globularif, 4.
argentea. 6. gracilis, 4.
argenteo-variegata, 5. heterophylla, 5.
canadensis, 4. Hookeriana, 6.
caroliniana, 3. Jeffrey!, 6.
compacta, 4. Mertensiana, 5, 6.
diversifolia, 2. microphytta, 4.
nana, 2, 4.
parvifolia, 4.
Paiioniana, &
pendula, 4.
RoezUi, 6.
Sargeniiana, 4.
Sargentii, 4.
Sieboldii, 1, 2.
B. Margin of Ins. entire; apex of Ins.
usually emarginate, sometimes ob-
tuse.
c. Scales of cones suborbicular.
D. Branchlets yellowish brown, gla-
brous 1. Sieboldii
DD. Branchlets reddish brown, -pu-
bescent 2. diversifolia
cc. Scales of cones oblong: Its. often
obtuse 3. caroliniana
BB. Margin of Ins. finely denticulate, at
least toward the apex; apex of Irs.
obtuse or acutish.
c. Cones peduncled; scales almost
orbicular, glabrous 4. canadensis
cc. Cones sessile; scales oval, slightly
puberulous outside 5. heterophylla
AA. Lns. stomatiferous on both sides, flat or,
convex above, spirally arranged: cones
2-3 in. long ( Hesperopeuce) 6. Mertensiana
1. Sieboldii, Carr. (T. Araragi, Koehne). Fig. 3858.
Tree, attaining 100 ft., with spreading slender branches:
branchlets pale yellowish brown, somewhat glossy, gla-
brous, with reddish If .-cushions: Ivs. linear, usually
broadest at the apex, emarginate, grooved and glossy
dark green above, with 2 whitish lines beneath, K~Mm-
long: cone ovate, 1-1 M in. long, the peduncle exceeding
the bud-scales: bracts bifid. Japan. G.F. 10:492 (adap-
ted in Fig. 3858). F.E. 32:1301. S.I.F. 2:4.
2. diversifdlia, Mast. (Abies diversifolia, Maxim.
T. Sieboldii nana, Carr.). Fig. 3859. Tree, very similar
to the preceding, but smaller and chiefly distinguished
by the reddish brown pubescent branches: Ivs. linear,
emarginate or obtuse, shorter and narrower, broadest
at the middle or toward the base: cone smaller, J^-%in.
long: peduncle not exceeding the bud-scales; bracts
truncate, crenulate, not or slightly bifid. Japan. G.F.
6:495; 10:493 (adapted in Fig. 3859). S.I.F. 2:4.
3. caroliniana, Engelm. CAROLINA HEMLOCK. Tree,
attaining 70 ft., of more compact habit and with darker
green foliage than the following: young branchlets
light reddish brown, finely pubescent or almost- gla-
brous: Ivs. linear, obtuse or emarginate, dark green
and glossy above, with 2 whitish lines beneath, J^-%in.
long: cones oblong, 1-1 % in. long, peduncled; scales
oblong. Va. to S. C. S.S. 10:604. G.C. II. 26:780.
G.P. 2:269. Gn.M. 12:214.— More graceful than the
following.
4. canadensis, Carr. (Abies canadensis, Michx.).
COMMON HEMLOCK. Fig. 3860. Tree, attaining 70 and
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. LTS. with 2 white lines beneath,
grooved above, much flattened, dis-
tinctly 2-ranked: cones Y^-lYi in.
long.
3859. Tsuga diversifolia.
occasionally 100 ft. : young branchlets yellowish brown,
pubescent: Ivs. linear, obtuse or acutish, dark green
and obscurely grooved above, with 2 whitish lines
beneath, %-%ui. long: cones ovoid, J£-%in. long,
peduncled; scales almost orbicular. New Bruns. and
Wis., south to Ala. S.S. 10:603. G.C. III. 48:350.
Gn.M. 12:215. J.H. III. 66:467. G.W: 1, p. 359; 5, p.
536; 9, p. 213. — The hemlock spruce yields the lumber
3392
TSUGA
TULBAGHIA
most commonly used in the E. for framing and clap-
boarding of buildings. It is not used for finishing
lumber. A number of garden forms have been raised;
the following are the most important: Var. albo-spica,
Nichols. Tips of the young branchlets creamy white.
Var. compacta, Sene'cl. (yar. compacta nana, Beissn.).
Dwarf conical pyramid with numerous short branchlets
clothed with small Ivs. Var. globosa, Beissn. (var.
globuldris erecta, Kunkler). Dense, globose, much-
branched form with numerous upright branches nod-
ding at the ends. Var. gracilis, Gord. (var. microphytta,
Hort.). Slow-growing form with slen-
der sparingly ramified branches, spread-
ing and more or less drooping at the
ends: Ivs. very small, about Km- long.
Var. nana, Carr. Dwarf and depressed
form with spreading branches and short
branchlets. Var. parvifdlia, Veitch.
Lvs. very small, J^in. l°ng or shorter: branchlets stout,
closely set and numerous. Var. pendula, Parsons (var.
Sdrgentii pendula, Hort., var. Sargentidna, Kent).
Flat-topped form with spreading branches and drooping
branchlets. Gn. 32, p. 363; 39, p. 81. M.D.G. 1900 : 367,
368, 491. Very distinct and desirable form.
5. heterophylla, Sarg. (T. Albertidna, Se'ne'cl. T.
Mertensiana, Carr.). Tree, attaining 200 ft., with short
slender, usually pendulous branches forming a rather
narrow pyramidal head in older, but rather broad in
young trees: young branchlets pale yellowish brown,
pubescent: Ivs. linear, obtuse or acutish, distinctly
grooved and dark green above, with 2 white lines below,
J^-%in. long: cones oblong-ovoid, sessile, %-l in. long;
scales oval, slightly puberulous outside. Alaska to
Calif., west to Mont. S.S. 10:605. G.C. III. 12:11.
Var. argenteo-variegata, Schneid. Tips of the young
branchlets white.
6. Mertensiana, Sarg., not Carr. (T. Pattonidna,
Se'ne'cl. T. Hookeridna, Carr. T. Roezlii, Carr. Abies
Williamsonii, Newb. Hesperopeiice Pattonidna,
Lemm.). Fig. 3861. Tree, attaining 100 and occasion-
ally 150 ft., with slender pendent branches usually
forming an open pyramid: young branchlets light
reddish brown, pubescent, usually short and upright:
Ivs. spirally arranged around the branches, linear,
usually curved,
acutish, mostly
rounded or keeled,
rarely slightly
grooved above,
light bluish green
or pale bluish
white, with whi-
tish lines on both
sides, J^-l in.
long: cones cylin-
dric-oblong, usu-
ally violet-purple
before maturity,
brown when ripe,
2-3 in. long; scales
obovate, puberu-
lous outside. Brit.
Col. to Calif.,
west to Mont. S.
S. 10:606. G.C.
III. 12:10; 13:
659; 21:150, 151
(adapted in Fig.
3861).G.F.4:380;
10:6, 7. R. H.
1870, p. 21. Var.
argentea, Schneid.
Foliage bluish
white. G.W.14,p.
3861. Tsuga Mertensiana. (XK) 602. Var. Jeffreyi,
Schneid. (T. Pattonidna var. Jeffreyi, Henry). Lvs.
greenish, flattened and grooved above. — To avoid con-
fusion one has to bear in mind that T. heterophylla
was known for a long time as T. Mertensiana and still
bears this name in many gardens.
T. chinensis, Pritz. Tree, to 120 ft.: branchlets yellowish gray,
pubescent: Ivs. }^-l in. long, rounded or emarginate at the apex,
green or nearly so beneath, entire, on young plants sparingly
3860. A spray of hem-
lock spruce. — Tsuga
canadensis. (Xl)
toothed and with narrow white lines beneath : cones sessile, about
1 in. long, lustrous. Cent, and W. China. G.C. III. 39:236 (cones,
as T. yunnanensis). Has proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum
and thrives well. — T. dumosa, Sarg. (T. Brunoniana, Carr.). Tree,
to 120 ft. : Ivs. gradually tapering from the base, serrulate, acutish,
with broad silvery white lines beneath, %-l J^in. long: cone 1 in.
long. Himalayas. G.C. II. 26:73, 501. Tender.— T. Fretzii=
Pseudotsuga taxifolia var. Fretzii.- — T. yunnanensis. Mast. Tree,
to 150 ft.: branchlets with rufous-gray pubescence: Ivs. rounded
at the apex, entire, with white lines beneath, }^-l in. long: cones-
%-l in. long, dull, with fewer scales than T. chinensis. W. China.
G.C. III. 39:236 (excl. cones). Growing at the Arnold Arboretum,
and apparently quite hardy. ALFRED REHDER.
TSUSIOPEtfLLUM (Tsusia, a subdivision of Rho-
dodendron, and Greek for leaf). Ericdcese. A low pros-
trate shrub, native of Japan, resembling small-lvd. rho-
dodendrons of the section Tsusutsi (Tsusia), like R.
Tschonoskii, but corolla tubular, regular, smaller,
anther-cells dehiscent with a longitudinal slit, ovary 3-
celled and the scales of the winter buds dropping from
the base. Recently intro. and probably as hardy as
Rhododendron Kaempferi. Cult, and prop, like other
alpine Ericaceae. T. Tanakae, Maxim. Low prostrate
shrub with setose branchlets: winter buds with the
outer scales longer than the inner ones: Ivs. obovate-
elliptic, acute and apiculate, setose above, glabrous and
glaucous below except the setaceous midrib, M~Min.
long: fls. 1-2, short-stalked, white or pinkish; calyx-
lobes ovate, obtuse; corolla scarcely %in. long, tubular
with short roundish spreading lobes, the tube pubescent
outside and inside; stamens not exceeding the tube,
style shorter than the stamens; ovary paleaceous-setose.
Cent. Japan. ALFRED REHDER.
TUBEROSE: Polianthes.
TULBAGHIA (Tulbagh, a Dutch governor at the
Cape of Good Hope, died 1771). Lilidcese. Perennial
herbs with a short thick woody sometimes corm-like
rhizome, usually grown in the greenhouse: Ivs. radical,
ligulate: scape simple, leafless: fls. in a terminal umbel,
numerous, pedicellate; perianth urn-shaped or almost
salver-shaped; lobes 6, subequal, spreading; crown
rather fleshy at the throat, shorter than the lobes;
stamens 6; ovary sessile, ovoid or subglobose, 3-celled:
caps, ovoid or oblong, loculicidally dehiscent. — About
20 species, Trop. and S. Afr. Greenhouse subjects,
little cult.; prop, by seeds and offsets.
Simmleri, Beauverd. Bulb ovoid: Ivs. lorate-lan-
ceolate, rather obtuse: scape much longer than the Ivs.:
fls. small, rose, segms. ovate-oblong; corona urn-shaped,
crenately 3-lobed. Transvaal.
TULIP
TULIPA
3393
3862. A garden tulip. ( X
TULIP: Tulipa. T., Butterfly: Calochortus. T., Cape: species
of Hsemanthus. T. Poppy: Hunnemannia. T. Tree: Liriodendron;
also Hibiscus (or Paritium) elatus.
TULIPA (originally from Persian toliban, turban;
which the inverted flower resembles). Liliacese. TTJLIP.
Popular spring-flowering hardy bulbs, and much used
for forcing; of easy culture.
Low plants, the fls. mostly single (sometimes 2-5)
on a scape or scape-like peduncle that arises directly
from the bulb and is 30
in. or less high: bulb
tunicated, the outer
tunic often hairy or
woolly on the inner face :
Ivs. linear or broad: fls.
erect, rarely nodding,
showy; perianth decidu-
ous, campanulate or
slightly funnel-shaped;
segms. distinct, often
spotted or blotched at
base, without pitted
nectaries; stamens 6, hy-
pogynous, shorter than
perianth - segms. ; fila-
ments longer or shorter
than anthers, attenuate
or filiform; anthers de-
hiscing lateral! y; ovary
sometimes narrowed at
collar, rarely into a dis-
tinct style; stigmas
adnate : seeds numerous, flat. Differs from Fritillaria in
the absence of nectariferous pits and usually erect (never
pendulous) fls., and from Erythronium in its erect
broader perianth-segms., erect fls., and usually 1-fld.
sts. Native of Siberia, Turkey, Asia Minor, China,
Japan, and Medit. countries of Eu.; the species are
particularly abundant in Cent. Asia, in the Bokhara
region. The genus includes probably 100 species as
usually defined but perhaps reducible to much fewer;
the number in cult., outside the collections of special-
ists and botanic gardens, is very few. For litera-
ture, see J. G. Baker, Journal Linnean Society xiv.
(1875), 275-96; also in Gardeners' Chronicle, for 1883
(vols. 19 and 20); Levier, "Les Tulipes de 1'Europe,"
1885; Solms-Laubach on the history of the garden
tulips (see his "Weizen und Tulpe, und deren Ge-
schichte," Leipzig, 1899); Burbridge, The Garden,
Sept. 22, 1900.
Tulips are flowers of rich and brilliant colors, and of
good "substance." The tulip is the most showy of
spring flowers, and the habit and shape of the plant
are so formal and definite that it is adapted to the
vicinity of buildings, walks, and to parterres. They
are also charming subjects for "spotting in" singly and
in little clumps among shrubbery and along well-
planted borders.
The range of season is great, from the early Due
Van Thols to the Cottage and late Darwins, covering
nearly two months. By a judicious selection of seasons
and colors, the amateur may have a most satisfactory
successional display, one kind blending into the other.
The catalogues of plantsmen and seedsmen usually
contain reliable lists of varieties for the different
seasons. They are dwarf, from about a foot high in
the early races, to very tall, as much as 2 and 3 feet
in some of the Darwins and other month-later races.
There are double tulips of good form and many colors;
also the Parrot tulips with curiously enlarged and cut
or frayed petals and odd color-markings. The grace-
ful chalice-lines of the single tulips are lost in the
double and semi-double forms; the doubles, however,
make striking mass displays; they are usually some-
what later-blooming than the singles of the same
class.
The form of the chalice or perianth-cup, the sub-
stance of the flower, the shape of the segments, and
the color, are marked features in the tulips of the
different classes and seasons. The usually cultivated
tulips have very broad flower -segments, obtuse or
abruptly narrowed and short-pointed, as in Fig. 3862.
In the wild, however, are many forms with long-nar-
rowed segments, as shown in Fig. 3863 (adapted from
Gardeners' Chronicle), and these may be seen some-
times in the gardens of amateurs; they are very inter-
esting and often showy. It appears that in earlier times
the sharp-pointed flower-parts were desired. Other
tulip forms are represented in Figs. 3864 and 3865, as
well as in the succeeding pictures accompanying this
article.
The colors of tulips cover a wide range except that
there are no real blues. There are clear whites, yellows
and orange, crimsons and reds, violets and purples,
and many vari-colored types. The tulips known
as "breeders" are self-colored kinds; that is, the
flowers are of solid colors, usually in dull and neutral
shades of red and yellow with tints of bronze, buff,
and brown. The reason for the name is this: When
tulips are grown from seeds, the flowers at first are
usually self-colored; the same bulbs when grown for a
few years tend "to break" into mixed colors, particu-
larly into feathered markings: the self-colored state is a
breeding-stage for other kinds. When the bulbs are
multiplied asexually (as explained farther on), they
reproduce the stage in which they then are; if propa-
gated in the "breeder" stage, they give self-colored
flowrers; if in the "broken" stage, they give parti-col-
ored flowers. These stages are longer or shorter in dif-
ferent lots of seedlings, and are not definite epochs. The
"broken" tulips are of many kinds. Those with white
ground or under-color and lilac or purple markings are
"bybloemen" or "bybloems," and those with yellow
ground-color and red to brown over-color are "bizarres."
The terms "bybloem" and "bizarre" are also sometimes
applied to selfs, or breeders, when the colors are pre-
vailingly lilac or purple in the one case or prevailingly
yellow in the other. Selected strains of breeder tulips,
with very large bloom, long stems, and "art colors"
are now popular. The so-called "rectified" tulips are
broken breeders with solid
colors in stripes, flames,
plumes, and patches; they
are bybloemen and bizarres.
It is said that the "break-
ing" is facilitated by certain
There are many classes of
tulips. We might distinguish
three roughly: (1) The early
single tulips of the Due Van
Thol kind, of small stature,
excellent for first bloom and
for early bedding, being out
of the way for other bedding
plants; they lack the size of
bloom and the "substance"
of later kinds. There are also
later-flowering single tulips of
the early class. (2) Later-
flowering or Cottage tulips,
comprising the main-season
kinds that have been pre-
served by cottagers in the
old countries since the col-
lapse of the tulipomania of
Holland. (3) The Darwins
are stately plants, mostly
selfs or "breeders," closing the
tulip season, with very rich
3863. A tulip with acuminate and deep colors in crimsons,
flower parts. reds and purples; there are
3394
TULIPA
TULIPA
some whites but no yellows. This Darwin race is rela-
tively recent, having been given its present name (in
compliment to Charles Darwin) little more than twenty-
five years ago. Broken rectified Darwins in several color
combinations are known as Rembrandt tulips.
There are many other classes or subclasses, and
races of intermediate season, that need not be men-
tioned here.
Vari-colored garden tulips are classified by F. D.
Horner (England) into six main sections or classes,
and the self-colored or "breeder" strains into three
classes, as follows: "(1) Flamed Bizarres. These have
a yellow ground flamed with red, very dark, almost
black, and chestnut-brown. (2) Feathered Bizarres.
These have similar colors, but the yellow grounds are
marked or penciled on the margin, whereas the flamed
flowers have a heavy 'beam' of color in the center of
the petals. (3) Flamed Bybloemens. These have a
white ground marked with lilac, purple, and very deep
black-purple color. (4) Feathered Bybloems. Similar
in color, but with feathered instead of flamed petals.
(5) Flamed Roses. These are flamed with rose and
scarlet colors on the pure white ground. (6) Feathered
Roses. These have a white ground, and are flamed
with rose and scarlet colors. There are three more
classes of what are termed 'breeders.' Bizarres.
Yellow selfs. Bybloemens. Lilac and light to deepest
purple selfs. Roses. Rose and scarlet selfs. They are
termed 'breeders' because in the course of a few years
these self-colored flowers become flamed or feathered,
and pass out of the breeder state."
The common garden tulips, in their many forms,
are probably all developments of the Gesneriana
group, comprising T. Gesneriana, T. suaveolens, and
the like. Many of the forms sometimes catalogued as
"botanical tulips" are also very ornamental and are
always interesting in a collection. A number of spe-
cies may be had in the
trade. They should be bet-
ter known.
Tulip history (Stubenrauch) .
The tulip has an unusual
and interesting history, on
which we may pause briefly.
The origin of the gar-
den tulip seems to be lost
beyond recovery. It is
often said that it is derived
from Tulipa Gesneriana,
but this does not explain. It
merely means that in 1753
Linnaeus grouped all the
garden tulips he knew under
the name of Tulipa Gesneri-
ana. But the tulips of that
day had been cultivated
for two centuries by Euro-
peans, and previously for
an indefinite period by
the Turks, from whom, of
course, we have no exact
records. (Fig. 3866.) One
3865. Acute-petaled style of
tulip. (X1A)
3864. The common contemporaneous garden tulip.
might study wild tulips in their native places and com-
pare them with descriptions without being certain of the
original form which the Turks brought from the wild,
simply because of the lack of records at the beginning. It
is necessary to have some scientific name for the garden
tulips. The most one dare say is that the garden tulips
are chiefly referable to T. Gesneriana and T. suaveolens,
with the distinct understanding that these names do
not represent an original wild stock. Tulipa suaveolens
requires explanation. This name, which dates from
1797, stands for a kind of tulip discovered wild in
southern Europe long before that date. There is no
proof that it was native; the probability is that it had
escaped from gardens and run wild. In 1799, it was dis-
tinguished from the other tulips then known by the
fragrance of the flowers, the earliness of bloom, slightly
greater size and pubescent scape. From the early
records it appears that there were fragrant early-
blooming flowers among the first tulips received from
Turkey. This is one of the main reasons for thinking
that T. suaveolens is not native to southern Europe.
At all events, it is clear that T. suaveolens has played
an important part in the evolution of the garden
tulip, the Due van Thol class being credited to this
source. The distinctions between T. suaveolens and T.
Gesneriana given in the sequel are those of Baker, but
they do not hold at the present day. It is impossible
to refer any given variety with satisfaction to either
type. Some writers have said that the leaves of T.
suaveolens are shorter and broader than those of T.
Gesneriana. This character also fails. All grades of
pubescence are present. Some pubescent plants have
long leaves and odorless flowers. Others have short
glabrous leaves and fragrant flowers.
For practical purposes it may be said that most of
the common garden tulips, at least the late-flowering
ones, are T. Gesneriana, while many of the early-flower-
ing kinds, e.g., the Due van Thol class, are supposed
to be derived from T. suaveolens. It is impossible to
press much nearer the truth, as the prototypes of the
old garden favorites cannot be known completely
and precisely.
The first tulip seeds planted by Europeans were
sent or brought to Vienna in 1554 by Busbequius, the
TULIPA
TULIPA
3395
Austrian ambassador before the Sultan of Turkey.
Busbequius reported that he first saw the flowers in a
garden near Constantinople, and that he had to pay
dearly for them. After the introduction of seed to
Vienna the tulip became rapidly disseminated over
Europe, both by home-grown seed and by new impor-
tations from Turkey. In 1559 Gesner first saw the
flower at Augsburg, and it is mainly on his descrip-
tions and pictures that the species T. Gesneriana was
founded. One of the earliest enthusiasts was the
herbalist Clusius, who propagated tulips on a rather
large scale. A picture from him is shown in Fig. 3866.
He -did not introduce the tulip into Holland, but the
appearance of his specimens in 1591 did much to
stimulate the interest in the flower in that country.
The best of Clusius' plants were taken from him, as
the admirers of the tulip were unwilling to pay the
high prices he demanded. After this, the propa-
gation of the tulip proceeded rapidly in Holland and
the flower soon became a great favorite. The produc-
tion of new varieties became a craze throughout the
Netherlands, culminating in the celebrated "tulipoma-
nia" which began in 1634. The excitement continued
for four years, the price of bulbs often being above that
of the precious metals. Thirteen thousand florins were
paid for a single bulb of Semper Augustus; but the
dealings were often in the nature of pure speculation,
no bulbs changing hands. Governmental interference
was necessary in order to end the ruinous speculation.
After the craze subsided, the production of varieties
continued upon a normal basis, and has persisted
throughout the centuries in Holland, making that
country the center of the bulb-growing industry of the
world down to the present day.
The introduction of the tulip into England is credited
to Clusius, about the year 1577. Tulips reigned supreme
in English gardens until the beginning of the eighteenth
century, when they were neglected by the rich for the
many new plants from America. For a time the tulip
was considered more or less of a poor man's flower,
although it has at no time been without many staunch
admirers among the upper classes.
With the Turks the narrow acuminate flower-seg-
ments were in favor, while western taste preferred the
rounded forms (Fig. 3868). The Turks seem to have
been satisfied with a preponderance of the reds and
yellows, for in the first sowings of Turkish seeds the
larger part of the resulting blooms were of those colors.
It thus came about that flowers so colored were con-
sidered common and undesirable in the European gar-
dens and all effort was directed to the production of the
rarer white-grounded varieties with finely and distinctly
marked stripes, those with a sharp bright red being the
favorites. Indisputable evidence of this is seen in the
old Holland "still-life" paintings of that time, where one
finds none but the rarer forms represented (Solms-Lau-
bach). All the early tulips of direct Turkish origin had
acute more or less narrow and reflexed segments. In-
deed, among all the old engravings, including those of
Pena and Lobel (1570), Clusius (1576), Dodoens (1578),
and Besler (1613), no round-petaled forms are found.
Besler's work, "Hortus Eystettensis," contains mag-
nificent copper plates, the first in any book on plants.
In some copies the plates are beautifully colored by
hand. The fifty-three figures of tulips in this great work
show how widely diversified was this flower even at
that early date. In this and in Parkinson's "Para-
disus Terrestris" (1629), many are figured with inner
segments rounded and outer acute, but none vice versa
(so far as can be seen), although that form is mentioned
in the descriptions. The broad, rounded, erect-petaled
forms were developed later, apparently first by the
Dutch growers before the tulipomania and contem-
poraneously with it, and produced wholly by selection.
This ideal has prevailed down to the present time, for
the narrow-petaled varieties are practically unknown
215
among our common garden forms, so much so that the
extreme typical one has been referred to a separate
species (T. acuminata, Fig. 3872). In the Dutch fields
they are now known as "thieves," and are destroyed
as soon as they make their appearance. The quest for
unusual colors appears to have been one feature of
the tulip furore. Dumas' "Black Tulip" is interest-
ing in this connection.
Parrot tulips were known toward the end of the
seventeenth century. They were often considered
3866. A sixteenth-century tulip.
From the work of Clusius published in 1576. One of the
oldest pictures of tulips. Same size as original plate.
to be monstrosities and were pictured as such. Accord-
ing to Solms-Laubach, no traces of them are to be found
in the old Dutch books. They were evidently developed
by the French, who did not disdain the yellow and red
forms, to which these belong, to such an extent as did
the Hollanders. At one tune they were made a separate
species, T. turcica, and were later said by one author
to be hybrids, between T. acuminata and T. sylvestris
(E. S. Rand, Jr., 1873), by another between T. Ges-
neriana and T. suaveolens (Mrs. Loudon, 1841). That
the Parrot tulips are hybrids is perhaps true, but to
state with certainty the parents seems impossible, for
as early as 1613, among the figures in Hortus Eystet-
tensis, there is one which shows laciniation of the
petals to a marked degree, sufficiently so, in fact, to be
3396
TULIPA
TULIPA
the original form from which this strain might have
been developed. Many of the garden varieties of today
exhibit more or less laciniation, so that it is probable
that "Parrot" strains might be developed from them
by simple selection.
Double tulips seem to have made their appearance at
an early date. In "Hortus Eystettensis" (1613), there
are four forms figured, one of which, at least, seems to
have been almost wholly made up of bracts, as it is
shown entirely green and is described as being "wholly
herbaceous and green." The other three there figured
3867. A pan of Murillo tulips, one of the few double varieties
that are really desirable. ( X ]>i)
are: one red, one yellow, and the other white with
maroon borders. Solms-Laubach places the advent
of double tulips at a much later date, 1665, and gives
as the first authentic record the account of "Tidipa
lutea centifolia, le monstre jaune double." Flowers with
as many as 200 petals are mentioned. A double form of
"T. serotina" was known in 1701, and at the beginning
of the nineteenth century a double form of T. sylves-
tris was described.
Cultivation of the tulip.
The tulip is one of the easiest plants to grow, but,
like other plants, it profits by extra care. In any ordi-
nary soil it gives excellent satisfaction, if good bulbs
are secured in the first place.
For outdoor cultivation for spring bloom the bulbs
should be set in September to December in the latitude
of New York. They should be planted before hard
freezing weather comes. The soil should be a sandy
loam, well worked to a depth of at least 12 inches for
best results, and enriched with leaf-mold and well-
rotted cow-manure. Fresh manure of any kind should
never be used near bulbs of any sort. On heavier soils
tulips can be successfully raised if extra care is given to
insure perfect drainage. Drainage is important under
all conditions. The bulbs will never prove satisfactory
in low wet situations, and if there is danger from stand-
ing water it is best to raise the beds several inches above
the surrounding ground. The production of large per-
fect flowers depends on a large supply of fibrous roots.
Size of bulbs is not so important: a large bulb cannot
offset a deficiency of roots.
Plant the bulbs 4 to 6 inches deep (to the bottom of
the bulbs) and 4 to 9 inches apart, depending on the
class or siz.e of the plants, the closer distances being
for the early single kinds and the wider distances for
the later and larger kinds. Care should be exercised
to place all the bulbs at the same depth, as otherwise
they will not all bloom at the same time. When the
ground begins to freeze, cover the beds with leaves,
dry ferest litter, or other light material. After danger
of heavy frosts is past in spring the beds should be
uncovered, and if the work of preparation and planting
has been well done the tulips will require little or no
further care. In England many of the beds of choice
and delicate varieties of tulips are protected when in
flower from heavy rains and hot sun by means of light
cloth screens, and are thus kept in good condition for
some time.
Tulips may remain in the ground several years if the
tops are not cut off and if the maturing leaves are not
smothered by other plants. In practice, however, the
best results are usually not secured in this country
after the bulbs have been in the ground two or three
years. The Darwin class seems to lack in constitution,
and the plants should be renewed every two years or so.
In old-fashioned gardens, tulips often remain year
after year; but when the beds are needed for other flowers
in succession, the bulbs are lifted as soon as the flowers
are past and reset elsewhere until the plants mature
and the tops die down naturally. Then the bulbs are
taken up, sorted and dried, and stored in a cool dark
place until planting-time; or they may be planted at
once in the permanent quarters if the area is ready to
receive them. Even in borders and among shrubbery,
it is weir to take up the bulbs every two or three years
and sort out the small ones, replanting the remainder;
or, if they are weak, to discard all of them for new ones.
For the best bedding work, it is advisable to use strong
freshly imported stock each year.
To make design-beds, choose bulbs of very uniform
size. Dig out the bed, removing all the earth a little
deeper than the bulbs are to be planted, then make a
thin layer of soft earth on which the bulbs may rest;
this surface should be stroked level and be at a uniform
depth. Then place the bulbs in the design and fill in
around them carefully by hand; then place the earth
back in the bed.
For pot culture (winter and spring bloom), a mixture
of fine garden loam, two parts to one of well-rotted
manure (cow-manure composted for two years is best),
mixed with enough clean sand to make the mass easily
friable, is most suitable. If no loam is obtainable and
a heavier garden soil must be used, one part of the
latter will be sufficient, in which case the addition of an
equal proportion of leaf -mold will be advantageous.
From three to five bulbs, according to size, to a 5-inch
pot are effective. Deep pans are often used with good
effect; a 6-inch pan
may hold five or six
early singles, and
an 8-inch pan as
many as ten (Figs.
3867, 3868). Fill
the pots lightly and
press the bulbs into
the soil, thus bring-
ing the base in close
contact with the
soil-particles. Cover
the bulbs to the tip
and press the soil
firmly all around.
Water once freely
and cover the pots
entirely with soil,
leaves, or litter, so
that they will be
out of reach of
frost, or place them
in a dark cold (not
freezing) cellar or
room until the
bulbs have become
well rooted, which
under ordinary 3868. Round-petaled tulips in a 5-inch
conditions will re- pot. (X1A)
TULIPA
TULIPA
3397
quire five or six weeks. When the pots have become
well filled with roots — the more the better — they are
ready to be brought into the house. For the first few
days at least the temperature should be moderate and
even, and the atmosphere not too dry. Water freely
but not to excess. Some of the varieties — especially
the white thin-petaled ones — are said to resent over-
watering very quickly. If raised ia living-rooms
greater care is necessary, as the atmosphere of such a
room is drier than that of a greenhouse. On cold
nights the plants should be removed from exposed
places where they are liable to freeze, and when the
flowers appear they should not be allowed to stand in
the direct rays of the sun shining through a window.
Many of the handsomest flowers are thus easily burned
and wilted. Practically all of the early single varieties
are adapted to pot culture, especially the Due van
Thols when well rooted; otherwise they are extremely
unsatisfactory. For a succession, pot every week or
ten days from Sep-
tember to December
or pot early and
bring into the house
at fortnightly inter-
vals. Avoid cak-
ing the soil beneath
bulbs. The single
early tulips are best
for forcing, al-
though some of the
Darwins give good
results.
Many of the early
single varieties are
adapted to water-
culture. For this
purpose use ordinary
"hyacinth glasses"
and select only well-
formed solid per-
fect bulbs of fair size.
Put a little charcoal
in the water to keep
it pure. The bulbs must be placed so that the base
is just in contact with the water — not immersed in it.
Place them in a dark closet for ten days or a fortnight
until the bulbs have become well rooted, then give them
plenty of light and air.
Propagation is effected in various ways. Tulips may
be increased by the side offsets, but these are not so
constant as new bulbs produced within the outer tunics
by means of cutting the old bulbs. Fig. 3869 shows a
section of a bulb with new inner bulb and outer offset
in place. The new bulb is completely inclosed in a sac
which afterward becomes the outer dry membranous
tunic. The pubescence, if any, may be found on the
inside of this sac, even in the earliest stages of growth.
The new bulb is attached to the base of the flower-
stem, immediately above the root-crown from which the
former proceeds directly upward. Each new bulb-
tunic (including the outer sac) is provided with a grow-
ing tip, which often extends above ground into a leaf,
each one coming up within the other. Fig. 3869 shows
the separated leafy bulb-scales, and indicates the homol-
ogy of tunics and leaves. Sports among the offsets are
at present mainly depended on for the production of
new varieties. These have been found susceptible to
the "breaking" process, though perhaps slower to
respond than the seedlings. Seed production is now
practised only in exceptional cases. The production
of hybridized varieties by crossing the old forms with
some of the newly introduced species is likely to come
into favor.
Tulips are "Holland bulbs;" that is to say, the bulbs
are grown mostly in Holland and are extensively
shipped to this country. Considerable interest has
3869. Three leafy bulb-scales from
young bulb, exhibiting the homology of
leaves and bulb-scales (XJi). At the
right an old tulip bulb, showing for-
mation of new bulb within the old, and
flower-stem attached directly to root-
been aroused in the growing of commercial bulbs in
this country, particularly in the Puget Sound region.
The tulip can be grown to perfection in the Pacific
Northwest, but the cost of production, on account of
the high wage-rate, may be a controlling problem. As
the situation looks now, the American can produce
fully as good a bulb, and one that will mature earlier
than the Holland-grown; but whether the product can
be sold in the eastern market in competition with
the Dutch is a question yet to be determined. It
is probable that the bulbs can be grown as far south
as San Francisco. South of San Francisco, the single
early tulips bloom very close to the ground; on the
other hand, the Darwins seem to do very well in the
Santa Cruz and Ventura regions. At the government
bulb-farm at Bellingham, Washington, good tulip
bulbs with normal increase have been produced under
adverse conditions.
INDEX.
acuminata, 39.
Gesneriana, 12.
planifolia, 38.
alba, 14, 38.
albiflora, 38.
albo-oeulata, 12.
Greigji, 14.
Hageri, 3.
Hoogiana, 34.
platystigma, 31.
plurifolia, 5.
pracox, 9, 53.
aleppica, 52.
armena, 36.
ingens, 28.
Julia, 46.
prsestans, 4.
primulina, 8.
aurea, 33.
Kaufmanniana, 33.
pulchella, 16.
australis, 7.
Kesselringii, 30.
retroflexa, 40.
Batalinii, 47.
Kolpakowskiana, 22.
rubra, 18.
bicolor, 32.
Korolkowii, 32.
saxatilis, 35.
Biebersteiniana, 51.
linifolia, 44.
spathulata, 12.
biflora, 48.
Lortetii, 52.
Sprengeri, 23.
Billietiana, 37.
Lownei, 43.
Btellata, 50.
Borszczowii, 22, 41.
lutescens, 38.
Strangewaysiana, 12.
carinata, 18.
lycica, 52.
Btrangulata, 6.
Clusiana, 49.
macrospeila, 11.
Buaveolens, 4, 5.
coccinea, 33.
maculata, 6, 25.
sylvestris, 4, 20.
Dammannii, 42.
Mauriana, 38.
Tubergeniana, 27.
dasystemon, 1.
Maximowiczii, 29.
turcica, 12.
Didieri, 38.
Micheliana, 26.
turkestanica, 48.
Dracontia, 12.
montana, 46.
violacea, 17, 18.
Eichleri, 15.
nitons, 3.
viridiflora, 9.
elegans, 24.
nitida, 13.
vitellina, 19.
flarentina, 20.
Oculus-solis, 52.
Watsoniana, 45.
fragrans, 2.
odorata, 20.
Wilsoniana, 45.
fulgens, 10.
Ostrowskiana, 21.
KEY TO THE GROUPS.
It is a matter of regret that the key used below is
based on technical botanical characters of no interest
to the horticulturist, but it seems to be impossible to
group the species primarily according to the color and
shape of the flowers or other marked external features.
It is difficult to determine the cultivated forms botani-
cally. For the most part, the portraits cited in this
treatment are under the names that accompany them;
the authors can not vouch for all of them.
Subgenus I. ORITHYA. Style distinct by the attenua-
tion of the ovary, bearing 8 small stigmas:
dwarf, smatt-fld. and fragile plants little known
in cult. Species 1
Subgenus II. TULIPA proper. Style lacking, the
stigma sessile on the ovary.
A. Outer coat or tunic of bulb glabrous or practically
so inside. Species 2-4
AA. Outer bulb-coat or covering variously hairy on
inside.
B. Bulb-tunic always hairy at base inside around
root-crown, and usually with a few scattering
hairs above but sometimes without them.
Species 5-13
BB. Bulb-tunic with a few oppressed hairs inside
toward the top. Species 14-23
BBB. Bulb-tunic with scattering oppressed hairs
all over inside. Species 24-38
AAA. Outer coat variously pubescent or woolly inside.
*• B. Bulb-tunic pubescent inside, often densely so at
apex. Species 39-42
BB. Bulb-tunic woolly at base inside. Species 43-47
BBB. Bulb-tunic everywhere woolly inside. Species 48-53
Subgenus I. ORITHTA, small plants with a distinct style.
1. dasystemon, Regel (Orithya dasystemon, Regel).
"Belongs to the Orithya section of the genus, which
3398
TULIPA
TULIPA
includes species that are nearly all of small stature and
possess comparatively small fls. It is a charming plant,
growing about 6 in. high. The fls. have yellow segms.
edged with white. When fully open in sunny weather
a group produces a brilliant effect, and it is one of those
small bulbous plants that are most appropriate for the
rock-garden planted between other low-growing plants.
The bulbs may be left undisturbed in the ground; a
group planted amongst Alyssum spinoswn in the rock-
garden at Kew flowered quite as freely the second year
as the first."— W. I. in G.C. III. 52:206 (with fig.).
Baker describes it as st. 1-fld. and not more than 3 or 4
in. long: Ivs. 2, glaucous, lanceolate: perianth above 1
in. long, funnel-shaped, bright yellow inside, the outer
segms. oblanceolate and green-tinged on outside.
E. Turkestan.
Subgenus II. TULIPA proper, without distinct style.
A.l. Outer bulb-tunic quite or nearly glabrous
inside.
B. Perianth yellow, flushed with green
outside 2. fragrans
BB. Perianth crimson tinged with yellow
outside 3. Hageri
BBS. Perianth vermilion 4. praestans
2. fragrans, Munby. Height 6-12 in. : proper Ivs. 3,
crowded at middle of st., linear or lorate: fls. yellow,
greenish outside j perianth funnelform-campanulate,
1-1^2 m- l°ng. 3 in. across, slightly fragrant; segms. all
acute; filaments bearded at base; ovary slightly nar-
rowea at collar; stigmas small. Algeria. Gn. 45:486. —
Allied to T. sylvestris, differing in position of the Ivs.
and segms. uniformly wide.
3. Hageri, Heldr. Height 6 in. : Ivs. 4r-5, lorate acute,
not undulate: fls. chiefly red, about 2 in. across; peri-
anth broad-campanulate, 1% *&•> inodorous; segms.
acute, red, with a large, green or purple-black basal
blotch margined with yellow; stamens purple-black;
filaments linear, bearded at base; ovary narrowed at
collar; stigmas small. Hills of Parnes range in Attica.
B.M. 6242. F. 1877:169. Var. nitens, Hort. Wallace.
Said to be much finer than the type: fls. 3 in. across,
bright orange-red, the outer segms. flushed with gray
and bronze, black at base. Asia Minor. Gn. 63, p. 372.
4. praestans, Hoog (T. suaveolens var. sylvfstris,'RegeY).
Bulb about 1 in. diam., rounded, with leathery skin
which is almost glabrous inside: scape to 18 in., white-
hairy, 1- to several-fld. : fls. light scarlet-vermilion, the
segms. all uniform in shape, pointed: Ivs. hairy, rather
broad. Bokhara. B.M. 7920. G.C. III. 33:325. Gn.
W. 24:317.— Once confused with T. suaveolens, but
now considered to be clearly distinct, and that species
is identified with the Due van Thol forms.
A2. Outer bulb-tunic always hairy at base inside around
root-crown, and usually furnished with a few scatter-
ing hairs above but sometimes without them.
B. St. and Ivs. pubescent 5. suaveolens
BB. St and Ivs. glabrous 6. strangulate
c. Leafy only at base of st.
D. Lvs. lanceolate: fl. yellow 7. australis
DD. Lvs. linear: fl. yellow 8. primulina
DDD. Lvs. lorate-lanceolate: fl. greenish . 9. viridiflora
CC. Leafy to middle of st. or above.
D. Perianth uniformly dark scarlet
with a bright yellow basal blotch. 10. fulgens
DD. Perianth uniformly with a black-
ish basal blotch, bordered with
bright yellow 11. macrospeila
DDD. Perianth variable, but rarely with a
bordered dark basal blotch 12. Gesneriana
13. nitida
5. suaveolens, Roth. Due VAN THOL TULIPS. Height
3-6 in.: Ivs. 3-4, mostly at base of st., lowest lorate-
lanceolate and broad: perianth campanulate, 1-2 % in.
long, erect, fragrant, bright red or yellow or varie-
gated; segms. all acute; filaments glabrous; anthers
yellow; ovary prismatic; stigmas very large. S. Rus-
sia and S. Eu., but possibly only a naturalized form
of old intro. Turkish garden varieties. F.S. 12 : 1223.
B.M. 839. Var. plurifolia, Hort. St. with 2 fls., bright
scarlet, rather pointed in form, with black mark at base
of each segm.
6. strangulata, Reboul. Said by Baker to be very
near T. suaveolens, but much taller and the segms.
furnished at base with a large black blotch: typically
red-fld., but with yellow varieties. Italy. B.R. 1990
(as T. scabriscapa) . Var. maculata, Hort., has soft yel-
lowish fls. blackish at base.
7. australis, Link. Height 12-18 in.: st. slender:
Ivs. 2-3, crowded together at lower portion of scape,
channeled: bud nodding; peri-
anth 1H in. across, funnel-
form-campanulate, yellow, out-
side reddish; segms. oblanceo-
late-oblong, acute at apex,
slightly puberulent; anthers
yellow ; filaments flattened,
bearded at base; ovary nar-
rowed at collar. Savoy, France,
Spain, Portugal, and Algeria.
Gn. 45:486.
8. primulina, Baker. Bulb
ovoid, 1 in. diam., the outer
coats brown and thinly ap-
pressed-hairy inside: st. gla-
brous, 1-fld., less than 1 ft.
long: Ivs. 3-6 near base of st.,
linear and channeled, glabrous:
fl. very fragrant, pale primrose-
yellow somewhat red-tinged
on outside, funnel-shaped, 1^
in. long; segms. oblong-lanceo-
late and acute, the inner ones
hairy at base. Algeria. B.M.
6786. — Closely allied to T.
australis.
3870. A Parrot tulip.— , ?; viridifldra. Hort. Outer
Tulipa Gesneriana var. bulb -tunic glabrous except
Dracontia. (XK) around root-crown, where there
is a dense fringe: st. glabrous
and glaucous: Ivs. lorate-lanceolate, undulated, gla-
brous, glaucous, edges slightly ciliated near base: fl.
large, soft green, edged with yellow or white. Gn. 32 :
514. — Garden form. Bears some resemblance to a
Parrot tulip. Var. prsecox, Hort., is larger, pale green.
10. fulgens, Hort. Garden form with beautiful
scarlet fls. : height 8-18 in. : Ivs. 3, lanceolate or ovate,
very wavy: perianth-segms. all oblong -ovate, acute;
anthers yellow; pollen yellow; filaments white, flat-
tened, glabrous; ovary prismatic; stigmas small, not
wavy.
11. macrospeila, Baker. A supposed hybrid of
unknown origin, T. Gesneriana probably being one of
its parents. Height 10-18 in.: Ivs. 3-4, long and nar-
row, lowest long-lanceolate, flat, pendent: peduncle
wiry: perianth campanulate, slightly funnelform, emit-
ting a heavy sweetish unpleasant odor, bright crim-
son to cerise or cherry-red, with a distinct nearly black
cuneate basal blotch broadly margined with yellow or
yellowish white at top; segms. obtuse or outer some-
times acute, outer reflexed, inner erect; filaments
dilated, white at base, black, violet or striated above,
glabrous; ovary prismatic, creamy white; stigmas same
color, large, slightly undulated.
12. Gesneriana, Linn. COMMON GARDEN or LATE
TULIPS. Figs. 3862, 3864, 3865, and others. Height
6-24 in. : st. erect : Ivs. 3-4 or more, lower lorate-lanceo-
late or ovate-lanceolate, . often undulated, glaucous,
pubescence variable : peduncle erect : perianth campanu-
late, 1-2^2 in. long, inodorous, bright red or vari-
colored, when bright red with only an obscure basal
TULIPA
TULIPA
3399
blotch, which is usually yellow but may be dark or
even blackish or mixed, sometimes white; segms. all
obovate-oblong, obtuse, broadly rounded at apex, often
with a small cusp in the center; filaments glabrous,
flattened; ovary prismatic; stigmas large and usually
crisped. Origin uncertain. Intro, from the Turkish
gardens in 1554. Long since hybridized and cult, out
of all semblance to any wild forms. Supposed original
form (Baker) in EM. 6439 (as T. Schrenki). Darwin
tulips (Fig. 3871) are a strain of long-stemmed late
self-colored tulips.
Var. Dracontia, Baker. PAHROT TULIP. Fig. 3870.
Similar in habit: perianth usually yellow and red
striped and splotched; segms. deeply cleft and lacini-
ately dentate. F.S. 21:2211 (as T. turcica).
Var. spathulata, Hort. (T. spathulata. Bertol.).
This differs from the type in its larger fls. of a brilliant
red color with a large purplish black blotch at the base
of each of the segms. Italy. — Probably the largest of
the wild tulips.
Var. Strangewaysiana, Hort. Very large brilliant
dark scarlet fls., with a handsome dark basal blotch.
One of the naturalized tulips found without disposi-
tion to vary in fields near Florence, Italy. F. 1881 :65.
Var. albo-oculata, Krelage. Deep eampanulate fl.,
with a slight sweetish mawkish odor, bright red, with a
distinct white basal blotch; inner segms. obtuse, outer
acute; filaments white.
13. nitida, Hoog. Bulb ovoid and small, with
long neck, the brown coats glabrous inside except
a few short hairs at base and top: scape slender and very
short (2-3 in. high), glabrous: Ivs. 3, linear-lanceolate,
falcate and channeled: fl. bell-shaped, 1% .m- long,
intense and very brilliant vermilion-scarlet with small
well-defined black blotch at base of segms.; inner
segms. obovate, outer segms. oval and shorter. Bok-
hara. G.C. III. 31:351.
A3. Outer bulb-tunic with a few oppressed hairs inside
toward the top.
B. St. pubescent.
c. Lns. blotched with linear chestnut-
brown spots: filaments not bearded
at base 14. Greigii
cc. Lxs. not blotched: filaments bearded
at base 15. Eichleri
BB. St. glabrous (T. Kolpakowskiana
sometimes obscurely pubescent),
c. Lns. ovate or broadly lanceolate.
D. Filaments bearded at base 16. pulchella
17. violacea
DD. Filaments not bearded 18. carinata
19. vitellina
cc. Lns. narrowly lanceolate to linear or
linear-lanceolate.
D. Filaments bearded at base 20
DD. Filaments not bearded, glabrous .21.
22
23.
sylvestris
Ostrowskiana
Kolpakow-
[skiana
Sprengeri
14. Greigii, Regel. Height 2-8 in.: Ivs. usually 4,
obscurely downy, much undulate toward cartilaginous
border: perianth campanulate, 3-3^ in. long, 5 in.
across, spreading abruptly from about the middle,
bright crimson with a large dark basal blotch margined
with yellow; segms. uniform, obovoid, cuspidate or
emarginate; anthers yellow; filaments black, glabrous;
ovary narrowed at collar; stigmas yellow, twice as
broad as neck of ovary, reflexed. Turkestan. B.M.
6177. F.S. 21:2261. 'F. 1876:217. G.Z. 21:265.—
Early-blooming. Var. alba, Hort., has segms. white-
margined.
15. Eichleri, Regel. Height 6 in. : Ivs. 12-15 in. long,
lanceolate-acuminate, margins plane and smooth:
perianth broadly campanulate, 2J^-3^i in. across,
deep scarlet with a broad - cuneate dark violet-blue
basal blotch margined with yellow; segms. rounded at
top with a mucro; anthers violet-brown; filaments
black; stigmas very thick, undulate, pale yellow.
Georgia in Asia. B.M. 6191. F. 1877 : 169.— Allied to
T. Greigii.
16. pulchella, Fenzl. Height 4 in. : Ivs. 2-3, crowded
and spreading close to the surface of the ground, chan-
neled, obscurely ciliate on edges: perianth funnelform,
erect, 1-1% in. long, 2% in. across, bright mauve-red
above, passing downward into a slaty lilac without any
dark-colored blotch, but bright yellow at base; segms.
all acute, densely pilose at base; filaments linear;
ovary clavate; stigmas less than ovary-diam. Alpine
regions of Cilician Taurus, 1877. B.M. 6304.— A dwarf
species near to T. Hageri.
17. violacea, Boiss. & Buhse. Less than 12 in. high:
Ivs. 3-5, crowded: perianth campanulate with a con-
tracted base, 1}^ in. long, 2 in. wide, fragrant, typi-
cally bright mauve-red or rosy crimson flushed with
purple, varying to white with a slight flush of red out-
side, with a large brown or black basal blotch, usually
bordered with white; segms. uniformly oblong, sub-
acute; stamens black or purple; stigmas small. Persia.
Intro, to cult. 1890. B.M. 7440. G.M. 39:390.—
Allied to T. Hageri and T. pulchetta.
18. carinata, Hort. Krelage. Lvs. 3, not crowded, as
long as fl. -stalk, slightly undulate, lightly ciliate on
edge near base: perianth open-campanulate, 3 in. long,
dark scarlet, tinged with green just above and blending
into a bright yellow basal blotch; segms. acute, cuspi-
date; stamens yellow; ovary
prismatic; stigmas white, not
undulated. Habitat unknown.
Vars. r&bra and violacea,
Hort., are offered.
19. vitellina, Hort. Lvs. 4,
not crowded, as long as fl.-
stalk, not undulated, thinly
ciliate on edges: peduncle
slightly tinged with red near
fl.: perianth campanulate, 2
in. long, sulfur-yellow, no
basal blotch; inner segms.
rounded, outer acute; fila-
ments yellowish white;
stigmas not undulated. — Said
to be "hybrids between T.
suaveolens and T. Gesneriana. ' '
It is one of the "Cottage Gar-
den" tulips, a class of old-
fashioned tulips which have
been preserved from oblivion
in the gardens of the poor.
Recently they have been
restored to popular favor.
Well worth attention.
20. sylvestris, Linn. Height
9-15 in.: Ivs. usually 3, at
base of scape, channeled,
linear-lorate : peduncle some-
times 2-fld. in cult.: bud
nodding; perianth funnelform-campanulate, lJ^-2 in.
long, yellow; segms. all acute, inner narrower; ovary
bladder-form (narrowed at collar); stigmas smaller
than ovary-diam., yellow. Said to be native in Eng-
land and widely so in Eu. — In cult, as T. florentina and
T. florentina var. odorata.
21. Ostrowskiana, Regel. Outer tunics of the bulb
blackish, strigose-pilose at their apex inside: st. 3-lvd.,
glabrous, 1-fld., 8-10 in. high including the peduncle:
Ivs. glaucescent, glabrous, immarginate, the lower nar-
rowly lanceolate, strongly undulate, the upper linear-
lanceolate to sublinear, shorter than the st.: peduncle
glabrous: sepals more or less spreading, elliptic, per-
3871. A Darwin tulip
See No. 12.
3400
TULIPA
TULIPA
ceptibly narrowed into a short cusp, purplish brick-red,
base marked with a blackish spot, glabrous; filaments
glabrous. Turkestan. Gt. 33:1144. B.M. 6710 (as
T. Kolpakowskiana).
22. Kolpakowskiana, Regel. Tunics of the bulb
fuscous, strigose-pilose toward the apex inside: sts.
3-lvd., 1-fld.: Ivs. erect-spreading or spreading, undu-
late, obscurely cartilaginous margined, margin smooth
or scaberulous, lower Ivs. narrowly lanceolate or linear-
lanceolate, upper rather linear (sublinear): peduncle
glabrous: perianth erect; sepals spreading, elliptic-lan-
ceolate to lanceolate, all acute or rarely rather obtuse,
yellow, outer ones very often becoming reddish or
greenish dorsally or entirely purple in a variety, apex
and base glabrous; stamens glabrous. Turkestan. B.M.
6635 and G.C. III. 27:309 (both as T. Borszczowii).—
Nearly allied to T. Gesneriana, Linn., which differs in
the 3-4-lvd. st., the broader immarginate Ivs. and in
the campanulate-connivent frequently obtuse segms.
of the perianth.
23. Sprengeri, Baker. Late-flowering: height 10-18
in.: Ivs. 4, close together, long, linear-lanceolate, stiff:
peduncle wiry, tinged with deep red under fl. : perianth
open-campanulate (star-shaped), 2 in. long, bright
scarlet with a somewhat dull brown basal blotch mar-
gined all around with dull orange-yellow, all blending
into one another; segms. all oblong-ovate and cuspi-
date; filaments reddish brown; ovary reddish; stigmas
equal to narrow collar. Hab.(?). Intro, by Dammann
& Co., Naples, 1894. Gn. 56:438. Gt. 44:1411. G.M.
49:665. Said to be the latest tulip.
A4. Outer bulb-tunic 'with scattering oppressed hairs all over
inside.
B. St. pubescent ( T. maculata finely so and
sometimes glabrous; T. Tubergeniana
not considered).
C. Perianth usually bright red with a
yellow basal blotch 24. elegans
CG. Perianth orange-scarlet, vermilion,
m red, with a dark brown, purplish,
m bluish black basal blotch 25. maculata
26. Micheliana
27. Tubergen-
28. ingens [iana
BB. St. glabrous, or essentially so (see No.
27).
c. Lower Ivs. linear 29. Maximo wiczii
cc. Lower Ivs. lorate or linear-lanceolate. 30. Kesselringii
ccc. Lower Ivs. lanceolate or broadly so.
D. Lvs. very much undulated 31. platy stigma
DD. Lvs. slightly or not at all undulated.
E. Perianth-segms. all rounded or
obtuse at top, not ending in
point 32. Korolkowii
EE. Perianth-segms. (or at least half
of them) acute or cuspidate.
F. Inner and outer segms. acute
or at least short-pointed. [niana
33. Kaufman-
34. Hoogiana
35. sazatilis
FF. Inner segms. rounded, the
outer acute 36. armena
37. Billietiana
38. Didieri
24. elegans, Hort. Height 12-18 in.: Ivs. 3-4, below
middle of st., lorate-lanceolate, finely ciliate upon
upper face: perianth beautiful scarlet with yellow base,
campanulate, 3-3 H in- long; segms. uniform, narrowed
gradually to a very acute point; anthers violet; fila-
ments glabrous; stigmas larger than ovary-diam.,
yellowish. — Known in gardens only. Krelage cata-
logues a variety as "Cottage elegans picotee," which
has larger Ivs. and white fls. edged with rose, and with-
out basal blotch. Probably a hybrid between T.
acuminata and T. suaveolens, according to Baker.
25. maculata, Hort. Height 12-18 in.: Ivs. 3-4, lo-
rate-lanceolate: perianth fine scarlet, campanulate,
2-2 }/2 in.; segms. obovate, cuspidate, very wide beyond
middle; anthers purple; filaments glabrous; stigmas
small. — "A well-marked garden race, with the habit of
T. Gesneriana, from which it differs by its small stigma,
pubescent peduncle, and bright red fl. -segms., with a
broad black basal blotch." — Baker.
26. Micheliana, Hoog. Bulb ovoid, to about 1 ^ in.
diam., the outer brown coats clothed inside with long
buff -colored hairs: scape pubescent, about 1 ft. high:
Ivs. usually 4, very glaucous, often brown-striped, lan-
ceolate and the upper ones linear-lanceolate, very undu-
late: fls. single, large, vermilion-scarlet inside and lilac-
tinged outside; outer segms. oblong-ovate and cus-
pidate; inner segms. obovate, mucronate; all segms.
with black lanceolate blotches at base. Steppes of
Trans.-Caspia. G.C. III. 31 : 353.
27. Tubergeniana, Hort. Outer bulb-scales hairy
inside: lys. broad-lanceolate-acuminate: fls. single,
large, vivid crimson with very dark-margined blotch
at base of the broad acuminate-pointed segms.; bud
before expansion conical with tips of outer segms.
reflexed. Bokhara. G.C. III. 35, suppl. June 4.
G.M. 51:711. F.E. 3:94. .
28. ingens, Hoog. Bulb ovoid and large, the outer
scales covered on inside with long silky hairs, espe-
cially toward the base and the apex of the bulb: st. or
scape about 10 in. high, pubescent: Ivs. 3, undulate,
the lowest broad-lanceolate and the upper linear-
lanceolate, very glaucous, and the upper surface
white-hairy: fls. very large, to 4 in. long, funnel-
bellshaped, bright scarlet-vermilion with a prominent
black blotch at base or covering entire claw; inner
segms. obovate, mucronate; outer segms. oblong-ovate,
mucronate, bearing outside a broad yellowish band;
filaments subulate, glabrous. Bokhara. G.C. III.
32:14.
29. Maximdwiczii, Regel. Lvs. erect: peduncle gla-
brous: perianth crimson, with a black basal blotch;
segms. obtuse, ending in a short sharp point; anthers
light purple; filaments linear, not bearded. E. Bokhara,
1889. Closely allied to T. linifolia, from which it dif-
fers in having outer bulb-tunic hairy at apex (not
woolly), erect Ivs. and sharp-pointed perianth-segms.
Gt. 38 : 1307. G.C. III. 19 : 757.
30. Kesselringii, Regel. Lvs. 4-5, crowded at base of
st., lorate-lanceolate, or linear channeled: peduncle some-
times obscurely puberulent: perianth campanulate.
1M~2 in. long, bright yellow, flushed with red ana
green outside; inner segms. subobtuse, outer acute;
stamens bright yellow; filaments glabrous; stigmas not
equal to ovary-diam. Turkestan. B.M. 6754.
31. platystigma, Jord. Height 18 in.: st. slender,
glabrous: Ivs. 3-4, very much undulated: peduncle
glabrous: perianth campanulate, 2 in. long, violet-
scented, magenta-red; segms. obovate-oblong; claw
blue tinted with a yellow spot in the middle; filaments
not bearded; anthers violet-colored; ovary prismatic;
stigmas very large and undulated. France.
32. Korolkdwii, Regel. Height 6-9 in. : Ivs. 2-3, fal-
cate, margin crisped: perianth campanulate, red, with
a distinct black basal blotch; inner segms. oblong,
outer obovate; filaments lanceolate; stigmas small.
Turkestan, 1875. Var. bicolor, Hort. Wallace.
Described as having fls. about the size of those of T.
Clusiana and "of extreme beauty in form and color-
ing; the buds are of a soft buff and yellow tone, and,
when expanded, the segments display a scarlet blotch."
Gn. 59, p. 275.
33. Kaufmanniana, Regel. Less than 12 in. high: lys.
2-3; perianth subcampanulate, 2-3 in. long, 2J^-4 in.
across, bright yellow in original form, tinged with red
outside, without basal blotch; in cult, very variable in
color, often cream-white, and nearly always with a
deep yellow basal blotch; anthers lemon-yellow, linear;
TULIPA
TULIPA
3401
filaments bright orange, linear flattened; ovary pyram-
idal* stigmas small in cult, form, but described as
large. Turkestan, 1877. B.M. 6887. G.C. III. 51:217.
Gn. 65, p. 198; 71, p. 199; 72, p. 190; 75, p. 216; 77,
p. 195;78, pp. 178, 506. Gn.W. 21:345. G.M. 56:211.
Var. aurea, Hort. Segms. of perianth red, with yellow
markings outside and entirely yellow or orange-yellow
inside. Gn. 74, p. 241. G.M. 47:147. Var. coccinea,
Hort. Fls. rich brilliant scarlet, at the base clear yel-
low.— T. Kauftnanniana is a handsome and valuable
species, blooming exceptionally early. Sometimes called
''water-lily tulip" from the resemblance of the partially
opened fls. to those of nymphea.
34. Hoogiana, Fedtsch. Outer bulb-scales covered on
inside with reddish hairs: St., including bloom, 6-18 in.
high, smooth: Ivs.
4-6, lanceolate-taper-
ing, smooth, with a
narrow membranous
white short - ciliate
margin, the lowest
8-10 in. long and
1^-3 in. broad: fl.
scarlet, with a large
black blotch bordered
with orange on each
segm. within the cup
and a corresponding
yellow mark on the
outside ;segms. broad,
somewhat abruptly
acuminate at apex;
filaments linear- lan-
ceolate, blackish vio-
let; anthers blackish.
Cent. Asiatic desert
(Bokhara), "a bril-
liant and striking
species." G.C. III.
48:62.
35. saxatiliSjSieber.
Distinct: bulb ovoid,
medium size: height
12 in. or more: st.
usually branched low
down and bearing 2
fls.: Ivs. usually 3.
sometimes lowest 12
in. long, lanceolate
or linear and gla-
brous: perianth ob-
long -funnelfonn, 2-
2.]^ in- long, 3 in.
across, light mauve-
purple, at base bright
yellow; segms. pubes-
cent at base, all
acute and the inner
ones obovate - cuspi-
date; anthers black-
ish; filaments bright
yellow; ovary pris-
matic; stigmas small.
Crete. B.M. 6374. Gn. 56:102; 72, p. 214; 77, p. 196.
36. armena, Boiss. Lvs. 5, crowded at base of st.,
falcate, glaucous and glabrous, slightly undulated, long,
ciliate on edge all around, longer than fl.-stalk: pedun-
cle glabrous, finely dotted: perianth open-campanulate,
slightly sweet-scented, 2 in. long, dark scarlet with
black basal blotch margined all around with yellow;
inner segms. rounded, outer acute; anthers purple;
filaments flattened, black, not bearded. — This name
is referred by Baker without hesitation to T. Ges-
neriana, but the plants in the trade as T. armena differ
as indicated above.
3872. Tulipa acuminate. — A form
with long-pointed petals, the old
Turkish garden pattern. ( X H)
37. BiUietiana, Jord. & Fourr. Lvs. 3-4, undulate,
not ciliate on edge: perianth open-campanulate, 2 in.
long, 3H in. across, inodorous, bright yellow, flushed
with scarlet-pink, especially outside, with obscure basal
blotch striated with blue-black lines; anthers dark gray
or blackish; filaments yellow, with dark stria t ions;
ovary narrowed at collar; stigmas light yellow, very
large and crisped. Savoy, Italy. B.M. 7253. G.M.
38:311.— One of the late tulips.
38. Didieri, Jord. Height 12-18 in.: Ivs. 3-4, undu-
late, acuminate: perianth campanula te, 2-2 % in. long,
4?^ in. across, bright crimson, with purple basal blotch
margined with yellow or yellowish white; outer segms.
reflexed; stamens same color as basal blotch; ovary
narrowed at collar; stigmas larger than collar-diam.,
white. Savoy, Italy, and Alps. B.M. 6639. Gn.W.
21:1067. Var. Mauriana, Baker. Lvs. narrower,
slightly undulate: perianth brilliant red, with wide
yellow blotch. Var. planifdlia. Baker. St. slender: Ivs.
narrow, not undulated: perianth deep red, faintly
marked with yellowish red or blackish blotch. Var.
alba, Krelage" Peduncle stiff, mottled with red:
perianth light lemon-yellow, or white tinged green
outside, basal blotch limited to a few dark striations;
filaments same color as fl. Var. lutescens, Krelage.
Lvs. 3, slightly falcate: perianth light yellowish white
streaked with red, with a bluish violet, dark basal
blotch; filaments colored like the blotch in perianth.
Var. albifldra, Hort., white-fld., is mentioned. G.W.
12, p. 378.
A5. Outer bulb-tunic pubescent inside, often or mostly
densely so at apex.
B. Perianih-segms. very long, linear,
and acuminate 39. acuminata
BB. Perianth-segms. oblong, all uni-
form and acuminate 40. retrofleza
BBS. Perianth-segms. abruptly cuspidate. 41. Borszczowii
BBBB. Perianth-segms. all narrowly ob-
long; inner acute, outer rounded
at top 42. Dammannii
39. acuminata, Vahl. Fig. 3872. Height 12^18 in.:
Ivs. 4, lowest lanceolate, all undulated at margins:
peduncle 'shining: perianth very open, light yellow
splotched with red lines; segms. sometimes 4^ in.
long, less than Km- wide, with edges rolled in; sta-
mens yellow; filaments flattened, glabrous; ovary pris-
matic; stigmas very large, yellow, not undulated.
Turkey(?) "This, the well-known Turkish tulip, is a
most distinct type, of which the native country is not
clearly known. It has the bulb, leaf, and glabrous
peduncle of T. Gesneriana, and the flower is similarly
variable in color." — Baker.
40. retroflexa, Hort. Lvs. long-lanceolate, some-
times linear-lanceolate, slightly ciliate on edge, other-
wise glabrous: peduncle somewhat shining: bud nod-
ding; perianth open fuimelform-campanulate, yellow,
a shade darker at base — a trace of a very obscure basal
blotch; segms. uniform in width, linear-lanceolate,
acuminate, twisted, undulated edges; stamens yellow;
filaments flattened, glabrous. A supposed garden
hybrid between T. Gesneriana and T. acuminata.
Gn.W. 23: suppl. July 7. Gn. 78, p. 452.
41. Borszczdwii, Regel (later spelled Barsczowii.
Pronounced Borshoini). Bulb ovate, fuscous, outer
tunics pubescent within: plant glaucous, very gla-
brous: st. 12-18 in. high, white pruinose, lower third
covered with lacerate scarious sheaths, 1-fld.: Ivs.
bluish green, ovate-lanceolate, gradually attenuate
from the broader base to the apex, decreasing in size,
four in number, the lower up to 6 in. long, more or
less undulate: petals cuneate-obovate, apex rounded
to the noticeably abrupt cusp, red with an obovate
black blotch at base; stamens glabrous. Steppes of
Kara-Kum on the Aral Sea. Gt, 33: 1175.
3402
TULIPA
TULIPA
42. p&mmannii, Regel. Height 6 in.: Ivs. 4, placed
whorl-like at middle of st., linear-lanceolate, recurved,
obscurely bristly, ciliate on margin, otherwise glabrous :
peduncle glabrous: perianth spreading, star-shaped,
Eurplish or reddish with an oblong-lanceolate black
lotch without yellow border; segms. narrowly oblong;
filaments filiform, glabrous; stigmas broader than
ovary-diam. Mt. Lebanon, 1889. Gt. 38:1300.— Allied
to T. linifolia and T. Maximowiczii.
A6. Outer bulb-tunic woolly at apex inside.
B. Filaments bearded at base 43. Lownei
BB. Filaments not bearded.
c. Perianth crimson or scarlet, with a
distinct basal blotch 44. linifolia
45. Wilsoniana
46. montana
cc. Perianth yellow, without basal blotch. 47. Batalinii
43. Ldwnei, Baker. Height 2-4 in.: st. glabrous,
sometimes 2-headed: Ivs. 2, lanceolate, acuminate, fal-
cate, glabrous: peduncle slender, glabrous: bud slightly
nodding; perianth funnelform, small, white with a
bright yellow basal blotch, tinged outside with light
purple or purplish pink, inner segms. wider; stamens
yellow; ovary narrowed at collar; stigmas very small.
Mountains of Syria and Palestine, 1874.
44. liniffilia, Regel. Dwarf: bulb ovoid, I4r%m.
diam., the tunics blackish and "bearded inside at the
apex with brownish hairs:" st. somewhat shining, some-
times 2-headed: Ivs. 6 or 7, linear and grass-like, spirally
arranged, spreading, glabrous: perianth open-campanu-
late, small, bright crimson; basal blotch bluish black;
inner segms. oblanceolate, outer ovate and slightly
wider; anthers pinkish; pollen gray; filaments bluish
black; ovary pyramidal; stigmas very small, yellowish
white. Bokhara. B.M. 7998. Gn.W.21:707.
45. Wilsoniana, Hoqg (T. Watsoniana, Andre).
Differs from T. linifolia in bearing a mass of protruding
woolly hairs from the bulb rather than short and bristly
hairs, in having fewer and somewhat broader Ivs., fls.
more distinctly margined with red and more upright-
growing in the later stages of development, in the
obovate inner segms., and in the longer ovary and
broader filaments. Mountains of Trans-Caspia, south-
west of Aschabad. G.C. III. 29:327.— Named for G.
F. Wilson of Weybridge, England. The fls. are "of a
particularly deep and full vermilion-scarlet;" outer
segms. oblong, with small cusp; inner segms. obovate,
more or less retuse: scape short, 2-4 in. high.
46. montana, Lindl. Bulb large and ovoid, with
dense pubescence: height 4-8 in.: lower Ivs. oblong-
lanceolate, acuminate, undulated, very glaucous:
peduncle glabrous: perianth campanulate, 1^-2 in.
long, 2 in. across, deep crimson, paler outside; segms.
ovate or oblong, flat, acute, the inner often obovate
obtuse; filaments purplish; ovary prismatic; stigmas
small. Mountains of Persia. B.R. 1106. Var. Julia,
Koch. Dwarf, from Caucasus. Not more than 3-4 in.
tall: fls. bright red, 1 in. or less long; all 6 segms.
obovate and obtuse.
47. Batalinii, Regel. Bulb globose, with thin tunic:
height] 5 in.: st. glabrous: Ivs. 5, crowded into a sort
of whorl just below middle of st., linear - lanceolate,
glabrous, slightly undulated: perianth campanulate,
slightly funnelform, pale yellow; segms. slightly
unequal, oblong-ovate, obtuse or short-acute, sometimes
deeply incised on the edge near the top; filaments
linear, terete, yellow; ovary elliptic-oblong, compressed,
trigonous; stigmas coromform. E. Bokhara, 1889.
Gt. 38:1307. B.M. 7991. G.C. III. 19:759; 49:382.—
One of the early tulips.
A7. Outer bulb-tunic everywhere woolly inside.
B." Filaments bearded at base.
c. The filaments flattened 48. biflora
cc. The filaments cylindric 49. Clusiana
BB. Filaments not bearded 50. stellata
c. Perianth bright yellow, with obscure
basal blotch or none 51. Bieber-
cc. Perianth bright scarlet, with a dis- [steiniana
tinct black or purplish basal blotch
margined with yellow 52. Oculus-solis
53. praecox
48. bifldra, Pall. Height 3-6 in.: st. glabrous or
slightly pilose, usually 2- or 3-fld., rarely 4-, 5- or 6-fld. :
Ivs. often 2, sometimes 3, linear, long: perianth funnel-
form-campanulate, 1 in. long, 2 in. across, pale yellow
or white inside, tinged with green or red or even pur-
plish outside; segms. acute; filaments flattened, ciliated
at base; ovary narrowed at collar; stigmas small.
Mountains of Cent. Siberia and the Caucasus. B.R.
535. B.M. 6518. Var. turkestanica, Hort. More
robust than the type and larger in all its parts: fls.
often 4 or 5 on the scape. G.C. III. 47:85.
49. Clusiana, Vent. Described by Baker as "one
of the most widely spread and clearly marked of all
the tulips, and one that shows the least tendency to
vary:" bulb small and densely pilose: height 12-18 in.:
st. slender, glabrous: Ivs. 4-5, very long and narrow
and folded double, linear-acuminate, pendent : peduncle
slender, tinged with brown directly under fl. : perianth
small, when open 2 in. across, funnelform-campanulate,
very fragrant, delicate white (sometimes described
as lemon-yellow), with a purplish black base and
black stamens, outside flushed with red; segms. acute;
claw hirsute on edge; stamens yellow; filaments
cylindric, densely bearded at base; ovary pyramidal;
stigmas small, tinged with red. Portugal, through
Medit. region to Greece and Persia. B.M. 1390.
Gn. 77, p. 171. Gn.W. 22:329.
50. stellata, Hook. Close ally of T. Clusiana, with
similar Ivs. and habit, according to Baker, but the
segms. more obtuse and the fl. always without the dis-
tinct purple eye, the fl. very wide open in sunlight.
Himalaya. B.M. 2762. — Bright yellow variations are
mentioned.
51. Biebersteiniana, Schult. f. Height 6 in.: st.
slender, glabrous: Ivs. 2-4, crowded together, long,
channeled, glabrous, slightly ciliated on edge: bud
slightly nodding; perianth open-campanulate, 2^ in.
long, bright yellow tinged with scarlet-pink on edges
and sometimes green outside; at base a brownish yellow
discoloration; inner segms. obtuse, outer acute; anthers
gray; pollen yellow; filaments yellow; ovary prismatic;
stigmas yellow, undulated. Asia Minor.
52. 6culus-s61is, St. Amans. Tall, 12-18 in.: st.
slender, glabrous: Ivs. 3-4, lorate-lanceolate, acute,
glabrous: perianth funnelform-campanulate, 2J^-3 in.
long, 4H in. across, scentless, erect; segms. bright red,
with a large long black yellow-bordered blotch, very
acute, the inner ones often less so; anthers yellow;
filaments purple; ovary prismatic. South of France,
Italy, and Switzerland. B.R. 380 (as T. Gesneriana).
Var. Lortetii, Baker. A slight variety, the basal spot
oblanceolate and black. Marseilles. Var. lycica,
Baker. St. 6-8 in. long: Ivs. crowded: perianth-segms.
all acute, inner oblanceolate-oblong; apex subdeltoid;
blotch black; anthers and filaments dark purple. Lycia,
Asia Minor. Var. aleppica, Baker. A form with fls. con-
siderably smaller than W. European type, with a smaller
black basal blotch. Asia Minor, Syria, and Palestine.
53. praecox, Tenore. Height, 12-18 in.: st. slender,
glabrous: Ivs. 3-5, lorate-lanceolate, acute, undulated
at margin: perianth beautiful scarlet, campanulate,
2-3 in. long, 3 in. across, erect, scentless; basal blotch
oblong or oblanceolate and purplish black, margined
with yellow; segms. widely imbricated, outer slightly
longer, acute, puberulent at apex; inner shorter,
obtusely cuspidate; anthers yellow; filaments long,
dark purple, glabrous; ovary prismatic; stigmas
pubescent, reddish. Italy and S. France; also Algeria,
CXIV. Tulip varieties of the Tulipa Gesneriana type
TULIPA
TURNIP
3403
Greece, Syria, Palestine, and Persia. Very closely
allied to last, and figured as such in B.R. 204, 1143,
1419; differs, according to Baker, "by its more robust
habit of growth, earlier flowering, and ovate more
imbricated perianth-segms., with a less clearly marked
basal blotch." — One of the oldest known species.
T. fldta, Hort, is "often confused -with vitellina in gardens,
though perfectly distinct. Flava is yellow, very robust, tall, and
at least a fortnight later in blooming. Vitellina is almost white
when old." Imperfectly known. — T. Fosteriana, Hort. Fls. very
large, rich intense glowing crimson with a darker blotch at the base
of the segms. : Ivs. very broad, many-nerved: of robust habit and
easily grown. Bokhara. G.C. III. 39:323.— T. galatica, ^reyn.
Tunics silvery hirsute within: st. glabrous: Ivs. linear-lanceolate,
acuminate: fls. yellow; outer segms. elliptic to oblong-elliptic;
inner segms. spatulate, rounded. Asia Minor. — T. lanata, Regel.
Dwarf: fls. large, goblet-shaped, rich vermilion, with a large black
spot at the base of each of the segms. Bokhara. — T. Leichtlinii,
RegeL Bulb-tunics glabrous inside: height 9-18 in.: st. glabrous:
lower Ivs. lanceolate-linear: fl. erect; perianth between campanu-
late and funnelform; outer segms. narrow and acute, the outer
bright purple with broad white margin, the inner much shorter
and obtuse at apex and yellowish white. Kashmir. Gn. 40:174.
ARNOLD V. STUBENRAUCH.
L. H. B.f
TUMBOA (native name). Gnetacex. Applying
strictly the rules of priority, T. Bainesii, Hook, f.,
becomes the name of the strange plant long known as
Welwitschia mirabilis; in this work, the description is
given under the latter name.
TUNG SHU: Aleurites Fardii.
TUNICA (Latin, a tunic or coat, from the imbricated
involucre). CaryophyUacese. Annual or perennial hardy
herbs, usually slender but stiff garden plants, with the
habit of Gypsophila but botanically more nearly allied
to Dianthus; sometimes grown in flower-gardens.
Leaves narrow: fls. as in Dianthus, but smaller,
gathered in cymose panicles or heads; calyx turbinate or
elongate-tubular, obtusely 5-toothed, 5-15-nerved;
petals 5, claw elongate, blade retuse or emarginately 2-
cleft; stamens 10; ovary 1-celled: caps, ovoid or oblong,
dehiscent by 4 valves. — About 20 species, S. Eu. and E.
Asia. Prop, by seeds or division.
Saxifraga, Scop. Apparently the only species in cult.
A tufted spreading hardy plant suitable for rockwork
and blooming in summer and fall. It is a wiry-stemmed
perennial, growing 6-10 in. high: fls. small, with rosy
white, lilac or pale purple notched petals. G. 34:211.
— Has become adventiye in some parts of the E. Var.
alba, Hort., is a white-fld. form. Var. albo pleno,
Hort., is a double white-fld. form. Var. flore-pleno,
Hort. (T. Saxifraga var. plena, Hort.), has semi-double
fls. about Hm- across and deeper pink than the type.
F. TRACY HrBBARDf.
TUP A (Peruvian name of the plants). Campanvla-
cese. Tall herbs with many-fld. terminal racemes: fls.
usually red or yellow; corolla-lobes all incurved, coher-
ing at the apex by day. About 8 species from Chile.
Now considered a section of Lobelia. T. crassicaulis,
Hook. Subshrub about 3 ft. high : st. erect, simple, stout :
Ivs. densely clustered at the top of the st., spreading,
reflexed, lanceolate, or broad-lanceolate, acute, base
attenuate to a short petiole, serrate, pubescent above,
hoary-tomentose beneath: calyx-tube hemispherical,
segms. spreading, acuminate; corolla yellow-orange
(finally scarlet), tube laterally compressed, limb 2-
lipped. Habitat uncertain. B*.M. 4505. J.F. 1:107.
This has never been transferred to Lobelia; it may be
a Siphocampylus rather than a Lobelia.
T. salidfdlia, Don=Siphocampylus giganteus.
TUPIDANTHUS (Greek, mattet and flower, referring
to the shape of the fl.-buds). Araliacex. At first a gla-
brous small tree, becoming with age a tall climber: Ivs.
large, digitately compound; Ifts. coriaceous, entire; sti-
pules connate : umbellules arranged in a short panicle or
compound umbel: fls. large for the order; petals connate
in a leathery or fleshy hood; stamens numerous; disk
convex: fr. leathery to fleshy, subglobose. One species,
India. T. calyptrdtus, Hook. f. & Thorns. Lvs. digitate;
Ifts. 7-9, entire, 7x2>£ in., narrow -oblong, short-
acuminate, narrowed at base; petiolules 2 in. long: main
umbel about 3-rayed, branches 3 in. long with large
bracts at their bases; umbellules 5-7-cleft: fls. green;
stamens 50-70. India. B.M. 4908.
TUPISTRA (Greek, mallet, alluding to the peculiar
shape of the stigma). Lilidcese. Perennial herbs grown
in the warmhouse. Rhizome stout, sometimes short and
tuberous, sometimes elongated and annulate: Ivs.
radical, long, large, contracted into the petiole: scape
radical, between the Ivs., short or elongated, erect or
recurved at the top, simple, terminated by a dense
cylindrical spike: fls. sessile, grouped, violet or lurid:
perianth campanulate, 6-, rarely 8-lobed, short and
spreading; stamens as many as corolla-lobes; ovary free,
sessile, 3- rarely 4-celled, cells 2-ovuled: berry globose,
usually 1-seeded. — About 13 species, India, Burma, and
Malaya. Probably no species in general cult.
The following species have been intro. into botanic gardens: T.
Cldrkti, Hook. f. Robust glabrous herb with a thick creeping rhi-
zome: Ivs. oblanceolate, 4r-5 ft. long, 2-5 in. broad, entire, shining:
peduncles 3 in. long, bearing nodding or almost pendulous spikes,
3-4 in. long: fls. about 1 % in. across, dull reddish purple inside, at
first green with perianth-lobes purple-margined, finally all buff.
Sikkim. B.M. 7957. — T. ffrdndis, Ridley. Lvs. tufted, 2-3 ft. long,
lanceolate: peduncle stout, red-brown, bearing a spike 10-12 in.
long: fls. subsessile, crowded; perianth campanulate, tube J#n.
long, red-brown, lobes dark red-purple; stigma broadly peltate, on
a white columnar, exserted style. Perak. B.M. 7829. — T. Macro-
stigma, Baker ( Macros tigma tupistroides, Kunth). Rhizome thick,
creeping: flowering tufts usually 2-lvd.: Ivs. petioled, lanceolate, 1
ft. or more long, acute, chartaceous, narrowed from above the mid-
dle to the point and petiole, bright green on both surfaces: peduncle
dark purple, erect; spike drooping, lax, about 2-3 in. long: perianth
campanulate, dark purple, about Hin. across; ovary globose. Moun-
tains of N. India. B.M. 6280. Gt. 6: 130. — T. peraktnsis, Hort., is
not known botanically; it is described Jas having elegant narrow
Ivs. and erect fl. -spikes 8 in. long, the upper half clothed with fleshy
shining, purple fls. with a pure white, disk-like spreading flat stigma.
Singapore, R TRACY HtJBBARD.
TURNERA (named after William Turner, died 1568).
Turneracex. Glabrous, pubescent or tomentose herbs,
shrubs, or subshrubs, suitable for warmhouse cult. Lvs.
sparse, entire, serrate or somewhat pinnatifid; stipules
small or none : fls. axillary, solitary, rarely racemose or
fascicled, yellow; calyx tubular, funnelform or cam-
panulate, limb 5-parted; petals 5; stamens 5; ovary
sessile, free, oblong: caps, ovoid or oblong, 3-valved at
base, many-seeded, very rarely 3-seeded. About 85
species, Trop. and Subtrop. Amer., S. Afr., and Mada-
gascar. T. vlmifolia, Linn. Shrub, 2-4 ft. high: Ivs.
biglandular at base, oblong, ovate or lanceolate, acu-
minate, serrate above the cuneate base, petioled,
pubescent above, white-tomentose beneath: fls. yellow,
almost sessile; calyx deeply 5-lobed, lobes lanceolate,
acuminate; petals large, obovate. Mex., W. Indies, and
S. Amer. B.M. 4137. Var. elegans, Hort. (T. trioni-
fldra, Sims), is about 1 ft. high: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
coarsely serrate: fls. sessile, pale yellow or sulfur-
colored, with purplish brown claws. Brazil. B.M. 2106.
G. 28:381. H.F. II. 3:160. The family Turneracese is
placed near Violacese and Passifloraceae.
TURNIP is a name somewhat loosely applied to two
species of vegetables. In this country, and apparently
properly, it is applied to vegetables characterized by
thick light-fleshed roots that are usually more or less
flattened or at least not greatly elongated, with leaves
that are hairy and not glaucous. These vegetables
belong to the species Brassica Rapa (see page 543).
In the term is sometimes included the Swedish turnip
or rutabaga, a plant that is characterized by having a
more uniformly elongated-oval yellow-fleshed tuber
with roots springing from its lower part, a thick elon-
gated leafy neck, and glaucous-blue leaves that are
not hairy. This plant is considered to be Brassica
3404
TURNIP
TURILEA
campestris var. Napo-Brassica. Whether these two spe-
cies exist separately in wild nature is not positively
known, but they appear to be well denned under culti-
vation. Both species tend to run wild in old fields and
to lose their thickened roots. They are then sometimes,
though erroneously, known as charlock. (The real
charlock is Brassica [Sinapis] arvensis, one of the
mustards). The nativity of these species is unknown,
but they are almost certainly European or Asian in
origin. Characteristic tubers of these two plants are
contrasted in Figs. 3873 and 3874. The former is com-
monly known here as "flat turnip" and the latter as
rutabaga or merely "baga." According to Vilmorin,
the plant that we know as rutabaga is known to the
French as chou-navet and in England as Swedish
turnip and turnip-rooted cabbage.
The culture of turnips and rutabagas is very similar,
except that the rutabaga requires a longer season.
The rutabaga is nearly always grown as a main-season
3873. Turnip — Brassica
Rapa.
3874. Rutabaga. — Brassica
campestris var. Napo-Brassica.
crop, whereas the turnip may be sown very late for
winter use or very early for late spring or summer use.
Usually the flat turnip is not grown in the hot weather
of summer. In the northern states it is sown from the
middle of July to the middle of August for late crop, or
on the first approach of spring in order that tubers may
be had for the early vegetable market. The late or
winter crop is ordinarily used for storing in cellars and
also for feeding, whereas the early crop is often sold
in bunehes in the open market, and later by the basket
or bushel.
The turnips and rutabagas are hardy; that is, the
young plants can withstand some frost. They are cold-
weather plants and demand loose moist soil. Usually
the seeds are sown in drills that stand from 10 to 20
inches apart. In the drills the plants are thinned until
they stand from 6 to 10 inches apart, depending on the
variety. For general field operations, the rows are
sometimes placed as far as 30 inches apart, to allow
horse tillage. Sometimes the late or winter crop is
raised from seed sown broadcast, but this method
gives good results only when the soil is well supplied
with moisture, very thoroughly tilled beforehand and is
free from weeds, since subsequent tillage is impossible.
The seeds of turnips and rutabagas are of similar size,
two or three pounds being required to the acre for
broadcasting. When sown in drills, one-half or one-
third this amount may be sufficient. The yields will
sometimes reach 1,000 bushels to the acre, although the
average is much less than this.
The turnip needs no special care as to cultivation.
The greatest difficulties are the root-maggot, which is
the larva of a small fly, and the flea-beetle. The maggot
may be killed by injecting bisulfide of carbon into the
soil about the roots before the grubs have burrowed
deeply into the tissues. In general field operations,
however, this treatment is impracticable and one must
rely on growing the crop in fields which are not infested
with the maggot; that is, rotation is the chief recourse.
The flea-beetle may be kept in check by spraying the
plants with bordeaux mixture, or perhaps better by
sprinkling them with paris green diluted with land-
plaster (one part by bulk of paris green to fifty of
plaster).
Rutabagas have firmer and richer flesh than the tur-
nips. They are usually more prized for consumption in
winter, and turnips are usually more popular in the
spring and early fall markets. Rutabagas are also more
prized for stock-feeding. They yield heavily, are rich
and succulent and keep well in any ordinary cellar.
Rutabagas started in the middle or last of June hi the
northern states will reach then- full growth by October.
They are usually not harvested until heavy frosts have
come. The roots of rutabagas and turnips sometimes
persist through the winter, even though they have
been solidly frozen, and send up flower-stalks in the
spring; but unlike salsify and parsnips the roots should
not be left in the ground to freeze if they are to be used.
L. H. B.
TURNIP, INDIAN: Arisxma triphylla.
TURPINIA (named for Turpin, French fl.-painter,
died 1840 in Paris). Staphyleacese. A genus of about 10
shrubs or trees in Trop. and Subtrop. Asia, the Malay
Archipelago, W. Indies, and Mex., with opposite odd-
pinnate or simple Ivs. and small fls. hi large terminal or
axillary panicles: calyx 5-parted, persistent; petals 5,
broadly spatulate to orbicular; stamens 5; ovary supe-
rior, Swelled, with a large lobed disk at the base; styles
3, distinct or united: fr. 3-celled, fleshy or leathery, with
few or many seeds in each cell. Occasionally planted
for their handsome foliage in S. Calif . Prop, is by seeds
or by cuttings of mature wood under glass with bottom
heat.
pomifera, DC. Glabrous tree: Ivs. odd-pinnate,
5-20 in. long; Ifts. 3-9, elliptic-oblong or ovate, acumi-
nate, crenate-serrate, 3-8 in. long: fls. yellowish, J/gin.
across, in large terminal panicles, 6-10 in. long: fr.
fleshy, red, yellow, or greenish, 1-2 in. across. Hima-
layas. The closely allied T. nepalensis, Wall., with
smaller fls. and much smaller fr. is probably only a
variety of this species. S.I.F. 2:40 (as T. pomifera).
arguta, Seem. (Ochrdnthe argiita, Lindl.). Glabrous
shrub or small tree: Ivs. simple, obovate-oblong to
oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate at the base,
serrate, 3-5 in. long: fls. white, changing to yellowish,
about Jiin. long, in terminal panicles 2%-5 in. long:
fr. about }^in. across. S. China. B.R. 1819.
ALFRED REHDER.
TURR^EA (named for Giorgio della Torre or Turra,
1607-1688, botanist of Padua, Italy). Meliaceae. Trees
or shrubs, sometimes grown in the greenhouse in the
North; in the South used as outdoor ornamentals.
Leaves alternate, petioled, entire or obtusely lobed:
peduncles axillary, few-fld. and many-bracted: fls.
elongated, white; calyx 4y5-toothed or parted; petals
4-5, elongated, free, twisted; staminal tube 8-10-
toothed, anthers 8-10; disk annular; ovary oblong,
5-10-20-celled; ovules 2, superposed in each cell: caps.
5- to many-celled, loculicidally 5- to many-valved. —
About 73 species, Trop. and S. Afr., Trop. Asia, and
Austral.
A. Fls. solitary or in pairs, axillary.
heterophylla, Smith, not Sond. Lys. more or less
obovate-cuneate, 3-lobed above, varying k> subentire:
fls. M-Min. long. Upper Guinea. B.R. 30:4 (as T.
TURR.EA
TYPHONIUM
3405
lobata). — This name is in the Fla. trade, but it seems
open to doubt whether the plant is this species.
AA. F h. clustered at ends of branches.
floribunda, Hochst. (T. heterophytta, Sond.). Shrub:
foliage falls away before flowering season: Ivs. ovate,
acute or produced into a short obtuse point, undivided
or 3-lobed: fls. clustered at ends of branches: peduncles
and calices silky tomentose. Natal.
F. TRACT HuBBARD.f
TUSSELAGO (Latin, tussis, cough, and ago, referring
to the medicinal use of the Ivs.). Composite. Here
belongs the COLTSFOOT, the flowers of which look much
like the dandelion; the leaves are large and make an
attractive low covering for rough banks.
Acaulescent perennial herb more or less white-tomen-
tose: fls. in a dense head on a scaly scape, before the
Ivs. of the season; tubular and ray-fls. about in equal
numbers, the rays pistillate and fertile and in several
rows; disk-florets sterile; receptacle flat; involucre
campanulate or cylindrical, the scales in a single series:
achene narrow, with soft capillary pappus. — One
species.
Firfara, Linn. COLTSFOOT. Resembles the dandelion
in having scapes bearing solitary yellow fl.-heads com-
posed of rays, but the scapes are scaly and the heads are
smaller, lighter colored and borne in early spring before
the main crop of dandelions. After the fls. have lost
their beauty, the Ivs. appear; they are heart-shaped and
rounded at first, but as they grow they become more
and more angled. They are covered with a soft cottony
matting which diminishes toward the end of the season.
It grows naturally in moist places and thrives on steep
raw banks in the stiffest clay. Spreads rapidly by
underground sts. Flowers in March. Native to Eu.,
India, and N. W. Asia. Naturalized in Amer. Gn.
23, p. 113.
Var. variegata, Hort., has Ivs. margined and more or
less blotched with white or yellow. Gn. 37, p. 435.
Lowe 56. — More commonly cult, than the type.
r./hJ^ran^Petasites. WlLHELM MlLLER.
TUTCHERLA (after W. J. Tutcher, assistant super-
intendent of the Botanical and Forest Dept. of Hong-
Kong). Ternstra?miace&. Two species of evergreen
trees in S. E. China, with alternate, ovate-lanceolate
Ivs. and axillary, showy, white fls.: sepals imbricate in
2-3 series, silky outside, the inner ones becoming pet-
aloid; petals 5, large; stamens many, connate at the
base and adnate to the petals; ovary 4-6-celled; styles
united nearly to the apex: caps, globose, woody, dehis-
cent with 3-6 valves; seeds angular, 2-5 in each cell.
The following species has been recently intro. into
England; to be recommended for its showy white fls.
Hardiness and cult, probably like camellia. T. spectabi-
lis, Dunn (Camellia spectdbilis, Champ.). Small tree:
Ivs. short-pet ioled, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, cuneate
at the base, slightly crenate, lustrous above, 5-6 in.
long: fls. short-stalked, white, cup-shaped, about 3 in.
across, slightly fragrant ; petals broadly obovate, emar-
ginate, I1 2-2 in. long: caps, globose, 2-3 in. across.
Seemann, Bot. Herald, 78. ALFRED REHDER.
TWAYBLADE: Liparit lOiifolia.
TWEEDIEA: Oxypetalum.
TWIN-FLOWER: Linruea barealis. T.-Lcaf : Jeffersonia diphytta.
TWISTED STALK: Strrptopus.
T?PHA (ancient name). Typhacese. CAT-TAIL. REED
MACE. Hardy perennial marsh- or swamp-growing
herbs, useful in the water-garden or along brooks or
the margins of ponds.
Plants forming colonies, slender or stout, often tall,
smooth: rhizome strong, creeping: sts. erect, simple,
base often under water: radical Ivs. linear-elongated,
rather thick, spongy, with or without ribs; cauline Ivs.
few and shorter: peduncles erect, terete, strict and not
divided: spadices, male and female similar, superposed:
fls. monoecious, densely clustered in the cylindrical
spadix; perianth consisting of slender hairs: fr". minute,
subsessile. — About 17 species, temperate and tropical
regions. Monographed by Graebner in Engler's Pflan-
zenreich, hit, 2 (IV. 8) in 1900.
A. Female fls. without brads.
B. Plant robust, more than 3 ft. high: Us. flat.
c. Pedicels columnar, 1.5—2 mm. long.
latifdlia, Linn. Fig. 3875. Plant stout, 4-8 ft. high:
Ivs. usually broad, linear, j^-l in. broad, exceeding the
flowering culm: male and female spikes contiguous,
rarelv remote. N. Amer., Eu., Asia. R.B. 20, p. 196.
V. 2": 197. J.H. III. 65:325. Var. elatior, Graebn.
(T. elatior, Bor.), has narrow Ivs. and shorter contiguous
or slightly remote spikes. Eu.
OC. Pedicels short or elongate-conoid, 1-1 £ mm. long.
Shuttleworthii, Koch & Sond. Plant stout, 3-4^ ft.
high: Ivs. linear, 2-6 lines broad, longer than the flower-
ing culm: spikes cylindrical, contiguous, pistillate
spikes thick and longer than the staminate. Eu.
BB. Plant slender, rarely over 3 ft. high: Ivs. semi-
cylindrical or rather flat.
Laxmannii, Lepech. (T. stenophylla, Fisch. & Mey.).
Plant slender, 2)^-4)^ ft. high: Ivs. very narrow, rarely
even 3 lines broad, semi-cylindrical, grooved inside,
convex outside: pistillate spike ovate-oblong or shortly
cylindrical, brown, remote from the elongate staminate
spike. S. E. Eu. to China.
AA. Female fls. in the axils of bracts.
B. Plant stout, 3-12 ft. high: axis of male spike hairy.
angustifolia, Linn. Plant stout, 3-9 ft. high: Ivs.
narrow, 1-5 or 6 lines broad: spikes about equally long,
remote, rarely contiguous; pedicels shortly conoid. N.
Amer., Eu. and Asia; also in Trop. Amer.
is now considered a synonym of Isoloma;
by some authorities called Kohleria (see Isoloma). T.
ocellata, Regel=/sofcwia ocellalum. Gt. 4:180. Other
species which may have been cult., but probably are no
longer in trade are T. venbsa, Hort. (H.F. II. 3:248),
and T. Warscewiczii, Regel (Gt. 3:72).
BB. Plant slender, l]^-3 ft. high: axils of male spike
destitute of hairs.
minima, Funk. Plant slender, 1-2 J^ ft. high: Ivs. of
the sterile shoots very narrow, linear, less than 1 line
broad, of the flowering st. basally inflated sheaths rarely
bearing very short involute blades: spikes remote or
contiguous, female spike broadly ovate or shortly
cylindrical, rusty brown. Eu., Caucasus, and Asia.
F. TRACT HCBBARD.
TYPHONIUM (an old name of some plant of the
family, named for Typhon, a mythological giant). Ara-
cese. Perennial tuberous herbs, occasionally grown in
the greenhouse. Lvs. appearing with the fls., sagittate
or hastate, 3-5-lobed or -parted or pedately cut; petiole
elongated: peduncle usually short: spathes persistent,
throat constricted, blade ovate or lanceolate; spadix
sessile or stipitate, included; male infl. cylindrical,
female short : fls. in an appendiculate monoecious spadix,
male and female elements remote; perianth none; sta-
mens in the male fl. 1-3; ovary in female fl. ovoid or
oblong-ovoid, 1-celled: berry ovoid, 1-2-seeded. — About
20 species, Trop. Asia, Austral., and islands of the
Pacific.
giganteum, Engl. Tuberous herb of large size: Ivs.
with petioles 2 ft. long, the lower 8 in., wing-sheathed;
blades 1 ft. or more long, hastate, the lobes large, apex
acute: spathe-tube oblong, 1J^ in. long, blade acumi-
3406
TYPHONIUM
TYPHONODORUM
nate, 6 in. long; spadix with the female fls. below, the
male above, th,e two separated by a sterile portion and
the top of the spadix also sterile. China. The type does
not seem to be in cult.; the form cult., var. Giraldii,
Baroni, has larger and broader Ivs., the spathe is pur-
plish outside and is somewhat the color of a ripe olive,
the tube and blade are more equal in length than
the type; spadix is darker, being purplish black;
pollen white. Mountains of N. China. G.C. III.
32:151. Probably adapted to outdoor planting for
ornament. p. TRACY HXTBBARD.
TYPHONODORUM (Greek, stormy wind and gift).
Araceae. Robust herb, with a stout caudex 4-10 ft. high :
Ivs. thick, petioled, triangular-ovate or hastate, acu-
minate: spathes with oblong tubes attenuate at both
ends, blade 3 times longer than the tube, oblong-
lanceolate, caudate -acuminate; spadix erect, strict,
cylindrical; male infl. elongated, female short and cylin-
drical: fls. monoecious in an elongated somewhat appen-
diculate spadix; perianth none; stamens 4—8 in the
male fls.; ovary ovoid or subglobose and 1 -celled in the
female: berry large, compressed, orbicular. One species,
Madagascar, Mauritius, and Trop. Afr. T. Lindley-
anum, Schott (T. madagascariense, Engler). St.
stout, 3-10 ft. high, 4-12 in. thick: Ivs. deeply cordate
or sagittate, 1M-3H ft. long, 7 in. to 2 ft. across;
petiole terete, 2-A ft. long: spathe l}/^-2 ft. long, tube
3-5 in. long, oblong, green, blade 13-19 in. long, 3-5
in. across, lanceolate, convolute below, yellow: seeds
l%-2 in. across, flattened-orbicular, edible. B.M.
8307. — A striking plant with the habit of Zantedeschia,
growing in deep water. See Engler in Das Pflanzen-
reich, hft. 64 (IV. 23 DC), 1915.
3875. Cat-taU.— Typha latifolia.
u
UDO, a spring blanched vegetable introduced in 1903
by Lathrop and Fairchild from Japan; it is Aralia car-
data, and for botanical description see page 344, Vol. I.
The plant is a sturdy hardy perennial, and the strong
young shoots are blanched as they grow; these shoots
are used as a cooked vegetable or as a salad. It is a
plant of ancient and widespread cultiva-
tion in Japan, where there are distinct
strains or varieties of it. The cultiva-
tion of udo in this country is in its
amateur stage for the most part, although
it has been grown by the acre in the
Sacramento Valley. * The following
account is chosen from Bulletin No. 84
of the United States Department of
Agriculture, 1914, written by David
Fairchild.
"There is no doubt that the udo is
worthy of adding to our list of spring
vegetables, for it is easily grown, its
shoots are readily blanched, and it re-
quires little care. A patch of it can be
forced even.' spring for at least six years,
and probably much longer. When prop-
erly prepared its blanched shoots are
delicious; they have
their own character-
istic flavor, can be
prepared for the table
in a great variety of
ways, and are keenly
appreciated by people
of discriminating taste.
Space for space, udo
will yield about the
same amount of food
for the table as aspara-
gus and will be ready
for use at about the same time in the spring. Possibly
more labor is required to blanch the shoots of the udo
than those of asparagus, but the udo is probably some-
what easier to take care of and yields sooner."
Udo is readily grown from seeds placed in a green-
house or coldframe, sown \/± inch deep in March or
April. When 3 to 4 inches high, the plants are set in
the open ground, standing 3J^ to 4 feet apart each
way; often they will be 6 feet high by autumn. When it
is desired to propagate a particular strain, cuttings may
be made of the green shoots taken when about % inch
in diameter and cut 5 inches or more long, the lower end
being severed just below a joint.
The stout young shoots are blanched as they emerge
from the ground. In mild climates, earth may be
mounded over them, but a large dram-tile placed over
the mound provides a better method for the home
garden.
This method "has at least one disadvantage, how-
ever, in that the shoots have a tendency to leaf out and
produce a number of unopened leafstalks which take
away from the robust growth of the shoots. A method
which has obviated this defect in using tiles is to put
around each hill a deep box or small half cask from
which the bottom has been removed and fill it with
light sand or such a light material as sifted coal-ashes.
Shoots which come up through such a medium are
almost free from the elongated leafstalks which are
developed when the shoots are produced in the dark
air-chambers under the tiles. Care must be taken in
any method of mounding up or filling in dirt or ashes
over the crowns that the shoots do not break through
into the sunlight, for as soon as they do this they
become green and take on a rank objectionable flavor.
Properly grown udo shoots produced
from three-year-old plants should be
from 12 to 18 inches long and 1 inch to
1J^ inches in diameter at their bases.
"After the removal of the crop of udo
shoots in the spring, the crowns of the
plants should be completely uncovered
and the plants allowed to grow normally
throughout the summer, but they should
not be permitted to flower unless seed
is required, the flower-
clusters being pinched
or cut back as they
form."
For use, the shoots
are first boiled in salt-
water for ten minutes
or so and the water
changed to remove the
turpentine flavor. An
hour's stay in ice-
water will remove the
resin from the shoots,
provided they are cut
into thin slices or
shavings; the slices
may then be used in
salads without cook-
ing. It is used also in
soups, and on toast.
UHDEA. A name
proposed by Kunth in
1847 for a Mexican
composite, still some-
times listed as U. bipin-
natifida, Kunth. It is
properly Montanoa
bipinndtifida, Koch,
the name Montanoa
dating from 1825. See
page 2064, Vol. IV.
ULEX (ancient Latin name of this or a similar plant).
Leguminosse. FTJRZE. GOHSE. WHIN. Ornamental
woody plants grown for their handsome yellow flowers
and evergreen appearance.
Spiny shrubs: Ivs. mostly scale-like, only vigorous
shoots near the ground bearing fully developed Ivs.:
fls. papilionaceous, axillary at the end of the branchlets;
calyx 2-lipped, divided nearly to the base; standard
ovate, wings and keel obtuse; stamens alternately
longer and shorter: pods small, ovoid, few-seeded; seeds
strophiolate. — About 20 species in W. and S. Eu. and
in N. Afr. Closely allied to Cytisus and chiefly distin-
guished by the deeply 2-lobed calyx. The fls. yield a
yellow dye. Sometimes cult, as a winter fodder plant in
Eu., the green sprigs of one year's growth being eaten.
The furzes are much-branched shrubs with dark
green spiny branches, usually almost leafless, and with
3876. Ulex europaeus. — Furze.
(3407)
3408
ULEX
ULMUS
showy yellow papilionaceous flowers which are axillary
and often crowded at the ends of the branches. They
are not hardy North, but under protection they survive
the winters in New England. They are valuable as sand-
binders for covering dry sandy banks and are also well
suited for seaside planting. On account of their dark
green branches they have the appearance of evergreen
plants and they are very showy when covered with their
yellow flowers. They are also sometimes used for low
hedges. They prefer sandy or gravelly porous soil and
a sunny position; in rich garden soil they grow more
rampant, but do not bloom so well. They should be
sown where they are to stand, as they do not bear
transplanting well, or if this is not feasible, they should
be sown singly in small pots and the plants then planted
out in their permanent places. Propagation is by seeds
sown in spring after the danger from frost has passed:
by greenwood cuttings under glass; or by cuttings of
nearly mature wood in early summer in a coldframe
under glass, forming roots the following spring. Varie-
ties and rarer kinds are sometimes grafted in spring in
the greenhouse on U. europasus.
europseus, Linn. FURZE. GORSE. WHIN. Fig. 3876.
Much-branched very spiny rigid shrub, 2-4 ft. high:
branchlets striped, villous when young: Ivs. scale-like
or narrow-lanceolate, pubescent: fls. axillary, 1-3,
crowded at the end of the branches and forming
racemes; corolla bright yellow, about %in. long, fra-
grant; calyx yellow, hairy: pod oblong, over %in. long,
villous, dark brown. April, June and often again in
Sept., Oct.; in Calif, almost the whole year. W. and S.
Eu; naturalized in waste places in the Middle Atlantic
states and also on Vancouver Isl. S.E.B. 3:323. R.F.G.
22:2068. G.W. 17, p. 285.— There is a variety with
double fls., var. plenus, Schneid. (var. flore-pleno,
Loud.). Gn. 63, p. 441. G.M. 52:393. Another variety
is var. strictus, Webb, of upright, pyramidal habit and
less spiny, but as it does not bloom freely, it is of little
value.
nanus, Fprst. Dwarf shrub of dense habit, similar to
the preceding species, but smaller in every part, less
rigid and with slenderer spines: fls. about ^in. long,
with the wings straight and shorter than the keel;
calyx slightly downy, not hairy: pod J^in. long,
nearly inclosed in the calyx. Autumn. W. Eu., Eng-
land to Spain. S.I.F. 3:325. R.F.G. 22:2068, 3.
ALFRED REHDER.
TJLLUCUS (native name). Chenopodiacese; Volkens
in Engler's Pflanzenfamilien places this in Basellacese.
Fleshy perennial herbs, decumbent and climbing,
grown in Peru and Chile for the tubers: rhizomes
1 234
3877. Elm fruits. 1, Ulmus americana; 2, U. racemosa; 3, U.
4, U. fulva; 5, U. glabra. (X2)
creeping, roots tuber-bearing: sts. angulate: Ivs. alter-
nate^ thick, petioled, rotund-cordate: fls. hermaphro-
dite, in axillary, large, lax-fid, racemes, golden yellow;
perianth rotate, 5-parted, tube very short; stamens 5;
ovary minute: fr. ovoid, berry-like. — One species, Peru,
Bolivia, and Chile. U. tuberdsus, Caldas. ULLUCO or
OLLUCO. Description same as generic. B.M. 4617.
G.C. II. 23:216. H.F. 2:48. J.F. 3:221. The tubers,
produced near the base of the plant underground, are
much eaten in S. Amer. Sometimes the pSnt is cult,
in northern countries, but only as a curiosity. It is
prop, by the tubers, as are potatoes.
ULMARIA: Filipendula.
ULMUS (ancient Latin name of the elm). Ulmacese.
ELM. Ornamental trees chiefly grown for their hand-
some foliage and often planted as shade and street
trees.
Deciduous, rarely half -evergreen: winter buds con-
spicuous, with imbricate scales: Ivs. short-petioled,
usually unequal at the base, with caducous stipules:
fls. perfect or rarely polygamous, apetalous, in axillary
clusters or racemes; calyx campanulate, 4-9-lobed, with
an equal number of stamens; ovary superior, with a
2-lobed style, usually 1-loculed and with 1 ovule: fr.
a slightly compressed dry nutlet, with a broad rarely
narrow membranous wing all around (Fig. 3877). —
About 18 species of Ulmus are known, distributed
through the colder and temperate regions of the north-
ern hemisphere, in N. Amer. south to S. Mex., but
none west of the Rocky Mts., and in Asia south to
the Himalayas. The wood is heavy, hard, and tough
and often difficult to split. It is especially useful in
the manufacture of wagon-wheels, agricultural imple-
ments, and for boat-building. The inner mucilaginous
bark of the branches of U. fulva is used medicinally
and that of some Chinese species is made into meal
and used for food. The tough inner bark of some spe-
cies furnishes a kind of bass which is sometimes woven
into a coarse cloth, especially that of U. japonica in
Japan.
The elms are mostly tall trees, rarely shrubby, with
alternate usually 2-ranked, medium-sized or sometimes
rather small leaves and with inconspicuous generally
greenish brown flowers appearing mostly before the
leaves. Most of the cultivated species are hardy North,
but U. crassifolia and U. alata are tender; U. parvifolia
and U. serptina are of doubtful hardiness, although they
have persisted near Boston. The elms are mostly tall
and long-lived and are very valuable for park plant-
ing and for avenue trees, especially U. americana, which
is the favorite tree for street planting and as a shade
tree for dwelling houses in the northeastern states. It is
the most characteristic tree of this region and of char-
acteristic beauty. Its habit is at once majestic and
graceful, and the wide-spreading head, borne usually at
a considerable height on a straight and shapely trunk,
affords ample shade and shelter. Besides the American
elm several other species are used as avenue trees, as
Ulmus fulva, U. racemosa, and the European
U. campestris, U. hollandica, and U.foliacea.
Of U. hollandica, the vars. belgica, superba,
Klemmer are among the best for street plant-
ing; of U.foliacea, the vars. stricta, Wheatleyi,
and Dampieri. In the southern states U.
serotina, U. crassifolia, and U. alata are some-
times used as avenue trees. There are several
varieties of striking and peculiar habit, as U.
glabra var. fastigiata and U. foliacea var.
monumentalis, with narrow columnar head;
U. glabra var. pendula, with horizontal limbs
forming widespreading tiers; U. glabra var.
Camperdownii with long pendulous branches.
U. foliacea var. umbraculifera, with a dense,
globose and rather small head, may be used
as an avenue tree for formal gardens. Several species
and varieties are interesting in winter on account of
their branches being furnished with broad corky wings.
The foliage of most species turns pale yellow in fall,
but that of the European species remains green much
longer.
Unfortunately many insects and fungi prey upon the
elm, especially on the American elm. One of the most
5
alata;
ULMUS
3409
destructive is the elm leaf-beetle, which destroys the
foliage. The canker-worm is also serious; to keep it
from doing damage, band the trunks a few feet above
the ground with cloth covered with a sticky substance,
which prevents the ascent of the wingless female. The
trees should be sprayed. A borer, Saperda tridentata,
sometimes does considerable damage to the wood. The
elms grow best in rich and rather moist soil, and the
American elm especially requires such a soil to attain
its full beauty, but some species, as U. racemosa and (7.
alata, do well in drier situations. Elm trees are not
difficult to transplant, and rather large trees may be
moved successfully if the work is done carefully.
They bear pruning well, but generally do not need
much attention of this kind. Propagation is by seeds
ripening usually in May or June and sown at once.
Most of the seeds will germinate after a few days, but
some remain dormant until the following spring.
Increased also by layers, which are usually put down
in autumn and are fit to be removed in one year. A
moist and rather light soil is best for this method.
Trees raised from layers are said to bear seed less early
and less profusely and are therefore especially recom-
mended for street trees, as the foliage of trees that fruit
slightly or not at all is larger and more abundant.
Dwarf forms of U. foliacea and also U. parvifolia and
U. pumila may be raised from greenwood cuttings
under glass, the cuttings growing most readily if taken
from forced plants. U. campestris, U. foliacea, and some
of their varieties are also propagated by suckers. In
nurseries most of the varieties are propagated by graft-
ing, either by budding in summer or by whip- or splice-
grafting in spring outdoors or on potted stock in the
greenhouse. U. americana, U. campestris, U. foliacea,
and U. glabra are used for stocks.
IXDEX.
alata, 4.
grandidentata, 6.
pumila, 12.
alba, 2.
heteroptytta, 7.
purpurea, 8.
americana, 2.
Heyderi, 5.
purpurascens, 8.
antarctica, 8.
hollandica, 10.
pyramidalis, 6.
arborea, 12.
horizontals, 6.
racemosa, 1, 3.
argenteo-mriegata, 8,
Huntingdonii, 10.
Rosseelfii, 8.
atpUni folia, 6. [11.
italica, 11.
rubra, 5, 6.
atropurpurea, 6.
japonica. 9.
Ruepellii, 11.
aurea, 2, 8, 11.
Klemeri, 10.
sarnienfis, 11.
australis, 8.
Klemmer, 10.
satita, 8; see, also.
baiarina, 10.
Koopmannii, 11.
scobra, 6, 10. [suppl.
belgica, 10.
laciniata, 7.
serotina, 15.
Berardii, 8.
hevis. 1, 11.
Shirasawana, 13.
Camperdownii, 6.
latifolia, 8, 10.
sibirica, 5, 12.
campestris, 6, 8, 9, 10,
libra rubro, 6.
Sieboldii, 13.
chinmsis, 13. [11.
lutescens, 6.
Smithii, 10.
ciliata. 1.
major, 7, 10.
etricta, 8, 11.
Clemmeri, 10.
marginata. 8.
euberosa, 8, 11.
cornubiensis, 11.
micropyhlla, 11, 12.
superba, 10.
crassifolia. 14.
montana, 6, 7, 10.
furcuiasa, 8, 11.
erispa, 6.
monument alis, 11.
Thomasii, 3.
Dampieri, 11.
myrtifolia, 8.
tricutpis, 6.
densa, 11.
nana, 6.
trident, 6.
Dippf liana, 10.
nitenf, 11.
tristrrala, 6.
Dumontii, 10.
parvifolia, 12, 13.
turktstanita, 12.
effusa, 1.
ptdunculata, 1.
umbraculifera, 11.
elliptica, 5; see, also,
pendula, 2, 6, 10,
Van Houttei, 8.
exoniensis, 6. [suppl.
11,12.
variegata, 8, 11.
fastigiata, 6, 11.
pinnato-ramosa, 12.
vegeta, 10.
foliacea. 11.
Pitteursii, 10.
viminalig, 8.
Fordii, 6.
plumosa, 6.
Webbiana, 11.
fulva, 5.
prxstans, 10.
Wentworthii, 8.
glabra, 6, 10, 11.
procera, 8.
Wheatleyi, 11.
graciiis, 11.
propendens, 11.
Wredei, 11.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Blooming in spring, before the hs.:
calyx not divided below the middle.
B. Fls. on slender pedicels, drooping:
Jr. ciliate.
c. Fr. glabrous except the ciliate mar-
gin: branches not corky: margins
of hs. ciliate.
D. Lrs. widest above the middle,
densely pubescent beneath:
buds elongated, pointed 1. laevis
DD. LTS. widest about the middle,
more or less pubescent beneath:
buds ovoid, obtusish or acute. 2. americana
cc. Fr. pubescent: branches usually
more or less corky.
D. Margin of Its. not ciliate; Its.
about S in. long, without
axillary tufts beneath: buds
pubescent 3. racemosa
DD. Margin of Ivs. minutely ciliate;
Its. about 2 in. long, with
axillary tufts beneath: buds
glabrous 4. alata
BB. Fls. short-pediceUed, in dense clus-
ters, not pendulous.
c. Buds covered with rusty hairs,
obtuse: branchlets scabrous with
minute tubercles: ITS. ciliate: fr.
pubescent in the middle 5. fulva
cc. Buds pale pubescent or glabrous:
branchlets smooth: hs. not cili-
ate: fr. glabrous.
D. LTS. doubly serrate, unequal at
the base, £-7 in. long.
E. Young branchlets pubescent:
hs. scabrous above.
T. Fr. with the seed in the
center, about %in. broad:
petioles short, about y%in.
long.
G. Mature branchlets red-
dish brown, hairy
while young: hs. only
occasionally S-lobed. . . 6. glabra
GG. Mature branchlets pale
yellowish or grayish
brown, glabrous or
nearly so while young:
Its. usually S-lobed at
the apex 7. laciniata
Fr. Fr. with the seed near the
apex, $4in. broad or less:
petioles V^-^in. long.
G. Lts. broadly oval or
orate, 2-3 in. long:
branchlets not corky.. . 8. campestris
GO. LTS. obovate or elliptic,
3-4 in. long: branchlets
often with corky wings. 9. japonica
EE. Young branchlets glabrous or
with few scattered hairs:
his. smooth or nearly so
above: fr. with the seed above
the middle,
r. Length of Ivs. 8-5 in.;
petioles ^i-^iin. long.. . . 10. hollandica
FF. Length of Its. 2-3H in.;
petioles ^-^in. long 11. foliacea
DD. Lts. simply serrate, nearly
equal at the base, 1-2 in. long.. 12. pumila
AA. Blooming in the axils of this year's Ivs.
in summer or autumn: calyx divided
below the middle.
B. Lrs. simply serrate, small: fr. gla-
brous 13. parvifolia
BB. Lrs. doubly serrate: fr. pubescent,
c. Racemes 3-6-fld.: Its. 1-2 in. long,
obtuse or acute 14. crassifolia
cc. Racemes many-ftd.: hs. 2-S in.
long, acuminate 15. serotina
1. Igfevis, Pall. (U. pedunculata, Foug. U. effusa,
Willd. U . ciliata, Ehrh. U. racemdsa, Borkh., not
Thomas). Tree, attaining 100 ft., with spreading
branches, forming a broad open head: branchlets
pubescent, usually until the second year: buds glabrous,
acute: Ivs. oval or obovate, very unequal at base, acu-
minate, sharply doubly serrate, usually glabrous above,
pubescent beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. slender-pedicelled;
calyx with 6-8 exserted stamens: fr. ovate, notched, the
incision not reaching the nutlet. Cent. Eu. to W. Asia.
H.W. 2:39, p. 9. I.T. 6:220. R.F.G. 12:666.—
Rarely cult., and with less valuable wood. The trunk
and the limbs are, as in the American elm, often clothed
with short branchlets.
2. americana, Linn. (U. alba, Raf.). WHITE ELM.
WATER ELM. AMERICAN ELM. Figs. 3877, 3878, 3879.
3410
ULMUS
ULMUS
Tall and wide-spreading tree, attaining to 120 ft.,
usually with high light gray trunk, limbs gradually
outward-curving with pendulous branches: branchlets
pubescent when young, glabrous in fall: buds acutish,
glabrous: Ivs. ovate-oblong, unequal at the base,
acuminate, doubly serrate, pubescent when young, at
length glabrous and rough above, pubescent or almost
glabrous beneath, 3-6 in. long: fls. in many-fld. clusters;
stamens 7-8, exserted: fr. oval or elliptic, veined,
3878. Ulmus americana. ( X K)
deeply notched, incision reaching to the nutlet. New-
foundland to Fla., west to the base of the Rocky Mts.
S.S. 7:311. Em. 2:322. G.F. 3:443, 467; 6:175. Mn.
7, p. 125; 8, p. 71. F.E. 15:86, pi. 46. F.S.R. 1, p. 195.
V. 14:79; 20:10. M.D.G. 1900:392^.— One of the
favorite avenue trees in the northeastern states. The
elm varies considerably in habit, and the following
forms have been distinguished. In the "vase form" the
main trunk separates at 15-30 ft. into several almost
equal branches, which diverge at first slightly and
gradually, but at the height of 50-70 ft. sweep boldly
outward and form a broad flat head, with the branches
drooping at the extremities. This is the most beautiful
and also the commonest form. The "plume form" is
much like the foregoing, but the trunk is less divided
and the limbs are clothed with short branchlets, thus
forming feathery plumes. The "weeping-willow form"
usually has a rather short trunk with limbs curving
outward more rapidly and with long and very slender
pendulous branches, forming usually a broad and round
head. The "oak-tree form" is distinguished by its
limbs spreading abruptly and in sharp turns and the
branches being usually less pendulous. The name
"feathery" or "fringed" elm is applied to trees which
have the limbs and the main trunk clothed with short
somewhat pendent branchlets thrown out usually in
clusters at short intervals. This may appear in any of
the forms named, but is most conspicuous in trees of
the plume form. (Fig. 3879.) There are a few named
varieties in nurseries: Var. aurea, Temple, with yellow
foliage, found in Vt., by F. L. Temple; var. pendula,
Ait., with slender pendulous branches; this is the
"weeping-willow form" described above.
3. racemdsa, Thomas, not Borkh. (U.
Thdmasii, Sarg.). CORK ELM. ROCK ELM. Fig. 3877.
Tree, attaining 100 ft., with short spreading branches,
forming an oblong round-topped head: branchlets
pubescent usually until the second year and mostly
irregularly corky winged when older: buds acute,
pubescent: Ivs. oval to oblong-obovate, unequal at the
base, shortly acuminate, sharply and doubly serrate,
glabrous or somewhat rough above, pubescent beneath,
2-4 in. long: fls. in slender pendulous racemes; calyx with
5-8 exserted stamens: fr. oval or obovate, with a shal-
low notch at the apex, pale, pubescent, K-%in. long.
Que. to Tenn., west to Neb. S.S. 7:312.
4. alata, Michx. WAHOO or WINGED ELM. Fig. 3877.
Tree, attaining 50 ft., with spreading branches forming
#n oblong, round-topped or rather open head: branches
usually with 2 opposite very broad wings; branchlets
almost glabrous: buds acute, gfebrous: Ivs. ovate-
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, often falcate, acute or
acuminate, doubly serrate, subcoriaceous, glabrous
above, pubescent beneath, 13^-2M in- long: fls. in
short, few-fld. racemes; stamens usually 5: fr. elliptic-
ovate, with narrow wing and with 2 incurved horns at
the apex, villous, J^in. across. Va. to Fla., west to 111.
and Texas. S.S. 7:313. — Handsome round-headed tree,
sometimes used as an avenue tree in the southern
states; not hardy N.
5. fulva, Michx. (U. riibra, Michx. U. elliptica, Hort.,
not Koch. U. Heyderi, Spaeth. U. sibirica, Hort.).
SLIPPERY ELM. RED ELM. Figs. 3877, 3880. Tree,
attaining 70 ft., with spreading branches, forming
usually a broad, open, flat-topped
head: branchlets pubescent and
scabrous with minute tubercles: Ivs.
obovate to oblong, very unequal at
base, long-acuminate, doubly serrate,
^ of firm texture, very rough above,
tek pubescent beneath, 4-7 in. long: fls. in
^SH dense clusters; stamens 5-9: fr. orbic-
*V ular-oval, little notched at the apex,
Kin. across. Que. to Fla., west to Da-
kotas and Texas. S.S. 7:314. Em. 2:
334. — The reddish brown pubescence of the bud-scales is
very conspicuous in spring, when the buds are unfolding.
6. glabra, Huds. (U. scabra, Mill. U. montana,
With.). WYCH ELM. SCOTCH ELM. Fig. 3877. Tree, to
120 ft., with spreading branches forming an oblong or
broad round-topped head; without suckers: bark remain-
ing smooth for many years (hence its Latin specific
name) : branches never with corky wings; young branch-
lets pubescent: buds obtuse, ciliate, and pubescent with
yellowish brown hairs: Ivs. very short-petioled and
unequal at base, broadly obovate to oblong-obovate,
abruptly acuminate or sometimes 3-lobed at the apex,
sharply and doubly serrate, rough above, pubescent
beneath, 3-6 in. long: fls. clustered; stamens 5-6, little
exserted: fr. oval or roundish obovate, little notched at
the apex, with the seed in the middle, %-l in. long.
Eu. to Japan. H.W. 2:38, pp. 7, 8. F.S.R. 3, pp. 269,
271,272. G.C. III. 39:152, suppl. S.E.B. 8:1287.— A
variable species of which many forms are cult.: Var.
grandidentata, Moss (U. scabra tricuspis, Koch.
U. triserrata or tridens, Hort.). Lvs. 3-lobed at the
apex, particularly on vigorous shoots: young branchlets
pubescent, reddish brown in autumn. Var. crispa,
Rehd. (U. montana crispa, Loud. U. crispa, Wifid.
U. aspleniifolia, Hort.). Slow-growing form with nar-
row Ivs. incisely serrate with incurved twisted teeth.
Var. atropurpurea, Rehd. (U. montana atropurpurea,
Spaeth). Lvs. dark purple and folded. Var. lutescens,
Rehd. (U. montana lutescens, Dipp.). Lvs. yellow.
Var. riibra, Rehd. (U. campestris riibra, Simon-Louis.
U. montana libro riibro, Planch.). Inner bark of the
young branchlets deep red. Var. fastigiata, Rehd.
(U. montana fastigiata, Loud. U. pyramidalis, Hort.
U. plumosa pyramidalis, Hort. U. exoniensis, Hort.
U. Fdrdii, Hort.). Columnar form with strictly upright
branches: Ivs. rather small, dark green, obovate,
wrinkled above and somewhat twisted. Var. pendula,
Rehd. (U. montana pendula, Loud. U. montana hori-
zontalis, Kirchn.). Branches horizontally spreading
forming a flat-topped head, branchlets pendulous. Gn.
17, p. 539; 77, p. 385. G.C. III. 50:221. M.D.G. 1901 :
163. G.M. 49:749. G.L. 20:431. Var. Camperdownii,
Rehd. (U. Camperdownii, Hort. U. montana pendula
Camperdownii, Henry. U. montana pendula, Hort.,
not Loud.). CAMPERDOWN ELM. Figs. 3881, 3882.
Branches and branchlets pendulous, forming a round
head. Gn. 40, p. 158. G.C. III. 50:221. G.W. 2, p. 33;
8, p. 352; 15, p. 662. Var. nana, Rehd. (U. montana
nana, Simon-Louis). Dwarf slow-growing form with
ULMUS
ULMUS
3411
horizontal branches, stunted branchlets, and small Ivs.,
forming a hemispherical bush. Forms of U. glabra are
frequently planted in the East.
7. laciniata, Mayr (U. montana var. laciniata,
Trautv. U. major var. heterophylla, Maxim.). Tree,
usually not exceeding 30 ft., but occasionally taller:
branchlets sparingly hairy or glabrous, finally pale
yellowish brown or grayish brown, older branches
brown: Ivs. oboyate or obovate-oblong, at the broad
apex usually with 3, sometimes with 5 lobes, very
unequal and semi-cordate at the base, doubly serrate,
rough above, pubescent beneath at least on the veins,
3-7 in. long; petioles pubescent, very short, about Mill-
long: fls. in clusters, short-stalked: fr. elliptic, glabrous,
%in. long, with the seed in the middle. Manchuria,
X. China, Japan. S.I.F. 2:15. — This species has been
sometimes confused with U. glabra var. grandidentata,
but is easily distinguished by the pale color of the
mature branchlets glabrous or slightly pubescent while
young and by the presence of 3-lobed Ivs. even on the
fruiting branchlets of mature trees, while in the variety
of U. glabra the mature branchlets are reddish brown
and quite hairy while young and the 3-lobed Ivs.
appear chiefly on vigorous shoots.
8. campestris, Linn. (U. procera, Salisb. U. satlva,
Mill., according to Henry. U. suberdsa, Smith. U.
surculosa var. latifblia, Stokes). ENGLISH ELM. Tall
tree, to 130 ft. high, with a straight st. and spreading
or ascending branches forming an oval head; usually
suckering abundantly: bark deeply fissured: young
branchlets pubescent: buds ovoid, minutely pubescent:
Ivs. broadly oval or ovate, short-acuminate, very
oblique at the base, dark green and scabrous above,
soft-pubescent beneath and with axillary tufts of hairs,
2-3 in. long; pairs of veins about 12; petioles Hm-
long, pubescent: fls. short-stalked with 3-5 stamens: fr.
nearly orbicular, } -fin- across, with a short closed notch
at the apex, seed touching the base of the notch. Eng-
land, W. and S. Eu. F.S.R. 2, p. 267. S.E.B. 8:1285.
Em. 2:336. M.D.G. 1900:577.— This is the most
stately of the European elms and much planted in
England; the famous "Long Walk" in Windsor Park
consists of this elm. This tree is sometimes planted as
an avenue tree in this country; it succeeds very well
and fine old trees may be seen occasionally in the north-
eastern states. The foliage remains green several weeks
longer than that of the American elm. The form of S.
Eu. has been distinguished as var. australis, Henry.
Pyramidal tree: Ivs. thicker and firmer; more cuspidate-
acuminate, with the veins more prominent beneath: fr.
more obovate. There are also several garden forms.
Var. variegata,Dipp. (var. argenteo-variegata, Hort.) . Lvs.
striped and spotted with white. Var. purpiirea, Kirchn.
Lvs. tinged purple, 2-
2H in. long. Var. pur-
purascens, Schneid.
(var. myrtifolia pur-
Eurea, L. de Smet).
vs. tinged purplish,
about 1 in. long. Var.
Van Hoftttei, Schneid.
(var. Louis Van
Houtte). Lvs. tinged
with j'ellow. Var.
Berardii, Simon-
Louis. Bushy tree or
shrub with slender
upright branches : Ivs.
oblong, with few
coarse teeth, nearly
glabrous, ^£7! jp-
long. Var. viminalis,
Loud. (17. antdrctica,
Kirchn. U. stricta,
americana. Hort.). Tree with as-
cending branches and pendulous slightly pubescent
branchlets: Ivs. obovate to narrowly elliptic, incisely
doubly serrate, acuminate, scabrous above and
slightly pubescent beneath, 1-2 J^ in. long. G.C. III.
51:236. Var. viminalis aurea, Henry (U. Rosseelsii,
Koch. U. campestris aurea, Morr. Var. antdrctica
aurea, Xichols.). Like the preceding but with yellow
3879. A feathered elm. — Dlmus
3880. Fruit of slippery elm. — Ulmus fulva. ( x Yd
Ivs. B.H. 16:19. I.H. 14:513. Var. viminalis margi-
nata, Kirchn. (var. viminalis variegdta, Nichols.). Like
var. viminalis, but Ivs. variegated with white. Var.
Wentworthii, Schelle (U. Wentworthii pendula, Hort.).
A form with pendulous branches.
9. japonica, Sarg. (U. campestris var. japonica,
Rehd.). Tree, to 100 ft., with a broad head and often
more or less pendulous branchlets: young branchlets
densely pubescent and rough with minute tubercles,
pale yellowish brown, sometimes developing corky
ridges: Ivs. obovate or elliptic, acuminate, oblique at the
base, scabrous and hairy above, pubescent beneath with
slight axillary tufts of hairs, 3-5 in. long; pairs of veins
12-16; petiole J^-^m. long, densely pubescent: fls.
nearly sessile, tetramerous: fr. obovate-oblong, about
%in. long, gradually narrowed toward the base, with
an open notch at the apex; seed touching the notch.
Japan, Manchuria, Amurland. G.F. 6:327. S.T.S.
2:101. — Intro, into the Arnold Arboretum in 1895; it
has proved perfectly hardy there, grows rapidly, and
promises to become a valuable ornamental tree.
10. hollandica, Mill. (LT. Dippeliana, Schneid. U.
glabra x U.foliacea). Under this name are united here a
number of elms which are apparently hybrids between
the Scotch elm and the smooth-leaved elm. They are
more or less intermediate between the parents, in some
forms resembling the first, in others the second parent.
As the type of this collective group the following variety
may stand, as it is probably not different from Miller's
U. hollandica. Var. major, Rehd. (U. major, Smith.
U. scabra var. major, Gurke. U. campestris var.
major, Planch.). DUTCH ELM. Tree, to 100ft. or more,
with a short trunk and wide-spreading branches, suck-
ering: bark of trunk deeply fissured: young branchlets
glabrous or with few hairs: buds ovoid, minutely
pubescent: Ivs. broadly oval, acuminate, very unequal
at the base, dark green, lustrous and nearly smooth
above, sparingly and minutely pubescent and glandular
beneath, with conspicuous axillary tufts, 3-5 in. long;
pairs of veins 12-14; petiole }^m- or slightly longer: fls.
mostly 4-merous: fr. oval-obovate, %-l in. long; seed
touching the base of the notch. R.F.G. 12:665. Var.
vegeta, Rehd. (U. vegeta, Lindl. U. glabra var. vegeta,
Loud. U. Hiintingdonii, Hort.). HUNTINGDON ELM.
Tall tree with rough bark and forked st.; suckering:
young branchlets stout, glabrous or sparingly hairy: Ivs.
oval, acuminate, very unequal at the base, smooth and
glabrous above, glabrous below except small axillary
216
3412
ULMUS
tufts, 3Ji-5 in. long; pairs of veins 14^18; petiole ^in.
or slightly longer: fr. oval-obovate, with closed notch;
seed above the center. Var. pendula, Rehd. (U.
Smithii, Henry. U. glabra var. pendula, Loud.).
DOWNTON ELM. Tree with ascending branches and
long pendulous branchlets more or less pubescent when
young: Ivs. oval, firm, long-acuminate, very unequal at
the base, glabrous and smooth above, sparingly pubes-
cent beneath, about 3% in. long; petiole j^in. long,
pubescent: stamens 3-5: fr. obovate, %in.
long, with open notch; seed above the center.
Var. belgica, Rehd. (U. belgica Burgsd. U.
batamna, Koch. U. latifolia, Poederle. U. cam-
pestris var. latifolia, Gillekens). BELGIAN ELM.
Tall tree with a straight rough-barked st. and
a broad crown: young branchlets more or less
Eubescent: Ivs. obovate-elliptic, very oblique at the
ase, slightly scabrous above, soft-pubescent beneath,
3-5 in. long, with 14-18 pairs of veins; petioles ^-Kin-
long: fr. nearly 1 in. with the seed slightly above the
middle. Much planted in Belgium and Holland. Var.
Dumontii, Rehd. ([7. belgica var. Dumdntii, Henry. U.
campestris var. Dumdntii, Mott.). Similar to the pre-
ceding variety with more ascending branches forming a
narrower more pyramidal head. Var. Klemmer, Rehd.
(U. campestris var. Klemmer, Gillekens. U. campes-
tris Clemmeri, Hort. U. Klemeri, Spaeth). Tall tree
with a smooth-barked st. and ascending branches form-
ing a narrow pyramidal head: young branchlets with
short hairs: Ivs. ovate, short-acuminate, glabrous, but
scabrous above, minutely pubescent beneath, about 3
in. long; pairs of veins about 12: fr. with the seed close
to the notch at the apex. Tree of rapid growth much
planted in Belgium. Var. superba, Rehd. (U. montana
superba, Spaeth, also of Morr.? U. superba, Henry.
17. prasstans, Schoch). Narrow pyramidal tree with
smooth bark and ascending branches: young branch-
lets glabrous: Ivs. obovate or obovate-elliptic, very
oblique at the base, glabrous and smooth above, gla-
brous below except small axillary tufts, with 15-18
pairs of veins, 3-5 in. long; petioles M~/^in. long, spa-
ringly pubescent: fls. 5-merous. Var. Pittefcrsii, Rehd.
(U, Pitteursii, Kirchn. "Orme Pitteurs," Morr.).
Vigorous-growing tree with large Ivs. similar to U.
glabra, to 8 in. long, broadly ovate, said to produce
annual shoots to 9 ft. long. B.H. 2, pp. 133, 136.
11. foliacea, Gilib. (U. nitens, Moench. U. glabra,
Mill., not Huds. U. campestris var. Uevis, Spach. U.
campestris var. glabra, Hartig. U. surculdsa var.
glabra, Stokes). SMOOTH-LEAVED ELM. Tree, with
straight trunk, wide-spreading branches and usually
3881. Camperdown elm. — Ulmus glabra var. Camperdownii.
pendulous branchlets; suckering: bark gray, deeply fis-
sured: young branchlets glabrous or nearly so: buds
minutely pubescent: Ivs. oval or obovate, acuminate,
very unequal at the base, lustrous and smooth above,
with white axillary tufts beneath and glandular, spa-
ringly and minutely pubescent at first, doubly serrate,
ULMUS
not ciliate, 2-3^ in. long; pairs of veins about 12;
petiole M~/^in. long: fls. 4-5-merous: fr. obovate,
cuneate at the base, broad and rounded at the apex;
the seed nearly touching the closed notch at the apex.
Eu., N. Air., W. Asia. S.E.B. 8:1286 (as U. suberosa
glabra). R.F.G. 12:664. H.W. 2:37, p. 3 (as U.
campestris). — A variable species with several geographi-
cal varieties and a number of garden forms. Var.
suberdsa, Rehd. (17. suberdsa, Moench, not Ehrh.
3882. Ulmus glabra var. Camperdownii. ( X K)
U. campestris suberbsa, Wahl.). Branches with corky
wings. R.F.G. 12:663. Var. propendens, Rehd. (17.
glabra propendens, Schneid. U. microphylla pen-
dula, Hort. U. suberdsa pendula, Hort.). With pendu-
lous branchlets, and small Ivs. about 1 in. long. M.D.G.
1901:166. Var. italica, Rehd. (U. nitens var. itdlica,
Henry). Similar to the typical form, but Ivs. more
coriaceous, with 14-18 pairs of veins, quite glabrous
at maturity except conspicuous axillary tufts beneath;
petioles J^in. long. Italy, Spain, Portugal. Var.
umbraculifera, Rehd. (U. campestris umbraculifera,
Trautv. U. densa, Litwinow). Tree, with dense globose
head, otherwise like the type. Persia, Armenia. Gt.
30:1034. M.D.G. 1900:579. M.D. 1910, pp. 72, 73.
Var. gracilis, Rehd. (U. campestris umbraculifera
grdcilis, Spaeth). Similar to the preceding but with a
more ovoid, not globose head, and smaller Ivs. Var.
Koopmannii, Rehd. (U. campestris Koopmannii,
Hort. U. Kobpmannii, Spaeth). Closely allied to var.
umbraculifera, but with a dense oval head: branchlets
paler: Ivs. ovate, 1-1^4 in. long. Var. Ruepellii, Rehd.
(U. campestris Ruepellii, Spaeth). Similar to var.
umbraculifera, but branchlets pubescent and branches
slightly corky: Ivs. rather small, scabrous above. Var.
stricta, Rehd. (U. stricta, Lindl. U. nitens var. stricta,
Henry. U. campestris var. cornubiensis, Loud.).
CORNISH ELM. Narrow pyramidal tree with ascending
branches: young branchlets often pubescent at the
insertion of the Ivs.: buds glabrous: Ivs. obovate to
oval, somewhat unequal at the base, 2-2 ^ in. long,
glabrous and smooth above; petioles Mm- long: fls.
usually 4-merous: fr. %in. long, narrower than in the
type. S. W. England. Var. Wheatleyi, Rehd. (U.
nitens var. Wheatleyi, Henry. U. campestris Wheatleyi,
Simon-Louis. U. sarniensis, Lodd. U. campestris
monumentalis, Hort., not Ruiz). WHEATLEY, JERSEY,
or GUERNSEY ELM. Narrow pyramidal tree with
ascending branches : Ivs. similar to those of the preceding
variety, but broader, with less conspicuous axillary
tufts and glandular beneath and on the petiole. G.C.
III. 41 : 150. M.D. 1910, p. 273. Var. monumentalis,
Rehd. (U. campestris monumentalis, Ruiz). Columnar
tree with few upright branches and numerous short
branchlets: Ivs. crowded, rather short-pet ioled, dark
green and somewhat rough above. Var. Dampieri,
Rehd. (U. nitens var. Dampieri, Henry. U. campestris
Dampieri, Spaeth). Fastigiate tree, forming a narrow
pyramidal head: Ivs. crowded on short branchlets,
ULMUS
UMBELLULARIA
3413
broadly ovate, 2-2} 2 in- long, glabrous. Var. Wredei,
Rehd. (U. campestris Dampieri Wredei, Hort. l~.
Wredei aiirea, Hort.). Like the preceding, but Ivs.
yellowish. M.D.G. 1898:160. Var. pendula, Rehd.
\l~. mtens var. pendula, Henry). With slender pendu-
lous branches. Var. Webbiana, Rehd. (U. campestris
Webbiana, Lee). Pyramidal tree with ascending
branches: Ivs. folded "longitudinally. Var. variegata,
Rehd. (,(*. campestris variegata, Dum.-Cours. U. cam-
pestris var. argenteo-variegata, Rehd.). Lvs. variegated
with white, smooth above.
12. pumila, Linn. (U. microphyUa, Pers. U. sibirica,
Hort.). Small tree or shrub, with slender pubescent,
sometimes pendulous branches: Ivs. oval-elliptic to
elliptic-lanceolate, short-petioled, acute, firm, dark
green and smooth above, pubescent when young
beneath. ^4-8 in. long: fls. short-pedicelled; stamens
4-5, with violet anthers: fr. obovate, with the nutlet
somewhat above the middle, incision at the apex reach-
ing about half-way to the nutlet. Turkestan to Siberia
and X. China. ~Gn. 65, p. 133.— A graceful small
hardy tree. Var. arbdrea, Litwinow (U. pinnata-
ramosa, Dieck. U. turkestdnica, Regel). Tree with long,
pinnately branched shoots pubescent when young: Ivs.
oblong-lanceolate. 1-2 }-£ in. long; petioles pubescent
at first. Var. pendula, Fiort. (U. parvifblia pendula,
Hort. Planer a repens, Hort.), has slender more pendu-
lous branches.
13. parvifolia, Jacq. (U. chinensis, Pers.). CHTNTSE
ELM. Half -evergreen small tree or shrub, with
spreading pubescent branches: Ivs. ovate to obovate
or oblong, very short-petioled and little unequal at
base, acute or obtusish, subcoriaceous, simply serrate,
glabrous and glossy above, pubescent beneath when
young, usually glabrous at length, %-2 in. long: fls.
short-pedicelled, in clusters; stamens 4-5, much ex-
serted: fr. oval to elliptic, notched at the apex,
with the seed in the middle, J^-J^in.
long. July-Sept. X. China, Japan.
S.I.F. 1:37. R.H. 1909, pp. 398, 399.
— Has proved hardy near Boston.
The recently described U. Sieboldii,
Daveau, and U. Shirasaicana, Daveau,
are probably only forms of this species ;
they are said to differ in their decidu-
ous Ivs. and the former besides by the
persistent deeply fissured bark, exfoliat-
ing in the other two species and the
larger fr. exceeding ] 2in. (B.S.D. 1914:
24, 25) ; the latter differs in the crenate-
dentate Ivs. with 8-10 pairs of veins
and in the contracted fr. (B.S.D. 1914:
24; also S.I.F. 1:37 represents this
form).
14. crassifplia, Xutt. CEDAR ELM.
Tree, attaining SO ft., with spreading
limbs and slender, often pendulous
branches, often furnished when older
with 2 opposite corky wings: Ivs. short-
petioled, ovate to ovate-oblong, usually very unequal at
the base, obtuse or acute, doubly and obtusely, some-
times almost simply serrate, subcoriaceous, somewhat
rough and lustrous above, pubescent beneath, 1-2 in.
long: fls. in 3-5-fld. very short racemes: stamens 5-8,
little exserted: fr. oval-elliptic, pubescent, notched,
Hin. long. Aug. Miss, to Ark. and Texas. S.S. 7:315.
— Tender X.
15. serotina, Sarg. Tree, with short spreading and
pendulous branches, often furnished with irregular
corky wings: Ivs. oblong to obovate, unequal at the
base, acuminate, doubly serrate, glabrous and lustrous
above, pubescent on the veins beneath, 2-3 in. long: fls.
in 1-1 J'£-in.-long pendulous racemes; calyx 5-6-parted
to the base: fr. elliptic, deeply notched, densely ciliate,
long. Sept. Tenn. to Ga.; sometimes planted in
avenues in Ga. (S.S. 14:718); has proved hardy at the
Arnold Arboretum, Boston.
U. arbiitcula, Wolf (U. glabraxTJ. pumila). Shrubby tree: hra.
elliptic to elliptic-oblong, doubly serrate, nearly equal at the base,
J-4-3 in. long, on shoots to 6 in. long. Originated in St. Petersburg.
— U. Bergma'nniana, Schneid. Allied to U. glabra. Tree, to 50 ft.:
branchlets glabrous: Ivs. obovate-oblong to elliptic, acuminate,
doubly serrate, glabrous, 2Ji-5 in. long; petioles very short: fr.
roundish-obovate, glabrous, Ji-J-iin. long. Cent. China. Var.
lasiophjjtta, Schneid. Lvs. pubescent beneath. W. China. — U.
Daridiana, Planch. Allied to U. japonica. Medium-sired tree:
young branchlets glabrous, later pale grayish brown or pale brown:
Koch. Allied to U. glabra. Branchlets pubescent: Ivs. elliptic to
elliptic-oblong, glabrous and nearly smooth above, slightly pubes-
cent beneath, 3Jy-6 in. long: fr. obovate, with the seed in the
pubescent middle. Transcaucasia, Armenia. The plant cult,
under this name is U. fulva. — U. Keakii, Sieb.=Zelkova serrata. —
U. macrocdrpa, Hance. Small tree or shrub: young branchlets
pubescent, later pale brown, often with 2 corky wings: Ivs. ovate,
coarsely doubly serrate, rough above, slightly pubescent or nearly
glabrous below, 1 Js-3 in. long: fr. obovate, with the nutlet in the
middle, pubescent and ciliate, about 1 in. long. N. China. Possibly
U. rotundifolia, Carr. (R.H. 1868, p. 374), belongs here. — 17.
minor, Mill, (U. surculosa var. argutifolia. Stokes. U. sativa,
Moss, not Mill. U. Plotii, Druce). Allied to U. foliacea. Suckering
tree, to 90 ft., with ascending branches and pendulous branchlets:
Ivs. obovate or elliptic, dull and slightly scabrous above, pubescent
beneath at first, 1 jz-2}£ in. long; petioles Hin- long: fr. narrowly
obovate, Jiin. long. Eu. G.C. III. 50:4O8, 409; 51:235. R.F.G.
12:660. — U. Pldtii, Druce=U. minor. — U. sorira, Moss=U. minor.
— U. Verschafffltii, Hort-=Zelkova Verschaffeltii. — U. Wilsoniana,
Schneid. Tree, to 50 ft.: young branchlets pubescent, later brown
and often corky: Ivs. elliptic or elliptie-obovate, doubly serrate,
smooth above, finely pubescent or nearly glabrous beneath, 1 K-4
in. long: fr. obovate with the nutlet near the apex, glabrous, about
Jtfn. long. Cent. China. ALFRED REHDER.
UMBELLULARIA (from Latin umbetta, a sunshade;
referring to form of inflorescence). Laurdccse. CALI-
FORNIA LAUREL. Tall umbrageous tree,
glabrous, used as a shade tree in Cali-
fornia and similar regions.
Leaves alternate, evergreen, petioled,
slightly coriaceous: fls. small, greenish,
3883. California laurel. —
Ombellularia calif ornica.
in simple pedunculate umbels, which in the bud are
surroundea by an involucre of 6 caducous bracts;
perianth-tube very short; limb with 6 segms.; stamens
9, filaments with an orange-colored gland at base,
anthers opening by uplifted valves: drupe subglobose or
ovoid with a hard endocarp. — One species, Calif . Prop,
by seeds.
califoraica, Xutt. (Oreoddphne californica, Nees).
Fig. 3883. Handsome evergreen tree, 20-30 or even
80-90 ft. high, with erect or suberect slender branches,
conical outline and dense foliage: Ivs. containing a
highly aromatic and volatile essential oil, and burning
vigorously in the campfire, even while green: fls. fra-
grant : drupes at first yellowish green, becoming purple
when ripe. Dec. to May. — One of the most abundant
and characteristic of Californian trees, common in moist
3414
UMBELLULARIA
UNONA
places, particularly along streams in the Coast Range
foothills and mountains, and attaining its greatest size
in the cool fog-moistened alluvial valleys of the coast of
N. Calif, and S. Ore.; it is but rarely seen in the drier
interior valleys of the state. It often crowns the highest
points of the coast-range hills, up to about 2,500 ft.
altitude and far from
the nearest spring or
other visible sign of
moisture, but in such
cases the rock strata
are nearly vertical
and easily penetrated
by the long roots
which are able thus
to reach hidden sup-
plies of water. In
such places it usually
forms dense clumps
or thickets of shrubs
or small trees which
are frequently shorn
by the cutting ocean
winds as though by
a gardener's shears,
suggesting its adap-
tability for clipped-
hedge and windbreak
work. It is used in
boat -building, for
jaws, bits, cleats,
cross-trees, and the
like. The branches
are occasionally used
for poles for chicken-
roosts, as the strong
odor pervading wood
and bark as well as
Ivs., is said to keep
away lice. The Ivs.
are used for flavor-
ing soups and blanc-
manges but are too
strong to give as
agreeable flavor as
those of Laurus
nobilis or Prunus
Laurocerasus. The
tree is sometimes cult,
for ornament in S.
European parks and
gardens. Sargent de-
scribes it as "one of
3884. Uniola latifolia. (XK) the stateliest and
most beautiful in-
habitants of the North American forests, and no
evergreen tree of temperate regions surpasses it in the
beauty of its dark dense crown of lustrous foliage and
in the massiveness of habit which make it one of the
most striking features of the California landscape and
fit it to stand in any park or garden."
JOSEPH BURTT DAVY.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
UMBRELLA LEAF: Diphytteia. U. Pine: Sciadopitys. U.
Plant or U. Palm: Cyperus aUernifolius. U. Tree: Melia Azedarach
var. umbraculiformis.
UMBfLICUS: Cotyledon.
UNGNADIA (named for Baron Ungnad, who in 1576
introduced the common horse-chestnut to western
Europe by sending seeds to Clusius at Vienna). Sapin-
dacese. MEXICAN BUCKEYE. Small tree or shrub which
has been grown abroad in the coolhouse, but is hardy in
the S. U. S., where it is used as an ornamental. Lys.
alternate, without stipules, odd-pinnate; Ifts. 3-7 pairs,
serrate, terminal long-petioled: fls. polygamous, irregu-
lar, aggregated in lateral fascicle or corymbose; calyx
subequal, campanulate, 4-5-parted, lobes imbricate;
petals 4^5, subequal, clawed, apex connate-cristate;
disk 1-sided, oblique, tongue-shaped; stamens 7-10,
unequal in length; ovary stipitate, ovoid, 3-celled: caps.
3-lobed, loculicidally 3-valved, leathery, cells 1-seeded;
seed emetic. — One species, Texas. The seed, or "bean,"
has a sweet taste, but is considered emetic and poison-
ous. The fr. does not have a prickly husk like the horse-
chestnut.
speciosa, Endl. MEXICAN BUCKEYE. Commonly a
slender deciduous shrub, 5-10 ft. high or sometimes
a small tree: wood brittle: Ivs. alternate, odd-pinnate;
Ifts. 5-7, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate. Common in
S. W. Texas; winter-kills in N. Texas at a temperature
of zero. S.S. 2:73. F.S. 10:1059. Gn. 19, p. 309.
H.F. II. 7:231. — Intro, into Ga. at one period.
F. TRACY HUBBARD. f
UNIOLA (an ancient Latin name of some unknown
plant, derived from unio, unity). Graminese.. Peren-
nials with loose usually showy panicles: spikelets broad
and very flat, several-fld., some of the lower lemmas
empty; glumes and lemmas keeled, nerved, pointed, but
awnless. — Species 5, all American. Cult, for the orna-
mental panicles, which are suitable for dry bouquets.
latifdlia, Michx. SPIKE-GRASS. Fig. 3884. Culms
2-4 ft.: Ivs. broad and flat, often 1 in. wide: spikelets
large and thin, at maturity drooping on slender pedicels,
forming a very graceful and ornamental panicle. Pa.
to Kans., and southward. — Often grown in hardy
borders. One of the best of our hardy native perennial
grasses.
paniculata, Linn. SEA OATS. Fig. 3885. Culm
taller, 4-8 ft.: Ivs. narrow and convolute: spikelets
narrower, upright on short pedicels, forming an elon-
gated drooping
panicle. Sand-hills
along the seashore
of the southern
states; can be
grown as far north
as S. Ont. Dept.
Agr., Div. Agrost.,
7:271.
U. Pdlmeri, Vasey,
a dioecious perennial
with extensive root-
stocks, growing in
sand-flats along rivers
of N. Mex., is har-
vested by the Cocopa
Indians who use the
grain for food. G.F.
2:403.
A. S. HITCHCOCK.
UNONA (in imi-
tation of Anona).
Annonaceae. A
genus based by the
younger Linnseus
on an American
plant belonging to
the previously
established genus
Xylopia, and
afterward incor-
rectly applied to
the Old World
genus Desmos, of
which it becomes
a synonym. U. dis-
color, Vahl, cult,
in tropical gar-
dens for its sweet-
scented fls., is
identical with the 3885. Uniola paniculata.
rx< »XA
URCEOCHARIS
3415
previously described Dcsmoschinensis, Lour.; U. Desmos,
Dunal, is D. cochinchinensis, Lour, (see Desmos, in Vol.
II). Belonging to other genera are Dunal's U. uncindta,
which is the fragrant Artobotrys odoratissimus of the
Orient; I', riolacea, which is undoubtedly a species of
carrion fls., Sapranthus, closely allied to Sapranthus
nicaraguensis; U. penduliflora, which is the aromatic
ear-flower, or xochinacaztli, of the Aztecs (Cymbopeta-
lum penduliflorum, Baill.); and his U. acutiflora and U.
xylopimdes are both synonyms of the spicy Xylopia
grandiflora, St. Hil. B. L. Robinson's U. bibracteata, the
fragrant "flor de guineo," which ranges from Nicaragua
to Panama, and his U. panamensis have been set apart
by the writer under the generic name of Desmopsis.
The latter has recently been rediscovered by Henry
Pittier at its type locality in the Canal Zone. Both of
the latter species are figured bv the writer in the Bull.
Torr. Bot. Club, vol. 43, pp. 183-93 (1916). See also
W. E. Safford, Bull. Torr. Bot. Club. 39:501-8 (1912).
W. E. SAFFORD.
UPAS TREE: Antuuis.
URARIA (Greek oura, tail, referring to bracts).
Lfguminbsse. Subshrubby perennials, adapted to the
wannhouse; 1 species has been
tried in S. Fla. Lvs. pinnately 3-
rarely 5-7-foliate or the lower
rarely all 1-foliate; Ifts. usually
large, stipellate; stipules free,
acuminate: fls. purplish or yellow-
ish, arranged in terminal hirsute
racemes, which are sometimes elon-
gated, sometimes dense and spike-
like; calyx-lobes subulate acumi-
nate, 2 upper teeth short, 3 lower
usually elongated; standard broad;
wings adhering to the obtuse keel;
stamens diadelphous; ovary sessile
or stipitate, few-ovuled: pod of 2-
6 small, turgid, 1-seeded indehis-
cent joints, often placed face to
face. — About 17 species, Trop. Asia.
Afr., and Austral.
crinita, Desv. Erect little-
branched subshrubby perennial,
3-6 ft. high, distinguished from
other species by having its upper
Ivs. composed of 3-7 oblong Ifts.
and pedicels clothed with long bristles: Ifts. 4-6 x
in.: racemes dense, 1 ft. long, 1-1 J^ in. thick; standard
ovate, violet-purple within, pale blue outside; wings
pinkish. Bengal to Assam, eastward through Burma
to China, south to Malacca and the Malay Isls. to
Timor Laut. but not Austral, and not indigenous in
Ceylon. B.M. 7377. — Sometimes the raceme has 200
or more fls., each of which is Y-i\n.. long.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
URBINIA (named for Dr. Manuel Urbina). Crassula-
ce&. Perennial succulent herbs, caulescent or acaules-
cent : Ivs. closely imbricated, thick and rigid: infl. rather
few-fld., cymose: calyx small, 5-lobed, lobes ovate to
lanceolate, equal or unequal, much shorter than the
corolla which is somewhat cone-shaped, lobes united at
base into a tube; stamens 10, borne on the corolla;
carpels 5. Three or 4 species, Mex. See also Cotyledon,
Vol. II, p. 868. U. obsciira, Rose. Caulescent: at.
about 4 in. high: Ivs. ovate, about 3x2 in., thick but
flattened, somewhat rounded at base: fl.-sts. thickish,
with many narrow Ivs.: infl. a 2-branched raceme: fls.
about 10; calyx-teeth lanceolate; corolla about Via*..
long, bright rose below, lobes slightly spreading, yellow.
Habitat unknown. U. Purpusii, Rose. Acaulescent : Ivs.
forming a very compact rosette, broadly ovate, acumi-
nate, 1 y± in. long and nearly as broad at the base, gla-
brous, mottled with brown: flowering st. reddish, nearly
1 ft. high, bearing numerous small, ovate, appressed
Ivs.: infl. about 6-fld., in a raceme: sepals green, ovate,
acute; corolla somewhat urn-shaped, pinkish outside,
pale yellow inside, petals acute. S. Mex.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
URCEOCHARIS (from the genera Urceolina and
Eucharis). Amaryllidaceae. A hybrid between Urceo-
lina pendula and Eucharis grandiflora, or in gardener's
language Urceolina aurea and Eucharis amazonica. A
flower of the hybrid and of each of its parents is shown
in Fig. 3886. It is a tender winter-blooming bulbous
plant with broad Ivs. a foot long and half as wide, and
large white bell-shaped 6-lobed fls. a dozen or so in an
umbel, and each 2 in. across. The hybrid gets its white
color from Eucharis, the fls. of Urceolina being yellow.
The shape of its fl. is so singular a mixture of the two
as to be very different in appearance from either. The
hybrid lacks the beautiful staminal cup of Eucharis,
and has a distinctly bell-shaped perianth. The showy
part of Urceolina is the urn-shaped portion of the fl.,
the spreading tips being very short. The perianth of
Eucharis is funnelform, the spreading portion being
large and showy. The perianth-tube and ovary of the
3886. At the left, Eucharis grandiflora; middle, Urceolina pendula; at the right, the hybrid
Urceocharis Clibranii. (All half sice.)
hybrid are like those of Urceolina, the ovary being
deeply 3-lobed instead of globose as in Eucharis. The
pedicels are ascending, as in Eucharis, not pendulous as
in Urceolina. The appendages at the base of the
stamens are more distinctly marked than in either of
the parents. This bigeneric hybrid was intro. to the
trade under the name of Eucharis Clibranii, but the
changes wrought in the structure of the fl. by the cross
are so great that Dr. Masters was justified in giving the
plant a new genus.
Clibranii, Mast. (Eucharis CTibranii, Hort.). Tender
bulbous hybrid of Urceolina pendula and Eucharis
grandiflora, with petioled Ivs. 1 x 1^ ft. and umbels of
white bell-shaped 6-lobed fls. each 2 in. across and a
dozen in an umbel, anthers depauperate. Blooms in
early winter. For cult., see Urceolina. G.C. III. 12:215;
26:251. Gn. 44, p. 459. G.M. 35:790. G. 16:450.—
Intro, about 1892 by Messrs. Clibran, Oldfield Nurseries,
Altrincham, England.
edentata, C. H. Wright. From Peru, described from
a plant that bloomed in the establishment of Sander &
Sons, supposed to be a natural hybrid between an
Urceolina and a Eucharis; differs from U. Clibranii in
having no teeth on the corona between the filaments.
B.M. 8359. WILHELM MILLER.
L. H. B.f
3416
URCEOLINA
URGINEA
URCEOLINA (Latin, small pitcher, alluding to the
Eitcher- or urn-shaped flowers). Amaryllidaceas. Bul-
ous herbs, used both in the greenhouse and for summer
and autumn blooming out-of-doors.
Scape solid: Ivs. flat, ovate, oblong or narrow, con-
tracted to the petiole: fls. in an umbel, numerous,
rather long-pedicelled; involucral bracts 2, scarious;
perianth erect, finally recurved or pendulous, tube con-
tracted above the ovary, then suddenly dilated, lobes
subequal, spreading; ovary 3-celled: caps, ovoid-globose
or subpyramidal, 3-angled or nearly 3-lobed. — About 3
species, S. Amer.
The species of urceolina are attractive plants and easily
grown, flowering every year, but for some reason they
are rather scarce. The bulbs are about 3 inches across
and during the growing season have one or two leaves.
The plants flower in December. After flowering the
bulbs may be removed from the warmhouse to the
intermediate house and placed in a spot where they will
be kept dry. Just before growth begins in the spring, the
bulbs should be taken out of the pots and the exhausted
soil removed. The bulbs may then be replaced, one
bulb in a 5-inch pot, using clean pots, plenty of drain-
age material and a rich light porous soil. Place the
top of the bulb level with the soil. Remove the pots to
the stove, and as soon as growth begins water freely.
In the fall when the leaves turn yellow, water sparingly
and finally withhold water altogether. The flower-
scapes appear a few weeks after the leaves disappear.
(Robert Cameron.)
A. Fls. red.
miniata, Benth. & Hook. (Pentldndia miniata, Herb.).
Bulb about 1 J^ in. through: Ivs. produced after the fls.,
short-petioled, about 1 ft. long, 1J^ in. wide, narrowed
at both ends: scape over 1 ft. long: fls. 2-6, bright
scarlet. Andes of Peru and Bolivia. B.R. 25:68. R.B.
23:49. — Offered by Dutch bulb-growers.
AA. Fls. yellow.
pendula, Herb. (U. aurea, Lindl.). Bulb about 1 J^ in.
through: Ivs. 1-2 to a st.. produced after the fls., oblong,
acute, 1 ft. long by 4-5 in. broad: scape about 1 ft. long:
fls. 4-6, bright yellow tipped with green. Andes of
Peru. B.M.5464. G.C. III. 12:211. G. 32:241. J.H.
III. 48 : 445. F. W. BARCLAY.
F. TRACY HUBBARD. f
URECHITES (tailed Echites, alluding to the append-
ages of the corolla). Apocyndcese. Prostrate plants or
twining vines, allied to Dipladenia and having similar
cultural requirements. Sts. woody or nearly so: Ivs.
opposite, the blades entire: fls. often showy, in axillary
or terminal cymes or racemes, or sometimes only 2
together; calyx-lobes 5, long and narrow; corolla fun-
nel-shaped, rather large, abruptly widened into a
throat, 5-lobed, the lobes sometimes elongated and
twisted; stamens inserted at top of the corolla-tube
and included in the throat, the anthers sagittate; disk
cup-shaped, 5-lobed or nearly entire: fr. comprised of
2 long spreading follicles. Species about 10, in Trop.
Amer. and extending into Fla. U. suberecta, Muell.
Arg., of Colombia, is sometimes grown in the warm-
house: somewhat woody and partially erect: Ivs. ovate
to elliptic: fls. large, yellow, in a terminal peduncled
cyme. B.M. 1064 (as Echites suberecta), and 4702 (as
Dipladenia flava) .
URENA (from Uren, the Malabar name). Malvaceae.
Herbs or subshrubs of little horticultural interest:
plants more or less covered with rigid stellate hairs : Ivs.
angled or lobed: fls. clustered; calyx 5-cleft; petals
5, often tomentose at the back, free above, connate
below; staminal tube truncate or minutely toothed,
anthers nearly sessile; ovary 5-celled, cells 1-ovuled:
ripe carpels covered with hooked bristles or smooth,
indehiscent. — About 8 or 9 species, natives of the
tropics and subtropics. U. lobdta, Linn. Herbaceous,
more or less hairy: Ivs. rounded, angled, not divided
beyond the middle, cordate, 5-7-lobed, lobes acute or
obtuse, about 1-2x2-3 in.: fls. pink: carpels densely
pubescent, spiny. Tropics of both hemispheres. Very
variable. U. stellipila, Lem. Shrubby with a few elon-
gated, fulvous-pilose branches: Ivs. distant, rather short-
petioled, cuneately ovate-lanceolate, base somewhat
cordate, stellate, hairy, coarsely crenulate-dentate : fls.
rather large, 1V£ in. across, white, in axillary clusters;
calyx-segms. lanceolate, acute; petals spatula te. Brazil.
J.F. 3:281.
URERA (derivation not obvious, possibly from uro, to
burn, alluding to the stinging hairs). Urticacese. Trees
or shrubs, rarely subshrubs, with stinging hairs usually
scattered, one of which has been rarely cult, as an
ornamental greenhouse shrub. Lvs. alternate, entire,
dentate or lobed, feather-veined or 3-5-nerved; stipules
free or more or less connate in one: panicles dichbto-
mous, cymose or irregularly racemose, unisexual: fls.
dioecious or rarely monoecious; perianth of male fls.
4-5-parted, segms. ovate, stamens 4-5, ovary rudi-
mentary; perianth-lobes or segms of female fls. 4, sub-
equal or outer smaller, ovary straight or oblique:
achenium straight or oblique, compressed or ventricose.
— About 40 species, Trop. Amer., Afr., also Mascarene
Isls. and Pacific islands.
alceaefolia, Gaud. (Urtwa caracasana, Jacq.). Tree
.or shrub: Ivs. broadly ovate, acuminate, basal sinus
wide and open, crenate-dentate : fls. dioecious, in regu-
larly dichotomous cymes ; male cymes 4-6 times dichoto-
mous, stinging or not, rose-colored; female fls. many
times dichotomous, the fls. solitary or in 3's. Trop.
A0161"- F. TRACY HUBBARD. f
URGINEA (from the name of an Arabian tribe in
Algeria). Lilidcese. Bulbous herbs used both in the
greenhouse and out-of-doors.
Leaves radical, sometimes very narrowly linear,
sometimes broadly strap-shaped or almost oblong : scape
simple, leafless: fls. in a terminal raceme, usually
numerous, rather small or medium-sized, whitish, or
rarely pale yellowish or rose, color more intense in the
center of the segms.; bracts small, scarious; perianth
finally deciduous, segms. 6, distinct, campanulate-
connivent or spreading after an thesis; stamens 6;
ovary sessile, 3-celled, usually 3-cornered: caps.
3-cornered, grooved, or intruded between the angles,
loculicidally dehiscent. — About 75 species, Eu., Medit.
region, India and Trop. and S. Afr. The sea-onion
is closely related to the genus Scilla, but seems to be
much closer to Ornithogalum, especially in habit, infl.
and color of fls. The seeds of Urginea are numerous in
each locule (in the sea-onion 10-12), strongly com-
pressed and winged; in Ornithogalum and Scilla they
are not compressed or winged and in Scilla they are
solitary or few in each locule.
The sea-onion, known to apothecaries by the name of
squill, and to gardens as Urginea maritima, is a bulbous
plant native to the Mediterranean region. It has the
same style of beauty as Ornithogalum pyramidale but
unfortunately it is only half-hardy. As an ornamental
plant it is little known in America. The name seems
not to appear in American catalogues, but the Dutch
bulb-growers offer the bulbs in different sizes. A plant
erroneously called sea-onion is Ornithogalum caudatum.
There is considerable difference of opinion as to when
the sea-onion blooms, but the plant is generally con-
sidered an autumn bloomer, and it is clear that the
leaves appear after the flowers. In England the plant is
said to have flowered as early as July and August.
Baker writes that the leaves appear in winter. Some
English cultivators say the leaves appear as early as
October and November; others say not until spring.
URGINEA
The plant grows near the seashore and inland, in dry
sandy places from the Canaries to Syria. It is also
found in South Africa, which is unusual, as the North
and South African species of any genus are not usually
identical.
The bulbs of Urginea are collected in large quan-
tities in the Mediterranean region for the drug trade.
They sometimes attain a maximum weight of fifteen
pounds. The bulbs contain about 22 per cent of sugar and
are used in Sicily in the manufacture of whiskey.
Squills have emetic and cathartic properties. Sirup of
squills is a popular croup medicine. The bulb, as it
appears in the wholesale drug market, has been deprived
of its outer scales and cut into thin slices, the central
portions being rejected.
Scilla, Steinh. (U. maritima, Baker). SEA-ONION.
SQUILL. Height 1-3 ft,: bulb 4-6 in. thick: Ivs. appear-
ing after the fls., lanceolate, somewhat fleshy and glau-
cous, glabrous, \-ll/i ft. long, 2-4 in. wide above mid-
dle: racemes 1-1 % ft. long, 1-1 % in. wide, 50-100-fld.:
fls. Hin. across, whitish, with the oblong segms. keeled,
greenish purple. Autumn. Canaries to Syria, S. Afr.
B.M. 918 (as Ornithogalum Squilla). — In Italy it is
said to be seen often blooming in many houses on top
of shelves or cupboards, the bulbs producing their long
spikes of fls.. which last in perfection for weeks, with-
out earth or water. WILHELM MILLER.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
UROSTIGMA: Ficus. The following species now in
cult, abroad was not included under Ficus in Vol. Ill,
p. 1229. Ficus subtriplinervia, Mart. (Urostigma sub-
triplinercium, Miq.). Large tree: Ivs. chartaceous,
ovate- or lanceolate-elliptic or oblong, 1-2 x J^in. : fls. in
axillary pairs, very short -peduncled, dioecious. Brazil.
URSINIA (John Ursinus, of Regensburg, 1608-1666;
author of "Arboretum Biblicum"). Composite. Here
belongs the hardy annual known to the trade as Spheno-
gyne speciosa.
Annuals, perennials, or subshrubs: Ivs. alternate, ser-
rate, pinnatifid or usually pinnatisect: rays the same
color on both sides or purplish brown beneath; involucre
hemispherical or broadly campanulate: achenes often
10-ribbed. — A genus of about 60 species, all native to
S. Afr. One species, U. annua, is also found in Abys-
sinia. In Flora Capensis, vol. 3 (1864-65), Sphenpgyne
and Ursinia are treated as separate genera, the distinc-
tions being as follows: the achene is cylindrical in
Sphenogyne, but obovate or pear-shaped in Ursinia, dis-
tinctly tapering to the base: the pappus is uniseriate in
the former, biseriate in the latter, the inner series consist-
ing of 5 slender white bristles. In the course of time
these distinctions have been dropped and Sphenogyne
included in Ursinia.
pulchra, X. E. Br. (Sphenogyne specibsa, Knowles
& \\estc.). Fig. 3887. Annual, 1-2 ft. high, with Ivs.
bipmnately dissected into linear lobes and yellow or
orange fl.-heads 2 in. across: rays about 22, 3-toothed,
spotted purple-brown at base: st. glabrous, branched:
Ivs. alternate: scapes nearly leafless, about 5 times as
long as Ivs. : involucre 4-rowed; scales increasing in size
from the base, outer rows with a brown scarious border,
inner with a white scarious border F C 2*77 P M
£?«.&?• ?w4nR Gn. 44, p. 217. R.H. 1843:445.
3o2. J.H. III. o4: 85.— Both yellow and orange-
colored fls are sometimes found on the same plant.
\\nen well managed it blooms all summer. It is a
the Cape region of S. Afr. It has been in cult,
L836 but was not correctly described until 1887.
is much praised by connoisseurs, though it is not
known to the general public. It seems to have enjoyed
a longer continuous period of cult, than many other
showy composites, in which the Cape is wonderfully
WILHELM MILLER.
UTRICULARIA
3417
URTICA (classical name, alluding to the burning
hairs). Urticaceaz. NETTLE. About 30 annual and per-
ennial erect simple or branching slender herbs, widely
distributed, little if at all planted because of the sting-
ing hairs and sts. and Ivs.: fls. small, greenish and
inconspicuous, racemose, spicate or clustered in the
axils, monoecious or dioecious, sometimes hermaph-
rodite; sterile fls. with 4 sepals and 4 stamens; fertile
fls. with 2 pairs of sepals and a single erect ovary: Ivs.
simple, opposite, strongly nerved, dentate or crenate
or incised. Several species of nettle are native in N.
Amer. and a few are intro. weeds. The plants have
very little ornamental value.
3887. Ursinia pulchra. (XK)
URVILLEA (bears the name of Capt. Dumont D'Ur-
ville, French botanist and naval officer). Sapindocex.
About a dozen species of climbing shrubs of Trop.
Amer. Lvs. alternate, ternate, the Ifts. entire or coarsely
dentate and more or less pellucid-dotted: fls. whitish,
on jointed pedicels, in axillary racemes, the peduncles
ending in a pair of tendrils; sepals 5, the 2 outer ones
smaller; petals 4; disk of 4 glands; stamens 8: fr. a
3-winged samara. Probably no species is in cult., the
U. ferruginea, Lindl., of lists being Serjania cuspidata.
UTRICULARIA (Latin, a little "bag or skin, referring
to the bladders). Lentibulariacess. BLADDERWORT.
As known to gardeners, the bladderworts are of two
rather distinct groups. — the aquatic mostly native
lands sometimes used in pools and aquaria, and the
tropical terrestrial kinds sometimes prown in warm-
houses with orchids and other special plants. -The
whole group is of little importance horticulturally.
As commonly understood, Utricularia is a genus of
some 200 aquatic and terrestrial herbs, of cosmopolitan
distribution. Recently, however, the genus has been
split into several genera, and the name Utricularia
retained for certain aquatic species; with this taxo-
nomic innovation, however, we are not concerned in this
brief account. Under the older and prevailing definition,
3418
UTRICULARIA
UTRICULARIA
Utricularia comprises plants with numerous slender
wiry scapes bearing one or many fls. : calyx large, 2-
parted or 2-lobed; corolla with a spur which is usually
long and curved under the fl. ; posterior lip erect, entire,
emarginate or 2-fid; anterior lip often large, broad, and
showy, spreading or reflexed, entire, crenate or 3-lobed,
or the middle lobe various: lys. of the aquatic species
much dissected, sometimes disappearing at flowering-
time, very delicate: plant floating or rooting in the
mud, the Ivs., branches, and sometimes the roots bear-
ing minute bladders; Ivs. of terrestrial species linear or
spatulate and rosulate at base of plant. The bladders
trap small aquatic animals. These bladders have a
valve-like door through which the animals enter when
3888. Utricularia longifolia. ( X M)
looking for food or when trying to escape from other
creatures; they are most numerous and effective in the
species which float in stagnant water. They are fewer in
the marsh-inhabiting species. The terrestrial kinds
often have minute deformed and useless bladders;
these kinds are common in the tropics and are charac-
terized by erect foliage of the ordinary type. These
often form little tubers by which they may be propa-
gated. The native aquatic species propagate themselves
by seeds and also by winter buds. (A winter bud of
another aquatic plant is figured under Elodea, p. 1110).
Some of the utricularias are epiphytic in a way. Those
who are familiar with bromeliaceous plants know how
the water gathers in the axils of the Ivs. These brome-
liads are themselves often epiphytic, perching on high
trees in moisture-laden tropical jungles. In the minia-
ture ponds supplied by the If .-axils of Vriesia and other
bromeliads live certain utricularias with fully developed
and effective bladders. Occasionally they send out a
long "feeler" or runner-like shoot which finds another
bromeliad and propagates another bladderwort.
The aquatic utricularias are sometimes cultivated in
aquaria, but their flowers are not showy, nor are those
of any of the hardy kinds. A number of them are native
in lakes and ponds in the United States and Canada.
The showy species are the terrestrial and epiphytic
kinds of the tropics. These, for complexity of floral
structure, beauty of color and lasting qualities, vie with
certain orchids. In fact, they are usually grown by
orchid-lovers in orchid-houses. Perhaps the most
desirable of the genus are U. montana, U. Endresii, and
U. longifolia, each of which represents a different color.
Well-grown baskets of these plants have numerous
scapes a foot or so high bearing five to twenty flowers,
each 1 }/2 to 2 inches across. In general, such plants are
grown in warmhouses, U. Endresii requiring a stove
temperature, while some of the others may thrive in an
intermediate house. As a class they are grown in bas-
kets, near the light, using a compost of fibrous peat
and sand. The plants are kept constantly wet during
the growing season and until the flowers are gone. Dur-
ing the winter they are rested, being kept in a cooler
place and given just enough water to keep the tubers
from shriveling.
americana, 1.
bifida, 4.
Endresii, 8.
Forgetiana, 9.
Humboldtii, 7.
janthina, 5.
latifolia, 9.
longifolia, 9.
macrorhiza, 1.
major, 8.
montana, 3.
prehensilis, 2.
reniformis, 6.
vulgaris, 1.
A. Habit aquatic.
B. Foliage dissected into numerous thread-like segms.; Ivs.
floating.
1. vulgaris, Linn. Hardy aquatic: sts. a few inches to
3 ft. long, with crowded 2-3 pinnately divided floating
Ivs. }/2-l in. long, provided with numerous bladders and
yellow fls. 3/£in. long or more, borne in few-fld. racemes:
scapes 6-8 in. high: corolla closed, with reflexed sides
and a conical blunt spur. Eurasia, in ponds and chan-
nels. Gn. 28, p. 403.— ^Sometimes listed among aquatic
plants. What is considered by some to be the same
species occurs far northward in N. Amer.; represented
in the U. S. by var. americana, Gray, with a more slen-
der and rather acute spur. Some authors consider the
American plant to be distinct, and it then takes the
name U. macrorhiza, LeConte, distinguished from the
Eurasian material by longer sts., shape and direction of
spur and reduced or rudimentary stolons. Sometimes
collected for aquaria.
BB. Foliage ribbon-like.
2. prehensilis, E. Mey. An aquatic plant with fl.-
shoots twining above the water : Ivs. (often disappeared
at flowering-time) linear-lanceolate to Ungulate, obtuse,
sometimes nearly 1 in. long, narrowed into a slender
petiole: bladders numerous on the Ivs. and rhizoids,
with the mouth near the stalk, nearly or quite globose,
almost y% line in diam. : fls. yellow, 1-6; upper lip of
corolla broadly oblong-spatulate; palate erect, crested;
spur straight and acute, descending, Min. or more long.
Trop. Afr. G.C. III. 48 : 447. — A rapid grower and pro-
fuse bloomer in cult. Annual.
AA. Habit terrestrial or epiphytic: foliage entire, erect.
B. Color of fls. white, with a yellow palate.
3. montana, Jacq. Tropical American epiphyte, with
clusters of tubers }4-%in. long, minute, deformed, use-
less bladders and large white fls. with a yellow palate,
the fls. 1-4 on a scape, each 1J^ in. across: Ivs. 4-6 in.
long, elliptic-lanceolate. Trunks of trees, W. Indies and
S. Amer. B.M. 5923. F.S. 19:1942. I.H. 18:64. G.C.
III. 49:405. G. 29:251. G.W. 2, p. 414; 3, p. 518; 15,
p. 301. — A lovely species.
BB. Color of fls. yellow, with an orange palate.
4. bifida, Linn. Terrestrial species from Trop. Asia,
with minute bladders and small fls. resembling a
diminutive linaria: Ivs. densely matted, erect, thread-
like, 1-2 in. long: fls. yellow, with an orange palate,
j^gin. long, 5-8 in a raceme: pedicels drooping in fr. :
scape about 6 in. or less high. India, Malaya, China,
Japan, Philippines. B.M. 6689.
UTRICULARIA
UVULARIA
3419
BBB. Color of fls. purple, violet, or lilac, ivith a yellow
palate.
c. Lvs. broader than long.
D. Shape of Ivs. reniform.
5. janthina, Hook, f . Epiphytic Brazilian species
growing in the If .-axils of a bromeliad (Vriesia), with
kidney-shaped Ivs. and beautiful pale blue or lilac fls.
1^ in. across, ornamented by 2 vertical yellow lines
on the palate edged with dark violet: Ivs. with stalks
4-6 in. long and blades 2-4 in. across: scape about
6-fld.: upper lip hemispheric, arching; lower lip trans-
versely oblong, entire. B.M. 7466. — Intro, by Sander,
1892. "Janthina" is the same as "ianthina," meaning
violet-colored.
6. reniformis, St. Hil. Brazilian species found in
sphagnum bogs, having kidney-shaped Ivs. and rose-
colored fls. with 2 darker lines on the palate: upper lip
truncate, emarginate; lower lip 3-lobed, the lateral
lobes broad, the midlobe much shorter and scarcely
produced. Brazil. — Once advertised in this country, but
probably lost to cult. Very large for the genus, the Ivs.
Yz-\ ft- long and scapes 1 J^-2 ft. high.
DD. Shape of Ivs. obcordate.
7. Humboldtii, Schomb. Guiana species, with long-
stalked, cordate or obcordate, mostly solitary Ivs. and
dark purple-blue fls. 2^ in. across, with a triangular
lower lip: scapes about 5-fld. F.S. 13:1390.— One of
the showiest species. Cult, in England, perhaps not
in Amer.
cc. Li's, long and narrow, linear, oblong or lanceolate.
8. Endresii, Reichb. f . Epiphytic Costa Rican species,
with tubers about J^in. long, solitary Ivs. and pale lilac
fls. l%-2 in. across, with a yellow palate: Ivs. 1-3 in.
long, narrowly elliptic-lanceolate : scape about 5-fld.
B.M. 6656. J.H. III. 49:233. G.Z. 24, p. 217. Var.
major, Hort., was once offered. — A deciduous species
found at altitude of 2,000 feet.
9. Iongif61ia, Gardn. Fig. 3888. A Brazilian species,
perennial and densely tufted: lys. lorate or linear-
lanceolate, narrowed into a petiole, to 12 in. long:
scape slender, reaching 2 ft., with fls. 10 or less. U.
Forgetiana, Hort., intro. by Sander, is said to be a form
of this species and the same as the plant figured in Gn.
52:142 (adapted in Fig. 3888) under the erroneous
title of U. latifolia. It has beautiful violet-purple fls.
nearly 2 in. across, with an orange palate. B.M. 8516.
G.C.llI. 13:713. The Ivs. are singularly variable or
plastic. Under favorable conditions, according to
Prain, they may grow out into bladder-bearing stolons
and may produce from their tips tufts of leaves and
stolons and rhizoids. The species thrives under condi-
tions suitable for nepenthes. WILHELM MILLER.
L. H. B.f
UVARIA (Latin, from uva, grape, on account of the
grape-like clusters of the fruit). Annonace^e. A group
very closely allied to the American Asimina, but com-
posed of Old World tropical plants, more or less clothed
with stellate-pubescent hairs, and with a climbing or
scrambling habit.
Flowers either solitary or in few-fld. clusters, either
terminal or If .-opposed; sepals 3, often combined into
a cup-shaped calyx; petals 6, in 2 rows, one or both
rows imbricate, or overlapping in the bud (not edge-to-
edge as in Desmos), often connate at the base; stamens
numerous, short, cuneate or nearly truncate, with
parallel pollen-sacks on the back, very much as in
Asimina, but with the connective either truncate or
terminating in a If .-like crest: gynaecium formed of a
cluster of carpels projecting from the center of the mass
of stamens, and developing into a cluster of pedicelled
fleshy berries somewhat like those of Artabotrys or
Canangium, but with the seeds usually numerous and
arranged in 2 vertical rows, as in Asimina, or some-
times apparently 1-seriate. Few of this genus are in
cult. For the principal Philippine species, see E. D.
Merrill, in Philippine Journ. of Science, Section Botany,
10 : 22&-30 (1915) . The following species is the only one
occurring about Manila.
rilfa, Blume (U. purpiirea, Blanco). StrsoNG-
CALABAO. CARBAO'S TEATS. Fig. 3889. A scandent
shrub, often 16-20 ft. in length, the younger parts and
lower surfaces of the Ivs. rather densely and softly
pubescent with radiating starUke clusters of short
rusty hairs: Ivs. oblong-ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
3-6 in. long, apex acuminate, base rounded or cordate,
the petioles very short: fls. extra-axillary or If .-opposed,
solitary or 2 or 3 together in depauperate cymes: frs. a
cluster of 18-28 pedicelled oblong velvety berries, red
when mature; seeds many, in 2 rows, surrounded by
whitish, aromatic, acidulous fleshy pulp. — According
to P. J. Wester the ft. of this species together with that
3889. Uvaria rufa. a, longitudinal section of fruit; b,
cross-section of fruit; c, seeds.
of an allied species having an orange-yellow, velvety
skin and yellowish, granular, somewhat sweetish flesh
is offered for sale in the markets of Manila. See The
Philippine Agricultural Review 6:321, pi. 7, figs, a
and b (1913) for further information.
W. E. SAFFORD.
UVULARIA (Latin, urula, palate, referring to
the hanging flowers). Liliacese. BELLWORT. "Wm>
OATS" in some parts. Graceful woodland hardy peren-
nial herbs, useful in the wild border or in heavy shade;
not showy, and little planted.
Stem erect and stout, from a creeping or horizontal
short rootstock, naked or scaly at base, forking above :
Ivs. oblong, perfoliate, flat and membranaceous: fls.
yellow, drooping, in spring, solitary on terminal pedun-
cles; perianth narrowly campanulate, deciduous,
segms. 6, spatulate-lanceolate, acuminate, obtusely
gibbous at base, with a deep honey-bearing groove
within bordered on each side by a callus-like ridge: caps,
truncate, coriaceous, 3-lobed, loculicidal at summit. —
About 4 species, N. Amer. Another species sometimes
kept in this genus is treated under Oakesia.
Uvularias grow 1-1 H feet high, with a number
of clustered slender stems which are forked and leaf-
bearing mainly above. The foliage is of a delicate green,
which with the terminal narrow bell-shaped drooping
flowers make the plants elegant though not showy.
The species are perfectly hardy and easy of cultivation
in any light rich soil and a shady situation. They do
well north of a wall in a well-prepared border and in
such a position they far exceed the plants of the woods
in luxuriance. Strong roots may be slowly forced for
spring flowering. For distinction from Oakesia, see that
genus, to which some of the plants commonly known as
uvularias are referred.
3420
UVULARIA
A. Lvs. pubescent beneath.
grandiflora, Smith. Sts. 1-1 Y^ ft. high, with 1 or 2
Ivs. below the fork: Ivs. oblong, oval or ovate, some-
what acuminate: fls. pale yellow, 1-1 Yt in. long; segms.
usually smooth on both sides: stamens exceeding the
styles: caps, obtusely 3-angled, truncate. May, June.
Rich woods, Que. to Minn, south to Ga., Tenn., and
Iowa. B.B. 1:409.
UVULARIA
AA. Lvs. not pubescent beneath.
perfoliata, Linn. Fig. 3890. Sts. more slender than
in U. grandiflora, with 1-3 Ivs. below the fork: Ivs. oval-
oblong or ovate: fls. pale yellow, about 1 in. long; segms.
glandular papillose within; stamens shorter than the
styles: caps, obtusely 3-angled, truncate. May, June.
Rich woods, U. S.
U. sessilifdlia, Linn.=Oakesia sessilifolia.
F. W. BARCLAY.
3890. Bellwort.— DVularia perfoliata.
V
VACCINIUM (ancient Latin name of the blueberry).
Ericaceae. BLUEBERRIES, BILBERRIES, DEERBERRIES,
and CRANBERRIES. Erect or creeping shrubs, often
with green speckled twigs, well known in this country
as the source of excellent wild berries; sometimes
planted for ornament.
Leaves alternate, evergreen or deciduous, coriaceous
or herbaceous: fls. solitary, axillary or terminal or in
racemes; sepals 4-^5 or obsolete; corolla gamopetalous,
urceolate, cylindrical, campanulate, or rotate, 4-5-
toothed or -parted, white
or pink; stamens 8-10;
anthers dehiscing by pores
at the tips of long slender
terminal tubes, epigynous:
carpels 4-5; ovary inferior,
4-5-celled, or 8-10-celled
by intrusion of the midrib
of each carpel: fr. a many-
seeded berry capped by
the persistent calyx. — The
genus consists of about 130
species of wide geographic
distribution, extending from
the Arctic Circle to the
higher mountains of the
tropics. They are most com-
mon in North America
and the Himalayas. The
genus is almost without rep-
resentation in the southern
hemisphere.
The well-known confu-
sion in the popular names
applied to Vaccinium is
stated by Munson as fol-
lows: "The terms 'bilberry'
and 'whortleberry' usually
mentioned as 'common
names' by American writers
are seldom or never heard
among the common people
in this country; while
'huckleberry' is often used
3891. Vaccinium stamineum. (XI)
late autumn, rivaling the sumach in brilliancy, are
unsurpassed. As an ornamental plant the species
deserves a place in every garden. V. pennsylvanicum
also brightens waste places for a short tune, but drops
its foliage too early to be worthy of planting as an
undershrub. The same is true of V. canadense, which is
in many respects similar. V. stamineum, though early
deciduous, is attractive when in bloom and through-
out the summer by reason of its graceful habit. It
is particularly adapted for sterile sandy or gravelly
situations, and it is one of
the very few ornamental
shrubs specially suited for
densely shaded situations.
It has the peculiarity of
never forming a true flower-
bud, the blossom being
open from the first. V.
arboreum forms an irregular
shrub too diffuse and strag-
gling to be of value except
when planted in masses at
the South. V. hirsutum is
as beautiful in its autumn
coloring as is V. corym-
bosum and, like that species,
retains its foliage late in
the season. V. Vitis-Idaea
and V. uliginosum, with
their shining box-like foli-
age, can be used very ef-
fectively as edging for the
shrubbery border. (W. M.
Munson.)
For the most part, vac-
ciniums are plants of peaty
or sandy acid soil, and will
not thrive in soils of a richer
nature. Many species are
very sensitive to the pres-
ence of lime, and they re-
quire special attention as to
soil. See Blueberry.
indiscriminately for plants of this genus and for the
Gaylussacias. In the central states the term 'huckle-
berry' is usually applied to V. corymbosum, while 'blue-
berry' is given to the low-growing species, like V.
canadensis and V. pennsylvanicum. In New England,
'huckleberry' is reserved for species of Gaylussacia,
while 'blueberry' is applied to the lower-growing spe-
cies as above, and 'high-bush blueberry' to V. corym-
bosum. The red-berried species are, in general, referred
to as 'cranberries.' "
Among the plants that lend tone to the landscape
in October and November by reason of their bright
foliage, many of the species of Vaccinium may be
included — the brilliant red, crimson, and orange colors
often persisting much longer than the bright-hued
leaves of a large number of other plants. Of the orna-
mental species none is more strikingly beautiful late in
the autumn than the common high-bush blueberry, V.
corymbosum. When well grown it is a stout, thick,
spreading bush 8 to 10 feet high. The plant is beautiful
when in flower; the fruit is attractive and of the best
quality, and the bright scarlet and crimson effects in
INDEX.
fuscatum, 7.
Oxyeoceus, 23.
hirsutum, 12.
pallidum, 7.
macrocarpon, 24.
melanocarpum, 3.
parviflorum, 18.
pennsylvanicum, 10.
membranaceum, 16.
scoparium, 15.
Myrsinites, 5.
Sprengerii, 5.
myrtilloides, 16.
stamineum, 2.
Myrtillus, 15.
tenellum, 6.
nigrum, 10.
uliginosum, 13.
nitidum, 4.
vacillans, 11.
ovalifolium, 17.
virgatum, 6.
ovatum, 19.
Vitis-Idaea, 21.
aJbiflorum, 7.
amcenum, 7.
angustifolium, 10.
arboreum, 1.
atrococcum, 8.
csespitosum, 14.
canadense, 9.
Constablxi, 7.
corymbosum, 7, 8.
crassifplium, 20.
erythrinum, 25.
erythrocarpum, 22.
Quoted statements in the specific descriptions in the
following treatment are from the original article on this
genus by the late W. M. Munson in the "Cyclopedia of
American Horticulture;" that article also gives an inter-
esting account of the native production of the fruit.
KEY TO THE SECTIONS (No. 25 doubtful).
A. Corolla campanulate to urceolate or cylindrical.
B. The corolla 5-lobed, open-cam panulate; anthers
awned on the back. Section I. BATODENDBON
BB. The corolla J^-B '-toothed, urceolate, cylindrical,
or campanulate-oblong.
(3421)
3422
VACCINIUM
VACCINIUM
c. Filaments hairy; anthers awned on the back:
ovary 10-celled. Section II. CYANOCOCCTTS
cc. Filaments glabrous: ovary 4—5-ceUed.
D. Anthers 2-awned on the back: Ivs. deciduous.
Section III. ETJVACCINITJM
DD. Anthers avmless on the back: hs. coria-
ceous, evergreen. Section IV. VITIS-ID^EA
AA. Corolla rotate or nearly so, ^.-parted or divided,
the narrow divisions revolute. Section V. OXYCOCCTJS
Section I. BATODENDRON. Corolla open-campanulate, 5-
lobed; anthers tipped with long slender tubes, and
2-awned on the back: ovary and berry spuriously
10-celled, ripening in autumn, scarcely edible: Ivs.
deciduous, but of rather firm texture: fls. axillary
and solitary or in leafy-bracted racemes, slender-
pedicelled: bractlets minute or none.
A. Fls. articulated with the pedicel; anthers
included: berries black, many-seeded. 1. arboreum
AA. Fls. not so articulated; anthers much
exserted: berry greenish, few-seeded.
B. Berries greenish or yellowish 2. stamineum
BB. Berries longer, plum-purple 3. melano-
[carpum
1. arbdreum, Marsh. FARKLEBERBY. SPARKLE-
BERRY. Spreading shrub or small tree, 6-25 ft. high,
with glabrous or somewhat pubescent branchlets: Ivs.
1-2 in. long, evergreen in the S., somewhat coriaceous,
smooth and shining above, paler and sometimes
3892. The high-bush blueberry. — Vaccinium corymbosum.
(Spray
pubescent beneath, obovate to oval, acute or obtuse,
entire or obscurely denticulate: fls. profuse, axillary,
and leafy-racemose, pendulous, articulated with the
slender pedicel; corolla open-campanulate, 5-lobed,
white; stamens included: berry small, globose, black,
rather astringent, inedible. Sandy soil along river
banks, Fla. and Texas to N. C. and 111. L.B.C. 19 : 1885.
B.M. 1607 (as V. diffusum). B.B. 2:580.— "It forms
an irregular shrub too diffuse and straggling to be of
use except in masses, for which purpose it is useful at
the South."
2. stamineum, Linn. DEERBERRY. SQUAW HUCKLE-
BERRY. Fig. 3891. A divergently branched shrub,
2-5 ft. high, with pubescent twigs, not white-speckled:
Ivs. 1-4 in. long, oval to obovate-oblong or elliptical,
acute, entire, pale, glaucous and pubescent beneath:
fls. very numerous in large leafy-bracted racemes,
showy, jointed with the slender spreading or pendulous
pedicels; calyx glabrous; corolla pure white, rarely
purple-tinged, open-campanulate, 5-cleft, anthers and
style exserted: fr. large, %-^in. long, globose or
pyriform, greenish or yellowish, glaucous, few-seeded,
almost or quite inedible. Dry woods and thickets, E.
N. Amer. R.H. 1907, p. 94. — Corolla peculiar in not
being closed in the bud.
3. melanocarpum, Mohr. SOUTHERN GOOSEBERRY.
Similar to the last but more white-pubescent: calyx
white-tomentose : berries twice as large, shining black,
with a juicy purple pulp, sweetish and slightly tart.
Southern states.
Section II. CYANOCOCCUS. Corolla from cylindraceous to
campanulate-oblong or ovoid, 5-toothed; filaments
hairy; anthers included, awnless: ovary and berry
completely or incompletely 10-celled by a spurious
partition or projection from the back of each carpel;
berry blue or black with a bloom, juicy, sweet, and
edible, many-seeded: fls. white or rose-color, in
fascicles or very short racemes, developed with or a
little before the Ivs. from large and separate scaly
buds, short-pedicelled: scaly bractlets as well as
bracts mostly caducous or deciduous.
A. Lvs. thick, evergreen: bracts reddish,
firm, tardily deciduous.
B. Sepals obtuse: teeth of Ivs. glandular:
berries black 4. nitidum
BB. Sepals acute: teeth of Ivs. bristly:
berries blue 5. Myrsinites
AA. Lvs. thinner, deciduous: bracts scaly,
deciduous.
B. Corolla cylindrical, mostly over twice
as long as broad.
c. The hs. hairy beneath, serrulate. . . 6. virgatum
cc. The Ivs. glabrous beneath, entire or
nearly so 7. corymbosum
BB. Corolla urceolate or short-cylindrical,
mostly less than twice as long as
broad.
c. Ovary and berry glabrous.
D. Lvs. very pubescent at least
beneath.
E. Plant tall 8. atrococcum
EE. Plant low 9. canadense
DD. Lvs. glabrous or nearly so except
sometimes the midrib.
E. The Ivs. elliptic, acute, green
both sides, serrulate 10. pennsylvani-
EE. The Ivs. broader, less acute, [cum
dull above, glaucous be-
neath, nearly entire 11. vacillans
CC. Ovary and berry glandular-hirsute. 12. hirsutum
4. nitidum, Andr. A diffusely much-branched shrub,
Y<r-1 ft. high, with smooth or rarely pubescent branch-
lets: Ivs. thick, coriaceous, shining, j^-j^in. long,
elliptic-oblong or obovate, acute or apiculate, serru-
late, often with glandular teeth, nearly sessile, glabrous :
racemes umbel-like: sepals and bracts rounded, obtuse;
corolla small, Ys-]^va.. long, short-campanulate-cylin-
drical, 5-toothed, rose-color or whitish: berry small,
black. Dry pine lands, Ga. to Fla. — Closely related to
the next.
5. Myrsinites, Lam. Low evergreen nearly or quite
glabrous shrub, erect or decumbent: Ivs. firm, variable,
spatulate to oblong-obovate, J^-l in. long, entire or
serrulate, sometimes denticulate, mostly shining above,
glabrate or puberulent beneath, strongly veiny: bracts
and calyx-teeth acute or acutish; corolla cylindrical,
J^-^in. long: berries blue, globose. Sandy pine bar-
rens, Va. to Fla. and La. B.M. 1550 (as V. nitidum var.
decumbens). — The chief points of difference between
this and the last species are the puberulent branchlets,
prominently veined, bristly ciliate Ivs., and acute
calyx-teeth and bracts. "Grown as a pot-plant in
coolhouses in England under the name of V.
Sprengerii."
6. virgatum, Ait. A shrub 2-12 ft. high, with slender
green branchlets, the young twigs puberulent: Ivs.
ovate-oblong to cuneate-lanceolate, %-2 in. long, thin-
nish, acute, often mucronate, entire or minutely serru-
late, green and glabrous above, pale or glaucous
beneath; veins pubescent: fls. in short racemes, on
naked twigs, appearing before the Ivs. ; corolla long and
VACCIXIUM
VACCINIUM
3423
3893. Vaccinium pennsylvanicum. —
Low blueberry.
nearly cylindrical, M~/4m- l°ng> white or pink: bracts
small, deciduous: berry black, almost or quite destitute
of bloom. Swamps, S. Va. to Fla. and La. B.M. 3522.
B.R. 302 (as V. fuscatum). — The distinction between
this species and V. corymbosum is very slight. It is
probable that, possibly excepting var. tenettum, this is
only a southern form
of V. corymbosum and
should be reduced to
varietal rank.
Var. tenellum, Gray
(V. tenettum, Ait.).
A low form, mostly less
than 2 ft. high, with
smaller Ivs. and nearly
white fls. in short close
clusters. S.Va.toArk.,
Fla,., and Ala.
7. corymbosum,
Linn. HIGH-BUSH
BLUEBERRY. SWAMP
BLUEBERRY. Fig. 3892.
A tall handsome bushv
shrub, 4-12 ft. high,
with yellowish green
warty branchlets: Ivs.
large, 1J4~3 in. long,
ovate-oblong to ellip-
tical, acutish, glabrous,
hah* grown at flower-
ing time: corolla long-
cylindrical, K - Hp.
long, white: berries
blue-black, of excellent
flavor. Moist woods or
bogs, N. E. N. Amer.
Em. 2:454. Amer.
Agric. 1886:364. — Exceedingly variable, and many
forms unite the several varieties. Apparently many
natural hybrids occur between this and other species,
rendering the taxonomy very difficult. V. corymbosum
is one of the most valuable species both for fr. and as
an ornamental shrub. It thrives in peaty acid soil.
Var. amdenum. Gray (V. amcenum, Ait.?). A form
with Ivs. bristly ciliate or serrulate, bright green on both
sides, shining above. "Mainly in the Middle Atlantic
states." B.R. 400. B.M. 3433 (as V. corymbosum).
Probably of hybrid origin.
Var. pallidum, Gray (V. pallidum, Ait. V. aUnflbrum,
Hook. V. Constdblari, Gray). A pale and glaucous or
glaucescent form with or without some pubescence:
plant generally low, 2—4 ft. high: Ivs. ciliate-serrulate.
Common in mountainous regions southward. B.M.
3428. — Probably a distinct species.
Var. fuscatum, Gray (V. fuscatum, Ait.). A tall form
with the mature entire Ivs. fuscous-pubescent beneath:
fls. virgate, somewhat spicate on the naked flowering
twigs. In and about swamps, Ga. and Fla. to La. and
Ark.
8. atrococcum, Heller (V. corymbosum var. atrococcum,
Gray). DOWXY SWAMP BLUEBERRY. A tall branching
shrub similar to the last species: Ivs. elh'ptic-oblong,
acute, entire, dark green above, densely pubescent
beneath, unexpanded at flowering-time: fls. in dense
racemes; corolla shorter, greener, and often redder than
in the last: berries said to be always black without
bloom, smaller than in the last, of good flavor. Moist
woods and bogs of E. N. Amer. — Apparently distinct
from V. corymbosum, but seeming to hybridize with it.
9. canadense, Kalm. CANADA BLUEBERRY. Low
erect shrubs, 1-2 ft. high, much branched: the branch-
lets very downy: Ivs. entire, dark green, %-lJ^ in. long,
oblong-lanceolate or elliptical, acute, downy on both
sides: corolla short-cylindraceous, greenish white, often
tinged with red: berries medium or small, late, blue
with much bloom. Low woods and bogs, New England,
mountains of Pa., northward and northwestward.
B.M. 3446. — "This species, commonly known as "vel-
vet-leaf" or "sour-top" because of the character of
its foliage and the somewhat acid fr., usually grows in
rather boggy localities. The fr. is more acid than the
other low forms and matures from 1-3 weeks later.
It is not so popular in the market as the sweeter kinds,
but it is very prolific and its lateness in ripening is in
its favor."
10. pennsylvanicum, Lam. Low BLUEBERRY. Fig.
3893. A dwarf shrub, 6-15 in. high: branchlets gla-
brous or hairy northward: Ivs. membranous, oblong-
lanceolate or elliptical, acute, distinctly serrulate with
bristly pointed teeth, shining and green on both sides
but often hairy on the midrib beneath: fls. on short
pedicels; corolla short-cylindraceous, greenish white:
berries large, bluish black with a bloom, sweet, the
earliest to ripen in the North. E. N. Amer. B.M. 3434.
Em. 2:456. Rep. Me. Exp. Sta. 1898:171. Var. aagus-
tifolium, Gray. A dwarf form with more decidedly
lanceolate Ivs. Newfoundland, mountains of New Eng-
land and northward. Var. nigrum, Wood (V. nlgrum,
Brit.). Foliage very glaucous: berries black, without
bloom. Usually found in colonies in the same situa-
tions as the typical form and occasionally the two
are found intermingled. Rep. Me. Exp. Sta. 1898:
171. The fls. are said to appear earlier than those of
V. pennsylvanicum. — "This species is extremely varia-
ble in size and shape of fr. and fls., but, with the
exception of the varieties noted, the variations do not
appear sufficiently constant to warrant making separa-
tions. In general the plant is of low, semi-prostrate
habit, is extremely prolific, and thrives well on dry
sandy hills. It furnishes the bulk of the blueberries
found in the eastern markets. When mown down or
3894. Vaccinium hirsutam.
burned, the new erect shoots produce, the following
year, a long spike-like mass of bloom and fruit, which
may be stripped off by the handfuls. Because of its
character and early ripening habit, it is known on the
blueberry plains as 'Early Sweet' or 'Low Sweet.' "
11. vacQlans, Kalm. Low BLUEBERRY. Erect, gla-
brous, widely branched, J^-3 ft. high: Ivs. 1-2 in. long,
obovate or oval, scarcely acute, entire or sparingly
serrulate, pale or dull glaucous on both sides: fls. in
3424
VACCINIUM
VACCINIUM
rather dense clusters generally on the leafless summits
of twigs; calyx reddish; corolla short-cylindraceous,
greenish white, often tinged with red: berries large,
with much bloom, of excellent flavor, ripening late with
V. canadense. Dry sandy or rocky places, N. E. N.
Amer. Em. 1:454. — "One of the most common species
of the northern and central states, particularly west of
the Alleghanies. One of the two commonest upland
dwarf blueberries."
12. hirsutum, Buckl. HAIRY BLUEBERRY. BEAR
BLUEBERRY. Fig. 3894. Low shrub, 1-2 ft. high: sts.
green, grooved, obscurely 4-angled: branchlets hirsute
with spreading white hairs: Ivs. oblong-elliptic to ovate,
acute or cuspidate, %-lM in. long, entire, deep green
above, paler beneath , pubescent or hirsute on both
faces, very short-petioled : racemes few-fld.: ovary,
calyx, and corolla densely hirsute; sepals acute; corolla
large, ovoid, campanulate, pale or reddish: berries pur-
plish black, glandular-hirsute. Shaded mountain
slopes, N. C. to Tenn. and Ga. G.F. 2:365 (adapted in
Fig. 3894). — "This species, discovered about 1840,
was lost sight of for half a century until rediscovered by
Sargent, and transferred to the Arnold Arboretum.
It is readily distinguished by the hairy fls. and fr. The
fr. is described as fully as large as that of Gaylussacia
baccata, shining black, and of an agreeable flavor.
Under cult., it is not so densely hairy as in the wild
state. It gives promise of being valuable under cult,
as one of the latest of its kind to ripen. At the Arnold
Arboretum the period of greatest fruitage is in the
middle of Aug., berries remaining into Sept."
Section III. EUVACCINIUM. Corolla from ovate to globu-
lar and more or less urceolate, 4-5-toothed, rose-
color or nearly white; filaments glabrous; anthers
2-awned on the back, included: ovary and berry 4-5-
celled, with no false partitions: Ivs. deciduous: fls.
on dropping pedicels, solitary or 2-4 together,
developing with or soon after the Ivs.
A. Fls. 2-4 in a fascicle, from separate
scaly buds, 4-merous 13. uliginosum
AA. Fls. solitary, axillary, usually 5-
merous.
B. Branchlets not angled 14. cespitosum
BB. Branchlets angled.
c. Shrubs low (1 % ft. or less) 15. Myrtillus
cc. Shrubs tail (3-6 ft.).
D. Lvs. serrate: berries blackish,
•without bloom 16. membrana-
DD. Lvs. entire or nearly so. ! ceum
E. Berry blue with bloom: hs.
1-2 in. long 17. ovalifolium
EE. Berry red: Ivs. J^-%in. long. 18. parvifolium
13. uliginosum, Linn. BOG BILBERRY. A low spread-
ing much-branched shrub, M~1H ft. high: Ivs. thick-
ish, obovate or oval, obtuse or retuse, H-l in. long,
entire, nearly sessile, pale and glaucous on both sides,
slightly pubescent beneath: fls. 2-4 together or some-
times solitary; calyx 4-parted, rarely 5-parted; corolla
urn-shaped, 2-5-lobed, pink: berries bluish black with a
bloom. Arctic and alpine N. Amer., Eu., and Asia.
B.B. 2:576. — "The plant is useful for the shrubbery
border in cold wet acid situations and its fr., though of
poor quality, is used for food by the natives of the
Northwest."
14. cespitosum, Michx. DWARF BILBERRY. A
dwarf tufted shrub, 3-12 in. high, nearly glabrous
throughout: branches rounded: Ivs. M-1H in. long,
obovate, cuneate-lanceolate or cuneate-spatulate, nar-
rowed at base, obtuse or acutish, serrulate, smooth and
shining: fls. solitary, on short axillary peduncles, nod-
ding; corolla urceolate, small, slightly 5 (rarely 4)
-toothed, pink or red: berries large, blue with bloom,
sweet. Gravelly or rocky woods and shores, Maine,
Vt., Wis., Col., Calif., and northward; also on alpine
summits of New England and N. Y. B.M. 3429. —
May be used in rock-gardens.
15. Myrtfllus, Linn. WHORTLEBERRY. BILBERRY.
Low glabrous shrub with sharply angled branches: Ivs.
J^-%in. long, ovate or oval, serrate, conspicuously
reticulate- veined, glabrous, thin and shining: corolla
globular ovate ; calyx-limb almost entire : berries black,
nodding. Mountainous regions, Eu., Asia, possibly N.
Amer. — "Generally used as an article of diet and in
making of drinks, particularly in the Old World. It is
from this species that the common name whortleberry
is derived. It is not of much economic importance in
Amer." The red-fruited form of the Rocky Mts., and
the N. W. has been separated as V. scoptirium, Leiberg,
and is so recognized by Piper and by Coulter &
Nelson. Its occurrence in the trade is doubtful.
16. membranaceum, Douglas (V. myrtillmdes, Hook.,
not Michx.). An erect branching shrub, mostly gla-
brous throughout: the twigs slightly angled: Ivs. 1-2
in. long, oval, oblong or ovate, acute or obtuse, finely
serrate, membranous, reticulate-veined, green above,
paler beneath, not shining: calyx-limb entire; corolla
depressed-globose, yellowish green or purplish: berries
large, oblate, black or purplish black, rather acid.
Lake Superior, N. Wyo., westward and northwestward.
3895. Mountain cranberry. — Vacciniurn Vitis-Idaa.
( X about Ji)
17. ovalifolium, Smith. A slender straggling shrub,
3-12 ft. high, with slender, more or less angled branches:
Ivs. 1-2 in. long, oval to oblong, glabrous, thin, mostly
rounded at both ends, entire or nearly so, pale green
above, glaucous beneath: fls. solitary, on short recurved
pedicels; calyx minutely 10-toothed; corolla ovoid or
globose, urceolate: berries Hin. diam., large, bluish
purple with bloom, acid but very good. Moist woods,
Que. to Ore. and Alaska. — "This species is very abun-
dant in the N. W., forming a large part of the under-
growth along the southern coast of Alaska. The ber-
ries, rather larger than peas, are collected in great
quantities by the Indians, who use them fresh and dry
them for winter. The exceptionally large berries and
vigorous habit of this species suggest its value for cult.,
and particularly for crossing with the low-growing
species."
18. parvifdlium, Smith. Shrub, 6-12 ft, high, strag-
gling, with slender green sharply angled branches: Ivs.
J4-/4in. long, oblong or oval, obtuse, entire, dull or
pale: pedicels short, nodding in fr.: sepals 5; corolla
globular, nearly white: berries bright red, acid, but
fine for table use. N. Calif, to Alaska. — Not common
in cult.
VACCINIUM
VALERIANA
3425
Section IV. Vms-In^EA. Corolla from ovate to globular
and more or less urceolate, 4-o-toothed, rose-color
or nearly white; filaments hairy; anthers awnless on
the back: ovary and berry 4-5-celled, with no false
partitions: Ivs. coriaceous and persistent: fls. in short
racemes or clusters from separate buds, bracteate
and 2-bracteolate.
A. Corolla 5-lobed; stamens 10.
B. Branchlets pubescent: plant erect. ... 19. ovatum
BB. Branchlets glabrous: plant procum-
bent 20. crassif olium
AA. Corolla. 4-toothed; stamens 8 21. Vitis-Idaea
19. ovatum, Pursh. An erect, rigid, evergreen shrub,
2-8 ft. high, with pubescent branchlets: Ivs. J^-l in.
long, thick and firm, very numerous, shining, ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, acute, minutely and acutely ser-
rulate, glabrous or nearly so, bright green both sides:
fls. in short and close axillary clusters; deciduous bracts
usually red; corolla campanula te, Mm- long) rose-color
or nearly white; calyx-lobes acute, red: berries black,
acid, with or without bloom. Moist woods, Vancouver
to Monterey, Calif. B.R. 1354. J.F. 4:424— "A dis-
tinctly western species, and one of California's most
beautiful hedge-plants, but not well known. It is very
tenacious of life and bears pruning well. It is prop,
from suckers, cuttings, and seeds, which last it bears
freely."
20. crassif dlium, Andr. Slender trailing shrub: sts.
2-3 ft. long: twigs pubescent: Ivs. small, J4-J<j in. long,
leathery and shining, oval to narrowly oblong or ovate
or obovate, obtuse, sparsely serrulate or entire: fls.
few, almost sessile, in small axillary clusters; corolla
globose-campanulate, small (J^in. long), rose-red,
rarely whitish: berries black. Sandy moist pine lands,
N. C. to Ga. B.M. 1152.— "Useful for the shrubbery
border South."
21. Vitis-Idafea, Linn. (VMis-Idsea Vitis-Idsea, Brit.).
MOUNTAIN CRANBERRY. COWBERRY. PARTRIDGE
BERRY in the N. FOXBERRY. Fig. 3895. Plants low,
6-10 in. long, creeping, glabrous: Ivs. coriaceous, ever-
green, obovate or oval, J^-%in. long, obtuse, dark
green and shining above, with blackish bristly points
beneath: fls. in short subterminal racemes; corolla
bell-shaped, white or rose-colored, 4-cleft: berries dark
red, acid. Arctic region, to the coast and mountains
of New England, Minn., and Brit. Col. L.B.C. 7:616
(as var. major) ; 11:1023 (as var. minor). — "The frs.,
which are rather larger than currants, acid and some-
what bitter when uncooked, are largely used in the
more northern regions for tarts, jellies, and preserves,
or as a substitute for the common cranberry. Accord-
ing to Macoun, the fishermen's families along the
Gasp£ coast and the north shore of the Gulf of St.
Lawrence gather the fr. of this species in large quan-
tities for their own use and for sale, calling it 'low-bush
cranberry.' Throughout the whole of N. Canada,
hunters and trappers, as well as the native Indians,
have frequently to depend upon it for food. It is
valuable for the shrubbery border, where the strong
contrast of the dark green foliage and the bright col-
ored persistent fr. is very striking."
Section V. OXYCOCCUS. Corolla deeply 4-cleft or 4-parted ;
the lobes linear or lanceolate-oblong and reflexed;
anthers exserted, awnless on the back, with very
long terminal tubes: ovary and berry 4-celled,
destitute of false partitions: fls. axillary and terminal,
nodding, on long filiform pedicels, appearing in early
summer: fr. maturing in autumn.
A. Shrubs erect: hs. deciduous, 1^4-2 in.
long 22. erythro-
AA. Shrubs trailing: hs. xery small, ever- [carpum
green.
B. LTS. ovate, acute 23. Oxycoccus
BB. LTS. oblong, obtuse 24. macrocarpon
22. erythrocirpum, Michx. (Oxycdccus erythrocdrpus,
Pers.). An erect, divergently branching shrub, 1-4 ft.
high: Ivs. 1^-3 in. long, oblong-lanceolate to ovate,
acuminate, finely bristly serrulate, thin, green both
sides, paler beneath: pedicels solitary, axillary, shorter
than the Ivs., recurved, bractless: corolla flesh-color,
J^in. long, 4-cleft, the lobes narrow, acute, revolute:
berries globose, Kin. diam., bright red turning darker,
acid, scarcely edible. Higher Alleghanies, Va. to Ga.
B.M. 7413.
23. Oxycdccus, Linn. (Oxycdccus Oxycdccus, McM.).
SMALL CRANBERRY. CRANBERRY of the Old World.
Slender creeping plants with short filiform sts., 4-10 in.
long: Ivs. ovate, acute, J^in. long, with strongly revo-
lute margins, coriaceous, evergreen, dark green and
glossy above, white-glaucous beneath, glabrous: pedi-
cels 1-4, terminal: filaments one-half length of anthers:
berry red, J^-J^in. diam. Sphagnum swamps in sub-
arctic and alpine regions of Old and New Worlds. —
"Though smaller, its fr. is by many considered superior
to that of the next."
24. macrocarpon, Ait. (Oxycdccus macrocdrpus, Pers.).
LARGER AMERICAN CRANBERRY. Sts. slender, creeping,
elongated, 1-4 ft. long, somewhat coarser and stouter
than in the last, the fl. -branches ascending: Ivs. oblong
or oval, obtuse or retuse, ^-Hin. long, in texture and
coloration similar to the last, margin less revolute:
pedicels several, axillary and lateral: fls. larger; fila-
ments shorter than in the last: berry red, larger, J^-l
in. long. N. N. Amer. B.M. 2586. Em. 2:456. See
Cranberry.
Section VI (Position of this species doubtful)
Anthers muticous: branches red 25. erythrinum
25. erythrinum, Hook. An erect, glabrous, evergreen
shrub, with bright red twigs: Ivs. ovate, obtuse, coria-
ceous, entire: fls. in long, 1-sided, terminal racemes;
corolla cylindraceous, 5-toothed, Min. long, purple-red;
anthers without terminal tubes. Mountains of Java.
B.M. 4688. J.H. III. 34:39; III. 51:593. J.F. 4:364.
— "Sent to England hi 1852, and since grown by
various nurserymen as a greenhouse plant. It is a
strong plant, furnishing an abundance of bloom in
Dec. and Jan. Not remarkable, but worthy of a place
in collections. A very distinct type." The position of
this species is doubtful. The absence of anther-tubes
suggests that it may not belong to the genus Vaccinium.
K. M. WlEGAND.
VAGARIA (derivation obscure). Amaryllidaceae.
Large tunicate bulbous herb, useful for autumn-
flowering: Ivs. strap-shaped, appearing rather late: fls.
in many umbels, short-pedicelled, white; perianth nar-
rowly funnel-shaped, tube slender, lobes narrow, erect-
spreading; stamens affixed to the throat, slightly shorter
than the perianth: ovary ovoid-globose, 3-<elled: caps,
membranaceous, somewhat valvately dehiscent. — One
species, Syria.
parviflora, Herb. Bulb globose, about 1^ in. through:
fls. white. Offered by European bulb-growers for out-
door planting. p. TRACY HUBBARD.
VALERIAN: Valeriana. Greek V.: Polemonium. RedV.:Cen-
tranthus.
VALERIANA (Latin valeo, to be strong, in allusion
to medicinal uses). Valerianacese. VALERIAN. Gla-
brous or rarely pubescent or villous perennial herbs,
subshrubs, or shrubs, which are erect or scandent, most
of them hardy and showy garden plants.
Roots strong-smelling: Ivs., especially the radical
ones, entire or dentate, or the cauline or all pinnatifid or
once-, twice-, or thrice-pinnatisect : cymes sometimes
dense, few-fld. and terminal, or clustered in dense or
interrupted spikes, sometimes laxly corymbosely or
variously panicled: fls. small, white or rose; calyx-limb
3426
VALERIANA
VALERIANA
before anthesis not conspicuous, after flowering
divided into 5-15 plumose-ciliate setae; corolla-tube
attenuate at base, limb 5-cleft; stamens 3, rarely by
abortion 1 or 2: fr. a compressed achene with the rear
face 1-nerved, the front face 3-nerved. — About 265
species, mostly in the temperate and colder regions of
the northern hemisphere but a few in the tropics and
in the extra-tropical regions of the southern hemisphere.
The valerians in the American trade are hardy per-
ennials of easiest culture. Only V. officinalis is well
known. This is one of the characteristic plants of old
gardens, being prized for the spicy fragrance of its
numerous flowers in spring. It spreads rapidly from
suckers arising from the roots, soon forming large
colonies. The common species are often grown from
seeds. V. alba and V. rubra of the trade are no doubt
Centranthus ruber.
alba, 7.
alliariif olia, 2.
alpestris, 5.
alpina, 5.
arizonica, 10.
aurea, 11.
INDEX.
ceratophylla, 3.
dioica, 6.
edulis, 1.
excelsa, 8.
montana, 4.
officinalis, 7.
Phu, 11.
pyrenaica, 12.
rubra, 7.
sambudfolia, 8.
sitchensis, 9.
A. Rootstock perpendicular, branching below.
1. edulis, Nutt. Perennial, 2-4 ft. high, glabrous or
nearly so : rootstock perpendicular, fusiform, branching
below: Ivs. thickish, not serrate, slightly pubescent;
radical oblanceolate to spatulate, entire or some spa-
ringly laciniate-pinnatifid, tapering into a margined
petiole; cauline rarely none, commonly 1-3 pairs, ses-
sile and pinnately parted into 3-7 linear or lanceolate
divisions, the termi-
nal one spatulate : fls.
polygamous - d i ce c i -
pus, yellowish white,
in an elongated
panicle. Ohio to Ariz,
and Brit. Col. in wet
or moist lands. — The
roots are eaten by
Indians.
2. alliariifdlia,Vahl.
Perennial, glabrous,
erect: rhizome thick
and branched : st.
tall, sulcate : radical
and lower Ivs. long-
petioled, broadly cor-
date, coarsely toothed
or repand; upper
smaller, sessile or sub-
sessile, cordate - tri-
angular: corymb
terminal, compound:
fls. clustered, pink:
fr. glabrous. E. Eu.
and W. Asia.
AA. Rootstock turnip-
shaped.
3. ceratophylla,
HBK. Perennial, gla-
brous, sparingly
leafy, up to about 16
in. high : rootstock
turnip-shaped: st.
herbaceous, terete,
striate: Ivs. pinnati-
sect; segms. trifid-
hastate, sessile; divi-
sions linear, acumi-
nate: corymb termi-
nal, dichotomous: fls.
3896. Garden heliotrope. — Valeriana snow-white: fr.
officinalis. (XH) pubescent. Mex.
AAA. Rootstock horizontal or ascending, with small
fibrous roots.
B. St.-lvs. not compound or lobed, but sometimes dentate.
4. montana, Linn. Perennial, glabrous or nearly so,
about 1 ft. high: rhizome slender, many-branched: Ivs.
entire or dentate; those of the sterile young shoots and
the lowest ovate-rotundate or ovate, subcordate, rather
long-petioled; cauline lys. triangular-oblong, acute or
acuminate; uppermost linear-lanceolate : corymb termi-
nal, compound or simple : fls. bright rose, dioecious. Eu.
and Caucasus. L.B.C. 4:317.
BB. St.-lvs. (at least the lower ones) pinnate or
pinnately lobed.
c. Fls. dioecious or polygamous.
5. alpestris, Stev. (F. alpina, Adams). Perennial,
glabrous, about 6 in. high: rhizome horizontal, short,
slightly branched: radical and lower Ivs. ovate-oblong,
repand-dentate ; intermediate Ivs. acuminate, subsessile,
unequally 2-3-parted or often undivided; uppermost
linear, small : corymb terminal, clustered and head-like :
fls. pink; ovary glabrous. Caucasus region.
6. dioica, Linn. MARSH VALERIAN. Perennial,
rather glabrous, about 1-2 ft. high: rhizome slender,
stoloniferous, long-creeping: lower lys. and those of the
sterile shoots ovate-subcordate, elliptic or spatulate,
entire, rather long-petioled; cauline lower lyrate-pin-
nate-parted; upper pinnatisect with linear segms. in
3-5 pairs: corymb terminal: fls. dioecious, pale rose-
color, the sterile fls. larger. Moist soil. Eu.
cc. Fls. hermaphrodite.
D. Radical Irs. (at least some of them) pinnatisect or
pinnate.
7. officinalis, Linn. COMMON VALERIAN. GARDEN
HELIOTROPE. CAT'S VALERIAN. ST. GEORGE'S HERB.
Fig. 3896. Perennial, glabrous or more or less pubescent
below, 2-5 ft. high: rhizome truncate, sometimes
stoloniferous: sts. erect, simple below, somewhat
branching above, sulcate: Ivs. all pinnatisect; segms.
7-10-paired, usually dentate-serrate, those of the lower
Ivs. ovate-oblong, of the upper Ivs. lanceolate, acumi-
nate: corymb broadly paniculate, long-branched: fls.
numerous, whitish, pinkish or lavender, very fragrant.
Eu., N. Asia. G.W. 12, p. 472.— Variable. The medi-
cinal valerian is obtained mostly from the roots of this
species. Var. alba, Hort., is a white-fld. form. Var.
rftbra, Hort., is a red-fld. form.
8. excelsa, Poir. (V. sambiicifolia, Mikan). Perennial,
with long runners ending in rosettes: st. channelled,
glabrous: Ivs. pinnate; Ifts. 3-5 pairs, coarse serrate or
serrate-dentate, rarely entire, terminal 1ft. largest:
inn. rather crowded: fls. reddish or white, rather larger
than V. officinalis. Eu. Gn. 67, p. 3.
9. sitchensis, Bong. Perennial, 1 ft. or less high:
rootstock ascending, thick : radical Ivs. ovate or oblong,
simple or somewhat lobed; cauline Ivs. short-petioled,
3-5-foliate, divisions or Ifts. orbicular to oblong-ovate
or in the upper ones ovate-lanceolate: fls. white, very
fragrant, in contracted cymes; corolla funnelform,
about 3/gin. long. Rocky Mts. to Alaska. G.F. 9:515.—
A very early bloomer.
OD. Radical Ivs. entire or merely dentate.
10. arizonica, Gray. Perennial, glabrous, 6 in. high:
rhizome creeping, rather thick: sts. erect: lys. succulent,
basal ovate, entire or nearly so, 1 in. long, intermediate
few, long-petioled, 2-4-lobed; cauline subsessile, 3-5-
parted: cyme glomerate-congested: fls. whitish or
pinkish ; corolla j^in. long, tubular broadened gradually.
Ariz. G.C. III. 29:198. G.W. 12, p. 102.
11. Phft, Linn. Perennial, glabrous or pilose, not so
tall as V. officinalis: rhizome inclined, simple, fusiform:
st. stout, tall, simple or slightly and shortly branched:
radical Ivs. ovate-oblong, long-petioled, entire or at base
VALERIAN A
VALLISNERIA
3427
incised-lobed; cauline pinnately parted into 3-4 pairs of
oblong, acute, entire, decurrent segms. : corymb trichot-
omous: fls. whitish to somewhat flesh-colored. Cau-
casus region. Var. aurea, Hort., has young shoots
golden yellow.
12. pyrenaica, Linn. Perennial, 2-4 ft. high, pubes-
cent: rhizome large; stolons none: st. erect, sulcate:
Ivs. glabrous, radical large, long-petioled, cordate,
coarsely and unequally toothed; cauline auriculate,
3897. Valerianella olitoria. — Corn salad.
3-cut. segms. dentate, terminal larger and ovate-cor-
date, lateral 2 (rarely 4 or 0) obliquely elliptic: cyme
large, corymbose: fls. pale rose: fr. glabrous, linear-
oblong. Pyrenees.
T". dCxi, Mazz.. is Centranthus ruber var. albus. — F. cocdnea,
Hort., is offered (Centranthus?). — r. cocdnea dO>a, Hort., is offered
in the trade. — T'. Cornucopia?, Linn., is Fedia Cornucopia. — V.
macroriphon, Mlm., is Centranthus macrosiphon. — V. rdsea, Hort.,
is offered in the trade. — V. rubra, Linn., is Centranthus ruber.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
VALERIANELLA (diminutive of Valeriana). VaLe-
rianacfS:. Annual dichotpmously branched herbs,
chiefly spring plants, sometimes planted in wild-garden
or rock-garden; one is a salad plant.
Leaves, lower, in a radical rosette, entire; cauline
entire, dentate or rarely incise-pinnatifid: cymes some-
times eorymbosely paniculate fastigiate, sometimes
densely globose at the ends of the branches: fls. whitish,
pale bluish, or rose; corolla-tube short or rarely elongate,
limb o-cleft, spreading; stamens 3: fr. 3-celled, 2 of
which are empty. — About 58 species, Eu., X. Afr., W.
Asia, and X. Amer., mostly in the Medit. region.
Corn salad is both a salad plant and a pot-herb,
chiefly the former. The name "corn salad" is probably
derived from the fact that the plant grows spontane-
ously in the grain-fields of Europe, large quantities
of it being gathered in early spring. It is rather taste-
less compared with lettuce, and is little known in
America. Abroad it is prized as a fall and winter salad.
It is a cool-season crop, grown like lettuce and matures
in six to eight weeks. Plants should stand about 6
inches apart in the row. An ounce of seed should give
2,000 to 3,000 plants. The following description of the
varieties is derived from Vilmorin's "Vegetable
Garden." See Vol. II, p. 851.
olitdria, Moench. CORN SALAD. LAMB'S LETTUCE.
FETTICCS. Fig. 3S97. An "autumnal annual" herb, the
seed of which ripens in April or May, soon falls to the
ground, and germinates in Aug. The plant makes its
growth in the fall and flowers the following spring. In
cult, the seed is generally sown in early spring or late
summer. The plant forms a dense rosette of spoon-
shaped Ivs. which grow in a decussate fashion, and has
an angular forking st. bearing small bluish white fls. in
terminal clusters. Eu., Orient. — The Round-leaved
variety has much shorter Ivs. than the common type
and they are half-erect instead of spreading, and less
prominently veined. This kind is the one grown almost
exclusively" for the Paris market. The Large-seeded
217
variety is more robust than the common type and the
seed is nearly twice as large; Ivs. marked with numer-
ous secondary veins. Much grown in Holland and
Germany. The Etampes variety has very dark-col-
ored Ivs., which are often undulate or folded back at the
margins; Ivs. narrow, prominently veined, thicker
and more fleshy than the other kinds and specially
suited to cold weather and long-distance shipment.
The cabbaging variety differs from the others in form-
ing a heart or head of fine flavor. Unfortunately it is
the least productive type, but it bears shipment well
if properly grown.
eriocarpa, Desv. ITALIAN CORN SALAD. Distin-
guished from the common species by the lighter color
of the Ivs., which are slightly hairy and somewhat
toothed on the edges toward the base. The plant is
native to the south of Eu., where it is highly esteemed
because it does not run to seed so quickly in a warm
climate. It is undesirable for northern climates.
WILHELM MILLER.
VALLARIS (perhaps from the latin vatto, to inclose;
the plants are said to be used in Java for fences).
Apocynacese. Twining shrubs, suitable only for the
wannhouse in the N., but hardy outdoors in the
extreme S. where used as an ornamental. Lvs. opposite,
minutely dotted: fls. white, in axillary, subaxiUary, or
superaxillary dichotomous cymes; calyx 5-parted,
glandular or not within, segms. narrow; corolla salver-
shaped, lobes broad, overlapping to the right; disk
various; carpels 2, at first connate, many-ovuled. —
About 5 or 6 species, Trop. Asia and Malaya.
Heynei, Spreng. (V. dichotoma, Wall.). Tall climb-
ing shrub; bark pale: Ivs. elliptic, oblong or linear-
oblong, l/'£-4x £t-lH in., glabrous or pubescent,
acuminate: cymes pubescent, 3-10^-fld., sessile or
peduncled, dichotomous: fls. pure white, %in. across,
fragrant; sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse; disk ciliate:
follicles 6x2 in., straight, tapering from a rounded
base to a stiff point. Himalaya to Burma and Ceylon.
— Intro, into Fla.
VALLISNEMA (Antonio Vallisneri, 1661-1730,
Italian naturalist). Hydrochartiaceje. Two species of
aquatic plants, including the well-known eel-grass or
tape-grass. This plant is found in fresh water around
the world. It is a submerged plant with linear Ivs. ^2-6
ft. long, depending on the depth of the water. The Ivs.
originate in a tuft at the bottom of the water, and the
plant spreads by runners
sent out from these tufts.
Eel-grass is usually found
in quiet waters. It has no
horticultural rank, except
as an aquarium plant.
Like many other aqua-
rium plants, it has special
interest for students of
botany. The pistillate fls.
are borne on very long
spiral threads and come
to the surface, as shown
in Fig. 3898. The sta-
minate fls. are borne on
very short stalks near the
bottom of the water. At
the proper time the stam-
inate fls. break away from
their stalks and rise to the
surface of the water. As
the>- float about, some of
the pollen is conveyed to
the pistillate fls., and in
this haphazard way the
blossoms are fertilized
and seed is produced.
3898. Eel-grass.— VallisnerU
spiralis. (Reduced)
3428
VALLISNERIA
Both kinds of fls. are very small, and they are borne
on separate plants. Eel-grass is readily collected, or
can be procured from dealers in aquarium supplies or
from collectors of native plants. The plant is sometimes
called "wild celery," because it is said to impart a
celery-like flavor to wild ducks that feed on it.
spiralis, Linn. EEL-GRASS. TAPE-GRASS. Fig. 3898.
Hardy submerged aquatic plant: Ivs. thin, linear, 5-
nerved, sometimes serrate near the apex: fls. white.
Aug., Sept. N. S. to Fla. and westward; Eurasia;
Austral. R.B. 20, p. 194. V. 4:157.
WM. TRICKER.
WILHELM MILLER.
VALLOTA (named for Pierre Vallot, French botan-
ist). Amaryllidaceae. SCARBOROUGH LILY. Green-
house tunicate bulb: scape robust, hollow: fls. large, in
many umbels, sessile or shortly pedicelled; perianth
funnel-shaped, straight, erect, tube short, throat large,
lobes oblong-ovate; stamens affixed at the base of the
lobes and shorter than them; ovary 3-celled: caps,
oblong-ovate, dehiscent from the base. — One species,
S. Afr. It has been proposed that Vallota be considered
a subgenus of Cyrtanthus. The latter is a group of
about 20 species of plants with fls. of various colors and
naked at the throat. Cyrtanthus proper and the sub-
genus Monella have beautiful pendulous fls. in umbels,
but the plants are not so easy to grow as Vallota. It
has been suggested that they be crossed with the more
robust Vallota in the hope of combining their varied
colors and pendulous grace with the strong constitu-
tion of the Vallota. Such a process would be similar to
the one by which the noble race of Hippeastrum hybrids
has been given to the world. Vallota is undoubtedly
related to Cyrtanthus through the subgenus Gas-
tronema, which has erect fls. and differs chiefly in the
stamens. Of this subgenus C. sanguineus is in the trade
(p. 945). The best form of Vallota seems to be the
variety magnified.
The Scarborough lily is generally rated as a green-
house bulb, but it can be grown by the amateur who
has no glass, provided the plant can be kept over winter
in a well-lighted cellar. Many persons have had no suc-
cess with vallota. Such failures are generally due to the
plants being kept too dry during winter. Although
Baker says the leaves die down at the Cape in autumn,
the plant acts like an evergreen in cultivation. Unlike
most bulbous plants, the vallota should never be dried
off but kept moderately moist about the roots through-
out the year. The vallota is also strongly opposed to
interference with its roots. It is possible to preserve a
flowering specimen in most luxuriant health for three or
four years without repotting, simply by applying liquid
manure to the roots occasionally during the summer.
The culture of vallota is not difficult when its pecu-
liarities are understood. Several years are needed to
work up a good plant to the specimen size. A vallota
bulb is about twice as large as a hyacinth. For the first
potting use a light soil, with a little sand at the base of
the bulb, and place the bulb a distance below the sur-
face equal to its own diameter. Use as small a pot as
possible at every stage; shift only when the soil is well
filled with roots and be careful to break no roots when
shifting to a larger pot. The final potting is an impor-
tant operation, as the plant is not to be disturbed again
for three or four years. Drainage should be ample and
perfect. It is essential that the potting soil be of a
strong permanent nature and rich in plant-food. A
good compost consists of turfy loam, fibrous peat and
old cow-manure in equal parts. Add a little sand and
charcoal. Avoid repotting until it is strictly necessary,
and do so only when it is required to increase the num-
ber of plants or when there is danger of the roots break-
ing the pot. For amateurs the best time to repot the
plants is directly after the flowering period. Use the
VALLOTA
greatest care in handling the roots. Allow the bulbs to
project a little beyond the surface. Some gardeners
prefer to repot vallota in June or July when root-action
has started, but before the flower-stems have pushed up.
Vallota likes full sunshine at all times of the year. The
plant will stand a few degrees of frost in winter. Beware
of over-potting; it is better to have the bulbs crowd one
another out of the pot. Amateurs sometimes raise
vallotas in the window-garden, one bulb in a 6-inch
pot with one or two flower-stalks, but a large specimen
is well worth years of care. The Scarborough lily has
been cultivated by rich and poor for over a century. Its
popular name is supposed to have been derived in
same way as the Guernsey lily, — a Dutch bark having
been wrecked off the coast of England, some bulbs
washed ashore and became established as garden plants.
Vallota is considerably grown for the London market,
and it is said that some growers succeed in blooming
their plants twice the same year, in winter and summer.
At the Cape, the species is said to be native to peat-
bogs, which fact would account for the special winter
treatment which it needs. In California the plant
blooms at various times of the year. (Michael Barker.)
purpftrea, Herb. SCARBOROUGH LILY. Fig. 3899. Bulb
large: Ivs. appearing with the fls., strap-shaped, 1J/2-2
ft. long, dying
down in autumn:
peduncle hollow,
slightly 2-edged,
2-3 ft. long: fls.
scarlet. G.I: 36;
3:479; 9:331;
10:77; 37:89.
Gn. 30, p. 245;
42, p. 273; 59,
p. 44; 68, p. 385;
71, p. 544. G.Z.
15:32. J.H.III.
45 : 453. R. H.
1870:50 (as V.
grandiflora). A.
F. 9:211. Gng.
2:361. A. G.
14:81. — The
typical form has
the scapes about
\Yi ft. high and
blood - red fls.
3899. Scarborough lily. — Vailota purpurea.
(From a specimen 2 feet high.)
2H in. across.
Var. alba, Hort.,
is a white - fld.
form. G.C. III.
36 : 150. Var. major, Hort., is 3 ft. high and has fls. over
Sin. across. B.M. 1430 (as Amaryllis purpurea). Var.
minor, Hort., is smaller than the type in all parts. B.R.
552 (as Amaryllis purpurea var. minor). Var. eximia,
Bull., has fls. 4 in. across, with whitish, feather-like
blotches on the base of the perianth-segms. Var.
magnifica. Hort., is probably the best and most robust
form: fls. 5 in. across, with a white eye. Colors said to
be brighter and more uniform than in any other kind.
Gn. 30:244. G.C. III. 3:240.— F. purpurea is a S.
African representative of the American genus Hippeas-
trum, popularly known as "amaryllis." It is a bulbous
Elant with large red funnel-shaped. 6-lobed fls.,
looming in Sept. and later. A pair of well-grown
specimens in large pots or tubs make a showy orna-
ent for the porch. Plants have been grown with over
50 fl. -trusses, each truss bearing an umbel of 4-9 fls., the
individual fls. being 3-4 in. or more across. Vallota
is a monotypic genus and is distinguished from Hip-
peastrum by the seeds being winged at the base. The
tube of the fl. is longer than in the typical Hippeas-
trums and at the base of each perianth-segm. is a
cushion-shaped callus somewhat different from the
minute scales or distinct neck that is often found at the
VALLOTA
VANDA
3429
throat of a Hippeastrum. The plant deserves to be
better known among amateurs and cottagers.
hybrida, Hort. Bull., is a hybrid between Vcdlota
purpurea and Cyrtanthus sanguineus, which is inter-
mediate in character between the two parents, both
in foliage and fls., the latter being borne in umbels and
a uniform bright orange-vermilion in color.
WILHELM MILLER.
F. TRACY HtJBBARD.f
VANCOUVERIA (after Capt. George Vancouver,
commander of the Discovery in the voyage to the north-
west coast in 1791-1795). Berberidacese. Low hardy
perennial herbs, grown in the garden border.
Rhizome creeping: Ivs. pinnate, 2-3-ternately com-
pound: scape leafless, racemose or somewhat panicu-
late at the summit : sepals 6, in 2 rows, obovate, petal-
like, reflexed ; petals 6, ligulate ; stamens 6 : fr. a follicle,
dehiscent by a dorsal suture. — Three species, natives of
the Pacific coast of N. Amer. The Ivs. are somewhat
like maidenhair or rue, and the fls. are rather small and
white or yellow. Vancouverias demand a rich soil in
rather shady positions. They are not showy plants, but
have foliage of an elegant and refined type.
hexandra, Morr. & Decne. About 1 ft. high: root-
stock woody, slender: Ifts. roundish, mostly angulately
3-lobed and cordate: scape naked or 1-lvd.: panicle
simple or loose-branched: fls. white or cream-colored.
May, June. Coniferous woods, Brit. CoL to N. Calif,
near the coast. Gn. 30, p. 263.
chrysantha, Greene (V. hexdndra var. aiirea, Rattan).
About 1 ft. high: Ifts. evergreen, rather 3-lobed, usually
whitened and pubescent beneath: infl. subracemose: fls.
somewhat larger than in V. hexandra. Ore.
paryifldra, Greene. IXSIDE-OTTT FLOWER. From
&-20 in. high: Ivs. glabrous or with rusty hairs, per-
sisting through winter; Ifts. thickish, roundish in out-
line, broadly cordate at base, obscurely or evidently
3-lobed with a notch at summit of each lobe: panicle
bearing 25-^55 white or lavender-tinged fls. Coniferous
WOods, Calif. F. TRACT HUBBARD.f
VANDA (native name in India). Orchidacex. One
of the most attractive groups of East Indian orchids,
nearly all species having large handsome flowers.
Dwarf and short -stemmed or tall and branched, some-
times climbing to a considerable height; erect species
forming compact plants, with sts. and branches well
clothed with 2 opposite rows of Ivs.; species like V.
teres with a loose straggling habit: Ivs. flat or chan-
neled and keeled or terete, sometimes fleshy and deeply
channeled; apex pointed, lobed or toothed: fls. in
racemes from the axils of the Ivs.; sepals and petals
similar, spreading, narrowed at the base almost to a
claw; labellum firmly united to the column, spurred,
lateral lobes small, erect, middle lobe spreading; pollinia
on a common stipe. — About 25 species, natives of India
and the Malay Isls., with outlying species in China and
New Guinea.
Notwithstanding the various conditions surrounding
the different species of vanda in their natural habitats,
the plants may nearly all be cultivated successfully
under the same general treatment. When a general
collection is grown, a house of east and west exposure
will be found best suited to the wants of vandas. The
plants require plenty of light and do not need any shade
from November until the middle of February. A
house of east and west aspect will require less shading
during late fall and early spring than one of southern
exposure, and there will be fewer ill effects from direct
solar heat at all times. From February until November
shading will be necessary, but it should never be too
heavy or black-spot is likely to appear. The winter
temperature should range from 60° to 65° F. by night
and 70° to 75° by day, w*ith a gradual increase of 10°
during the summer months. A few degrees more with
solar heat and ventilation will do no harm. The atmo-
sphere must be kept moist by damping the benches and
paths freely once or twice a day, and ventilation should
be given whenever possible, in greater or less degree
according to outside conditions. Especially during wet
cheerless weather is ventilation important, even if fire
heat has to be applied to retain the desired temperature.
Vandas may be grown well in either pots or baskets,
but the latter are preferable, as they admit air more
freely to the roots, whereby they are not so liable to
decay from overwatering during severe weather. The
best potting or basketing material consists of chopped
live sphagnum moss freely interspersed with large
pieces of charcoal. This material should be pressed in
rather firmly about the roots, leaving a convex surface
when finished. A plentiful supply of water is essential
at all seasons with copious syringing over the foliage in
bright weather. The compost should never be allowed
to remain dry for a long time. V. tricolor and similar
species grow very well among f oliage plants in the warm-
house, where then- large aerial roots, which are freely
emitted from the sides of the stems, may ramble among
the foliage and thereby retain moisture a long tune
after syringing. A few species, such as V. Amesiana, V.
c&ndea, and V. Kimballiana, with one or two other
alpine species, require about 10° cooler temperature,
but otherwise similar treatment to other species of the
genus. Stock is increased by removing a foot or more
of the leading growth with a sharp knife, allowing
several roots to remain attached to each growth and
basketing them in the usual manner. These new pieces
should be frequently syringed overhead until they
become established or they are likely to shrivel. The
old stems will nearly always send out several new
growths. The principal insect enemies of vandas are
several species of scale, which breed fast in a dry atmo-
sphere. They can be kept in check by syringing with
strong tobacco-water and by sponging the plants with a
20 per cent solution of alcohol. (Robt. M. Grey.)
alba, 16, 17.
grandis, 10.
roeeo-alba, 20.
albens, 6, 15.
Hennisiana, 1.
Roxburgh!!, 11.
albidula, 6.
Hookeriana, 18.
Sanderae, 6.
Amesiana. 15.
illustris, 14.
Sander iana, 20.
Andersonii, 17.
insignis, 9.
Schroederiana, 9.
Bensonii, 8.
Kimballiana, 16.
spathulata, 3.
blenheimensis, 6.
lamellata. 4, 5.
splendens, 10.
Boxallii, 1, 5.
limbata, 12.
suavis, 10.
caerulea, 6, 11.
Mariottiana, 13.
superba, 10.
cserulescens, 1.
Parishii, 13.
tenebrosa, 10.
Cathcartii, 19.
parviflora, 2.
teres, 17.
Charlesworthii, 6.
Patersonii, 10.
tfssellaia, 11.
Corningii, 10.
Peetersiana, 6.
tricolor, 10.
Denisoniana, 7.
Regnieri, 1.
Veitchii, 10.
densiflora, 14.
Robinsoniana, 10.
Wriglei, 6.
Froebeliana, 20.
Rogersii, 6.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Labellum spurred.
B. Lvs. flat, or channeled and keeled,
toothed or lobed at the apex,
c. Racemes loose: labellum with
lateral lobes.
D. Fls. 1-lYi in. across.
E. Color blue 1. caerulescens
EE. Color yellow 2. parviflora
3. spathulata
EEE. Color white or pale yellow, but
streaked and shaded with
brown 4. lamellata
5. Bozallii
DD. Fls. 2 in. or more across (some-
times less in Nos. 8 and 11).
E. Color blue 6. cserulea
EE. Color white 7. Denisoniana
EEE. Color white or yellowish, but
spotted with purple or
brown.
r. Middle lobe of the labellum
dilated, reniform 8. Bensonii
9. insignis
3430
VANDA
VANDA
FF. Middle lobe slightly dilated,
truncate or emarginate.
o. Apex emarginate or 2-
lobed 10. tricolor
11. Roxburghii
GO. Apex truncate and ob-
scurely mucronate .... 12. limbata
FFF. Middle lobe shorter than
the sepals, flabelliform. . . 13. Parishii
cc. Raceme dense, cylindrical: label-
lum without lateral lobes 14. densiflora
BB. Lvs. semi-terete and deeply chan-
neled, pointed 15. Amesiana
16. Kimballiana
BBS. Lvs. terete 17. teres
18. Hookeriana
AA. Labellum not spurred 19. Cathcartii
20. Sanderiana
1. caerulescens, Griff. St. 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. 5-7 in.
long, deeply channeled, truncate and 2-lobed at the
apex : racemes many, slender and pendulous, each bear-
ing about 12 fls.: fls. 1 in. across; sepals and petals
obovate, subacute, undulate or twisted, pale lilac-blue;
labellum shorter than the sepals, middle lobe cuneate-
obovate, with a delicate 2-lobed tip, violet with fleshy
dark blue ridges, side lobes small, dark blue. Spring.
Burma. B.M. 5834. F.M. 1877:256. G.C. 1870:529.
C.O. 13. — Color varies from blue to nearly white. Var.
Boxallii, Reichb. f. Fls. pale violet or nearly white;
disk of the labellum deep violet with white lines on the
sides. B.M. 6328. C.O. 13o. Var. Hennisiana, Schlecht.
Fls. similar in color to V. cssrulea, with dark blue lip,
and slender spur about l/%m. long. Var. Regnieri,
Andre. Fls. deeper colored. R.H. 1900:634.
2. parvifldra, Lindl. St. 4-6 in. high: Ivs. strap-
shaped, 4-8 in. long, unequally obtusely 2-lobed:
racemes erect, many-fld.: fls. small, yellow; sepals and
petals obovate-spatulate; labellum shorter than the
sepals, middle lobe obovate, dilated, truncate and
2-lobed at the apex, yellow below, white above, spotted
and dashed with purple and having thick fleshy ridges.
Himalayas. B.M. 5138 (as Aerides Wightianwri).
3. spathulata, Spreng. St. 2 ft. high: Ivs. 2-4 in. long,
obtusely 2-lobed: peduncle robust, 12-18 in. tall, few-
fld.: fls. 1J4 in. across, golden yellow; sepals and petals
oblong-spatulate, flat; labellum as long as the sepals,
clawed, side lobes very small, broadly obovate, middle
lobe suborbicular, obscurely 3-fid. Ceylon, India.
4. lamellata, Lindl. Lvs. channeled, leathery,
obliquely and acutely bifid at the apex: fls. pale yellow,
stained with red; sepals and petals obovate, obtuse,
undulate, the lower sepal larger and somewhat incurved;
middle lobe of the labellum obcuneate, retuse, auricu-
late, having a pair of red elevated plates and 2 red
tubercles just below the apex. Aug.-Nov. Philippines.
3900. Vanda caerulea. ( X 1A)
5. Boxallii, Reichb. f. (V. lamellata var. Bdxallii,
Reichb. f.). St. tall, with long recurved Ivs.: raceme
longer than the Ivs., bearing 14-20 fls.: sepals white,
with the lower margins of the lateral pair sepia-brown;
petals white, with violet streaks which are also found
on the sepals, pandurate with large lamella? and square
auricles, mostly lilac. Nov., Dec. Philippines. G.C.
II. 15:87. Gn. 19:574. C.O. 9.
6. cserftlea, Griff. Fig. 3900. St. 1-2 ft. high: Ivs.
rigid, linear, 6-10 in. long, obliquely truncate and
toothed at the tip: raceme 1-2 ft. long: fls. 3-4 in.
across, pale blue; lateral sepal obovate; petals broadly
obovate, clawed; labellum less than one-third the
length of the sepals, dark blue, linear-oblong, side lobes
small, rounded, middle lobe with 2 thickened ridges. Late
autumn. India. F.S. 6:609. I.H. 7:246. Gn. 21:254;
31, p. 566; 47, p. 145; 50, pp. 59, 418; 52, p. 410. R.B.
17:265. G.C. III. 3:41; 7:17; 11:272; 44:374; 45:264.
Gng. 3:135; 15:132. G.F.3:77. A.F. 6:685; 25:1092;
27:1136. Gn.W. 11:377. J.F. 1:102. C.O. 5. G. 18:66.
F.R. 1:371. R.H. 1881:290 (as var. grandiflpra) .—
This is considered to be one of the best species in cult.
The fls. are often tessellated. Var. albens, Hort.
Sepals and petals pure white, with slight tinge of red-
dish purple at tips. Var. albidula, Hort. Fls. white
with blue veining on lip. Var. blenheimensis, Hort.
Fls. closely veined with pure blue on white ground.
Var. Charlesworthii, Hort. Fls. entirely pure white
except a little yellow on base of lip. G.M. 51:831.
O.R. 1908:361. Var. Peetersiana, Cogn. Sepals and
petals very pale rose-lilac, lip rose. C.O. 5a. Var.
Rogersii, Hort. "A distinct, nearly white variety, with
fls. of moderate size and an unusually long spur."
Var. Sanderae, Hort. Tips and margins of sepals
tinged with magenta-pink, the petals flushed with same
color; lip deep magenta. G.C. III. 48:415. Var.
Wriglei, Hort. Fls. smaller than type; sepals and pet-
als pure white; lip rose-pink.
7. Denisoniana, Benson & Reichb. f. St. short: Ivs.
linear, 6-10 in. long, recurved, deeply notched at the
apex: peduncles short, stout, bearing 4-6-fld. racemes:
fls. white, 2 in. across; sepals and petals waved and
twisted, the lateral sepals broadly obovate, falcate;
petals clawed, spatulate; labellum longer than the
sepals; side lobes large, subquadrate; middle lobe pan-
duriform, with 2 orbicular, diverging, terminal lobes.
Summer. Burma. B.M. 5811. I.H. 19:105. F. 1869,
p. 250. G.C. II. 24:105. A.F. 6:607. C.O. 8.
8. Bensonii, Batem. St. about 1 ft. high, very leafy:
Ivs. linear, leathery, 6-8 in. long, obliquely toothed at
the apex: fls. 2 in. across, 10-15 in a raceme, 1-1 K ft.
long; sepals and petals obovate, obtuse, clawed, white
outside, yellowish green with numerous brown dots
inside; labellum violet, with white spur and side lobes,
middle lobe terminating in a
reniform, bifid apex. Summer.
Burma. B.M. 5611. F.S. 22:
2329. G.C. 1867:180. C.O. 2.
9. insignis, Blume. St. erect:
Ivs. linear, 10 in. long, apex with
2 or 3 teeth : raceme rather
short, 6-10-fld.: fls. 2-2 H in.
across ; sepals and petals obovate,
fleshy, the petals narrower,
ochraceous brown, with darker
brown blotches inside, almost
white on the outside; labellum
pandurate, the apical lobe being
broadly reniform, concave, white
tinted with rose. Summer.
Malaya. B.M. 5759. Gn.25:168.
C.O. 3. Var. Schroederiana,
Hort., has yellow fls. with a white
labellum, and 2 orange spots in
front of spur. Gn. 25 : 168.
VANDA
VANDA
3431
10. tricolor, Lindl. St. branched, tall, erect and leafy:
Ivs. strap-shaped, 10-12 in. long, channeled: raceme
drooping, longer than the Ivs.: fls. 2-3 in. across; sepals
obovate, attenuated at the base, yellow with numerous
brownish crimson spots; petals similar to the sepals in
form and color but narrower; labellum about as long
3901. Vanda tricolor var. suavis.
as the sepals, lateral lobes small, rounded; middle lobe
lyrate, notched, purple, with elevated lines. F.S.
6:641. I.H. 42, p. 161. B.M. 4432. J.F. 2:136. C.O. 6.
Var. suavis, Hort. (V. suavis, Lindl.). Fig. 3901.
Ground-color of the fls. white; sepals and petals spotted
with purple; labellum deep purple. Fls. irregular from
March to May. Java. B.M. 5174. F.S. 5, p. 510;
6:641. Gn. 3, p. 103; 23, p. 134 (as V. tricolor); 31, p.
242; 47:272. I.H. 42, p. 162. G.C. II. 22:237 (var.);
111.7:133 and 135. C.O. 4. Var. Veitehii, Hort.
Fls. with rather large spots of deep rose; labellum deep
rose. R.B. 20:145. Var. Patersonii, Hort. Sepals and
petals creamy white, heavily spotted with brown;
labellum magenta-crimson. Gn. 23 : 134. Var. C6rn-
ingii, Hort. Sepals and petals bright yellow, spotted
with deep crimson and bordered with rose-purple on
both sides; labellum deep violet. Var. tenebrdsa,
Hort. Sepals and petals yellow marked with dark
red-brown; labellum rose-crimson. J.H. III. 47:3.
Vars. Robinsoniana, grandis, splendens, and superba,
Hort., are also advertised.
11. Roxburghii, R. Br. (V. tessellata, Hook.). St.
1-2 ft., climbing: Ivs. narrow, complicate, 6-8 in. long,
2-3-toothed at the apex: racemes erect, 6-8-fld.: fls.
greenish yellow, tessellated with olive-brown inside,
white outside; sepals and petals subequal, clawed, obo-
vate, waved; labellum nearly as long as the sepals,
lateral lobes small, acute, middle lobe panduriform,
violet, truncate. May-Aug. Bengal. B.R. 506. B.M.
2245. F.S. 2:75; 6, p. 330. I.H. 32:579 (var. rubra).
P.M. 7:265. Var. caerulea, Hort., is advertised.
12. limbata, Blume. St. about 3 ft. high: Ivs. linear,
keeled, 6-8 in. long, unequally bifid at the apex: racemes
10-12-fld., 6-8 in. long on peduncles of equal length: fls.
2 in. across; sepals and petals spatulate, bright cinna-
mon, tessellated, bordered with golden yellow, white
suffused with lilac outside; middle lobe of the labellum
oblong-pandurate, truncate, mucronate, pale lilac.
June, July. Java. B.M. 6173.
13. Parishii, Reichb. f. St. very short: Ivs. few, 8-10
in. long, 2-3 in. wide, obtusely 2-lobed: raceme droop-
ing, 6^-8-fld., on a short peduncle: fls. 2 in. across, fleshy,
greenish yellow, freely spotted with reddish brown;
sepals broadly ovate-oblong; petals orbicular; labellum
half as long as the sepals, white striped with orange at
the base; lateral lobes rounded, middle lobes flabelli-
fonn. Summer. Moulmein, India. C.O. 11. Var.
Mariottiana, Reichb. f . Sepals pale mauve with numer-
ous darker blotches outside, petals mauve; both sepals
and petals are mauve inside; labellum white at base,
with yellow spots and mauve lines. C.O. lie.
14. densifldra, Lindl. (Saccplabium gigant eum, Lindl.).
St. short, thick: lys. very thick, 6-12 in. long, notched:
raceme dense, cylindrical, about as long as the Ivs., nod-
ding: sepals white, cuneate-ovate, subacute; petals nar-
rower, with few purple spots at the base; labellum
cuneate, obtusely 3-lobed, with 2 pubescent ridges at
the base, terminal lobes bright shining purple. Winter.
Burma. B.M. 5635. F.S. 17:1765. C.L.A. 6:164.
Var. illustris, Reichb. f. Raceme and fls. larger: sepals
and petals spotted with purple; labellum bright purple.
I.H. 31:517.
15. Amesiana, Reichb. f. St. very short and stout:
Ivs. fleshy, rigid, almost terete, with a groove down the
center, 6-12 in. long: raceme simple or branched, erect,
1-2 ft. long and bearing 20-80 fls.: fl. 1^ in. across,
white, with rose-colored ridges on the labellum, sepals
and petals ovate-oblong, obtuse; labellum with a
broadly cuneate, undulate middle lobe, having 5 ridges
converging into a reflexed callus, side lobes small,
rounded. Flowers at various seasons. India. B.M.
7139. J.H. III. 29:491; 33:271; 48:315. G. 32:183.
C.O. 1. A.F. 6:441. Var. albens, Hort. Fls. almost
entirely white.
16. Kimbafflana, Reichb. f. Fig. 3902. St. 6 in. high,
probably climbing to a great height: Ivs. 6-10 in. long,
terete, with a deep, narrow furrow: peduncle slender,
3902. Vanda Kimballiana. ( X M
3432
VANDA
VANGUERIA
6-10 in. long, bearing a drooping raceme 8-10 in. long:
fls. 2-3 in. across; petals and dorsal sepal obovate-
spatulate, lateral sepals very much larger, oblong,
falcate, all pure white; labellum smaller than the lateral
sepals, middle lobe orbicular, notched, rose-purple
with darker veins, margin erosely toothed, lateral lobes
small, yellow; spur 1 in. long, curved. Autumn. Burma.
B.M. 7112. Gn. 37:322. R.H. 1897:352. Gt. 45:1428
and p. 338. J.H. III. 20, p. 41; 29, p. 53. G.C. III.
6:335; 17: 69; 31: 384. G. 29:669. C.O. 7. A.G. 12:89.
Var. alba, Hort. Fls. white with yellow base to lip.
17. teres, Lindl. Fig. 3903. St. long, climbing: Ivs.
terete, 6-8 in. long: peduncle 6-12 in. long, bearing a
3-6-fld. raceme: fls. 4 in. across; sepals nearly orbicu-
lar, white tinged with rose; petals a little larger, deep
rose; side lobes of the labellum broad, incurved, yellow
spotted with crimson, middle lobe exceeding the sepals,
fan-shaped, remform, purple or rose-colored. May-
Sept. Burma. B.M. 4114. B.R. 1809. P.M. 5:193.
R.H. 1856:421. Gt. 43:1404. G.C. II. 20:273; III.
3903. Vanda teres. (Detached flower X H).
27:307. G.M. 43:298. C.O. 10. S.H. 2:385. Gn.
42:276. — A plant of straggling habit, but with very
beautiful fls. Var. Andersonii, Hort., has fls. larger
and more highly colored. Var. alba, Hort. Fls. white.
G. 36: 373.
18. Hookeriana, Reichb. f. St. and Ivs. terete, as in
V. teres, but the latter only 2-3 in. long, and slender:
fls. 3-5 in. across; dorsal sepal and petals white, dotted
with purple; lateral sepals narrower, oblong or some-
what obovate, white; labellum as large as the rest of
the fl., side lobes incurved, white and purple, middle
lobe fan-shaped, with 3 large lobes, white spotted pur-
ple. Sept. Borneo. I.H. 30:484. Gn. 23:10. G.M.
40:645. Gn.W. 8:53.— In cult, racemes usually 2-fld.
19. Cathcartii, Lindl. St. 1-2 ft.: Ivs. linear-oblong,
6-8 in. long, unequally bifid at the tips: racemes longer
than the Ivs., 3-6-fld.: fls. 2% in. across, orbicular in
outline; sepals and petals nearly equal, orbicular-
oblong, concave, pale straw-colored, transversely
streaked with numerous narrow red-brown lines; label-
lum shorter than the sepals; lateral lobes quadrate,
incurved, white with red streaks; middle lobe reniform,
margin white, slightly crenate, center thick, yellow
with a crenate border. Spring. Himalaya. B.M. 5845.
F.S. 12:1251. G.C. 1870:1409. Gn. 19, p. 351; 33, p.
224; 42, p. 276. R.H. 1900:452.— Found near water-
falls, where it is always kept damp.
20. Sanderiana, Reichb. f. St. very leafy: Ivs. rigid,
fleshy, recurved, 1 ft. long, strap-shaped, truncate,
with 2-3 teeth at the apex: raceme bearing about 12 fls.
each 5 in. across, with the broad sepals and petals over-
lapping: sepals orbicular, the dorsal one smaller, pale
lilac, dotted at the base, the lower pair tawny yellow
veined and tessellated with brownish crimson; petals
smaller, rhomboid obovate, colored like the dorsal
sepals; lateral lobes of the labellum forming a cup-like
base, middle lobe subquadrate, reniform, much smaller
than the sepals, dull crimson. Sept. Philippines. B.M.
6983. I.H. 31:532. R.H. 1885:372. Gn. 25:104; 32,
p. 399; 49, p. 88; 50, p. 480. J.H. III. 35:535; 57:149;
63:505; 69:199. F.E. 23:454. O. 1909:105. C.O. 12.
G.C. II. 20:440. Gng. 6:115.— A very remarkable
free-flowering species. Var. Froebeliana, Cogn. Fls.
very large, nearly circular in outline, richly colored.
Var. rdseo-alba, Hort. Upper sepal and petals nearly
white with purple spots; lower petals greenish with
purple veining.
V. Batemannii, Lindl. =Vandopsis lissochiloides. — V. cathdr-
tica, Hort., is presumably an error for V. Cathcartii. — V. confusa is
a new name proposed for V. caerulescens var. Boxallii. — V. cristata,
Lindl. Sts. erect: sepals and petals yellow-green, the petals incurved;
lip buff, striped with rich purple. B.M. 4304. B.R. 28:48.— F.
DalleAna=V. lamellataxV. Boxallii. — V. Fldreyx. A natural
hybrid. Resembles V. cserulea in habit, but fls. smaller, white with
violet lip. — V. gigant&a, Lindl.=Vandopsis gigantea. — V. Ldwei,
Lindl.=Renanthera Lowei. — V. Mardnas=V. teres X V. tricolor
var. suavis. — V. Niemanii. — V. prsemtirsa. — V. piimila, Hook. f.
Lvs. 4-8 in. long: racemes 3-fld.: fls. fragrant, ivory-white, 2-2 Yi in.
across, the lip crimson-striped; sepals and petals oblong-spatulate.
Sikkim. B.M. 7968. — V. striata, Reichb. f.=V. cristata.— F.
Wdtsonii, Rolfe. About 1 ft. tall: Ivs. subterete, acute, up to 14 in.
long, dark green spotted with brown on sheath: scape brown-
spotted, 10-1 2-fld.: fls. white, the crest and interior of sac yellow
spotted brown; sepals and petals obovate-spatulate; lip 3-lobed,
the front lobe oval, fimbriate. Annam. B.M. 8109. G.C. III.
37:123; 43:131, 132. HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
GEORGE V.
VANDOPSIS (like Vanda). Orchiddcese. Includes
two or three species of orchids which formerly have
been united with Vanda or with Stauropsis. They
are distinguished from allied genera by the labellum,
which is firmly united with the column, not spurred,
concave at the base, with the terminal lobe compressed
laterally. In appearance these plants resemble robust
vandas, with which they are usually classed for horti-
cultural purposes. Treatment the same as for vanda.
lissochiloides, Pfitz. (Vdnda Batemannii, Lindl.).
Fig. 3904. St. 1-5 ft. high: Ivs. strap-shaped, obliquely
emarginate, 2 ft. long: raceme tall, erect, bearing 12 and
more fls.: sepals and petals obovate, yellow, spotted
with brownish crimson, purple outside; labellum crim-
son-purple or yellowish. July-Sept. Philippines. B.R.
32:59. F.S. 18:1921.— By some authorities retained in
Stauropsis, and so described on p. 3233.
gigantea, Pfitz. (Vdnda gigantea, Lindl.). St.
pendulous: Ivs. 1-2 ft. long, thick, flat, obtusely
notched: raceme 10-15 in. long, decurved, many-fld.:
fls. 3 in. across, golden yellow, blotched with cinna-
mon; sepals and petals spatulate-obovate ; labellum
white. Burma. B.M. 5189. I.H. 8:277. R.H. 1874:
290. HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
VANGUERIA (the Madagascan name of V. mada-
gascariensis is Voa-Vanguer). Rubidcese. Shrubs or
tree's, sometimes spiny or somewhat climbing in habit,
adapted to the warmhouse and may be hardy in the
extreme southern United States.
Leaves opposite or rarely pseudo-verticillate in 4's,
oval: fls. small, white or greenish, in axillary clusters;
calyx 5- or 4-lobed, lobes deciduous or rarely persistent;
corolla hairy or not outside, usually furnished inside
with a ring of deflexed pilose hairs; lobes spreading or
reflexed; stamens 5, rarely 4; disk fleshy or depressed;
ovary 5-3-celled; ovules solitary: fr. drupaceous;
VANGUERIA
VANILLA
3433
pyrenes 5-3 in numl>er or putamen 5-3-celled. — About
70 species, tropical and subtropical regions of the world,
Austral, excepted. Considered a section of Epimedium
by Prantl, in Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenreich III. 2.
The voa vanga of Madagascar is a tropical fruit that
has been recommended by the American Pomological
3904. Vandopsis lissochiloides.
Society as worthy of cultivation in southern Florida.
The fruit is imperfectly described in horticultural
writings. It is said to be a delicious berry % inch thick,
but in Mauritius it becomes \Yi inches thick. It is a
globose drupe, shaped something like an apple and con-
tains five large "stones" or bony pyrenes. The plant is
a shrub 10 to 15 feet high. The species is widely spread
in the tropics of the Old World. It was introduced to
American horticulture by A. I. Bidwell, of Orlando,
Florida. In 1887, the late H. E. Van Deman reported
that the shrub grew exceedingly well, sprouting readily
from the roots when frozen down. It grows readily
from imported seeds.
madagascariensis, J. F. Gmel. Glabrous shrub, 10-
15 ft. high: Ivs. very large, oblong, obtuse or acute,
membranous, short-petioled : fls. in copious, peduncled,
axillary dichotomous cymes; corolla funnel-shaped,
y\\&. long, with 5 spreading deltoid teeth. Madagascar.
infausta, Burch. Shrub, 4-10 ft. high, tawny-tomen-
tose, unarmed, sometimes a small tree: Ivs. ovate, oval,
or suborbicular, horizontal, usually rounded or obtuse
at base, greenish above, rather paler beneath: fls.
greenish, 5-merous, J^in. long; calyx-lobes ovate or
oval; corolla-tube cylindrical, glabrous, lobes ovate;
ovary 5-3-celled: fr. globose, smooth, glabrous. Trop.
Afr. B.M. 3014 (as V. veliitina). — Fr.said by some to be
edible. Intro, into S. Calif. p. TRACT HUBBARD.!
VANHOUTTEA (named for Louis Van Houtte, a
Belgian nurseryman). Syn., Hoiittea. Gesneriacex. Low
branching appressed-hairy shrubs, probably adapted
only to warmhouse culture: Ivs. opposite, fleshy,
crowded at the ends of the branches, lower surface more
or less canescent-felty: fls. solitary, axillary, long-
pedicelled, red or speckled; calyx-tube adnate to
the ovary, 5-ribbed, lobes elongated, acute; corolla-
tube elongated-cylindrical, lobes 5, rounded, spread-
ing disk broad with 5 glands, the 2 posterior usually
grown together; ovary almost entirely inferior: caps.
with a twisted beak. About 5 species, Brazil. V.
calcarata, Lem. (Hoiittea pardina, Decne. Gesnera par-
dina, Hook.). St. about 1H ft. high, erect, rather
stout, terete, brown, branched: Ivs. rather stoutly
petioled, elliptical, acute, rather thick and fleshy,
strongly serrated, downy above and more so beneath:
peduncle axillary, solitary, 1-fld., shorter than the Ivs.:
calyx-tube turbinate, adherent with the lower part of
the ovary, segms. large, acute, spreading; corolla \Yz
in. or more long, ochre-red, yellow within, spotted
with deep red, especially the limb and tube inside ; ovary
semi-inferior, hairv, with 5 yellow glands. Brazil.
B.M. 4348. H.U. 6, p. 289. Cult, probably as for
achimenes and similar plants. jr_ TRACY HUBBARD.
VANfLLA (Spanish, little sheath or pod}. Orchidacese.
VANILLA. Climbing orchids whose branched stems
ascend to a height of many feet, ornamental but known
mostly as the source of vanilla used for flavoring and
which is produced from the seed-pods.
Nodes bearing Ivs. or scales and aerial roots in
alternate arrangement: fls. in axillary racemes or
spikes, without an involucre at the top of the ovary;
sepals and petals similar, spreading; Labellum united
with the column, the limb enveloping the upper por-
tion of the latter; column not winged. — About 20
species in the tropics. The genus was monographed in
1896 by R. A. Rolfe in Journ. Linn. Soc., vol. 32.
The most important species is V. planifolia, the
vanilla of commerce. It is a native of Mexico, but is now
widely cultivated in the West Indies, Java, Bourbon,
Mauritius, and other islands of the tropics, its chief
requirement being a hot damp climate. The plants are
propagated by cuttings varying in length from 2 to
about 12 feet, the longer ones being the more satis-
factory. These are
either planted in the
ground or merely tied
to a tree so that
they are not in direct
connection with the
earth. They soon
send out aerial roots,
by which connection
with the soil is estab-
lished. They are usu-
ally trained on trees
so that the stems are
supported by the
forked branches, but
posts and trellises are
also used as supports.
In most places where
vanilla-culture is
practised, pollinating
insects are lack-
ing and the flowers
must be pollinated
by hand. Plants bear
their first fruit about
three years after set-
ting. They then con-
tinue to fruit for
thirty or forty years,
bearing up to fifty
pods annually. The
V-a,ni]!a, P0^8 are
picked before they are
ripe, and dried. The
3905. Vanilla planifolia. Cluster of
flowers about 4 inches across. (The
3434
VANILLA
VARIEGATION
vanillin crystallizes on the outside. For a full descrip-
tion of vanilla culture and methods of curing the pods,
see Bulletin No. 21, United States Department of
Agriculture, Division of Botany, by S. J. Galbraith.
Vanillin is also made from other sources by chemical
means.
planifolia, Andr. (V. aromdtica, Willd., in part).
COMMON VANILLA. VANILLA BEAN (from the pods).
Fig. 3905. Tall climbing herbs with stout sts.: Ivs.
thick, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, with short, stout
petioles: fls. yellow, large, in axillary racemes of 20 or
more blossoms; sepals and petals oblanceolate; label-
lum trumpet-shaped, with small, reflexed, crenulate
lobes. Winter. A native of Mex., but widely cult,
throughout the tropics and in greenhouses. B.M. 7167.
L.B.C. 8:733. G.C. III. 25:213. Gn. 57, p. 35. O.
4:8. — Partially epiphytic.
aromatica, Sw. St. angular: Ivs. broadly ovate, with
a bluntish point, contracted at the base : fls. greenish and
white. Jamaica, Colombia, Trinidad.
V. figgersii, Rolfe. Sts. thick: Ivs. abortive, oblong-lanceolate:
sepals and petals greenish; lip white or lilac. W. Indies. — V.
grandifdlia, Lindl. Lvs. 7 in. long, 5 in. broad, narrowed at base
into more or less elongated petiole: fls. very large. W. Trop. Afr. —
V. Humblotii, Reichb. f. Fls. bright yellow, about 5 in. across, with
brown markings on lip and rosy hairs in throat. Madagascar. B.M.
7996. — V. Liijse, Wafden. Lvs. resembling V. planifolia: fls. very
large. Congo. HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
GEORGE V. NASH.|
VARIATION: See Breeding, page 547.
VARIEGATION. This term is usually applied to a
class of variations, especially in leaf -coloration, in which
the leaves become striped, banded, spotted, and
blotched with yellow, white, red, and various other
colors in connection with the normal green of other por-
tions of the leaves. In the case of yellow-and-white
variegation, the term albinism is sometimes used, espe-
cially when the plants are largely marked with white or
yellow, as in AbwtUon Sellovianum, Pelargonium zonale,
and variegated forms of Evonymus japonica, Hydrangea
hortensis, Hedera helix, Polyscias Guttfoylei var. Vic-
torise, and others.
Among the dracenas, caladiums, and codieums, be-
sides the white variegation, there are developed beauti-
ful reds, pinks, yel-
lows, and so on. As
a rule, the term
variegation is not
used in cases of
color - variation in
which only the sur-
face of the leaf is in-
volved, as in many
of the begonias,
o^ysansevierias (S.
*£j thyrsiflora and *S.
zeylanica}, Alocasia
cuprea, Cissvx dis-
color, and others.
In many such plants
the markings are
due in part to hairs,
scales, or air in the
cuticle or epidermal
cells, as in sanse-
vieria and begonia.
In some begonias,
many varieties of
calathea (as C. or-
nata var. aibo-lin-
eata), the epider-
mal cells develop
decided and definite
color-variation,
though the changes
3906. Variegation in abutilon. do not usually
involve the mesophyl or inner cells of the leaf. In some
genera, however, especially calathea, all gradations are
found between purely epidermal variegation and changes
involving the deeper layers of the leaf, as in C. Veitchii
and C. Makoyana. The same is true of many other
genera. Different kinds of variegation are shown in
Figs. 3906, 3907.
True variegations may be distinguished from ordinary
colorations, bleaching, chlorosis, and the like, by the
fact that the colored areas are usually quite sharply
denned. They do not gradually blend into each other,
but have definite boundaries. Cells in the variegated
areas are found, as a rule, to contain the same chlorophyl
bodies (chromatophores) as the ordinary green cells of
the plant. However, in the variegated parts, the green
color is not developed, and the chromatophores are
often smaller or are somewhat swollen and vacuolate.
In the case of chlorosis due to the lack of iron, or yel-
lowing due to the lack of light, a leaf will quickly develop
its normal color if given the proper conditions. This is
not the case, however, in variegated leaves. While the
intensity of whatever color the chromatophores may
have can be varied by light and food, a variegated cell
can never be changed by these means to a normal cell.
The chlorophyl granules (chromatophores) appear to
have lost entirely, in many cases, the power to make
starch and sugar from the carbonic acid gas in the air,
and in other cases this power is very greatly reduced.
In practically all cases, however, when the chromato-
phores are not destroyed, they retain the power to con-
vert sugar into starch and they thus store up starch in
then* tissues from the sugar manufactured by the
healthy cells of the leaf.
WTiite or albino variegation is of course due to a lack
of any coloring in the chromatophores, and sometimes
to the entire absence of these bodies. The cells seem to
have lost completely the power of making chlorophyl.
These albicant variegations are to be looked upon as
the more extreme forms of variegation, and usually arise
through a feeble or atrophied condition of the plant.
Seedlings raised from parents both of which are varie-
gated in this way are usually very weak. High feeding
and favorable conditions of growth, while they will not
cause a variegated plant to return to its normal con-
dition, will often stimulate the development of a normal
green shoot that takes most of the nourishment and
thus causes the starvation and disappearance of the
albicant parts. In other cases, as in codieums, modified
chlorophyl is made. Large yellowish oil-like drops occur
in the substance of the chromatophores, and the various
changes that these undergo, as the leaf becomes older,
produce the remarkable and beautiful colorations of
this group of plants. The coloration here, as in dracenas
and caladiums, is intensified by strong light and
nourishing food. The more of the modified chlorophyl
there is produced and the more rapid the changes hi the
modified chlorophyl brought about through the action
of light and the acids and oxidising ferments of the
leaves, the more highly developed will be the colors,
though here again high feeding is likely to cause the
plant to revert to its normal condition.
Variegated plants or parts of plants are usually of
slower growth and smaller than green plants of the
same variety or the green parts of the same plant.
Variegation occurs either by bud-variation or by
variations in seedlings. In the former, a variegated
branch is likely to appear on an otherwise perfectly
normal plant. Such variegations are easily repro-
duced by budding, grafting, or cuttings, but generally
do not develop again from seeds produced on such
branches. On the other hand, when variegation
develops in seedlings, the seeds of such plants usually
give a number of variegated individuals, even the coty-
ledons being sometimes affected. In some cases the
proportion of variegated plants from seeds is very large
and can be increased by selection. As a rule, the form of
VARIEGATION
VEGETABLE-GARDENING 3435
spotting or marking is not constant in seedlings, often
being very different from the parent. In certain groups
of plants, which have for many years been selected on
account of the horticultural value of these markings,
the variegated condition has be-
come almost a fixed feature of the
plant, as in dracenas, caladiums,
and codieums. While the plants of
these genera are not usually propa-
gated from seeds, still when they
are so propagated, a large number
of seedlings show more or less varie-
gation.
Darwin and many of the earlier
investigators believed that these
variations were started in the plant
by unfavorable nutritive conditions,
and much has been written on the
subject as to whether or not varie-
gations should be considered as
diseased conditions.
The question as to whether a
variegated condition could be trans-
mitted to normal plants by budding
and grafting has also been much
disputed, but the weight of evidence
indicates that in many cases such
transmission certainly takes place.
This has been thought to indicate
the presence of some micro-organ-
ism, living either parasitically or
symbiotically in the plant, and
causing the changes known as
variegation.
Investigations conducted by the
writer on the so-called mosaic dis-
ease of tobacco, which is a form of
variegation, and also on many other
forms of ordinary variegation, show
quite conclusively that the disease
is not caused by micro-organisms,
but is due to a deranged condition
of the nutrition of the cells. With-
out going into the details of the
matter, it may be said that the con-
dition is characterized physiologic-
ally by a marked increase
in the oxidation processes
in the cells, caused by the
presence of an abnormal
amount, or an abnormal
activity, of oxidizing fer-
ment in the protoplasm.
These changes must, in
most cases, therefore, be
considered as pathological
in their nature, as the
vitality and vigor of the
plants are reduced as a
result. It is further evident that
the initial causes of variegation may
be quite diverse, some of the most
usual being seed of low vitality;
unsuitable nourishment, especially
a lack of elaborated nitrogen; rapid
growth in very moist soil; severe
injury to the roots during a period
of rapid growth of the upper parts
of the plant; severe cutting back,
and the like.
Though started at first through
the influence of environment, varie-
gation, when of value horticultur-
ally, has in many cases been in-
creased and fixed by selection till it
has become almost a specific charac-
3907. Kinds of variegation. Sansevieria
above and caladium below.
ter in some groups of plants, and is considered in the
botanical description of them.
A word might be said in this connection regarding
autumn coloration. The production of color in autumn
foliage is, as is well known, due in
part to the gradual destruction of
the chlorophyl when the leaves have
reached maturity and approach the
period of death, and in part to the
action of acids on anthocyanin.
Many of the destructive changes
which take place in the chlorophyl
are oxidation processes, the same as
occur in the cells of highly colored
variegated plants, and physiologic-
ally they are not very different from
the changes occurring in calathea,
caladium, codieum, and the like.
The approach of maturity in the
leaf, and the coming on of cool
weather in autumn, stimulates the
production of oxidizing ferments,
and the action of these and the
acids of the cell-sap on the chro-
mogen, or color contents of the
leaves, especially the chlorophyl and
anthocyanin, causes many of the
brilliant colors of autumn f oliage (p.
431)- ALBERT F. WOODS.
VARNISH TREE: Kaclrevteria ponuru-
laia, Ailanthus aitissima, Rhut terniciflua,
and other plants.
VASES: See Topiary planting and garden
architecture, VoL 5, p. 2675.
VEGETABLE-GARDENING. In
horticultural usage a vegetable is
an edible herbaceous plant or part
thereof that is commonly used for
culinary purposes. The product
may or may not be directly asso-
ciated, in its development, with the
flower: the root, stem, leaf, flower-
bud, partially developed seed-recep-
tacle, mature seed-receptacle, or
seeds (either immature or
mature), may constitute the
edible part. Some vege-
tables are edible only after
being cooked, others (such
as cabbage), are eaten either
cooked or raw, while others,
as melons, are used only in the
fresh state, and are really dessert
articles. In some countries, melons
and tomatoes are regarded as fruits,
though American usage classifies
them as vegetables. Although it is
difficult to make a general definition
that will include all vegetables and
exclude none, the use of the term
"vegetable" is so well understood
that there is little difficulty in mak-
ing proper application of it in com-
mon speech.
All the art and science that has
to do with the growing of the plants
commonly called vegetables is popu-
larly known as vegetable-garden-
ing- The Latin term, olericulture,
is sometimes used in formal writings
as a synonym of vegetable-garden-
ing, but has never become popular.
Vegetable-gardening is usually con-
sidered as a branch of horticulture,
3436 VEGETABLE-GARDENING
VEGETABLE-GARDENING
coordinate with pomology (fruit-growing) and floricul-
ture. However, certain vegetables, such as potatoes,
when grown in large areas in rotation with general
farm crops, are sometimes looked on as agricultural
rather than horticultural subjects.
Some of the crops may be classified as horticultural or
agricultural depending on the uses for which they are
to be employed. For example, beans that are grown
for the green pods are horticultural subjects, but if the
same varieties were to be grown for the mature seed for
selling in the general market, they may be known as
agricultural products. In like manner turnips may be
horticultural subjects when grown in small areas for
home or table use, but agricultural subjects when
grown on large areas for stock-feeding.
Vegetable-gardening may be divided into two great
categories, depending on the disposition that is to be
made of the products; namely, commercial gardening
(see page 1997, Vol. IV, the article Market-Garden-
ing), of which the purpose is to make money from the
industry; and home- or amateur-gardening, in which
the purpose is to raise a supply for family use. Com-
mercial vegetable-gardening may be divided further into
four fairly well-defined types : market-gardening proper,
truck-gardening or truck-farming, forcing (see Vol. Ill,
page 1254), and the growing of vegetables for canning
or pickling factories.
Market-gardening proper involves intensive methods
of culture, and is most highly developed near large
cities. Truck-farming involves the growing of one or a
few special vegetable crops, often as an adjunct to a
system of general farming. These are usually grown in
relatively large areas, and at considerable distance
from market. Questions of climate, soil, and shipping
facilities largely determine the location of truck-gar-
dening areas. The South produces early vegetables for
northern markets; the North produces cool-climate
crops for winter storage, such as onions, cabbage,
turnips. Sweet corn, tomatoes, and peas for canning
purposes, and cucumbers for pickling, are grown where
the soil and climate are especially adapted to their
culture.
Particular regions have become famous for the pro-
duction of certain vegetable crops. Some examples are :
Eastern Long Island for late cauliflower; Kalamazoo,
Michigan, for celery; Rocky Ford, Colorado, and the
Imperial Valley, California, for muskmelons; certain
areas in Georgia for watermelons; southern Texas for
the Bermuda type of onion; Norfolk, Virginia, for
spinach, kale, and early potatoes; Ontario for turnips
and other root-crops. Long-distance transportation has
revolutionized vegetable-gardening in this country (see
Packing, Transportation), and crops which were for-
merly grown only near market and had a limited sea-
son are now shipped across the continent, and may be
procured in the same market, from some source, twelve
months in the year. Head lettuce is an example.
The practices.
While in commercial vegetable-gardening the loca-
tion is determined to considerable extent by soil and
climate, in the home-garden the climate and the soil
are largely beyond the choice of the gardener, since
these matters are determined by the location of the
homestead. The general effort in the home-garden is to
secure products of high quality and to have a more or
less continuous supply throughout the season. In mar-
ket-gardening emphasis is usually placed on a few
crops, whereas in home-gardening it is placed on a great
variety of crops.
The old-time home vegetable-garden or "kitchen-gar-
den" was generally unsuited to the easy handling of the
soil and to the efficient growing of the plants. Ordinarily
it was a small confined area in which horse-tools could
not be used (Vol. Ill, page 1738). The rows were
short and close together, so that finger-work was neces-
sary. The custom arose of growing crops in small raised
beds, probably because such beds are earlier in the
spring than those that are level with the ground. With
the evolution of modern tillage tools, however, it is now
advised that even in the home-garden finger-work be
dispensed with as much as possible. Some of the very
earliest crops may be grown in raised beds to advantage,
but in general it is better to secure earliness by means of
glass covers or by ameliorating the entire soil by under-
drainage and the incorporation of humus and by judi-
cious tillage. See Tillage and Machinery. In the home-
garden on the farm particularly it is desirable that the
rows be long and far enough apart to allow of tillage
with horse-tools.
Vegetable-gardeners are usually large users of stable-
manure. Near the large cities the manure is bought in
carload lots or hauled with four-horse teams, and it is
used every year or even two or three times a year. The
reason for this frequent and heavy use of manure is
the necessity of improving the physical texture of the
land so that it will be loose, open, and mellow, be early
or "quick," and hold an abundant supply of moisture.
In intensive vegetable-gardening there is no "resting"
of the land and no green crops to be plowed under.
The vegetable matter, therefore, has to be supplied
almost entirely by barn-manures. In the larger and less
intensive vegetable-growing farther removed from large
cities, general agricultural practices can be employed
to better advantage, such as rotation and green-manur-
ing. Vegetable-gardeners, especially in the East and
South, generally use largely, also, of concentrated
fertilizers.
In intensive vegetable-gardening it is important to
start many of the crops under glass and to transplant
the young plants to the open as soon as settled weather
comes. See Transplanting. This is particularly true
of tomatoes, very early lettuce, sweet potatoes, egg-
plants, peppers, and the early crops of celery, cabbage,
and cauliflower. In the northern states muskmelons
and sometimes watermelons and cucumbers are started
under glass, being grown in pots, veneer "dirt bands," or
upon inverted sods, whereby they are transferred to the
open without disturbing the roots. Formerly the plants
were started under hotbed or coldframe structures, but
of late years there has been a great increase in the extent
of glass-houses or forcing-houses. These are primarily
for the purpose of growing certain crops to maturity
outside of their normal season in the given locality, but
are often used a part of the season for starting plants
intended for transplanting. In these structures con-
ditions can be controlled better than in hotbeds, and
they are especially valuable for the starting of very
early plants in cold weather. However, hotbeds and
coldframes are still exceedingly important adjuncts to
the vegetable-garden. They are almost indispensable
for the reception of early plants that have been started
in a greenhouse and require "hardening-off" before
transplanting into the open ground. They can be
moved when the person shifts to other land, and the
space that they occupy can be utilized for outdoor
crops later in the season. They are extensively used
for starting early plants. Much vegetable-gardening
in large cities is prosecuted on rented lands; therefore
it may not be profitable to invest in such permanent
structures as forcing-houses. The first cost of hotbeds
and coldframes is less than that of forcing-houses, and
this is often a very important item. For management
of glass structures, see Hotbeds, Greenhouse, Forcing.
The seed and variety problem is most complex. A
mistake in the selection of a strain or kind may mean
inability to meet a market demand either as regards
characteristics or season. A round cabbage crowds out
a pointed form. As soon as they mature, better varie-
ties crowd out the Earliana tomato. Therefore the
gardener must know varieties. Many seedsmen are
making sincere efforts to provide good seed, and each
VEGETABLE-GARDENING
VEGETABLE-GARDENING 3437
year sees progress. Much remains to be accomplished
in study and classification of varieties and types, and
in the improvements of methods of seed-breeding and
production. These problems are especially difficult
because the crops are chiefly annuals, and changes take
place with great rapidity. Experiment stations are now
taking up this work on a sound scientific basis, a thing
that could hardly be said of most early taxonomic
studies. They are enjoying the cooperation of seed
houses.
There are great numbers of insect and fungous pests
that attack the vegetable-garden crops. See article on
Diseases and Insects. The spray-pump has now come
to be a necessary adjunct to any efficient vegetable-
garden. However, there are many difficulties beyond
the reach of the spray, particularly those that persist
year by year in the soil or which attack the roots rather
than the tops. For such difficulties, the best treatment
is to give rotation so far as possible and to avoid carry-
ing diseased vines back on the land the next year in
the manure. Even the club-root of cabbage can be
starved out in a few years if cabbages or related plants
are not grown on the area.
In its best development vegetable-gardening is essen-
tially an intensive cultivation of the land. Often it is
conducted on property that is too high-priced for ordi-
nary farming. Land that demands rent on a valuation
of $1,000 an acre is often used for vegetable-gar-
dens; and higher-priced land, held for other uses
later, may be used temporarily. There is also intense
competition near the large cities. These circumstances
force the gardener to utilize his land to the utmost.
Therefore, he must keep the land under crop every day
in the year when it is possible for plants to live or
grow. This results in various systems of succession-
cropping and companion-cropping, whereby two or
more crops are grown on the land the same season or
even at the same time. (For examples of companion-
cropping, see Market-Gardening.) Market-gardening is
usually a business that demands enterprise, close atten-
tion to details, and much physical labor. If, with his
knowledge of vegetable-growing, the gardener combines
good business and executive ability, and an intimate
knowledge of market conditions, he should be able,
however, to make it a profitable and attractive busi-
ness. Although the outlay is likely to be large, the
returns are direct and quick.
Extent and growth of the industry.
The most recent published statistics of vegetable-gar-
dening in the United States are those of the Thirteenth
Census, 1910. According to the report of this census,
based on the crop of 1909, the acreage devoted to
vegetable production in the United States was 7,073,379
acres, including 3,668,855 acres of potatoes. The total
value of all vegetables reported for that year was
$418,110,154. Of the total number of farms in the
United States, 4,969,540, or 78.1 per cent reported
having farm-gardens; 4,261,776 gave the acreage
devoted to vegetables and the value of the product.
41,731 farms reporting vegetables to a value of over
$500 each, and 4,220,045 farms less than $500 each.
''Farms of the former group usually produce vegetables
chiefly for sale and make them an important part of
their business, while on a large proportion of the other
farms vegetables are raised only for home consump-
tion." In 1909, the value of the vegetable crop (includ-
ing potatoes) in the following states amounted to over
10 per cent of the total value of all crops in the respec-
tive states: Maine, New Hampshire, Massachusetts,
Rhode Island, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Michigan, Delaware, Maryland, Vir-
ginia, West Virginia, Florida, Colorado, Nevada.
According to the figures, the production of vege-
tables between 1899 and 1909 increased from $237,-
000,000 to about $418,000,000. This includes the potato,
which is grown partly as a farm crop and partly as
a vegetable-garden crop. With this most important
commodity omitted, the corresponding figures for the
miscellaneous vegetables are $139,000,000 and $251,-
000,000. The increase in the production of all other
horticultural products, including fruit, flowers, nursery
products and nuts, is from $152,000,000 to $273,000,000.
A map showing centers of vegetable production in
the United States would show changes no less marked.
New districts have been established almost without
number in all sections of the country. The business is
much more evenly distributed throughout the United
States than formerly, and the states that have been
regarded as great trucking states are no longer holding
their preeminence without question. Thus, Illinois and
Indiana have become great vegetable states, with the
market-gardening for Chicago, trucking in southern
Illinois for both Chicago and St. Louis, muckland
trucking in the swamplands (see Muckland-Gardening,
Vol. IV), and production of crops for the cannery.
Similar statements might be made of other states. Ten
years ago, truck-farming was thought of principally as
production of vegetables in the South for shipment
North. The advance in the importance of vegetables
in the dietary, together with the rapid growth of the
more southerly cities, has brought about a marked
development in the production of vegetables in north-
ern parts for shipment southward, particularly the
cool-season crops for consumption when the gardens
of the warmer climates are practically unemployed on
account of the heat. The production of cabbage and
potatoes in the North for shipment southward has long
been a great industry, but of recent years important
centers in the growing of cucumbers, peas, beans, and
of the muckland crops, celery, lettuce, and onions, have
been developed. Improved transportation facilities
have made California an important source of supply
for eastern markets.
The canning industry as connected with vegetable-
gardening has been an important factor in making pos-
sible a continuous supply of vegetables throughout the
year, and this industry has recently made much
progress. Three phases of this industry utilize vege-
table-garden crops — factory, farm, and home canning.
Factory canning uses the products from a compara-
tively large acreage of crops on the truck-gardening or
general farming scale. Corn, tomatoes, peas, and string
beans are extensively handled by canning factories.
Farm canning promises to be a means whereby the
market-gardener or truck-fanner may turn his crops into
greater profit when markets are glutted. Home canning
is a means of preserving a supply of perishable vege-
table products from one's kitchen-garden for home use.
The insistence of the population on a supply of
vegetables through all the months has made possible
the construction of greenhouse ranges, many of which
are now measured in acres. The crops are lettuce,
cucumbers, tomatoes, and radishes in the order named.
While the business is not so satisfactory in the autumn
months, because of poor growth conditions and on
account of light demand, the returns after the first of
the year are sufficient to render the business profitable
and to justify increases in the areas under glass.
Market-gardening has kept pace with the growth of
the cities, although some of the famous centers are
declining on account of the great increase in real-estate
values. The auto truck is an important factor in mak-
ing it possible for the gardener to take advantage of the
lower interest charges incident to the use of more
distant lands.
In the practice of vegetable production, the most con-
spicuous development has been the introduction of
overhead irrigation. Hundreds of acres are now watered
in this way. The value of this practice is evident when
it is considered that moisture is more often than other-
wise the factor which prevents the gardener from reap-
3438 VEGETABLE-GARDENING
VEGETABLE-GARDENING
ing returns from improvements which are far more
costly than in other lines of agriculture.
The past ten years has seen the beginning of organi-
zation among vegetable producers. Cooperative selling
is becoming a larger factor in the selling of produce on
distant markets, and garden districts not yet ready for
cooperative selling are finding material advantage in
unified action in matters of the gathering of informa-
tion as to their methods, in the purchase of supplies,
the standardization of packages, the improvement of
local market conditions, and of transportation facili-
ties, in overseeing legislation and securing assistance
through investigational agencies in the solution of local
problems. The Vegetable Growers' Association of
America was organized in 1908 and has brought into
contact with one another a large group of men from all
sections of the country. The New York State Vegetable
Growers' Association, formed in 1911, has been the
pioneer in state organization. All of these societies,
national, state, and local, are finding new fields of use-
fulness and are each year serving directly an increased
proportion of the men in the business, while all find
advantage through their promotion of the general
welfare.
Education; literature.
For many years a course in vegetable-gardening has
been included in the curricula of most of the agricultural
colleges of the United States and Canada, and more or
less attention has been given to research in vegetable-
gardening problems on the part of agricultural experi-
ment stations. However, until within the last few years,
both the teaching and research in reference to this sub-
ject were in most institutions conducted as incidental
matters by some member of the staff whose principal
energies were demanded by other horticultural inter-
ests. At the present tune much more attention than
formerly is being given the subject of vegetable-garden-
ing hi educational institutions, and many of the agri-
cultural colleges and stations now have one or more
men devoting then- entire time to vegetable interests.
In some of the institutions several courses are offered in
vegetable work, including an introductory course, an
advanced course in market-gardening, and courses in
vegetable-forcing, systematic vegetable crops, and
undergraduate research. Provision is also made for
graduate work in problems bearing on vegetable-
gardening.
Vegetable-gardening is also found to be especially
adapted for use as a basis for giving instruction in the
fundamental principles of crop production in schools,
especially in those having only a limited area of land
available for "laboratory" purposes. The simple equip-
ment involved, the possibility of using odd bits of
ground, the relatively short time in which results can
be expected, and the high value of the product to be
derived from a small area, together with its easy adap-
tation to educational purposes, all render this phase of
agriculture especially serviceable in such activities.
The work is conducted on special plots laid out for
that purpose, and on the home farms and back yards.
There is a large literature devoted to vegetable-gar-
dening, although much of it applies chiefly to amateur
or home growing. Leading current books on the general
subject of vegetable-gardening are those by Greiner,
Green, Henderson, Rawson, Landreth, Bailey, Watts,
Lloyd, and Corbett. For California one should consult
Wickson's "California Vegetables in Garden and Field,"
and for the Atlantic South, Rolfs' "Vegetable-Growing
in the South for Northern Markets," Oemler's "Truck-
Farming at the South," and Rolfs' "Subtropical
Vegetable-Gardening." There are many books devoted
to special topics, and there are many others which in
their time were of great practical value, but which are
now chiefly known as recording the history of the
epoch in which they were written. Only one American
work has been devoted to descriptions of varieties of
vegetables, as the works of Downing, Thomas, and
others have to varieties of fruits. This work is Fearing
Burr's "Field and Garden Vegetables of America,"
Boston, 1863, and the abridgment of it in 1866, called
"Garden Vegetables and How to Cultivate Them."
A list of the American vegetable-gardening literature
to that date may be found in Bailey 's "Principles of
Vegetable-Gardening" (1901). See also Horticulture,
Literature of, Vol. III. Persons who desire a cyclopedic
account of vegetables should consult Vilmorin's "Les
Plantes Potageres," an English translation of the first
edition of which is published in London as "The Vege-
table Garden." Odd and little-known vegetables are
treated in Paillieux & Bois, "Le Potager d'un Curieux ,"
Paris, 3d ed. 1899. L. H. B.
JOHN W. LLOYD.
PAUL WORK.
Vegetable-growing hi California.
It is an interesting fact that although California's
horticultural prominence now rests on fruit 'products,
the first attraction to the new state, after the gold
discovery, was the wonderful growth of garden vege-
tables. The reports of immense size, of acreage product
and of prices secured, were almost incredible because so
much in advance of ordinary standards, but the state-
ments were so fully authenticated that many were drawn
to California by them. These horticultural pioneers,
however, soon found that immigrants from Asia and
the Mediterranean region, by their cheap living and
by doing their own work, could cut under American
growers who had to employ high-priced labor, and so the
latter retired from the field, leaving the opportunity to
the frugal and thrifty foreigner. Thus vegetable-grow-
ing, from an American point of view, came into disrepute
and largely retains such disadvantage at present. The
result is that the American largely avoids market-
gardening, while Asiatics and South Europeans are
thriving on it. There has been a reflection of the same
disfavor in the farm growing of vegetables for home use,
and our farming population, including the fruit-growers
who should know and do better, is largely dependent
on alien vegetable peddlers or products of canneries
instead of fresh home-grown esculents, which would be
cheaper and inexpressibly better than canned or trans-
ported supplies.
Fortunately there arose about twenty-five years ago
a large industry in growing vegetables for overland ship-
ment and for canning which clothed the plant-cultures
involved in this trade with a new dignity and impor-
tance attractive to American growers. Cabbage, cauli-
flower, and celery for eastern shipment, asparagus for
canning and for shipment, tomatoes for canning, and
the like, have all become large special crops, while
some other plants, like lima beans, which are chiefly
grown in gardens elsewhere, have become field crops in
California covering very large acreage. Such enter-
prises have enlisted American citizens and changed
the popular conception of the dignity and opportunity
of vegetable-growing. A measure of this influence, as
well as of the extent of the product, may be had in the
average annual shipments of green vegetables beyond
state lines for several years ending with 1914:
Vegetables Carloads
Artichokes (Globe) 150
Asparagus 350
Celery 2,500
Cauliflower 1,000
Cabbage 1,000
Potatoes 10,000
Lettuce 300
Tomatoes 2,000
Mixed vegetables 1 ,000
The canned-vegetable output of 1914 was 2,373,182
cases (each containing twenty-four 2j^-pound tins)
VEGETABLE-GARDENING
VELLOZIA
3439
divided as follows: asparagus, 800,380; string beans,
81,905; peas, 188,667; tomatoes, 1,183,705; other
vegetables, 119,525.
In addition to the foregoing there is the dry-bean
product, which reached a total of 3,670,000 bags of 80
pounds each in 1915, and of sugar beets which was 203,-
200 tons in 1915.
California conditions affecting vegetable-growing are
wide and various. Nowhere else perhaps is it more
essential that certain things should be done just at the
right time and in the right way. If these requirements
are fairly met the product is large and fine; if they are
neglected the failure is sharp and complete. This fact
has given rise to the impression that California is a
hard place to grow vegetables, which is not true unless
one lacks local knowledge or the nerve to apply it. One
of the chief causes of failure is in following seasons and
methods which have yielded success under conditions
prevailing in the states east of the Sierra Nevada Moun-
tains. If one begins garden-making in the springtime
the plants do not secure deep rooting, which is necessary
to carry them to success in the dry season, and the
garden is likely to be a disappointment. If, on the
other hand, all the hardier vegetables are sown in suc-
cession from September until February or March, there
will be continuous produce through the winter and into
the early summer. The chief shipments of vegetables
from Calif ornia are made during the late fall and winter
and are taken right from the ground to the cars without
protection or storage. Tender vegetables, like corn,
beans, tomatoes, and the like, however, can be grown
in the winter only in a few f restless places. They must
either be pushed to a finish in the fall or sown early in
the spring and carried into the dry summer as far as
necessary either by natural moist land or by irrigation.
There are a few localities, however, where tomatoes will
fruit early in the spring from fall plantings, and peppers
will live through the winter and bear a second season's
crop on the old plants.
The possession of an irrigation supply is the secret of
full satisfaction in California vegetable-growing, but a
small amount of water, if skilfully applied, will work
wonders. Irrigation will enable one to have something
crisp and delicious in the garden every day in the year
in the California valleys. It is true, however, that much
can be done without irrigation by beginning at the open-
ing of the rainy season in September, growing the hard-
ier vegetables while moisture is ample even on the drier
lands during the late fall and winter, and keeping the
lower lands well plowed and cultivated to prevent
evaporation until the tender vegetables can be trusted
in the open air, and continuing cultivation assiduously
afterward so that moisture can be conserved in the soil
as long as possible for them. That this is thoroughly
practicable is seen in the fact that the large lima-bean
product is grown almost entirely without irrigation
from plantings made as late as May and the whole
growth of the plant is achieved without a drop of water
except that stored in the soil. The same is true of the
corn crop ; perfect corn can be grown without a drop of
rain or irrigation from planting to husking. In such
cases, however, the winter rains are retained in the soil
by cultivation. If winter growth is made by rainfall,
summer growth can be had on the same land by irriga-
tion. In this way irrigation becomes eminently desira-
ble in securing all-the-year growth, which cannot be
had by rainfall. With good soil and abundant irriga-
tion it is possible to secure four garden crops in rotation
within the year — the hardy plants in the fall and winter
months; the tender plants in the spring and summer. Of
course the adjustment of all these means to desired
ends requires good perception and prompt action, and
explains why those who have been accustomed to plant
at a fixed date and do little but cut weeds afterward
may find it hard to secure the best results in California.
And yet the Californian grower has great advantages
in his deep rich soil, in freedom from many diseases
(which thrive in a humid atmosphere) and in an
exceedingly long growing season.
Local adaptations for different vegetables are some-
times quite sharply drawn and selection of lands for
large specialty crops must be made with reference to
them. The result is that the earliest vegetables come
from practically frostless places in the Colorado River
region of southeast Calif ornia; almost all the lima
beans are grown on a coast plain from Santa Barbara
southward; the celery for eastern shipment is nearly
all grown on the peat lands of Orange and San Joaquin
counties; the cabbage comes largely fron San Mateo
County; asparagus and tomatoes from Alameda County
and river islands of Sacramento and San Joaquin coun-
ties, and so on. Smaller areas of these products and
others not mentioned are more widely scattered, but
everywhere the local soil, exposure, and climate are
chief considerations.
There is prospect of great increase in all the vege-
able products of California. Fresh and dried vegeta-
bles enter largely into ocean traffic with distant Pacific
ports. Interstate trade is constantly increasing and
canned vegetables are contracted in advance to Euro-
pean distributors as well as to dealers in all the Americas.
E. J. WICKSON.
VEGETABLE MARROW: see page 2861. V. Orange: Cucumis
Melo var. Chito. V. Oyster: Salsify. V. Pomegranate: Cucumis
Mdo var. Dudaim. V. Sponge : Luff a.
VEITCHIA (James Veitch, of Chelsea, famous Eng-
lish nurseryman). Palmacese. About 4 species of pin-
nate palms native to the Fiji Isls. and New Hebrides.
The genus belongs to that section of the Areca tribe
characterized by a parietal ovule which is more or less
pendulous and fls. spirally disposed in the branches of
the spadix, and is distinguished from Hedyscepe and
allied genera by the following characters: sepals of the
male fls. chartaceous, connate at base; female fls. much
larger than the males. It is doubtful whether any spe-
cies is now in the trade. V. Jodnnis, H. Wendl., was cult,
early in 1880-90. Lf.-segms. with a wide and rather
shallow notch at the apex or obliquely truncate; sheath,
petiole and rachis a dark blood-color and covered when
young with a gray tomentum interspersed with lanceo-
late, thin, dark red scales: fr. 2J^xlJ^ in., ovoid-
ellipsoid, orange, with a red base. G.C. II. 20:205.
R.H. 1883, p. 344. Has been cult, in S. Calif, but is
tender there. It has been conjectured that Kentia Van
Houttei advertised in 1895 by American dealers may be
a species of Veitchia. The genus is imperfectly known
and of minor importance horticulturally.
VELLOZIA (Velloz, a Portuguese naturalist). Vettozi-
acese; or Amaryttidacex. Usually shrubs, sometimes
arborescent, adapted to the warmhouse. Sts. fibrous-
woody, usually dichotomously branched: Ivs. linear,
rigid, tufted at the ends of the branches: peduncles
1-fld. : fls. usually white; perianth funnel-shaped; segms.
subequal, ovate-lanceolate; stamens 6, sometimes many;
ovary clavate, 3-celled; ovules many, superposed: caps,
coriaceous, dehiscing at the apex. — About 65 species,
Trop. and S. Afr., Madagascar and Brazil. Vellozia is
closely related to Barbacenia but distinguished by hav-
ing more than 6 stamens, whereas Barbacenia has only
6. V. trichophyUa, Hemsl. (V. equisetmdes, W. Wats., not
Baker. V. equisetoides var. trichophyUa, Baker). Shrub
having a thick caudex, 1 ft. or more diam. and short
thick primary branches: Ivs. numerous, grass-like,
scarcely stiff, 3-9 in. long in cult, specimens (often 1-2
ft. long and more rigid in wild specimens), about Hin.
wide: peduncles usually in 3's, 1-fld.: fls. reddish lilac,
very fragrant; perianth-segms. lanceolate, acute, 1-1 H
in. long. E. Trop. Afr. B.M. 7962. G.C. III. 34:425.
Very little known in cult.
3440
VELTHEIMIA
VERATRUM
VELTHEIMIA (named for the Count of Veltheim,
1741-1801). Lilidcex. Greenhouse and half-hardy
tunicate bulbous perennials; spring and summer.
Leaves radical, several, oblong or strap-shaped,
rather thick, herbaceous, lower longer than the upper,
sheathing the base of the simple leafless scape: fls.
showy, pendulous, densely grouped in a terminal
raceme or spike; perianth tubular, cylindrical, persist-
ent, lobes 6, very short, tooth-like; stamens 6; ovary
sessile or subsessile, oblong, 3-celled: caps, membra-
nous-scarious, the 3 angles strongly dilated and wing-
like, loculicidally. 3-valved. — Three species, S. Afr.
They are easy of cult, and are but little known in Amer.
A. Lvs. green, 2-3 in. broad.
viridifdlia, Jacq. Lvs. oblong-lorate, wavy-margined,
finally 1 ft. long: scape mottled with purple: raceme
very dense, 3-6 in. long, 25-30-fld.: fls. IJ^-IH in-
long, yellow or reddish, with greenish tips. L.B.C.
3908. False hellebore. — Veratrum viride. Showing the handsome foliage of early spring
when the leaves are about a foot high.
13:1245. B.M. 501 (as Aletris capensis). G.C. III.
49:164. Gn. W. 22:117. G.W. 5, pp. 112, 454.
AA. Lvs. glaucous, 1 % in. broad.
glauca, Jacq. Lvs. oblanceolate-lorate, acute, glau-
cous: scape less stout: fls. "yellow or bright red,"
according to Baker. B.M. 1091 (fls. white, dotted red
toward the tips); 3456 (fls. reddish purple, dotted yel-
low above). F< TRACY
VELVET BEAK: Stizolobium. V. Tree: Gynura aurantiaca.
VENiDITJM (name not explained by its author).
Compdsitse. Annual or perennial herbs, grown for
ornament.
Rays female: receptacle honeycombed, mostly nude:
involucral scales in several rows, the outer narrower
and herbaceous, inner scarious: achenes glabrous,
dorsally 3-5-winged or -ridged, the lateral ridges
inflexed, the medial straight, narrower; no hairs from
the base of the achene: pappus either none or of 4 very
minute, unilateral scales. — Eighteen species, S. Afr., 7
of whick are annuals. By Hoffmann (Engler & Prantl,
Pflanzenfamilien) united with Arctotis.
The following account of V. calendulaceum of the
gardens as a garden plant is adapted from Gn. 21, page
405. It is a graceful single-flowered composite which
flourishes under the ordinary treatment accorded half-
hardy annuals, making a compact rounded mass 2 feet
high and 3 feet wide. "There is considerable diversity in
its seedlings both as regards habit and the size, shape
and shading of its blossoms, and careful selection in
seed-saving is needful in order to secure the best forms.
It is admirably adapted for cutting, as the flowers open
and shut as regularly as when on the plant." This
species has also been treated as a greenhouse perennial,
continuing to bloom until near midwinter. The flower-
heads are fully 2 inches across.
decurrens, Less. Diffuse canescent perennial, 1-2 ft.
long: Ivs. mostly lyrate, the terminal lobe ovate or
roundish, sinuate-lobed or repand, at first cobwebbed,
afterward nude and punctate above, white-tomentose
beneath; petiole 2-2 H i&- long, amply eared at base,
the ear decurrent along the st. — The type does not
seem to be cult, but the following variety is offered as
a half-hardy garden annual with dark-centered sun-
flower-like golden yellow heads
1-2 % in. across:
Var. calendulaceum, Harvey (V.
calendulaceum^ Less.), differs in
having the petioles not eared at the
base or with only a small ear. R.H.
1857, p. 123. Gn. 21, p. 405. G.
5:345. — Opinions differ as to its
merits, and it is variable in quality.
Some consider it coarse and weedy.
In pots it does well ; for spring bloom,
sow in Aug. to Oct. in a frame in light
soil and prick off into pots; if well
grown it is very free-flowering.
WILHELM MILLER.
VENUS' FLY-TRAP: Dionya musci-
pula. V. Hair: Adiantum Capillus-Veneris.
V. Looking-Glass : Specularia Speculum.
V. or Venice Sumach: Cotinus Coggygria.
VERATRUM (ancient name of
hellebore). Liliacese. FALSE HELLE-
BORE. Hardy perennial herbs grown
in the border.
Rhizome stout: sts. erect, stout,
leafy base thickened but not truly
bulbous: Ivs. usually broad, plicate-
veined, contracted to a broad sheath :
fls. purplish, greenish, or whitish,
numerous in a terminal panicle,
polygamous; perianth persistent, broadly campanu-
late or explanate, segms. connate at the base especially
in the female fls.; stamens 6; ovary ovoid, apex very
shortly 3-lobed: caps, septicidally splitting in to 3 carpels.
— About 18 species, Eu., Asia, Russia, and N. Amer.
Veratrums are striking habit plants, of easy culture
in moist shady positions. In the open sunlight or in
dry ground the foliage is liable to burn and decay
prematurely. They may be propagated by division or
seeds:
A. Fls. whitish or greenish.
B. Perianth-segms. crisped-dentate.
album, Linn. EUROPEAN WHITE HELLEBORE. A
hardy perennial 3-4 ft. high : root short, fleshy : Ivs. green,
plicate ; radical Ivs. 1 ft. long, oblong, 5-6 in. wide, firm in
texture: panicle 1-2 ft. long, dense: fls. whitish inside,
greenish outside; segms. oblong-spatulate, crisped-
dentate; pedicels almost none. June, July. Eu., N.
Asia.
BB. Perianth-segms. serrulate or entire.
viride, Linn. AMERICAN WHITE HELLEBORE. INDIAN
POKE. Fig. 3908. A hardy perennial, 2-7 ft. high: root-
stock 2-3 in. long: Ivs. plicate, acute, the lower oval,
about 1 ft. long, the upper gradually smaller: fls. yel-
lowish green; segms. oblong or oblanceolate, ciliate,
serrulate; pedicels 1-3 lines long. July. N. Amer.
VERATRUM
VERBASCUM
3441
B.B. 1:408. B.M. 1096 (as Helonias viride). Gn. 62,
P. 2s3.
calif ornicum, Durand. St. very stout, 3-7 ft. high:
Ivs. ovate-acute, the upper ones lanceolate but rarely
acuminate: perianth-segms. broader than in V. riride,
obtuse, whitish with a greener base. Colo, and Wyo. to
K. CaUf. and Ore. G.C. III. 46:395. Gn. 62. p. 411 —
Intro. 1883. The long panicle of whitish, bell-shaped,
drooping fls. is followed by ornamental frs. or caps.
AA. Fls. blackish purple.
nigrum, Linn. A hardy perennial often 2-4 ft. high,
somewhat bulbous at the base: lower Ivs. oblong, pli-
cate, 1 ft. long, 6-8 in. wide, narrowed at the base;
upper Ivs. lanceolate: panicle narrow: fls. blackish
purple: segms. oblong, obtuse. June. Eu., Asia. B.M.
963. G.W. 2. p. 99; 14, p. 618. p. TRACY HUBBABD.!
VERBASCUM (old Latin name of the mullein used
by Pliny). Scrophulariacese. MULLEIN. Hardy bien-
nial herbs, rarely perennial or subshrubs, more or less
tomentose or floccose-lanate, sometimes grown in the
garden or border for ornament.
Plants usually erect and tall: Ivs. all alternate,
usually soft, entire, crenulate, sinuate-dentate or pin-
natifid: racemes or spikes terminal, simple or branched:
fls. yellow, fuscous, purple or red, rarely white; calyx
deeply 5-cleft or parted, rarely shortly 5-toothed;
corolla-tube about none, explanate-rotate, lobes 5,
broad, slightly unequal; stamens 5: caps, globose,
oblong or ovoid, septicidally 2-valyed. — About 270
species, natives mostly of the Medit. region, widely
intro. in other countries. Prop, by means of cuttings
or division, although most of the mulleins usually self-
sow freely.
The mulleins are very easily cultivated, adapting
themselves to almost any soil except a wet cold one.
In America the name mullein calls to mind the common
weed, V. Thapsus, but this same weed if massed in the
wild border is a very showy plant and gives a tall
columnar effect which is very pleasing when contrast-
ing with looser, more open-growing plants such as
larkspur, wild asters, and goldenrods. Another feature
of the mulleins which makes them valuable in border
planting is the generally predominating gray-green of
the foliage, in fact of the whole plant, which contrasts
with the bright or dark green foliage about it. The
most serious drawback to the mulleins in general is that
most of them are biennial and although they reproduce
naturally and freely they hybridize so readily that they
rarely reproduce true. However, most of the hybrids
are as showy as their parents and as a whole they
deserve a place in even.- border of size. Some of the
more showy and satisfactory species are V. olympicum,
Y. phaniceum, V. Chaixii, V. nigrum, V. phlomoides,
Y . pannosum, and V. cupreum, although many others
are almost equally as good. In choosing varieties the
question of height should be taken into account, as
some species grow much taller than others. Nearly all
the species will stand any amount of sun although some
of them, as Y. ph&niceum, do better in partial shade as
the flowers do not open well in strong sunlight.
pyramidale, 19.
pyramidatuni. 16.
rubiginoeum, 25.
Scftraderi, 1.
stmi-lanatum, 18.
simplex, 13.
sinuatum, 15.
songaricum, 22
thapsiforme, 2.
Thapsus, 1.
virgatum, 8.
riscidulum, 8.
Wiedemannianum, 7.
IXDEX.
album. 3, 17, 18, 26.
leianthum, 24.
Blattaria, 1, 8, 9.
longifolium, 4.
blatlariotdts. 8.
Lychnites, 20.
Boerhaavii, 11.
macrurum, 2.
Chaixii. 18.
mucronatum, 14.
crassifolium, 5.
nigrum, 17.
densiflorum, 2.
niveum, 10.
ferrugineum, 25, 26.
olympicum, 23.
formotum, 6.
orientale, 18.
Prfynianum, 18.
ovalifolium, 6.
ff\ganifum, 1.
pannoeum, 4.
glabrum, S.
phlomoides, 3.
glomeratum, 12.
phceniceum, 26.
Hinkei, 17.
pulverulentum, 21.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Anthers of the lower and longer sta-
mens adnate-decurrent. (Section I.
Thapsus.)
B. Fls. clustered. (Subsection /.
Euthapsi.)
c. Anthers very short-decurrent:
corolla concave at the throat 1. Thapsus
cc. Anthers longer adnate-decurrent:
corolla flattened out.
D. The fls. subsessile.
E. Cauline Its. long-decurrent . . . 2. thapsiforme
EE. Cauline Its. short-decurrent . . 3. phlomoides
DD. The fls. pediceUed, pedicels
about as long as or longer than
the calyx.
E. Lrs. l]^-2 ft. long 4. longifolium
EE. Lts. 6—8 in. long 5. crassifolium
BB. Fls. solitary or nearly so.
c. Plants wooUy. (Subsection B.
Spectabiles.)
D. Corolla yellow 6. ovalifolium
DD. Corolla bluish or purplish 7. Wiedeman-
cc. Plants glabrous or glandular- [nianum
pilose above. (Subsection S.
Blattaria.)
D. Pedicels in 2's or S's 8. virgatum
DD. Pedicels solitary 9. Blattaria
AA. Anthers all kidney-shaped and of about
equal size. (Section II. Lychnitis.)
B. Parts of the infl. as well as the rest of
the plant woolly.
c. Pedicels shorter than the calyx or
nearly wanting.
D. Infl. simple or few-branched.
(Subsection 1 . Thapsoidea).
E. Fls. solitary 10. niveum
EE. Fls. in clusters.
F. Filaments violet-bearded.... 11. Boerhaavii
FF. Filaments yellowish or
white-bearded.
G. Base of blade cordate-
subauriculate 12. glomeratum
GG. Base of blade attenuate. 13. simplex
DD. Infl. many-branched.
E. Fls. clustered; calyx deeply
o-parted. (Subsection 9.
Glomerata.)
F. Filaments white-bearded. . . 14. mucronatum
FT. Filaments purple-bearded. ..15. sinuatum
EE Fls. solitary or in few-fld.
clusters; calyx 5-toothed.
(Subsections. Pyramidata.)lQ. pyramidatum
cc. Pedicels as long as or longer than
the calyx. (Subsection 4- Lych-
nitidea.)
D. Beards of the filaments purple
(sometimes white in No. 19).
E. Infl. simple or nearly so 17. nigrum
EE. Infl. many-branched.
F. Corolla-lobes nearly rotund. 18 Chaixii
FF. Corolla-lobes obovate 19. pyramidale
DD. Beards of the filaments white
(often purple in ATo. 19).
E. Upper surface of If. glabrous . 20. Lychnitis
EE. Upper as well as lower sur-
face of If. tomentose.
F. Margins of Ivs. crenate 19. pyramidale
FF. Margins of Ivs. entire or
nearly so.
Q. Lvs. oblong or elliptic,
broader toward the
middle 21. pulverulen-
OG. Lvs. more or less lanceo- [turn
late, broader toward the
base.
H. Calyx-segms. lanceo-
late 22. songaricum
BB. Calyx-segms. narrow-
ly linear-lanceolate . .23. olympicum
BB. Parts of the infl. glabrous or nearly
so, the rest of the plant woolly.
C. Corolla glabrous: fls. clustered.
(Subsection 5. Leiantha.) 24. leianthum
3442
VERBASCUM
VERBASCUM
cc. Corolla glandular: fts. solitary or
in few-fid, clusters. (Subsection
6. Blattarioidea.)
D. Segms. of calyx linear-lanceo-
late 25. rubiginosum
DD. Segms. of calyx elliptical 26. phoeniceum
Section I. THAPSUS.
Subsection 1. EUTHAPSI.
1. Thapsus, Linn. (7. Blattaria, J. A. Schmidt, not
Linn. F. gigantbum, Willk. V. Schraderi, Mey.).
COMMON MULLEIN. Fig. 3909. Biennial, 2-6 ft. high,
densely yellowish
tomentose : radical
Ivs. oblong, crenu-
late, petioled; cau-
line Ivs. decurrent
from If. to If.: fls.
yellow, fascicles
forming spike; 'calyx
tomentose, lobes
lanceolate ; corolla
small, concave. Eu.,
especially N. and
Cent., and Cent.
Asia, also natural-
ized in N. Amer.
Gn. 28, p. 148.— A
3909. Rosette of mullein. — Verbascum familiar weed in
Thapsus. woods and unculti-
vated fields. Hy-
bridizes very readily with other species. There is also
a white form of the species. This plant varies con-
siderably in the color and size of its fls., the denseness
of its mfl., and probably occurs under several trade
names in Eu. A first-year rosette in a pot makes an
attractive plant (Fig. 3909).
2. thapsifdnne, Schrad. (V. densiflorum, Bertol.).
Biennial, about 2-5 ft. high, densely yellowish tomen-
tose: radical Ivs. oblong-elliptic or elliptic-lanceolate,
crenulate, attenuate to the petiole; cauline Ivs. nar-
rowly decurrent from If. to If.: fls. in fascicles forming
spike, large, yellow; calyx tomentose, segms. lanceolate;
corolla rotate, rather flat. Eu. and Cent. Russia. Var.
macrftrum, Benth. (F. macrurum, Ten.), is white-
tomentose and the cauliae Ivs. are more broadly decur-
rent. Italy.
3. phlomoides, Linn. Biennial, 4r-6 ft. high, whitish- or
yellowish tomentose: radical Ivs. crenulate, elliptic or
oblong-lanceolate, attenuate to the petiole; cauline Ivs.
amplexicaul, usually cordate or very shortly decurrent:
fls. yellow, in very short fascicles forming a long raceme;
calyx tomentose, segms. triangular-lanceolate; fila-
ments white-woolly. S. E. Eu. and Caucasus. Gn. 40,
p. 561; 41, p. 555. Var. album, Hort., has creamy white
fls. — The species has become naturalized in E. N. Amer.
4. longifdlium, Ten. Biennial, 3-4 ft. high, covered
with white or yellowish flocculent tomentum: Ivs.
numerous, densely superposed; lower lJ^-2 ft. long,
narrowly ovate or oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base
narrowed to a short petiole; upper sessile, base amplexi-
caul, all undulate: infl. sessile, 1 ft. long, 3^ in. diam.,
with innumerable short appressed branches: fls. golden
yellow, about 1 in. across; calyx stellate-tomentose,
segms. lanceolate. S. Eu. B.M. 7707. Var. pannosum,
Hort.( V. panndsum, Vis. and Pane.), is more densely
tomentose, the infl. is laxer and more branched and the
fls. often larger. G. 31:105. Gn. 62, p. 165. Not a
good variety botanically.
5. crassifdlium, Hoffm. & Link. Biennial, about 3-4
ft. high, densely yellowish tomentose: Ivs. obovate-
spatulate, 6-8 in. long, crenulate; cauline long-decur-
rent: fls. fascicled in a spicate raceme, yellow; corolla
flattened; filaments glabrous. Portugal. — Closely allied
to and possibly only a variety of V. thapsiforme. One
of the few species said to thrive well in a light sandy soil.
Subsection 2. SPECTABILES.
6. ovalifdlium, Don (F. formosum, Fisch.). Biennial,
about 2-3 ft. high, gray-tomentose : Ivs. large, ovate,
petioled, coarsely and rather double-crenate, cordate,
petioled, hoary beneath; upper Ivs. cordate-clasping:
fls. sessile or nearly so, solitary, large, 1J^ in. across,
bright yellow, in a spike; calyx densely white-tomentose,
segms. broad-lanceolate; filaments orange- or purple-
woolly. S. Russia. B.M. 1037. B.R. 558.
7. Wiedemannianum, Fisch. & Mey. Biennial, 1-3
ft. high, appressed, arachnoid woolly: st. stout, tall,
leafy below: Ivs. lanuginoss; radical oblong or elliptic,
3-5 in. long, crenate or rather entire, attenuate to the
petiole; cauline diminutive, oblong, sessile: fls. solitary,
in a simple raceme or slightly branched panicle, large,
1J4 in. across, indigo-blue to purplish lilac; calyx densely
glandular-hirsute, segms. lanceolate-linear; filaments
purple-bearded. Caucasus. G.C. III. 14:785. Gt. 43,
p. 76.
Subsection 3. BLATTABIA.
8. virgatum, With. (F. Blattaria, Veil., not Linn. F.
Ulattarimdes, Lam. V. glabrum, Willd. V. viscidulum,
Pers.). Biennial, 1^-3 H ft. high, whole plant green,
somewhat viscid-hispid or nearly glabrous: Ivs. glabrous
or glandular-hispid, especially beneath, oblong; lower
petioled, dentate or sinuate-pinnatifid; upper sessile,
cordate-clasping or shortly decurrent: raceme glandu-
lar-hispid; pedicels in 2's or 3's, rarely solitary: fls.
yellow, throat violet; filaments violet-woolly. Cos-
mopolitan.
9. Blattaria, Linn. MOTH MULLEIN. Biennial, 8
in. to 4 ft., glabrous and green: sts. usually tall: Ivs.
oblong or oblong-lanceolate, dentate; lower attenuate
to the petiole, undivided or sinuate-pinnatifid; upper
sessile, cordate-amplexicaul, acute: raceme very long
and lax: fls. rather large, yellow, rarely white, borne on
solitary pedicels; calyx glandular, segms. linear-lanceo-
late; corolla-throat violet: caps, globose, longer than
the calyx. Eu., N. Asia. — Distinguished from F.
virgatum, which it resembles, by the solitary pedicels.
Section II. LYCHNITIS.
Subsection 1. THAPSOIDEA.
10. niveum, Ten. Biennial, about 2 ft. high, pos-
sibly more, white-tomentose: Ivs. ovate-oblong, crenate,
undulate; lowest petioled, the others sessile, acuminate,
rather spoon-like, shortly half-decurrent, the wings
cuneate: raceme simple and very dense: fls. yellow,
rarely white, solitary, subsessile; calyx-segms. ovate,
acute; filaments white-woolly. S. Italy.
11. Boerhaavii, Linn. Biennial, about 2 ft. high,
snow-white, tomentose-floccose, finally deciduous: st.
reddish, leafy: Ivs. crenate-dentate; lower ovate, obtuse,
petioled; upper cordate-clasping, acute or acuminate:
fls. in a long rigid spike-like raceme, yellow, in subsessile
fascicles; calyx tomentose and glandular- viscid; segms.
lanceolate; corolla violet-spotted at the throat; fila-
ments violet-bearded. Medit. region.
12. glomeratum, Boiss. Biennial, 4-6 ft. high, densely
grayish yellow, ragged, tall and stout: lower Ivs. 1 ft. or
more long, 3-4 in. broad, subentire, subsessile, oblong-
lanceolate, base attenuate; upper Ivs. ovate, acuminate
from a cordate-subauriculate base: infl. thyrsoid-
paniculate: fls. subsessile in 3-4-fld. glomerules, yellow;
calyx-segms. lanceolate; corolla strongly tomentose
outside; filaments yellowish bearded. Asia Minor.
13. simplex, Labill. Perennial, about 2 ft. high,
many-stemmed, base shrubby, densely white or yel-
lowish, ragged: st. leafy below then prolonged into a
long (6-12 in.) simple, strongly interrupted, rarely
VERBASCUM
VERBASCUM
3443
slightly branched raceme: radical Ivs. 1-2 in. long,
crenulate, ovate- or oblong-spatulate, very obtuse,
long-petioled; cauh'ne Ivs. sessile or nearly so, arranged
in remote glomerules of 2-5: fls. yellow; calyx white-
tomentose, segms. oblong, mucronate; filaments white-
bearded. Syria. G.C. III. 36:2.
Subsection 2. GLOMEBATA.
14. mucronatum, Lam. Biennial, several feet high,
densely white, ragged-tomentose : st. erect, crowded,
leafy, large-panicled: Ivs. thick; radical oblong, crenate,
sometimes somewhat lobed and somewhat petioled;
cauh'ne Ivs. oblong, rather long-decurrent; uppermost
suborbiculate, mucronate: glomerules of fls. globose,
forming a long virgate, interrupted raceme: fls. sub-
sessile, white; calyx silky-lanate, segms. broad-lanceo-
late; filaments white-woolly. Asia Minor and Crete.
15. sinuatum, Linn. Biennial, 2-3 ft. high, more or
less densely yellowish or gray-tomentose: radical Ivs.
oblong-spatulate, subsessile, sinuate-pinnatifid, usu-
ally undulate; upper cauline Ivs. oblong, acute, entire
and short-decurrent : panicle pyramidal; branches
elongated, twig-like: fls. yellow, rarely white, in remote
glomerules; calyx tomentellous, segms. short-lanceolate;
corolla small; filaments purple-woolly. Medit. region
and Canary Isls.
Subsection 3. PYRAMIDATA.
16. pyramidatum, Bieb. Biennial, 2-4 ft. high,
tomentose: st. stout: Ivs. green above, canescent
beneath; radical Ivs. large, oblong, base long-narrowed,
doubly and obtusely lobed or crenate; upper Ivs. ses-
sile, ovate, auriculate-cordate, long-acuminate: panicle
pyramidal, sometimes 2 ft. long, canescent; branches
finally rather lax: fls. yellow, solitary or in pairs; calyx
tomentose, segms. oblong or ovate; corolla large; fila-
ments purple-woolly. Caucasus.
Subsection 4. LYCHNITIDEA.
17. nigrum, Linn. (V. Hinkei, Friv.). Biennial, 2-3
ft. high: st. tall, angled above: Ivs. green above, more or
less tomentose beneath; lower long-petioled, ovate or
oblong, base cordate; uppermost sessile, base rotundate:
infl. a simple or slightly branched elongated raceme:
fls. small, yellow, in many-fld., lax fascicles; calyx
hirsute, segms. lanceolate-subulate; corolla-throat
purple; filaments violet-bearded. Eu. and Asia. Gn.
27, p. 173. Var. album, Hort., has white fls. G. 15:159.
Gn. 41, p. 551.
18. Chaixii, Vill. Biennial, usually about 3 ft. high,
whitish tomentose: st. somewhat angled above: Ivs.
ovate to oblong, green or tomentose below, crenate;
lower 3-6 in. long, petioled, base cuneate, more or less
crenate or rather incised; upper Ivs. sessile, base rotun-
date: racemes paniculate, fascicled and laxly several-
fid.: fls. yellow; calyx-segms. lanceolate-subulate;
corolla-lobes nearly rotund, filaments purple-woolly.
S. Eu. Gn. 27, p. 172; 78, p. 435. Var. album, Hort., is
a white-fid, form. — This species is said to reach a height
of 10 ft. and to act like a true perennial in warm soils.
V. orientale, Bieb., is considered the same by some
authorities; apparently not in cult. The vars. semi-
lanatum, Hort., and Freynidnum, Hort., are really
hybrids.
^ 19. pyramidale, Host. (V. speciosum x V. orien-
tale). Biennial, 3-4 ft. high, white-pilose: Ivs. rugose,
crenate, acuminate, radical and lower cauline Ivs.
oblong, broad, upper smaller, strongly canescent: fls.
small, collected in glomerules, yellow; calyx densely
tomentose; corolla-lobes obovate, red-brown-maculate
at base; filaments white or purplish hairy. Austria. —
Neither of the parents are in cult, and it is questionable
what the material in the trade under this name really
is; possibly it is V. pyramidatum.
218
20. Lychnitis, Linn. Biennial, tomentose: Ivs. cre-
nate, green above, slightly hoary or canescent beneath;
radical oblong-elliptic, narrowed to the petiole; upper
Ivs. sessile, lanceolate: infl. paniculate; branches erect-
spreading, angled: fls. small, yellow or white; calyx
tomentose, segms. lanceolate, acute, tips glabrous;
filaments white-woolly. Eu. and Caucasus.
21. pulverulentum, Vill. Biennial, 3-9 ft. high,
densely white-floccose-tomentose: Ivs. entire or obso-
letely crenate; radical Ivs. oblong or elliptic, attenuate
to a short petiole; upper Ivs. ovate or rotundate, clasp-
ing: infl. a pyramidal panicle: fls. yellow, in slightly
remote fascicles; calyx densely floccose, segms. linear-
lanceolate; corolla small; filaments white-woolly. Eu.
Gn. 73, p. 422.
22. songaricum, Schrenck. Biennial, several feet
high, white-tomentose : lower Ivs. lanceolate, acute,
narrowed to the petiole ; cauline sessile, oblong, cordate-
auriculate; uppermost subrotund, cuspidate: racemes
panicled: fls. in fascicles, yellow; calyx-segms. lanceo-
late; filaments white-bearded. Soongaria.
23. olympicum, Boiss. Biennial, 3-5 ft. or more high,
densely white-tomentose: lower Ivs. usually 6 in. long,
oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, entire, base attenuate;
upper Ivs. short-lanceolate, acute: panicles pyramidal,
the racemes very long, lax; glomerules many-fld.: fls.
rather large, about 1 in. across, bright yellow; calyx
very tomentose, segms. long and narrowly linear-
lanceolate; filaments white-bearded. Greece. G. 13:
669. Gn. 30, p. 213; 31, p. 125; 38, pp. 55, 66; 41, p.
555; 47, p. 147; 70, p. 91; 78, p. 436. Gag. 1:273. J.H.
111.52:119. Gt. 31:1078.
Subsection 5. LEIANTHA.
24. leianthum, Benth. Biennial, up to 14 ft. high,
covered with a dense white felt: basal Ivs. very large,
sometimes 4 x 2 ft.; cauline Ivs. oblong, crenate, rugose,
base decurent, lax, whitish tomentose on both sur-
faces: infl. much branched up to 7 x 3}/£ ft., laxly many-
fld.: fls. bright yellow, %in. across; calyx-segms. small,
oblong-lanceolate, rather obtuse. Asia Minor. G.C.
111.44:171. Gn. 72, p. 509.
Subsection 6. BLATTARIOIDEA.
25. rubiginSsum, Waldst. & Kit. . Biennial, about 2-3
ft. high: st. glabrous or pubescent above: Ivs. green,
pubescent beneath, crenate; lower petioled; upper
sessile or cordate-clasping: racemes laxly branched,
somewhat paniculate; pedicels in 2's or 3's, rarely
solitary, twice or many times as long as the calyx: fls.
reddish purple; calyx-segms. linear-lanceolate; fila-
ments purple-woolly. S. E. Eu. and Caucasus. —
Boissier Flora Orientalis suggest that this is a hybrid
between V. phceniceum and V. nigrum. Var. ferru-
gineum, Benth. (V . ferrugineum, Mill.), has a long simple
raceme and slightly larger and longer-pedicelled fls. than
the type. Horticultural form, possibly a hybrid.
26. phoeniceum, Linn. (V. ferrugineum, And.).
PURPLE MULLEIN. Biennial, about 5 ft. high: Ivs.
glabrous above, short-puberulent beneath; radical
rosulate, ovate or oblong-rhomboid, attenuate to the
short petiole, obtuse, obtusely crenate or repand;
cauline Ivs. ftw, sessile, oblong or lanceolate, acute: fls.
purple or red, in a simple slender raceme; calyx glandu-
lar, obtuse segms. elliptical; corolla glabrous; filaments
purple-woolly. S. E. Eu., Caucasus, and Persia. G.
15:158. Gn. 22, p. 377; 27, p. 173; 41, p. 566. A.G.
13:630. L. B. C. 7:637. — The name phceniceum was
undoubtedly suggested by the Phoenician purple and
not by the habitat. One of the parents of nearly all the
hybrids having fls. of purple, violet, rose, pink, and lilac
shades. The fls. open poorly in sunshine, preferring
damp weather, consequently the locality should be one
where only the morning and evening sun strike the
3444
VERBASCUM
VERBENA
fls. Var. album, Hort., is a white-fld. form. Gn. 46,
p. 519.
V. Caleddnia, Hort. (V. hybridum Caledonia, Hort.), is a hybrid
by some said to have buff fls., by others sulfur-yellow shaded bronze,
and by still others rosy drab with a darker center, and by all to be
strong-growing and branched. — V. cupreum, Sims (V. phceniceum
var. cupreum, Benth ex W. Mill. V. ovalifohum X V. phceniceum).
Biennial: st. simple: Ivs. cordate-ovate, rugose, crenate, lanate
beneath: raceme elongated; pedicels rather long, 1-bracted: fls.
copper-colored. Garden hybrid. B.M. 1226. — It differs from V.
ovalifolium not only in the color of the fls., but also in having pedi-
celled instead of sessile fls., and 1 subtending bract instead of 3.
— V. Libani, Hort., is offered in the trade. — V. newyense, Hort.
(V. Chaixii X V. phlomoides), is offered in the trade as having erect
spikes of large yellow fls. with dark centers.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
VERBENA (ancient Latin name of the common
European vervain, V. offidnalis). Verbenacese. Annual
or perennial herbs or subshrubs, which are diffuse or
sometimes creeping, some of them common flower-gar-
den plants and sometimes grown in the greenhouse.
Leaves opposite or rarely ternately whorled or
alternate, dentate or usually incised or dissected, rarely
entire: spikes terminal, sometimes densely imbricated,
sometimes elongated, slender and remotely fld., some-
times broadly corymbose or paniculate on an erect st.,
rarely axillary: fls. small or medium-sized, sessile;
calyx tubular, 5-ribbed, 5-toothed; corolla-tube straight
or incurved, limb spreading, somewhat 2-lipped, lobes
5, oblong or broad, obtuse or retuse; stamens 4, in
pairs; ovary entire or very shortly 4-lpbed at apex,
4-celled, cells 1-ovuled: fr. separating into 4 narrow
pyrenes or nutlets. — About 80-100 species, chiefly
natives in Trop. and extra-Trop. Amer. Some of them
are unshowy weedy plants in fields and waste grounds
in the U. S. and Canada. For the lemon verbena (V.
citriodora}, see Lippia citriodora.
Verbenas rank high among plants grown as garden
annuals. Their clusters of showy and often fragrant
flowers are borne in constant succession from June till
frost. They vary from white through lilac and rose to
purple and dark purplish blue, with shades of pink and
pale yellow. The clusters are about 2 inches across
and contain a dozen or more flowers each Y% to y%
inch across. The plants are grown with ease in any
usual garden soil and condition. For general purposes,
the plants should be grown from seeds. The plants are
set about 1 foot apart each way, although a strong
plant in good soil may spread 3 feet or so in the course
of the season. Usually the seeds are started indoors,
but if sown in the open as soon as the season is settled
and warm, flowering plants should be secured in July
or early in August. The verbena of gardens is a semi-
trailer, the flower-stems not rising more than about a
foot or so. It is sometimes used as a ground-cover under
gladioli, lilies, and other tall plants, and in the margins
of shrubbery plantations. It also makes an excellent
window-box subject.
When special colors or named varieties are desired
it is necessary to propagate verbenas by cuttings. To
propagate a particularly choice variety by cuttings,
shorten back the plants about September 1, keep them
well watered, and by the end of the month there will be
plenty of quick tender growth suitable for cutting. Put
the cuttings in the propagating-house or even in flats
with soil in bottom and sand on surface. Place the flats
in a coldframe, and keep them moist and shaded until
the cuttings are rooted. When rooted, transfer to flats
in a cool light house until after New Year's. Then pot
them, using 2J4-inch pots, and allow a temperature of
50° F., which will soon give plenty of material for
additional cuttings. Verbenas increased from cuttings
tend to flower early, and those propagated in February
or March will require at least one pinching. When
planting-out in beds for summer bloom, bend the plant
over nearly to the horizontal, so that the new growth
will spread along the surface of the soil. These shoots
will take root quickly, thereby covering the ground.
The old method was to peg the plants down.
In propagating general stock, sow the seed in Febru-
ary and pot into 2-inch pots as soon as the seedlings are
up an inch. A temperature of 45° to 50° will answer, but
they should have full light. There is no place equal to
a mild hotbed for young verbenas. About April 15
plunge the pots in a few inches of soil in a mild hotbed.
Lift them now and then and rub off the roots which go
through the bottom of the pot, in order to check growth
and hasten flowering. Customers want to see them in
flower before buying, and most of them wait till the end
of May. However, verbenas may be planted out early
in May, as a slight frost will not injure them.
The evolution of the garden verbenas has taken place
in about seventy-five years. Although the history can
be made out with considerable clearness, yet the botani-
cal origin of the present florist's race, as to the species
involved and the extent to which they have contributed,
is not satisfactorily recorded. It is probable that four
species have been more or less fused in the race or
group known as Verbena, hybrida, — V. chamsedryfolia,
V. phlogiflora, V. indsa, and V. teucrioides. These
species are shown in Fig. 3910. For an historical account
of the development of the garden verbenas, see Cowen,
"Cyclopedia of American Horticulture," Vol. IV.
It is impossible satisfactorily to classify the hybrid
garden verbenas according to their botanical deriva-
tion. They are conveniently classed according to color
of flowers 'into: (1) Selfs, or one-colored varieties;_ (2)
Oculatas, or eyed varieties; and (3) Italians, or striped
varieties. As to habit they may be divided into: (1)
Standards, those of the ordinary loose, spreading
growth; and (2) Compactas, which are much reduced in
stature and of more condensed form. Verbenas now in
cultivation are shown in Figs. 3910, 3911.
Latin trade names probably mostly or entirely belong
with the garden or hybrid race of verbenas, such as
compacta, coccinea, grandiflora, monstrosa, cserulea,
candidissima, italica, auriculaeflora, striata.
INDEX.
Lambertii, 9.
Maonettii, 6.
Melindres, 1.
melindroides, 1.
montana, 8, 9.
multifida, 7.
phlogiflora, 2.
pulchella, 6, 7, 8.
tenera, 6.
teucripides, 4.
Tweedieana, 2.
venosa, 5.
Aubletia, 9.
bipinnatifida, 8.
canadensis, 9.
chamEedryfolia, 1.
Drummondii, 9.
erinoides, 7.
incisa, 3.
A. Connective of the upper anthers not appendaged.
B. Clusters not panicled. Prototypes of the 'garden verbenas
(7. hybrida, Hort. Fig. S911).
c. Fls. scarlet.
1. chamsedryfolia, Juss. Fig. 3910. Characterized by
red fls. in flattish clusters, oblong, coarsely scalloped,
nearly sessile Ivs. and rather stiff pubescence: sts. slen-
der, forking, creeping at base, hirsute: branches some-
what ascending: Ivs. oblong or ovate, base broadly
cuneate, contracted into the short petiole, crenate or
subincisely serrate, serrations often unequal, strigose
above, below hairy, especially on nerves: peduncles
elongated, ascending: spikes solitary, capitate: bracts
lanceolate-subulate, ciliate: calyx hirsute-canescent,
sparingly glandular, more than twice as long as the
bracts; corolla crimson, limb irregular. — Occurs in two
rather distinct forms: var. Melindres, Hort., has oblong
to oblong-lanceolate Ivs., which are unequally incised-
serrate. This form is less hirsute and is more graceful
and vigorous. It was the form first intro. to cult. Var.
melindroides, Hort., has shorter, broader Ivs. and is more
hairy. Different forms occur over S. Brazil, Uruguay,
Paraguay, and the whole of the Pampas. B.R. 1184.
L.B.C. 16:1514. B.M. 3333. P.M. 1:173. B.3:129.
cc. Fls. rose or purple.
D. Fl.-clusters oval to oblong: Ivs. saw-toothed.
2. phlogiflora, Cham. (V. Tweedieana, Niven). Fig.
3910. Characterized by rosy or purple fls. in oblong or
VERBENA
oval clusters; resembles No. 1, but has more upright
habit, softer pubescence and larger, longer-pointed,
distinctly petioled Ivs.: sts. ascending: branches rather
erect, much subdivided, angled, retrorsely hirsute:
Ivs. oblong or lanceolate-triangular, acute, base entire,
cuneately long-attenuate into the evident petiole,
unequally subincised serrate, somewhat venosely rugose,
strigose above, below hairy or strigillose pubescent:
spikes terminal, pedunculate, many-fld., oval to oblong:
bracts short-ovate to subulate-lanceolate: calyx twice
as long as bracts, covered with short pubescence inter-
spersed with short capitate glandular hairs. S. Brazil
and Uruguay. B.M. 3541. P.M. 4:5. B. 2:60.
DD. Fl.-clusters flat or convex: Zi's. more deeply and
sharply cut.
3. incisa, Hook. Fig. 3910. Rosy or purple-fld.
species with Ivs. more deeply cut than in the two pre-
ceding: whole plant hairy-pubescent; sts. ascending;
VERBENA
3445
pinkish, long exserted, twisting in age, fragrant. S.
Brazil, Uruguay, Argentina, Chile, and Peru. P.M.
5:243. B.M. 3694.
BB. Clusters panided.
5. vendsa, GUI. & Hook. Differs from all other cult,
kinds by panicled infl. and tuberous roots: herbaceous
perennial, 1 ft. high: sts. simple, rhizomatic, creeping
at base, ascending, 4-angled, hairy: Ivs. rigid, oblong
to oblong-lanceolate, the subcuneate base entire and
half-clasping, acute at apex, unequally subincisely
dentate, the teeth openly acuminate, nerves prominent,
hirsute below: spikes hi a close terminal panicle, sub-
ternate, lateral ones pedunculate, fastigiate and finally
cylindrical: bracts subulate, ciliate, often purplish,
exceeding the hairy calyx: corolla lilac or bluish purple
to nearly sky-blue, very thinly villous without; tubes
slender, thrice as long as calyx: fr. 1 line long, copiously
fuscous outside, dorsal ridges 5. S. Brazil and Argentina.
3910. Four prototypes of the garden verbenas, drawn from early colored plates. From left to right : V. chamsedryf olia, supposed
chief parent of the reds; V. phlogiflora and V. incisa, the originals of the rosy and purple colors; and (right) V. teucrioides, a white
flower which is probably chiefly, if not wholly, responsible for the fragrance of the hybrid verbenas.
branches erect: Ivs. oblong-triangular, base cuneately
truncate or subcordately attenuate into the evident
petiole, pinnatifid lobed or deeply serrated and incised,
upper Ivs. sublanceolate, sessile, incisely pinnatifid:
spikes terminal, pedunculate, subternate," flat or con-
vex: bracts ovate: calyx 4 times as long as bracts, short-
hairy, sprinkled with glandular hairs; corolla-tube
glandular-pubescent, thrice as long as calyx; limb
large, rose-purple, paler beneath, obovate lobes deeply
emarginate. S. Brazil, Paraguay, and N. Argentina.
B.M. 3628.
ccc. Fls. white.
4. teucrioides, Gill. & Hook. Fig. 3910. Character-
ized by fragrant white fls. in very long clusters: sts.
cespitose, rooting at base, ascending, terete, openly
and copiously hirsute: Ivs. ovate to oblong-triangular,
base entire, sessile or nearly so, obtusely serrate, mar-
gins revolute, veiny-rugose, glandular-pubescent above,
subtomentosely hispidulous on veins below: spikes
terminal, solitary, glandular, hairy, lax, 5-9 in. long:
bracts subulate-lanceolate, ciliate: calyx nerved,
twice as long as bracts; corolla yellowish white or
B.M. 3127. — Tubers may be kept indoors over whiter,
or species prop, by seeds sown in greenhouse hi Jan.
AA. Connective of the upper anthers furnished with a
glandular appendage.
B. Fls. violet or rosy purple.
c. Bracts half as long as calyx: plant a subshrub.
6. tenera, Spreng. (V. pulchella, Sw., not Hort.).
Herbaceous perennial: sts. cespitose, decumbent,
rooting: branches slender, 4-angled, ascending, sparsely
hairy: lys. decurrent into the short petiole, 3-parted
and again pinnatifid into acute, linear, entire, subrevo-
lute divisions, sprinkled with short hairs: spikes ter-
minal pedunculate: calyx elongated, strigose pubescent
or hairy, sprinkled at angles with short stipitate patella-
form glands, twice as long as bracts; corolla rose-violet;
anther appendages barely exserted, claviculate, subre-
curved. S. Brazil and LaPlata region. Var. Maonettii,
Hort., by some supposed to be a hybrid between V.
tenera and V. incisa and by others to be a form of V.
tenera, has rosy pink or carmine fls. rayed with white-
margined corolla-lobes. Intro, from Italy and some-
3446
VERBENA
VERBESINA
times called Italian verbena. The name is variously
spelled. Gn. 73, p. 31.
cc. Bracts about as long as calyx or a little shorter:
plant annual.
7. erinoides, Lam. (V. multifida, Ruiz & Pav. V.
pulchella, Hort., in part). Moss VERBENA. Annual or
perennial: st. strigose hairy or somewhat hirsute,
branching, decumbent, rooting; branches ascending:
Ivs. ovate in outline, cuneate base decurrent into the
petiole, deeply 3-parted and the divisions pinnatifid
into narrow linear acute lobes, subrevolute on margins,
'/i
3911. The common garden verbena. — Sometimes known
as V. hybrida. ( XI)
strigose especially on nerves: spikes terminal, solitary,
pedunculate, soon elongating and relaxing, canescent
hairy: bracts lanceolate, acuminate, spreading, one-
half as long to as long or longer than the calyx: corolla
rather small, shortly exserted, lilac, bearded within;
anther appendages exserted, rather short.— Said by
Dr. Gillies to be "one of the commonest plants on the
Alps of Chile and Mendoza . . . varying extremely
in color of flowers, in stature and in degree in which the
leaves are cut." In some individuals the fls. are said to
be scarlet, in others blue or purple. Forms assignable to
this species occur also in the southern states of Brazil.
The species is probably a composite one as now recog-
nized. B.R. 1766 (as V. multifida var. contracta). —
Variable species characterized by distinct finely cut
foliage and rosy lilac to deep purple fls., but the clusters
and individual fls. are too small to make it popular.
BB. Fls. lilac: plants annual.
c. Lvs. twice pinnatifid.
8. bipinnatifida, Nutt. (V. pulchella of some seeds-
men. V. montana, Hort., in part). Perennial, prostrate
and rooting at base; sts. stout, upright, branched, 6-18
in. high: Ivs. rather thick, petioled, 1-2 J^ in. long,
scabrous above, ovate in outline, bipinnately parted or
3-parted into numerous oblong, rather acute lobes 1-3
lines broad: spikes solitary, dense to rather lax, at first
capitate, becoming 2-4 in. long in fr.: corolla 5-8 lines
long, purple or lilac, limb 4-5 lines broad, lobes emar-
ginate to obcordate; throat of corolla provided with a
palisade of short hairs; upper stamens bearing each a
small oval to oblong purplish gland. S. D. to Mex., east
of the Rockies. — Fls. become bluish purple in drying.
cc. Lvs. once pinnatifid.
9. canadensis, Brit. (Buchnera canadensis, Linn. V.
Aubletia, Jacq. V. Aubletia var. Drummondii, Lindl.
V. Drummondii, Hort. V. Ldmbertii, Sims. V. mon-
tana, Hort., in part). Fig. 3912. Perennial, pubescent,
with rather stiff hairs or glabrate : branches slender and
ascending from a sometimes creeping rooting base,
6-18 in. high: Ivs. ovate or ovate-oblong in out-
line, 1-3 in. long, truncate, broadly cuneate or
subcordate at base and the petiole more or less
margined, incisely lobed and toothed, often
deeply 3-cleft: spikes peduncled, dense, short
and capitate in early fl., becoming 2-4 in. long
in fr. : bracts subulate, mostly shorter than the
calyx — these and the calyx densely glandular-
pubescent: calyx-teeth unequal, filiform-subu-
late; corolla 6-10 lines long, from bluish purple
or lilac to rosy purple or white, frequently ap-
proaching blue in dried specimens; limb 3/2~/4m-
broad, lobes oblong or obovate, emarginate and
more or less revolute near the sinuses, throat
provided with palisade of short white hairs;
upper anthers bearing each a light brown, oblong
gland which is barely exserted. Colo, and Mex.
eastward across the continent. B.M. 308; 2200.
B.R. 294; 1925. — Reported as producing many
garden and spontaneous hybrids. Garden forms
are of stouter habit, less inclined to root at base :
Ivs. larger, dark shiny green above, more con-
spicuously veiny, clusters and individual fls.
larger, and the color variation more striking.
Many forms have a rich spicy fragrance quite
different from that of the hybrid verbenas. On
account of the robust healthy nature of V. cana-
densis, it has been frequently recommended in
horticultural literature as desirable for hybridiz-
ing with the hybrid verbenas to improve their
constitution. The cross would probably be too
radical for best results. It is to be regretted
that this charming species which is thought well
of in Eu. should be neglected in its native
country.
V. radicans is listed as an alpine species of trailing habit and with
crimson fls., suitable for rock-gardens. The V. radicans of botanists
(Gill & Hook. ) is an Andean species with procumbent rooting sts. ,
glabrous divided Ivs. with ultimate segms. very narrow, and lilac-
colored fragrant fls. in short head-like spikes, j jj COWEN
L. H. B.f
VERBENA, LEMON: Lippia. V., Sand: Abronia.
VERBESINA (probably a meaningless alteration of
Verbena). Composite. CROWNBEARD. Annual or per-
ennial herbs, or some tropical species shrubby.
Leaves alternate or opposite, often decurrent: heads
corymbose or solitary, of yellow or white fls. ; rays some-
times wanting, pistillate or neutral : achenes flattened or
those of the rays 3-sided, their margins winged or not;
VERBESINA
VERNONIA
3447
pappus of 2 (1-3) awns, sometimes with 2 or 3 inter-
mediate scales. — About 50 species, American. About a
half dozen hardy perennial verbesinas have slight rank
as garden plants, but the competition among yellow-
fld. autumn-blooming composites is so great that ver-
besinas have little chance. They make acceptable wild-
garden and back-border subjects.
occidentalis, Walt. (V.Siegesbeckia, Michx. Phaethusa
occidentalis, Brit.). Hardy perennial herb, 4-8 ft. high:
Ivs. ovate (uppermost oblong-lanceolate), acuminate,
3912. Verbena canadensis; formerly known as V. Aabletia. (XJi)
serrate, the larger ones 8 in. long, contrasted into a
marginal petiole: rays styliferous and usually fertile:
awns of pappus not hooked. Dry hillsides, E. U. S. —
A robust and rather coarse plant, growing 4—8 ft. high,
and suitable only for the wild-gardens and the back
row of the hardy border. It is doubtless of the easiest
cult. It blooms from Aug. to Oct., and has numerous
yellow fls. }fa-\ in. across in flattish clusters.
crocata, Less. A much-branched, hairy perennial
with a fleshy 4-winged st. : Ivs. opposite, decurrent. irreg-
ularly pinnately lobed, the lobes usually ovate and much
toothed: fls. in solitary, peduncled heads, not very
showy: achenes quite glabrous. Mex. — Offered by
Montarioso Nursery at Santa Barbara, otherwise little
known. Perhaps not hardy north of Washington.
T'. Ptlrpusii, T. S. Brandeg. Dwarf: Ivs. in a rosette, elliptic,
4-5 La. long: scapes 8-12 in. long, each bearing a solitary fl.-head
1 J.»-2 in. across; ray-florets deep golden. Mex. — V. Tirginica, Linn.
(Phsthusa virginica, Brit,). VIBGIXIA CBOWNBEABD. A hairy-
stemmed perennial with winged branches and white corymbose-
paniculate heads has been offered. It is a wild-garden subject that
would be good to naturalize. E. N. Amer. Gt.. 47, p. 132.
N. TAYLOR.!
VERNONIA (after Wm. Vernon, an English botanist
who traveled in North America). Composite. IRON-
WEED. Perennial herbs or in the tropics shrubs and
trees.
Leaves alternate, pinnately veined: fls. usually purple
or rose, borne in the following species in terminal cymes :
heads not glomerate, several to many exclusively tubu-
lar-fid.: involucre of dry or partly herbaceous, much-
imbricated bracts: corolla regularly 5-cleft into narrow
lobes: achenes 8-10-ribbed, with a blunt apex and a
cartilaginous, callous base; pappus double (at least in
American species). — About 560 species widely scattered
about the world, but is possibly most plentiful in S.
Amer. The latest monograph is that by H. A. Gleason in
Bull. N. Y. Bot. Card. 4:144-243, 1906. The following
species are native of the U. S., and are hardy perennial
herbs of attractive appearance, with rather large heads
of purple fls. in terminal clusters in late summer or early
fall. Vernonias are of easy cult, in any good, rich
border, being easily prop, by division. Very satisfac-
tory groupings can be made with vernonias and native
asters and goldenrods.
A. Heads 50-70-fld.
crinita, Raf. (V. arkansdna, DC.). St. 8-10 ft. high:
Ivs. linear-lanceolate, 4-12 in. long, alternate-acumi-
nate, glabrous or somewhat pubescent: peduncles not
branched: involucre green, the filiform tips often red-
dish and the pappus often purplish. Plains, Mo., Kans.
to Texas. July-Sept. Var. alba, Hort., has white fls.
AA. Heads 15-40-fld.
B. Lvs. narrowly linear,
c. Plant about 1 ft. high.
Lindheimeri, Gray & Engelm. St. excessively leafy
up to the infl.: Ivs. 1M~3 in. long by 1-2 lines wide,
white-tomentose, with revolute margins: fls. in a corym-
biform cyme. July-Sept. Rocky hills, W. Texas.
cc. Plant 2-4 ft. high.
Lettermanii, Engelm. St. fastigiately and cymosely
much branched at the summit: Ivs. 2-4 in. long, only 1
line wide, much crowded and very numerous; margins
not revolute: fl.-heads numerous, ^2in- long, 10-14-fld.
July-Sept. Sandy soil, Ark.
BB. Lvs. not narrowly linear.
C. Bracts of involucre tipped with slender awns.
noveboracensis, Willd. Fig. 3913. St. 3-6 ft.: Ivs.
oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3-9 in. long: heads in an
open cyme : involucre commonly brownish or dark pur-
plish: fls. deep purple, rarely white. Usually in moist
soil. July-Sept. — The only common species of the E.
U. S. and often used in the wild-garden.
cc. Bracts not awned.
D. Plant tomentose.
Baldwinii, Torr. St. 3-7 ft. high : Ivs. oblong to ovate-
lanceolate, 4-8 in. long, rather numerous: bracts
greenish, acute or acuminate, tips spreading or reflexed:
fls. purplish, blooming earlier than most species, in July
and Aug. Prairies, eastern Mo. to Texas.
DD. Plant glabrous.
E. Lvs. thin.
altissima, Nutt. (V. maxima, Small). St. 5-10 ft.
high: Ivs. veiny, lanceolate or lanceolate-oblong, 4-12
in. long, usually long-acuminate and finely serrate:
infl. loosely branched and open, the fls. purple: bracts
obtuse or merely .mucro-
nate-tipped, closely ap-
pressed. July-Sept. W.
Pa. to HI., La., and Fla.
EE. Lvs. thickish.
fasciculate, Michx. St.
2-5 ft. high: Ivs. some-
what obscurely veined,
linear to oblong-lanceo-
late, 3-6 in. long: heads
numerous and crowded on
the branches of the cyme,
20-30-fld.: bracts obtuse
or some of the upper
mucronate- acute, closely^
appressed. July-Sept.
Ohio and Ky. to the
Dakotas and south to
Texas. Grows on prairies 3913. Isolated specimen clump
and in moist soil; variable Of ironweed. — Vernonia nove-
southward. boracensis.
3448
VERNONIA
VERONICA
V. ArechataUtse, Andr6. Glabrous shrub, 3-6 ft. high: Ivs. ses-
sile, leathery, linear-lanceolate: fl.-heads reddish violet. Uruguay.
— V. gigantea, Hort. Robust: fl.-heads in panicles, carmine or
violet-rose. F W BARCLAY.
N. TAYLOR, f
VERONICA (named in honor of St. Veronica).
Scrophulariaceae. SPEEDWELL. Annual and perennial
herbs, shrubs, or rarely trees, one group of which, mainly
European and American species, are hardy in the North,
the other group, New Zealand species, are hardy in
California and similar climates and are also somewhat
used as greenhouse plants.
Leaves opposite, rarely whorled or rather few; cauline
Ivs. very rarely alternate; floral Ivs. always alternate:
fls. disposed in terminal or axillary bracteate racemes, or
rarely solitary in the axils of alternate Ivs., blue, purple,
flesh-colored, or white, never yellow; calyx 4-5-parted,
very rarely 3-parted; corolla-tube short, usually very
short, limb spreading, 4-5-cleft; stamens 2: caps, com-
pressed or turgid, 2-grooved, loculicidally dehiscent,
usually obtuse or emarginate. — About 300 species,
mostly natives of the temperate and colder regions, a
few in the tropics. Veronica was monographed by
Bentham in DC. Prod. 10:458-491 (1846), 158 species
being then known. About 200 species are now known,
very widely distributed.
All are showy free-flowering plants, used, except the
shrubs, as garden perennials or annuals, and are propa-
gated by seeds, the perennials also by division, the
shrubs by cuttings in spring or summer. They succeed
in any good garden soil in a sunny situation. The lower-
growing forms are good rock-plants; the taller are
adapted to the herbaceous border. The shrubby forms
are greenhouse plants or grown only in warmer parts of
the country, particularly California, where they are
everblooming, and where they do well along the coast
even in exposed places by the sea. The shrubby spe-
cies are mostly natives of New Zealand. They are well
reviewed in The Garden 45, page 506, and 28, page 292.
Some of them have enjoyed a considerable popularity in
England, where they are generally seen in cool conserva-
tories, but they survive the winters outdoors in the most
favored parts of the British Isles. The first hybrid was
raised in 1848 by Isaac Anderson-Henry (then Isaac
Anderson), a noted hybridizer. This gentleman con-
tinued his experiments for several years, using V.
specipsa, V. saHcifolia, and V. elliptica. His work was
continued by others, and most of the hybrid veronicas of
today have the parentage above indicated, with the
blood of V. speciosa generally much in evidence. If a
collective name for veronica hybrids is desired, V. spe-
ciosa var. hybrida is the best name for the whole group.
Unfortunately all these hybrids are unfit for general
cultivation out-of-doors in northern climes, but a
hardier race will probably be secured by using V. Tra-
versii and its allies, which have been introduced more
recently. Some of these are V. Colensoi, V. anomala,
V. monticola, and V. pimeleoides, — all unknown to the
American trade. A third and still hardier group of the
New Zealand speedwells is the truly alpine group
known as whipcord veronicas. These should be hardy
in many northern rockeries. They are unknown in
America now. The best of the group is said to be a
form of V. cupressoides, known to English trade as V,
salicornioides. Others in cultivation are V. Hectori, V.
Armstrongii, and V. lycopodioides. (A. P. Wyman.)
The New Zealand veronicas (Cockayne) .
In New Zealand the veronicas comprise a marked
feature in the flora, being represented by many shrubby
and semi-shrubby kinds. Several of these species are
well-known evergreen garden plants in California and
parts of Europe. The following comment on the New
Zealand veronicas is by L. D. Cockayne, Wellington;
and the systematic treatment of these species is also
founded on manuscript contributed by him.
Excepting the Tasmanian V. formosa, the shrubby
species are natives of New Zealand where they occur in
all kinds of stations and at all altitudes. In their native
land, and in Great Britain and Ireland, they are now
widely cultivated, but, unfortunately, none can be con-
sidered perfectly hardy in the northern states, though,
where the cold of winter does not sink much below
12° F., many of the species should thrive admirably.
All can be readily propagated from seeds or cuttings.
If the latter are taken from adult plants in the autumn,
they will bloom during the succeeding summer, and if
bedded out on the rockery are most effective.
The genus in New Zealand contains more than 100
species, while nearly all of these can be subdivided into
several distinct varieties. There are also astonishing
differences in their growth-forms. Some are trees and
others shrubs, which latter are erect or prostrate, com-
pact and ball-like or wide-spreading, densely leafy or
. No. 6.
3914. Veronica longifolia var. subsessilis
the leaves reduced to adpressed scales so that the plant
resembles a cypress (the whipcord veronicas). The
flowers also differ considerably and may be in small
heads, racemes of different length, corymbs, or long
branched panicles. The usual color is white, but crim-
son, lilac, violet, and blue are met with. Usually the
leaves are bright green and perhaps glossy, but in some
species, and this is a sign of hardiness, they are of a
pleasing pale glaucous hue.
The compact shrubby species lend an admirable
effect to the garden landscape when massed together on
banks, many looking as if trimmed into a ball-like
form by the gardener's hand. Most forms tolerate clip-
ping to any extent. Some, especially V. elliptica, V.
angustifolia, and V. leiophylla, make excellent evergreen
hedges. A small form of the polymorphic V. buxifalia
can be used as an edging after the manner of the box.
The species are exceedingly difficult to determine
and errors abound in garden nomenclature, while
unpublished names are frequent. Natural hybrids
also occur and this brings in further confusion. Also,
there are a number of garden hybrids in cultivation,
mostly between V, speciosa and its nearer relatives.
Much more important for colder countries are the
VERONICA
VERONICA
3449
hybrids due to crossing the more hardy alpine species.
So far as American gardens are concerned the follow-
ing, not yet introduced or rare in cultivation (some of
them not here described), would be desirable novelties:
V. Dieffenbachii, V. gigantea, V. Barkeri, V. Lewisii, V.
leiophytta, V. Bollonsii, V. cmamala, V. vernicosa, V.
monticola, V. Menziesii, V. decumbens, V. tetragona, V.
Armstrongii, V. propinqua, V. loganioides, V. Lavaudi-
ana, and V. Raoulii. Those desiring more information
about the shrubby veronicas should consult Cheese-
man's "Manual of the New Zealand Flora," Welling-
ton, 1906, and the subsequent volumes of the ''Trans-
actions of the New Zealand Institute."
.alba, 2, 6, 7, 12, 13,
filiformis. 20.
paniculata, 5.
16, 24.
flore-albo, 17._
pattns, 51.
Allionii, 29, 30.
foliis variegatis, 13.
pectinata, 28.
alpestris, 15.
formosa, 47.
pedvnculata, 17, 31.
alpina, 14.
fruticulosa, 12.
persici folia, 6.
amabilis. 45.
gentianoides, 13.
petrsea, 35, 36.
anu'thystina, 5.
gigantea, 43.
pimeleoides, 57.
amplexicauUs, 56.
Andersonii, 41.
glabfr, 13.
glauca, 6, 8, 18, 52.
pingui folia, 56.
pinnata, 3.
angiLstifolia, 5, 25, 34.
glauco-cserulea, 57.
piroUeformis, 32.
anomala, 51.
glaucophylla, 52.
prenja, 25.
Armstrongii, 59.
Gnerei, 12.
propinqua, 59.
austriaca, 25.
Haastii, 54.
prostrata, 24, 51.
Bachofenii, 4.
Hectori, 59
pulchella, 31.
Balfouriana, 49.
Hendersonii, 41.
pygmxa, 24.
Baumgartenii, 35.
Hulkeana, 58.
repens, 16.
BidwiUii, 39.
hybrida, 6, 7.
roeea, 6, 7, 28.
blanda, 45.
imperialis, 41.
rotundata, 43.
bombycina, 11.
incana, 8.
rubra, 41.
Bonarota, 1.
incisa, 5.
rupestris, 24.
bracieata, 6.
japonica, 2.
salicifolia, 43.
Buibaumii, 19.
Kirkii, 43.
salicornioides, 59.
buxi folia, 51.
Isevis, 50.
satureix folia, 24.
caespitosa, 10.
latifolia. 23, 24.
saxatilis, 12.
Candida, 8.
latisepala, 44.
scutellata, 34.
candidissima, 8.
Lavaudiana, 58.
serpyllifolia, 15.
canescens. 40.
Lewisii, 48.
sibirica, 2.
carnea, 5, 43.
loganioides, 55.
speciosa, 41.
carnositla, 56.
longifolia, 6.
spicata, 7.
chamxdry folia, 1.
Lyallii. 38.
spuria, 5.
Chamsedrys, 31.
lycopodioides, 59.
stenophylla, 13.
chathamica, 53.
macrocarpa, 44.
subalpina, 50.
Colensoi, 52.
macroura, 42.
subsessilis, 6.
corymbifera, 41.
maritima, 6.
superba, 7.
corymbosa, 7.
Michaurii, 21.
s>iiaca, 17.
cratsi folia, 7.
minor, 57.
tour-ion, 22.
crenulata, 6.
montana, 33.
telephiifolia. 37.
cupressoides, 59, 60.
monticola, 50.
tenuifolia, 22.
decumbens, 56.
multifida, 25, 26.
tetragona, 59.
decussate, 48.
nana, 7, 52.
Teucrium, 24.
dentata, 24.
neglecta, 8.
Tournefortii, 19.
diosmifolia, 46.
nitida, 24.
Traversii, 50.
dubia. 24
Nummularia, 9.
urticxfolia, 23.
elegans, 5.
odora, 51.
tariabilis, 59.
elliptica, 48.
officinalis, 29.
variegata, 5, 7, 13, 41,
epacridea, 54.
orientalis, 22, 25.
Terticiliata, 2.
Fairfieldii. 58.
pallida, 13.
villosa, 6.
filifolia, 27.
pallidi flora, 13.
virginica, 2.
KEY TO THE SECTIONS.
A. Infl. terminal. (See also .Vo. 32.)
B. Lrs. bearing fl.-shoots alternate (annuals).
Section IV. OMPHALOSPORA. Species 19, 20.
BB. Lrs. all opposite.
c. Corolla-tube lacking or very short.
Section III. VERONICASTRUM. Species 9-18.
cc. Corolla-tube long.
D. Caps, ovate or oblong.
Section I. P.EDEROTA. Species 1, 2.
DD. Caps, suborbicular.
Section II. PSEUDOLYSIMACHIA. Species 3-8.
AA. Infl. axillary.
B. Plants shrubs, or trees, rarely herbs: caps.
turgid. Section VII. HEBE. Species 41-60.
BB. Plants herbaceous (base decumbent and often
becoming woody): caps, laterally compressed,
c. Caps, only slightly compressed.
Section V. BECCABUNGA. Species 21.
cc. Caps, strongly compressed and transversely
broader.
Section VI. CHAJLEDBYS. Species 22-40.
Section I. P^DEROT^;.
A. Lower hs. orbicular 1. Bonarota
AA. Lower tos. lanceolate 2. virginica
1. Bonarota, Linn. (V. cham&dryfolia, Wettst.
Paederbta Bonarota, Linn. P. cham&dryfolia, Brign.).
Perennial, pilose: sts. 4-6 in. high: lower Ivs. orbiculate,
scarcely 1 in. long; upper Ivs. ovate or lanceolate, ser-
rate or incised: spike globose or oblong, compact,
1-1 % in. long: fls. blue, about J^in. across; calyx-segms.
linear-subulate. Italian Alps and Tyrol.
2. virginica, Linn. (Leptdndra virginica, Nutt. V.
verticillata, Hort.). CULVER'S ROOT. Erect, simple,
somewhat pubescent herb 2-6 ft. tall: Ivs. in whorls of
4-6, lanceolate, 2-4 in. long, smooth above, pubescent
below, acutely serrate, short-petioled: racemes terminal,
erect, long, dense: fls. many, white or pale blue, short-
pedicelled: caps, longer than broad, pointed, twice
exceeding the calyx. Aug.-Sept. Eastern states. Gn.
79, p. 259. — Free-growing herb. Likes rich soil and
much sun. While stiff and coarse, it is bold and stately.
Var. alba, Hort. (V. t'erticillata var. virginica alba, Hort.),
is offered in the trade as a form growing 4 ft. high, with
erect spikes of white fls. Var. japonica, Makino (V.
japonica, Steud. V. verticiUata var. japonica, Hort.),
has pedicelled blue or white fls., the pedicel equaling or
exceeding the calyx. Var. sibirica, Makino (V. sibirica,
Linn. V. verticillata var. sibirica, Hort.), has sessile or
subsessile blue or white fls.; pedicels always shorter
than the calyx.
Section II. PSEUDOLYSIMACHIA.
A. Foliage and st. white-pubescent or
whiter-woolly.
B. Base of hs. cordate 4. Bachofenii
BB. Base of hs. attenuate 8. incana
AA. Foliage and st. nearly glabrous.
B. Lower hs. pinnatisect 3. pinnata
BB. Lower hs. merely serrate or crenate.
c. Racemes panicled 5. spuria
cc. Racemes solitary or few.
D. Lrs. lanceolate 6. longifolia
DD. Lrs. ovate-oblong 7. spicata
3. pinnata, Linn. Strong, upright plant 2-3 ft. high,
glabrous or pubescent: Ivs. sparse or somewhat clus-
tered, finely cut, the lower pinnate with spreading
segms., the upper pinnatifid, thickish, shining, smooth:
racemes slender, many-fld., elongated: fls. blue. June,
July. Open mountain lands, Russia.
4. Bachofenii, Heuff. Perennial, white-pubescent:
sts. several, ascending or erect, 1-2 ft. high: Ivs. oppo-
site, petioled, 1-2 x 1 in., cordate-oblong, acute, coarsely
serrate: racemes terminal, 1-12, opposite, elongate: fls.
blue; calyx-lobes 4, linear, subequal; corolla-tube
inflated, lobes broad-lanceolate: caps, small, obcordate,
slightly compressed, about equaling the calyx. Hungary.
5. spuria, Linn. (V. paniculata, Linn. V. augustifolia,
Fisch., not Bernh. V. incisa, Soland. V. amethystina,
Willd.). BASTARD SPEEDWELL. Upright, slender,
densely pubescent species 2 ft. high: Ivs. mostly oppo-
site or ternate, 1 in. long, linear, acute, serrate-crenate
toward the apex, entire below, smooth, narrowed at the
base, thickish: racemes numerous, panicled, long,
densely many-fld.: fls. blue, pedicelled: caps, nearly
round, thick, exceeding the sepals. May, June. G.W.
7, p. 437. Woods, S. E. Eu. and S. Russian Asia. —
Becomes weedy late in the season. Var. elegans, Voss
ex Wyman (V. eltgans, DC. V. paniculata var. elegans,
Benth.), has the Ivs. pubescent on both surfaces and is
more branched than the type. Belgium. Variants of
this variety are known in horticulture as V. elegans var.
carnea, Hort., a form growing 1 ft. high and having
spikes of rich pink fls. and the variegated form as V.
tlegans carnea variegata.
6. longifolia, Linn. (V. maritima, Linn. V. hybrida,
Georgi, not Lrnn. V. persicifolia, Schott. V. bracieata,
Opiz, not Willd.). Strong, leafy, upright, densely grow-
ing species 2% ft. high, with usually a smooth st.: Ivs.
lanceolate or oblong-acuminate, sharply serrate, lower
3450
VERONICA
VERONICA
opposite, upper more or less verticillate, pubescent
below, very acute, 2J4-4 in. long: racemes long, erect,
spiciform, dense: fls. lilac, numerous: caps, longer than
broad, notched, a little exceeding the linear sepals or
sometimes exceeded by them. Becomes black in drying.
July-Sept. Wet fields, Cent, and E. Eu. and N. Asia. —
Much cult, and hybridized. Has several varieties. A
fine border plant and the most common species, growing
and flowering freely in any good soil. Var. alba, Hort.
(F. maritime, var. dlba, Hort.), grows 1-1 J^ ft. high:
fls. white. Var. glauca, Hort., has glaucous blue foliage:
fls. rich purple. Var. rdsea, Hort. (F. rosea, Hort. F.
hybrida rbseai Hort. F. maritime, var. rosea, Hort.), a
probable variety with pink fls., 2 ft. high and much
branched. Hardy in Mass. Prop, by division and cut-
tings. Var. subsessilis, Miq. (F. subsessilis, Hort.).
Fig. 3914. More erect, compact and robust than the
type, 2-3 ft. high, growing in clumps with numerous
side branches and of a good habit: Ivs. 2-4 in. long,
according to the richness of the soil: spikes longer and
fls. larger than of the type and of an intense lustrous
blue. Aug.-Oct. Japan. B.M. 6407. R.H. 1881:270.
G.C. II. 16:789. J.H. III. 59:253. A good border
plant and considered the best speedwell; thrives in deep
rich soil in an open position. Var. villSsa, Hort. (F.
villbsa, Schrad. F. crenulata, Hoffm.). A Siberian form
with narrower Ivs. than the type and large blue fls. Lvs.
serrate or doubly notched or incised.
7. spicata, Linn. (F. crassifblia, Wierzb. F.
hybrida, Linn.). Ascending or erect, slender sts. 2-4
ft. high, growing from a shortly creeping, almost woody
rootstock: Ivs. lanceolate, lance-oblong or the lower
ovate, opposite or verticillate, crenate, downy, 1J/2-2
in. long, thick: racemes long, upright, densely many-fld.:
fls. pedicelled, clear blue or sometimes pale pink; sta-
mens very long, purple: caps, longer than broad,
notched, thick, exceeding the broad hairy sepals. June-
Aug. Hilly pastures, Eu. and N. Asia. Gn. 68, p. 55:
78, p. 157. J.H. III. 47:15.— Thrives in an open soil
away from shade. Regarded as one of the better border
speedwells. Var. alba, Hort. (F. crassifolia var. dlba,
Hort.), is said to grow 6-18 in. high and have white fls.
Var. corymbdsa, Hort., is offered in the trade as a
form growing 1 ft. high: fls. pale blue. Var. nana, Hort.,
is offered as a form 6-9 in. high: fls. blue. Var. rosea,
Hort., grows 15-18 in. high: fls. purplish pink, showy.
July and early autumn. Var. superba, Hort., is offered
in the trade as growing 2 ft. high and having long spikes
of violet fls. Var. variegata, Hort., is offered as a form
growing 1^ ft- high, with variegated foliage and blue
8. incana, Linn. (F. cdndida, Hort. F. negleda,
Vahl). Strong, upright or ascending, white-woolly
plant 12-18 in. high, with many sterile matted branches
and fewer fertile erect branches: Ivs. opposite, acute,
lower oblong, upper lanceolate, 1-3 in. long, white-
tomentose: racemes erect, solitary to several, 3-6 in.
long: fls. many, blue, short-pedicelled : caps, longer than
broad, thick, exceeding the woolly calyx. July-Sept.
Fields and mountain regions. N. Asia, and S. W. Eu. —
Resembles F. spicata in habit. Has a good appearance
both in and out of bloom ; useful in the rockery, border,
or geometrical garden. Var. candidissima, Hort., has
Ivs. larger and not so hoary as the type: fls. pale blue.
Var. glauca, Hort., is offered as a form with silvery
foliage and deep blue fls.
Section III. VERONICASTRUM.
A. Duration annual: floral Ivs. usually
about like the lower cauline Ivs.
(Subsection 4- Annuae.)
B. Cauline Ivs. sessile 17. syriaca
BB. Cauline hs. petioled 18. glauca
AA. Duration perennial, base usually some-
what woody: floral Ivs. usually much
smaller than the lower cauline Ivs.
B. Habit erect or ascending: raceme
usually somewhat elongated. (Sub-
section 3. Alpinse.)
c. Plants 2-6 in. high.
D. Fls. blue or violet 14. alpina
DD. Fls. rose or white 16. repens
CC. Plants Y^-4 ft- high (seldom less
than 9 or 10 in.).
D. Lvs. 1-3 in. or more long 13. gentianoides
DD. Lvs. V^-y^in. long 15. serpyllifolia
BB. Habit diffuse, low and much
branched: raceme usually much
shortened.
c. Jnfl. capitate, several-fld. (Sub-
section 1. Diffusse.)
D. Blades linear-spatulate 10. caespitosa
DD. Blades ovate, orbicular or
oblong-spatulate.
E. Surface of Ivs. glabrous 9. Nummularia
EE. Surface of Ivs. white-tomen-
tose 11. bombycina
CC. Infl. a very short (in fr. elongated)
raceme, few-fld. (Subsection 2.
Fruticulosse.) 12. fruticulosa
Subsection 1. DIFFUSE.
9. Nummularia, Gouan. Perennial: sts. slender,
creeping, becoming somewhat woody, diffusely
branched: lowest Ivs. scale-like, the others clustered,
ovate-orbicular, obtuse, entire, about 2 lines long,
rather thick, glabrous: racemes somewhat capitate,
pubescent: fls. blue or pink; corolla with the lowest
segms. much larger than the others: caps, small, broad,
rather glabrous. Pyrenees.
10. caespitdsa, Boiss. Perennial, diffuse, cespitose:
sts. 1-3 in. high, densely foliate: Ivs. rather thick, about
Hm-.long, clustered, linear-spatulate, obtuse, entire,
margin revolute: raceme subsessile, 1-4-fld.: fls. large,
rose; calyx lanate, segms. oblong-linear: caps, glabrous,
obcordate, transversely broader. Greece, Asia Minor,
and Syria.
11. bombycina, Boiss. & Kotschy. Perennial, low,
cespitose, forming cushions, appressed white-silky: Ivs.
very small, about 2 lines long, sessile, ovate or oblong-
spatulate: fls. 1-5, terminal, reddish; calyx-teeth
oblong, obtuse; corolla more than twice as long as
calyx: caps, small, orbicular, tomentose. July. Syria.
— In the trade abroad this species is described as
having pale lavender fls.
Subsection 2. FRUTICULOS^!.
12. fruticul&sa, Linn. (F. saxdtilis, Scop.). Perennial
or shrubby: sts. diffusely branched, 2-6 in. high, woody
at base: Ivs. }4-y&&- long, oblong or obovate, entire or
subcrenate: raceme lax, short, few-fld., pubescent: fls.
blue or flesh-colored: caps, ovate. July. Mountains of
Eu. and Greenland. There is a white-fld. form horti-
culturally known as V. saxdtilis dlba and also a form
known in the trade as V. saxdtilis Grievei. — Possibly
not all material known as F. saxatilis belongs here.
Subsection 3. ALPINES.
13. gentianoides, Vahl (F. glaber, Hort.). Erect,
slender, tufted species 6-24 in. high, from creeping
roots: Ivs. obovate or oblong, some lanceolate or linear,
thickish, entire or small crenate, smooth, 1-3 in. long;
root-lvs. more or less in rosettes; upper Ivs. bract-like,
smaller and narrower: raceme elongated, leafy, many-
fld., hairy: fls. pale blue, with darker streaks, on long
pedicels: caps, nearly round, slightly notched, exceed-
ing the calyx. Wet alpine fields, S. E. Eu. B.M. 1002.
—A hardy species in any soil or location, shade-endur-
ing though not necessarily shade-loving, blooming early.
Prop, by division. Forms a mat and makes a good
ground-cover for bare spots in midsummer; also a
valuable border plant. One of the earliest. Var. alba,
Hort., is a white-fld. form. Var. foliis variegatis, Hort.,
VERONICA
VERONICA
3451
filiform, elongated, prostrate and rooting: Ivs. small,
ovate or orbiculate, obtuse, subcrenate, subcordate,
somewhat petioled: fls. on filiform axillary pedicels,
blue; calyx-segms. elliptic: caps, ciliate, orbicular-
obcordate, acute angled, 2-lobed to the middle. Asia
Minor. G. 37:99.
Section V. BECCABUNGA.
21. Michauxii, Lam. Perennial, 4-5 ft. tall, every-
where pubescent: sts. erect, or ascending from rooting
bases: Ivs. ovate, crenate-dentate, lower and those of
the sterile branches petioled, the others clasping:
racemes few, rather dense, from the upper axils: fls. pale
blue (drying reddish) ; calyx-segms. oblong, acute: caps,
ovate-orbicular, turgid and glandular. Persia.
Section VI. CHAALEDRYS.
A. Calyx 5-parted. (See also No. 40.)
The species of this group are closely
allied and often hard to distinguish.
see var. mriegata. Var. pallida, Hort., is offered in the
trade as a variety with pale porcelain-blue fls. Var.
pallid iflor a, Hort., is a trade name, perhaps the same as
var. pallida. Var. stenophylla, Hort., is a narrow-lvd.
form. Var. variegata, Hort., is offered in the trade as
having Ivs. variegated with creamy white. G.M. 54 :575.
14. alpina, Linn. A slender delicate plant growing
from a creeping stock, branching at the base, becoming
ascending or upright, the fl.-st. often solitary, 2-6 in.
high: Ivs. opposite, occasionally alternate, subsessile,
elliptic or oblong, entire or dentate, about J^-l in.
long, of varying size, the lowest small, orbicular: raceme
short, spiciform, dense: fls. small, blue or violet: caps.
J^in. long, oblong, longer than broad, hairy, exceeding
thet calyx. Mountains of Eu., Cent, and N. Asia, and
alpine and arctic regions in Amer. B.M. 2975. —
Adapted to the rock-garden. It blackens when dried.
15. serpyllifdlia, Linn. (V. alpestris, Hort.). ST.
PAUL'S SPEEDWELL. Slender, ascending, nearly smooth
plant, growing irregularly in clumps 2-4 ft. high, the
base prostrate and rating : Ivs. ovate or oblong, crenate,
H-tyn. long, smooth, vanable: racemes loose, with c. Base of caps, rotundate 27. filifolla
conspicuous bracts: fls. pedicelled, whitish or pale blue Cc. Base of caps, cuneate 26. multifida
with deeper stripes: caps, wider than long, obtusely BB. LTS. at most lobed, pinnatisect or
notched, exceeding or equal to the sepals. May-July. even pinnatifid.
Roadsides and fields, Asia, Eu., N. Afr., N. and S. o. Caps, cuneate at base.
Amer ». Blade pinnatifid 26. multifida
DD. Blade at most incised-dentate. . . 22. orientalis
16. repens, DC. Prostrate, slender, compact plant cc. Caps, rotundate at base.
growing in dense masses: Ivs. J^-Min. long, ovate, D. The Ivs. often pinnatifid, when
slightly crenate, shining green and moss-like: racemes not 80 narrowly elongate-
slender, few-fld. : fls. rose or nearly white, with a trace lanceolate. 25. austriaca
of blue : caps, broader than long, deeplv notched, exceed- DD- T*lS-
ing the sepals. May. Corsicl'-Hardy in Mass, and
intro. in Calif. Allied to V. serpyllifolia but dwarf er and rate . .23. latifolia
more prostrate. Grows in the sun. Will cover the EB. Margin of blade crenate or
ground where grass does not grow, forming a sod in a bluntly dentate 24. Teucrium
short time; prefers moist corners but thrives on a AA. Calyx 4-parted (occasionally 5-parted
moderately dry soil. Var. alba, Hort., is a white-fld. «£ No- &\ .,
form B. Racemes few-fld.: pedicels twice to
Q , „„,- . _ many times longer than the calyx.
Subsection 4. ANNULS. (Subsection 5. Petrxx.)
17. syriaca, Roem. & Schult. (F. peduncul&ta, Labill., c. Fls. solitary 40. canescens
not Vahl). Ascending, diffusely branched pubescent cc- Fls. racemose.
annual, 6-12 in. high: Ivs. ovate or ovate-lanceolate, v. Color of fls. white.
incised or dentate, smooth; lower petiolate, upper sub- »• ^ 4'%™' lon°' "Sfci y
sessile Jgjn. long: raceme termhS **&?%* in. EE' ^ *£St^^. 39. Bidwillii
long: ns. blue, with thread-like pedicels y$&. long: caps. DD_ Color of fls. blue.
broader than long, notched two-thirds of its length, E. Sts. crisply pubescent: caps.
exceeding the sepals. June. S. W. Asia. R.H. 1897, p. 311. glandular-hirsute 36. petraea
F.S. 12:1259. Var. fldre-ilbo, Hort., is a white-fld. form. BE. Sts. glabrous or minutely
18. glatica, Sibth. & Smith. Annual, suberect, S^,"6'™''"''' "***'
branched; branches opposite, pubescent: Ivs. J^-^in. F. Calyx-segms. broadly Ian-
long, short-petioled, broadly ovate, obtuse, crenate- ceolate 35. Baumgartenii
dentate; floral Ivs. bract-like, 2-3-lobed: fls. %in. FF. Calyx-segms. elliptic ob-
across, bright blue, throat white; calyx pubescent, long 37. telephiifolia
segms. unequal, in pairs, elliptical: caps, suborbicular, BB- Racemes many-fid.: pedicels shorter
retusely truncate. Greece. B.M. 7759. " only •*** lon°er than the
calyx.
o x- TTT /^ c- Infl- strict, almost spike-like.
Section IV. OMPHALOSPORA. (Subsection 2. Strictiflorx.)
A. Calyx-segms. ovate-lanceolate 19. Tournef ortii D" ^ raceme alternate 30. Allionii
AA. Calyx-segms. oblong-elliptic.. . .20. filifonnis «>• T ^^^-spatulate,
c, , A- * rather narrow, often pin-
natifid, y2-Hin. long 28. pectinata
19. Tournef6rtii, C. C. Gmel. (V. Buxbaumii, Tenore). BE. Cauline Ivs. elliptic-oblong,
Prostrate annual, with elongated slender pubescent sts., rather broad, never pinnati-
the lower branching and often rooting: Ivs. ovate, sub- #<*< •gf* about * m- <""„ _ . ,.
cordate coarsely crenate-serrate, pubescent, shortly ^ 7 la^^eadi^. ^ ^^^
petioled Mm. long, the lower opposite, the upper alter- D Caps longer than broad (Sub_
nate and similar: racemes axillary: fls. small, blue, scat- section 3. Multiflorse.) 31. Chanuedrys
tering, on long pedicels, of long duration : caps, broader DD. Caps, broader than long. (Sub-
than long, very widely notched, exceeded by the sepals. section 4. Scutellatae.)
April-Sept. Fields, Cent, and S. Eu., Asia and natu- E. Raceme solitary (said to be
ralized in N. Amer. F. 1846, p. 112. terminal). . . 32. pirolafonms
... EE. Racemes several.
20. filil6nnis, Smith. Annual or perennial, cespitose, F. LVS. broadly ovate 33. montana
dwarf, slightly papillose-pubescent : branches numerous, FF. Lvs. linear-lanceolate 34. scutellata
3452
VERONICA
VERONICA
Subsection 1. PENTASEPAL^E.
22. orientalis, Mill. Perennial, shortly and crisply
pubescent, rarely glabrate: sts. from woody rhizomes,
decumbent or prostrate: Ivs. sessile, short, lower cune-
ate-oblong or lanceolate, dentate-incised, rarely entire;
upper usually narrower, lanceolate: racemes 2-4, from
the upper axils, secund: fls. flesh-colored or pale blue;
calyx-segms. 4 or 5, linear-lanceolate, very unequal:
caps, glandular-pubescent, obcordate or truncate. July.
Asia Minor and Persia. L.B.C. 5:419. \rar. tenuifolia,
Boiss. (V. taurica, Willd.), has narrowly linear Ivs., with
the margins sometimes somewhat reyolute, entire,
rarely acutely few-toothed. S. Armenia and Persia.
L.B.C. 10:911.
23. latifdlia, Linn. (V. urticsefolia, Linn.). Perennial,
sparsely and crisply hirsute: sts. erect: Ivs. sessile, ovate,
sharply serrate, base often cordate; upper long-acumi-
nate : racemes opposite, laxly paniculate : fls. light blue
or reddish; calyx-segms. minute, lanceolate, rather
acute: caps, orbicular, base rotundate. Eu. — Horti-
cultural material under this name is apt to be a broad-
Ivd. form of V. Teucrium.
24. Te&crium, Linn. (V. dentdta, F. W. Schmidt, V.
nitida, Hort., ex Poir., not Ehrh.). Perennial, pubes-
cent: sts. numerous, ascending, up to 20 in. high: Ivs.
ovate to linear-lanceolate, nearly entire, crenate to
even bluntly dentate-incised, mostly sessile: racemes
opposite, elongated: fls. large, blue, rarely rose or white;
calyx-segms. oblong-linear to lanceolate: caps, oboyate,
base rotundate. Cent, and S. Eu. and Cent. Asia. —
Variable. Var. latifdlia, Hort. (V. latifblia, Hort., not
Linn.), has broader Ivs. Range of the type. Var. pros-
trata, Hort. (var. diibia, Hort. V. prostrata, Linn.),
has a more prostrate habit, only the tips of the sts.
upright. Minor forms of this variety are known in the
trade as V. prostrata var. alba, Hort., with white fls.;
V. prostrata var. pygmxa, Hort., is a small form. G.W.
8, p. 2. V. prostrata var. satur else folia, Hort. (V.
satureisefolia, Poit. & Turp.), has light blue fls. B.M.
3683. V. rupestris, Hort., is quite possibly referable to
var. prostrata.
25. austriaca, Linn. (V. multifida, Jacq., not Linn.
V. orientalis, Willd., not Mill. V. prenja, G. Beck).
Perennial, 1-2 ft. high, pubescent: sts. erect, rarely
ascending: Ivs. sessile, ovate in outline, pinnatisect,
segms. oblong with their base narrowed or linear, entire
or incised: racemes 2-4, from the upper axils, elongated,
many-fld.: fls. large, blue; calyx-teeth 5, rarely 4, linear,
strongly unequal: caps, hirsute, obovate-obcordate.
S. E. Eu. and Asia Minor. Var. angustifolia, Benth.
(V. angustifolia, Bernh.), is a form with linear-subulate
If.-segms. Caucasus region. — Material offered in the
trade as V. angustifolia should also be compared with
V. spuria and V. scutellata.
26. multifida, Linn. Perennial, shortly and crisply
pubescent: sts. decumbent and indurated at base or
diffuse: Ivs. sessile, pinnatisect in linear, entire or den-
tate segms.: racemes 2-4, axillary: fls. flesh-colored or
pale blue; calyx-segms. strongly unequal: caps, gla-
brous or short-glandular, transversely broader. June,
July. Asia and Asia Minor. B.M. 1679.— Probably
not common in cult, and some at least of the material
so named is probably V. austriaca.
27. filifdlia, Lipsky. Sts. several, ascending or erect,
6-12 in. high, crisply pubescent : Ivs. sessile, bipinnati-
fid, divisions long, slender almost filiform: racemes 4-8,
opposite, lax-fld.: fls. white, blue- veined, large; calyx-
lobes 4, almost equal, nearly linear, acute: caps, shorter
than the calyx, strongly flattened, obcordate, trans-
versely broader. Caucasus.— Near V. multifida.
Subsection 2. STRICTIFLORE.
28. pectinata, Linn. Prostrate, white -pubescent,
hairy, spreading plant rooting at the nodes, the ascend-
ing branches producing single elongated racemes: Ivs.
obovate or spatulate, sometimes pinnatifid, crenate,
narrow at the base, sessile, pubescent, J^in. long:
racemes elongated, many-fld. : lower bracts like Ivs. : fls.
deep blue with a white center: caps, large, longer than
broad, notched, pubescent, thick, exceeding the sepals.
May, June. Dry, shady hills. Asia Minor. — Suitable
to dry spots in a rock-garden. Grows in almost any
soil and position. Var. rosea, Hort., has numerous
small spikes of rose fls.
29. officinalis, Linn. (V. Allionii, F. W. Schmidt, not
VilL). COMMON SPEEDWELL. FLTJELLEN. GROUND-
HELE. Prostrate, leafy native with a pubescent st.
rooting at the nodes, slender, 6-18 in. long: Ivs. elliptic,
oblong or broadly oblong, %-l in. and more long,
hairy, serrate at base, evergreen, retaining color where
most exposed: racemes slender, densely many-fld.: fls.
pale blue, rarely pink, sessile: caps, broader than long,
wedge-shaped, broadly notched, hairy, exceeding the
hairy sepals. May-July. Forests and mountains of
Eu. and N. Amer. — Grows under trees and in shade
where no grass will grow, covering the ground with a
permanent sod. Spreads rapidly and is easily grown.
Prop, by cuttings.
30. Allidnii, Vill. Perennial, glabrous or slightly
minutely puberulent: st. prostrate, rooting at the base:
Ivs. very short-petioled, obovate-elh'ptic or oblong,
obtusely serrulate, base usually cuneate : raceme densely
spicate; pedicels very short: fls. violet; calyx-segms. 4,
lanceolate-linear, rather acute; corolla-lobes lanceolate:
caps, obcordate, acute, puberulent. S. Eu.
Subsection 3. MTTLTIFLORS.
31. Chamsedrys, Linn. (V. pedunculata, Vahl. V.
pulchella, Salisb.). GERMANDER SPEEDWELL. ANGEL'S
EYES. BIRD'S EYES. Slender, compact, pubescent spe-
cies 12-18 in. high, densely ascending from a creeping
base: Ivs. broadly ovate, sometimes narrower, sub-
sessile, crenate or incised, rounded or cordate at base,
hairy, thick, 1^4 in- long: racemes 3-6 in. long: fls!
large, blue, long-pedicelled : caps, longer than broad,
widely notched, exceeded by the sepals. May, June.
Woods and roadsides, N. and Cent. Eu., Caucasus,
Syria, and Canaries. Adventive in this country. — A
good border plant.
•
Subsection 4. SCTTTELLATJE.
32. pirolaeformis, Franch. Perennial: sts. short, pilose
below: Ivs. nearly all clustered, petiolate, very broadly
ovate, obovate or spatulate, crenate: raceme terminal,
solitary, laxly many-fld.: fls. rose or pale violet; calyx-
lobes glandular, ovate-oblong, obtuse: caps, rhomboid,
broader than long. China.
33. montana, Linn. MOUNTAIN SPEEDWELL. Slender,
trailing, hairy plant, 12-18 in. long, rooting from the
st.: Ivs. ovate, petioled, coarsely crenate, hairy, sparse:
racemes slender, few-fld.: fls. whitish, striped with
purple-blue, on long pedicels : caps, large, broader than
long, slightly notched, exceeding the hairy sepals. May,
June. Moist woods, Temp. Eu.
34. scutellata, Linn. (V. angustifolia, S. F. Gray,
not Bernh.). Perennial, 6-18 in. high, weak, glabrous
or rarely puberulent: sts. slender: Ivs. sessile, linear-
lanceolate, acute, remotely and minutely denticulate:
racemes filiform, flexuous, few-fld.: fls. whitish, bluish
or flesh-color; calyx-segms. oblong: caps, much wider
than long, piano-compressed, 2-lobed. N. temperate
regions. — Material offered in the trade as V. angusti-
folia should also be compared with V. austriaca and
V. spuria.
Subsection 5. PETRJE&.
35. Baumgartenii, Roem. & Schult. (V. petrasa,
Baumg., not Stev.). Perennial, 3-5 in. high, possibly
more, glabrous or minutely white-puberulent : sts.
VERONICA
3453
slender, ascending: lowest Ivs. minute; middle 6 lines
long, ovate or oblong, somewhat dentate; upper lanceo-
late, narrowed at base: fls. blue; calyx-segms. broadly
lanceolate: caps, emarginate, glabrous. S. Hungary. —
The material offered in the trade as V. petraea may
belong here.
36. petrsea, Stev. Perennial, cespitose, 4-5 in. high,
minutely and crisply pubescent: sts. dwarf, diffuse and
ascending: Ivs. fr-10 lines long, oblong or elliptic from a
cuneate, subsessile base, few-toothed; upper Ivs. some-
times entire: racemes axillary, solitary; peduncles
rather long: fls. large and blue; calyx-segms. broad-
oblong: caps, glandular-hirsute, 2-lobed, transversely
broader, base rotund, apex retuse. Caucasus. — The
material offered in the trade under this name may be
V. Baumgartenii.
37. telephiifolia, Vahl. Perennial, creeping or tufted,
glabrous, glaucous : branches diffuse, filif orm but rather
hard and fragile, rooting: Ivs. fleshy, bluish green, small,
2-3 lines long, obovate-spatulate or oblong, short-
pet ioled: peduncles axillary, solitary, ending in a short
3915. Veronica Andersonii (XJi). No. 41.
raceme: fls. blue; calyx-segms. elliptic-oblong: caps,
glabrous, 2-lobed, transversely broader, base rotundate.
Armenia.
38. Lyallii, Hook. f. Perennial: sts. slender, prostrate
and rooting, 3—18 in. long, diffusely branched; branches
terete, usually pubescent: Ivs. short-petioled, M~Hin.
long, broadly ovate, almost orbicular or oblong- ovate,
obtuse or subacute, with 2-3 coarse blunt serratures to
a side, thick and coriaceous: racemes several, few or
many-fld., near the ends of the branches, sometimes
lateral: fls. whke with pink veins, ^in. across; calyx
deeply 4-parted, segms. ovate-oblong, ciliolate: caps,
broadly obovate-oblong, turgid, 2-lobed. New Zeal.
39. Bidwillii, Hook. Perennial, about 3 in. high: sts.
slender, prostrate and rooting, much branched, woody
at base. 3-12 in. long; branches creeping, often matted,
glabrous or pubescent : Ivs. short-petioled or almost
sessile, minute not more than J4in. long, broadly oblong
or ovate with 1 or 2 deep notches on each side or entire,
coriaceous: peduncles axillary, slender, erect, 3—9 in.
high, few- or many-fld.: fls. white, calyx-segms. 4,
ovate or oblong, obtuse: caps, broadly oblong. June.
New Zeal.
40. canescens, T. Kirk. Perennial, small creeping and
rooting herb with intricately branched sts. 1-4 in. long,
often forming broad matted patches, hispid with gray-
ish white hairs: Ivs. minute, short-petioled or nearly
sessile, obtuse, entire, both surfaces hispid: fls. solitary
and axillary, pale blue (rich blue according to the trade) ;
calyx 4-5-parted, segms. linear-oblong; corolla 4-lobed,
lobes oblong: caps, small, broadly oblong, slightly com-
pressed. Late-flowering. New Zeal.
Section VII. HEBE.
A. Lts. strictly scale-like, connate and
oppressed. (See also Xo. 54 which
has somewhat scale-like but recurred
spreading Its.)
B. The hs. densely imbricated 59. Hectori
BB. The Its. in distant pairs 60. cupressoides
AA. LTS. not strictly scale-like and op-
pressed. (.Vo. 54 has somewhat
scale-like but recurred spreading Its.)
B. Margin of Its. coarsely serrate 58. Hulkeana
BB. Margin of hs. entire or minutely
incised.
c. Blade* more than 2 in. long (occa-
sionally less in \o. 42).
D. Apex of Its. obtuse 41. speciosa
DD.Apex of Its. acute or acutish.
E. Caps, thrice length of calyx. . . 44. macrocarpa
EE. Caps, twice or less length of
calyx.
F. Fls. Hin. across 45. amabilis
IT. Fls. Yy-y^in. across.
G. Calyx-segms. narrow-
oblong: fls. Yy-V&n-
diam 42. macroura
GG. Calyx-segms. lanceolate
or otate-lanceolate to
ovate-oblong: fls. %in.
diam 43. salicifolia
cc. Blades rarely more than 1 in. long.
D. Shrubs erect, more than 2 ft.
high.
E. Racemes corymbosely
branched.
F. Calyx 3- rarely 4-ported.. . .46. diosmifolia
FF. Calyx 5-parted 47. formosa
EE. Racemes simple or eten spi-
cate.
F. Lts. glaucous 52. glaucophylla
FF. Lts. green.
G. The hs. glossy: fls. in a
spike 51. buzifolia
GG. . The Its. not glossy.
H. Apex of hs. obtuse,
red-margined 49. Balfouriana
HH. Apex of Its. acute.
i. Fls. i^in. diam 48. elliptica
it. Fls. fan. diam 50. Traversii
DD. Shrubs decumbent, less than 1
ft. high.
E. Lvs. glaucous.
F. Color of fls. white 56. pinguifolia
FF. Color of fls. blue 57. glauco-
EE. Lts. green. [cserulea
F. Thebladesflat 53. chathamica
FF. The blades recurred.
G. Blades broadly oborate
oblong 54. epacridea
GG. Blades otate-lanceolate . . 55. loganioides
41. speciosa, R. Cunn. Stout half-hardy shrub, 2-5
ft. high, with stout, spreading leafy branches and crim-
son-purple fls.: Ivs. 2-4 in. long, obovate or obovate-
oblong, subsessile, dark green, thick, smooth, glossy,
entire, rounded at apex: racemes axillary and opposite
near tips of branches, stout, dense-fld.: fls. large, Mm-
diam., purple-crimson : caps, more than twice as long as
the calyx. Summer. New Zeal. B.M. 4057. F.S. 1 : 19.
R.H. 1844:60. H.U. 6, p. 349. Var. corymbifera, Hort.,
is offered in the trade as growing 2 ft. high with rosy fls.
Var. rubra, Hort., is offered in the trade. Var. variegata,
Hort., is offered as a form growing 6 ft. high with large
Ivs. variegated with creamy white: fls. light blue.
Probably really the variegated form of V. Andersonii.
Intro, into S. Calif. — V. imperialis, Hort. (V.
speciosa var. imperialis, Boncharlat), seems to be
merely a garden name for the true species. F.S. 22:
3454
VERONICA
VERONICA
2317. V. speciosa hybridizes freely and there are several
garden hybrids of which the best known is V. Ander-
sonii, Lindl. & Paxt. (V. salicifblia x V. speciosa. V.
speddsa var. Andersonii, Hort. V. Hendersonii, Hort.),
Fig. 3915, is grown in the greenhouse and is also used
as a bedding plant. It grows 18 in. high: Ivs. oblong,
sessile, entire, thickish: racemes axillary: fls. bluish
violet. F.S. 7:658. J.F. 1:103. G.W. 5, p. 20. Var.
variegata, Hort., has the foliage variegated with
creamy white. G.L. 18:77. Gn. W. 23:829.
42. macro&ra, Hook. f. Shrub, 1-5 ft. high, much
branched, glabrous: Ivs. sessile or nearly so, 1-3 in.,
usually more than 2 in. long, obovate-oblong to obovate-
lanceolate or linear-oblong, acute, hardly coriaceous,
glabrous or nearly so: racemes 2-4 in. long, longer than
the Ivs., very densely many-fld. : fls. small, white or pale
bluish white; calyx deeply 4-parted, segms. narrow-
oblong, finely pubescent, ciliolate: caps, densely
crowded, usually pendulous, small, ovate, compressed.
New Zeal. G. 37:307.
43. salicifdlia, Forst. f. A collective species contain-
ing many distinct varieties. The most common form
is a moderately hardy much-branched shrub attaining
at times a height of 10 ft. : Ivs. lanceolate, 2-6 in. long,
acute, entire or slightly toothed near apex, rather thin,
pale green, glabrous: racemes slender, many-fld., 3-10
in. long: fls. small, numer-
ous, frequently tinged lilac,
sweet-scented: caps, almost
twice as long as calyx.
Midsummer. New Zeal.
B.R. 32:2. Gn. 26, p. 107;
28, p. 293; 34, p. 349. G.
37:308. G.M. 52:258. Gt.
57, p. 189. Var. Kirkii,
Cheesem. (V. Kirkii, J. B.
Armstg.). Shrub, 6-12 ft.
high; branches stout, dark
brown: Ivs. smaller, %-lM
in. long, oblong or oblong
lanceolate, leathery: ra-
cemes 4-8 in. long: fls.
white, Mm- across: caps,
broadly ovate, acute, hoary-pubescent. New Zeal. V.
gigantea, Cockayne, confined to the Chatham Isls., a
tree 40 ft. high, is closely related to V. salidfolia but
is less hardy. V. rotundata, T. Kirk, another allied
species, has much broader Ivs. and handsome violet-
purple fls. There is a fine variegated form of V. sali-
dfolia only recently brought into cult, in New Zeal.
V. salidfolia readily hybridizes with its allies and vari-
ous hybrids exist but there is no uniformity in their
names. V. carnea, J. B. Armstg., with rose-colored fls.
has probably the above species as a parent.
44. macrocarpa, Vahl. A half-hardy species with
many forms allied closely to V. salidfolia but readily
distinguished by the generally narrower, thicker,
smoother, darker green lys., the larger white fls. and
the much larger caps., thrice as long as the calyx. Late
spring. Frequently in poor clay soil. New Zeal.
Gn. 78, p. 7.— V. latisepala, T. Kirk, is a handsome plant
differing from the above in its deep violet fls., broad
calyx-lobes and secund caps.
45. amabilis, Cheesem. Tall shrub related to V.
macrocarpa but differing in its broader, shorter Ivs.,
laxer racemes and acute calyx-segms. Summer.
Near seashore mixed with other shrubs. New Zeal.
Var. blanda, Cheesem., has shorter Ivs. and denser,
shorter racemes than the type.
46. diosmifdlia, R. Cunn. Shrub, usually 2-5 ft.
high, but reaching a height of 15 ft. ; branches glabrous
or puberulous: Ivs. short-petioled, H-l in. long, linear-
oblong or oblong-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, acute,
entire or minutely incised, coriaceous, dark green above,
paler beneath: racemes about 1 in. long, corymbosely
3916. Veronica Traversii.
(XH)
branched: fls. white or pale lavender-blue, about J^in.
across; calyx usually 3-parted, rarely 4-parted; corolla
4-lobed: caps, ovoid, turgid. New Zeal. B.M. 7539.
Gn. 43, p. 519.
47. formSsa, R,. Br. Evergreen corymbosely branched
shrub, 2-4 ft. high, practically glabrous: Ivs. rather
crowded, oval-oblong or lanceolate, entire or very
rarely obscurely toothed, thick: fls. pale lilac, in short
racemes in the upper axils; calyx deeply 5-parted: caps,
oblong, acute or obtuse, turgid. July. Tasmania.
B.M. 4512. J.F. 1:3.
48. elliptica, Forst. f. (V. decussata, Ait.). Half-
hardy, much-branched shrub, or even small tree, 5-20
ft. high. There are several distinct varieties; the most
common in cult, is about 8 ft. high: Ivs. petiolate,
elliptic-oblong, j^-1 in. long, apiculate, truncate at
base, pale green, rather thick, margins edged with
white pubescence, midrib prominent beneath: racemes
near tips of branches, short, 1-1 ^i in. long, laxly 4-12-
fld.: fls. large, blue for a brief period, then white, sweet-
scented: caps, twice as long as calyx. Late summer.
Seacoast on rock or on ground mixed with other shrubs.
Subantarctic S. Amer., Lord Auckland and Campbell
Isls. and New Zeal. B.M. 242. J.H. III. 52:38.— V.
Lewisii, J. B. Armstg., a desirable half-hardy, late-
blooming species is related to the above and may be a
hybrid. It has larger lys., dense-fld. racemes 2-2 K in.
long and very large white fls.
49. Balfouriana, Hook. f. Erect, glabrous shrub, 3
ft. high: Ivs. subsessile, >£-%in. long, elliptic-ovate,
subacute or obtuse, margins red-brown: racemes 2-3
in. long, many-fld.: fls. pale violet-blue, calyx-segms.
acute: caps, one-third longer than calyx-segms. or
less. B.M. 7556. — Raised in the Royal Botanic Gar-
den, Edinburgh, from seed sent from New Zeal, but it
has not been found growing wild as yet, nor is it cult,
in New Zeal.
50. Traversii, Hook. f. Fig. 3916. Shrub of dense
habit forming a globose mass of leafy, slender sts. 3-4
ft. diam.: Ivs. J^-l in. long, elliptic-oblong to linear-
oblong, green, leathery, acute: racemes near tips of
branches, 1-3 in. long, generally tapering: fls. white,
calyx-segms. broadly ovate or oblong: caps, twice length
of calyx. Midsummer. New Zeal. B.M. 6390. Gn. 32,
p. 217; 66, p. 391. G.C. III. 53:172. G. 10:375. G.L.
25:139. G.M. 45:84; 53:630. G.W. 12, p. 161.—
V. monticola, J. F. Armstg., includes a number of dis-
tinct plants much resembling forms of the. above, but
their Ivs. are frequently obtuse and racemes much
shorter. Gn. 43, p. 522. V. laevis, Benth., is similar to
V. monticola but it differs in its corymbosely-branched
infl. V. subalpina, Cockayne, has softer, brighter green
Ivs., shorter racemes and corolla-tube. It also blooms
earlier than V. Traversii.
51. buxifdlia, Benth. Under this name are included
many most distinct plants, but all possess green, glossy,
acute, thick, petiolate Ivs., truncate at the base and
keeled beneath, which in one form are golden varie-
gated when young, sessile fls. in spikes %-l in. long
and If .-like bracts as long as or longer than the calyx.
Var. odora, T. Kirk (var. patens, Cheesem.), is per-
fectly globular in form. Var. prostrata, Cockayne, is
quite prostrate with rooting branches. — Another form,
not yet named, is erect, 2-3 ft. high, and sparingly
branched. Late summer. New Zeal. V. anomala, J.
B. Armstg., distinguished from V. buxifolia var. odora
by its sometimes 3-lobed corolla and its narrower Ivs.
with purplish tips is nevertheless a most distinct and
handsome plant. B.M. 7360.
52. glaucophylla, Cockayne (V. Colensoi var. glaiica,
Hort.). Closely related to V. Traversii but at once
distinguished by the small, narrow, not keeled, glau-
cous Ivs., slender tapering racemes of white fls., short
corolla-tube hairy within and pubescent ovary. Sum-
mer. Dry montane and subalpine stations, New Zeal.
VERONICA
VERONICA
3455
— There are several forms of this striking fairly hardy
shrub quite distinct for garden purposes, one of which
is known as V. Colensoi var. glaiica nana, Hort. The
species is unrelated to V. Colensoi, Hook, f ., a plant not
yet in cult., which has the fls. in corymbs (B.M. 7296).
53. chathamica, Buch. A rather tender polymorphic
species, the forms of which are distinguished by the
trailing habit, flexible branches, elliptic or elfiptic-
oblong, rather fleshy, pale green, often more or less
pubescent Ivs. and short, dense, obtuse racemes of violet
fls. Late summer. Chatham Isls. G.C. III. 26:354.
54. epacridea, Hook. f. Prostrate, almost hardy
shrub of straggling habit: Ivs. closely quadrifariously
imbricated, opposite pairs united at base, spreading,
recurved, J^-^in. long, broadly obovate-oblong,
leathery, concave, glabrous, keeled, rounded or sub-
acute at apex: fls. small, white, in dense terminal ovoid
heads. Early summer. Mountains, New Zeal. V.
Haastii, Hook, f., is closely related to the above but
is a larger plant with the Ivs. more fleshy and not
recurved or keeled. Both are admirable rock-garden
plants of a most distinct appearance.
55. loganioides, J. B. Armstg. Dwarf shrub, 6-14 in.
high: sts. woody, decumbent at base, erect above;
branches grayish white-pubescent or almost villous: Ivs.
decussate, sessile, J^-Kin. long, ovate-lanceolate,
acute, entire or with 1 or 2 small teeth, dull green,
keeled leathery: racemes forming a small corymb-like
head: fls. ^in. across, white or white with pink veins;
calyx deeply 4-parted, segms. ovate-oblong, ciliolate:
caps, elliptical-oblong, didymous, turgid. New ^Zeal.
B.M. 7404. — A species of doubtful systematic position,
by some placed in section Hebe, by others in what cor-
responds to section Chamaedrys.
56. pinguifdlia, Hook. f. (V. camosula, Hort., not
Hook. f.). Branches stout, more or less decumbent,
ringed with If.-scars: Ivs. imbricating to erect-patent,
sessile, narrow-oblong to almost orbicular, J^-^in.
long, glabrous, usually thick, glaucous, generally mar-
gined red: spikes crowded near tips of branches, short,
stout, dense-fid.: fls. white, ovary pubescent. Summer.
Mountains, to 7,000 ft., New Zeal. B.M. 6587.— A
fairly hardy polymorphic species containing many
most distinct plants admirably .suited for rockeries.
The forms with larger almost orbicular Ivs. are gener-
ally termed V. carnosula in gardens, but this species,
distinguished by its glabrous ovary and acute caps., is
probably not in cult. V. amplexicaulis, J. F. Armstg., is
an extremely striking allied plant readily distinguished
by its far-spreading branches and cordate, semi-
amplexicaul Ivs. nearly 1 in. long. B.M. 7370. V. decum-
bens, J. B. Armstg., is of similar habit to V. pinguifolia
but the Ivs. are green, though similarly margined red.
57. glauco-caerulea, J. C. Armstg. Suberect, fairly
hardy shrub, about 1 ft. high: Ivs. elliptic, acute, ^in.
long, rather thick, intensely glaucous both surfaces,
not keeled, margined red: spikes few-fld., rachis strongly
pubescent: fls. %in. diam., bluish lilac. Midsummer.
Dry ground. New Zeal. V. pimeleoides, Hook, f., is
somewhat similar to the above but is more slender, the
Ivs. narrower and paler, the spikes longer, the rachis much
less hairy and the fls. pale lilac. Var. minor, Hook, f.,
is only 1-4 in. high and its fls. are darker and bluer.
58. Hulkeana, F. v. M. Extremely showy, moderately
hardy, lilac-fld. species readily distinguished by its
shining, coarsely serrate, ovate Ivs., 1-2 in. long, and
terminal panicles slender, erect, laxly branched, 1-3
ft. high: Ivs. in distant pairs, 1-2 in. long, ovate to
oblong, obtuse or acute, coarsely serrate, dark green,
glossy, rather fleshy: panicle 6-12 in. long by 2-6 in.
broad: fls. very numerous, small, sessile, pale soft lilac:
caps, small, oblong, twice length of calyx. Rock-faces
from the coast-line to 3,000 ft., New Zeal. B.M. 5484.
G.C. III. 38:242; 48:444. Gn. 64, p. 115; 77, p. 134.
G.M. 47:389; 55:195. R.H. 1906:40. V. Fairfieldii,
Hook, f., is said to be a hybrid between the above and
V. Lavaudiana. It is a smaller, stouter plant with
smaller Ivs., 1 in. long, the margins crenate-dentate and
reddish, and the panicle is shorter and broader. B.M.
7323. Gn.W. 5:709 (as V.fairfiddiensis). V. Lavaudi-
ana, Raoul, is a handsome shrub 6-9 in. high with
broadly obovate or obovate-spatulate Ivs., their mar-
gins crenate-serrate and margined with red and short
spikes arranged in a many-fld. corymb 2 in. diam. : fls.
pink in the bud but finally white. B.M. 7210. G.C.
III. 9:784.
59. Hectori, Hook, f . Stout fairly hardy shrub 6-30
in. high: st. terete, closely marked by old If .-scars: Ivs.
densely imbricating, opposite pairs united to middle
forming a ring surrounding the branch, broadly orbicu-
lar-oblong, iV-J^in- long, obtuse, smooth, shining,
puberulous on margin: fls. crowded at tips of branches,
forming small, ovate, terminal heads, small, white.
Mountains 3,000-6,000 ft., New Zeal., chiefly in the
southwest.— Other allied whipcord veronicas are:
V. tetragdna, Hook., branches obtusely 4-angled, Ivs.
obtuse, keeled; V. lycopodioides, Hook, f., branches
acutely 4-angled, Ivs. narrowed into a blunt point;
V. Armstrongii, Kirk, branches flabellate, terete, Ivs.
subacute, fls. pale lilac; V. salicoraioides, Hook, f.,
branches terete, Ivs. united to much above middle,
subtruncate, fls. white. V. propinqua, Cheesem. (V.
cupressoides var. varidbilis, N. E. Br.), was for many-
years cult, in gardens under the name of V. salicomi-
oides but it is semi-decumbent with slender branches
about ^in. diam. and minute Ivs.
60. cupressoides, Hook, f . Quite distinct from any
other of the whipcord species: a shrub of globose form,
4r-6 ft. high: branches numerous, very slender, ^in.
diam., green, clothed with decussate cypress-like scale-
like Ivs. in distant pairs, much shorter than the inter-
nodes and about ^oin. long: fls. in small terminal heads,
small, lilac : caps, obovoid. Summer. Mountains, 2,000-
3,500 ft., New Zeal. B.M. 7348. G.C. III. 3: 20, 21; 9:38.
V. amdena, Hort., not Bieb., is described as growing 1 ft. high,
flowering early: fls. rosy, in neat spikes. The true V. amoena is
apparently not in cult. — V. anffusiifdlia var. rdsea, Hort., is offered
in the trade as shrubby with fls. bright rose in spikes; not deter-
minable botanically as the specific name angustif ofia has been used
for several different forms. — V. bachofensis, Hort., is offered in the
trade as growing 4 ft. high: fls. dark blue in long slender spikes;
possibly the same as V. Bachofenii. — V. Bachofbri, Hort., is offered
as growing 1 ft. high, of close habit with lavender-blue fls. : possibly
the same as V. Bachofenii. — V. circ&cndes, Don, is offered in the
trade, but is not now included in any of the Swiss botanies. The
material passing under this name in the trade may be described as
follows: Low, trailing perennial, growing in a dense mass: Ivs.
lanceolate, crenate toward the apex, small, dark green, numerous:
racemes many, 6 in. high: fls. small, dark blue. May, June. Con-
sidered one of the best. Valuable as a ground-cover, as a rock-plant,
or at the front of an herbaceous border. — V. coelestinum, Hort., is
offered in the trade as very dwarf and spreading, with pale blue fls.
Var. corymbdna, Hort. ex Don, is a nomen nudum, but material
growing less than 9 in. high, with dense glomerate heads of dark
blue fls. is offered in the trade under this name. — V. edinensis=\ .
Hectori XV. pimelioides. — V. elegantissima, Hort., is a trade name.
— V. Farrestii, Diels. Perennial, 6-15 in. high: sts. decumbent,
creeping, branched and stoloniferous at base: Ivs. petioled,.narrowly
ovate or oblong, J£-J<in. long, glabrous, paler and often purplish
beneath: racemes terminal or axillary: fls. reddish; sepals oblong
or lanceolate-oblong, glandular-puberulent ; corolla pilose at throat:
caps, obliquely rhomboid. Mountains of W. Yunnan, China. — V.
Girdwoddii, Hort., is a trade name. — V. Guthrieana, Hort., is a gar-
den hybrid, said to grow 9 in. high: fls. blue. — V. herbdcea, Hort., is
offered in the trade as having narrow foliage and starry blue fls. — V.
Koenitzeri, Hort., is a trade name. — V. Lindsayi, Hort., is offered in
the trade as having large trusses of pink fls. — V. meldensis, Hort., is
a trade name. — V. nt]frtifdlia=\. Balfouriana XV. salicifolia. — V.
Pringlei, Hort., is offered in the trade as having loose tufts of pale
blue fls. — V. rupestris, Hort., is probably V. Teucrium var. pros-
trata. The name rupestris has been used for various forms; that of
Salisbury applies to V. fruticulosa, that of Tardent to a plant from
S. Russia, the description of which is not available. — V. rupestris of
the trade has axillary, many-fld. racemes. It is a low plant with
woody horizontal st. and ere_ct flowering branches 4 or 5 in. high
with strict racemes of purplish fls. borne in June and a 4-parted
calyx. The caps, is obcordate. This plant has been offered by
Rochester nurserymen ever since 1894 and was cult, at Harvard
Botanic Garden as far back as 1883. Lvs. narrowly oblong, entire
or serrate, }^-\ in. long: calyx-segms. strongly unequal: pedicels
longer than calyx: st. pubescent: Ivs. sparsely cilia te, short-petioled.
Gn. 78, p. 161. Var. dlba, Hort., has white 'fls. Var. pdUida,
3456
VERONICA
VIBURNUM
Hort., is offered as a pretty trailing species with masses of lilac-blue
fls. — V. umbilicata spindsa, Hort., is a trade name. — V. utriculata,
Hort., is a trade name. — V. Veitchii, Hort., is a horticultural name.
G.M. 54:801. — V. verbendcea, Hort., is unknown botanically, but
has been offered by Rochester nurserymen since 1894 as a form with
Ivs. short-petioled, narrowly elliptic, serrate in the upper half:
racemes lateral: fls. blue. — V. verbenifolia foliis rariegatis, Hort., is a
trade name. — V. Wdldsteinii, Hort., is offered in the trade as having
spikes of blue fls. appearing in very late summer. — V. Whittallii,
Hort. , is offered in the trade as having dense hillocks of dark green
>liage and spikes of pale blue fls. R TRACy HlJBBARD f
VERSCHAFFELTIA (Ambroise Verschaffelt, 1825-
1886, distinguished Belgian horticulturist; founded
L' Illustration Horticole at Ghent in 1854 and intro-
duced many choice plants, particuarly palms and other
foliage plants). Palmacese, tribe Arecese. A tall palm,
spinose throughout or at length spineless.
Trunks slender, ringed,, arising from above-ground
roots : Ivs. terminal, recurved : blade oblong or cuneate-
obovate, bifid, plicate-nervea, usually laciniate nearly
to the rachis; segms. incised; midrib and nerves strong,
scaly; petiole half -cylindrical; sheath long, scaly,
deeply split : spadix 3-^6 ft. long, paniculately branched,
long-peduncled, recurved, scaly, its rachis long, and
branches and branchlets spreading, slender: spathes 2
or 3, long, sheathing, the lower persistent, the upper
deciduous: fls. very small: fr. globose, smooth, 1 in.
long. — A genus of only 1 species from the Seychelles.
Cult, as in Latania.
splendida, H. Wendl. Caudex 80 ft. high, 6-12 in.
diam., very spiny when young, with many aerial roots:
Ivs. 5-8 ft. long; petiole 6-12 in. long, pale green;
sheath 2}/£-3^ ft. long, white-granular; blade cuneate-
obovate, bright green, 4-7 ft. long, 3-5 ft. wide, bifid,
deeply incised on the edges. I.H. 12:430; 43. p. 31.
F.R. 2:483. R.H. 1869, p. 148. A.G. 22:649.
V. melanochsetes, H. Wendl.=Roscheria.
WILHELM MILLER.
VERVAIN: Verbena.
VESICARIA (Latin, bladder, referring to the shape
of the pods). Cruciferse. Branched annual or perennial
herbs, treated as annuals in the garden: Ivs. entire,
sinuate or pinnatifid: racemes without bracts: fls. large,
rarely small, yellow or purple, variable in form; sepals
similar at base or the lateral somewhat saccate: silique
globose or inflated, 1-2-celled, many-seeded, valves
swollen. — About 20 species, widely distributed. The
annual species are prop, by seeds, the perennial by
division.
sinuata, Poir. Lvs. softly tomentose, oblong-lanceo-
late, narrowed toward the base, sinuate-dentate or sub-
entire. Spain. — According to DeCandolle the petals
finally become whitish. Both seeds and plants of V.
sinuata are offered by American dealers, but the plant
is not generally known. DeCandolle says it is an annual
or biennial, while Koch says it is perennial or sub-
shrubby. In the American trade it is considered an
early-flowering yellow annual, about 1 ft. high, bloom-
ing in May and June. F TRACT HUBBARD.!
VETCH: Vicia. V., Crown: Coronilla. V., Milk: Astragalus.
VETIVERIA (Vetiver, the Tamil vernacular name).
Graminese. Aromatic perennials with long panicles of
numerous slender racemes: spikelets awnless, in pairs,
one sessile and perfect, the other pedicelled and stami-
nate, the sessile spikelet bearing minute spines. —
Species 1, with 1 or 2 varieties. V. zizanioides, Nash
(Andropbgon squarrbsus, of authors, not Linn. A.
muricatus, Retz. V. arundinacea, Griseb.). Fig. 3917.
E. Indies, escaped from cult, in the American tropics
and in the S. U. S. The rhizome is very aromatic. This
is the Khas Khas or Khus Khus grass of India, the
vitivert used in perfumery and the Radix Anatheri or
R. Vetiverise of the apothecaries. It has been used in
medicines and perfumes from prehistoric times. In
India the plant is used to make screens, called "Ves-
saries," which, when kept wet and placed in a current of
air, cools and perfumes the atmosphere. The rhizome
when laid away among them is said to keep clothing
free from moths. For history of this grass, see Kew
Bull. Misc. Inform. No. 8, 1906. A. S. HITCHCOCK.
VIBURNUM (the ancient Latin name). Caprifolia-
cese. Ornamental woody plants grown for their attrac-
tive flowers, fruits, and foliage.
Deciduous or sometimes evergreen shrubs, rarely
small trees, with opposite stipulate or exstipulate Ivs.:
fls. small, in terminal paniculate
or mostly umbel-like cymes; calyx
with 5 minute teeth; corolla rotate
or campanulate, rarely tubular;
stamens 5 ; ovary usually 1-loculed :
fr. a drupe with a 1-seeded, usu-
ally compressed stone. In several
species the marginal fls. of the
cymes are sterile and radiate; such
are V. macrocephalum, V. tomen-
tosum, V. Opulus, V. americanum,
V. Sargentii, and V. alnifolium,
and of the 3 first-named garden
forms are known with all fls. sterile
and enlarged. — About 120 species
in N. and Cent. Amer. and in the
Old World from Eu. and N. Afr.
to E. Asia, distributed as far south
as Java. For a key to the 65
species known from E. Asia, see
Rehder, The Viburnums of East-
ern Asia, in Sargent, Trees and
Shrubs, 2:105-116.
The viburnums are upright
mostly rather large shrubs or
sometimes small trees with usually
medium-sized deciduous or ever-
green foliage and white or some-
times pinkish flowers in showy
flat clusters or sometimes in
panicles, followed by berry-like
subglobose to oblong, red, dark
blue, or black fruits. The vibur-
nums rank among the most valu-
able ornamental shrubs. Besides
showy flowers and decorative fruits
they possess handsome foliage
which mostly assumes a bright
fall coloring. The plants are of
good compact habit. Most of
3917. Vetiveria zizani- the deciduous species are hardy
oides. ( x W> North, but V. macrocephalum var.
sterile and V. dbovatum are tender;
also V. tomentosum, V. Wrightii, V. theiferum, V.
cotinifolium, V. nudum, and V. dilatatum are not quite
hardy farther north than New England. Of the
evergreen species, V. rhytidophyllum is the hardiest and
at the same time one of the most distinct and hand-
somest species of the genus, with its bold foliage and the
large clusters of flowers and fruits; it is hardy as far
north as Massachusetts in favorable positions; also V.
japonicum stands several degrees of frost, but cannot be
relied on north of Philadelphia; V. odoratissimum and
V. suspensum are still tenderer. The viburnums are
well suited for borders of shrubberies or planting along
roads, and the more showy ones are handsome as single
specimens on the lawn. They are mostly medium-sized
shrubs, 5-10 feet high, but V. Lentago, V. prunifolium,
and V. rufidulum sometimes grow into small trees, 30
feet high, while V. acerifolium hardly reaches 5 feet.
The most decorative in fruit are V. Opidus, V. dilatatum,
and V. Wrightii, with scarlet or red berries which remain
a long time on the branches. Besides the snowball
forms, V. dilatatum, V. tomentosum, V. Sieboldii, V.
prunifolium, V. rufidulum, V. venosum, and V. denta-
VIBURNUM
VIBURNUM
3457
turn are very handsome in bloom. Varieties with all the
flowers of the cymes sterile and enlarged are known in
the case of V. 'Opulus, V. tomentosum, and V. macro-
cephalum, the common, the Japanese and the Chinese
snowballs; all these are very showy. One of the most
charming in bloom is V. CanuK on account of its rather
large pink-and-white and deliciously fragrant flowers
which appear in dense clusters early in spring before or
with the leaves; almost all other species bloom after
the leaves. The foliage of most species turns purple or
red in fall, that of V. Opulus, V. americanum, and V.
acerifolium being especially brilliant. V. dUatatum
assumes a dull yellow color. V. macrocephalum and V.
Sieboldii keep the bright green of their foliage until late
in autumn. The viburnums are not very particular as
to soil and position, but most of them prefer a rather
moist and sunny situation. Some, as F. acerifolium, V.
Lantana, V. dilatatum, V. Tinus, V. pubescens, and V.
prunifolium. grow well in drier places, while V. oZni-
folium and V. pauciflorum require shade and a porous
soil of constant moisture. V. acerifolium does well under
the shade of trees in rocky and rather dry soil. V.
- is often grown in pots and thrives in any good
loamy and sandy soil. With a little heat it may be
forced into bloom at any time in the winter; if not
intended for forcing, it requires during the winter a
temperature only a little above the freezing-point and
even an occasional slight frost will not hurt it. The com-
mon and the Japanese snowball are also sometimes
forced and require the same treatment in forcing as
other hardy shrubs.
Propagation is by seeds sown in fall or stratified;
also by greenwood cuttings under glass, especiallly
V. tomentosum, V. macrocephalum, V. venosum, V. cas-
sinoides, and the evergreen species; V. dentatum and
V. Opulus and its allies grow readily from hardwood
cuttings and all species can be increased by layers;
grafting is also sometimes practised, and V. Opulus, V.
dentatum, and V. Lantana are used as stock.
3918. Viburnum Sieboldii. ( X %)
The familiar snowball is seriously attacked by aphids.
Fortunately its place can be taken by a Japanese species
that is even more satisfactory. "(Fig. 3923.) The
berries of its fertile type, V. tomentosum, are a bril-
liant scarlet, changing" to black. The foliage of this
snowball is also remarkably beautiful. The leaves are
olive-green with brownish purple or bronzy margins,
and their plicate character makes them very distinct
and attractive. The bush is entirely free from insect
pests. The single and double forms of the Japanese spe-
cies differ as shown in Figs. 3922 and 3923. Unfortu-
nately these "single" and "double" forms have been con-
fused in many nurseries, and only the trained eye can
tell them apart in the nursery row. The double or snow-
ball t3*pe is, of course, the one destined to the greater popu-
larity, though the single form is a shrub of great value,
especially for large estates and parks. The double form
is known to nurseries as V. plicatum, but its proper name
is V. tomentosum var. plenum. While it is hardy in New
England, it is not a shrub that can be transplanted as
easily as many other species. Hence it should be trans-
planted every second year in the nursery until it is sold.
The double form may be propagated by cuttings of
half-ripened wood in close frames, or by layers, which
in some soils would better remain two years. French
nurserymen propagate it by layering. The layers seem
to suffer from winter and, to be on the safe side, it is
best to cover them well with moss or leaves when the
ground is somewhat frozen, so that the frost may be
kept in until spring. The clusters are about as big as
oranges and pure white. They are in great demand for
Decoration Day in New York. The single form, unlike
the double, is easily transplanted. It is also readily
propagated by layers or cuttings. Both kinds are hardy
in the North and make compact bushes 6 to 8 feet high.
acerifolium, 29.
Keteleeri, 12.
purpureum, 4.
affine, 28.
l&rigatum, 6, 25.
pyrifolium, 9, 1L
alnifoliurn, 17.
lanceatum, 18.
rectangulum, 20.
americanum, 32.
Lantana, 15.
reticulatum, 1.
anglicum, 7.
lantarwide-s, 17.
rhytidophyllum, 13.
anguftifolium, 7.
latifolium, 1, 5.
rigidum, 5.
Awabucki, 3.
Laurustinus, 4.
rosaceum, 31.
Awafuki, 3.
bitchuiense, 14.
Lentago, 9.
longifolium, 25.
roseum, 31.
rotundifolium, 18.
calvescens, 33.
lucidum, 4.
rufidulum. 10.
Canbvi. 25.
macrocephalum, 12.
rufo-tomentosum, 10.
Carlesii, 14.
macrophyUum, 19.
rugosum, 5, 15.
cassinoides, 8.
Mariesii, 18.
Sandankwa, 2.
ceanathoides, 20.
molle, 25, 26, 27.
Sargentii, 33.
Claytonii, 7.
mult rat um, 16.
scabrellum, 26.
cotinifolium, 16.
nanum, 31.
semiiomentosunL, 26.
cuspidatum, 18.
nepaltnse, 25.
Sieboldii, 1.
Demeirionif, 27.
nitidum, 7.
squamaium, 8.
dentatum, 24, 25, 26.
nudum, 7, 8.
sterile, 12, 31.
dilatatum, 21.
obovatum, 6.
strictum, 4, 5.
edule, 32.
odoratissimum, 3.
suspensum, 2.
femtffinetim, 10.
opuloides, 32.
thelferum, 23.
foetidum, 20.
Opulus, 31, 32.
Tinus, 4, 5.
Fortune*, 12.
Oxycoccuf, 32.
tomentosum, 18.
Froebelii, 4.
parvifolium, 18.
trUobum, 32.
glabrescens, 29.
pauciflorum, 30.
variegatum, 1, 4.
grandiflorum, 4.
plenum, 18.
venosum, 25.
Banceanum, 25.
plicatum, 18.
VetUri, 9.
Hessei, 22.
prsecox, 17.
virgatum, 4.
hirtum, 4.
prunifolium, 9, 10, 11.
Wrightii, 22.
japonicum, 1, 18, 19.
pubescens, 28.
xanthocarpum, 31.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Lvs. penninerted, not Icbed.
B. Cymes paniculate, broadly pyramidal
or semi-globose.
c. Foliage deciduous 1. Sieboldii
cc. Foliage evergreen.
D. Corolla with cylindrical tube 2. suspensum
DD. Corolla rotate-cam panulate 3. odoratissi-
BB. Cymes umbel-like, flat (except in the [mum
snowball forms. SeeNos.12,16,28.)
c. Secondary reins curving and
anastomosing before reaching
the margin: margin entire or
finely serrate.
D. Branches and Irs. glabrous, hir-
sute, or scurfy.
E. Foliage persistent, entire.
F. Branches and hs. glabrous
or slightly pubescent. ... 4. Tinus
FF. Branches and Its. hirsute.. 5. rigidum
EE. Foliage deciduous or half-
erergreen.
¥. Lvs. entire or slightly undu-
late-dentate.
G. Cymes sessile: Its. small. 6. obovatum
GO. Cymes peduncled.
3458
VIBURNUM
VIBURNUM
H. Peduncle as long or
longer than cyme:
Ivs. usually entire. . 7. nudum
HH. Peduncle shorter than
the cyme: Ivs. re-
motely denticulate. . . 8. cassinoides
FF. Lvs. finely and sharply ser-
rate: cymes sessile, sub-
tended by the upper ha.
G. Petioles mostly with
wavy, rather broad
margin 9. Lentago
GO. Petioles without or with
narrow, not wavy mar-
gin.
H. Winter buds and peti-
oles rusty-pubescent. 10. rufidulum
HH. Winter buds and
petioles not rusty-
pubescent 11. prunifolium
DD. Branches and Ivs. stellate-
pubescent: winter buds naked.
E. Lvs. deciduous, dull green
above: marginal or aU fls.
sterile 12. macroceph-
EE. Lvs. persistent, lustrous and [alum
wrinkled above, 3—7 in.
long: fls. all fertile 13. rhytidophyl-
cc. Secondary veins prominent, ending [lum
in the points of the teeth.
D. Winter buds naked: Ivs. with
usually numerous small teeth.
E. Corolla with cylindric tube,
fragrant 14. Carlesii
BE. Corolla rotate campanulate.
F. Cymes with all the fls. fer-
tile.
G. Rays of cymes usually 7:
cymes flat 15. Lantana
GG. Rays of cymes usually 5:
cymes somewhat con-
vex 16. cotinifolium
FF. Cymes with the marginal
fls. sterile and enlarged. . . 17. alnif olium
DD. Winter buds protected by scales:
teeth rather coarse, usually
less than 25 on each side.
E. Petioles without stipules.
F. Cymes with the marginal
fls. sterile and enlarged. . . 18. tomentosum
FF. Cymes with all fls. fertile
and alike.
G. F r. red: Ivs. rounded or
broadly cuneate at the
base.
H. Foliage evergreen, gla-
brous 19. japonicum
HH. Foliage deciduous.
i. Lvs. 3-nerved at the
base, with 3 — 4
pairs of veins .... 20. f oetidum
n. Lvs. penninerved
with 5 or more
pairs of veins.
j. Both surfaces of
Ivs. pubescent. .21. dilatatum
jj. Both surfaces of
Ivs. glabrous or
nearly so.
K. Lvs. broadly
obovate or
broadly ovate:
stamens usu-
ally longer
than the co-
rolla 22. Wrightii
KK. Lvs. oblong-
ovate: sta-
mens usually
shorter than
corolla 23. theiferum
GO. Fr. bluish black: Ivs.
cordate or rounded at
the base.
H. Branches and hs.
glabrous 24. dentatum
HH. Branches and Ivs.
beneath pubescent.
I. Infl. slightly pubes-
cent: Ivs. with 6-8
pairs of promi-
nent veins 25. venosum
n. Infl. densely pubes-
cent: Ivs. with 4~6
pairs of veins 26. scabrellum
EE. Petioles with stipules.
F. Bark exfoliating: Ivs.
broadly ovate, 3-5 in.
long, long-petioled 27. molle
FF. Bark close: Ivs. ovate, !}/%-
3 in. long, usually short-
petioled 28. pubescens
AA. Lvs. palmately 3-5-nerved, usually 3-
lobed, slender-petioled.
B. Fls. all perfect.
c. Habit strictly upright: fr. purplish
black 29. acerif olium
cc. Habit straggling: fr. scarlet 30. pauciflorum
BB. Fls. marginal, sterile, radiant.
c. Anthers yellow: bark of sts. thin.
D. Petiole with a narrow groove and
large disk-like glands: Ivs.
pubescent beneath 31. Opulus
DD. Petiole with a broad shallow
groove and small glands: Ivs.
glabrous beneath 32. americanum
cc. Anthers purple, rarely yellow:
bark of sts. thick, corky: the
upper Ivs. with elongated and
usually entire middle lobe 33. Sargentii
1. Sieboldii, Miq. Fig. 3918. Deciduous shrub, attain-
ing 10 ft., with stout branches, pubescent when young:
Ivs. oval to oblong-obovate, coarsely crenate-serrate
except toward the base, acute, dark green and shining
above, paler and stellate-pubescent beneath, 3-6 in.
long: fls. white, rotate-campanulate, in panicles 2J^-4
in. broad: fr. oblong, changing from pink to bluish
black. May, June. Japan. G.F. 2:559 (adapted in
Fig. 3918). S.I.F. 1:86. F.E. 23:345.— Hardy shrub of
vigorous growth with handsome dark green foliage,
large for the genus, exhaling a disagreeable odor when
bruised. The frs. drop soon after ripening. It is known
in some nurseries as V. japonicum, V. latif olium, or V.
japonicum latif olium. Var. reticulatum, Rehd. (V.
reticulatum, Hort.). Smaller in every part: Ivs. of
lighter green, less pubescent: half-hardy. Var. varie-
gatum, Hort. Lvs. variegated with white.
2. suspensum, Lindl. (V. Sanddnkwa, Hassk.).
Evergreen shrub, attaining 6 ft., with slender warty
branches: Ivs. oval to oval-oblong, acute or obtusish,
usually remotely crenate-serrate toward the apex, shin-
ing and dark green above, paler beneath, glabrous, 2-4
in. long: fls. white, tinged pink, in dense semi-globose
panicles becoming 1J/2 in- high; corolla 3^in. long, with
cylindric tube twice as long as limb: fr. red, subglobose.
June, July. Liu-kiu Isl. B.M. 6172.— Tender.
3. odoratissimum, Ker (V. Awabucki and V.
Awafiiki, Hort.). Evergreen upright shrub, attaining
10 ft., with stout warty branches, glabrous: Ivs. elliptic
to elliptic-oblong, acute, remotely serrate toward the
apex or entire, shining and bright green above, paler
beneath, glabrous, 3-6 in. long: fls. pure white, fra-
grant, in broadly pyramidal panicles 4 in. high; corolla
rotate-campanulate: fr. red, changing to black. May,
June. India to S. China and Japan. B.R. 456. S.I.F.
1:88.— Tender.
4. Tinus, Linn. (V. Laurustlnus, Hort. Tmus lau-
rifolius, Borckh.). LAURUSTTNUS (or LAURESTINUS)
Bushy, 10 ft., with glabrous or somewhat hairy
branches: Ivs. ovate-oblong or oblong, acute, dark
green, shining and glabrous above, pubescent beneath
usually only on the veins, 2-3 in. long: fls. white or
pinkish white, slightly fragrant: cymes somewhat con-
vex, 2-3 in. broad: fr. ovoid, black, rather dry. May-
CX VI. Viburnum tomentosum.
VIBURNUM
VIBURNUM
3459
Aug., or in the greenhouse in early spring and winter.
Medit. region. B.M. 38. Gn. 70, p. 113; 77, p. 601.
Gn.W. IS: 297. — Handsome free-flowering shrub, often
cult, as a pot-plant X. Var. Froebelii, Nichols. Compact
form with light green Ivs. and pure white fls.
Var. hirtum, Ait. Lvs. pubescent beneath and ciliate.
Var. lucidum, Ait. (V. lucidum, Mill. V. grandiflbrum,
Hort.). Lvs. and cymes larger, more tender and not
adapted for forcing." Gn. 15, p. 196. Gt. 5:192. Var.
purpureum, Hort. Lvs. suffused with a dull purple
tinge. Var. strictum, Loud., not Ait. Of erect and fas-
tigiate habit. Var. virgatum, Ait. Lvs. oblong-lanceo-
late, pubescent on the margin and on the veins beneath.
Var. variegatum, Hort. Lvs. variegated.
5. rigidum, Vent. (V. rugbsum, Pers. V. latifbliurn,
Hort. T. Tmu-s var. strictum, Ait.). Shrub, attaining
6 ft., with spreading hirsute branches: Ivs. broadly
ovate to ovate-oblong, acute or obtusish, pubescent on
both sides when young, almost glabrous abeve at length
and wrinkled, 3-^6 in. long: fls. pure white: cvmes large,
3-4 in. broad :fr. oval, bluish black. May-Julv. Canary
Isls. B.R.376. L.B.C. 9:859. B.M. 2082. A.G.
14:456. — Less handsome and less free-flowering than
the preceding species.
6. obovatum, Walt. (V. Iserigatum, Ait.). Shrub,
attaining 8 ft., with spreading branches: Ivs. almost ses-
sile, obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse or retuse, coria-
ceous, glossy, entire or obscure!}' crenate toward the
apex, Yr^Yt in. long: fls. white, in sessile cymes 1-2 in.
broad: fr. oval, black. April- June. Va. to Fla. L.B.C.
15:1496.— Tender.
7. nudum. Linn. (V. nudum var. Claytonii, Torr. &
Gray). Upright shrub, sometimes attaining 15 ft.: Ivs.
oval to obovate or oval-lanceolate, acute or obtuse, usu-
ally entire and somewhat revolute or obscurely crenu-
late, thickish, scurfy on both sides when young, gla-
V
3919. Viburnum cassinoides.
brous above at length: fls. white or yellowish white:
cymes rather long-peduncled, 3-5 in. broad: fr. globose,
pink at first, changing to dark blue. June, July. Long
Island to Fla.. west to Ky. and La. B.M. 2281.— Not
quite hardy X. Var. nitidum, Zabel (var. angusti-
fblium, Torr. & Gray. V. nitidum, Ait. V. dnglicum,
219
Hort.). Lvs. smaller and narrowet, more shining above
and firmer.
8. cassinoides, Linn. (V. nudum var. cassinoides,
Torr. & Gray. F. squamatum, Willd.). WITHE-ROD.
APPALACHIAN TEA. Fig. 3919. Upright shrub, 2-6,
occasionally 12 ft. high: Ivs. oval to ovate to oblong,
acute or bluntly acumi-
nate, usually obscurely
dentate, almost glabrous,
rather thick, dull green
above, 1-3 in. long: fls.
and fr. almost like those
of the preceding species,
but peduncle shorter,
usually shorter than
cyme; blooming a little
earlier. June, July. New-
foundland to Man. and
Minn., south to N. C.
G.F. 9:305 (adapted in
Fig. 3919). M. D. G.
1904:85, 86. Em. 2:411
(as V. nudum}. — A good
shrub for borders of
shrubberies; hardy.
9. Lentago, Linn.
SHEEP-BERRY. NANNY-
BERRY. Fig. 3920. Shrub
or small tree, attaining
30 ft., with slender
branches: winter buds
long - pointed : petioles 3920> yibnmum Lentago. ( x H)
mostly with wavy mar-
gin: Ivs. ovate, acuminate, glabrous or scurfy at the
veins beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls. white: cymes sessile,
2-5 in. broad: fr. oval, bluish black, with bloom. May,
June. Hudson Bay to Man., south to Ga. and Miss.
S.S. 5:223, 224. — Hardy, large, often arborescent shrub,
keeping its frs. until spring. Sometimes as F. pruni-
folium and V. pyrifolium in gardens. A garden hybrid,
originated in Germany, is V. Vetteri, Zabel (V. Lentago
X V. nudum), similar in habit to this species but the
cymes on short peduncles over y$n. long.
10. rufidulum, Raf. (F. prunifblium var. ferru-
gineum, Torr. & Gray. V. ferrugineum and V. riifo-
tomentbsum, Small) . Large shrub or small tree, attaining
25ft. or more, with rather stout branches: winter buds
scarcely pointed, obtuse, rusty-pubescent: petioles often
with narrow margin, rusty-tomentose: Ivs. elliptic to
obovate, usually obtuse, glabrous and shining above,
rusty-pubescent on the veins beneath, 2-4 in. long: fls.
pure white: cymes 3-5 in. broad: fr. oval, dark blue,
glaucous, J^in. long. April- June, later than the follow-
ing species. Va. to Fla., west to El. and Texas. S.S.
5:225 (as V. prunifolium, partly). — Handsome arbor-
escent shrub with dark green shining foliage, showy
fls. and decorative fr. ; has proved hardy at the Arnold
Arboretum, Boston.
11. prunifolium, TJrm. (F. pyrifolium, Poir.). BLACK
HAW. STAG-BUSH. Shrub or small tree, attaining 15
ft., with spreading, rather stout branches: winter buds
shortr-pointed, glabrous or reddish, pubescent: Ivs.
broadly oval to ovate, acute, or obtuse, glabrous or
nearly so, 1-3 in. long; petioles often with narrow mar-
gin, glat>rous: fls. pure white: cymes sessile, 2-4 in.
broad: fr. oval to subglobose, bluish black and glaucous,
little over J^in. long. April-June. Conn, to Fla.,
west to Mich, and Texas. A.F. 12:1100. Gng. 5:310.
M.D.G. 1901:628. F.E. 17:701.
12. macrocephalum, Fortune, Shrub, attaining 12 ft.
and occasionally more, with spreading branches: Ivs.
short-petioled, oval to ovate-oblong, rounded at base,
acute, denticulate, almost glabrous and dark green above,
stellate-pubescent beneath, 2—4 in. long: fls. yellowish
white, in peduncled cymes, 3-5 in. across, with the mar-
3460
VIBURNUM
ginal fls. sterile and radiant. May, June. China. Gn. 79,
p. 336. Var. Keteleeri, Nichols. (V. Keteleeri, Can.).
The wild form with only the marginal fls. sterile and en-
larged; has proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.
R.H. 1863, p. 270. Gn. 45, p. 423. Var. sterile, Dipp.
(F. Fdrtunei, Hort.). CHINESE SNOWBALL. All the fls.
sterile, forming a subglobose ball, sometimes
7 or 8 in. across. B.R. 33:43. F.S. 3:263,
264. R.H. 1858, p. 350. Gn. 34, p. 348; 45,
p. 422; 56, p. 82; 71, p. 142. G.C. III. 25:
suppl. June 3; 30:332. F.S.R. 2, p. 205.
A.F. 16:1547. G. 1:61; 35:381 (as V. mocro-
phyllum). A very showy variety, but less
hardy than the type.
13. rhytidophyllum, Hemsl. Evergreen shrub, to 10
ft., with stout upright branches; branchlets densely
stellate-tomentose: Ivs. thick, ovate-oblong to oblong-
lanceolate, acute or obtuse, rounded or subcordate at
the base, dark green, glabrous and lustrous and deeply
wrinkled above, covered with a thick gray or yellowish
tomentum beneath and reticulate, entire or indistinctly
denticulate, 3-7% in. long: fls. yellowish white,
across, in terminal cymes 4-8 in. across formed in
autumn and expanding the following spring: fr. ovoid,
J^jin. long, first red, finally changing to shining black.
May, June; fr. in Sept., Oct. Cent, and W. China.
B.M.8382. S.T.S. 2:118. G.C. 111.39:418; 42:220. Gn.
78, p. 283. J.H.S. 28:63; 33:187 (fig. 103). R.H. 1911,
p. 229. M.D.G. 1912:29. M.D. 1912:201. G. 32:63,
645; 37:228. — One of the most striking viburnums on
account of its large evergreen foliage; particularly hand-
some in autumn with its large clusters of fr. changing
from red to shining black. It has proved fairly hardy
at the Arnold Arboretum, and in W. N. Y., though the
Ivs. suffer more or less in exposed situations.
14. Carlesii, Hemsl. Much-branched spreading shrub,
to 4 ft.: young branchlets stellate-tomentose: Ivs.
broadly ovate or oval, acute, usually rounded at the
base, irregularly toothed, dull green and pubescent
above, pale and stellate-tomentose beneath, 1-3 Yi in.
long; petiole ^-J^in. long: fls. salver-shaped, about
J/£in. long and the fimb about as much across, changing
from pinkish to white, fragrant, in dense terminal sub-
globose cymes 2-3 in. across, appearing with the Ivs.;
stamens included, inserted about the middle; filaments
snorter than anthers. April, May. Korea. B.M. 8114.
G.C. III. 32:261; 43:346; 45:340. Gn. 62, p. 168; 69, p.
279; 72, p. 242; 78, p. 413. G. 30:223. F.E. 31:332.
J.H. III. 64:126. R.B. 33, p. 356. M.D.G. 1902:271;
1907:380; 1912:493. M.D. 1912, p. 196.— One of the
most charming viburnums, opening its deliciously fra-
grant pink-and-white fls. early in spring with the
unfolding Ivs.; it has proved hardy at the Arnold
Arboretum. A closely related species which has been
3921. Viburnum alnifolium. (XH)
3922. Viburnum tomentosum.
(XH)
confused with V. Carlesii is V. bitchuiense, Makino. A
slenderer, more straggling shrub: Ivs. smaller, usually
obtuse and often subcordate: fls. in smaller cymes;
anthers inserted near the base; filaments longer than
anthers. Japan. Less handsome than V. Carlesii.
15. Lantana, Linn. WAYFARING TREE. Upright
shrub or sometimes small tree, attaining 20 ft.: young
branches scurfy-pubescent: Ivs. ovate or oblong-ovate,
usually cordate at base, acute or obtuse, sparingly stel-
late-pubescent and wrinkled above, tomentose beneath,
denticulate, 2-4 in. long: fls. white: cymes dense, 2-3 in.
broad, with usually 7 rays: fr. ovoid-oblong, bright
red, changing to almost black. May, June. Eu., W.
Asia. A.G. 18:453 and F.E. 9:593 (as V. lantanoides).
H.W. 3, p. 131. Gn. 61, p. 324.— Hardy shrub, espe-
cially for drier situations and limestone soil. Var.
rugdsum, Hort. With larger and very wrinkled Ivs.
and larger cymes. There are a number of other varie-
ties, including some with variegated Ivs.
16. cotinifolium, D. Don (V. multratum, C. Koch).
Shrub, attaining 6 ft., with spreading branches, tomen-
tose when young: Ivs. orbicular-ovate to ovate, cor-
date or rounded at the base, usually obtuse, crenulate-
dentate or almost entire, wrinkled above and nearly gla-
brous at length, tomentose beneath, 2-5 in. long: fls.
white, tinged with pink, in cymes 2-3 in. broad, with
usually 5 rays; corolla rather larger, funnelform-cam-
panulate, tube longer than limbs : fr. ovoid-oblong, red,
changing to black. May, June. N. W. Himalayas.
B.R.Q650. G.F. 5:245. G.W. 13, p. 141. G. 37:229 —
Not quite hardy N., requiring protection near Boston.
17. alnifSlium, Marsh. (V. lantanoides, Michx.).
HOBBLE-BUSH. AMERICAN WAYFARING TREE. Fig.
3921. Low shrub, sometimes 10 ft. high, with wide-
spreading, often procumbent branches, scurfy-pubes-
cent when young: Ivs. orbicular or broadly ovate, cor-
date at the base, short-acuminate or acute, irregularly
serrulate, minutely pubescent or almost glabrous
VIBURNUM
VIBURNUM
3461
above, scurfy pubescent beneath, 3-8 in. broad: fls.
white: cymes sessile, 3-5 in. broad; marginal fls.
enlarged and sterile, long-pedicelled: fr. ovoid-oblong,
dark purple. May, June. New Bruns. and Mich, to
N. C. G.F. 2:535 (adapted in Fig. 3921).— Handsome
shrub, with very large foliage, assuming a deep claret-
red in fall. Var. prsecox, Hesse. Said to bloom about
3 weeks earlier than the type. M.D. 1912, p. 370.
G.W. 16, p. 495.
18. tomentdsum, Thunb. (V. plicatum, Miq.). Fig.
3922. Strong-growing shrub, attaining 8 ft., with
spreading branches, tomentose when young: Ivs.
broadly ovate to oblong-ovate, sometimes obovate,
acute or abruptly acuminate, dentate-serrate, dark
green and almost glabrous above, stellate-pubescent
beneath, sometimes only on the veins, 1J4-4 in. long:
cymes 2-3 in. broad, long-peduncled; sterile fls. long-
pedicelled: fr. ovoid, red, changing to bluish black.
June. China, Japan. S.Z. 1:38. S.I.F. 1:86. G.C. III.
36:234. G. 25:424; 26:265. R.H. 1910, pp. 382, 383.
Gt. 54, p. 114. G.W. 3, p. 287. G.F. 4:594 (adapted in
Fig. 3922), 595. A.F. 12:1101. F.E. 18:461. Gng.
5:311. M.D.G. 1898:400. S.H. 2:502.— A beautiful
hardy shrub, with handsome foliage and showy fls. ; the
frs. too, are decorative, especially before they change
to black. In some nurseries erroneously named V.
japonicum. Var. parvifdlium, Rehd. (V. tomentosum
var. cuspiddtum, Maxim. V. plicatum var. parvi-
fdlium, Miq.). Lvs. elliptic to oblong, abruptly long-
acuminate, 1-2 in. long. Of slow growth and blooming
sparingly. Var. lanceatum, Rehd. Similar to the pre-
ceding variety, but Ivs. narrower, lanceolate on the
shoots, and gradually acuminate, more pubescent
beneath: infl. smaller with fewer sterile fls. Var.
Mariesii, Veitch. Differs little or not at all from the
type. J.H.S. 27, p. 863 (fig. 195). G. 33:493, 631;
37:227. R.B. 30, p. 186. Var. plenum, Rehd. (V. pli-
catum var. plenum, Miq. V. tomentosum var. plicatum,
Maxim. V. plicatum, Thunb.). JAPANESE SNOWBALL.
Fig. 3923. All fls. sterile, forming large, globose balls
2}/6-3 in. across. G.C. III. 29:72; 30:321. Gn. 59, p.
113; 61, p. 261; 70, p. 27; 71, pp. 163, 319; 73, p. 7; 75,
p. 347; 78, pp. 427, 472. G. 21:287. F.E, 18:677. F.S.
3:278. B.R. 33:51. A.G. 18:357. Gng. 1:263. V.6:294.
M.D.G. 1898:401. S.H. 2:503, 505. Var. rotundi-
folium, Hort. Much like the preceding variety, but
Ivs. broader and blooming about 2 weeks earlier. There
is also a variegated form. F.E. 31 : 715.
19. japonicum, Spreng. (V. macrophyllum, Blume)-
Evergreen upright shrub, to 6 ft., with glabrous
branches: Ivs. broadly or rhombic-ovate to oblong-ovate,
acute or shortly acuminate, remotely dentate except
at the base, 3-6 in. long: fls. in short-peduncled, gla-
brous cymes 2-4 in. broad: fr. globose, red. June.
Japan. — Handsome large-lvd. shrub, but not hardy N.
20. fretidum, Wall. (V. ceanothoides, C. W. Wright).
Upright shrub with spreading branches, to 10 ft.:
branchlets stellate-pubescent: Ivs. obovate to rhombic-
or obovate-oblong, acute or acutish, rarely short-acumi-
nate, cuneate at the base, sinuately toothed above the
middle, 3-nerved at the base and with 1 or 2 pairs more
of lateral veins, glabrous above, pubescent on the veins
beneath, 1-2 H in. long; petiole }£-J-£in. long: fls. white,
in cymes 2-4 in. across on lateral spreading branchlets:
fr. scarlet, ovoid, J^in. long. June. Himalayas, S. W.
China. Var. rectangulum, Rehd. (V. rectdngulum,
Graebn.). Shrub, to 12 ft., with spreading, often pen-
dulous branches: Ivs. oblong-obovate to lanceolate,
acuminate, remotely dentate or denticulate, usually
nearly glabrous, lj^-3 in. long: cymes on slender,
lateral branchlets often spreading at right angles. W.
China.
21. dilatatum, Thunb. Fig. 3924. Upright bushy
shrub, attaining 10 ft., with the branches hirsute when
young: Ivs. roundish or broadly ovate or obovate, usu-
ally abruptly short-pointed, coarsely toothed, pubes-
cent on both sides, 2-5 in. long: fls. pure white, in short-
stalked cymes, 3-6 in. broad; corolla pubescent out-
side: fr. ovate, scarlet, J^in. long. May, June. China,
Japan. B.M. 6215. S.I.F. 1:87. G.F. 4:150 (adapted
in Fig. 3924). M.D.G. 1899:241, 242. A.F. 15:123.—
Handsome hardy free-flowering shrub, especially
decorative with its numerous scarlet frs. remaining a
long time on the branches.
22. Wrightii, Miq. Upright shrub, to 10 ft. high, with
the branches almost glabrous: Ivs. almost orbicular or
broadly obovate to ovate, abruptly acuminate, coarsely
dentate, almost glabrous except on the veins beneath,
3-5 in. long: fls. rather large, white, in usually short-
stalked, 2-4-in.-broad cymes; corolla glabrous outside;
stamens longer than the corolla: fr. globose, red. May,
June. Japan. S.T.S. 1:19. — Hardy shrub, similar to
the preceding, but of less dense habit, with larger frs.
3923. Viburnum tomentosum
var. plenum. — Japanese snow-
ball.
in nodding cymes. Var. Hessei, Rehd. (V. Hessei,
Koehne). Of dwarfer dense habit: Ivs. broadly ovate,
with fewer shallower teeth: cymes, fls., and frs. smaller:
stamens as long as corolla.
23. theiferum, Rehd. Upright shrub, to 12 ft.:
branchlets glabrous: Ivs. ovate-oblong, acuminate,
rounded at the base, remotely denticulate, dark green
and glabrous above, glabrous beneath except silky
hairs on the veins, 3-5 in. long; petiole about 3^in. long:
fls. in cymes, 1-1 % in. across; calyx purple; stamens
shorter or as long as corolla: fr. red, ovoid, ^in. long.
May, June: fr. in Oct. Cent, and W. China. S.T.S.
2:121. — Strong-growing shrub with handsome large
foliage and ornamental bright red frs. in autumn. It has
proved fairly hardy at the Arnold Arboretum, only the
tips of young branches being sometimes killed back.
24. dentatum, Linn. ARROW-WOOD. Upright bushy
shrub, attaining 15 ft., with glabrous branches: Ivs.
rather long-petioled, orbicular to ovate, acute or
shortly acuminate, coarsely dentate, glabrous or pubes-
cent only in the axils of the veins beneath, lJi-3 in.
3462
VIBURNUM
long: fls. in long-peduncled, glabrous cymes 2-3 in.
broad: fr. subglobose, bluish black, glaucous. May,
June; fr. in Oct. New Bruns. to Minn., south to Ga.
G.F. 10:332. Em. 2:414. — Handsome native shrub,
thriving best in moist soil.
3924. Viburnum dilatatum. ( X Vi)
25. venosum, Brit. (7. mdlle, Auth., not Michx. 7.
Hanceanum, Dipp., not Maxim. 7. nepalense, Hort.).
Fig. 3925. Shrub, to 8 ft., with grayish brown branches;
young branchlets stellate-pubescent: Ivs. ovate to orbic-
ular, coarsely and sharply dentate, glabrous or nearly
so above, stellate-pubescent beneath, particularly on
the veins, 2-5 in. long, with prominent veins beneath;
petioles )£-%in. long, pubescent: cyme long-stalked,
slightly pubescent, 2^-4 in. across: fr. globose or glo-
bose-ovoid, J^in. long, bluish black. June, July; fr.
in Sept. Mass, to Va. S.T.S. 1:43. G.F. 4:29 (adapted
in Fig. 3925). M.D.G. 1891:267. Var. Canbyi, Rehd.
(7. lasvigatum, Hort., not Ait.). Lvs. thinner, less
pubescent beneath, larger and broader, the pair
below the infl. often 2-3 in. broad: cymes larger. Del.
to Pa. M.D.G. 1904:217 (habit). This is a very hand-
some variety on account of its larger bright green Ivs.
and larger cymes. Var. longifdlium, Rehd. (7. denta-
tum var. longifolium, Dipp.). Lvs. narrower and longer,
generally ovate-oblong, pubescent on both sides, more
densely beneath: infl. glabrous or pubescent. Blooms
several weeks before the type.
26. scabrellum, Chapm. (7. dent&tum var. semi-
tomentosum, Michx. 7. molle, American Auth., not
Michx.). Shrub, to 6 ft.: branches reddish brown;
branchlets rough with stellate pubescence: Ivs. ovate,
rarely broadly ovate, acute or acuminate, remotely den-
tate with broad shallow teeth, or crenately dentate, gla-
brous or slightly pubescent above, stellate-pubescent
beneath, 1H~4 in. long: cymes rather densely stellate-
pubescent: fr. globose-ovoid, %in. long, bluish black.
June; fr. in Sept., Oct. Pa. to Fla. and Texas. B.B.
(ed. 2) 3:271. — Has proved not quite hardy at the
Arnold Arboretum.
27. m611e, Michx. (7. Demetridnis, Deane & Rob.).
Shrub, to 12 ft.: bark separating in thin flakes: Ivs.
orbicular or broadly ovate, cordate, shortly acuminate,
coarsely dentate, pubescent beneath or almost gla-
brous, 2l/^-AlA in. long: cymes long-peduncled, puber-
ulous, about iy<2, in. broad: fr. oblong, almost J^in. long,
bluish black. May; fr. in Aug. Ky., Mo., Iowa. B.B.
VIBURNUM
(ed. 2) 3:272.— Has proved hardy at the Arnold
Arboretum.
28. pubescens, Pursh. Fig. 3926. Bushy shrub, 3-6
ft. high, with slender, upright branches: Ivs. oval to
ovate, rounded or cordate at base, acute or acuminate,
coarsely dentate, almost glabrous above, pubescent
beneath, 1^-2^ in. long: cymes short-peduncled,
dense, \l/r1lA in. broad: stamens exceeding the corolla
about one-half: fr. oval, almost black, slightly flattened.
June, July. Que. to Ga., west to Man. and 111. G.F.
3:125 (adapted in Fig. 3926). A.F. 12:1101. Gng.
5:311. M.D.G. 1903:404. — Handsome shrub of com-
pact habit. Var. affine, Rehd. (7. afflne, Bush). Lvs.
nearly glabrous; petioles M~Hin. long, sometimes
shorter. Mo.
29. aceriffilium, Linn. DOCKMACKIE. Shrub, attain-
ing 5 ft., with slender, upright branches: Ivs. orbicu-
lar or ovate, 3-lobed, with acute or acuminate lobes,
coarsely dentate-serrate, pubescent or at length almost
glabrous, 2-5 in. long: fls. yellowish white: cymes long-
peduncled, terminal, 1^-3 in. broad: fr. almost black,
ovoid. May, June. New Bruns. to Minn., south to
N. C. Em. 2:414. — It grows fairly well in drier situa-
tions under trees. The foliage assumes a handsome
dark purple fall color. Var. glabrescens, Rehd. Lvs.
glabrous or nearly so beneath even while young. N. C.
30. pauciflorum, Raf. Straggling shrub, attaining 5
ft.: Ivs. orbicular to oval, coarsely dentate, with 3 short
lobes above the middle or often without, glabrous or
slightly pubescent beneath when young, 2-3 Yi in. long:
cymes few-fld., small, on lateral, short usually 2-lvd.
branchlets: fr. scarlet, subglobose. June. Lab. to
Alaska, south to Vt. and Colo, in the mountains. G.F.
3:5. — It does not usually succeed well in cult.; requires
shade and moist porous soil.
31. Opulus, Linn. EUROPEAN CRANBERRY-BUSH.
Shrub, attaining 12 ft., with rather smooth light gray
branches and sts.: Ivs. broadly ovate, 3-lobed, with
coarsely dentate-serrate, acuminate lobes, pubescent
beneath, 2^4 in. long; petioles with narrow groove and
large disk-like glands: fls. white, in peduncled cymes,
3-4 in. broad: fr. subglobose to oval, scarlet. May,
3925. Viburnum venosum. ( X J^)
June; fr. in Aug. Eu., N. Afr., N. Asia. H.W. 3, p.
131. R.F.G. 17:1171. S.B.F. 4:639. Var. nanum,
Jacq. A very dwarf, compact, small-lvd. form; flow-
ers but very rarely. Var. sterile, DC. (7. roseum and
7. rosfoeum, Hort.). GUELDER ROSE. SNOWBALL. Fig.
3927. All fls. sterile, forming large, globose heads.
VIBURNUM
VIBURNUM
34»;3
Gng. 1:9. Gn. 56, p. 83; 76, p. 35. F.E. 15:319; 20:313.
G.W. 6, p. 159. — This is a very showy variety, but it
lacks the decorative frs. Var. xanthocarpum, Spaeth.
Yr. yellow. There are also variegated forms of the
type and of the sterile variety.
32. americanum, Mill. (V. Opulus var. americanum,
Ait. V. trilobum. Marsh. V. opulmdes, Muhl. V.
editie, Pursh. V. Oxyc6ccu&, Pursh). CRANBERRY
BUSH. HIGH CRANBERRY. Fig. 3928. Closely allied
to the preceding species, but habit more open and
spreading: Ivs. with coarsely toothed or nearly entire
lobes, pilose on the veins beneath or nearly glabrous,
2-5 in. long; petiole with shallow groove and small,
usually stalked glands: cymes with shorter peduncles;
stamens somewhat shorter. May, June: fr. in Aug.,
Sept. B.B. (ed. 2) 3:270 (as V. Opulus). New Bruns.
to Brit. Col., south to N. J. and Ore. — Handsome native
shrub, very decorative in fr., which begins to color by
the end of July, remains on the branches and keeps its
bright scarlet" color until the following spring. The
berries are not eaten by birds.
33. Sargentii, Koehne. Similar to the preceding, of
more upright, denser habit: bark of sts. darker, fissured
and somewhat corky, young branchlets with prominent
lenticels: Ivs. of thicker texture, pubescent beneath,
the upper Ivs. with much elongated and usually entire
middle lobe and small, short, spreading lateral lobes;
petioles with large glands: sterile fls. larger, sometimes
to 1^4 [in. across; anthers purple, rarely yellow: fr.
globose, in usually upright cymes. N. China, Japan.
S.I.F. 2:73. S.T.S. 1:42. M.D.G. 1904:329.— Intro,
under the name V. Opulus from Pekin. It does not
seem to fruit as profusely as V. Opulus, but is hand-
somer in bloom and of more compact habit. Var.
calvescens, Rehd. Lvs. glabrous or nearly so beneath.
V. betulifolium, BataL Allied to V. WrightiL Lvs. ovate to
rhombic-ovate, coarsely serrate, glabrous except a few hairs on the
veins beneath, 1 ' j-3 in. long; petioles about J-jin. with small stip-
ules: infl. 2—1 in. across: stamens longer than corolla: fr. red. Cent,
and W. China. S.T.S. 2:147.— V. bracUdtum, Rehd. Allied to V.
pubescens. Lvs. orbicular-ovate, obtusely sinuate-dentate, pubes-
cent on the veins beneath, 2-5 in. long: petioles about ?.»in. long,
stipulate: infl. 1J4-3 in. across, with conspicuous bracts: fr. ovoid,
bluish black. Ga. S.T.S. 1:68. Hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.
— I", buddieifdlium, C. H. Wright. Allied to V. Lantana. Densely
stellate-tomentose: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, pubescent above, gray-
ish tomentoee beneath, 3-6 in. long: infl. dense, about 3 in. across:
fr. ovoid, black. Cent. China. — V. burejaeticum, Regel & Herder
(V. burejanum. Herder). Allied to V. Lantana. Lvs. short-petioled,
oval or ovate, acute or obtuse, denticulate, with anastomosing
veins, sparingly pubescent beneath, 1^-3 in. long: infl. dense,
1 J^-2 in. across: fr. ovoid, bluish black- N. China, Manchuria.
Gt. 11:384. — V. cinnamomifdlium, Rehd. Allied to V. Tinus.
Evergreen: lys. elliptic-oblong, 3-nerved, nearly entire, glabrous,
3-5 in. long: infl. loose, 5-7 in. across: fr. ovoid, Hm. long, shining
bluish black. W. China. S.T.S. 2:114. — V. eordi/Mium, WalL
Closely related to V. alnif olium, but without radiant fls. : cymes loose,
2-6 in. across: fertile fls. larger: Ivs. usually narrower. Himalayas,
W. China. S.T.S. 2: 138. — V. eoriaceum, BIume=V. cylindricum. —
V. crassifdlium, Rehd. Hardy evergreen species: Ivs. deep green,
3926. Viburnum pubescens
3927. Snowball. — Viburnum Opulus var. sterile. All the fertile
flowers are changed to sterile, showy ones. ( X Ji)
slightly toothed around margins: fls. white, with 5 prominent
anthers, chocolate-colored. China. — V. cylindricum, Hamilt.
(V. coriaceum, Blume). Evergreen shrub or tree, to 50 ft., gla-
brous: Ivs. oval to oblong, acuminate, usually remotely toothed
above the middle, 3-8 in. long: infl. 2—4 in. across, rather dense: fls.
white or pinkish, tubular, Hin- long; stamens exserted: fr. black,
ovoid. Himalayas, W. China. G.C. III. 52:371. S.T.S. 2:143. —
V. dahitricum, PalL=V. mongolicum. — V. dasydnthum, Rehd.
Allied to V. Wrightii. Lvs. ovate to oblong, acuminate, nearly gla-
brous, 2-5 in. long: infl. lax, 3-4 in. across; pedicels, ovary, and
outside of corolla villous: fr. red. Cent. China. S.T.S. 2:149. —
V. Daridii, Franch. Allied to V. Tinus. Evergreen, compact shrub,
to 3 ft.: Ivs. elliptic to elliptic-obovate, short-acuminate, 3^-nerved,
2-6 in. long: infl. dense, 2-3 in. across: fr. blue, ovoid, Hin. long.
W. China. R.H. 1913, p. 375. J.H.S. 38, p. 63 (fig. 44). G.M.
55:273. — V. dentiflbrum, Chapm. Closely allied to V. acerif olium.
Lower: Ivs. smaller, 1-2 in., with mostly shorter lobes or none: cymes
denser. W. Fla. — V. ellipticum. Hook. Shrub, attaining 5 ft.,
allied to V. acerif olium, but Ivs. not lobed, oval to elliptic-oblong:
fr. oblong-oval, almost Jiin. long. Wash, to Calif. — V. erosum,
Thunb. Allied to V. WrightiL Lvs. oblong-ovate or oblong-obovate,
pubescent on the veins beneath, 2-3 H in. long; petioles short,
stipulate: cymes long-peduncled, loose, 2J£-3 in. across: fr. red.
Japan. G.F. 9:85. — V. fragrant, Bunge. Allied to V. suspensum.
Lvs. deciduous, obovate-oblong, sharply dentate, glabrous beneath:
panicles with or before the Ivs., about 1 >2 in. long: corolla salver-
shaped, nearly Jiin. long, fragrant, white, pinkish in bud. X.
China. Recently intro. and hardiness not yet tested, but probably
fairly hardy as far north as Mass.; very floriferous and in bloom
apparently one of the handsomest viburnums. — V. furcatum,
Blume. Closely related to V. alnifolium, but of more upright habit
and stamens shorter than corolla: seed with the ventral furrow
more open and broader. Japan. S.I.F. 2:74. S.T.S. 2:119. — V.
Harryanum, Rehd. Evergreen: Ivs. orbicular to obovate or
broadly oval, glabrous, }^-l in. long: cymes 1-1 H in. across: fr.
black. W. China. Very distinct in its small privet-like foliage. —
V. Henryi, HemsL Allied to V. Sieboldii. Evergreen, to 10 ft. : Ivs.
elliptic-oblong to oblong-obovate, acuminate, glabrous or nearly so,
shallowly serrulate, 2-5 in. long: panicles broadly pyramidal, 2—4 in.
long: fr ovoid. Hin. long, first red, then black. Cent. China. B.M.
S393. S.T.S. 2:116. G.C. III. 48:264, 265; 60:193. R.B. 35,
p. 296. Tender. — V. hupehense, Rehd. Allied to V. Wrightii. Lvs.
broadly ovate, acuminate, dentate, slightly pubescent above, more
densely below, 2-3 in. long; petiole stipulate: cymes stellate-pubes-
cent: fr. ovoid, dark red. Cent. China. Hardy at the Arnold
Arboretum. — V. ichangengt, Rehd. (V. erosum var. ichangense,
HemsL). Allied to V. Wrightii. Lvs. short-petioled, ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, dentate, rough above, pubescent
beneath, 1H~2H in. long; petiole Min. long or less, stipulate:
cymes slender-stalked, 1-2 in. across: fr. ovoid, red. Cent, and W.
China. S.T.S. 2:150. — V. kansuense, BataL Allied to V. Opulus.
Lvs. slender-stalked, ovate in outline, deeply 3-5-lobed, with
coarsely toothed acuminate lobes, hairy on the veins, 1-2 in. long:
cymes 1-1 Ji in. across without sterile fls.: fr. red. W. China, A
graceful shrub very distinct in its small deeply lobed Ivs. — V.
3464
VIBURNUM
VICIA
lobophyllum, Graebn. Allied to V. Wrightii. Lvs. orbicular-ovate
to broadly obovate, abruptly acuminate, coarsely toothed, glabrous
or hairy on the veins beneath, 2—4 in. long: cymes 2-4 in. across; sta-
mens longer than the corolla: fr. red. W. China. G.C. III. 60:197.
S.T.S. 2: 147. — F. mongdlicum, Rehd. (V. dahuricum, Pall.). Shrub,
to 6 ft.: Ivs. broadly ovate to oval, crenate-denticulate, stellate-
pubescent beneath, iy&-2% in. long: fls. salver-shaped, in short
panicles: fr. finally black. Dahuria to N. W. China. Possibly not
in cult. ; the plant figured as V. dahuricum in horticultural literature
is not this species. — V. orientale. Pall. Allied to V. acerifolium:
shrub, attaining 4 ft.: Ivs. with simple, not fascicled hairs on the
veins beneath and not glandular dotted beneath: fr. red. June,
July. W. Asia. Gt. 17:567. — V. phlebdtrichum, Sieb. & Zucc.
Allied to V. Wrightii. Lvs. short-petioled, ovate to elliptic-ovate,
acuminate, glabrous, except hairy on the veins beneath, \Yz-2lA
in. long: cymes slender-stalked, nodding, loose, 1-1 H in- across:
calyx and pedicels purple: fr. ovoid, red. Japan. S.T.S. 2:120.
S.I.F. 2:73. — V. proplnquum, Hemsl. Allied to V. Tinus. Ever-
green : Ivs. elliptic to elliptic-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate,
3-nerved, remotely denticulate, glabrous, lH~3Ji in. long: cymes
alba, 6.
americana, 10.
angustifolia, 7.
atropurpurea, 16.
caroliniana, 9.
Cracca, 13.
dasycarpa, 15.
A. Pods 1-lVi
INDEX.
dumetorum, 11.
Ervilia, 17.
Faba, 1.
fulgens, 12.
Gerardii, 13.
gigantea, 8.
macrocarpa, 6.
narbonensis, 2.
oroboides, 5.
pannonica, 3.
pyrenaica, 4.
sativa, 6.
villosa, 14.
3928. Viburnum americanum. a, Single form of the common snowball
as it grows in the wild; b, fruits. ( X Yi)
in. across, glabrous: fr. globose-ovoid, bluish black. Cent.
and W. China. S.T.S. 2: 115.— F. sympodiale, Graebn. Closely
related to V. alnifolium. Lvs. narrower, ovate to elliptic-ovate,
more finely serrulate and usually rounded at the base, 3-5 in. long:
cymes 2^-3 Yi in. across: fr. purple. Cent, and W. China. S.T.S.
2:139. — V. urceolatum, Sieb. & Zucc. Low straggling shrub: Ivs.
slender-petioled, ovate-lanceolate, crenate-serrulate, glabrous,
2J^-5 in. long: fls. tubular, scarcely J^in. long, in slender-stalked
cymes \Yy-%lA in. across: fr. ovoid, black. Japan. S.T.S. 2:141.
Recently intro.; one of the least ornamental in bloom. — F. iitile,
Hemsl. Evergreen shrub, to 6 ft. : Ivs. elliptic-ovate to ovate-oblong,
obtusish, entire, lustrous above, densely whitish tomentose beneath,
1-3 in. long: cymes stalked, dense, 2-3 in. across: fr. bluish black,
ovoid, i^in. long. B.M. 8174. S.T.S. 2:142. G. 35:380. R.B. 35,
p. 280.— F. Veitchii, C. H. Wright. Allied to V. Lantana. Shrub,
to 5 ft. : young branchlets and petioles stellate-tomentose: Ivs. ovate,
acuminate, cordate at the base, remotely dentate, stellate-tomen-
tose beneath, slightly stellate-pubescent above, 3-5 in. long: cymes
4-5 in. across, stellate-tomentose: fr. red, finally black. Cent.
ALFRED REHDER.
VICIA (classical Latin name). VETCH. TARE.
Mostly weedy or insignificant-looking plants, but a
few are grown for the bright flowers, others of late for
green-manure crops (see Cover-crops), and one (V.
Faba) is a garden bean.
Herbs, mostly climbing, with pinnate foliage, closely
allied to Lathyrus, Pisum, and Lens, but differing in
minute floral characters: wings adhering to the keel;
style very slender, with beard or hairs all around the
upper part or only at the apex: pod flat, 2- to many-
seeded, 2-valved, and dehiscent, the seeds either globu-
lar or flattish; stamens diadelphous (9 and 1): fls.
mostly blue or violet, sometimes yellowish or white. —
About 150 species widely spread in the northern hemi-
sphere and some in S. Amer. About two dozen species
occur in N. Amer., some of the species intro. The
species are mostly cool-season plants of easy cult. The
interest in the vetches in this country is mostly for
their value as soil-covers and for foliage. V. sativa
and V. villosa are the important species at present for
agricultural purposes, and V. Cracca, V. Gerardii, and
V. fulgens are sometimes used as ornamentals. For
literature, see Farmers' Bulls. Nos. 515 and 529, Bur. PI.
Ind. Circ. No. 15, and U. S. Dept. Agric. Circ. No. 45.
" broad with spongy septse between the
seeds; seeds oblong, funiculus attached at the end:
st. thick, erect, 4-angled: Ifts. without tendrils.
1. Faba, Linn. (Faba vulgaris, Moench. F. satwa,
Bernh.). BROAD BEAN. WINDSOR BEAN. ENGLISH
DWARF BEAN. HORSE BEAN. Figs. 478, 479, Vol. I.
Strong erect annual, 2-4 ft., glabrous or nearly so,
very leafy: Ifts. 2-6, the lower ones not opposite on
the rachis, the terminal one wanting or represented
by a rudimentary tendril, oval to elliptic and obtuse
or mucronate-pointed: fls. in the axils, dull white
and with a large blue-black spot: pods large and
thick, from 2 or 3 in. even to 18 in. long, the seeds
large and often flat. Probably native to N. Afr. and
S. W. Asia. R.F.G. 22:238.— Much grown in the
Old World, but the hot dry summers prevent its
cult, in most parts of the U. S. It is grown suc-
cessfully in parts of Canada, particularly in the
maritime provinces, and also in Calif, as a winter
vegetable or green-manure crop. The plant is grown
mostly for cattle-feeding in the U. S. but the beans
are extensively used in Eu., both full grown and
immature, for human food. This bean has been
cult, from prehistoric times and its nativity is in
doubt. The plant is hardy and seeds should be
sown early, when the season is cool. The unripe
seeds are reported to have caused cases of poison-
ing, but little is known as to the conditions of the
poison production.
AA. Pods rarely over %in. broad, without spongy septse;
seeds nearly spherical, funiculus attached at the
side: st. slender.
B. Infl. very short-stalked or sessile: fls. medium to large,
often 1-2 in the If. -axis.
c. Stipules very large, mostly toothed; Ivs. with 1-3 pairs
of Ifts.: plants annual.
2. narbonensis, Linn. FRENCH or NARBONNE VETCH.
Annual, pubescent, dark green: st. stout, erect or
ascending, 4-angled, 2-4 ft. tall: lower lys. with a single
pair of Ifts. without tendrils, upper with 2-3 pairs of
Ifts. and branching tendrils; Ifts. %-2 in. long, %-l}4
in. broad, somewhat fleshy, oval to elliptic or cuneate at
base, entire or rarely few-toothed above : infl. 1-2 (rarely
5) -fld.: fls. stalked, J/£-%in. long; calyx-teeth unequal,
banner lilac to purple or bluish, wings and keel bluish:
pod broadly linear to rhombic-linear, 2-2 Yz in. long, %in.
broad, compressed; seeds brown, j^in. diam. S. Eu., cult,
for forage. R.F.G. 22 : 241. —Not very hardy and turns
black under severe summer heat. Best adapted to the
N. W. Pacific coast. It has no advantage over common
vetch and the seed co'st is much greater.
cc. Stipules small; Ivs. with numerous pairs of Ifts. (V.
oroboides has often only 2 hairs.)
D. Banner distinctly pubescent without: plants annual.
3. pannonica, Crantz. Annual, shortly soft to shaggy
pubescent: sts. 2 to several, prostrate to ascending or
climbing, rarely unbranched, 4-20 in. long: Ivs. short-
petioled to nearly sessile, the lower with 4, the upper
with often 8 pairs of Ifts. and mostly short tendrils;
Ifts. very short-petioled, linear to oblong: infl. very
short-stalked, 2-4 (rarely 1) -fld.: fls. J^-^in. long,
pedicel much shorter than the calyx; corolla about 3
times longer than the calyx, yellowish to purple: pod
about 1J4 in. long, ^in. broad, 2-8 (mostly 3-5)
-seeded; seed J/sin. diam., velvety black. S. and S. E.
Eu. R.F.G. 22:243.
VICIA
VICIA
3465
DD. Banner glabrous or with few scattered hairs.
E. Plants perennial: Ivs. without tendrils; Ifts. few.
F. Lvs., lower with 1-2, upper with 4-6 pairs of Ifts.:
fls. single, purple-violet.
4. pyrenaica, Pourr. Perennial, glabrous or nearly
so: sts. 4-12 in. long, prostrate or ascending, angular:
lower Ivs. with only 1-2 pairs of Ifts., the upper with
4-6 pairs of Ifts. and
unbranched or rarely
2-3 -branched ten-
drils: fls. solitary,
large; calyx sparingly
» •»— eav *- IK /tt pubescent; corolla
y/E^t&fSR/fllfcW purple- violet: pod
broadly linear, gla-
brous; seed smooth,
brown, mottled. S.
W. France.
3929. Vicia americana. ( X M)
FF. Lvs. with only 1-3
pairs of Ifts. : plant
resembling a
Lathyrus.
5. oroboides, Wulf .
(Orobus lathyroldes,
Sibth.& Smith). Per-
ennial, glabrous or
sparingly pubescent:
sts. mostly erect and
unbranched, 2-3 ft.
tall: Ivs. short-peeled, with 1-3 pairs of Ifts., ending
in a sharp point, without tendrils; Ifts. ovate, elliptic
to oblong: infl. sessile, mostly 3-7-fld.: fls. Yr-Y^- long,
short-pedicelled; calyx-teeth equaling or shorter than
the tube; corolla yellowish white to golden: pod linear-
oblong, 1-1 H in- long; seed nearly spherical, brown, J^in.
diam. S. E. Eu. R.F.G. 22:258. B.M. 2098.
EE. Plants annual or biennial: fls. violet to bluish: Ivs.
with tendrils; Ifts. many, small.
F. Lfts. oblong, oval or obovate.
6. sativa, Linn. COMMON VETCH or TARE. Annual
or biennial, not surviving the winter in the N., more or
]<-- pubescent, 2-3 ft. high: Ifts. 7 pairs or less, elliptic,
oblong or oblanceolate, mostly truncate and apiculate
at the top, the tendril part of the If. extended: fls.
usually 2 in. each axil, about 1 in. long, purplish: pods
2-3 in. long when mature. Eu., and naturalized in
some parts of the U. S. R.F.G. 22:248. B.B. 2:2621.
— Much cult, abroad as a forage plant; in this country
grown for similar purposes and also somewhat as a
cover-crop for orchards. Best adapted to S. E. U. S.
and the Pacific coast as a winter crop for green manure
or sown with oats, wheat, rye, or barley for hay. As a
spring crop it succeeds only where the summers are
fairly .cool. Not much injured by a temperature of 10°
F. but zero weather results in much winter-killing. The
name winter vetch is more commonly applied to winter
strains of V. sativa in Eu. Seeds sometimes used for
making flour. Var. alba, Beck (V. alba, Moench).
Fls. white or whitish: seeds mostly whitish to gray.
Var. macrocarpa, Moris. Fls. \Yr\Y± in. long: seed
compressed, J^-^in. diam.
FF. Lfts., except of the lower Ivs., linear or linear-oblong.
7. angustifdlia, Linn. Annual, glabrous or pubescent:
sts. slender, 1-2 ft. long: Ivs. short-petioled or nearly
sessile with 4-8 pairs of Ifts. and an unbranched or
2-3-branched tendril; Ifts. linear, lanceolate or oblanceo-
late, up to \Yi in. long and Y%vn.. wide: fls. purple, Yr
%in. long: pod glabrous, 1-2 in. long. Eu. R.F.G.
22:250. B.B. 2:2622. — Naturalized and established
from Nova Scotia to Fla. The seeds mature earlier
than those of V. sativa. In some parts of the S. it often
makes up a considerable portion of the hay.
BB. Infl. distinctly, mostly long-stalked, few- to many-fld.
c. Fls. %in. long or longer: infl. mostly many-fld.
D. Lfts. ovate to oblong, never linear to lanceolate, few.
E. Pairs of Ifts. 10-15.
8. gigantea, Hook. Perennial, pubescent, high-climb-
ing: Ifts. 10-15 pairs, narrow-oblong, obtuse and mu-
cronulate: fls. about J^in. long, pale purple, in 7-18-fld.
racemes. Calif, and N. — Has been offered by dealers
in native plants.
EE. Pairs of Ifts. J+-9.
F. Color of fls. nearly white: infl. mostly 8-20-fld.
9. caroliniana, Walt. CAROLINA VETCH. Perennial,
nearly or quite glabrous: Ifts. oblong to linear-oblong,
usually obtuse or emarginate: fls. nearly white, Hin.
or less long, in several to many-fld. loose racemes.
Minn, and Kans. eastward. B.B. 2:2616. — Has been
offered.
FF. Color of fls. blue to purple: infl. mostly 6-14-fld.
G. Shape of Ifts. elliptic-oblong, truncate or retuse at
the apex.
10. americana, Muhl. AMERICAN VETCH. Fig. 3929.
Perennial, trailing or climbing, 3 ft. long, nearly or
quite glabrous: fits. 8-14, elliptic to oblong, obtuse
or sometimes emarginate at the apex: fls. purplish,
about %in. long, in few-fld. loose racemes: pods 1-1 Y±
in. long; seed brown, J^in. diam. Moist lands across
the continent and as far south as Ky. B.B. 2:2614. —
Has been offered by dealers in native plants.
GG. Shape of Ifts. ovate, obtuse at the apex.
11. dumetdrum, Linn. Annual, glabrous: st. lJ^-8
ft. long, trailing or climbing: Ifts. 8-10, ovate to oblong:
infl. 2- or mostly 6-14-fld.: fls. H~%in. long; calyx
with very unequal large triangular teeth; corolla purple
becoming dirty reddish yellow to greenish: pod oblong
to oblong-linear, \Yr^ in. long and about %in. broad;
seed spherical, about J^in. diam., dark brown. Eu.
R.F.G. 22:253. — Cult, for forage in Germany.
DD. Lfts. linear to lanceolate, numerous.
E. Limb of the banner as long as or longer than its claw.
F. Color of fls. red or nearly scarlet and purple-striped.
12. fulgens, Batt. SCARLET VETCH. Annual, 3-5
ft., pubescent: Ifts. 8-12 pairs, oblong or lance-linear,
3930. Vicia vfflosa, the hairy vetch. ( X M
3466
VICIA
mucronate: fls. small, red or nearly scarlet and purple-
striped, in a compact raceme or spike. Algeria. —
Adapted only to the Pacific and Gulf states. Usually
of poor seed habits, but quite drought-resistant from
spring sowings.
FF. Color of fls. purplish or violet.
13. Cracca, Linn. Perennial, usually pubescent: Ifts.
9-12 pairs, thin, linear to oblong, mucronate: fls. pur-
plish, about J^in. long, in a rather dense raceme.
Across the continent and south to Ky.; also in Eu. and
Asia. R.F.G. 22:230. B.B. 2:2613. Var. Gerardii,
Gaud. (V. Gerardii, All.). Described as a hardy annual:
pubescent: Ifts. numerous, narrow-oblong, very obtuse
but with a short mucro.: fls. violet, small, in short
racemes. S. Eu. R.F.G. 22:233.— Offered by seedsmen
as a fl.-garden subject.
EE. Limb of banner not over half as long as its claw.
F. Pod glabrous.
G. Plant with thick, shaggy pubescence: fls. up to 1 in.
long.
14. villdsa, Roth. HAIRY, SAND or RUSSIAN VETCH.
Fig. 3930. Annual or biennial (sometimes perennial?),
enduring the winters in the N., villous-pubescent : Ifts.
5-10 pair's, elliptic-oblong, rounded at the tip but
usually ending in a very minute point: fls. violet-blue,
in long 1-sided axillary about 30-fld. racemes. Eu.,
Asia. R.F.G. 22:234.— Now considerably used as a
cover-crop. More hardy than V. saliva but the pods
shatter more easily and the seeds are smaller. In N.
Italy it can be cut early enough to produce a crop of
millet the same season.
GG. Plant with short oppressed pubescence: fls. only up
to Ygin. long.
15. dasycarpa, Ten. Annual or sometimes perennial,
slightly pubescent: st. slender, angled, climbing to
prostrate: Ivs. nearly sessile; Ifts. about 10 pairs,
oblong-ovate to linear or lanceolate: infl. short-pedi-
celled: fls. few to many, whitish below, blue-violet
above, becoming blue with age: pod K-1J4 in. long,
%in. broad; seeds rather large, purplish brown. Eu.
R.F.G. 22:235. — As hardy as V. villosa and matures
earlier than V. saliva. Produces good seed crops.
Naturalized in W. Ore.
FF. Pod pubescent: plant with thick shaggy pubescence:
fls. whitish below, purplish above.
16. atropurpftrea, Desf. PURPLE VETCH. Annual,
resembling V. villosa in habit, sometimes with soft
whitish pubescence: st. 8-30 in. long, angular, prostrate
or climbing: Ivs. with 5^8 pairs of Ifts. with branched
tendrils; Ifts. oblong-linear to almost linear, apex
pointed: infl. 2-12-fld.: fls. about %in. long; corolla
whitish below, purplish above: pod broadly linear to
rhombic-linear, 1-1 J^ in. long, K-Km. broad, pubes-
cent; seeds somewhat roundish, somewhat compressed,
black. S. Eu. R.F.G. 22:239. B.R. 871.— Of good
seed habits. Best adapted to the Pacific and Gulf
coasts and produces excellent yields from spring plant-
ings in semi-arid regions.
cc. Fls. y$in. long or less: infl. 2-4-few-fld.: plants
annual.
17. Ervflia, Willd. (Srvum Ervilia, Linn.). BITTER
VETCH. Annual, pubescent: st. erect, angular: Ivs.
with 8-12 pairs of Ifts. without tendrils; Ifts. oblong-
linear to linear: infl. 2-4-fld.; corolla rose-colored,
veined: pod broadly linear, smooth, yellowish; seed
smooth, reddish brown. Eu. R.F.G. 22:261. — Ex-
tensively grown in Asiatic Turkey and seed shipped
m large quantities to England and other countries for
stock feed, especially sheep. Yields about 30 Ibs. of
seed to the acre. Plants not readily eaten by live-
stock but it has been found to be an excellent winter
green-manure crop in Calif. p ^ RICKER
VICTORIA
VICTORIA (in honor of Queen Victoria). Nym-
phseacese. ROYAL WATER-LILY. The great water-lily of
the Amazon, sometimes grown in large aquaria.
This remarkable aquatic genus may be recognized
by its huge round floating Ivs. often 6 ft. or more in
diam., with the margin turned up at right angles to
the water surface to a height of 3-8 in., making a basin-
like object. Fls. (12-18 in. across) nocturnal, opening
on two successive days about 5 P.M. and remaining
open until the middle of the following morning; the
first evening the inner floral Ivs. remain loosely closed
over the stigma, the fl. is creamy white, and exhales a
delicious fragrance somewhat like pineapple; the second
evening the floral Ivs. spread wide open, and the color
changes to pink or red; ovary inferior, densely prickly,
and surmounted by a short broad tube, on the sides
and summit of which the floral Ivs. are situated; sepals
4; petals 50-70, obtuse, oblong-ovate to sublinear,
rather thin and delicate in texture; staminodia about
20; stamens 150-200, linear-lanceolate; paracarpels
about 25, forming a ring of thick fleshy bodies between
the stamens and the styles; carpels 30-40; stigma form-
ing a broad basin-like depression, 2-2 1/2 in- wide, in
the midst of the fl., with a central conical continuation
of the floral axis, the basin filled with fluid on the first
evening of opening; carpellary styles broad and fleshy
in the lower part, produced upward to a fleshy subu-
late incurved process about Hin. long: in fr. all of the
floral Ivs. have decayed away, leaving the basal tube
of the torus at the top of a great prickly berry, half the
size of one's head; seeds greenish or brownish black,
about the size of a pea. — The genus is represented by
2 well-defined species, inhabiting still waters of S.
Amer. from British Guiana to Argentina.
In its native haunts victoria grows in 4 to 6 feet of
water, in great patches miles in extent, and is peren-
nial. The tuberous rhizome stands erect in the mud,
where it is anchored by innumerable spongy roots
which spring from the bases of the leaves in groups
of ten to thirty or forty. The tuber may be as much as
6 inches in diameter and 2 feet long. It decays below
as it grows above. The leaves are arranged in 7 to 18
order, the flowers being extra-axillary. Each leaf after
the first seedling leaf has a broadly ovate fused pair of
stipules, these organs serving to protect the apex of the
stem. The petioles and peduncles are terete, 1 to 2
inches in diameter, covered with stout fleshy prickles,
and traversed internally by four large, and a number of
smaller air-canals. The petioles attain to a length much
greater than the depth of the water, so that the leaves
can adjust themselves to changes of the water-level,
though Banks states that they may be completely
submerged in times of flood. The gigantic leaves are
covered beneath with a close network of prickly veins,
the larger of which project an inch or more from the
leaf-surface; the tissues are full of air-spaces and -canals,
thus buoying up the mass of cellular matter. Besides
many stomata on the upper surface of the leaf, which
open into the air-chambers of the mesophyll, there are
countless tiny depressions, in each of which one can see
with a hand-lens that the leaf is perforated with a
fine hole; these holes were called by Planchon "sto-
matodes" (F.S. 6 : 249) . He considered them to be useful
as air-holes to let out gases which, rising from the
water or mud, might be caught in the deep meshes of
the netted veins on the under side of the leaf. It is also
to be noted that, in spite of the cup-like form of the
leaves, water from rain or other sources does not
remain on the surface; it doubtless runs down at once
through the tiny perforations. This would be an indis-
pensable protection against fungi and algaj, and for the
function of assimilation.
A single leaf, by its buoyancy, may sustain a weight
of 150 or 200 pounds. Gurney at Tower Grove Park,
St. Louis, covers the leaf with a large round quilted
pad, then lays on an equally large frame of thin wooden
VICTORIA
VICTORIA
3467
slats, and on this a person can readily stand, as if in a
boat. Not the least remarkable feature of these leaves
is their rate of growth. Caspary found the maximum
growth in length to be about 1 inch an hour when the
leaf is just expanding; the surface increases 4 or 5
square feet in twenty-four hours, and a plant will pro-
duce in twenty-one to twenty-five weeks 600 or 700
square feet of leaf -surf ace. A great development of
heat has been observed in the opening flowers of vic-
toria. About 8 P.M., when the anthers are shedding
their pollen (in second-day flowers), the stamens may
reach and maintain a temperature 10° F. above that
of the surrounding air.
Though doubtless known to Spanish traders and
missionaries, and certainly of use to savages as food in
germinated and grew vigorously as small seedlings
until October, but died in December. In 1848 dry seeds
were sent to England from the Essequibo River, along
with rhizomes, the latter in Wardian cases; the rhizomes
rotted, and the seeds refused to germinate. In 1849
an expedition from Georgetown succeeded in bringing
back thirty-five living plants, but these all died.
Finally some seeds were sent to Kew from the Demerara
River in bottles of fresh water, by two English physi-
cians, Rodie and Luckie. The first sending arrived
February 28, 1849, and on November 8 a plant flowered
at Chatsworth; the blossom was appropriately presented
to Queen Victoria. From this stock Victoria regia was
distributed to gardens in Europe, Asia, and America.
Van Houtte of Ghent first flowered it on the continent,
^-~>-*~~~ — '\ •''*"» «_J J 'i '*''• - ™ — a ^•ML***?L
<?^.. _ rr^^^i-I?^
3931. Victoria regia, the giant water-lily
of the Amazon.
early times, victoria was first noticed botanically by
Haenke in Bolivia about 1801; but he died in the
Philippines without recording his discovery. Bon-
pland, the companion of Humboldt, also saw it near
Corrientes, Argentina, in 1819, and in 1825 sent seeds
and a full description to Mirbel at Paris. In 1832
Poeppig found it on the Amazon, and gave the first
published account of it in Froriep's "Notizen" in
November of that year, under the name of Euryale
amazonica. D'Orbigny saw the plant in 1827 at Cor-
rientes, collected specimens, and sent them with draw-
ings to the Museum of Natural History at Paris. In
1833 he saw it again in Bolivia, and several years later
Eublished accounts of his find. Robert H. Schpmburgk,
nding it again in 1836 on the Berbice River in British
Guiana, sent home specimens and figures from which
Lindley in 1837 (published in 1838) established the
genus Victoria and described the species V. regia.
This name has settled on the northern species, while
the one found at Corrientes was named in 1840, by
d'Orbigny, V. Cruziana in honor of General Santa Cruz,
of Bolivia.
The struggle to bring the "queen of water-lilies" into
captivity began with Schomburgk. He removed living
plants from inland lakes and bayous to Georgetown,
British Guiana, but they soon died. In 1846 Bridges
obtained seed in the Bolivia locality, province of
Moscos, and sent them in a jar of wet clay to England.
Out of twenty-five seeds obtained at Kew, three
and Caleb Cope, of Philadelphia, was the earliest suc-
cessful cultivator in this country. His gardener was the
late Thomas Meehan. The first flower opened August
21, 1851. In 1852 John F. Allen, of Salem, Massa-
chusetts, had a plant from seed of Mr. Cope's growing.
This plant lived through four summers and matured
over 200 flowers.
The next notable importation of seed was sent by
Edward S. Rand. Jr., from Para, Brazil, to Mr.
Sturtevant, then at Bordentown, N. J. The resulting
plants flowered in 1886 and, proving to be slightly dif-
ferent from the former type, were called V. regia var.
Randii. It is doubtless the same form that was
described by Planchon as V. amazonica, and retained
with grave doubts by Caspary. In 1894 Mr. Tricker
received from Europe seed of quite another species,
which was provisionally named V. regia var. Trickeri.
It is much more amenable to out-of-door culture than
the older type, and has received a well-deserved popu-
larity. Specimens grown at Kew from seeds sent by
Tricker were regarded simply as garden forms of V.
regia. Later investigation by Tricker and the writer
brought out the fact that the stock came originally
from Corrientes, Argentina, and that the plant is truly
3468
VICTORIA
VICTORIA
the V. Cruziana of d'Orbigny. Its far southern habitat
(27° south) explains its hardiness. At Riverton, New
Jersey, seeds that have wintered in an open pond pro-
duce plants which flower by the end of August. The
large starchy seeds of this species are used as food in
Paraguay under the name of Mais del Agua, "water-
corn." The form of victoria originally introduced from
British Guiana had leaves entirely flat until the plant
attained considerable size; then a low rim appeared.
The leaf was deeply purple-colored beneath. V.
Cruziana differs markedly from this. V. regia var.
Randii approaches the latter; and Malme's recently
described V. Cruziana forma mattogrossensis approaches
V. regia in several details. Apparently the two species
grade into one another in Matto Grosso, where the
tributaries of the Amazon and the Parana rivers inter-
lace.
For much interesting information on Victoria, see
Hooker, "Botanical Magazine" 4275-4278; Planchon,
"Flore des Serres" 6: 193-224; Caspary in "Flora Brasil-
iensis" 4, part 2, page 143 ff. In 1854 John Fisk Allen
published in Boston a quarto work (pages 21 by 27
inches) with colored plates, entitled: "Victoria regia,
or the great water-lily of America. With a brief account
of its discovery and introduction into cultivation: with
illustrations by William Sharp, from specimens grown
at Salem, Massachusetts, U. S. A."
regia, Lindl. Fig. 3931. Lvs. sparingly pubescent
beneath, margins of Ivs. of diam. above 40 in., turned
up 2^-4 in. high: fls. becoming dull crimson the second
evening; sepals prickly almost or quite to the tips:
prickles of the ovary about %in. (10-11 mm.) long:
seed elliptic-globose, nearly ^in. long, less in diam.
(7-8 mm. long, 5^-6 mm. diam.); raphe indistinct;
operculum elliptic-orbicular, with the micropyle at its
center and hUum at the margin. British Guiana.
B.M. 4275 (poor); 4276-78 (incorrect in some details).
F.S. 6:595-604. Kerner, Natural History of Plants, pi.
xi. Tricker, Water Garden, pis. 1,2; pp. 21, 35. Caspary,
Fl. Brasil. 4, pt. 2, pi. 38, fig. 15 (seed). Var. Rdndii,
Hort., has run of If. &-6 in. high, and under side of
If. deeper red: fl. turning to deep crimson on second
day. This is the form commonly cult, in American
gardens now as V. regia. Amazon and its tributaries.
A.G. 18:469. Intro, by Sturtevant in 1886.
Cruziana, d'Orbigny (known in cult, as V. regia var.
Trickeri, and V. Trickeri). Lvs. densely villous beneath,
upturned margins green, 6-8 in. high : fls. becoming deep
red-pink the second evening; sepals prickly only at
base, smooth above: prickles of ovary over ^in.
(15-16 mm.) long, crowded: seed subglobose, about
J^in. (7^-9 mm.) diam.; raphe stout; operculum
elongate-ovate, with hilum and micropyle equidistant
from the margin. Parana River and tributaries,
Paraguay. Tricker, Water Garden, pi. 1; pp. 51, 55.
Caspary, Fl. Brasil. 4, pt. 2, pi. 38, fig. 16 (seed).
Gn.M. 1:267. A.G. 19:449. F.E. 10:suppl. Feb. 12
(1898).— Intro, by Wm. Tricker in 1894. Forma
mattogrossensis, Malme, has low rim on If.: seed
very large (8-10 mm. diam.) with broadly oval opercu-
lum: sepals either smooth or spiny. Corumba, state
of Matto Grosso, Brazil. Acta Hort. Bot. Bergiani,
4: pis. 1-4 (1907). HENRY S. CONARD.
Cultivation of victorias.
At first V. regia was cultivated at a great expense in
conservatories and tanks built especially for the pur-
pose. Then it was grown in artificially heated ponds in
the open air. The victoria is largely grown in private
and public gardens throughout the United States at
the present time, together with tropical nympheas,
and in some cases without artificial heat, but this
method of culture is uncertain and often unsatisfactory.
V. Cruziana is by far the best kind for out-of-door
culture. Moreover, it can be grown where V. regia fails
to grow, as it revels in a temperature of only 75° to 80°.
Its introduction has been of great interest. It has stimu-
lated the culture of aquatic plants in the United States,
also in Europe where it is now largely grown.
The Victoria regia is now considered of easy culture.
Its requirements are heat, light, and a rich mellow loam
in abundance. The seed should be sown in February
and March. The temperature of the water should
range between 85° to 90° F. The seed may be planted
in pots or seed-pans and placed in shallow water. A
tank 8 to 12 inches deep, having a metal lining, copper
preferred, is very serviceable for seedlings and young
plants. Where sufficient heat is not attained from the
heating pipes, an addition can be made by the use of an
oil-lamp. It is altogether unnecessary and unnatural to
file or chip the seed to assist or hasten germination. The
seedlings will appear in about twenty days, though
occasionally a few may appear in ten days. These
should be potted off singly into 2K-inch pots, using
fine loamy soil. The water temperature for the young
plants should be the same as directed for the seed-pots.
As soon as the young plants acquire their first floating
leaf they will doubtless be benefited by repotting. From
the very beginning, as sprouted seeds, they should be
kept steadily growing, repotting at intervals, until they
are planted out in their summer quarters. As the
young plants advance they will require more space, so
that the leaves are not crowded and overlap each other.
To raise plants of V. Cruziana (V. Trickeri) is alto-
gether a different matter. The seed will not germinate
in a high temperature; 65° to 70° is sufficient. The seed
may be sown in February, but there is great uncer-
tainty as to how long one must wait for the seedlings to
appear, and also as to what percentage of seeds will
germinate. As soon as the seedlings appear they should
be treated like seedlings of V. regia, except as to tem-
perature, which should be kept as above stated for
seedlings and small plants, and as the season advances
may be raised to 75° to 80°. The rationality of the
cool treatment here advocated is borne out by the fact
that early in June quantities of seedlings appear in the
pond in the open where a plant has grown the preceding
season, the seed having remained in the pond during
the winter. Planting in summer quarters may be done
early in June or whenever it is safe to plant out tender
nympheas, that is, when the pond is not artificially
heated. When it is desired to plant out in unheated
ponds it is not safe to plant before the middle or latter
end of June. The conditions of the weather, earliness or
lateness of the season, locality, and the like, must all be
taken into account.
The best results are to be obtained from an artificially
heated pond, or pits in the pond specially constructed to
start the victorias, these pits to be heated by hot water
or steam and covered with frames and sashes. By this
method plants may be set in their summer quarters
early in May and heat applied until the middle of
June, or rather a temperature of 85° maintained
until the advent of summer weather.
Very gratifying results are obtained when the vic-
toria is grown under glass, as it is thus grown in sev-
eral places in the United States, notably at Schenley
Park, Pittsburgh, and Allegheny Park; also at "Grey-
stone," the estate of Samuel Untermyer, Yonkers,
New York, also at many notable gardens in Europe.
Plants grown under glass usually attain to larger
dimensions, as they are protected against climatic
changes and the elements, besides enjoying more of a
tropical atmosphere. There is more than one disadvan-
tage, however. Setting aside the costly construction,
labor, and so on, it is by no means inviting even on a
warm day to spend many minutes in such a structure.
Compare this with a natural pond and its surroundings
and a cool shady seat where these gorgeous plants may
be viewed at leisure.
Whether grown indoors or out, these plants are only
VICTORIA
VIGUIERA
3469
and seedlings are of necessity raised every
sprng. They form no tubers as do the tender nym-
pheas, or rootstock as do the hardy nympheas.
Few, if any, insects are troublesome on these plants.
The worst is the black-fly or aphis. The use of insec-
ticides should not be resorted to, as they are most
likely to damage the foliage. The safest remedy is to
introduce a colony or two of the well-known "lady bug."
They and their larvae will soon clear off all the aphides
without any injury to the plant. ^VM. THICKER.
VIGNA (Dominic Vigni, Paduan commentator on
Theophrastus in the seventeenth century). Legum-
inbsae. Herbs grown mostly for the seeds and fodder;
the cowpea group.
The usual cultivated species of Vigna are annual bean-
like rambling vines with 3 rhomboid-ovate stalked
Ifts., the lateral ones unequal-sided, the petioles long:
3932. Vigna strobilophora. (XM)
fls. bean-like, white, pale to violet-purple and pale
yellow, borne 2 or 3 together on the summit of a long
axillary peduncle: pods slender, straight, or slightly
curved, a few inches to 3^ ft. long; seeds small, nearly
round to kidney-shaped, bean-like, white or dark, self-
colored or variously mottled, usually with a different
color about the eye. — Species 60 or more, tropical.
The species show great variation in stature and growth-
habit, and particularly in the color of the seeds. The
genus may be distinguished from Phaseolus by the
fact that the keel is bent inward at right angles but is
not coiled. Vigna resembles Dolichos in having a simi-
lar keel but differs from it in the form and position of
the stigma. In the former species this is lateral, occupy-
ing a position just beneath the apex of the style and
above the line of pubescence which extends up the
inner face of this organ. Just opposite the stigma the
apex of the style is bent backward and prolonged into
a beak. The stigma in Dolichos, on the other hand, is
terminal or merely oblique. The prolonged beak of the
style is also absent. Vigna may be further distinguished
from Dolichos in the shorter petioles of the first pair of
aerial Ivs. In Vigna these are about J^in. long or
shorter, whereas in Dolichos they are 1 in. long or
longer.
Three species of Vigna are in common cultivation:
the cowpea, V. sinensis; the catjang, V. Cotjang; and
the asparagus bean, V. sesquipedalis. The asparagus
bean (V. sesquipedalis) can be used as a forage plant
for stock, or the green pods may be cooked as a snap
bean since they are more tender and brittle than those
of the cowpea or catjang. This species is little grown,
however, due to a lack of productivity, except as a
curiosity or novelty. The nomenclature of the culti-
vated varieties of the cowpea and catjang is almost
hopelessly confused. Piper enumerates 220 agricul-
tural varieties of the former and 50 of the latter.
Formerly the name cowpea was restricted to the buff-
colored or clay-pea, but it is now commonly used
generically; it is an Americanism. Common generic
terms now in use in the South are "black-eyed pea"
and "corn-field pea." While the cowpea and the cat-
jang are now employed mostly for animal food and
green-manuring, the pea itself is a good human food
and has been so used for many years. For table use
the peas are best gathered when the pods first begin to
change color; however, they are most extensively used
from the dry ripe pods. As long ago as 1855 an excel-
lent essay on cowpeas was written by Edmund Ruffin
("Essays and Notes on Agriculture," Richmond,
1855). Piper (Bulletin Xo. 229, Bureau of Plant Indus-
try, United States Department of Agriculture) describes
these three species as follows:
sesquipedalis, W. F. Wight (Dolichos sesquipedalis,
Linn.). Seeds elongated kidney-form, 8-12 mm.
(M-Min-) long, their thickness much less than their
breadth; pods pendent, much elongated, 1-3 ft. long,
fleshy and brittle, becoming more or less inflated, flabby
and pale in color before ripening, and shrinking about
the widely separated seeds when dry. S. Asia.
Catjang, Walp. Seeds small, usually oblong or
cylindric and but slightly kidney-shaped, 5-6 mm.
(i^-J^in.) long, nearly or quite as thick as broad; pods
small, not at all flabby or inflated when green, mostly
3-5 in. long, erect or ascending when green, remaining
so when dry or at length becoming spreading or even
deflexed. Probably S. Asia.
sinensis, Endl. Seeds mostly 6-9 mm. (J^-^in.)
long, varying from subrenifonn to subglobose; pods
8-12 in. long, early becoming pendent, not at all flabby
or inflated when green. Probably Cent. Afr.
Some species of Vigna are useful for ornament. V.
strobilophora, Robs., from Mex. (Fig. 3932), is said by
Pringle (G.F. 7:155, from which Fig. 3932 is reduced)
to have abundant fls. that rival those of the wisteria in
beauty. It is a twining woody vine climbing to tops of
trees and shrubs: st. slender and flexuous, pubescent:
its. 3, ovate, acuminate, entire, rounded at base, 2*4
in. long: fls. in dense axillary peduncled racemes, blue-
purple, standard orbicular, slightly retuse, with 2
small appendages at base; bracts large, closely imbri-
cated. V. vexiUata, Benth. (Phaseolus vexMatus,
Linn.), widely spread in the tropics and warm parts
of Old World, is intro. in S. Calif.: woody perennial
with pink fls., the rootstock tuberous, hairy: Ifts. usu-
ally ovate-lanceolate to narrow-lanceolate, entire,
2-4 in. long: fls. 2-4 in a cluster on summit of pedun-
cle; standard nearly 1 in. across, reflexed: pod 3-4 in.
long, nearly cylindrical. QEO. F. FREEMAN.
VIGUIERA (Dr. A. Viguier, botanist of Montpellier,
France). Composite. About 60 or 70 species of herba-
ceous or somewhat shrubby plants, found in the
warmer parts of the world, especially Amer. The fol-
lowing is a native of Low. Calif, and is offered in S.
Calif., but is little known otherwise. It is a tall bushy
3470
VIGUIERA
VINCA
plant with silvery foliage and small yellow fls. like
single sunflowers, but borne in ample corymbs. Rays
fertile, or more often sterile, in wild plants sometimes
wanting; pappus of 2 chaffy awns: achenes usually
pubescent. The plant blooms both winter and summer,
tomentosa, Gray. Shrub or branching subshrubs:
lys. opposite, subcordate, serrate, tomentose on both
sides, 3-5 in. long: heads corymbose: achenes villous,
with 2 long awns and many small scales.
N. TAYLOR.!
VILLAGE IMPROVEMENT: Planting, Vol. V, p. 2658.
VILLARESIA (named for Matthias Villarez, a
Spanish botanist). Icatinaceae. Evergreen tall climb-
ing trees or shrubs, adapted to the warmhouse: Ivs.
alternate, oblong, entire or spinulose-dentate, thick,
leathery, shiny: cymes small, head-like, arranged in
axillary or terminal racemose panicles or racemes: fls.
white, hermaphrodite or polygamous; calyx 5-parted;
petals 5, ribbed inside; stamens 5, disk inconspicuous;
ovary 1-celled: drupe ellipsoid. — About 13-15 species,
distributed in the islands of the Pacific, Trop. Austral.,
Indian Archipelago, and Brazil and Chile.
grandiflSra, Fisch. Tree, smooth with subangular
branches: Ivs. sparse, petioled, coriaceous, ovate-
lanceolate, narrowed toward the base, apex acuminate,
greenish above, paler beneath: panicles terminal, clus-
tered: fls. sessile, small, white; calyx tubular-cam-
panulate, lobes 5, ovate; petals 5, spreading, lanceolate.
Brazil. Gt. 6:181.
mucronata, Ruiz & Pav. (Ilex gongdnha, Mart.).
Tree, usually 40 ft. high, rarely 50-60 ft.: Ivs. short-
petioled, ovate or elliptic-oblong, apex spinulose, leath-
apex 4-valved. — About 10 species, S. Afr. and Austral.
V. renifdrmis, R. Br. (Menydnthes exaltata, Sims. M.
sarmentosa, Sims). From 6 in. to 3 ft. high: Ivs. in a
dense tuft on long petioles, ovate, orbicular or reni-
form, more or less cordate, entire or slightly sinuate-
dentate, mostly 1-2 in. long: fls. yellow; corolla %-l in.
across, lobes copiously fringed or bearded at the base
inside. Austral. B.M. 1029; 1328. R.H. 1909, p. 125.
VIMINARIA (Latin, vimen, a slender twig or withe,
alluding to the branches). Leguminosse. Shrub, with
rush-like branches, adapted to greenhouse cult.: Ivs.
alternate, reduced to long filiform petioles or rarely
1-3-foliate: fls. small, orange-yellow, arranged in ter-
minal racemes; calyx-teeth short, equal; petals rather
long-clawed, standard suborbicular, wings oblong,
keel incurved, equaling the wings; stamens free; ovary
subsessile, 2-ovuled: pod sessile, ovoid-oblong, rather
indehiscent. — One species, Austral., little known to
horticulturists.
denudata, Smith. The name LEAFLESS RUSH-BROOM
has been proposed for this. Leafless yellow-fld. shrub,
attaining 10-20 ft., formerly cult, in European green-
houses as a small tender shrub: Ivs. 3-8 in. long: pod
2-3 lines long. Austral. B.M. 1190. P.M. 14:123 —
Offered in S. Calif. p\ \\r. BARCLAY.
VfNCA (pervinca, old Latin name of periwinkle,
used by Pliny). Apocynaceze. Erect or procumbent or
trailing herbs or subshrubs, some used for bloom in the
flower-garden, others for decorative foliage in the green-
house and in window-boxes and others for permanent
ground-cover out-of-doors.
Leaves opposite: fls. axillary, solitary, rather large;
calyx 5-parted, not glandular, lobes narrow, acuminate;
corolla salver-shaped, tube cylindrical, lobes 5, large,
3933. Vinca minor, the common periwinkle, or running myrtle. (Natural size)
ery, dark green, shining above, paler and dull beneath:
fls. 5-merous, in solitary shortly pubescent thyrses, ter-
minal or in the upper axils, yellowish white; sepals wide
elliptic or nearly orbicular; petals elliptic-oblong; ovary
by abortion 1-celled: drupe ovoid. Chile. B.M. 8376.
— Prop, by cuttings. Rare in cult.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
VILLARSIA (named for Dominique Villars, 1745-
1814). Gentiandceae. Marsh-loving herbs, suitable for
greenhouse cult.: sts. simple and leafless or somewhat
branched and few-lvd.: Ivs. radical, long-petioled,
entire or irregularly sinuate-dentate: cymes usually
many-fld., sometimes laxly paniculate, sometimes
corymbosely congested or capitate and involucrate:
flsj yellow or white; calyx 5-parted or deeply 5-cleft,
segms. lanceolate; corolla broadly campanulate or
rather rotate; stamens 5: caps. 1-celled, subglobose,
twisted, overlapping to the left; stamens included,
above the middle of the tube; disk none; ovary 2 dis-
tinct carpels, glabrous: follicles 2, erect or divergent,
narrowly cylindrical. — About 12 species, Medit. region,
Trop. Amer., India, and Madagascar.
One of the commonest and best plants for covering
the ground in deep shade, especially under trees and
in cemeteries, is V. minor. It is a hardy trailing plant
with shining evergreen foliage and blue salver-shaped
five-lobed flowers about an inch across, appearing in
spring or early summer. It forms a dense carpet to the
exclusion of other herbs. It thrives best in moist half-
shaded positions, but will grow in the deepest shade
even in poor soil, especially if it is stony. It is a capital
plant for clothing steep banks, covering rocks, and
carpeting groves. It can be planted successfully on a
large scale any time from spring to fall durirg mild or
VIXCA
VIN'CETOXICUM
3471
rainy weather. It is propagated by division or by cut-
tings, as seeds very rarely mature. The periwinkle
will live in city yards under trees where grass will not
thrive. V. minor is the commonest and perhaps most
variable species. Varieties with white, purple, and
double flowers are kept in most nurseries, as also a form
with variegated foliage. V. major is larger in all its
parts than the common periwinkle and not so hardy. It
is well known to florists. A variegated form of it is
seen in nearly every veranda-box in the country. V.
rosea is a tender plant of erect habit which is used
chiefly for summer bedding. It grows about a foot high
and has rosy purple or white flowers with or without
a reddish eye, and often 2 inches across. The plants
bloom continuously from the time they are set out until
frost. It can be grown in large masses for public parks
with somewhat less expense than geraniums. Mr.
Stromback. head gardener of Lincoln Park, Chicago,
has recorded his experience with V. rosea in Florist's
Review 1:141 as follows: "'The seed is sown in January
or February in flats of sandy soil in a temperature of 65°
to 70°. When the seedlings show the second leaf, they
are pricked out about an inch apart in trays of the
same soil, and when the little plants have five or six
leaves they are potted into 2-inch rose-pots, and later
shifted to 3-inch pots. The majority are bedded out
from the 3-inch pots. The soil of the bed should be a
sandy loam if possible, and the plants will not do well in
a very heavy soil. In bedding, set the plants about a
foot apart. They require more water than a geranium,
and when the bed is watered it should be given a good
soaking and then let alone for a few days. The plants
require no trimming." The amateur will find V. rosea a.
satisfactory window-plant that can be grown with little
trouble from seeds started as late as April, but of
course such plants will not bloom as early as the bed-
ding stock propagated in January or February. V.
rosea is the largest-flowered vinca, and it seeds freely.
(Wilhelm Miller.)
A. Plants trailing, herbaceous, hardy or nearly so, only the
short flouxring sts. ascending: fls. mostly blue or white.
B. Foliage evergreen.
c. Lrs. ovate or oblong-ovate: corolla-lobes wedge-shaped;
calyx glabrous.
minor, Linn. COMMON PERIWINKLE. BLUE, RUN-
NING, or TRAILING MYRTLE. Fig. 3933. Hardy ever-
green, trailing herb: fl.-sts. erect, sometimes nearly a
foot high: Ivs. ovate, oblong-ovate, or elliptic-lanceolate,
not more than \1A in. long, glabrous, petiole very short
with 2 glands at the top: fls. lilac-blue; calyx-lobes
lanceolate, rather obtuse; corolla-lobes cuneate, obtuse
and truncate. Eu. G. 2:64.^-Common in all country
gardens and running wild in cemeteries and shady
places. Some of the horticultural varieties are: Var.
alba, Hort., which has single white fls. Var. alba plena,
Hort., with double white fls. Var. alba variegata,
Hort., is a form with variegated Ivs. and single white
fls. Var. argentea variegata, Hort., has the Ivs. silvery
variegated. Var. atropurpurea compacta, Hort., has
single dark purple fls. Var. aurea, Hort., has been in
the trade, a form with golden foliage. F.E. 33:479.
Var. aurea variegata, Hort.. has golden variegated Ivs.
Var. caerulea, Hort. (V. cserulea, Hort. V. caeriilea
imnor, Hort.), is a form with bright blue, single fls.
There is also a form known as V. csridea argentea rnar-
ginata, Hort.. which has the Ivs. margined with silvery
white. Var. flore-pleno, Hort., probably the same as
var. plena. Var. plena, Hort., has double fls., other-
wise like the tvpe. Var. purpurea plena, Hort., has
double purple fls. Gn. 50:102. Var. rdsea, Hort., has
single rosy fls. Var. r6sea fl.-pl. Hort., is like the last but
double-fld. Var. variegata, Hort., is a variegated-lvd.,
blue-fld. form offered in the trade. V. elegantissima
alba, Hort., and also "The Bride," a form with white
fls. which are pink-centered belong to this species.
cc. Los. subcor date-ovate: corolla-lobes obovate.
diffonnis, Pourr. Subshrub, evergreen and dwarf:
branches prostrate and leafy; flowering shoots ascend-
ing: Ivs. ovate, base rounded or shortly cuneate, apex
acutish or obtuse, 134-2% x 1-1 %in., glabrous,
petioled: fls. solitary in the uppermost axils, 1 in. or
more across, pale lilac-blue; sepals linear; corolla-segms.
obliquely obovate. S. Eu.,
N. Afr. B.M. 8506.— Rare
in cult.
major, Linn. Sterile sts.
reclining ; flowering sts.
rather erect: Ivs. subcor-
date-ovate, rather obtuse,
ciliate, shining, 2-3 x 1-2
in.: fls. blue; calyx-lobes
narrowly linear, ciliate; co-
rolla-lobes obovate, very
obtuse. Eu. — This species
is larger throughout than
V. minor. It is much used,
especially the variegated
forms, for veranda - boxes
and hanging-baskets. Var.
elegantissima, Hort., is a
showy form with the Ivs.
margined and blotched with
yellowish white. Common
form among the florists and
easily prop, by cuttings.
Var. reticulata, Hort., is
offered in the trade. Var.
variegata, Hort., is offered
in the trade. G. 27:330.
BB. Foliage deciduous or
less evergreen.
herbacea, Waldst. & Kit. Hardy trailing glabrous
herb, which usually loses its Ivs. in winter: Ivs. elliptical
or lanceolate, rather obtuse, margins revolute; petiole
verv short: fls. more purple than the other species;
calyx-lobes narrowly lanceolate, acuminate; corolla-
lobes obovate, oblong-obtuse. E. Eu., Asia Minor.
B.M. 2002. B.R. 301.
AA. Plants erect, subshrub, tender: fls. rosy or white.
rosea, Linn. MADAGASCAR PERIWINKLE. Fig. 3934,
Tender erect everblooming plant, somewhat shrubby
at the base: Ivs. oblong, narrowed at base, veiny;
petiole glandular at the base: fls. with a very small
orifice, rosy purple or white, the latter with or without a
reddish eye; calyx-lobes linear, corolla-lobes dimidiate-
obovate, "mucronulate. Cosmopolitan in the tropics.
Gn.36, p. 455; 43, p. 389. V. 13:49; 16:49. B.M.
248. F.R. 1:141. G. 11:197; 14:333; 37:205.— This is
commonly called the "Madagascar periwinkle," but V.
rosea is probably not native to the Old World, while the
only species of Vinca that is really native to Madagas-
car^ viz., V. lancea, is not in cult. The plant is some-
times called "Cape periwinkle" and "old maid." The
three main types should be known as V. rosea, V. rosea
var. alba, V. rosea var. oadata, the latter being a white
fl. with pink or red center. As a matter of fact, these
appear in American catalogues as V. alba, V. alba pura,
V. alba nova, V. oculata, and V. varius, the last being
a trade name for seed of mixed varieties. Var. delicata,
Hort., is a trade name.
V. acuiSloba. Hort., is a trade name for a white-fld. form, closely
related to V. major. p TRACT
3934. Vinca rosea.
(X nearly H)
VINCETOXICUM (compound meaning to conquer or
subdue poison, alluding to supposed virtues). Ascle-
piadacex. By some combined with Cynanchum (which
see), but differing in anthers having only short scarious
tips and bearing horizontal rather than suspended pol-
linia. There are about 75 species, all in Amer., mostly
3472
VINCETOXICUM
VIOLA
in warm or tropical parts: they are twining or trailing
woody or perennial herbaceous vines, with opposite
cordate simple Ivs. and small greenish or purplish fls.:
corolla campanulate or rotate, deeply 5-cleft and the
parts sometimes reflexed; crown small, mostly ring-like
or cup-like and thereby differing from the awned crown-
lobes of Gonolobus (Definition of Gonolobus, p. 1356,
to be amended): follicles thick, pointed, muricate or
ribbed or both. Several species are native in the U. S.
from Pa. and Va. southward, but apparently they are
not in cult. The mosquito plant or cruel plant, some-
times named in this genus, is here treated as Cynan-
chum acuminatifolium.
VINES: Planting, Vol. V. (Index p. 2657.)
VIOLA (classical name). Violdcex. VIOLET. PANSY.
Usually perennial herbs with attractive spring or early
summer bloom, and well adapted for colonizing in
grounds and one species for forcing; in the pansy group,
many species are handsome winter annuals or bien-
nials; and in the Andes and the Sandwich Islands, and
in southern Europe shrubby species occur, but they are
scarcely cultivated. See Violet.
Either stemless, bearing Ivs. and 1-fld. scapes from
the crown of the rootstock, or stemmed with manifest
internodes between the Ivs., from the axils of which
arise 1-fld. peduncles: fls. usually of two kinds, those
of spring with showy petals (Fig. 3935) and those of
summer with petals rudimentary or lacking — fls. never
opening but self -pollinated within the closed calyx (cleis-
togamous). (Fig. 3936.) The showy fls. of spring are
5-merous as to sepals, petals, and stamens, irregular
and novel in structure as though contrived to prevent
self-pollination; sepals nearly similar, persistent on the
f r. ; the lower petal of the nodding fl. spurred, the other
4 in 2 unlike pairs, the petals in each pair symmetri-
cally alike; stamens short and included, the anthers
more or less coherent in a ring about the style, 2 of
them with nectar-bearing ap-
pendages projecting backward
into the spur: fr. a caps, with
several (up to 60) obpvate
seeds; caps, when ripe splitting
into 3 boat-shaped valves with
thick rigid keels; as the thin
sides of the valve dry and con-
tract the seeds within are more
and more pinched, until they
fly out, one or two at a time,
to a distance often of 9 ft.:
later cleistogamous fls. in some
of the stemless species not
growing in wet ground are
borne on short horizontal
peduncles concealed under soil
and leaf-mold until the seeds
are ripe, when the peduncle
lengthens and lifts the caps,
into the air, where it scatters
its seeds as did the earlier caps. (Fig. 3936.) See
Rhodora, vol. vi, plate 50, for cleistogamous fls. and
frs. of 6 other species. — Probably 300 species widely
distributed in the N. and S. Temp, zones of both the
Old World and the New, of which about 80 species are
native to N. Amer. north of Mex.
The classification of the wild violets into species was
for many years a perplexing task, because students of
the genus failed to recognize the fact that all closely
allied species freely hybridize in nature. But in 1900
the important discoveries of Mendel became generally
known to biologists, and gave rise to the new science
of genetics. With a better understanding of the laws
of inheritance that determine the characters of off-
spring from unlike parents, it is practicable in a genus
like Viola to discover what forms are proper species
3935. Structure of the
flower of Viola papilio-
nacea.
and what are hybrids or the offspring of hybrids. Some
of the tests employed by the specialist in Viola may be
briefly indicated as follows: (1) The hybrid is notably
intermediate in its characters between two well-known
species found in the same vicinity. (2) The hybrid
usually shows great impairment of fertility, 50 to 100
per cent of the ovules being aborted, but a marked
increase in vegetative vigor. (3) The pollen-grains of
3936. The two kinds of violet flowers, — the common showy
flowers at the right (natural size), and the cleistogamous flower
at a, its immature pod at b (XM)- — Viola papilionacea.
most hybrids are seen under the microscope to be largely
shriveled and functionally impotent. (4) The hybrid
is found to be unstable in sexual reproduction; that is,
the offspring of the self-fertilized hybrid are more or
less unlike the parent and unlike each other; the off-
spring of pure species are not thus unlike.
By experimental cultures extending over twelve
years, the writer has ascertained the existence of about
eighty spontaneous hybrids among the violets of east-
ern North America — that is, more hybrids than there
are pure species. In Wilhelm Becker's systematic trea-
tise on the violets of Europe (published in 1910), eighty-
three hybrids are reported among the one hundred and
two species there recognized. Any reader caring for the
details of the work on American violets will find a
dozen or more papers in Rhodora and in the Bulletin of
the Torrey Botanical Club (1904-1913) ; see also Science,
June, 1907, and American Naturalist, April, 1910.
Violets are easily grown if an effort is made to imitate
the conditions under which they naturally occur. They
usually require abundant moisture and partial shade,
and a light covering of fallen leaves or evergreen boughs
in winter. The habitats are various: some are wood
species, others from bogs or borders of springs and
brooks; still others, especially in the western United
States, inhabit dry plains, remaining dormant during
the drought of summer. They are propagated readily
by division if the plant is fairly large, and in some nine
of the American species by runners. Sometimes seeds
are used, but not commonly. However, species of the
northeastern United States germinate readily in April,
if fresh seed is sown in autumn in boxes and exposed,
covered with burlap, to the freezing cold of winter.
Many species, that grow mostly to single stems in the
wild, make large clumps under favorable conditions in
the garden (Fig. 3942). But few of the native violets
are grown to any extent as garden plants. V. pedata,
the bird's-foot violet, a most attractive species, is
VIOLA
VIOLA
3473
sometimes cultivated, as is the hardy grower, V.
papilionacea (Fig. 3936). A partial albino of this, the
petals white with a large blue center, is grown in south-
ern gardens as "the confederate violet." It has been
published as V. Priceana, the type coming from Bowling
Green, Kentucky; but it is perfectly hardy in the North,
and multiplies abundantly. Many hybrids of V. sororia
and of V. pedatifida are also hardy, some with violet
flowers, others with white flowers, often fifty or more
blooming at once in a large clump.
No attempt is made here to describe all the native
species, as they are so numerous and so rarely horti-
cultural subjects. For any desired information regard-
ing them the reader is referred to the most recent
editions of Gray's "Manual," of Britton & Brown's
"Illustrated Flora," or of Small's "Flora of the South-
eastern United States," the treatment of Viola in all
three works being by the present writer. However, as
a matter of record, a list of those that are or have been
offered in the trade is here given, and references made to
illustrations found in horticultural magazines. With
the recent critical studies of Viola, it is found that two
or more species were sometimes comprised under a
single name; it is therefore difficult, in some cases, to
determine what plant may be in cultivation under
one of the older names. It is now considered that
the European V. canina is not indigenous in America;
probably the plant listed under that name is V.
conspersa.
INDEX.
admirabilis, 11.
alba, 4, 11, 13.
arrensis, 12.
Beckwithii, 42.
blanda, 26.
botnana, 3.
calcarata, 7.
californica, 2.
canadensis, 33.
canina, 35.
cognata, 21.
conspersa, 35.
cornuta, 11.
cucuUata, 17.
cyanea, 3.
elatior, 6.
eriocarpa, 30.
bederacea, 1.
glabelln, 39.
gacilis, 8.
allii, 43.
lanceolata, 23.
lobata, 40.
A. Species of exotic origin, comprising the florist's violets
and the pansy.
B. Plant stemless, the peduncles arising directly from the
base or crown.
c. Style truncate at apex.
1. hederacea, Labill. (Erpetion reniforme, Sweet. E.
hederdceum, E. petioldre, and E. spathuldtum, Don).
AUSTRALIAN VIOLET. Tufted, and creeping by stolons,
glabrous or pubescent: Ivs. reniform or orbicular or
spatulate, small, entire or toothed, usually not equaling
the scapes: fls. small, usually blue, sometimes white,
the spur almost none. Austral. G. 35:35. — Offered in
S. Calif.
cc. Style terminating in a slender hooked beak.
2. odorata, Linn. SWEET VIOLET. Fig. 3937; also
Figs. 3947-49. Tufted, somewhat pubescent, produ-
cing long prostrate stolons flowering the second year:
rootstock short : Ivs. cordate-ovate to reniform, obtusely
serrate; stipules ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, the
fringed border usually not glandular: fls. deep violet,
rarely rose or white, fragrant, the spur nearly or quite
straight and obtuse. Eu., Afr., and Asia. — It runs into
many forms varying in stature, size of fls. and color.
There are double-fld. forms. It is the parent of florists'
violets. Fig. 3937, from G.C. III. 21:248, represents
lutea, 10.
renifolia, 27.
Muhlenbergii, 3c.
reniforme, 1.
Munbyana, 9.
rostrata, 36.
nephrophylla, 21.
Nuttalfii, 29.
rotundifolia, 28.
rugulosa, 32.
odorata, 2.
russica, 3.
olympica, 8.
Rydbergii, 32.
pallens, 25.
sagittata, 16
palmata, 14.
sarmentosa, 37.
Papilio, 11.
scabriuscula, 30.
papilionacea, 17.
Selkirkii, 22.
pedata, 13.
septentrionalis, 20.
pedatifida, 15.
Sheltonii,_41.
pedunculata, 38.
sihatica, 5.
perfimbriata, 3.
silvestris, 5.
petiolare, 1.
soraria, 18.
picta, 17.
spalhulalum, 1.
pratincola, 19.
striata, 17, 34.
Priceana, 17.
sulfurea, 2.
primulifolia, 24.
tricolor, 12.
pubescens, 31.
trinervata, 44.
purpurea, 11.
Talderia, 7.
Kafinesquii, 12.
variegata, 17.
var. sulfurea, "reported to be a native of the south of
France, and bears dull sulphur-coloured flowers."
V. californica of gardeners on the Pacific coast is only
the sweet violet of Eu. For cult., see Violet.
3. cyanea, Celak. Stemless, stoloniferous: Ivs.
broadly cordate-ovate, crenate, bright green, glabrate
and shining after flowering; stipules lanceolate, long-
acuminate, fimbriate: pedicels 2-4 lines long, about
equaling or slightly shorter than the petioles after
flowering; sepals oblong, obtuse, with short appendages
which are rotundate and appressed to the pedicel;
corolla medium-sized; petals sky-blue-white below the
middle, lower petal emarginate, the others about as
long, scarcely emarginate; spur conical, rather straight;
ovary short-conoid, very smooth. Eu.
Var. perfimbriata, Borb. (V. bosndna, Wiesb. V.
riissica, Hort.). Stolons short, rather thick: Ivs. broadly
cordate-ovate, vivid green, at flowering-time glabrous
and shining; stipules lanceolate, long-acuminate, long-
fringed, nearly glabrous: fls. less fragrant than in V.
odorata; petals a cornflower-blue above the middle,
white below. Lower Austria and southeastward.
G. 36:362.
4. alba, Bess. Stolons long, ascending, appearing
in spring and sometimes bearing fls. the same season:
Ivs. nearly triangular, cordate, with deep and broad
3937. Viola odorata. ( X %)
sinus, obtuse; stipules lanceolate, long-acuminate, with
glandular fringe: fls. fragrant, usually white, but some-
times in various shades of violet and rose. Cent, and
S. Eu.
BB. Plants with evident sts., more or less branching, the
peduncles arising some distance above the ground
or crown.
c. Style slender throughout.
5. silvestris, Reichb. (V. silvdtica, Fries). Sts.
reclining and ascending, glabrous or slightly pubescent:
Ivs. deeply cordate or nearly reniform, short-pointed
or obtuse; stipules linear-lanceolate, f ringed-toothed,
several tunes shorter than the petiole: sepals lanceolate,
acuminate; petals oblong, narrow, not overlapping.
Widely distributed in Eu. G.W. 13:73.
6. elatior, Fries. Sts. tall and straight: Ivs. lanceo-
late from a rounded or cordate base, when young with
appressed pubescence; the middle stipules as long or
3474
VIOLA
VIOLA
longer than the petiole, the upper much surpassing it:
corolla large, pale blue. Cent. Eu. and southeastward.
cc. Style much enlarged upward into a globose hollow
summit.
7. calcarata, Linn. (V. valderia, Huter). Rootstock
producing filiform creeping branches: st. simple, 4 in.
high: Ivs. ovate, or the
upper oblong to lanceolate,
crenate; stipules nearly or
quite pinnately divided:
spur as long as the large
violet corolla. Alpine region
of Cent. Eu. G.W. 12:709.
Gn. 62, p. 97.
8. gracilis, Sibth. & Smith
(F. olympica, Boiss.). One
of the V. calcarata group,
and by some authors in-
cluded in that species: entire
plant hairy, internodes more
or less elongated, 1 ft. high:
Ivs. oblong and narrowed
to petiole, or broad-ovate
to nearly rotund and
abruptly contracted below,
somewhat obtuse at apex,
3938. Viola cornuta. (XK> the m^T^ crenate; stip-
ules pinnately parted: fls.
medium size, the petals violet or yellow; sepals oblong-
lanceolate, acute, shorter than petals; spur exceeding
calyx appendages. Macedonia to Asia Minor.
9. Munbyana, Boiss. & Reut. Another of the V.
calcarata kind: plant about 1 ft. high, with long inter-
nodes, very short-pubescent: lys. cordate-ovate, obtuse,
crenate, glabrous or the margin ciliate, the upper ones
somewhat acute; stipules pinnatifid: fls. 1-3, the petals
violet or yellow; sepals lanceolate; spur straight,
attenuate at the end, about twice longer than the
calyx. Algeria.
10. lutea, Huds. Plant persisting by filiform pros-
trate branching sts. : stipules digitately much divided,
middle division linear and enlarged: sepals oblong-
lanceolate, obtuse or short-pointed; spur hardly longer
than the appendages of the calyx; petals yellow, rarely
the two upper or all of them violet. Cent. Eu. and
Great Britain.
11. cornuta, Linn. HORNED VIOLET. BEDDING PANSY.
Fig. 3938. Plant tufted, glabrous or nearly so, produ-
cing evident sts. with long peduncles in the If .-axils:
Ivs. subcordate-ovate and usually acuminate, crenately
serrate; stipules
triangular, large,
coarsely den-
tate: fls. nor-
mally violet, the
petals obovate-
obtuse, standing
well apart, the
spur slender,
acute, shorter
than the petals.
Spain and the
Pyrenees. B.M.
791. G. 32:417.
Gn. 73, p. 385 —
Frequently seen
in gardens and
much prized for
its large bright
fls. Good for
spring bloom.
Hardy. There
are several
3939. Viola cornuta var. Papilio. ( X H) colors. Var. alba,
Hort. Gn. 78, p. 449. Var. purpfcrea, Hort. G.M. 52:
886. Var. Papilio, Hort. (Fig. 3939) has very large fls.,
violet in color, with small dark eye. Var. admirabilis,
Hort., a garden group of various colors, is probably a
hybrid offshoot of this species. Manne Queen is a form
of this species.
12. tricolor, Linn. PANSY. HEARTSEASE. Fig. 3940;
also Figs. 2748, 2749. Glabrous or nearly so, the sts.
becoming long and branched: basal Ivs. cordate or
round-cordate, those of the st. becoming ovate-oblong
or lanceolate, all stalked and crenate-dentate ; stipules
large, pinnately parted toward the base: fls. large,
usually about three colors represented (except in high-
bred self varieties), the spur usually twice as long as
the appendages of the calyx. Eu. G.Z. 27:1. R.B.
38:137. — When strayed from cult., the fls. become
small and lose the markings characteristic of the high-
bred pansies. A small-fld. field form, becoming com-
mon, is the European V. arvensis, Murray. A similar
but more delicate species, distinguished by petals
longer than the calyx, V. Rafinesquii, Greene (V. tricolor
var. arvensis, American Auth., not DC.), is indigenous
to the U. S. from N. J., southward and westward to
Texas and Colo. For cult., see Pansy
AA. Species native in
the U. S. and
Canada, not do-
mesticated but
sometimes planted
from the wild.
B. Plants stemless.
C. Petals normally
violet or purplish.
D. Lvs. more or less
dissected.
13. pedata, Linn.
BIRD- FOOT VIOLET.
Rootstock short and
erect : plant glabrous :
Ivs. pedately 3-5-
parted or -cleft, the
segms. usually 2-4-
cleft or -toothed near
the apex: petals all
beardless. Sandy
soil, Mass, and Minn,
to Fla.; a handsome
species. G.Z. 11:144.
Gn. 65, p. 383. G. 13:373; 22:68.— In the typical form
the 2 upper petals are dark violet, the 3 lower pale lilac;
the concolorous form is by far the more common. A
form with petals nearly white is known as var. alba.
14. palmata, Linn. Fig. 3941. Rootstock stout,
usually oblique rather than erect: first Ivs. in spring
sometimes less divided but later Ivs. palmately 5-11-
lobed or -parted, middle segm. largest, all of them
variously toothed or cleft: fls. violet-purple, about
J^-l in. across; lateral petals bearded; sepals rather
blunt, ovate-lanceolate; produces cleistogamous fls. on
prostrate peduncles. Woodlands, Mass, to Minn, and
to Fla.
15. pedatifida, Don. Rootstock short and erect: Ivs.
palmately multifid, primarily 3-parted or -divided,
each segm. again 3-cleft or -parted into linear sub-
divisions, these often further cut into 2-4 lobes: fls.
showy, violet, on scapes surpassing the Ivs.; produces
cleistogamous fls. with yellowish caps, on erect pedun-
cles. Prairies, Ohio northwestward and south-
westward.
DD. Lvs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate.
16. sagittata, Ait. A small species, with erect short
rootstock, usually glabrous: mature normal Ivs. lanceo-
late or oblong-lanceolate, hastately or sagittately toothed
3940. Viola tricolor. ( X K)
VIOLA -
VIOLA
3475
or incised at the base; earlier and later Ivs. more del-
toid and often only crenate at base: fls. violet-purple;
sepals narrow-lanceolate, acute. Banks and fields,
Mass, to Minn, and southward.
DDD. Lvs. cordate-ovate to cordate-reniform.
17. papilionacea, Pursh (V. cucullata of older Man-
uals). Figs. 3935-^5, 3942. Commonest and most va-
riable violet in the N. E. U. S. A robust plant,
with a strong branching horizontal rootstalk, 3-6 in.
high: Ivs. deltoid-ovate to cordate-ovate, not lobed,
bluntish, serrate, the long petiole somewhat pubescent :
fls. normally deep violet but white or greenish yellow
in the center; outer sepals ovate-lanceolate; petals
narrow; spurred petal often narrow and boat-shaped;
cleistogamous fls. usually underground but caps, erect.
V. Priceana, Pollard, is probably a form of this, with
white blue-centered fls. Ky. See remarks on p. 3473.
— Besides albinos there are striped and pied forms now
in the trade known as vars. striata, picta, and variegata,
Hort. All forms are easily colonized in the garden.
G.M. 57:313. G.3:323 (\MthasV.cucuUala). Gt.l:194.
18. sordria, Willd. Much like No. 17, but petioles
and lower surface of Ivs. villous-pubescent : a sturdy
grower, in pubes-
cence, shape of If.,
and color of fl. re-
sembling the Euro-
pean V. odorata,
whence named by
Willdenow in 1806
the "sister violet."
(Latin soror, a sister.)
Woods and moist
meadows and about
buildings, Que. to
Minn, and south-
ward.
19. pratincola,
Greene. A prairie
species of the Middle
West, from Ind. to
Minn, and Colo.; like
V. papilionacea, but
less robust, and often
united with that spe-
cies: petals violet-purple but of a lighter shade than
in No. 17, the petals broadly obovate.
20. septentrionalis, Greene. Scapes and Ivs. more or
less hirsutulous: Ivs. ovate to reniform, cordate at base,
somewhat attenuate but blunt at the apex, crenate-
toothed and ciliate, the petioles slender: fls. large, of a
rich violet-purple (rarely white or whitish); 3 lowest
petals villous at base; sepals ovate and usually obtuse;
cleistogamous fls. on ascending peduncles. Newf. and
westward along the Canadian border, to Brit. Col.
and southward to Conn. — Albino forms, varying all
the way to pure white, occur in New England.
21. nephrophylla, Greene (V. cognata, Greene).
Nearly or quite glabrous: Ivs. orbicular to somewhat
reniform, crenate-serrate, obtuse, the later ones
broadly cordate: fls. large, deep violet, on long pedun-
cles; spurred petal villous, the lateral ones densely
bearded; sepals ovate to lanceolate, obtuse; cleistog-
amous fls. erect. Cold mossy bogs and borders of
streams and lakes, Newf. to Brit. Col., south to N. W.
Conn, and N. Wis., and in high mountains to New Mex.
and Cent. Calif.
22. Selkirk!!, Pursh. A very distinct small species
with pale violet beardless petals, the spur long and
much enlarged toward the rounded end : glabrous except
for minute spreaoling hairs on the upper surface of the
If .-blades: Ivs. thin, ovate to nearly orbicular, deeply
cordate with a narrow sinus, crenate: sepals lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate, usually acute; cleistogamous fls.
220
3941. Viola palmata. (XM)
3942. Clomp of common blue violet
of the eastern states.— Viola papili-
onacea.
erect or ascending. Shaded ravines and cold mountain
forests, New Bruns. to Brit. Col., south in the AUe-
ghanies to Pa. and in the Rocky Mts. to Colo., and
north to Greenland; also in N. Eu.
cc. Petals always white.
D. Lvs. lanceolate or narro'jxr.
23. lanceolata, Linn. Small glabrous species, with
erect habit: Ivs. lanceolate or elliptical, obscurely
crenulate, gradually
narrowed into a mar-
gined more or less
colored petiole: fls.
white, but the 3 lower
petals with purplish
veins, all usually
beardless; sepals lan-
ceolate; cleistoga-
mous fls. erect. Open
moist places, Nova
Scotia to Minn, and
southward. — A dis-
tinct and interesting species.
DD. Lvs. ovate, with either narrowed or rounded base.
24. primulifdlia, Linn. Usually glabrous but some-
times pubescent: Ivs. oblong to ovate, usually rounded
at the base or cuneate, obscurely crenate-serrate, the
petioles often manifestly winged above: fls. white with
purplish veins, on peduncles exceeding the Ivs. ; sepals
lanceolate, acuminate; 3 lower petals beardless or
slightly bearded; cleistogamous fls. on shortish erect
peduncles. Open moist ground, New Bruns. to Fla.
and La.
DDD. Lvs. cordate.
25. pallens, Brainerd. Small neat species, for the
most part glabrous, stoloniferous: Ivs. broadly ovate
or cordate-orbicular, sometimes only %n. wide, but
usually lJ^-2 in., crenate-serrate, obtuse: fls. faintly
fragrant, white; lateral petals usually with small tuft
of hairs, the upper ones broadly obovate. Springy
land and along cold brooks, Que. and southward,
3943. Viola blania. ( XI)
especially in the mountains to S. C. and Tenn. — The
plant formerly known by many as V. blanda, and still
often confused.
26. blanda, Willd. Fig. 3943. A northern species
extending southward in the mountains to N. Ga., has
acuminate Ivs. somewhat hairy on the upper surface, and
narrow strongly reflexed petals. Probably not in cult.
3476
VIOLA
VIOLA
DDDD. Lvs. kidney-shaped.
27. renifdlia, Gray. Pubescent to nearly glabrous:
rootstock in mature plants mostly stout and scaly:
mature Ivs. of summer reniform, distantly crenate-ser-
rate, rounded at the summit: fls. white; petals beardless,
the 3 lower ones veined
or tinged brownish;
sepals narrow-lanceo-
late; cleistogamous fls.
purple, on horizontal
peduncles: stolons ab-
sent. Arbor-vitse
swamps and cold
woods, Newf. to the
Mackenzie River, and
southward in the Alle-
ghany and Rocky Mts.
3944. Viola rostrate. (XH)
ccc. Petals yellow.
28. rotundifdlia,
Michx. Plant with long
and stout scaly root-
stocks, and making
short stolons: Ivs. in
midsummer oval, 2-4
in. wide, thick and
E rostrate, crenate,
s. bright yellow, with
brown lines on the 3
lower petals; lateral
petals bearded; cleis-
togamous fls. on de-
flexed peduncles. Cold woods in the mountains
from Maine to N. Ga.
BB. Plants with evident sts.
C. Species eastern, or found east of the 100th meridian.
T>. Petals yellow.
29. Nuttallii, Pursh. Pubescent or nearly glabrous,
with a deep stout rootstock: early Ivs. and fls. from near
the crown, the later fls. cleistogamous and on long
peduncles: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, tapering into margined
petioles, obtuse at apex, crenate-dentate or entire: fls.
yellow, the petals beardless or with slight beards;
sepals lanceolate or linear. From the Rocky Mts. east-
ward to Dak. and Mo.
30. eriocarpa, Schw. (V. scabriuscula, Schw.). Essen-
tially glabrous or sparingly pubescent, the sts. ascend-
ing: root-lvs. usually 1-3, long-petioled, ovate to reni-
form, the base cordate or truncate, the apex usually
rounded; st.-lvs. all on upper half of st., broad-ovate,
subcordate, apex acuminate: fls. yellow, the lateral
petals bearded; sepals narrowly lanceolate. Low
woods, Nova Scotia to Man. and far southward.
31. pubescens, Ait. Markedly soft-pubescent: sts.
8-12 in. high, stout, often only one: root-lvs. usually
wanting; st.-lvs. near the top, short-petioled, broad-
ovate to reniform, the base cordate or truncate, cre-
nate-dentate, somewhat short-pointed; stipules large:
fls. bright yellow; lateral petals bearded; spur short;
sepals narrow-lanceolate. Dry rich woods, Nova
Scotia to N. D. and to Va. and Mo.
DD. Petals white inside with bright yellow base.
32. rugulSsa, Greene (V. Rydbergii, Greene). Plants
widely spreading from long underground stolons: first
Ivs. broad and densely pubescent underneath, long-
petioled, cordate-reniform arid abruptly acuminate:
fls. sometimes tinged with violet. Minn, and westward
to Colo, and Brit. Col.
33. canadensis, Linn. Plants without stolons, gla-
brous or very nearly so: Ivs. broad-ovate, cordate, at
apex acute or acuminate, serrate, the stipules sharp-
lanceolate: fls. solitary from the axils of the st.-lvs.,
white inside with yellow center, the outside more or
less tinged with violet, the 3 lower petals with darker
lines, the lateral petals bearded; sepals subulate.
Woods, New Bruns. to Sask. and Rocky Mts., to Ala.
and Ariz.
DDD. Petals a uniform white or cream-color.
34. striata, Ait. Plants cespitose, often 2 ft. high at
maturity in summer, the sts. angular and leafy: Ivs.
nearly or quite glabrous, ovate to orbicular, cordate,
mostly acuminate, closely crenate-serrate ; stipules
large and fimbriate: fls. white or cream-colored, long-
stalked; sepals linear-lanceolate and ciliolate; spur
thick and blunt. Shady places, N. Y. to Minn., Ga.
and Mo.
DDDD. Petals usually violet-blue.
35. conspersa, Reichb. (F. canlna var. Muhlenbergii,
Gray). Plant glabrous, 3-6 in. high, with oblique often
much-branched rootstock: lower Ivs. cordate-orbicular,
obtuse, crenate-serrate, not large (%-lJ-i in. wide);
upper Ivs. rather smaller and somewhat acuminate:
fls. many, pale violet (running to white), overtopping
the foliage; lateral petals bearded; spur 2-4 lines long;
sepals acute. Que. to Minn, and Ga., in low or shaded
places.
36. rostrata, Pursh. Fig. 3944. Glabrous or nearly so,
4-8 in. high, the sts. often numerous and plant forming
a small clump: Ivs. orbicular to broad-ovate, cordate,
the upper ones acute, all serrate: fls. lilac with darker
spots; petals beardless; spur long (M~Mii.) and slen-
der; cleistogamous fls. later on short axillary peduncles.
A distinct and attractive species, in open woods and on
hillsides, Que. to Mich, and southward.
3945. Viola Sheltonii. ( X 1A)
cc. Species western, found only west of the 100th meridian.
D. Lvs. not dissected: petals yellow inside, the 2 upper
madder-brown outside.
37. sarmentSsa, Douglas. Prostrate plants with thick-
ened rootstocks and numerous long leafy runners: Ivs.
small, roundish cordate, deep green above but often rusty
beneath, closely crenate, shorter than the peduncles:
fls. light yellow, the lower petal somewhat purple-
veined; spur short and broad. Along the Pacific coast.
VIOLA
VIOLET
3477
38. pedunculate, Torr. & Gray. Sts. ascending, often
2 ft. long, bearing normally in each If .-axil as the st.
develops a large (1 in. across) orange-yellow fl. on a
peduncle 2-5 in. long: rootstock thick and deep: Ivs.
round-ovate, the base usually truncate, coarsely crenate;
stipules leafy: petals purple- veined inside, the lateral
ones bearded. W. Calif., where often cult.; handsome.
3946. Viola Beckwithii. (XH)
39. glabella, Xutt. Sts. erect but usually weak,
leafy only above: rootstock horizontal, more or less
branching: Ivs. cordate-renifonn, glabrous or only
puberulent, the lower ones on elongated petioles;
stipules small: fls. bright yellow and somewhat purple-
veined; lateral petals bearded; spur short and sac-like.
Moist or shady places; widely distributed in the
mountains of the N. W. and along the Pacific coast.
DD. Lvs. more or less 3-9-lobed or -parted.
40. lobata, Benth. St. long and mostly naked at the
base, the plant either glabrous or finely pubescent:
rootstock erect: Ivs. reniform to bfoad-cuneate,
palmately cleft into 5-9 narrow lobes and the central
lobe toothed: fls. yellow, the upper petals brownish
purple on the outside. Calif . and S. W. Ore.
DDD. Lvs. compoundly dissected into numerous small
lobes: sts. leafy from the base.
E. Lateral petals beardless.
41. Sheltonii, Tprr. Fig. 3945 (adapted from Pacific
R. R. Report). Nearly or quite glabrous: Ivs. orbicu-
lar-reniform to cordate, 3-divided, the divisions 3-
parted, lobed and cleft into narrow segms., not exceed-
ing the peduncles: upper petals brownish, the 3 lower
pale yellow. N. W. Colo, and N. E. Calif.
EE. Lateral petals bearded, the 2 upper deep violet.
42. Beckwithii, Torr. & Gray. Fig. 3946 (adapted
from Pacific R. R. Report). Plant pubescent or puber-
ulent : Ivs. palmately about 3 times 3-parted into very
narrow lobes, about equaling the peduncles: 3 lower
petals pale violet, the fls. thus closely resembling those
of V. pedata. Utah to X. E. Calif, a'nd Ore.
43. Hallii, Gray. Plant glabrous; rootstock deep: Ivs.
3-divided, the divisions 3-5-cleft, the segms. narrow;
stipules leafy: fls. violet and yellow, the 2 upper petals
dark violet and the 3 lower petals yellow or cream-col-
ored; lateral petals bearded at base. N. W. Calif, and
W. Ore.
44. trinervate, Howell. Plant glabrous: ultimate
segms. of the If. lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, taper-
ing to an acute callous apex, thick and firm, promi-
nently 3-ribbed: upper petals dark blue, the lower ones
pale blue to whitish with a yellow base. Cent, and S.
Wash.
EZRA BRAIXERD.
VIOLET. One of the choicest of fragrant garden
flowers. See Viola.
Comparatively few changes have taken place in the
commercial cultivation of the violet within the past
decade. The industry is more or less stabilized, and
while there has been a tendency to increased planting
of the single varieties, on the whole there has been no
marked growth in the actual area under cultivation.
The violet still offers some unique opportunities for
the untrained lover of plants for the reason that it may
be grown at less expense and with fewer and more
simple houses and frames than almost any other of the
major florist crops. While the violet readily responds
to good treatment and to clean and healthy surround-
ings, its status is still relatively low owing to the fact
that the risks of production are great, and this seems to
develop a tendency toward carelessness on the part of
those who take up the work as a business.
The cultivated varieties of the florist's violet are
limited in number and probably all have been derived
from the common sweet violet, Viola odorata, widely
distributed over Europe and Asia. So far as known, no
true varieties of the violet, either single or double, have
originated in America. Of the double varieties and
strains the most widely planted in this country are the
Marie Louise (Fig. 3947) in its several forms, including
Farquhar and Imperial; Lady Hume Campbell, Nea-
politan (Fig. 3948), De Panne, Swanley White (Fig.
3949), and Madame Millet. For all practical purposes
the culture of the double violet is confined to the Marie
Louise, a true mauve in color, and the Campbell, a
light mauve. The Neapolitan is a somewhat hardy
type, but its color is too light for the market. The
single varieties are coming to be important in the
trade, and in the South and West are taking the place
of the double sorts. South of Philadelphia, and north
of Richmond, Virginia, the growing of any of the dou-
bles is more or less risky, and it is in this territory and
the Pacific coast that the singles are becoming so pop-
ular. The principal varieties are the Princess of Wales,
Admiral Avellan, La France, California, and Baron
Rothschild. The last is a promising variety, being a
very free bloomer and a good keeper. The habit of
this plant is
compact and the
f oliage is of good
texture, shape,
and color.
Violets will
grow and thrive
in almost any
good garden soil.
The soil that
will grow good
strawberries or
potatoes should,
with proper care,
grow good vio-
lets. Under such
intensive culti-
vation as must
necessarily b e
given the violet,
it is important
to give strict
attention to soil
preparation.
Sod from an old
pasture makes
excellent soil for
the crop, but
care should be
taken that it is
not too heavy.
A moderately
sandy loam sod is
3947. Violet, Marie
Louise. (XI)
3478
VIOLET
VIOLET
3948. Neapolitan.
(XI)
best. This should preferably be cut in the fall and com-
posted with well-decomposed stable-manure. Many
growers use cow-manure, but no particular advantage
has been observed in this material so far as the vigor of
the crop is concerned. It is more difficult to secure and
is not so easily handled; hence ordinary well-decom-
posed stable -manure is preferred. About one part
manure should be used to four parts of soil, and a little
extra work in thoroughly incorporating the manure with
the soil always pays well. Some of the best growers
make up the heaps by bringing the soil and manure
together by means of wheelbarrows and then mixing
by shoveling over the
pile, as is done for
concrete-mixing.
When there are large
quantities of soil to
be mixed, the haul-
ing can of course be
done with wagons or
carts. A one-horse
cart makes a very
convenient means of
bringing the mate-
rials together. Before
putting the soil into
the houses or frames
it should be turned
and mixed again and
for about every two or
three thousand plants
use a 200-pound bag
of powdered quick-
lime. The lime may
be sprinkled on the
heap from time to
time as the mixing takes place.
For all practical purposes the commer-
cial cultivation of the violet is limited to
growing in houses except in the South and
far West, where for the most part they are
grown in the open or in coldframes.
There is still considerable growing done
in frames, but there are so many incon-
veniences involved in this work that most
of the frame culture has been abandoned
for the cheaper forms of houses. Gradu-
ally, also, the method of growing the plants
in the open field and later covering with
frames is being abandoned. The violet is
subject to so many diseases and troubles
which are materially influenced by weather
conditions that it is important to have
control over at least the moisture condi-
tions the greater part of the year. In
house culture the crop is preferably grown
in solid beds (Fig. 3950). Experience has
shown that better and more flowers are
secured by this method than by growing
on benches. Then, again, there is the
advantage of the long life of the solid beds
and the lessened expense of the general
work. Care should be taken not to have the beds too
wide, otherwise it will be difficult to reach all parts of
them from the walks. The best growers practise chang-
ing the soil each year. At least 5 inches of fresh soil
should be put in before the young plants are set out.
The time of planting varies somewhat in different
parts of the country. Usually the flowers are not much
in demand after the middle of April, so that in prac-
tically all the violet-growing sections preparations may
begin at this time for clearing the houses and getting
ready for the new crop. The plants, having been prop-
erly prepared, as will be described later, should be set
8 or 9 inches apart in rows 10 inches apart. This is the
distance for the doubles. For the singles they are usu-
ally planted about 12 inches apart in the rows, the rows
being from 12 to 18 inches apart. Most of the single
varieties now under cultivation may be planted closer
than this, say from 10 to 12 inches apart. After the
plants are put out it is necessary that they should be
carefully watered and all weeds in the beds kept down.
It is desirable to keep the temperature as low as pos-
sible in summer. To this end the houses should be
shaded. It is desirable to give plenty of fresh air, but
care should be taken to have the top ventilators so
arranged that the plants may be protected from rain,.
The violet requires considerable water, but no very
rigid rules can be laid down as to the amount required.
Every effort should be put forth to keep the plants in
good growing condition without over-saturation of the
soil. Early in summer the runners will begin to appear
and these must be cut off as rapidly as the plants can
be gone over conveniently. The object is to secure a
good strong healthy compact plant and to induce
free growth at all times, as with such strong free-
growing plants developed by October 1 all the con-
ditions will be at hand for the production of long-
stemmed, good-colored flowers.
The violet may be propagated in a number of ways.
One of the common practices is to divide the crown.
This is usually done in spring after the flowering
season is over. The plant is lifted and the soil shaken
off, and then it may be readily pulled apart and the
small plants either set in beds or flats. This method
has objections because a
great many plants or
crowns so separated are
hard and woody, and they
will refuse to grow into
good vigorous healthy
crowns. A second and
more desirable method is
carefully to select young
and vigorous offshoots and
root these in the ordinary
way in sand. Following
the second method the
young plants can be se-
cured from time to time
during the late winter
without disturbing the
main plants. If proper
care is exercised and good
selection made, another
good supply ®f stock may
be readily available early
in March, and selections
may be made from these
for the planting, which is
performed the latter part
of May.
Comparatively little at-
tention has been given to
proper houses for violet-
culture. Almost any kind
of house is believed to be
suitable, hence the crop has
not had the advantages that more favored ones like the
rose and carnation have had. Any good type of well-
lighted, well-ventilated house will suffice. For begin-
ners and those who have not a large amount of capital
to invest, one of the most economical and satisfactory
houses is an ordinary even-span type, 12 feet wide.
The height of such house from the bottom of the walk to
the ridge is 7 feet. The height of the side from the top
of the plate to bottom of gutter is 20 inches. The walls
can be easily boarded up with rough lumber and then
covered with rustic siding. One walk 14 inches wide
is made through the center of the house. This gives
two beds, each 5 feet 5 inches wide. Such beds are a
little wide for conveniently reaching the plants from
3949. Swanley. (XI)
VIOLET
VIOLET
3479
the walk, but by means of a board to be hooked onto
the heating pipes, all plants may be conveniently
reached. Coldframes for violet-culture are simple in
construction. They are of the usual type, being 6 feet
wide, 12 inches high in front, and 16 to 18 inches high
at the back. Ordinary 3 by 6 sash may be .used.
These frames may be made any length in locations
where the soil is porous and well drained; the frames
may be lower than the surrounding soil. This gives
some advantages in winter although it is back-breaking
work at any time properly to care for the plants and
pick the flowers in such frames.
In sections where the climate is comparatively mild,
violets may be planted directly in the open ground and
the frames, which may be movable ones, may be set
over the plants about the middle of September. Violet
houses do not need much heat, merely enough in fact
to keep out the frost. The tendency is to overheat and
there are probably more good crops spoiled by too
much rather than too little heat. Hot water is usually
depended on for heating both houses and frames.
For the average houses a boiler capacity of 1,200 to
1,500 square feet will be required for every 10,000
plants. With the present cost of materials and labor it
is safe to figure the cost of a plain style of house such
as already described at about 50 cents a plant. A
house 12 feet wide and 100 feet long will hold about
2,000 plants and should cost complete from $850 to
$1,000.
Marketing is one of the most important factors con-
nected with commercial violet-growing and is seldom
understood in all its details. The grower should be
thoroughly familiar with the many needs and require-
ments of the market and be able to supply these
demands, for upon his ability to do this depends
largely his success or failure from a financial standpoint.
Violets are prized chiefly for their delicate perfume, and
as this diminishes in proportion to the length of time
they are picked, the best market, other things being
equal, is the one which requires the least possible delay
between picking the flowers and placing them in the
hands of the customer.
The crop may be disposed of at retail or wholesale or
through a commission merchant. Each method has
its advantages and disadvantages, and in deciding
3950. Growing violets in solid beds.
which one to adopt the grower must be guided by
existing conditions. He must in any event have a
thorough knowledge of the requirements of the market
as regards quality of the flowers, size, shape, and
arrangement of the bunch, and should at all times
exercise the utmost care in picking, packing, and
shipping, so that the flowers may reach the customer
in the best and most attractive condition. The kind
of bunch varies from year to year, and each large city
3951. Violet spot disease.
is likely to have its own style. The various styles are
wonderfully exacting in their requirements and great
skill is required to bunch the flowers properly.
The cultivated violets are subject to a number of
diseases, each of which is characterized by one or more
distinct symptoms. The principal diseases are as
follows, their destructive-
ness being in the order in
which they are discussed:
Spot disease (Alternaria
violx) (Fig. 3951), also
called leaf-spot, leaf-rust,
and smallpox, is the most
widespread and destruct-
ive known in America. It
attacks principally the
foliage, normally produ-
cing definite circular whi-
tish spots, frequently with
concentric rings, of a
darker shade, very often
with a light central por-
tion resembling the bite
or sting of an insect. Cer-
cospora viols. Phyttosticta
violse, Septoria violce, and
the like, produce spots
very similar in outline and
appearance to those caused
by Alternaria violas, but
only under conditions
peculiarly favorable to
these fungi do they cause
any serious loss.
Root-rot (Thielavia
basicola) is very trouble-
some and destructive in
some localities, especially to young plants that are
transplanted during hot dry weather. It causes the
browning or blackening of the parts attacked and the
final death of the plant.
Wet-rot (Botrytis sp.) attacks leaves, petioles, flower-
stalks, and flowers, causing a moist or soft rot. It is
sometimes very destructive, especially with large
plants growing in a damp stagnant atmosphere, where
there is insufficient ventilation and light.
Leaf-fading or yellowing is induced by a variety of
conditions, but as yet little that is definite has been
ascertained regarding its cause.
It is difficult to exterminate any of the diseases
named after they once gain a foothold. However, they
can be held in check and often entirely prevented by
selecting and propagating exclusively from strong
vigorous disease-resistant plants, and by keeping them
in the best possible growing condition. Careful atten-
tion must be given to watering, cultivation, and ven-
tilation, and the dead and dying leaves and all runners
should be destroyed as fast as they appear.
Although violets are attacked by a number of
insects and other related enemies, only a few do suffi-
cient injury to warrant discussion here.
Aphides (Aphis sp. and Rhopalosiphum violae) are
generally known as the green and the black aphis or
the green- and black-fly. They cause the young grow-
ing parts to curl and twist, resulting in a stunted ill-
formed plant. They work their way into the young,
unopened flower-buds, and, thrusting their bills through
the overlapping petals, feed on the juice. Each punc-
ture produces a greenish white blotch on the petal, and
the flower becomes dwarfed, distorted, and worthless
for market. Aphides can be easily controlled by fumi-
gating with hydrocyanic acid gas, and this is now in
general use. To each cubic foot of space in the house or
frame use .15 gram of 98 per cent cyanide of potash for
double varieties and .10 gram for single varieties.
Handle the cyanide and gas with utmost care, as both
3480
VIOLET
VITEX
are very poisonous. Divide the total amount of
cyanide into as many equal parts as there are jars used,
which latter should be one for every 50 to 75 lineal
feet of a house 12 to 18 feet wide. Put each part into
a two-pound manilla paper bag and this into a second
bag. Attach each package to a string or wire so arranged
as to allow it to be lowered from the outside of the
house into its respective jar. Pour into each jar an
amount of water about equal to the bulk of cyanide
in the bag, add commercial sulfuric acid until steam
is evolved, then from the outside lower the bags into
the jars beneath. Fumigate double varieties thirty min-
utes and single varieties twenty minutes, after which
open ventilators from outside, leaving them open at
least sixty minutes before entering the house. Aphides
may also be combated by using tobacco in some one of
its many forms, but tobacco is likely to weaken the
leaves and make them more liable to the attack of
fungi, and on this account is very objectionable.
Red-spider (Tetranychus telarius) lives on the under
surface of the leaves, and, when present in sufficient
number, causes considerable damage. It is widely dis-
tributed on a great variety of plants, and when estab-
lished in the violet-house is most difficult to combat.
It can be held in check, and often the plants may be
kept entirely free from it, by frequent syringing with
clear water under a pressure of twenty to thirty pounds
to the square inch. Care must be taken to syringe
early in the morning and on bright days, so that the
plants may dry off before night. Neglect may be the
means of inducing disease.
Eel-worms, or nematodes, are sometimes very injuri-
ous to the violet. A common species attacks the roots,
producing galls and distortions that check the growth
of the plants. These may be controlled by judicious
soil selection, the freezing of the soil in winter and
the use of good clean grass sod. A very destructive
nematode, Apheleuchus olesistus, that appeared in this
country twelve or fifteen years ago, is rapidly becom-
ing one of the serious enemies of the violet. This
nematode attacks the crown-buds, causing the plants
to "go blind." Rigid selection of stock is the only
remedy. Every "blind" crown plant should be taken
out and destroyed. Extreme care should be exercised
in bringing in new stock. Nearly all imported plants
are more or less affected with the pest. The bud nema-
tode does more injury in this country than abroad.
This may be due to the fact that while the pest has
been imported, its enemies have not been brought in.
Some very promising investigations are now being
made by N. A. Cobb, of the Bureau of Plant Industry,
United States Department of Agriculture, of a race of
predaceous nematodes which destroy immense num-
bers of the harmful kinds.
In some parts of the country the larvae of gall-fly
(Diplosis violicola), violet sawfly (Emphytus canadensis),
greenhouse leaf-tyer (Phlyctcenia rubigalis), and several
species of cutworms (Agrotis et al.) injure the plants to
some extent by feeding on the foliage. Fumigating
with hydrocyanic acid gas is the best means of com-
bating them.
Under certain conditions slugs, snails, sowbugs, and
the like, do considerable damage, especially to the
flowers. They also can be controlled by the hydro-
cyanic acid gas treatment. B. T. GALLOWAY.
P. H. DORSETT.
VIOLET, AFRICAN: Saintpaulia. V. Damask or Dame's:
Hesperis matronalis, V., Dog's-Tooth: Erythronium. V., Water:
Hottonia.
VLRGILIA. (named for the poet Virgil). Leguminosse.
Tree sometimes grown in the greenhouse : Ivs. pinnately
compound; Ifts. small, without stipels; stipules narrow,
caducous: fls. rose-purple, in short terminal racemes;
calyx 2-lipped, upper 2-toothed, lower 3-toothed;
petals long-clawed; standard recurved, orbicular;
wings ovate, falcate, keel shorter than the wings,
beaked; stamens free; ovary sessile: pod linear, piano-
compressed, leathery, 2-valved. One species, S. Afr.
V. capensis, Lam. (Podalyria capensis, Andr.). Tree:
Ivs. with 6-10 pairs of Ifts. which are linear-oblong,
mucronate, the young ones silky on both sides, the old
ones glabrous and glossy above: fls. rosy purple, J^in.
long; calyx silky, widely campanulate. S. Afr. B.M.
1590.
V. liitea, Michx.=Cladrastis lutea.
VIRGINIA COWSLIP: Mertensia mrginica. V. Creeper: Par-
thenocissus guinguefolia. V. Stock: Malcomia.
VIRGIN'S BOWER: Clematis.
VISC ARIA: Lychnis.
VISCUM (the old Latin name used by Virgil and
Pliny). Loranthacese. MISTLETOE. Parasitic shrubs
which grow on trees and are well known to all on
account of their use at Christmas. The Ivs. are some-
times flat and rather thick, sometimes reduced to
minute teeth or scales: fls. dioecious or monoecious at
the axils or nodes: berry 1-seeded, naked or crowned
with the perianth. About 70 species, natives of the
temperate and warmer regions. Two species deserve
mention: V. album, Linn. COMMON MISTLETOE (of
Eu.). Yellowish green, glabrous shrub, 1—& ft. high:
Ivs. opposite or in whorls of 3, 1-3 in. long, obovate-
lanceolate, obtuse, 5-7-neryed: fr. white, nearly j^in.
diam., ovoid or globose, viscid. Eu. and Temp. Asia.
V. cruciatum, Sieber. Resembles V. album in habit,
foliage, and infl., but the Ivs. are very pale yellow-green
and 3-nerved: berries red-brown, larger and long-
pedicelled. Spain, N. E. Afr., and Syria. B.M. 7828.
See also Loranthus and Phoradendron.
VISNEA (after a Lisbon merchant). Ternstroemidceae.
Evergreen tree with the habit and infl. of Eurya, some-
times grown in the warmhouse: fls. small, subsessile;
sepals 5, strongly imbricated, bases somewhat connate;
petals 5, imbricate, bases connate; stamens numerous,
adhering to the corolla at the very base; ovary 3-celled:
fr. an indehiscent berry, included in the enlarged and
fleshy calyx. — One species, Canary Isls., little known
in cult.
Mocanera, Linn. f. Tender evergreen shrub, 6-9 ft.
high, of compact habit and with dark green, shining
leathery foliage: Ivs. short-petioled, ovate-lanceolate,
serrate: fls. solitary, white, pendulous. Canaries. — It is
a large evergreen shrub or small tree resembling in a
general way a tea plant or camellia. The specific name
Mocanera was given by the younger Linnaeus because
the fr. was supposed to be the "mocan" of the aborigines
which was made into a kind of sirup and used to a con-
siderable extent. The fls. are only % inch across, not
very numerous and much shorter than the Ivs., but they
are very sweet-scented. It has been offered in S. Calif.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
VITELLARIA: Lucuma.
VITEX (ancient Latin name for this or a similar
shrub). Verbenacese. Ornamental woody plants chiefly
grown for their white, blue, or yellowish flowers pro-
duced in terminal spikes or panicles.
Deciduous or evergreen shrubs or trees: Ivs. opposite,
digitate, with 3-7, rarely with 1 1ft. : fls. in often pani-
cled, few- to many-fld. cymes; calyx campanulate,
usually 5-toothed; corolla tubular-funnelform, with
5-lobed, oblique and slightly 2-lipped limb; stamens 4,
2 longer and 2 shorter ones: fr. a small drupe, with a
4-celled stone. — About 60 species are known, distributed
through the subtropical and tropical regions of both
hemispheres, few in the temperate regions. Some spe-
cies, particularly V. altissima and V. leucoxylon, in S.
Asia are important timber trees.
VITEX
VITIS
3481
The two species most often cultivated are shrubs or
small trees with deciduous digitate leaves and lilac-
blue or white flowers in terminal spikes or loose panicles
appearing in summer and autumn. The hardiest seems
to be V. \egundo var. incisa, which stands most ordi-
nary winters as far north as Massachusetts. V. Agnus-
castus is hardy as
far north as New
York, in sheltered
positions. These
species are particu-
larly valuable for
their late-appearing
flowers. They grow
in almost any kind
of soil and prefer
rather dry sunny
situations. Most of
the species are in-
habitants of tropi-
cal and subtropical
regions and only a
few can be culti-
vated outdoors in
warmer temperate
regions. None of
these tender kinds
seems to be in cul-
tivation in this
country; in the Old
World they are
sometimes culti-
vated as greenhouse
plants. They thrive
in a sandy compost
of peat and loam.
Propagated by
seeds sown in spring
and by greenwood
cuttings under
glass ; also by layers.
Agnus-castus,
Linn. CHASTE-
TREE. HEMP-TREE.
3952. Vitex Negundo var. incisa. ( X H) MONK'S PEPPER-
TREE. Shrub or
small tree, with a strong aromatic odor, grayish tomen-
tose: Ivs. long-stalked; Ifts. 5-7, lanceolate, acuminate,
narrowed at the base into a short stalk, entire or with
few coarse teeth, grayish-tomentose beneath, the mid-
dle one 3-4 in. long: the fls. in dense, sessile clusters,
forming terminal, often panicled spikes 5-7 in. long;
corolla usually pale or lilac, grayish outside, J^in. long;
stamens and stvle exserted. July-Sept. S. Eu., W.
Asia. Mn. 2, p. "44. G.C. III. 51:52. Var. alba, Rehd.
(V. albiflbra, Hort. Agnus-cdstus vulgaris alba, Carr.).
Fls. white.
Negundo, Linn. Shrub or small tree with quadran-
gular branchlets: Ifts. usually 5, or occasionally 3,
stalked, elliptic-ovate to lanceolate, acuminate, serrate
or entire, grayish tomentulose beneath, lJ^-4 in. long:
fls. lilac or lavender, small, scarcely Km- l°ng> stalked,
in rather loose clusters forming slender spikes usually
crowded into loose terminal panicles 5-8 in. long;
stamens and style slightly exserted. China, India.
Tender. Var. incisa, Clarke "(V. incisa, Lam. V. lacini-
ata, Hort.). Fig. 3952. Lfts. incisely serrate or almost
pinnatifid, %-3 in. long; the more extreme form with
deeply pinnatifid Ifts. and narrow remote segms. may
be distinguished as f. multifida, Rehd. (Agnus-cdstus
incisa var. multifida, Carr.). July- Aug. N. China, Mon-
golia. B.M. 364 (as V. Negundo). This variety is much
hardier than the type; it is less showy in bloom than
the preceding species, but a graceful shrub of loose and
open habit, with handsome foliage.
V. iticifdlia, A. Rich. Lvs. simple, short-stalked, oval, spiny-
toothed: fls. in long-stalked, axillary, many-fid, cymes. Cuba. — V.
Lindenii, Hook. f. Lfts. 3-5, elliptic or elliptic-obovate, glabrous-
fls. pale violet, in few-fld., axillary, long-stalked heads. Colombia.
B.M. 6230.— V. lucent, T. Kirk (V. littoralis, A. Cunn.). Tree, to
60 ft., producing valuable hardwood: Ivs. long-stalked; Ifts. 3-5,
elliptic, almost acuminate, glabrous: fls. in axillary panicles, abun-
dant, dull red, 2-upped. New Zeal. — V. trifolia. Linn. Lfts. usually
3, obovate or obovate-oblong, obtuse, entire: fls. blue, in terminal
panicles. S. Asia. Polynesia. Var. unifoliolata, Schauer. With a
solitary short-stalked 1ft. AlJRED REHDER.
VITIS (classical Latin name). VINE. GRAPE.
Vitacex or Ampdidex. Tendril-climbers (some mem-
bers of the genus Cissus erect) grown as ornamental
vines but particularly for the edible fruits or grapes.
The genus is variously denned, but if Cissus is
excluded it is distinguished as follows (Gray): Plants
climbing by the prehension and coiling of naked-tipped
tendrils: fls. polygamo-dicecious (i. e., some individuals
perfect and fertile, others sterile with at most only a
rudimentary ovary), 5-merous; corolla calyptrately
caducous — the petals in anthesis cast off from the base
while cohering by their tips (Fig. 3954); hypogynous
disk of 5 nectariferous glands alternate with stamens;
style short and thick, or conical: berry pulpy; seeds
pyriform, with contracted beak-like base. — A wide-
spread genus of the northern hemisphere, most abun-
dant in temperate countries. In its stricter limitations,
the genus includes less than 60 known species, but some
authors unite Cissus and Ampelopsis with it, when it
includes some 250 species. The standard monographer
(Planchon, DC. Monogr. Phaner. 5), refers 30 or more
species to Vitis in the main account and in the adden-
dum, and more than 200 to Cissus. N. Amer. is par-
ticularly rich in Vitis, not only in number of species but
in the widespread distribution and the abundance of the
plants. From the native species have been developed
the outdoor grapes of this country except those of
Calif, and the extreme S. W. (which are Vitis vinifera).
For an account of the evolution of these native cul-
tural varieties, see Bailey, Sketch of the Evolution of
Our Native Fruits; Hedrick's Grapes of New York,
a notable volume issued by the N. Y. Agric. Exp. Sta.;
also Munson, Foundations of American Grape Cul-
ture, 1909. For a sketch of Vitis and similar plants as
ornamental vines, with illustrations, see Veitch, Journ.
Roy. Hort. Soc. 28 (1903-4). For cult., and control of
insects and diseases, see Grape. For recent studies in
If. variation and in pollen sterility, see M. J. Dorsey,
Proc. Amer. Breeders' Assoc., vol. 7 (1912), and Bull.
No. 144, Minn. Exp. Sta. (1914).
Many of the species of Vitis are excellent ornamental
plants, when it is desired to cover arbors, porches, or
trees; a number of the recently introduced oriental
3953. Vitis. — Forms of leaf on the same vine.
species (some of them properly referable to Ampelopsis
and Parthenocissus) seem to be particularly interest-
ing for such use. All of them are readily grown from
seeds, and most of them from hardwood cuttings. Only
a few of the native species are regularly in the trade;
but with the possible exception of V. Treleasei they
have been offered for sale to experiment stations and
amateurs by the late T. V. Munson, of Texas, a well-
known authority on both the botany and horticulture
VITIS
VITIS
of the grape. The popular interest in these species is
primarily pomological; for, although the fruit may not
be directly useful, the species give promise of develop-
ment through hybridization and plant-breeding, and
some of them afford useful stocks on which to graft
kinds that do not resist the phylloxera or root-louse.
The following discussion includes all the species native
3954. Grape Sowers, enlarged. 1, shows the bud; 2, shows the
petals or "cap" falling; 3, shows the flower in full bloom, the
petals having been cast off. In all the flowers the minute calyx is
seen, and in 2 and 3 the disk is shown inside the base of the
stamens.
to North America north of Mexico; it is adapted from
the writer's account in Gray's "Synoptical Flora,"
vol. 1, 420-430. These American grapes are very diffi-
cult to distinguish in many cases; hence the subjoined
descriptions are full, to bring out the contrasting char-
acters. Some of the best recent systematic writing on
American Vitis is from French sources, since the Ameri-
can species have come into prominence in France as
phylloxera-resisting stocks for the wine grape. See,
for example, the works of Millardet, and Viala and
Ravaz; also "Ampelographie Universelle," by Viala
and Vermorel. Many of the species listed in the trade
under Vitis will be found in the genera Ampelopsis,
Parthenocissus, and Cissus.
The grape-vines of eastern Asia, although apparently
not yielding fruit of value, are interesting as ornamental
vines, and some of them are likely to come into promi-
nence for their good foliage and brilliant autumn color-
ing. They are little known with us as yet. V. Coignetise
and V. amurensis are hardy in the northern states.
Those tender at the Arnold Arboretum and more or
less killed back in winter are V. Davidii, V. flexuosa, V.
Romanetii, V. pulchra, V. reticulata, V. Piasezkii, and
V. pentagona.
Vitis species are of easy culture for ornament, and
probably all of them propagate by hardwood cuttings,
although layering may be easier with some species.
Even species that are tender in any locality often make
very attractive new growths each year if the roots are
not injured. Attention must be given to fungous
diseases.
In southern California and other southern parts, a
number of evergreen species now attain more or less
prominence, particularly "the evergreen grape-vine" or
V. capensis. These plants are mostly species of Cissus
(which see, page 775), which is separated from Vitis by
the mostly four-merous flowers with separate expand-
ing petals and different disk, the plants often fleshy and
sometimes erect rather than climbing. The evergreen
set in cultivation more or less prominently in this
country comprises Cissus antardica (V. Baudiniana],
page 776; C. capensis (V. capensis); C. gongylodes (V.
pterophora), page 776; C. hypoglauca (V. hypoglauca) ;
C. oblonga (V. oblonga); C. quadrangularis (V. quad-
rangularis); C. rhombifolia (V. rhombifolia); Vitis
Romanetii (V. rutilans); Cissus striata (V. semper-
virens), page 776. The standard English authorities
combine Cissus and Vitis, but continental as well as
American authors incline to keep them distinct. Sev-
eral of the species properly referred to Cissus are
described in the present account (Nos. 1-5), not hav-
ing found their place regularly under Cissus in Vol. II.
sestivalis, 28, 29.
ditersi folia, 29.
parviflora, 35.
amurensis, 36.
Doaniana, 25.
peltata, 6.
angulata, 6.
flexuosa, 35.
pentagona, 38.
apiifolia, 8.
floridana, 21.
Piasezkii, 33.
araneosus, 28.
fcetida, 18.
praecox, 15.
argentifolia, 27.
Foexeana, 12.
pulchra, 39.
arizonensis, 22.
Girdiana, 24.
quadrangularis, 1.
arizonica, 22.
glabra, 22.
reticulata, 34.
armata, 9.
glauca, 29.
rhombifolia, 4.
austrina, 21.
Helleri, 18.
riparia, 15.
Baileyana, 20.
bellula, 38.
hypoglauca, 3.
illinoensis, 15.
Romanetii, 10.
rotundifolia, 6.
Berlandieri, 19.
Labrusca, 28, 32.
rubra, 17.
bicolor, 27.
laciniosa, 8.
rufotomentosa, 26.
Blandii, 32.
lanata, 41.
rupestris, 11.
Bourquiniana, 28.
Linsecomii, 29.
rutilans, 10.
bracteata, 28.
Longii, 14.
sempervirens, 18.
californica, 23.
microsperma, 14.
Sieboldii, 37.
candicans, 30.
missouriensis, 15.
Simpsonii, 31
canescens, 21.
monosperma, 17.
sinensis, 33.
capensis, 2.
monticola, 12.
Solonis, 14.
caribaea, 26.
Munsoniana, 7.
texana, 12.
Champinii, 13.
muscadinia,, 6.
Thunbergii, 37.
cinerea, 21.
mustangensis, 30.
Treleasei, 16.
Coignetise, 40.
Nortoni, 28.
Veitchii, 9.
cordifolia, 15, 18.
nuevo-mexicana, 14.
verrucosa, 6.
coriacea, 30.
oblonga, 5.
vinifera, 8.
cyanocarpa, 9.
odorata, 15.
vulpina, 15, 36.
Davidiana, 9, 33.
odoratissima, 15.
Wilsonx, 34.
Davidii, 9.
Pagnuccii, 33.
Wilsonii, 35.
dissecta, 11.
palmata, 17.
I. Species of Cissus grown under the name of Vitis, to be
added to those described on pages 775 and 776, Vol. II.
A. Plant fleshy, with winged sts.
1. C. quadrangularis, Planch. (Vitis quadrangularis,
Linn.). An odd succulent with 4-winged sts. much con-
stricted at the nodes, climbing, mostly glabrous, often
nearly leafless, looking like a spineless cereus: Ivs.
varying from ovate and not lobed to cordate or reni-
form and deeply 3-lobed, the middle part sometimes
lobed, the sinuses open and rounded, margins denticu-
late: fls. in small short-peduncled compound lateral
cymes, the calyx 1 line long, the petals 4 and greenish ;
stamens 4, with short filaments: berries nearly globose,
red, 1-seeded, size of pea, acrid. Trop. Afr., Arabia,
India, Moluccas. — Sts. said to be eaten by natives in
Ceylon.
AA. Plant little or not at all fleshy: sts. sometimes angled
but not winged.
2. C. capensis, Willd. (Vitis capensis, Thunb. Rhoi-
dssus capensis, Planch.). Fig. 3955. EVERGREEN
GRAPE-VINE of southern Calif., now much planted
there: strong climbing vine, with globular ground
tubers to 6 or 8 in. diam., terete striate sts. and young
parts reddish hairy: Ivs. long-stalked, simple, thickish,
3955. Vitis capensis (preferably known as Cissus capensis), an
evergreen species prized in southern California. ( X 1A)
VITIS
VITIS
34S3
nearly orbicular to reniform, 3-neryed, obtusely 5-
angled, the margin repand-dentate, with ovate stipules:
infl. thyrse-like, tomentose, with long peduncles, the
fls. woolly, with 5 triangular-ovate petals and 5 sta-
mens, the ovary hirsute and style short: fr. globular,
red-black and glossy, usually 2-seeded, about Yvn..
diam., said to be excellent for sirups, jellies, and for
stewing. S. Afr. — Tubers reported as making whole-
some fodder for cattle.
3. C. hypoglauca, Gray (VUis hypoglauca, Muell.).
Foliage handsome and persistent, dark green above and
glaucous beneath; Ifts. usually 5, obovate to elliptic,
acuminate, stalked, entire or toothed toward the apex:
fls. yellowish: fr. nearly globular. Austral.
4' C. rhombifolia, Planch. (Tl/ts rhombifblia, Vahl).
Scandent evergreen, the branches angled but not
winged: Ivs. 3-foliolate, petioled; Ifts. all long-petiolu-
late, serrate, glabrous above, the lateral ones oblique
and somewhat cordate, the middle one ovate to rhomb-
ovate: fls. many in If .-opposed clusters, the calyx and
petals pubescent. W. Indies, S. Amer.
5. C. oblonga, Planch, (\~itis ottonga, Benth.). Erect
tree-like evergreen species, the branches with a few
tendrils, glabrous or the young shoots minutely tomen-
tose: Ivs. simple, broad-oblong to ovate-oblong, obtuse,
about 1-2 in. long, entire, obscurely 3-nerved: fr.
ovoid, small, 1-2-seeded, in short-peduncled cymes.
Austral. — Allied to C. antarctica.
II. Species of VUis, or true grapes: plants yielding the grapes
of commerce, but some of them grown for arbors and
for ornament.
A. Bark bearing prominent lenticels, never
shredding: nodes without diaphragms:
tendrils simple: fl.-clusters small and
not much elongated: seeds oral or
oblong, without a distinct stipe-like
beak. (Muscadinia; separated as a
genus by Small.)
B. Berries large (J4m. or more diam.),
musky-tasted: Its. firm or dense in
texture, prominently pointed 6. rotundifolia
BB. Berries half smaller, acid: Its. thin,
not prominently pointed 7. Munsoniana
AA. Bark without distinct lenticels, on the
old wood separating in long thin
strips and fibers: nodes provided with
diaphragms: tendrils forked: fl.-
clusters mostly large and elongated:
seeds pyriform. (Euritis.)
B. The wine-grape, grown extensively in
Calif, as well as in Eu., and also in
glass graperies: skin and pulp
mostly firmly adhering in the ripe fr. 8. vinifera
BB. The grape-s of more modern domestica-
tion or intro. representing the com-
mercial kinds in .V. Amer. outside
the Calif, region, and exotic species
grown for ornament: skin of the
mature berry usually separating
freely from the pulp,
c. Sts. stiff-hairy or bristly, or prickly.
(Spinovitis.)
D. Lrs. becoming glabrous beneath: sts.
glabrous and prickly 9. Davidii
DD. Lrs. floccose or loosely pubescent
beneath: sts. glandular-bristly
and pubescent 10. Romanetii
CC. Sts. glabrous or pubescent, not acu-
leate or armed.
•D. Vitis species of AT. Amer., some of
them giving rise to pomological
races and the others of botanical
interest. (Xos. 11-32).
E. Class of green-lvd. grapes, mostly
marked at maturity by absence of
prominent white, rusty, or blue
tomentum or scurf or conspicu-
ous bloom on the Its. beneath
(under surface sometimes thinly
pubescent, or minute patches of
floccose wool in the axils of the
veins, or perhaps even cobwebby) :
foliage mostly thin: tendrils in-
termittent, i. e., every third joint
bearing no tendrils (or infl.).
V. cinerea and V. arizonica are
partial exceptions and might be
looked for in EE (Nos. 11-23).
F. Group of vulpina-like grapes,
characterized by thin light or
bright green mostly glossy Its.
(which are generally glabrous
below at maturity except per-
haps in the axils of the veins and
in V. Champinii, with a long
or at least a prominent point
and usually long and large
sharp teeth or the edges even
jagged.
G. LTS. broader than long, with
truncate-oblique base. (V.
Treleasei might be sought
here.) 11 rupestris
GG. Lts. ovate in outline, with a
mostly well-marked basal
sinus.
H. Diaphragm (in the nodes)
thin: young shoots not red:
hs. not deeply lobed.
I. Lf.-margin not lobed or only
obscurely so, the teeth small
or else not elongated 12. monticola
13. Champinii
JL 14- -margin tending to be
prominently lobed above,
the teeth usually long.
3. Young parts pubescent or
floccose 14. Longii
jj. Young parts nearly or quite
glabrous.
'K. Tendrils prominent and
persisting 15. vulpina
KK. Tendrils small and decidu-
ous 16. Treleasei
HH. Diaphragm very thick and
strong: young shoots bright
red: Ivs. often strongly lobed.17. rubra
FF. Group of cordifolia-like grapes,
with thickish and dull-colored
or grayish green Ivs. often hold-
ing some close dull pubescence
below at maturity and the shoots
and Its. nearly always more or
less pubescent when young, the
teeth mostly short, the point
mostly rectangular and con-
spicuous.
G. Plant strong and climbing, with
stout persistent tendrils.
H. Young shoots terete or slender,
and glabrous or very soon
becoming so 18. cordif olia
HH. Young shoots angled, and cov-
ered the first year with tomen-
tum or wool.
I. Under surface of Its. glabrous
or essentially so at maturity.
3. Blade of If. lustrous or glossy
when full grown 19. Berlandieri
H. Blade of If. dull 20. Baileyana
n. Under surface of hs. grayish
pubescent 21. cinerea
GG. Plant scarcely climbing, the
tendrils perishing when fail-
ing to find support 22. arizonica
FFF. Group of orbicular-scallop-lvd.
species of the Pacific coast 23. California
EE. Class of colored-lvd. grapes,
marked by thick or at least firm
foliage, the Ivs. prominently
rusty or whtie-tomentose or
glaucous-blue. V. cinerea, V.
ari-onica, and possibly V.
californica might be sought here;
and late-gathered forms of V.
bicolor might be looked for in E.
3484
VITIS
VITIS
F. Lvs. only flocculent or cobwebby
or glaucous below when fully
grown (i. e. not covered with a
thick, dense, felt-like tomentum,
except sometimes in V,
Doaniana).
G. Ends of the growing shoots and
the under surface of the Ivs.
whitish or gray: the white-
tipped grapes.
H. Grape of S. Calif., with thick
diaphragms and short-
pointed Ivs 24. Girdiana
HH. Grape of Okla.-Texas region,
with thin diaphragms and
prominently pointed Ivs 25. Doaniana
GO. Ends of shoots (except in V.
bicolor), and the unfolding
Ivs. distinctly rusty-colored,
and the mature Ivs. either rusty
or bluish beneath (or some-
times becoming green in V.
bicolor) : the aestivalian grapes.
H. Growths usually prominently
floccose or foment ose 26. caribaea
HH. Growths pubescent or becoming
nearly or quite glabrous.
I. Under surface of Ivs. mostly
glaucous-blue 27. bicolor
ii. Under surface not glaucous-
blue (except in variety of
No. 29).
3. Berries small, %in. or less
through: eastern 28. aestivalis
jj. Berries larger: western 29. Linsecomii
FT. Lvs. densely tomentose or felt-
like beneath throughout the
season, the covering white or
rusty white.
G. Tendrils intermittent (every
third joint lacking tendril or
fl.-cluster).
H. Tomentum on under surface of
Ivs. white 30. candicans
HH. Tomentum on under surface
rusty 31. Simpsonii
GG. Tendrils continuous (at every
node a tendril or ft. -cluster).. . . 32. Labrusca
^D. Vitis species o/ E. Asia, somewhat
intro. for o'rnament, mostly
recently, and as yet little known in
this country: mostly with lf.-
resemblance to N. American
species.
E. Lvs. divided or compound on some
of the shoots 33. Piasezkii
EE. Lvs. undivided or variously lobed.
F. Sts. glabrous at maturity 34. reticulata
35. flexuosa
FF. Sts. pubescent, tomentose, or
floccose.
G. Lobes of Ivs. usually manifest... . 36. amurensis
37. Thunbergii
GG. Lobes of las. wanting or not
marked.
H. Base of If. truncate or only
obscurely cordate 38. pentagona
39. pulchra
HH. Base of If. cordate 40. Coignetise
41. lanata
6. rotundif&lia, Michx. (V. muscadlna, V. angulata,
V. verrucosa, V. peltdta, Muscadinia rotundifolia,
Small). MUSCADINE. SOUTHERN Fox GRAPE. BUL-
LACE, BULLIT, or BULL GRAPE. Fig. 1708, Vol. III. Vine
with hard warty wood, running even 60-100 ft. over
bushes and trees, in the shade often sending down dicho-
tomous aerial roots: Ivs. rather small to medium (2-6
in. long), dense in texture and glabrous both sides
(sometimes pubescent along the veins beneath), cor-
date-ovate and not lobed, mostly with a prominent
and sometimes an acuminate point (but somewhat
contracted above the termination of the 2 main side
veins), the under surface finely reticulated between
the veins, the teeth and the apex angular, coarse and
acute, the basal sinus shallow, broad and edentate;
petiole slender and (like the young growth) fine-scurfy,
about the length of the If .-blade: tendrils (or fl. -clusters)
discontinuous, every third node being bare: fr .-bearing
clusters smaller than the sterile ones, and ripening
from 3-20 grapes in a nearly globular bunch: berries
falling from the clusters when ripe, spherical or nearly
so and large (lAr\ in. diam.), with very thick and tougli
skin and a tough musky flesh, dull purple in color with-
out bloom (in the
Scuppernong va-
riety silvery amber-
green), ripe in sum-
mer and early au-
tumn; seeds Y±-
5-ijin. long, shaped
something like a
coffee berry. River
banks, swamps,
and rich woodlands
and thickets, S.
Del. to N. Fla. and
west to Mo., Kans.,
Texas, and Mex.
For a recent porno-
logical account of
the Muscadine
grapes, see Hus-
mann, Farmers'
Bull. No. 709, U.
S. Dept. Agric.
(1916); for a treat-
ise on Muscadine
grape-sirup, consult
Bearing, Farm-
ers' Bull. No. 758
(1916).
7. Munsoniana, Simpson
( Muscadinia, Munsoniana,
Small). MUSTANG GRAPE of
Fla. BIRD, EVERBEARING,
/ or EVERLASTING GRAPE.
Very slender grower, prefer-
ring to run on the ground or over low bushes, more
nearly evergreen than the last, flowering more or less
continuously: Ivs. smaller, thinner, and more shining,
more nearly circular in outline and less prominently
pointed, the teeth broader in proportion to the blade
and more open or spreading: clusters larger and more
thyrse-like: berries a half smaller than in the last and
often more numerous, shining black, with a more
tender pulp, acid juice, no muskiness, and thinner skin;
seeds half smaller than in the last. Dry woods and
sands, Fla. at Jacksonville, Lake City, and southward,
apparently the only grape on the reef keys; also in the
Bahamas. — Difficult to distinguish from V. rotundi-
folia in herbarium specimens, but distinct in the field.
The plant often bears fls. and both green and ripe fr.
into Dec.
8. vinifera, Linn. WINE GRAPE. EUROPEAN GRAPE.
Fig. 3956. Young growth smooth or floccose, the plant
VITIS
VITIS
3485
not so high-climbing as most American species: ten-
drils intermittent: Ivs. mostly thinnish, rounded, with
a deep sinus and the basal lobes usually overlapping,
tomentose or glabrous beneath, the margins coarsely
notched or jagged: clusters large and long, the berries
usually oval or oblong, although many varieties are
globular-fruited. Probably native to the Caspian or
Caucasus region and W. India. Cult, from the earliest
times, and the grape of history; now greatly varied.
The hothouse grapes, as Black Hamburg, Barbarossa,
are of this species; also the vineyard grapes of Calif.
Not hardy in the northern states and very subject to
phylloxera (root-louse) and mildew. Regel, a Russian
botanist, considered the wine grape to be a hybrid of
2 species that he characterized as F. Labrusca and V.
vulpina, but this view is not accepted. Var. apiifolia,
Loud. (V. laciniosa, T.irm. V. vinifera var. laciniosa,
Dipp.), has the Ivs. cut into 5 much-cleft segms: orna-
mental: known as "parsley vine," and "ciotat." Gn.
54, p. 425.
9. Davidii, Foex (Spinontis Davidii, Romanet.
Vitis Daridiana, Dipp. V. armata, Diels & Gilg. F.
vinifera var. Dandii, Hort.). Sts. and petioles armed
with straight or slightly recurved prickles, glabrous:
tendrils interrupted: Ivs. long-petioled, large, paper-
like, somewhat glaucous and becoming glabrous be-
neath, broadly ovate, obscurely angled, the base cor-
date, the apex acuminate and acute, the margin lightly
repand-apiculate-serrate: thyrse peduncled, long-coni-
cal, usually surpassing the If., the fls. very early: fr.
rather large, globose, black. China. — Old branches
prickly.
Var. cyanocarpa, Sarg. (F. armata var. cyanoc&rpa,
Gagnep. F. armata var. Vdtchii, Hort.). Less prickly,
the growing shoots bare: fr. bluish: perhaps a hybrid.
China.
10. Romanetii, Romanet (F. ruttians, Carr.). Peti-
oles and young sts. floccose-pubescent and bearing
spreading gland-bearing purplish hairs or bristles; sts.
becoming nearly glabrous the second year: tendrils
interrupted : Ivs. large, cordate-orbicular and obscurely
angled-3-lobed, coarsely crenate-dentate, at maturity
nearly or quite glabrous above, below more or less floc-
cose-pubescent at least on the nerves: thyrse peduncled,
elongated-conical, surpassing the Ivs. : f r. black, edible,
the seeds globose-ovoid. China. R.H. 1890:444.
11. rupestris, Scheele. SAND, SUGAR, ROCK, BUSH,
CURRANT, or MOUNTAIN GRAPE. Shrub, 2-6 ft. high,
or sometimes slightly climbing, the tendrils few or even
none, diaphragms plane and rather thin: Ivs. reniform
to reniform-ovate (about 3-4 in. wide and two-thirds
as long), rather thick, smooth and glabrous on both sur-
faces at maturity, marked by a characteristic light glau-
cescent tint, the sides turned up so as to expose much of
the under surface, the base only rarely cut into a well-
marked sinus, the margins very coarsely angle-toothed,
the boldly rounded top bearing a short, abrupt point
and sometimes 2 lateral teeth enlarged and suggesting
lobes: stamens in fertile fls. recurved laterally or rarely
ascending, those in the sterile fls. ascending: cluster
small, slender, open and branched: berries small (%-%
in. diam.), purple-black and somewhat glaucous,
pleasant -tasted, ripe in late summer; seeds small and
broad. Sandy banks, low hills, and mountains, S. Pa.
to Tenn., Ind., Mo., Okla., and S. W. Texas. Var.
dissecta, Eggert, is a form with more ovate Ivs. and
very long teeth, and a strong tendency toward irregu-
lar lobing. Mo.
12. monticola, Buckl. (F. texana, Munson. F.
Foexeana, Planch). SWEET MOUNTAIN GRAPE. Fig.
3957. A slender trailing or climbing plant (reaching 20-
30 ft. in height, with very long and slender branches,
the young growth angled and floccose (sometimes gla-
brous), the diaphragms plane and rather thin: Ivs.
small and thin (rarely reaching 4 in. in width and gen-
erally from 2-3 in. high), cordate-ovate to triangular-
ovate, with the basal sinus ranging from nearly trun-
cate oblique to normally inverted U-shaped, rather
dark green but glossy above and grayish green below,
when young more or less pubescent or even arachnoid
below, the blade either prominently notched on either
upper margin or almost lobed, the point acute and often
prolonged, margins irregularly notched with smaller
teeth than in F. rupestris: clusters short and broad,
much branched: berries medium or small (averaging
about J^in. diam.), black or light-colored, seedy, sweet;
seeds large (about J^m. long) and broad. Limestone
hills hi S. W. Texas. — This species has been the sub-
ject of much misunderstanding.
13. Champinii, Planch. Probably a hybrid of F.
rupestris or F. Berlandieri and F. candicans, bearing
medium to large reniform or reniform-cordate Ivs.
which are variously pubescent or cobwebby but become
glabrous, the growing tips mostly white-tomentose:
berries very large and excellent. S. W. Texas. A.G.
12:579. — La some places associated with F. candicans,
V. Berlandieri, and F. monticola only, and in others
with the above and F. rupestris. Often composing
dense thickets in the wild.
3957. Vitis monticola. ( X J4)
14. Longii, Prince (F. Solonis, Planch. F. nuevo-
mexicana, Lemm.). Differs from vigorous forms of F.
vulpina in having floccose or pubescent young growth:
Ivs. decidedly more circular in outline, with more angu-
lar teeth and duller in color, often distinctly pubescent
beneath: stamens in fertile fls. short and weak and
laterally reflexed, those hi sterile fls. long and strong:
seeds larger. W. OkUu, N. W. Texas, New Mex. and
S. Colo. — Regarded by French authors as a hybrid, the
species F. rupestris, V. vulpina, V. candicans, and F.
cordifolia having been suggested as its probable parents;
but Munson thinks that it has "a well-characterized
specific make-up of its own." It is variable in char-
acter. In most of its forms it would be taken for a
compound of F. rupestris and F. vulpina, but the latter
species is not known to occur in most of its range. It
was very likely originally a hybrid between F. rupestris
(which it sometimes closely resembles in herbarium
specimens except for its wooUiness) and some tomentose
species (possibly with F. arizonica or F. Doaniana), but
it is now so widely distributed and grows so far removed
from its supposed parents and occurs in such great
quantity in certain areas, that for taxonomic purposes
it must be kept distinct. It is not unlikely that it has
originated at different places as the product of unlike
hybridizations. Late French writers designate the
jagged-lvd. forms as F. Solonis, and the dentate forms
as F. nuevo-mexicana. This interesting grape was
3486
VITIS
VITIS
found about fifty years ago by Engelmann in the
Botanic Garden of Berlin under the name of Vitis
Solonis, without history. Engelmann guesses (Bush-
berg Cat. ed. 3, 18) the name to be a corruption of
"Long's." It is probable that the plant was sent to
European gardens as Vitis Longii — very likely from
Prince's nursery — and the name was misread on the
label. The original name, which was duly published by
Prince with description, may now be restored.
Var. microsperma, Bailey (V. Solonis var. micrcr
sperma, Munson), is a very vigorous and small-seeded
form, which is very resistant to drought. Red River,
N. Texas.
15. vulpina, Linn. (V. riparia, Michx. V. odoratis-
sima, Donn. V. odordta, Hort. V. illinoensis and F.
missouriensis, Prince? V. cordifolia var. riparia,
Gray). RIVERBANK or FROST GRAPE. Fig. 3958. A
vigorous tall-climbing plant, with a bright green cast to
the foliage, normally glabrous young shoots, large
stipules, and plane very thin diaphragms: Ivs. thin,
medium to large, cordate-ovate, with a broad but usu-
ally an evident sinus, mostly showing a tendency
(which is sometimes pronounced) to 3 lobes, generally
glabrous and bright green below, but the veins and their
angles often pubescent, the margins variously deeply
and irregularly toothed and sometimes cut, the teeth
and the long point prominently acute: fertile fls. bearing
reclining or curved stamens, and the sterile ones long
and erect or ascending stamens: clusters medium to
large, on short peduncles, branched (often very com-
pound), the fls. sweet-scented: berries small (less than
J^in. diam.), purple-black with a heavy blue bloom,
sour and usually austere, generally ripening late (even
after frost); seeds rather small and distinctly pyriform.
Nova Scotia and New Bruns. to Man., Kans., and
Colo, and south to W. Va., Mo. and Texas. B.M. 2429.
• — The commonest grape in the northern states west of
New England, abundant along streams. Variable in
the flavor and maturity of the fr. Forms with petioles
and under surfaces of Ivs. pubescent sometimes occur.
It apparently hybridizes with V. Labrusca eastward,
the hybrid being known by the tomentose young
shoots and unfolding Ivs., and the darker foliage, which
3958. Vitis vulpina. ( X 1A)
is marked with rusty tomentum along the veins of the
less jagged Ivs.
Var. praecox, Bailey, is the JUNE GRAPE of Mo., the
little sweet frs. ripening in July.
16. Treleasei, Munson. "Plant shrubby and much
branched, climbing little, the small and mostly short
(generally shorter than the Ivs.) tendrils deciduous the
first year unless finding support, internodes short, the
diaphragms twice thicker (about r&in.) than in V.
vulpina and shallow-biconcave: stipules less than one-
fourth as large as in V. vulpina: Ivs. large and green,
very broad-ovate or even reniform-ovate (often wider
than long), thin, glabrous and shining on both surfaces,
the basal sinus very broad and open and making no
distinct angle with the petiole, the margin unequally
notch-toothed (not jagged as in V. vulpina) and indis-
tinctly 3-lpbed, the apex much shorter than in V. vul-
pina: fertile fls. with very short, recurved stamens,
sterile with ascending stamens: cluster small (2-3 in.
long): berries J^in. or less thick, black with a thin
bloom, ripening 3 weeks later than V. vulpina when
grown in the same place, thin-skinned; pulp juicy and
sweet; seeds small. Brewster Co., S. W. Texas and New
Mex. to Bradshaw Mts., Ariz. — Little known, and pos-
sibly a dry-country form of V. vulpina. In habit it
suggests V. arizonica var. glabra, from which it is dis-
tinguished, among other things, by its earlier flowering
and larger Ivs. with coarser teeth and less pointed apex.
17. rftbra, Michx. (V. monosperma, Michx.). RED or
CAT GRAPE. Fig. 3959. A slender but strong-growing
vine, with small long-jointed angled red glabrous herb-
like shoots and red petioles: Ivs. small to medium,
ovate-acuminate, dark green and glossy, sometimes
indistinctly pubescent on the nerves below, the sinus
obtuse, the blade either nearly continuous in outline or
(commonly) prominently lobed or even parted, coarsely
notched: stamens in the sterile fls. long and erect: clus-
ters loose and long-peduncled, branched, the fls. open-
ing very late: berries small and late (}4r% in. diam.),
VITIS
VITIS
3487
black without bloom, with little juice and commonly
containing but a single seed, which is large and broad.
111. and Mo. to Texas; known mostly along the Wabash
River and along the Mississippi in the latitude of St.
Louis. G.F. 2:341 (repeated in Fig. 3959).— A hand-
some plant. V. palmata, Vahl, founded on Virginian
specimens, is probably V. vtdpina, although it is
sometimes made to replace the name V. rubra.
18. cordif 61ia, Michx. TRUE FROST GRAPE. CHICKEN,
RACCOON, or WINTER GRAPE. One of the most vigor-
ous of American vines, climbing to the tops of the
tallest trees, and sometimes making a trunk 1-2 ft.
diam.: diaphragms thick and strong: Ivs. long-cor-
date, triangular-cordate with rounded base, or -cor-
date-ovate, undivided but sometimes very indistinctly
3-lobed or 3-angled, the basal sinus rather deep and
narrow, the margin with large acute teeth of different
sizes and the point long and acute, the upper surface
glossy and the lower bright green and either becoming
perfectly glabrous or bearing a little close and fine
inconspicuous gra yish pubescence on the veins; petioles
long: stamens erect in the sterile fls. and short reflexed-
curved in the fertile ones: clusters long and very
many-flowered, most of the pedicels branched or at
least bearing a cluster of fls.: berries numerous and
small 'about ?gin. diam.), in a loose bunch, black and
only very slightly glaucous, late and persistent, with a
thick skin and little pulp, becoming edible after frost;
seeds medium and broad. In thickets and along streams
from Pa. (and probably S. N. Y.) to E. Kans., Fla.,
and Texas.
Var. ftietida, Engelni.. has fetidly aromatic berries,
and grows in the Mississippi Valley.
Var. sempervirens, Munson. A glossy-lvd. form
holding its foliage very late: Ivs. sometimes suggesting
forms of V. rubra, deltoid with a truncate base: clus-
ters small, the fr. ripening later than in the tvpe. S.
Fla.
Var. Helleri, Bailey (V. Hetteri, Small). Lvs. more
circular (i. e., lacking the long point), and the teeth
round-obtuse and ending in a short mucro. Kerr Co.,
S. Texas. 1,600-2,000 ft.
19. Berlandieri, Planch. MOUNTAIN. SPANISH. FALL.
or WINTER GRAPE. Fig. 3960. A stocky moderately
climbing vine, with mostly short internodes and rather
thick diaphragms: k*s. medium large, broadly cordate-
ovate or cordate-orbicular (frequently as broad as long .
glabrous and glossy above, covered at first with gray
pubescence below but becoming glabrous and even
glossy except on the veins, the sinus mostly inverted-
U-shaped in outline but often acute at the point of
insertion of the petiole, the margin distinctly angled
above or shortly 3-lobed and marked by rather large,
open, notch-like acute teeth of varying size, the apex
mostly pronounced and triangular-pointed: stamens
long and ascending in the sterile fls.. laterally recurved
in the fertile ones: clusters compact and compound,
mostly strongly shouldered, bearing numerous medium
to small i.1 sin. or less diam.), purple and slightly glau-
cous very late berries which are juicy and pleasant-
tasted: seed (frequently only 1) medium to small.
Limestone soils along streams and hills, S. W. Texas
and Mex. — Well marked by the gray-veined under
surface of the Ivs.
20. Baileyana, Munson. TOSSTTM GRAPE. Less vig-
orous cumber than V. cordifolia. rather slender, with
short internodes and very many short side shoots: Ivs.
frequently smaller, the larger ones shortly but distinctly
3-lobed (lobes mostly pointed and much spreading),
bright green but not shining above, gray below and
pubescent at maturity only on the veins, the point only
rarely prolonged and often muticous, the teeth com-
paratively small and notch-like and not prominently
acute, sinus more open; petioles shorter and often
pubescent : floral organs very small, the stamens reflexed
in the fertile fls. : pedicels short, making the bunch very
compact: berries about the size of V. cordifolia, black
and nearly or quite bloomless, late; seed small and
notched on top. Mountain valleys, 800-3,000 ft.
altitude, S. W. Va. and adjacent W. Va. and W. N. C.,
Tenn., and N. Ga.; also at common levels in the
uplands of W. Cent. Ga. — The eastern counterpart of
V. Berlandieri.
21. cinerea, Engelm. SWEET WINTER GRAPE. Fig.
3961. Climbing high, with medium to long internodes
and thick and strong diaphragms: Ivs. large, broadly
cordate-ovate to triangular-cordate-ovate (generally
longer than broad), the sinus mostly wide and obtuse,
3960. Vitis Berlandieri.
(XH)
the margin small-notched (teeth much smaller than in
V. Berlandieri) or sometimes almost entire, mostly dis-
tinctly and divaricately 3-angled or shortly 3-lobed
toward the apex, the triangular apex large and promi-
nent, the upper surface cobwebby when young but
becoming dull dark green (not glossy), the under sur-
face remaining ash-gray or dun-gray, webby-pubescent :
stamens in sterile fls. long, slender, and ascending, in the
fertile ones short and laterally recurved: cluster mostly
loose and often straggling, containing many small
black berries, these only slightly, if at all glaucous,
ripening very late, and after frost becoming sweet and
pleasant; seeds small to medium. Along streams,
mostly in limy soils, Cent. 111. to Kans. and Texas; also
N. Fla., also in Mex. — Readily distinguished from V.
aestivalis by the triangular-topped sharply 3-lobed ash-
gray Ivs. and the gray tomentum of the young growth.
Var. floridana, Munson (V. austrina, Small). Grow-
ing tips rusty-tomentose, as are sometimes the veins on
3488
VITIS
VITIS
the under sides of the Ivs. : cluster longer-peduncled and
more compound. Manatee Co., Fla.; and apparently
also in Ark.; possibly a compound with V. sestivalis,
but the Ivs. have the characteristic shape of V. cinerea.
Not to be confounded with any form of V. caribsea,
because of the lobed triangular-topped Ivs. and much
larger teeth.
Var. canescens, Bailey. A form with rounded or
heart-like Ivs., the upper half of the If. lacking the
triangular and 3-lobed shape of the type. St. Louis,
Mo., and S. 111. to Texas.
22. arizfinica, Engelm. (V. arizonensis, Parry).
CANON GRAPE. Plant weak, much branched, with short
internodes and thick diaphragms, branchlets angled:
Ivs. mostly small, cordate-ovate and with a prominent
triangular-pointed apex, the sinus broad or the base of
the blade even truncate, the teeth many and small and
pointed or mucronate, the margin either continuous or
very indistinctly 3-lobed (or sometimes prominently
lobed on young growths), the Ivs. and shoots white-
woolly when young, but becoming nearly glabrous
with age: stamens ascending in sterile fls. and recurved
in the fertile ones: bunches small and compound, not
greatly, if at all, exceeding the Ivs., bearing 20-40
small black berries of pleasant taste; seeds 2-3, medium
size. Along river banks, W. Texas to New Mex. and
Ariz., mostly south of the 35th parallel, to S. E. Calif,
and N. Mex.
Var. glabra, Munson. Plant glabrous, with glossy
and mostly thinner and larger Ivs. In mountain gulches,
with" the species and ranging northward into S. Utah.
Distinguished from V. monticola by its triangular-
pointed and small-toothed Ivs. Perhaps a form of V.
Treleasii.
23. calif6rnica, Benth. Fig. 3962. A vigorous spe-
cies, tall-climbing on trees but making bushy clumps
when not finding support, the nodes large and dia-
phragms rather thin: Ivs. mostly round-reniform (the
broader ones the shape of a horse's hoof -print), rather
thin, either glabrous and glossy or (more commonly)
cottony-canescent until half grown and usually remain-
ing plainly pubescent below, the sinus ranging from
very narrow and deep to broad and open, the margins
varying (on the same vine) from finely blunt-toothed to
coarsely scallop-toothed (the latter a characteristic
feature), the upper portion of the blade either per-
fectly continuous and rounded or sometimes indis-
tinctly 3-lobed and terminating in a very short apex:
bunches medium, mostly long-peduncled and forked,
the numerous small berries glaucous-white, seedy and
dry but of fair flavor; seed large (^-j^in. long),
prominently pyriform. Along streams in Cent, and N.
Calif, and S. Ore. — Lvs. becoming handsomely colored
and mottled in autumn. Very susceptible to mildew.
3962. Vitis californica. ( X K)
3961. Vitis cinerea. (XK)
24. Girdiana, Munson. VALLEY GRAPE. SOUTHERN
CALIFORNIA GRAPE. Strong climbing vine, with thick
diaphragms: Ivs. medium to large and rather thin,
broadly cordate-ovate, with a rather deep and narrow
sinus and nearly continuous or obscurely 3-lobed out-
line (sometimes markedly 3-lobed on young shoots),
the teeth many and small and acute, the apex short-
triangular or almost none, the under surface remaining
closely ashy-tomentose : clusters large and very com-
pound, each one dividing into 3 or 4 nearly equal
sections, which are in turn shouldered and thyrse-like:
berries small, black and slightly glaucous, the skin thin
but tough, pulp finally becoming sweet; seeds medium
in size, pyriform. S. Calif., south of the 36th parallel.
— Differs from V. californica in the more pubescent
shoots and foliage, smaller and sharp teeth, decom-
pound clusters, smaller less glau-
cous berries, and smaller seeds,
Shoots of V. californica often
bear Ivs. with small and muti-
cous teeth, and such specimens
without the fl.-clusters are dif-
ficult to distinguish from this
species. Some of the forms
which have been referred to V.
Girdiana are apparently hybrids
with the wine grape, V. vinifera;
the plant is imperfectly under-
stood and its merits as a species
are yet to be determined. It bears the name of H. H.
Gird, of Calif.
25. Doaniana, Munson. Plant vigorous, climbing
high or remaining bushy if failing to find support, with
short internodes and rather thin diaphragms: Ivs.
bluish green in cast, mostly large, thick, and firm, cor-
date-ovate or round-ovate in outline, bearing a promi-
nent triangular apex, the sinus either deep or shallow,
the margins with very large, angular, notch-like teeth
and more or less prominent lobes, the under surface
usually remaining densely pubescent and the upper
surface more or less floccose: cluster medium to small,
VITIS
VITIS
34S9
bearing large (%in. and less diam.), black, glaucous
berries of excellent quality; seeds large (J^-jJ-'gin. long),
distinctly pyriform. Chiefly in X. W. Texas, but
ranging from Greer Co., Okla., to beyond the Pecos
River in New Mex. G.F. 9:455. — The species varies
greatly in pubescence,
some specimens being
very nearly glabrous
at maturity and others
densely white-tomen-
tose. The plant would
pass as a hybrid of V.
vulpina and V. candi-
cans, except that these
species do not often
occur in its range.
It bears the name of
Judge J. Doan, of Wil-
barger Co., Texas. It-
gives promise as a pa-
rent of pomological
grapes. The Arnold
Arboretum reports it as
*'a fast-growing plant
and appears to be per-
fectly at home in New
England. The leaves
are large, thick and firm, and rather pale bluish green
in color. The fruit, which grows in small clusters, is
blue covered with a pale bloom and of fair quality."
26. caribsea, DC. Fig. 3963. Climbing, with floccu-
lent-woolly (or rarely almost glabrous) and striate
shoots: tendrils rarely continuous: Ivs. cordate-ovate
or even broader and mostly acuminate-pointed, some-
times obscurely angled above (but never lobed except
now and then on young shoots), becoming glabrous
above but generally remaining rufous-tomentose below,
the margins set with very small, mucro-tipped sinuate
teeth: cluster long and long-peduncled, generally large
and very compound: berry small and globose, purple;
seed obovate. grooved on the dorsal side. A widely dis-
tributed and variable species in the American tropics,
running into white-lvd. forms (as in V. Blaruxri,
Munson). Although supposed to occur from Fla. to
Texas, Munson is "unable to discover the slightest
traces of this species in the U. S..;" he considers the
3963. Vitis caribasa.
3964. Vitis bicolor. ( X H)
Fla. plants to be hybrids of other species, or forms of
F. cinerea. The species is considered to be promising
for the development of a pomological grape for the
tropics (F. S. Earle, Journ. Heredity, Dec., 1915).
V. ruf otomentdsa, Small, differs in having the If .-blades
usually distinctly lobed and the margins coarsely
toothed, rusty -tomentose on nerves beneath: sandy
soil, Fla to La.
27. bicolor, Le Conte (V. argentifdlia, Munson).
BLUE GRAPE, or SUMMER GRAPE of the N. Fig. 3964.
A strong high-cUmbing vine, with mostly long inter-
nodes and thick diaphragms, the young growth and
canes generally perfectly glabrous and mostly (but not
always) glaucous-blue: tendrils and petioles very long:
Ivs. large, round-cordate-oyate in outline, glabrous and
dull above and very heavily glaucous-blue below, but
losing the bloom and becoming dull green very late in
the season, those on the young growth deeply 3-5-
lobed and on the older growths shallowly 3-lobed, the
basal sinus running from deep to shallow, the margins
mostly shallow-toothed or sinuate-toothed (at least
not so prominently notch-toothed as in F. xstivalis) :
cluster mostly long and nearly simple (sometimes
forked), generally with a long or prominent peduncle:
the purple and densely glaucous berries of medium size
(K™- or less diam.), sour but pleasant-tasted when
ripe (just before frost) ; seeds rather small. Abundant
northward along streams and on banks, there taking
the place of F. aestivalis. Ranges from New England
and 111. to the mountains of W. N. C. and to W. Tenn.
— Well distinguished from F. aestiralis (at least in its
northern forms) by the absence of rufous tomentum,
the blue-glaucous small-toothed Ivs. and long petioles
and tendrils. It has been misunderstood because it
loses its glaucous character in autumn; an excellent
species as a covering for arbors and trellises.
28. aestivalis, Michx. (F. Nortoni, Prince. V.
Labrusca, var. sestirdlis, Regel. F. bracteata and F.
araneosus, Le Conte). SUMMER, BUNCH, or PIGEOX
GRAPE. Strong tall-climbing vine, with medium short
internodes, thick diaphragms, and often pubescent
petioles: Ivs. mostly large, tninnish at first but becoming
rather thick, ovate-cordate to round-cordate in outline,
the sinus either deep (the basal lobes often overlapping)
or broad and open, the limb always lobed or prominently
angled, the lobes either 3 or 5, in the latter case the
lobal sinuses usually enlarged and rounded
at the extremity, the apex of the If. broadly
and often obtusely triangular, the upper sur-
face dull and becoming glabrous and the
under surface retaining a covering of copious
rusty or red-brown pubescence which clings
to the veins and draws together in many
small, tufty masses: stamens in fertile fls.
reflexed and laterally bent: clusters mostly
long and long-peduncled, not greatly branched
or even nearly simple (mostly interrupted
when in flower), bearing small (Hin. or less
diam.), black, glaucous berries, which have
a tough skin and a pulp ranging from dryish
and astringent to juicy and sweet; seeds 2-4,
medium size (Mm- or I688 l°ng)- S. N. Y. to
Cent. Fla. and westward to the Mississippi
and Missouri rivers. — A marked type readily
distinguished from other species by the red-
dish fuzz of the under side of the Ivs.
Var. Bourquiniana, Bailey (F. Bourquiniana, Mun-
son). A domestic offshoot, represented in such cult,
varieties as Herbemont and Le Noir, differing from F.
sfstivalis in its mostly thinner Ivs. which (like the young
shoots) are only slightly red-brown below, the pubes-
cence mostly cinerous or dun-colored or the under sur-
face sometimes blue-green: berries large and juicy,
black or amber-colored. — A mixed type, much cult
S. It is probably exotic, but may have been modified
3490
VITIS
VITIS
by hybridization. Probably to be associated botani-
cally with F. vinifera.
29. Linsecomii, Buckl. (V. diversifolia, Prince. F.
sestivalis var. Lincecumii, Munson). POST-OAK. PINE-
WOOD, or TURKEY GRAPE. More stocky than F. sesti-
valis, climbing high upon trees but forming a bushy
clump when not finding support : Ivs. densely tomentose
or velvety below: berries large (J^-Min- diam.), black
and glaucous, mostly palatable; seeds mostly much
larger than in F. sestivalis (often %in. long). High
post-oak (Quercus stellata) lands, S. W. Mo. to Texas
and E. La. — Munson distinguishes it from F. sestivalis
by larger berries and seeds, larger Ivs. which are bluish
in the var. glauca, greater endurance of drought. A
promising species for the pomologist. It bears the name
of Dr. Gideon Lincecum, and is often written F. Lin-
cecumii, but if such original spellings as Wisteria, Zan-
thoriza, Gleditsia, Stewartia and many others are to be
retained, consistency requires that we hold to Buckley's
original spelling, F. Linsecomii.
Var. glauca, Munson (F. sestivalis var. glauca,
Bailey). Lvs. and mature wood glaucous-blue on the
body beneath, but the veins rusty: berries and seeds
larger. S. W. Mo. to N. Texas. — Much like F. bicolor,
but Ivs. thicker and more pubescent below, and tips
of shoots rusty-tomentose: berries larger and the clus-
ters strongly shouldered.
30. candicans, Engelm. (F. mustang ensis, Buckl.).
MUSTANG GRAPE. Plant strong and high-climbing,
with densely woolly young growth (which is generally
rusty-tipped), and very thick diaphragms: Ivs. medium
in size and more or less poplar-like, ranging from reni-
form-ovate to cordate-ovate or triangular-ovate, dull
above but very densely white-tomentose below and on
the petioles, the basal sinus very broad and open or
usually none whatever (the base of the If. then nearly
truncate), deeply 5-7-lobed (with enlarging rounded
sinuses) on the strong shoots and more or less indis-
tinctly lobed or only angled on the normal growths, the
margins wavy or sinuate-toothed: stamens in the sterile
fls. long and strong, those in the fertile fls. very short
and laterally reflexed: clus-
ter small, mostly branched,
bearing 12-20 large (%in.
or less diam.) purple or
light-colored or even whi-
tish berries, which have a
thick skin and a very dis-
agreeable fiery flavor; seeds
large, pyriform. W. Ark.,
Okla., N. Texas, mostly on
limestone soils.
Var. coriacea, Bailey (F.
coriacea, Shuttlew.).
LEATHER - LEAF or CAL-
LOOSA GRAPE. Fig. 3965.
Differs from the species
chiefly in bearing much smaller (about Hin. diam.)
thinner-skinned and more edible grapes with mostly
smaller seeds, and perhaps a less tendency to very deep
lobing in the Ivs. on young shoots and possibly rather
more marked rustiness on the young growths. Fla.
chiefly southward, in which range various Texan plants
reappear.— The more agreeable quality of the fr. is per-
haps the result of a more equable and moister climate.
31. Simpsonii, Munson. Distinguished by mostly
much-cut Ivs. on the young shoots and comparatively
thin, large, and large-toothed ones on the main shoots,
rusty white tomentum below and very prominently
brown-tomentose young growths— the character of the
Ivs. and tomentum varying widely, the foliage some-
times becoming almost blue-green below. Fla. — This
is perhaps a hybrid of F. sestivalis and F. candicans var.
coriacea. Some forms of it are very like F. Labrusca,
and might be mistaken for that species. Its botanical
position is yet to be determined.
32. Labrusca, Linn. (F. Bldndii, Prince). Fox
GRAPE. SKUNK GRAPE. Fig. 1705, Vol. III. A strong
vine, climbing high on thickets and trees: young shoots
tawny or fuscous, with much scurfy down: Ivs. large
and thick, strongly veined (especially beneath), broadly
cordate-ovate, mostly obscurely 3-lobed toward the
top (on strong growths the sinuses sometimes extend-
ing a third or even half the depth of the blade, and
rounded and edentate at the bottom) or sometimes
nearly continuous in outline and almost deltoid-ovate,
the petiolar sinus mostly shallow and very open (rang-
ing to narrow and half or more the length of the
petiole), the margins shallowly scallop-toothed with
mucro- pointed teeth (or sometimes almost entire),
and the apex and lobes acute, the upper surface dull
green and becoming glabrous but the lower surface
densely covered with a tawny white, dun-colored or
red-brown tomentum: stamens long and erect in the
sterile fls. and (in wild forms) short and recurved in
the fertile ones: raceme short (berries usually less than
20 in wild types), generally simple or very nearly so,
in anthesis about the length of the peduncle: berries
large and nearly spherical, ranging from purple-black
(the common color) to red-brown and amber-green,
generally falling from the pedicel when ripe, variable
in taste but mostly sweetish musky and sometimes
slightly astringent, the skin thick and tough; seeds
very large and thick. Cent. New England and south--
ward in the Alleghany region and highlands to W.
Cent. Ga. Not known to occur west of E. N. Y. in the
N., but occurs in S. Ind. and Term. — The parent of
the greater part of American cult, grapes (probably
largely through hybridization). It is often confounded
with F. sestivalis in the S., from which it is distinguished
by the habitually continuous tendrils, the more felt-
like Ivs. which are not floccose, and especially by the
small-toothed Ivs., very short clusters, and large ber-
ries and seeds.
33. Piasezkii, _ Maxim. (AmpeUpsis Davidiana,
Mott.). A species with variable foliage: direcious:
young branches, petioles, and under surface of Ivs.
3965. Vitis candicans var. coriacea. ( X Yd
rufous-pubescent: Ivs. membranaceous, ternate; Ifts.
petiolulate, the central one rhomboid and more or less
lobed and acuminate, the lateral ones obliquely ovate
and acute, all of them incised-serrate : cymes many-
fld., becoming forking and exceeding the petiole: fls.
small, with calyptrate petals. W. China. V. Pagnuccii,
Romanet, differs only in being more glabrescent;
probably not distinct. — The foliage of this species-group
is said to turn bronze - colored in autumn. The Ivs.
are very variable, sometimes trifoliolate and undivided
on the same branch. F. sinensis, Hort., appears to
belong here.
VITIS
VITIS
3491
34. reticulata, Pampanini (V. WU-sonae, Veitch). Scan-
dent shrub with glabrous branches: Ivs. ovate-cordate,
subreniform, about 3 in. diam., base cordate-truncate,
apex very shortly acuminate, margin entire or incon-
spicuously 3-lobed, glabrous above, cobwebby on the
nerves beneath: infl. racemose: fls. in glomerules,
minute: fr. black, but glaucous-pruinose, up to Hin.
diam. China. G.C. III. 46:236.— Promising.
35. flexudsa, Thunb. Sts. slender and usually flex-
uose, glabrous at maturity, the new ones more or less
rufous-tomentose: Ivs. petiolate, cordate-ovate or
triangular-ovate, entire or angular-3-lobed, short-
cuspidate, unequally dentate, at maturity glabrous
above and more or less hairy or floccose beneath (at
least on the veins) : fl.-cluster peduncled and branching:
fr. very small, 2-3-seeded. China, Korea, Japan.
Var. parvifolia, Gagnep. (F. panifolia, Roxbg. V.
flexubsa var. Wilsonii, Veitch), is a small-lvd. form,
cult, for the color of the Ivs., which are purple beneath
and bronzy with metallic luster above. China.
36. amurensis, Rupr. (V. rulpina var. amurensis,
Regel). A hardy species, well known to botanists but
little planted although found in growing collections:
sts. obscurely angled and striate, the young shoots
loosely floccose or webby, later glabrous or nearly so:
Ivs. green above and beneath, nearly or quite glabrous,
cordate-orbicular, some of them more or less 3—5-
lobed, apiculate-dentate : fl.-cluster slender-peduncled:
fr. small (about ^in. diam.), 2-3-seeded. Manchuria,
Amoor region. Gn. 54, p. 425. G.Z. 12:160. — It has
very ornamental purple-tinted Ivs. in autumn.
37. Thunbergii, Sieb. & Zucc. (F. Sieboldii, Hort.).
A variable species resembling F. Labrusca: sts. angled,
these and other parts rusty-tomentose: Ivs. glabrous
above, tomentose or pubescent on the nerves beneath,
cordate, 3-5-lobed or deeply cut, unequally mucro-
nate-dentate : fl.-cluster shorter than Ivs. or about equal-
ing them: fr. very small (}^-^n. long), 2-3-seeded,
purplish black. China, Japan. B.M. 8558. — It is
the E. Asian representative of F. Labrusca. The
plant sometimes cult, under this name is probably F.
pentagona. A form of F. Caignetiie passes as F. Thun-
bergii in England.
38. pentagona, Diels & Gilg. Climbing, the tendrils
interrupted: sts. and Ivs. reddish gray-tomentose: Ivs.
long-petioled, the blade membranaceous, ovate, usu-
ally 5-angled, the base truncate or shallowly emargi-
nate. the apex acute, the margin repand and minutely
denticulate, lightly pubescent on nerves above but
reddish tomentose beneath: thyrse elongated. China.
— Allied to V. lanata. It appears to have been dis-
tributed in cult, as F. Thunbergii. Var. bellula, Rehd. &
Wilson. Lvs. much smaller, 1-2 in. long: very similar to
F. flexuosa var. pamfolin, but Ivs. tomentose beneath.
39. pulchra, Rehd. Described as a handsome plant
with simple more or less obscurely 3-lobed Ivs. coarselv
serrate, 7-8 in. long and 9-10 in. broad, much Like
those of V. Coignetix, villous beneath, the young shoots
crimson, the foliage becoming glossy bronze-green and
purplish beneath and later deep green. Sts. sparsely
floccose, glabrescent, purplish: Ivs. ovate to broad-
ovate, acuminate, the base shallow cordate or truncate
(only rarely deeply cordate), coarsely and unequally
toothed, glabrous and somewhat shining above. China
or Japan. — Described from plants cult, at the Arnold
Arboretum, where it is not quite hardy.
40. Coignetiae, Pulliat. Fig. 3966. Very strong-
growing vine, covering trees and arbors with a thatch
of heavy showy foliage: branches floccose-tomentose
when young: tendrils intermittent : Ivs. cordate-orbic-
ular, with 3-5 lobe-like points, the margins shallowly
apiculate-toothed, dull above, thickly gray-pubescent
beneath: thyrse stalked, short: fr. globular, about J^in.
221
diam., practically inedible, although said to be eaten
after being frozen by the Japanese. N. Japan. Gn. 49,
p. 48; 50, p. 449; 63, p. 209. G. 22:523. R.H. 1898, pp.
426-8. G.C. III. 22:305 (adapted in Fig. 3966).— One
of the best of all strong-growing vines, and hardy in the
northern states; at Chicago recommended as the best
vine for large effects. Its foliage becomes brilliant scar-
let in the fall, whence it has been called the "crimson glory
vine." In general appearance it much resembles Vitis
Labrusca. In cult, it has been confused with F. Thun-
bergii. It grows readily from imported seeds; it can also
be prop, by layering and by grafting on other stocks.
Named for Mme. Coignet, of Lyons, France.
41. lanata, Roxbg. A tropical or warm-temperate
variable species, probably not hardy in this country
outside the southern parts: sts. and infl. more or less
pubescent or tomentose: Ivs. 3-6 in. or more long (some-
times very large), sometimes nearly glabrous but
3966. Vitis CoignetiiE.
usually soft-pubescent or tomentose beneath, mem-
branaceous, cordate-ovate, short-acuminate, not lobed:
fls. small and green, in a paniculate cyme, the petals
rarely separating at the top: fr. purple, size of large pea,
4-seeded. Himalaya to China.
T. dcida, Chapm.=Cissus acida. — V. aconitifdlia, Hort.=
Ampelopsis. — V. aniarciica, Benth.=Cissus. — V. Bainesii, Hook.
(Cissus Bainesii, Planch., and by him referred to C. Currori). A
most remarkable species, the trunk being condensed into a turnip-
like body a few inches diam.: Ivs. mostly compound, the 3 Ifts. den-
tate, hrs. all borne on short, succulent branches: tendrils none: fls,
greenish, in clusters usually raised above the Ivs. S. Afr. B.M.
5472. — V. Baudiniana, Brouss.=Cissus antarctica. — V. betuli-
folia, Diels & Gilg. Sts. sparsely white-floccoee: tendrils inter-
rupted: Ivs. small and membranaceous, becoming glabrous above,
tomentose beneath, ovate-cordate and acute, not lobed or only
obscurely so, the margin crenate-eerrate, China. — V. bipinnata,
Torr. & Gray=Ampelopsis. — V. canioniensis, Seem.=Ampelopsis.
— V. capreolata, Don=Tetrastigma serrulatum. — V. Dtlarayana,
Franch., V. Drlatayi, Hort. =Ampelopsis. — F. elegarus, C. Koch=
Ampelopsis heterophylla var. — V. gongyldde*, Baker=Cissus. — V.
Henryana, Hemsl.=Parthenocissus. — V. heterophylla, Thunb.=
Ampelopsis. — V. himalayana. Laws., and var. rubri folia, Hort.=
Parthenocissus, p. 2479. — V. inconstant, Miq.=Parthenocissus
tricuspidata. — V. japonica, Thunb. =Cissus, — V. leedides, Maxim.
=Ampelopsis, p. 278. — V. Llndenii, Hort.=Cis8Us,p. 776. — F.
meyalophyOa, Veitch=Ampelop6i8. — V. obtMa, WalL=Tetra-
stigma. — F. orientaKs, Boiss.= Ampelopsis. — F. pterophora. Baker
=Cissus.— F. repens, Veitch^Ampelopsis micans. — F. rvbrifdlia,
LeV. & Van.^Parthenocissus himalayana var. — F. semicarddta,
WalL, is Parthenocissus semicordata. Planch. (P. himalayana var.
semicordata. Laws.). Self-cUnging plant: Ifta. 3-5, ovate, tapering
to summit, the young parts hispid-pubescent. Himalaya — F
semperrirens, Hort.=Cissus striata. — F. serjanis folia, Maxini.=.
Ampelopsis japonica. — F. Thomsonii, Law8.=Parthenocissus.
p. 2479. — F. tilisfdiia, HBK. Mexico, recently intro. for trial:
said to have a very sour fr. but useful for jellies: by Planchon
referred to V. caribsea. — F. TMnea, Hort., described as a vigorous
species from Japan: Ivs. dark green, with rounded lobes: berries
black, in small bunches. — F. tricuspidata, Lynch=Parthenocissus
tricuspidata.— F. taritodta, Hort., is likely to be Ampelopsis
3492
VITIS
VOUAPA
heterophylla var. — V. Voinieriana, Bait. Climbing, the tendrils
spiral, red-rusty: Ivs. persistent, coriaceous, long-stalked, digitate
with usually 5 elliptical coarsely dentate Ifts. which are glabrous
above and bright green: fls. in axillary short-peduncled cymes,
hermaphrodite; sepals 4, oval, shorter than the 4 oval-lanceolate
separate petals: carpels woolly, with a short 4-lobed style, the 2
carpels biovulate. Tonkin. R.H. 1902, pp. 56, 57. R.B. 28:3.
Genus doubtful. — V. vomerensis, Hort., "observed in a Nice villa
garden:" robust, sts. brown-felted: Ivs. large and leathery, deeply
cut into fine lobes, brown-tomentose, deep olive-green at maturity.
L. H. B.
VITTADINIA (Dr. C. Vittadini, an Austrian who
wrote on fungi, 1826-1842). Compdsitse. Herbs with a
thick caudex, or branching subshrubs.
Leaves alternate, entire or variously cut : heads rather
small, with a yellow disk and white or blue rays,
terminal, solitary or in loose leafy corymbs: involucre
of several rows: rays pistillate, numerous, crowded, in
more than one row: achenes narrow, compressed or flat,
with or without ribs on the faces; pappus of numerous,
often unequal capillary bristles. — About 14 species,
natives of Austral., New Zeal., S. Amer., and Hawaiian
Isls. The genus is closely related to Erigeron, differing
in habit and in the appendages of the style-branches,
those of Erigeron being short, while those of Vittadinia
are awl-shaped. For V. triloba, Hort., not DC., see
Erigeron mucronatus.
australis, A. Rich. (V. triloba, DC., not Hort.).
Herbaceous plant of uncertain duration, 1 ft. high or
less, tomentose: Ivs. obovate or spatulate to linear-
cuneate, entire or coarsely 3-toothed or lobed: heads
3967. Vittaria filifolia.
solitary: rays narrow: said to be revolute (which may
apply only to dried specimens). G.W. 11, p. 129.
Austral., Tasmania. — There are botanical varieties.
V. tricolor, Hort., is apparently V. australis, A. Rich.
WILHELM MILLER.
VITTARIA (Latin, a filet or headland or ? vitta, a
line). P&lypodiaceae. A genus of about 40 species of
tropical ferns mostly with narrow cord-like Ivs. grow-
ing pendent from trees: sporangia borne in 2 lines
along the margins. V. lineata, Swartz, OLD MAN'S
BEARD, is a tropical American species which is found as
far north as Cent. Fla., where it grows on the cabbage
palmetto. Rare in cult, and interesting only as an oddity.
V. filifdlia, Fee. Fig. 3967. A small species, 10-12 in.,
which is representative in appearance and habit of
most of the species; sometimes found in choice collec-
tions. Trop. Amer. L_ M. UNDERWOOD.
VOANDZEIA (from a. native name). Leguminosse.
One species, V. subterrdnea, Thouars, cult, widely by the
natives of Cent. Afr. for its underground peanut-like
seeds. It is a prostrate herb with a creeping pubescent
rhizome from which arise slender-stalked compound
Ivs. : Ifts. 3, oblong or lanceolate, 3 in. or less long, with
minute obtuse stipels: fls. yellow, % or J^in. long,
papilionaceous, 1-3 on flexuous peduncles; calyx very
small; standard obovate; wings equaling standard,
oblanceolate; keel boat-shaped, not beaked; stamens
diadelphous: fr. a tuber-like roundish pod, about ^in.
or more long, with 1 or 2 small seeds; the peduncle
elongates after flowering and the ovary is buried in the
earth, where the fr. ripens; seeds globose-ellipsoidal,
about %-%in. long, yellow-mottled. Until very
recently the plant has been unknown in a wild state,
but it has now been found natively in Nigeria and
German Adamaua (see Kew Bull. 1912, p. 213; and in
this article the plant is distinguished from Kerstingiella
geocarpa, page 1737, another underground legume widely
cult, in Trop. Afr.) . Voandzeia appears not to have been
intro. in this country. L, H. B.
VOCHISIA (Vochy is the name of one of the species
in Guiana). Vochy siacese. Glabrous or tomentose
usually resinous trees, frequently tall shrubs, occa-
sionally grown in the warmhouse: Ivs. decussately
opposite or verticillate, usually leathery; stipules
small, subulate: fls. rather large, yellow, odorous, in
elongated composite racemes or panicles; pedicels
2-bracted; sepals 5, connate at base, lateral and anterior
very short, posterior largest, usually spurred; petals
1-3, linear or spatulate, anterior commonly larger
than the others; stamen 1, fertile; ovary 3-celled: caps,
leathery or woody, 3-celled, loculicidally 3-valved. —
About 60 species, natives of Brazil, Guiana, E. Peru,
and Colombia. The spelling Vochysia is later.
V. ferruginea, Mart. (V. tomentosa, DC.). Tree, 25 ft. or more
high: Ivs. oval-oblong, long-acuminate, attenuate at base, glabrous
above, ferrugineous-tomentose beneath: fls. in terminal racemes,
which are loose and slightly nodding. Guiana. — V. guianensis,
Aubl. Tree, 12 ft. or more high: Ivs. obovate-oblong, shortly
acuminate, glabrous on both surfaces: fls. in simple racemes, which
are erect, terminal and dense-fid. ; spur spreading. Guiana.
VOLKAMERIA: Clerodendron.
VOLUTARELLA (diminutive of Volutaria). Syn.,
Amberboa. Compdsitse. Erect or divaricately diffuse
villous or glabrous annual herbs, sparingly grown in
Calif.: Ivs. alternate, erose-dentate or remotely pinnati-
fid: heads heterogamous, outer fls. 1-row, neuter, disk-fls.
fertile; involucre ovoid or globose; bracts in many rows,
imbricate; corolla purplish, violet, or blue, regular tube
slender and very short, limb cylindrical, deeply 5-lobed:
achenes obovoid or oblong, prominently 10-15-ribbed.
About 7 species, Medit. region, W. Asia, and India.
This genus is treated as a part of Centaurea by Hoff-
mann in Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien IV, pt. 5.
V. muricata, Benth. & Hook. f. (Amberboa muricata,
DC.). St. erect, 1-2 ft. high: basal Ivs. lanceolate,
attenuate to the petiole; cauline sessile, middle ones
auricled, upper and lowest not auricled, linear- or
oblong-lanceolate: fls. purple. Spain and Morocco.
According to the Brussel's Congress, Amberboa is
placed in the list of "nomina conservanda," and if this
ruling is followed, the species above mentioned will
retake the name A. muricata, DC.
VOUAPA (native name in Guiana). Leguminosse.
Unarmed trees, rarely cult.: Ivs. abruptly or some-
what pdd-pinnately-compound; Ifts. sometimes 1 or
few-paired, sometimes many-paired; stipules leafy or
inconspicuous: fls. yellow, red, or white, small or
medium-sized, in terminal and axillary simple racemes
or shortly fascicled-paniculate; calyx-tube bearing a
disk, short-turbinate, rarely narrow, segms. 4; petals,
uppermost clawed, 2-4, lower small, scale-like or none;
VOUAPA
VRIESIA
3493
perfect stamens 3; ovary stipitate, 3- to many-ovuled:
pod obliquely orbiculate, ovate-oblong or falcate, piano-
compressed, leathery, 2-valved. About 45 species,
Trop. Amer. and Trop. Afr. This is the oldest generic
name, but the name Macrolobium is retained by the
list of ''nomina conservanda" accepted at Vienna.
Macrolbbium bifolium, Pers. (M. Vuapa, J. F. Gmel.
Vouapa bifolia, Aubl.). Tree, about 10 ft. high: Ifts.
sessile, ovate, acuminate, oblique: fls. violet; calyx-
lobes spreading; stamens nearly equaling the corolla.
Guiana.
VRIESIA (named for Dr. W. de Vriese, of Amster-
dam). Bromelidcese. Often spelled Vriesea, but not so
spelled by Lindley, who founded the genus. Tropical
American stiff-leaved plants, with mostly distichous
spikes bearing large and showy bracts. According
to Mez (DC. Monogr. Phaner. 9), 84 species are to be
referred to this genus. They are very like tillandsias,
with which they are united by Bent ham & Hooker and
others. The chief technical difference is the presence in
Vriesia of 2 ligules or a single cleft or emarginate ligule
on the inside of the base of petals. Culturally, vriesias
are like tillandsias. They run to forms with marbled
and banded Ivs. Several species have been intro. in
recent years, and many garden hybrids have been
produced. Few kinds are offered in the American
trade, and only these kinds are described here. For
other kinds, see the monographs of Baker and Mez;
also the accounts from time to time in horticultural
publications. For cult., see Tillandsia.
A. Stamens longer than the petals.
B. Infl. branched.
Saundersii, Morr. (Tilldndsia Saundersii, C. Koch.
Encholirium Saundersii, Andre). About IK ft- high
when in bloom: Ivs. many, in a rosette, rather short,
strongly recurving, grayish and somewhat white-
dotted above, spotted with red-brown beneath: Bs. in
a branched open infl., sulfur- vellow, cylindrical in form.
Brazil. I.H. 20:132.
BB. Infl. simple.
C. Bracts of infl. strongly imbricate.
speciosa, Hook. (Tilldndsia splendens, Hort. T.
picta, Hort. T. ztbrina, Hort., in part). Fig. 3968.
Strong-growing plant, with broad, strong, arching-
ascending Ivs. 1 ft. or more long, which are bright green
and marked with dark brown transverse bands: spike
with densely imbricated bright red acuminate bracts,
the scape spotted: fls. exserted, yellowish white.
Guiana. B.M. 4382. F.S. 2:107; 6, p. 162. R.H. 1846:
41. F.W. 1874:33 (as V. brachystachys).—Ojie of the
best and most showy species. A robust form is var.
major, Hort. See supplementary list below for addi-
tional note on V. zebrina.
\ -=
3968. Vriesia speciosa.
3969. Vriesia carinata.
carinata, Wawra (V. brachystachys, Regel. Tilldnd-
sia carinata, Baker). Fig. 3969. Lvs. rosulate, about
6 in. long, the base sheathing, mucronate at the tip,
somewhat glaucous, not spotted: spike with wide-
spreading nearly divaricate acuminate bracts which are
scarlet at the base and yellowish green at the end: fls.
protruding, pale yellow. Brazil. B.M. 6014.
cc. Bracts of infl. remote, not imbricate.
guttata, land. & Andre (TiJldndsia guttata, Baker).
Lvs. rosulate, erect-arching, short and rather broad,
mucronate, olive-green with irregular spots of brown-
purple: bracts farinose, rose-colored, the scape slender:
fis. yellow. Brazil. I.H. 22:200.
psittacina, Lindl. (Tilldndsia psittacina, Hook.).
About 1 ft. high when in bloom: Ivs. rosulate, 6-10 in.
long, dilated at the base, yellowish green: fls. large,
yellow with green tips, scattered on a distichous spike,
the bracts red at the base and vellow at the top. Brazil.
B.R. 29:10, where the genus "is founded. B.M. 2841.
R.H. 1855:221. — A showy species when in bloom.
AA. Stamens shorter than the petals.
B. Lvs. not barred, mottled, or tessellated.
heliconioides, Lindl. (V. bellula, Hort.
Tilldndsia heliconioides, HBK.). Dwarf
and tufted, with many rosulate recurv-
ing or arching lanceolate Ivs. (about 12
in. long) which are bright green above
and purple-tinged beneath: scape over-
topping the foliage, simple and erect,
with wide -spreading distichous boat-
shaped bracts that are light red at the
base and greenish at the tip, showy: fls.
white. Colombia. I.H. 30:490. G.C. II. 21:140.
BB. Lvs. tessellated (marked in small checkerwork) or
minutely variegated.
tessellata, Morr. (Tilldndsia tessellata, Lind.). Lvs.
short and rather broad, rosulate, dilated at base, short-
pointed, rather stiff, channeled, tessellated with green
and yellow: infl. paniculate, the greenish bracts remote:
fis. yellow. Brazil. I.H. 21:179. R.H. 1889, p. 573.
fenestralis, Lind. & Andre (Tilldndsia fenestrdlis,
Hook. f.). Robust, densely tufted, the Ivs. stout (1-2 ft.
3494
VRIESIA
VUYLSTEKEARA
long) and recurved, brown-tipped, with many dark
green veins and cross veins: inn. a simple stout spike
1J^ ft. long and bearing green-spotted bracts: fls. pale
yellow. Brazil. B.M. 6898. I.H. 22:215.
EBB. Lvs, marked with strong transverse bands.
hieroglyphica, Morr. (Tillandsia hieroglyphica, Bull.).
Fig. 3970. Lvs. many, rosulate, stout, recurved, short-
acute, very strongly and irregularly marked and
banded with dark green above and brown-purple
beneath: infl. paniculate, the bracts broadly elliptic-
ovate, the fls. yellowish. Brazil. I.H. 31:514; 42, p.
318. R.H. 1891:400. Gn. 37, p. 244 (adapted in Fig.
3970). — A very striking and showy plant. Sometimes
known as a Massangea.
V. Bldkii, Hort. (Tillandsia Blokii, Hort.). Infl. crimson, pin-
nately paniculate, 4-5 ft. tall; floral bracts ovate: fls. in 2 rows, 4
in. long; petals yellow, linear, about 4 in. long. S. Amer. B.M.
8192. G.C. III. 45:358.— V. fiUgida, Hort., has been catalogued in
this country. It is a garden hybrid (V. incurvata XV. Duyalii). It
has short green Ivs. and an exserted simple spike with distichous
bright red imbricated bracts. I.H. 35:67. — V. glaucophylla. Hook.,
is Tillandsia fasciculata. — V. Leopoldi&na=V. splendens XV.
Malzinei. Gt. 54: 1539. — V. musdica=Guzmannia. — V. reglna, Ant.
Lvs. very long-acute: infl. large; bracts elliptic-ovate, rounded at
apex: fls. dirty yellow. Brazil.— V. R tx. Hybrid. R.H. 1907:570.
— V. zebrina, Hort., is sometimes V. splendens and sometimes
Cryptanthus zonatus. T TT R
VULNERARIA: AnthyUis.
VUYLSTEKEARA, a multigeneric orchid hybrid
embracing Cochlioda, Miltonia, and Odontoglossum.
It bears the name of Charles Vuylsteke, of Ghent,
Belgium, and the name is conformable with Adamara,
Linneara, Lowiara, Wilsonara. Only two species or
species-forms (very recent) are recorded, the first of
which has been in doubt as to parentage. These are V.
insignis, Hort., recorded (G.C. III. 56:14) as a hybrid
of Miltonioda Blevana and Odontioda Charlesworthii,
bearing cream-white fls. with brownish spots; and V.
Hyeana, Hort., a hybrid between Odontonia Lairessex
and Cochlioda Noezliana, with fls. 2 in. across with a
cinnabar tint suffusing the greater part of the surface
of the sepals and petals after the color of C. Noezliana,
but with the form of fl. approaching 0. Lairessex
especially in the center of the labellum, which is white
tinged rose-color, and the base having a crest of
yellow ridges on a red ground in front of which is a
large shining brownish yellow raised blotch similar to
that in Miltonia Warscewiczii.
3970. Vriesia hieroglyphica.
w
WAHLENBERGIA (named after Georg Wahlen-
berg, 1780-1851, Swedish botanist). Including Edraian-
thus (Hedrsanthus). Campanulacese. Annual or peren-
nial herbs, base of the stems sometimes woody, used as
greenhouse and border plants, mostly the latter.
Leaves alternate, rarely opposite: mfl. usually irregu-
larly centrifugal; peduncles terminal, lateral or axil-
lary, solitary or rarely paniculate: fls. usually blue and
nodding; calyx-tube adnate, hemispherical, turbinate
or obconical-oblong, limb 5-parted, very rarely 3-4-
merous; corolla campanulate, funnel-shaped, tubular
or rather rotate, 5-cleft, very rarely 3— 4-cleft; ovary
inferior or semi-superior, 2-5-celled: caps, erect,
loculicidally 5-valved. — About 110 species, Eu., Medit.
region, S. Afr., and Trop. Amer. This treatment
includes Edraianthus, which is often kept as a distinct
genus. The species are used
mostly as rock - garden
plants, and receive the
treatment given campan-
ulas.
A. Plants with clustered
tubers.
tuberdsa, Hook. f. Gla-
brous, with clustered, above-
ground tubers: sts. slen-
der, erect, 6-24 in. high,
branched and leafy: Ivs.
about 1 in. long, linear, acute
or obtuse, dentate, 1-neryed :
fls. in a terminal panicle,
white, red - purple - veined ;
calyx-lobes linear, spread-
ing; corolla campanulate,
lobes short and recurved. Island of Juan Fernandez.
B.M. 6155. G.Z. 21, p. 217.
AA. Plants without clustered tubers.
B. Lrs. basal clustered, narrow: plants perennial. (Sec-
tion Edraiantha.)
c. Fls. solitary on the peduncles.
serpyllifolia, G. Beck (Campdnula serpyllifblia, Vis.
Edraianthus serpyUifolius, A. DC.). Fig. 3971. Sts.
cespitose, procumbent, glabrous: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse, ciliate: fls. solitary, on sts. about 2 in. high,
deep purple; calyx-tube ovoid, rather glabrous, lobes
ovate-lanceolate; corolla campanulate. Dalmatia. G.C.
III. 45:243. G. 36: 143. Gn. 75, p. 103. Var. dinarica,
Hort. (W. dinarica, Hort.), has narrow silvery Ivs. and
blue fls. G.M. 58:285. Var. major, Hort,, is slightly
larger than the type. Gn. 78, p. 338.
cc. Fls. several to numerous on the peduncles.
dalmatica, A. DC. (Edraianthus dalmdticus, A. DC.).
Sts. ascending or erect, about 3 in. high, glabrous: Ivs.
linear-lanceolate, entire, hairy-ciliate, 1-2 in. long: fls.
in a terminal 6"-10-fld. head, blue; calyx-tube rather
pilose, lobes triangular; corolla-lobes acute. Dalmatia.
G. 36: 142.
Pumffio, A. DC. (Edraianthus Pumitio, A. DC.).
Cespitose: sts. very short, leafy: Ivs. linear, entire,
about Kin. long, glabrous beneath, pilose above: fls.
numerous, azure-blue; calyx-tube obconical, glabrous,
lobes If .-like; corolla-lobes ovate, acute. Dalmatia.
G.C. III. 53:59. G.W. 15, p. 345.
3971. Wahlenbergia
BB. Lvs. alternate or opposite and narrow, scattered along
the sts.: plants usually annual.
c. Blades nearly rotund.
hederacea, Reichb. Sts. filiform, creeping or ascend-
ing, branched, 4-10 in. long: Ivs. long-petioled, cordate,
obtuse, 5-7-angled, nearly rotund, about J^in. diam.:
fls. few, terminal, pale blue-lilac; calyx glabrous, tube
hemispherical, lobes linear-subulate; corolla-lobes ovate,
acute. Eu.
cc. Blades linear to lanceolate or narrowly obovate.
gratilis, Schrad. (W. vincaeflora, Decne.). Sts. simple
or branched, 6-12 in. high, erect or somewhat decum
bent: Ivs. alternate or subopposite, linear-lanceolate,
sinuate-dentate, about Kin. long: peduncles terminal
or axillary: fls. blue; calyx rather glabrous, tube ovoid,
lobes acuminate; corolla-
lobes ovate, acute. Tropi-
cal and south temperate
regions of the Old World.
G.C. HI. 52:215.
saricola, A. DC. Sts.
short, tufted, 1 in. or more
long: Ivs. clustered, peti-
oled, obovate or spatulate
to almost linear, Yr~\ in.
long: scapes 1-flcl., 2-6 in.
high: fls. white, veined with
blue; calyx glabrous, lobes
narrow-triangular; corolla-
tube purplish outside, lobes
oblong, broadly deltoid,
acute. Tasmania. G.37:21.
serpyllifolia. (XJ£ Gn 35, p. 269.
W. gentianotdes, Hort., is offered in the trade as a rock-plant
growing a foot high, with erect wiry sts. and bright blue fls. — W.
grandifldra, Schrad., is Platycodon grandiflorum.
F. TRACT HTJBBARD.
WATTZIA (F. A. C. Waitz, born 1768, at Schaum-
burg, Germany, state physician to the Dutch at Sama-
rang, Java; wrote on Javanese plants). Composite.
Includes one of the rarer "everlasting flowers," a half-
hardy annual which bears flat-topped clusters of yellow
flower-heads, with a golden disk.
Mostly fmpiials: Ivs. alternate, linear or nearly so:
fl. -heads in terminal corymbs or rarely in oblong leafy
racemes: involucre various in outline, the bracts over-
lapping in many rows, all colored and petal-like:
receptacle flat, without scales: anthers provided with
tails of very small size: achenes somewhat compressed,
glabrous or papillose, terminating in a slender beak;
pappus of capillary bristles usually cohering at the
base, simple, barbellate or plumose. — Seven species
from Austral. The genus is distinguished from Helip-
terum and Helichrysum by the beaked achenes.
grandiflora, Naudin. Half-hardy everlasting or "im-
mortelle," annual, exceeding 18 in. height: Ivs. lanceo-
late, long-acuminate, sessile, green above, slightly vil-
lous beneath, prominent midrib beneath: fls. yellow, in
terminal corymbs; clusters about 5 in. across, and
heads 2 in. across, the showy part being the involucral
bracts, which are arranged in 4 or 5 series, and are
petal-like in character but of stiffer texture than ordi-
nary petals. F. 1865:41, where it was originally
described. — Probably the most desirable of the genus.
(3495)
3496
WAITZIA
WALKS
It seems to have replaced W. aurea, Steetz, the favorite
of a former generation, being larger-fld., more robust,
and rather easier of cult. WILHELM MILLER.
WAKE ROBIN: In England, Arum maculatum; in America,
Trillium.
3972. Yellow or barren strawberry- — Waldsteinia fragarioides.
(XM)
WALDSTEINIA (named after Franz Adam, Count
of Waldstein-Wartenburg, born 1759 at Vienna; wrote
with Kitaibel an illustrated work on rare plants of
Hungary; died 1823). Rosacese. Creeping herbs with
the habit of Fragaria, perennial and hardy, used in the
border as an edging and on rockeries.
Leaves mainly radical, 3-5-lobed or -divided: fls.
small, yellow, borne on bracted scapes; calyx-tube
inversely conical, limb 5-cleft, with 5 often minute and
deciduous bractlets; petals 5; stamens many, inserted
into the throat of the calyx: achenes 2-6, minutely
hairy. — About 5 species, Cent, and E. Eu., N. Asia, and
Temp. E. N. Amer. Of simple cult.
The yellow or barren strawberry, W. fragarioides, is
a little plant that looks much like a slender strawberry
but it has yellow flowers and bears no edible fruit. It is
a hardy North American tufted perennial herb, about 4
inches high, with glossy leaves composed of three
wedge-shaped leaflets, and fiye-petaled flowers less than
% inch across. It comes with the first rush of spring,
and continues to bloom until summer. There is little
satisfaction in growing only a few plants of this wild
flower. The plant is appropriate to the rockery, where
every effort should be made to induce it to form a large
mat. Masses of the yellow strawberry have been used
with good effect for edging shrubbery borders, and the
plant is listed in the trade.
fragarioides, Tratt. Fig. 3972. Pubescent or nearly
glabrous: Ifts. dentate or crenate except at the base,
1-2 in. long: scapes corymbosely 3-8-fld.: achenes 4-6.
May, June. Woods and shaded hillsides, New England
to Minn, and Ind., along the Alleghanies to Ga. B.B.
2:218. R.H. 1890, p. 510. B.M. 1567 and L.B.C.
5:408 (both as Dalibarda fragarioides).
sibirica, Tratt. (W. trifdlia, Rochel. W. trifoliata,
Steud.). Sts. creeping, pilose, leafy at their tip: Ivs.
erect, alternate, petioled, ternate; Ifts. very short-
petioluled, obovate, base cuneiform, entire; stipules
none: scapes 1 or several, axillary, 3-5-fld.: fls. her-
maphrodite, nodding, white; calyx-lobes ovate; petals
spreading, subrotund. Siberia. J.H. III. 45:217.
lobata, Torr. & Gray. Foliage slightly hairy; Ivs.
cordate, 3-lobed, the lobes crenate with mucronulate
teeth; petioles slender, longer than blades: scapes about
as long as Ivs.: sepals triangular-lanceolate, acute;
petals narrowly oblong or elliptic: achenes usually 2,
densely pubescent. S. W. Ga. F.TRACY HuBBARof.
WALKING-LEAF FERN: Camptosorus.
WALKS, PATHS, AND DRIVEWAYS. That gardens
and grounds may be reached at all times in any weather,
walks are introduced to afford dry comfortable routes.
They should be laid out to conform to and emphasize
the garden design. However, too much gravel or a
too complicated system will mar the purpose and scale
of the garden and detract from its charm. It is neces-
sary, therefore, that the paths be kept in proportion
by adopting various widths according to the amount of
travel expected and the importance of certain lines in
the design. Principal lines or "axes" of the design may
be emphasized by widths of 6 to 14 feet; secondary by
4 to 8 feet; minor, 2J^ to 4 feet. It may be added that
straight paths should be wider proportionately than
curving ones. Paths may also be maintained in scale
by use of different materials, using stone or brick for
the principal ones; gravel, tanbark, or stepping-stones
for secondary; grass for the least important. The
color of path material also influences the garden appear-
ance, and the simpler the garden character the less
pronounced should be its path-colors. Turf is the least
and cement the most conspicuous of materials.
Grass paths should be designed for unusual wear,
and a depth of at least a foot of well under-drained soil
provided. Many simple gardens have turf paths only,
but these are at a disadvantage in wet weather or dew.
If the wear is more than grass will stand, or the
garden lines need more emphasis, stepping-stones may
be introduced in the grass. (Fig. 3973.)
Stepping-stone paths are simplest made of native
rock of irregular shapes (Fig. 3974); more refined if of
native rock, hammer-dressed; and still more refined if
of regular blocks, slate, flag, or cement, (12 by 12
inches) square, or (12 by 24 inches) rectangular (Fig.
3974). The stones should be set 20 inches apart,
•.
i , , £*• ""
.. •. i.... _••••.;. ^.-.•"---'•-i.'i.'-.-1"
3973. A good garden walk.
WALKS
WALKS
3497
center to center, well bedded in earth, and level with
the sod.
Tanbark paths, grass-bordered, are a degree more
pronounced. The tanbark should be spread 2 inches
thick over a bottom of 6 to 12 inches of broken stone
or cinders. If the path is of such importance to the
3974. A, Stepping-stones in the grass — the simplest dry path in
the natural style. B, The same, conventionalized for the formal
style.
design as to demand greater width, the character
should change, and gravel or crushed stone be used.
For macadam paths (Fig. 3975) excavate 8 inches at
the sides, 6 inches in center, and lay 5 inches of stone
or "spawls" on edge across the path. Over this spread
2 inches of crushed stone the size of a hen's egg (1J4-
inch stone) and a sprinkling of clayish soil, and roll
firm, a hand roller being used. An inch of crushed
limestone or hard shale should then be spread and
rolled until a firm hard surface results. The walk
should be raised 1 inch at the center for each 2 feet
of width. These hard walks must be contained by bor-
ders of grass sod, boxwood, stone, brick, or cement
curb. The curb should stand only 1 inch above the
walk-surface; it should be 2H inches wide for a 4-foot
path and H m^h wider for each added foot width of
the walk up to 4 inches, which is sufficient for a highway.
Gravel paths appear well up to any width, but as they
are widened their color increases in design importance.
M'iny garden designers use red gravel only; others
prefer blue trappe rock; few use washed beach gravel
or other white surface material because of its glare.
This fault is a grievous one with respect to cement as
a walk material; it also seems too artificial and not
gardenesque.
Brick in various colors and textures is an old and
valuable path material which meets the requirements
of color, texture, interest, drainage, and neatness, as
well as anything yet devised. The pattern of laying
should not be complicated to the degree of attracting
attention which should be bestowed on the garden
itself. In front of seats or steps, about a pool or a
garden dial, it may be embellished by special design
or by tile introduced into the pattern. Usually the
patterns are three, or adaptation of those shown in
Fig. 3976. A tile effect can be secured by using extra-
wide joints, but glazed tile will be found too slippery
for out-of-door use. Brick walks should be laid over a
foundation of 16 inches of cinders or broken stone, for
drainage and to prevent heaving by frost. To lay
"dry," an inch of sand is spread
upon this foundation, the bricks
laid and afterward swept over
with sand until joints are filled.
If a cemented job is desired,
spread 3 inches of concrete upon
the "frostproof" foundation; lay
the brick upon a layer of cement
mortar spread above the concrete,
and pour the brick joints after-
ward with cement (one part), sand
(one part) ; scour the bricks with
muriatic acid, one part to ten of
water.
Much may be said in favor of
stone paths. It is a material full
of interest and generally harmo-
nizes well in garden or lawn. The
stones, as a rule, should be larger
if the walk or terrace is wide or
long. They may be laid regularly
or irregularly (Fig. 3977) ; smooth
or rough of surface ; cemented
joints over foundations as for
bricks; or laid with grass joints.
These last are very gardenesque, d
particularly if the joints are
planted with low-lying perennials
like Sedum acre, Armeria vulgaris,
certain saxifragas, and Veronica
rupestris. Such a walk is not easy
to keep free of either snow or
heavy dew, so that it must not
be laid where service demands
dryness.
In the English or natural land-
scape style, lawns and informal
sod
3975. Gravel or macadam walk.
3976. Forms of
simple brick walks, a,
Basketry pattern; b.
straight herringbone ;
c, herringbone, cor-
ner cutting required
but effectiveness of
pattern increased ; d,
basket, with Roman (or
gardens are made up of grass, extra-size) brick.
shrubs, trees, and vistas. Paths
are introduced for the sole purpose of giving easy
access to various points or objects of interest and
are not relevant, as in formal gardens, to the design.
On the other hand, it is easy to intercept and spoil
a vista, subdivide charming greensward, or mar a
graceful slope by introducing a walk. Considerable
study is required to lay out paths which will be
direct, serving the practical needs of the place without
interfering with esthetic considerations. Usually it is
best accomplished by keeping paths somewhat toward
boundaries, and consisting of graceful long curves
in harmony with the general rounded
outlines of foliage, foregrounds, and slopes
in hillsides, rather than by more conven-
tjona} straight lines, directed through cen-
ters. These paths must not seem circui-
tous or precipitous, however, and the in-
terest must be satisfying to the traveler
by presenting special vistas, close exami-
nation of interesting plantings, providing
good restful benches, passing through
arches or otherwise made interesting and
seemingly short. Paths of this character
must not be laid out in an unrelated sys-
tem nor built simply to break up lawns
and afford aimless strolls. It should not
often be necessary for the traveler to
return the way he came along a path, at
least any distance, and even in small
3498
WALKS
WALKS
grounds a full circuit should be devised, or else no path-
scheme laid out at all. When crossing a vista, as is
often necessary to secure directness or continuity, the
path may be graded lower to obscure its course (Fig.
3978), or it may be of an inconspicuous material such
ABC
3977. Forms of stone paths of a gardenesque appearance.
A, grass or flower joints; B, cement joints; C, cobbles and stones
in cement.
as a blue slate, brown stones, or dark stepping-stones
with grass joints (Fig. 3973).
The materials of such lawn-paths may be simply of
turf when passage is through woods or meadows. This
latter charming device is secured by mowing a strip
through the longer meadow grass and daisies. Macadam
or gravel is usually the method of construction.
For crowded parks, the
width should be 8 to 12
feet or more. The con-
struction may be heavier
by 2 inches, and special
care given to drainage. ~
Oiled macadam, valuable
3978. Walk crossing a lawn in slight depression for concealment.
an informal lawn, or an irregularly curved and planted
road through a formal place.
As elements of beauty, roads are tolerable only as
they serve their purpose thoroughly well. This pur-
pose may be a service-way to the kitchen, when
directness is the first consideration; or to the front
door, when good views of the house and lawn may
warrant more indirectness; or a pleasure-drive, where
directness is lost sight of, and good views, interest of
scenery, and gradient become all-important. Success
in laying out driveways depends on skill in applying
the principles of landscape design, with a true regard
for grades and excellence of construction. Mere
engineering skill will not attain good private or park
drives, for part of the function of such roads is to
harmonize as far as possible with the other elements
of the created or natural landscape.
Practical reasons urge a principal entrance toward
the most-used corner of the property. As far as pos-
sible, the natural inclination for "short cuts" should
always be recognized. Neither straight lines nor tire-
some turnings are estheti-
cally pleasing; grades must
be considered and fine
existing natural features,
trees, rocks, and the like
usually avoided. The
driveways should com-
mand interesting views
ahead and to the side and
attract attention to hand-
some plantings in the
curves. The curves should
always be directed toward
and not away from the
3979. Transition of grades. Method of sighting by
stakes and twine.
for roads, is not suitable
for paths unless top-sur-
faced with fine screenings
to prevent tracking the
oil.
Asphalt paths are some-
times used and are best if
the residuum used in the flux of the surface coat be
reduced to the minimum in order to leave as hard a
pavement as possible. Concrete is being more gen-
erally used because of its wearing properties. It should
be colored with red ochre, and lamp-black to destroy
the usual whiteness of cement surface. These walks
may be constructed in the usual way (8 inches cinders,
3 inches concrete, 1 inch ce-
ment float), except that the
surface should be rough finished
— neither troweled nor rolled.
Wing walks at each side of the
cement may often be provided
to good advantage. They are
2 to 4 feet wide, made of 4
inches of gravel (or crushed
stone) laid upon 6 inches of cinders or broken stone.
Drainage should be provided for all paths. Brick,
asphalt, or cement walks should be crowned in the
center or on the high side. Three-fourths of an inch is
sufficient for an 8-foot cement walk. At each side, or
at the upper side at least, of paths on a slope, drainage
should be provided by sod gutters. These will carry
the surface water to park inlets which discharge into
sewer lines.
Driveways.
If walks and drives were not necessary to a human
use of the informal type of landscape, they would
never be put into it. Drives should be regarded as
secondary, not primary elements of beauty in this
style of gardening and they should remain unobtrusive
by direction, width, and material. But as the landscape
becomes more formal, drives become increasingly
important and prominent in the design. It is simpler
to plan a straight avenue in the formal balanced lawn
of a house with terrace and gardens in a straight line
swung on evident axes than to observe the indefinite
lines, the less apparent unity and balance of informal
gardening and incorporate therein a wide roadway. 3980. Planting of curves, and free views. Entrance at right angle
A straight formal drive should not be intruded through to highway.
objective point, and circuitousness for sake of adding
mere length to the approach should be avoided.
To be comfortable as well as practicable, the gradient
should be as low as about 6 per cent (6 feet of rise in
100 of length), at turns never over 7 per cent, although
10 or 12 may be required elsewhere to accomplish the
ascent. Transition from one slope to another must be
carefully arranged so as to
avoid sharp jolts (Fig. 3979);
this is accomplished by filling
the hollows or cutting off the
crests where the grades reverse.
There should always be a flat
place in front of doors and
at entrances. Road-curves
should be long, at least
equal to 60 feet radii. It is an advantage to plot the
curves at least roughly upon the ground first and
transfer them to paper rather than vice versa, as their
true artistic and practical [effect may be perceived
better. Long stakes should be used to aid the sight or
a coil of rope laid upon the ground, and moved about
until the desired line is attained, then the rope staked.
WALKS
WALKS
3499
3981. Branching of road.
By tying, colored twine around the stakes and moving
it" up and down while sighting, the new grades may also
often be visualized. In cleared ground this method is
very sure. It is better than the engineer's method of
regular curves connected by straight tangents.
Precaution should be exercised at curves and inter-
sections to secure safety as well as appearance and con-
venience. The fast-moving almost noiseless modern
vehicles emphasize this precaution; therefore the view
ahead at sharp turns should always be unbroken by
banks or dense, tall plantings (Fig. 3980). Drives
should branch on the outside (A) not inside (B) of
curves (Fig. 3981). Danger lurks in narrow branch-
ings and may be avoided bv widening the intersect-
ing triangle (Fig. 3982). Small'
triangles at right-angle in-
tersections are not to be
advised. When used at all
they should be large and
clear of tall planting which
obscures the view. Triangles
with less than 50-foot sides
mav better be omitted alto-
gether (Fig. 3983).
At the turn-in from the
public road especial care must
be exercised to avoid danger.
The acute angle (A) is bad
(Fig. 3984), and the corner
3983. Driveway with and without an undesirable triangle.
entrance (B) is not
much better, or is absolutely fool-hardy when arranged
as C. The best turn-in is shown at D. When pos-
sible, enter from an outward bend of the public road
(Fig. 3985) or at the head of the street (Fig. 3986), and
always at nearly right angles to the public road (Fig.
3980), making a gradual bend, if desired, to an angle
within the property. Avoid if possible the street
entrance at the foot of a steep hill as it is the point
of greatest speed. Formerly entrances were heavily
emphasized by gate-piers, lodges, and tree-plantings;
now they are recessed and the planting is less high.
The road-surface should be smooth, dry, elastic,
clean, and of good color. All this is to be obtained by
various constructions. The gravel roadway is always
pleasing as to color and wear, but the present-day
macadam, although somewhat lacking as to color,
3982. Widening the intersecting
angle of a road.
better withstands modern traffic. Brick, concrete, and
asphalt are too noisy and seem too hot and formal for
private roads in the country, although for short dis-
tances in the city they may be used properly.
The construction of any roadway is begun by grad-
ing the level for the bottom of the road. This is called
the sub-grade and is made higher in the center than at
the sides by J-£ inch or more to each foot width. The
sub-grade should be rolled before the stone is laid.
For private drives generally a light Telford consisting
of native stone, about 6 inches wide and 1 to 3 inches
thick, is laid by hand upon
edge crosswise of the road.
Over this a sprinkling of
clay soil is thrown and cov-
ered 2 inches deep with
crushed stone of the IJ^-inch
grade; this in turn is covered
by an inch of crushed lime-
stone screenings. Each
course as laid is sprinkled
and rolled with a six- to ten-
ton steam roller. This is a
water-bound macadam. (Fig.
3987 A.) Since it does not
withstand automobile traffic without dust, various
oil-binding treatments of the surface are on the market.
Bitulithic macadam is an excellent method of binding
the top courses together, with hot pitch applied under
pressure. There is no tracking of oil when this method
is practised and the color and texture are satisfactory.
Local conditions so influence materials and methods
that it is necessary to investigate before applying any
general specification in detail.
A cheaper road (Fig. 3987 B) may be built of spawls,
or other broken stone, spread evenly, rolled, and
surfaced with the other two courses of crushed stone,
each thoroughly rolled wet. Where gravel of a cementi-
tious quality is obtainable, or a hard shale, it may be
substituted for crushed limestone surfacing.
3984. Good and bad entrances from the public road.
3985. A good entrance from an outward bend of the road.
3500
WALKS
WALNUT
The earth road has its country uses. Its success
depends on dryness, and this is brought about by
wide ditching at the side, a rather high crown in the
center, and puddling the surface by repeated dragging
while in a wet condition. The turf road (Fig. 3987 C) in
country estates, for occasional travel, is made by laying
3986. A good entrance at the head of a street.
roundish stone without "chinking in" the interstices.
Cover with soil 1 inch thick over top of stone and seed
with grass.
Whatever material the road is made of, it should be
of convenient although not of unnecessary width, 9
feet for a single suburban lot being sufficient, 13 to 16
feet, including gutters, for more pretentious places, 14
feet for the little-traveled by-roads in parks, and 22 to
30 feet for the principal drives, and 60 to 80 for boule-
vard widths. The roads should also partake of the
decoration suited to the large feeling of the place. Such
accessories as gutters and inlets, signs and light-posts,
entrance-piers and gates, should be rustic or more
refined, carved or conspicuous in proportion as the
surroundings have been conventionalized. Roads must
harmonize and obey the demands of unity in design.
The use of roadside shrubbery and arrangement of
taller-growing trees is the means whereby the designer
may tie together an artificial road to the landscape.
ARTHUR W. COWELL.
WALLFLOWER. The vernacular name of Cheir-
anthus Cheiri, which see. A favorite spring bloom in
Great Britain, and sometimes secured as early as Christ-
mas; in this country it is little known, probably because
of climatic reasons.
3987. Types of road construction: A, macadam; B, broken
stone; C, turf ; 1, sod gutter; 2, gutter; 3, stone curb; 4, cinders;
5, screenings; 6, 1 ^-inch crushed stone; 7, Telford; 8, screen-
ings or gravel; 9, spawls.
The wallflower is a perennial, blooming profusely
the second year, but needing to be renewed frequently.
The compact forms grow only 1 foot or 18 inches high,
but some kinds are taller than this. There are single-
flowered and double-flowered kinds, and colors in
yellow, orange, blood-red, maroon-red, yellow-brown,
light brown, ruby-purple, pink. The yellows are most
commonly seen in English gardens, and make a most
attractive show about cottages in early spring. The
double kinds are propagated by cuttings taken in spring,
and they make good blooming plants the following
spring if not allowed to become stunted; double
wallflowers are also grown from carefully selected
seeds. The seeds of wallflowers may be sown in spring
and plants are kept in vigorous condition until protected
for the winter; they are transplanted when young into
permanent beds. If seeds are started in late winter,
bloom may be had in the following holidays, in a
climate mild enough to carry them.
WALLICHIA (Nathaniel Wallich, 1786-1854, Danish
botanist; wrote on plants of India). Palmacese. Stove
palms, one of which, the first described below, is cul-
tivated outdoors in southern Florida and southern
California and in Europe under glass, and the second,
while not advertised in America, is probably in a few
northern greenhouses.
Low palms, cespitose, with short branching caudices,
or in 1 species tall: Ivs. densely fasciculate, terminal,
distichous, scaly, unequally pinnatisect; segms. soli-
tary or the lowest in groups, cuneate at the base,
oblong-obovate or oblanceolate, erose-dentate, the
terminal one cuneate; midnerve distinct; nerves flabel-
late; margins recurved at the base; petiole slender,
laterally compressed; sheath short, split, with the mar-
gins deeply crenate: spadices short-peduncled, the
staminate drooping or recurved, ovoid, much branched,
densely fld., the pistillate looser, erect; spathes very
numerous, slender-coriaceous, the lower ones the nar-
rower, tubular, the upper ones cymbiform, entire,
imbricated: fls. symmetrical, the pistillate much
smaller than the staminate, yellow: fr. ovoid-oblong,
red or purple. — Three species, Himalayas. Wallichia
is allied to Didymosperma, Arenga, and Caryota, dif-
fering in having 6 stamens instead of an indefinite
number. Caryota is the only one of this group with
ruminate albumen. Didymosperma has a cup-shaped
3-lobed calyx, and in Arenga the calyx has 3 distinct
sepals.
disticha, T. Anders. Fig. 3988. Caudex 10-15 ft.
high, about 5-6 in. diam.: Ivs. graceful, 6-10 ft. long,
alternate, erect; Ifts. 1-2 ft. long, 2-2 H> in. wide, fasci-
cled, linear, narrowed to the base, denticulate at the
apex, with a large tooth on each side above the middle,
glaucous beneath; petiole and sheath short, scurfy; Ivs.
disposed in a one-third spiral: spadix 3-8 ft., the stami-
nate usually twice as long as the pistillate: fls. in many
spiral series, green. Himalaya.
caryotoides, Roxbg. (Harina caryotoides, Buch.-Ham.
Didymosperma caryotoides, Hort.). St. very short or
none, often sheathed with the persistent If .-bases:
Ifts. oblong or linear-oblong, panduriformly excised and
acutely toothed, white beneath: spadix about 18 in.
long, the fls. purple or yellow, according to sex. F.
1874, p. 161. R.H. 1870, p. 368.
W. densiflora, Mart., a palm like W. caryotoides and differing
only in technical ovary characters, is offered in Eu. Unknown in
Amer. J.F. 3, pis. 233, 234.— W. porphyrocdrpa, Mart. See Didy-
mosperma- JARED G. SMITH.
N. TAYLOR.f
WALNUT (formerly sometimes written wallnut, but
the name has no connection with wall, being rather of
Anglo-Saxon derivation signifying "foreign nut," as
the product came from the continent) . A name applied
to Juglans regia and its fruit, to us known mostly as
WALNUT
WALNUT
3501
English walnut because the supply yearly reached
America through England; also, by extension, to other
species of the genus Juglans. The name is sometimes,
but provincially, given to hickory-nuts.
The walnuts may be thrown into three horticul-
tural groups: (1) The Persian or English domesticated
species, Juglans regia (Fig. 3989), the walnut of com-
merce and of extensive cultivation in California and
other parts of the United States. (2) The North
American walnuts, of several species but chiefly known
in the black walnut, J. nigra (Fig. 3990). (3) The
East Asian walnuts, represented by J.
Sieboldiana and allies, promising but yet
little grown in this country. To the genus
also belongs the butternut, J. cinerea
(Fig. 3991), sometimes called white wal-
nut. There is much promise of important
cultural races in the species of Juglans,
but the markets yet know practically
onlv the nuts of J. regia. See Juglans,
Vol. III. L. H. B.
The walnut in California.
The extent of the present Persian or
English walnut (J. regia) industry of
California amounts to between 45,000 and
50,000 acres, or about 1,250,000 trees. An
average crop for the past few years is
about 12,000 tons, valued at $3,500.000.
The crop for the year 1915 equaled 14.300
tons, valued at approximately $4,250,000
to the growers. The investment in the
\valnut industry of California represents
about $45,000,000.
English walnuts may have first been
planted in California by the Mission
Fathers. However, it was not until after
the coming of the first Americans that
this industry attained any commercial
importance. The present walnut industry
is of comparatively recent origin and owes
its establishment to the early efforts of
Joseph Sexton, of Santa Barbara, and the
late Felix Gillet, of Nevada City. The
Santa Barbara Soft Shell seedlings and
the several grafted varieties of this type
all trace back more or less directly to the
efforts of Sexton. The French varieties,
such as the Mayette, Franquette, and the
like, owe their popularity to the tireless
work of the late Gillet in promoting the
production of this type of walnut.
Commercial walnut-growing is largely
centralized in the following counties mentioned in
their order of importance: Orange, Los Angeles,
Yenturaj Santa Barbara, San Joaquin, and Contra
Costa.
This industry is almost everywhere a specialized
crop. It is seld'om seen as one of two or more general
farm crops, but, on the contrary, nuts are the one and
only crop produced by many of the prchardists engaged
in this industry. Success with this crop depends on
the soil and climatic conditions and the availability
of irrigation water. A deep rich alluvial loam contain-
ing plenty of humus is desirable. Groves planted on
the light sandy loams or soils underlaid with a fluctua-
ting water-table or a hardpan within 4 or 5 feet of
surface are usually short-lived and unsatisfactory in
the end. Although good drainage is imperative to a
depth of at least 6 or 8 feet, irrigation water is neces-
sary throughout most of the walnut areas of California
for the best production of nuts.
The walnut industry has been most successful through-
out the coast regions. In general, the high humidity
and frequent fogs, together with a relatively small
daily range in temperature, seem favorable to this crop.
Walnuts grown inland are subject to sun-scald injury
on both the nuts and the trees. The inland regions are
subject to a very low humidity, an extreme maximum
temperature and a wide daily range. Some of the more
recently introduced varieties seem to endure the inland
conditions better than the Santa Barbara Soft Shell
seedlings. It seems very likely that the inland valleys
may yet be devoted to this crop with the proper choice
of varieties.
Clean culture, with the use of a winter cover-crop, is
3968. Wallichia disticha.
the most prevalent type of soil-management practised
by the progressive growers. Such cover-crops as melilo-
tus clover, vetch, and rye are often seen. These crops
are usually planted immediately after harvest, the
latter part of September or October, and should be
nearly waist-high at the time they are plowed under,
in the latter part of March or April.
Irrigation water is applied by the furrow system in
most cases, although occasionally a grove is watered
by the basin method, where the land is level or where
possibly a sod is grown in the grove throughout the
year. From one to five or six applications of water are
made in a season, depending on the moisture-holding
capacity of the soil and local climatic conditions. Each
irrigation should penetrate from 6 to 8 feet from the
surface of the ground in order to reach the entire root-
system. If the trees are irrigated a week or two before
harvest, the shucks will open and remain on the trees,
dropping the clean nuts to the ground. In case the
trees are drought-stricken at harvest, the shucks are
likely to become sunburned, stick to the nuts, and thus
cause an increase in harvesting expense.
8502
WALNUT
WALNUT
The larger number of growers do very little systematic
pruning of the walnut except to remove the lower limbs
which interfere with cultivation. Occasionally, how-
ever, a grove is to be seen in which the branches are
annually thinned out. Such trees usually bear more
nuts on the main limbs near their centers than the
unpruned ones.
Companion crops in bearing groves are seldom seent
and in fact young groves, before they reach a bearing
age, are sometimes handled with clean cultivation.
The interplanting of young walnut groves with lima
beans or other hoed vegetable crops, small-fruits,
alfalfa, and occasionally apricots and peaches, is a
common practice. Certain intercrops, as beans, if
properly handled, will commence making returns
immediately without detriment to the future walnut
groye. Vegetable crops are preferable to tree crops
for interplanting. Peaches and especially apricots have
an apparent dwarfing effect on the young walnut trees.
Their use may be profitable, however, in the end in
spite of the injury caused.
The older plantings of walnuts were set too close
together. Although 40 to 50 feet apart seemed ample
room for development, it is very evident now that a
distance of 60 feet is none too much for the larger-grow-
ing varieties on the rich loam soils which are best
adapted to this crop. It is a matter of common observa-
tion to see the outside trees in a grove produce con-
siderably more than the trees in the center. This leads
one to believe that perhaps some of the older planta-
tions might produce more walnuts today with fewer
trees to the acre.
The older groves are composed entirely of seedlings,
most of which are of the Santa Barbara Soft Shell type
and trace directly or indirectly to the original trees
grown by Sexton at Santa Barbara. It is only within a
comparatively recent time, during the last ten to
fifteen years, that the walnut has been propagated by
budding and grafting in commercial quantities. During
this time, a comparatively large number of varieties
have been introduced and many of these have been
discarded even thus early in the development of the
industry. At the present time the following five varie-
ties are being propagated to a greater extent than all
other sorts combined: Placentia, Eureka, Franquette,
El Monte, and Prolific. In general, the first two men-
tioned varieties compose nearly 70 per cent of the
trees propagated at the present time in southern Cali-
fornia nurseries.
The several black walnuts are used as rootstocks.
The northern California species (J. Hindsii) is held in
the greatest favor at present. This is a strong vigorous
3989. Juglans regia, the walnut of commerce. Often known as
"English walnut."
3990. Black walnut. — Juglans nigra. On the right is the bare nut;
on the left the husk not removed. ( X H)
tree which will withstand adverse soil conditions much
better than the Persian walnut itself. Very few eastern
black walnuts (J. nigra) are used for propagation, as
they are usually thought to be less vigorous than Cali-
fornia species. The southern California black walnut
(J. californica) is little used at present, although it was
once popular (Fig. 3992). This species starts growth so
much earlier in the spring than the Persian walnut that
it suckers profusely when used as a rootstock. It is not
so rapid-growing as the J. Hindsii. Some of the nursery-
men are using the Royal hybrid as rootstock. The
Royal hybrid is the name commonly given to a cross
between J. nigra and either of the California species.
Some observers think the Royal hybrid root more
resistant to excessive soil-moisture and general adverse
soil conditions than any other rootstock. The Paradox
hybrid, which is a cross between J. regia and any of the
black species, is an exceedingly vigorous rapid-grow-
ing tree. This hybrid can be obtained by planting
black walnuts which were produced in the neighborhood
of J. regia trees. Such nuts will produce from 50 to 90
per cent hybrid progeny. Although this hybrid makes
an excellent root and produces an exceptionally large
and vigorous tree, it is rather impractical for general
use as it cannot be obtained in wholesale quantities.
The nursery propagation of walnuts is usually by
crown-grafting in place. The black walnut root is
grown one year in the nursery and grafted the second
spring just before the leaves start to come out. A short
whip-graft is used, tied in place by soft cotton twine or
raffia. After tying, the graft and top of the cion are
covered thoroughly with hot wax. Some additional
protection is usually given to prevent the cion drying
out excessively. This is done by covering with a paper
bag or by hilling the soil over the union until growth
starts. The young trees are staked in the nursery, as
they are very supple, due to their rapid growth. The
one-year-old trees are preferred by most planters and
should be 6 to 10 feet high at this age. As the trees are
set in the orchard, they are usually cut back to about
5 feet. Some growers in the inland sections, however,
prefer to cut the trees back to 18 inches and then train
one sprout from the trunk of the tree. This sprout is
pinched back when it reaches a height of 5 feet. The
method necessitates staking the trees. At the end of
one season's growth such severely headed-back trees
may be as large as though they were left 5 feet high in
the beginning. The trees cut back to 18 inches grow
much more vigorously than trees only moderately
pruned.
The harvesting of walnuts is done largely by Mexican
families who camp in the groves through the picking-
season. A portion of the nuts fall naturally to the
WALNUT
WALNUT
3503
3991. Juglans cinerea
of the eastern states.
Sometimes known as
white walnut. ( X H)
ground and the remainder are shaken off by means of
nooks attached to long poles. The pickers receive
from 80 cents to $1 for 100 pounds for gathering the
nuts and placing them in barley sacks. The nuts ripen
through a period of a month or six weeks ; therefore two
or three pickings are made, followed by a gleaning of
scattered nuts.
The nuts are washed, dried
(Fig. 3993), culled, and sacked
on the farm. They are then de-
livered to a central packing-,
house to be bleached. This is ac-
complished by spra ying with elec-
trolyzed salt-brine, or dipping in
a solution of chloride of lime and
sal soda, to which sulfuric acid
is added. Either process re-
moves all discoloration from the
shells and gives them a bright
light tan color, attractive in ap-
pearance. There are many ways
of handling the nuts after
bleaching to hasten their drying.
Some packing-houses pass the
nuts through a warm air-current
in long drums, thence they are
elevated to the bins, where they
arrive nearly dry enough to sack.
Other houses dry the nuts for
about twenty-four hours in wire
or lath bins. By putting each
grower's nuts into several bins as
the nuts come from the bleacher,
and then drawing from several
bins at the tune the nuts are
sacked, a thoroughly mixed uni-
form product is packed in each bag. Each bag contains
100 pounds of nuts.
The grading of California walnuts has developed
rapidly within the last decade, as compared with sales
in the past of seedling nuts ungraded and unbleached, as
plain walnuts; the grading has gradually reached a
stage where part of the nuts are sold under their
variety name and another larger portion is disposed of
after being bleached and strictly graded according
to size, shape, color of the meat, and quality of same.
The California Walnut - Growers' Association has
recently introduced a one- and two-pound
carton and has standardized the product
handled in this package as strictly as break-
fast foods and canned goods are graded
and packed.
Although the walnut industry has not an
established reputation for profitableness which
is comparable with citrous fruits of Califor-
nia, it has nevertheless maintained its posi-
tion as a stable, conservative, permanent crop
within this state. The income to the acre for
this product will vary widely according to
variety, soil, and climatic conditions as well
as the personal element of management.
Such incomes will fluctuate from $100 to
$300 an acre. Whereas the average yield of
walnuts for the state is between 800 and 1,000
pounds, the better groves will average
from 1,500 to 2,000 pounds to the acre an-
nually.
The future development of this industry
seems to be drifting gradually inland, giving
way in Orange and Los Angeles counties to
citrous culture. The inland valleys were
formerly thought to be poorly adapted to
walnut-production because of the darkening
of the meats by the intense hot sunshine;
however, there are several sections which
give promise for development along these
lines with the proper choice of varieties adapted to
these particular environments.
The walnut industry enjoys one of the most notable
features of any fruit industry of the country, inasmuch
as its product may be successfully stored awaiting dis-
posal for a period of at least twelve months if necessary.
This has given the industry a very stable character and
has freed this product from the speculative manipula-
tions which are frequently found hi connection with
the perishable fruit products. It is interesting to note
that the importations of walnuts into the United States
have gradlually increased during the last ten years and
within this same period the total production and the
prices to the growers of California have also gradually
increased. This may be taken as only one of many
indications that the walnut is being looked on more
and more as a necessary food by the people of this
country.
From present indications, this industry is less liable
to the dangers of over-production than almost any
other agricultural or horticultural crop within the
borders of the state.
The chief insect and fungous troubles of the walnut
are the walnut aphis, and also the walnut blight or
bacteriosis (Pseudomonasjuglandis). The aphis may be
controlled by means of tobacco sprays; this is rarely
done, however, as the damage is only occasional. There
is no means of control known at present for the blight
or bacteriosis (Fig. 3995). The wide variation among
seedling trees in their susceptibility to the disease gives
promise of eventual relief through the selection of blight-
resistant varieties. Minor losses are due to red-spider,
codlin-moth, and nielaxuma.
Bibliography.
Lewis, C. I., "The Walnut in Oregon," Oregon
Agricultural Experiment Station Bulletin No. 43
(1906); "Walnut Special," Better Fruit, Vol. 4, No. 2
(1909). Wickson, E. J., "The English or Persian Wal-
nut," California Fruits, pp. 510-24 (1910). Kraus, E.
J., "A Method of Budding the Walnut," Oregon Agri-
cultural Experiment Station Circular No. 16 (1911).
Smith, R. E., "Walnut Culture and Walnut Blight,"
University of California Bulletin No. 231 (1912).
Lake, E. R., "The Persian Walnut Industry of the
United States," United States Department of Agri-
culture, Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin No. 254
3992. The southern California wild walnut— Juglans califomica.
3504
WALNUT
WALNUT
(1913). Davidson, W. M., "Walnut Aphis in Cali-
fornia," United States Department of Agriculture
Bulletin No. 100 (1914). Tylor, A. R., "Spraying for
the Control of Walnut Aphis," University of Cali-
fornia Circular No. 131 (1915). Fawcett, H. S.,
"Melaxuma of the Walnut," University of California
3993. Drying walnuts in California.
Experiment Station Bulletin No. 261 (1915). Batchelor,
L. D., "Problems in Walnut Breeding," Journal of
Heredity, Vol. VII, No. 2 (1916). L. D. BATCHELOR.
Commercial possibilities of walnuts other than Persian
in the United States.
Theoretically, the commercial possibilities of a num-
ber of walnut species in this country are large and
encouraging. The genus Juglans, to which all true
walnuts belong, either as native or as planted trees,
covers practically every cultivated section of the
United States wherever suited to hardwood growth.
Apparently some of its representatives may be taken
to many new small localities where it is now not found.
The nuts of practically all species possess kernels rich
in food properties and exceedingly pleasing to the taste.
Most of its species are fairly rapid growers and develop
into shapely trees. Rightly chosen and well cared for,
they may be used most effectively as ornamentals and
as nut-producers at the same time. The eastern black
walnut, Juglans nigra, is exceedingly valuable for tim-
ber purposes, and its planting is now strongly urged
by the foresters; to a large extent the various native
walnuts and their hybrids make the best stocks now
available for the Persian walnut.
Practically, there is little doubt but that each of
these species will ultimately be developed for purposes
of nut production, although in common
with most new industries the progress will
be slow and beset with more or less disap-
pointment. It should be borne in mind
that these walnuts are wild and unculti-
vated species and cannot be expected to
respond to cultivation with the same readi-
ness as species which have been selected and
cultivated for centuries.
The principal problem now before the
prospective planter appears to be one of
varieties. It is well established that seed-
lings vary greatly in all essential character-
istics and, therefore, are less desirable than
are budded or grafted trees of suitable
varieties. However, to date, there are fewer
than a half-dozen varieties of black walnuts
offered by the nurserymen, and so far as
generally known, there is none of butter-
nuts or other kinds of walnuts, exclusive
of Persian. Therefore, for the present,
planters must depend very largely on seed-
ling trees, for which, although they are
generally condemned by the leading horti-
culturists, there are at least four substantial reasons
for using, as follows: (1) Budded and grafted trees are
as yet offered by the nurserymen only to a very
limited extent; (2) the available varieties are new and
practically untried; (3) the prices necessarily asked by
the nurserymen are beyond the reach of many who
would otherwise plant walnut trees; (4) desirable varie-
ties are liable to result from the planting of nuts from
choice trees.
Definite steps are now being taken toward the
development of these species and already some dis-
tinct progress has been made; but as yet it is very
doubtful whether commercial planting of trees of any
species of Juglans, other than J. regia, for purposes of
nut production alone, is to be recommended. In gen-
eral, it is unwise to attempt the growing of trees for
the dual-purpose of timber and nut production, as for
the former, the trees should be set close together in
order to induce the development of long trunks with a
minimum of top, while for the latter purpose, they
should be given orchard space between in order to
allow for the development of low heads, large tops, and
a maximum fruiting surface. But in view of the uncer-
tainty of outcome with any of the present available
varieties and the value of black walnut timber, it is
possible that trees of this species might wisely be
planted at one-half or one-quarter the usual orchard
distances apart, with the idea of allowing them to
become forest trees, if for any reason the nuts should
not justify their retention for orchard purposes. It is
very doubtful whether any other species of walnut
could be recommended for such use, as with the pos-
sible exception of the two forms of hybrids common in
California, Paradox and Royal, no other species of
walnut is now being seriously considered for forest-
planting and, except in rare instances, neither of these
Californian forms produces nuts of value in commer-
cial quantities.
Without doubt, the most promising place for walnut
planting at the present time is about the home grounds,
both in the city and in the country, and along the
fence-rows everywhere. Very often walnuts yielding
both beauty and product could as well be planted as
trees of other species capable of affording beauty and-
shade only. In the country, few grounds are so crowded
that there is not room for a few walnut trees, which
could be procured at small initial cost and which could
be developed into useful trees at practically no further
expense. If one-quarter of the American farmers
were to plant even two walnut trees about their prem-
ises, it is difficult to estimate what would be the aggre-
gate increased value to such farms by the end of a
-
3994. Walnut orchard in southern California.
WANDERING JEW
3505
auarter-century, but certainly it would be very ap-
preciable.
Among the species of walnuts not usually under culti-
vation, but which give promise of commercial pos-
sibilities, some are discussed in the following:
The American black walnut, Juglans nigra.
As a producer of marketable nuts, this species now
gives greater promise than does any other secondary
species of Juglans. Its natural
range extends from middle New
England to north Florida, in the
east, and from Minnesota to Texas
on the west. Although best suited
to deep fertile loams, moist yet
well drained, it readily adapts
itself to conditions less favorable.
It attains its best development in
the basin drained by the Ohio
River but is common at practi-
cally all altitudes in the eastern
states up to about 1,400 feet
where it is superseded by the but-
ternut. The tree is a symmetrical
and fairly rapid grower; usually
moderately productive and very
useful both in the landscape and
as a forest tree. The nuts usually
are thick-shelled, and it is seldom
that the kernels can be separated
from the cracked shell in perfect
halves. A few varieties, the ker-
nels of which crack out more or
less perfectly, are now listed by
the nurserymen. The two best
known are the Thomas, intro-
duced from Pennsylvania in the
early eighties, and the Stabler
from Maryland in 1915.
The butternut, white or long wal-
nut, J. cinerea.
In many respects, this species
is similar to the preceding. Its
northern range is somewhat
more extensive than is that of
the black walnut and its south-
ern and western limits are less
by about 300 miles. The tree is
shorter-lived, not as symmetrical
in form, nor as capable of
adapting itself to unfavorable
conditions, and the timber is of
inferior value to that of black
walnut. The nuts have thicker
and rougher shells and are more
difficult to crack but the kernels
are more readily separated from
the broken shells in perfect halves
than are those of the former
species. By many, the kernels of
the butternut are much preferred
to those of any other nut.
The Japanese walnut, J. Sieboldiana.
This species and its variety cordiformis, described in
Vol. Ill, page 1723, as there explained do not breed
true to type but revert to each other or to intermediate
forms, and not infrequently to a type, the nuts of which
are often practically indistinguishable from those of
the butternut. These forms are now fairly common
throughout much of the eastern and southern United
States. The trees are dwarfish in habit, broadly spread-
ing, ornamental, precocious, and usually prolific. A
few varieties have been recognized and propagated to a
limited extent, but so far as can be ascertained, none is
3995. Blight or bacteriosis of the walnut, as shown
on fruits and leaves.
now listed by the nurserymen. However, enough good
strains may now be selected to cover practically every
section of the United States, with the possible excep-
tion of the dry Southwest. The nuts vary in size and
form, but typically are broadly rounded at the base,
conical, and smaller than are those of J. nigra. When
struck with a hammer, they tend to open at the suture,
thereby breaking both half-kernels into quarters.
Frequently, nuts of the cordiformis type open auto-
matically at the apex, and with
the aid of a knife -blade, the half-
shells may be separated entirely
and the whole kernel removed
without breaking. In color, text-
ure, and flavor of kernel, the
Japanese walnuts are very simi-
lar to those of the butternut, J.
cinerea.
Miscellaneous species of Juglans.
A species from northeastern
China (J. mandshurica), the nuts
of which are intermediate in form
between those of J. cinerea and /.
Sieboldiana, was introduced into
the United States some years ago
but is not yet sufficiently well
tested to make possible a definite
report. It should be hardy and
therefore of value in the northern
states. Aside from those already
included, there are a number of
species of Juglans which are more
or less common in parts of the
United States, but all are of
minor importance, so far as nut
production is concerned, and ap-
parently of use only in sections
where the better species are un-
adapted and as stocks for supe-
rior varieties. Among such are
included J. californica, J. Hind-
sii, J. major, and J. rupestris.
For full accounts of these spe-
cies, see Vol. Ill, pages 1721
to 1724. .
Juglans hybrids.
The various walnut species so
freely interpollinate, when grown
in close proximity to each other,
that when pure strains are
desired it is not safe to plant the
nuts where there is danger of
such pollination having taken
place. The familiar Paradox
and Royal of California, crosses
of J. regia with any species of
black, and of any California
black with the eastern black,
respectively, are typical ex-
amples of such natural hybrid-
ity. In the East, there are num-
erous crosses of J. regia with other species, viz., J.
intermedia (J. regia x J. nigra} ; J. quadrangulata (J.
regia x J. cinerea) ; and one between J. regia and J.
Sieboldiana, which apparently has not yet been de-
scribed. Frequently, individual trees of these forms
are sturdy growers and make valuable stocks for other
species, as already noted, but usually they are practi-
cally nonproductive and of little value to the orchardist.
C. A. REED.
WANDERING JEW: Zebrina pendula and Tradescantia flumi-
nensis. The common purple-leaved wandering jew of greenhouses,
with pink flowers that open in sunshine, is Zebrina pendula, often
confused with Tradescantia.
3506
WARDIAN CASE
WASHINGTONIA
WARDIAN CASE. A nearly air-tight case with
glass sides and top, used for transporting growing
plants on long sea voyages, invented about 1836 by
N. B. Ward, who wrote a book of ninety-five pages
"On the Growth of Plants in Closely Glazed Cases,"
published at London in 1842. It provides the best and
safest method of transporting potted and living plants
across the ocean, as it insures the necessary light, pro-
tects the plants from salt spray and foul gases, and
requires a minimum of care, as the plants need no
watering. Such cases maintain nearly uniform con-
ditions of temperature, moisture, and atmosphere.
Similar cases are used in greenhouses for growing
filmy ferns, dwarf foliage plants, and other small
specimens that require a very moist and close atmo-
sphere and invariable conditions.
WARPURIA (named after G. Warpur, who collected
the genus). Acanthacese. Low perennial greenhouse
herb, branching from the base: Ivs. opposite, approxi-
mate, entire or nearly so: fls. minute, white, in dense
many-fid, cymes, head-like, long-peduncled, collected
in the axils; calyx hyaline, 5-parted, segms. narrow,
posterior 3 distinct nearly to their base, anterior 2 con-
3996. Warscewiczella discolor. ( X M)
nate to their middle; corolla-tube rather cylindrical,
limb minute, lobes 5, rotundate; stamens 4; disk
annular; ovary 2-celled, cells 2-ovuled: caps, oblong, the
upper third contracted into a beak.— One species,
Madagascar.
clandestina, Stapf. Plant about 4-5 in. high, pilose:
st: short, prostrate or ascending: Ivs. petioled, oblong
or oblong-lanceolate, 2J^-3 x %-lJ4 in-, acute or suba-
cute at both ends: peduncles declinate, densely canes-
cent; head J^-l in. diam., white-pilose: calyx-segms.
triangular-subulate from the base; corolla white, limb
minute. Madagascar.
WARREA (named for Frederick Warre, who dis-
covered the first species in Brazil) . Orchidacese. Plants
with the habit of small forms of Phaius. Lvs. few, long,
plicate: scape tall, bracted, bearing a raceme of termi-
nal showy fls. : sepals and petals subequal, concave, the
lateral sepals united with the base of the column; label-
lum not spurred, united, with the base of the column,
undivided, concave, with longitudinal ridges; column
without appendages; pollinia 4, with a narrow stipe.
— Two species, Peru and Colombia. They require the
same treatment as phaius.
bidentata, Lindl. (W. Lindeniana, Henfr.). Label-
lum regular, slit at the end; ridges convex, the central
ones thinner and deeper: bracts one-fourth as long as the
pedicels. Sept. Venezuela and Colombia. A.F. 6:655.
W. cyanea, Lindl.=Aganisia cyanea.
HEINRICH HASSELBRING.
WARSCEWICZELLA (from J. von Warscewicz, a
Pole, collected in S. Amer. for Van Houtte; died 1866
in Cracow) . Orchidacex. Orchids suitable for a cool-
house. Fls. solitary, large, on a peduncle; sepals and
petals similar, the lateral sepals forming a chin; lip
jointed to the foot of the column, 2-5-lobed, with erect
side lobes; and a transverse plate free from but lying
upon the middle lobe; pollina 4. — About 10 species,
from Costa Rica to Colombia and Peru. By some
included in Zygopetalum.
discolor, Reichb. f. (Wdrrea discolor, Lindl. Zygo-
petalum discolor, Reichb. f.). Fig. 3996. Lvs. narrowly
lanceolate, jointed, 9 in. long: scapes 1-fld., shorter
than the Ivs.: sepals spreading, lanceolate, white;
petals shorter, ovate, white with a tinge of purple, half-
spreading; labellum large, broadly obovate, somewhat
convolute, white, changing to deep purple toward the
disk, and having a whitish or yellowish crest. Cent.
Amer. B.M. 4830.
Wendlandii, Hort. (Zygopetalum Wendlandii, Reichb.
f.). Lvs. tufted, lanceolate: fls. 4-5 in. across, solitary,
on a scape 3-^4 in. long; sepals and petals lanceolate,
somewhat twisted, greenish white; labellum ovate, cor-
date, undulate, white, streaked and spotted with violet-
purple ; apex revolute, crest semi-circular, violet-purple.
W. aromdtica is offered by Lager & Hurrell. Apparently little
known. Described as having white fls., with an azure lip, white-
bordered. Said to come from Costa Rica.
GEORGE V. NASH.
WASHINGTONIA (named for George Washington).
Palmaceas, tribe Corypheie. Tall North American palms,
making noble specimens for planting in California and
similar regions.
Trunks clothed above with remains of the sheaths and
petioles: Ivs. terminal, ample, spreading, orbicular,
flabellately plicate, lobed nearly to the middle; segms.
induplicate, filamentous on the margins; rachis short;
ligule large, appressed; petiole long, stout, plano-con-
vex, very spiny along the edges: spadices long, copi-
ously paniculately branched, glabrous : branches slender,
flexuous; spathes long membranous, split, glabrous: fls.
white : fr. small, ellipsoid, black drupe, with a thin and
sweetish rather dry pulp; seed brown, oblong to
oblong-ovate, flattened, excavated or wrinkled on the
raphal face. — Species 3, now recognized, Ariz., S. Calif.,
and Mex.
Probably the oldest use of the generic name Wash-
ingtonia is by Rafinesque in 1818 for the umbelliferous
plants commonly known as Osmorrhiza; it was also
once proposed for the Sequoias; and the name Neo-
washingtonia has been advanced for these palms. How-
ever, the use of Washingtonia for the palm is too well
established to warrant the change. Parish, who has
recently studied these palms, retains the name Wash-
ingtonia as the only tenable one, discarding the name
Washingtonia when applied to the sequoias and also
when used for the osmorrhizas on what he considers to
be sound nomenclatorial grounds (Bot. Gaz. 44, pp.
408-434, 1907). His systematic treatment of the genus
is followed in the present account.
The washingtonia that is best known in the wild is
W. filifera var. robusta. The finest grove occupies the
narrow palm canon for a mile or more, 22 miles east of
CXVIII. Washingtonia filifera var. robusta.
WASHINGTONIA
WATER ALOE
3507
Banning, Riverside County, California. This is the
largest group of indigenous fan palms in the United
States, and the only grove of important size on the
Pacific side of the United States. The grove contains
thousands of trees, some of them nearly 100 feet high.
There are many young ones of all sizes and the older
trees are still vigorous. Most of the canons of the
desert bases of San Jacinto, accoroling to Parish, con-
tain these palms; and a few grow in the canon of the
White Water River, which is the western limit of the
species. The southern limit is probably Carrizo Creek,
San Diego County, and the northern at Corn Springs
in San Bernardino County. Except in trees protected
in cultivation, old specimens are rarely seen bearing the
great shaggy mass of dead hanging leaves, for they are
burned off by Indians or take fire by accident; even in
cultivated trees, the mane is usually cut away to give
the plants a neater appearance but much of the char-
acteristic beauty of the palm is then lost. Parish writes
that "the functional life of a leaf is about one year.
How long the dead leaves would remain attached to the
trunk if undisturbed cannot be stated; probably for a
very long period."
The washingtonias are much planted in California,
thriving even in the climate about San Francisco Bay.
In southern California they attain great size and com-
prise a characteristic feature of the landscape. They
grow readily from seeds, but the trunks rise slowly.
Two species are commonly planted, W. filifera var.
robusta, with leaves bearing many filaments or threads
on the edges and in the sinuses, and W. gracilis which is
practically devoid of filaments.
A. Petiole prolonged into the blade with an
acuminate point.
B. Blade of If. abundantly supplied with
threads or filaments filifera
BB. Blade nearly or quite destitute of
filaments or threads gracilis
AA. Petiole obtuse at its top where it joins
the blade Sonorae
filifera, Wendl. (Brdhea filamentdsa, Hort. B. filif-
era, Hort. Pritchdrdia filamentdsa, Wendl. P. filifera,
Hort.) . Margins of the petioles armed up to the middle
or somewhat beyond with stout hooked spines, but
naked above: st. cylindrical, 20-40 ft., enlarged at the
base (2-3 ft.), covered with persistent petiole-bases:
petioles 2-5 ft. long, 1-2 }/£ in. wide at the summit,
glabrous, plano-convex; ligule large, glabrous, lacerate;
blade circular, tomentose on the margins of the many
segms., 3-5 ft. diam., cleft on the upper side nearly to
the middle, gray-green; segms. margined with numer-
ous fibers 6-12 in. long: seed flattened on the raphal
face. Probably S. Calif, and W. Ariz.— Cult, on the
Riviera, S. France, but not distinguished in this
country.
Var. robusta, Parish (W. robusta, Wendl. W.
filifera, Hort., not Wendl. Neowashingibnia filamentdsa,
Sudw.). Fig. 3997. The palm usually cult, in this
country as W. filifera, whereas the one cult, as W.
robusta is really W. gracilis: margins of petiole armed
throughout: trunk stout, enlarged at base, 60-90 ft.
tall: petioles stout and erect until old, 3-5 ft. long, the
upper surface concave; ligule paper-like, acuminate
and torn; If .-blade 3-5 ft. across, with 60-70 folds, cleft
two-thirds to the base, the margins with abundant
threads: panicle declined, exceeding the Ivs., the infl.
dense, but in fr. becoming diffuse or open: fls. with
heavy odor: seed excavated on raphal face. Borders of
the Colorado Desert in S. Calif., at low altitudes. —
The commonly planted Washingtonia in Calif, with
filiferous Ivs. The portraits in horticultural magazines
are mostly not clearly referable.
Var. microsperma, Becc. Cult, in the Riviera but yet
undiscovered in the wild, differing in smaller stature, and
222
margins of petioles armed only at base: seed flattened
on raphal face.
gracilis, Parish (W. robusta, Hort., not Wendl.). A
slender-trunked palm, to 80 ft. or so, the Ivs. nearly or
quite destitute of filaments: petioles 2-3 ft. long,
rather convex on upper surface, the hard margins
armed with short yellow hooked spines for the entire
length, the top acuminate where it joins the blade;
ligule paper-like, narrow, entire; If .-blade about 3 ft.
diam., with 75-80 folds, cleft little more than one-third
toward base: peduncle declined, exceeding the Ivs.: fls.
nearly sessile: seed broad-ovate, about J^in. long, some-
what rugose or wrinkled on the raphal face. Probably
native in northern Low. Calif. — From the W. filifera
group this tree is distinguished by its slender trunk,
smaller and less deeply divided shorter-stalked Ivs.
which bear no filaments or threads except now and then
one in the sinuses of some of the folds.
3997. Old tree of Washingtonia filifera var. robusta.
Son&rae, Wats. (Neowashingtonia Sondrae, Rose).
Top of petiole obtuse where it joins the blade, the
latter abundantly supplied with filaments: st. 25 ft.
high, 1 ft. diam.: Ivs. 3^4 ft. diam., somewhat glau-
cous, very filiferous; petioles 3 ft. long, very slender,
2 in. wide at base, %in. at apex, floccose-hairy along
the margins and with stout curved spines: fr. J^in.
long, edible. Guyamas and Low. Calif., Mex. — Yet
imperfectly known in cult. L jj g +
WATER ALOE : Strotiotes oloides. W. Arum : A name sometimes
applied to CaUa polustris. W. Beech: Carpinus caroliniana. W.
Caltrops, or Water Chestnut: Trapa natans. W. Chinkapin, or
Chinquapin: \elumbo luiea. W.-Cress: Cress and Roripa Nastur-
tium. W. Hyacinth: Eichhomia. W.-Leaf: Hydrophyttum. W.
Lemon: Passiflora laurifolia. W.-Lettuce: Pistia Stratiotes. W.-
Lily: Nymphsea. W. Milfoil: Myriophyllum. W. Oak: Quercus
nigra. commonly known as Q. aquatica. W. Oat: Zizania. palus-
3508
WATER ALOE
WATERING
tris. W.-Planta'n: Alisma Plantago-aguatica. W. Reed: Arundo.
W. Pest: Elodca canadensis. W.-Shield: Brasenia Schreberi. W.
Soldier: Stratiotes aloides. W.-Thyme: Elodea canadensis. W.-
Weed: Elodea canadensis.
WATER-GARDENING: Planting, Vol. V, p. 2668.
WATERING. The watering of plants usually exhibits
the skill, or the lack of it, of the gardener. It is a prac-
tice that cannot be well explained in print, although a
few general statements may be made.
An abundant and convenient supply of pure fresh
water should always be a first consideration in locating
a garden or greenhouse. Having this, the next matter is
knowing how to use it, for here, good gardeners say,
lies nine-tenths of the elements of success. Certain it is,
especially in the indoor cultivation of plants, that more
depends on knowing when to give or withhold water
than on any other single matter. The art of watering
is unteachable; it requires experience, judgment, skill.
Some knowledge of the commoner facts of vegetable
physiology, physics, and soil physics will be helpful,
but even then experience will be necessary.
In American gardens watering is usually performed
with a hose from a stored water-supply. Two common
types of watering-cans are shown in Fig. 3998.
A fairly safe guide to watering is : never water plants
until the soil has become dry, though not "powder-dry,"
and then give them a thorough soaking. Plants dislike
a continuously wet soil. In the care of plants in earthen-
ware vessels, a useful test is to thump the jar. If it rings
the soil is dry; if the sound produced is dull the soil is
sufficiently moist. Such rules, however, are only for the
novice. They presuppose activity of growth, and take
into account only one consideration aside from this, and
that is the condition of the soil as regards moisture. The
experienced gardener reads his practice in his plants and
the conditions under which they are being kept. The
following suggestions are based on the most impor-
tant considerations.
Actively growing plants may be watered very freely,
as a rule, whereas in a dormant or semi-dormant state
the same plants will require only occasional waterings.
Soft-stemmed or rapid-growing plants ("soft-wood"
and "herb-like" plants), and those with large leaves,
need, as a rule, an abundance of water when growing
actively. Hard-wood or slower-growing plants, with
smaller leaves, must be watered with greater care. Soft-
wooded plants, with some exceptions, may at times even
flag somewhat for want of water, and recover without
permanent injury when a fresh supply is given. Hard-
wooded plants, as camellias, azaleas, and heaths, on the
other hand, suffer permanent injury from becoming too
dry. It is safest to allow no plant in active growth
to flag.
The amount of foliage affects the plant's capacity for
using water. Plants which have been cut back, or which
from disease, insects, or other causes, have lost most
of their foliage, must be kept drier until they have
regained their foliage. Unhealthy plants are benefited,
as a rule, by being kept rather dry until they begin to
show signs of renewed vigor.
Small cuttings, or any plants freshly potted or newly
transplanted, are not in condition to use much water
until the root-hairs have attached themselves to the
soil-particles and growth has begun. A thorough water-
ing at the time of potting or repotting the plants, espe-
cially if they are subsequently shaded for a few days, is
usually sufficient until they have become established.
The character and bulk of soil should be kept in
mind. Porous and warm soils dry out much sooner,
while the heavier clay soils are in danger of becoming
water-logged and sour unless watered with care.
When there is a large mass of soil in proportion to root-
development, as in the case of greenhouse beds newly
set with young plants, care must be used in watering
until the soil is occupied with roots.
Serious trouble often begins in the greenhouse from
a heavy watering at the beginning of a period of dark
muggy weather. Not only does such watering do dam-
age to the soil and roots, but the excessive humidity of
the air about the plants and its weakening effect on
their tissues invite the attacks of various mildews,
fungi, and insect pests.
The time of day is important. In the greenhouse in
winter free ventilation is usually impossible. At night
there is a tendency toward a damp atmosphere. Care-
ful florists, therefore, water in the early part of the day
at this season, so that the house will have become some-
what dried out by nightfall. It is seldom advisable to
let plants under glass go into the night with wet foliage.
It gives the fungi a chance. Especially hazardous is it
to water cutting benches or boxes of young seedlings late
in the day in the winter season. The various damping-
off fungi find under such treatment the condition suita-
ble for their development. Excessive humidity on the
interior of a closed plant-house is most likely to occur
in moderate weather. During severe weather the con-
densation upon the glass is large and renders the air of
3998. Watering-cans, capacity 3 to 4 gallons. Used chiefly for
sprinkling seed-beds or newly potted small seedlings and cuttings;
for use on older plants the "rose" is commonly removed. The can
on the left, flattened on the sides, is generally preferable. It can
be carried in greenhouse walks and in narrow rows. The long
spout enables the operator to apply the water directly to the roots;
and the greater force of the discharging water makes a better
spray from the "rose."
the house drier. During summer, when there is free
ventilation, the watering may advantageously be done
late in the day. Midday watering at seasons when the
sunshine is very bright is often followed by scalding of
the foliage unless the plants are well shaded. Ferns,
Rex begonias, Chinese primroses and richardias are
among plants easily injured in this way.
Consider the temperature at which the plants are
kept, the position of the heating-pipes, the amount of
light, and the freedom of ventilation permissible in
watering plants in glasshouses. It is better, as a rule, to
have the watering conform to these conditions; but
frequently the practice must be reversed.
The temperature of the water exerts a marked effect
on the growth, flowering, and fruiting of plants. It is
now held that, in general, the water should be of a
temperature close to that of the air in the house where
the plants are growing, or about 10° F. below.
Watering may be indirect. Shading the glass of
greenhouses in summer with some suitable material is
much practised by florists for the purpose of sheltering
plants from too great intensity of light, and for the
purpose of reducing evaporation and transpiration.
Certain kinds of plants, as palms, and some kinds of
ferns, require this; also newly potted plants. Syring-
ing of walks, by reducing the temperature and increas-
ing the humidity of the air, also tends to reduce trans-
piration and save watering. Watchfulness and attention
to ventilation are necessary, however, to av^>id exces-
WATERING
WATSONIA
3.509
sive humidity, which tends toward a soft watery growth
and extreme sensitiveness and susceptibility to disease.
Vessels to contain plants should always be provided
with openings at the bottom for perfect drainage.
This, in a measure, is a safeguard against overwater-
ing. Investigation has shown that a soil which is kept
continuously wet through bad drainage or otherwise is
rapidly impoverished through loss of nitrogen. A fer-
mentation is also set up in the roots, which, through the
formation of various deleterious products, results in
their destruction. •
While a constantly wet soil is always very objec-
tionable, thoroughness in watering as often as the
plants need water is of the greatest importance. When
enough water has been supplied there will be more or
less dripping from the bottom of the pot. It is a good
plan to leave a space of 1 } 2 to 2 inches or more at the top
of the pot, according to its size, for the reception of
water. This space should be so large that when filled
the supply of water in soaking downward will penetrate
to the bottom of the vessel.
Plunging the pots or tubs is a means of controlling
the water-supply. The late William Scott gives the
following advice on this practice: While it is true that
most of the water given to the plant passes through the
soil and escapes from the hole in the bottom of the pot,
yet much that is left in the soil — which is considerable
if the soil is saturated as it should be — is evaporated
from the porous sides of the earthenware pots. In
warm sunny weather, plants in small pots, standing on
a bench, dry out very quickly. This can be avoided by
plunging the pots in some material, as coal-ashes, tan-
bark, or, better than all, spent hops. When plunged to
the rims, only half of the surface-watering is needed,
and the advantage of less watering is shown by a
marked improvement in the health and vigor of the
plants. Such a benefit is this plunging that plants which
would otherwise need a shift into a size larger pot can
be carried along another month in perfect health. This
applies more particularly to quick-growing soft-wooded
plants, geraniums more especially, for these are quickly
exhausted by too frequent waterings.
In watering beds in the open ground and lawns, the
chief consideration is thoroughness. Superficial water-
ings induce the formation of roots near the surface.
Neglect and subsequent drought then prove more dis-
astrous than ever. The evening is the best time for
surface sprinkling. Watered in the heat of the day, grass
and various other plants are likely to have the foliage
injured. Ordinarily it is better to avoid watering beds of
plants in the open ground if possible or delay it until
really necessary, and then water thoroughly. Other
references to watering may be found in the article
"Greenhouse Management," beginning on page 1408,
Vol. Ill; see also "Sub-irrigation in the Greenhouse,"
page 1684. ERNEST WALKER.
WATERMELON: Xtlon, Vol. IV, page 2031.
WATSONIA (named for Sir Wm. Watson, M.D.,
1715-1787, electrician and professor of botany at
Chelsea). Iridacese. Tunicate bulbous herbs, much
like gladiolus, used in the garden for summer bloom.
Stems usually tall: Ivs. long, sword-shaped: spikes
long, simple or slightly branched; spathes lanceolate
oblong or narrow, usually numerous: fls. 1 to a spathe,
sessile; perianth-tube curved, broadened above, lobes
subequal, ovate, oblong or lanceolate; stamens affixed
within the throat; ovary 3-celled, cells many-ovuled:
caps, globose, ovoid or short-oblong, loculicidally 3-
valved. — About 33 species, S. Afr. The main differ-
ences between Watsonia and Gladiolus, from the
horticultural as well as botanical points of view, are the
longer tube and regular fl. of Watsonia, 3 of the 6
perianth-segms. in Gladiolus being usually different in
size, shape, and direction of spread. An important
botanical difference is that the style-branches of
Watsonia are simple, while those of Gladiolus are bifid.
Watsonias bloom from July to September and have
scarlet, rose, or white six-lobed flowers, with usually a
long slender tube which is bent near the base. They
are very much like gladioli, having the same kind of a
conn, the same sword -shaped rigid leaves, the same
kind of a spike and the same season of bloom. It is,
therefore, a great mistake to suppose that they are
suited only to greenhouse cultivation. Great interest
has been aroused in watsonias by the introduction of the
white watsonia, known to the trade as W. Ardernei. The
plant might be roughly described as a white gladiolus.
It grows 3 to 4 feet high, strong specimens being
branched, and bears a dozen or more flowers, each 2J^
to 3 inches long and about 3 inches across. The
purity of its color and its value for cutting make it of
exceptional interest to florists. There are other white-
flowered forms of watsonia, but none of them seems to
be in the American trade. Pure white is the exception
in the iris family, while it is a common, if not dominant,
"color" in the lily and amaryUis families. The white
watsonia has acquired so many names that a short
historical sketch of the plant is desirable. All the stock
in the trade at present is supposed to be descended from
plants cultivated by H. W. Arderne, of Cape Town.
The original bulb was found 80 miles away in a peat-
bog amongst thousands of the common pink-flowered
kind. In October, 1892, Arderne had 400 spikes in
bloom and in March, 1893, some of his plants were pic-
tured in "The Garden" under the name of Watsonia
alba. However, a pure white-flowered form had been
previously found near Port Elizabeth and a bulb sent
to J. O'Brien, of Harrow, flowered in England in 1889
and was then fully described as PP. iridifolia var.
O'Brienii, the name adopted in this work. In the
recent discussions of the plant, the fact has been over-
looked that T. S. Ware, of Tottenham, cultivated a
white variety in 1880, it being figured in "The Garden"
for that year as Watsonia alba. A nearly white form
was cultivated in England as early as 1801, but the
tube was pinkish outside and there was a rosy spot at
the base of each perianth-segment. William Watson, of
Kew, was the first to emphasize the close horticultural
parallel between Watsonia and Gladiolus and to urge
the whole group on the attention of the plant-breeder.
This suggestion, coming from the man who may be
said to have created the modern Cape primrose or
streptocarpus, should result in another fine race of
hybrids before many years. However, the Watsonia
"bulb" is not so easily and safely stored as that of
Gladiolus.
A. Upper part of tube cylindrical or narrowly funnel-
shaped.
B. Length of perianth-segms. H-J^in.
aletroides, Ker-Gawl. Bright scarlet or pale pink-fld.
species, 1-2 ft. high, remarkable for the short perianth-
segms.: st. simple or branched: spikes 6-12-fld. B.M.
533 (rosy scarlet, splashed with cardinal, the inner
segms. white at the tip).
BB. Length of perianth-segms. %-l in.
c. Sts. tail, 3-4 ft., often branched.
D. Spikes lax, 12-20-fld.
E. Fls. scarlet.
angusta, Ker-Gawl. (W. iridifolia var. fulgens, Ker-
Gawl.). Scarlet-fid, species distinguished from W. Meri-
ana by the color of the fls. and by the shape of the per-
ianth-segms. In TF. angusta the segms. are decidedly
acuminate, while those of W. Meriana are more nearly
oblong and come to a point suddenly; also the style of
IF. angusta reaches to the tip of the perianth-segms.,
while in TF. Meriana it does not. B.M. 600. Gn. 17 :390
(as FT. Meriana var. coccinea); 44:164. Gn.W. 21:683.
3510
WATSONIA
WEEDS
EE. Fls. rose-red or white.
F. Lvs. ]/z-%in. wide: spikes about 12-fld.
Meriana, Mill. This seems to be the dominant
species of the genus and hence the most variable and
the one most interesting to the plant-breeder. In its
widest sense it includes W. iridifolia, but for horti-
cultural purposes it will be convenient to consider the
latter a distinct species. W. Meriana is best restricted
to the commonest type at the Cape, which is a rose-fid,
species 3-4 ft. high, the st. usually branched, Ivs.
M-%in. wide, and the spikes 12-20-fld. This is the
plant figured in B.M. 418 as Antholyza Meriana. Gn.
17:390 is more typical in color. The white-fld. form,
which is rarer in nature, is treated under W. iridifolia,
Baker says that there are scarlet-fld. forms of this spe-
cies, but he gives them no name, and it is probable that
all such should be referred to W. angusta.
FP. Lvs. wider: spikes denser, 20-fld. or more.
iridifolia, Ker-Gawl. (W. Meriana var. iridifolia,
Baker). This is treated by Baker as a variety of W.
Meriana characterized by broader Ivs. than the type:
fls. closer and more numerous, white or pinkish. For
horticultural purposes it will be convenient to treat it
as a distinct species and restrict the name to the pink
or rose-colored type.
Var. O'Brienii, N. E. Br. (W. alba, Hort. W.
O'Brienii, Mast. W. iridifolia var. alba, Wm. Robin-
son. W. Ardernei, Hort. W. Ardernei var. alba, Hort.
W- Meriana var. alba, Hort. W. Meriana var.
Ardernei, Hort.). WHITE WATSONIA. A variety with
pure white fls., discussed on page 3509. Gn. 17:390; 43,
p. 229; 51, p. 284; 61, p. 89; 72, p. 17. J.H. III. 29:
219. G.C. III. 11:305; 19:143; 52:129. A.G. 20:573.
G. 26: 235; 37: 285. R.B. 27, p. 33. G.M. 49:477. G.L.
27:180. R.H. 1910, pp. 504, 505.
DD. Spikes dense, SO-50-fld.
densiflora, Baker. This very distinct and handsome
rose-colored species more nearly resembles a gladiolus
than any other by reason of the density and regularity
of its pyramidal inn.: sts. unbranched, 2-3 ft. high:
spikes a foot long: fls. bright rosy red. B.M. 6400. —
There is a choice variety with pure white fls. Var. alba,
Hort., was intro. as early as 1891.
cc. Sts. shorter, mostly 1-2 ft., unbranched.
D. Tube 1 y%-2 in. long.
coccinea, Herb. This showy scarlet-fld. species differs
from W. Meriana in its st. being shorter and unbranched,
the spikes fewer-fld., and the styles a trifle longer: st.
1 ft. high: spikes 4-6-fld.: corolla-tube elongated,
longer than the limb, the lobes spreading, oblong,
acutish. B.M. 1194 (W. Meriana variety). J.H. III.
53:61.
DD. Tube 1 y<z-2 in. long.
hftmilis, Mill. This species has rose-red fls. apparently
the same size and color as W. densiflora but only 4-6
in a spike and the st. only a foot or so high: corolla-
lobes oblong-lanceolate, acutish. B.M. 631. — A varie-
gated form figured in B.M. 1193 as W. roseo-dlba has
a spike of 8 flesh-colored fls. with broad bands and
splashes of scarlet.
AA. Upper part of tube short and broadly funnel-shaped.
rosea, Ker. Robust rose-colored species, growing
4-6 ft. high and the fls., though fewer than those of W.
densiflora, are perhaps capable of greater size: spikes
about 15-fld.: Ivs. lorate-lanceolate : corolla-limb nod-
ding, subcampanulate. B.M. 1072. G. 26:445. Gn. 77,
p. 484. J.H. 111.44:162. WILHELM MILLER.
F. TRACY HusBARD.f
WATTLE: Acacia.
WAXBERRY: Symphoricarpos. W. Myrtle: Myrica cerifera.
W.-Palm: Ceroxylon and Diplothemium. W.-Plant: Hoya carnosa.
W.-work: Celastrus scandens.
WEDELIA (Georg Wolfgang Wedel, professor at
Jena, Germany, 1645-1721). Compositse. Scabrous-
pubescent or hirsute, annual or perennial herbs or sub-
shrubs, suitable for growing in the greenhouse: Ivs.
opposite, usually dentate, rarely 3-cleft or entire : head
heterogamous; ray-fls. male, disk-fls. fertile or the
innermost sterile; involucre ovoid, campanulate or
somewhat hemispherical, bracts in 2 rows; corolla yel-
low, male ligulate, spreading, apex entire or 2-3- toothed,
female regular, tubular, 5-toothed or shortly 5-cleft:
achenes glabrous or pilose, smooth or tuberculate, cune-
ate-oblong or obovate. — About 70 species, natives of
the warmer regions of the world.
oblonga, Hutchins. Glandular-hairy herb, up to
nearly 3 ft. high: Ivs. oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
acute, 3-3 H x %-l in.: peduncles 1M~2 in. long: fl.-
heads lemon-yellow, 1M~2 in. diam.; outer bracts leaf-
like, inner somewhat scarious; ray-florets about 12,
3-toothed. British E. Afr.
To this genus, Pascalia is referred by recent authors. P. glaiica,
Orteg., is from Chile, probably not in cult. The plant cult, under
this name in England, and once offered in this country, is prob-
ably the plant shown in P.M. 8:125, which is thought to be a
Helianthus. It is not hardy and there seems to be little reason
for cultivating it here where there are so many hardy sunflowers.
P. glauca is an herbaceous perennial, with opposite linear-lanceo-
late Ivs., the upper ones entire and lower ones irregularly dentate:
heads terminal and solitary, yellow-rayed.
WEEDS. A weed is a plant that is not wanted. There
are, therefore, no species of weeds, for a plant that is a
weed in one place may not be in another. There are,
of course, species that are habitual weeds; but in their
wild state, where they do not intrude on cultivated
areas, they can scarcely be called weeds. The common
pigweed and the purslane are sometimes vegetables, in
which case potato plants would be weeds if they grew
among them.
It would have been a sorry thing for agriculture if
there had been no weeds. They have made us stir the
soil, and stirring the soil is the foundation of good
farming. Even after we have learned that crops are
benefited by the stirring of the land, we are likely to
forget the lesson or to be neglectful of it unless the
weeds constantly remind us of it. Necessity is always
the best schoolmaster; and of these necessities, weeds
are amongst the chief.
The one way to destroy weeds is to practise good
farming. Judicious tillage should always keep weeds
down in cultivated lands. In idle lands weeds are likely
to be a serious nuisance. In sod lands they are also
likely to take the place of grass when for any reason the
grass begins to fail. The remedy for weeds in grass
lands, therefore, is to secure more grass. In order to
do so, it may be necessary to plow the land and reseed.
In some cases, however, it is only necessary to give the
land a light surface tillage, to add clean and quickly
available fertilizers, and to sow more grass seed. This
is the fundamental remedy for weeds on lawns. If such
weeds are perennial, as dandelion and plantain, it is
advisable to pull them out; but in order to keep them
out, a stiffer sod should be secured. The annual weeds
that come in the lawn the first year are usually
destroyed by frequent use of the lawn-mower.
Foul lands may usually be cleared of weeds by a
short and sharp system of rotation of crops, combined
with good tillage in some of the crops of the series.
When the land for any reason is fallow — as when it is
waiting for a crop — surface tillage with harrows or
cultivators will serve to keep down the weeds and to
make the land clean for the coming crop. Often lands
that are perfectly clean in spring and early summer
become foul in the fall after the crops are removed.
Cleaning the land late in the season, therefore, may be
one of the most efficient means of ridding the place of
weeds. Coarse and rough stable manure, which is not
well rotted, may also be a conveyer of weed seed. The
seeds of weeds are sometimes carried in the seed with
WEEDS
WESTRINGIA
3511
which the land is sown, particularly in grass and grain
seeds.
It does not follow that weeds are always an evil, even
when they are abundant. In autumn a good covering
of weeds may serve as an efficient cover-crop for the
orchard. They are likely to entail some extra care the
next year in order to prevent them from gaining a
mastery, but this extra care benefits the orchard at the
same time. It is, of course, far better to sow the cover-
crop oneself, for then the orchardist secures what he
wants and of the proper quantity and at the right
season: but a winter cover of weeds is usually better
than bare earth.
From the above remarks it will be seen that weeds
are scarcely to be regarded as fundamental difficul-
ties in farming, but rather as incidents. In the most
intensive and careful farming the weeds bother the
least. There should be a careful oversight of all waste
areas, as roadsides and vacant lots. The greatest
difficulty arises on commons and waste land, not on
farms.
Weeds are often troublesome in walks, particularly in
those made of gravel. If the walk were excavated 2
feet deep and filled with stones, rubble, or coal-ashes,
weeds cannot secure a foothold. It is particularly
important that gutters be not laid directly on the soil,
else they become weedy. There are various prepara-
tions that can be applied to walks to kill the weeds,
although, of course, they also kill the grass edgings if
carelessly applied. Strong brine, applied hot, is one
of the best (one pound of salt to one gallon of water).
There are also preparations of arsenic, vitriol, lime, and
sulfur, known as herbicides. For identification of
weeds and means of control, see Georgia's "Manual of
Weeds," New York, 1914. L. H. B.
WEIGELA, WEIGELIA: DieniOa.
WELDENIA (for Ludwig von Welden, an Austrian
army officer, wrote on natural history; 1780-1853).
Commdinacese. Tuberous-rooted herb, suitable for the
greenhouse: Ivs. numerous, grouped at the top of the St.,
forming a sort of involucre about the fls.: cymes very
densely fasciculate, sessile among the Ivs. ; calyx sessile,
1^ in. or less long, membranaceous, long and laxly
tubular, often spathe-like, split, apex shortly 3-cleft;
corolla-tube slender, much longer than the calyx, lobes
broad, spreading, subequal; stamens 6; ovary ovoid.—
One species. W. Candida, Schult. f. St. short, simple:
Ivs. 6-8, strap-shaped, 2-6 in. long, with folding bases,
pale green: fls. snow-white, 1 in. diam., solitary on erect
scapes. Mex. and Guatemala. B.M. 7405.
WELFIA (named in honor of the English royal
family). Palmacese. Unarmed palm, with a thick tall
reed-like caudex, suitable for the warmhouse: Ivs.
terminal, pinnatisect; segms. coriaceous, strongly nar-
rowed at base, apex entire or acuminately cut, many-
nerved, plicate: spadices stout, pendulous; spathes 2,
deciduous: fls. in deep hexagonal depressions, monce-
cious; male asymmetrical, sepals lanceolate, acute,
petals broadly ovate, obtuse, stamens numerous, ovary
rudimentary; female about equaling the male, com-
pressed, sepals free, cymbiform-lanceolate, acuminate,
petals much larger, 2 lateral cymbiform wing-keeled,
dorsal narrower, flat, staminodes in a conical cup,
ovary conical-subulate, 3-celled: fr. oblong, compressed,
about 2 in. long, dark violet. — Two species, Cent.
Amer. and Colombia. W. regia, H. Wendl. Up to 60
ft. high: Ivs. when young divided almost to the base
into a pair of oblong acuminate lobes, having a bronzy
tint, at length becoming pinnatisect, borne on slender
petioles; adult Ivs. about 20 ft. long, pinnae numerous,
narrow, unequal, decurrent on the angular rachis,
whitish beneath. G.C. 1870:764. P.M. 1873:60. I.H.
18:62.
WELLINGT6NIA: Sequoia.
WELWITSCHIA (Dr. Friedrich Welwitech, 1806-
1872, botanical traveler, who brought this remarkable
plant to notice). Gnetacese. One of the most singular of
plants, sometimes seen in the dried state in museums
and rarely grown in botanic gardens.
The plant consists essentially of 2 persistent woody
Ivs. lying near or on the ground, the ends becoming
much frayed (at one tune supposed to be persistent
cotyledons), and from the center or crown the cone-
like fructification arises. It may be described as
follows: A low woody plant, sometimes grown as an
oddity: st. or trunk thick, cone- or top-shaped, usu-
ally somewhat raised above ground, more or less 2-
lobed, said to be sometimes 14 ft. in circum.: Ivs. 2,
lasting the life of the plant, linear at first, later split-
ting into many sections: infl. axillary, paniculate,
dichotomously branched, the branches ending hi 4-
angled ament-like spikes which are colored: fls. dice-
cious; male fls. with 4 perianth-segms. in the shape of a
cross, stamens 6, joined at the base, seed sterile;
perianth of female fls. tubular, inclosing completely
the fertile seed. — One species, arid places Trop. and
S. W. Afr.
The oldest actual name for this strange plant is
Tumboa, which was mentioned incidentally in the
Gardeners' Chronicle, 1861, page 75, in a running
account of a meeting of the Linnean Society; and the
name T. Bainesii, Hook, f., was similarly mentioned
on page 1008 in an account of a meeting of the Royal
Horticultural Society. In the same journal in 1862 the
name T. strobttifera was also mentioned. Neither the
genus nor the species was botanically defined. In
Gardeners' Chronicle for 1862, the name Welwitschia
was proposed, and under this name the characters were
carefully drawn and the plant regularly described in
Trans. Linn. Soc., 1863, and in the same year hi B.M.
5368, 5369. Under this name the plant has passed; but
in Engler & Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien Nachtr. (1897),
attention is called to the older Tumboa as the proper
name, and this name is taken up in Cat. Welwitsch
Afr., pi. II, pt. 1 (1899). All the preceding literature
is under Welwitschia and all the horticultural refer-
ences; and inasmuch as the aim in nomenclature is, or
should be, stability rather than priority, the principle
of long-accepted usage should be invoked in this case
and the name Welwitschia retained, particularly as
the name Tumboa was not formally founded and as
the revival of it contributes nothing to clearness or
definition. (It is retained by the Brussels Congress.)
In respect to the cultivation of Welwitschia, W.
Watson, Curator of the Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
England, writes hi 1916: "We have a plant here
which was raised from a seed hi 1880. It lives, but
growth is very slow, so slow that a full-sized plant,
such as we have hi our Museum, might at this rate be
reckoned a thousand years old. We grow it hi a
tropical house devoted to succulents, where it gets all
the sunlight, the usual amount of water, except for
about three months in winter, when it gets very little,
and it is potted hi sandy loam. There may be a set of
conditions that would suit the plant better, though
experiments with other plants raised here since did not
reveal anything better."
mirabilis, Hook, f . Lvs. 6 ft. or more long, the split
ends reclining on the ground, flat and long-narrow,
attached at the base to the crown of the wrinkled brown
and hard trunk: plant said to persist a century. G.C.
in. 47:56. J.H. III. 46:38. G.W. 9, pp. 294-5.
L. H. B.
WESTRINGIA (J. P. Westrmg, Swedish physician
and author; died 1833). Labiate. Shrubs, suitable for
greenhouse cult., although apparently not now hi com-
mon cult.: Ivs. in whorls of 3, 4, or rarely more, entire*
3512
WESTRINGIA
WIGANDIA
fls. axillary or rarely in terminal leafy heads; calyx
campanulate, 5-toothed; corolla-tube short and dilated
at the throat, limb 2-lipped, upper lip flat, broadly
2-lobed, lower spreading, 3-lobed; stamens, 2 upper per-
fect, 2 lower sterile: nutlets reticulate-rugose. — About
12 species, natives of extra-Trop. Austral.
rosmarinifdrmis, Smith. VICTORIAN ROSEMARY. A
bushy shrub with the branches and under side of Ivs.
silvery white with appressed hairs: Ivs. in whorls of 4,
oblong-lanceolate to linear, }4r\ in. long: fls. white,
axillary, almost sessile; calyx 3 lines long; corolla not
twice as long as the calyx. Sandy hills, near the sea-
coast, Austral. — Offered hi S. Calif .
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
WHEAT: Triticum. W., India: Fagopyrum tataricum.
WHIPPLEA (in honor of Lieut. A. W. Whipple,
commander of the surveying expedition to the Pacific
Ocean in 1853-1854). Saxifragaceae. Two low shrubs
in W. N. Amer. with smaU opposite nearly sessile Ivs.,
3-nerved and entire or sparingly dentate, appressed-
hairy on both sides, and with small white fls. in terminal
cymes: fls. 5- or rarely 6-merous; receptacle turbinate,
adnate to the base of the ovary; sepals lanceolate;
?Vir 3999. Wigandia caracasana.
(XX)
petals small, oblong-spatulate; stamens 10, rarely 12,
with dilated lanceolate filaments and subglobose
anthers; ovary half -superior or nearly superior, with
3-6 short styles: fr. a caps, separating into 3-6 1-seeded
carpels. They are not hardy N. and rarely cult, in
botanical collections only, as they possess no particular
ornamental qualities. They are plants of dry regions
and demand a well-drained soil; the best place for them
is hi a rockery. Prop, is by greenwood cuttings under
glass and by seeds treated like those of deutzia or
hydrangea.
modesta, Torr. Sarmentose; the long shoots with
numerous short upright flowering branchlets, pubes-
cent: Ivs. broadly ovate to elliptic, acutish, with a few
shallow teeth or nearly entire, appressed-hairy on both
sides, H-l in. long: fls. white, about Km- across, in
slender-stalked dense cymes Yy-Yiva.. long. May. Ore.,
Calif.
utahensis, Wats. (Fendlera utahensis, Greene. Fend-
lerella utahensis, Heller). Much -branched, upright
shrub, to 2 ft., pubescent: Ivs. elliptic-ovate to linear-
oblong, acute, entire, ^-J^in. long, appressed-hairy
on both sides: fls. white, hi terminal small cymes
Ji~Kin. across. July. Ariz., Colo., Utah.
ALFRED REHDER.
WHITFIELDIA (named after Thomas Whitfield,
intrepid naturalist who made several explorations into
Trop. W. Afr. and brought back many choice plants).
Acanthacese. Glabrous shrubs, rarely used as warm-
house ornamentals: Ivs. opposite, entire: fls. white or
brick-colored, solitary hi the axils of opposing bracts,
arranged in a terminal raceme; calyx 5-parted, segms.
membranaceous, colored, oblong or lanceolate; corolla-
tube swollen almost from the base or slender-cylindrical
and abruptly inflexed above widening to a campanu-
late throat, 5-lobed, lobes ovate or oblong-lanceolate;
stamens 4, in pairs. — About 17 species, Trop. Afr. The
material which has been offered hi Amer. as W. lateritia
is really Jacobinia carnea (see Vol. Ill, p. 1714): the
true W . lateritia, Hook., is rarely cult, and is a tender
evergreen shrub about 3 ft. high: Ivs. ovate or oblong-
ovate, wavy: fls. red; corolla bell- or funnel-shaped. W.
Trop. Afr. B.M. 4155. F.S. 1:36.
WHITLAVIA: Phacelia.
WHORTLEBERRY: Vaccinium.
WTODRINGT6NIA: CaUUris.
WIGANDIA (named after Johannes Wigand, Pomer-
anian bishop; wrote on plants; 1523-1587). Hydrophyl-
lacese. Tall hispid perennial herbs or subshrubs, used
for subtropical bedding, or may be grown in the green-
house.
Leaves alternate, large, rugose, doubly dentate,
cymes terminal, large, dichotomous: fls. sessile, 1-
sided along the branch; calyx-segms. linear; corolla-
tube shortly and broadly campanulate, scaled inside;
limb broad, spreading, 5-lobed, lobes imbricate; sta-
mens 5; ovary rather perfectly 2-celled: caps. 2-valved.
— About 3 or 4 species, widely dispersed in the moun-
tains of Trop. Amer. Monographed by A. Brand hi
Engler's Pflanzenreich hft. 59 (IV. 251). The species of
Wigandia are very much confused in current reference
books, as well as hi the trade. The following account is
based on Andrews revision of the genus hi R.H. 1861 :
371, with an important change in the name of one spe-
cies. In respect to W. urens, Andr6 follows the previ-
ous revision by Choisy hi DC. Prod. 10:184. The com-
bination Wigandia urens was first used by Kunth, who
applied it to a Mexican plant. Before this, however,
another plant of the same family but a native of Peru
had been called Hydrolea urens. When Choisy came to
monograph the whole family he transferred Hydrolea
urens to the genus Wigandia and called it Wigandia
urens, Choisy. He therefore had to rename the Mexi-
can plant, and this he called Wigandia Kunthii.
Wigandias are chiefly valued as foliage plants for
subtropical bedding, because of their very showy char-
acter. Their leaves are covered with stinging hairs,
similar to nettles. Many large specimens may be seen
in California, but the plants are considered to be rather
coarse and straggling. They are generally raised from
seed every year, the seed being started indoors as early
as January. The plants attain a height of 6 to 10 feet
in a single season. They are unsatisfactory greenhouse
plants, as they do not grow vigorously indoors. The
roots may be kept over winter in a frostless place and
stock may be secured in spring by cuttings. In gen-
eral, the plants are not much used in North America.
WIGAXDIA
WILD FLOWERS
3513
caracasana, HBK. Fig. 3999. Erect robust sub-
shrub, up to 9 ft. high, softly golden or silky-pubescent :
Ivs. rather long-petioled, ovate, obtuse, base subcor-
date, 18 x 10 in., coarsely, doubly and irregularly
crenate, white-tomentose beneath: infl. golden silky-
pubescent, terminal, elongate, strict (a thyrspid cin-
cinnus): corolla violet, tube white: caps, equaling or a
little longer than the calyx. S, Mex. to Venezuela and
Colombia. B.M. 4575 (adapted in Fig. 3999). B.R.
1966. F.S. 8:755. Gn. 4, p. 503; 8, p. 198. R.H. 1859,
p. 653. J.F. 2:132. Var. macrophylla, Brand (W.
macrophylla, Cham. & Schlecht.), is a larger-lvd. form
which also grows rather taller than the tvpe and has
the infl. white-silky-pubescent. R.H. 1861:371.— It is
the Mexican form of the species and the one mostly
in cult.
Kunthii, Choisy (W. itrens, HBK., not Choisy). Very
hispid subshrub, not golden pubescent, about 6-15 ft.
high: Ivs. doubly sharp-serrate, not white-tomentose:
infl. not at all thyrsoid, but paniculate, very hispid,
rarely pubescent or dirty tomentose: corolla violet,
tube white: caps, slightly longer than the calyx, very
densely hispid. Mex. to Honduras.
urens, Choisy, not HBK. (W. penuriana, W. Mill.
Hydrolea urens. Ruiz & Pav.). Stout erect subshrub
up to 12 ft. high, very densely dirty white-hispid: Ivs.
short-petioled, 8-12 x 6-7 in., broadly ovate, irregularly
dentate-serrate, base cordate or truncate, apex obtuse:
fls. arranged in a broad terminal raceme (cincinnus);
sepals lanceolate-acute, hispid; corolla violet, parted to
the middle, lobes elliptical, densely silky outside: caps,
oblong, twice shorter than the "calyx. Peru. R.H.
1867, p. 470.
TT. imperialis is listed as a very ornamental plant, but is not
treated by Brand- — IT. Viffieri, Carr., is not treated in Brand's
monograph and is apparently a horticultural form, perhaps of W.
caracasana. Carriere merely said it was a silvery plant instead of
somber and glutinous like W. caracasana. It is frequently listed in
the trade and is said to have lilac-blue or wine-colored fls.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
WIKSTRCEMIA (named after J. E. Wikstrcem, pro-
fessor of botany at Stockholm, 1789-1856). Thymdaea-
cex. Shrubs or trees, occasionally grown in the warm-
house or greenhouse: Ivs. opposite or rarely alternate:
fls. in short terminal or axillary racemes, spikes or
heads: perianth tubular, limb spreading, 4-lobed, with-
out scales in the throat; stamens 8; ovary villous, 1-
celled: fr. a berry-like drupe. — About 40 species, Trop.
Asia. Austral., and the islands of the Pacific.
canescens, Meissn. (W. pauciflbra, Franch. & Sav.).
Small shrub, 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. 1-3 in. long, thin, alter-
nate and opposite, oblong-lanceolate: perianth 3-4
lines long: fr. silky. Himalayas, Ceylon, China. The
Japanese plant is W. Ganpi. Maxim. (W. canescens
var. Ganpi. Miq.); from its bark apparently is made
the celebrated Japanese copying-paper.
WILCOXIA (named for Brig.-Gen. Timothy E.
Wilcox. U. S. Army). Caetaceie. Usually low weak
plants growing from a cluster of dahlia-like roots: sts.
slender, with low inconspicuous ribs covered with
clusters of delicate spines: ovary and fr. bearing clus-
ters of spines; seeds black. — Three species native of
Texas and Mex.
Poselgeri, Brit. & Rose (Echinocereus tuber teas,
Rumpl. Cereus tuber osus, Posel.). Roots black, several,
borne near the surface: sts. 2 ft. or less high, with
about 8 ribs, the lower and older part naked, spiny
above, the spines almost hiding the ribs; spines ap-
pressed, delicate, pubescent, radials 9-12; central one
ascending, black-tipped: fls. purple, 2 in. long: seeds
pitted or rugose, ^|in. long. — This species, although
often cult., does not do well under glass when grown on
its roots, but when grafted on various species of Seleni-
cereus, it does extremely well. j x. ROSE.
WILD FLOWERS : Their appeal and conservation.
In manv countries some kind of wild flower holds first
place in the love and sentiment of the inhabitants. The
rose, the thistle, the shamrock, the iris, the edelweiss
and alpine rose, the chrysanthemum, the poppy and
the lotus have all contributed their share to the litera-
ture and art of the Old World. Thirty of the states
have adopted some native American plant for the
state flower, including the arbutus, bitter-root, black-
eyed Susan, columbine, gentian, goldenrod, laurel,
lupine, magnolia, mistletoe, moccasin-flower, Oregon
grape, pasque flower, golden poppy, pine cone and tas-
sel, rhododendron, rose, Sego lily, sunflower, syringa,
and violet. Of these the goldenrod and violet lead in
popularity, with the arbutus, magnolia, and rhododen-
dron next in public favor. Nine states have chosen
either cultivated plants of economic value or intro-
duced weeds like the daisy. Thus far, no national flower
has been adopted, principally because no wild flower
grows or could be grown in all the states and territories,
owing to the diversity of climate and flora. An attempt
has been made recently to adopt the mountain laurel,
but as this is a plant which grows only in the Appala-
chian regions of the eastern states it Has not met with
unanimous approval.
That a widespread interest in native plants exists
there can be no question. Local and popular floras
abound, poems and songs appear frequently, yet the
people as a whole are still barbarians when it is a
question of real love and protection. Arbutus is still
pulled up from the roots and sent through the mails
in frail and broken pasteboard boxes, having been
nearly or quite exterminated where formerly it was
abundant. Orchids and lilies are gathered by the
basketful to adorn college commencements and church
services. Ropes of laurel and ground-pine are used at
balls and Christmas festivities, and the holly which
used to be abundant is rapidly becoming scarce and
hard to find. All these supplies come from wild sources
and few of them would pay to cultivate. Moderation
and protection are recommended for all of them. Some
few of our wild flowers take kindly to cultivation, and
are grown for their beauty: laurel, rhododendron,
azalea, dogwood, and magnolias perhaps lead in
popularity, but some of the smaller herbaceous plants
such as bloodroot, hepatica, columbine, lilies, jack-
in-the-pulpit, forget-me-nots, and many of the native
ferns may be readily grown if given suitable condi-
tions of soil, moisture, and shade. Most wild flowers
prefer an acid soil with plenty of leaf-mold to the ordi-
nary garden soil, and should be planted in some place by
themselves where natural conditions can be maintained.
A hopeful sign of advancing appreciation is that the
best landscape architects and park superintendents are
recommending the planting and preservation of native
plants and in many of the national parks and public
reservations the native flora is protected from depre-
dation. With the increase of motors has come an inter-
est in good roads and roadside planting, but some of
the railroads in Colorado still run "flower excursions"
where a lot of vandals are taken to some beautiful spot
and come home loaded with wild flowers which they
promptly throw away. It is this spirit of selfish and
thoughtless destructiveness which should be combated
by all true lovers of native plants, and various organi-
zations for their conservation have been formed to try
to accomplish it. Arbor Day might fitly be called Con-
servation Day and used to impress on school children
the importance of this work.
The following associations are interested and will sup-
ply information to those wishing to cooperate: Con-
servation Department, General Federation of Women's
Clubs; Conservation Society of National Educators;
American Association of Forestry; State Associations
of Forestry; Garden Clubs of America, Philadelphia;
Lincoln Highway Commission; Society for the Protec-
3514
WILD FLOWERS
WINDBREAK
tion of Native Plants, Boston; Stokes Fund for the liana), and Odontoglossum illustrissimum (Lambeauia-
Preservation of Native Plants, New York Botanical num x ardentissimum) , and through the parentage of
Garden; American Association of Park Superintend- the latter O. crispum, 0. Pescatorei, and 0. Harrya-
ents, Portland, Oregon; Wild Flower Preservation num enter into its composition. The hybrid approaches
Society of America, Brooklyn Botanic Garden. closely to Oncidioda Charlesworthii, and in a marked
List of state and provincial flowers. degree resembles Odontioda Hermione (C. vulcanica x
A] , GolHpnrnH Oda- watonenMs), many of the factors in the comlji-
llSka ::::::::::::::::FoCtme:not. nation being difficult to trace. The erect oncidium.
Arkansas Apple blossom. llke sP^e bore ten pretty flowers, with purplish claret-
California Golden poppy. fed sepals and petals, the three-lobed lip being of whit-
Canada Sugar maple. ish lilac color, with a blotch of claret-red in front of
Colorado Blue columbine. the crest." — Exhibited by Charlesworth & Co. For
Connecticut Mountain laurel. names of similar construction, see Adamara, Linneara,
Delaware Peach. Lmmnrn Viniltlpkparn
Florida Orange blossoms. ira> ^ uyLstekeara.
Georgia Cherokee rose.
Idaho Syringa. WINDBREAK. In horticultural usage, windbreaks
Illinois Native violet. are plantations of trees or other plants designed to
Indiana Carnation (pink). check the force of the wind or to deflect it to other
I?wa Goldenrod. directions. Windbreaks are often of the greatest use,
Kansas . . • bunflower. an(j at other times they are detrimental. In regions of
ESS::: :::::::::::: :»S£3£:' very si™$ prevailing winds, they may be necessary to
Maine Pine cone and tassel. prevent injury to the plants. This is true along sea-
Maryland Black-eyed Susan. shores. In the dry ulterior regions, windbreaks are
Massachusetts Arbutus, May-flower. often useful, also, to check the force of parching winds
Minnesota. Moccasin flower. that would take the moisture from the land. In other
Mississippi Magnolia. cases, they are employed for the purpose of sheltering
Missouri G°1(denrod- ,T ... the homestead, to make it more comfortable for human
SrlTa.V::: GddTn?0°d.(LeW1Sia)' occupancy: such breaks are usually known as shelter-
New Jersey I.'.. Violet. behs. See Hedges.
New York Rose. Whether windbreaks shall be used for orchard plan-
North Carolina Daisy. tations depends wholly on circumstances. In regions
North Dakota Wild rose. of very strong prevailing winds, as near large bodies of
Nova Scotia Arbutus. water or on the plains, such breaks are usually necessary
Xu,10i, Red carnation. on tne windward side of the orchard. However, if the
OregSn aV:: .' ! ] ! ! ! ! ! ! ! ! :oS£?£ap. (Mahonia). Availing winds are habitually warmer than the local
Pennsylvania Laurel. temperature, the winds should not be stopped or wholly
Rhode Island. ........... .Violet. deflected, but they should be allowed to pass through
South Dakota Pasque flower (Anemone). the windbreak with diminished power in order that,
Tennessee Daisy. while their force may be checked, they may still prevent
TTex?s Blue bonnet, lupines. too low temperature. In regions that are very liable to
f J~r; Rgd 1 (Calochortus)' late spring and early fall frosts, a tight break is usually
Washington'.;: ! '.Rhododendron. a disadvantage, since it tends to confine the air— to
West Virginia Rhododendron. make jt stiu — an.d thereby to increase the danger of
Wisconsin Violet. light frosts. If windbreaks are employed in such cases,
Wyoming Gentian. it is best to have them somewhat open so that atmo-
Hawaii Lehua (Metrosideros). spheric drainage may not be checked. In most regions,
ELIZABETH G. BEITTON. the greatest value of the windbreak for orchard plan-
4000. Windbreaks running across the direction of the prevailing winds.
WILD-GARDEN: Planting, Vol. V, page 2663.
WILLOW: Salix. W., Virginian: Itea virginica.
WTLSONARA (from a personal name). Orchidacese.
A hybrid orchid described and figured in G.C. III. 59, pp.
312, 315 (June 10, 1916). "The parents include Coch-
lioda, Oncidium, and Odontoglossum; Oncidioda
Charlesworthii (Oncidium incurvum x Cochlioda Noez-
tations is to protect from the mechanical injuries that
result from high winds and to enable workmen to pursue
their labors with greater ease. The lessening of wind-
fall fruit is often sufficient reason for the establish-
ment of a windbreak. Usually very cold and very dry
winds should be turned from the orchard; very strong
winds should be checked; temperate winds should
nearly always be allowed to pass through the orchard,
WINDBREAK
WINDOW-GARDENING 3515
if their velocity is not too great ; care must be taken to
allow of adequate atmospheric drainage.
Windbreaks for orchards require much land, and
crops near them are likely to suffer for lack of food and
moisture, and also from shade. In small places, there-
fore, it may be impossible to establish large breaks.
It is well to plant the windbreak at some distance from
the first row of orchard trees, if possible. It is usually
4001. A hotel window-box.
best to use native trees for the break, since they are
hardy and well adapted to the particular climate.
Windbreaks often harbor injurious insects and fungi,
and care must be taken that species of trees liable to
these difficulties are not used. In the northeastern
states, for example, it would be bad practice to plant
the wild cherry tree, since it is so much infested with
the tent caterpillar. In some cases, very low breaks
may be as desirable as high ones. This is true in the
open farming lands in the dry regions, since it may be
necessary only to check the force of the wind near the
surface of the ground. Windbreaks only 2 or 3 feet
high, placed at intervals, may have this effect. Fence-
rows sometimes act as efficient windbreaks. Near the
sea coast, gardeners often plant low hedges for the
purpose of protecting the surface of the garden. (See
Plants for thejSeaside, page 2670.) Along the Atlantic
coast, the California privet is considerably used. This
is Ligustrum ovalifolium, a Japanese plant. Farms in
the open windy country may be efficiently protected by
belts of woodland, or, if the country is wholly cleared,
rows of trees may be established at intervals of a quarter
or half mile across the direction of the prevailing winds
(Fig. 4000).
In middle California, the most common windbreak
is a tall thick hedge of Monterey cypress (Cupressus
macrocarpa), either clipped close or allowed to grow
naturally; it withstands heavy winds better than
almost any other heavy-foliaged tree and is rapid in its
growth. (Fig. 1790.) The Italians and Chinese, who
have almost complete control of the truck-gardening
industry in and around San Francisco, make extensive
use of a Californian tree-mallow, Lavatera assurgenti-
flora (see page 1830), as a break and protection from
the drift-sand. In California, various species of Euca-
lyptus may be used for breaks and wind-stops. The
giant reed (Arundo Donax) is frequently grown around
vineyards, particularly in the immediate vicinity of
water. In California the olive, European walnut, fig,
and almond are frequently planted for the outside row
of an orchard of deciduous fruit-trees, to act as a par-
tial windbreak.
On the plains and prairies, several kinds of poplars
and willows, and also the box-elder (Acer Negundo), are
planted for shelter-belts, because they thrive under
most conditions, grow raoidly, and are hardy.
L. H. B.
WINDFLOWER: Anenome.
WINDOW-GARDENING. The growing of plants in
windows and similar openings, particularly when con-
ducted as a regular and systematic undertaking.
Although not strictly a part of the
planting of the property, window- and
veranda-boxes give color and tone to the
place as well as provide pleasure and
satisfaction for the inmates of the resi-
dence. For those who live in crowded
localities or are unable to care for a gar-
den, these outside boxes offer an oppor-
tunity for a display of flowers, not only
in the summer months, but, in the case
of window-boxes and by the substitution
of other kinds of plants, through the
winter months as well. The illustrations
(Figs. 4001^003) show good forms of
window-boxes. The first two are drawn
from illustrations in Gardening, May 15,
1916. See House Plants, Vol. III.
These boxes may be purchased and
may be highly ornate, having pattern
tiling or made of finely finished wood and
suspended by fancy brackets; but such
boxes are not necessary. A stout pine
box of the required length, from 10 to
12 inches wide and at least 6 inches
deep, if painted a suitable color serves quite as well as
the others, for the side and ends of the box should be
soon covered by the. drooping vines. Provision for
drainage should be made by boring holes in the bottom
of the box, these holes being covered with pieces of
broken pots, coal-cinders or gravel-stones. This allows
for the drainage of water while holding the earth from
escaping. The soil for these window-boxes should be
rich in plant-food, as the roots will be restricted. The
most desirable soil is one that does not pack hard when
watered, or contract much when dry, but remains por-
ous and springy.
This soil may be made by mixing two parts of garden
loam, one part of leaf-mold or wood earth, and one
part of sand. To this mixture should be added well-
decayed manure, preferably cow-manure, at the rate of
one peck to two bushels of soil.
Many kinds of plants may be used in window- and
porch-boxes, but in planting one should choose the sub-
jects most suitable for the particular exposure. If the
boxes are to be placed in full sunlight, it will be neces-
sary to choose vigorous-growing sun-loving plants. For
4002. Window-box in a club" building.
3516
WINDOW-GARDENING
WISTERIA
a shady corner or a northern exposure, more delicate
plants may be used. For the former, such plants as
geranium, coleus, achyranthes (iresine), Paris daisy,
double petunias, may be used; or, if a more pretentious
display is desired, crotons, colored-leavea dracenas,
acalypha, aspidistra, or small palms may be employed.
Low-growing plants for the front of the box may con-
sist of the dwarf white-leaved geranium Madame Sal-
leroi, the golden feverfew, lobelia, sweet -alyssum, and
the white-leaved cineraria. For the drooping vines,
nothing excels the variegated-leaved vinca, nasturtiums,
tradescantia, and German ivy. If the position is shady,
vigorous-growing ferns, such as the nephrolepis, a few
of the pteris, and perhaps the hardiest of the adiantums
are effective. The narrow-leaved dracena (Cordyline
indivisa), grevillea, and Rex begonias are all good
plants for shady places.
After the plants have filled the box with roots, it will
be necessary to work into the soil more plant-food,
either a light coating of bone-meal or a thicker layer of
well-rotted manure; still better would be a watering
about once each week with dilute liquid manure.
One of the objections to veranda-boxes, especially
those that are fastened permanently in place, is that in
winter they are usually bare of foliage and therefore
unsightly. This disadvantage may be overcome and a
seasonable appearance given by the use of small coni-
fers, broad-leaved evergreens, small Irish junipers,
low-growing junipers, arbor-vitse, both pyramidal or
globular, young trees of spruce, hemlock, or pine. Of
broad-leaved evergreens, dwarf box, mahonia, Evony-
mus radicans and pachysandra or Vinca minor are all
4003. A window-box of evergreens for winter use.
available. To lighten the somber effect of the solid
green, small shrubs bearing bright-colored fruits may
be introduced, such as dwarfed plants of barberry,
either Berberis vulgaris bearing long clusters of dark
red fruits or B. Thunbergii with bright scarlet berries
borne along the gracefully bending branches. Privets,
either Ligustrum vulgar e or L. Regelianum, are good for
berries, both bearing clusters of blue-black fruits con-
trasting well with the green of the conifers or the reds
of the barberry; these fruits are held through the winter
without change in color. Hardy strains of English ivy
or drooping plants of Evonymus radicans may be used
to hide the boxes in winter.
It often happens that one or more plants in a box
fail to thrive and the desired effect is lost. An attempt
to remove such a plant by digging it out injures the
remaining plants, or if the plant is cut out spaces are
left. This condition may be obviated by using pot-
grown plants, setting the pots containing the plants in
the boxes and filling in around the pots with earth or
moss; by so doing, any one plant may be removed and
another substituted without injury or check to those
remaining. By this method it is also possible to effect
quick changes in the character of the boxes. The
change may be from the winter material to spring-
flowering bulbs, from bulbs to pansies, then to summer-
blooming annuals, and again to autumn-blooming
plants. Combinations may be changed at will, seasona-
ble effects be secured, and the monotony of a planted box
be overcome. It is not necessary to grow the plants in
large pots, a 4- or 5-inch size being large enough for most
of the kinds to be used. In employing this method,
however, it is best to have 2 or 3 inches of rich earth in
the bottom of the box on which to place the pots; the
roots of the plants will escape through the hole in the
bottom of the pot and find sufficient food to develop.
This plan of filling the boxes with potted plants will
recommend itself when it is not possible to heat the
room at all times, as a schoolroom from Friday until
Monday; in this case the plants may be carried home
over this period. c. E. HUNN.
WINTER-GARDEN: Planting, Vol. V, page 2677.
WINTERGREEN: Gaultheria and Pyrola. W., Flowering:
Polygala paucifolia.
WINTER PROTECTION: Planting, Vol. V, page 2684.
WISTERIA (named for Caspar Wistar, 1761-1818,
Professor of Anatomy in the University of Pennsyl-
vania, but spelled Wisteria by Nuttall, author of the
genus, the spelling Wistaria being a later adaptation).
Leguminosae. WISTERIA. WISTARIA. Attractive large
twiners with pea-shaped flowers, planted for covering
porches (Fig. 4004), arbors, and buildings; the noblest
of the woody vines for temperate regions.
Stout vines, often attaining great age and with woody
trunks reaching several inches in diam. : Ivs. odd-
pinnate, alternate, with 9-13 Ifts. : fls. blue, lilac, pur-
plish, or white, in long drooping racemes, in late spring
and early summer; calyx bell-shaped, somewhat
2-lipped from the 3 lower teeth being longer than the
2 upper ones; standard large, reflexed, narrowed below
and typically with 2 callosities or appendages at base;
wings falcate, auricled at base; keel obtuse, scythe-
shaped; stamens diadelphous: fr. an elongated 2-
yalved torulose pod. — The recognized species are 2
in the eastern U. S., and 4 in eastern Asia. Under
the American Code, the genus takes the name Kraun-
hia; the name Bradleia has also been applied. The
so-called "evergreen wisteria" is Millettia megasperma,
described on page 2706, Vol. V. The species of Wisteria
are so much confused in domestication that few por-
traits of them are cited in the following account.
Wisterias will live in rather dry and sandy soil, but
they prefer a deep and rich earth. The roots are long
and few and go down deep, making few fibers. They
resemble licorice root. They are hard to transplant,
unless they have been pot-grown for the purpose or
frequently transplanted in the nursery row. Unless
manured heavily when transplanted, they are very
slow in starting into vigorous growth. The most
satisfactory method of propagation for the amateur is
layering in summer; the following year the layers may
be detached. Seeds grow readily, but do not reproduce
the horticultural forms; such forms may be grafted on
seedlings of W. frutescens or other available stock, the
union being made at the crown; sometimes root-graft-
ing is employed. Cuttings of roots, an inch or two long,
are also frequently used. Cuttings of ripened wood may
be struck under glass.
CXIX. Wisteria sinensis in a striking setting.
WISTERIA
WISTERIA
3517
Those who wish to give a young wisteria an extra-
good start may sink a bottomless tub in the ground and
fill it with good soil. If a wisteria is to be trained to a
tree, choose an old tree, if possible, which is past the
height of its vigor; but good results are to be expected
only when sunlight and opportunity are ample, and
these can rarely be secured under a living tree-head.
The Japanese wisteria (W. floribunda) is one of the
best and commonest of hardy climbers. It has pale
green pinnate foliage and bears profusely of
dense droop "ng clusters of purplish pea-shaped
flowers. Th'e clusters are about a foot long.
This is the commonest and best form. The
variations furnish the connoisseur with variety
in habit, color, and season .of bloom, but they
are not as prolific, and doubling adds nothing to
the beauty of the flowers. Moreover, the double
flowers decay quickly in wet weather.
The wisterias bloom in May and usually
give a smaller crop of flowers in August or
September. The spring crop is borne on spurs,
while the autumn crop is borne on terminal
shoots of the season. There are several ideas
about training a wisteria. A good way is to let
it alone. This produces rugged twisted and
picturesque branches and gives a certain
oriental effect, but it is not the best method for
covering a wall-space solidly or for making the
best display of bloom. To cover a wall com-
pletely it is necessary to keep the leaders taut
and to train outside branches wherever they are
needed. If quantity of bloom is the first con-
sideration, the vines should be pruned back every
year to spurs, a common method in Japan. The
low one-storied Japanese building will have a
wisteria so trained that the vine follows the
eaves all around the house. The foliage is all
above, and the yard-long clusters of purple
blossoms depend therefrom in solid unbroken
linear masses two or three ranks deep. When
trained as a standard, the wisteria requires much
care. A fine standard is figured in G.F. 6:256
and Gng. 1 :321, where directions may be found.
"When young plants of wisteria are cut back to
a height of 6 or 8 feet and pruned in for some
years, the stem will stiffen until it is able to stand
alone, and the top will spread out into a broad head."
densely covered with straight appressed hairs, but
foliage soon glabrous; Ifts. 7-9 pairs, ovate-elliptic,
rather abruptly acuminate, acute, rounded at base:
fls. violet or violet-blue, rather small, in moderately long
racemes (or sometimes in short racemes, particularly
later in the season, whence the name brachybotrys);
standard oblong-orbicular, subcordate at base and
auriculate, with a short stipe-like claw; calyx hairy,
the 2 upper teeth very short and broad. Common on
rier
•••„. -•*•••*-
alba, 1, 2, 4, 5.
albiflara, 2.
brachybotrys, 1, 5.
cttintnsif, 1, 2.
constquana, 2.
florc-pleno, 1.
floribunda, 1.
frutescens, 4.
INDEX.
fjrandiflara, 1.
japonica, 6.
macrobotrys, 1.
macroetacnys, 3.
magnifies, 4.
muHijuga, 1.
plena, 5.
rosea, 1.
RussfUiana, 1.
sinensis, 2.
spcciosa, 4.
variegata. 1.
venusta, 5.
violaceo-plena, 1.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Standard of the fl.. with distinct callosi-
ties or appendages at base (Wisteria
proper).
3. Lfte. 7-9 pairs 1. floribunda
BB. Lfts. usually less than 7 pairs.
c. Lrs. smooth or nearly so on both
surfaces at maturity.
D. Racemes long, 6-12 in. or more.
E. Fls. large (more than 1 in.
across at full expansion):
Chinese 2. sinensis
EE. Fls. small (less than 1 in.
across): American 3. macrostachys
DD. Racemes short, Jf-5 in. or less:
American 4. frutescens
cc. LTS. persistently velvety at maturity 5. venusta
AA. Standard lacking auricles at base
(transition to Millettia) 6. japonica
1. floribunda, DC. (Glycine floribunda, Willd. Wis-
teria brachybotrys, Sieb. & Zucc. Kraunhia brachy-
botrys, Greene). JAPANESE WISTERIA. Young Ivs.
4004. Wisteria covering for a porch.
the margins of woods and along streams in Japan;
much cult, there in temple grounds, parks, and gar-
dens; also grown in this country. F.S. 9:880. — From
the Chinese wisteria (W. sinensis) it is distinguished by
more numerous Ifts. which are shed earlier in autumn,
much smaller, and 2-3-weeks-later fls., and greater
hardiness. It runs into several marked forms. Var.
alba (forma alba, Rehd. & Wils. W. multijuga var.
dJba, Carr.) has white fls. R.H. 1891, p. 421. Var.
rdsea (forma rosea, Rehd. & Wils.) has rose-colored or
pale pink fls. with wings and tip of keel purple. Var.
variegata (iorma rariegata, Rehd. & Wils. W. chinensis
var. iwriegdta, Nichols.) has variegated foliage. Var.
violaceo-plena (forma violaceo-plena, Rehd. & Wils. W.
chinensis var. flore-pleno, Mill.) is a double-fld. form.
R.H. 1887:564. Gn. 17, p. 105. F. 1882:557. Var.
macrobdtrys (forma macrobotrys, Rehd. & Wils. W.
macrobotrys, Sieb. TT. multijuga, Van Houtte. W.
grandiflora, Hort.) has very long racemes, sometimes
2-3 ft.: much prized. F.S. 19:2002. R.H. 1891, p. 176.
Under the name W. multijuga Russelliana, a slender-
racemed form is shown in Gn. W. 21, suppl. Apr. 2,
although the Ifts. are not more than 5 pairs. This
variety is described as haying a purple calyx, soft
purple standard deepening in color with age on both
faces and a creamy white eye-like blotch on the inner
face; wings and keel dark blue, the tip of the keel
violet; racemes reach 2% ft. in length. Named for
John Russell, Richmond, Surrey.
2. sinensis, Sweet (Glydne sinensis, Sims. Wisteria
chinensis, DC. W. consequdna, Loud. Kraunhia
3518
WISTERIA
WITLOOF
sinensis, Makino). CHINESE WISTERIA. Fig. 4005. Lvs.
smooth or nearly so at maturity, the petiole swollen at
base; Ifts. about 5 pairs, ovate-acuminate or ovate-lan-
ceolate, short-stalked, 2-3 in. long, the margins cilia te
but entire: racemes pendulous, 6-12 in. long, terminating
the branches;
calyx v i 1 1 o u s ;
corolla large,
blue-violet, not
fragrant, showy.
Low altitudes
in China, and
much cult.there ;
apparently little
grown in this
country and not
so hardy as W.
floribundq. B .
M. 2083 (from
which Fig. 4005
is adapted). B.
R. 650. L.B.C.
8 : 773. P. M.
7:127. Var. alba
(forma dlba,
Lindl. Var.albi-
flora, Lena.) has
white fls. I.H.
5:166.
3. macr6sta-
chys, Nutt.
(K r ail n h i a
macrdstachys,
Small). Slender
vine 20-25 ft.
high or long :
Ifts. usually
about 9, ovate
to elliptic -lan-
ceolate, about 2
in. long, acumi-
nate or acute, cordate or rounded at base: racemes 6-
10 in. long, drooping, loosely fld., the pedicels and
calyx glandular-hairy; fls. light blue or purplish, the
standard about Hin. across and not prominently auri-
cled; calyx -teeth half or more the length of the
tube. Swamps, 111., southward. — Probably rarely if at
all cult.
4. frutescens, Poir. (Glydne frutescens, Linn. Kraun-
hia frutescens, Greene. Bradleia frutescens, Brit. W.
speciosa, Nutt.). Tall stout climber, the trunk attain-
ing several inches in diam.: not glandular, smooth-
ish or somewhat downy at maturity: Ifts. 4-6-7
pairs, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, acuminate but ob-
tuse, glabrous above: racemes 4-6 in. long, densely
fld.; fls. lilac-purple; auricles of the standard rather
prominent; calyx-teeth very short. Low grounds, Va.
to Fla. and Texas. — Sometimes planted. Var. dlba,
Hort., with white fls., has been listed. Var. magnifica,
Herincq (W. magnifica, Hort.), supposed to belong
here, has racemes 50-60-fld. and 6-8 in. long: fls. 1
in. across, lilac with a yellow spot, earlier than in the
type. F.S. 11:1151.
5. vemlsta, Rehd. & Wils. (W. brachybotrys var. dlba,
Mill.). SILKY WISTERIA. Tall, reaching 30 ft. or more,
the young growth pubescent: Ifts. usually 5 pairs
(from 4-^6 pairs), velvety both sides, oblong-lanceolate
or elliptic- to ovate-oblong, short-acuminate, at the
base subcordate or rounded or truncate, entire: raceme
pendulous, 6 in. or less long including the short pedun-
cle, broad, the rachis densely appressed-vulous; fls.
very large, white, on nearly horizontal spreading pedi-
cels; standard suborbicular, truncate at apex and auri-
cled at base, clawed; upper calyx-teeth subulate: pod
compressed, densely velvetv China, province Chi-li. —
4005. Wisteria sinensis. ( X about
More or less planted in Eu. and U. S., but only recently
distinguished. Var. plena (forma plena), Rehd. & Wil-
son. With double white fls., occasionally offered by
Japanese dealers; the only double-fld. white wisteria
known.
6. japonica, Sieb. & Zucc. (Millettia japdnica, Gray.
Phaseolodes japonicum, Kuntze. Kraunhia japonica,
Taub.). Glabrous throughout: Ifts. 4-6 pairs, petiolu-
late, narrow-<>vate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate but
obtuse at point, entire, light green : fls. small, white, in
long drooping simple racemes to 8 in. long; calyx
cylindrical urn-shaped or cup-shaped, pubescent;
standard obovate, lacking the callosities at base; ovary
and style glabrous: pod linear-oblong, mucronate at
apex, woody, not large. Japan, Korea. — Little known
in this country, and not hardy in the northern parts.
By some authors this species is kept in the genus
Millettia, where it was placed by Asa Gray; and under
that name it is described in Vol. IV, page 2051.
L. H. B.f
WITCH-HAZEL: Hamamelis.
WITHANIA. See note under Salpichroa.
WITLOOF (Dutch, "white-leaf") is a salad vegetable
comprised of the compact blanched leaf-head pro-
duced by certain forms of chicory. The large thick
roots of chicory produce leaves when forced in absence
of light, and these leaves may be further blanched by
forcing them through sand or other covering. See
Chicory.
The vegetable known as barbe-de-capucin, often
shortened to barbe, is very similar to
witloof, being produced by forcing
either wild or improved roots of
chicory and having a looser more
leafy head. Witloof is usually forced
from a special variety, grown for this
purpose. As seen in the market in
its best form, it is a firm oblong-
pointed head about 6 inches long of
white crisp undeveloped leaves. (Fig.
4006.) This vegetable is imported
into this country in large quantities,
being much prized as a delicate salad
with a slightly bitter and character-
istic flavor. It is frequently known
as French endive.
There seems to be no reason why
witloof can not be produced in this
country. The New York Agricultural
Experiment Station (Geneva) has
recently published the results of tests
(J. W. Wellington, Bulletin No. 418),
from which the following directions
are adapted: The seed (sold by many
American seedsmen) from which to
grow the forcing roots may be sown
any time in May in open ground, in
rows 18 inches apart and the plants
later thinned to 6 inches apart in the
row. Ordinary garden culture only is
needed, but the plants should make
a steady luxuriant growth, resembling
large smooth-leaved dandelions. The
roots should be lifted just before the
ground is liable to freeze, the leaves
trimmed to within 2 inches of the crown, and the roots
stored. When needed for forcing in winter, the roots
should be placed in beds or boxes where moderate heat
can be applied, first cutting them off at the bottom to a
uniform length of 8 or 9 inches. For holding the roots
any soil or sand will do, since the growth of the heads
is from the food stored in the roots and does not depend
at all on the soil fertility. The roots may be set quite
close together, but not touching, upright in the soil, and
r
4006. Witloof.
(Xjfl
WITLOOF
WOODWARDIA
3519
covered to the crowns. Various materials may be used
for holding and bleaching the heads during their growth ;
8 inches of clear sand is a good medium. This may be
placed on the bedding material as soon as the roots
are set. One or more free applications of water should
4007. Woodwardia
orientalis.
be made. From 50° to 60° F.
is a desirable temperature, the
latter probably preferable since growth is
slower at the lower temperature. Higher
temperature than 60° for any considerable
period causes the leaves to shoot up rapidly
and decreases the proportion of solid heads.
At these temperatures the leaves should begin to show
through the 8 inches of sand in about two weeks, when
the heads are ready for harvesting.
In the Geneva tests four grades or sizes of roots were
used: extra, averaging 2 inches in diameter, large, 1.4
inches, medium, 0.9 inch, and small, 0.6 inch. Of these
the large and medium roots gave more than 70 per cent
of marketable heads, while the extra roots produced
too many divided and loose heads, or heads too large to
serve satisfactorily as individual portions at table. The
small roots produced many small heads, too slender for
market purposes. The heads should be 4 to 6 inches
long, and weigh two to three ounces to suit the market
best. In Europe they are packed in baskets holding ten
kilograms; but a three-pound Climax basket makes a
satisfactory package for American markets. L. H. B.
WITSENIA (named after Nicholas Witsen, Dutch
patron of botany in first half of ISth century). Irida-
cese. An ornamental greenhouse shrub with erect
ensiform Ivs. which are equitant; subsessile fls. with a
cylindrical tubed perianth, which has erect connivent
lobes and a 3-celled ovary which becomes a shiny
leathery caps. Only one species from S. Afr., W.
Maura, Thunb., which is not in cult. B.R. 5. P.M. 8:
221. The plant known in horticulture as W. corym-
bosa, Ker, is more correctly named Nirenia corymbosa,
Baker. St. tall, woody at base, branched, compressed,
acutely angled: Ivs. erect, rather rigid, ensiform and
equitant, upper ones smaller: fls. 1 (or 2 ?) to a spathe,
subsessile; perianth purplish blue, tube elongated,
cylindrical, lobes erect, connivent, outer ones rather
thick, tomentose outside, inner ones shorter; spathes
usually 2 to an axil. S. Afr. G. 32:739. Gn. 72, p. 375.
WITTIA (named for X. Witt, of Manaos, Brazil).
Cactacex. Epiphytic spineless flat-stemmed plants: fls.
rather small, not fugacious, with a very definite tube;
lobes much shorter than the tube. In some respects
similar to Rhipsalis, but with very different fls.: per-
haps closest to Disocactus. — Three species.
panamensis, Brit. & Rose. This species has recently
been grown in Washington and the New York Botanical
Garden, blooming freely every spring. St. much flat-
tened, erect: fls. purple, 1 in. or more long. Native
of Panama. J. N. ROSE.
WITTMACKIA (named for L. Wittmack, professor
at Berlin). Bromeliacex. Tall herbs: Ivs. with relatively
small thorns, never banded: infl. arising from the lf.-
rosette, with membranous sheaths, often nodding or
hanging, compound panicled with long many-fld. race-
mose branches: calyx free or slightly adnate, the right
side strongly winged; petals free, linear, acuminate,
without scales: fr. a dry berry. About 5 species, Cent,
and S. Amer. This genus has sometimes been referred
to JSchmea; see BiUbergia for cult. W. lingulata, Mez.
Lvs. about 10 in a rosette, firm, strap-shaped, rounded,
shortly cuspidate, about 2 ft. long, 2^ in. wide,
spines short, broad-based, about 3 lines apart:
scape floccose when 3roung; sheaths lanceolate; pani-
cle pinnately branched: fls. numerous, sessile; sepals
white, ovate, bearing an awn nearly 1 line long;
petals yellow, ovate from an oblong base; ovary
glabrous, rather cylindrical. W. Indies. B.M. 8056.
WOOD BETONY: Slachys Betonica. Woodbine: In England,
Lonicera Pfriclymenum; in America, Parthenocissus quinquefolia. W.
Lily: Trillium. Woodruff: Aspentla. W. Sorrel: Oxali* Acetosella.
WOODS, IN LANDSCAPE: Planting, VoL V, page 2662.
WOODSIA (after Joseph Woods, an English botan-
ist, 1776-1864). Polypodiacex. A genus of mainly
rock-loving ferns characterized by their inferior indu-
sium, which is attached beneath the sorus, inclosing it
at first but soon splitting into star-like lobes, and later
hidden beneath the sorus. — Some 15 species are known,
of which 7 grow wild in this country. The following
native species are sometimes cult, in borders. Treat-
ment given other hardy ferns will suit them well. Both
grow best amongst rocks.
ilvensis, R. Br. Growing in rosettes or tufts: lf.-
stalks dark, polished, jointed about J^in. from the
rootstock; If. -blades 3-8 in. long, 1 in. or more wide,
bipinnatifid; segms. crowded, obscurely crenate: sori
confluent when old. Eu. and N. Amer. north of Va.
obtusa, Torr. Lvs. clustered, 6^15 in. long, 2-4 in.
wide, minutely glandular-hairy, bipinnate; pinnse rather
remote, triangular-ovate. New England to Anz.
W. glaJillla, R. Br., and W. alpina. Gray, are two rare alpine
hardy species which have been offered. They are of interest only
as rarities in large collections. R £ BENEDICT.!
WO6DWARDIA (Thomas J. Woodward, an English
botanist). Polypodiacex. CHAIN FERX. A group of
rather coarse-foliaged ferns of diverse habit and struc-
ture, but all bearing the sori in rows arranged parallel
to the midrib like links of sausages. See Fern.
A. Lvs. of two sorts, the veins everywhere forming areoles.
aieolata, Moore (W. angustifblia, Smith). Sterile Ivs.
deltoid-ovate, with numerous oblong-lanceolate sinuate
pinnae; sporophylls with narrowly linear pinnae 3-4 in.
long. Mich, to Fla., mostly near
the coast. — Often and probably
better separated under a distinct
genus, Lorinseria, on account of its
different Ivs. and habit of growth.
AA. Los. uniform.
B. Veins forming one or more
series of areoles.
radicans, Smith. Lvs. rising
from a short erect st., 3-5 ft. long,
gracefully curved; pinna? 8-15 in.
long, 2-4 in. wide, pinnatifid nearly
to the midrib. The true TT. radi-
cans from Eu. bears scaly buds
toward the apex of the If. and
roots to form new plants. The
Californian and Mexican species, Woodwardia virginica.
which has often been referred to (XH)
3520
WOODWARDIA
WYETHIA
this species, is really distinct and never roots; it is
apparently not in the trade.
orientalis, Swartz. Fig. 4007. Lvs. 4-8 ft. long, 12-
18 in. wide, with lanceolate pinnae and sinuate pinnules;
veins uniting freely. Japan and Formosa.
BB. Veins free between the sori and the margin.
virginica, Smith. Fig. 4008. Lvs. arising singly from
a long creeping rootstock; If.-blades 12-18 in. long, &-9
in. wide on stout stalks; pinnae linear-lanceolate, 4-6 in.
long, cut nearly to the rachis into oblong lobes. Canada
to Mich., Ark., and Fla. — Better separated as a dis-
tinct genus, Anchistea, on account of its slender long-
creeping rootstock, from which the Ivs. arise at intervals.
W. spinuldsa, Mar. & Gal. (W. paradoxa, Wrightj. Resembles
W. radicans but has narrower fronds, and veinlets perfectly free
from sorus to the margin. Vancouver Isl. to Mex.
L. M. UNDERWOOD.
R. C. BENEDICT.!
WORMS. Under the names of "worms," "snails,"
and "caterpillars," various odd fruits of leguminous
plants are grown as curiosities. The pods are often put
in soups as a practical joke, not for their edible qualities.
The plants chiefly grown for this purpose are Scor-
piurus yermiculata, Linn., S. subvillosa, Linn., S. muri-
cata, Linn., S. sulcala, Linn., Medicago scutellata, Mill.,
and Astragalus hamosus, Linn. The last is the one
usually known as "worms." The picture, Fig. 4009,
shows species of Scorpiurus, chiefly S. vermiculata
(beneath) and S. subvillosa (above). All these various
plants are annuals of the easiest culture. They are
practically unknown in this country, although offered
by seedsmen. See Caterpillars. L_ jj g
WORMWOOD (Artemisia Absinthium}. Fig. 4010.
An erect hardy herbaceous perennial, native of middle
and western Europe and the countries that bound the
Mediterranean, and sometimes found in waste places
as an escape from American gardens, having angular
rather shrubby stems 2 to 4 feet tall, which bear abun-
dant much-divided hoary leaves of intensely and per-
sistently bitter flavor, and panicles of greenish or yel-
lowish flower-heads. The seed, grayish and very small,
retains its vitality for about four years, but is usually
sown soon after harvesting. The tops and leaves,
gathered and dried in July and August when the plant
is in flower, are officially credited in America with
aromatic, tonic, and, as its name implies, anthelmintic
properties, although now, for no apparent reason other
than caprice of practice, they are less popular with the
profession than formerly. In domestic medicine they
are employed as mentioned and as a diuretic; locally
as a fomentation or as a decoction with vinegar to
ulcers, sprains, and bruises. In the dry state they are
occasionally placed among clothing as a moth-repel-
lant. Formerly wormwood was used by brewers to
embitter and preserve liquors, but at the present time
it finds its most extensive use as the principal ingredient
in absinthe, in the manufacture of which peppermint,
angelica, anise, cloves, and cinnamon are also ingredi-
ents. According to Blythe, the green color of this
4009. Pods known as "worms" and "caterpillars," sometimes
grown for curiosity and as surprises.
liquor is due not to wormwood but to the chlorophyl of
spinach, parsley, or nettles. The plant may be grown
without trouble in light dry rather poor garden soil
from seed which, owing to its small size, should be
started where it may not be washed out or packed
down by rain. When large enough to set out,
the few specimens necessary to furnish a family 4> ,»
supply should be placed not closer than 15 *&>
inches each way the first year. If alternate We
plants be removed with a good ball of earth 5$^
early in the following spring and planted 30
inches apart, they will be sufficiently close
together and the transplanted ones should
suffer from no check. Ripened cuttings taken
in March or October may be used for prop-
agation. Clean cultivation and slight annual
dressings of manure are the only other requi-
sites. In the middle western states there are
several localities where wormwood is grown
for export.
Wormwood is used very extensively in the
manufacture of certain medicines. The oil is
produced largely in southern Michigan, and
Wisconsin supplies
a large acreage.
M. G. KAINS.
WUfiRTHIA: Ixia.
W. elegans, Regel, is
Ixia columellaris.
WULFENIA
(named for F. X.
Wulf en, 1778-1825).
Scro phularia cese.
Hardy perennial
glabrous or slightly
pilose herbs, suit-
able for the border
or rock-garden.
Leaves nearly
radical, petioled,
crenate : peduncles
scape-like, simple: fls. racemose at the top of the scape
or spicate, solitary at the axils of the bracts, nodding,
blue; calyx 5-parted, segms. narrow; corolla-tube
exserted, cylindrical, limb 4-lobed, erect-spreading;
stamens 2: caps, acute, septicidally and loculicidally
dehiscent, 4-valved. — About 8 species. Eu. and Asia.
Amherstiana, Benth. Lvs. obovate-oblong or obo-
vate-spatulate, 2-5 in. long, coarsely crenate or lobulate,
narrowed at base and subpinnatifid; petioles M-1H in.
long: scapes 5-10 in. long, slender; racemes long, many-
fid. : corolla Hin- long. Himalayas. G.W. 9, p. 375.
carinthiaca, Jacq. About 9 in. high: Ivs. oblong or
oval-oblong, doubly crenate, slightly lobed, narrowed
at base, radical few, 3-8 in. long: scape 1-2 ft. long;
raceme dense, spike-like, at length elongated: corolla-
tube J^in. long, limb shorter, upper segms. bifid, lower
somewhat crenate. Mountains of Carinthia.
W. corddta, Greene=Synthyris reniformis.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
WYETHIA (named for N. J. Wyeth, North Ameri-
can botanical collector). Composite . Hardy perennial
herbs, probably adapted to the wild-garden or border.
Caudex stout: sts. usually simple, 1-headed: Ivs. radi-
cal or alternate, entire: heads large, heterogamous;
ray-fls. pistillate, in 1 row, disk-fls. perfect and fertile;
involucre hemispherical, 2-3 rows of bracts: corolla
yellow, rays ligulate, spreading, entire or minutely 2-
toothed. — About 7 species, N. Amer. W. mdllis, Gray.
Plant floccose-woolly when young, more or less glabrous
when old, 1-3 ft. high, bearing solitary or few heads:
Ivs. oblong or ovate, base rounded, truncate or cuneate:
rays 10-15, over 1 in. long: achenes minutely pubescent
at summit. Nev. and Calif. B.M. 7772.
4010. Wormwood. (XM)
X
XANTHISMA (Greek, dyed yellow, referring to the
color of the flowers). Compdsite. Summer-blooming
yellow-flowered composites.
Annuals or biennials, with alternate, usually entire,
narrow Ivs.: fls. all fertile, exclusively radiate: achenes
top-shaped, 4-5-ribbed or angled; pappus persistent,
composed of 10 or 12 rigid
bristles which are minutely
scabrous above, gradually
chaffy - dilated toward the
base, and longer than the
disk-corolla, as many more
one-half shorter, and usually
5 still smaller and shorter
external ones. — Two species,
of easy cult.
texanum, DC. (Centaurid-
ium Drummondii, Torr. &
Gray). Fig. 4011. Nearly
glabrous biennial or annual,
1-4 ft. high: Ivs. narrowly
oblong to lanceolate; st.-lvs.
entire or with a few teeth
toward the apex: fls. attaining
a diam. of 2 in. even in the
wild, very showy, composed
of a small disk and about 20
rather slender rays. On prai-
ries, Texas. — Suitable for dry
open places. In cult, treated
like a hardy annual, the seed
being sown in the open
border early in spring. The
second species, X. Berland-
icri. Small (X. texanum var.
Berlandieri, Gray), also of the
prairies in Texas, is probably
not cult. X. TATLOR.|
XANTHOCERAS (Greek,
xanthos, yellow, and keras,
horn, alluding to the yellow
horn-like processes of the
disk). Sapindacese. Orna-
mental shrub planted for its
showy racemes of white flow-
ers and also for the hand-
some pinnate foliage.
Deciduous: Ivs. alternate,
odd - pinnate, with narrow
serrate If ts. : fls. polygamous,
the upper ones of the terminal
raceme pistillate, the lower
ones staminate, those of the
lateral racemes staminate,
with rarely a few pistillate
ones at the apex; sepals and petals 5; disk with 4 sub-
erect cylindric horns about half as long as stamens;
stamens 8; ovary superior, 3-lqculed, with a rather
short, thick style: fr. a caps., with thick walls dehis-
cent into 3 valves, each locule with several globose,
dark brown seeds.— One species from N. China, allied
to Ungnadia and Koelreuteria.
A very handsome shrub or sometimes a small tree
with rather finely pinnate dark green and glossy
foliage which is not attacked by insects and retains its
4011. Xanthisma texanum. (XM)
bright color until frost sets in, and with showy white
flowers appearing in upright profusely produced racemes
with the leaves on last year's branches. The large
greenish fruits are similar to those of the buckeye. It is
hardy as far north as Massachusetts and is well suited
for solitary planting on the lawn. Xanthoceras is also
sometimes used for forcing.
It is not very particular as to
soil. A porous loamy soil and
a sunny position seem to suit
it best. Propagation is by
seeds, stratified and sown in
spring, and by root-cuttings,
which succeed best with
moderate bottom-heat.
sorbifolia, Bunge. Figs.
4012, 4013. Shrub or small
tree, attaining 15 ft. with
rather stout upright branches,
glabrous: Ivs. 6-12 in. long;
fits. 9-17, usually opposite,
sessile, narrow-elliptic to lan-
ceolate, sharply serrate, dark
green above, paler beneath,
1-2 in. long: racemes 6-10 in.
long: fls. on slender pedicels,
white, about %in. across,
each petal with a blotch at
the base changing from yel-
low to red: fr. green, 13^-2J^
in. long; seeds Y<im. across.
May. N. China. B.M. 6923.
F.S. 18:1899. R.H. 1872:
290; 1898, p. 356. Gn. 8, p.
524 (col. pi. not numbered);
34, p. 372; 50, p. 227; 63, p.
407; 65, p. 412; 71, p. 298;
76, p. 121. G.C. II. 26:205;
III. 2:274,275; 11:533; 17:
197; 58:90. G. 27:83; 37:
121. J.H. III. 48:424; 49:210.
G.F. 6:285. A.F. 3:109; 12:
36. A.G. 18:357. Gng. 2:
292, 293; 3:289; 12:610, 611.
Mn. 1, p. 27. F.E. 17:389.
M.D.G. 1900:592, 593; 1909:
499. G.W. 12, p. 425. I.H.
24:295. Gn. W. 21:429.
ALFRED REHDER.
XANTHORRHlZA: Zanthorhiza.
XANTHORRHCEA (Greek,
yellow flow, referring to the
resin which exudes from the
trunks). Lttiacex. Persistent
perennials with a thick woody caudex, adapted to
greenhouse culture and which have been tried out-of-
doors in the extreme South.
Caudex very short to arborescent: lys. in a dense
tuft at the top of caudex, long-linear, brittle, spreading
or recurved: scape or peduncle terminal, often several
feet long, terminating in a dense cylindrical spike: fls.
greenish, numerous, sessile; perianth persistent, segms.
6, 3 outer glume-like, erect, concave or almost hood-
shaped at the top, 3 inner much thinner, erect with the
(3521)
3522
XANTHORRHCEA
XANTHOSOMA
outer but more or less protruded beyond them; sta-
mens 6; ovary sessile, 3-celled: caps, protruding from
the perianth, ovoid or acuminate, 3-valved, hard,
brown and shining. — About 14 species, Austral.
The "grass trees," "grass gums," or "black boys,"
form a conspicuous feature of the Australian landscape.
These picturesque desert plants are well worth trial
in the warmer and more arid regions of the United
States. The trunk varies from almost nothing in some
species to 15 feet in the case of aged specimens of X.
Preissii. The tall and palm-like trunks are thickly
covered with the bases of the old dead leaves, which are
cemented together by the black or yellow resinous gum
that flows freely from the stems. In Australia the
trunks are often charred and discolored by bush fires.
The following species have been offered in southern
Florida and southern California, but are practically
unknown to cultivation in this country. All the species
are long-lived perennials native to dry and rocky
4012. Xanthoceras sorbifolia.
places. They are said to thrive in a compost of peat
and loam and to be propagated by offsets. X. Preissii
seems to be the most desirable species.
A. Trunk very short.
B. Spike 8-8 in. long.
minor, R. Br. Lvs. 1-2 ft. long, 1-2 lines wide: scape
longer than the Ivs.: spike less than %in. wide. B.M.
6297. — Belongs to
the group in which
the inner perianth-
segms. have a white
blade conspicuously
spreading above the
outer ones, while in
the next two species
the inner segms.
have a short whi-
tish tip, little longer
than the outer and
scarcely spreading.
BB. Spike llA-2ft.
long.
hastilis, R. Br.
Lvs. 3-4 ft. long,
2-3 lines broad:
scape 'often 6-8 ft.
long, not counting
the spike. Readily
distinguished by the
dense, rusty tomen-
tum covering the
ends of the bracts
and outer perianth-
segms. B.M. 4722.
G.C. III. 17:196.
F.S. 9:868. G. 24:
612. Gn.W. 22:13.
R.H. 1914, p. 67.
AA. Trunk becoming
6-6, or even 15
ft. long.
Preissii, Endl.
Lvs. 2-4 ft. long, 1-2 lines broad, rigid, very brittle
when young: scapes 2-6 ft. long, including the spike,
which occupies one-half to nearly all its length. B.M.
6933. G.C. III. 39:228.
undulatifolia, Tod. ex Riccobono. Trunk 8 ft. or so
high, 12 in. diam.: Ivs. in a large crown, 5 ft. long,
fragile, sword-shaped, reflexed, rhomboidal in section:
scape quite erect, cylindric, about 12 ft. long, with a
dense spike of golden yellow fls. Austral.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
XANTHOSOMA (Greek, yellow body, referring to
the stigma). Araceie. This group is interesting to the
horticulturist as containing the handsome variegated
stove foliage plant known to the trade as Phyllotsenium
Lindenii, and part of the vegetables known as yautia,
malanga, and tanier, a crop to which much of the arable
land in Porto Rico is devoted.
Milky herbs of S. and Cent. Amer. with a thick
sometimes elongated corm: Ivs. arrow-shaped, 3-cut or
pedately cut: fls. unisexual, naked; males with 4-6
stamens connate in an inversely pyramidal synan-
drium with 5 or 6 faces; ovary 2-4-loculed; ovules
anatropous. — A genus of 25 species, according to Engler,
who has given an account of them in DC. Mon. Phaner.,
vol. 2 (1879).
Many species of the arum family are noted for their
huge corms, some of which are edible after the acrid and
more or less poisonous properties are destroyed by cook-
ing. Of this class the best known are the taros (Colo-
casia esculenta, Schott, the common taro of southern
Asia and the Pacific islands, and C. antiquorum, Schott,
4013. Fruit of Xanthoceras sorbifolia.
XANTHOSOMA
XENIA
3523
the Egyptian taro, and the yautias, taniers, or malangas
(Xanthosoma sagittifolium, and other species of this
genus) of the West Indies. The botany of the species of
Xanthosoma is confused. The conns and cormels (off-
sets) of some taros, and the cormels of some varieties
of yautia, are free from acridity even in the raw state
4014. Xanthosoma sagittifolium.
as cultivated in southern United States. Yautia conns
are strong-flavored and are seldom eaten. The young
leaves of colpcasia and xanthosoma when properly
cooked are said to be equal or superior to spinach.
A. Caudex a short, thick, erect rhizome.
sagittifolium, Schott (Arum sagittifolium, Linn.).
YAUTIA. MALAXGA. Fig. 4014. A tropical vegetable.
''Young plants of this are stemless, but in age, from
the decay of the old Ivs., an annulated caudex or conn
is formed some inches in height, each throwing out
stout fibers from the base, and from time to time pro-
ducing offsets by which the plant is easily prop., or if
suffered to remain the plant becomes tufted, and numer-
ous Ivs. are produced from the summit of the short, yet
st. -like trunks" (B.M. 4989). Lvs. 1-2 or almost 3 ft.
long, broadly sagittate-ovate, suddenly
and shortly acute at apex, basal lobes
obtuse: spathe large, with a creamy white
limb. Trop. Amer. — In northern hothouses
said to bloom in winter.
AA. Caudex tuberous.
Lindenii, Engl. (PhyUotznium Lindenii,
Andre). Fig. 4015. Tender variegated
foliage plant with large arrow-shaped Ivs.
marked with white along the midrib and
parallel veins which run therefrom to the
margin. I.H. 19:88. A.G. 19:573 (1898).
G.W. 5, p. 308. — Tuberous plant from
Colombia. G. WT. Oliver, in his "Plant
Culture," remarks that this stove orna-
mental plant should be more used for
decorative purposes than it is at present,
for it will stand more rough usage than /
one would suppose. After a goodly num-
ber of leaves have been developed in a
warm, moist atmosphere, the plants will
maintain a good appearance in a green-
house temperature and may even be used
as house plants. The Ivs. are firmer in
texture than caladiums. Prop, by division.
Before repotting, put the pieces in a warm
sand-bed to encourage fresh roots. Lvs.
oblong-hastate, with acute basal lobes. A
very worthy species for ornament.
223
X. batariensis, Hort Said to have purple sts. and dark
green Ivs., with edible tubers. — X. btlophyUum, Kuntn, has a short
thick erect rhizome and a cordate-hastate If. Venezuela. Var.
caracasanum, C. Koch (X. caracasanum, Schott. Colocasia cara-
casana, Engl.), has Ivs. pale green beneath, the posterior lobes
more produced at the apex and the midrib and nerves often rosy.
Caracas. — X. cor datum, N. E. Br. Lvs. glabrous: tube of spathe
green; blade yellow-green outside, rose-tinted at base, whitish
inside. British Guiana. — X. cordifdlium, N. E. Br. Allied to X.
sagittifolium, but differing in Ivs. being obtusely round-cordate and
spadix bearing club-shaped neutral organs. British Guiana. — X.
Hoffmannii, Schott. Lf.-stalk whitish with dark purple blotches:
spathe with green tube, purple inside, the limb white. Costa Rica.
— X. maculdtum, Nichols., is described as having immense pale
green Ivs. variegated with creamy yellow, the petiole violet-tinted. —
X. Mafdffa, Schott (Colocasia Mafaffa, Hort). Closely allied to
X. belophyllum, has a similar caudex and a cordate-ovate If., but
the posterior costs are separated by a right or acute angle, the
angle in X. belophyllum being obtuse. — X. Marshallii is said to be
a very rapid grower, with green Ivs. and dark sts. — X. nuero-
leonense. Grows to 6 ft. high, and has very large Ivs. which stand
almost horizontal. — X. ridaceum, Schott. Lvs. primrose, finally
green, sagittate-oblong-ovate, 8-16 in. long, 6-12 in. wide: spathe
with a tube 4 in. long, the blade 6 in. long, 3 in. wide.
WILHELM MILLER.
ROBERT A.
XANTHOXYLUM: Zantkoxylum.
XENIA. When sweet corn is fertilized by pollen
from a starchy variety, the grains which result from
this union become smooth and hard because packed
with starch. In like manner the pollen of a purple-
seeded variety Eke the Black Mexican sweet corn,
produces purple seeds on ears which would otherwise
have white or yellow seeds, and pollen from a yellow-
seeded variety produces yellow seeds on the ears of a
white-seeded variety. Such direct effects of the pollen
are known as xenia (Focke, 1881). While the phenom-
enon is best known in Indian corn, it has been demon-
strated recently also in rye (von Rumker), in which a
green-seeded variety bears yellow seeds if pollinated
by a yellow-seeded variety. In both maize and rye,
the xenia characters affect only the endosperm
(albumen) of the seeds, while characters of the seed-
coat show no xenia. The correct interpretation of
xenia in maize was given by de Vries (1899) and Cor-
rens (1899), and almost simultaneously by Webber
(1900). This explanation is briefly as follows: The
pollen-tube contains two male nuclei, one of which
fertilizes the egg, while the other unites with certain
other nuclei of the embryo-sac to form the endosperm-
4015. Xanthosoma Lindenii. Leaves 1 foot or so long.
3524
XENIA
XEROPHYLLUM
nucleus from which the whole of the endosperm is
developed. The direct effect of the pollen on endo-
sperm characters is due to this participation of one of
the male nuclei in the production of the endosperm.
A slightly different phenomenon is seen in peas, in
which pollen from a yellow-seeded variety produces
yellow seeds in the pods of a green-seeded variety, for
here the xenia character resides not in the endosperm,
but in the embryo itself. Physiological effects or
pollen in causing local disturbances of nutritive or
other functions in tissues surrounding the style or
ovary, thus affecting the size and quality of the fruits,
are not properly included under xenia. Many reported
cases of xenia in plants other than those here men-
tioned are undoubtedly mythical and will not stand
the test of careful experimental investigation. The
deterioration of melons supposedly caused by growing
in the proximity of pumpkins or cucumbers, is doubt-
less a case of this kind. GEO. H. SHULL.
XERANTHEMUM (Greek, dry flower: it is one of
the "everlastings")- Compdsitse. Annual erect herbs,
densely pubescent or tomentose, of which X. annuum is
one of the oldest and best known of the "everlastings"
or immortelles.
Heads rayless, but the large involucral scales are
petal-like and persistent, giving the plant its value as a
subject for dry bouquets: outer fls. few and sterile,
inner ones fertile; receptacle chaffy; involucral scales
in many series, of various lengths, glabrous; heads
solitary on long naked peduncles. — Four or 5 species,
Medit. region.
The culture of xeranthemum is very simple. Seeds
are usually sown in the
open, where the plants
are to stand; but they
may be started out-
doors and the seedlings
transplanted. Hardy
or half-hardy annuals.
dnnuum, Linn. Fig.
4016. Annual, 2-3 ft.
tall,- erect, white-
tomentose: Ivs. alter-
nate, oblong - lanceo-
late, acute, entire:
heads purple, 1-1 H in-
across, the longer scales
wide- spreading and
ray-like. S.Eu. G.4:
74, 75. — Runs into
many varieties. Var.
ligulosum, Voss (X.
plenlssimum and X.
imperiMe, Hort.). A
double or half-double
form. Var. perliguld-
sum, Voss (A. super-
bissimum, Hort.), has
very full double heads.
In these and the single
types there are white-
fld. (var. album), rose-
fid, (var. rdseum), and
purple-fid, (var. pur-
pureum) varieties.
There are also violet-
fid, forms. Var. multi-
florum, Hort. (var.
compdctum) has a more
compact and bushy
habit, with somewhat
smaller heads. X.
vdrius, Hort., is a trade
name for mixed varie- 4016. Xeranthemum annuum.
ties. Xeranthemums ( x Vt)
are considerably used for a certain type of bedding, but
they are mostly grown for cutting.
X. indpterum, Mill. (X. erectum, Presl), has white heads, of
which the scales are little or not at all open or spreading. S. Eu.
to S. W. Asia. L H B
XEROCLADIA (dry branch, from the character of the
growth). Legumindsse. One species, X. mridiramis, Taub.
(X. Zeyheri, Harv. Acacia viridiramis, Burch.), of S.
Afr., likely to be planted in warm dry regions in choice
collections, differs from Acacia in having only 10 (rather
than indefinite) stamens, powdery pollen, 5 free petals,
and other technical characters. It is described as a small,
dry, and very rigid bush 1-2 ft. high, with pale bark,
spinous stipules, deciduous bipinnate Ivs., and fls.
8-12 in nearly or quite sessile heads: petals oblong;
filaments not much exceeding the petals; anthers with
a very minute sessile gland: pod or legume semi-
orbicular, indehiscent, 1-seeded, about J^in. long,
winged.
XERONEMA (Greek, dry and thread, referring to the
filaments which dry and persist). Liliacese. Perennial
herb, sometimes grown in the warmhouse : rhizome very
short: st. erect, simple: Ivs. grouped at base of st.,
elongate, rigidly veined: raceme terminal, simple,
secund rachis abruptly bent at base, frequently hori-
zontal: fls. grouped on erect short pedicels; perianth red,
showy, about y$&. across, persisting, segms. distinct,
linear, erect, 1-nerved; stamens 6; ovary sessile, obtuse,
3-celled: caps, very short-stipitate, loculicidally dehis-
cent. One species, New Caledonia. A*. Moorei,
Brongn. & Gris. St. about 20 in. long with a few
reduced Ivs.: basal Ivs. 12-16 in. long, erect: fls. bright
crimson; perianth H~/4in. long; stamens exserted.
New Caledonia. B.M. 8342.
XEROPH^LLUM (Greek, dry leaf). Liliacese. TUR-
KEY'S BEARD. Tall subaquatic hardy perennial herbs
not extensively in cultivation.
Rhizome short, thick and woody: sts. erect, tall,
simple: lys. radical or grouped at base of st., long-linear,
rather stiff, margin scabrous; cauline Ivs. sparse, much
smaller: fls. white, numerous, in a terminal raceme;
perianth withering, persistent, segms. distinct, oblong or
lanceolate; stamens 6; ovary sessile, 3-grooved, obtuse,
3-celled: caps, subglobose, or short-oblong, 3-grooved,
loculicidally dehiscent. — Three species, N. Amer. Wat-
son, in Proc. Am. Acad. 14:284.
The turkey's beard of the eastern states (X. asphode-
loides) is a strong herb, 3 to 4 feet high, resembling
asphodel. It has a dense tuft of numerous long, wiry
leaves from the center of which springs a stately shaft
sometimes 5 feet high, with an oval or oblong raceme
6 inches long, crowded with yellowish white 6-parted
flowers, each y± inch across. It blooms from May to
July, flowers with delicate fragrance lasting a long time.
The species is a native of the dry pine barrens from
southern New Jersey to eastern Tennessee and Georgia.
The chief species of the Pacific coast, X. tenax, has
white and violet flowers, the latter color supplied by the
stamens. Each region should cultivate its own species.
The forms are too much alike for the same garden. A
third species, X. Douglasii, Wats., is a rare plant ranging
from Montana to Oregon. It is distinguished by its six-
valved capsule and is said to be inferior as a garden
plant to the other species.
asphodeloides, Nutt. (Helbnias asphodeloldes, Linn.
X. setifolium, Michx.). Fig. 4017. Tall hardy perennial,
1-4 ft. high: Ivs. 1 line or less wide: raceme 3-6 in.
long: perianth-segms. exceeding the stamens. Pine
barrens, E. U. S. B.M. 748. L.B.C. 4:394. Gng.
1:173. A.F. 7:171. Gn. 27, p. 224; 39:526 and p. 527;
58, p. 15. G.C. II. 13:433.
tenax, Nutt. Two to 5 ft. high: Ivs. about 2 lines
wide: raceme 1-2 ft. long; pedicels longer: perianth-
XEROPHYLLUM
XYLOPIA
3525
segms. scarcely equaling the stamens. Calif, to Brit.
Col. June, July. B.R. 1613 (erroneously as X. seti-
folium}. F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
XIMENIA (named after Francis Ximenes, Spanish
monk, who wrote on plants of Mex. in 1615). Olacdcex.
Glabrous or tomentose shrubs or trees, one of which, X.
americana, occurs native in S. Fla. and is a tropical fr.
of minor importance. Branches usually thorny: Ivs.
alternate, entire, subcoriaceous, usually fascicled: fls.
whitish, arranged in short axillary cymes or rarely
solitary; calyx small, 4-5-toothed or -lobed, unchanged
in fr.; petals 4-5, valvate, narrow, bearded inside; sta-
mens twice the number of petals; ovary 3-celled at
base or higher, ovules 3: drupe ovoid or globose, flesh
pulpy. — About 5 species, natives of the tropical regions
of the world. Here belongs the hog plum which grows
wild throughout the tropics, and in the U. S. is native
to Fla. south of Tampa Bay. The fr. is about an inch
long, shaped like a plum, and the pulp is sweet and
aromatic. The "stone" which incloses the seed is
proportionately very large. The fr. is borne on a small
tree, each branch of which ends in a thorn about Hin.
long. The frs. are generally eaten, but although it is
fairly common in Fla. it is not cult. The species has
been suggested by the American Pomological Society as
worthy of cult, with a view to improvement.
americana, Linn. HOG PLUM. Also called "moun-
tain" or "seaside plum" and "false sandalwood;"
"wild olive" in Jamaica. Tropical fruit-bearing tree:
Ivs. 2-3 together, oblong, obtuse, short-petioled:
peduncles 2-4-fld., shorter than the Ivs.: fls. small, yel-
low; petals thick, lanceolate, rusty-hairy within: fr.
yellow; nut white, globose. Tropics. — The "hog plum"
of Jamaica is Spondias littea. F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
XYLOBIUM (Greek, wood and life, in allusion to the
substance on which the plants grow). Orchiddcese.
Epiphytic herbs, grown in the warmhouse.
Stems short, with many sheaths, soon thickened into
fleshy pseudobulbs, which are 1-2-lvd.: Ivs. large or
elongated, plicate- veined, contracted to the petiole:
scapes erect, simple, arising from the base of the
pseudobulb: fls. racemose, medium-sized or rather large,
very shortly pedicelled; bracts linear, usually rather
long; sepals subequal, erect, finally spreading, lateral
broader than the dorsal, forming a chin; petals similar
to the dorsal sepal if not smaller; labellum some-
what articulate with the foot of the column, lateral
lobes erect, surrounding the column, midlobe short,
broad, surface smooth, lamellate or callous at the base;
pollinia 4, ovoid: caps, oblong, erect. — About 30 species,
natives of Trop. Amer.
bractescens, Kranzl. (Maxittdria bractescens, Lindl.).
Pseudobulbs conical, elongated, sulcate: Ivs. broad,
folded: scape 3-sheathed; raceme elongated, few-fld. :
sepals oblong-lanceolate, they and the similar but
smaller petals dull yellow; lip reddish brown, 3-
lobed. Peru.
brachystachyum, Kranzl. Pseudobulbs almost glo-
bose, slightly narrowed above, 1-lvd. : If. oblong, acute,
3-nerved, thick, shining, petiole sulcate, blade 10 by
about 4 in.: raceme very short, few-fld.: dorsal sepal
broad ovate-oblong; lateral ones much larger, outside
dull purple; petals oblique at base, oblong above, dull
purple outside, yellow spotted purple inside; lip simple,
obovate-oblong, rather acute, slightly fiddle-shaped.
Brazil. G.C. III. 40:302 (desc.).
decolor, Nichols. (MaxUldria decolor, Lindl.). Pseu-
dobulbs clustered, oblong, compressed, 1-2 in. long,
bearing a single If.: If. 12-15 in. long, oblong-lanceo-
late, plicate and acuminate at both ends: scapes erect,
many-fld.: sepals and petals sulfur-colored or shaded
with white; lip whitish, obsoletely 3-lobed, obtuse. W.
Indies. B.M. 3981. B.R. 1549.
elongatum, Hemsl. (MaxUldria elongdta, Lindl.)
Pseudobulbs cylindrical, elongated, about 6 in. long,
2-lvd.: Ivs. lanceolate, 3-ribbed: scape erect, 2-sheathed,
many-fld., infl. a dense oblong raceme: sepals and
petals pale yellowish white, linear, acuminate; h'p ovate-
oblong, very fleshy, purplish brown. W. Indies.
leontoglossum, Benth. (MaxUldria leontogldssa,
Reichb. f.). Pseudobulbs fusiform, congregated, 1-lvd.:
If. petioled, elliptic-lanceolate, acute, plicate: scape
4017. Xerophyllum aspbodeloides growing near the
margin of a pond.
stout, bearing an oblong or cylindrical, dense and nod-
ding raceme: fls. yellow, spotted with maroon; dorsal
sepal oblong, lateral sepals oblong-lanceolate; petals
similar to lateral sepals; lip oblong, lateral lobes nar-
row, midlobe rotundate fleshy and marked with pur-
ple-brown. Colombia. B.M. 7085.
squalens, Lindl. (MaxUldria squdlens, Hook.). Pseu-
dobulbs stout, 2-3 in. long: Ivs. 9-12 in. long: scapes
densely fld. : sepals and petals yellowish white, petals
and midlobe of lip streaked with purple, lateral lobes of
lip deep purple. Venezuela. B.M. 2955.
X. aetiwm, Hort., is offered in the trade. — X. perundnum, Hort.,
F. TRACY HUBBARD.
XYLOPHYLLA AKBflSCULA, Swartz: Phyttanthus speciosus.
XYLOPIA (from the Greek Xylopikron, bitter wood).
Annonacese. Shrubs and trees grown mostly for their
fruits, and also for spices and other products.
The genus resembles other Annonacese in having
alternate distichous entire Ivs., and fls. with 6 petals
in 2 series, but distinguished by the form of the torus,
or receptacle, which has a concavity in the middle
including the carpels, surrounded by a ring of stamens
borne on the convex portion of the receptacle: infl.
instead of being extra-axillary or If.-opposed, as in
many other genera of the family, consists of short-
stemmed or sessile fls. growing from the axils of the
Ivs., either solitary or in clusters of 2 to several: calyx
3526
XYLOPIA
with 3 valvate sepals connate for some distance from
the base; outer petals elongate, thick, valvate, and
connivent, or scarcely opening, and triquetrous above,
inclosing the 3 inner linear petals, which are concave
at the base; after anthesis the receptacle undergoes a
transformation, its center becomes depressed so as to
form a cone-like sac, while its margin grows in such a
way as to form a dome with an orifice at its apex;
through this orifice protrude the styles, while the
ovaries occupy the cavity, and the surface of the dome
in most species is covered with the crowded stamens,
the expanded connectives of which form a sort of tile-
like covering to the pollen-sacs; carpels vary in num-
ber and the ovaries have a ventral placenta bearing an
indefinite number of ovules primitively arranged in 2
vertical rows: fr. consists of clusters of berries either
sessile or shortly stipitate, more or less elongate, often
constricted between the seeds, which have a ruminate
endosperm, like other members of the Annonacese, and
in many cases there is an aril on both sides of the ter-
minal umbilicus. In the African species, sometimes
separated as a distinct genus under-the name Habzelia,
instead of a central cavity there is only a slight depres-
sion at the summit of the torus or even none at all. In
the genus Pseudannona, treated by Baillon as a sec-
tion of Xylopia, but given generic rank by the writer
(see Journ. Wash. Acad. Sci. 3:16. 1913), both the
corolla and the fr. differ radically from those of Xylopia.
The inner petals form a diminutive acute triquetrous
corolla over the essential parts, and the outer ones,
much broader and longer, recall by their form and the
thickness of their margin the fls. of certain species of
Annona, while their few-seeded frs. are thick and
fleshy, when mature suggesting the frs. of our common
Asimina triloba. It is intended here to describe only
the species of economic importance.
Xylopia aethiopica, X. Eminii, X. aromatica, X.
carminativa, X. frutescens, and X. grandiflora are
worthy of cultivation for the sake of their spicy fruits;
while X. parvifolia and X. nigricans of Ceylon are
desirable for the exquisite perfume of their flowers,
which like those of the ilang-ilang (Canangium odora-
tum) might be utilized as a source of an essential oil for
use in perfumery. Propagation is possible either by
seeds or by grafting and budding, as in the case of
other Annonacea?. Seeds should be sown as soon as
ripe in shaded beds and the small seedlings should be
transferred to pots and kept until ready for planting
out, preferably in good, well-drained soil in sheltered
situations.
sethiopica, 9.
aromatica, 6.
carminativa, 2.
Championii, 8.
cubensis, 1.
discreta, 5.
Eminii, 9.
frutescens, 3.
glabra, 4.
grandiflora, 1.
jamaicensis, 4.
longi folia, 1.
muricata, 4.
nw.nniamensis, 9.
nigricans, 8.
obtusifqlia, 7.
parvifolia, 8.
sericea, 2.
A. American species (Nos. 1-7).
B. Lvs. acute or acuminate.
1. grandiflora, Aubl. (X. cubensis, A. Rich. X.
longifolia, A. DC.). MALAGUETO MACHO. MALA-
GUNTO GRANDE. ZEMBE\ FRUTA DEL BuRRO. AcHON.
Fig. 4018. Tree with younger branches rufous-tomen-
tose near extremities: Ivs. approximate, distichous,
elliptical-lanceolate or oblong, acute at the apex,
usually obtuse at the base, puberulous above, tomen-
tose and rufescent beneath, the blade 4 in. or more in
length, the petiole about J/£in. long, grooved above,
tomentose and rufous: peduncles axillary, very short,
2-fld.; pedicels incurved, bracteate, villous, ferrugin-
eous: fls. often 2 in. long; calyx short, cup-shaped,
shortly 3-parted; petals erect, the outer ones linear,
acutish, concave at the base, silky near the base, sub-
tpmentose above; the inner ones shorter and narrower,
linear and triquetrous, acute, expanded and shell-
like at the concave base, so as to cover the essential
XYLOPIA
parts; receptacle hollowed in the center, forming a
cavity in which the ovaries are included, the styles
protruding beyond its opening. A wide geographical
range, which has undoubtedly been extended through
human agency. It is spread in S. Amer. from Brazil to
Panama and also occurs in Cuba, where it is known as
Malagueta brava, or "wild melegueta," and Guacima
Maria, or St. Mary's guacima." — Varies considerably
in the size and pubescence of its Ivs. According to
Baillon the frs. of this species, together with those of
X. frutescens and X. sericea (X. carminativa), are
offered for sale in the pharmacies of Brazil. They
contain large cells filled with a volatile aromatic oil,
having a pepper-like flavor, but more agreeable and
delicate than pepper. Martius regards these frs. as
worthy of intro. into the pharmacopoeia, on account
of their tonic and carminative properties.
2. carminativa, R. E. Fries. (Unona carminativa,
Aruda da Camara. X. sericea, St. Hil.). PAO D' EM-
BIRA. PlNDAIBA. PlMENTA DE MACACO. A tree closely
allied to X. grandiflora, but with the Ivs. narrower
in comparison with their length, and with the apex
more attenuate and the base more acute, but the
latter varies and is sometimes rounded; If .-blade
clothed with appressed silky hairs longer than those
of X. grandiflora, and usually smaller than the latter,
but also varies in size: fls. much smaller than those of
X. grandiflora, scarcely exceeding J^in. in length, and
serving at once to distinguish the two species: frs.
either rounded at the tip or pointed, shorter than those
of X. grandiflora, and usually containing 3 or 4 seeds,
but sometimes only 1 or 2, in the latter case they
resemble the frs. of X. frutescens, from which, however,
they may be distinguished, when dry, by their black
color and rough surface. Ranges from Minas Geraes
in Brazil to British Guiana. — The seeds are commonly
found in apothecary shops in Brazil, where they are
sold as carminatives. According to St. Hilaire the
bark is stringy and tenacious and is excellent for cord-
age, especially for boat-cables. The frs. have the odor
and taste of pepper and are used as a condiment, but
are not so pungent as pepper. Specimens were pur-
chased at Januaria, state of Minas Geraes by Messrs.
Popenoe, Shamel, and Dorsett, of the U. S. Dept. of
Agric. during their recent mission to Brazil.
3. frutescens, Aubl. MALAGUETA HEMBRA. MALA-
GTJNTO CHICO. CouGNERECou (Carib name). JEJERE-
cou (Cayenne). EMBIRA. PINDAIBA (Brazil). Fig. 4018.
A shrub or small tree with distichous branches; new
branchlets pilose, reddish: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acumi-
nate at the apex, with the tip of the acumen obtuse or
rounded, and the margins revolute, above glabrous,
beneath silky with white, appressed, sericeous hairs:
peduncles pilose, very short, bracteolate, solitary, or
in 2's or 3's, growing from the axils of the Ivs.: calyx
pilose, with the divisions ovate acute; petals oblong,
never opening widely, sericeous on the outside: frs.
glabrous, aromatic. Endemic in Brazil, Venezuela,
Guiana, Colombia, and Panama. — Collected at Gatun
by Hayes, who states that "the negroes of the Isth-
mus use the red berries of this small tree as a sub-
stitute for pepper and the bark for making ropes."
Specimens in the National Herbarium were recently
collected by Henry Pittier in the Canal Zone, and
bear the common name "malagueta hembra," to dis-
tinguish them from the fr. of the "malagueto macho."
The name malagueta, sometimes modified to mala-
gunta, undoubtedly comes from Afr., where it is
applied to the so-called "grains of paradise" (Amomum
Melegueta, Roscoe), a famous spice of the west coast
of Afr.
4. muricata, Linn. (X. jamaicensis, Griseb.).
SMALLER BITTER-WOOD. Fig. 4018. A shrub with ovate
or lanceolate, long-acuminate Ivs., with the slender
acumen often obtuse at the tip, clothed beneath with
XYLOPIA
XYLOPIA
3527
strigose hairs, and bearded at the tip: fls. small, in axil-
Ian.- clusters: berries punctate. — This species, the type
of the genus Xylopia. was based by Linnaeus on a plant
growing in the mountains of Jamaica described and
figured by Patrick Brown in his Natural History of
Jamaica, and called by him Xylopicrum, on account
of the bitter taste of its wood. The vernacular name
was applied to it to distinguish it from X. glabra, Linn.,
a species based on Plukenet's Xilopicron, or Lignum
amarum, of Barbados, commonly called bitter-wood.
5. discreta, Safford (Unona discrete, Linn, f. Hab-
zelia discreta, A. DC.). PETRICOBOCM. A shrub or
small tree with privet-like, or willow-like Ivs. and
4018. Xylopia. — a-e, X. grandiflora, showing flower-bud and leaf at
a, section of flower with cavity in receptacle at b, fruiting branch at c,
four-seeded fruits, d, e: f, X. frutescens, fruiting branch; g, X.
muricata, type of the genus; h, X. obtusifolia, fruit and three leaves.
(6 nat. size; others X about %.)
slender, flexible, virgate branches: Ivs. alternate, short-
petioled, 2-ranked, narrowly' oblong-lanceolate, about
1 in. long, clothed beneath with appressed silky hairs:
fls. resembling those of an Annona but with the carpels
distinct and stipitate, developing into a cluster of ber-
ries borne on the center of the indurated receptacle:
berries purple, aromatic, oblong -linear, 1-3-seeded,
more or less coT\stricted between the seeds; the latter
ovate-globose, smooth and glossy. — This species was
first described by the younger Linnaeus from a tree
growing in Surinam, or Dutch Guiana, and proposed
by him as the type of a new genus Unona. It proved,
however, to be congeneric with Xylopia. The name
Unona was afterward applied to an Asiatic genus pre-
viously described by Loureiro as Desmos, but accord-
ing to the laws of botanical nomenclature, was not
available for the name of a second genus. The generic
name Desmos is therefore valid, and must be used for
the Asiatic plants commonly called Unona. (See Des-
mos, Vol. II, p. 991 of this work.)
6. aromitica, Baill. (Habzelia aromdtica, A. DC.
Wdria zeyldnica, Aubl.). MANIGUETTE. Bois D'
ECORCE. PorvRE DBS N EGRES. A tree with a trunk 20
ft. high or more, with a spreading crown and leafy
branches: Ivs. ovate or oblong-acuminate, glabrous,
subsessile: fls. axillary, solitary or in pairs; calyx-
divisions subrotund-ovate, acute, fleshy; petals 6, the
3 outer ones longer, ovate-oblong, on the outside vil-
lous, cinereous, on the inside glabrous, violet-colored,
the 3 inner ones smaller, glabrous, violet-colored:
berries reddish, numerous (12-25 in a cluster),
oblong, subterete, shortly stipitate, with a longitu-
dinal seam down one side; constricted between the
seeds; seeds 3-6, orbiculate, reddish. — A species of
doubtful relationship, owing to its broad petals and
orbiculate seeds. It has been referred to Unona
concolor, Willd., and may possibly be congeneric with
Desmopsis or Unonopsis. The type, described by
Aublet under the name Waria zeylanica, was col-
lected in the forest of Timoutou, French Guiana,
BB. Lvs. obtuse or rounded at the apex.
7. obtusifdlia, A. Rich. (Habzelia obtusifolia, A.
DC.). GOMBA. GTJAVICA. GUAVICO DE SAVANA.
Pico DE GALLO. Fig. 4018. A shrub or small tree
with numerous crooked branches, the extremities of
which are ferrugineous-pubescent when young. It
differs from all other species here described in its per-
fectly glabrous Ivs., which are quite obtuse or rounded
at the apex and obovate or subspatulate in outline,
coriaceous, pale green and glossy above and paler
beneath, and about 1-1 % in. long: fls. axillary, soli-
tary, very shortly peduncled, subtended by small
scale-like bracteoles; calyx-divisions broad, subacute,
and ciliate along the margin; outer petals narrowly
linear, acutish, dilated and concave at the base, cov-
ered on the outside with rufous silky hairs; inner
petals shorter and narrower, triquetrous above,
expanded and concave at the base, covering the
essential parts; carpels included in the cup-like hol-
low of the receptacle, numerous, but usually only
2-8 developing into fr. ; the latter a cluster of terete
follicles more or less constricted between the 2-4
seeds, which have a whitish fleshy aril on each side
of the hilum. — This plant is known only from the
Island of Cuba, where it is prized for its fine yellow
wood. Its local name Pico de gallo (cock's beak) is
suggested by the form of its sharp elongated fl.-buds.
AA. Asiatic species.
8. parvif dlia, Hook, f . & Thorn. (Patbnia parvifdlia,
Wight. Unona tripetaloidea, Moon). NETAWTJ.
ATTJKETIYA. A tall aromatic tree of Ceylon, with a
straight trunk, smoothish bark, and silky shoots and
young branches: Ivs. oval, acuminate, acute at the
base, 3-5 in. long, glabrous; petiole 34in., finely pubes-
cent: fls. axillary, solitary or in clusters of 2 or 3 on
very short peduncles bearing several short imbricated
scale-like bracteoles; calyx-divisions small, broad,
united half-way up, acute, pubescent; petals hairy,
the outer ones linear, strap-shaped, acute, hollowed at
the base; the inner a little shorter, thick, trigonous,
expanded and hollowed at the base, covering the
essential parts; stamens truncate; carpels 5, sunk in
the center of the receptacle; ovules 4-6 in two rows:
fruiting carpels 1^1 on very short thick stalks, broadly
ovoid, 1- 1 Yi in. long, containing several smooth brown
oblong seeds. — This species is common in the moist
low country near Colombo, Ceylon. Its bark, especi-
ally that of the root, its yellow fls., and the fr. are
all delightfully sweet-scented and aromatic, and are
chewed by the natives with their betel. The wood is
3528
XYLOPIA
XYLOSMA
yellowish gray and soft. Two other Ceylon trees with
fragrant yellow fls. are X. nigricans, with the calyx-
divisions divided almost to the base; and X. Chdm-
pionii, with blunt ovoid fl.-buds.
AAA. African species.
9. aethiopica, A. Rich. (Unona sethidpica, Dunal.
Habzelia sethibpica, A. DC.)- GUINEA PEPPER. NEGRO
PEPPER. HABB SELIM. GRAINS OF SELIM. AKOLA.
BIKUE. A leafy tree of moderate height: Ivs. coriaceous,
glabrous and glossy above, finely appressed pilose
beneath, oblong-elliptic or oblong, obtuse or narrowed
at the base and more or less acuminate at the apex:
fls. solitary or in clusters of several, short-pedicelled;
calyx with the segms. broadly triangular and acute;
petals on the outside fulvo-sericeous, linear, subcon-
cave at the dilated base, the outer ones with thick
margins, the inner ones narrower, triquetrous; stamens
with the dilated connective puberulous, outer circle
of stamens sterile, a little broader than the fertile ones;
carpels numerous; ovules 6-8 in a single series; mature
carpels subsessile, slender, cylindrical, somewhat in-
curved, about 2 in. long, slightly constricted between
the seeds, glabrous, vermilion-colored within; seeds
6-8, of medium size, ellipsoid, about y&in. long and
half as thick. — This species is endemic in W. Afr.
where its fr. is used as a substitute for pepper. It was
known to old authors under the name Piper sethiopicum.
Closely allied to this species and similarly used are X.
niamniamensis of Cent. Afr., formerly brought by
caravan across the Sahara to the shores of the Medit.,
and X. fiminii, Engler, of the Uganda. So precious are
these spices held, not only for seasoning food but for
use as carminatives and stomachics, that in certain
districts of Afr. they are circulated as money.
W. E. SAFFORD.
XYLOSMA (Greek, xylos, wood, and osme, odor;
alluding to the aromatic wood of some species). Syns.,
Myroxylon, Hisingera. Flacourtiacese. About 45 species
of evergreen, often spiny, trees or shrubs distributed
throughout the tropical and subtropical regions of both
hemispheres except Afr. Lvs. alternate, short-petioled,
usually dentate, exstipulate: fls. small, in axillary ra-
cemes, usually dioecious, apetalous; sepals 4-5, slightly
connate at the base; stamens many, distinct, surrounded
by a disk; ovary superior, surrounded by a disk and
sometimes by staminodes, 1-celled with several ovules;
styles 2-3, usually connate. Little known in cult.;
prop, by seeds and probably by cuttings of half-
ripened wood under glass.
racemosa, Miq. (Hisingera racemosa, Sieb. & Zucc.
Myroxylon racemosum, Kuntze). TuNG-CniNG TREE.
Small tree or shrub, unarmed or spiny, glabrous: Ivs.
ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, serrate, lJ^-2
in. long: fls. yellow, fragrant, scarcely ^in. across, in
axillary racemes Yy-\ in. long: fr. globose, M~ /^in-
thick, black, 2-3-seeded. Aug., Sept.; fr. in Nov., Dec.
Japan, Korea, E. China. S.Z. 1:88. Var. pubescens,
Rehd. & Wilson. Tree, to 80 ft.: branchlets pubescent:
Ivs. ovate to oblong-ovate, glabrous, 1J4-3 in. long.
Cent, and W. China. — Only this variety seems to be
in cult, and Wilson pronounces it one of the handsomest
evergreen trees of China; it has proved hardy in S.
England and probably will do well in the southern
states and Calif.
Sdlzmannii, Eichl. Shrub, to 15 ft., glabrous, the
sts. and older branches armed with stout branched
spines: Ivs. chartaceous, ovate to ovate-oblong, obtuse
or obtusely acuminate, cuneate at the base, crenate-
dentate, \1A~^ in- long: fls. greenish yellow, fascicled;
sepals ciliate; disk of the pistillate fl. annular; styles
2, 2-parted at the apex: fr. black, 3-4-seeded. Brazil,
Argentina, Paraguay.
X. Aquifdlium, Sprague. Lvs. holly-like or occasionally nearly
entire, haying pair of glands at base of blade, 2-4 in. long: racemes
short, axillary, of very small fls.: Styles 6-7. Habitat unknown,
probably Polynesia or Austral. ALFRED REHDER.
YAM. The name yam properly belongs to the mem-
bers of the genus Dioscorea, although unfortunately
it has been applied for many years in the United States
to the large varieties of the sweet potato, Ipomaea
Batatas. The name as applied to the sweet potato is
thought by some to be a corruption of an African word
pronounced "nyam," brought by the negroes who were
transported to America in the early days. This word
was used for the true yam or other large roots or
tubers used for food in Africa and was bestowed by the
negroes on the large sweet potatoes in America.
The botany of the cultivated yams has not been
cleared up. Many varieties are of mediocre qualitv,
while some are excellent,
being superior in flavor and
mealiness to almost any
other starchy vegetable.
Single roots or t ubers of some
varieties, particularly of D.
(data, attain great size, oc-
casionally even reaching 100
pounds or more in weight,
and several feet in length.
The best varieties, however,
are of small size, often less
than a pound in weight.
Among the best known of
these are the yampis of
Jamaica and the Isthmus of
Panama, and other varieties
of similar quality, such as
the cush-cush of the Island
of Trinidad. The Chinese
vam or cinnamon vine, D.
Batatas, is of excellent flavor,
but on account of its deep-
growing habit is very diffi-
cult to dig. Several kinds
of yam are grown scatter-
ingly in Florida. For further
discussion, see Dioscorea.
ROBERT A. YOUNG.
YARROW: AchiBea.
YELLOW-WOOD: Cladnsti*.
YEW: Taxvs.
YUCCA (Yuca, native name for the manihot or cas-
sava, erroneously applied to the present plants by
Gerarde). Ltiiacex, tribe Yucceae. Bold stiff-leaved
plants suitable for lawn planting, subtropical massing,
and a few of them for flower-garden use.
Acaulescent to arboreous endogens with fibrous
evergreen sword-shaped Ivs. usually pungent and often
denticulate or fibrous on the margin: fls. white or
shaded with cream or violet, cup- or saucer-shaped,
usually pendent in large usually erect panicles, opening
at night and then somewhat sickishly fragrant; pol-
lination rarely occurs except through the aid of a
small white moth, Pronuba yuccasetta, found wherever
yuccas occur wild on the continent, which deliberately
gathers the pollen and thrusts it into the stigmatic
chamber, its larva? feeding exclusively on the maturing
seeds of these plants: fr. either capsular and erect or
fleshy and hanging in the principal groups or sub-
genera. — About 30 species, confined to N. Amer. and
the W. Indies, most of them native to the arid S. W.
TJ. S. and the Mexican tableland. A few species have
been cult, for centuries, and within the last decade a
large number of artificial hybrids have been produced
and intro. into cult., especially along the Medit. There
are recent monographs by the writer in Rep. Mo. Bot.
Card., VoL 13, pp. 42-116, with illustrations, and by
Molon in a small manual "le Yucche," Milano, 1914,
in which many of the Sprenger hybrids are also figured.
See Hesperoyucea, Samuela.
Propagation is by seeds, offsets, stem-cuttings or
rhizome-cuttings. These should be planted in well-
4019. Yucca glauca in Colorado.
drained sandy loam, usually in the succulent house.
The only species hardy where frost is severe are Y.
glauca, Y. jilamentosa, Y. flaccida, Y. baccata, Y.
recwrvifolia, and Y. glonosa, which flower in the sequence
given, the last-named often blossoming late in autumn.
Y. Treculeana shows considerable resistance to frost.
The tender species are kept in the cactus house. Well-
drained sandy loam suits yuccas best, but with good
drainage they are tolerant of a large range of soil and
exposure. Y. Treculeana blooms usually in March in
plant-houses, as when wild, and the Mexican species
when brought to flower are usually spring bloomers,
but they often refuse to flower for long periods and
then suddenly and unexpectedly produce an abundance
of simultaneous bloom, even on the smaller plants.
Of the hardy species, Y. glauca flowers in June and it is
quickly followed by Y. filamentosa and Y. flaccida,
while the forms of Y. gloriosa, which usually flower
only at intervals of several years, bloom from late
August to so late in the autumn as to be cut down by
frost. The only well-known yucca in northern gardens
(3529)
3530
YUCCA
YUCCA
is the common Adam's needle, Y. flaccida. This
persists for years, sending up a tall panicle of cream-
white flowers in late spring or early summer. All
yuccas are suited to bold and formal effects in garden-
ing; as tub specimens they may be used effectively in
subtropical bedding or massing.
Most yuccas may be fertilized if fresh pollen is trans-
ferred directly from the anther to the stigmatic cavity
of a newly opened
flower, preferably
one seated directly
on the main shaft,
where nutrition is
more certain. Y.
aloifolia commonly
fruits freely, but
the others rarely
fruit spontane-
ously in cultiva-
tion except Y. fila-
mentosa and Y.
flaccida, which are
pollinated by the
small white moth
(Pronuba yucca-
sella) that accom-
panies them when
cultivated in the
western states, but
emerges from the
pupa too late to
pollinate Y. glauca
and disappears top
early for Y. glori-
osa. See Rep. Mo.
Bot. Card. 3:99;
4020. Yucca radiosa. 4.: 181> f°r addi'
tional discussion.
The great yuccas, or "yucca palms," of southern
California are chiefly Y. arborescens. They grow in the
higher lands bordering the Mojave and adjacent
deserts, reaching a height of 15 to 20 feet. The old
plants are exceedingly weird and picturesque. Occa-
sionally this species is transferred to gardens, but it is
apparently not in the trade. This "Joshua tree" is now
separated as Clistoyucca arborescens, Trelease; as it is
not in cultivation, it need not be discussed further here
except to say that Clistoyucca differs from Yucca
in its very short style, fleshy incurved perianth, and
spongy dry indehiscent fruit.
acuminata, 8.
flaccida, 4.
nobilis, 8.
agavoides, 7.
flexilis, 10.
pendula, 9.
aloifolia, 12.
Ghiesbreghtii, 13.
plant folia, 9.
angusti folia, 1, 2.
gigantea, 13.
plicata, 8.
argospalha, 7.
glauca, 1.
quadricolor, 12.
aspera, 7.
glaucescens, 4.
radiosa, 2.
australis, 6.
gloriosa, 8, 9.
recurta, 9.
baccata, 5, 6.
canaliculata, 7.
guatemalensis, 13.
integerrima, 8.
recurvifolia, 9.
rewluta, 7.
concava, 3.
Lenneana, 13.
robusta, 8.
contorta, 7.
lineata, 4.
Roezlii, 13.
cornuta, 7.
longifolia, 7.
serrulata, 12.
crenuktta, 12.
marginata, 12.
stricta, 1.
De Smetiana, 11.
medio-picta, 12.
superba, 8.
data, 2.
medio-striata, 8.
Treculeana, 7.
elegans, 9.
Menandii, 12.
tricolor, 12.
elephantipes, 13.
minor, 8.
•undulala, 7.
Ellacombei, 8.
mollis, 9.
Vandervinniana, 7.
filamentosa, 3.
Mooreana, 13.
variegata, 3, 9.
flifera, 6.
A. Los. not toothed, with fine marginal threads: fr.
capsular.
B. Style swollen, green.
1. gla&ca, Nutt. (Y. angustifolia, Pursh.). Fig. 4019.
Acaulescent or with prostrate trunk: Ivs. narrow,
24-Hin. wide, gray-green, narrowly white-margined:
infl. 3-6 ft. high, rarely branched: fls. greenish white.
S. D. to N. Mex. B.M. 2236. F.E. 14, p. 34. G.F. 2:
247 (adapted in Fig. 4019). Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 3:8,
51; 13:23-25, 83. Gn. 76, p. 402. G.W. 10, pp. 83,
214. — A distinctly caulescent erect form with larger
branched infl. is var. stricta, Trel. (Y. stricta, Sims).
B.M. 2222. Gn. 8, p. 130. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card.
13:26, 27.
BB. Style oblong, white.
2. radiosa, Trel. (Y. angustifolia radiosa, Engelm.
Y. angustifolia eldta, Engelm. Y. elata, Engelm.).
Fig. 4020. Short-trunked or up to 15-20 ft. high: Ivs.
M~Km- wide, gray-green, narrowly white-margined:
infl. panicled, long-stalked: fls. white. S. Ariz., W.
Texas, and Mex. G.F. 2:569 (adapted in Fig. 4020).
B.M. 7650. S.S. 10:504. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 3:9;
4:10, 15, 22; 13:21, 22, 83, 86.
3. filamentosa, Linn. ADAM'S NEEDLE. Figs. 4021,
4022. Acaulescent: Ivs. 1 in. wide, scarcely glaucous,
with curly threads: infl. long-stalked, 4—12 ft. high,
usually glabrous: fls. nearly white: carpels with rounded
backs. S. C. to Miss, and Fla. B.M. 900. Redoute,
Lil. 5:277, 278. Mordaunt, Herb. Gen. 4:258. Rep.
Mo. Bot. Gard. 13:8-12, 83. G.C. III. 57:187. G. 34:
605. — A variegated form is f. variegata, and a form
with broad stiff spoon-like Ivs. is var. concava, Baker
(Y. concava, Haw.). Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 13:10, 83.
4. flaccida, Haw. Differs from the preceding, for
which it is commonly grown, in its more flaccid recurv-
ing Ivs. with slenderer straighter threads, and carpels
with angular backs. N. C. to Ala. Gn. 58, p. 447;
78, p. 433. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. 13:12-17, 83.— A
distinctly glaucous form, much cult, as Y. filamentosa,
is var. glaucescens, Trel. (Y. glaucescens, Haw.). B.M.
6316 (as Y. orchioides var. major). Ref. Bot. 324. Rep.
Mo. Bot. Gard. 3:10; 13:12-15, 17, 83. A transiently
variegated form of this is f . lineata.
4021. Adam's needle. — Yucca filamentosa. (From a plant
4 feet high)
YUCCA
YUCCA
3531
AA. Lrs. not toothed, trith marginal threads: fr. fleshy.
5. baccata, Torr. Nearly acaulescent : Ivs. 2 in. wide,
very rough and concave, with coarse threads: infl.
erect, 3 ft. high: fls. very large (3 in. long): fr. some-
times 8 in. long. S. Colo, to New Mex. and Nev. R.H.
1887, p. 368. G.C. III. 28:103. Gn. 16, p. 517; 35,
p. 585. I.H. 20:115.
Rep. Mo. Bot. Card.
13:68, 69, 85. G.Z. 21,
p. 78.
6. australis, Trel. (F.
baccata australis, Engelm.
F. fill/era, Chab.). Be-
coming a large tree: Ivs.
1 in. wide, smooth, rather
flat, with short coarse
threads: infl. hanging,
3-6 ft. long: fls. and fr.
small. E. Cent. Mex.
R.H. 1876, p. 433; 1884,
p. 53; 1910, p. 401. Gn.
10, p. 554. G.F. 1:78.
Bull. Soc. Tosc. Ort.
14:9. Contr. U. S. Nat.
Her. 5:38. Rep. Mo.
Bot, Card. 3:3, 4; 13:
60, 61, 85. G.W. 10, pp.
84,631.
AAA. Lxs. entire, trans-
ienily denticulate, or
slightly fliferoua.
B. Fr. fleshy.
7. Treculeana, Carr.
(F.dspera,Regel. Y.lon-
pifdlia, Buckl. Y. Van-
dernnniana, Koch. F.
argospatha, Verlot. F.
agavaides, Y. contdrta,
and F. cornuta, Hort.). Fig. 4023. Small tree: Ivs. 1-2 in.
wide, rough, very concave, at first entire or slightly
denticulate, becoming sparingly filiferous: infl. with
large bracts below. Texas to E! Mex. H.F. II. 6:236.
R.H. 1869, p. 406; 1887, p. 368. Gn. 12:328; 35, p.
585. S.S. 10:498. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 13:52, 84. G.F.
1:55 (adapted in Fig. 4023). The broader-lvd. form is
var. canaliculata, Trel. (F. canalicidata, Hook. F.
revoliita, Hort. F. undidata, Koch). B.M. 5201. Rep.
Mo. Bot. Card. 13:53, 54. Gn. 73, p. 254.
BB. Fr. dry but indehiscent.
8. gloridsa, Linn. (F. acuminata, Sweet. Y. gloridsa
acuminaia, Carr. Y. integerrima, Stokes). Short-
trunked or arboreous: Ivs. 2 in. wide, stiff, smooth,
nearly flat, usually with a few teeth when young or a
few threads when old: fls. often reddish tinged: fr.
drooping. .Coast, from S. C. to Fla. Duhamel, Arbr.
325. R.H. 1877, p. 287. S.S. 10:503. G.C. III. 28, p.
262. Gn. 49, p. 218. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 13:43, 44,
84. A smaller form is f. minor, Carr. Rep. Mo. Bot,
Card. 13:45. Ref. Bot. 5:319. A form with median
variegation is f. medio-striata. F.S. 23:2393, 2394.
Forms with the outer Ivs. somewhat recurving are
var. robusta, Carr., B.M. 1260. Redout^, Lil. 6:326,
327. and its more glaucous form f. nobilis, Carr.
(F. Ellacbmbei, Baker. F. gloridsa Ellacbmbei, Baker).
Ref. Bot. 5:317. With glaucous Ivs. very plicate toward
the end it is var. plicata, Carr., Gn. 31, p. 161; 45, p.
45: 49, p. 332. G.C. II. 19:821; III. 8:692; 15:304.
Maund, Bot. Card. 3:286, a taller greener-lvd. form of
which is f. superba, Baker (F. superba, Haw.). B.R.
1690. G.C. II. 12:689. Gn. 33, p. 202; 58, p. 446. Rep.
Mo. Bot. Card. 3:7; 13:46, 84.
9. recurvifdlia, Salisb. (Y. gloridsa recurvifdlia,
Engelm. F. recun-a, Haw. F. pendula, Groenl. F.
4022. Flowers of Yucca
filamentosa. (XJz)
gloridsa mdttis, Carr. F. gloridsa planifdlia, Engelm.).
Short-stemmed: Ivs. 2 in. wide, flat, recurved, green:
fr. erect. Coast of Ga. and Miss. Salisb. Farad. Lond.
31. Ref. Bot. 5:321. Gn. 1, p. 238; 8, p. 136; 47, p.
337. J.H. III. 42, p. 246. R.H. 1858, p. 434; 1859, p.
490. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 13:46, 47, 84.— A form with
median yellow variegation is f. variegata, Trel., and one
with a reddish stripe is f. elegans, Trel. IJL 30:475.
BBB. Fr. not known.
10. flexflis, Carr. Scarcely differs except in its nar-
rower Ivs. and long-stalked infl. R.H. 1859, p. 400. Gn.
8, p. 129. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 13:47. Ref. Bot. 5: 318.
11. De Smetiana, Baker. Caulescent, 5-6 ft. high:
Ivs. stiffly recurved, short, 1-1 H in. wide, purplish,
crowded, resembling those of a lily, sometimes slightly
rough-margined at base : fls. and fr. unknown. Mex.(?).
Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 13:48.
AAAA. Lvs. sharply rough-edged: fr. fashy.
12. aloifdlia, Linn. (F. semdata, Haw. Y. crenu-
lota, Haw.). Slenderly caulescent: Ivs. dagger-like,
very pungent: fr. black-purple, without a core. W.
Indies and Mex. to Va. and around the Gulf. D C.
PL Gr. 1:20. Redoute", Lil. 7:401, 402. B.M. 1700.
S.S. 10:497. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 3:7, 44; 4:18;
6:45-^7; 13:49, 84. With Ivs. yellow-margined it is f.
marginata, Bommer. Xaudin, PL Feuill. Col. 2:52.
G.W. 18:207. With Ivs. yellow or white in the center
it is f. tricolor, Bommer, also often known as F. tri-
color, Y. quadricolor, because shaded with red when
young, and F. medio-pida. Y. aloifdlia Mendndii,
Trel., is a very narrow-lvd. form of this. Rep. Mo. Bot.
Card. 13:50.
13. elephintipes, Regel (F. guatemalensis, Baker. F.
Lennedna, Baker. F. Mooredna, Y. Ghiesbreghtii, and
F. Robzlii, Hort. Dracaena Lennedna, D. Lennei,
D. Ehrenbergii, D. Fintelmdnni, and D. yuccoldes, Hort.).
Becoming a rather large tree with swollen base: Ivs. not
pungent, 2-3 in. wide: fr. yellow. S. E. Mex. Ref. Bot.
5:313. B.M. 7997. Gn. 67, p. 178. G.C. III. 18:
523. Rep. Mo. Bot. Card. 4:1, 2, 19; 13:51, 82, 84.—
F. gigantea,^Ijem., planted in the Azores and around
the Medit., is scarcely different. Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard,
9:40-42.
F. Dr<fco=Y. flaccidaXY. aloifolia.— 7. bxrlsnih6ruis=Y.
filamentoea X Y. glauca. — Y. rek<ncskidna=Y. filamentous X Y.
gloriosa. — Y. TFWppiei=Hesperoyucca.
WILLJAM TRELEASE.
4023. Yucca Treculeana.
ZALACCA (said to be the name of the genus in the Three of the species are known as night balsams or
Moluccas). Palmdcese. Stemless palms with creeping star balsams, from their night-blooming habit. The
roots, adapted to the warmhouse. Lvs. elongated, name night-blooming phlox would be better, as the
equally pinnatisect; segms. alternate, fascicled or flowers are salver-shaped and five-lobed, each lobe being
equidistant, lanceolate or oblanceolate, straight or fal- deeply cut. These plants are generally treated as half-
cate, acuminate; rachis obtusely 3-angled, not pro- hardy annuals, the_seed being sown indoors in early
duced into a spine; petioles rather terete,
usually with spirally disposed prickles;
sheaths strongly armed with compressed
prickles; ligule none: spathes persistent, the
lower ones sheathing the peduncle and
branches, incomplete, the partial ones sub-
tending the floriferous branchlets; spadices
simple or fastigiately branched, pendulous,
floriferous branchlets catkin -like, rather
short, remote or clustered, sessile or pendu-
lous: fls. polygamous-dioecious, usually rose-
colored: fr. globose, turbinate or ovoid, 1-3-
seeded, usually beaked. — About 14 species,
Assam and Malay. Two forms have been
sometimes cult. Z. edulis, Blume (Z. Blume-
d,na, Mart.). Lvs. copious, clustered, erect,
clothed with long, often serrate prickles;
pinnae linear-lanceolate, very long-acumi-
nate, \YT-^A ft. long, l^r-2 in. broad,
whitish beneath; petiole rather shorter than
the rachis and armed with robust prickles:
spadices drooping, long-branched: fr. ful-
vous-fuscescent, pyriform, 2}^ in. long.
Malay Archipelago. Var. Wallichidna, Mart.
(Z. Wallichiana, Mart.), has Ivs. 18-20 ft.
long, clustered, nearly erect; pinnse fascicled
in 2's, 3's, or 4s, narrow-lanceolate, with a
long and slender, cuspidate point, atten-
uated and reduplicate at base, flat, older
ones 1>2 ft. long, 3-4 in. broad; petiole
4-6 ft. long, armed with robust, fuscous
prickles: fr. ovate-pyriform, 1J^ ft. long.
India, Burma, and Malaya. G.C. 1873 : 1083.
F. TRACT HUBBABD.
ZALUZANIA (named for the Pole, Adam
Zaluziansky von Zaluzian). Compdsitse.
Hoary -tomentose or scabrous - pubescent
shrubs or subshrubs: Ivs. alternate, entire,
dentate, lobed or many-cut: heads pedi-
celled, heterogamous, arranged in corymbose
leafy panicles: ray-fls. in 1 row, pistillate;
disk-fls. perfect and fertile ; involucre broadly
campanulate; corolla yellow or perhaps
white. — About 12 species, Mex. Apparently
none in cult.
ZALUZIANSKYA (after Zaluziansky, a3
indicated above, who wrote Methodus Her-
barise, Prague, 1592). Including Nycterinia. Scrophula-
riacese. More or less viscous annual or perennial garden
herbs, also grown in the greenhouse.
Leaves, lowest opposite, upper alternate, usually few-
toothed; floral Ivs. smaller, bract-like, entire: fls. sessile,
usually arranged in dense or interrupted terminal spikes;
calyx ovate-tubular, shortly 5-toothed, 2-lipped or 2-
parted; corolla persistent, tube elongated, finally split to
the base; limb 5-lobed, entire or 2-cleft; stamens usually
4: caps, oblong, leathery or membranaceous, septicidally
dehiscent. — About 36 species, natives of S. Afr. All the
species mentioned here have then- corolla lobes bifid.
4024. Leaf of Zamia
floridana.
spring. The plants bloom in about ten weeks
after being set out and continue in flower
through July and August. Some cultivators
declare that this method is very unsatisfac-
tory and urge that the seed be sown in the
autumn and the young plants wintered in
a coldframe. They will then begin to flower
by June. The blossoms are closed by day
and are fragrant by night.
A. Corolla-tube slightly pubescent.
B. Duration perennial: bracts broadly lanceo-
late: Ivs. oblong-linear.
lychnidea, Walp. (Nycterinia lychnidea,
D. Don. Ennus lychnidea, Linn. E. grdcilis,
Lehm., not Hort.). Subshrub, about 2 ft.
high: Ivs. oblong-linear, sessile, entire or
few-toothed: corolla-tube 1-1 J^ in. long,
limb M~%in. across, white inside, purplish
or red outside. B.M. 2504; 8215 (the latter
asZ.maritima'). B.R.748. G.C. III. 42:162
(as Z. maritima). — Usually acts much like
an annual and is generally treated as such
when cult.
BB. Duration annual: bracts oblong-lanceo-
late: Ivs. linear or the lower ones lanceolate.
capensis, Walp. (Nycterinia capensis,
Benth.). Differs from the above, as de-
scribed by Bentham, in stature, duration,
strict sts. and smaller Ivs., but unfortunately
Bentham does not give the height of the
plant or color of the fls. According to R.H.
1851 : 221, the plant has white or lilac fl.-clus-
ters on the same plant, each fl. having an
orange eye. The spikes, according to Ben-
tham, are commonly short and 4-8-fld., some-
times long and 15-20-fld. There is some evi-
dence that this species and the next are con-
fused in the trade. In R.H. 1851 : 221 the fls.
are %-l in. long and less than J^in. across.
AA. Corolla-tube glabrous.
selaginoides, Walp. (Nycterinia selaginol-
des, Benth.). Dwarf annual, branched at the
base, 3-5 in. high, rarely 6 in., with spatulate
Ivs. and fls. »— 1 in. long, color of fls. not
Stated by Bentham, but in R.H. 1896, p. 308
(same picture as Gn. 24, p. 89) the fls. are said
to range from white to lilac and darker depending on
their stage of development, with an orange-colored eye
which becomes crimson later. This suggests the preced-
ing species, and it is evident that the two must be dis-
tinguished by technical characters until the colors can
be verified. G.C. III. 55:173.— The plant once adver-
tised in America as Nycterinia selaginoides is said to be a
pink-fid, half-hardy perennial, growing 9 in. high, which
does not agree with authentic descriptions. A species
passing under this name is hardy at San Francisco.
WILHELM MILLER.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
(3532)
ZAMIA
ZAMIOCULCAS
3533
r
4025.
Staminate
cone of Zamia
floridana.
ZAMIA (name used by Pliny, meaning loss or dam-
age, and first applied to barren pine cones, and trans-
ferred to these plants apparently because of the cone-like
fruit). Cycadaceae. Perennial, tropical and subtropical
plants, resembling palms and in some respects ferns.
Caudex sometimes a low trunk, simply lobed or
branched, standing above or almost below ground: Ivs.
few, developing one after the other, pinnately com-
pound; pinnae broad or narrow, articulate at base,
entire or serrate, parallel- veined; petiole
smooth or spinulose: cones rather small
for the order, glabrous or rarely scurfy:
fls. dioecious, male cone oblong-cylindri-
cal, female cone similar but larger and
thicker: ovules sessile, ovoid. — About 36
species, Trop. and Subtrop. Amer. One
of the 9 genera of the Cycas family, as
constituted by Alphonse De Candolle
(Prodr. 16, pt. 2, pp. 522-17). Other
genera of horticultural interest and dis-
cussed in this Cyclopedia are Cerato-
zamia, Cycas, Dioon, Encephalartos, and
Macrozamia. The fls. of cycads are
dioecious, without envelopes ; the pistillate
fls. are mere naked ovules inserted under
scales in cones, and the staminate fls. are
simple anthers under similar scales. The
plants are therefore gymnospenns (seeds
naked or not inclosed in a pericarp or
ripened ovary) and are allied to the coni-
fers. The fr. is a berry-like drupe. In
Zamia the floral scales are peltate (and
not horned) and form a cylindrical cone; the anthers
are numerous, and the ovules pendulous in pairs. The
fecundation of Zamia has been studied by H. J. Webber
(Bull. No. 2, Bur. PI. Ind., U. S. Dept. Agric.). His con-
clusions respecting the Floridian species are accepted
below.
The zamias are stocky short- and usually simple-
stemmed cycas-like plants, the trunk sometimes sub-
terranean, with long-pinnate evergreen leaves or fronds,
the leaflets being thickened and usually broadened at
the base, and jointed. Zamias are warmhouse plants, to
be treated like species of Cycas or Encephalartos, which
see. The plants are propagated by means of seeds and
offsets; also by division when there is more than one
crown.
A. Petiole prickly.
furfuracea, Ait. Trunk cylindrical, 1-2 ft. tall: peti-
oles dilated and concave at the base, with several small
prickles; Ifts. about 10-12 pairs, opposite or alternate,
oblanceolate, entire on the lower half but serrate or
jagged toward the top, acute or obtuse, scurfy beneath
(as also the rachis) : cone oval-conical, downy, peduncu-
late, pale yellowish brown, the pistillate ones 4 in. or
less long. Mex. B.M. 1969.
Lindenii, Regel. Trunk cylindrical, 2-4 ft. or more
tall when well grown: petioles long, cylindrical, sparsely
provided with tawny wool, the prickles short-conical
and spreading; Ifts. 20 or more pairs,
glabrous or somewhat puberulous,
nearly or quite opposite, sessile, long-
lanceolate and acuminate, dentate-ser-
rate toward the top. Ecuador. I.H.
22:195.
AA. Petiole not pricldy.
B. Species growing beyond the limits of
the U. S.
integrifdlia, Ait. Trunk 12-18 in.
tall, erect, globular or oblong: Ivs. gla-
brous; Ifts. alternate, 7-16 pairs, oblong
to linear-lanceolate to lanceolate, mostly 4026
obtuse, entire or somewhat dentate pistillate cone of
toward the apex : cones oblong and Zamia floridana.
obtuse, shbrt-peduncled. W. Indies. B.M. 1851. — The
Fla. plants, sometimes referred here, are apparently all
Z. floridana and Z. pumila.
mexicana, Miq. Distinguished by DeCandolle as fol-
lows: scales of the If .-buds tomentose and also the
petioles at the base, the petioles 3-cornered, unarmed,
glabrous, somewhat warty: Ifts. of 9 or more pairs,
subopposite, narrow-lanceolate, straight or slightly
curved, acute or acutish, rigidly coriaceous, dark green,
many-nerved, spinulose-serrulate from the middle to
the apex. Mex. — By Index Kewensis referred to Z.
Loddigesii, a species with prickly petioles.
pseado-parasitica, Yates (Z. Roezlii, Regel). Dis-
tinguished as follows by DeCandolle: trunk cylindrical:
Ifts. lanceolate, sinuose-falcate, entire, glabrous, acute
at the base, cuspidate at the apex, with 18 strong nerves
which are twice bifurcate. Panama. — Grows on tree
trunks.
angustifolia, Jacq. Foliage glabrous when mature;
Ifts. 5 in. long, 4-20 pairs, usually alternate, elongated
and narrowly linear, the
apex obtuse and very ob-
scurely serrulate or entire,
the base not narrowed,
6-8-nerved: pistillate cone
obtuse but cuspidate.
Bahamas, Cuba.
BB. Species native to Fla.
floridana, DC. COON-
TTE. COMPTTE. Figs. 4024-
4027. Lvs. ovate or ovate-
lanceolate; petiole tri-
angular in outline, sericeo-
tomentose at base, with
scattered hairs above; Ifts.
mostly opposite, 14-20
pairs, glabrous above and
with scattered hairs
beneath, linear, falcate and
somewhat twisted, nar-
rowed at the base and
obtuse at the apex, the
margin revolute and with a few obscure teeth: mature
pistillate cones oblong, 6-6 in. (12-16 H cm.) long,
markedly umbonate (projection on the scales), densely
tomentose. — Abundant in S. Fla. on the east coast below
latitude 26° 30', in open comparatively dry pine woods.
pumila, Linn. Differs, according to Webber, in hav-
ing shorter and broader Ifts. which are less twisted and
not so erect and rigid, and in its shorter and non-um-
bonate cones with seed-bearing scales thinner and more
flattened at outer end. — Abundant in Cent. Fla., rang-
ing from 28° 30' north for 1° of latitude, in dense
moist woods.
Z. cordllipes, Versch., is Macrozamia spiralia. — Z. Denisoni,
Auth., is Macrozamia Peroffskyana. — Z. glaiica, Hort.=Cycas
Rumphii(?). — Z. pungens, Ait.=Encephalartos pungens. — Z.
spinosa, Lodd.=Encephalartos Altensteinii. L H B
ZAMIOCtJLCAS (Zamia and Cvlcas). Aracese.
One species, sometimes grown in the warmhouse
for ornament and curiosity, it being one of the very
few aroids with pinnate Ivs. Z. zamiiffilia, Engler
(Z. Loddigesii, Schott. Caladium zamisefdlium^Lodd.),
grows in Trop. Afr. It is an evergreen perennial herb,
with stout creeping rootstock, and erect glabrous
radical Ivs. standing 1^-2 ft. high: Ifts. about 12,
opposite or alternate, oblanceolate, acute, jointed to
the petiole and forming small tubers at the base after
falling: spathe convolute at base with spreading or
reflexed, blade, green, glabrous; spadix club-shaped,
with female fls. below and male fls. on the longer
upward part, whitish, about 1-1 H iQ- I°n8 an(l Hm-
thick. B.M. 5985. L.B.C. 15:1408. Prop, by the
If.-tubers and by division.
4027. Aggregate fruit of Zamia
floridana. Cone not mature.
3534
ZANNICHELLIA
ZANTEDESCHIA
ZANNICHELLIA (named in honor of G. G. Zan-
nichelli, a Venetian botanist). Naiadaceae. HORNED
PONDWEED. Slender branching herbs, growing under
water, of little horticultural value for ponds: Ivs. mostly
opposite, long and linear, thread-like, entire; stipules
membranous, sheathing: fls. monoecious, sessile, naked,
usually both kinds from the same axil. About 5 spe-
cies, scattered throughout the world. Z. palustris,
Linn. Style at least half as long as the fr., which is
flattish, somewhat incurved, even, or occasionally
more or less toothed on the back (not wing-margined),
nearly sessile. Cosmopolitan in fresh or brackish water.
ZANONIA (Jacob Zanoni, 1615-^1682, botanist of
Bologna). Cucurbitdceae. Under this genus, one spe-
cies, Z. sarcophylla, Wall., is sometimes listed among
cult, plants. This plant is now placed in the genus
Alsomitra and becomes A. sarcophylla, Hook. f. It is
native of Burma: climbing shrub with very fleshy 3-
fqliolate Ivs.; Ifts. oblong, entire: fls. small, white,
dioecious, in compound panicles; corolla rotate, 5-
parted, with obtuse segms. ; calyx rotate and 5-parted,
with acute segms.; male fls. with 5 stamens; females
with a 1-celled elongate 3-4-styled ovary: fr. a medium-
sized 3-valved caps.; seeds black, narrowed at base,
with 2 flat curved horns at apex.
ZANTEDESCHIA (Francesco Zantedeschi, wrote on
Italian plants in 1825). Syn., Richdrdia. Araceae.
CALLA of horticulturists. Perennial herbs grown for
their ornamental corolla-like spathes and sometimes
for spotted foliage; greenhouse subjects in the northern
regions, but grown permanently in the open in Cali-
fornia and other warm parts. The genus comprises the
"calla lily."
Herbaceous plants with many long-petioled Ivs., all
from a thick rhizome: peduncles appearing with the
Ivs.: petioles spongy, often bristly below; blade sagit-
tate, hastate, or lanceolate to cordate-ovate, the numer-
ous primary and secondary nerves excurrent: peduncle
as long or longer than the Ivs. ; spathe large, open, with a
flaring, pointed, recurved tip; spadix staminate above,
and pistillate below (Fig. 4029) : fls. many and small,
naked, crowded, staminodes sometimes mixed with the
ovaries: fr. a 1-3-celled berry. — Engler admits 8 species
in his latest monograph (Das Pflanzenreich, hft. 64,
1915), in Trop. and S. Afr. The common calla-lily was
long known in commerce as Calla sethiopica. Later it
was known as Richardia africana, it having been found
that the genus Calla, as more closely defined, could not
include it. The Richardia of Kunth, 1818, under which
the plant has been named, is antedated by another
Richardia, and Zantedeschia, 1826, is considered by
latest authorities to be the tenable name and is retained
in the "nomina conservanda" of the International
Rules as against both Richardia and Aroides. The
genus Calla, as understood by modern botanists, com-
prises a single species, C. palustris, native in swamps
in the northern hemisphere, including N. E. U. S. and
Canada; see Fig. 742, Vol. II. For the black calla,
see Arum.
When grown for the flowers only, zantedeschias may
be planted out permanently on a bench, using very rich
soil and giving an abundance of water while growing.
They may be kept growing continually or given a sea-
son of rest, as desired. Plants in pots are usually started
late in summer from dry tubers. The species having
yellow and pink spathes seem to do best when grown
without a resting-period.
Culture of callas. (T. D. Hatfield.)
The so-called calla of gardens (Zantedeschia sethiopica)
has been a favorite for generations. Although often
grown as a window-plant, it is very unsuitable and sel-
dom blooms under house treatment. When grown for
winter flowers, it is customary to give the loots a rest
during summer-time. They may be dried and stored if
necessary. It is in this condition that Californian
callas are received. It is the opinion of the writer that
summer-resting would be the best treatment for those
grown as house-plants, as well-grown dried roots are
more likely to bloom. But rest must be enforced, for
callas will grow all the year round, increasing in size
and numbers when planted out. The largest blooms
are always secured from summer-grown plants. They are
taken up in the autumn, given good loam and plenty of
root-room, with a liberal allowance of liquid fertilizer
when well established. They thrive best under good
light, and in a minimum temperature of 55°.
There are sev-
eral varieties, all
differing only in
size, from those
which grow 6
feet to "Little
Gem" — 1 foot.
Some are said to
be more odorous
than others, al-
though all are
fragrant. Be-
sides being in-
valuable pot-
plants, they can
be used with
good effect in
indoor water-
gardens, grow-
ing luxuriantly
when partly sub-
merged; and also
in bog-gardens,
and on the mar-
gins of ponds,
to give sub-
tropical effects.
Although in-
troduced to cul-
tivation about
twenty-five
years ago, Z.
Elliottiana is yet
of secondary
importance, al-
though an acqui-
sition. It is a South African species, about which com-
paratively little is known in the wild. (N. E. Brown
writes in "Flora of Tropical Africa," Vol. 8, 1902:
"This species is stated to have been raised from seeds
received from South Africa, but I have reason to
believe that its habitat is somewhere in the northern
part of the Transvaal." The plant was described as
Richardia Elliottiana in Garden and Forest, New
York, 1892.) When introduced, it was thought difficult
to grow. It was first grown in this country by William
Robinson, gardener to F. L. Ames, North Easton,
Massachusetts, Mr. Harris, gardener to H. H. Hunne-
well, Wellesley, Massachusetts, and Joseph Tailby, of
Wellesley. The last named is a commercial grower,
who looked on his importation as an investment. The
bulbs (corms or roots) were expensive — a guinea or
thereabouts — and about as big as marbles. Tailby's
experience is interesting and it may be valuable to the
reader. He came near losing his whole stock by cutting
out the eyes, with the object of getting separate plants.
There had been no sign of natural division, nor has
there since; although some are still of the opinion that
by proper manipulation they may be increased by
division, as we now do potatoes, but the wounds must
be given time to heal over. The roots are kept over in a
cellar at a temperature of 45° F., or thereabouts, until
4028. Zantedeschia albo-maculata. ( X K)
ZANTEDESCHIA
ZANTEDESCHIA
3535
April, when they will show signs of starting. They
should be potteu then, but kept rather dry until the
roots develop. The pots will be fairly well filled with
roots before much growth shows, and they can be kept
under benches in a coolhouse, or even in the cellar, for
two weeks after potting. With the roots well started,
they come along
quickly, coming into
bloom in ten to twelve
weeks. A good bright
intermediate house
suits them best, and
some liquid fertilizer
will help them when
the flower-stems ap-
pear. The blooms
last a long tune, open-
ing greenish yellow,
turning to pure
orange - yellow, and
finally green when
aging. Seeds are
formed plentifully;
and by these, though
slow, is yet the surest
and quickest method
4029. Common calla lily.— Zante- of propagation. Dur-
deschia aethiopica. Left-hand speci- • ^ ^ne
must have the very
best attention. They usually do not become thoroughly
ripened until August. Pot-grown plants are better stored
in pots. The whole culture is easy when it is known.
Seeds of Z. Elliottiana sown in November usually
come up strong, but the plantlets are difficult to handle
and liable to go off when very young. It is the safest
way to let them stay in the seed-boxes, ripen there, and
plant them farther apart next season. Seeds have been
sown outdoors with very gratifying results. Almost a
year is gained in this way, as the roots (or bulbs) are
considerably larger than box-grown seedlings. Older
roots held over until settled weather and planted like
potatoes bloomed freely all summer, making fine roots;
they were green when cut by frost in October, but
ripened seeds. To do this successfully takes a longer
season, and the plants must be started indoors.
The calla in California. (Ernest Braunton.)
In considering the calla in California, it is necessary
to treat it under two general heads: first, as an orna-
ment; and second, as an article of commerce. The
popular and growing demand for calla bulbs (or tubers)
speaks much for the plant as an ornamental. Many,
indeed, are the uses to which it is put. It is, perhaps,
most commonly used as a belt along fences, and not
infrequently as a hedge between two properties; or
nearly as often is found along one side of a house in a
long narrow bed. For effective planting it is much in
demand for grouping around hydrants and unsightly
objects in damp places, at watersides; sometimes as a
border around a fish- or lily-pond, oftentimes growing in
bunches or masses in the water itself; or massed on a
slope near water; mixed with other tropical vegetation;
or as a border to tropical jungles; and very effective,
indeed, is it in the lower tiers of basins around a large
fountain with myriophyllum hanging down from the
base of the callas. For all of these purposes the foliage
is of even more importance than the flowers. As it
grows luxuriantly here in almost any location, it is very
seldom seen as a pot-plant either in the dwelling or on
sale at the nurseries. In the most favored places only is
it entirely secure from the frost, although the damage to
it from this source is not serious in or around Los
Angeles. Although doing fairly well in the full sun, our
summer climate is too dry for it to attain its greatest
beauty and luxuriance wholly without protection, and
it may therefore be seen in perfection only when grown
in partial shade. A good supply of water and manure is
also an important factor in its proper development.
The spathe is subject to many variations in form, both
in size and shape, some being long, rather narrow and
pointed, ending in a decidedly recurved awn, while
others are nearly circular, with the sharp point almost
wanting and standing upright the same as the remainder
of spathe. It frequently happens that the spathe is
double and even triple, sometimes in its entirety but
often only partially so. In the latter case it often
assumes some very strange forms. The spadix is not so
variable and seldom departs from the type, although
an occasional double or abnormal spadix is found.
Most other species or varieties than Z. sethiopica are
found but sparsely in California gardens, the most com-
mon ones being the spotted-leaved and the dwarf form
known as the Little Gem, but Z. Elliottiana is grown
extensively in certain areas, especially about Santa
Cruz, which is the center of the bulb-growing industry
in California.
Commercially, the growing of the bulbs for eastern
and foreign markets is a sure source of revenue, and is
conducted extensively throughout southern California.
The local market for the so-called flowers is of course
limited, but if grown in a practically frostless belt, the
blooms will more than pay for the cultivation of the
winter field, as in that season of the year flowers of all
kinds are scarce. The average retail price for good
blooms in midwinter is 50 cents a dozen; the whole-
sale price about $1 a 100. Bulbs at retail cost about
one-half, or even less, what they do in the East. The
commercial growers get at present (January, 1916), $25
to $60 a 1,000, according to size, the market calling for
tubers 1^ to 3 inches in diameter. Larger sizes are
quoted as ' 'fancy1 ' and command extra prices. Although
they can be grown hi almost any soil with some success,
a free cool blackish loam is best, and they do not
thrive in a hot gravelly or stony soil. The lands near
the coast, where swept by the cooling sea-breeze, are
productive of the best results, both in bloom and tuber.
Land containing sufficient alkali to prevent the growth
of many common crops will produce good callas if other
requirements are present. In field-planting it is much
better to put in small bulbs about 4 inches apart than
to sow the off-
sets promiscu-
ously in the row;
when the sets
are thus sown,
they should be
taken up the fol-
lowing year and
the small bulbs
properly plant-
ed. Offsets sown
as above and
left four to six
years (the usual
tune for a good
crop) have never
produced satisfactory results. No pest seriously attacks
foliage or bloom, but in dry years more especially, the
common sow-bug eats into the tubers very seriously and
receives considerable assistance from millipedes. Both
these pests are a considerable nuisance to the California
nurseryman and gardener.
INDEX.
4030. Calla with double
spathe. — Z. asthiopica.
aethiopica, 6.
africana, 6.
albo-maculata, 2.
candidissima, 6.
Childsiana, 6.
devoniensis, 6.
Elliottiana, 5.
gigantea, 6.
Godefroyana, 6.
grandiflora, 6.
hastata, 8.
Lutwychei, 8.
macrocarpa, 7.
melanoleuca, 4.
minor, 6.
nana compacta, 6.
Nelsonii, 3.
oculata, 8.
Pentlandii, 7.
Rehmannii, 1.
speciosa, 1.
Sprengeri, 4.
tropicalis, 4.
3536
ZANTEDESCHIA
ZANTEDESCHIA
A. Lvs. lanceolate.
1. Rehmannii, Engler (Richdrdia Rehmannii, N. E.
Br.). PINK or ROSE CALLA. Dwarf perennial: Ivs.
lanceolate to long-lanceolate, unequal-sided, light green
and white-pellucid-dotted, petioled, equaling or exceed-
ing the peduncle and spathe, the petiole without bristles:
spathes about 4 in. long, erect, trumpet-shaped, with a
caudate tip 1 in. long: fr. an obovoid or depressed obtuse
1-2-celled berry. B.M. 7436.— In Natal, where it is
native, the spathes are said to be dull rose without, rose-
purple within, with a dark crimson blotch at the base
inside. In cult, the spathes are white, with a faint rose
tinge to the back and margins. Var. speciosa, Hort., is
dwarfer and more robust than the type.
AA. Lvs. sagittate or cordate.
B. Foliage spotted.
2. filbo-maculata, Baill. (Richdrdia dlbo-maculata,
Hook. f.). SPOTTED CALLA. Fig. 4028. Petiole short,
without bristles; blade 12-18 in. long, white-spotted all
over, hastate, 3-4 times longer than broad, acute, the
basal lobes widely spreading, triangular, obtuse or
acute, 3^-4 in. long: spathe trumpet-shaped, 4-5 in. long,
2 in. wide, dull creamy yellow or milk-white with a
blotch of crimson at the base. S. Afr. B.M. 5140.
I.H. 7:255. F.S. 21:2258.— Will stand in the open in
frosty regions with good protection for the roots. Not of
much value except in botanical collections.
3. Nelsonii, Hort. Allied to Z. albo-maculata: very
vigorous and floriferous, reaching 3-4 ft., the scape over-
topping the foliage: Ivs. sagittate, bright green, sprink-
led with pellucid dots or spots, as in Z. Elliottiana:
spathe scarcely spreading, the limb short, very pale
yellow with a purple blotch at the bottom. — Not
recognized by monographers, and perhaps a synonym
or a form of some other species. In S. Calif, blooms only
in summer, after Z. Elliottiana is past.
4. melanoleuca, Engler (Richdrdia melanoleuca, Hook.
f. R. Sprengeri, Comes). BLACK-THROATED CALLA.
Scape and petioles bristly below: Ivs. 6-12 in. long,
hastate-ovate-acuminate, the basal lobes obtuse,
marked all over with
oblong, white, trans-
lucent spots: spathe pale
straw - colored, widely
flaring and open from
the base, the margins
and cuspidate tip recurv-
ing, with an ample black-
purple spot at the base
•within. Natal, 1868. B.
M. 5765. Var. tropicalis,
Engler (Richdrdia mela-
noleuca var. tropicalis,
N.E. Br.), of Trop. Afr..
differs in larger size and
absence of bristles at
base of petiole.
5. Elliottiana, Engler
(Cdlla Elliottiana,
Knight. Richdrdia Ettiob-
tiana, W. Wats.). GOL-
DEN CALLA. Lvs. gla-
brous; petiole 2 ft. or
more long, lacking brist-
les, more or less mottled; blade ovate or orbicular-ovate,
cordate at base, obtuse but subulate-pointed at apex,
light green, with a few white or translucent spots, with
undulate margins, about as large as those of Z. sethiop-
ica: spathe a rich lustrous yellow, lasting about two
weeks, becoming greenish with age, not purple-blotched,
about 6 in. long: berries about %in. diam., nearly
globose, green: tuber proliferous. Afr., probably in
Trop. Transvaal. B.M. 7577. Gn. 46:446. Gn. W. 11:
553. R.H. 1904:136.
4031. Zantedeschia athiopica var.
minor, Little Gem. ( X K)
BB. Foliage without spots.
C. Base of the If. -blade cordate.
6. aethiopica, Spreng. (Cdlla sethibpica, Linn. Colo-
cdsia sethibpica, Spreng. Richdrdia sethibpica, Hort. R.
africana, Kunth). COMMON CALLA. LILY-OF-THE-
NILE. Fig. 4029. Stout robust plant: Ivs. smooth, the
petiole without bristles; blade about twice as long as
wide, broad or narrow but cuspidate at the apex, cor-
date-sagittate at the base, both Ivs. and spathes vary-
ing greatly in size: spathe 3-10 in. long, white, creamy
inside at the base, flaring outward and narrowing to a
cuspidate tip. S. Afr. B.M. 832. Gn. 33:584. Gn.W.
2 1 : 73 . — Fragrant . Sports with double and triple spathes
Often occur. A.F. 5:83. Gn. 46, p. 447. See Fig. 4030.
Var. minor, Engler (R. ndna compdcta, Hort.).
LITTLE GEM. Fig. 4031. Like the type, but only 12-16
in. high: spathes 3-4 in. long. Var. devoniensis, Hort.
(R. devoniensis, Hort.). Dwarf; freer bloomer than
Little Gem, and more fragrant.
There are many forms of the calla lily in cult., a
number of which have received Latin names. Some of
these horticultural names are candidissima, spathe
large, pure white; gigantea, plant very large; Gode-
freyana, dwarf, white; grandiflora, spathe large; Childsi-
Sna, dwarfer and more compact than type and more
floriferous.
7. macrocarpa, Engler (Richdrdia macrocdrpa, W.
Wats. R. Pentlandii, Whyte. Cdlla Pentlandii,
Whyte. Z. Pentlandii, Hort.). Erect perennial: Ivs.
ovate-cordate, acuminate-caudate, with an open sinus,
basal lobes rounded; midrib thick: spathe golden
yellow, broadly trumpet-shaped, its lower margins
convolute one-third, flaring above, the subulate tip
abruptly recurved, margins recurved, slightly warty and
with a black-purple blotch at the base within. Basuto-
land, S. Afr. B.M. 7397.— Hooker writes (in B.M.
7397) that "R. Pentlandii is much the largest-leaved
species, and] is the only one with a deeply gamboge
yellow spathe within, which is much the largest and
broadest of any." First flowered in 1892 by R. Whyte,
Pentland House (Lee, England).
cc. Base of the If. -blade hastate.
8. oculata, Engler (Cdlla oculdta, Lindl. Richdrdia
hastata, Hook. f. Z. hastata, Engl. R. Lutwychei,
N. E. Br. Z. Lutwychei, Dur. & Schinz.). PRIDE
OF THE CONGO. YELLOW CALLA. Petioles 12-18
in. long, usually or always bristly below; blades dull
green, hastate-ovate, twice longer than wide, rather
flaccid, 8-16 in. long, cuspidate at the apex, basal lobes
separated by a narrow sinus or overlapping and very
obtuse: spathe cup-shaped, 4-5 in. long (with a tail 1
in. long), greenish yellow, the tip erect, black-purple at
the base within, the lateral nerves usually rather
prominent above. Cent, and S. Afr. B.M. 5176. Gn.
18:596.
Most of the garden forms have been named under Richardia
rather than under Zantedeschia; in the following list R=the
former and Z the latter. — R. Adlamii, Hort. Leichtlin. Strong-
growing, with Ivs. sagittate, bright green, and somewhat exceeding
the scape: spathe short and rather open, creamy white with a
black or purple throat. Trop. Afr. Distributed by Max Leichtlin
(Germany) in 1898. There are hybrids of this and Z. Elliottiana. —
Z. angustiloba, Engler (R. angustiloba, Schott. Z. chloroleuca,
Engler & Gilg). Lvs. glabrous, without spots, the petiole without
bristles; blade hastate, narrow, the basal lobes one-fourth the
length of the apical one, 20 in. long, 3 in. wide at the base: peduncle
4-4 }4 ft. long: spathe about 4 in. long, sulfur-yellow, red inside
at base. Angola. — R. aurata, Hort., said to be a hybrid of Z.
albo-maculata X Z. hastata (oculata): Ivs. spotted: spathes large,
yellow. — R. cantabrigiensis, Lynch=Z. Elliottiana X R. aurata or
Z. Rehmannii X Z. Elliottiana. — R. intermedia, Hort. Very free-
flowering: If.-stalks bright green, marbled with white and rose:
spathe very dark yellow, with small black blotch at the base. — R.
Lathamiana, Hort.=Z. Elliottiana X Z. albo-maculata. — "R.
suffusa. A distinct dwarf-habited plant with a creamy white spathe,
the base in the inside of a rich violet-purple shade. It is apparently
a plant of good constitution." Gn. 55, p. 317, note. — R. Taylori,
Hort., is Z. Elliottiana X R. aurata. JARED G SMITH<
L. H. B.|
ZAXTHORHIZA
ZAXTHOXYLUM
3537
ZANTHORHLZA (Greek, ydlow root). Often spelled
Xanthorrhlza. Ranunculaceae. Shrubby plants cultivated
mostly for their handsome foliage, which is much like
that of Actsea, and which changes to a beautiful golden
color in the autumn.
Leaves pinnate or bipinnate : fls. in drooping racemes
or panicles; sepals 5, petal-like, deciduous; petals 5,
smaller than the sepals, and 2-lobed; stamens 5-10;
4032. Zanthorhiza apiifolia. (XH)
carpels 10. sessile, forming only 1-seeded follicles, 1
ovule of each usually not maturing. — One species, E.
from X. Y. to Ha.
The plants will grow readily in any good soil but
usually prefer damp and shady places, although they
often thrive in loose sandy soil. Propagated both by
seed and root-division in autumn or early spring. The
seeds should be sown in a well-prepared seed-bed as the
young seedlings are rather delicate. If sown in early
autumn they may be given partial shade to advantage.
Old plants when divided are easily grown, and for this
reason root-division is often preferred. Often not hardy
in Massachusetts and extreme northern states.
apiifdlia, L'Her. SHRUB YELLOW-ROOT. Fig. 4032.
Sts. of bright yellow wood, 1-20 ft. high: roots yellow,
sending up suckers in spring: Ivs. in clusters from
terminal buds; Ifts. about 5, cut-toothed or lobed, with
wedge-shaped bases and entire sinuses: fls. small, dark
or purple. April. Damp and shady places. A.G. 12 :
289. Var. ternata, Huth. Lvs. only ternate; Ifts. often
more deeply lobed, the sinuses entire. Same distribu-
K. C. DAVIS.
ZANTHOXYLUM (Greek, xanthos, yeUow, and
xylon, wood). Also spelled Xanthoxylum. Including
Fagdra. Rutacese. Ornamental woody plants chiefly
planted for their handsome foliage and for their orna-
mental fruits.
Deciduous or evergreen shrubs, sometimes sarmen-
tose, or trees, with usually prickly branches; most parts,
particularly the frs., emitting a strong aromatic odor
when bruised: Ivs. alternate, odd-pinnate, 3-foliolate
or rarely simple: fls. dioecious or polygamous, small, in
cymes or panicles; sepals, petals, and stamens 3-8,
sepals often wanting; pistils 3-5: fr. composed of 1-5
separate small dehiscent caps., each with 1-2 shining
black seeds. — The genus contains about 150 species in
the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres,
and a few in temperate regions. Several species are
used medicinally. The wood of some W. Indian species
and that of the Australian Z. brachyacanthum is con-
sidered valuable. The frs. of Z. piperitum are used like
pepper in Japan.
The zanthoxylums in cultivation are prickly shrubs
or rarely small trees with mostly deciduous odd-pin-
nate, medium-sized or rather small foliage and small
greenish or whitish flowers in small, rarely large, axil-
lary or terminal clusters, followed by usually reddish
small pods disclosing lustrous black seeds at maturity.
Z. americanum is the only species which is hardy North,
while the species from eastern Asia, as Z. schinifolium,
Z, Bungei, and Z. (datum var. planispinum, have proved
fairly hardy in favorable positions as far north as
Massachusetts, the first being the hardiest, but they
probably will be perfectly hardy in the Middle Atlantic
states. They do not seem to be particular as to the
soil, but grow best in a well-drained soil and sunny
position. Propagation is by seeds and by suckers or
root-cuttings.
A. Rackis not or very narrowly winged.
B. Fls. before the Ivs., in axillary fascicles.
americanum, Mill. (Z. fraxinevm, Willd. Z. romi-
flbrum, Michx.). PRICKLY ASH. Fig. 4033. Shrub or
small tree, attaining 25 ft., with prickly branches: Ifts.
5-11, opposite, almost sessile, ovate, entire or crenulate,
dark green above, lighter and pubescent beneath,
lJ^-2 in. long: fls. small, greenish, in axillary sessile
clusters, appearing shortly before the Ivs.: seeds black.
Que. to Neb. and Va. B.B. (ed. 2) 2:444.
BB. Fls. after the Ivs., in terminal corymbs.
c. Prickles solitary.
schinifolium, Sieb. & Zucc. Shrub or small tree, to
20 ft,: Ivs. 3-7 in. long, glabrous; Ifts. 13-21, elliptic-
lanceolate to lanceolate, narrowed into a short stalk,
minutely emarginate at the
apex, crenate-serrulate, %-lJ^
in. long: fls. minute, with sepals
and petals in terminal short-
stalked clusters, 2-4 in. across:
fr. greenish or brownish. June;
fr. in autumn. Japan, Korea,
S.I.F. 2:33.— Sometimes cult,
under the name of the follow-
ing; handsomer in foliage and
hardier.
cc. Prickles in pairs.
piperitum, DC. Shrub or
small tree; prickles rather slen-
der, ascending: Ivs. 2-6 in.
long, with puberulous rachis;
Ifts. 11-19, ovate to oblong-
ovate, narrowed into a short
stalk, emarginate at the apex,
remotely toothed, with con-
spicuous glands at the base of
each tooth, midrib pubescent
above, J^-1H in. long: fls. with
simple perianth, in small
corymbs J^-lH in. across, on
short lateral branchlets; style
slender: fr. reddish, glandular-dotted. Japan, Korea, N.
China. June; fr. in Sept. S.I.F. 1:52.— The wood, ac-
cording to Issa Tanimura, is dense and heavy with
deep yellow grain; tree commonly cult, in Japan for
ornament, to make utensils, and for food; the seeds and
inner bark are cooked or pickled; the fresh Ivs. are
added to soup; and the dried fr. used on roasted fish
as a fragrant pepper.
Bungei, Planch. (Z. Bungeanum, Maxim.). Spreading
shrub or small tree; prickles stout, flattened, very broad
4033. Leaf of prickly ash.—
Zanthoxylum americanum.
3538
ZANTHOXYLUM
ZAUSCHNERIA
at the base: Ivs. 3-5 in., rarely to 9 in. long, often with
small prickles on the rachis and on the midrib of the
1ft. above and below; Ifts. 7-11) ovate to ovate-oblong,
crenately serrulate, glabrous, K~2 in. long: infl. a
corymb or panicle, mostly on short lateral branchlets:
fr. reddish. June,
July; fr. in Sept.,
Oct. N. and Cent.
China.
AA. Rachis distinctly
winged.
alatum, Roxbg.
Shrub or small tree,
glabrous, with stout
spreading prickles
in pairs: Ivs. 3-8 in.
long, with conspicu-
ously winged some-
times prickly rachis ;
Ifts. 6-11, elliptic-
ovate to ovate-lan-
ceolate, rarely
obovate - oblong,
acuminate, finely
serrulate or nearly
entire, 1M-5 in.
long, the terminal
one the largest: fls.
in short lateral
panicles, 1-2 }/% in.
long, from the axils
of last year's
branches: fr. red,
warty. Himalayas.
Var. planispinum,
Rehd. & Wilson (Z.
planispinum, Sieb.
&Zucc.). Lfts.3-5,
otherwise like the
type. June; fr. in
Sept. China, Korea,
Japan. S.I.F. 2:34.
R.H. 1913, p. 17.
G. 35:213.— Only
the variety seems
to be cult.
Z. ailanthoides, Sieb.
& Zucc. Tree, attain-
ing 60 ft.: branches with
numerous short prick-
les: Ivs. 1—4 ft. long;
Ifts. oblong-ovate, gla-
brous, glaucous beneath,
<Fi /SffiWIll . jT— Hf \ H in- ^g: fls- and
(V «n\-'" £flLl D M'^ W fr. in terminal corymbs.
V" * w/ripl Wft*** t £apan- This » called bv
V A" ~ •-- 1 ^df/lfSf^v*,; // Sargent one of the most
V-V-'B .-•-////• beautiful trees of Japan.
— Z. clava-Herculis,
Linn. (Z. carolinia-
num, Lam.). TOOTH-
ACHE - TBEE. PEPPER-
WOOD. Small very
prickly tree, 30 or
occasionally 50 ft. : Ifts. 7-17, ovate-lanceolate, pubescent beneath
whan young, 1-2% in. long: fls. and fr. in terminal panicles. April,
May. S. Va. to Fla. and Texas. S.S. 1:29.— Z. dissitum, Hemsl.
Scandent shrub, to 12 ft. or more: rachis usually with hooked
prickles; Ifts. &-15, coriaceous, petioled, elliptic to oblong-lanceolate,
entire, lustrous above, often prickly beneath, 3-6 in. long: fls. in
axillary panicles 2-5 in. long, with sepals and petals; stamens long-
exserted: fr. crowded, yellowish brown; seeds over J^in. long. Cent,
and W. China. This and the two following species have been
recently intro. from China.— Z. Piasezkii, Maxim. Allied to Z.
pipentum. Shrub, to 10 ft.: Ifts. 7-15, ovate or obovate to oblong,
slightly crenulate or nearly entire, quite glabrous, l/$-\ in. long: fls.
in small corymbs; style short: fr. warty, reddish. W. China. — Z.
stenophyUum, Hemsl. Scandent shrub, to 6 ft.: rachis usually with
many slender hooked prickles; Ifts. 7-13, ovate-oblong to lanceo-
late, denticulate, glabrous, 1^-3 in. long: fls. in terminal loose
corymbs, 2-3 in. across, with petals and sepals; stamens long-
exserted: fr. reddish, beaked; seeds J^in. long. W. China. Has
not proved hardy at the Arnold Arboretum.
ALFRED REHDER.
4034. Indian corn. — Zea Mays.
ZAUSCHNERIA (named for a professor of natural
history at Prague). Onagrdcese. Low perennials, some
of them subshrubby, few of them used in the flower-
garden.
Leaves, -the lowest opposite, others alternate: fls.
racemose, large, scarlet, fuchsia-like; calyx-tube globose,
inflated just above the ovary, then becoming funnel-
form, 4-lobed, bearing 8 small scales within; petals 4,
obcordate, or deeply cleft; stamens 8: caps, slender-
fusiform, obtusely 4-angled, 4-valved, many-seeded. —
About 7 species, W. N. Amer.
californica, Presl. CALIFORNIA FUCHSIA. HUMMING-
BIRD'S TRUMPET. BALSAMEA. Half-hardy perennial
with the fl. of a fuchsia and the fr. of an epilobium:
height %-2 ft.: Ivs. linear to oblong, }/z-\}/2 in. long,
pubescent or tomentose: fls. scarlet or vermilion, the
trumpet-shaped calyx 1J^ in long; calyx-lobes ovate;
petals obcordate, spreading: fr. 4-valved, imperfectly 4-
loculed. Calif. P.M. 15:195. F. 1847-8:241. Gn. 31:
28 and p. 29. R.H. 1849:141. Var. splendens, Hort.,
is perhaps a little more luxuriant plant, otherwise not
differing from the type. Var. latifolia, Hook. Often
nearly glabrous: Ivs. broad-ovate to ovate-lanceolate,
markedly feather-veined. B.M. 4493. F.S. 4:404. —
Varieties have been made based on linear, lanceolate, or
ovate Ivs., but they run into one another. The plants
also vary from glabrous and pubescent to tomentose.
As a bedding-plant it has been occasionally used for
novelty effects by European gardeners. To overcome
its thin and leggy habit, it is well to set the plants
rather close and pinch out the young shoots until com-
pact bushes are secured. The plant is sometimes grown
in pots for greenhouse decoration in late autumn.
There are said to be^ forms that vary considerably in
hardiness. The plant is hardy in most parts of England
4035. Ear or pistillate spike of maize. The husks are a kind
of involucre. Each kernel represents a flower. The "silks" are
styles.
CXVI. Viburnum tomentosum.
ZAUSCHXERIA
3539
with slight winter covering. In favored spots it is con-
sidered to be a choice plant of pendent habit for the
steep sides of rockeries and for naturalizing on old
walls. In light and dry soils it spreads underground
like the epilobiums. It is prop, by division, by cuttings
made in autumn and wintered in a coldframe, or by
seeds sown in early spring in mild heat. In Calif, the
plant is considered objectionable on account of the
unkempt appearance pro-
duced by the woolly seeds.
It is remarkably resistant to
drought.
WILHELM MILLER.
ZEA (an old Greek name
for some common cereal,
probably spelt). Graminex.
A large annual grass with
monoecious infl., the stami-
nate fls. being in the tassel at
the top and the pistillate fls.
in one or more ears in the
axils of the Ivs., each ear
inclosed in several reduced
Ivs. or husks, the numerous
styles protruding from the
tip as the silk. As now limited
the genus is founded on the
single polymorphous cult,
species, Zea Mays, maize or
Indian corn (Figs. 4034, 4035,
4036), whose origin is un-
known but is suspected by
some to be teosinte (Euch-
Ixna mexicana). Most of the
evidence points to Mex. as
the region in which it origin-
ated and from which it
spread.
After a prolonged study of
maize, teosinte, and hybrids
between them, Collins ad-
vances the hypothesis (Journ.
Wash. Acad.'Sci. 2:520. 1912)
that maize originated as a
4036. Zea Mays.— Flint corn, hybrid between teosinte and
an unknown grass belonging
in the Andropogoneae. This grass is thought to
have been not unlike the earless varieties of pod or
husk corn (Zea Mays var. tunicata, Figs. 4037, 4038).
The chief distinction between pod corn and the
ordinary varieties of maize is that the glumes of the pis-
tillate spikelets are developed in pod corn and com-
pletel}- inclose the grain, while in ordinary maize the
glumes are reduced to minute scales at the base of the
grain. Collins has found that if plants of pod corn are
isolated and bred among themselves for a few genera-
tions, there will usually result a still greater divergence
from the ordinary type of maize. Plants will appear in
which the lateral inflorescence or ear is aborted while
the terminal inflorescence is greatly enlarged, containing
both stamens and pistils. These may be borne
either in separate spikelets, in separate florets of
the same spikelet, or in perfect florets. Plants
of this earless type of pod corn possess no
characters which would exclude them from the
Andropogoneae. The constant recurrence of such
plants among many varieties of corn Collins
considers to be strong indication that some
perfect-flowered grass has figured in the ancestry
of maize. Harshberger (see G.F. 9:522; Contr.
Bot. Lab. Univ. Perm. 2:231) after a study of
teosinte-maize hybrids, showed that Zea canina,
Wats. (Figs. 4039, 4040), originally described as
a wild species, is an early-generation hybrid
between ordinary maize and teosinte. Harsh-
berger concludes that Indian corn is the result of a
cross between teosinte and a race or variety of the
same species produced by successive cultivation of the
wild plant until its characters as a variety or race have
become fixed. Collins
holds that this con-
clusion does not take
into consideration the
evidence afforded by the
podded varieties of
maize. To explain maize
as a hybrid Collins holds
that the second parent
must be assumed to be
some plant radically dif-
ferent from teosinte, for
only such a parent would
account for the appear-
ance of characters the
very opposite of those
which characterize Eu-
chbena. Under the
article Corn are given
the botanical characters
of the genus, a classifica-
tion of the subspecies, ^ Pod or husk co.11._Zea
as proposed by Sturte- Mays var. tunicata. Each kernel
vant, and a discussion of inclosed in a bosk. ( X Ji)
sweet corn and pop-corn.
The following varieties of Zea Mays are grown for
ornament :
Var. japonica, Koern. (Z. japdnica, Van Houtte.
Z. vittata, Hort.). Foliage variously striped with white:
plant small: ears small; kernels yellowish, flint. Said
to have come from Japan. F.S. 16:1673, 1674. G.
2:463.
Var. gracfllima, Koern. (Z. gracittima and Z. minima,
Hort.). Very dwarf, slender form with green Ivs., some-
times cult, in Eu. A var. variegata is also mentioned.
Var. Curagua, Alef. (Z. Curagua, Molina), is
described as a very robust green-lvd. form. Sturtevant
places it in the pop-corn tribe. Gn. 42, p. 207.
A. S. HITCHCOCK.
ZEBRINA (name
refers to the striped
leaves). Cammeli-
nacex. One of the
species, the wander-
big Jew, is a very
common greenhouse
plant , much used for
baskets and for cov-
ering the ground un-
derneath benches.
Differs from
Tradescantia
chiefly in the fact
that the corolla is
tubular (petals not
free) ; stamens 6,
4058. Cross-section of ear of
busk corn. (XH)
40-39. Zea r^nina, showing the long
branches, with ears at the joints.
224
3540
ZEBRINA
ZELKOVA
equal; fls. few, sessile, in 2 conduplicate bracts. — Two
species, Mex. and Texas.
pendula, Schnizl. (Tradescdntia zebrina, Hort. T.
tricolor, Hort., in part. Cyanbtis vittdta, Lindl. Com-
mellna zebrina, Hort.). WANDERING JEW, in part.
Fig. 4041. Trailing, half-succulent, perennial herb
rooting at the joints: Ivs. lance-ovate,
sessile, the If.-sheath about Hin. long
and hairy at top and bottom and some-
times throughout its
length; Under Sur"
face of * «d-purple;
upper surface silvery
white, suffused with
purplish, the central
part and the margins
purple - striped : fls.
about 2, rose - red,
contained in 2 boat-
sb iped bracts, one
of which is much
smaller than the
other. Mex, — Com-
.monly confused with
Tradescantia flumi-
nensis, Fig. 3829, and
sometimes with Com-
melina nudifiora. See
Tradescantia. The Ivs.
of Z. pendula seem
4040. Ears of Zeacamna. a, Second £ i
year from the wild. Cob flattish. b, 2,iver
Third year from the wild. Kernels less .L ney vary somewhat
pointed. Cob nearly cylindrical. ( X %) m color. All forms
are easily grown, and
they prop, readily from pieces of st. Var. quadricolor,
Bailey (forma quadricolor, Voss. Tradescdntia quadri-
color and T. multicolor, Hort.). Lvs. with metallic green
undertone and striped with green, red, and white.
Handsome. L H. B.
ZELKOVA (after the vernacular name Zelkoua in
Crete, or Selkwa in the Caucasus). Syn., Abelicea, and
including Hemiptelea. Ulmaceae. Ornamental trees grown
for their handsome foliage and attractive habit.
Deciduous: Ivs. alternate, short-petioled, penni-
nerved, serrate, stipulate: fls. polygamous, the perfect
ones solitary in the axils of the upper Ivs., the staminate
ones clustered in the axils of lower Ivs. or bracts; calyx
4-5-lobed; stamens 4-5; styles 2: fr. a 1-seeded drupe,
usually broader
than high, ob-
lique, with the
style eccentric.
— Five species in
Crete, the Cau-
casus, and E.
Asia. They are
closely related to
Celtis and Aph-
ananthe and
are chiefly dis-
tinguished b y
the connate
sepals, the eccen-
tric style and the
oblique fr. Z.
serrata is an im-
portant timber
tree; the wood
is very durable,
and considered
the best build-
ing material in
Japan . The
young wood is
4041. Zebrina pendula. (X1A; fl. enlarged) yellowish white
in color; the old wood is dark brown arid has a beauti-
ful grain.
The zelkovas are trees, sometimes shrubby, in general
appearance much like some of the small-leaved elms,
with rather small more or less two-ranked short-stalked
leaves, with insignificant greenish flowers appearing at
the base of the young branches and followed by incon-
spicuous fruits. Z. serrata and Z. Davidii are hardy
North, while Z. ulmoides is hardy only as far north as
Massachusetts, at least only in sheltered positions. Z.
serrata is a very graceful round-headed tree and well
adapted for avenues or as single specimens on the lawn.
Z. Davidii, which is of recent introduction, may be use-
ful as a hedge-plant on account of its upright rather
stiff stems armed with spines. They do not seem to be
very particular as to soil and position. Propagation is
by seeds sown soon after ripening; also by layers and
by grafting on Ulmus.
A. Fr. not winged: branches not spiny.
serrata, Makino (Z. acumindta, Planch. Z. hirta,
Schneid. Z. Kedki, Mayr. Z. cuspiddta, Hort. Planera
acumindta, Lindl. Planera japdnica, Miq. Planera
Kedkii, C. Koch. Ulmus Kedkii, Sieb.). Fig. 4042.
4042. Zelkova serrata. ( X 1A)
Tree, attaining 100 ft., with broad, round-topped head:
branches slender: Ivs. short-stalked, ovate to oblong-
ovate, acuminate, rounded or slightly cordate at the
base, sharply and coarsely serrate, with acuminate
teeth, pairs of veins about 10, somewhat rough above,
almost glabrous, 1-2 H in. long on fertile branches, 2-5
on sterile branches. April, May. Japan. G.F. 6:325.
Gt. 37, pp. 22, 23. S.I.F. 1:36. G.W. 16, p. 216.
ulmoides, Schneid. (Z. crenata, Spach. Z. carpini-
fdlia, Koch. Planera Richardii, Michx. Planera car-
pinifolia, Wats. Planera crenata, Desf. Abelicea ul-
moides, Kuntze). Tree, attaining 80 ft., with slender
ZELKOVA
ZEPHYRANTHES
3541
branches forming an oval or oblong head: Ivs. oval or
ovate to oblong, slightly cordate or rounded at the base,
coarsely toothed with obtusish teeth, with 6-8 pairs of
veins, usually almost glabrous above at length, pubes-
cent on the veins beneath, %-3 in. long. April, May.
Caucasus. Gn.24,
p. 371.
AA. Fr. with a small
wing on one
side: branches
usually spiny.
Davidii, Hemsl.
(Z. Davididna,
Franch. Hemi-
ptelea Davidii,
Planch.). Shrubby
tree, the branches
with axillary
spines J^-4 in.
long: Ivs. oval to
elliptic or elliptic-
oblong, acute, sub-
cordate at the
base, with 8-12
pairs of veins on
each side, at first
with scattered
hairs above, each
leaving a dark
circular depres-
sion, and with few
scattered hairs
on the veins
beneath, finally
glabrous, %-2 in. long: fr. conical, 2-edged, Min. long,
short-stalked. April, May. N. China, Korea. R.H.
1913, p. 29.
Z. sinica, Schneid. Allied to Z. hirta. Tree, to 50 ft.: Iva. ovate-
oblong, rounded or broadly cuneate at the base, firm, crenate-
serrate, %-2 in. long. Cent. China. — Z. Verschafftltii, Nichols.
(Ulmus Verschaffeltii, Hort. Z. japonica Verschaffeltii, Dipp.).
Shrub or small tree, allied to Z. ulmoides: Ivs. oval or ovate, with
6-9 coarse triangular teeth on each side, rough above, with, soft
hairs beneath, 1 3^-2 }^ in. long. Origin not known, possibly from
4043. Zenobia pulverulenta. ( X }4)
the Caucasus.
ALFRED REHDER.
ZENOBIA (after Zenobia, queen of Palmyra, who
lived in the third century; a fanciful allusion to her
having been chained as was Andromeda, whose name
is commemorated by a closely allied genus). Ericaceae.
Ornamental shrub grown for its handsome white flowers,
and also for the foliage which is covered with a bluish
white bloom in one form.
Deciduous or half -evergreen : Ivs. alternate, short-
petioled, crenulate or entire: fls. in axillary clusters
forming terminal racemes on the upper part of last
year's branches; calyx 5-lobed, with short valvate
lobes; corolla campanulate, as broad as high, obtusely
5-lobed; stamens 10; anthers with 4 slender awns: caps,
depressed-globose, obscurely 5-lobed, somewhat cari-
nate at the dorsal sutures, loculicidally 5-valved; seeds
numerous, small, oval, angled. — One species in N.
Amer., closely allied to Andromeda and Pieris but
chiefly distinguished by the open-campanulate fls. and
4-awned anthers.
Zenobia is a low bush with medium-sized short-
petioled leaves entire or nearly so and with handsome
white nodding flowers in clusters along the upper part
of last year's branches. It is hardy as far north as
Massachusetts, and a very handsome shrub for borders
of shrubberies, particularly when in bloom; the glau-
cous form is one of the most conspicuous shrubs with
light-colored foliage. After flowering, the flower-bear-
ing part of the shoots should be cut off. Zenobia is also
recommended for forcing. It thrives best in a sandy or
peaty soil. Propagation is by seeds and by layers;
also by cuttings of half-ripened wood in July placed
in gentle heat, or by greenwood cuttings from forced
plants. See, also, Andromeda and Pieris for culture.
pulverulenta, Pollard (Z. speciosa, Don. Androm-
eda pulverulenta, Bartram. A. speciosa, Michx. A.
glauca, Hort. A. Candida, Hort. A. deaVbata, Lindl.).
Figs. 4043, 4044. Shrub, 2-4 ft. high, with upright or
arching branches: quite glabrous: Ivs. oval to oblong,
obtuse or acutish, crenulate or finely serrulate, often
covered more or less with glaucous bloom, 1-2 in. long:
fls. on slender nodding pedicels, clustered and forming
racemes, 2-5 in. long; corolla white, J^in. across. May,
June. N. C. to Fla. B.M. 970. L.B.C. 6:551. Gn.
22, p. 271; 24:420; 57, p. 185; 75, p. 212. G.C. III. 23,
suppl. May 28. G. 5:299; 6:235; 11:475; 21:179;
28:663. R.B. 31:169. G.M. 31:218; 55:117. Gn.M.
20: suppl. June 20. Var. nftda, Rehd. (Z. cassinifolia,
Pollard. Andrdmeda cassinifolia, Vent. A. speciosa VSLT.
nitida, Michx. A. specibsa var. viridis, Hort.). Lvs.
green, without bloom. ALFRED REHDER.
ZEPHYRANTHES (Greek, flower of the west wind).
Syn. Atamosco. Amaryttiddceae. ZEPHYR FLOWER.
FAIRY LILY. Half-hardy tunicate-bulbous herbs, grown
in the greenhouse, in window-gardens, and in the gar-
den for summer- and autumn-blooming.
Leaves narrow, usually contemporary with the fls.:
peduncle elongated, slender, hollow; spathe membra-
nous, tubular, apex bifid: fls. white, red, or yellow, soli-
tary in the spathe; perianth funnel-shaped, erect or
slightly inclined, tube short or elongated, segms. sub-
equal; ovary 3-celled: caps, subglobose, loculicidally
3-valved. — About 53 species, natives of the warmer
regions of Amer. A general revision of Zephyranthes is
found in Baker's Handbook of the Amaryllideae, 1888,
where the following subgenera are made: Subgenus
ZEPHYRANTHES proper. Fl. erect; tube short; stamens
inserted near its throat. Subgenus ZEPHYRITES. Fl.
slightly inclined; tube short; stamens inserted near its
throat; style more declinate than in the other two sub-
genera. Subgenus PYROLIRION. Fls. erect; tube longer,
dilated in the upper half; stamens inserted at the middle
of the perianth-tube. For the further separation of the
species, Baker uses the characters which appear in the
key below, except the foliage-characters and the color
of the fls. However, the genus may be readily separated
into 3 sections based on the color of the fl., and this
arrangement is here used as being more convenient to
4044. Forced plant of Zenobia pulverulenta.
the horticulturist. The seasons of bloom indicated
herein are those for localities where the plants will
thrive outdoors the year round. For an account of
bigeneric hybrids of Zephyranthes and Cooperia, see
Lancaster, Journ. Roy. Hort. Soc. 38, p. 531.
The zephyr lilies must be wintered in a place free
from frost, and as the best kinds are natives of swampy
places it is fair to presume that they will need more
3542
ZEPHYRANTHES
ZEPHYRANTHES
moisture during the resting-period than the generality
of bulbous plants. The best four species are : Z. Candida
(Fig. 4045), white, autumn; Z. Atamasco, white, spring;
Z. carinata, rosy, summer; Z. rosea, autumn. All of
these will probably survive the winter out-of-doors in
the middle states if given a fair degree of protection.
Andersonii, 13.
Atamasco, 1.
aurea, 10, 15.
Candida, 12.
cardinalis, 14.
carinata, 5.
INDEX.
Conzattii, 6.
erubescens, 4.
grandi flora, 5.
Lindleyana, 7.
longifolia, 9.
major, 12.
rosea, 8.
striata, 11.
texana, 10.
Treatise, 2.
tubispatha, 3.
verecunda, 11.
KEY TO THE SPECIES.
A. Stamens inserted near the throat of the
perianth-tube.
B. Fl. erect. (Subgenus Zephyranthes
proper.)
c. Stigma trifid.
D. Ovary stalked.
E. Perianth white, often tinged
with rose outside.
F. Length of perianth about 3
in.
G. Lvs. channeled, bright
green, shining, with
acute margins 1.
GG. Lvs. thick, semi-terete,
deep green, not shi-
ning, with rounded
margins 2.
FF. Length of perianth about
lYz-2 in.
G. Neck of bulb short 3.
GG. Neck of bulb about 1 in.
long 4.
EE. Perianth rose-colored or crim-
son-purple.
T. The perianth 2Yz~3 in.
long.
G. Spathe lYy-% in- long:
pedicel shorter than the
spathe 5.
GG. Spathe 1 in. or slightly
more long: pedicel usu-
ally longer than the
spathe 6.
FF. The perianth 1—2 in. long.
G. Pedicel about as long as
the spathe: spathe 1-
1 Y± in. long 7.
GG. Pedicel much longer than
the spathe: spathe Y%~
%in. long 8.
EEE. Perianth yellow, often reddish
outside.
F. Spathe much longer than the
pedicel 9.
FF. Spathe much shorter than
the pedicel 10.
DD. Ovary sessile 11.
cc. Stigma capitate, faintly S-lobed. . . . 12.
BB. Fls. somewhat inclined; style decli-
nate. (Subgenus Zephyrites.)
c. Perianth yellow inside, coppery
red outside 13.
cc. Perianth cardinal-red inside and
out 14.
AA. Stamens inserted at the middle of the
perianth-tube. (Subgenus Pyroli-
rion.) . . 15.
Atamasco
Treatise
tubispatha
erubescens
carinata
Conzattii
Lindleyana
longifolia
texana
verecunda
Candida
Andersonii
cardinalis
aurea
Subgenus ZEPHYRANTHES Proper.
1. Atamisco, Herb. (Amaryllis Atamasco, Linn.).
ATAMASCO LILY. Fig. 4046. Most popular and largest
of the spring-blooming white-fld. species; the common-
est zephyr lily native to the U. S.: bulb short-necked,
less than 1 in. thick: Ivs. 4-6, linear: scape 6-12 in.
high: fls. pure white, about 3 in. long. March- June.
Va. to Fla. and Ala. B.M. 239. L.B.C. 19:1899. Gn.
24, p. 199:37, p. 155. J.H. III. 63:379.
2. Treatise, Wats. Closely allied to Z. Atamasco and
best distinguished by the Ivsi as indicated in the key:
perianth-segms. sometimes keeled with rose, but in
both species the fls. turn pinkish with age. It is a Fla.
species, found in damper localities and blooming several
weeks later than Z. Atamasco. V. 6:299. Gn. 33, p. 11.
G. 10:603. J.H. III. 53:273.
3. tubispatha, Herb. Bulb globose, 1 in. diam.: Ivs.
narrow-linear, flaccid, bright green, sometimes 1 ft.
long: peduncle slender, 6 in. long; spathe 1-1 Yi in.
long, slit at the tip only: perianth 13^-2 in. long, white,
slightly tinged with green, never with red, tube scarcely
any, segms. obovate. W. Indies, Venezuela, and
Colombia.
4. erubescens, Wats. (Amaryllis erubescens, Hors-
ford). Rare white-fld. August-blooming species sup-
posed to be native to sandy plains of Texas, but per-
haps from N. Mex.: distinguished from the 2 preced-
ing species by the larger, longer-necked bulb, shorter
perianth, and fls. strongly tinged with rose outside:
bulb over 1 in. thick; neck as long: spathe bifid above:
tube equaling and closely embracing the pedicel (about
1 in. long). — Intro, by Horsford 1889 and probably lost
to cult.
5. carinata, Herb. (Z. grandiflpra, Lindl.). Largest
and choicest of the rosy-fld. species and said by Baker
(1888) to be the commonest zephyranthes in cult.;
however, the name Z. rosea is far commoner in Ameri-
can catalogues: a summer-blooming species with fls.
2^2-4:^2 in. across, and about 3 in. long: bulb 1 in. thick,
short-necked: ovary stalked: stigma trifid. Jamaica,
4045. Zephyranthes Candida. ( X W
Cuba, Mex., Guatemala. B.R. 902. Gn. 33:10 (erro-
neously as Z. Atamasco). I.H. 35:49. J.H. III. 29:
339. G. 21:276; 34:341.
6. Conzattii, Greenm. Bulb globose, about 1 in,
diam. : Ivs. produced after the fls. : peduncle 6-9 in. high,
slender; spathes about 1 in. long: perianth (dried) rose-
colored or crimson-purple, tube short, segms. oblanceo-
late, style declinate. Mex.
7. Lindleyana, Herb. Rare summer-blooming rose-
colored species from the mountains of Mex., inferior
to Z. carinata for general cult.: bulb globose, 54 in.
ZEPHYRANTHES
ZINGIBER
3543
thick; nerk short: fls. 1^2 in. long; ovary stalked;
stigma 3-fid; spathe 3-fid only at tip.
8. rdsea, Lindl. Autumn-blooming rosy-fld. species,
with much smaller fls. than Z. carinata but, according
to American catalogues, the most popular rosy-fld.
species: fls. only about 1 in. long and 1^ in. broad:
bulb globose, %in. thick; neck scarcely any: spathe
2-fid at tip only: ovary stalked: stigma 3-fid. Oct.
4046. Zephyranthes Candida above and one Z. Atamasco below.
Cuba. B.M.2537. B.R. 821. Gn. 12:88— Trade plants
of Z. rosea should be compared with Z. carinata.
9. longifdlia, Hemsl. Summer-blooming, yellow-fld.
species, distinguished from the next by characters of
pedicel and spathe: bulb ovoid; neck 1^-2 in. long:
spathe tubular in the lower half: pedicel much shorter
than spathe: fls. yellow, coppery outside, %-l in. long.
New Mex. — Intro. 1889, and probably lost to cult.
10. texana, Herb. Yellow-fld. Texan species: bulb
globose; neck 1-1 H in. long: spathe bifid only at the
tip: pedicel much longer than the spathe: fls. yellow,
coppery outside, 1 in. long, 1J^ in. across. B.M. 3596
(as Habranthus Andersoni var. texanus). Var. aurea,
Hort., with bright yellow fls., is offered in the trade.
11. verecunda, Herb. (Z. striata, Herb.). Rarespring-
and summer-blooming species, distinguished from other
white-fld. species cult, by the sessile ovary and long-
necked bulb: bulb 1 in. or less thick; neck 1-2 in. long:
fls. 1^-2 in. long, greenish white, more or less tinged
outside or keeled with rose. Highlands of Cent. Mex.
B.M. 2583; 2593.— Offered by Dutch dealers.
12. Candida, Herb. Figs. 4045, 4046. Most popular of
white-fld. zephyr lilies, being distinguished from the
others by its autumn-blooming habit and capitate
stigma: Ivs. appearing in autumn with the fls. and last-
ing through the winter in favored localities, over 1 ft.
long: fls. pure white or slightly tinged rose outside,
\Yr-1 in. long. Marshes of La Plata. Gn. 37:154; 59,
p. 115; 76, p. 551. B.M. 2607. B.R. 724. L.B.C.15:1419.
J.H. III. 43:232. Var. mijor, Hort., has fls. 4 in. long,
borne on long stout sts. Uruguay.
Subgenus ZEPHTRITES.
13. Andersonii, Baker. Yellow-fld. S. American spe-
cies of uncertain blooming-time: fls. usually flushed and
veined with red outside and there is a variety with
copper-colored fls., inside and out: bulb ovoid, short-
necked: fls. 1-1 J^ in. long, 2 in. across. Montevideo,
Buenos Ayres. L.B.C. 17:1677 and B.R. 1345 (both
as Habranthus Andersoni). — Apparently the only repre-
sentative in cult, of its subgenus, which is characterized
by strongly declinate stamens.
14. cardmalis, C. H. Wright. Lvs. ligulate, acumi-
nate, about 6 in. long, above shining green, slightly
canaliculate, below keeled: scape cylindrical, rose below,
green above; spathe rose: perianth cardinal-red, tube
funnel-shaped about 1 in. long, green, segms. broadly
oblong-oblanceolate, subobtuse. Amer. B.M. 8553.
Subgenus PYKOLIRION.
15. aurea, Baker. Bulb globose, 1H in. diam.: Ivs.
about 5, linear, 1 ft. long, ^in. broad: peduncle 6-12
in. long: spathe membranous, 1% in. long, cylindrical
below: perianth-limb erect, bright yellow, tube funnel-
shaped, suddenly dilated at the middle, segms. acute,
l^x^iin. Peru. G.C. III. 43:405. G. 34:35. G.M.
54:937. Gn. 72, p. 326.
Z. dlba, Hort., with pure white fls. is offered in the trade. — Z.
floribunda, Hort., is a trade name. — Z. sulphured, Hort., is offered in
thetrade- WILHELM MILLER.
F. TRACY HuBBARD.f
ZfCHYA: Kennedya.
ZINGIBER (name ultimately derived from a Sanskrit
word meaning horn-shaped; probably referring to the
ginger root). Zingiberacex. GINGER. Perennial herbs
sometimes grown as warmhouse plants, and also for
summer bedding in the southern United States for
their decorative value; source of ginger.
Rhizomes horizontal, tuberous: sts. leafy, the flower-
ing and sterile differing: Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, clasping
the st. by their long sheaths: infl. thyrsoid-spike-like,
dense cone-like or rather long, terminal or lateral;
bracts usually 1-fld.: calyx cylindrical, shortly 3-lobed;
corolla-tube cylindrical, segms. lanceolate, upper con-
cave; later staminodes none or adnate to the obovate-
cuneate lip; anther-cells contiguous, crest narrow, as
long as the cells; ovary 3-celled, ovules many, super-
posed: caps, oblong, finally dehiscing. — About 70
species, natives of the tropics of the Old World.
Monographed by K. Schumann in Engler's Pflanzen-
reich, hft. 20 (IV. 46). It is said by gardeners that in
Zingiber the leaves tend to roll up or inward and in
Hedychium downward.
The ginger plant is a small reed-like plant 2 feet or
more high, as cultivated in greenhouses, with tuberous
rhizomes, aromatic leaves and dense cone-like clusters
of bracts. The flowers, however, are very rarely pro-
duced in cultivation, and Roxburgh wrote that he never
saw the seeds. The plant is supposed to be native to
India and China, but, like many other tropical plants
of economic importance, its exact nativity is uncer-
tain. Some idea of the importance of ginger to the
world may be gained by the fact that as- early as
1884 Great Britain imported 5,600,000 pounds valued at
$620,000. Medicinal ginger is prepared from the dried
"root;" condimental ginger from the green. Candied
ginger is made from carefully selected succulent young
rhizomes which are washed and peeled and then pre-
served in jars of sirup. Housewives often preserve
their own ginger; it is important to have the hands pro-
tected while scraping the roots or they will "burn" for
days. Ginger probably could be cultivated commercially
in southern Florida and California. In Florida it
thrives in rich soil and partial shade, and the roots can
be dug and used at any time. The plant is cultivated
commercially even in localities where it is necessary to
lift the roots and store them over the cool season, as in
the lower Himalayas. In the West Indies ginger may be
cultivated up to an altitude of 3,500 feet.
Zingibers are occasionally cultivated as warmhouse
3544
ZINGIBER
ZINNIA
4047. Commercial roots of
ginger, as seen in the stores.
CXH)
decorative plants. The shoots having a reed-like
appearance, they may often be used tc good advantage
in arranging plants for artistic effects. They are of the
easiest culture. Propagation is effected by division of
the rhizomes in spring. These should be potted in
fibrous loam to which a third of well-decomposed cow-
or sheep-manure has been added. Water should be
given sparingly until the
shoots have well developed,
when they should have an
abundance. They are also
benefited by an occasional
watering with weak liquid
manure water. Toward the
end of summer the shoots will
begin to mature, when the
water-supply should be dimin-
ished, and as soon as the
plants are ripened off the pots
may be stored either under
the greenhouse stages or in
some other convenient place,
where they should be kept
almost dry for the winter.
A. Margins of Ivs. colored
creamy white or often pink.
Dfirceyi, Hort. ; also spelled
d'Arceyi and d'Arcyi. About
2-3 ft. high: Ivs. lanceolate,
6-8 x 2-2 2^> in., bright shining
green with a broad creamy
white or often pink margin
and oblique stripes of the
same color: fls. deep red, ball-
like. — Intro, into Fla. This
species is not treated by
Schumann and is probably of horticultural origin.
AA. Margins of Ivs. not colored.
B. Leafy st. different from the flowering st.: spike from
the rhizome.
Mioga, Roscoe. About 3 ft. high: Ivs. moderately or
shortly petioled, linear-lanceolate or nearly linear,
attenuate-acuminate and caudate at base, both sur-
faces glabrous, 10-15 x 1-2^ in-, membranaceous:
spike ellipsoidal, 2-3 J^ in. long: fls. white; calyx tubular,
acuminate; corolla-lobes lanceolate or oblong-lanceo-
late, lip obovate, entire, basal-lobes yellow; ovary
silky: caps, somewhat ovoid, 3-valyed. Japan. B.M.
8570. — It is said to be still a saying in Japan that
those who eat this plant forget everything, although
no one has yet demonstrated it.
BB. Leafy st. not differing from the flowering st.: spike
terminal.
c. Bracts green, often pale^margined, rotundate.
D. Lvs. grass-like, scarcely %in. broad: lip purple,
yellow-spotted.
officinale, Rosc9e. GINGER. Fig. 4047. Sts. normally
more than 3 ft. high from a tuberous rhizome: Ivs. ses-
sile, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, attenuate-acumi-
nate at base, up to 8 in. long and scarcely %in. broad:
spikes ellipsoidal, obtuse, dense, 2 in. long; bracts ovate,
pale green, margins often yellow: calyx crenate; corolla
yellowish green, lobes lanceolate, acute, lip oblong-
ovate, purple, yellow-spotted, lateral lobes ovate, acute.
Native of Trop. Asia, but cult, throughout the tropics
and intro. into S. Fla. Gn. 26, p. 284.
DD. Lvs. lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate: lip yettow.
Zerumbet, Roscoe. Sts. 12-20 in. high, stout, from a
tuberous rhizome : Ivs. densely aggregated, oblong-lan-
ceolate, acuminate, base acute, both surfaces glabrous
or scattered pilose beneath, 3^-6x2-2% in.: spike
subglobose, dense, 2-3 H in. long; bracts obtuse, pale
green, margins pubescent (sometimes, at least when
older, red): calyx spathe-like, white; corolla-tube slen-
der, lobes lanceolate, white, lip short, broadly suborbi-
cular or subovate, pale yellow, tinted orange in the
center (sometimes red-spotted), lateral lobes short,
rotundate. India and Malaya. B.M. 2000.
cc. Bracts red or at the beginning reddish green, later
becoming obscurely red or rose, commonly acute.
D. Spike elongated cylindrical, 8 in. or more long, apex
obtuse.
spectabile, Griff. Leafy sts. 6 ft. or more high, robust:
Ivs. subsessUe, oblong-lanceolate, acuminate at base,
obscurely green above, paler pubescent beneath, 8-12
x 33^ in.: spike 8-12 in. long, a little over 2 in. diam.,
laxly cylindrical, apex rounded; bracts yellow, finally
scarlet, apex obtuse : corolla yellowish white, dorsal lobe
deep concave, broad, anterior narrower, linear-lanceo-
late, lip obovate, emarginate, 2-lobed, lemon-yellow,
apex almost black, lateral lobes half as long as midlobe,
ovate. Malay Penins. B.M. 7967.
DD. Spike 4 in. or less long, elongated, narrow-fusiform,
apex acute.
cylindricum, Moon. Leafy sts. 6 ft. or more high: Ivs.
sessile, oblong-lanceolate or lanceolate, attenuate-
acuminate; base acute, glabrous above, puberulent
beneath, up to 8 x 2 Yi in. : spike 3J^ in. long, cylindrical,
narrowed at both ends, dense, bracts lower obtuse,
upper acute, pale or reddish; corolla-lobes lanceolate,
greenish, subequal, greenish, lip yellowish white, lateral
lobes small, obtuse. Ceylon.
Z. cordllinum, Hance. Leafy sts. differing from the flowering,
almost 3 ft. high: Ivs. sessile, linear-lanceolate, glabrous above,
pilose beneath, 12x 2}^ in.: spike oblong, obtuse, 7 in. long, bracts
ovate, scarlet: corolla-lobes red, oblong, acuminate; lip obovate,
lateral lobes inconspicuous. China. — Once offered in Fla.
F. TRACY HUBBARD.!
ZINNIA (Johann Gottfried Zinn, 1727-1759, pro-
fessor of medicine at Gottingen). Syn. Crasslna. Com-
posite. YOUTH- AND-OLD- AGE. Popular flower-garden
subjects for summer and autumn bloom, mostly annual
or treated as such.
Annual, perennial, and subshrubby plants, mostly
Mexican but ranging from Texas and even Colo,
to Chile, probably
16-20 species: Ivs.
opposite, mostly
entire : heads termi-
nal, of fls. which are
peduncled or sessile:
rays pistillate, fertile,
disk yellow or purple,
its fls. hermaphro-
dite, fertile; involucre
ovate - cylindric or
campanulate, the
scales in 3 to many
series, broad, obtuse
or rounded, more or
less colored: achenes
laterally compressed,
2-toothed at the sum-
mit and frequently
1 - awned from the
inner angle, rarely 2-
awned. See the bo-
tanical revision by
Robinson & Green-
man in Proc. Amer.
Acad. Arts&Sci. 32:
14 (1897). Illus-
trated historical
sketch in Gn. 48, pp.
464, 465.
The familiar zin-
nias (Figs. 4048-4050) 4048. Single zinnia.— Z. elegans.
ZINNIA
ZINNIA
3545
are hardy plants, growing a foot or more high and covered
from July until the first hard frost with double flowers 2
inches or more across. Several well-marked colors are
commonly seen in zinnias — white, sulfur, yellow, golden
yellow, orange, scarlet-orange, scarlet, flesh-color, hlac,
rose, magenta, crimson, violet, purple, and dark purple.
There are also variegated forms, but the solid colors are
most popular. The zinnia is rich in shades of purple and
orange, but lacks the blue and pink of the China aster
and is poor in reds compared with the dahlia. Three
forms or classes of the common zinnia (Z. elegans) may
be noted here:
I. Tall zinnias are ordinarily 20 to 30 inches high.
This size and the next smaller size are the favorites for
general purposes. The tall kinds are available in twelve
and more colors. A robust race, which attains 28 to 40
inches under perfect conditions, is sometimes known to
the trade as Z. elegans robusta grandiflora plenissima.
It is also known as the Giant or Mammoth strain. This
strain was developed after many years by Herr C.
Lorenz and was introduced in 1886. A maximum
diameter of 6 inches is recorded for flowers of this strain.
In G.C. II. 26:461 is shown a flower measuring 4 by 4
inches, with about eighteen series of rays, the latter
being so numerous and crowded that the flower is less
regular than the common type. A specimen zinnia plant
3 feet high is attained in the North only by starting the
seed early and giving perfect culture.
II. Medium-sized zinnias range from 12 to 20 inches
in height. They are available in several colors. Here
belong most of the forms known to trade catalogues
as Z. pumila, Z. nana, and Z. compacta.
III. Dwarf zinnias range from 3 to 12 inches in
height and are of two subtypes, the pompons and the
Tom Thumbs. The pompons, or "Liliputians," are
taller-growing and smaller-flowered, generally about 9
inches high, with a profusion of flowers about 2 inches
across. The Tom Thumb type represents the largest
possible flower on the smallest possible plant. _ Both
types are available in several colors, not all of which are
yet fixed in the seed.
Second in importance to Z. elegans is Z. Haageana.
The single form was introduced to cultivation about
1861 and the double about 1871. It is dwarfer
than most zinnias, and has smaller flowers, with a
color-range restricted to shades of orange. It is dis-
tinct and pretty but less showy than the common
zinnias. The first race of hybrids between Z.
Haageana and Z. elegans appeared in 1876 under
the name of Z. Daruinii. This group is said to
resemble Z. elegans in size and color of flowers and
to recede from Z. elegans in habit, being more
branched and forming a broader and thicker bush.
Zinnias are of the easiest culture, thriving in any
deep good soil, whether loamy or sandy. The seeds
may be sown about May 1, or whenever the soil is in
fit condition for hardy annuals. Such treatment will
give flowers from
the first of July
until frost. The
young plants should
be thinned so as to
stand 1 to 2 feet
apart, depending on
whether they are
of medium- or tall-
growing habit. By
midsummer the foli-
age should obscure
the ground. For the
very best results
the seed may be
started indoors
about April 1, and
the seedlings trans-
planted once or
twice before being
placed outdoors in
permanent quar-
ters. Dwarf varie-
ties should be set
14 to 16 inches
apart: taller kinds
2 feet each way.
Zinnias are essenti-
ally coarse plants,
but if the tall kinds
are massed heavily
in the borders or at 4049 Double zinnias— Z. elegans. (XH)
some distance they
produce striking and very acceptable effects. Their
colors are strong, and the stoutness of stems and foli-
age add to the composition.
A. Plant annual.
B. Achenes of the disk-fls. short arid broad, obovate, 2-2)$
lines long. '
c. Colors various: irs. clasping,
cordate-ovate or elliptic.
elegans, Jacq. YOUTH- AXD-OLD- AGE.
Figs. 4048^4050. Erect annual, a foot
or more high, but varying from 3 in.
ilKl
4050. Common garden zinnias, single and semi-double. — Z. elegans.
3546
ZINNIA
ZIZANIA
to 3 ft.: Ivs. ovate or elliptic, clasping, about 1 in.
wide: rays becoming reflexed, originally purple or lilac,
but now of nearly every color except blue and green;
disk originally yellow or orange, but nearly or quite
absent in the common double forms: fls. 2-5 in. across.
July to Oct. Mex. Single forms are pictured in B.M.
527. P.M. 1:223, B.R. 1294 (the last two as Z. violacea).
Double forms, F.S. 13:1394, R.H. 1861:251; 1864:331,
G. 4 : 138. Pompons in Gn. 48, p. 464 (Liliput) ; 30:270
(deceptive as to size), R.B. 20, p. 152. — The common
species from which most of the garden zinnias are
derived.
cc. Color orange: Ivs. sessile, narrower, lanceolate.
Haagejlna, Regel (Z. mexicana, Hort.). Fig. 4051.
Distinguished from Z. elegans by the orange-colored
fls., which are generally smaller; also the plant is
dwarfer, as a rule, and the Ivs. are merely sessile, not
clasping. Trop. Amer. Single forms, Gn. 30, p. 270;
48, p. 464. Double, Gn. 30, p. 271; 48, p. 464, G. 2:73.
. 1871, p. 229, A.G. 13:218. Var. stellata, Hort.
Florets twisted and acuminate, orange-yellow. — This
is considered by Robinson & Greenman as a horti-
cultural species not certainly distinguishable from Z.
angustifolia, in spite of its broader Ivs.
BB. Achenes longer, narrower, oblong, 3-4 lines long,
c. Color of rays yellow; disk yellow.
pauciflora, Linn. An erect annual: Ivs. lanceolate to
oblong-ovate, usually rough: heads yellow, about 1 in.
across, with rather broad, spreading, red, purple or
4051. Zinnia Haageana.
mostly yellow rays in cult, specimens: plant hirsute,
with spreading hairs; somewhat corymbosely branched
above: peduncles at maturity enlarged upward and
hollow. Mex., Peruvian Andes.
cc. Color of rays red
or purple.
D. Rays suberect or
scarcely spread-
ing; disk yellow.
multifldra, Linn.
This and the next
are included by most
writers in Z. panel-
flora, but Z. multiflora
may be distinguished
from Z. pauciflora by
the pubescence of the
st. being much finer,
appressed or rarely
spreading, and the
rays red or purple,
mostly narrow and
suberect or scarcely
spreading. B.M. 149.
DD. Rays revolute; disk
dark-colored.
tenuiflSra, J a c q .
Fig. 4052. Very dis-
tinct by reason of its
linear rays which are
cardinal-red in color,
becoming revolute.
It has a dainty fl.-
head about 1 in.
across hardly com-
parable with the
showy Z. elegans.
This species has been
cult, in Amer. but
seems to be no longer
advertised here. It is referred to Z. pauciflora by most
writers, and to Z. multiflora by Robinson & Greenman.
B.M. 555. A.G. 11:243.
AA. Plant perennial.
grandiflfira, Nutt. Hardy, low-growing, Colo, peren-
nial,, with woody root, erect, stiff, and very rough st.
having a shrubby base, linear Ivs., and sulfur-yellow
rays which are very broad, almost round in outline: Ivs.
less than 1 in. long and 3-nerved. Colo., New Mex,,'
A"2-' Mex- WILHELM MILLER.
ZIZANIA (an old Greek name of some wild grain).
Gramineae. Tall aquatic grasses with lush sts., long
blades, and large terminal panicles of monoecious fls.:
spikelets 1-fld., the pistillate upper portion of the pani-
cle narrow and appressed, the staminate lower portion
spreading; pistillate spikelets long-awned. — Species 3,
2 in N. Amer. and 1 in N. Asia.
palustris, Linn. (Z. aqudtica, of Auth., not Linn.)
INDIAN RICE. WATER OATS. WATER RICE. WILD
RICE. Fig. 4053. Annual: culms tall, as much as 9 ft.:
Ivs. broad and flat. — Recommended for borders of lakes
and ponds. The grain is excellent for fish and water-
fowl. Wild rice lakes and ponds are favorite resorts of
sportsmen in the fall. Before sowing, put the seed in
coarse cotton bags and sink them in water for 24 hours.
Sow in water from 6 in. to 5 ft. deep, with soft mud bot-
tom, or on low marshy places which are covered with
water the year round. In running water, sow as much
out of the current as possible. Sportsmen are not gen-
erally aware that seed can be obtained in large quan-
tities and at a reasonable price from seedsmen. Wild
rice is very desirable for aquatic gardens, being one of
4052. Zinnia tenuiflora. ( X %)
ZIZANIA
ZIZYPHUS
the handsomest of tall hardy grasses for the margins
of ponds. C.L.A. 16:40. G. 24:21. Gn. 71, p. 191. See
U. S. Dept. Agric. Bur. PI. Ind. Bull. No. 50, Wild
Rice: Its Uses and Propagation; also Recreation
32 : 149. A. S. HITCHCOCK.
ZIZIA (named for
I. B. Ziz, a Rhenish
botanist). Umbellif-
crse. Perennial herbs
of little horticultural
value, but offered by
some dealers in native
plants.
Leaves ternate or
ternately compound
or the basal un-
divided: fls. yellow,
in compound umbels,
the central fr. of each
umbellet sessile; in-
volucre none; invo-
lucels of several small
bracts ; calyx - teeth
prominent: fr. ovoid
or oblong, glabrous
or nearly so, ribs
filiform, not winged.
— Three species, N.
Amer.
A. Rays of umbels 9-
25, stout, ascending.
aurea, Koch.
GOLDEN ALEXAN-
DERS. Height 1-2 14
ft., glabrous and
branched: basal and
lower Ivs. 2- 3 -ter-
nately compound;
upper Ivs. ternate:
fr. oblong, 2x 1^
lines. April-June.
Fields, meadows, and
swamps, New Bruns.,
Sask. and S. D. to Fla. and Texas.— A weedy-looking
plant.
AA. Rays of umbels 2-12, slender, diverging.
Bebbii, Brit. Distinguished from Z. aurea by the
rays and by the fr., which is oval or broader, 1-1 J4
lines. May. Mountain woods, Va. and W. Va. to N. C.
and Ga. F. TRACY HtruBARD.t
ZIZYPHUS (from Zizouf, the Arabian name of Z.
Lotus). Rhamnacex. JCJCBE. Ornamental woody
plants grown chiefly for their handsome foliage, and
some species for their edible fruits.
Deciduous or evergreen shrubs or trees: Ivs. alternate,
short-pet ioled, 3-5-nerved from the base, serrate or
entire ; the stipules mostly transformed into spines, often
only one stipule spiny or one a straight and the other
a hooked spine: fls. 5-merous; ovary 2-4, usually 2-
loculed; style usually 2-parted: fr. a subglobose to
oblong drupe. — About 40 species distributed throughout
the tropical and subtropical regions of both hemispheres,
allied and very similar to Paliurus, but chiefly distin-
guished by the drupe-like fr. The fr. of Z. satim, Z.
Jujuba, and Z. Lotus are edible, and the first-named is
cult, in China.
The jujubes are slender-branched shrubs or small
trees with prickly branches, usually 2-ranked, small or
medium-sized generally oval or oblong leaves and with
small greenish or whitish flowers in axillary cymes fol-
lowed by drupe-like sometimes edible fruits. They are
not much cultivated in this country and none of the
species is hardy North ; the hardiest seems to be Z. saliva
4053. Zizania palustris.
but it is tender north of Washington, D. C. Most
kinds have- handsome foliage and are well adapted for
planting in shrubberies in the southern states and Cali-
fornia. They seem to thrive in any well-drained
soil. Propagation is by seeds, by greenwood cuttings
under glass and by root-cuttings.
Jujuba, Lam. Fig. 4054. Tree, 30-50 ft. high:
branches usually prickly; young branchlets, petioles and
infl. densely rusty tomentose: Ivs. broadly oval or ovate
to oblong, obtuse, sometimes emarginate, serrate or
entire, dark green and glabrous above, tawny or nearly
white-tomentose beneath, 1-3 in. long: fls. in short-
stalked many-fld. axillary cymes: fr. subglobose to
oblong, usually orange-red, j^-%in. long, on a stalk
nearly half its length. March— June. S. Asia, Afr.,
Austral. Gn. 13, p. 194. S.M. 3: 447.— Variable in shape
and color of the fr.; for figures of several varieties see
Hooker Jour. Bot. 1 (1834): 321. The jujube is some-
what planted in Fla. and Calif., although it yet has no
commercial rating as a fr .-plant. The frs. or berries
are ripe in Nov. and Dec., and the plant begins to bear
at 3 years from planting. The jujube fr. is used in con-
fectionery.
sativa, Gaertn. (Z. vulgaris, Lam.). COMMON JTJJUBE.
Shrub or small tree, attaining 30 ft., glabrous: prickly or
unarmed; the longer prickle up to IJ^ in. long: branch-
lets often fascicled, slender and having frequently the
appearance of pinnate Ivs. : Ivs. ovate to ovate-lanceo-
late, acute or obtuse, oblique at the base, sometimes
4054. Jnjnbe.— Zizyphns Jujuba. ( X nearly
3548
ZIZYPHUS
emarginate, serrulate, glabrous, %-2 in. long: fls. yel-
lowish, fascicled, in axillary cymes: fr. ovoid to oblong,
dark red or almost black, J^-^in. long, short-stalked.
March-June. S. Eu., S. and E. Asia; naturalized in
Ala. R.H. 1859:602, 603. F.E. 19:395 (pi. 96). Var.
inermis, Schneid. (Z. vulgaris var. inermis, Bunge).
Branches unarmed. A.G. 12 : 79.
Z. Girdldii, Sprenger. "A fine tree with a slender st. and compact
crown and black edible fr." N. China. This is probably not differ-
ent from Z. sativa, which occurs in N. China and has been collected
there by Giraldi according to his herbarium specimens. — Z. Joazeiro,
Mart. Lvs. broadly ovate, acutish, cordate at base, serrulate,
nearly glabrous, 2-3 in, long: cymes many-fld. : fr. cherry-like, yel-
low. Brazil. — Z. Ldtus, Lam. Prickly shrub, 3-^ ft. high: Ivs. ovate-
oblong, crenulate, glabrous: fls. in few-fid, axillary cymes: fr. sub-
globose, yellow. S. Eu., N. Afr.— Z. Mlstol, Griseb. Spiny tree, to
30 ft. : Ivs. short-petioled, coriaceous, oval, obtuse or retuse, sub-
cordate at base, minutely and sparingly serrulate, hoary pubes-
cent, about 1 in. long: fr. black, Hin. diam. Argejntina. — Z^num-
mularia, DC.=Z. rotundifolia. — Z. oxyph^tta, Edgew. Closely
related to Z. sativa. The slender prickle about Min. long: Ivs. ovate,
flavor. — Z. PalHirus, Willd.=Paliurus Spina-Christi. — Z. Pdrryi,
Torr. Belongs to the genus Condalia, which is easily distinguished
by not having spiny stipules but the branchlets transformed into
sfender thorns and by its entire, usually penni-nerved Ivs. C. Pdr-
ryi, Weberb., is a much-branched, glabrous thorny shrub, 4-15 ft.
high: Ivs. elliptic to qbovate, obtuse, cuneate at the base, M~Hin.
long: fls. slender-pedicelled, in sessile clusters: fr. ovoid, J^in. long.
S. Calif. This plant was once offered by a collector of native plants,
but it is probably not in the trade now. — Z. rotundiftilia, Lam.
Shrub, heavily armed: Ivs. ovate to orbicular, tomentose on both
surfaces: fr. globose, black, woody, about %in. diam. Persia east-
ward.— Z. rugdsa, Lam. Large evergreen shrub or small tree, some-
times of climbing habit, armed: Ivs. elliptic, glabrous above, 2-6 in.
long: fr. fleshy, 1 -seeded, obovoid or globose, J^-J^in. diam. Hima-
laya.— Z. Spina-Christi, Willd. Small prickly tree: Ivs. oval to
oblong, crenulate, glabrous or pubescent on the veins beneath: fls.
in axillary clusters; pedicels tomentose: fr. ovoid-globose, red. N.
Afr., W. Asia. This species is supposed by some to have furnished
Christ's crown of thorns; see also Paliurus Spina-Christi.
ALFRED REHDER.
Cultivation of the jujubes.
While several species of Zizyphus bear edible fruits,
Z. Jujuba is the only one of much importance in culti-
vation. As to its original country, preponderance of
evidence favors Syria, from whence it was carried to
Europe by Sextus Popinius toward the end of the reign
of Augustus Caesar, about the beginning of the Christian
era, and soon spread to all the countries bordering the
shores of the Mediterranean. It is a quite hardy tree
but its cultivation in Europe is confined to the warmer
parts of Italy, France, Spain, and Portugal, and in
Africa to the northern states of that continent. Its
first introduction into the United States seems to have
been by Robert Chisolm who brought trees from Eu-
rope in 1837 and planted them at Beaufort, North
Carolina. It was introduced to California and neigh-
boring states from southern France by the writer in
1876. The original trees of this importation are still
growing in Sonoma Valley and have reached a height
of 25 feet and a diameter of trunk of 8 to 10 inches,
and are annually bearing abundant crops of fruit.
The tree is of drooping habit, the branches, espe-
cially in autumn, bending down with the burden of
fruit. Its delicate light green foliage renders it very
ornamental, while its reddish brown shining fruit, the
size and shape of a small olive, adds to its beauty in
autumn. The fruit is dry and wrinkled when fully
ripe and has a subacid flavor which is pleasing to most
persons. In southern Europe it is used to a considerable
extent as a table dessert and in winter as a dry sweet-
meat. It is regarded as a valuable pectoral and is
esteemed for throat troubles in the form of pastes,
tablets, sirup, and the like.
The tree has been extensively cultivated in northern
China for thousands of years and hundreds of varie-
ties have been developed. Frank N. Meyer, an ex-
plorer sent out by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant
Introduction of the United States Department of
Agriculture, has introduced many of the best varie-
ties, most of which are now fruiting at the Depart-
ment experiment station, and are being distributed in
the least frosty sections of the country. The fruits of
the Chinese varieties are much larger than those
grown in Europe, but are somewhat inferior in flavor.
In China orchards of hundreds of acres in extent were
observed by Meyer in the vicinity of the cities. One
variety has recently borne at the Introduction Garden
at Chico, California, the fruit of which is as large as an
average hen's egg. Meyer says there are 300 or 400
varieties in cultivation by the Chinese. Some types are
spherical and brown in color, others elongated and
light mahogany-brown. Some sorts are eaten fresh
and others are dried and keep indefinitely. The largest
varieties when processed with sugar and honey make a
delicious sweetmeat, comparable to a good quality of
Persian dates. The Chinese shops in this country
carry stocks of the dried and processed fruits which
are much appreciated, not only by the Chinese, but
by Europeans. Most of the varieties are armed with
sharp stipular thorns, though occasionally thornless
and seedless sorts have been produced.
Besides Zizyphus Jujuba, which produces the best
fruits, other species are useful in various ways. Z.
Joazeiro of Brazil, according to Dorsett, Popenoe, and
Shamel, is a beautiful dense umbrageous tree produ-
cing enormous crops of fruit which is greedily eaten by
sheep, cattle, horses, and swine, and has the advan-
tage of thriving in very arid regions. Z. Lotus grows
about the shores of the Mediterranean, the fruit of
which, though inferior to Z. Jujuba, is eaten by the
people of its native country. Z. rotundifolia (Z. num-
mularia) is a thorny shrub native of northwestern
India where it is much used as a garden hedge. The
fruit is small, but of pleasant subacid flavor. Z.
rugosa, with an edible drupe, is hardier than the last,
ascending in Burma to 4,000 feet. Z. sativa is a small
or medium tree of Syria and northern India, ascending
the Himalayas to 6,500 feet, therefore quite hardy. Its
fruit is the size of a large olive, acid, but used for pastes
and pectoral lozenges. Z. Spina-Christi is a bush
used for hedges, so named from a notion that the crown
of thorns was fashioned from the twigs. Z. Mistol is a
small tree of Argentina with edible fruit with large
stones.
The common jujube thrives in nearly all parts of
the southwestern states and California and on all
kinds of soil, except heavy clay and in wet locations,
and requires little irrigation. The trees are planted
15 to 20 feet apart and are given the usual orchard
cultivation. On account of their beauty the trees are
often planted in dooryards. Propagation is by seeds or
offsets. The seeds are very hard and are often cracked
before planting, otherwise they will be one or even two
years in germinating. Seedlings have been known to
blossom at one year, but four years is more usual. As
established trees send up abundant sprouts, the usual
method of propagation is by this means.
The trees are regular bearers and the crop is never
cut off by spring frosts, as they do not blossom until
June in the valleys of California. The fruit of most
varieties ripens in October and November and if
desired for consumption fresh is -gathered when show-
ing the characteristic reddish brown or mahogany
color, but if to be dried it is left on the tree until it
assumes a darker shade and the skin is wrinkled. In
this condition, after a short exposure to the sun the
fruit will keep a year or longer. For preserving in
sirup or glaceing, the unwrinkled fruit, being slightly
more acid, is preferred.
The jujube is well worth the attention of fruit-growers
and when produced in sufficient quantities will find an
active demand from citizens from the south of Europe.
It will appeal to all when fresh from the tree when prop-
erly processed, and for its medicinal virtues when simply
dried or made into pastes or tablets. Q. p. RIXFORD.
CXX. Zinnia, Giant Yellow and Scarlet.
ZOYSIA
ZYGOCACTUS
3549
ZOYSIA (after Karl yon Zoys, an Austrian botanist).
Gramineas. Low creeping maritime perennials, some-
times used for lawns and putting-greens. Propagated
by cuttings of the rhizomes.
Flowers in a close spike-like panicle; spikelets closely
appressed, 1-fld., awnless, the single glume coriaceous,
acute, compressed, inclosing the lemma and palea. —
Species 4. S. E. Asia and Australasia.
japonica, Steud. KOREAN LAWN-GRASS. PALM-
BEACH GRASS. Somewhat coarser than Z. MatreUa,
the blades as much as Hm- wide, the panicles about 1
in. long, often purplish. A native of Japan and China;
intro. many years ago from Korea; now grown in Fla.
and is hardy as far north as Conn. Recommended for
use on sandy soil from N. C. to Fla. Dept. Agric., Div.
Agrost. 20:29.
Matrella, Merr. (Z. pungens, Willd. Osterdamia
Malrella, Kuntze). MANILLA GRASS. Sts. creeping,
throwing up numerous short leafy shoots and flowering
sts. : Ivs. crowded, firm, 1-3 in. long, ending in a sharp
hard point; spikes 1-2 in. long; spikelets Jiin. long,
smooth and hard. A native of S. E. Asia, E. Indies. —
Grown in Fla. and along the Gulf Coast.
tenuifolia, Willd. MASCAREXE GRASS. VELVET-
GRASS. Lvs. thread-like, finer than in the other species.
Forms a beautiful turf resembling that of red fescue.
Native of the Mascarene Isls. Intro, into the U. S. from
Guam in 1912. Used in Calif, where it is called velvet-
grass, and along the Gulf Coast.
The name velvet-grass describes it very aptly as
it looks like dark green velvet. It grows so thickly that
it will smother out any other plant, even Bermuda- or
"devil' '-grass. Even if frozen off it will come up from
roots. It needs little water, no cutting, will run out all
other plants, will not become a pest as it sets no seeds
in California, and is lovely in appearance. It is so fine
that it may be pulled info thousands of pieces to the
square foot and every little piece will grow, so that a
small quantity will plant a large area. (Ernest
Braunton.) A. S. HITCHCOCK.
ZYGADENUS (Greek, yoke and gland, some of the
species having two glands in the base of the perianth).
Liliaces. Smooth and somewhat glaucous perennials
with non-bulbous rhizomes or with tunicate bulbs; some
of the species are grown in pots, others in the open; inter-
esting plants of secondary importance horticulturally.
Leaves radical or gathered at the base of the St., long-
linear, those of the st. small and few: raceme terminal,
simple or paniculately branched: fls. perfect or polyg-
amous, white, yellowish or greenish; perianth withering-
persistent, spreading, the petal-like oblong or ovate
sepals 1-2 glandular near the more or less narrowed but
not clawed base; stamens 6, free: caps. 3-celled in fr.,
the cells separate at the top or for their entire length. —
About 25 species have been described, one of which is
Siberian, one Japanese, and the remainder from N.
Amer. including Mex. The species of Zygadenus are
little known in cult. They are sometimes recom-
mended for the wild-garden, where they thrive in wet
or boggy places. Increased by division; also rarely by
seeds. Some or all of the species have poisonous seeds,
bulbs, rhizomes, and foliage, being known as "death
camas" (see Bull. No. 125, Professional Paper, U. S.
Dept. Agric., May 13, 1915). Monographed by Wat-
son. Proc. Amer. Acad. Arts & Sci. 14:278 (1879), so
far as American species were then concerned.
A. Sts. from a creeping rootstock.
glaberrimus, Michx. Sts. 1-3 ft. high: Ivs. grass-like,
channeled, conspicuously nerved, elongated, tapering
to a point: panicle pyramidal, many-fld. : fls. perfect;
sepals ovate, becoming lance-ovate with a short claw.
Va. to Fla. and Ala. B.M. 1703 (as Helonias bracteata).
L.B.C. 1330. G.W. 6, p. 269.
AA. Sts. from a more or less bulbous base.
B. Locales of the caps, dehiscing to the base: stamens free
from perianth-segms.: glands usually 1 or 2 in
the base of the perianth. (Zygadenus proper.)
C. Glands large, covering nearly the whole base of the
perianth-segms.: bulb tunicated.
D. Fls. usually perfect, rather large.
elegans, Pursh (Z. glaucus, Nutt. Helonias glaber-
rima, Ker. Antidea elegans, Rydb.). Three feet or less
tall, the Ivs. J^in. or less broad and very glaucous:
bracts purplish: fls. greenish, in simple or sparingly
branched racemes, the segms. broad and less than Y^n.
long, coherent to the ovary, the fl. opening about J^in.
across. Across the continent from New Bruns. and
south to New Mex. B.M. 1680. B.R. 24:67.
Fremontii, Torr. Lvs. an inch or less broad, less
glaucous than the above: bracts green: fls. usually
larger, rotate, the segms. free from the ovary. Calif,
from San Diego north, in the Coast Range.— -One of the
"soap plants." Said to be the best of the genus for cult.
Nuttallii, Gray (Toxicoscordion Nutiallii, Rydb.).
Lvs. from J4~Min. wide, scarcely glaucous, light green:
bracts scarious: fls. %va.. across, in a simple or branched
raceme, the segms. free from the ovary. Kans. to Colo,
and Texas.
DD. Fls. polygamous, small.
venenosus, Wats. Slender, 2 ft. or less tall: Ivs. very
narrow (Mm- or less), scabrous, not glaucous, the st.-
Ivs. not sheathing: bracts narrow, scarious: fls. in a
short simple raceme, the perianth free from the ovary,
the segms. J4m- or less long, triangular-ovate to ellip-
tic, short-clawed. Calif. — Bulb poisonous.
paniculatus, Wats. Usually stouter, the Ivs. broader
and sheathing: raceme compound: perianth-segms.
deltoid, acute, short-clawed. Sask. to Calif. — Bulb
poisonous.
cc. Glands very obscure: bulb somewhat fibrous, narrow.
leimanthoides, Gray (Oceanorus leimanthoides, Small).
St. slender and leafy, 4 ft. or less tall: Ivs.^in. or less
wide, green on both sides: racemes panicled: fls. about
J^in. across, the segms. oblong, not clawed. N. Y. to Ga.
BB. Locules dehiscing only above middle: stamens inserted
on perianth-segms.: glands none: bulbous. (Amian-
thium; preferably retained as distinct genus.)
muscaetoxicus, Regel (Helonias Iseta, Ker. Amidn-
thium muscaetdxicum, Gray. Chrosperma muscaetdxi-
cum, Kuntze). FLY-POISON. Slender, 4 ft. or less tall:
Ivs. rather short, the basal ones varying from %in. to
over 1 in. broad, not glaucous: racemes simple: fls.
about Hm- across, the segms. ovate-oblong and obtuse.
N. Y. to Fla. and Ark. B.M. 803; 1540. L.B.C. 10:998.
Gn. 57, p. 160. — Bulb and herbage poisonous. A fly-
poison has been made from the bulb. L. H B
ZYGOCACTUS (cactus with zygomorphic flowers).
Epiphyttum of horticulturists. Coctaceas. CRAB-CAC-
TUS. This genus is confined to Brazil, so far as known,
where the plants grow as epiphytes upon the trees,
along with orchids, growing in large clusters on the
branches: sts. flat and jointed, becoming rounded with
age, bearing areoles only on the margins and more
or less truncated ends, from which grow the new
branches and the conspicuously zygomorphic fls. ; ovary
devoid of bracts, and those of the tube comparatively
large and colored as the petals. The genus is allied to
Epiphyllum (Phyllocactus), with which it was at first
united; but it is still more closely connected with
Schlumbergera. In cult, many forms have been pro-
duced through hybridization between the different spe-
cies and with Epiphyllum and the allies of Cereus, so
that typical plants are rarely met with.
3550
ZYGOCACTUS
ZYGOPETALUM
4055. Zygocactus truncatus. ( X h)
truncatus, Schum. (Epiphyllum trunc&tum, Haw.).
CRAB CACTUS. CHRISTMAS CACTUS. Fig. 4055. Sts.
much branched and hanging in large bunches from the
trees; joints obovate to oblong, with strongly truncate
apex, l%-2 in. long by about %-l in. broad, bright
green, margins 'coarsely serrate, with 1-3 large, acute
teeth on each
side, the 2 upper
ones forming
more or less in-
curved horns on
either side_ of
the truncation :
areoles bearing
a few short yel-
lowish or dark-
colored bristles,
or sometimes
none: fls. hori-
zontal, growing
from the trun-
cated end of the
younger joints,
strongly irreg-
ular, 2 J4-3M in.
long, hi various
shades of red:
fr. pear-shaped,
red, about %in.
diam. Brazil.
B.M. 2562, G.C. III. 19:9.— Most of the forms in cult,
are hybrids between this species and some other of the
genus or with allies of Cereus. A common basket- and
rafter-plant.
For Epiphyttum Russettianum and E. Gsertneri, see Schlum-
bergera. J. N. ROSE.
ZYGOCOLAX (compounded from Colax and Zygo-
petalum). Orchidacese. Hybrids between the genera
Colax and Zygopetalum. Z. Amesianus, Hort. (Z.
brachypetalum x C. jugosus). Fls. larger than the
latter parent; sepals and petals clear green, heavily
marked with dark purple; midlobe of Up heart-shaped,
white, with interrupted radiating lines of violet-blue. —
Z. Chdrksworthii, Hort. (Z. Perrenoudii x C. jugosus).
Fls. dark green; sepals and petals closely marked with
purplish chocolate; lip violet with a white margin. —
Z. leopardinus (Z. maxillare x C. jugosus). Fls. about
2 in. across; sepals and petals whitish, spotted and
marked with brown-purple; lip 3-lobed, side lobes
indigo-blue, midlobe same color but mottled with
white. — Z. Vdtchii, Rolfe (Z. crinitum x C. jugosus).
Fls. about 3 in. across; sepals and petals light yellow-
green, spotted and blotched with brown-purple; lip
whitish with radiating lines of violet-purple. B.M.
7980. Gn.W. 20:89. J.H. III. 57:243.— Z. Wigani-
anus, Hort. (Z. intermedium x C. jugosus). Similar
to the former in habit: fls. slightly larger; sepals and
petals pale green, barred with light brown; lip white
with violet lines. G.M. 43:121. Var. superbus, Hort.,
has sepals and petals broad and rounded at the tips,
heavily barred and marbled with very dark purple;
lip flattish, extending horizontally, white heavily
marked with violet. G.C. III. 31:156. G.M. 45:142.
— Z. woodlandense, Hort. (Z. maxillare var. Gautieri
x C. jugosus). F. TRACY HUBBARD.
ZYGONISIA (compounded from Aganisia and
Zygopetalum) . Orchidaceae. Hybrids between the
genera Aganisia and Zygopetalum. Z. Rolfeana,
Hort. (Z. maxillare var. Gautieri x A. lepida). In
general appearance like the latter parent; its fls.
cream-white, blotched with violet. G.C. III. 32:30.
F.S.R. 3:176.— Z. Sdnderi, Hort. (A. lepida x Z. sp.),
has cream-white fls. heavily blotched with violet. —
These hybrids are not much known.
ZYGOPETALUM (name referring to the united
flower parts). Orchidacese. Mostly epiphytic orchids
of easy culture.
Plants with numerous distichous Ivs. sheathing a
short st. which usually becomes thickened into a
pseudobulb : Ivs. membranaceous, venose or plicate : fls.
solitary or in racemes, showy; sepals and petals nearly
alike in form and color, often united to each other at the
base, the lateral sepals forming a mentum with the foot
of the column; labellum with the lateral lobes scarcely
prominent, middle lobe broad and plane, spreading, or
recurved at the apex, with a prominent fleshy crest on
the disk; column incurved, wingless or with small wings;
pollinia 4, not appendiculate.
The Z. Mackaii group grow well under pot culture.
One or two species with creeping rhizomes, like Z.
maxillare, thrive best on sections of tree fern, osmunda
rhizome, or hi baskets. A good compost consists of
equal parts of chopped sod, peat-fiber and sphagnum
moss, well mixed and interspersed with pieces of rough
charcoal, about one-half of the pot space being devoted
to clean drainage material. After distributing the roots,
the compost should be worked in carefully but not too
firmly about them, leaving the base of the plant even
with, or just above, the rim of the pot. Repotting should
be done when the plants show new root-action. The
temperature should range about 60° F. by night and 65°
to 70° by day in winter, and in summer as low as pos-
sible, with free ventilation during inclement weather. A
cool, light location in the cattleya department is favora-
ble. The compost should be kept in a moist condition
at all times. The plants are propagated by cutting
through the rhizome between the old pseudobulbs at a
good eye, potting up the parts and removing them to a
rather higher temperature until they start into new
growth. (Robt. M. Gray.)
A. Anther long-rostrate.
rostratum, Hook. Pseudobulbs oblong, compressed:
Ivs. lanceolate, 5 in. long: scapes 4 in. long, bearing
1-3 fls.: sepals and petals linear-lanceolate, greenish
brown, wavy, 2-3 in. long; labellum about as long as
the petals, subrotund, with reflexed margins, pure white
with few radiating lines near the base; column-wings
rounded, sharply serrate on the upper margin; anther
with a long beak surmounting the column. May, June,
Oct. Guiana. B.M. 2819. J.H. III. 28:7. A.F. 6:633.
AA. Anther not rostrate.
B. Petals spotted or blotched.
c, Labellum glabrous.
Mdckaii, Hook. Fig. 4056. Pseudobulbs large,
ovate: Ivs. many, linear-lanceolate, 1 ft. long: scape 18
in. long, bearing 5 or 6 large fls.: sepals and petals
dingy yellowish green, with blotches of purple on the
inside, lanceolate, acute, erect, spreading, all united
toward the base; labellum large, rounded, emarginate,
white with radiating vein-like deep blue lines, glabrous.
Brazil. B.M. 2748. B.R. 1433 (as Eulophia Mack-
aiana). P.M. 3:97. L.B.C. 17:1664. J.H. III. 33:295.
G.M. 53:1037.— This is distinguished from Z. inter-
medium and Z. crinitum by its smooth labellum and nar-
rower Ivs. Vars. superbum, grandiflprum, majus are
also advertised. Var. Charlesworthii, Hort. Sepals
and petals emerald-green, without purple markings.
G.C. III. 51:83.
Gautieri, Lem. Pseudobulbs oblong-sulcate, 4 hi.
high: scape 2-3-fld.: fls. 3 in. across; sepals and petals
green blotched with brown; labellum broadly reniform,
deep purple at the base, white in front, sometimes
nearly all deep purple with a darker crest. Autumn.
Brazil. I.H. 14:535. Gn. 49:118.— The Ivs. are fas-
ciculate, narrowly oblong, keeled, 12-16 in. long: infl.
shorter than the Ivs.
ZYGOPETALUM
ZYGOPHYLLUM
3551
maxillare, Lodd. Pseudobulbs 2 in. long: Ivs. lanceo-
late, 1 ft. long: scape 9 in. long, 6-8-fld.: fls. 1^ in.
across; sepals and petals ovate-oblong, acute, green,
with transverse brown blotches; labellum horizontal,
purple, with a very large, glossy purple, notched horse-
shoe-shaped crest, middle lobe roundish, waved, and
obscurely lobed. Winter. Brazil. B.M. 3686. L.B.C.
18:1776. J.H.III.33:295. P.M. 4:271.— Distinguished
by its small fls. and very large crest.
cc. Labellum pubescent.
crinitum, Lodd. Habit of Z. intermedium: Ivs. broadly
linear-lanceolate: fls. on long, stout scapes; sepals and
petals 2 in. long, oblong-lanceolate, green with rather
few brown blotches; labellum 2 in. across, spreading,
wavy, scarcely emarginate, white with purple veins
radiating from the thick crest, disk hairy. Fls. at
various times. Brazil. L.B.C. 17:1687. B.M. 3402
(as Z. Mackaii var. crinitum). — This has fewer brown
blotches on the sepals and petals than Z. intermedium.
There are varieties with pink, blue, or almost colorless
veins on the labellum. Var. caeruleum, Hort., has the
veins deep blue. G.M. 46: 153; 50: 59. J.H. 111.46:197.
intermedium, Lodd. Lvs. ensiform, 1^ ft. long,
1^2 in. wide: scape longer than the Ivs., bearing 5-6
fls. each nearly 3 in. across: sepals and petals oblong,
acute, green with large, confluent blotches of brown;
labellum rotund, narrowed at the base, deeply 2-lobed
in front, pubescent, bluish white with radiating broken
lines of purplish blue; column green and white. Fls.
in winter. Brazil. R.H. 1873:190 (as Z. Rivieri).—
Plants of Z. Mackaii are often cult, under this name.
DD. Petals uniformly colored.
Sedenii Reichb. f. Plants strong, with the scape,
about as long as the Ivs. and bearing several fls. : sepals
and petals deep purple-brown, bordered with green;
labellum pale purple in front, becoming deep purple
toward the base. F.M. 1880:417. Gt. 28:265.— A
garden hybrid raised by Veitch.
Z. Arnustrongia:=Z. Mackaii xZ. rostratum. — Z. Bdttii, Rolfe.
Fls. white, the sepals purple-tinged, the petals and lip blotched with
bright rose-purple. G.C. III. 27: 149. G.M. 48:365.— Z. Biirtii,
Benth.=Huntleya. — Z. chlordnthum, KranzL Fls. small for the
genus, greenish, fragrant, hairy inside. — Z. coeleste, Reichb. f.=
Bollea. — Z. discolor, Rejchb. f.=Warscewiczella. — Z. Lollndei,
Reichb. f.=Bollea. — Z. Potinii, Reichb. f.=Bollea. — Z. Praini-
dnum, Rolfe. Sepals and petals dusky brown, with obscure green
stripes on petals; lip white, streaked with rose-purple. Peru. B.M.
8610. — Z. Roeblingianum=7i. rostratum xZ. maxillare. G.C. III.
34:227.— Z. viol&ceum, Reichb. f.=Bollea.— Z. Wendlandii
Reichb. L-Wancewiadla. HEINKICH HASSELBRING.
GEOEGE V.
ZYGOPHYLLUM (yoke leaf, from the paired or
opposite Ifts. or Ivs.). ZygophyUacese. Small often
spiny twiggy shrubs or subshrubs, with stiff branches,
of about 60 species in Eu. and Asia but mostly in S.
Afr. and Austral., apparently not in the American
trade but likely to be planted for ornament now and
then by amateurs in the warmer and drier parts of the
country. Lvs. simple or 2-foliolate: fls. white or yel-
lowish or red, on 1-fld. peduncles; calyx 4-5-parted;
petals 4 or 5, clawed, twisted; stamens &-10; disk
fleshy and angled; ovary 4- or 5-celled, sessile: fr. an
angled or winged caps. Prop, by seeds or cuttings. The
species most likely to appear in collections are per-
haps Z. Fabago, Linn., the Syrian bean-caper, with
obovate Ifts., copper-yellow fls., deep strong root and
nearly or quite herbaceous top, S. W. Asia; Z. Morg-
sana, Linn., with obovate obtuse Ifts., long yellow
petals, and shrubby habit, from S. Afr.; Z. spindsum,
Linn., with linear Ifts., yellowish or whitish nodding
fls., a small bush only 1-2 ft. high, from S. Afr.
4056. Zygopetalum Mackaii.
(XK)
SUPPLEMENT
Here are assembled certain lists and addenda that are supplementary to the body of the Cyclopedia, to pro-
vide the consultant with additional facilities for the use of the volumes. These appendices are as follows:
Collaborators in the making of the Cyclopedia 3555
Cultivator's guide to the articles 3562
Additional species 3565
New combinations in Latin names 3574
Finding-list of trade names 3575
Index to the six volumes 3611
Other articles of a similar character, providing keys and synopses, are printed in Vol. I, as follows:
Explanations, comprising a statement of the authorship of articles, nomenclature, pronunciation, spelling,
the keys, abbreviations of botanical terms and expressions, books and periodicals to which reference is Page
made, the authors of botanical names xi
Synopsis of the plant kingdom (with index) 1-78
Key to the families and genera (with index)79-147
Name-list, comprising the English equivalents of Latin names of species 148
Glossary of the usual botanical and horticultural technical words 160
A fuller discussion of nomenclature will be found under "Names and Nomenclature," Vol. IV, 2098; also
in the Finding-list 3575
For five years the work of compiling the Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture has been actively under way.
The present office was opened in March, 1912, but the organizing of the work had been started before that time.
Although founded on the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture, completed in 1902, the present Cyclopedia is
newly organized and newly written. Whenever the articles in the former work have been used as a basis, they have
been brought down to date. The preface to Vol. I states the scope and intention of the present work.
The List of Collaborators (pages 3555 to 3561) comprises upward of 400 names, and many other correspond-
ents have aided in less formal ways. To all these helpers the reader will extend his gratitude for the satisfaction
he may find in any of the pages. The publishers, printers, artists, writers, and others have cooperated in the
freest spirit.
If the consultant desires to know the office methods in compiling a work of this character, he may read the
introductory account in Vol. IV of the former Cyclopedia, for the general details do not differ greatly between the
two. The Editor gathers his force, finds himself a table and a very few simple accessories, supplies himself with
writing materials and books, and then goes to work and holds to it through all the letters from A to Etc. If the
reader finds a misplaced letter or accent mark, he may consider that each page comprises about 10,000 pieces
of type metal, or more than 36,000,000 pieces for the entire work; these pieces are of many technical devices; and
human eyes are fallible. In the first year or two of the work, the Editor was engaged otherwise and could give
only small fragments of his time to the Cyclopedia.
If the reader desires statistics of such work, the following figures may interest him:
I. THE NUMBER OF AKTICLES.
Total number of entries or articles, including cross-
references (the sub-articles are the independent articles
or parts in the main articles and in the symposia,
indicated by black-face lower-case type) :
Volume I 693
Sub-articles 38
Cyclo. Amer.
Hort. 1902
Volume II 1,101
731
1,270
Sub-articles
Volume III . .
Sub-articles
Volume IV . .
Sub-articles
Volume V ...
Sub-articles
Volume VI . .
Sub-articles
29
756
212
94
650
64
905
19
1,130 1,263
II. THE NUMBER OF PLANTS.
The number of genera entered:
Volume I 422
Volume II 709
Volume III 442
Volume FV 550
Volume V 449
Volume VI 639
Supplement 3
Cyclo. Amer.
Hort. 1902
820
623
351
461
3,214 2,255
968
659
902 1,165
714
924
Supplement (additional
generic entries) . .
5,369
5.372 4,357
The number of main species de-
scribed or entered, in black-face
type:
Volume I 1,801
Volume II 2,741
Volume III 1,512
Volume TV 1,901
Volume V 2,064
Volume VI 2,372
Supplement 102
2,924
2,675
1,405
1,789
12,493 8,793
(3553)
3554
SUPPLEMENT
The number of minor species-
entries in the main articles, in italic
type:
Volume I 267
Volume II 371
Volume III 270
Volume IV 436
Volume V 396
Volume VI 320
Cycle. Amer.
Hort. 1902
2,060
The number of species in the sup-
plementary lists, at the end of the
various articles, in small italic type
(including all but cross-references) :
Volume I 985
Volume II 1,424
Volume III 533
Volume IV 993
Volume V 1,198
Volume VI 916
6,049
Total species accounted for . . 20,602
The number of synonyms:
Volume I 1,715
Volume II 2,379
Volume III 1,558
Volume IV 1,727
Volume V 2,569
Volume VI 2,444
Supplement 66
2,351
864
576
733
4,524
2,446
2,104
1,243
1,689
12,458 7,482
The number of Latin-named varie-
ties (of species) of all grades in main
articles:
Volume I 820
Volume II 1,272
Volume III 795
Volume IV 1,031
Volume V 1,416
Volume VI 1,358
Supplement 23
Cyclo. Amer.
Hort. 1902
1,187
982
628
838
6,715 3,635
Total Latin names accounted for
(aside from a few new entries in the
Finding-list in Supplement to Vol.
VI) 39,775 24,434
III. THE NUMBER OF SPECIES (IN
BLACK-FACE TYPE), NATIVE TO
NORTH AMERICA NORTH OF
MEXICO:
Volume I 353
Volume II 551
Volume III 358'
Volume IV 427
Volume V 524
Volume VI 533
Supplement 7
668
631
416
704
2,753 2,419
IV. THE DATES OF PUBLICATION:
Volume I March 25, 1914
Volume II July 22, 1914
Volume III May 12, 1915
Volume IV February 23, 1916
Volume V October 4, 1916
Volume VI March 28, 1917
Within the five years several horticulturists have passed away, whose biographies would have been proper
subjects for entry in the Cyclopedia. Among such losses are C. E. Bessey, who died February 25, 1915; H. E.
Van Deman, April 28, 1915; G. B. Brackett, August 2, 1915; Edwin Lonsdale, September 1, 1915; W. Atlee Bur-
pee, November 26, 1915; William Tricker, July 11, 1916; William S. Lyon, July 20, 1916; Jackson Dawson,
August 3, 1916; Ernest Walker, December 5, 1916; W. C. Barry, December 12, 1916.
To spend five years in a review of the vegetable kingdom, with all its marvels and its unsolved problems, is in
itself a great privilege. If in addition one may see the applications to the desires of man, may hold associations
with several hundred enthusiastic and competent correspondents, may have relations with the commercial and
financial questions involved, and may at the same time catch some glimpse of the reaches of evolution and feel a
new contact with the earth, the making of a Cyclopedia of this kind becomes not a task but an experience in life.
The Editor hopes that the reader may share some of these prospects. The Editor is well aware of the shortcomings
of the volumes and he would like to do the work all over again for the delight of it; but this reward must be left
for other hands in the years that are to come.
Ithaca, New York, L. H. BAILEY.
February 1, 1917.
COLLABORATORS
Comprising those persons who have aided in the making of the Standard Cyclopedia of
Horticulture by the writing of articles, proof-reading, and the contributing of information.
* Means a contributor to the Cyclopedia of American Horticulture (19OO-1902) , whose name appears in the
present icork.
+Means contributor deceased since contribution was made for present Cyclopedia.
ETHEL ZOE BAILEY, EDITOR'S ASSISTANT
ADAMS, GEORGE E., Prof, of Agronomy, Rhode Island
State College, Kingston, R. I. (Rhode Island, Rhubarb.)
ALDERMAN, W. H., Prof, of Horticulture, College of
Agriculture, Morgantown, W. Va. (Machinery, West
Virginia.)
ALEXAXDEK. J. K.. Dahlia Specialist, East Bridgewater,
(Dahlia.)
AMES, OAKES, Dir. Botanic Garden of Harvard Univer-
sity, Cambridge, Mass. (Many genera of orchids.)
*AVDREWS, D. M. (Opuntia.)
ANTHONY, R. D., Assoc. Horticulturist of State Experi-
ment Station, Geneva, X. Y. (Machinery.)
ARNOLD, GEO., Florist, Ensenore, X. Y. (China Aster.)
*ATKIXS. F. L. (Platycerium.)
AUST, FRANZ A.. Asst. in Landscape Design, College of
Agriculture, Urbana, 111. (Herbs.)
BAILET. HENHY TURNER, Teacher, Author, Editor
"School Arts Magazine" and "Something-to-Do,"
North Scituate. Mass. (Bouquet.)
BARCLAY. F. W., Head Gardener of Parks of Cincinnati,
Cincinnati, Ohio. (Perns, Herbs, Hollyhock, and many
genera.)
BARKER, MICHAEL. Sec. American Florist Co., 440 S.
Dearborn St., Chicago, 111. (C 'old-Storage, Vallota.)
BARNETT, CLARIBEL R., Librarian, U. S. Dept. of Agric.,
Washington, D. C. (Aid on book-list.)
BARNHART, P. D., Horticulturist, Pasadena, Calif. (.Votes
on California plants.)
BARRETT, O. W., Horticulturist of Canal Zone, Cristo-
bal, Canal Zone. (Canal Zone.)
BARRON, LEONARD, Editor "The Garden Magazine,"
Garden City, X. Y. (Help on book-list, periodicals, etc.,
Rose.)
BARTLETT, H. H., Acting Asst. Prof, of Botany, Univer-
sity of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Mich. (Help on (Eno-
thera.)
BATCHELOR, L. D., Assoc. Prof, of Plant-Breeding, Citrus
Experiment Station, University of California, Riverside,
Calif. (Utah, Walnut in California.)
BAUR, A. F. J. , Carnation Specialist and Sec. American
Carnation Society, Indianapolis, Ind. (Carnation.)
*BAYERSDORFEH, H. (Everlastings.)
BEACH, S. A., Prof, of Horticulture, Iowa State College,
Ames, Iowa. (Apple, Corn, H. A. Terry.)
BEADLE, C. D., Botanist and Horticulturist, Biltmore,
X. C. (Bamboo.)
BEAL, A. C., Prof, of Floriculture, Xew York State Col-
lege of Agriculture, at Cornell University, Ithaca, N. Y.
(Cut-Flower Industry, Florists' Plants, John Craig,
Paeonia [Diseases], Rose, Sweet Pea.)
*BEAL. W. J. (Grass.)
BECKENSTRATER. HERMAN, Prof, of Pomology, Maryland
State College of Agriculture, College Park, Md. (Mary-
land.)
BENEDICT, R. C., Resident Investigator, Brooklyn Bo-
tanic Garden, and Editor "American Fern Journal,"
322 E. 19th St., Brooklyn, X. Y. (Botany of the ferns
and their allies.)
BENNETT, E. R., Field Horticulturist, University of
Idaho, Boise, Idaho. (Colorado.)
BENNETT, IDA D., Writer, Coldwater, Mich. (Home
Flower-garden. )
BERCKMANS, L. A., Xurseryman, Augusta, Ga. (Herbs,
Lawns, Magnolia, Planting lists. Pomegranate.)
*BEBCXMANS, P. J. (Arboriculture, Magnolia, Pinckneya.)
JBESSEY, C. E., Prof, of Botany, University of Xebraska,
Lincoln, Xeb. (Arboriculture, Evergreens.)
BETHUNE, C. J. S., Prof, of Entomology and Zoology,
Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ont. (Wm.
Sounders.)
BIOLETTI, FKEDEKIC T., Prof, of Viticulture, College of
Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
(Grape, Olive.)
BLAIB, J. C., Head of Dept. of Horticulture, College of
Agriculture, Urbana, 111. (Greenhouse Glass, Illinois.)
BLAKE, M. A., Prof, of Horticulture and Horticulturist
of Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Xew
Brunswick, X. J. (\ew Jersey, Peach.)
BOOTH, X. O., Prof, of Horticulture, Oklahoma Agricul-
tural College, Stfllwater, Okla. (Oklahoma.)
JBRACKETT, G. B., Pomologist, U. S. Dept. of Agric.,
Washington, D. C. (Aid on biographies.)
BRAINERD, EZRA, Ex-President Middlebury College,
Botanist, Middlebury, Vt. (Viola.)
*BRANDEGEE, MRS. KATHERTSE. (Leuchtenbergia, Pelecyph-
ora.)
BRAUNTON, ERNEST, Landscape Designer and Consulting
Horticulturist, 237 Franklin St., Los Angeles, Calif.
(Many notes on California plants.)
BRITTOX, ELIZABETH G. (MRS. N. L.), Botanist, Xew
York Botanical Garden, Bronx, Xew York City. (Wild
Flowers.)
BBODRICK, F. W., Prof, of Horticulture and Forestry,
Manitoba Agricultural College, Winnipeg, Man.
(Manitoba.)
*BRUCKNER, XICHOL N. (Culture of many of the ferns.)
BHUES, C. T., Asst. Prof, of Economic Entomology,
Harvard University, Bussey Institution, Forest Hills,
Mass. (Arboriculture.)
BHUNS, H. X., Florist, 3042 W. Madison St., Chicago,
El. (Lily-of-the-Valley.)
*BURBANK, LUTHER. (Xicotunia.)
*Burz, GEO. C. (Carnation.)
CADY, LeRoY, Assoc. Prof, of Horticulture, College of
Agriculture, University of Minnesota, University
Farm, St. Paul, Mum. (Minnesota, several biographies.)
*CAMERON, ROBERT. (Many cultural notes.)
CANNING, EDWARD J., Practical Landscape Architect,
Xorthampton, Mass. For several years curator of the
Smith College Botanic Gardens. (.Votes on culture of
many plants and phases of gardening.)
CHASE, MRS. AGNES, Scientific Asst. in Systematic Ag-
rostology, Bur. of Plant Ind., U. S. Dept. of Agric.,
Washington, D. C. (Much help on the grasses.)
CHEYNEY, E. G., Dir. of the College of Forestry, Univer-
sity of Minnesota, Universitv Farm, St. Paul, Minn.
(O. M. Lord.)
CHURCH, J. E., JR., Meteorologist of Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, University of Xevada, Reno, Xev.
(Nevada.)
225
(3555)
3556
COLLABORATORS
CLARK, JAMES C., Florist, Henry A. Dreer, 714 Chestnut
St., Philadelphia, Pa. (Adiantum.)
CLARKE, W. T., Prof. Agricultural Extension, University
of California, Berkeley, Calif. (California public-
service agencies.)
CLEMENT, F. M., Prof, of Horticulture, Univ. of British
Columbia, Vancouver, B. C.; formerly Dir. Horticul-
tural Exp. Station, Vineland, Ontario. (Grape, Quince.)
CLINTON, L. A., Agriculturist and Asst. Chief, Office of
Extension Work, North and West, States Relations
Service, U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Soy-
bean, Spurry.)
COCKAYNE, L., Botanist, Wellington, New Zealand. (Ver-
onica.)
COCKERELL, T. D. A., Prof, of Zoology, University of
Colorado, Boulder, Colo. (Helianthus, Sunflower.)
COIT, J. ELIOT, Prof, of Citriculture, College of Agricul-
ture, University of California, Berkeley, Calif. (Grape-
fruit, Lemon, Orange, T. A. Garey.)
COLLINGWOOD, H. W., Editor "Rural New-Yorker,"
New York City. (E. S. Carman.)
CONAHD, H. S., Prof, of Botany, Grinnell College, Grin-
nell, Iowa. (Botany of the Nymphseacex.)
CONARD, THOMAS P., Broker in machinery, Lansdowne,
Pa. (A. F. Canard.)
COOPER, J. R., Assoc. Prof, of Horticulture, College of
Agriculture, University of Nebraska, Lincoln, Neb.
(Nebraska.)
COPELAND, E. B., Dean College of Agriculture, Los Banos,
Philippine Isls. (Coconut.)
CORBETT, L. C., Horticulturist in Charge of Horticultural
and Pomological Investigations, Bur. of Plant Ind.,
U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Many
articles on vegetables, Machinery.)
*COULSTON, M. B. (W. B. Stiles, Mitella, Morinda,
Narthecium, Ononis.)
*COULTER, JOHN M. (Echinocactus.)
COVILLE, FREDERICK V., Botanist, U. S. Dept. of Agric.,
Washington, D. C. (Blueberry, Epigsea.)
COWEE, ARTHUR, Gladiolus Specialist, Berlin, N. Y.
(Gladiolus.)
COWELL, ARTHUR W., Landscape Architect; Assoc. Prof,
of Landscape Gardening, State College, Pa. (Land-
scape Gardening, Walks, Paths, and Driveways.)
*COWELL, J. F. (Phormium.)
*COWEN, J. H. (Lepachys, Leucocrinum, Verbena.)
*CRAIG, JOHN. (Fruit-Growing, Rape.)
*CRAIG, ROBERT. (Codi&um.)
CRAIG, W. N., Supt. Faulkner Farm, Brookline, Mass.
(Herbs.)
CRANEFIELD, FREDERIC, Sec. Wisconsin State Horticul-
tural Society, Madison, Wis. (Wisconsin.)
*CROPP, CARL. (Stocks.)
CROSBY, C. R., Extension Prof, of Entomology, New York
State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Diseases
and Insects, Rose Insects, Sowbugs.)
CROW, J. W., Prof, of Horticulture, Ontario Agricultural
College, Guelph, Ont. (Ontario.)
CUMMINGS, M. B., Prof, of Horticulture and Horticulturist
of Experiment Station, College of Agriculture, Burling-
ton, Vt. (Vermont.)
CURTIS, RALPH W., Prof, of Landscape Art, New York
State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Evergreens,
Screen-Planting, Planting lists.)
*CUSHMAN, E. H. (Gladiolus.)
*DARLINGTON, H. D., (Platytheca.)
DARROW, GEO. M., Scientific Asst., Bur. of Plant Ind.,
U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Raspberry.)
DAVIS, K. C., Prof, of Agriculture, George Knapp School
of Country Life, Peabody College for Teachers, Nash-
ville, Tenn. (Many genera of the Ranunculaceae.)
*DAVY, Jos. BURTT. (Arboriculture, Myrtus, etc.)
DEAN, M. L., State Horticulturist, Missoula, Mont.
(Montana. )
DEANE, WALTER, Botanist, 29 Brewster St., Cambridge,
M ass. (Herbarium . )
*DEWEY, LYSTER H. (Mentha.)
DICKENS, ALBERT, Prof, of Horticulture, State Agricul-
tural College, Manhattan, Kans. (Kansas.)
DORNER, H. B., Asst. Prof, of Floriculture, College of
Agriculture, Urbana, 111. (Frederick Dorner.)
DORSETT, P. H., In Charge of Plant Introduction Field
Stations, U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C.
(Violet.)
DOUGLAS, R., SONS, Nurserymen, Waukegan, 111. (T. H.
Douglas.)
*DOUGLAS, THOMAS H. (Picea.)
*DREW, E. P. (Picea.)
DUGGAR, B. M., Prof, of Plant Physiology, in Charge of
Graduate Laboratory," Missouri Botanical Garden,
St. Louis, Mo. (Autumn Colors, Fertilization, Mush-
room, etc.)
DUGGAR, J. F., Dir. Experiment Station, Auburn, Ala.
(Alabama.)
DUNBAR, JOHN, Asst. Supt. of Parks, Rochester, N. Y.
(Berberis, Cratsegus, Rhododendron.)
DUNNING, D. M., Pres. Auburn Savings Bank, Auburn,
N. Y. (Grape.)
*DUPUY, LEWIS. (Erica.)
EDWARDS, CHARLES L., Horticulturist, Dallas, Texas.
(Help on Pecan.)
EGAN, W. C., Amateur Horticulturist, Highland Park,
111. (Everlastings, Mertensia, Winter Protection.)
*EISELE, J. B. (Cordyline.)
*ELLIOTT, WTILLIAM H. (Asparagus Fern.)
EMORY, E. W., Chestertown, Md. (R. S. Emory.)
*ENDICOTT, W. E. (Ixia.)
ERWIN, A. T., Chief Truck Crops, Agricultural Experi-
ment Station, Ames, Iowa. (Himalaya Berry.)
EUSTACE, H. J., Prof, of Horticulture, Michigan Agricul-
tural College, East Lansing, Mich. (Marketing,
Packages.)
EVANS, WALTER H., Chief of Insular Stations, States
Relations Service, U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington,
D. C. (Alaska.)
FAIRCHILD, DAVID, Agricultural Explorer in Charge,
Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, Bur. of
Plant. Ind., U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C.
(Mangosteen, and much help on tropical fruits and vege-
tables.)
FARRELL, J. J. M., Gardener on C. D. Matthews Estate,
Norwalk, Conn. (Cultural notes on many glasshouse
plants.)
*FAWCETT, WM. (Cinchona, Myristica.)
FERNOW, B. E., Dean Faculty of Forestry, University of
Toronto, Toronto, Ont. (Arboriculture, Forestry, Pine.)
*FINLAYSON, KENNETH. (Diosma.)
FLEMING, BRYANT, Landscape Architect, Prudential
Bldg., Buffalo, N. Y. (Pergola.)
FLETCHER, S. W., Prof, of Horticulture, State College,
Pa. (Pollination, Strawberry.)
FOGLESONG, L. E., Landscape Architect, Paddock Bldg.,
Boston, Mass. (Herbs.)
FORBES, R. H., Dir. Arizona Agricultural Experiment
Station, Tucson, Ariz. (Arizona.)
FRANCESCHI, F., Dir. Stabilmento Orticolo Libico, Trip-
oli. (Formerly of Santa Barbara, Calif.) (Many
notes on California p'ants.)
FREEMAN, GEO. F., Plant-Breeder of Experiment Station,
Tucson, Ariz. (Bean, Cowpca, Dolichos, PhaseolusT
Vigna.)
FROST, CHARLES, Pansy Seed Grower, Kenilworth, N. J.
(Pansy.)
GAGER, C. S^TUART, Dir. Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
Brooklyn, N. Y. (Botanic Garden.)
GALLOWAY, B. T., Plant Pathologist and Plant Intro-
ducer, U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C.
(Violet.)
GARCIA, FABIAN, Dir. of Experiment Station, State Col-
lege, New Mex. (New Mexico.)
GARFIELD, CHAS. W., Banker, Grand Rapids, Mich.
(Exhibition.)
COLLABORATORS
3557
GATES, BURTON N., Assoc. Prof. Bee -Keeping and
Apiarist of Experiment Station, Massachusetts Agri-
cultural College, Amherst, Mass. (Bees.)
GERARD, J. N., Amateur Horticulturist, Elizabeth, X. .1.
(Many articles, especially on bulbous plants, as Crocus,
Iris, Narcissus, etc.)
GILBERT, A. W., Prof, of Plant-Breeding, New York State
College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Potato.)
GILL, JOHN, Nurseryman, West Berkeley, Calif. (List of
Roses.)
GOULD, H. P., Pomologist in Charge of Fruit Production
Investigations, Bur. of Plant Ind., U. S. Dept. of
Agric., Washington, D. C. (Celeriac.)
GOURLEY, J. H., Prof, of Horticulture, College of Agri-
culture, Durham, N. H. (New Hampshire.)
GREEN, W. J., Horticulturist and Vice-Dir. of Experi-
ment Station, Wooster, Ohio. (Sub- Irrigation in the
Greenhouse, Ohio.)
JGREENE, E. L., Botanist, Notre Dame University, Terre
Haute, Ind. (Help on Convallaria.)
*GREENLEE, L. (Ixia.)
GHEENMAN, J. M.. Assoc. Prof, of Botany at Washington
University, and Curator of Herbarium, Missouri Bot-
anical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Senecio.)
GREFFRATH, HENRY, Market-Gardener, South Lima,
X. Y. (Muckland-Gardening.)
GREGG, JOHN WM., Prof, of Landscape Gardening and
Floriculture, College of Agriculture, University of
California, Berkeley, Calif. (Herbs, Planting lists.)
GREGORY, EDGAR, Seedsman, Marblehead, Mass. (J. J.
H. Gregory.)
GREINER, T., Market-Gardener, La Salle, N. Y. (Many
articles on vegetables.)
*GREY, ROBERT M. (Culture of many genera of orchids.)
HALE, J. H., Fruit-Grower, South Glastonbury, Conn.
(Connecticut, Peach.)
HALL, HARVEY MONROE, Assoc. Prof, of Botany and Bot-
anist of Experiment Station, University of California,
Berkeley, Calif. (Several woody genera, as Callistemon,
Eucalyptus, Eugenia, Pittosporum, etc.)
*HANSEN, GEORGE. (Epidendrum.)
HANSEN, N. E., Prof, of Horticulture and Forestry,
State College of Agriculture, Brookings, S. D. (Buffalo
Berry, South Dakota.)
*HAHRISON, C. S. (Pseudotsuga.)
HARSHBERGER, JOHN W., Prof, of Botany, University of
Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pa. (Lathyrus, Lupinus,
Oxytropis, Poisonous Plants, Pyxidanthera, Saprophyte,
Scilla, Smut, Symbiosis.)
*HART, J. H. (Theobroma.)
HASSELBRING, HEINRICH, Physiologist, Bur. of Plant Ind.,
U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Many
genera of Orchids, Iris, Mildew, Moulds, Orchids, Rusts.)
HASTINGS, G. T., DeWitt Clinton High School, New
York City. (Berria, Bertholletia, Bursera.)
HATFIELD, T. D., Supt. of the Walter Hunnewell Estate,
Wellesley, Mass. (Several cultural articles.)
HAWKS, EMMA B., Asst. Librarian of U. S. Dept. of Agric.
Library, Washington, D. C. (Aid on book-list.)
HEDRICK, U. P., Horticulturist of Experiment Station,
Geneva, N. Y. (Blackberry, Cherry, Dewberry, Dwarf-
ing, Evaporating, Experiment Stations, Juneberry, New
York.)
*HENDERSON, L. F. (Phacelia.)
HENDERSON, PETER, & Co., Seedsmen, 36 and 37 Cort-
laridt St., New York City. (Bulbs, Polianthes.)
HENDRICKSON, ISAAC S., Manager for Wholesale Dept. of
John Lewis Childs, Inc., and Pres. American Gladio-
lus Soc., Flowerfield, N. Y. (Gladiolus.)
JHENKEL, ALICE, Asst. in Economic and Systematic
Botany, Bur. of Plant Ind., U. S. Dept. of Agric.,
Washington, D. C. (Notes on medicinal plants.)
HENRY, A., Prof, of Forestry, Royal College of Science,
Dublin, Ireland. (Help on Populus.)
HERRICK, G. W., Prof, of Economic Entomology, New
York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Ants.)
HEWS, A. H. & Co., INC., Manufacturers of flower-pots,
Cambridge, Mass. (Pots.)
*HEXAMER, F. M. (A. S. Fuller, Gea. Thurber.)
HICKS, HENRY, Nurseryman, Westbury, L. I., N. Y.
(Arboriculture, Drainage, Evergreens, Ligustrum.)
HIGGINS, J. E., Horticulturist of the U. S. Experiment
Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. (Hawaiian Islands.)
HILL, D. H., Pres. College of Agriculture and Mechanic
Arts, West Raleigh, N. C. (T. K. Bruner.)
HITCHCOCK, A. S., Agrostologist, Bur. of Plant Ind.,
U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Botany of the
genera of grasses. )
HITCHINGS, E. F., Assoc. Prof, of Horticulture, College of
Agriculture, Orono, Maine. (Maine.)
*HORSFORD, F. H. (Aquilegia.)
HOTTES, A. C., Asst. Prof, of Floriculture, Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio. (Gladiolus, and several
genera.)
HOUSE, H. D., State Botanist, Albany, N. Y. (Convol-
vulus, Ibidium, Ipomcea, Quamoclit.)
HOWARD, W. L., Assoc. Pomologist, Experiment Station,
Davis, Calif. (Rest-Period.)
HUBBARD, F. TRACY, Botanist, 535 Beacon St., Boston,
Mass. (Many articles in Volumes V and VI.)
*HUEY, ROBERT. (Rose.)
HUME, H. HAROLD, Nurseryman, Glen Saint Mary, Fla.
(Fig, Kumquat, Lemon, Lime, Orange.)
HUNN, C. E., Asst. in Plant Propagation, New York State
College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Strawberry
Forcing, Window-Gardening.)
Huss, JOHN F., Head Gardener to J. J. Goodwin, Esq.,
Estate, Hartford, Conn. (Many notes on hardy plants.)
HUTT, W. N., State Horticulturist, Department of Agricul-
ture, Raleigh, N. C. (North Carolina.)
IRISH, H. C., Supervisor School Gardening, 1227 Childress
Ave., St. Louis, Mo. (Capsicum, Lactuca, Pepper,
Planting list, Rose, Tetragonia.)
*JACKSON & PERKINS Co. (Clematis.)
*JACOB, CHAS. W. & ALLISON. (Raffia.)
JARVIS, C. D., Specialist in Agricultural Education, Bu-
reau of Education, Washington, D. C.; formerly
Director Extension Service, Conn. Agric. College.
(Apple.)
JEPSON, W. L., Assoc. Prof, of Botany, University of Cali-
fornia, Berkeley, Calif. (Godetia.)
JOHNSON, T. C., Dir. Virginia Truck Experiment Station,
Norfolk, Va. (Potato.)
JONES, KATHERINE D., Asst. Landscape Gardening,
College of Agric., University of California, Berkeley,
Calif. (Acacia, Herbs, Planting lists.)
JONES, L. R., Prof, of Plant Pathology, College of Agricul-
ture, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wis. (C. G.
Pringle.) «
KAINS, M. G., Horticultural Consultant, Port Washington,
N. Y. (Culture of many culinary herbs. )
*KEARNEY, T. H. (A few genera of orchids.)
KEFFER, CHAS. A., Dir. of Extension Division, College of
Agriculture, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, Tenn.
(Tennessee.)
*KELLER, J. B. (Notes on many groups of hardy herbaceous
perennials.)
KELLERMAN, KARL F., Physiologist and Asst. Chief of
Bur. of Plant Ind., U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington,
D. C. (Legumes.)
KELLERMAN, MAUDE. See Swingle.
*KELSEY, HARLAN P. (Galax, Helonias, Leucolhoe.)
*KENNEDY, P. B. (A few genera of grasses.)
KINMAN, C. F., Horticulturist of U. S. Experiment Station,
Mayaguez, Porto Rico. (Porto Rico.)
KNIGHT, HENRY G., Dean College of Agriculture, Univer-
sity of Wyoming, Laramie, Wyo. (Poisonous Plants.)
KNUDSON, LEWIS, Asst. Prof, of Botany and Plant Phy-
siology, New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca,
N. Y. (Etherization.)
KRUHM, ADOLPH, 125 Midland Ave., Columbus, Ohio.
(E. D. Darlington.)
3558
COLLABORATORS
KUNDERD, A. E., Gladiolus Specialist, Goshen, Ind. (Help
on Gladiolus.)
KYLE, E. J., Prof, of Horticulture and Dean of the School
of Agriculture, College Station, Texas. (Texas, Tomato
in South.)
*LAGER, JOHN E. (Cattleya culture.)
*LANDHETH, BURNET. (David Landreth.)
LEONARD, M. D., Extension Asst. of Entomology, New
York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Rose
Insects, Sowbugs.)
LEWIS, C. I., Prof, of Horticulture, State Agricultural
College, Corvallis, Ore. (Apple, Loganberry, Oregon,
Prune.)
LEWIS, F. H., Pecan Orchardist and Nurseryman, Pasca-
goula, Miss. (Mississippi.)
LEWTON, FREDERICK L., Curator, Division of Textiles,
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. (Gums
and Resins.)
LLOYD, JOHN W., Prof, of Olericulture, College of Agricul-
ture, University of Illinois, Urbana, 111. (Exhibitions,
Muskmelon, Vegetable-Gardening.)
LORD & BURNHAM Co., Greenhouse Designers and Manu-
facturers, Irvington-on-Hudson, N. Y. (Greenhouse.)
LOVELESS, ALFRED J., Gardener, Lenox, Mass. (Paphio-
pedilum, Phalaenopsis.)
LUMSDEN, DAVID, Asst. Prof, of Floriculture, New York
State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Lilium,
Narcissus. )
*LYON, T. T. (Pear.)
MACDOUGAL, D. T., Dir. Department of Botanical Re-
search, Carnegie Institution of Washington, Desert
Laboratory, Tucson, Ariz. (Sap, Transpiration.)
MACFARLANE, J. M., Prof, of Botany, Dir. of the
Botanic Garden, University of Pennsylvania, Phila-
delphia, Pa. (Darlingtonia, Dionsea, Drosera, Nepenthes,
Sarracenia.)
MACOTJN, W. T., Dominion Horticulturist, Central Experi-
mental Farm, Ottawa, Canada. (Apple, British North
America, Currant, Gooseberry, Herbs, several biographies.)
MANNING, WARREN H., Landscape Designer, North Bil-
lerica, Mass. (Banks, Herbs, Landscape Gardening,
Planting articles, Rock-Garden.)
MARLATT, C. L., Chairman Federal Horticultural Board,
Washington, D. C. (Inspection.)
*MASON, S. C. (Labels, Layering.)
MASSEY, L. M., Instr. Plant Pathology, New York State
College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Rose Diseases.)
MATHESON, ROBERT, Asst. Prof, of Economic Entomology,
New York State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y.
(Diseases and Insects.)
MATHEWS, C. W., Prof, of Horticulture, College of Agri-
culture, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Ky.
(Kentucky.)
MATHEWS, F. SCHUYLEH, Artist and Author, 17 Frost St.,
Cambridge, Mass. (Color, Standards of Color.)
*MATHEWS, WM. (Culture of many orchids.)
MAXON, WILLIAM R., Assoc. Curator, National Herbarium,
U. S. National Museum, Washington, D. C. (Tree
Ferns.)
MAYNARD, S. T., Horticultural Specialist and Landscape
Gardener, Northboro, Mass. (Massachusetts.)
MCCLELLAND, T. B., Asst. Horticulturist, U. S. Experi-
ment Station, Mayaguez, Porto Rico. (Coffea.)
McCtTE, C. A., Prof, of Horticulture, Delaware College,
Newark, Del. (Delaware.)
MCFARLAND, J. HORACE, Printer, Author, Lecturer,
Harrisburg, Pa. (Border, Garden Cities, Photography.)
McHATTON, T. H., Prof, of Horticulture, State College
of Agriculture, Athens, Ga. (Biographies, Georgia,
Pear.)
*MEEHAN, JOSEPH. (Maclura.)
MEEHAN, W. E., Nurseryman, Germantown, Philadel-
phia, Pa. (Thos. Meehan.)
MENDERSON, NATHAN, Asst. in Plant Introduction, Office
of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, U. S. Dept.
of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Sechium.)
*MEREDITH, A. P. (Humea.)
MICHEL, EUGENE H., Supt. Dreer's Nurseries, Riverton,
N. J. (Help on Canna.)
MILLER, WILHELM, Landscape Architect, 64 E. Van Buren
St., Chicago, 111. (Autumn-Gardening, Biennials,
Chrysanthemum, Herbs, Landscape Extension, Planting
articles, and many biographies and genera.)
MINER, WM. W., Farmer and Fruit-Grower, Palmyra,
N. Y. (A. M. Purdy.)
MITCHELL, ARCH, Nurseryman, Coaldale, Alberta (Al-
berta.)
MITCHELL, SYDNEY B., University of California Library,
Berkeley, Calif. (Culture of Gladiolus, Iris, Ixia.)
MONTILLON, EUGENE D., Instr. Landscape Art, New York
State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Topiary
Work.)
MOON, HENRY T., Nurseryman, Morrisville, Pa. (James
Moon.)
MOORE, ALBERT HANFOHD, Botanist and Photographic
Reproducer, 3 Divinity Ave., Cambridge, Mass.
(Escallonia, Philadelphus, Spilanthes.)
MORRIS, O. M., Head of Horticultural Dept., State College,
Pullman, Wash. (Washington.)
MORRIS, ROBT. T., Surgeon, 616 Madison Ave., New York
City. (Nut-culture.)
MORRISON, B. Y., Landscape Architect, Takoma Park,
D. C. (Arboriculture.)
MORRISON, WM. S., Prof, of History and Political Econ-
omy, Clemson College, S. C. (J. S. Newman.)
MORSE, C. C. & Co., Seed-growers and Dealers, 739-759
Front St., San Francisco, Calif. (Seeds.)
MULFORD, F. L., Landscape Gardener, Bur. of Plant Ind.,
U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Arbori-
culture, Evergreens, Hedges, Planting list.)
JMuNsoN, T. V., Nurseryman, Denison, Texas. (Grape,
Texas.)
*MUNSON, W. M. (Vaccinium.)
NASH, GEORGE V., Head Gardener, New York Botanical
Garden, Bronx Park, New York City. (Botany of
most of the genera of orchids, aroids, and bromeliads.)
NEHRLING, H., Horticulturist, Palm Cottage Gardens,
Gotha, Fla. (Cultural notes on many Florida plants.)
NELSON, AVEN., Prof, of Botany, University of Wyoming,
and State Horticulturist, Laramie, Wyo. (Wyoming.)
*NEWBURY, H. E. (Polianthes.)
NEWBURY, W. R., Magnolia, N. C. (Polianthes.)
NEWMAN, C. C., Prof, of Horticulture and Horticulturist
of Experiment Station, Clemson College, S. C. (South
Carolina.)
NORTON, J. B., Physiologist, Bur. of Plant Ind., U. S.
Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Asparagus,
Smilax.)
NORTON, J. B. S., Prof, of Botany, Maryland Agricultural
College, College Park, Md. (Botany of the Euphorbia-
cese.)
O'GARA, P. J., Pathologist and Chief in Charge of Agri-
cultural Investigations, American Smelting and Refining
Co., Salt Lake City, Utah. (Frost.)
*O*MARA, PATRICK. (Potting.)
OLIVER, G. W., Plant-Breeder, U. S. Dept. of Agric.,
Washington, D. C. (Many articles on palms, aroids,
succulents, and rare plants.)
OLMSTED, JOHN C., Landscape Architect, Brookline, Mass.
(F. L. Olmsted, Parks.)
ORPET, E. O., Plant Propagator, U. S. Plant Introduction
Field Station, Chico, Calif. (Culture of many orchids,
Border, Osmundine, etc.)
PADDOCK, WENDELL, Prof, of Horticulture, Ohio State
University, Columbus, Ohio. (Peach.)
PARSONS, SAMUEL, Landscape Architect, Architects' Bldg.,
101 Park Ave., New York City. (Lawns.)
*PEACOCK, LAWRENCE K. (Dahlia.)
PEASE, A. S., Prof, of the Classics, University of Illinois,
Urbana, 111. (Help on Name-List.)
PETERSON, WM. A., Nurseryman, Chicago, 111. (Pseonia.)
PIERSON, W. R., Florist, Cromwell, Conn. (Rose.)
COLLABORATORS
3559
PILAT, C. F., Landscape Architect to the Park Board,
52 Broadway, New York City. (Planting.)
PIPER, C. V., Agrostologist in Charge, Bureau of Plant
Industry, U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C.
(Glycine.)
PITTIER, H., Botanist, Bur. of Plant Ind., U. S. Dept. of
Agric., Washington, D. C. (Pachira.)
POPEXOE, F. W., Agricultural Explorer, Bur. of Plant Ind.,
U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Culture and
botany of many tropical fruits.)
PRICE, H. L., Dean of Agricultural Dept., Virginia Agricul-
tural College, Blacksburg, Va. (Virginia.)
*PRIXCE. L. B. (Wm. Prince.)
PRIXG, G. H., Foreman, Exotic Orchid and Aquatic Depts.,
Missouri Botanical Garden, St. Louis, Mo. (Oxalis,
Peristeria, Phaius, Pinguicula.)
PCRDT, CARL, Nurseryman, Specialist in hardy peren-
nials, Ukiah, Calif. (California native plants, as
Brodi-sea, Calochortus, etc.)
RAFFILL, C. P., Gardener, Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew,
England. (Culture of Achimenes, Calathea, etc.)
RAMSEY, H. J., Pomologist, Bur. of "Plant. Ind., U. S.
Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Transportation.)
RAXKIX, W. H., Asst. Prof. Plant Pathology, New York
State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Arbori-
culture.)
*RAWSOX, GROVE. P. (Lantana.)
*REASOXER, E. N. (Banana and many other articles on
semi-tropical plants.)
REDDICK, DOXALD., Prof, of Plant Pathology, New York
State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Damping-off,
Diseases.)
REED, C. A., Nut-Culturist, Bur. of Plant. Ind., U. S.
Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Nuts, Walnut.)
REED, WM. N., 122 W. 25th St., New York City.
(Everlastings.)
REHDER, ALFRED. Botanist, Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica
Plain, Mass. (Most of the hardy trees and shrubs, Names
and Nomenclature, many notes and much advice.)
RICH, WM. P., Sec. Massachusetts Horticultural Society,
Boston, Mass. (S. W. Cole.)
RICHARDS, M. W., Assoc. Horticulturist, Purdue Experi-
ment Station, La Fayette, Ind. (Indiana.)
RICKER, P. L., Asst. Botanist, Bur. of Plant Ind., U. S.
Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Musa, Nicotiana,
and several leguminous genera.)
RIXFORD, G. P., Physiologist, Bur. of Plant. Ind., U. S.
Dept. of Agric., 1813 Pierce St., San Francisco, Calif.
(Ceratonia, Pistacia, Zizyphus.)
ROBERTS, I. P., Prof .-Emeritus of Agriculture, Cornell
University; Residence, Berkeley, Calif. (Drainage,
Fertility, Manure.)
ROBIXSOX, ALBERT E., Gardener to Louis Ettlinger, Peeks-
kill, N. Y. (Leonto podium.)
ROBIXSOX, B. L., Prof, of Systematic Botany and Curator
of the Gray Herbarium, Harvard University, Cambridge,
Mass. (Ageratum, Eupatorium.)
ROEDIXG, GEO. C., Nurseryman, Fresno, Calif. (F. C.
Roeding. Peach.)
ROGERS, STAXLET S., Assoc. Prof, of Plant Pathology,
College of Agriculture, University of California, Berke-
ley, Calif. (Celery in California.)
ROLFS, P. H., Dean, Florida Agricultural College, Dir.
Agricultural Experiment Station; Dir. of Cooperative
Agricultural Extension Work, Gainsville, Fla. (Celery,
Eggplant, Florida, Okra, Onion, Pineapple.)
ROSE, J. N., Research Assoc., Carnegie Institution of
Washington ; Assoc. in Botany, U. S. National Museum,
Washington, D. C. (Cactacex and some Crassulacex.)
ROSE, N. J., 448 East 137th St., New York City.
(Bomarea.)
Ross, THEODORE, Sec. for Agriculture, Charlottetown,
P. E. I. (Prince Edward Island.)
*ROTH, F. (Fagus.)
ROTHE, RICHARD, Nurseryman, Glenside, Pa. (Notes on
culture of many hardy garden herbs.)
ROWLEE, W. W., Prof, of Botany, Cornell University,
Ithaca, N. Y. (Liatris, Salix.)
SAFFORD, W. E., Economic Botanist, Bur. of Plant Ind.,
U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (The Annona-
ceae, Avicenna, Bull -Horn, Chiranthodendron, Cycas,
Gynopogon, Tutuila, Lophophora.)
SABGENT, C. S., Dir. Arnold Arboretum, Jamaica Plain,
Mass. (Abies, Arboretum, F. L. Ames, H. W. Sargent.)
SAUL, B. F., Banker, Washington, D. C. (John Saul.)
SCHEEPERS, JOHN, & Co., INC., Flower Bulb Specialists, 2
Stone St., New York City. (Help on Tulipa.)
SCHMTTT, X. E. E., Head Gardener, Horticultural Hall,
Fairmount Park, Philadelphia, Pa. (Ferns.)
*ScoTT, WILLIAM. (Many cultural articles.)
SEARS, F. C., Prof, of Pomology, Massachusetts Agricul-
tural College, Amherst, Mass. (C. R. Prescott.)
*SEAVEY, FRANCES COPLEY. (Railroad-Gardening.)
*SEXTON, JOSEPH. (Pampas-Grass.)
SHAW, GEORGE W., Land Expert, 74 New Montgomery
St., San Francisco, Calif. (Bean.)
SHAW, PERCY J., Horticulturist, Agricultural College,
Truro, N. S. (Nova Scotia.)
SHINN, CHARLES H., Writer, Northfork, Calif. (Fig,
John Rock, James Shinn, California, Sequoia.)
*SHORE, ROBERT. (Bedding, Begonia, Marguerite.)
SHULL, GEO. H., Prof, of Botany and Genetics, Princeton
University, Princeton, N. J. (Xenia.)
SIEBRECHT, H. A., Florist and Nurseryman, New Rochelle,
N. Y. (Billbergia, Ficus, Gardenia, etc.)
SIMONDS, O. C., Landscape Gardener, 1101 Buena Ave.,
Chicago, HI. (Adolph Strauch, Landscape Cemeteries,
Shrubbery.)
SIMPSON, CHAS. T., Collaborator, U. S. Dept of Agric.,
Little River, Fla. (Many notes on Florida plants, P. F.
Reasoner.)
*SLIXGEBLAND, M. V. (Diseases and Insects.)
SMITH, CORA A., Teacher of Biology, Erie, Pa. (Birds.)
SMITH, ELMER, Florist, Adrian, Mich. (Chrysanthemum.)
SMITH, IRVIXG C., Market-Gardener and Fruit-Grower,
Ashland, Wis. (Onion.)
*SMTTH, JARED G. (Many genera of palms.)
STAXDLEY, PAUL C., Asst. Curator, U. S. National Herb-
arium, Washington, D. C. (Help on Pentstemon.)
*STEELE, E. S. (Perfumery-Gardening.)
STEVENS, R, T., Asst. Prof, of Landscape Gardening,
College of Agriculture, University of California, Berke-
ley, Calif. (Herb, Planting lists.)
STEWART, GEO. F., Gardener on the Gen. S. C. Lawrence
Estate, Medford, Mass. (Articles on the culture of
many greenhouse plants.)
STEWART, JOHN P., Experimenter in Pomology, Experi-
ment Station, State College, Pa. (Pennsylvania.)
STEWART, WM. J., Editor "Horticulture," Boston, Mass.
(Exhibitions.)
STONE, G. E., Prof, of Botany, Vegetable Physiology and
Pathology, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Am-
herst, Mass. (Electro-Horticulture, Light.)
STRAIGHT, E. M., State Specialist in Vegetable-Gardening,
College of Agriculture, Durham, N. H.; formerly of
Canada. (Quebec.)
STUBEXBAUCH, A. V., Prof, of Pomology, College of
Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley, Calif.
(Storage, Tulipa, etc.)
STUNTZ, S. C., Botanical Assistant, Office of Foreign Seed
and Plant Introduction, Washington, D. C. (Carica,
Carissa.)
*STURTEVANT, EDMUND D. (Nymphaea.)
SWINGLE, MAUDE KELLERMAN (Mrs. W. T.), Botanical
Assistant, Bureau of Plant Industry, U. S. Dept. of
Agric., Washington, D. C. (Collaborated urith Walter
T. Swingle on Citropsis and other genera of the Citrus
subfamily.)
SWINGLE, WALTER T., In charge of Crop Physiology and
Breeding Investigations, Bur. of Plant. Ind., U. S.
Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Genera of the
Citrus subfamily.)
3560
COLLABORATORS
TAFT, L. R., Supt. Farmers' Institutes, State Inspector
of Orchards and Nurseries, East Lansing, Mich. (Green-
house heating, Hotbeds, Michigan.)
TANIMUKA, ISSA, Dir. of Japan Forage Experiment Sta-
tion, and Pres. of "Soyoho," Tokyo, Japan. (Dwarfing,
Japanese Gardening.)
*TAPLIN, W. H. (Many genera of palms.)
TAYLOR, A. D., Landscape Architect, 1900 Euclid Ave.,
Cleveland, Ohio. (Drainage for Landscape Work.)
TAYLOR, NORMAN, Curator of Brooklyn Botanic Garden,
Brooklyn, N. Y. (Many Composite, Palmaceae, and
Araliaceae, Alpine Plants, Bog-Gardening, and many
other articles.)
TAYLOR, WM. A., Chief of Bur. of Plant Ind., U. S. Dept.
of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Apple, Chestnut, Gevuina,
Ginkgo, Hazel-nut, Hickory-nut, Pecan.)
THILOW, J. OTTO, Florist, Sec. Henry A. Dreer, Inc., 714
Chestnut St., Philadelphia, Pa. (Leek, Machinery.)
THOMPSON, C. H., Asst. Prof, of Horticulture, Massachu-
setts Agricultural College, Amherst, Mass. (Bryophyl-
lum, Succulents.)
THOMPSON, H. C., Horticulturist, Bur. of Plant Ind.,
U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Strawberry
in the South.)
THOMPSON, J. B., Asst. Agronomist of U. S. Experiment
Station, Honolulu, Hawaii. (Guam.)
THORBURN, J. M. & Co., Seedsmen, 53 Barclay St., New
York City. (Hyacinthus, Seeds.)
TIEBOUT, GEORGE L., Horticulturist of Experiment Sta-
tion, Baton Rouge, La. (Louisiana.)
TILTON, JOHN H., Gardener, Salem, N. H. (Lilium.)
TOMPSON, H. F., Prof, and Head Dept. of Market-Gar-
dening, Massachusetts Agricultural College, Amherst,
Mass. (Carrot, Cucumber.)
*TOUMEY, J. W. (Date, Opuntia, Root-Galls.)
TRACY, S. M., Agronomist, Bur. of Plant Ind., U.
S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Mississippi,
Stizolobium.)
TRACY, W. W., Supt. of Testing Gardens, Bur. of Plant
Ind., U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Cabbage,
Lettuce, Pea, Radish, Seeds, Tomato.)
TRELEASE, WILLIAM, Prof, of Botany, University of Illi-
nois, Urbana, 111. (Liliaceous genera as Agave, Aloe,
Furcraea, Yucca, etc.; Henry Shaw; Oxalis.)
JTRICKER, WILLIAM, Specialist in Aquatics, Arlington,
N. J. (Aquarium, Aquatics, Nymphaea, Water-Garden-
ing, and many aquatic plants.)
TRULLINGER, ROBERT W., Specialist in Rural Engineering,
U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Machinery.)
TUCKER, E. S., formerly Assoc. Entomologist, Experiment
Station, Baton Rouge, La. (Orange.)
*TUCKER, GILBERT M. (/. /. Thomas, Luther Tucker.)
TURNER, WILLIAM, Gardener, Supt. to B. H. Borden,
Oceanic, N. J. (Forcing.)
TURNEY, A. G., Horticulturist, Dept. of Agriculture,
. Fredericton, N. B. (New Brunswick, F. S. Sharp.)
*UNDERWOOD, L. M. (Many genera of ferns.)
{VAN DEMAN, H. E., Pomologist, Washington, D. C. (Nut-
culture.)
VAN FLEET, W., Physiologist, Bur. of Plant Ind., U. S.
Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Perfumery-
Gardening.)
VAUGHAN, J. C., Seedsman, 31-33 W. Randolph St., Chi-
cago, 111. (Christmas Greens.)
VEHBECK, WILLIAM, President and Head Master of St.
John's School, Manlius, N. Y. (Japanese Gardening.)
VINCENT, C. C., Prof, of Horticulture, College of Agri-
culture, Moscow, Idaho. (Idaho.)
VITALE, FERRUCCIO, Landscape Architect, 527 Fifth Ave.,
New York City. (Formal Gardens.)
WAID, C. W., Extension Specialist in Vegetables, Michi-
gan Agricultural College, East Lansing, Mich. (For-
cing, Greenhouse.)
WALDRON, C. B., Prof, of Horticulture and Forestry,
Dean of Agriculture, Agricultural College, N. D.
(North Dakota.)
JWALKER, ERNEST, formerly Prof, of Horticulture, Ala-
bama Polytechnic Institute, State Horticulturist, Au-
burn. Late of Boiling Farms, Boiling, Ala. (Arkansas,
Watering. )
*WARD, C. W., (Pelargoniums.)
*WARDER, R. H. (J. A. Warder.)
WARNER, MARJORIE F., Bibliographer, Bur. of Plant Ind.,
U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Aid on
book-list.)
WARREN, G. F., Prof, of Farm Management, New York
State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Cost-
Accounting.)
WATROUS, C. L., Nurseryman, Des Moines, Iowa. (Ar-
boriculture, Iowa.)
WATSON, B. M., Late Instr. in Horticulture, Harvard
University (Retired), Plymouth, Mass. (Colchicum,
Cuttings, Forcing, House Plants, Winter Protection,
Rose, Rhododendron.)
WATTS, RALPH L., Dean and Director of the School of
Agriculture and Experiment Station, State College,
Pa. (Celery, G. C. Butz, Gabriel Hiester, Tomato.)
WAUGH, F. A., Head of Division of Horticulture and Prof,
of Landscape Gardening, Massachusetts Agricultural
College, Amherst, Mass. (Many vegetables, Landscape
Gardening, Village Improvement, Plum.)
WEBB, WESLEY, Sec. Peninsula Horticultural Society,
Dover, Del. (J. G. Brown.)
WEBBER, H. J., Dir. Citrus Experiment Station, Uni-
versity of California, Riverside, Calif. (Breeding,
Casimiroa.)
WTESTER, P. J., Horticulturist, Bureau of Agriculture,
Manila, P. I. (Philippine Islands.)
WHEELER, H. J., Manager Agricultural Service Bureau
of the American Agricultural Chemical Co., Boston,
Mass. (Fertilizers, Lime.)
WHEELER, WILFRID, Sec. Massachusetts Board of Agri-
culture, Boston, Mass. (Strawberry.)
WHETZEL, H. H., Prof, of Plant Pathology, New York
State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Diseases,
Fungi, Root-Galls.)
WHIPPLE, O. B., Prof, of Horticulture, State College of
Agriculture, Bozeman, Mont. (Apple.)
WHITE, E. A., Prof, of Floriculture, New York State
College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Design, Flori-
culture, Mignonette, Primula.)
WHITE, ELIZABETH C., Grower of Cranberries and Blue-
berries, New Lisbon, N. J. (Cranberry.)
*WHITNEY, MILTON. (Irrigation, Soils.)
WRITTEN, J. C., Prof, of Horticulture and Horticulturist
to the Experiment Station, University of Missouri,
Columbia, Mo. (Extension Teaching, Missouri, several
biographies.)
WICKSON, E. J., Prof, of Horticulture, Emeritus, College
of Agriculture, University of California, Berkeley,
Calif. (Articles on many of the fruits and vegetables in
California.)
WIEGAND, K. M., Prof, of Botany, New York State College
of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Synopsis of Families,
Bidens, Cordyline, Flower, and several genera.)
WIGHT, W. F., Botanist, Bur. of Plant Ind., U. S. Dept.
of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Solanum.)
^WILLIAMS, P. F., Horticulturist of Experiment Station,
Auburn, Ala. (W. F. Heikes, Alabama.)
WILLING, T. N., Prof, of Natural History, University of
Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Sask. (Saskatchewan.)
WILLIS, E. R. B., Reference Librarian, Cornell Uni-
versity Library, Ithaca, N. Y. (Much help on the
Name-list. )
WILSON, C. P., Station Sec. and Editor Agricultural Pub-
lications, State College, New Mex. (Nut-Culture in
New Mexico.)
WILSON, C. S., State Commissioner of Agriculture,
Albany, N. Y. (Apricot, Cover-Crops. Spraying, Exhi-
bitions. )
WILSON, WILFORD M., Prof, of Meteorology, New York
State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Frost.)
COLLABORATORS
3561
WINSLOW, R. M., Provincial Horticulturist and Inspector
of Fruit Pests, Dept. of Agriculture, Victoria, B. C.
(British Columbia.)
WOODBUBY, C. G., Prof, of Horticulture, Purdue Univer-
sity, LaFayette, Ind. (W. H. Ragan.)
WOODS, ALBERT F., Dean Colleges of Agriculture and
Forestry- and Dir. of Experiment Stations, University
of Minnesota, University Farm, St. Paul, Minn.
(Variegation.)
WOOLVEBTON, LINUS, Fruit-Grower, Grimsby, Ont. (Many
biographical sketches.)
WOBK, PAUL, Instr. in Vegetable-Gardening, New York
State College of Agriculture, Ithaca, N. Y. (Irrigation,
Kitchen-Garden, Vegetable-Gardening.)
WRIGHT, J. HARRISON, Fruit -Grower, Riverside, Calif.
(Help on palms.)
*WYMAN, A. PHELPS. (Many genera of trees and shrubs.)
YOUXG, ROBERT A., Botanical Asst., Bur. of Plant Ind.,
U. S. Dept. of Agric., Washington, D. C. (Taro,
Xanlhosoma, Yam.)
ZVOLANEK, ANT. C., Seed-grower, Lompoc, Calif. (Sweet
Pea in California.)
CULTIVATOR'S GUIDE TO THE ARTICLES
The numerals refer to pages when the articles are not in the regular alphabetic sequence
The articles in the Cyclopedia are of four general
classes: (1) cultural directions for the gardener, fruit-
grower, vegetable-gardener, florist, and home planter;
(2) identification, comprising the botanical accounts of
genera, species and varieties; (3) general information
about plants, comprising much of the introductory
material in Vol. I and articles in the alphabetic text as
Autumn Colors, Bull Horn, Color, Standards of Color,
Cactus, Cloves, Education, Experiment Stations,
Extension Teaching, Gums and Resins, Herbarium,
Horticulturists, Horticultural Literature, Names and
Nomenclature, Sap, Saprophyte, Transpiration, Varie-
gation, Xenia, and many others; (4) geographical arti-
cles, comprising British North America, Island Depen-
dencies, North American States.
The identificational and informational articles
appear, for the most part, in regular alphabetic order.
The cultural directions, however, are in part contained
in class articles of many kinds, inasmuch as they have
only indefinite alphabetic designation. With each
important generic entry, cultural directions will be
found, as under Wisteria, Rhamnus, Ardisia, Pyrola,
Ixora, Torenia, and the others throughout the six
volumes; aside from these directions, however, are
many others of special importance and interest, and
these others are here listed and classified in such a way
that the cultivator may have the range before him and
be aided in finding the advice he desires.
1. Leading or important class articles of a cultural or
plant-handling character.
Some of the leading class articles, dealing with the
cultivation and handling of plants and products and
with arrangement of plant materials, are as follows:
Fertility.
Fertilizers.
Floral designs: see Designs,
floral.
Floriculture.
Florists' plants.
Flower-garden: see Kitchen-
garden and flower-garden.
Forcing.
Forestry.
Formal-gardening: see under
Landscape gardening, 1793.
Frost.
Fruit-growing .
Fumigation: see under Diseases
and insects, 1044.
Fungi.
Grafting.
Grasses.
Greenhouse and management
(symposium).
Hedges.
Herbs (symposium), with lists.
Horticulture.
Hotbeds and coldframes.
House plants.
Insects: see under Diseases and
insects.
Inspection of horticultural mer-
chandise.
Irrigation, including sub-irri-
gation.
Japanese gardens: see under
Landscape gardening, 1789.
Kitchen-garden and flower-
garden (symposium).
Labels.
Landscape gardening (sym-
posium), including formal
gardens, cemeteries, parks,
Alpine plants.
Annuals.
Ants.
Aquarium.
Aquatics.
Arboretum.
Arboriculture (symposium),
comprising contributed parts
on uses, insects and diseases,
culture, transplanting, lists.
Autumn-gardening.
Bamboos.
Banks.
Basket plants.
Bedding, or bedding-out.
Bees.
Biennials.
Birds.
Bog-gardening; also page 2666.
Border.
Botanic garden.
Bouquet.
Breeding of plants.
Bulbs.
Conifers; also page 358.
Conservatory.
Culinary herbs.
Cut-flower industry.
Cuttings.
Design, floral.
Diseases and insects (sympo-
sium), comprising extensive
lists, also fungicides, insecti-
cides, spraying.
Drainage.
Dwarfing.
Electro-horticulture.
Etherization.
Evaporating fruit.
Evergreens.
Everlastings.
Exhibitions (symposium).
Ferns (symposium), with lists
and culture.
Lawn planting: see under Land-
scape gardening, Herbs,
Planting, Arboriculture (see
List No. 9, page 3564).
Layers.
Light for greenhouses.
Lists of trees (under Arboricul-
ture), herbs (Herb, Herbs),
shrubs (Planting); also under
Ferns, Orchids, Palms.
Machinery and implements
(symposium).
Manure.
Market-gardening.
Marketing.
Muckland-gardening.
Mushroom.
Nursery.
Nut-culture.
Nuts.
Orchids (symposium), com-
prising different parts; see
also the culture under the
alphabetic orchid entries.
Orchard: see Fruit-growing.
Packages.
Palms (symposium), comprising
different phases of botany and
treatment, with list of lead-
ing palms and their culture.
Park: see under Landscape gar-
dening, 1801 ; also 2694.
Perennials.
Perfumery-gardening.
Pergolas.
Planting (symposium), com-
prising more than twenty
articles on special phases of
the work, with lists of shrubs.
Pollen, Pollination.
Potting.
Pruning.
Railroad-gardening.
Rock-gardening.
Rustic work: see under Plant-
ing, 2677.
Screens: see under Planting,
2681.
Seaside planting: see under
Planting, 2670.
Seeds and seedage (symposium).
Shade-loving plants: see under
Planting, 2695; 2700; under
Herbs, 1467, 1472, 1473, 1475.
Shade trees: see under Arbori-
culture.
Shrubbery: see under Planting.
Small-fruits: see the separate
articles, as Blackberry, Blue-
berry, Buffalo berry, Cur-
rant, Dewberry, Gooseberry,
Raspberry; also Fruit-grow-
ing.
Spring-gardening.
Storage.
Subtropical gardening: see
under planting, 2669.
Succulents: see under Planting.
2672.
Sun-loving plants: see under
Planting, 2701; under Herbs,
1471, 1472, 1473, 1476.
Tools and implements: see
Machinery and implements.
Topiary work: see under Plant-
ing, 2675.
Transplanting; also under Ar-
boriculture, 362.
Transportation.
Tree-moving: see under Arbori-
culture, 362.
Vegetable-gardening.
Village improvement: see under
Planting, 2658.
Vines: see under Planting, 2681,
2682, 2695, 2697-2700, 2705.
Wall-gardening: see under Plant-
ing, 2680.
Walks, paths and driveways.
Water-gardening: see under
Planting, 2668; also Bog-
gardening, 519 and 2666;
Aquarium; Aquatics; Nym-
ph»a, Victoria, and others.
Watering.
Wild-garden: see under Plant-
ing, 2663.
Windbreak.
Window-gardening and window-
boxes.
Winter-gardening: see under
Planting, 2677.
Winter protection: see under
Planting, 2684.
Woods: see under Planting,
2662; also Landscape garden-
ing.
Also articles on the different
fruits, flowers, vegetables,
trees, shrubs, ornamental
plants, in regular alphabetic
order.
2. Soil management; fertilizing; cover-crops.
Soils.
Tillage.
Tillage machinery, 1942.
Drainage.
Mulching.
Irrigation.
Manure.
Fertilizers.
Lime, in horticulture.
Compost.
Peat.
Cover-crops.
Legumes.
Clover, Trifolium.
Cowpea.
Soybean.
Velvet bean (Stizolobium),
3243.
Spurry.
Rape.
3. Insects, diseases, birds, weeds; frost; means
of control.
Ants.
Insects, 1034.
Bees.
Insect injury to trees, 364.
Mites, 1041.
Nematodes, 1041.
Sowbugs.
Rose insects, 3018.
lawn-making, and other
parts.
Lawns: see under Landscape
gardening, 1816.
Diseases of trees, 368
Rose diseases, 3019.
Fungi.
Damping-off.
Mildew.
Molds.
Pseonia diseases, 2433.
Root-galls.
Rusts.
Smut.
Birds.
Frost.
Orchard protection against
frost, 1284.
Weeds.
Insecticides, 1042.
Fungicides, 1027.
Fumigation, 1044.
Spraying, 1057.
Spraying machinery and tools,
1956.
(3562)
CULTIVATOR'S GUIDE
3563
4. Propagation} breeding.
Artichoke.
Artichoke, Jerusalem.
Orach.
Parsley.
Seeds and seedage. Rhododendron, prop., 2933.
Cuttings. Nursery.
Asparagus.
Asparagus, fertilizer for, 1227.
Parsnip.
Pea.
Beans.
Pea, fertilizer for, 1228.
R ]H' 1"}64 Breeding.
Bean, fertilizer for, 1228.
Peanut.
Inarching 1370 Breeding, by seeds, 3134.
Lavers, propagation by, 1831. Hybridization, 552.
Picea= grafting. Pollination, 2/34.
Beet.
Beet, fertilizer for, 1225.
Sugar beets, fertilizer for, 1225.
Pepper (Capsicum), 2545.
Physalis.
Potato.
Roses,' prop., 3004. Dwarfing.
Brussels sprouts.
Potatoes, f ertilizer for, 1226.
Cabbage.
Pumpkin and squash.
5. Marketing; transportation; inspection; exhibitions.
Cabbage and cole crops, fer-
tilizer for, 1226.
Squashes and pumpkins, fer-
tilizers for, 1227.
Carrot.
Radish.
Marketing of horticultural pro- Inspection,
cluce. Quarantine laws, 1650.
Carrot, fertilizer for, 1226.
Cauliflower.
Radish, forcing, 1260.
Rhubarb.
Packages. Exhibitions; of plants and
BtonSeT1 flowers, 1190; of fruits, 1191;
Celeriac.
Celery.
Roquette.
Roselle.
Cold-storage. of vegetables, 1193.
Celery, fertilizer for, 1227.
Salsify; also, 3120.
Transportation.
Chard.
Scorzonera.
Chayote (Sechium), 3124.
Sea-kale.
6. Gardening; greenhouse; floriculture; florists' plants;
Chard, fertilizer for, 1225.
Chervil.
Sechium (Chayote).
Shallot.
flower-growing. (See List No. 9, on Landscape
Chicory.
Skirret.
Gardening, etc.)
Chicory, fertilizer for, 1226.
SorreL
Chives.
Spanish salsify.
Autumr>-gardening. Nelumbium.
Cress.
Spinach.
Basket plants. Nymphaea.
Cress, fertilizer for, 1226.
Spinach, fertilizer for, 1226.
Bedding. Nymphoides.
Collards.
Succory, 746.
Bog-gardening; also 2666. Papyrus.
Corn.
Sweet potato.
Border. Victoria.
Corn-salad.
Taro.
Bouquet. And others (see list, p. 2669).
Cucumber.
Tomato.
Flower-garden, 1747.
Cucumber, fertilizer for, 1227.
Tomato, fertilizer for, 1227.
House plants. Alternanthera (Telanthera),
Cucumber, forcing, 1257.
Tomato, forcing, 1259.
Perfumery-gardening. 3319.
Eggplant,
Turnip.
Railroad-gardening. Aster, China.
Endive.
Udo.
Rock-gardening. Astilbe, forcing of, 422.
Endive, fertilizer for, 1226.
Watermelon, 2031.
Seaside-gardening, 2670. Auricula.
Garlic.
Witloof.
Spring-gardening. Calla (Zantedeschia), 3534.
Greens.
Stove plants. Carnation.
Horse-radish.
Chufa.
Subtropical-gardening, 2669. Chrysanthemum.
Kale.
Culinary herbs.
Succulents, culture of, 2672. Cineraria.
Kohlrabi.
FenneL
Wall-gardening, 2680. Crotons, 815.
Leek, 1833.
Fenugreek.
Water-gardening, 2668. Dahlia.
Lettuce, 1846.
Mint, culture, 2035.
Wild-gardening, 2663. Geranium (Pelargonium), 2525.
Lettuce, fertilizer for, 1226.
Sage,
Window-gardening. Gladiolus.
Lettuce, forcing, 1255.
Samphire.
Gloxinia.
Machinery and implements, Heliotrope.
Mangels, fertilizer for, 1225.
Melon.
Savory.
Sweet cicely.
1939. Hollyhock.
Melons, fertilizer for, 1227.
Sweet herbs.
Labels, 1761. Hyacinth.
Mushroom.
Tansy.
Sterilizing soils, 3179. Lilies, cultivation, 1862.
Potting soils, 3178. Lily-of-the-valley, 1879.
Pots and potting, 2777, 2778. Marguerite.
New Zealand spinach (Tetra-
gonia), 3323.
Okra.
Tarragon.
Vanilla,
Wormwood.
Osmundine. Melastoma,
Onion.
And other entries.
Sphagnum. Mignonette.
Onion, fertilizer for, 1226.
Watering. Muscari.
Winter protection, 2684. Narcissus.
Pruning. Nepenthes.
Transplanting. Nephrolepis.
8. Fruit-growing; fruits.
Nerine.
Greenhouse. Nerium.
Light, for greenhouses, 1855. Nicotiana.
Greenhouse implements, 1955. Pseonia,
Sub-irrigation in greenhouse, Pampas-grass.
1684. Pancratium.
Conservatory. Pandanus.
Hardy plants, forcing of, 1265. Pansy.
Floriculture. Petunia,
Florists' plants. Phlox
Cut-flower industry. Poinsettia,
Fruit-growing.
Nut-culture.
Russian fruits, 1297.
Fruits, forcing of, 1260.
Dwarf fruit trees, 1082.
Nursery.
Orchard tools, 1949.
Espalier.
Evaporating fruit.
Winter protection, 2684.
Grape.
Grape, fertilizer for, 1225.
Grape, forcing of, 1261, 1388.
Grapefruit.
Guava,
Hazel-nut.
Hickory-nut.
Himalaya Berry.
Jaboticaba.
Jujube (Zizyphus), 3548.
Hotbeds. Poppy.
Forcing. Portulaca.
Transplanting.
Kumquat.
Primula.
Alpine plants. Ranunculus.
Annuals. Rose.
Bamboos. Roses under glass, 3014.
Biennials. Salvia.
Bignoniaceje,502,651. Scilla.
Bromeliads, 503. Selaginella.
Bulbs. Smilax, florists'.
Cacti: also Succulents, 2672. Stocks.
Everlastings. Sunflowers, 1445, 3281.
Ferns. Sweet pea.
Ferns, tree. Tuberose (Polianthes), 2731.
Herbs. Tulip.
Orchids. Verbena.
Palm. Viola, violet.
Almond.
Apple.
Apple, fertilizers for, 1223.
Apricot.
Apricot, fertilizers for, 1224.
Avocado; see also Persea.
Banana.
Blackberry.
Blackberry, fertilizers for, 1224.
Blueberry.
Buffalo Berry.
Carob (Ceratonia), 717.
Cherimoya.
Cherry.
Cherry, fertilizers for, 1224.
Lime (fruit).
Limequat.
Litchi.
Loganberry.
Loquat.
Lucuma.
Mango.
Mangosteen.
Marang.
Monstera.
Mulberry (Morus), 2069.
Natal plum; see also Carissa,
Nectarine.
Nectarines, forcing of, 1263.
Olive,
Water-gardening, 2668. Zinnia.
Aquarium. And many other regular en-
Chestnut.
Citrange.
Citron.
Orange.
Orange, trifoliate (Poncirus),
2751.
Aquatics, tries.
Coconut.
Papaya,
Cranberry.
Passiflora.
7. Vegetable-gardening and vegetables; sweet herbs, and
Cranberry, fertilizer for, 1225.
Peach.
the like.
Currant.
Peach, fertilizers for, 1224.
Currant, fertilizer for, 1224.
Peaches, forcing of, 1263.
Vegetable-gardening. Irrigation for vegetable-growers.
Date.
Pear.
Market-gardening. Vegetable forcing-houses, 1400.
Dewberry.
Pear, fertilizers for, 1223.
Muckland-gardening. Vegetables, forcing of, 1254.
Feijoa.
Pecan.
Kitchen-garden. Cucumbers, forcing of, 1257.
Fig.
Persea.
Vegetable-gardening tools and Lettuce, forcing of, 1255.
Gooseberry.
Persimmon.
implements, 1953. Tomatoes, forcing of, 1259.
Gooseberry, fertilizer for, 1224.
Pineapple.
3564
Pineapple, fertilizer for, 1225.
Pistacia.
Plum.
Plum, fertilizers for, 1224.
Pomegranate.
Pot-fruits, forcing of, 1264.
Prune.
Pummelo.
Quince.
Quince, fertilizer for, 1225.
Raspberry.
CULTIVATOR'S GUIDE
Raspberry, fertilizer for, 1224.
Sapodilla.
Sapote.
Shaddock.
Spondias (Otaheite-apple).
Strawberry.
Strawberry, fertilizer for, 1224.
Strawberries, forcing, 3270.
Tamarind.
Tangelo.
Walnut.
9. Landscape gardening; lawns and planting; herbs,
shrubs, trees.
Landscape gardening.
Landscape extension, 1813.
Design, relation of planting to,
2657.
Designing landscapes, 1783.
Garden cities.
Civic art, horticultural phases
of, 1811.
Village improvement, 2658.
Parks, landscape treatment,
1801.
Parks, shrubs for, 2694.
Cemeteries, landscape treat-
ment of, 1807.
Small grounds, 1796.
Topiary, and garden architec-
ture, 2675.
Formal gardening, 1793.
Pergola.
Japanese gardening, 1789.
Woods, in landscape, 2662.
Streets, shrubs for, 2694.
Screen-planting, 2681.
Seaside-planting, 2670.
Walks, paths, driveways.
Forestry.
Botanic garden.
Banks.
Bog-gardening; also 2666.
Rock-gardening.
Winter-gardening, 2677.
Subtropical-gardening, 2669.
Planting.
Windbreaks.
Lawns and lawn-making, 1S16
Lippia for lawns, 1888.
Zoysia, for lawns, 3549.
Shrubs and woody plants, lista
of, 2690 for Northeast; 2693
for Middle West; 2695 for
Midcontinental Region; 2696
for South ; 2700 for California.
Shrubbery, 2660.
Vines for California, 2705.
Trumpet-vines, 651.
Vitis.
Hedges.
Osage orange for hedges, 1961.
Privet for hedges, 1859.
Azalea (Rhododendron), 2935.
Lilac (Syringa), 3297.
Evergreens.
Arboretum.
Arboriculture.
Conifers, 358.
Oak (Quercus), 2880.
Pine.
Spruces, ornamental, 2615.
And many. other entries under
the generic names of trees
and shrubs.
ADDITIONAL SPECIES
The first volume of this Cyclopedia was published in
March, 1914. The lists of plants on which it was
founded were brought down to the close of 1912, and it
wa> to this date, as stated on page xi, that the Cyclo-
pedia undertook to cover its task, although subsequent
introductions have been inserted up to the closing of
the pages so far as possible and as the information has
come to hand. Undoubtedly some names were over-
looked. Four years and more have passed since the
original lists were prepared, and cross-referenced back
and forth throughout the letters of the alphabet.
^yithin this time, species have been introduced to cul-
tivation within the United States and Canada, and
which may now be described. The present list is not
complete for the subtropical parts, and probably not
all the introductions have been discovered for the
other parts. The commerce in plants is incessant, and
the situation is never at rest.
The consultant will probably be disappointed in not
finding some of the well-advertised binomials in either
the body of the Cyclopedia or this Supplement. The
Editor has a long list of such names, but, without the
plants themselves before him, he cannot know what the
names mean. They are such as have no botanical
standing, and the descriptions in the catalogues do not
identify them. Probably some of these binomials
represent generic and varietal names, with the species-
name omitted. This is a prevalent but very faulty
practice, as it obscures all relationships and plunges
the subject into confusion. So long as this practice
prevails, it is impossible to make clear identification
of cultivated plants.
Only in one group does there appear to have been
any marked extension of species, and this is in the wil-
lows i.Salix). Some of the very attractive Chinese and
other willows are very recently offered, and the account
of that genus is therefore much extended. The addi-
tions in the willows are made by Alfred Rehder, as are
also the additions and modifications in all the articles
originally prepared by him.
ABIES. Page 172.
Delavayi, Franch. (Ketdeeria Fabri, Mast.). (After
No. 11 in the treatment of Abies.) Tall tree, to 120
ft.: young branches yellowish or reddish brown, lus-
trous, usually glabrous: winter buds obtuse, resinous:
Ivs. spreading, crowded, usually blunt and emarginate,
strongly recurved at the margins, silvery white below,
%-! in. long: cones oblong-ovate to oblong-cylindric,
usually truncate, deep violet, about 23/2 in. long; bracts
usually slightly exserted. W.China. G.C. in. 39:212
(as A. Fargesii on p. 213).
Faxoniana, Rehd. & Wilson. (After Xo. 11.) Tall
tree, to 120 ft.: young branches brownish villous: win-
ter buds obtuse, very resinous: Ivs. crowded, distich-
ously spreading, linear, short-pointed or obtuse to
emarginate, J-4-1 in. long, silvery white beneath: cones
ovoid or ovoid-oblong, usually truncate violet-purple,
about iy<i in. long; bracts exserted. W. China.
recurvata, Mast. (After Xo. 11.) Tall tree, to 120
ft.: young branches pale yellowish gray, lustrous, gla-
brous: winter bud slightly pointed, very resinous: Ivs.
crowded, spreading or recurved, sometimes falcate,
pointed, bright green or glaueescent, of about the same
color on both sides, about } jjin. on fruiting branches,
about 1 in. long and more pointed on young plants:
cones oblong-ovoid, usually flattened at the apex,
violet-purple before maturity, later gray-brown, about
3 in. long; bracts not exserted. W. China.
squamita, Mast. (After Xo. 11.) Tall tree, to 120
ft.; bark purplish brown, exfoliating in thin flakes like
the river birch: young branches brown, glabrous:
winter buds obtuse, very resinous: Ivs. very crowded,
ascending, mucronate or obtuse, often falcate, glaucous
below while young, becoming nearly green, J/2-1 in.
long: cones oblong-ovoid, obtuse, violet, 2-3 in. long;
bracts slightly exserted. W. China. G.C. III. 39:299.
— Very remarkable for its bright purplish brown bark,
scaling off in thin flakes. It has violet-purple resinous
cones, and short relatively broad leaves.
ALEURITES. Page 245.
montana, Wilson, is a new wood-oil tree recently
intro. from China, and related to A. Fordii, but with
the staminate and pistillate fls. tending to be in sepa-
rate infl., the latter racemose and the fr. egg-shaped
with 3 longitudinal and many transverse ridges.
AMPELOPSIS. Page 278.
Watsoniana, Wilson (Vitis leemdes, Veitch, not
Planch.). (After Xo. 10.) Tall climbing shrub, with
slender forked tendrils, glabrous: Ivs. simply pinnate;
Ifts. 5, stalked, ovate to ovate-oblong, acuminate,
rounded at the base, remotely serrate, bright green
above, glaueescent beneath, 3-4 }/£ in. long: fls. and frs.
not known, but probably not much different from
those of A. leeoides to which this species is closely
related, but easily distinguished by the always simply
S innate Ivs. with fewer and larger Ifts. Cent. China.
.U.S. 28:295, figs. 95, 96, erroneously cited under A.
leemdes on p. 278 of this work.
ANGOPHORA. Page 288.
intermedia, DC. (Metrosideros floribiinda, Smith,
not Hort.). Tree, described by Bentham as having
rough persistent fibrous bark, the parts nearly or quite
glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate to ovate-lanceolate, distinctly
stalked, 2-4 in. or more long, sharply acuminate: fls.
rather small, in loose corymbs or trichotomous pani-
cles; calyx about 2 lines long or longer, with 5 prominent
ribs, the teeth short-subulate. Austral. — In Calif,
said to be a very fine drought-resisting shade and
avenue tree.
lanceolata, Cav. Described in Calif, as a medium-
sized white-fld. tree; by Bentham said to be "a tree of
considerable size," with bark deciduous in large smooth
flakes, the parts glabrous or essentially so: Ivs. lanceo-
late, acuminate, 3-5 in. long, distinctly petiolate, with
numerous parallel pinnate veins: fls. in rather dense
terminal clusters, larger and denser than in A. inter-
media; calyx about 3 lines long, the teeth shorter and
thicker than in A. intermedia. Austral.
AQUILEGIA. Page 339.
akitensis, Huth. St. erect, branched above: radical
and lower cauline Ivs. twice ternate, uppermost cauline
Ivs. simple, narrowly lanceolate: sepals oval, longer
than the Umb of the petals, pale purple when dry;
petals with a rather straight spur, limb subtruncate,
pale yellow. Japan; intro. as an alpine species, with
blue-and-yellow fls.; the author of species does not
state its relationships.
(3565)
3566
ARGYREIA
CELSIA
ARGRYREIA. Page 391.
splendens, Sweet (Convolvulus splendens, Hornem.
Lettsomia splendens, Roxbg. Ipom&a splendens, Sims).
Described by Clarke as "a large climber:" Ivs. elliptic
and acuminate, never cordate but the base rhomboid
or rounded, blade about 7 in. long and petiole 3 in.,
glabrous above and silky beneath: fls. rose-colored or
pale red, in few- or many-fld. pedunculate corymbs;
corolla tubular-campanulate, 1^ in. long, the plaits
hairy outside; sepals tomentose, ovate and obtuse,
J^in. long: caps, scarlet, papery. India. B.M. 2628. —
Doubtful whether known in this country. The plant
in cult, as Convolvulus splendens may be a form of the
common morning-glory, Ipomcea purpurea.
BERBERIS. Page 487.
Regeliana, No. 2, Fig. 539, represents B. amurensis
rather than B. Regeliana, which is probably better con-
sidered a variety of B. amurensis, and to be called B.
amurensis var. japonica, Rehd.
levis, No. 24. The species described under this name
is B. atrocarpa, Schneid. (B. levis, Hort., not Franchet).
The true B. levis is not in cult.; it has more closely ser-
rated Ivs. and purplish black slightly bloomy fr., while
the fr. of B. atrocarpa is jet-black.
Sargentiana, No. 25. The plant described is the
true species, but the shrub cult, under this name is
often B. Julianae, Schneid., which seems slightly
hardier; it has the young branches yellowish and
slightly grooved (terete and red while young in B.
Sargentiana}, shorter Ivs. hardly exceeding 2J^ in.,
firmer and less reticulate beneath, elliptic bloomy frs.
crowned by a short style, on pedicels J^-J^in. long.
B. aggregata, Suppl. List, (page 492). Add as a syn-
onym B. brevipaniculata, Hort., not Schneid.; the true
B. brevipaniculata is not in cult.
B. Wallichiana, Suppl. List. The species cult, under
this name and described here is B. xanthoxylon, Hassk.,
to which B. Wallichiana var. latifolia, Hort., and also
B. Knightii, Hort., B. macrophylla, Hort., and B. Wal-
lichiana, Hort., not DC., must be referred as syn-
onyms. The true B. Wallichiana, DC., has elliptic Ivs.
of firmer texture and is not in cult., while the true B.
Wallichiana var. latifolia, Hook f . & Thorns., belongs
as a synonym of B. Hookeri, Lem.
BETULA. Page 497.
Var. Prattii, Burkill. (End of No. 3, B. utilis.} Lvs.
nearly truncate at the base, more gradually acuminate,
the secondary veins scarcely pilose, but the veinlets
short-pubescent: scales of the catkins with very short
lateral lobes. W. China.
albo-sinensis, Burkill (B. utilis var. sinensis, Wink-
ler). (After No. 3.) Tree, occasionally to 100 ft., with
orange-red bark: branchlets glabrous, lustrous: Ivs.
ovate, acuminate, rounded at the base, sharply and
doubly serrate, glabrescent beneath, with 9-10 pairs
of veins, 1H~3 in. long: cones cylindric, 1^-1% in.
long; bracts glabrous, scarcely ciliate, slightly glandu-
lar; lateral lobes rounded, much shorter than the linear-
lanceolate middle one. Cent, and W. China. Var.
septentrionalis, Schneid. Branchlets distinctly glandu-
lar: Ivs. beneath on the veins often silky and bearded.
N. W. China.
Potaninii, Batal. (B. Wilsonii, Bean). (After No,
7.) Shrub, to 10 ft., usually with spreading and pros-
trate branches, in its native habitat often hanging
down over cliffs: branchlets densely brownish pubes-
cent: Ivs. short-petioled, ovate, acute, rounded or
cuneate at base, irregularly, often doubly serrate, with
13-20 pairs of veins, dark green above, densely brown-
ish pubescent beneath, %-!% in. long: cones %in.
long: scales with the middle lobe at least twice as long
as the rounded lateral lobes. W. China.
In B. pendula, No. 9, strike out var. Tauschii and
its description and insert after the end of the para-
graph:
japonica, Sieb. (B. alba var. japonica, Miq. B. pen-
dula var. Tauschii, Rehd.). Tree: branchlets glabrous
or more or less glandular: Ivs. broadly or deltoid-ovate,
acuminate, truncate or broadly cuneate, sometimes
subcordate at the base, simply or doubly serrate, gla-
brous or puberulous beneath and sometimes bearded
in the axils, 2-3 in. long: cone cylindric, its stalk ^-^
in. long; scales with the lateral lobes spreading or
recurved, as long or longer than the middle one. Japan.
S.I.F. 1:21. Var. szechuanica, Schneid. (var. mand-
schurica, Schneid., not Winkler). Tree with wide-
spreading branches: Ivs. rounded or broadly cuneate at
the base, glabrous or nearly so, dull or bluish green
above : lateral lobes of scales spreading, half as long as
the lanceolate middle one. W. China.
BUDDLEIA. Page 585.
Farquharii, L. Barren (B. asidtica x B. officinalis).
(After No. 5.) Intermediate between the parents. Lvs.
lanceolate, 4-6 in. long, white or yellowish white
beneath: fls. pale mauve, fragrant, in slender spikes
forming large terminal panicles to 1 ft. long; the spikes
composed of stalked, 3-7-fld. clusters. Raised by R. &
J. Farquhar & Co., Boston, in 1913. Gn.M. 21:155.
CALLISTEMON. Page 630.
Other names, than those described in Vol. II are
listed in California, but their botanical standing is in
doubt. The best that can be done at present is to make
the following statements:
coccineus, Muell. Similar to C. lanceolatus but Ivs.
smaller, 1-1% in. long, pungently acute; midrib and
nerve-like margins prominent but lateral veins incon-
spicuous: stamens %-l in. long, red, with yellow
anthers: fr. strongly contracted at summit. Austral.
Cunninghamii, Koch. Listed in Calif.: "Lvs. ex-
tremely narrow. Growth low and compact." Botan-
ically described as follows: Lvs. elliptical, wide-spread-
ing, pale green, pellucid or sometimes roughish, margi-
nal nerves and veins rather prominent, young Ivs.
reddish, somewhat silky: stamens scarcely 3 times
longer than the petals. Austral.
floribundus pendulus. A trade name used in Calif,
for an unknown form recently intro. from European
gardens. Described as of compact growth with short
slender drooping branches well covered with short
broad and rather blunt Ivs. Probably a form of C
lanceolatus.
hybridus, DC. Described only from Ivs. which are
rigid, linear, almost pungent, and with marginal nerve.
— Not recognized by recent authors. The plant offered
in Calif, under this name is probably a garden hybrid
from Eu.
C. robustus, and C. splendens are trade names used
in Calif, for forms recently intro. from Eu. Their
botanical status is unknown.
HARVET MONROE HALL.
CASSIA. Page 680.
polyantha, Moc. & Sesse". Branches angled: Ivs.
about 12-paired, glabrous, spreading; Ifts. petiolulate,
4 lines long, oval, mucronate: fls. paniculately sub-
corymbose, 9 lines diam.; calyx-segms. broadly ovate,
mucronate; petals unguiculate, obovate: pod com-
pressed, acute at both ends, 2 in. long, 6 lines broad.
Mex. — In Calif, said to be a spreading shrub blooming
freely and continuously; yellow.
CELSIA. Page 709.
Arctftrus, Jacq. Probably perennial, but sometimes
perhaps annual or biennial, differing from C. cretica,
among other things, in its long-pedicelled rather than
CELSIA
CYPERUS
3567
subsessile fls. : more or less woolly, especially below: Ivs.
all alternate, canescent beneath, short-petioled, Ivrate,
the terminal segm. large and oblong-obtuse with cre-
nate margins, the later segms. smaller and ovate; cau-
line Ivs. few, oblong and slightly clasping: fls. verbas-
cum-like, yellow, the five spreading lobes obtuse,
purple-hairy stamens deflexed and ascending. Crete.
B.M. 1962.
CENTAUREA. Page 712.
orientalis. Linn. (After Xo. 9.) Perennial, 3 ft., erect
and branching, the branches -sparsely cobwebby: Ivs.
coriaceous, glabrous or roughish, pinnatisect into
lanceolate or linear divisions: heads yellow-fld. (said to
be a red-fld. form), large, ovate; bracts of involucre pale
or colored at tip, the intermediate or outer ones ovate
and prominently pectinate. Caucasus region. — A hand-
some species, with long-stalked heads. Centaurea is a
large genus, with many ornamental species, and other
kinds than those described in the Cyclopedia are likely
to come into the trade from tune to time as flower-gar-
den and border subjects.
CaENOMELES. Page 727.
japonica. It has been shown recently that Thun-
berg. when describing his Pyrus japonica, had the spe-
cies now called C. Maulei in mind: therefore the name
C. japonica, Lindl., must replace the name C. Maulei,
and the species called here C. japonica must bear the
name C. lagenaria, Koidzumi (Cydonia lagenaria
Loisel.); and C. caihayensis should be a variety of it:
Var. cathayensis, Rehd. (C. cathayensis, Schneid.).
Lvs. narrower, lanceolate, pubescent beneath while
young. Cent. China. H.T. 27:2657, 2658. Another
variety is: Var. Wflsonii, Rehd. Lvs. covered beneath
with a persistent fulvous woolly tomentum. W. China.
C. Maulei, Schneid., becomes C. japonica, Lindl.
CLEMATIS. Page 787.
No. 14, C. nutans. Var. thyrsoidea is now considered
a distinct species and has been named:
C. Rehderiana, Craib (C. nutans var. thyrsoidea,
Rehd. & Wilson).
Xo. 28, C. montana, add: forma platysepala,
Rehd. & Wilson. A form of C. montana var. WUsonii
with broadly obovate, rounded or truncate sepals:
the fls. are "very round in shape and appear at the
same time as the Ivs.
C. Gouriana in the Suppl. List (page 798), add: Var.
Finctii, Rehd. & Wilson. Achenes glabrous, orbicular-
ovoid and compressed, dark brown.
COCOS. Page 812.
schizophylla, Mart. Trunk, 6-9 ft. high: Ivs. 6-9 ft.
long: segms. 30-40, linear, acuminate, 12-16 in. long:
spadix up to 3 ft. long: drupe orange-red. Brazil. —
Described as a strong-growing species, useful for plant-
ing out in Fla. and Calif.
CORNUS. Page 851.
Waited, Wang. (After No. 13.) Tree, to 40 ft.:
branchlets nearly glabrous: Ivs. elliptic, acuminate,
broadly cuneate at the base, sometimes nearly rounded,
usually crisped at the margin, dark green above, pale
green and with appressed hairs beneath, with usually
4 pairs of veins, 2-4 in. long: panicle corymbose, about
3 in. across; style club-shaped: fr. black, about Y^an.
across. Cent. China. — This plant has been confused
with C. Wilsoniana which is apparently not in cult, and
is chiefly distinguished by the whitish under side of the
Ivs. and the cylindric style.
Hemsleyi, Schneid. & Wang. (After No. 14.) Shrub,
to 20 ft.: branchlets appressed-pubescent at first,
becoming glabrous and reddish brown or purple: Ivs.
ovate to ovate-elliptic, short-acuminate, rounded at the
base, with 6-7 pairs of veins, whitish and appressed
pubescent beneath, often with brownish hairs along the
midrib and veins, 2-3 in. long: corymb umbel-like, 2-3
in. broad, slightly pubescent or with brownish woolly
hairs; style cylindric: fr. y^va.. across, bluish black. W.
China.
CRAT^GUS. Page 878.
coloradensis, A. Xels. (After No. 35.) Low tree, to
12 ft., with glossy brown, sparingly spiny branches:
Ivs. broadly oval to orbicular, acute, rounded or some-
what cuneate at the base, incisely and coarsely toothed,
sparingly pubescent above, nearly glabrous beneath
except pubescent on the midrib and veins, about 2 in.
long; petioles rather short: corymbs many-fld.; pedi-
cels and calyx-tube hirsute; stamens 10; styles usually
3: fr. subglobose, about }/4in. across, dark scarlet, with
juicy pulp. Colo.
erythr6poda, Ashe (C. cerronis, A. Nels.).
(After No. 35.) Small tree, to 15 ft.: branchlets gla-
brous, purplish brown, spiny: Ivs. .elliptic-ovate or
obovate, acute, abruptly narrowed at the base, incisely
serrate and slightly lobed above the middle, lustrous
and sparingly pubescent above, particularly on the
veins, glabrous below, l%-2% in- long: corymb gla-
brous; stamens 5-8, with purple anthers: fr. subglobose,
J^in. across, brown. Colo.
saligna, Greene. (After Xo. 37.) Tree, to 20 ft.,
with spreading or drooping branches, spiny; branchlets
bright red, glabrous: Ivs. rhombic-elliptic to rhombic-
lanceolate, acute or sometimes rounded at the apex,
cuneate at the base, slightly hairy and dark green above,
paler green and glabrous beneath, l%-2 in. long:
corymbs glabrous: fls. %in. across; stamens 20, anthers
yellow: fr. globose, blue-black, J^in. across, with 3-5
nutlets. Colo. S.M. 491. B.B. 482.
CUPHEA. Page 913.
jorullensis, HBK. (C. tricolor, Moc. & Sesse. C. ar-
vensis, Benth.). Herb; branches compressed, viscous-
pubescent; Ivs. oblong -lanceolate, 2 in. long, %in.
broad, acute, base rotundate, both surfaces scabrous:
peduncles solitary to ternate, alternate: calyx viscid-
pubescent, tubular, ventricose below. Mex.-^-C. jorul-
lensis, Hook. B. M. 5232 =C. micropetala.
Hookeriana, Walp. (C. floribunda, Hook. & Am., not
Lehm. C.. Roezlii, Carr.). Shrubby; branches elongate
scabrous; Ivs. oblong-lanceolate, acuminate, base atten-
uate to a rather long petiole, both surfaces somewhat
shining, scabrous: calyx deflex-bowed, base obtusely,
viscous-pubescent, spurred. Mex.
CYNOGLOSSUM. Page 939.
nervdsum, Benth. Plant hairy-pubescent, to 3 ft.,
perennial: Ivs. many, nearly sessile, elliptic or oblong,
acute, those on the st. 4 in. long and not prominently
nerved, the radical ones narrow-oblanceolate and with
several pairs of strong nerves: fls. deep cobalt-blue,
about J^in. across, in many lax axillary and terminal
racemes which are 3-6 in. long; corolla broadly cam-
panulate with a short tube. Himalayan region. B.M.
7513, where it is said to be ''the largest-flowered
Himalayan Cynoglossum, and a very handsome
plant."
CYPERUS. Page 940.
adenophorus, Schrad. About 2 ft. high: culm gla-
brous: Ivs. shorter than the culm, linear, carinate:
umbel 9-14-rayed; umbellules 6-9-rayed; rays lO^O-
spiked; spikelets linear-lanceolate, many-fld., 3 lines
long, the infl. whitish green: fr. obovate, 3-angled
punctate-scabrous. Brazil. — Useful for pots.
3568
D.EMOXOROPS
HIBISCUS
D^EMONOROPS. Page 951.
fissus, Bhiine. Lf .-segms. many and graceful, &-S
in. long, lanceolate, subulate-acuminate, plicate, apex
penicillate. often bifid: rachis aculeate: spadix erect.
contracted: fr. ovoid-globose, about the size of a small
cherry. Borneo. — Foliage described as bronzy green.
DECKENIA (after Karl von der Decken, German
explorer of East Africa, killed in 1864 by the Somalis .
Sometimes misspelled Deckeria: but there is a genus
name Deckeria which, however, is regarded as a syn-
onym of Iriartea. Polmoceae. One species, by some
referred to Acanthophoenix, from the Seychelles, now
intro. as a warmhouse palm. D. nobilis, Wendl., is a
tall pahn, reaching 100ft. and more, and 1 ft. or more in
diam.: Ivs. pinnate, 10-12 ft. or more long, the sheath
3-6 ft. long and usually spiny; petiole about 1 ft. long,
pale green and smooth; pinnae narrow, hairy beneath,
bristly when young; midrib yellow: fls. monoecious, in
3's, the middle one female, the male with 9 stamens and
minute perianth, the female with imbricate perianth:
spadix with slender pendulous branches which are spiny
at the base; spathes 2, spiny, seldom exceeding 1 ft":
fr. much compressed, ovoid-deltoid, ^in. long and M™-
thick, black turning to straw-colored.
DELPHINIUM. Page 975.
spetiostnn. The trade name may apply to a showy
garden form of undetermined origin. D. HJMTIMMBI,
Bieb.. to which the botanical name applies, is a
tall gray-tomentose perennial of the Caucasus: st.
angled, paniculate above: Ivs. palmatehr parted, the
segms. acute and cut, the lower segms. not divergent:
spur incurved at the point, equaling the sepals: petals
glabrous above; ovary tomentose. Caucasus region,
Persia. — D. tpeeittum jtmbrmtum is said by Xichobon to
be qmiWr hi growth and fls. to D. rntttmrtrrtm, but
has larger infl. and the fls. have longer spars; Himalaya.
DIANTHUS. Page 997.
The trade name mav represent a
or edged form of one of the comme
pinks; if D. moryiitahts, Poir.. it is a _
of Europe, with linear marginate ITS. and sofitarv
fls.; cab/one scales or bracts acute and shorter thi
calx.
the
ELYMUS. Page 1111.
Vahl. GIANT SIBEHIAX RTE-GRASB. A
E. rtimiltmwflin: spike 1 ft. or
above, lon^r
EKEMURUS. Page 112$.
tiuke&UuuuB, Regel. Plant about 4 ft
JKS _
anth-segms- : Ivs. broadlv knear, acuminate.
ETJCALfPTUS. Page 1152.
ilbm, Reinw. (E. pirfyp*
E. jwpi*f<£a, bat ITS. muc
eeolate to broadly orate or
" '3 in.
' --- -f — - — -
3-7-fld, pedHefc abort or .
^3«Y1 1 CTff-klwiM MA 1 1 i i^i . -. -• J ' . '
— cr— -- — »- ^^^^^^om^Lf tow. vaives s&gnuy pro-
trading. Austral. Maiden, Crit. Rev. Eucal. 105, 106,
107. — Grown at Los Angeles.
cymose infl.: branching, pubescent at least above: Ivs.
ovate-lanceolate, long-acuminate, 3-nerved. slender-
petioled, sharp-serrate, the upper ones alternate: fls.
7-15 in the campanulate involucre, of which the bracts
are obtuse or truncate. Minn., south and southeast.
EVODIA. Page 1185.
hnpehensis, Dode. (After E. Henryi.) Tree, to 60
ft.: Ifts. 7-9, short-stalked, elliptic-ovate to elliptic-
lanceolate, long-acuminate, rounded or rarely narrowed
at the base, glaucescent or pale green beneath and gla-
brous or nearly so except villous in the axils of the veins,
3-6 in. long: infl. slightly pubescent. 4-8 in. broad: fr.
beaked, yellowish gray, slightly hairy. Cent. China.
FICUS. Page 1229.
uhnifdlia, Lam. (F. sinubsa, Miq.). Shrub. 9-15 ft.
high: Ivs. alternate, variable, very harsh, oblong, sub-
entire, undulately lobed or coarsely toothed, sometimes
deeply and narrowly lobed, acuminate, base rounded,
3-nerved, 3Ji~7 in. long, 2J-4-3H in. broad: fr. axfl-
lary, solitary or in pairs, orange-red to purplish, ovoid
to ellipsoid, about ^in. long. Philippines.
fttflis, Sim. Large tree: hrs. elliptic-cordate. 6-10 in.
lone; 4-5 in. broad, obtuse, leathery: petiole thick. 2-4
in long; stipules membranaceous, 4^-6 in. long. 1 1 2-2 in.
broad, obtuse, yeDowish with brown spots: fr. solitary
or clustered, almost globos. pubescent. Natal and
Zululand. — Used for the manufacture of native cloth
and rough cordage.
GALEGA. Page 1311.
bicolor, Haipskn. Perhaps a form of G. officinaliK
tfts. oblong-linear rather than oblong-lanceolate.
retuse: Tarnnr more lax or open: calyx-teeth mostly
snorter than the tube rather than longer: standard
deep bine, the wings and keel whitish blue, Mesopo-
GEHTIANA. Page 1323.
tibetica, King. A Himalayan species of which no
dose relatives from that region are described in this
Cyclopedia, and which now appears as a name in the
trade. Described by King as follows: st. very stout,
erect, 18-in. high, simple: st.Jvs. 6 in. long, lanceolate,
connate at base into a cyhndric sheath, the uppermost
sessfle and •hutled and fanning an involucre to the
infl.: fls. quwded m the uppemiuBt axDs. sessfle; calyx
tubukr, iaf •iaiiMiiai, truncate, split on one side, the
mouth minutely 5-toothed; corolla nearly 1 in. long,
tubular-funnel-shaped, the lobes 5, triangular with a
fold in each sinus: caps, included; seeds
HELICHRtSUM. Page 1450, after H.
DC. Subabrub, the many virgate
."•"- ._:.-- ." . :;. . •_• :.-
Ba, F.T.M.). Related to
good plant
with white fohage.
with few
& En.— Said to be a
HIBISCUS. Page 1483.
The names H.
forms of H.
EUPATORIUM. Page 1166, after No, 22 (but Ivs.
atafted).
, Miehx. An attractive speoes, 4-9 ft.
with gnyisfa white ••HUM fe. m a broad
Ivs. petioled,
. .-._•' : •.-. - -
2-3
than the
HIBISCUS
XEPHROLEPIS
3569
Lambertiinus, HBK. Herb: st. simple, 6 ft. high,
aculeate, minutely pilose: Ivs. petioled, ovate-lanceo-
late, acuminate, base rounded, serrate, hirsute and
green above, below canescent-tomentose, 5 in. or more
long; stipules linear-subulate: fls. axillary, solitary,
pedunculate, large; calyx double, outer 11-parted,
divisions linear, inner campanulate, 5-parted; corolla
5-parted, unequally oblong, apex rotundate, base
cuneate. Venezuela.
INTJLA. Page 1655. after /. hirta.
montana. Linn. Perennial, with erect mostly
1 -headed villous st.: Ivs. lanceolate, entire, rillous, the
radical ones narrowed into petiole: outer involucre
scales oblong-lanceolate and somewhat obtuse, the
inner ones acute: achene hairy: plant about 1-1 J^ ft.
high, the heads bearing many narrow yellow rays.
S. Eu.
IRIS. Section Evansia, species 1-5, page 1669.
gracilipes, Gray. Root stock slender and branched:
Ivs. 3-4. radical, linear and grass-like, becoming 1 ft.
long: peduncle filiform, about the length of the Ivs.,
1-3-headed: fl. solitary and sessile in the scarious 1-lvd.
spathe, lilac; tube exceeding the 3-angled ovary, the
segms. obcordate-oblong, the exterior lobes glabrous:
crest yellow; stigma 2-fid, cut. N. Japan.—
plant, about 8 in. high, flowering freely in May.
JTJNIPERUS. Page 1728.
chinensis var. procumbens, Xo. 11. Under this
name apparently three different forms have been con-
fused; these are:
chinensis var. japonica, Vilm. (J. japonica, Carr.).
A dwarf shrub with foliage mostly of the juvenile type;
of this two forms are in cult. : Var. japonica aurea, Bean
(J. chinensis var. procumbens aurea, Beiss.). Of more
spreading habit with a few long branches, the young
growth golden yellow. Var. japonica aureo-varie-
gata, Bean (J. chinensis var. procumbens aiureo-
i*aritg.aia, Beiss.). Of more compact and upright habit,
the young growth variegated with golden yellow.
chinensis var. Sargentii, Henry. A prostrate form
with long spreading stems, the lateral branchlets
ascending, forming dense mats; Ivs. on young plants
almost all acicular and grass-green, on fruiting plants
all or nearly all scale-like and bluish green. Japan. —
As a ground-cover this juniper is one of the most valua-
ble. Intro, in 1892 to the Arnold Arboretum by Sargent
and subsequently distributed as J. chinensis var.
procumbent.
procumbens, Sieb. (J. chinensis var. proc&mbens,
Endl.). Low prostrate shrub with the branches ascend-
ing at the ends: Ivs. bluish green or glaucous, all acicu-
lar. in 3's. lanceolate, pungent, with a broad white
band above divided near the apex by the green midrib:
fr. not known. Japan. — Closely related to J. squamata
from which it may be distinguished by the branchlets
being glaucous-white on the edges of the pulvini.
LARIX. Page 1823.
The hybrid between Larix decidua and L. leptolepis
mentioned under L. decidua has been named L. hybrida.
Its Ivs. are much like those of the L. leptolepis; the
mature branchlets are light brownish yellow and
slightly bloomy.
LITHOCARPUS (literally stone fruit). Fagaceje. The
article Pasania (page 2479) is to be referred to this new
entry, as Lithocarpus is the older name and is the ten-
able one under the rules (see note in Sargent, PL Wil-
son. III. 205). Of Lithocarpus the following species are
known to be in cult:
densiflfira, Rehd. (Pasania densiflora, Vol. V, p.
2479).
cleistocarpa, Rehd. & Wilson (Quercus cleistocdrpa,
Vol. V, p. 2890).
cornea, Rehd. (Pasania cornea, VoL V, p. 2479).
glabra, Rehd. (Pasania glabra, p. 2479).
Henryi, Rehd. & Wilson (Quercus Henryi, p. 2890).
thalassica, Rehd. (Pasania thalassica, p. 2479).
LYSIMACHIA. Page 1935.
japonica, Thunb. Annual : st . slender and decumbent,
simple, villous or pubescent, the apex erect: Ivs. oppo-
site, petiolate, roundish and subcordate to ovate, obtuse,
entire: fls. 1 or 2 in the axils, the peduncle shorter than
the Ivs. and reflexed in fr.; corolla J^in. or less across,
yellow, the gland-dotted segms. oblong. In moist
places and about fields, Japan, China, India, to the
Philippines. — Whether the creeping yellow-fld. plant
listed under this name is the true L. japonica is appar-
ently }-et to be determined.
NEPHROLEPIS. Page 2131.
To supplement the original account of Nephrqlepis,
there are published herewith revised lists of varieties.
The first list (A) represents the forms now growing in the
living collection of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden (1916-
1917). It may be accepted as accurate as far as it con-
cerns the varieties of N. exaUata. With respect to the
varieties of species other than A". exaUata, no assurance
of accuracy can be given. The proper classification of the
wild forms of Nephrolepis is one of the most difficult
Eroblems in fern taxonomy, and with the inclusion of
orticultural forms the difficulty is increased. The
second list of names represents those forms which
it has not yet been possible to secure for cultivation
at the Botanic Garden. They are listed here merely
to make the list of named forms as complete as pos-
sible. Most of the list was published in "Horticul-
ture," October 28, 1916, accompanied by names of
originators.
Regarding the other forms, it may be said that for
American florists the Exaltata group includes practi-
cally all forms of commercial value. All these would be
classed as greenhouse forms. Most of the species and
varieties other than Exaltatas are stove forms. A few,
especially the forms of A", cordifolia (including A", tube-
rosa, a synonym), and N. pectinata, will stand as much
cold as the Exaltata varieties. Many of them are worth
a place in a collection, but in general they dp not make
the many-leaved bushy plants so much prized by the
American grower.
It may be noted that a form of A*, cordifolia is appar-
ently invariably now being grown and offered in the
United States as N. exaUata. The true N. exaUata is
really a very different form, more like A*, bpstoniensis,
but easily distinguished by its greater stiffness and
fewer leaves. Another point of distinction between the
Exaltata group and the other is that, with the excep-
tion of N. exaUata itself, none of this group is spore-
fertile. Microscopic examination shows no fertile
spores, but does show apparently abortive sporangia.
It is practically useless, therefore, to attempt to raise
these from spores. Notwithstanding this statement, it
may be noted that several widely separated raisings
have been reported in which the sporelings showed
great variation, and it is not at all impossible that a
fertile variety might develop from any one of the
forms. Practically all the forms of other species (not
A*. exaUata) are spore-fertile, and may be readily
raised in this way. In fact most of the new horticultural
varieties in Group AA are reported as having originated
from spores.
Finally, in Group AA, there are listed below a number
of names for which no plants have been yet secured.
They are probably mostly if not all of English origin,
and likely to fall in the group of varieties of species
other than N. exaUata.
3570
NEPHROLEPIS
PELARGONIUM
A. Nephrolepis exaltata and its varieties.
B. Forms with once-pinnate foliage.
exaltata: wild species, trop- Harrisi.
ics generally. New York,
bostoniensis. Randolphi.
Childsi. Roosevelti.
Dreyeri. Schultheisi.
Dwarf Boston. Scotti.
Edmontoniensis. (English.) splendida.
falcata. (There is also an Teddy, Jr.
English falcata.) viridissima.
Gretnai. Wagneri.
Giatrasi. Wanamakeri.
BB. Forms with twice-pinnate foliage.
Anna Foster.
Baby Pierson (parentage
uncertain).
Barrowsi.
Clarki.
duplex bernsteili.
Elmsfqrdi.
Fosterianna (same as Anna
Foster).
Kingsessing.
Millsi.
Piersoni.
Piersoni "improved.
robusta.
Schilleri.
Scholzeli.
splendida.
superbissima.
BBB. Forms with thrice-pinnate foliage (sometimes pro-
ducing 2-pinnate forms) .
Clarki. Pruessneri.
elegantissima. Scholzeli (sport),
elegantissima "improved." superior,
elegantissima compacta todeoides. (English.)
elegantissima cristata. (Eng- todeoides compacta. (Eng.)
lish.) todeoides superba. (Eng.)
exaltata cristata. (Eng.) Verona.
Galvestoni. Whitmani.
lycopodioides. (English.) Whitmani "improved."
muscosa. Whitmani compacta.
Piersoni compacta (ele- Wichersi.
gantissima compacta). Wredii. (English.)
BBBB. Forms with 4-pinnate foliage.
Amerpohli.
dissecta. (English.)
Goodii.
"gracillima" (not certainly
the original gracillima of
Barrows),
magninca.
Marshall}. (English.)
Marshall! compacta. (Eng-
lish.)
Neuberti.
pulcherrima. (English.)
Rochfordi. (English.)
Smithi.
BBBBB. Forms with 5-pinnate foliage.
Craigi. Wilhnotae. (English.)
AA. Nephrolepis varieties and species other than exaltata.
acuminata. Faulkneri. (English.)
acuta. floccigera.
Barter!. Golwigheriana (Zollingeri-
Bausei. ana . )
biserrata. Hestoni. (English.)
biserrata (davallioides) fur- Hestoni cristata. (English.)
cans. hirsutula.
biserrata furcans minor hirsutula tripinnatifida.
(davallioides furcans Longii ( = superba).
_ minor). Mayii.
fciserrata var. (Undeter- Mayii cristata.
mined form.) Mayii ornata.
canaliculata. (English.) pectinata.
concinna. philadelphiensis.
cordata compacta: cordifolia philippinensis. (English.)
compacta. pluma.
cordifolia compacta. recurvata.
cordifolia gigantea. rivularis.
cordifolia elegans. ruf escens ( = hirsutula) .
cordifolia tesselata. rufescens amabilis.
crispata congesta. rufescens elegans.
davallioides: biserrata. rufescens tripinnatifida.
davallioides furcans: biser- rugosa. (English).
rata furcans. splendens.
Duffii. superba.
ensifolia. (English.) tuberosa.
exalta( = cordifolia). tuberosa plumosa.
"exaltata furcans" = biser- undulata. (English.)
rata furcans. washingtoniensis.
"exaltata grandiceps" = bi- Westoni.
serrata furcans minor. Wittboldii.
falcata. (English.) Zollingeriana.
R. C. BENEDICT.
NESTRONIA (according to the author, derived from
a Greek word for Daphne). Syn., Darbya. Santalaceae.
Native deciduous shrub closely related to Buckleya and
differing chiefly in its axillary fls., tufts of hairs at the
base of the stamens, simple stigma, and in its globose
fr. without enlarged persistent sepals. It has no par-
ticular ornamental qualities, but is botanically inter-
esting, as it is a parasitic shrub growing like buckleya
on the roots of trees, chiefly on those of pines and oaks.
For cult, see Buckleya. The only species is N. umbellula,
Raf. (Darbya umbellulata, Gray. Buckleya umbellu-
lata, Hieron.). Glabrous shrub, 1-3 ft., spreading by
suckers: Ivs. opposite, short-petioled, oval or ovate
to elliptic-oblong, acute or obtusish, usually narrowed at
the base, bright green, 1-2 3/£ in. long: fls. 4-merous,
dioecious, apetalous, greenish white, small; the stam-
inate slender-pedicelled in 3-9-fld., peduncled umbels;
stamens 4, short; pistillate fls. solitary, on stalks
K-^in- long, with ovate calyx-lobes much shorter
than the tube: fr. globose, about ^in. across, purplish,
bloomy, crowned by the remnants of the calyx-limb.
May; fr. in June. Va. to Ga. and Ala. S.F. 7:75.
ALFRED REHDER.
NYMPHJEA. Page 2310.
ovalifolia. (After No. 4.) The plant called Nym-
phsea ovalifolia, as intro. into gardens in 1916, is from
newly imported African seed, and was first raised by
E. T. Harvey, of Cincinnati. It is not the true N. ovali-
folia, Conard. The new plant has more oval Ivs. than
N. caerulea, and larger and paler fls. It is to be regarded
as a form of N. caerulea, deserving a personal name
rather than a Latin name. In 1908 Gilg of Berlin
described 6 new species of African water-lilies, all
allied to N. caerulea. The new form here mentioned
falls between N. magnifica and N. spectabilis of Gilg,
having certain characteristics of both species. — The
plant is "a prodigious grower, the If.-stalks extending 10
or more ft." The fl. is "a rich cream color tipped with
blue at the end of the petals." (Quotations from letters
from Mr. Harvey.) Petals 20; stamens 92; carpels 21;
sepals thickly marked outside with black lines and dots.
Fl. 6-8 in. across. (Data from specimens furnished by
Mr. Harvey.)
N. ovalifolia, Conard, Monogr. Nymph, 150, is from
German E. Afr., apparently not in cult. Lvs. narrowly
elliptic, with large irregular brown blotches above but
plain green beneath: fls. deep blue, closed in dull
weather. H. S. CONARD.
PASANIA. Page 2479.
The oldest and tenable name for this genus is Litho-
carpus, which is entered on page 3569. The species of
Pasania in the supplementary list of Quercus, page
2890, are also to go into Lithocarpus.
PAVONIA. Page 2489.
hastata, Cav. St. pubescent: Ivs. short-petioled,
orbicular to oblong, sometimes deltoid, sagittate or
hastate, dentate, somewhat tomentose beneath, pubes-
cent above; stipules filiform: pedicels axillary and 1-fld.,
the involucel 5-bracted, the petals rose-colored and
veined at the base with purple. Brazil. — Offered in
Calif., as a small purplish-fld. shrub.
PELARGONIUM. Page 2532.
acerifdlium, L'Her. One of the Pelargium section,
allied to No. 20, inserted here because Geranium a'tri-
odorum is a name in the trade and the G. citriodorum,
Cav., is considered to be referable to P. acerifolium:
the species P. acerifolium is shrubby or subshrubby,
3-4 ft. tall, glaucous-green, differing from P. angulosum
(of which Harvey makes it a variety) in having the
Ivs. more cuneate at base, more deeply lobed, and more
scabrous. S. Afr. — Knuth, in his recent Monograph,
keeps the species distinct.
PHILADELPHUS
PHILADELPHIA. Page 2581.
Add to P. inodorus: P. gloridsus, Beadle, is probably
not specifically distinct from P. inodorus; it differs
chiefly in the cup of the calyx being abruptly contracted
at the base, not gradually narrowed into the pedicel.
PINANGA. Page 2626.
dec6ra, Lind. & Rod. Unarmed: trunk tall: sheaths,
margin of petioles and nerves at first brown; If.-segms
tessile, broadly lanceolate, long-acuminate or some-
times with the apex bifid and rotundate. Borneo.
patula, Blume. Trunk tall: Ivs. unequally pinnati-
sect, 1-1 y> ft. long, 9-14 in. broad; segms. falcate-
lanceolate, acuminate, the uppermost with their apex
truncate-dentate, and their base equally or unequally
attenuate: spadix erect or pendulous, 2-3-fid: fr.
ellipsoid, acute, obscurely striate. Sumatra. — Said to
be a dwarf species as grown in pots and useful for con-
servatory. This and the above are recently listed.
PINUS. Page 2640.
After P. sylvestris var. pumila add: Var. Watereri,
Hort. (P. Wateriana, Hort.). Dense columnar form
with steel-blue short Ivs.
POTENTILLA. Page 2773.
Add to P. fruticosa: Var. parvifdlia, Wolf (P. parvi-
folia, Fisch.). Lfts. usually 7, oblong-elliptic, glabres-
cent, J^-i^in. long: fls. pale yellow, %-l in. across.
Cent. Asia, W. China, Himalayas. It may here be
remarked that var. Veitchii, Bean, can scarcely be con-
sidered a hybrid of typical P. fruticosa and var. dahurica
as formerly supposed, for it is now reported as common
in Cent, and W. China, where var. dahurica has not
yet been found; it was intro. in 1902, while var. Fried-
richsenii, Rehd. (P. Friedrichsenii, Spaeth) was raised
about 1895 in Spaeth's nursery from seed of var.
dahurica; it differs from var. Veitchii in the yellowish
fls. with narrower outer sepals, narrower and larger
Ifts. and pale, not lustrous brown stipules.
PTYCHORAPHIS. Page 2856.
singaporensis, Becc. (Drymophlaeus singaporensis,
Hook. Ptychosperma singaporensis, Becc.). Trunk low,
about 4J^ ft. high: Ivs. about 5 ft. long, pinnately pec-
tinate, segms. narrowly lanceolate, acuminate, about 8
in. long: spadices about 1 ft. long, simply branched
from the base. Singapore.
RHODODENDRON. Pages 2938, 2942.
4. R. arbutifolium. Two species or hybrids are
involved here. The synonyms R. ole&folium and R.
Wilsonii should be eliminated. R. arbutifolium is
probably a hybrid of R. ferrugineum and R. carolin-
ianum. The Ivs. are elliptic, not "to elliptic-lanceolate,"
and the size is 1H-2J^ in. After R. arbutifolium. insert:
laetevirens, Rehd. (R. Wilsonii, Hort., not Xutt.
R. Wilsonianum, Hort. R. oleifolium, Hort., not
Franch.). Probably a hybrid of R. ferrugineum and
R. minus. Very similar to R. arbutifolium, but of
slenderer, looser habit, with narrower and longer ellip-
tic-lanceolate Ivs. of a brighter green. This plant is
generally cult, under the name R. Wilsonii, while the
preceding one is known in English gardens as R.
arbutifolium.
austrinum, Rehd. (Azalea austrina, Small). (After
R. calendulaceum, Xo. 35.) Shrub, to 10 ft.: branch-
lets pubescent and usually glandular: Ivs. oval or
obovate to oblong-spatulate, acute or mucronulate,
finely pubescent, ciliate, 1-3 H in- long: fls. before the
Ivs., yellow or orange; cahyx-lobes deltoid or triangular-
lanceolate: corolla funnelform, about 1 in. long, the
tube scarcely dilated up to the limb : lobes broad, acute :
caps, finely glandular-pubescent. Fla.
226
SALIX
3571
RISES. Page 2963.
In the Suppl. List under R. Culverwettii, strike out
var. wollense which has turned out to be nothing but
R. divaricatum (see Kew Bull. 1914:382).
SALIX. Pages 3052.
To Xo. 6, after var. decipiens, W. D. Koch (S. ded-
piens, Hoffm.) add: Var. bullata, Spaeth (S. builata,
Hort.). Forms a compact subglobose bush.
Between Xos. 6 and 7 insert:
riibens, Schrank (S. dlbaxS.frdgilis. S. Russettidna,
Smith. S. viridis, Fries). Intermediate between the
parents. Tree; branchlets less fragile at the base than
S. fragilis: Ivs. silky when young, glabrous at maturity,
intermediate in size: stalk of caps, longer than hi S.
alba. Occurs frequently between the parents. Var.
palustris, Schneid. (S. palustris, Hort.). Silky pubes-
cence of Ivs. persisting.
To Xo. 7, add the following variety: Var. calva,
G. F. W. Mey. (S. alba var. carrulea, Smith). Of
pyramidal habit: Ivs. larger, at maturity glabrescent,
more bluish green above and more glaucous below.
After Xo. 7 insert:
hexandra, Ehrh. (S. alba x S. pentdndrd). Low tree;
mature branchlets glabrous: Ivs. lanceolate, green on
both sides, silky at first, becoming glabrous: catkins
like those of S. alba; stamens 4-6. In Eu., with the
parents.
After Salix No. 17 insert several species and hybrids,
as follows:
latifdlia,Forbes (S. Cdprea x S. myrsinifdlid). Shrub:
branchlets pubescent: Ivs. oval or obovate to oblong,
usually acute, irregularly serrate, dark green and
finally glabrous above, glaucescent and silky below at
first, finally glabrescent: ovary thinly silky or partly
glabrous. Occurs with the parents.
Erdingeri, Kerner (S. Cdprea x S. daphnoides).
Tall, arborescent shrub: young branchlets short-pubes-
cent, older branches glabrous: Ivs. obovate-oblong to
oblong, acuminate, usually narrowed at base, entire or
slightly serrate, pubescent while young, nearly gla-
brous at maturity: ovary usually glabrous or thinly
silky. Occurs with the parents. Var. cremensis,
Rehd. (S. cremensis, Kerner). Closer to S. Caprea:
Ivs. broader, more densely pubescent beneath: ovary
silky.
Wimmeriana, Gren. & Godr. (S. Cdprea x S. pur-
pur -ea). Shrub with upright branches: young branch-
lets sparingly short-pubescent, later glabrous, brown:
Ivs. oblong or obovate-lanceolate to lanceolate, acute,
narrowed at the base, irregularly serrate, thinly silky-
pubescent while young, later glabrous, dark green and
lustrous above, glaucescent below: stamens connate
at base; ovary grayish pubescent. Occurs with the
parents.
cinerea, Linn. Large shrub or small tree, to 25 ft.:
1- and 2-year-old branchlets tpmentose: stipules often
persistent: Ivs. obovate or elliptic, acute or rounded,
narrowed or rounded at the base, irregularly serrate,
pubescent on both sides, 1^-2^2 in- long: catkins
sessile, before the Ivs.; stamina te ovoid; filaments
pilose, free; pistillate cylindric; ovary pubescent; style
very short or wanting. April. Eu., N. Afr., W. and N.
Asia. Var. oleifdlia, Reichb. (var. angustifblia, Doll).
Lvs. elliptic-lanceolate.
Laestadiana, Hartm. (S. cinerea x S. lapponum. S.
canescens, Fries). Low or medium-sized shrub: young
branchlets pubescent, older glabrous: Ivs. obovate to
oblong, acute or short-acuminate, narrowed at the base,
irregularly serrate or entire, pubescent above, tomen-
tose beneath: fls. before the Ivs.; stamens sparingly
hairy at the base; ovary pubescent; style to one-third
as long as ovary. X. Eu. with the parents.
3572
SALIX
SALIX
sordida, Kerner (S. cinerca x S. purpiirea. S. Ponte-
derdna, W. D. Koch, not Willd.). Tall upright shrub:
young branchlets tomentose, later glabrous, brown or
yellowish: Ivs. elliptic to lanceolate, acute, cuneate or
rarely obtuse at the base, irregularly serrate, pubescent
while young, later glabrous above, glabrescent and glau-
cous beneath: catkins on short, often leafy stalks; sta-
mens usually connate one-half; ovary pubescent with
short style. Eu. with the parents.
aurita, Linn. Shrub, 3-8 ft.: branches spreading,
usually glabrous at maturity: stipules persistent, broad:
Ivs. short-petioled, obovate to elliptic, obtuse, usually
rounded at base, irregularly dentate or nearly entire,
pubescent on both sides or nearly glabrous above,
glaucous beneath, 1-2, rarely to 3 in. long: catkins
short-stalked or nearly sessile, a little before the Ivs.,
the staminate broadly elliptic, with long filaments
hairy at base; the pistillate cylindric; ovaries hairy;
style very short or wanting. April. Eu., W. Asia to
Altai Mts.
ambigua, Ehrh. (S. aurita x S. ripens). Shrub, about
3 ft., with creeping st.: branchlets glabrous: Ivs. elliptic
to lanceolate, somewhat rugose, pubescent, later gla-
brescent above, about 1 in. long: catkins a little before
the Ivs.; ovary pubescent; style rather long. In Eu.
with the parents.
ludificans, White (S. aurita x S. phylicifolia).
Shrub: branchlets glabrous at maturity: stipules usually
persistent: Ivs. elliptic to narrowly obovate, crenulate,
glabrous at maturity, glaucous beneath: catkins rather
small, on leafy stalks, cylindric; ovary pubescent. N.
Eu., with the parents.
sesquitertia, White (S. aurita x S. phylicifolia x S.
purpiirea). Intermediate in general appearance between
S. aurita and S. phylicifolia: Ivs. in shape like the
former but with the nervation of the latter and
nearly glabrous at maturity: stamens quite connate;
ovary pubescent with slender style. Observed in Eng-
land with the parents.
grandifolia, Ser. (? S. appendicul&ta, Vill.). Shrub,
to 10 ft., with spreading branches: branchlets tomen-
tose while young; stipules often conspicuous, semi-cor-
date: Ivs. oval to obovate-lanceolate, acute, cuneate or
rounded at the base, crenately serrate, glabrous at
maturity except the pubescent midrib beneath, dark
green above, light green or glaucescent and reticulate
beneath, 2-6 in. long: catkins before or with the Ivs.
on short stalks with small bract-like Ivs. ; stamens hairy
below; ovary long-stalked, pubescent; style short.
Higher mountains of Cent, and S. Eu.
neriifolia, Schleich. (S. grandifolia x S. purpurea.
S. Pontederana, Schleich., not Willd. S. austriaca,
Kerner). Shrub, to 6 ft., with upright slender branches:
young branchlets pubescent, later glabrous, greenish or
brown: stipules rather narrow: Ivs. obovate-lanceolate
to lanceolate, acute, serrulate, glabrous at maturity,
glaucescent and reticulate beneath, 2-3 in. long: cat-
kins shortly before the Ivs. ; filaments more or less con-
nate; ovary stalked, pubescent, with very short style.
Cent. Eu. with the parents.
myrsinifdlia, Salisb. (S. nigricans, Smith. ? S.
spadicea, Chaix). Shrub, to 12 ft.: branchlets hairy
dr glabrescent, dull: stipules often rather large, sub-
cordate: Ivs. varying from elliptic, or rarely suborbicu-
lar to oblong-obovate or broadly lanceolate, usually
acute, rounded at tht base, serrate to nearly entire,
glabrous or glabrescent above, more or less pubescent
beneath, 1-3 in. long, usually blackish when dried:
catkins with or a little before the Ivs., short-stalked,
bracted or leafy at the base; staminate rarely exceed-
ing Min.; pistillate cylindric; ovary stalked, usually
glabrous, style slender. Eu., W. Asia to Kamchatka. —
A very variable species.
tetrapla, Smith (S. myrsinifdlia x S. phylicifolia).
Intermediate between the closely related parents. It
can best be recognized by the combination in various
degrees of the characters of the two species which are
chiefly the duller and more pubescent branches and
Ivs. and the larger stipules of S. myrsinifolia and the
more shining and glabrous branches and Ivs. and the
smaller stipules of S. phylicifolia. Occurs in Eu.
between the parents.
phylicifSUa, Linn. (S. Hcolor, Ehrh.). Upright
shrub, to 3 or rarely 8 ft., with stiff and rather short
branches: branchlets glabrous, polished: stipules small,
caducous, or wanting: Ivs. short-petioled, elliptic or
elliptic-oblong, acute, rounded at base, nearly entire or
minutely crenate-serrate, glabrous at maturity, yel-
lowish green and glossy above, glaucous beneath, 1-3
in. long, not black when dried; catkins before or with
the Ivs., on short leafy stalks; ovaries pubescent or
sometimes glabrous, stalked; style rather long. N. and
Cent. Eu., N. Asia.
To Salix, No. 24, add: Var. Gmelinii, Anderss.
(yar. songarica, Regel). Fls. with the Ivs.; ovary ses-
sile, obtuse with a short and thick style and long
stigmas. Russia, N. and Cent. Asia.
After Salix, No. 24, insert three:
stipularis, Smith (S. cinerea X S. viminalis. S.
holosericea, Willd.). Shrub or small tree: branchlets
long and stout, persistently pubescent: Ivs. lanceolate
to oblong-obovate, acute or acuminate, irregularly
serrulate or crenulate, hairy on both sides, more densely
beneath, 3-7 in. long: catkins before the Ivs., short-
stalked or nearly sessile; stamens very long; ovary
stalked, pubescent, with short style and slender stigmas.
Eu., N. Asia, with the parents.
daphnoides. Vill. Tall shrub, to 30 ft., rarely tree:
branchlets yellowish or brownish, bloomy, glabrous:
stipules cordate: Ivs. short-stalked, lanceolate, acu-
minate, glandular-serrulate, glabrous, glaucescent be-
neath, 1^-3 in. long: catkins sessile, before the Ivs.;
staminate nearly 2 in. long, filaments sometimes
united at the base; pistillate rather shorter; ovary short-
stalked, glabrous, with long style. N. and Cent. Eu.,
N. and Cent. Asia.
acutifolia, Willd. (S. daphnoides var. acutifdlia,
Doll). Closely related to the preceding species: branch-
lets darker colored, more bloomy: stipules lanceolate,
Ivs. narrower and longer, lanceolate to linear-lanceo-
late, long-acuminate: catkins smaller. Eu., N. Asia.
After Salix, No. 27, insert three:
Piperi, Bebb. Shrub, to 20 ft.: branchlets glabrous,
dark brown: Ivs. elliptic-oblong, obovate or oblanceo-
late, acute, undulate crenate or nearly entire, glabrous,
glaucous beneath, 4—6 in. long: catkins sessile or short-
peduncled; stamens united or free at base; ovary
smooth; style rather long. Wash.
hastata, Linn. Shrub, to 6 ft., young branchlets
pubescent, older glabrous, brown: stipules often very
large, obliquely ovate: Ivs. elliptic or ovate, acute, gla-
brous, irregularly serrulate, l%-2% in. long: catkins
with the Ivs., in leafy stalks; filaments glabrous; ovary
glabrous, style rather long. Eu., N. and Cent. Asia.
glabra, Scop. Low shrub, to 4 ft., with short, stout
branches: young branchlets glabrous, brown: Ivs.
broadly oval or obovate to oblong, acute, rarely obtuse
at the ends, minutely crenulate, glabrous, glaucescent
beneath, 1^-3 in. long: catkins with the Ivs., on leafy
stalks: illaments pubescent at the base; ovary stalked,
glabrous, style rather long. Cent. Eu.
After Salix, No. 29, insert two:
Re&teri, Moritzi (S. daphnoides x S. incana. S.
Wimmeri, Kerner). Tall shrub; young branchlets
densely pubescent, older brown, glabrous, often bloomy:
stipules small, lanceolate; Ivs. lanceolate or narrowly
SALLX
lanceolate, acute at both ends, serrulate, silky pubescent
while young, glabrescent at maturity, dark green above,
glaucescent beneath, 1^-3 in. long: catkins before the
Ivs., nearly sessile, cylindric; staminate 1-1 J^ in. long;
ovary short-stalked, glabrous, with short style. Cent.
Eu., with the parents.
gracilistyla, Miq. (S. Thunbergidna, Blume). Shrub:
young branchlets tomentose, older reddish brown: stip-
ules cordate: Ivs. oblong-obovate to oblong-lanceolate,
acute at both ends, serrulate, pubescent when young,
later glabrous above, thinly pubescent and glaucescent
below with prominent veins, 2—4 in. long: catkins
cylindric, before the Ivs., sessile; staminate 1-1 % in.
long, stamens 2, with connate filaments; pistillate
longer; ovary pubescent with long and slender style.
Japan.
To Salix. Xo. 30, add the following varieties:
Var. Lambertiana, W. D. Koch. Lvs. broader, gen-
erally obovate-lanceolate, more abruptly acuminate,
usually more rounded at the base, up to 4 in. long and
34m. broad. Var. sericea, W. D. Koch. Lvs. silky when
young, becoming glabrous. Here belongs the "Kecks
\\illow" (var. Kecksii, Hort.). Var. amplexicafclis,
Boiss. Lvs. sessile or subsessile, cordate or rounded at
the base, acuminate, oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
glabrous.
After Salix No. 30 insert two:
rfibra, Huds. (S. purpurea x S. viminalis. S. Forby-
ana, Smith). Small shrub: young branchlets short-
pubescent, older glabrous: Ivs. linear to lanceolate-
oblpng, acute or acuminate, denticulate, pubescent
while young, later glabrescent: catkins subsessile, sta-
SOLAXUM
3573
mens 2, with more or less connate filaments and red
anthers; ovary short-stalked, pubescent, with distinct
style. Eu., W. to N. E. Asia, with the parents.
Sieboldiana, Blume. Upright shrub: young branch-
lets tomentose, older glabrous: Ivs. ovate to oblong
acute, rounded at the base, obtusely serrate, dark green
and glabrous above, glaucescent and glabrous below
pubescent only when young, 2-3 in. long: catkins cylin-
dnc, short-stalked, with small Ivs. at the base; stamens
2, distinct or connate, or only 1 ; ovary stalked pubes-
cent, style half as long as ovary or shorter, with short
oval stigmas. Japan.
SOLANUM. Page 3185.
giganteum, Jacq. (next to No. 34). An erect shrub-
like plant growing to a height of 10-25 ft.: sts. some-
what woody, thickly set with short, stout prickles and
white-woolly with stellate pubescence: Ivs. oblong or
oblong-elliptical, narrowed at both ends, about 8 in.
long by 3 in. broad, smooth above, and white-tomentose
beneath: fls. cymose, pale violet or blue; calyx small,
hoary, unequally 5-cleft; corolla about %in. diam.,
rather deeply lobed; ovary puberulous: fr. red at
maturity and about J^in. diam. India and Ceylon. —
A tender species flowering under cult, when about
4 ft. in height. It is doubtful whether this species
is in the American trade, although probably it is as
ornamental as other species more or less grown. The
S, giganteum of lists may be merely a trade name
applied to one of the tail-growing species otherwise
described under Solanum. \\r p WIGHT
NEW COMBINATIONS IN LATIN NAMES
When a species is transferred to another genus, and
when a variety is transferred to another species or
associated with another species-name or reduced from
specific to varietal rank, the names follow them and a
"new combination" results. Thus, if an author desires
to place the almond in Prunus rather than in Amygda-
lus, in which Linnaeus originally described it as Amyg-
dalus communis, the new combination Prunus commu-
nis results. If Ribes leiobotrys of Koehne is considered
by Zabel to be only a form of R. aureum, the new com-
bination R. aureum var. leiobotrys, Zabel, results.
To enable botanists and bibliographers to record and
trace the different dispositions and properly to under-
stand the varying opinions of relationships, all such new
combinations are entered whenever complete synono-
mies are made.
In the Cyclopedia, it has been the desire to avoid the
making of new combinations, as explained on page xi
of Vol. I, although, under the exigencies of the work,
a very small number has arisen. In Vols. V and VI,
many combinations were inevitable, and these were
duly published in Rhodora, XVIII, 152-160 (July,
1916); these were largely in the genera Polyscias,
Pyrus, Pseonia, Passiflora, Prunus, Statice, Limonium,
Saxifraga, Tropa3olum.
A list of several incidental scattered new combina-
tions made in the Cyclopedia itself is here given, so far
as desired, without histories, for 'the easy reference of
the bibliographer. These are such combinations as
the authors designed to make. Undoubtedly other
combinations in the use of varietal names, and in the
compilatory shift of other names, may be traced by
those who have occasion to work over special groups;
but these may not be considered here. The new com-
binations are mostly of horticultural varieties and of
species-forms of minor importance. Numberless asso-
ciations of varietal names cannot be traced to one
definite source, as they are found in trade catalogues,
periodicals, and other non-botanical publications, or
may be customarily employed by horticulturists; these
are therefore given the designation "Hort." (hortorum,
"of the gardens;" page xvii, Vol. I). In those cases in
the Cyclopedia in which no authority is given for varie-
ties, "Hort." is to be understood.
The dates of the new combinations listed below are
those of the publication of the six volumes: Vol. I, A-
B, March 25, 1914; Vol. II, C-E, July 22, 1914; Vol.
Ill, F-K, May 12, 1915; Vol. IV, L-O. Feb. 23, 1916;
Vol. V, P-R, Oct. 4, 1916, Vol. VI, S-Z March 28, 1917.
It will be seen that most of the combinations are in
the latter part of the alphabet, and among the names
of woody plants. No new species have been described
in the Cyclopedia, and very few new varieties.
ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA, Linn., var. nobilis (T. Moore) Raffill,
I. 247.
ALLAMANDA CATHABTICA, Linn., var. Schottii (Pohl) Raffill, I. 247.
ALLAMANDA CATHARTICA, Linn., var. Hendersonii (Bull) Raffill,
I. 247.
ALLAMANDA CATHABTICA, Linn., var. grandiflora (Hook.) Raffill, I.
AMARYLLIS BELLADONNA, Linn., var. pallida (Rehd.) Bailey, I.
AMABYLLIS BELLADONNA, Linn., var. Parkeri (Hort.) Bailey, I.
271.
BRUNFELSIA CALYCINA, Benth., var. eximia (Scheidw.) Raffill, I.
Ool.
BBUNFELSIA CALYCINA, Benth., var. floribunda (Hort.) Raffill,
I. 581.
BBUNFELSIA CALYCINA, Benth., var. macrantha (Lem.) Raffill,
BRUNFELSIA AMERICANA, Linn., var. pubescens, Raffill, I. 582.
Cissus oligocarpa (Lev. & Van.) Bailey, II. 775.
FUCHSIA MAGELLANICA, Lam., var. Riccartonii (Hort.) Bailey,
III. 1301.
Helenium aroma ticum (Hook.) Bailey, III. 1443.
HELIOPSIS HELIANTHOIDES, Sweet, var. Pitcheriana (Fletcher) N.
Taylor, III. 1452.
HIBISCUS LASIOCARPOS, Cav., var. californicus (Kell.) Bailey,
III. 1486.
Hosta Fortunei (Baker) Bailey, III. 1604.
HOSTA FORTUNEI, Bailey, vars. gigantea, robusta, argenteo-varie-
gata (Hort.) Bailey, III. 1604.
HOSTA LANCIFOLIA, Tratt., vars. albo-marginata and tardiflora
(Hort.) Bailey, III. 1605.
HOSTA LANCIFOLIA, Tratt., var. undulata (Otto & Dietr.) Bailey,
III. 1605.
Hosta longipes (Franch. & Sav.) Bailey, III. 1605.
Lactuca Bourgsei (Boiss.) N. Taylor, IV. 1766. (Mulgedium
Bourgxi, Boiss.)
LIRIOPE GRAMINIFOLIA, Baker, vars. minor and koreana (Wright)
Bailey, IV. 1890.
LIRIOPE GRAMINIFOLIA, Baker, var. intermedia (Maxim.) Bailey
IV. 1890.
Lithocarpus densiflora (Hook. & Arn.) Rehd., VI. 3569.
Lithocarpus cornea (Lour.), Rehd., VI. 3569.
Lithocarpus glabra (Thunb.) Rehd., VI. 3569.
Lithocarpus thalassica (Hance) Rehd., VI. 3569.
Maurandia Lophospermum, Bailey, new name, IV. 2013.
PERILLA FRUTESCENS, Brit., var. nankinensis (Decne.) Bailey,
V. 2553.
Var. NANKINENSIS, Bailey, subvars. laciniata, macrophylla, varie-
gata, microphylla (Hort.) Bailey, V. 2553.
PINUS NIGRA, Arnold, var. pindica (Formanek) Rehd.; var. pen-
dula (Beiss.) Rehd.; var. pygmaea (Rauch) Rehd.: var. pros-
trata (Beiss.) Rehd.; var. Moseri (Moser) Rehd.; V. 2641.
POTENTILLA FRUTICOSA, Linn., var. Friedrichsenii (Spaeth) Rehd.,
VI. 3571.
PSEUDOTSUGA TAXiFOLiA, Brit., var. Fretsii (Beiss.) Rehd.; var.
Moerheimii (Ruijs) Rehd.; V. 2847.
PYRUS FUSCA, Raf., var. levipes (Nutt.) Bailey; var. diversifolia
(Bong.) Bailey; V. 2876.
RHODODENDRON OBTUSUM, Planch., var. amoenum (Lindl.) Rehd.
V. 2944.
Rhododendron candidum (Small) Rehd., V. 2945.
RHODODENDRON QUINQUEFOLIUM, Moore & Bisset, var. roseum,
Rehd., V. 2947.
Rhododendron laetevirens, Rehd., new name, VI. 3571.
Rhododendron austrinum (Small) Rehd., VI. 3571.
RISES SANGUINEUM, Pursh, var. albescens, Rehd., V. 2958.
RIBES ROEZLII, Regel, var. cruentum, Rehd., V. 2962.
ROSA CAROLINA, Linn., var. villosa (Best) Rehd.; var. grandiflora
(Baker), Rehd.; var. triloba (Baker) Rehd.; V. 2991.
ROSA SPINOSISSIMA, Linn., var. inermis (DC.) Rehd., V. 2995.
RUBUS ODORATUS, Linn., var. albidus, Bailey, V. 3024.
RUBUS PROCUMBENS, Muhl., var. roribaccus (Bailey) Bailey, V.
3031.
SALIX ERDINGERI, J. Kerner, var. cremensis, Rehd., n. var., VI.
3571.
SYMPHORICARPOS ALBUS, Blake, var. ovatus (Spaeth) Rehd., VI
3293.
TAXUS CUSPIDATA, Sieb. & Zucc., var. densa, Rehd., VI. 3316.
THUJA ORIENTALIS, Linn., var. beverleyensis (Hort.) Rehd., VI.
3337.
ULMUS FOLIACEA, Gilib., var. suberosa (Moench) Rehd.; var.
propendens (Schneid. ) Rehd.; var. italica (Henry) Rehd.,
var. umbraculifera (Trautv.) Rehd.; var. gracilis (Spaeth)
Rehd.; var. Koopmannii (Lauche) Rehd.; var. Ruepellii
(Spaeth) Rehd.; var. stricta (Ait.) Rehd.; var. Wheatleyi
(Simon-Louis) Rehd.; var. monumentalis (Ruiz) Rehd.; var.
Dampieri (Kirchn.) Rehd.; var. Wredei (Lauche) Rehd.; var.
pendula (Rehd.) Rehd.; var. Webbiana (Lee) Rehd.; var.
variegata (Dum.-Cours.) Rehd.; VI. 3412-13.
VIBURNUM WRIGHTII, Miq., var. Hessei (Koehne) Rehd., VI.
3461.
VITEX NEGUNDO, Linn., forma multifda (Carr.) Rehd., VI. 3481.
(3574)
Reprinted by permission of the Editor and of the Publishers, from Vol. VI of Bailey's Standard Cyclopedia of
Horticulture, published March, 1917. These pages (3575 to 3610) are covered by the copyright in the name of
The MacmiUan Company.
FINDING -LIST
Of Latin or Latinized binomials commonly used in North American literature and commerce, with their
equivalents in the Cyclopedia, together with usages that the cataloguer may desire to follow
(Including a few changes and corrections)
This List is compiled primarily for the aid of Cyclopedia
users, particularly the nurseryman, seedsman, propagator,
planter, landscape architect, gardener, labeller, cataloguer,
to place before him the commonest names in the catalogues
and periodicals of North America and to give him the
equivalents of these names. The information given in
this List is all contained in the Cyclopedia; but it is more
accessible when separated, being placed together in con-
venient form disconnected from keys and description and
from names of plants known as yet only to collectors,
students, and specialists. The attention of the consultant
is called to the list of additional species beginning on page
3565, in the supplement to Vol. VI, representing trade
names not in the body of the Cyclopedia.
The List represents practically the species now in the
trade in North America in the usual temperate parts,
although it does not pretend to be complete. It does not
contain the many Latin names of horticultural forms that
may appear in catalogues as species-names (the real
species-name being omitted in parts of many trade-lists).
Neither does it contain vernacular names: these will be
found in alphabetic order in the Index to the Cyclopedia,
beginning page 3611.
All generic entries are introduced by BLACK-FACE
CAPITAL TYPE (name of the genus).
The species-names in black-face type are in all cases
those used in the Cyclopedia.
The primary or first-given entries under the genus in
every case are the trade names or those used commonly
in journals and elsewhere; when these names differ from
the Cyclopedia name they are in Italic type; when the
same as the Cyclopedia name, they are in black-face type.
A name in parenthesis is one that is used in the trade or
in periodicals: thus, "Acanthophoenbc rubra (Areca)"
means that the plant may appear in catalogues under the
name Areca, Such entries are cross-references.
The stars (*) denote the names recommended by the
American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomenclature
for the use of nurserymen. These markings are made
wholly on the responsibility of the Committee, the List
being lent for this purpose, and they are not supervised or
recommended by the Editor.
While it is desirable that the names used by botanists
and horticulturists shall be the same, yet the dealer is
confronted with trade conditions which may modify his
practice in some cases. The Editor naturally prefers to
stand for the accepted botanical names.
To save space, the abbreviation var. (variety) is
omitted; but the Editor does not thereby commit himself
to the use of trinomials.
STATEMENT OF THE AMERICAN JOINT COMMITTEE ON HORTICULTURAL NOMENCLATURE
The American Joint Committee on Horticultural
Nomenclature was established by the national organiza-
tions named below for the purpose of lessening the con-
fusion, inconvenience, and losses which result to buyers
and sellers of plants from the widespread use of different
names for the same plant and of the same name for dif-
ferent plants,
The organizations participating, with list of committees,
are as follows:
American Association of Nurserymen. — J. Horace
McFarland, Harrisburg, Pennsylvania; Harlan P. Kelsey,
Salem,- Massachusetts; Henry Hicks, West bury, New
York: L. A. Berckmans, Augusta, Georgia; C. J. Maloy,
Rochester, New York: Frederick V. Coville (Advisory),
United States Botanist, Washington, District of Columbia,
American Association of Park Superintendents. —
Herman W. Merkel, Forester Zoological Park, New York
City: John Dunbar, Assistant Superintendent of Parks,
Rochester, New York; Theodore Wirth, Superintendent
of Parks, Minneapolis, Minnesota.
American Society of Landscape Architects. — Frederick
Law Olmsted, Brookline, Massachusetts; Sid. J. Hare,
Kansas City. Missouri; William Pitkin, Jr., Rochester,
New York; Warren H. Manning, Boston, Massachusetts.
American Pharmaceutical Association. — Dr. H. H.
Rusby, Columbia University, New York City; Oliver A.
Farwell, Detroit, Michigan; Dr. Lyman F. Kebler, Wash-
ington, District of Columbia.
Ornamental Growers Association. — Harlan P. Kelsey,
Salem, Massachusetts; C. J. Maloy, Rochester, New
York; Thomas B. Meehan, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania;
F. L. Atkins, Rutherford, New Jersey.
The representatives of the American Association of
Nurserymen and of the Ornamental Growers Association
organized as a Joint Committee in 1915, with J. Horace
McFarland as Chairman and Harlan P. Kelsey as Secretary.
At a meeting August 1, 1916, in which the representa-
tives of the American Association of Park Superintendents
and of the American Society of Landscape Architects also
participated, the same officers were continued and the
name American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomen-
clature was adopted. The representatives of the Ameri-
can Pharmaceutical Association were added to the com-
mittee a few weeks later.
Scope of work.
So far as practicable, it is proposed to secure the
standardizing of a single botanical name, together with
a single vernacular or "common" name for every tree,
shrub, and herbaceous plant in the American horticultural
trade.
It is probable also that the Joint Committee will under-
take later to recommend a list of plant-name abbreviations,
as an aid to those who use plant names daily and con-
tinually, such as nurserymen, seedsmen, florists, landscape
architects, pharmacists, park officials, and others.
The subjoined starred list of Latin binomials should be
considered only as a preliminary report. The magnitude
and manifest difficulties of the problem, and lack of time
occasioned by the early publication of the last volume of
this Cyclopedia, have made it necessary for the Joint Com-
mittee to confine its recommendations almost wholly to
the "botanical" names of woody plants as given in this
"Finding-List." The even more important work of
endeavoring to standardize popular or "common" names
must follow later.
Practical importance of stability in nomenclature.
The confusion of names in the horticultural plant world
is at present so great as to clog popular plant knowledge
and actually to limit to no small degree the use of certain
trees, shrubs and flowers in our American plantings. The
(3575)
3576
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
consequent loss to the tradesman is obvious. For example,
take the common Virginia creeper: We find this cata-
logued in 1916 under no less than six Latin binomials —
Ampelopsis quinquefolia, A. virginica, Parthenocissus quin-
quefolia, P. virginica, Vitis hederacea, and Psedera quin-
quefolia, while as common names we have Woodbine,
American Woodbine, Virginia Creeper, American Ivy, Com-
mon Virginia Creeper, Virginian Creeper, Wild Woodvine,
and Five-fingered Ivy. Today both American and foreign
nursery catalogues are filled largely with confused and
contradictory lists of plant names, while popular books
on gardening and horticulture and the horticultural press
themselves are at sea, and little if any better off than the
tradesman. It is thus often impossible for the buyer to
know whether he will get what he has in mind when
placing an order, or something entirely different.
Further, owing to the differing names under which
both new and old plants are often catalogued, described,
and disseminated, the plantsman and buyer become per-
plexed and discouraged, and proper interest is not awak-
ened. This often results in the over-use of the commoner
and less worthy trees and plants to the exclusion of many
beautiful things.
Causes of confusion.
Even when there is complete and well-established
agreement among botanists as to the classification and
naming of any given plant, mistakes by nurserymen or
dealers in identification and labeling are liable to occur,
giving rise to much confusion. When a dealer, either
through ignorance or accident, sends out a comparatively
unknown plant labeled with the name of some other
little-known plant, the misapplied name is apt to follow
the first plant and become established in trade.
A striking case of this sort is that of the tree so widely
disseminated for street planting under the common name
"Carolina Poplar." Experts on the poplar state that this
is probably Populus Eugenei, a hybrid originated in Europe,
and that the native Carolina Poplar practically never
passes in the trade under that name. In this extreme case
the transferred name is so universally accepted by the
trade that an attempt to correct the original mistake
would be inadvisable at present.
When, however, a plant has been widely distributed
under the name of some other plant, through a mere mis-
take in identification, and the plant whose name was mis-
takenly applied to the other is also in cultivation, there is
serious confusion, which can usually best be settled by cor-
recting the original mistake even if it has become widely
accepted.
Other causes than mistaken identification of plants
have contributed to the existing confusion. These involve
differences of opinion and of practice among botanists in
regard to plant names when there is no question at all
about the identity of the plants. For one thing, in doubt-
ful cases they are not yet wholly agreed upon the rules or
"code" which shall apply, to decide which of two or more
names shall stand ; but these differences are comparatively
few. Much more important are differences of personal j udg-
ment among botanists as to what constitutes in any given
case a sufficient difference between two groups of related
plants to place them in different genera, for example,
whether the known difference between apples and pears
is enough to separate them into two genera, Mains and
Pyrus, or is so slight that they should be consolidated
into a single genus. The same sort of difference in judg-
ment arises as to what constitutes a sufficient difference
to call for separation into distinct species, and as to what
are of varietal rank. These differences are inevitable and
are independent of rules or other arbitrary decisions.
For example, Azalea is now classed under Rhododendron
by some botanists, yet for trade reasons it seems inexpedient
to catalogue the Azaleas as Rhododendrons.
Probably the most important cause of changes in
botanical nomenclature in recent years is the constant
collection of new evidence as to the facts. This evidence
is of two sorts: evidence found in botanical literature as
to the first proper description arid naming of each kind
of plant, and evidence as to the structure and habits of the
plants themselves. When any group of plants is studied
more carefully and thoroughly than before, new facts are
sure to be discovered which may alter the classification
and nomenclature based on previous incomplete or insuffi-
cient knowledge.
Absolute and permanent fixity of botanical nomencla-
ture, therefore, cannot be insured by any arbitrary agree-
ment at this time.
Remedy for the confusion.
For the practical convenience of those who use plants
or deal in them there can and ought to be, however, a list
of standard trade names for plants in commercial use, to
be arbitrarily retained without change for a period of
several years, regardless of any changes in the practice
of scientific botanists. It is the hope of the Joint Committee
that provision will be made for a regular periodic revision
of this standard list, perhaps at the same decennial periods
adopted by the United States Pharmacopoeia Convention
for revision of their standard nomenclature of drugs, which
includes a large number of plant names. These revisions
can bring the list into accord with changes which have
become well established among botanists in the interval
and the accepted changes can be made substantially at
one time throughout the trade.
General adherence to the standard trade names as
recommended by the Joint Committee will relieve horti-
culturists of the confusion directly chargeable to instability
of botanical nomenclature and will remove the excuse for
careless identification and mislabeling. No agreement
about names will cure troubles unless everyone is careful in
the identification and labeling of the plants so as to avoid
sending out the wrong plant under the right name.
While the Joint Committee realizes that its recommenda-
tions are somewhat arbitrary, existing conditions make
this inevitable. "Trade value" and stability have been
guiding influences. The Joint Committee is not consti-
tuted to pass on undecided or critical questions of botani-
cal nomenclature.
For a clearer understanding of the situation, the Joint
Committee urges all who are interested in this subject to
read the discussion under "Names and Nomenclature" in
Vol. IV, page 2098, of the "Standard Cyclopedia of Horti-
culture."
Basis of this report.
The Joint Committee has agreed that Latin names
should conform so far as possible to good botanical usage,
and that Bailey's "Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture"
should be the basis of our technical name-list.
Only weighty reasons, as in the case of exceptionally
well-established names or of existing trade names plainly
more appropriate for business purposes, have led the
Joint Committee to recommend the retention of trade
names differing from the Cyclopedia names. It is admitted
that the Latin binomials as starred by the Joint Committee
in the Finding-List are all too often at variance with the
latest botanical usage. Subsequent revisions by botanists
and the Joint Committee may make possible a more uni-
form standard list in which the botanists and the horti-
culturists will ultimately be brought together.
Common names.
As the work of the Joint Committee progressed it
became increasingly evident that each cultivated plant
should have a single and distinctive common name, which
might readily become stable and fixed through acceptance
by the horticultural interests of America.
The giving of an appropriate common name to a plant
is permissibly much more arbitrary and the reasons for
subsequently changing it less urgent than is often the case
with Latin binomials. When a common name is given a
plant new in cultivation it is often quite possible to make
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3577
it descriptive, euphonious, and short, in distinct contrast
to many Latin names. Common names are usually easier
to remember by those who are not botanists, and they
serve a most useful purpose in linking up the plant with
its correct or accepted scientific name. The Joint Com-
mittee expects in the near future to publish in connection
with the scientific names, a list of common names, with
recommendations for horticultural use, believing that such
a list will serve purposes of plant knowledge and identi-
fication even more effectively than the present starred list
of botanical names.
Identification.
As has been stated, a leading cause of plant-name con-
fusion lies in the careless dissemination of plants under a
wrong name. In doubtful cases when means are not at
hand for positively identifying plants and labeling them
properly, it is earnestly urged that adequate specimens
(including flowers, fruit, leaves, and roots, where possi-
ble) be sent to a competent authority for correct identifi-
cation and naming, such as Dr. L. H. Bailey, Ithaca, New
York; the United States Department of Agriculture, Wash-
ington; any well-equipped botanical garden; or the Arnold
Arboretum, Jamaica Plain, Massachusetts. Specimens
should be pressed and dried smooth, and sent flat between
cardboards.
Acknowledgment.
The Joint Committee wishes to acknowledge its grati-
tude to Dr. Bailey for the opportunity afforded of pre-
senting to the American horticultural public its first
efforts toward standardizing plant names through the
medium of the "Standard Cyclopedia of Horticulture."
Moreover, the Committee has enjoyed the earnest coopera-
tion and advice of Dr. Bailey, and thus the work has been
made far more complete and helpful than it could possibly
have been otherwise.
Recommendations of the Joint Committee on the use of the
Finding-List.
1. The stars (*) denote the names recommended for
uniform use by the American horticultural trade, for such
period of time as shall elapse until a new list is agreed
upon.
2 In cases in which the starred name differs from the
Standard Cyclopedia name and the cataloguer or writer
for any reason does not wish to use it, the Joint Com-
mittee urges the use of the Cyclopedia name rather than
the use of a third alternative.
3. When no star appears in the list, as in the case of
nearly all the herbaceous plants, the Joint Committee has
not yet specifically passed on the names.
4. In cataloguing, the Finding-List will enable one to
place other names in parentheses with the name recom-
mended by the Joint Committe, and to use them also as
cross-references. Customers seeking a plant will thus be
enabled to locate it readily under any of its well-known
names if cross-reference is freely used. The Joint Com-
mittee believes that there is no better method known of
educating the tradesman and public alike to a correct
knowledge of plant names and to the consequent adoption
of the recommended or standardized name.
Examples: If he were cataloguing certain plants formerly
known to systematists as Andromeda, a good treatment
would be as follows:
Andromeda floribunda. See PIERIS.
And under Pieris the entry would be:
PIERIS (Andromeda) FLORIBUNDA.
(NOTE: The genus Andromeda is not entirely obsolete,
but now includes in America only two species, A. polifolia
and A. glaucophytta.)
In some cases, it is only the species that is involved, the
genus remaining the same. Thus, the name Magnolia stel-
lata is now used in place of M . Ha.llia.na. Perhaps the
best entry would be:
Magnolia Hattiana. See M. STELLATA.
And again in its proper place carrying description,
sizes, and prices —
MAGNOLIA STELLATA (M. Halliana).
Other examples are
AZALEA NUDIFLORA (Rhododendron nudi-
florum).
FRAXINUS NIGRA (F. sambucifolia).
HALESIA TETRAPTERA (H. Carolina, Moh-
rodendron carolinum).
CORNUS STOLONIFERA var. FLAVIRAMEA
(var. aurea).
ACER PALMATUM (A. polymorphum) var.
ATROPURPUREUM.
These examples will suggest how to make up proper
entries. It is further recommended that synonyms intro-
duced in cross-reference or in parentheses always be printed
in italics or in smaller type than the accepted standardized
name.
5. In cataloguing, labeling, etc., the abbreviation
"var." (variety) following a species name may be omitted
for the sake of brevity.
The name of a variety or horticultural form is often
further abbreviated by omitting the species-name (for
example: Acer purpurascens for A. pseudoplatanus var.
purpurascens) ; but this practice is liable to cause confu-
sion, as when specific and varietal names in a given genus
are similar or alike, and therefore when a varietal name
is so contracted the abbreviation "v." or "var." should
be retained (for example: Acer var. purpurascens for Acer
pseudoplatanus var. purpurascens).
6. It is suggested that all tradesmen publishing cata-
logues or lists print in a conspicuous place a notice similar
to the following: "The names of trees and shrubs in this
catalogue are based on the recommendations of the
American Joint Committee on Horticultural Nomencla-
ture as they appear in Bailey's Standard Cyclopedia of
Horticulture, pages 3575 to 3591."
The Joint Committee takes this opportunity to urge all
members of the organizations represented in it and. all
others interested in standardizing plant names to offer crit-
icisms and suggestions for the help and instruction of the
Committee in its future work. It is only by persistent effort
and cooperation that we may hope to bring reasonable
order and understanding out of the existing chaos in
plant nomenclature.
AMERICAN JOINT COMMITTEE ON
HORTICULTURAL NOMENCLATURE
HARLAN P. KELSET, Secretary,
Salem, Massachusetts.
3578
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
ABELIA. *A. chinensis.
— *grandiflora.
— rupestris: *A. grandiflora; also
sometimes applied to A. chi-
nensis.
ABERIA. A. caffra.
ABIES. A. alba: *Picea canadensis;
perhaps sometimes applied to
Abies Picea.
— Alcockiana: Picea bicolor; often
applied to P. jezoensis hon-
doensis : *Picea Alcockiana.
— *amabilis; sometimes misapplied to
A. grand is.
— *arizonica: A. lasiocarpa ari-
zonica; by some regarded as a
distinct species.
— *baborensis.
— *balsamea.
— brachyphylla: *A. homolepis is the
oldest name for the fir known as
A. brachyphylla; the A. homo-
lepsis mentioned on page 175 is
A. homolepis umbellata.
— canadensis: *Tsuga canadensis.
— *cephalonica.
— *cilicica.
— *concolor.
— Douglasii: Pseudotsuga taxifob'a:
*Pseudotsuga Douglasii.
— excelsa: *Picea ezcelsa.
— *firma.
— *Fraseri.
— *grandis.
— *homolepis.
— ^lasiocarpa.
— *magnifica.
— *Mariesii.
— Menziesii: *Picea sitchensis.
— Mome: *A. firma (the name A.
Mome is a nomen nudum).
— *nobilis.
— *Nordmanniana.
— numidica: *A. baborensis.
— orientalis: *Picea orientalis.
— *pectinata: A. Picea.
- Picea: *A. pectinata.
— *Pinsapo.
— pungens: *Picea pungens.
— *sacchalinensis.
— *sibirica.
— subalpina: *A. lasiocarpa.
— umbellicata: *A. homolepis um-
bellata.
— *Veitchii.
ABOBRA. A. viridiflora: A. tenui-
folia.
ABRONI4. A. arenaria: A. latifolia.
— umbellata.
— villosa.
ABRUS. A. precatorius.
ABUTILON. A. megapotamicum.
— Samtzii: form of A. hybridum.
— striatum, but the stock is likely to
be A. pictum.
— Thompsonii: A. ctriatum Thomp-
sonii.
— vexillarium: A. megapotamicum.
ACACIA. *A. armata.
— *Baileyana.
— *Cavenia.
— *cultriformis.
— *cyanophylla.
— *cyclops.
ACACIA, continued.
— dealbata: *A. decurrens dealbata.
— *decurrens.
— *Drummondii.
— *Farnesiana.
— floribunda: *A. longifolia flori-
bunda.
— Julibrissin: *Albizzia Julibrissin.
— *juniperina.
— *latifolia.
— *longifolia.
— lophantha: *Albizzia lophantha.
— *melanoxylon.
— mollissima: *A. decurrens mollis.
— Nemu: *Albizzia Julibrissin.
— *neriifolia.
— *podalyriasfolia.
— *pravissima.
— *pubescens.
— *pycnantha.
— *Riceana.
— *saligna.
— *verticillata.
AC^ENA. A. microphylla.
ACALYPHA. *A. hispida.
— Macafeana: *A. Wilkesiana
Macafeana.
— marginata: *A. Wilkesiana mar-
ginata, not A. marginata of
botanists.
— mosaica: *A. Wilkesiana musaica.
— Sanderi: *A. hispida.
— triumphans: *A. Wilkesiana
triumphans.
ACANTHOPANAX. *A. pentaphyl-
lum (Aralia).
— *ricinifolium (Aralia).
By some authors, the name
Acanthopanax is considered to
be masculine, the specific names
to end in -us; but the prevail-
ing practice with English
and American botanists is to
regard the Panax combinations
as neuter. These names should
be pronounced Acanth6p-anax,
Ore6p-anax, Tetrdp-anax, etc.
ACANTHOPHCENIX. A. rubra
(Areca).
ACANTHORHIZA. A. aculeata.
ACANTHUS. A. latifolius: A. mollis
latifolius.
— mollis.
— spinosus.
ACER. *A. campestre.
— * circinatum.
— colchicum: *A. cappadocicum.
— *dasycarpum (Silver Maple): A.
saccharinum.
— *ginnala.
— *glabrum.
— *Heldreichii.
— *japonicum.
— *macrophyllum : sometimes used
erroneously for A. japonicum
macrophyllum.
— *monspessulanum.
— *Negundo.
— *palmatum.
— *pennsylvanicum.
— *pictum.
— *platanoides.
— polymorphum: *A. palmatum.
ACER, continued.
— *pseudoplatanus.
— *rubrum.
— saccharinum. This is the Silver
Maple, commonly known in the
trade as *A. dasycarpum. Much
of the stock listed as A. sac-
charinum is Sugar Maple, which
is now known as A. saceharum.
— *saccharum. Sugar or Rock Maple,
formerly known as A. sacchari-
num, but this name is now
applied to Silver Maple.
— sanguineum: *A. palmatum san-
guineum.
— Schwedleri: *A. platanoides
Schwedleri.
— *spicatum.
— *tataricum.
— •celutinum: *A. insigne velutinum;
sometimes used erroneously for
A. Trautvetteri.
ACERANTHUS. A. diphyllus (Epi-
medium).
ACHANIA. A. Mahaviscus: Malva-
viscus arboreus.
ACHILLEA. A. segyptiaca: A. Tourne-
fortii.
— Ageratum.
— aurea.
- Eupatorium: A. filipendulina.
— filipendulina.
— Millefolium.
— mongolica: A. sibirica.
— Ptarmica.
— tomentosa.
ACHIMENES. A. Haageana: A.
longiflora.
— longiflora.
— patens major.
ACHRAS. A. Sapota.
ACHYRANTHES. A. acuminata:
Iresine Lindenii.
— Emersonii: Iresine Lindenii.
— Herbstii: Iresine Herbstii.
ACIDANTHERA. A. bicolor.
ACONITUM. A. autumnale.
— bicolor: plants under this name
are either A. Napellus bicolor
or A. sinensis bicolor.
— Fischeri.
— Lycoctonum.
— Napellus.
— pyramidatum: probably A. pyram-
idale, which is A. Napellus.
— pyrenaicum: A. Anthora.
— uncinatum.
— Wilsonii: A. Fischeri Wilsonii.
ACORUS. A. Calamus.
— japonicus: probably a form of A.
gramineus.
ACROCLINIUM. A. album: Helip-
terum roseum album.
— roseum: Helipterum roseum.
ACTJEA. A. alba.
— rubra: A. spicata rubra ; better kept
distinct, as A. rubra. Willd.
— spicata.
ACTINIDIA. *A. arguta.
— *chinensis.
— *Kolomikta.
— *polygama.
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3579
ACTINOLEPIS. A. coronaria
(Shortia calif ornica).
ADENANTHERA. A. pavonina.
ADENOPHORA. A. lilifolia: A.
communis.
— Potaninii.
ADIANTUM. A.stmulum: A. cunea-
tum.
— bellum.
— Capillus-Veneris.
— Crotceanum: A. cuneatum Crow-
eanum.
— cuneatum.
— Farleyense.
— Fergusonii: A. Capillus-Veneris.
— hybridum: A. cuneatum.
— mundulum: A. cuneatum.
— pedatum.
— rhodophyllum: a form of A. ten-
erum.
— Sancta-Catharinse: a fonn of A.
trapeziforme.
— scutum.
— trapeziforme.
- Wiegandii: A. Wagneri.
ADLUMIA. A. cirrhosa: A. fungosa.
ADONIS. A. aestivalis.
— amurensis.
— autuninalis.
— pyrenaica.
— vernalis.
jJEGOPODIUM. R. Podagraria.
.ESCULUS. *£. californica.
— *carnea.
— *glabra.
— *Hippocastanum.
— macrostachya: *£,. parviflora.
— *octandra (Pavia).
— *parviflora (Pavia).
— *Pavia (Pavia).
— rubicunda: *1E. carnea.
— *turbinata.
JETHEOPAPPUS. -£". pulcherrimus:
Centaurea pulchenima.
JETHIONEMA. M. coridifolium.
— grandiflonim.
— jucundum: ££. coridifolium (Iberis).
AGAPANTHTJS. A. umbellatus.
AGATH.SA. A. calfstis: Felicia
amelloides.
AGATHIS. *A. robusta.
AGATHOSMA. A. Ventenatiana
i Diosma).
— villosa (Diosma).
AGAVE. A. americana.
— atrovirens.
• — c&rulescens: A. lophantha.
— feroz.
— potatorum (the more glaucous form
of A. Scolymus: very likely some-
thing else is really offered under
this; name; see No. 12, page 233).
— stricta.
AGERATUM. A. album: Probably
Eupatorium micranthum.
— conspicuum: Eupatorium glechono-
pbyllum.
— Lasseauxti: Eupatorium Las-
seauzii.
— mexicanum: A. Houstonianum.
— nantim: probably a dwarf form of
A. Houstonianum.
AGERATUM, continued.
— Wendlandii (identity uncertain;
perhaps Alomia Wendlandii,
Robins., a genus closely allied
to Ageratum; this Alomia, from
southern Mexico, is a peren-
nial, 1 foot or more high, with
ovate, strongly toothed opposite
leaves. Flowers of the plant
cultivated under this name are
blue or white).
AGLAONEMA. A. costatum.
AGONIS. A. flexuosa: *Leptosper-
mum fleiuosum.
AGROSTEMMA. A. Cadi: Lychnis
Coeli-rosa.
— Cceli-rosa: Lychnis Cceli-rosa.
— Flos-Jotis: Lychnis Flos-Jovis.
AGROSTIS. A. nebulosa.
AILANTHUS. *A. glandulosa: A.
altissima, Swingle (A. glandu-
losa not tenable, as it is the more
recent name).
AIRA. A. ccerulea: Molinia caerulea.
— foliis nariegatis. Molinia caerulea
variegata.
AJUGA. A. genevensis.
— reptans.
AKEBIA. *A. lobata.
— *quinata.
ALBIZZIA. *A. Julibrissin.
— *lophantha.
ALECTRYON. *A. excelsum.
ALEURITES. *A. Fordii.
ALLAMAWDA. *A. cathartica.
— Bender sonii: *A. cathartica Hen-
dersonii.
— WiUiamsii: *A. cathartica W3-
liamsii.
ALLroM. A. ascalonicum (ShaUot).
— Cepa (Onion).
— fistulosum (Welsh Onion).
— Moly.
— Pomim (Leek).
— sativum (Garlic).
— Schcenoprasum (Chives).
ALNUS. *A. cordata.
— *glutinosa.
— *incana.
— faciniata: name probably applied
to either *A. incana pinnatifida
or *A. glutinosa laciniata.
— *Mitchelliana (American Green
Alder); either or both A. viridis
or A. alnobetula of American
catalogues.
— *rugosa.
— *tenuifolia.
— *viridis (European Green Alder).
Often confused with American
Green Alder.
ALONSOA. A. acutifolia.
— albiflora: A. acutiflora Candida.
— grandiflora: A. WarscewicziL
— linifolia.
— Warscewiczii.
ALOYSIA. A. ctiriodora: Lippia cit-
riodora.
ALPINIA. A. Sanders.
ALSINE. A. pinifolia.
ALSOPmLA. A. australis.
ALSTRGBMERIA. A. aurantiaca.
— aurea: A. aurantiaca.
— brasiliensis.
— chilensis.
— pulchelia.
ALTERNANTHERA.'JL. aurea: Telan-
thera Bettzickiana aurea.
— rosea: T. amcena rosea.
— veraicolor: T. versicolor.
ALTHAEA. A. frutex: *Hibiscus
syriacus.
— *rosea (Hollyhock).
Many names listed under this
genus are probably forms of
Hibiscus syriacus, as A. alba,
amplissima, argentea, carulea,
carnea, coslestis, elegantissima,
grandiflora, Leopoldii, Meehanii,
paoniflora, punicea, rubra, Van
Houttei, and others.
ALYSSUM. A. argenteum.
— Benthamii: A. maritimum Ben-
thamii.
— maritimum.
— procumbent: A. maritimum pro-
cumbens.
— rostratum.
— sazatile.
AMARANTHUS (the speUing Ama-
rantus, while et>Tnologically cor-
rect, is not now much used in
this country, the form Ama-
ranthus having been employed
by Linnffius). A. atropurpureus:
probably A. caudatus atropur-
pureus, not A. atropurpureus of
botanists.
— bicolor: A. gangeticus melancholi-
cus.
— caudatus.
— cruentus: signifies either A. hypo-
chondriacus sanguineus or A.
paniculatus cruenrus.
— gangeticus.
— Henderi.
— mdancholicus: A. gangeticus mel-
ancholicus.
— salicifolius.
— tricolor: A. gangeticus melancholi-
cus.
AMARYLLIS. A. Atamasco: Zephyr-
anthes Atamasco.
— Belladonna.
— equestris: Hippeastrum equestre.
— formosissima: Sprekelia formosis-
sima.
— Hattii: Lycoris squamigera.
— Johnsonii: Hippeastrum John-
sonii.
— lutea: Sternbergia lutea.
— solandri: probably Hippeastrum
solandriflorum.
— vittata: Hippeastrum vittatum.
AMBERBOA. A. muricata: Volu-
tarella muricata.
AMBROSIA. A. mexicana: proba-
bly an Artemesia.
AMELANCHIER. *A. ahiifolia.
— Botryapium: *A. canadensis; some-
times applied to A. oblongifolia.
— ^canadensis, but the stock is proba-
bly A. l«vis.
— *oblongifolia.
— vulgaris: *A. rotundifolia.
3580
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
AMMOBIUM. A. alatum.
— grandifl.orj.rn: A. alatum grandi-
florum.
AMOMUM. A. Cardamon.
AMORPHA. *A. canescens.
— fragrans: *A. fruticosa, or an un-
important form of it.
— *fruticosa.
— montana: *A. glabra.
— nana: *A. microphylla.
AMORPHOPHALLUS. A. Rivieri.
AMPELOPSIS. *A. aconitifolia, but
often is A. aconitifolia palmiloba.
— *cordata.
— dumetorum: Parthenocissus
vitacea. *A. vitacea.
— Engelmannii: P. quinquefolia
Engelmannii: *A. quinquefolia
Engelmannii.
— * Henryana: P. Henry ana.
— *heterophylla.
— *humulifolia.
— *hypoglauca.
— leeoides, but the plant in cultiva-
tion is *A. Watsoniana (page
3565) ; the true A. leeoides is not
in cultivation.
— Lowii: P. tricuspidata Lowii: *A.
tricuspidata Lowii.
— *megalophylla.
— muralis: P. quinquefolia murorum :
*A. quinquefolia murorum.
— ^quinquefolia: P. quinquefolia.
— stricta: probably an error for Cis-
sus striata.
— *Thomsonii: P. Thomsonii.
— tricolor: *A. heterophylla elegans.
— ^tricuspidata: P. tricuspidata.
— Veitchii: P. tricuspidata Veitchii:
*A. tricuspidata Veitchii.
— *vitacea: P. vitacea.
AMSONIA. A. Amsonia: A. Taber-
naemontana.
— angustifolia.
— salicifolia: A. Tabernaemontana.
— Tabernaemontana.
AMYGDALUS. A. chinensis: *Prunus
japonica and *P. glandulosa
(Cherry - Almonds ; sometimes
known as "flowering almonds").
— *communis: P. communis (Almond).
-*Davidiana: P. Davidiana.
— *nana: P. nana (Russian Dwarf
Almond).
— *Persica: P. Persica (Peach).
— sibirica: perhaps *P. Armeniaca
sibirica (Siberian Apricot) or P.
nana (*A. nana).
— *triloba (Flowering Almond): P.
triloba.
ANACARDIUM. A. occidentale.
ANACHARIS. A. canadensis: Elodea
canadensis.
ANAGALLIS. A. grandiflora: A.
linifolia.
ANANAS. A. sativus.
ANAPHALIS. A. margaritacea (An-
tennaria).
ANCHUSA. A. Barrelieri.
— capensis.
— italica.
— mysotidiflora.
— omcinalis.
ANDROMEDA. A. arborea: *Oxy-
dendrum arboreum.
— calyculata: *Chamaedaphne calyc-
ulata.
— Catesbsei: *Leucothoe Catesbaei.
— floribunda: *Pieris floribunda.
— japonica: *P. japonica.
— • mariana: *P. mariana.
— *polifolia.
• — speciosa: *Zenobia pulverulenta.
ANDROPOGON. A. argenteus.
ANEMONE. A. acutiloba: Hepatica
acutiloba.
— apennina.
— canadensis.
— coronaria.
— fulgens.
- Hepatica: Hepatica triloba.
— hortensis.
— hupehensis.
— japonica.
— nemorosa.
— Nuttalliana: A. patens Nuttalliana.
— patens.
— pennsylvanica: A. canadensis.
— Pulsatilla.
— sylvestris.
— vitifolia.
ANEMONELLA (Syndesmon is the
name under the American Code).
A. thalictroides.
ANEMONOPSIS. A. macrophylla.
ANGELONIA. A. grandiflora.
ANGOPHORA. *A. intermedia (page
3565).
— *lanceolata.
ANNONA. A. Cherimola.
— glabra.
— muricata.
— reticulata.
— squamosa.
ANOMATHECA. A. cruenta: Lapey-
rousia cruenta.
ANTENNARIA. A. dioica.
— margaritacea: Anaphalis margari-
tacea.
ANTHEMIS. A. arabicus: Cladran-
thus arabicus.
— Kelwayi.
— nobilis.
— tinctoria.
ANTHERICUM. A. comoswm: Chloro-
phytum comosum.
— Liliago.
— Liliastrum: Paradisea Liliastrum.
— vittatum: Chlorophytum elatum.
ANTHURIUM. A. Andraeanum.
— crystallinum.
— regale.
— Scherzerianum.
ANTIGONON. *A. leptopus.
ANTIRRHINUM. A. album: A. ma jus.
— atrococcineum, delicatum, grandi-
florum, luteum, maximum, pic-
turatum, striatum. Apparently
all forms of A. majus.
APIOS. *A. tuberosa (Glycine Apios
in American Code, but not
adopted under International
Rules).
APIUM. A. graveolens (Celery).
APLECTRUM. A. hyemale.
APONOGETON. A. distachyon: A.
distachyus.
— fenestralis (Ouvirandra).
AQUILEGIA. A. akitensis (page
3565).
— alpina.
— caerulea.
— californica: A. formosa truncata.
— canadensis.
— chrysantha.
— flabellata.
— formosa.
— glandulosa.
— haylodgensis.
— Helenas: A. caerulea Helenas.
— Jxschkani: A. chrysantha Jaesch-
kanii.
— nivea: A. vulgaris nivea.
— olympica: A. vulgaris olympica.
— oxysepala.
— sibirica.
— Skinneri.
— truncata: A. formosa truncata.
— Vervaeneana: A. vulgaris Vervae-
neana.
— vulgaris.
ARABIS. A. albida.
— alpina.
— mollis.
— rosea: A. muralis.
ARACHIS. A. hypogaea.
ARALIA. A. Balfouriana: Polyscias
Balfouriana.
— cashmeriana: A. cachemirica.
— Chabrieri: Elaeodendron orientale.
— *chinensis.
— *cordata.
— elegantissima: Dizygotheca ele-
gantissima.
— filicifolia: Polyscias filicifolia.
— Guilfoylei: Polyscias Guilfoylei.
— japonica: *Fatsia japonica; stock
probably sometimes *A. chinen-
sis.
— Kerchoveana: Dizygotheca Ker-
choveana.
— mandshurica: *A. chinensis mand-
shurica.
— Maximowiczii: * A canthopanai
ricinifolium Maximowiczii.
— papyrifera: *Tetrapanax papy-
riferum.
— pentaphylla: *Acanthopanax pen-
taphyllum.
— *racemosa.
— Sieboldii: *Fatsia japonica.
— *spinosa.
— Veitchii: Dizygotheca Veitchii.
ARAUCARIA. *A. Bidwillii.
— brasiliensis: *A. brasiliana.
— *excelsa.
— *imbricata.
— robusta: *A. ezcelsa robusta.
ARBUTUS. *A. Menziesii.
— *Unedo.
ARCHONTOPHOENIX. A. Alexan-
drae (Ptychosperma).
— Cunninghamii (Ptychosperma).
ARCTOSTAPHYLOS. *A. glauca.
— *tomentosa.
— *Uva-ursi.
ARCTOTIS. A. breviscapa.
— grandis.
ARDISIA. *A. crenulata.
FIXDIXG-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3581
ARECA. A. Baueri: Rhopalostylis
Baueri.
— Catechu.
— lutescens: Chrysalidocarpus lutes-
cens.
— rubra: Acanthophoenix rubra.
— sapida: Rhopalostylis sapida.
— Verschaffeltii: Hyophorbe Ver-
schafFeltii.
ARENARIA. A. csespitosa: A. verna
caespitosa.
— groenlandica.
— montana.
ARENGA. A. saccharifera.
ARETHUSA. A. bulbosa.
ARGEMOWE. A. grandiflora.
ARGYREIA. A. splendens page 3566).
ARIS^MA. A. Dracontium.
— triphyllum.
ARISTOLOCHIA. *A. elegans.
— grandiflora.
— macrophyila; in some cases prob-
ably designates A. brasiliensis
macrophyila.
— *S\pho: A. macrophyila.
— Sturterantii: *A. grandiflora
Sturtevantii.
ARMERIA. A. alba: probably Statice
Armeria alba.
— alpina: S. alpina.
— cephalotes: probably S. pseudo-
armeria, but possibly S. mauri-
tanica is meant in the trade.
— dianthoides: S. plantaginea leu-
cantha.
— formosa: S. pseudoarmeria.
— Lauchtana: S. Armeria Laucheana.
— marttima: S. Armeria.
ARNEBIA. A. cornuta.
ARONIA Malus. Pyrus). *A. arbu-
tifolia.
— *atropurpurea.
— erythrocarpa: *A. arbutifolia.
— *inelanocarpa.
— niffra: *A. melanocarpa.
ARRHENATHERUM. A. bulbosum:
A. elatius tuberosum.
ARTEMISIA. A. Abrotanum.
— Absinthium.
— Dracunculus.
— frigida.
— laciiflora: a white-flowered form of
A. vulgaris.
— pedemontana: A. lanata.
— pontica.
— Purshiana.
— sacrorum.
— Stelleriana.
— vulgaris.
ARTOCARPUS. A. incisa (Bread-
Fmit).
ARUM. A. crinitum: Helicodiceros
muscivorus.
— Dracunculus: Dracunculus vul-
garis.
— italicum.
— maculatum.
— palaestinum.
ARUNCUS. A. Aruncus: A. syl-
vester (Spirsea).
— astilboides, but the plant in culti-
vation is Astilbe astilboides.
— Sylvester (Spirsea).
ARUNDINARIA (Bambusa). *A. au-
ricoma.
— *falcata.
— *Falconeri.
— foliis variegatis: probably *A. For-
tunei.
— *Hindsii.
— *japonica.
— *Simonii.
— *Veitchii.
ARUHDO. *A. Donaz.
ASARUM. A. arifolium.
— canadense.
• — virginicum.
ASCLEPIAS. A. Curassavica.
— Hallii.
— incarnata.
— tuberosa.
ASIMINA. *A. triloba.
ASPARAGUS. A. asparagoides (Myr-
siphyllum. Florists' Smilax).
— Cooperi.
— Hatcheri: probably A. plumosus
robustus.
— madagascariensis.
— medeoloides: A. asparagoides.
— nanu-s: A. plumosus nanus.
— omcinalis (Edible Asparagus).
— plumosus.
— scandens.
— Sprengeri.
— tenuissimus: A. plumosus tenuis-
simus.
ASPERULA. A. azurea: A. orien-
talis.
— hexaphylla.
— odorata.
ASPHODELINE. A. lutea (Asphode-
lus).
ASPHODELUS. A. albus.
— luteus: Asphodeline lutea.
ASPIDISTRA. A.lurida.
ASPIDIUM. A. achrostichoides: Poly-
stichum acrostichoides.
— aculeatum: P. aculeatum.
— Braunii: P. Braunii.
— cristalum: Dryopteris cristata.
— FUix-mas: D. Filix-mas.
— Goldieanum: D. Goldieana.
— marginale: D. marginalis.
— munitum: P. muni turn.
— noveboracense: D. noveboracensis.
— spinulosum: D. spinulosa.
- Thelypteris: D. Thelypteris.
— Tsus-sinense: P. Tsus-sinense.
ASPLENIUM. A. acrostichoides.
— angustifolium.
— bulbiferum.
— ebeneum: A. platyneuron.
— Filiz-fceniina.
— Goringianum.
— Nidus-avis: A. Nidus (Neot-
topteris).
— platyneuron.
- Thelypteris: Dryopteris Thelyp-
teris.
— thdypteroides: A. acrostichoides.
— Trichomanes.
ASTER. A. acris.
— alpinus.
— Amellus.
— amethystinus.
— azureus.
ASTER, continued.
— bessarabicus: A. Amellus bessarab-
icus.
— Chapmanii.
— cordifolius.
— corymbosus.
— Curtisii.
— decorus: A. laevis.
— ericoides.
— formosissimus.
— grandiflorus.
— himalay en-sis: A. himalaica.
— laevis.
— lilacinus.
— longifolius.
— Maackii.
— macrophyllus.
— Mesa grande: possibly is Erigeron
macranthus.
— multiflorus.
— novae-angliae.
— novi-belgii.
— patens.
— puniceus.
— ptarmicoides.
— Shortii.
— speciosus: A. alpinus speciosus,
not A. speciosus of botanists.
— spectabilis.
— subcasruleus.
— tataricus.
— ThomsoniL
— Tounshendii: A. Bigelovii.
— - Tradescantii.
— trinervius.
— turbinellus.
— umbellatus.
— undulatus.
— versicolor.
ASTILBE. A. Arendsii; hybrids of A.
Davidii with other species.
— astilboides (Spirsea).
— chinensis.
— Davidii (Spiraea).
— grandis.
— japonica.
— simplicifolia.
ASTRAGALUS. A. alopecuroides.
ASTRANTIA. A. major.
ATRIPLEX. A. hortensis (Orach).
ATROPA. A. Belladonna.
AUBRIETIA. A. Bougaintillei: A.
deltoidea Bougainvillei.
— deltoidea.
— Eyrei: A. deltoidea Eyrei.
— grxca: A. deltoidea grasca.
— Hendersonii: A. deltoidea Hen%
dersonii.
— Leichtlinii: A. deltoidea Leicht-
linii.
— olympica: A. deltoidea olympica.
AUCUBA. *A. himalaica.
— *japonica.
AVENA. A. sterilis.
AZALEA. *A. amaena: Rhododen-
dron obtusum amcenum.
— *arborescens: R. arborescens.
— calendulacea: R. calendulaceum :
*A. lutea.
— canadensis: R. canadense : *Rho-
dora canadensis.
— *canescens: R. canescens.
— *gandavensis: R. Morteri.
— *Hinodiffiri: form of R. obtusum.
3582
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
AZALEA, continued.
— *indica: R. indicum.
— *japonica: R. japonicum.
— *Kaempferi: R. Kaempferi.
— *ledifolia: R. ledifolium.
— *lutea: R. calendulaceum.
— *mollis: R. sinense; possibly some-
times misapplied to R. japoni-
cum.
— *nudiflora: R. nudiflorum.
— *occidenlalis: R. occidentale.
— *pontica: R. luteum.
— rosmarinifolia: R. ledifolium: *A.
ledifolia.
— rustica: R. Morten var.: *A.
gandavensis.
— sinensis: R. sinense: *A. mollis.
— *Vaseyi: R. Vaseyi.
— *viscosa: R. viscosum.
— *yodogawa: R. poukhanense yodo-
gawa.
AZARA. *A. microphylla.
BACCHARIS. *B. halimifolia.
BACTRIS. B. major.
BAMBUSA. B. Alphonsei: probably
B. Alphonse Kurri.
— *argentea.
— aurea: *Phyllostachys aurea.
— *aureo-striata.
— auricoma: *Arundinaria auricoma.
- — *fastuosa.
— Fortunei: *Arundinaria Fortunei.
— Henonis: *Phyllostachys Henonis.
- nigra: *Phyllostachys nigra.
— *palmata.
— Simonii: *Arundinaria Simonii.
— Veitchii: *Arundinaria Veitchii.
— mminalis: *Phyllostachys rusci-
folia.
— violescens: *Phyllostachys violes-
cens.
— *vulgaris.
BAPTISIA. *B. australis.
— tinctoria.
BARB AREA. B. praecox.
— vulgaris.
BARTONIA. B. aurea: Mentzelia
aurea, Baill. (M. Lindleyi is
untenable under the rules).
BEGONIA. B. albo-picta.
— argentea: B. maculata.
— corallina.
— Credneri.
— crispa: B. raanicata crispa.
— Erfordii.
— gracilis.
— Haageana.
— metallica.
— Rex.
— rubra: B. coccinea.
— Sandersonii: B. Digswelliana.
— semperfiorens.
— Thurstonii.
— Warscewiczii: B. conchaefolia.
Trade names of horticultural
begonias often appear in Latin
form.
BELAMCANDA. B. chinensis.
BELLIS. B. perennis.
BENINCASA. B.cerifera: B.hispida.
BENZOIN. B. odoriferum: *B. aesti-
vale (Laurus. Lindera).
BERBERIS (see page 3566). *B. ag-
gregata.
— Aquifolium: *Mahonia Aquifolium.
— brevipaniculata : perhaps some-
times applied to B. aggregata.
— *buxifolia.
— *canadensis.
- — *Darwinii.
— *dictyophylla.
— dulds: *B. buxifolia; sometimes
the name for B. vulgaris dulcis.
— fascicularis: *Mahonia pinnata.
— *Fendleri.
— *ilicifolia, but often misapplied to
B. Neubertii latifolia.
— japonica: *Mahonia japonica.
— nervosa: *Mahonia nervosa.
- purpurea: *B. vulgaris atropur-
purea.
- Regcliana: *B. amurensis japonica
(page 3566).
— repens: *Mahonia repens.
— sanguinolenta: *B. sinensis.
— *Sargentiana; but the plant in
cultivation under this name is
often B. Julianas (page 3566).
— *Sieboldii.
— *stenophylla.
— *Thunbergii.
*verruculosa.
— *vulgaris.
— Wallichiana (the plant erroneously
in cultivation under this name
may be B. Sargentiana, B.
Julianas, B. Hookeri, or B.
xanthoxylon (page 3566).
— *Wilsonse.
BERCHEMIA. *B. racemosa.
BESSERA. B. elegans.
BETA. B. vulgaris (Beet).
BETONICA. B. grandiflora: Stachys
grandiflora.
— officinalis: Stachys officinalis.
BETULA. *B. alba: B. pubescens;
also includes B. pendula, under
the trade name *B. alba pendula.
— *fontinalis.
— *lenta.
— *lutea.
— *nigra.
— papyracea: *B. papyrifera.
— *papyrifera.
— pendula: *B. alba pendula.
— *populifolia.
— purpurea: the purple-leaved form of
either B. populif olia or B. pendula.
— rubra: *B. nigra.
— Youngii: *B. alba pendula Youngii.
BICUCULLA (name not allowed
under International Rules). B.
eximia: Dicentra eximia.
— spectabilis: Dicentra spectabilis.
BIDENS. B. alrosanguinea: Cosmos
diversifolius.
— dahlioides.
BIGNONIA. *B. buccinatoria:
Phsedranthus buccinatorius.
— *capreolata.
— *grandiflora: Campsis chinensis.
—*hybrida: Campsis hybrida.
—*radicans: Campsis radicans.
— *spedosa: Clytostoma callistegi-
oides.
BIGNONIA, continued.
- Tweediana: *B. Unguis-cati.
— *venusta: Pyrostegia venusta.
BIOTA. B. aurea: *Thuja orientalis
aurea.
— japonica: *T. orientalis Sieboldii;
some of the stock in trade is per-
haps T. orientalis gracilis.
— orientalis: *T. orientalis.
— pyramidalis: *T. orientalis pyram-
idalis.
BLECHNUM. B. brasiliense.
— occidentale.
BLETIA. B. hyacinthina: Bletilla
hyacinthina.
BLETILLA. B. hyacinthina (Bletia).
BLUMENBACHIA. B. later itia
(Loasa).
BOCCONIA. B. cordata.
— japonica: B. cordata.
— micro carpa.
BOLTONIA. B. asteroides.
— latisquama.
BORAGO. B. officinalis.
BOTRYCHIUM. B. obliquum.
— ternatum: B. obliquum.
— lirginicum: B. virginianum.
BOUGAINVILLEA. *B. glabra.
— lateritia: *B. spectabilis lateritia.
— *refulgens.
— Sanderiana: *B. glabra Sanderi-
ana.
— *spectabilis.
BOUSSINGAULTIA. B. baselloides.
BOUVARDIA. B. Humboldtii.
— Jacguinii: B. triphylla.
— triphylla.
BRACHYCHITON. B. diversif olium ;
also perhaps refers to B. popul-
neum.
BRACHYCOME. B. iberidifolia.
BRAHEA. B. filifera: Washingtonia
filifera.
— robusta: W. filifera robusta.
BRASENIA. B.peltata: B. Schreberi.
BRASSICA. B. acephala: B. oleracea
acephala (Kale).
— alba (Sinapis).
— arvensis (Sinapis).
— botrytis: B. oleracea botrytis
(Cauliflower).
— cempestris (Rutabaga).
— capitata: B. oleracea capitata
(Cabbage).
— chinensis.
— japonica (Sinapis).
— Napus (Rape).
— oleracea.
— Pe-tsai (Brassica Pe-tsai, Bailey,
was founded in 1894 on culti-
vated material. Sinapis pekin-
ensis, Loureiro, 1790, one of the
vernacular names of which is
Pe-tsai, has been brought over
into Brassica as B. pekinensis,
Skeels. If B. Pe-tsai, Bailey, and
B. pekinensis, Skeels, prove to
be identical, the latter name
must hold. More than one spe-
cies may be involved.)
— Rapa (Turnip).
FIXDIXG-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3583
BRAUNERIA (the name under the
American Code). B. angusti-
folia: Echinacea angustifolia.
— purpurea: E. purpurea.
BRAVOA. B. geminiflora.
BRIZA. B. geniculata: Eragrostis
obtusa.
— gracilis: B. minor.
— maxima.
BRIZOPYRUM. B. siculum: Des-
mazeria sicula.
BROMUS. B. brizaformis.
— macrostachys.
— madritensis.
BROUSSONETIA. *B. papyrifera.
BROWALLIA. B.elata: B. demissa.
— Jamesonii: Streptosolen Jame-
sonii.
— Roezlii: B. grandiflora.
— speciosa.
— viscosa.
BRUCKENTHALIA. *B. spiculi-
folia.
BRUNELLA. A pre-Linnsean spelling
of Prunella (which see), and
still widely used.
BRYONIA. B. laciniosa: Bryonopsis
laciniosa.
BRYONOPSIS. B. laciniosa (Bry-
onia).
BUDDLEIA. *B. asiatica.
— *globosa.
— *intermedia.
— *japonica.
— *Lindieyana.
— magnified: *B. Davidii magnifica.
— *officinalis.
— -abili-f: *B. Davidii.
— Vtitchii: *B. Davidii Veitchiana.
BUPHTHALMUM. B. cordifolium:
B. speciosum (Telekia).
— salicifolium.
BUXUS. B. arborescent: *B. sem-
pervirens arborescens.
— *balearica.
— Fortunfi: *B. japonica.
— Handsworthii: *B. sempervirens
Handsworthii.
— *japonica.
— rotundifolia: *B. sempervirens
rotundifolia.
• — *sempervirens.
— suffruticosa: *B. sempervirens
suffruticosa.
CAB OMB A. C. mridifolia: C. caro-
liniana.
CACALIA. C. aurea: probably an
Emilia.
— coccinea: Emilia flammea.
C-ESALPINIA. *C. Gilliesii (Poin-
ciana).
— *C. pulchenima.
CALADIUM. C. esculentum: Colo-
casia antiquorum esculenta.
There are many Latin-named
varieties.
CALAMINTHA. C. alpina: Satureia
alpina.
CALAMPELIS. C. scaber: Eccre-
mocarpus scaber.
CALANDRINIA. C. grandiflora.
— speciosa: C. Menziesii.
— umbellata.
CALATHEA. Usually listed under
Maranta, which see.
CALCEOLARIA (the application of
the American Code transfers
Calceolaria to lonidium, one of
the Violet family; the calceo-
laria of florists then becomes
Fagelia, and the leguminous
Fagelia [Vol. Ill, page 1201]
becomes Bolusafra). C. hybrida:
C. herbeohybrida.
— pinnata; some of the stock is
probably C. scabiosaef olia.
— profusa.
— rugosa: C. integrifolia.
— scabiosaefolia.
— Veitchii.
CALENDULA. C. officinalis.
— pluriali-s: Dimorphotheca nnnnn.
— Pongei: D. t-n-niia ligulosa.
CALIMERIS. C. incisa.
CALLA. C. sethiopica: Zantedeschia
sethiopica.
— Elliotiiana: Z. Elliottiana.
— palustris.
CALLICARPA. *C. americana.
— *japonica.
— *purpurea: C. dichotoma (the
tenable name, under the rules,
rather than C. purpurea).
CALLIOPSIS. C. tricolor: Coreopsis
tinctoria.
— cardaminefolia: Coreopsis car-
daminefolia.
— Drummondii: Coreopsis Drum-
mondii.
— lanceolata: Coreopsis lanceolata.
— marmorata: Coreopsis tinctoria.
— nigra: Coreopsis tinctoria atro-
purpurea.
— radiata: Coreopsis radiata.
— tinctorift: Coreopsis tinctoria.
CALLIRHOE. C. involucrata.
— pedata.
— lerticillata: C. involucrata.
CALLISTEMON. *C. coccineus (page
3566).
— *Cunninghamii (page 3566).
— floribunduss: *C. lanceolatus.
— hybridus (page 3566).
— *lanceolatus (Metrosideros).
— robustus (page 3566).
— splendens (page 3566).
— riridifolius: probably C. salignus
vkidiflorus.
CALLISTEPHUS. C. chinensis
(China Aster).
CALLITRIS. C. australis: C. rhom-
boidea.
CALLUNA. *C. vulgaris (Erica).
CALOCHORTUS. C. flavus (Cy-
clobothra).
CALONYCTION. C. aculeatum
(Ipomcea Bona-Nox).
CALOPOGON. C. pulchellus (Lomo-
dorum).
CALTHA. C. palustris.
CALYCANTHUS. *C. floridus.
— glaucus: *C. fertilis glaucus.
CALYCANTHUS, continued.
— macrophyUus: *C. occidentalis.
— prsecox: *Meratia praecoi.
CALYPSO (under the American Code,
Cyatherea replaces this name).
C. borealis: C. bulbosa, Oakes
(C. borealis erroneously).
CALYSTEGIA. C. pubescent: Coa-
volvulus japonicus.
CAMASSIA (Quamasia under Ameri-
can Code). C. CustcA-u'.
— esculenta: C. Quamash.
— Leichtlinii.
CAMELLIA. *C. japonic*.
— *Sasanqua.
— Thea: *Thea sinensis.
CAMPANULA. C. alliariaefolia.
— amabili&: C. phyctidocalyx.
— attica: C. drabifolia.
— barbata.
— calycanthema: C. Medium caly-
canthema.
— carpatica.
— dahurica: C. glomerata dahurica.
— glomerata.
— grandiflora: Platycodon grandi-
florum.
— grandis: C. latiloba.
— Grossekii.
— lactiflora.
— latifolia.
— longestyla.
— Lorei (Loreyi) : C. ramosissima.
— macrantha: probably C. latifolia
macrantha, but perhaps also C.
persicifolia macrantha.
— macrostyla.
— Medium.
— mirabilis.
— nobilis. C. punctata.
— persicifolia.
— punctata.
— pyramidalis.
— rapunculoides.
— rhomboidalis.
— rotundifolia.
— Speculum: Specularia Speculum.
— Trachelium.
— turbinata: C. carpatica turbinata.
— Van Houttei.
— Vidalii.
CAMPHORA. C. officinalis: *Cinna-
momum Camphora.
CAMPSIS (Bignonia. Tecoma). C.
chinensis : *Bignonia grandiflora.
— hybrida: *B. hybrida.
— radicans: *B. radicans.
CAMPTOSORUS. C. rhizophyllus.
CANNA. C. indica.
In garden Cannas the original
species are scarcely distinguisha-
ble.
CANNABIS. C. gigantea: a form of C.
sativa.
CAPSICUM. C. annuum.
— frutescens.
CARAGANA. *C. arborescens.
— *Chamlagu.
— frutescens: *C. fnitex.
— *microphylla.
CARDAMINE. C. pratensis.
CARDIOSPERMUM. C. Halicaca-
bunu
3584
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
CARDUUS. C. benedictus: Cnicus
benedictus.
CAREX. C. Fraseri.
— Morrowii.
CARICA. *C. Papaya.
CARISSA. *C. grandiflora.
CARPENTERIA. *C. californica.
CARPINUS. C. americana: *C. caro-
liniana.
— *Betulus.
— ^caroliniana.
CARUM. C. Carvi (Caraway).
CARYA (Carya, of Nuttall, 1818.
Scoria, Rafmesque, 1808, but
there is evidence that Hicoria
was meant. Hicorius, Raf.,
1817. Hicoria, Raf., 1838). C.
alba: *Hicoria alba (Mocker-
nut).
— amara: C. cordif ormis : *H. cordi-
formis.
— cordif ormis: *H. cordif ormis.
— glabra (Pignut): *H. glabra.
— laciniosa (Shellbark Hickory):
*H. laciniosa.
— ovata: *H. ovata (Shagbark
Hickory).
— Pecan: *H. Pecan.
— porcina: C. glabra: *H. glabra
(Pignut).
— sulcata: C. laciniosa: *H. lacini-
osa (Shellbark Hickory).
— tomentosa: C. alba: *H. alba.
CARYOPHYLLUS. See Eugenia.
CARYOPTERIS. C. Mastacanthus:
*C. incana.
CARYOTA. C. mitis.
— sobolifera: C. mitis.
— urens.
CASIMIROA. C. edulis.
CASSANDRA. C. calyculata: *Cham-
aedaphne calyculata.
CASSIA. C. artemisioides.
— *corymbosa.
— floribunda: *C. corymbosa.
— laevigata.
— marilandica.
— polyantha (page 3566).
— tomentosa.
CASTALIA. SeeNymphsea.
CASTANEA. C. americana: *C
dentata.
— *japonica: C. crenata.
— *pumila.
— *sativa.
— vesca: *C. sativa.
CASTANOPSIS. *C. chrysophylla
(see also page 2891 for other
species).
CASTILLEJA. C. indivisa.
CASUARINA. *C. Cunninghamiana.
— *equisetifolia.
— *stricta.
CATALPA. *C. bignonioides.
— *Bungei: C. bignonioides nana (C.
Bungei of botanists is a good
species, apparently not in the
trade although likely to appear).
— *hybrida.
— *Kaempferi: C. ovata.
CATALPA, continued.
— *ovata.
— *speciosa.
CATANANCHE. C. bicolor: C.
caerulea bicolor.
— caerulea.
CAULOPHYLLUM. C. thalictroides.
CEANOTHTJS. *C. americanus.
— *azureus.
— *hybridus.
— *thyrsiflorus.
CEDRELA. *C. sinensis.
CEDRONELLA. C. cana.
CEDRTJS. *C. atlantica.
— *Deodara.
— *Libani.
CELASTRUS. C. articulatus: *C.
orbiculatus.
— *orbiculatus.
— punctatus: *C. orbiculatus punc-
tatus.
— *scandens.
CELOSIA. C. coccinea: C. cristata.
— cristata.
— Huttonii.
— spicata: perhaps a form of C.
cristata, not C. spicata of
botanists.
CELSIA. C. Arcturus (page 3566).
CELTIS. *C. australis.
— crassifolia: *C. occidentalis crassi-
folia.
— *mississippiensis.
— *occidentalis.
— *reticulata.
CENTAUREA. C. americana.
- babylonica.
— candidissima: C. Cineraria.
— Clementei.
— Cyanus.
— dealbata.
- gymnocarpa.
— imperialis.
— macrocephala.
— montana.
— moschata.
— nigra.
— odorata: C. moschata.
- orientalis (page 3567).
— pulcherrima (JStheopappus).
— ruthenica.
— suaveolens: C. moschata.
CENTAURIDIUM. C. Drummondii:
Xanthisma tezanum.
CENTRANTHUS. C. albus: name
likely to apply to either. C. ruber
albus or C. macrosiphon albus.
— macrosiphon.
— ruber.
CENTROSEMA. C. grandiflora: C.
virginianum.
CEPHALANTHUS. *C. occidentalis.
CEPHALARIA. C. alpina.
— tatarica.
CEPHALOTAXUS. *C. drupacea.
— *Fortunei.
— *Harringtonia (Taxus).
— pedunculata: *C. Harringtonia.
CERASTIUM. C. Biebersteinii.
— tomentosum.
CERASUS. C. ai-ium: *Prunus
avium.
— caproniana: *P. Cerasus.
— caroliniana: P. caroliniana:
*Laurocerasus caroliniaiia.
— chinensis: *P. glandulosa and
*P. japonica (Cherry-Almonds).
— ilicifolia: *P. ilicifolia.
— integrifolia: *P. Lyonii.
— japonica: *P. subhirtella pendula
(Flowering Cherry).
- Mahaleb: *P. Mahaleb.
— Padus: *P. Padus.
— pennsyhanica: *P. pennsylvaa-
ica.
— Rhexi: *P. Cerasus Rhexii.
— serotina: *P. serotina.
- Sieboldii: *P. Sieboldii.
CERATONIA. *C. Siliqua.
CERATOSTIGMA. C. plumbagin-
oides (Plumbago).
CERCIDIPHYLLUM. *C. japonicum.
CERCIS. *C. canadensis.
— *cbinensis.
— japonica: *C. chinensis.
— *Siliquastrum.
CERCOCARPUS. *C. parvifolius.
CEREUS. C. nycticalus: Selenicereus
pteranthus.
CERINTHE. C. retorta.
CEROPTERIS. C. sulphurea (Gym-
nogramma).
CESTRUM. *C. aurantiacum.
— *elegans (Habrothamnus).
— *fasciculatum.
— *nocturnum.
— *Parqui.
CH^SNOMELES. C. japonica (Chse.
Maulei): *Cydonia Maulei.
— lagenaria (the tenable name for the
plant generally known as Chse.
japonica; Cy. Maulei now be-
comes Chae. japonica. See page
3567). *Cydonia japonica.
CHjEROPHYLLUM. C. bulbosum
(Turnip-rooted Chervil).
CHAM^CERASUS. C. Albertii:
*Lonicera spinosa Albertii.
— Maackii: *Lonicera Maackii.
CHAM.ECYPARIS. *C. Lawsoniana
(Cupressus).
— nutkaensis: *C. nootkatensis
(Cupressus).
— *obtusa.
- — *pisifera.
-. — sphaeroidea: *C. thyoides.
CHAM^DAPHNE. *C. calyculata
(Andromeda. Cassandra).
CHAM^LIRIUM. C. luteum.
CHAM^PEUCE. C. diacantha: Cir-
sium diacantha.
CHAMJEROPS. *C. canariensis: a
form of C. humilis.
— *elegans: a form of C. humilis.
— excelsa: *Trachycarpus excelsa.
— Fortunei: *Trachycarpus Fortune!,
— *humilis.
— nepalensis: *Trachycarpus Mar-
tiana.
CHARIEIS. C. heterophyUa (Kaul-
fussia).
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3585
CHAYOTA. See Sechium.
CHEILANTHES. C. Fendleri.
CHEIRANTHUS. C. Allionii.
— Cheiri.
CHELONE. C. barbata: Pentstemon
barbatus.
— glabra.
— Lyonii.
— obliqua.
CHENOPODIUM. C. Bonus-Henri-
cus.
— Quinoa.
CHILOPSIS. *C.linearis (the tenable
name under the rules, C. saligna
being replaced).
CHIMAPHILA. C. maculate.
CHIMONANTHTJS. C. fragrans:
*Meratia prsecox.
CHIONANTHUS. *C. virginica.
CHIONODOXA. C. Luciliae.
CHLIDANTHUS. C. fragrans.
CHLORIS. C. barbata: C. polydactyla.
— elegans.
CHLOROPHYTUM. C. comosum
(Anthericum).
— elatum (Anthericum).
CHOISYA. *C.ternata.
CHORI2EMA. C. ilicifolium.
CHRYSALIDOCARPUS. C. lutes-
cens Areca).
CHRYSANTHEMUM. C. arcticum.
— Burridgianum: a strain of C. car-
inatum.
— coccineum (Pyrethrum).
— coronarium.
— corymbosum (Pyrethrum).
— frutescens.
— indicum.
— inodorum: Matricaria inodora.
— japonicum: C. indicum.
— Leucanthemum.
— maximum.
— multicaule.
• — nipponicum.
— Parthenium.
— segetum.
— sinense: C. morifolium.
— Tchihatchewii Pyrethrum).
— tricolor: C. carinatum.
— uliginosum Pyrethrum).
CHRYSOGONTJM. C. virginianum.
CHRYSOPHYLLUM. C. Cainito.
CHRYSURUS. C. aureus: Lamarckia
aurea.
— cynosuriffides: L. aurea.
CIBOTIUM. C. Schiedei Cybotium).
CICER. C. arietinum.
CICHORIUM. C. Endivia fEndive).
- — Intybus • Chicory .
CIMICIFUGA. C. americana.
— dahurica.
— japonica.
— racemosa.
— simpler: C. racemosa simplex.
CINERARIA. C. grandiflora and C.
hybrida: forms or hybrids of
Senecio cruentus (Florists' Cin-
eraria).
CINERARIA, continued.
— maritima: Senecio Cineraria.
— stettata: a race of florists' ciner-
arias (offshoots of Senecio cruen-
tus).
CINNAMOMUM. *C. Camphora
(Camphora officinalis).
— *Cassia.
— *Loureirii.
— *zeylanicum.
CIRSITJM. C. diacantha (Chama?-
peuce).
CISSUS (often listed as Vitis. Pages
3482, 3483). *C. capensis.
— *discolor.
— *oblonga.
— *quadrangularis.
— *rhombifolia.
— *striata.
CISTUS. *C.albidus.
— *ladaniferus.
— *laurifolius.
— *monspeliensis.
— *salvifolius.
CITRULLUS. C. Colocynthis
cynth).
— vulgaris (Watermelon).
CITRUS. C. amara: *C. Aurantium.
— *aurantifolia (Lime).
— * Aurantium (Sour or Seville
Orange).
— Bigaradia: *C. Aurantium.
— deliciosa: *C. nobilis deliciosa
(Mandarin Orange).
— *grandis (Grapefruit).
— *Limonia (Lemon).
— *Medica (Citron).
— *nobilis (King Orange).
— *sinensis (Common Orange \
— *trifoliata: Poncirus trifoliata.
— unshiu: *C. nobilis unshiu (Sat-
suma Orange).
CLADRANTHUS. C. arabicus (An-
themis).
CLADRASTIS. C. amurensis:
*Maackia amurensis.
— *lutea.
— tinctoria: *C. lutea (Virgilia).
CLARKIA. C. elegans.
— pulchella.
CLAYTONIA. C. caroliniana.
— virginica.
CLEMATIS. *C. apiifolia.'
— *Armandii.
— *coccinea: C. texensis.
— *crispa.
— Davidiana: *C. heracleafolia
Davidiana.
— *Douglasii.
- erecta: C. recta.
— *Flammula.
— *florida.
— *Fremontii.
— *grata.
— *Henryi: C. Lawsoniana Henryi; a
common horticultura! variety,
but not' C. Henryi of botanists.
— *heracleaefolia.
— *indivisa.
— *integrifolia.
— *Jackmanii.
— *lanuginosa.
CLEMATIS, continued.
— *ligusticifolia.
— *montana.
— *orientalis.
— *paniculata.
— *patens.
— *recta.
— *serratifolia.
— *tangutica.
— lubulosa: *C. heraclesefolia.
— *Viorna.
— *virginiana.
— *Vitalba.
— *Viticella.
CLEOME. C. ffigantea: C. spinosa,
not C. gigantea of botanists.
CLERODENDRON. *C. trichoto-
mum.
CLETHRA. *C. acuminata.
— *alnifolia.
— *tomentosa.
CLEYERA. *C. japonica.
CLIVIA. C. miniata.
CLYTOSTOMA (Bignonia). C. cal-
listegioides : *Bignonia speciosa.
CNEORUM. *C. tricoccon (see Vol.
V, page 2704).
COBJEA. C. flore-alba: probably
refers to the white-flowered
form of C. scandens ; also known
as C. alba.
— macrostemma: C. macrostoma.
— *scandens.
COCCINIA. C. indica: C. cordifolia.
COCCOLOBA. C. uvifera.
COCOS. *C. australis.
— *Bonnetii, not known botanically.
— *campestris.
— *Datil.
— *eriospatha.
— *flexuosa.
— *nucifera.
— *plumosa.
— *schizophylla (page 3567).
— *Weddelliana.
CODI^UM. The proper genus for
the horticultural plants known
as Croton.
COFFEA. *C. arabica.
COIX. C. Lacryma: C. Lacryma-Jobi.
COLCHICUM. C. autumnale.
COLEUS. C. thyrsoideus.
— VerschaffeUii: C. Blumei Ver-
schaffeltii.
COLLETIA. C. cruciata.
COLLINSIA. C. bartsix: probably
C. bartsisefolia.
— bicolor.
— grandiflora.
— multicolor: C. bicolor multicolor.
— verna.
COLLOMIA. C. coccinea: Gilia coc-
cinea.
— grandiflora: Gilia grandiflora.
COLOCASIA. C. antiquorum and
var. esculenta (Caladium). See
Taro, page 3311.
— neo-guineensis.
COLUTEA. *C. arborescens,
COMMELINA. C. coelestis.
— Sdknciana: C. nudiflora.
3586
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
COMPTONIA. *C. asplenifolia.
— C. peregrina: *C. asplenifolia.
CONOCLINIUM. C. ccelestinum:
Eupatorium coelestinum.
CONVALLARIA. C. majalis (Lily-of-
the- Valley).
— Polygonatum: probably Polygona-
tum officinale.
CONVOLVULUS. C. aureus.
— japonicus.
— major: Ipomoea purpurea.
— mauritanicus.
— minor: C. tricolor.
— purpureus: Ipomcea purpurea.
— splendens: possibly Argyreia splen-
dens (page 3566).
— tricolor.
COOPERIA. C. Drummondii.
— pedunculata.
COPROSMA. *C.Baueri.
— Baueriana: *C. Baueri.
COPTIS. C. trifolia.
CORCHORUS. C. japonicus: *Ker-
ria japonica.
CORDIA. *C. Francisci (not spelled
Francisi).
CORDYLINE (see Dracaena). C.
australis (Dracaena).
— indivisa (Dracaena).
COREOPSIS (Calliopsis). C. auricu-
lata: probably C. pubescens, but
perhaps means C. auriculata,
Linn.
— bicolor: C. tinctoria.
— coronata.
— Drummondii.
— floribunda: not identified.
— grandiflora.
— lanceolata.
— palmata.
— radiata.
— rosea.
— senifolia: C. major.
— tinctoria.
— verticillata.
CORNUS. *C. alba.
— *alternifolia.
— *Amomum.
— *Baileyi.
— *brachypoda; but the plant in cul-
tivation is probably sometimes
C. controversa.
— *canadensis.
— candidissima: C. racemosa: *C..
paniculata.
— *capitata.
— drcinata: *C. rugosa.
— elegantissima: probably *C. mas
elegantissima.
— *florida.
— GouchauUii: *C. alba Gouchaultii.
— *Kousa.
— *mas.
— mascula: *C. mas.
— *NuttaUii.
— *officinalis.
— *paniculata: C. racemosa.
— *sanguinea.
— sericea: *C. Amomum.
— sibirica: *C. alba sibirica.
— Spaethii: *C. alba Spaethii.
— *stolonifera.
CORONILLA. *C.Emerus.
— glauca.
• — varia.
CORTADERIA. C. argentea (Gyner-
ium).
— jubata: C. Quila.
CORYDALIS. C. nobilis.
CORYLOPSIS. *C. spicata.
CORYLUS. *C. americana.
— atropurpurea: *C. Avellana atropur-
purea.
— *Avellana.
— *maxima.
— pendula: *C. Avellana pendula.
— *rostrata.
CORYNOCARPUS. *C. laevigata.
CORYPHA. C. australis: Livistona
australis.
COSMIDIUM. C. Burridgeanum:
Thelesperma hybridum.
COSMOS. C. bipinnatus.
— diversifolius (Bidens).
— sulphurous.
COTINUS. C. americanus: *Rhus
cotinoides.
— Coggygria: *Rhus Cotinus.
COTONEASTER. *C. acuminata.
— angustifolia: *Pyracantha angus-
tifolia.
— buxifolia: the plant usually sold
under this name is *C. rotundi-
folia lanata, not C. buxifolia of
botanists.
— crenulata: *Pyracantha crenulata.
— Davidiana: *C. horizontalis.
— *foveolata.
— *Franchetii.
— *frigida.
— *horizontalis.
— *integerrima.
— *microphylla.
— *pannosa.
— *salicifolia.
— *Simonsii.
— Wheeleri: the plant cultivated
under this name is probably
either C. racemiflora orbicularis
or C. rotundifolia lanata.
COTYLEDON. C. secunda: Eche-
veria secunda (but equally cor-
rect as Cotyledon).
CRAMBE. C. cordifolia.
— maritime.
CRANIOLARIA. C. annua (Mar-
tynia).
CRASSULA. C. coccinea: Rochea
coccinea.
CRAT^GUS. *C. arkansana.
— *Arnoldiana.
— *Barryana.
— *Carrieri.
— *coccinea: several species may pass
under this name; it is difficult
to know to what species the
Linnsean name C. coccinea
should apply.
— *coloradensis (page 3567).
—*cordata: C. Phsenopyrum.
— crenulata: *Pyracantha crenulata.
CRATJEGUS, continued.
— *Crus-galli.
— *cuneata.
— *Ellwangeriana.
— glandulosa: *C. rotundifolia.
— Lalandii: *Pyracantha coccinea
Lalandii.
— *macrantha.
— *mollis.
— *monogyna.
— *nigra.
— *nitida.
— *Oxycantha; also misapplied to C.
monogyna.
— *prunifolia.
— *punctata.
— Pyracantha: *Pyracantha coc-
cinea.
— *tomentosa.
CRESCENTIA. C. Cujete (Cala-
bash).
CRINUM. C. amabile.
— asiaticum.
— fimbriatulum.
— Kirkii.
— longifolium.
— Moorei.
— Powellii.
CROCOSMIA. C. aurea.
CROCUS. C. biflorus.
— susianus.
— vernus.
CROTON. C. Andreanus: Codiaeum
variegatum Andreanum.
— Bergmanii: Codiaeum variegatum
Bergmanii.
— Cronstadtii: Codiaeum variegatum
Cronstadtii (proper spelling ia
not Cronstadii).
— edmontonensis: Codiaeum varie-
gatum edmontonense.
— Eversianus: Codiaeum variegatum
Eversianum.
— fuscatus: Codiaeum variegatum
fuscatum.
— inimitabilis: Codiaeum variegatum
iniraitabile.
— maculatus: Codiaeum variegatum
maculatum.
— musaicus: Codiaeum variegatum
musaicum.
— punctatus: Codiaeum variegatum
punctatum.
— Reedii: Codiaeum variegatum
Reidii.
— superbus: Codiaeum variegatum
superbum.
— Thompsonii: Codiaeum variegatum
Thomsonii.
The following trade-names are
probably horticultural forms of
Codiaeum variegatum : Bausei,
brilliantissimus, Chartieri,
Craigii, delicatissimus, Leonii,
Mortii, Pucciana, Wardelii,
and others.
CRUCIANELLA. C. stylosa.
CRYPTOGRAMMA. C. acrosti-
choides.
CRYPTOMERIA. C. elegans: *C.
japonica elegans.
— *japonica.
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3587
CUCUMIS. C. acutangulus:
acutangula.
— Anguria (Gherkin).
— erinaceus: C. dipsaceus.
— fltruosus: C. Melo flezuosus.
— grossulariaeformis: C. Anguria.
— Melo (Melon).
— odoratissimus: C. Melo Dudaim.
— perennis: Cucurbita foetidissima.
— sativus (Cucumber).
CUCURBITA. C. fcetidissima (Cu-
cumis).
— maxima.
— moschata.
— Pepo.
CUNNINGHAMIA. C. sinensis: *C.
lanceolata.
CUPHEA. C. compacta: C. miniata
compacta.
— eminent: C. micropetala.
— hyssopifolia.
— miniata.
• — platycentra: C. ignea.
— purpurea.
— Roezlii: C. Hookeriana (page
3567).
— striffulosa: C. cyanea, not C.
strigulosa of botanists.
— tricolor: C. jorullensis (page 3567).
CUPRESSUS. *C. arizonica.
— * Benthamii.
— clcgans: *C. Benthamii Knight-
iana.
— excelsa: *C. Benthamii.
— *funebris.
— *glauca: either C. Goveniana glauca
or C. lusitanica.
— * Goveniana.
— *guadalupensis.
— horizontals: *C. sempervirens
horizontals.
— Knightiana: *C. Benthamii
Knightiana.
— Lambertiana: *C. macrocarpa
Lambertiana.
— Lawsoniam: *Chamaecyparis Law-
soniana.
— *lusitanica.
— *Macnabiana.
— *macrocarpa.
— majestica: *C. tomlosa majestica.
— nutkaensis: *Chamaecyparis noot-
katensis.
— pyramidalis: *C. sempervirens
stricta, Ait. (rather than C.
sempervirens fastigiata).
— * sempervirens.
— *torulosa.
CYBOTIUM. C. Schiedei: Cibotium
Schiedei.
CYCAS. C. revoluta.
CYCLAMEN. C. europaeum.
— giganteum: C. persicum giganteum.
— hederaefolium: probably C. persi-
cum, but possibly C. neapoli-
tanum.
— latifolium: C. persicum.
— persicum.
— repandum.
CYCLOBOTHRA. C. flata: Calo-
chortus flavus.
CYCLOPHORUS. C. Lingua (Ni-
phobolus).
227
CYDONIA. C. alba: Chaenomeles
lagenaria var. (page 3567) (C.
japonica of literature): *Cy-
donia japonica alba.
— * japonica: Chaen. japonica but more
correctly Chaen. lagenaria (page
3567).
— *Maulei: Chaen. Maulei of litera-
ture but more correctly Chaen.
japonica (page 3567).
— *oblonga (Quince).
— umbilicata: Chaen. japonica um-
bilicata, but more correctly
Chaen. lagenaria umbilicata :
*Cy. japonica umbilicata.
— vulgaris: *C. oblonga.
CYNANCHUM. C. acuminatifolium
(Vincetoxicum) .
CYNARA. C. Cardunculus (Car-
(doon).
— C. Scolymus (Artichoke).
CYNOGLOSSUM. C. linifolium:
Omphalodes linif olia.
— nervosum (page 3567).
CYPERUS. C. adenophorus (page
3567).
— alternifolius.
— esculentus (Chufa).
— Papyrus (Papyrus).
CYPHOMANDRA. C. betacea.
CYPRIPEDIUM. C.acaule.
— hirsutum: C. reginae (known also
as C. spectabile).
— parviflorum.
— pubescens.
— Reginae.
— spectabilt: C. reginae (C. spec-
tabile is not tenable).
CYRTOMIUM. C. caryotideum.
— falcatum.
— Fortunei.
— Rochfordianum; a variation of C.
falcatum.
CYSTOPTERIS. C. bulbifera.
— fragilis.
CYTISUS. C. albus. Name applied to
different plants; likely to be C.
leucanthus or C. multiflorus, or
possibly C. purpureus albus, C.
praecox or C. scoparius albus.
— alpinus: *Laburnum alpinum.
- Andreanus: *C. scoparius Andre-
anus.
— *canariensis.
— candicans: *C. monspessulanus.
— *fragrans.
— hispanicus: *Genista hispanica.
— Laburnum: Laburnum anagy-
roides: *L. vulgare.
— *mulriflorus (Genista).
— *nigricans.
— *praecox.
— *racemosus; but the plant in culti-
vation is perhaps C. maderensis
magnifolius.
— schipkaensis: *C. leucanthus
schipkaensis.
— *scoparius.
— *sessilifolius.
— *triflorus.
— Watereri: *Labumum Watereri.
DACTYLIS. D. glomerata.
D.EMONOROPS. D. fissus (page
3568).
DAHLIA. D. arborea: D. excelsa.
— coccinea.
— excelsa.
— Juarezii.
— variabilis: D. rosea.
DALIBARDA. D. repens.
DAPHNE. *D. Cneorum.
— Fioniana: *D. oleoides Fioniana.
— *Genkwa.
— *Mezereum.
— *odora.
— *oleoides.
DAPHNIPHYLLUM. *D. macro-
podon.
DARLINGTONLA. D. caUfomica.
DASYLIRION. D. acrotriche.
— glaucophyllum.
— graminifolium.
— Parryi: Nolina Parry i.
— quadrangulatum: D. longissimum.
— serratifolium.
— Wheeleri.
DATURA. D. arborea (Brugmansia).
— cornigera.
— cornucopia: D. fastuosa.
— humilis.
— meteloides.
— sanguinea.
DAUCUS. P. Carota (Carrot).
DAVALLIA. D. tenuifolia: Odonto-
soria chinensis.
DECKENIA (Deckeria). D. nobilis
(page 3568).
DECUMARIA. *D. barbara.
DEERINGIA. D. cdosioides: *D.
baccata.
DELPHINIUM. D. Ajacis.
— Barlowii: D. hybridum Barlowii.
— Brunonianum.
— cardinale.
— cardiopetalum.
— cashmerianum.
— caucasicum.
— chinense: D. grandiflorum chi-
nense.
— Consolida.
— elatum.
— formosum.
— grandiflorum.
— hybridum.
— Maackianum.
— Moerheimei.
— nudicaule.
— speciosum (page 3568).
— Zalil.
Many Delphinium names, as D
belladonna, are of garden forms.
DENDRTUM (American Code name).
D. buxifolium: *Leiophyllum
buxifolium.
— prostratum: *L. buxifolium pros-
tratum.
DENDROCALAMUS. D. latiflorus.
DENDROMECON. D.rigidum.
DENDROPANAX. *D. japonicum
(see note under Acanthopanax)
DENNSTJEDTIA. D. cicutaria (Site-
lobium).
— punctilobula (Dicksonia).
DENTARIA. D. diphylla.
DESMAZERIA. D. sicula (Brizo-
p>Tum).
3588
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
DESMODIUM. D. bicolor: *Les-
pedeza bicolor.
— *japonicum: L. japonica.
— * penduliflorum : L. formosa,
Koehne (L. Sieboldii not tena-
ble under the rules).
DEUTZIA. D. candidissima: *D.
scabra candidissima.
— corymbiflora: *D. setchuenensis
corymbiflora.
— crenata: *D. scabra crenata.
— *discolor.
— Fortunei: *D. scabra Fortune!.
— *gracilis.
— *Lemoinei.
— *myriantha.
— *parviflora.
— *scabra.
— *Schneideriana.
— *Vilmorinae.
- Watereri: *D. scabra Watereri.
DIANTHUS. D. atrorubens: D.
carthusianorum.
— barbatus.
— cassius.
— Caryophyllus (Carnation).
— chinensis.
— cruentus.
— deltoides.
— diadematus.
— glacialis.
— Heddewigii: D. chinensis Hedde-
wigii.
— imperialis.
— laciniatus: D. chinensis laciniatus.
— latifolius.
— marginatus (page 3568).
— neglectus: D. glacialis neglectus.
— plumarius.
— punctatus: a form of D. Caryo-
phyllus, not D. punctatus of
botanists.
— scoticus: D. plumarius.
— Seguieri: D. chinensis asper.
— semperflorens; some of the stock
is probably D. plumarius sem-
perflorens.
Latin names of Dianthus are
likely to represent garden forms,
as albus plenus, mirabilis,
multiflorus, nanus, and others.
— superbus.
DIASCIA. D. Barberae.
DICENTRA (Bicuculla). D. cana-
densis.
— chrysantha.
— Cucullaria.
— ezimia.
— formosa.
— spectabilis (Dielytra).
DICKSONIA. D. punctHobula: Denn-
staedtia punctilobula.
DICTAMNUS. D. albus.
— caucasicus: D. albus caucasicus.
— Fraxinella: D. albus.
— ruber: D. albus ruber.
DIDISCUS. D. caerulea: Trachy-
mene caerulea.
DIEFFENBACHIA. D. magnifica.
— splendens.
DIELYTEA. D. spectabilis: Dicen-
tra spectabilis.
DIERVILLA (Weigela). D. amabilis:
the plant in cultivation is likely
to be either D. florida or D.
coraeensis, probably the former:
*Weigela amabilis.
— Candida: D. hybrida Candida : *W.
Candida.
— Desboisii: D. hybrida Desboisii:
*W. Desboisii.
— floribunda : *W. floribunda.
— florida: *W. rosea.
— Hendersonii: D. hybrida Hen-
dersonii : *W. Hendersonii.
— hybrida: *Weigela hybrida.
— japonica: *W. japonica.
— Lavallei: D. hybrida Lavallei:
*W. Lavallei.
— Lonicera: *D. trifida.
— lutea: the plant in the trade under
this name is declared to be *D.
sessilifolia.
— *rivularis.
— rosea: D. florida: *W. rosea.
— ^sessilifolia.
— Steltzneri: D. hybrida Steltzneri:
*W. Steltzneri.
— *trifida: D. Lonicera.
— Van Houttei: D. hybrida Van
Houttei : *W. Van Houttei.
— Verschaffeltii: D. hybrida Ver-
schaff eltii : *W. Verschaffeltii.
DIGITALIS. D. alba: probably D.
purpurea alba.
— ambigua.
— gloxinixflora: D. purpurea glozin-
iaeflora.
— grandiflora: D. ambigua.
— lanata.
— maculata.
— monstrosa: D. purpurea mon-
strosa.
— purpurea.
— sibirica.
DIMORPHANTHUS. D. mand-
schuricus: * Aralia chinensis
mandschurica.
DIMORPHOTHECA. D. annua
(Calendula).
— aurantiaca.
— sinuata.
DION^EA. D. muscipula.
DIOSCOREA. D.alata.
— Batatas.
— bulbifera.
DIOSMA. D. ericoides.
— purpurea: usually Agathosma vil-
losa, but sometimes A. Ven-
tenatiana.
DIOSPYROS. *D. Kaki.
— *Lotus.
— *virginiana.
DIOTIS. 'D. candidissima (Santo-
lina).
DIPLADENIA. D. splendens.
DIPSACUS. D. fullonum (Teasel).
DIRCA. * D. palustris.
DIZYGOTHECA. D. elegantissima
(Aralia).
— Kerchoveana (Aralia).
— Veitchii (Aralia. Panax).
DODECATHEON. D. Clevelandii.
— Hendersonii.
DODECATHEON, continued.
— Jeffreyi.
— Media.
— radicatum.
DODON^A. *D. cuneata.
DOLICHOS. *D.biflorus.
— *giganteus: a form of D. Lablab.
— japonicus: Pueraria hirsuta: *P.
Thunbergiana.
— *Lablab.
— *lignosus.
— sesquipedalis: *Vigna sesquiped-
alis.
DORONICUM. D. austriacum.
— caucasicum.
— Clusii.
— excelsum: D. plantagineum eicel-
sum.
— magnificum.
— plantagineum.
DRABA. D. androsacea: D. flad-
nizensis.
DRAC^NA. D. amabilis: Cordyline
amabilis, a form of C. terminalis.
— australis: C. australis.
— Baptistii: C. Baptistii, a form of
C. terminalis.
— deremensis.
— Draco.
— fragrans.
— Godseffiana.
— Goldieana.
— imperialis: C. imperialis, a form
of C. terminalis.
— indivisa: C. indivisa; but often
applied to C. australis.
— Knerkii, a form of D. fragrans.
— Lindenii: D. fragrans Lindenii.
— Massangeana: D. fragrans Mas-
sangeana.
— Rothiana.
— Sanderiana.
— Shepherdii, unknown botanically.
— terminalis: Cordyline terminalis.
— Veitchii: C. australis Veitchii.
- Youngii: C. Youngii, a form of
C. terminalis.
Other Dracaena names are in
the trade, probably forms of
species of Cordyline, as Albertii,
Doucetii (C. australis Douce-
tiana), lineata (Cordyline termi-
nalis) Parrei, Storyi, and others.
DRACOCEPHALUM. D. argunense:
D. Ruyschiana.
— grandiflorum.
— Moldavica.
— Ruyschiana.
DRACUNCULUS. D. vulgaris
(Arum).
DROSERA. D. filifonnis.
— rotundifolia.
DRYOPTERIS. Accepted name for
certain species listed under
Aspidium.
— hirtipes (Nephrodium).
DUCHESNEA. D. indica (Fragaria).
DURANTA. D. Plumieri.
ECBALLIUM. E. Elaterium (Mo-
mordica).
ECCREMOCARPUS. E. scaber (Ca-
lampelis).
FINDING^LIST OF BINOMIALS
3589
ECHEVERIA (see Cotyledon). E.
agaroides: Cotyledon agavoides
(but equally correct as E. aga-
voides .
— metallica: E. gibbiflora metallica.
— secunda (Cotyledon).
ECHINACEA (Brauneria). E. angus-
tifolia.
— intermedia: E. purpurea serotina.
— purpurea.
ECHINOCACTUS. E. riridiflorus:
Echinocereus viridiflorus.
ECHINOCEREUS. E. viridiflorus
(Echinocactus).
ECHINOCYSTIS. E. lobata.
ECHINOPS. E. bannaticus.
— eialtatus.
— humilis.
— Ritro.
— sphserocephalus.
ECHIUM. E. fastuosum.
EDGEWORTHIA. *E. Gardneri.
— papyri/era: *E. chrysantha.
EICHHORNIA. E. azurea.
— crassipes.
ELJJAGNUS. *E. angustifolia.
— *argentea.
— aurea: *E. pungens variegata.
— edulis: E. multiflora: *E.longipes.
— *longipes: E. multiflora.
— *macrophylla.
— multiflora. *E. longipes.
• — *pungens.
— reflexa: *E. pungens refleza.
— Simonii: *E. pungens Simonii.
— *umbellata.
EL^EIS. E. guineensis.
EL^ODENDRON. E. oriental e
(Aralia Chabrieri).
ELEUSINE. E. barcinonenxis: E.
tristachya.
— coracana.
— indica.
ELODEA. E. canadensis (Anacharis).
ELSHOLTZIA. E. cristata.
— *Stauntonii.
ELYMUS. E. arenarius.
— giganteus (page 3568).
— glaucus.
EMILIA. E. sonchifolia: E. flammea
(Cacalia).
EMMENANTHE. E. penduliflora.
ENKIANTHUS. *E. campanulatus.
— japonicus: *E. perulatus.
EOMECON. E. chionantha.
EPHEDRA. *E. altissima.
EPIG.SA. *E. repens.
EPILOBIUM. E. angustifolium.
— hirsutum.
EPIMEDIUM. E. alpinum.
— colchicum: E. pinnatum colchicum.
— diphyUum: Aceranthus diphyllus.
— macranthum.
— Musschianum.
— niteum: E. macranthum niveum.
— molaceum: E. macranthum viola-
ceum.
EPIPACTIS. E. pubetcens: Goodyera
pubescens.
EPIPHYLLUM. E. Makoyanum:
Schlumbergera Russelliana.
— truncatum: Zygocactus truncatus.
ERAGROSTIS. E. abyssinica.
— amabilis (Poa).
— degans: E. interrupta.
— geniculata (Briza).
— maxima.
— minus.
— obtusa.
ERANTHIS. E. hyemalis.
EREMURUS. E. himalaicus.
— robustus.
— turkestanicus (page 3368).
ERIANTHUS. E. Ravenna.
ERICA. *E. carnea.
— *ciliaris.
— *cinerea.
— Mackaii: supposed to be a hybrid
of E. ciliaris X E. Tetralix.
— *mediterranea.
— *melanthera.
— *persoluta.
— *stricta.
— *TetraUx.
— *vagans.
— rulgaris: •'Calluna vulgaris.
— Wittmoreana: *E. Wilmorei.
ERIGERON. E. alpinus.
— aurantiacus.
— bfllidifolius: E. pulchellus.
— glabellus.
— glaucus.
— grandiflorus: E. speciosus grandi-
florus, not E. grandiflorua of
botanists.
— intermedius: not identified.
— mucronatus (Vittadinia).
— multiradiatus.
— speciosus (Stenactis).
— umbdlaius: not identified.
ERINUS. E. alpinus.
ERIOBOTRYA. *E. japonica (Loquat.
Photinia).
ERLANGEA. E. tomentosa.
ERODIUM. E. cicutarium.
— Manescavii.
— moschatum.
ERYNGIUM. E. alpinum.
— amethystinum.
— ccelestinum: unknown botanically;
possibly E. amethystinum.
— giganteum.
— hybridum.
— maritimum.
— Oliverianum.
— pi a num.
— yuccxfolium: E. aquaticum.
ERYSIMUM. E. arkansanum: E.
asperum arkansanum.
— ochroleucum.
— Perofskianum.
— pulchellum.
ERYTHEA. E.armata.
— Brandegeei.
— edulis.
— elegans.
ERYTHR.EA. This genus should take
the name Centaurium; names
little known in the trade.
ERYTHRIlf A. E. Crista-galli.
ERYTHRONTUM. A. albidum.
— americanum.
— californicum.
— citrinum.
— giganteum: E. grandiflorum.
— grandiflorum.
— Hartwegii.
— Hendersonii.
— purpurascens.
— revolutum.
ESCALLONIA. E. Berteriana: *B.
pulverulenta.
— *leucantha.
— *montevidensis.
— PhUippiana: *E. virgata.
— rosea: not known botanically.
— nibra: *E. rubra glabriuscula, not
E. rubra of botanists.
— *virgata.
ESCHSCHOLTZIA. E. alba: a
white form of E. calif ornica.
— auraniiaca: a form of E. cali-
fornica.
— californica.
— crocea: E. californica crocea.
— Douglasii: E. californica Doug-
lasii.
— maritima: the cultivated plant is a
form of E. californica, not E.
maritima of botanists.
— tenuifolia.
— Thorbumii: a form of E. cali-
fornica.
EUCALYPTUS. *E. alpina.
— *amygdalina.
— angulosa: *E. incrassata angulosa.
— *bicolor.
— *Bosistoana.
— *botryoides.
— cajaputea: *E. odorata.
— *calophylla.
— citriodora: *E. maculata citriodora.
— *coriacea.
— *cornuta.
— *corynocalyx.
— *crebra.
— *diversicolor.
— *ficifolia.
— 'globulus.
— *Gunnii.
— *hemiphloia.
— *incrassata.
— *Lehmannii.
— *leucoxylon.
— *macrorhyncha.
— *maculata.
— *mellidora.
— *Muelleriana.
— *obliqua.
— *occidentalis.
— pauciflora: *E. coriacea.
— *odora.
— *piperita.
— *polyanthemos.
— *resinifera.
— *robusta.
— *rostrata.
— *rudis.
— *siderophloia.
— *sideroxylon.
— *Stuartiana.
— *tereticornis.
— *viminalis.
— *virgata.
EUCHARIDIUM. E. grandiflorum.
3590
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
EUCHARIS. E. amazonica: E.
grandiflora.
EUCHLJJNA. E. mexicana.
EUGENIA. *E. apiculata (Myrtus).
— E. aromatica (Clove); by some
recent botanists separated as
Caryophyllus aromaticus.
— jambolana; by some recent au-
thors separated as Syzygium
jambolanum.
— Jambos.
— Michelii: *E. uniflora.
— *microphylla.
— *myrtifolia.
— operculata: correctly placed either
here or as Syzygium opercula-
tum.
— *uniflora.
EULALIA. E. gracillima: Miscan-
thus sinensis gracillimus.
— japonica: M. sinensis.
— variegata: M. sinensis variegatus.
— zebrina: M. sinensis zebrinus.
EUONYMUS: See Evonymus.
EUPATORITJM. E. ageratoides: E.
urticaefolium.
— album.
— aromaticum.
— coelestinum.
— Fraseri: E. aromaticum melis-
soides.
— glechonophyllum (Ageratum).
— Lasseauxii (Ageratum).
— micranthum (Ageratum).
— perfoliatum
— purpureum.
— serotinum (page 3568).
— urticaefolium.
EUPHORBIA. E. corollata.
— Cyparissias.
— fulgens.
— heterophylla.
— marginata.
— polychroma: E. epithymoides.
— pulcherrima. *Poinsettia pulcher-
rima.
— splendens.
— variegata: E. marginata.
EURYA. E. latifolia: E. japonica.
EUSTOMA. E. Russellianus (Lisi-
anthus).
EUTOCA. E. multiflora: Phacelia
linearis.
— viscida: P. viscida.
EVONYMUS. (The preference for
Evonymus over Euonymus lies
in this use of the word by Lin-
naeus. The former is now gen-
erally accepted on the continent
of Europe and by some Ameri-
can botanists, as in Gray's
Manual. A comparable case is
the spelling Zanthoxylum rather
than Xanthoxylum. The Ameri-
can Joint Committee on Horti-
cultural Nomenclature adopts
the spelling *Euonymus. Some
treat the name as feminine and
others as masculine.)
— alata: *Euonymus alatus.
— americana: *Euon. americanus.
— atropurpurea: *Euon. atropur-
pureus; sometimes misapplied to
E. europeea atropurpurea.
EVONYMUS, continued.
— Bungeana: *Euon. Bungeanus.
— Carrierei: *Euon. radicans Car-
rierei.
— europeea: *Euon. europseus.
— japonica: *Euon. japonicus.
— kewensis: E. radicans minima:
*Euon. radicans minimus.
— latifolia: *Euon. latifolius.
— nana; but the plant in cultivation
may be E. exuropaea nana: *Euon.
europaeus nanus.
— oboTata: *Euon. obovatus.
— radicans.
— radicans reticulata: *Euon. radi-
cans reticulatus.
— Sieboldiana: The true E. Sie-
boldiana is not introduced; the
plants cult, under this name are
E. Bungeana semipersistens, E.
patens, or E yedoensis.
— vegeta: E. radicans vegeta: *Euon.
radicans vegetus.
EXACUM. E. affine.
EXOCHORDA. *E. Giraldii.
— *grandiflora: E. racemosa.
— Wilsonii: *E. Giraldii V7ilsonii.
FABIANA. *F. imbricata.
FAGOPYRUM. F. esculentum
(Buckwheat).
— tataricum (India- Wheat).
FAGUS. *F. americana: F. grandi-
folia (American Beech).
— ferruginea: F. grandifolia : *F.
americana.
— *sylvatica (European Beech, purple-
leaved and weeping forms).
FARFUGIUM. F. argenteum: Ligu-
laria Kaempferi argenteus.
— grande: L. Kaempferi aureo-
maculatus.
FATSIA. *F. japonica (Aralia).
- papyrifera: *Tetrapanax papyrif-
erum by preference, although
by many retained in Fatsia.
FEIJOA. F. Sellowiana.
FELICIA. F. amelloides (Agathsea).
FENZLIA. F. dianthiflora: Gilia
dianthoides.
FERULA. F. communis.
FESTUCA. F. elatior.
— glauca.
FICUS. *F. altissima.
— *Carica (Fig).
— *elastica.
— lutescens: *F. diversifolia.
— *macrophylla.
— *pandurata.
— *pumila.
— re-pens: *F. pumila.
— *rubiginosa.
— ulmifolius (page 3568).
- utilis (page 3568).
FILARIA (misspelling). See Phillyrea.
FILIPENDULA (see Spiraea and
Ulmaria.) F. camtschatica.
— hexapetala.
— purpurea.
— rubra.
— Ulmaria.
FITTONIA. F. argyroneura.
FORSYTHIA. F. Fortunei: *F. sus-
pensa Fortune!.
— Intermedia.
— Sieboldii: *F. suspensa Sieboldii.
— *suspensa.
— *viridissima.
FRAGARIA. F. chiloensis.
— indica: Duchesnea indica.
— mexicana.
— vesca.
— virginiana.
FRANCOA. F. ramosa.
FRAXINUS. F. alba: *F. americana.
— *americana.
— aurea: *F. excelsior aurea.
— *excelsior.
— *lanceolata.
— lentiscifolia: *F. rotundifolia.
— *mandschurica.
— *nigra.
— *oregona.
— *Ornus.
— *pennsylvanica.
- pubescens: *F. pennsylvanica.
— *quadrangulata.
— *rotundifolia.
— sambudfolia: *F. nigra
— viridis: *F. lanceolata.
FREESIA. F. alba: F. refracta alba.,
• — refracta.
FREMONTIA. *F. californica.
FRITILLARIA. F. Imperialis.
— liliacea.
— meleagris.
FUCHSIA. F.conica: F. magellanica
conica.
— globosa: F. magellanica globosa.
— gracilis: F. magellanica gracilis.
- hybrida: F. speciosa.
— magellanica.
— procumbens.
— Riccartonii: F. magellanica Ric-
cartonii.
— speciosa.
— triphylla.
FUNKIA. F. alba: Hosta planta-
ginea.
— aurea: variegated forms of various
species of Hosta.
— caerulea: H. caerulea.
— Fortunei: H. Fortunei, commonly
cultivated as F. Sieboldiana.
— gigantea: H. Fortunei gigantea.
— grandiflora: H. plantaginea grandi-
flora.
— japonica: usually H. plantaginea,
but may be H. lancif olia.
— lanceolata: H. caerulea.
— lancifolia: H. lancifolia.
— ovata: H. caerulea.
— robusta: H. Fortunei robusta.
— Sieboldiana: H. Sieboldiana, but
much of the stock is H. Fortunei.
— subcordata: H. plantaginea.
— undulata: H. lancifolia undulata.
— variegata: variegated forms of va-
rious species of Hosta.
GAILLARDIA. G. amblyodon.
— aristata.
— grandiflora: G. aristata.
— kermesina; a form of G. aristata.
— Lorenziana; a form of G. pulchella
picta.
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3591
GAULARDIA, continued.
— maxima: G. aristata.
— picta: G. pulchella picta.
GALANTHUS. G. nivalis.
GALAX. *G. aphylla.
GALEGA. G. bicolor; probably a
form of G. officinalis (page
3568).
— Hartlandii: G. officinalis H art-
Ian dii.
— officinalis.
GALEORCHIS. See Orchis.
GALIUM. G. boreale.
GALTONIA. G. candicans (Hj^a-
cinthus).
GAMOLEPIS. G. Tagetes.
GARCINIA. G. Mangostana (Man-
gosteen).
GARDENIA. *G. florida: G. jas-
minoides.
— *Fortunei: G. jasminoides For-
tuniana.
— *radicans: G. jasminoides.
— *Veitchii; probably a form of G.
jasminoides.
GARRYA. *G. elliptica.
GAULTHERIA. *G. procumbens.
— *Shallon.
GAURA. G. Lindheimeri.
GAYLUSSACIA. *G. frondosa.
— resinosa: *G. baccata.
— *ursina.
GAZANIA. G. longiscapa.
— splendens.
GELSEMIUM. *G. sempervirens.
GENISTA. *G. aetnensis.
— alba: *Cytisus multiflorus.
— Andreana: *C. scoparius An-
dreanus.
— canarien&is: *C. canariensis.
— fragrans: *C. fragrans.
— *hispanica (Cytisus).
— juncea: *Spartium junceum.
— *monospenna.
— racemosa: *C. racemosus.
— scoparia: *C. scoparius.
— tibetica (page 3568).
— *tinctoria.
GENTIANA. G. acauUs.
— Andrewsii.
— asclepiadea.
— crinita.
— Cruciata.
— lutea.
— scabra.
GERANIUM. G. album: applies prob-
ably to G. ibericum album, G.
pratense album or G. macula-
turn album.
— armenum.
— ctiriodorum: Pelargonium aceri-
folium.
— collinum.
— Fremontii.
— grandiflorum.
— ibericum.
— Londe-sii: G. collinum.
— macula turn.
— platypetalum: G. ibericum platy-
petalum.
— pratense.
— Robertianum.
GERANIUM, continued.
— sanguineum.
— zonale: Pelargonium zonale.
GERARDIA. G.hybrida.
GERBERA. G. Jamesonii.
GESNERIA. G. macrantha: G.
cardinalis.
GEUM. G. atrosanguineum ; proba-
bly a form of G. chiloense.
— bulgaricum: botanically unknown.
— chiloense.
— coccineum, but sometimes G.
chiloense.
— Heldreichii ; probably a form of G.
montanum.
— japonicum.
— miniatum: G. chiloense miniatum.
GILIA. G. achilleaefolia.
— androsacea (Leptosiphon).
— capitata.
— coronopifolia (Ipomopsis).
— densiflora (Leptosiphon).
— dianthoides (Fenzlia).
— laciniata.
— liniflora.
— micrantha (Leptosiphon).
— hirali-s: a white form of G. tricolor.
GILLENIA. G. stipulata (Porter-
anthus).
— trifoliata.
GINKGO (Salisburia). *G. biloba.
GLADIOLUS. G. brenchleyensis.
— Childsii.
— gandavensis.
— Kunderdii.
— nanceianus.
— primulinus.
— princeps.
The cultivated forms of Gladio-
lus are not clearly referable to
botanical species.
GLAUCIUM. G. luteum: G. flavum.
GLECHOMA. G. variegata: Nepeta
hederacea variegata.
GLEDITSIA (Gleditschia). *G. ja-
ponica.
— *sinensis.
— *triacanthos.
GLOBULARIA. G. trichosantha.
GLORIOSA. G. Rothschildiana.
— superba.
GLOXINIA (the florists' Gloxinia
is Sinningia speciosa). G. cra&si-
folia: a strain of Sinningia
speciosa.
— gigantea: a form of S. speciosa.
GLYCINE. G. Soja (Soybean).
(Under the American Code Gly-
cine replaces Apios, and the soy-
bean becomes Soja max. Piper.)
GLYCYRRHLZA. G. glabra.
GNAPHALrUM. G. lanatum: Heli-
chrysum petiolatum.
— Leordopodium: Leontopodium al-
pinum.
GODETIA. G.amoena.
— grandiflora.
— Lindleyi: (Enothera Lindleyi, a
form of G. amoena.
— rubicunda: a form of G. amcena.
— Schwaminii: a form of G. amcena.
— Whitneyi: G. grandiflora.
GOMPHRENA. G. aurea: G. glo-
bosa aurea.
— globosa.
GONIOPHLEBIUM. G. subauricu-
latum: Polypodium subauricu-
latum.
GOODYERA (much difference of
opinion exists as to the merits of
this name, but it is retained by
some recent orchid students and
is probably tenable). G. Men-
ziesii: G. decipiens (rather than
G. Menziesii as on page 1357).
— pubescens.
— repens.
GRAMMANTHES. G. gentianoides:
G. dichotoma.
GREVILLEA. *G.robusta.
— *Thelemanniana.
GUNNERA. G.manicata.
— scabra: G. chilensis.
GYMNOCLADUS. G. canadensis:
*G. dioica.
GYMNOGRAMMA. G. sulphurea:
Ceropteris sulphurea.
GYMNOTHRIX. G. japonica: Pen-
nisetum japonicum.
— latifolia: P. latifolium.
GYNERIUM. G. argenteum: Cor-
taderia argentea.
— jubatum: C. Quila.
GYPSOPHILA. G. acutifolia.
— cerastioides.
— elegans.
— muralis.
— paniculata.
— *repens.
HABENARIA. H. blephariglottis.
— bracteata.
— ciliaris.
— dilatata.
— Hookeriana.
— hyperborea.
— psycodes.
HABROTHAMNUS. H. elegans:
Cestrum elegans.
— fasciculatus: C. fasciculatum.
HJEMANTHUS. H. aOnflora: H.
albiflos.
— coccineus.
— puniceus.
HAKEA. *H. elliptica.
— *laurina.
— *saligna.
— *suaveolens.
HALESIA. H. caroliniana: H. Carolina.
*H. tetraptera.
— *diptera.
— *tetraptera: H. Carolina.
HAMAMELIS. *H. japonica.
— *mollis.
— *virginiana.
— rirginica: *H. virginiana.
— Zuccariniana: *H. japonica Zuc-
cariniana.
HARDENBERGIA. *H. Comptoniana.
— hibernica: *H. helix hibernica.
— *monophylla.
HEDERA. H. algeriensis: *H. cana-
riensis.
— maculata: *H. helix maculata.
3592
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
HEDERA, continued.
— maderensis: *H. canariensis.
— Roegneriana: *H. colchica.
— variegata: *H. canariensis varie-
gata.
HEDYSARUM. *H. coronarium.
— *multijugum.
HELENIUM. H. autumnale.
— Bigelovii.
— Hoopesii.
— pumilum: probably H. autumnale
pumilum.
— tenuifolium.
HELIANTHELLA. H. quinque-
nervis.
HELIANTHEMUM. *H. alpestre.
— croceum: *H. glaucum croceum.
— multiflorum: probably H. halimi-
folium multiflorum.
— mutabile: *H. Chamaecistus muta-
bile.
— polifolium: *H. Chamaecistus
tomentosum.
— vulgare: *H. Chamaecistus.
HELIANTHUS. H. annuus.
— argyrophyllus.
— californicus: probably H. cali-
fornicus, but perhaps means H.
annuus californicus in some lists.
— cucumerifolius: H. debilis.
— decapetalus.
— giganteus.
— globosus: H. annuus globosus.
— macrophyllus: H. strumosus ma-
crophyllus.
— Maximilianus: H. Maximilianii.
— mollis.
— multiflorus: H. decapetalus multi-
florus.
— nanus: H. annuus nanus.
— orgyralis: H. orgyalis.
— rigidus: H. scaberrimus.
— sparsifolius: H. atrorubens.
— tuberosus.
HELICHRYSUM. H. angustifolium
(page 3568).
— bracteatum.
— monstrosum: double forms of H.
bracteatum.
— petiolatum (Gnaphalium).
HELICODICEROS. H. muscivorus
(Arum).
HELICONIA. H. aurea: H. aureo-
striata.
HELIOPSIS. H. Isevis: H. helian-
thoides.
— Pitcheriana: H. helianthoides
Pitcheriana.
— scabra.
HELIOTROPIUM. H. peruvianum.
HELIPTERUM. H. album: H.
roseum album (Acroclinium).
— corymbiflorum.
— Manglesii (Rhodanthe).
— roseum (Acroclinium).
- Sanfordii: H. Humboldtianum.
HELLEBORUS. H. niger.
HELONIAS. H. bullata.
HEMEROCALLIS. H. aurantiaca.
— citrina.
— disticha: H. fulva.
— Dumortieri.
— flava.
HEMEROCALLIS, continued.
— fulva.
— Kwanso: H. fulva Kwanso.
— luteola.
— Middendorffii.
— minor.
— Sieboldii: H. Dumortieri.
— Thunbergii.
HEPATICA. H. acutiloba (Anemone).
— angulosa.
— triloba (Anemone).
HERACLEUM. H. giganteum: H.
villosum.
HERNIARIA. H. glabra.
HESPERIS. H. matronalis.
HESPERO YUCCA. *H. Whip pi ei
(Yucca).
HETEROCENTRON. H. mexicanum:
*H. roseum.
HETEROMELES. H. arbutifolia:
*Photinia arbutifolia.
HEUCHERA. H. americana.
— brizoides.
— gracillima: H. sanguinea gracil-
lima.
— rubrifolia: H. pubescens.
— sanguinea.
HEVEA. H. brasiliensis.
HIBBERTIA. *H. volubilis.
HIBISCUS. H. africanus: H.
Trionum.
— coccineus.
— cruentus: form of H. Rosa-sihensis
probably (page 3568).
— elatus (Paritium).
— esculentus (Okra).
— grandiflorus.
— Lambertianus: form of H. Rosa-
sinensis probably (page 3569) .
— Manihot.
— militaris.
— miniatus: a form of H. Rosa-
sinensis.
— Moscheutos.
— mutabilis.
— oculiroseus.
— Rosa-sinensis.
— Sabdariffa (Roselle).
— schizopetalus.
— sinensis: H. Rosa-sinensis.
— subviolaceus: a form of H. Rosa-
sinensis.
— *syriacus (Altha?a).
— tiliaceus (Paritium).
HICORIA (see Carya). * H. alba
(Mockernut) : Carya alba.
— * cordiformis: C. cordiformis.
—*glabra (Pignut) : C. glabra.
— *laciniosa (Shellbark Hickory) :
C. laciniosa.
— minima: C. cordiformis: *H.
cordiformis.
— *ovata (Shagbark Hickory): C.
ovata.
— *Pecan: C. Pecan.
— porcina (Pignut): C. glabra: *H.
glabra.
— aulcata (Shellbark Hickory): C.
laciniosa: *H. laciniosa.
— tomentosa (Mockernut): C. alba:
*H. alba.
HIERACIUM. H. aurantiacum.
— villosum.
HIPPEASTRUM. H. equestre
(Amaryllis).
— Johnsonii (Amaryllis).
— solandriflorum (Amaryllis).
— vittatum (Amaryllis).
HIPPOPHAE. *H. rhamnoides.
HOLODISCUS. H. arixfolius: *H.
discolor ariaefolius.
HORDEUM. H. jubatum.
HOSTA (Funkia). H. casrulea.
— Fortunei.
— lancifolia.
— plantaginea.
— Sieboldiana.
HOUSTONIA. H.cserulea.
— purpurea.
— serpyllifolia.
HOVENIA. *H.dulcis.
HOWEA. H. Belmoreana (Kentia).
— Forsteriana (Kentia).
HOYA. H. carnosa.
HUMEA. H. elegans.
HUMULUS. *H. japonicus.
— *Lupulus (Hop).
— neo-mexicanus: *H. Lupulus neo-
mexicanus.
HUNNEMANNIA. H. fumarisefolia.
HYACINTHUS. H. candicans: Gal-
tonia candicans.
— orientalis.
HYDRANGEA. *H. arborescens.
— *Bretschneideri.
— *cinerea.
— grandiflora: name in trade dis-
tinguishes either *H. paniculata
grandiflora or *H. arborescens
grandiflora, usually the former.
— *hortensis: plant in trade is proba-
bly H. opuloides Hortensia,
possibly sometimes H. panicu-
lata grandiflora.
— *monstrosa: H. opuloides otaksa
monstrosa.
— nivea: *H. radiata.
— *opuloides.
— otaksa: *H. opuloides otaksa.
— *paniculata.
— *petiolaris (see Schizophragma)
— *quercifolia.
— *radiata.
— ramis pictis: *H. opuloides cyano-
clada.
— *rosea: H. opuloides otaksa rosea.
— scandens: *H. petiolaris.
HYDRASTIS. H. canadensis.
HYDRIASTELE. H. Wendlandiana.
HYDROCLEIS. H. nymphoides
(Limnocharis).
HYMENOCALLIS. H. calathina
(Ismene. Pancratium).
HYMENOSPORUM. *H. flavum.
HYOPHORBE. H. amaricaulis.
— Verschaffeltii (Areca).
HYPERICUM. *H. adpressum.
' — *Arnoldianum.
— *aureum.
— *Buckleii.
— *calycinum.
— *densiflorum.
— *elegans.
— *galioides.
FIXDIXG-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3593
HYPERICUM, continued.
— *hircinum.
— 'Kalmianum.
— *lobocarpum.
— *Moserianum.
— *patulum.
— *prolificum.
HYPOCHCERIS. H. uniflora.
HYPOXIS. H. erccta: H. hirsuta.
HYSSOPUS. H. officinalis.
IBERIS. 7. affinis: I. pectinata.
— amara.
— corifolia: I. saxatilis corifolia.
— coronaria: I. amara coronaria, not
I. coronaria of botanists.
— gibraltarica.
— jucunda: Jsthionema coridif olium.
— odorata.
— pectinata.
— saiatilis.
— sempervirens.
— Tenoreana.
— umbellata.
ILEX. *I. Aquif olium.
— *Cassine.
— *corallina.
— *crenata.
— Dahoon: *I. Cassine.
— *decidua.
— *glabra.
— *monticola.
— *opaca.
— pyramidalis: *I. Aquif olium pyram-
idalis.
— *serrata.
— *verticillata.
— *vomitoria.
ILLICIUM. *I. anisatum.
IMPATIENS. I. Balsamina (Garden
Balsam).
— glanduligera: I. Roylei.
— Holstii.
— platypetala.
— Roylei.
— Sultani.
INCARVILLEA. I. Delavayi.
— grandiflora.
— variabilis.
INDIGOFERA. /. flonbunda: *I.
Gerardiana.
— *tinctoria.
I. britannica.
— ensifolia.
— glandule sa.
— grandiflora.
— montana (page 3569).
- — Oculus-Christi.
— Royleana.
IOCHROMA. *I. fuchsioides.
— *lanceolatum.
IONOPSIDIUM. I. acaule.
IPO MCE A. I. Batatas (Sweet Potato).
— Bona-nox: Calonyction aculeatum;
sometimes apparently applied to
a strain of I. Tuba.
— coccinea!' Quamoclit coccinea.
— grandiflora: probably I. Tuba, but
perhaps sometimes applied to
I. hederacea grandiflora or
Calonyction aculeatum.
— hederacea.
IPOMCEA, continued.
— Learii, but the trade plant may be
erroneously I. mutabiiis.
— limbata: I. hederacea limbata.
— mexicana: I. hirsutula.
— Nil: I. hederacea.
— noctiflora: Calonyction aculeatum.
— pandurata.
— paniculata: I. digitata.
— purpurea (Convolvulus).
— Quamoclit: Quamoclit pinnata.
— rubro-caerulea: I. tricolor.
— setosa.
— Tuba.
IPOMOPSIS. /. elegans: Gilia
coronopifolia.
IRESINE (see Achyranthes). I. Herb-
stii.
— Lindenii.
IRIS. /. asiatica: I. pallida.
— atropurpurea: probably I. atro-
purpurea; perhaps also applied
to a color form of I. pumila or I.
germanica.
— aurea.
— Cengialti.
— cristata.
— cuprea: I. fulva.
— cyanea: I. reticulata cyanea.
— dalmatica: I. pallida dalmatica.
— flavescens.
— florentina.
— foetidissima.
— germanica.
— gracilipes (page 3569).
— graminea,
— Kaempferi: I. Isevigata.
— Isevigata.
— longipetala.
— macrantha.
— missouriensis.
— ochroleuca: I. orientals.
— orientalis.
— pallida.
— plicata.
— Pseudacorus.
— pumila.
— reticulata.
— sibirica.
— spectabilis: L Xiphium.
— stylosa: I. unguicularis.
— verna.
— versicolor.
— rnrginica: I. versicolor.
— Wilsonii.
— ziphioides.
— Xiphium.
ISMENE. /. caJathina: Hymeno-
callis calathina.
ISOLEPIS. 7. gracilis: Scirpus
cernuus.
ITEA.* I. virginica.
I XI A. 7. crateroides: I. speciosa.
The Iria names are difficult to
identify with the botanical
species; apparently I. columel-
laris and I. maculata and others,
enter into them.
IXORA. I. coccinea; sometimes mis-
applied to I. chinensis.
— Colei: I. coccinea.
— Dixiana: I. coccinea.
— Fraseri: I. coccinea.
— javanica.
JACARANDA. J. mimoaxfolia: *J.
ovalifolia.
JACOB.EA. J. elegans: Senecio
elegans.
JACOBINIA. J. coccinea.
— magnifica: J. carnea.
— pauciflora (Libonia).
JAMESIA. *J.americana.
JASMINUM. *J. azoricum.
— *fruticans.
— *gracillimum.
— *grandiflorum.
— *humile.
— ligustrifolium: * J. rigidum.
— *nitidum.
— *nudiflorum.
— *officinale.
— *primulinum.
— revolutum: *J. humile.
— *rigidum.
— *Sambac.
JUB^EA. J. spectabilis.
JUGLANS. /. ailanthifolia: *J. Sie-
boldiana.
— *californica.
— *cinerea.
— cordiformis: *J. Sieboldiana cordi-
formis.
— japonica: the cultivated plant is
probably either *J. Sieboldiana
or *J. regia.
— praeparturiens: * J. regia f ertilis.
— *regia.
— ^Sieboldiana.
— Sieboldii: *J. Sieboldiana.
JUNCUS. J. effusus.
JUNIPERUS. J. argentea: *J. chi-
nensis albo-variegata.
— aurea: the name is applied to both
*J. communis aurea and *J.
chinensis aurea.
— bermudiana: * J. barbadensis.
— *californica.
— canadensis: *J. communis de-
pressa.
— *chinensis.
— *communis.
— *communis montana.
— *excelsa.
— hibernica: * J. communis hibernica.
— *horizontalis (see J. Sabina, below).
— *japonica: J. chinensis japonica
(page 3569).
— *macrocarpa.
— *monosperma.
— nana: *J. communis montana.
— neoboriensis: *J. macrocarpa.
— oblonga: *J. communis oblonga.
— *pachyphloea.
— Pfitzeriana: *J. chinensis Pfitze-
riana.
— *phoenicea.
— procumbens: the cultivated plant
is perhaps J. chinensis Sargentii
(page 3569).
— prostrata: J. horizontals.
— *rigida.
— *Sabina (J. horizontalis is sometimes
cultivated under this name).
— *scopulorum.
— sibirica: *J. communis montana.
— rinensis: *J. chinensis.
— *squamata.
3594
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
JDNIPERUS, continued.
— stricta: *J. excelsa stricta.
— suecica: *]. communis suecica.
— tamarisd folia: *]. Sabina tama-
riscifolia.
— *virginiana.
JUSSI.EA. J. longifolia.
KADSURA. *K. japonica.
KALANCHOE. K. rlammea.
KALMIA. *K. angustifolia.
— glauca: *K. polifolia.
— *latifolia.
KAULFUSSIA. K. amelloides:
Charieis heterophylla.
KENNEDYA. K. cserulea: probably
*Hardenbergia Comptoniana.
— Comptoniana: *H. Comptoniana.
— ovata: *H. monophylla.
KENTIA. K. Belmoreana: Howea
Belmoreana.
— Canterbury ana: Hedyscepe Can-
terbury ana.
— Forsteriana: Howea Forsteriana.
— Macarthuri: Ptychosperma Macar-
thuri.
— Sanderiana.
— Wendlandiana: Hydriastele Wend-
landiana.
KERRIA. *K. japonica (Corchorus).
KNIPHOFIA (see Tritoma). K.
alooides: K. Uvaria.
— corallina.
— foliosa.
— Macowanii.
— nobilis: T. Uvaria nobilis.
— Pfitzeri.
— Saundersii.
— sulphurea.
— Uvaria (alooides).
KOCHIA. K. trichophylla.
KCELREUTERIA. *K.paniculata.
LABURNUM. *L. alpinum (Cytisus).
— * vulgar e: L. anagyroides (Cytisus).
— *Watereri (Cytisus).
LACINIARIA. L. pumila: Liatris
spicata montana.
— pycnostachya: Liatris pycno-
stachya.
— spicata: Liatris spicata.
LACHENALIA. L. luteola.
— Nelsonii.
— pendula.
— quadricolor.
— tricolor.
LACTUCA. L. sativa (Lettuce).
LAGENARIA. L. leucantha.
— vulgaris: L. leucantha.
LAGERSTRCEMIA. *L. indica.
LA GUN ARIA. *L. Patersonii.
LAGURUS. L. ovatus.
LAMARCKIA. L. aurea (Chrysurus).
LAMIUM. L. album: L. maculatum.
— purpureum: probably L. macula-
tum rather than the true L. pur-
pureum.
LANTANA. L. delicatissima: proba-
bly L. Sellowiana.
— hybrida: dwarf garden forms of L.
Camara.
— Sellowiana.
LAPAGERIA. L . alba. L. rosea
albiflora.
— rosea.
LAPEYROUSIA. L. cruenta (An-
omatheca).
LARIX. L. americana: *L. laricina.
— decidua. *L. europaea.
— *europaea: L. decidua.
- hybrida (page 3569).
— Kaempferi: *L. leptolepis.
— *laricina.
— *leptolepis.
LASIANDRA. L. macrantha: Tibou-
china semidecandra.
LASTREA. L. dilatata: Dryopteris
spinulosa dilatata.
— Filix-mas: D. Filix-mas.
LATANIA. L. borbonica: L. Cont-
ra ersonii; stock usually Livi-
stona chinensis.
LATHYRUS. L. grandiflorus; also ap-
plies to L. latifolius grandiflorus.
— latifolius.
— magellanicus.
— niger (Orobus) .
— odoratus.
— vernus (Orobus).
LAUROCERASUS. L. Bertinii:
Prunus Laurocerasus Bertinii:
*L. officinalis Bertinii.
— *caroliniana: P. caroliniana.
— caucasica: P. Laurocerasus cau-
casica: *L. officinalis caucasica.
— colchica: P. Laurocerasus colchica:
*L. officinalis colchica.
— ^lusitanica: P. lusitanica.
— *officinalis: P. Laurocerasus.
— rotundifolia: P. Laurocerasus
rotundif olia : *L . o ffi c i n a 1 i s
rotundifolia.
— versaillensis: P. Laurocerasus ver-
saillensis: *L. officinalis ver-
saillensis.
LAURUS. L. Benzoin: *Benzoin
aestivale.
— Cerasus: Prunus Laurocerasus:
*Laurocerasus officinalis.
— lusitanica: Prunus lusitanica:
*Laurocerasus lusitanica.
— *nobilis.
LAVANDULA. *officinalis: L. vera.
*L. Spica.
LAVATERA. L. alba:L. trimestris alba.
— arborea.
— rosea: L. trimestris.
— splendens: L. trimestris splendens.
— trimestris.
LAYIA. L. elegans.
LEDUM. *L. groenlandicum.
— latifolium: *L. groenlandicum.
— *palustre.
LEIOPHYLLUM (Dendrium). *L.
buxifolium.
LEONOTIS. L. Leonurus.
LEONTOPODIUM. L. alpinum
(Gnaphalium).
LEPACHYS. L. columnaris (Obelis-
caria).
— pinnata.
LEPARGYREA. See Shepherdia.
LEPIDIUM. L. sativum (Cress).
LEPTOSIPHON. L. androsaceus:
Gilia androsacea.
— aureus: G. micrantha.
— carmineus: G. micrantha.
— densiflorus: G. densiflora.
— hybridus: G. micrantha.
LEPTOSPERMUM. L. flexuosum
(Agonis).
— *l«vigatum.
LEPTOSYNE. L. maritima.
— Stillmanii.
LESPEDEZA. *L. bicolor (Desmo-
dium).
— japonica. *D. japonicum.
— Sieboldii: L. formosa, Koehne
(L. Sieboldii is not tenable un-
der the rules) :*D. penduliflorum.
LEUC^ENA. *L. glauca.
LEUCOCRINUM. L. montanum.
LEUCOJUM. L. aestivum.
— vernum.
*L. Catesbaei (An-
dromeda).
— *racemosa.
— *recurva.
LEYCESTERIA. L. elegans: *L.
formosa.
LIATRIS (Laciniaria). L. elegans.
— ligulistylis.
— punctata.
— pycnostachya.
— scariosa.
— spicata.
LIBOCEDRUS. *L. chilensis.
— *decurrens.
LIBONIA. L. floribunda: Jacobinia
paucinora.
LICUALA. L. grandis.
LIGULARIA. L. clivorum (Senecio).
— Kaempferi (Farfugium. Senecio).
— Wilsoniana (see Senecio, page
3153).
LIGUSTRUM. *L. acuminatum.
— *amurense; but misapplied to L.
sinense.
— chinense: *L. sinense.
— *coriaceum.
-*Ibota.
— *japonicum.
— *lucidum.
— macrocarpum: *L. acuminatum
macrocarpum.
— macrophyllum: *L. lucidum.
— marginatum: probably L. vulgare
argenteo-marginatum or aureo-
marginatum.
— medium: *L. acuminatum.
— *nepalense.
— *ovalifolium.
— *Quihoui.
— Regelianum: *L. Ibota Regel-
ianum.
— *sinense.
— spicatum: the cultivated plant
is probably L. Massalongianum,
L. japonicum, L. lucidum or L.
nepalense.
— *vulgare.
LILIUM. L. auratum.
— Batemanniae.
— Bloomerianum: L. Humboldtii.
— Bolanderi.
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3595
LILITTM, continued.
— Brownii.
— canadense.
— candidum.
— carolinianuni.
— chalcedonicum.
— colchicum: L. monadelphum.
— columbianum.
— concolor.
— croceum.
— dauricum.
— elegans.
— excelsum: L. testaceum.
— giganteum; applies also to L.
longiflorum giganteum.
— Grayi.
— Hansonii.
— Henryi.
— Humboldtii.
— japonicum.
— Kelloggii.
— Krameri: L. japonicum.
— Leichtlinii.
— longiflorum.
— maculatum: L. medioloides, L.
candidum maculatum or L.
chalcedonicum maculatum.
— magnificum: L. speciosum magnif-
icum or L. Humboldtii magnif-
icum.
— maritimum.
— Martagon.
— Maiimowiczii.
— myriophyllum: L. regale.
— pardalinum.
- Parryi.
— parviflorum.
— parvum.
- philadelphicum.
— puberulum: L. Humboldtii puberu-
lum.
— rubellum.
— rubescens: L. washingtonianum
rubescens.
— Sargentise.
— speciosum; perhaps sometimes
misapplied to L. candidum
speciosum.
— superbum.
— Szovitzianum: L. monadelphum
Szovitzianum.
— tenuifolium.
— testaceum.
— Thomsonianum: L. roseum.
— Thunbergianum: L. elegans.
— tigrinum.
— umbeUatum: probably L. dauricum,
but may be true L. umbellatum.
— Wallichianum.
— washingtonianum.
LIMNANTHEMUM. L. indicum:
Nymphoides indicum.
— lacunosum: N. lacunosum.
— nymphseoides: N. peltatum.
LIMNANTHES. L. Douglasii.
LIMNOCHARIS. L. Humboldtii:
Hydrocleis nymphoides.
LIMODORUM. L. pulchellus: Calo-
pogon pulchellus.
LIMONIUM. See the names under
Statice.
LINARIA. L. alba: perhaps L. Cym-
balaria alba or L. bipartita alba.
— bipartita.
— Cymbalaria.
LINARIA, continued.
— hepaticaefolia.
— macedonica.
— maroccana.
— reticulata.
LINDELOFIA. L. longifolia.
LINDERA. L. Benzoin: *Benzoin
aestivale.
LINOSYRIS. L. vulgaris.
LINUM. L. austriacum.
— coccineum: L. grandiflorum coc-
cineum.
— flavum.
— grandiflorum.
— Lewisii.
— narbonnense.
— perenne.
LIPARIS. L. liliifolia.
— Loeselii.
LIPPIA. L. citriodora (Aloysia. Ver-
bena).
— repens: L. canescens.
LIQUIDAMBAR. *L. Styraciflua.
LIRIODENDRON. *L. Tulipifera.
LISIANTHUS. L. Russellianus:
probably Eustoma R u s s e 1 -
lianum, although true L. Russel-
lianus is sometimes cultivated.
LITCHI. L. chinensis (Nephelium).
LITHO CARPUS. See page 3569.
LIVISTONA. L. australis (Corypha).
— chinensis (Latania).
— rotundifolia.
LOASA. L. aurantiaca: Blumen-
bachia lateritia.
— tricolor.
LOBELIA. L. cardinalis; stock is
sometimes L. fulgens.
— Erinus.
— gracilis: applies to L. gracilis or
L. Erinus gracilis.
— heterophylla; or the stock may be
L. Erinus.
- pumila: L. Erinus pumila, not L.
pumila of botanists.
— ramosa: L. tenuior.
— speciosa: L. Erinus speciosa, not
L. speciosa of botanists.
— syphilitica.
— tenuior.
- Tupa.
LOMARIA. L. ctiiata: Blechnum
Moorei.
LONICERA. L. Albertii: *L. spinosa
Alberti (Chamaecerasus).
— albida: *L. beUa albida.
— aurea. *L. Periclymenum aurea,
not L. aurea of botanists.
— belgica: *L. Periclymenum belgica.
— *bella.
— brachypoda: a form of L. japonica.
— *Brownii.
— *canadensis.
— *Caprifolium; but the plant cul-
tivated is perhaps sometimes L.
americana.
— chinensis: *L. japonica chinensis.
— *chrysantha.
— *dioica.
— *flava.
— flexuosa: *L. japonica flexuosa.
LONICERA, continued.
— *fragrantissima; sometimes also
used for L. Standishii.
— fuchsioides: *L. Brownii fuch-
sioides, not L. fuchsioides of
botanists.
— gigantea: either L. etrusca pubes-
cens or L. etrusca superba.
— glauca: *L. dioica.
— grandiflora: *L. tatarica grandi-
flora.
- Halliana: *L. japonica Halliana.
— *Heckrottii.
— *Henryi.
• — *involucrata.
— *japonica.
— *Ledebouri.
— *Maackii (Chamaecerasua).
— *Morrowii.
— *muendeniensis.
— *muscaviensis.
— *notha.
— *oblongifolia.
— *Periclymenum.
— *pileata.
— *pyrenaica.
— *Ruprechtiana.
— *segreziensis.
— *sempervirens.
— sinensis: *L. Standishii.
— *spinosa (Chamaecerasus). Name
sometimes applied to *L. spinosa
Alberti.
— *Standisbii.
— Sullivantii: *L. prolif era.
— *tatarica.
— *thibetica.
— *trichosantha.
— virginalis: *L. tatarica virginah's.
— *Xylosteum.
LOPHOSPERMUM. L. scandens:
Maurandia Lophospermum.
LOTUS. L. Bertholetii.
— corniculatus.
— Jacobaus.
— peliorhynchus: L. Bertholetii.
LUCUMA. L. mammosa.
— nervosa.
LUFFA. L. acutangula (Cucumis).
— cylindrica.
LUNARIA. L. biennis: L. annua.
LUPINUS. L. affinis.
— arboreus.
— Cruikshanksii: L. mutabilis
Cruikshanksii.
— Hartwegii.
— hirsutus.
— luteus; but also L. arboreus luteus.
— mutabilis.
— nanus.
— perennis.
— polyphyllus.
— subcarnosus.
— tricolor: L. Dunnettii.
LYCHNIS. L. alpina.
— chalcedonica.
— Cosli-rosa (Agrostemma. Viscaria).
— Coronaria.
— diurna : L. dioica.
— Flos-cuculi.
— Flos-Jovis (Agrostemma).
— fulgens: probably a form of L.
coronata rather than the true L.
fulgens.
3596
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
LYCHNIS, continued.
— grandiflora: L. coronata.
— Haageana.
— plenissima: L. Flos-cuculi plenis-
sima.
— Sieboldii: L. coronata Sieboldii.
— splendens: L. Viscaria splendens.
— vespertina: L. alba.
— Viscaria (Viscaria).
LYCIUM. *L. barbarum; the plants
cultivated as L. barbarum and L.
europseum are usually L. halimi-
folium or L. chinense; the true
species (L barbarum and L.
europium) are probably not
grown in this country.
— *chinense.
— *europaeum.
— *halimifolium.
LYCOPERSICUM. L. esculentum
(Tomato).
— pimpinellifolium.
LYCOPODIUM. L. clavatum.
— complanatum.
— dendroideum: L. obscurum.
— lucidulum.
LYCORIS. L. squamigera (Amaryl-
lis Hallii).
LYGODIUM. L. japonicum.
— palmatum.
— scandens.
LYONIA. *L. ligustrina: Xolisma
ligustrina.
LYONOTHAMNTJS. *L. floribundus.
LYSIMACHIA. L. barystachys.
— ciliata: Steironema ciliatum.
— clethroides.
— Fortunei.
— japonica (page 3569).
— Nummularia.
— punctata.
— thyrsiflora.
— vulgaris.
LYTHRUM. L.alatum.
— roseum: L. Salicaria roseum.
— Salicaria.
— virgatum.
MAACKIA. *M. amurensis (Cla-
drastis).
MACADAMIA. M. ternifolia.
MACLURA. M. aurantiaca: *M.
pomifera: Toxylon pomiferum.
MAGNOLIA. *M. acuminata.
— alba superba: *M. Soulangeana
alba superba.
— Alexandrina: *M. Soulangeana
Alezandrina.
— *atropurpurea: probably a form of
M. lili flora.
— *conspicua: M. denudata.
— cordata: *M. acuminata cordata.
— denudata.
— *Fraseri.
— fuscata: *Michelia fuscata.
— *glauca.
- gloriosa: *M. grandiflora gloriosa.
— ^grandiflora.
- Halleana: *M. stellata.
— *hypoleuca.
— *Kobus.
— Lennei: *M. Soulangeana Lennei.
— liliflora: *M. obovata.
MAGNOLIA, continued.
— *macrophylla.
— Norbertiana: *M. Soulangeana
Norbertiana.
— *obovata: M. liliflora.
— *parviflora.
— purpurea: M. liliflora: *M, obo-
vata.
— rustica: *M. Soulangeana rustica.
— *salicif olia ; sometimes misapplied
to M. grandiflora angustifolia.
— *Soulangeana.
— speciosa: *M. Soulangeana spe-
ciosa.
— *stellata.
— stricta: *M. grandiflora exonien-
sis.
— *Thompsoniana.
— *tripetala.
— *Watsonii.
— Yulan: M. denudata: *M. con-
spicua.
MAHONIA (Odostemon under Ameri-
can Code). *M. Aquifolium.
— *Fortunei.
— *japonica.
— *nervosa.
— *pinnata.
— *repens.
MAIANTHEMUM (Unifolium under
American Code). M. bifolium
(Smilacina).
MALCOMIA. M. maritima.
MALOPE. M. grandiflora: M. trifida
grandiflora.
— rosea: M. trifida rosea.
MALUS. *M. angustifolia: Pyrus
angustifolia.
— *Arnoldiana: Pyrus pulcherrima
Arnoldiana.
— *atrosanguinea: P. atrosanguinea.
— *baccata: P. baccata.
— cerasiformis: P. cerasifera: *Malus
cerasifera.
— *coronaria: P. coronaria.
— crataegifolia: P. florentina : *Malus
florentina.
— *Dawsoniana: supposed hybrid of P.
fusca and P. Malus (see page
2876).
— denticulata: unidentified; probably
P. pruni folia Rinki.
— * florentina: P. florentina.
— *floribunda: P. pulcherrima.
—*fusca: P. fusca.
-* Halliana: P. Halliana.
— *ioensis: P. ioensis.
— Malus: P. Malus: *M. sylvestris.
— * Niedzwetzkyana: P. Malus Niedz-
wetzkyana.
— *Parkmanii: P. Halliana Park-
manii.
— ^prunifolia: P. prunifolia.
— Ringo: P. prunifolia Rinki:
*Malus prunifolia Rinki.
— *Sargentii: P. Sargentii.
— *Scheideckeri: P. pulcherrima
Scheideckeri.
— Sieboldii: P. Sieboldii: *M.
Toringo.
—*Soulardii: P. Soulardii.
—*spectabilis: P. spectabilis.
—*sylvestris: P. Malus.
— * Toringo: P. Sieboldii.
— *Zumi: P. Zumi.
MALVA. M. Alcea.
— crispa.
— miniata: Sphaeralcea cisplatina.
— moschata.
MALVAVISCUS. M. arboreus
(Achania).
MAMMEA. M. americana.
MANDEVILLA. *M. suaveolens.
MANETTIA. M. bicolor: some of the
stock is probably M. inflata.
MANGIFERA. M. indica.
MANIHOT. M. utilissima (Cassava).
MARANTA. M. Closohii.
— Goveniana: unknown botanically.
— illustris: Calathea illustris.
— insignis: C. insignis.
— Kerchoveana: M. leuconeura Ker-
choveana.
— Makoyana: C. Makoyana.
— Massangeana: M. leuconeura
Massangeana.
— rosea: probably C. roseo-picta.
— Sanderi: probably C. Sanderiana.
- Vandenheckei: C. Vandenheckei.
— mttata: C. vittata.
MARRUBIUM. M. vulgare (Hore-
hound).
MARSHALLIA. M. trinervia.
MARTINEZIA. M. caryotsefolia.
MARTYNIA. M. Craniolaria: Crani-
olaria annua.
— formosa: M. fragrans.
— lutea.
— proboscidea: M. louisiana.
MATRICARIA. M. capensis: M.
Chamomilla parthenoides.
— grandiflora: M. inodora plenis-
sima, not M. grandiflora of
botanists.
— parthenoides.
MATTEUCCIA. M. Struthiopteris
(Onoclea).
MATTHIOLA. M. bicornis.
— incana.
MAURANDIA. M. antirrhiniflora:
Antirrhinum maurandioides.
— Barclaiana.
— Emeryana: a color form of M.
Barclaiana.
— Lophospermum (Lophospermum).
MAYTENUS. *M. Boaria.
MECONOPSIS. M. integrifolia.
MEDICAGO. M. arborea.
— sativa (Alfalfa).
— scutellata.
MEDINILLA. M. amabilis: M.
Teysmannii.
— magnifica.
MELALEUCA. M. alba: *M. armil-
laris.
— *decussata.
— *ericifolia.
— *hypericifolia.
— *incana.
— *Leucadendron.
— *nesophila.
— oppositifolia: *M. hypericifolia.
— *Wilsonii.
MELIA. *M. Azedarach.
— umbraculifera: *M. Azedarach
umbraculiformis.
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3597
MELIANTHUS. M. major.
MELICOCCA. M. bijuga (Genip).
MELILOTUS. M. alba.
MELISSA. M. officinalis (Balm).
MELOTHRIA. M. punctata (Pilo-
gyne).
— scabra.
MENISPERMUM. *M. canadense.
— dauricum.
MENTHA. M.piperita.
— rotundifolia.
— riridis: M. spicata.
MENTZELIA. M. aurea, Baill. (M.
Lindleyi not tenable under the
rules). (Bartonia).
MENYANTHES. M. trifoliata.
MENZIESIA. *M. pilosa.
MERATIA. *M. praecox (Chimonan-
thus).
MERTENSIA. M. ciliata.
— virginica.
MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. M. cor-
difolium.
— crystallinum.
— roseum.
— tricolor: M. pyropeum.
MESPILUS. *M. germanica.
METROSIDEROS. M. floribunda:
*Callistemoa lanceolatus.
— *robusta.
— semperflorens: *Callistemon lanceo-
latus.
MICHELIA. *M.fuscata.
MILLA. M.biflora.
MILLETTIA. *M. megasperma (see
Vol. V, page 2706).
MIMOSA. M. pudica.
MIMULUS. M. cardinalis.
— cupreus.
— moschatus.
— ricgens.
— Roezlii: M. luteus alpinus.
• — tiffrinus: a form of M. luteus.
MINA. M. lobata: Quamoclit lobata.
— sanguinea: Q. coccinea hederi-
folia.
MIRABILIS. M.Jalapa.
— longiflora.
MISCANTHUS (Eulalia). M. sinen-
sis.
MITCHELLA. M. repens.
MITELLA. M.diphylla.
MOLINIA. M. caerulea (Aira).
MOLUCCELLA. M. laevis.
MOMORDICA. M. Balsamina.
— Charantia.
— Elaterium: Ecballium Elaterium.
MONARDA. M.didyma.
- fistulosa.
— molli-s: M. fistulosa mollis.
MONSTERA. M. deliciosa.
MONTBRETIA. M. aurantiaca:
Tritonia crocosmaeflora auran-
tiaca.
— crocosmse flora: T. crocosmaflora.
— Pottsii: T. Pottsii.
— rosea: T. rosea.
— speciosa: T. crocosmseflora
speciosa.
MORUS. *M.alba.
— *multicaulis.
— *nigra.
— pendula: *M. alba pendula.
— *rubra.
— tatarica: *M. alba tatarica.
MUCUNA. M . pruriens: Stizolo-
bium pruriens.
MUEHLENBECKIA. *M. complexa.
— platyclada.
MUSA. M. Cavendishii.
— Ensete.
— sapientum: M. paradisiaca sapien-
tum.
MUSCARI. M. botryoides.
MYOPORUM. *M.lfletum.
MYOSOTIS. M. alpestris.
— azorica.
— dissitiflora.
— elegantissima: probably M. dis-
sitiflora elegantissima, but has
also been applied to forms of M.
palustris and M. sylvatica.
— palustris: M. scorpioides.
— stricta: M. alpestris stricta, not
M. stricta of botanists.
— sylvatica.
MYRICA. M. asplenifolia: *Comp-
tonia asplenif olia.
— carolinensis (*X or them Bay-
berrj-)-
— cerifera (*Southern Wax Myrtle).
What was formerly considered
to be one species and listed as
M. cerifera is now known to be
two species. Both species range
as far south as Florida, but the
true M. cerifera extends north
only to Maryland and southern
New Jersey, whereas M. caro-
linensis grows wild to Nova
Scotia.
— *Gale.
MYRICARIA. M. germanica (Tama-
rix).
MYRIOPHYLLUM. M. proserpina-
coides.
MYRISTICA. M. fragrans (Nutmeg).
MYRSIPHYLLUM. J/. as par a-
goides: Asparagus aspara-
goides.
MYRTUS. *M. communis.
- Luma: *Eugenia apiculata.
— microphytta: *M. communis mi-
crophylla, not M. microphylla of
botanists.
— *Ugni.
NANDINA. *N. domestica.
NARCISSUS. The garden forms of
Narcissus are not usually sold
under the names of the botanical
species. The main species-types
represented in the common cul-
tures are given here.
— biflorus.
— Bulbocodium.
— incomparabilis.
- Jonquilla.
— orientalis: N. Tazetta orientalis.
— arnatus: If. poeticus ornatus.
— poetaz (hybrid).
NARCISSUS, continued.
— poeticus.
— Pseudo-Narcissus.
— Tazetta.
NASTURTIUM. N. officinale:
Roripa Nasturtium (also entered
as Radicula Nasturtium-aquat-
icum).
NEGUNDO. N. aceroides: *Acer
Negundo.
— fraxinifolium: *A. Negundo.
NELUMBIUM. A", album: Nelumbo
nucif era alba.
— kermesinum: Nelumbo nucifera
kermesina.
— luteum: Nelumbo lutea.
— pekinensis: Nelumbo nucifera
pekinensis.
— roseum: Nelumbo nucifera rosea.
NELUMBO. The proper form of the
name; see above.
NEMESIA. N. compacta: N. ver-
sicolor compacta.
— strumosa.
NEMOPANTHUS. AT. canadensis:
*N. mucronata.
NEMOPHILA. N. atomaria: N.
Menziesii.
— crambeoides: N. Menziesii cram-
beoides.
— discoidali-s: N. Menziesii dis-
coidalis.
— insignis: N. Menziesii insignis.
— maculata.
NEPENTHES. N. atrosanguinea.
— Courtii.
— Dominiana: probably N. Dominii.
— Henryana.
— intermedia.
— Mastersiana.
— Patersonii: N. Paradise.
— Phyllamphora.
— Sedenii.
NEPETA. N. Cataria (Catnip).
— Glechoma: N. hederacea (Gle-
choma).
— MussiniL
— Wilsonii.
NEPHELIUM. N. Litchi: Litchi
chinensis.
NEPHRODIUM. A", hirtipes: Dry-
opteris hirtipes.
NEPHROLEPIS. Ar. cordata: W.
cordifolia.
— eialtata.
The Nephrolepis names are now
many, representing mutations
from N. exaltata. See Nephro-
lepis, page 2131; also page 3569.
NERINE. N. sarniensis.
NERIUM. N. album: probably a
variety of N. Oleander.
— atropurpureum : probably a va-
riety of N. Oleander.
— *Oleander.
NEVIUSIA. *N. alabamensis.
NICANDRA. N. Physalodes.
NICOTIANA. N. affinis: N. alata
grandiflora.
— alata.
— atropurpurea: a horticultural form
of N. Tabacum macrophylla.
3598
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
NICOTIANA, continued.
— colossea: N. tomentosa.
— Sanderae.
— sylvestris.
— Tabacum (Tobacco).
— tomentosa.
NIEREMBERGIA. N. frutescens.
— gracilis.
— rivularis.
NIGELLA. N. damascena.
NIPHOBOLUS. N. lingua: Cyclo-
phorus Lingua.
NOLAN A. N. atriplicifolia: N.
paradoxa.
— grandiflora: N. paradoxa.
NOLINA. N.Beldingii.
— longifolia.
— Parryi (Dasylirion).
NUPHAR. N. advena.
NYCTERINIA. N. capensis: Zalu-
zianskya capensis.
— selaginoides: Z. selaginoides.
NYMPH.SA (Castalia). N. alba;
sometimes applied to a white
form of N. gigantea.
— Bissetii.
— caerulea; but may sometimes be N.
capensis.
— candidissima: N. alba candidis-
sima.
— capensis.
— Daubeniana.
— Deaniana.
— dentata: N. Lotus dentata.
— devoniensis.
— flava: N. mexicana.
— flavo-virens.
— gigantea.
— Gladstoniana.
— gracilis: probably N. flavo-virens,
possibly form of N. gigantea.
— kewensis.
— Laydeckeri.
— Marliacea: a race of hybrids.
— mexicana.
— odorata.
— ovalifolia (page 3570).
— pulcherrima.
— pygmxa: N. tetragona.
— Richardsonii: N. tuberosa Rich-
ardsonii.
— Robinsonii.
— rubra-rosea.
— Sturtevantii.
— tetragona.
— tuberosa.
— zanzibariensis: N. capensis zanzi-
bariensis.
NYMPHOIDES. N. indicum (Lim-
nanthemum).
NYSSA. *N. aquatica.
— multiflora: *N. sylvatica.
— *sylvatica.
OAKESIA. O. sessilifolia (Uvularia).
OBELISCARIA. O. pulcherrima:
Lepachys columnaris pulcher-
rima.
OCIMUM. O. Basilicum (Basil).
ODONTONEMA (page 3342). O.
Schomburgkianum (Thyrsa-
canthus).
ODONTOSORIA. O. chinensis
(Davallia).
(ENOTHERA. (E. acaulis.
— biennis.
— bistorta.
— brachycarpa.
— caespitosa.
Drummondii.
— Fraseri: (E. glauca Fraseri.
— fruticosa.
— glauca.
— Lamarckiana.
— macrocarpa: CE. missouriensis.
- Pilgrimii.
— rosea.
— serrulata.
— speciosa.
— tetraptera.
- Whitneyi: Godetia grandiflora.
- Youngii: CE. fruticosa Youngii.
OLEA. *O. europaea (Olive).
— fragrans: *Osmanthus fragrans.
OMPHALODES. O. linifolia (Cy-
noglossum).
ONOCLEA. O. sensibilis.
— Struthiopteris: Matteuccia
Struthiopteris.
ONOPORDON. O. tauricum.
ONYCHIUM. O. japonicum.
OPHIOGLOSSUM. O. vulgatum.
OPHIOPOGON. O. Jaburan.
OPLISMENUS. O. hirtellus (Pani-
cum).
OPULASTER (adopted under Ameri-
can Code). O. bracteatus: *Physo-
carpus bracteatus.
— glabratus: *P. glabratus.
— intermedius: *P. intermedius.
- monogynus: *P. monogynus.
— opulifolius: *P. opulifolius.
— pubescens: *P. malvaceus.
— Ramaleyi. P. bracteatus or P.
intermedius.
OPUNTIA. O. arenaria.
— Camanchica.
— Ficus-indica.
— humilis.
— phaeacantha.
— polyantha.
— Rafinesquii: O. humilis.
— vulgaris.
ORCHIS. 0. spectabilis: Galeorchis
spectabilis (doubtfully sepa-
rable from the genus Orchis;
under that genus it is O. spec-
tabilis).
OREODOXA. O. regia (Roystonea
regia).
ORIGANUM. O. Majorana (Sweet
Marjoram).
ORNITHOGALTTM. O. arabicum.
— pyramidale: O. narbonense pyram-
idale.
— umbellatura.
OROBUS. O. lathyroides: Vicia oro-
boides.
— niger: Lathyrus niger.
— vernus: Lathyrus vernus.
ORONTIUM. O. aquaticum.
ORYZA. O. sativa (Rice).
OSMANTHUS. *O. Aquifolium.
• — *Delavayi.
— *fragrans (Olea).
OSMUNDA. O. cinnamomea.
— Claytoniana.
— gracilis; probably a form of O.
regalis.
— palustris: O. regalis.
— regalis.
OSTRYA. 0. virginica: *0. virginiana.
OTHONNA. O. crassifolia.
OUVIRANDRA. O. fenestralis:
Aponogeton fenestralis.
OXALIS. O. Acetosella.
— alba: a white form of either O.
lasiandra or O. variabilis.
— albiflora: O. variabilis.
— Bowiei.
— cernua.
- Deppei.
— lasiandra.
— rosea; but O. enneaphylla rosea Is
perhaps sometimes meant.
— tropseoloides: O. corniculata atro-
purpurea.
— valdiviensis.
— violacea.
OXYDENDRUM. *O. arboreum
(Andromeda).
PACHISTIMA. *P. Canbyi.
PACHYSANDRA. *P. terminalis.
PjEONIA. P. alba: probably P.
decora alba.
— albiflora.
— anemonxflora: P. officinalis albo-
plena.
— arborea: P. suffruticosa.
— chinensis: P. albiflora sinensis.
— edulis: P. albiflora.
— festiva: either P. albiflora festiva
or P. officinalis festiva.
— Humei: P. suffruticosa Humei.
— lutea.
— Moutan: P. suffruticosa.
— officinalis.
— rosea: Probably P. suffruticosa
rosea, but possibly P. officinalis
albo-plena.
• — rubra: Cf. P. suffruticosa rubro-
plena.
— suffruticosa.
— tenuifolia.
There are many Latin names in
the garden forms of Paeonia, as
P. amabilis, atrorubra, bicolor,
candidissima, chrysanthemi-
flora, Delachii, delicatissima,
elegantissima, f o r m o s a , fra-
grantissima, gigantea, grandi-
flora, nigricans, papaveriflora,
Pottsii, prolifera, pulcherrima,
purpurea, rosea, Thorbeckii,
triumphans, umbellata, and
others.
PALAFOXIA. P. Hookeriana: Polyp-
tens Hookeriana.
PALIURUS. *P. Spina-Christi.
PANAX. P. gracillimum: Dizygo-
theca Veitchii gracillima.
— monstrosum: Polyscias Guilfoylei
monstrosa.
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3599
PANAX continued.
— quinquefolium (Ginseng).
— Victoria: Polyscias Guilfoylei
Victoria.
PANCRATIUM. P. calathinum: Hy-
menocallis calathina.
PANDANUS. P. graminifolius; some-
times misapplied to P. pygmseus.
— pacificus.
— pygmaeus.
— utilis.
— VeitchiL
PANDOREA. *P. australis (Tecoma).
— *jasminoides (Tecoma).
— *Ricasoliana (Tecoma).
PANICUM. P. sulcatum.
— variegatum: Oplismenus hirtellus.
PAPAVER. P. alpinum.
— bracteatum.
— dubium.
— glaucum.
— Iserigatum: P. dubium laevigatum.
— Mursellii: a strain of P. somnif-
erum.
— nudicaule.
— orientale.
— Parkmanii: P. orientale Park-
in anii.
— pavoninum.
— pilosum.
— Rhoeas.
— somniferum.
— umbrosum: P. Rhoeas umbrosum.
PAPYRUS. P. antiguorum: Cyperus
Papyrus.
PARADISEA. P. Liliastrum (An-
thericum).
PARDANTHUS. P. chinensis: Belam-
canda chinensis.
— sinen&is: B. chinensis.
PARITIUM. P. datum: Hibiscus
elatus.
— tiliaceum: H. tiliaceus.
PARKINSONIA. *P. aculeata.
PARNASSIA. P. caroliniana.
PARTHENOCISSUS (see Ampelop-
sis, Cissus, and Vitis). P. Engel-
mannii: P. quinquefolia Engel-
mannii: *Ampelopsis quinque-
folia Engelmannii.
— Henryana: *A. Henryana.
— Lowii: P. tricuspidata Lowii: *A.
tricuspidata Lowii.
— muralis: P. quinquefolia muro-
rum: *A quinquefolium muro-
rum.
— quinquefolia: *A. quinquefolia.
— Thomsonii: *A. Thomsonii.
— tricuspidata: *A. tricuspidata.
— Veitchii: P. tricuspidata Veitchii:
*A. tricuspidata Veitchii.
PASANIA. See Lithocarpus.
PASSIFLORA. P. alato-cserulea.
- — caerulea.
— coccinea.
— edulis.
— gracilis.
— incarnata.
— laurifolia.
— ligularis.
— lutea.
— manicata (Tacsonia).
— militaris.
PASSIFLORA, continued.
— mollissima (Tacsonia).
— Pfordtii: P. alato-caerulea.
— princeps: P. racemosa.
— quadrangularis.
— Van Volxemii.
— violacea.
PASTINACA. P. sativa (Parsnip).
PAULLINIA. P. thalictrifolia.
PAULOWNIA. P. imperialis: *P.
tomentosa.
PA VIA. P.flava: *J5sculus octandra.
— macrostachya: *JE. parviflora.
— nana: *JE. Pavia humilis.
— rubra: *JE. Pavia.
PAVONIA. P.hastata. (page 3570).
PELARGONIUM. P. acerifolium
(page 3570). (Geranium.)
— domesticum.
— graveolens.
— hortorum.
— odoratissimum.
— peltatum.
— zonale (Geranium).
FELLOE A. P. atropurpurea.
— densa.
— viridis (Pteris).
PELTANDRA. P. virginica: P. un-
dulata.
PENNISETUM. P. cupreum: a
form of P. Ruppelii.
— japonicum(Gymnothrix).
— latifolium (Gymnothrix).
— longistylum: P. villosum.
— macrophyllum: P. macrostachyum.
— Ruppelianum: P. Ruppelii.
— villosum.
PENTSTEMON. P. acuminatus.
— antirrhinoides.
— atropurpureus: a color form of P.
campanulatus,
— barbatus (Chelone).
— cxruleus: P. angustifolius.
— campanulatus.
— centranthifolius.
— Cobaea.
— cordif olius.
— cyananthus: P. glaber cyananthus.
— diffusus.
— Digitalis: P. bevigatus Digitalis.
— glaber.
— gloxinioides.
— grandiflorus.
— Hartwegii.
— heterophyllus.
— hirsutus.
— laevigatus.
— Murrayanus.
— ovatus.
— pubescens: P. hirsutus.
— secundiflorus.
— Smallii.
— spectabilis.
PEPEROMIA. P. maculosa.
PERESKIA. P. aculeata.
PERILLA. P. atropurpurea: a color
form of P. frutescens laciniata.
— nankinensis: P. frutescens nan-
kinensis.
PERIPLOCA. *P. graeca.
PERISTROPHE. P. speciosa.
PERNETTYA. *P. mucronata.
PERSEA. *P. americana (P. gratis-
sima not tenable under the rules).
— *indica.
PERSICA. P. alba: Prunus Persica
alba: *Amygdalus Persica alba.
— chrysanthemum: Pr. Persica var.:
*A. Persica chrj-santhemum.
— rufora: Pr. Persica var. : *A. Persica
rubra.
— mlgaris: Pr. Persica: *A Persica.
PETASITES. P. fragrans.
PETROSELINUM. P. hortense
(Parsley).
PETUNIA. P. hybrida.
PHACELIA. P. campanularia.
— congesta.
— liuearis (Eutoca).
— Parryi.
— tanacetif olia.
— viscida (Eutoca).
— Whitlavia (Whitlavia).
PH^EDRANTHUS. P. buccinatorius.
*Bignonia buccinatoria.
PHALARIS. P. arundinacea.
PHASEOLUS. P. aconitifolius.
— angularis.
— aureus.
— calcaratus.
— Caracalla.
— coccineus (P. multiflorus).
— lunatus.
— macrocarpus: P. lunatus macro-
carpus.
— multiflorus: P. coccineus, Linn. (P.
multiflorus not tenable under
the rules).
• — nanus: dwarf form of P. vulgaris.
— retusus.
— vulgaris.
PHEGOPTERIS. P. Dryopteris.
— hezagonoptera.
— polypodioides.
PHELLODENDRON. *P. amurense.
— *sachalinense.
PHILADELPHUS. P. aureus: *P.
coronarius fol. aureis.
— BiUiardii: *P. pubescens Sou-
venir de Billiard.
— cordifoiius: *P. Lewisii.
• — *coronarius.
— dianthiflorvs: *P. coronarius flore-
pleno.
— *Falconeri.
— foliis aureis: *P. coronarius foliis
aureis.
— Gordonianus: *P. Lewisii.
— *grandiflorus: P. coronarius grandi-
florus, P. pubescens, or P.
inodorus grandiflorus.
— hirsutus.
— *incanus.
— *inodorus ; but name also applied to
P. hirsutus.
- latifolius: P. pubescens.
— *laius.
— *Lemoinei.
— *Lewisii.
— *Magdalenae.
— *microphyllus.
— nanus: *P. coronarius nanus.
— nepalensis; but perhaps some-
times P. coronarius tomentosus.
— nitalis: P. coronarius.
3600
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
PHILADELPHUS, continued.
— pubescens; sometimes perhaps
means P. laxus.
— *sericanthus.
— speciosissimus: *P. coronarius
speciosissimus.
• — speciosus: *P. laxus.
— *Zeyheri.
PHILLYREA. *P. angustifolia (Fil-
aria).
— *decora (Filaria).
— *latifolia.
PHILODENDRON. P. giganteum.
— spectabile.
PHLEBODIUM. P. aureum (Poly-
podium.)
PHLEUM. P. pratense (Timothy).
PHLOMIS. P. tuberosa.
PHLOX. P. amoena.
— Arendsii.
— Carolina: P. ovata.
— cuspidata: either P. pilosa or a form
of P. Drummondii stellaris.
— decussata: probably P. paniculata,
also P. paniculata xmaculata.
— divaricata.
— Drummondii.
— fimbriata: a form of P. Drum-
mondii stellaris.
— glaberrima.
— grandiflora: either a form of P.
Drummondii rotundata or P.
subulata grandiflora.
— Heynholdii: a form of P. Drum-
mondii rotundata.
— hortensiaefl ora : a form of P.
Drummondii rotundata.
— maculata.
— ovata.
— paniculata.
— pilosa.
— Stellaria; the name stellaris ap-
plies to forms of P. Drum-
mondii and P. subulata.
— subulata.
— suffruticosa: P. glaberrima suf-
fruticosa.
Latin names are applied to gar-
den phloxes, particularly to
forms of P. Drummondii and of
P. paniculata x maculata.
PH(ENIX. *P. canariensis.
• — *dactylifera.
- — *humilis.
— leonensis: *P. reclinata.
— *pumila.
— *reclinata.
— *Roebelenii.
— *rupicola.
— *sylvestris.
— tennis: *P. canariensis.
— *zeylanica.
PHORMIUM. P. Cookianum.
— tenax.
PHOTINIA. *p. arbutifolia (Heter-
omeles).
— japonica: *Eriobotrya japonica.
— *serrulata.
— *villosa.
PHYLLANTHUS. P. disticha: P.
acidus.
— nivosus.
PHYLLITIS. P. Scolopendrium
(Scolopendrium).
PHYLLOSTACHYS (see Bamboo).
*P. aurea.
— *Boryana.
— *Castillonis.
— *Henonis.
— *marliacea.
— *mitis.
— *nigra.
— *Quilioi.
— *ruscifolia.
— *Veitchii.
— *violescens.
— *viridis.
PHYLLOT^NIUM. P. Lindenii:
Xanthosma Lindenii.
PHYMATODES. P. glaucum (Poly-
podium).
PHYSALIS. P. Alkekengi.
— Franchetii.
— ixocarpa.
— peruviana.
— pubescens.
PHYSOCARPUS (Opulaster under
the American Code). P. aureus:
*P. opulifolius luteus: O. opuli-
folius luteus.
— *bracteatus: O. bracteatus.
— *intermedius : O. intermedius.
— *monogynus: O. monogynus.
— ^opulifolius (Spiraea) : O. opulifolius.
— *malvaceus: O. malvaceus: O.
pubescens.
PHYSOSTEGIA. P. speciosa: P.
virginiana speciosa.
PICEA (see Abies). P. ajanensis: *P.
jezoensis.
— alba: *P. canadensis.
— * Alcockiana: P. bicolor ; sometimes
P. jezoensis hondoensis.
— *bicolor.
— ^canadensis.
— conica: *P. excelsa conica.
— Douglasii: Pseudotsuga taxifolia:
*Ps. Douglasii.
— *Engelmannii.
— *excelsa.
— *jezoensis.
— koraiensis: not known botanically.
— Kosteriana: *P. pungens Kosteri.
— *mariana.
— *Maximowiczii.
— Morinda: *P. Smithiana.
— nigra: *P. mariana.
• — *Omorika.
— *orientalis.
— *polita.
— *pungens.
— *rubra.
— *sitchensis.
— *Smithiana.
PIERIS. *P. floribunda (Andromeda).
— *japonica (Andromeda).
— *mariana (Andromeda).
PILOGYNE. P. suavis: Melothria
punctata.
PIMELEA. *P. ferruginea.
PIMENTA. P. officinalis (Allspice)
PIMPINELLA. P. Anisum (Anise).
PINANGA (page 3571). P. decora.
— patula.
PINUS. P. aurea: P. Strobus aurea,
P. densiflora aurea or P. sylves-
tris aurea.
PINUS, continued.
— australis: *P. palustris.
— austriaca: *P. nigra austriaca.
— *Banksiana.
— *canariensis.
— *Cembra.
— *contorta.
— *Coulteri.
— *densiflora.
— divaricata: *P. Banksiana.
— *echinata.
— *edulis.
— *excelsa.
— *flexilis.
— *halepensis.
— inops: *P. virginiana.
— *Jeffreyi.
— *koraierisis.
— *Lamb ertiana.
— Laricio: *P. nigra.
— maritima: *P. Pinaster.
— *Massoniana; applied also to P.
Thunbergu and to P. sinensis.
• — mitis: *P. echinata.
— *montana.
• — *monticola.
— Mughus: *P. montana Mughus.
— *muricata.
— *Murrayana: P. contorta latifolia.
— *nigra.
— *palustris.
— *Parryana.
— *parviflora.
— pentaphylla: perhaps a form of P.
parviflora.
— *Pinaster.
— *Pinea.
— *ponderosa.
— *pungens.
• — *radiata.
— *resinosa.
— rigensis: *P. sylvestris rigensis.
— *rigida.
• — *Sabiniana.
— scopulorum: *P. ponderosa scopu-
lorum.
— *Strobus.
— *sylvestris.
— *Torreyana.
• — uncinata: *P. montana uncinata.
— *virginiana.
— Watereriana: *P. sylvestris
Watereri (page 3571).
PIPER. P. nigrum (Pepper).
PIQUERIA. P. trinervia (Stevia).
PISTACIA. *P. atlantica.
— chinensis: *P. sinensis.
— *Lentiscus.
— *mutica.
— *sinensis.
— *vera.
PISTIA. P. Stratiotes.
PISUM. P. sativum (Pea).
PITHECOCTENIDM. P. clematid-
eum: *P. cynanchoides.
PITTOSPORUM. *P. crassifolium.
— *eugenioides.
— *heterophyllum.
— *phillyraBoides.
— *tenuifolium.
— *Tobira.
- — *undulatum.
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3601
PLATANUS. *P. acerifolia (this is
the tree usually planted as P.
oriental is.)
— *occidentalis.
— *orientalis.
• — *racemosa.
PLATYCERIUM. P. alcicorne.
— Stemmaria: P. aethiopicum.
— Willinckii.
PLATYCODON. P. album: P. grandi-
florum album.
— grandiflorum (Campanula).
— japonicum: P. grandiflorum ja-
ponicum.
— Mariesii: P. grandiflorum Ma-
riesii.
PLATYSTEMON. P. californicus.
PLUMBAGO. *P. capensis.
— coccinea: P. rosea coccinea.
- Larpentx: Ceratostigma plum-
baginoides.
— rosea.
PLUMERIA. P. acutifolia (Frangi-
pani).
PO A. P. amabilis: Eragrostis amabilis.
— compressa.
— pratensis.
PODOCARPUS. *P. macrophylla.
— *Nagi.
PODOPHYLLUM. P. emodi.
— peltatum.
POGONIA. P. ophioglossoides.
POINCIANA. P. Gilliesii: *Csesal-
pinia Gilliesii.
— *regia.
POINSETTIA. *P. pulcherrima: Eu-
phorbia pulcherrima.
POLEMONIUM. P. cseruleum.
— grandiflorum: P. cseruleum himal-
ayanum.
— himalaicum: probably P. cseruleum
himalayanum.
— reptans.
— Richardsonii: P. humile.
POLYGALA. *P. brachypoda.
— *Dalmaisiana.
— paucifolia.
— Senega.
— *virgata.
POLYGONATUM. P. biflorum.
— commutatum.
— ffiganteum: P. commutatum.
— multiflorum.
POLYGONUM. P. affine.
— amplezicaule.
— *Aubertii.
— *baldschuanicum.
• — Brunonis: P. affine.
— compactum: P. Sieboldii com-
pactum.
• — *cuspidatum: P. Sieboldii.
— *multiflorum: probably often misap-
plied to P amplexicaule.
— orientate.
• — sericeum.
— Sieboldii.
POLYPODIUM. P. aureum: Phlebo-
dium aureum.
— falcatum.
— glaucum: Phymatodes glaucum.
— subauriculatum (Goniophlebium).
— vulgare.
POLYPTERIS. P. Hookeriana (Pala-
foxia).
POLYSCIAS. P. Balfouriana (Aralia).
— filicifolia (Aralia).
— Guilfoylei (Aralia. Panax).
POLYSTICHUM (see Aspidium). P.
acrostichoides.
— aculeatum.
— angulare.
— Braunii.
— cristatum.
— munitum.
— Tsus-sinense.
PONCIRUS. P. trifoliate: *Citrus
trifoliata.
PONTEDERIA. P. cordata.
POPULUS. *P. acuminata.
— *alba.
— *angulata.
— angustifolia: *P. fortissima.
— aurea: *P. Van Geertii aurea, a
form of P. serotina.
— *balsamifera.
— *Bolleana: P. alba pyramidalis.
— canadensis: *P. deltoides.
— *candicans.
— *canescens.
— carolinensis (*Carolina Poplar).
P. Eugenei, P. angulata (Hy-
brid *Carolina Poplar), and prob-
ably others ; a group of hybrids in
need of further study.
— *deltoides.
— Eugenei (Carolina P., in part)
— fastigiata: *P. nigra italica.
— *fortissima.
— *Fremontii.
— grxca: P. grandidentata; perhaps
sometimes P. tremuloides.
— *grandidentata.
— italica: *P. nigra italica.
— *Maximowiczii.
— *monilifera: P. deltoides monilif era.
— *nigra.
— pyramidalis: usually means *P.
nigra italica (Lombardy Pop-
lar), but name likely to be used
for other pyramidal forms, as P.
alba pyramidalis and P. tremula
pyramidalis.
— *Sargentii.
— *Simonii.
— *tremula.
— *tremnloides.
— suaveolens; but the plant in culti-
vation is *P. Maximowiczii.
PORTERANTHUS (name under
American Code). P. stipulacea:
Gillenia stipulata.
PORTULACA. P. alb i flora: P.
grandiflora albiflora.
— aurea: P. oleracea.
— grandiflora.
— oleracea (cultivated form).
— Thellussonii: P. grandiflora Thel-
lussonii.
— Thorburnii: P. grandiflora Thor-
burnii.
POTENTILLA. P. atrosanguinea.
— formosa: P. nepalensis.
— *fruticosa.
• — grandiflora.
— MacNabiana.
— O'Briana.
POTENTILLA, continued.
— pyrenaica.
— rupestris.
— Russelliana: hybrid.
— *tridentata.
- Veitchii: *P. fruticosa Veitchii.
POTHOS. P. argyrsea: Scindapsus
pictus argyraeus.
PRIMULA. P. acaulis.
— Auricula.
— caerulea.
— cashmeriana: P. denticulata cache-
miriana.
— chinensis: P. sinensis.
— cortusoides.
— Croussei: probably a garden form
of P. acaulis.
— denticulata.
— elatior.
— farinosa.
— fimbriata: P. sinensis fimbriata or
P. obconica fimbriata.
— Forbesii.
— grandiflora: applied to large-flow-
ered forms of different species.
— japonica.
— kewensis.
— lutea: P. Auricula.
— malacoides.
— obconica.
— officinalis: P. veris.
— Polyantha.
— pulverulenta.
— rosea: P. obconica rosea or P.
japonica rosea.
— Sieboldii.
— sinensis.
— veris.
— verticillata.
— vulgaris: P. acaulis.
PRITCHARDIA. P. pacifica (Sty-
loma pacifica; see page 3279).
PRUNELLA (see Brunella). P. grandi-
flora.
— Webbiana.
PRUNUS (see Amygdalus, Cerasus,
and Laurocerasus). *P. alle-
ghaniensis.
— *americana.
— Amygdalus: P. com munis:
*Amygdalus communis.
— angustifolia.
— *Armeniaca (Apricot).
— *avium (Sweet Cherry).
— *Besseyi (Sand Cherry).
— caroliniana: *Laurocerasus caro-
liniana.
• — *cerasifera.
— *Cerasus (Sour Cherry).
— communis (Almond): *A. com-
munis.
— Davidiana: *A. Davidiana.
— *demissa.
— *domestica (Common Plum).
— *fruticosa.
— *glandulosa (Cherry- Almond).
— *hortulana.
— *ilicifolia.
— integrifolia: *P. Lyonii.
— * japonica (Cherry- Almond); also
applied to P. subhirtella pen-
dula, one of the Japanese flow-
ering cherries.
— *Lannesiana (Japanese Flowering
Cherry).
3602
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
PRUNUS, continued.
— Laurocerasus (Laurus): *Lauro-
cerasus officinalis.
— lusitanica: *Laurocerasus lusi-
tanica.
— *Lyonii.
— *Mahaleb.
— *maritima.
— melanocarpa: *P. demissa melano-
carpa.
— *Mume.
— *Munsoniana.
— Myrobalana: *P. cerasifera.
— nana (Russian Dwarf Almond):
*Amygdalus nana.
— *nigra.
— nucipersica: P. Persica nuci-
persica (Nectarine): *A. Persica
nectarina.
— *Padus (Bird Cherry).
— pendula: applied to weeping forms
of several species, but oftenest to
*P. subhirtella pendula, one of
the Japanese flowering cherries.
— *pennsylvanica.
— Persica (Peach): *A. Persica.
— Pissardii: *P. cerasifera Pissardii.
— platycarpa: P. Persica platycarpa
(Flat Peach) : *A. Persica platy-
carpa.
— Pseudo-Cerasus: *P. serrulata;
also incorrectly used as a general
name for other Japanese flower-
ing cherries, as P. Lannesiana,
P. Sieboldii, P. yedoensis; the
true P. Pseudo-Cerasus is not
in commerce in this country,
and is tender.
— *pumila ; also applied to dwarf forms
of other species.
— Rhexii: *P. Cerasus Rhexii.
— sachalinensis: *P. serrulata sacha-
linensis.
— *salicina (Japanese Plum. Prunus
triflora).
— Sargentii: *P. serrulata sacha-
linensis.
— semperflorens: *P. Cerasus sem-
perflorens.
— *serotina.
— *serrulata.
— sibirica: *P. Armeniaca sibirica.
— *Sieboldii (Japanese Flowering
Cherry).
— *Simonii.
— sinensis: probably P. glandulosa
and P. japonica (Cherry-Al-
monds).
— *spinosa.
— *subhirtella (Japanese Flowering
Cherry).
— *tomentosa.
— triflora: *P. salicina.
— triloba (Flowering Almond).
*A. triloba.
— *virginiana (Choke-Cherry).
— Watsonii: *P. angustifolia Wat-
sonii (Sand Plum).
— *yedoensis.
PSEUDOLARIX. P. Fortunei: *P.
Kaempferi.
— *Kaempferi.
PSEUDOTSUGA. *P. Douglasii: P.
taxifolia (Picea. Tsuga).
— *macrocarpa.
PSIDIUM. *P. Cattleianum.
— *Friedrichsthalianum.
— *Guajava.
PTELEA. P. aurea: *P. trifoliata
aurea.
— *trifoliata.
PTERIDIUM (doubtfully separable
from Pteris). P. aquilinum
(Pteris).
PTERIS. P. adiantoides: not known
botanically.
— aquilina: Pteridium aquilinum.
— argyrxa: P. quadriaurita argyraea.
— Childsii: a form of P. cretica.
— cretica.
— hastata: Pellaea viridis.
— intemata: Pt. heterophylla inter-
nata.
— Mayii: Pt. cretica Mayii.
— nobilis: Pt. cretica nobilis.
— Ouvrardii: Pt. serrulata Ouvrardii.
— Rivertoniana: a form of Pt. cretica.
— serrulata.
— Sieboldii: a form of Pt. cretica.
— tremula.
— Wilsonii: Pt. cretica Wilsonii.
— Wimsettii: a variation of Pt. cretica.
PTEROCARYA. *P. fraxinifolia.
— *stenoptera.
PTEROSTYRAX. *P. corymbosa.
— *hispida.
PTYCHORAPHIS. P. singaporensis.
PTYCHOSPERMA. P. Alexandras:
Archontophcenix Alexandras.
— Cunninghamii: A. Cunninghamii.
— elegans: A. Alexandra: and A.
Cunninghamii; the palm culti-
vated in California under this
name is recently named Loroma
amethystina (see Seaf orthia,
page 3123).
— singaporensis: Ptychoraphis singa-
porensis (page 3571).
PUERARIA. *P. Thunbergiana: P.
hirsuta (Dolichos).
PULMONARIA. P. angustifolia.
— azurea: P. angustifolia azurea.
• — maculata: P. officinalis.
— saccharata.
PUNICA. *P. Granatum.
— Legrellei: a form of P. Granatum.
— nana: *P. Granatum nana.
PYRACANTHA. *P. angustifolia
(Cotoneaster).
— *coccinea.
— *crenulata (Cotoneaster).
— Lalandii: *P. coccinea Lalandii.
PYRETHRUM. P. atrosanguineum:
a variation of Chrysanthemum
coccineum .
— aureum: C. Parthenium aureum.
— corymbosum: C. corymbosum.
— hybridum: C. coccineum.
— parthenifolium: C. Parthenium.
— roseum: C. coccineum.
C. Parthenium sela-
ginoides.
— Tchihatchewii: C. Tchihatchewii.
— uliginosum: C. uliginosum.
PYROSTEGIA. P. venusta: *Big-
nonia venusta.
PYRUS. P. americana: *Sorbus
americana.
PYRUS, continued.
— angustifolia: *Malus angustifolia.
— arbutifolia: *Aronia arbutifolia.
— Arnoldiana: P. pulcherrima
Arnoldiana : *Malus Arnoldiana.
— atrosanguinea: *Malus atrosan-
guinea.
— Aucuparia: *Sorbus Aucuparia.
— baccata: *Malus baccata.
— cerasifera: *M. cerasifera.
— *communis (Pear).
— • coronaria: *M. coron£.ria.
— Dawsoniana (hybrid): *M. Daw-
soniana.
— florentina (P. crataegifolia) : *M.
florentina.
— floribunda: P. pulcherrima: *M.
floribunda.
— fusca: *M. fusca.
— Halliana: *M. Halliana.
— ioensis: *M. ioensis.
— Malus (Apple): *M. sylvestris.
— Niedzwetzkyana: P. Malus Niedz-
wetzkyana: *M. Niedzwetz-
kyana.
— nigra: *Aronia melanocarpa.
— Parkmanii: P. Halliana Park-
manii: *M. Parkmanii.
— prunifolia: *M. prunifolia.
• — pulcherrima: *M. floribunda.
— quercifolia: Sorbus hybrida: *S.
quercifolia.
— Ringo: P. prunifolia Rinki: *M.
prunifolia Rinki.
— Sargentii: *M. Sargentii.
— Scheideckeri: P. pulcherrima
Scheideckeri: *M. Scheideckeri.
— *serotina (Japan Pear).
— Sieboldii : *Malus Toringo.
— Sorbus: *Sorbus domestica.
— Soulardii: *Malus Soulardii.
— spectabilis: *Malus spectabilis.
— Toringo: P. Sieboldii : *M. Toringo.
— Zumi: *M. Zumi.
QUAMOCLIT. Q. coccinea (Ipomoea.
Mina).
— lobata (Mina).
• — pinnata (Ipomcea).
QUERCUS. *Q. acuta.
— *agrifolia.
— *alba.
— aquatica: *Q. nigra.
• — Banisteri: *Q. ilicifolia.
— *bicolor.
— *Cerris.
— *coccinea.
— Concordia: *Q. Robur Concordia.
— cuspidata: *Castanopsis cuspidata
(see Vol. V, page 2891).
— *dentata; but sometimes applied
to Q. glandulifera.
— *Douglasii.
— Duavessei: *Q. Robur Dauvessei.
— *falcata.
— ferruginea: *Q. marilandica.
— *Garryana.
— *glauca.
— *Ilex.
— *ilicifolia.
— *imbricaria.
— *Kelloggu.
— *laurifolia.
— *lobata.
— *lyrata.
— *macrocarpa.
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3603
QUERCUS, continued.
— *marilandica.
—*Michaujrii (Basket Oak): Q.
Prinus.
— montana (see Q. Prinus, below).
— *nigra.
— obtusiloba: *Q. stellata.
— *palustris.
— pannonica: *Q. conferta.
— pectinata: *Q. Robur pectinata.
- pedunculata: *Q. Robur.
— *Phellos.
— platanoides: *Q. bicolor.
— Prinus (Basket Oak); applied in
the trade to the *Chestnut Oak
only, •which is Q. montana of the
Cyclopedia but for which others
retain the name Q. Prinus and
apply Q. Michamtii to the Basket
Oak: *Q. Michairrii.
— *Prinus (*Chestnut Oak): Q.
montana.
• — pyramidalis: *Q. Robur fastigiata.
— *Robur.
— *rubra.
— semperrirens: *Q. virginiana.
— *Suber.
— tinctoria: *Q. velutina.
— *velutina.
— * virginiana.
RADICULA. R. Armoracia (Horse-
radish). Preferably Roripa Ar-
moracia.
— Nasturtrum-aquaticum (Water-
Cress. Preferably Roripa Nas-
turtium).
RAJANIA. R. pleioneura.
RANUNCULUS. R. aconitifolius.
— acris.
— amplericaulis.
- — asiaticus.
- — bulbosus.
— gramineus.
— repens.
— speciosus: R. bulbosus.
RAPHANUS. R. sativus (Radish).
RAPHIOLEPIS. *R.indica.
— japonica: *R. umbellata.
• — orata: *R. umbellata ovata.
REHMANNIA. R. angulata.
REINWARDTIA. R.trigyna(Linum).
RESEDA. R. odorata.
RETINOSPORA, but properly spelled
Retinispora. (There is no such
genus, the plants referred to it be-
ing all juvenile states of the genera
Chamsecyparis and Thuja.)
The American Joint Com-
mittee has starred the names of
the plants under Thuja and
Chamaecyparis, but recognizes
the value of retaining Retinis-
pora as a trade name for these
forms as indicated by stars in
parentheses below (*). It is pref-
erable to use Retinispora as a
common name in connection
with the correct starred botan-
ical name.
— (*)erux>ufes: *Thuja occidentals eri-
coides; perhaps 'sometimes
applied to Cham«cyparis thuy-
oides ericoides.
— (*)filicoidea: *C. obtusa filicoides.
228
RETINOSPORA, continued.
— (*)filifera: C. pisifera filifera.
— (*)leptodada: probably the trade
plant is *C. thyoides andeleyen-
sis.
— (*) obtusa: *C. obtusa.
— (*) pisifera: *C. pisifera.
— (*)plumosa: *C. pisifera plumosa.
— (?)squarrosa: *C. pisifera squarrosa;
probably applied also to Thuja
orientalis decussata.
— (*)Veitchii. *C. pisifera squarrosa.
RHAMNUS. *R. Alaternus.
— *alpina; trade plant is probably R.
fallal.
— *californica.
• — Carolina: *R. caroliniana.
— *cathartica.
— *crenata; name sometimes mis-
applied to R. dahurica.
• — *dahurica; sometimes cultivated as
R. crenata.
• — *Frangula.
— *imeretina.
— *Purshiana.
RHAPIS. R. flabelliformis.
— humilis.
RHEUM. R. CoUinianum.
— palmatum.
— Rhaponticum (Rhubarb).
RHEXIA. R. virginica.
RHODAKTHE. R. maculata: Helip-
terum Manglesii maculatum.
— Manglesii: H. Manglesii.
RHODOCHITON. R. volubile.
RHODODENDRON. R. arbores-
cens: * Azalea arborescens.
— *arboreum.
— *arbutifolium.
— calendulaceum: *A. lutea.
— canadense: *Rhodora canadensis.
— canescens: *A. canescens.
— *carolinianum.
— *catawbiense.
— *ferrugineum.
— *hirsutum.
— indicum: *A. indica.
— japonicum: *A. japonica.
— Kaempferi: *A. Kaempferi.
— ledifolium: *A. ledifolia.
— luteum: *A. pontica.
— *TnaTJtniiTTi-
— Morteri: *A. gandavensis.
— *myrtifolium, but also R. Kotschyi.
— nudifiorum: *A. nudiflora.
• — obrusum amcenum: *A. amoena.
— obtusum Hinodigiri: *A. Hino-
digui.
- — occidentale: *A. occidentalis.
— *ponticum.
— poukhanense yodogawa: *A.
yodogawa.
— *przecox.
— *punctatum: R. minus.
— racemosum.
— roseum: R. maximum roseum.
— sinense: *A. mollis.
— *Smirnovii.
— Vaseyi: *A. Vaseyi.
— viscosum: *A. viscosa.
— Wilsonianum: *R. Iztevirens (page
3571).
RHODORA. *R. canadensis: Rho-
dodendron canadense.
RHODOTYPOS. *R. kerrioides.
RHOPALOSTYLIS. R. B a u e r i
(Areca).
— sapida (Areca).
RHUS. R. aUanthi folia: possibly R.
ailanthoides, which is Picrasma
quassioides.
— aromatica: R. canadensis.
— *canadensis.
— *copallina.
— cotinoides: Cotinus americanus.
— *Cotinus: C. Coggygria.
— *glabra.
— Osbeckii: *R. javanica.
— *trilobata.
— *typhina.
RHYNCHOSPERMUM. R. jasmin-
oides: *Tracb.elospermum jas-
minoides.
RISES. *R. alpinum.
— atrosanguineum: *R. sanguineum
atrorubens.
— aureum; the fragrant plant culti-
vated as R. aureum is *R. odora-
tum.
— *cereum.
— *Cynosbati.
— floridum: *R. americanum.
— *glandulosum.
— *Gordonianum.
— *inerme.
— longiflorum: *R. odoratum.
— *nigrum (Black Currant).
— *odoratum.
— prostratum: *R. glandulosum.
— saxosum: the plant in the trade
under this name is *R. inerme.
— *vulgare (Red and White Currants).
RICHARDIA. R. xthiopica: Zante-
deschia aethiopica.
— albo-maculata: Z. albo-maculata.
— Elliottiaua: Z. Elliottiana.
RICINUS. R. bourboniensis: R. com-
munis bourboniensis.
— cambogensis: R. communis cam-
bogensis.
— communis.
— Gibsonii: R. communis Gibsonii.
— hybridus: R. communis hybridus.
— macrocarpus: R. communis ma-
crocarpus.
— macrophyttus: R. communis ma-
crophyllus.
— panormitans: R. communis pan-
onnitans.
— phUippinensis: R. communis
philippinensis.
— purpureus: R. communis pur-
pureus.
— sanguineus: R. communis san-
guineus.
— Zanzibar ensis: R. communis zan-
zibarensis.
The common Castor-bean plant,
R. communis, gives rise to many
marked forms, some of them
having received Latin names.
RIVINA. R. humilis.
ROBINIA. R. Bessoniana: *R.
Pseudacacia Bessoniana.
— Decaisneana: *R. Pseudacacia
Decaisneana.
— *hispida.
3604
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
ROBINIA, continued.
— inermis: probably *R. Pseudacacia
inermis or R. Pseudacacia um-
braculifera, but sometimes pos-
sibly used to designate R.
hispida macrophylla.
— *Kelseyi.
— *neo-mexicana.
— *Pseudacacia.
— semperflorens: *R. Pseudacacia
semperflorens.
— *viscosa.
ROCHEA. R. coccinea (Crassula).
RODGERSIA. P. podophylla.
— tabularis.
ROMNEYA. *R. Coulteri.
RORIPA. A. Armoracia (Horse-rad-
ish. Radicula).
— Nasturtium (Water-Cress. Nas-
turtium. Radicula).
ROSA. *R. arkansana; the material
cultivated under this name may
be R. heliophila.
— *Banksise.
— *blanda.
— *bracteata (McCartney Rose).
• — *canina.
• — Carolina: *R. humilis.
— ^Carolina; the plant usually culti-
vated under this name is R.
palustris.
— *cinnamomea.
— *coriifolia.
• — Engelmannii: *R. acicularis En-
gelmannii.
— Fendleri: *R. Woodsii Fendleri.
• — ferruginea: *R. rubrifolia.
— *gymnocarpa.
— '''humilis: R. Carolina.
• — *lsevigata (Cherokee Rose).
— *lucida: R. yirginiana.
• — *macrophylia.
• — *multiflora.
— *nitida.
• — *nutkana.
— palustris: *R. Carolina.
— *polyantha: hybrids of R. multi-
floraxR. chinensis.
— *rubiginosa.
— *rubrifolia.
— *rugosa.
— Sayi: *R. acicularis Bourgeauiana.
— *setigera.
— *spinosissima.
— virginiana: *R. lucida.
— *Wichuraiana.
— *Woodsii.
ROSMARINUS. *R. officinalis.
ROYSTONEA. See Oreodoxa.
RUBUS. *R. allegheniensis (High-
bush Blackberry).
— *argutus (High-bush Blackberry).
— *canadensis; if trade plant is a
dewberry, it is probably R.
procumbens.
— *crataegifolius.
— *deliciosus.
— *dumetorum.
— *ellipticus.
— *hispidus.
• — *id«us.
— *illecebrosus.
— *laciniatus.
RUBUS, continued.
— *leucodermis.
— *Linkianus.
— *neglectus.
— *occidentalis.
— *odoratus.
• — *palmatus.
- — *phoenicolasius.
— *procumbens (Eastern Dewberry).
— *rosaeflorus (this name is sometimes
applied to the strawberry-rasp-
berry, R. illecebrosus).
— *strigosus.
— *trivialis (Southern Dewberry).
— ursinus: *R. vitifolius.
• — mllosus: *R. procumbens if dew-
berry is meant,*R. allegheniensis
if high-bush blackberry is meant.
— *vitifolius (Western Dewberry).
RUDBECKIA. R. amplexicaulis.
— bicolor.
— californica.
— fulgida.
— hirta.
— laciniata.
• — lanceolata.
— maxima.
— Newmannii: R. speciosa.
• — nitida.
— purpurea: Echinacea purpurea.
— speciosa.
— subtomentosa.
— superba: R. bicolor superba.
— triloba.
RUELLIA. R. amoena (Stephano-
physum).
RUMEX. R. hymenosepalus.
• — Patientia.
• — scutatus.
RUSCUS. *R. aculeatus.
RUSSELIA. R. elegantissima.
RUTA. R. graveolens (Rue).
SABAL. S. Adansonii: S. glabra.
— Blackburniana.
— Ghiesbrechtii.
— mexicana: S. texana.
— Palmetto.
— texana.
— umbraculifera: S. Blackburniana.
SABATIA. S. campestris.
— chloroides: S. dodecandra; but
stock is probably mostly S.
Kennedyana.
SACCHARUM. S. officinarum (Sugar-
cane).
SAGINA. S. subulata.
SAGITTARIA. S. japonica: S. sagit-
tifolia flore-pleno.
— montevidensis.
• — natans: probably S. subulata, but
possibly the true S. natans.
— sinensis: probably a form of S.
sagittifolia, usually known as S.
chinensis.
SAINTPAULIA. S. ionantha.
SALISBURIA. S. adiantifolia:
*Ginkgo biloba.
SALIX (see, also, page 3571). *S.
acutifolia.
— *alba; also applied to forms of S.
rubens.
— *ambigua.
— americana: *S. purpurea pendula.
SALIX, continued.
— *amygdalina.
— appendiculata: *S. grandifolia.
— auritaXphylicifolia: *S. ludificans
— *babylonica (Weeping WTillow).
— babylonica dolorosa: *S. blanda.
• — bicolor: *S. phylicif olia.
— *blanda (Wisconsin WTeeping Wil-
low).
• — britzensis: *S. vitellina britzensis.
— bullata: *S. fragilis bullata (page
3571).
• — cserulea: *S. alba calva.
— *Caprea.
• — *cinerea.
• — *cordata.
• — *daphnoides.
— * discolor.
• — dolorosa: *S. blanda.
• — Elxagnos: *S. incana.
— *elegantissima (Thurlow's Weep-
ing Willow); probably also
applied otherwise.
• — *Erdingeri.
— *fragilis (Brittle Willow).
• — *glabra.
— glabra filicifolia: *S. gracilistyla.
• — glabra tilixfolia: *S. gracilistyla.
• — * gracilistyla.
• — *grandifolia.
• — *hastata.
• — *hexandra.
• — holosericea: *S. stipularis.
• — *humilis.
• — *incana.
• — *irrorata (Colorado Willow).
• — *japonica (Japanese Weeping Wil-
low).
• — laurifolia: *S. pentandra.
• — *longifolia.
• — *lucida.
— *ludificans.
• — *myrsinifolia.
• — *myrtilloides.
• — *nigra.
— nigricans: *S. myrsinifolia.
— *pentandra.
• — *petiolaris; but misapplied to S.
incana.
— Petzoldii: *S. blanda.
— *phylicifolia.
— *Piperi.
— pontederana: *S. sordida.
• — *purpurea.
— *regalis (Royal Willow): S. alba
splendens.
• — *repens.
• — rosmarinifolia: *S. incana, not
S. rosmarinifolia of botanists.
— *rubens.
— sacramentana: probably a form of
*S. fragilis.
— *sericea.
• — *sesquitertia.
— *Sieboldiana.
— Sieboldii: probably *S. elegantis-
sima.
— *sordida.
— *stipularis.
• — *viminalis (Osier Willow).
• — * vitellina (Yellow WTillow).
SALPIGLOSSIS. S. azurea: S. sinu-
ata azurea.
— grandiflora: S. sinuata.
— sinuata.
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3605
SAL VIA. S. argentea.
— azurea.
— tricolor; trade plant possibly S.
splendens tricolor or S. coccinea
bicolor.
— coccinea; possibly sometimes ap-
plied in the trade to S. splen-
dens.
— farinacea.
— globosa.
— *Greggii.
— Horminum.
— involucrata.
• — leucantha.
— officinalis (Sage).
• — patens.
• — Pitcheri: S. azurea grandiflora.
— pratensis.
• — rubicunda: S. pratensis rubicunda.
• — Sclarea.
— spelmina: probably S. Verbenaca.
— splendens.
— uliginosa.
• — Verbenaca.
— verticillata.
— virgata; but may apply also to S.
nemorosa.
SAMBUCUS. S. acutUoba: *S. cana-
densis acutiloba.
— arborescens: *S. pubens arbores-
cens.
— aurea: *S. nigra aurea or S.
canadensis aurea.
— ^canadensis.
— glauca: *S. caerulea.
• — maxima: *S. canadensis maxima.
— *nigra.
— *pubens.
— *racemosa.
— tenuifolia: *S. racemosa tenuifolia.
SANGUINARIA. S. canadensis.
SANGUISORBA. S. canadensis.
SANSEVIERIA. S. zeylanica.
SANTOLINA. S. Chamaecyparissus.
— incana: S. Chamaecyparissus in-
cana.
— mariiima: probably Diotis candi-
dissima.
SANVITALIA. S. procumbens.
SAPIUM. *S. sebiferum.
SAPONARIA. S. calabrica.
— caucasica: S. officinalis caucasica.
— ocymoides.
— officinalis.
— Vaccaria.
SARRACENIA. S. Catesbaei.
• — Drummondii.
— fiava.
— psittacina.
— purpurea.
— rubra; but may be also S. Drum-
mondii rubra.
— tariolaris: S. minor.
SASSAFRAS. 5. officinale: *S. varii-
folium.
SATUREIA. S. alpina (Calamintha).
— hortensis ("Summer Savory), (Cal-
amintha).
• — montana.
SAURURUS. S. cernuus.
SAXIFRAGA. S. Aizoon.
— Burseriana.
— cordifolia.
SAXIFRAGA, continued.
— Cotyledon.
— crassifolia.
— lingulata.
— orbicularis: S. crassifolia orbicu-
laris.
— peltata.
— pyramidalis: S. Cotyledon pyram-
idalis.
— sarmentosa.
— speciosa: a confused name; it may
be S. ligulata speciosa, S.
Burseriana speciosa, S. sancta
speciosa, or S. oppositifolia
speciosa; most probably S.
Burseriana speciosa.
— squarrosa.
— umbrosa.
— Van Hcwttei: a variation of S.
crassifolia.
— virginiensis.
SCABIOSA. S. atropurpurea.
— candidissima: S. atropurpurea
candidissima.
— caucasica.
— japonica.
— maxima: S. atropurpurea grandi-
flora.
— minor: S. atropurpurea nana.
— ochroleuca.
SCHINUS. *S. Molle.
— *terebinthifolius.
SCHIZANTHTJS. S. Grahamii.
— grandiflorus: S. pinnatus.
— hybridus: not placed botanically.
— papUionaceus: S. pinnatus papil-
ionaceus.
— pinnatus.
— retusus.
— wisetonensis.
SCHIZOPETALON. S. Walkeri.
SCHIZOPHRAGMA. *S. hydrange-
oides; but the plant in cultiva-
tion very often is Hydrangea
petiolaris.
— *integrifolium.
SCHIZOSTYLIS. S. coccinea.
SCHLUMBERGERA. S. Russel-
liana (Epiphyllum).
SCIADOPITYS. *S. verticillata.
SCILLA. S. bifolia.
— campanulata: S. hispanica.
— maritima: Urginea Sciila.
— nutans: S. nonscripta.
— peruviana.
— sibirica.
SCINDAPSUS. S. pictus argyraeus
(Pothos).
SCIRPUS. S. atrovirens.
— cernuus (Isolepis).
— Tabernsemontanus; a form of S.
lacustris.
SCOLOPENDRIUM. S. officinarum:
Phyllitis Scolopendrium.
— milgare: P. Scolopendrium.
SCOLYMUS. S. hispanicus.
SCORZONERA. S. hispanica.
SCUTELLARIA. S. baicalensis.
— ccelestina: S. baicalensis ccelestina.
SEAFORTHIA. S. elegans: Archon-
tophoenix Alexandras and A.
Cunninghamii (see Seaforthia,
page 3123).
SECHITJM. S. edule (Chayota).
SEDTJM. S. acre.
— Aizoon.
— alboroseum.
— album; but in some cases possibly
S. acre album, S. brevifolium
album or S. spectabile album.
— Anacampseros.
— atropurpureum: . S. maximum
haematodes or S. spectabile
atropurpureum.
— brevifolium.
— caeruleum.
— carneum: S. sarmentosum car-
neum.
— crudatum: S. monregalense.
— dasyphyllum.
— Ewersii.
— glaucum: may apply to S. reflexum
albescens, S. dasyphyllum, S.
hispanicum or S. lydium glau-
cum.
— hispanicum.
— hybridum; but may be S. Midden-
dorffianum hybridum or S. Tele-
phium hybridum.
— japonicum; but material is mostly
S. alboroseum.
— kamtschaticum.
— lydium.
— Maximowiczii.
— maximum.
— Middendorffianum.
— monregalense.
— oppositifolium.
— pallidum : probably S. hispanicum,
but may be true S. pallidum.
— populifolium.
— pulchellum; but may apply to S.
sexangulare.
— reflexum.
— sarmentosum.
— sempervivoides.
— sexangulare.
— Sieboldii.
— spedosum: unknown botanically.
— spectabile.
— spurium: S. stoloniferum.
— Stahlii.
— stoloniferum.
— telephoides.
— Telephium.
— turkestanicum: S. Ewersii turke-
stanicum.
SELAGINELLA. S. amoena: S.
caulescens.
— apus.
— csesia: S. uncinate.
— cuspidate.
— Emmeliana.
— flabellata.
— Kraussiana.
— Martensii.
— mpestris.
SELENICEREUS. S. pteranthus
(Cereus nycticalus).
SEMPERVIVUM.
S. glaucum.
— arachnoideum.
— arenarium.
— cornutum: S. hirtum
— fimbriatum.
— globiferum.
— Mettenianum.
5. acuminatum:
3606
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
SEMPERVIVUM, continued.
— pyrenaicum; but perhaps S. tec-
torum pyrenaicum.
— sobolif erum ; this name is com-
monly used for S. globiferum.
— tectorum.
— violaceum: probably S. tectorum
violaceum.
SENECIO. S. Cineraria.
— clivorum: Ligularia clivorum.
— cruentus (Cineraria).
— elegans (Jacobsea).
— Kaempferi: L. Kaempferi.
— mikanioides (German Ivy).
— pulcher.
— scandens ; some of the stock is per-
haps S. mikanioides.
— tanguticus.
— Wilsonianus: L. Wilsoniana.
SEQUOIA (Wellingtonia). *S. gigan-
tea.
— *sempervirens.
SERENOA. *S. serrulata.
SETARIA. S. italica (Millet).
SHEPHERDIA. (Lepargyrea in
American Code). *S. argentea.
SHORTIA. S. californica: Actino-
lepis coronaria.
— *galacifolia.
SICANA. S. odorifera.
SIDALCEA. S. Candida.
• — malvaeflora.
SILENE. S. acaulis.
— alpestris.
— Armeria.
— maritime.
— orientalis.
— pendula.
— pennsylvanica.
— Sazifraga.
— Schafta.
— virginica.
SILPHIUM. S. laciniatum.
— perfoliatum.
SINAPIS. See Brassica.
SINNINGIA. S. speciosa (Gloxinia of
florists).
SISYRINCHIUM. S. bermudianum:
S. angustifolium.
SITOLOBIUM. S. cicutarium: Denn-
stasdtia cicutaria.
SKIM MI A. *S. japonica.
SMILACINA (Vagnera in American
Code.) S. bifolia: Maianthemum
bifolium.
— racemosa.
SMILAX. *S. hispida.
SMILAX of florists: See Asparagus.
SOJA. See Glycine.
SOLANUM. S. Capsicastrum.
— ^Dulcamara (Bitter-Sweet) .
— giganteum. (page 3573).
— *Hendersonii.
— integrifolium.
— *jasminoides.
- Melongena (Eggplant).
- Melmnii: S. Capsicastrum Mel-
vinii.
— muricatum (Pepino).
— nigrum.
SOLANUM, continued.
— *Pseudo-Capsicum (Jerusalem
Cherry).
— *Rantonettii.
— *Seaforthianum.
— tuberosum (Potato).
— Warscewiczii.
— *Wendlandii.
SOLIDAGO. S. caesia.
— canadensis.
— nemoralis.
— odora.
— spectabilis.
— Virgaurea.
Many native species of Solidago
may appear in the lists, for
which consult the current man-
uals of botany.
SOLLYA. *S. heterophylla.
SOPHORA. *S. japonica.
— *tetraptera.
SORBARIA (mostly sold as Spirsea).
*S. Aitchisonii.
— *arborea.
— *Lindleyana.
— *sorbifolia.
SORBUS (often named under Pyrus).
*S. americana (American Moun-
tain-Ash).
— *Aria.
— *Aucuparia (European Mountain
Ash).
— *domestica.
— hybrida: *S. quercifolia.
SPARAXIS. S. grandiflora (usually
not sold under the species-
name).
SPARTIUM. *S. junceum.
— scoparium: *Cytisus scoparius.
SPECULARIA. S. Speculum (Cam-
panula).
SPERGULA. S. sativa (Spurry).
SPHJERALCEA. S. cisplatina (Malva
miniata).
SPHENOGYNE. S. speciosa: Ursinia
pulchra.
SPIGELIA. S. marilandica.
SPINACIA. S. oleracea (Spinach).
SPIR^A. S. Aitchisonii: *Sorbaria
Aitchisonii.
— *alba; an American plant usually
catalogued asS. salicifolia, which
is Asiatic.
— argentea: *S. canescens.
— *arguta.
— arisefolia: *Holodiscus discolor
arisefolius.
— Aruncus: Aruncus Sylvester.
— Astilbe (see Astilbe).
— astilboides: Astilbe astilboides.
— *Billiardii
— bracteata: *S. nipponica.
— *Bumalda.
— *callosa: S. japonica.
— canescens.
- — cantoniensis: *S. Reevesiana
— carpinifolia: *S. latifolia.
— *chinensis.
— Davidii: Astilbe Davidii.
— *Douglasii.
— Filipendula: Filipendula hexa-
petala.
SPIRAEA, continued.
— fioribunda: probably Astilbe astil-
boides floribunda.
— *Fortunei: S. japonica Fortunei.
— *Froebelii: S. Bumalda Froebelii.
— gigantea: Filipendula camt-
schatica.
— *Henryi.
— Humboldtii: Aruncus Sylvester.
— *japonica; often misapplied to
Astilbe japonica.
— kamtschatica: Filipendula camt-
schatica.
— Kneiffii: Aruncus Sylvester Kneiffii.
• — *latifolia; an American plant usu-
ally catalogued as S. salicifolia,
which is Asiatic.
— Lindleyana: *Sorbaria Lindleyana.
— lobata: Filipendula rubra.
— *Margaritse.
— *multiflora.
— nipponica.
• — opulifolia: Physocarpus opuli-
folius: -KOpulaster opulifolios.
— palmata: Filipendula purpurea.
— *prunifolia.
- — *pyramidata.
— *Rcevesiana: S. cantoniensis.
— *Rosthornii.
— rotundifolia: *S. nipponica rotundi-
folia.
• — salicifolia; an Asiatic plant; name
often misapplied to *S. alba and
*S. latifolia.
— *semperflorens.
— sorbifolia: *Sorbaria sorbifolia.
— Thunbergii.
— *tomentosa.
— *trilobata.
— Ulmaria: Filipendula Ulmaria.
— *Vanhouttei.
— venusta: Filipendula rubra venusta.
SPIRANTHES. S. cernua.
SPONDIAS. S. axillaris: S. lutea.
SPREKELIA. S. formosissima
(Amaryllis).
STACK YS. S. Betonica (Betonica):
S. officinalis.
— grandiflora (Betonica).
— lanata.
— Sieboldii.
STAPHYLEA. *S. Bumalda.
- — *colchica.
— *pinnata.
— *trifolia.
STATICE (see Armeria). S. arbores-
cens: Limonium arborescens.
— Bonduellii: L. Bonduellii.
— Gmelinii: L. Gmelinii.
— incana: L. tataricum angusti-
folium.
— latifolia: L. latifolium.
— sinuata: L. sinuatum.
— Suworowii: L. Suworowii.
— tatarica: L. tataricum.
STEIRONEMA. S. ciliatum (Ly-
simachia).
STELLARIA. S. Holostea.
STENACTIS. S. speciosa: Erigeron
speciosus.
STENANTHIUM. S. robustum.
STENOTAPHRUM. S. glabrum:
S. secundatum.
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3607
STEPHANANDRA. *S. flexuosa: S.
incisa.
STEPHANOPHYSUM. S. longir-
folium: Ruellia amoena.
STEPHANOTIS. *S. floribunda.
STERCULIA. *S. acerifolia.
— *diversifolia.
— *platanifolia.
STERNBERGIA. S. lutea (Amaryl-
lis,.
STEVENSONIA. S. grandiflora: S.
grandifolia.
STEVIA. S. s errata of florists:
Piqueria trinervia,
STEWARTIA (Stuartia). *S. penta-
gyna.
— *Pseudo-Camellia.
STIGMAPHYLLON. S. ciliatum.
STIPA. S. elegantissima.
— pennata.
STIZOLOBIUM. S. Deeringianum
(Velvet Bean).
— pruriens ' Mucuna).
STOKESIA. S. cyanea: S. Izvis.
STRELITZIA. S. Regina.
STREPTOPUS. S. roseus.
STREPTOSOLEN. S. Jamesonii
(Browallia).
STROBILAHTHES. S. Dyerianus.
STUARTIA. 5. planiaginea: *Stew-
artia pentagyna.
— Pseudo-Camellia: *Stewartia
Pseudo-Camellia.
STYLOMA. See Pritchardia.
STYLOPHORUM. S. diphyUum.
STYRAX. *S. americana.
— *japonica.
— *Obassia.
SUTHERLANDIA. *S frutescens.
SWAINSONA. S. galegifolia.
— grandiflora: S. Greyana, perhaps
applied also to forms of S. gale-
gifolia.
• — Greyana.
SYMPHORICARPOS. *S. occiden-
tals.
• — *oreophilus.
— *pauciflonis: S. albus pauciflorus,
but the plant in cultivation is
usually S. albus.
— *racemosus: S. albus, but the plant
in cultivation is usually S. albus
Isevigatus.
• — *rulgaris: S. orbiculatus.
SYMPHYTUM. S. asperrimum: S.
asperum.
— officinale.
SYMPLOCARPUS (Spathyema in
the American Code). S. foetidus.
SYWDESMON. See Anemonella.
SYRINGA. S. alba: S. vulgaris alba.
— caerulea: S. vulgaris caerulea.
— *cbinensis.
— *japonica.
— *Josikaea.
— *pekinensis.
— *persica.
— *pubescens.
— *rothomagensis: S. chinensis.
SYRINGA, continued.
— *villosa.
— * vulgaris.
— *Wilsonii.
SYZYGIUM (see Eugenia). *S. oper-
culatum.
TACSONIA. T. manicata: Passiflora
manicata.
— moUissima: P. mollissima.
TAGETES. T. erecta.
— lucida.
- patula.
— signata.
TAMARINDUS. *T. indica.
TAMARIX. T. sestivalis: *T. pen-
tandra.
— *africana; but stock usually T.
gailica or T. parviflora.
— algerica: not known botanically;
possibly a form of T. gailica.
— amurensis: a form of T. pentandra.
— *cbinensis.
— *gallica.
— germanica: Myricaria germanica.
— *hispida.
— indica: *T. gailica indica,
— japonica: *T. juniperina.
— *juniperina.
— *odessana.
— *parviflora.
— pentandra.
— plumosa: *T. juniperina.
— *tetrandra.
TANACETUM. T. vulgare.
TARAXACUM. T. officinale (Dande-
lion).
TAXODIUM. *T. distichum.
— *mucronatum.
TAXUS. *T. baccata.
• — *canadensis.
— *cuspidata.
— hUbtmica: *T. baccata fastigiata.
— koraiensis: probably *Cephalo-
tazus Haningtonia fastigiata.
— minor: *T. canadensis.
— procumbens: *T. baccata pro-
cumbens.
— repanda: *T. baccata repandens.
— repandens: *T. baccata repandens.
— tardira: *T. baccata adpressa.
TECOMA. T. aiustralis: *Pandorea
australis.
— capensis: *Tecomaria capensis.
— capreolata: *Bignonia capreolata.
— grandiflora: Campsis chinensis:
*Bignonia grandiflora.
— jasminoides: *Pandorea jasmin-
oides.
— Mackenii: *Pandorea Ricasoliana.
— radicane: Campsis radicans: *Big-
nonia radicans.
— Ricasoliana: *Pandorea Ricaso-
liana.
— *Smitbii.
— *stans.
TECOMARIA. *T. capensis (Tecoma).
TELAHTHERA (Alternanthera). T.
amoena rosea.
— Bettzickiana.
— versicolor.
TELEKIA. T. cordifolia: Buphthal-
mum speciosum.
TEMPLETONIA. *T. retusa.
TERMINALIA. T. Catappa.
TETRAGONIA. T. expansa (New
Zealand Spinach).
TETRAPANAX. *T. papyriferum
(Aralia. Fatsia).
TEUCRIUM. T. canadense.
— *Cham«drys.
THALIA. T. dealbata.
THALICTRUM. T. adiantifolium: T.
minus adiantifolium.
— anemonoides: Anemonella thalic-
troides (page 3296, under Syn-
desmon).
— aquilegifolium.
— Cornvti: either T. aquilegifolium
or T. polygamum.
— dasycarpum.
— dioicum.
— dipterocarpum.
— glaucum.
— minus.
— paniculatum.
— polygamum.
THEA. T. Bohea: *T. sinensis Bohea
(Camellia).
— *sinensis.
THELESPERMA. T. hybridum (Cos-
midium).
THEOBROMA. T. Cacao.
THERMOPSIS. T. caroliniana.
THESPESIA. T. populnea.
THEVETIA. T. nereifolia.
THRIHAX. T. Morrisii.
— parviflora.
THUJA (Thuya. See Biota). T. ele-
gantissima: *T. orientalis ele-
gantissima; perhaps also T.
occidentalis lutea.
— EUwangeriana: *T. occidentalis
Ellwangeriana.
— ericoides: *T. occidentalis eri-
coides.
— filiformis: *T. orientalis pendula;
the stock is perhaps sometimes
*T. occidentalis filiformis.
— giganiea: *T. plicata.
— globosa: *T. occidentalis globosa.
— japonica: *T. StandishiL
— Lo66it: *T. plicata.
— ^occidentalis.
— *orientalis.
— *plicata.
— pumila: *T. occidentalis pumila.
— pyramidalis: applied both to *T.
occidentalis pjTamidalis and to
*T. orientalis pyramidalis.
— Reidii: *T. occidentalis Reidii.
— sibirica: *T. occidentalis Wareana.
— *Standishii (Thujopsis).
— Venaeneana: *T. occidentalis Ver-
vaeneana.
— Wareana: *T. occidentalis Ware-
ana.
THUJOPSIS. T. borealis: *Chamae-
cyparis nootkatensis.
— *dolobrata.
— Standishii: *Thuja StandishiL
THUNBERGIA. *T. alata.
— *coccinea.
— *fragrans.
— *grandiflora.
— Barrisii: *T. laurifolia.
3608
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
THYMUS. T. citriodorus: T. Ser-
pyllum vulgaris.
— coccineus: T. Serpyllum coc-
cineus.
— lanuginosus: T. Serpyllum lanug-
inosus.
— Serpyllum.
— vulgaris.
THYRSACANTHUS. T. rutilans:
Odontonema Schomburgkianum.
TIARELLA. T. cordifolia.
— purpurea: T. cordifolia purpurea.
TIBOUCHINA. T. semidecandra
(Lasiandra macrantha).
TIGRIDIA. T. canariensis: T. Pa-
Tonia canariensis.
— conchiflora: T. Pavonia conchi-
flora.
— grandiflora: T. Pavonia grandi-
flora.
— immaculata: T. Pavonia alba im-
maculata or lutea immaculata.
— lilacea: T. Pavonia lilacea.
— Pavonia.
— rosea: T. Pavonia rosea.
TILIA. T. alba: a confused name
applying to forms of T. tomen-
tosa, T. petiolaris, and T.
neglecta.
— *americana.
• — argentea: *T. tomentosa.
— asplenifolia: *T. platyphyllos
laciniata.
— *cordata.
• — dasystyla: *T. euchlora.
— *euchlora.
— europsea: *T. vulgaris; sometimes
misapplied to T. platyphyllos
and T. cordata.
— *heterophylla.
— macrophylla: *T. americana mac-
rophylla.
— mississippiensis: *T. americana
macrophylla.
— *petiolaris.
— *platyphyllos.
— *tomentosa.
— ulmifolia: *T. cordata.
— *vulgaris.
TILLANDSIA. T. usneoides (Span-
ish Moss).
TIPUANA. T. speciosa.
TORENIA. T. BaiUonii: T. flava.
— Fournieri.
TORREYA (Tumion under American
Code). *T. calif ornica.
— *nucifera.
TOXYLON. See Madura.
TRACHELIUM. T. cseruleum.
TRACHELOSPERMUM. T. jasmin-
oides (Rhynchospermum).
TRACHYCARPUS. *T. excelsa
(Chamaerops).
— *Fortunei (Chamserops).
— *Martiana.
TRACHYMENE. T. cserulea (Didis-
cus).
TRADESCANTIA. T. multicolor:
Zebrina pendula quadricolor.
— repens: T. fluminensis.
— virginica: T. virginiana.
— vulgaris: unknown botanically.
— zebrina: Zebrina pendula.
TRAGOPOGON. T. porrifolius (Sal-
sify).
TRAPA. T. natans.
TRICHOL-ffiNA. T. rosea.
TRICHOSANTHES. T. colubrina: T.
Anguina.
TRICYRTIS. T. macropoda.
— hirta.
TRIFOLIUM. T. hybridum (Alsike
Clover).
— incarnatum (Crimson Clover).
— medium (Mammoth Clover).
— minus: a form of T. repens (White
Clover)..
— pratense (Common Red Clover).
— suaveolens: T. resupinatum.
TRILLIUM. T. cernuum.
— erectum.
• — erythrocarpum: T. undulatum.
— grandiflorum.
— nivale.
— ovatum.
— petiolatum.
• — recurvatum.
• — sessile.
— stylosum.
— undulatum.
TRISTANIA. T. conferta.
TRITICUM. T. aestivum (Wheat).
TRITOMA. T. corallina.
— hybrida: Kniphofia hybrida, a col-
lective trade name.
— Macowanii: K. Macowanii.
— nobilis: K. Uvaria nobilis.
— Pfitzeri: K. Uvaria grandis.
— Quartiniana: K. foliosa.
— Saundersii: K. Uvaria Saundersii.
— sulphurea: K. sulphurea.
— tricolor: K. tricolor.
— Uvaria: K. Uvaria.
TRITONIA (Montbretia). T. auran-
tiaca.
— crocosmaeflora.
— Pottsii.
— rosea.
TROLLIUS. T. asiaticus.
— caucasicus.
— chinensis.
— europaeus.
— japonicus.
— Ledebouri.
— pumilus.
TROP^OLUM. T. atropurpureum:
probably a color form of T.
peltophorum, of T. majus, or
of T. majus nanum.
— canariense: T. peregrinum.
— Heinemannii: a color form of T.
majus.
— hemisphericum: a color form of T.
majus.
— Lobbianum: T. peltophorum.
— luteum: a color form of T. minus
or of T. majus.
— majus.
— minus.
— nanum: T. majus nanum.
— pentaphyllum.
— peregrinum.
— Regelianum: a color form of T.
majus or of T. majus nanum.
— speciosum.
— tricolor.
TSUGA. *T. canadensis.
— *caroliniana.
— *diversifolia.
— Fretzii: Pseudotsuga taxifolia
Fretzii: *P. Douglasii Fretzii.
— *heterophylla.
— Hookeriana: *T. Mertensiana.
— *Mertensiana; but sometimes mis-
applied to T. heterophylla.
— *Sieboldii.
TULIPA. T. Gesneriana.
— suaveolens.
TUMION. SeeTorreya.
TUNICA (Petrorhagia under Ameri-
can Code). T. Saxifraga.
TUSSILAGO. T. Farfara.
TYPHA. T. latifolia.
ULEX. *U. europasus.
ULMARIA. U. Filipendula: Fili-
pendula hezapetala.
— palmata: F. palmata.
— purpurea: F. purpurea.
— rubra: F. rubra.
— venusta: F. rubra venusta.
ULMUS. *U. alata.
— *americana.
— Camperdownii: *U. glabra Cam-
perdownii.
— *campestris (English Elm); often
misapplied to U. foliacea.
— Clemmed: *U. hollandica Klem-
mer.
— *foliacea.
— *fulva.
— *glabra (Scotch Ehu).
— ^hollandica.
— horizontalis: *U. glabra pendula.
• — Huntingdonii: *U. hollandica
vegeta (Huntingdon Elm).
• — latifolia: *U. hollandica belgica.
— montana: *U. glabra.
— plumosa: *U. glabra fastigiata.
— *pumila.
— purpurea: *U. campestris pur-
purea.
— *racemosa.
• — scabra: *U. glabra.
— suberosa: either U. campestris or
U. foliacea suberosa.
• — umbraculifera: *U. foliacea um-
braculifera.
— vegeta: *U. hollandica vegeta.
— Wentworthii: *U. campestris
Wentworthii.
UMBELLULARIA. *U. califomica.
UNIOLA. U. latifolia.
URGINEA. U. Scilla (Scilla mari-
tima).
URSINIA. U. pulchra (Sphenogyne).
UVULARIA. U. grandiflora.
— perfoliata.
— sessiiifolia: Oakesia sessilifolia.
VACCINIUM. *V. corymbosum.
— *erythrocarpum.
• — *macrocarpon.
— *pallidum.
— *pennsylvanicum.
— *stamineum.
— *vacillans.
— *Vitis-Idasa.
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
3609
VALERIANA. V. alba: probably
a white form of Centranthus
ruber, but perhaps V. officinalis
alba.
— coccinea: unknown botanically.
— officinalis.
— rubra: Centranthus niber.
VALERIANELLA. V. olitoria (Corn
Salad).
VALLISNERIA. V. spiralis.
VALLOTA. V. purpurea.
VENIDIUM. V. calendulaceum: V.
decurrens calendulaceum.
VERATRUM. V. viride.
VERBASCUM. V. nigrum.
— olympicum.
— pannosum: V. longifolium panno-
sum.
— phceniceum.
VERBENA. 7. Aubletia: V. cana-
densis.
— citriodora: Lippia citriodora.
— erinoides.
— hybrida.
— montana: either V. bipinnatifida or
V. canadensis.
— teucrioides.
— venosa.
There are other Latin names in
Verbena, designating garden
forms.
VERNONIA. V. arkansana: V.
crinita.
— noveboracensis.
VERONICA. *V. Affionii.
• — *alpina.
• — amfthystina: *V. spuria.
— *Andersonii.
— *carnea; but may apply to a form
of V. spuria.
— dfcussata: *V. elliptica.
— *elliptica.
— *gentianoides.
— *imperialis.
— *incana.
• — longifolia.
— *maritima: *V. longifolia.
— pectinata.
— *repens.
— *rosea: V. longifolia rosea, V.
spicata rosea or V. pectinata
rosea.
— *rupe$tri$; a form of V. Teucrium.
• — *speciosa.
— *spicata.
— spuria.
• — subsess&is: *V. longifolia sub-
sessilis.
— *Teucrium.
• — *Traversii.
— *rerbenacea: unknown botanically.
— *virginica.
VERSCHAFFELTIA. V. splendida.
VIBURNUM. *V. acerifolium.
— *alnifolium.
— *americanum (American High-
bush Cranberry).
— *Carlesii.
— *cassinoides,
— *dentatum.
— *dilatatum.
— *ellipticum.
— *japonicum.
VIBURNUM, continued.
— *Lantana.
— lanianoides: *V. alnifolium.
— *Lentago.
— *macrocephalum.
— macrophyUum: *V. japonicum.
— *molle; often misapplied to V.
venosum and V. venosum
Canbyi.
— *nudum.
— *odoratissimum.
— *Opulus (European High-bush
Cranberry).
— Oxycoccus: *V. americanum, but
sometimes misapplied to V.
Opulus.
— plicatum: V. tomentosum
plenum: *V. tomentosum
plicatum.
— *prunifolium.
— *pubescens.
— pyrifolium: *V. prunifolium.
— *rhytidophyllum.
— *rundulum.
— Sandankwa: *V. suspensum.
— *SieboldiL
— sterile: may be V. macrocephalum
sterile or V. Opulus sterile.
— *suspensum.
— *Tinus.
— *tomentosum.
— *utile.
— *venosum.
— *Wrigb.tiL
VICIA. V. Faba (Broad or Windsor
Bean).
— Gerardii: V. cracca Gerardii.
— oroboides (Orobus lathyroides).
— sativa (Spring Vetch).
— villosa (Hairy Vetch).
VICTORIA. V. regia.
— Trickeri: V. Cnmana.
VIGNA. V. Catjang.
— sesquipedalis (Asparagus Bean).
— sinensis (Cowpea).
VINCA. V. alba: *V. minor alba.
— argentea: *V. minor argentea.
— aurea: *V. minor aurea.
— cserulea: *V. minor cserulea.
— elegantissima: applied either to V.
major elegantissima or a form of
V. minor.
— herbacea.
— *major.
— *minor.
— purpurea: *V. minor purpurea.
— *rosea.
VINCETOXICUM. V. acuminatum:
Cynanchum acuminatifolium.
— japonicum: C. acuminatifolium.
VIOLA. V. admirabilia: V. cornuta
admirabilis.
— blanda.
— calif arnica: V. odorata.
— canina: probably V. conspersa;
V. canina is a European species
and not now recognized as
occurring natively in any form in
North America.
— cornuta.
— cucullata; the stock in trade, how-
ever, is probably V. palmata.
— lutea.
— odorata.
— palmata.
VIOLA, continued.
— PapUio: V. cornuta Papilio.
— pedata.
— pedunculata.
— Priceana.
— pubescens.
— rotundif olia.
— septentrionalis.
— tricolor.
VIRGILIA: V. lutea: *Cladrastis lutea.
VISCARIA. V. elegans: Lychnis Vis-
caria elegans.
— oculata: L. Coeli-rosea oculata.
VITEX. *V. Agnus-castus.
— incisa: *V. Negundo incisa.
VITIS (see Ampelopsis, Cissus, Par-
thenocissus). V. aconitifolia:
* Ampelopsis aconitifolia.
— *aestivalis.
— *amurensis.
— ^*BerlandierL
— *bicolor.
— Bourquiniana: *V. aestivalis
Bourquiniana.
— brevipedunculata: *A. hetero-
phylla amurensis.
— *californica.
— *candicans.
— capensis: *Cissus capensis (page
3482).
— *Champinii.
— *Coignetiae.
— cordata: *A.
— *cordifolia.
— discolor: *C.
— *Doaniana.
— *Girdiana.
— Henryana:
Henryana
— heterophyUa:
— humulifolia:
— hypoglauca:
3483).
cor data.
discolor.
Parth enocissus
: *A. Henryana.
*A. heterophylla.
*A. humulifolia.
*A. hypoglauca (page
— *Linsecomii.
— *Longii.
— megalophytta: *A. megalophylla.
— oblonga: *C. oblonga (page 34^3).
— quadrangularis: *C. quadrangu-
laris (page 3482).
— rhombifolia: *C. rhombif olia (page
3483).
— riparia: *V. vulpina.
— *rotundifolia.
• — *rubra.
— striata: *C. striata.
— Thomsonii: P. Thomsonii: *A.
Thomsonii.
— *vinifera.
— *vulpina.
VITTADINIA. V. triloba (Erigeron
mucronatus).
VOLUTARELLA. V. muricata (Am-
berboa).
WAHLENBERGIA. W. grandiflora:
Platycodon grandiflorum.
— vincxflora: W. gracilis.
WALDSTEINIA. W. fragarioides.
WASmNGTONIA. W. filifera (Bra-
hea).
3610
FINDING-LIST OF BINOMIALS
WASHINGTONIA, continued.
• — gracilis.
— robusta: W. filifera robusta
(Brahea).
• — Sonorse.
WATSONIA. W. Ardernei: W. viridi-
folia O'Brienii.
WEIGELA (if the American and East
Asian species are considered to
be con-generic, the name be-
comes Diervilla, and this is the
usual disposition; the name.
Weigela, however, is well estab-
lished in horticultural practice).
— *amdbilis: Diervilla florida, or per-
haps sometimes D. coraeensis.
— *arborea: D. coraeensis arborea.
— *candida: D. hybrida Candida.
— *Desboisii: D. hybrida Desboisii.
— florida: D. florida: *W. rosea.
— *floribunda: D. floribunda.
— *Grcenewegenii: D. hybrida Grcene-
wegenii.
— * Hendersonii: D. hybrida Hender-
sonii.
— *hortensis: D. japonica hortensis.
— *hybrida: D. hybrida.
— * japonica: D. japonica.
— * 'Kosteriana: D. hybrida Kosteri-
ana variegata.
— *Lavallei: D. hybrida Lavallei.
— *nana: D. hybrida nana variegata.
— *rosea: D. florida.
— sessilifolia: *D. sessilifolia.
• — *Steltzneri: D. hybrida Steltzneri.
— *Van Houttei: D. hybrida Van
Houttei.
— *xenosa: D. hybrida venosa.
— *Verschaffeltii: D. hybrida Ver-
schaffeltii.
WELLINGTONIA. W, gig ant ea:
*Sequoia gigantea.
WHITLAVIA. W. gloxinioides:
Phacelia Whitlavia gloxinioides.
— grandiflora: P. Whitlavia.
WIGANDIA. W. caracasana.
— imperialis.
— macrophylla: W. caracasana mac-
rophylla.
— Vigieri.
WISTERIA. W. brachybotrys: *W.
floribunda.
— brachybotrys alba: *W. venusta.
— chinensis: *W. sinensis.
— floribunda.
• — *frutescens.
— magnifica: *W. frutescens mag-
nifica.
— *multijuga: W. floribunda macro-
botrys.
— *sinensis; but often it is W. flori-
bunda.
— speciosa: *W. frutescens.
— *venusta.
WOODSIA. W. ilvensis.
— obtusa.
WOODWARDIA. W. angustifolia:
W. areolata.
virginica.
XANTHISMA. X. texanum (Cen-
tauridium).
XANTHOCERAS. *X. sorbtfolia.
XANTHORRHIZA. X. apiifolia:
*Zanthorhiza apiifolia.
XANTHOSOMA. X. Lindenii (Phyl-
lotsenium).
XANTHOXYLUM. See Zanthoxylum.
XERANTHEMUM. X. annuum.
XOLISMA. X. ligustrina: *Lyonia
h'gustrina.
YUCCA. *Y. aloifolia.
— angustifolia: *Y. glauca.
— *baccata.
— *filamentosa.
— *flaccida.
— *glauca.
— *gloriosa.
— *Treculeana.
— TFMppZei:*Hesperoyucca Whipplei.
ZALUZIANSKYA. Z. capensis (Nyc-
terinia).
ZANTEDESCHIA (Richardia. Flor-
ists' Calla). Z. aethiopica.
— albo-maculata.
— Elliottiana.
ZANTHORHIZA. *Z. apiifolia
(Xanthorrhiza) .
ZANTHOXYLUM. *Z. americanum.
— *piperitum.
ZEA. Z. japonica: Z. Mays japonica.
— Mays (Maize. Indian Corn).
ZEBRINA. Z. pendula (Trade-
scantia).
ZELKOVA. Z. acuminata: *Z. ser-
rata.
ZENOBIA. *Z. pulverulenta (An-
dromeda).
ZEPHYRANTHES. Z. alba.
— Atamasco (Amaryllis).
— Candida.
— rosea.
ZINGIBER: Z. officinale (Ginger).
ZINNIA. Z. elegans.
— Haageana.
ZIZANIA. Z. cujuatica: Z. palustris.
ZIZYPHUS. *Z. Jujuba.
ZYGOCACTUS. Z. truncatus (Epi-
phyllum).
INDEX
To synonyms, vernacular names, and miscellaneous references, not in alphabetic order in the Cyclopedia
The check mark (x) indicates that the entry is in the second column of the given page. Unchecked entries are in the
first column.
Vol. I comprises pages 1-602; II, pages 603-1200; III, pages 1201-1760; IV, pages 1761-2422; V, pages 2423-3041;
VI, pages 3043-3639.
Aaron's Beard, 1630 X.
Abaca, 2078.
Abacate. 2536.
Abele, 2755 X .
Abelia grandifjora, 1439 X.
Abelicea ulmoides, 3540 x.
Abelmoschus esculentus,
14Sox; moschatus. 1485;
Aberemoa, 1080 X , 1306 x .
Abies Alcockiana, 2620 x; bi-
color, 2620 x ; canadensis,
3391 x ; commutata, 2620;
Davidiana, 1737 x; Dela-
vayi, 3565: diversif olia,
3391 x : Douglasii, 2847; ex-
celsa Clanbrasiliana, 2618 x ;
excelsa finedonensis, 2619;
excelsa var. Gregoryana,
2618 X; excelsa in vert a,
2618 X ; excelsa monstrosa,
2618x; Faxoniana, 3565;
firma, 3578; Fortune!,
1737 x; homolepis, 3578;
jeroensis, 2620 x; macrp-
carpa, 2S47 x ; Menziesii,
2620; Mome, 3578; nigra
pumila, 2619 x: recurvata,
3565; rubra violacea, 2619 X ;
sacra, 1737X; squamata,
3565 X ; umbellicata (umbel-
lata),3578:WiUiamsonii, 3392.
Abietia Douglasii, 2847; For-
tunei, 1737 X.
Abiu, 1919.
Abricode Para, 1975 X.
Abrus precatorius, 42.
Abutilon indicum, 52 X ; pul-
chellum, 2655; pulchrum,
2655.
Abyssinian Banana, 2077.
Acacallis cyanea, 229 x.
Acacia acanthocarpa, 2054;
acapulcensis, 1935 X ; albi-
cans, 2653; Angico, 2647;
Bancroftiana, 613 X ; Ber-
t«riana, 2653; brachyaean-
tha. 2054: Catechu, 42; Ora-
tonia, 2054; chrysostachys,
2647: Concordiana, 2653;
False, 2967: flexicaulis,
2652 X ; frondosa, 1848; fruti-
cosa, 2647; glauca, 1848;
gonoacantha, 2647; grata,
2647; guayaquilensis, 2054;
Julibrissin, 244; Lamber-
tiana, 628; Lebbek, 243 X;
leucocephala, 1848; lophan-
tha, 243 x: microphylla,
2647: mollis, 244: Xeuciana,
2653; odoratissima, 243 x;
portoricensis, 628; procera,
244: pulcherrima, 3278 X;
Rose, 2967 x; Senegal, 42;
speciosa, 243 X ; stipulata,
244: strombulifera, 2811 X ;
tetragona, 628; Three-
thorned, 1347; trichodes,
1>4S: viridiramis, 3524 X.
Acanthaceae, 73 X.
Acanthodium carduif olius,
514X.
Acanthopanas (gender of),
3578.
Acanthosyris, 27 X .
Acanthus carduifolius, 514 x ;
Family, 73 X .
Accra Copal, 1417.
Acer. 49 x : campestre, 1439 x ;
Negundo, 357; platanoides,
357; rubrum, 357; sacchari-
num, 357; saccharum, 357.
Aceracese, 49 x .
Aceras anthropophora, 2356.
Achania Malvaviscus, 1975 X ;
mollis, 1975 X.
Achillea aurea, 755 X; Mille-
folium, 77.
Achimenes Candida, 1005;
cupreata, 1125 x; misera,
1005; ocellata, 1706 X ; picta.
1706.
Achon, 3526.
Achradelpha mammosa, 1919.
Achras Balata, 2056; Sapota,
65x.
Aehroanthus, 2048 X .
Achyranthes, 1662; acuminata,
1662 x; Biemuelleri, 1662 X;
Verschaffeltii, 1662 X .
Achyrodes aurea, 1776 X.
Achyrophorus helveticus,
1633 X.
Acidoton ramiflorus, 3125.
Acietunillo, 229.
Acis autumnal is, 1849.
Aemopyle Pancheri, 2725.
Acoelorraphe Wrightii, 2444 X.
Aconiopteris, 1108.
Aconite, 209; Autumn, 210 x;
Officinal, 210.
Aconitin, 209 X .
Acorus Calamus, 17 X.
Acridocarpus pruriens, 3205.
Acroclinium roseum, 1453 X .
Acrocomia, 2444 X .
Acropera armeniaca, 1355 x ;
fuscata, 1356; Loddigesii,
1355; luteola, 1356.
Acrostichum, 1213 x ; alienum,
1842; nicotianaefoliurn, 1842;
peltatum, 2929; squamosum,
1107 x; viscosum, 1107 X.
Acteea, 212; Cimicifuga, 769 x;
grandis, 3372; podocarpa,
769 X.
Actinella lanata, 1135.
Actinophyllum acuminatum,
3108 x; conicum, 3108 X.
Actinopteris, 1213 X.
Acuan LUinoensis, 990 X .
Ada, 2401 X .
Adam-and-Eve, 311.
Adamia cyanea, 1003 x ; versi-
color, 1003 X.
Adam's Apple, 3304; Fig,
2078X; Needle, 3530x.
Adamsia scilloides, 2862.
Adansonia digitata, 53; Greg-
orii, 53.
Adder's- Tongue Family, 7;
Fern, 2355 X.
Adelia acuminata, 1267; ligus-
trina, 1267; parvifolia, 1267.
Adenanthera Pavonina, 42.
Adenia senensis, 2058 X.
Adenopetalum (Euphorbia),
1169.
Adhatoda furcata, 1730 x .
Adiantum, 1213 X , 1217.
Adicea, 2623.
Adlum, John, 1563.
Adnaria, 1319 X.
Adodendron Chamsecistus,
2949X.
Adopogon, 1757 x.
Adzuki Bean, 2574 X .
.Echmea amazonica, 653 X;
augusta, 1496; aurantiaca,
653x; eburnea, 653x,
1419 X ; exsudans, 1395; Fur-
stenbergii, 3272 X ; glomerata,
1496; Legrelliana, 1496;
Pineliana, 1098; Van Hout-
teana, 1098; zebrina, 503 X.
JEgilops, 3385.
jEgiphila salutaris, 69 X .
JCgle Barteri, 443 X ; decandra,
729; glutinosa, 729; sepiaria,
2752.
.Eonium bar bat um, 3144 X.
Aeranthus Leonis, 1962 X ; ses-
quipedalis, 1962 X.
Aerides, 2401 X.
.Eschvnanthus Boschiana,
3377; fulgens, 3377; grandi-
flora, 3376 X ; jayaniea, 3377;
Lamponga, 3377; Lobbiana,
3376 x ; longiflora, 3377; ma-
crocalyx, 3377; marmorata,
3377; miniata, 3377; pulcher.
3376 X; pulchra, 3376 x;
speciosa, 3377; splendens,
3377; tricolor, 3377; zebrina,
3377.
Jischvnomene Elaphroxylon,
1477.
-Esculus Hippocastanum, 50,
2299X.
.Estivales (Crataegus), 884 x.
JEtheopappus pulcherrimus,
713.
-Ethiopia (Salvia), 3060.
-Ethusa Cynapium, 62 X.
Afra?gle, 443.
African Cherry Orange, 779 X ;
Daisy, 1903 X ; Honeysuckle,
1430; Jessamine, 3361 X ;
Lily, 229 X ; Marigold,
3305 x; Milk Bush, 3296
Millet, 1110, 1497; Oak.
2333; Satin-Bush, 2724;
Teakwood, 2333; Valerian,
1204 x; Violet, 3049 X.
Agallocha, 1189.
Agalma vitiensis, 3108 X .
Aganisia, 24O1X.
Agar-agar, 5X.
Agarista callopsidea, 1843 X ;
neriif olia, 1851 ; pulchra,
1851.
Agastache Fceniculum, 1914 x ;
scrophularisefolia, 1914 X .
A gat ha? a amelloides, 1205 X;
ctelestis, 1205 X ; rotundi-
folia, 1205 X.
Agathosma foetidissima, 454 X ;
Ventenatiana, 1014 x ; vil-
losa, 1014 X.
Agave Alibertii, 1984; argyro-
phylla, 1305; brachystachys,
1984; brachystachys pubes-
cens, 1983x; bulbifera,
1305 x: Cactus, 1848; cam-
panula ta, 1306X; carolinen-
sis, 1984; Commelinii,
1306 X ; cubensis, 1305 x ;
cubensis s t r i a t a , 1305 X ;
totida, 1306; funifera, 1478;
gigantea, 1306; guttata,
1984; heiapetala, 1305 X;
humilis, 1984; inermis,
1305 x ; maculata, 1983 X ;
maculosa, 1983 X ; mexicana,
1305 x ; odorata, 1305 x ;
pallida, 1984; polyanthoides,
1984; potatorum, 3579; pro-
tuberans, 1984; pubescens,
1983 x ; saponaria, 19S4; spi-
nosa, 1306 X: subinermis,
1305X: Toneliana, 1305;
tuberosa, 1306 X ; variegata,
1984; virginica, 1984; virgi-
nica tigrina, 1984.
Ageratum conspicuum, 1166;
Lasseauxii, 1165; Wendlandii,
3579.
Aglaia edulis, 45 X .
Aglaonema oommutatum, 3119.
Agnus-castus incisa var. multif-
ida, 3481; vulgaris alba,
3481.
Agonis flexuosa, 1843, 2704.
Agoser is cuspidata, 3390 X .
Agraphis,3117.
Agrestes (Veronica), 3451.
Agrimony, 240; Hemp, 1164.
Agropyron repens, 15; Richard-
sonii, 3385.
Agrostemma C<Bli-rosa, 1928;
Coronaria, 1927 x ; F 1 o s -
cuculi, 1929; Flos-Jovis,
1928; Githago, 1927 x.
Agrostis alba, 15.
Agua, 2425 x .
Ahate de Panuco, 294 X.
Ahgao, 2781 X .
Ahuacate, 2556.
Ailanthus flavescens, 698;
glandulosa, 357.
Aino Millet, 3158 X .
Aipi, 1992.
Aira caerulea, 2059; caspitosa,
988 X ; flexuosa, 989.
Air Potato, 1013 X.
Aizoaceae, 30.
Ajax albicans, 2109 x ; brevifloe,
2109 x ; cernuus, 2109 X ; cy-
clamineus, 2110 X; Hors-
fieldii, 2109x; lorif olius,
2110; maximus, 2110; mini-
mus, 2110; muticus, 2110;
propinquus, 2110; Pseudo-
Narcissus, 2109 X ; spurius,
2110; Telamonius, 2110.
Aka,2045.
Akola, 3528.
Alabama, 2237 X.
Alangilang, 652 x; de China,
397 X ; Songsong, 397 X .
Alaska, 2287 X.
Alberta, 572.
Albizzia pruinosa, 2652 X .
Albuga Candida, 5 X .
Alder, American Green, 252 x ;
Black, 253 x, 1640 X; Dwarf,
1270 X ; European Green,
252; Smooth, 253; White,
801 X.
Alehoof,2130x.
Aleppo Pine, 2643.
Aletris fragrans, 1070 ;^ sar-
mentosa, 1753; Uv'aria,
1752 X.
Aleurites cordata, 47; mon-
tana, 3565x; spp., 2299x;
triloba, 47.
Alexanders, Golden, 3547.
Alexandrian Laurel, 961 X .
Alfa, 3243.
Alfalfa, Tree. 2019 X.
Alfilerilla, 1136X.
Algae, Blue-Green, 4.
Algodon de Seda, 637.
Alhenna, 1831.
Alibertia intermedia, 1984.
Alisma flavum, 1883.
Alismacese, 13 X .
Alkaloid Atropine, 70 x ; Datur-
i n e , 70 X ; Hyoscyamine,
70X.
Alkanet, 280 X.
Alkanna tinctoria, 69.
Allamanda cathartica, 67 X ,
3574: grandiflora, 3574; Hen-
dersonii, 3574; nobilis, 3574;
Schottii. 3574.
Alleghany Plum, 2830.
Allen, C. L., 1563.
(3611)
3612
INDEX
INDEX
Alligator- Apple, 293 ; Tree,
1889 X.
Allium fragrans, 2291; Schoen-
oprasum, 911 X.
Allocarya, 1758 X .
Alloplectus Forgetii, 2115; pal-
lidus, 2115.
All-Saints' Cherry, 2837 X .
Allspice, 60 x, 2626; Carolina,
637 x; Wild, 487.
Almendro, 3321 X.
Almond, 2295 X ; Flowering,
2831 X ; Indian, 3321 X ; Ori-
ental, 2832; Russian, 2832;
Tropical, 3321 x .
Alnobetula (Alnus), 252.
Alocasia hybrida, 830 X; Jen-
ningsii, 830; Johnstonii, 946;
macrorhiza, 17 X ; Marchal-
lii, 830 X ; porphyrpneura,
617; Roezlii, 614 X ; violacea,
830.
Aloe 19 X ; acinacifolia, 1318;
acinacifolia venusta, 1318;
acuminata, 1317; albicans,
1434x; altlinea, 1435;
American, 231; angulata,
1317; angulata truncata,
1317; anomala, 1434 X ; arach-
noides, 1435; aracnnoides
reticulata, 1435 ; a a p e r a,
309 x; asperula, 1434 x; at-
tenuata, 1434; attenuata
clariperla, 1434 X ; bicari-
nata 309 X ; Blue, 233; Bour-
bon, 1903 X; Boureana,
1317 X ; Bowieana, 1317 X ;
Bowieana formosa, 1317 X ;
brevis, 1434; bullulata,
309 X ; carinata, 1318; cari-
nata Isevior, 1318; carinata
subglabra, 1318; caroliniana,
1984; coarctata, 1434; con-
cinna, 1433X; congesta,
310 X; conspurcata, 1317;
crassifolia, 1317 X ; Creole,
1306 X ; cuspidata, 1435; cy-
lindrica, 310; cylindrica
rigida, 1433 X ; cymbsefolia,
1435; cymbiformis, 1435; del-
toidea, 310 X; disticha, 1317;
erecta, 1434; excavata, 1318;
expansa, 1434; fasciata, 1434;
foetida, 1306; foliolosa,
310 X; formosa, 1317 x; gla-
bra, 1318; granata, 1434;
Green, 1306; guttata, 1317 x ;
hebes, 1435; herbacea, 1435;
hybrida, 1433 x ; imbricata,
310; indurata, 1433 X; in-
termedia, 1317; lingua, 1317;
lingua angulata, 1317; lingua
crassifolia, 1317; lingua longi-
folia, 1317; maculata, 1317 X ;
maculata angustior, 1317 X ;
maculata obliqua, 1317 X ;
maculata pulchra, 1317 x ;
Malgache, 1306; margari-
t if era, 1434; margaritifera
media, 1434; margaritifera
minima, 1434; margaritifera
minor, 1434; marginata,
1434 x ; marmorata, 1317 X ;
minor, 1434; nigricana,
1317 X ; nigricans denticu-
lata, 1317 X; nitens, 1318;
nitida, 1318; nitida major,
1318; nitida minor, 1318; ob-
liqua, 1317 x; obscura, 1318;
parva, 1434 x ; pentagona,
310; planifolia, 1317X;
pseudonigricans, 1 3 1 7 X ;
pseudorigida, 1433 X ; pseu-
dotortuosa, 1433 x ; pulchra,
1317 X ; pumila arachnoides,
1435; pumila margaritifera,
1434; racemosa, 1317; radula,
1434 X; radula major, 1434;
radula media, 1434 x ; radula
minor, 1434; recurva, 1434 x ;
Reinwardtii, 1434; reticulata,
1435; retusa, 1434 x ; rigida,
1433 X ; rigida expansa, 1434;
rugosa, 1434; scaberrima,
1317; semimargaritif era.
1434; spiralis, 310; spirella,
310 X ; subnigricans, 1317 x ;
subrigida, 1433 X ; subtor-
tuosa, 1433 X; subulata,
1434; sulcata, 1317; tesselata,
1434 X ; torquata, 1433 X ;
tortuosa, 1433 x ; triangu-
laris, 1433; tristicha, 1318;
turgida, 1434 X ; U v a r i a ;
1752 X; venusta, 1318; ver-
rucosa, 1317; verrucula,
1317; virescens, 1434 X; vir-
ginica, 1984; viscosa, 1433;
viscosa indurata, 1433 x ;
viscosa major, 1433 X ;
Water, 3260; yuccsefolia,
1478.
Alophia, 1476 X.
Aloysia citriodpra, 1888 X .
Alpinse (Veronica), 3450 X .
Alpine Currant, 2960; Plum,
2824X; Poppy, 2459X;
Strawberry, 1272 X .
Alpinia calcarata, 538 X ; Gal-
anga, 22 x ; magnifica, 2569.
Alsike Clover, 3379 X.
Alsine juniperina, 389 X; pini-
folia var. gracilis, 389 x;
Rosanii, 389 X ; verna, 389 X .
Alsomitra sarcophylla, 3534.
Alsophila, 1209 X, 1210, 1214.
Alstroemeria oculata, 521.
Alternanthera, 3319; parony-
chioides, 3319 X ; spathulata,
3319 X.
Althaea cannibina, 52 X ; frutex,
1488X; officinalis, 52x;
Shrubby, 1488 X; various
names, 3579.
Alum Root, 1482.
Alyxia olivaeformis, 1421 X .
Amanita, 2086 X .
Amarantaceae, 29.
Amaranth, 269 X; Family, 29;
Globe, 1355.
Amaranthus or -tus, 3579.
Amarella, 1323 X.
Amaryllidaceae, 20.
Amaryllis Alberti, 1493X;
Atamasco, 3542; a urea, 1934;
Belladonna, 120X, 3574;
Blue, 1413 X, 1494; ciliaris,
599 X ; crocata, 1494; eques-
tris; 1493; erubescens,
3542 x; Family, 20; formis-
sissima, 3218; gigantea,
582 X ; Hallii, [1933 X ; longi-
folia, 894; lutea, 3240; ma-
ranensis, 1493 X ; .orientalis,
582 X ; pallida, 3574; Parkeri,
3574; pulverulentum, 1494;
radiata, 1934; Rayneri, 1494.
Amatungulu, 664 x .
Amazon Lily, 1 160.
Ambash, 1477.
Ambatjang, 1984 X.
Amber, 12 X, 1417; Sweet,
1632 X.
Amberboa moschata, 712;
muricata, 3492 X .
Ambliripn, 1280.
Ambrosia artemisifolia, 77 X .
Amelanchier racemosa, 1194X.
Amendoeira, 3321 x .
American Aloe, 231; Aspen,
2757; Beech, 1202 X ; Black
Currant, 2959; Bladder-Nut,
3227 x ; Cowslip, 1063; Cran-
berry, Larger, 3425 X ; Elder,
3067 X ; Elm, 3409 X ; Fever-
few, 2477 X ; Frogbit, 1882 x ;
Grape, 2614 X ; Green Alder,
252 x ; Holly, 1639 x ; Horn-
beam, 673; Ipecac, 1338;
Laurel, 1733; Lotus, 2117;
Mint, 2035; Mountain- Ash,
3195; Pasque Flower, 284 x ;
Pennyroyal, 1437 ; Plane-
Tree, 2708; Turk's-Cap Lily,
1871 X ; Vetch, 3465 X ; Way-
faring Tree, 3460 X; White
Hellebore, 3440x;Wild
Mint, 2035 X.
Ames, F. L., 1563 X.
Amianthium muscaetoxicuin,
19 X , 3549 x .
Ammoniac Resin, 62 X .
Ammyrsine, 1835.
Amole, 751.
Amomis caryophyllata, 2626.
Amomophyflum, 3202.
Amomum Cardamomum,
1109X; magnificum, 2569;
Melegueta, 22; vittatum, 265.
Amoor Cork Tree, 2578.
Amorphophallus nivosus, 1071.
Ampelopsis Davidiana, 3490 X ;
dumetorum, 2478; Engel-
mannii, 2478 X ; Graebneri,
2478 X; hederacea, 2478 X;
Henryana, 2478 x ; hepta-
phylla, 2479; himalayana,
2479; hirsuta, 2478 x ; Hoggii,
2478 X ; inconstans, 2478 X ;
japonica, 2478 x; Lowii,
2479; macrophylla, 2478;
muralis, 2478 x ; pubescens,
2478 X ; quinquefoha, 2478 X ;
quinquefolia var. heptaphyl-
la, 2479; quinquefolia var.
latifolia, 2478; quinquefolia
var. radicantissima, 2478 X ;
quinquefolia var. vitacea,
2478; radicantissima, 2478 X ;
Roylei, 2478; Saint-Paulii,
2478 x; sempervirens, 776;
Thomsonii, 2479; tricuspi-
data, 2478 X; Veitchii, 2479;
Veitchii var. purpurea, 2479;
Veitchii var. robusta, 2478 x ;
virginiana, 2478 X ; Watsoni-
ana, 3565 X .
Amphiblemma cymosum, 2024.
Amra, 3217.
Amsonia ciliata, 1472.
Amulet Plant, Indian, 2862 X.
Amygdalopis Lindleyi, 2831 X.
Amygdalus argentea, 2832;
communis, 2832 x ; communis
var. persicoides, 2832 x ;
communis var. tangutica,
2845; glandulosa, 2834 X ;
incana, 2835; nana, 2832;
nana var. incana, 2835; nec-
tarina, 2833; orientalis, 2832;
pedunculata, 2831 X ; Per-
sica, 2832 x ; Persica var.
nucipersica, 2833; persi-
coides, 2832 X .
Amyris simplicifolia, 427.
Anacampseros Borderi, 3131 X .
Anacardiaceae, 48.
Anacardium occidentale, 48 X ,
2300.
Anacharis Alsinastrum, 1110 X ;
canadensis, lllOx.
Anacyclus Pyrethrum, 77.
Anagyris foetida, 42.
Anamirta Cocculus, 33 X .
Ananas sativus, 18 X .
Ananassa, 280.
Anastatica Hierochuntica, 36 X ,
2920.
Anatto, 55 X .
Anchistea, 3520.
Anchovy Pear, 1413X.
Anchusa officinalis, 69.
Ancistrochilus Thomsonianus,
2426 x .
Anda Assu, 1720 X; Gomesii,
1720 X .
Andreales, 7.
Andromeda acuminata, 1850 x ;
arborea, 2420; axillaris,
1850 X ; calyculata, 732; caly-
culata var. angustifolia, 732;
calyculata var. nana, 732;
campanulata, 1115; Candida,
3541 X; cassinifolia, 3541 X;
Catesbsei, 1850 x ; cernua,
1 1 15 x ; coriacea, 2622 X ;
coriacea rubra, 2622 X ; crispa,
732; dealbata, 3541 X ; fas-
tigiata, 681; ferruginea, 1935;
floribunda, 2622; formosa,
2622; glauca, 3451 X ; japon-
ica, 2622; ligustrina, 1935;
ligustrina var. pubescens,
1935; lucida, 2622 x ; mariana,
2622 x ; nitida, 2622 x ; ovali-
folia, 2622 x ; paniculata,1935;
parabolica, 1935; perulata,
1115; populifolia, 1850 X;
pulverulenta, 3541 X ; race-
mosa, 1850 X ; rhomboidalis,
1935; rigida, 1935; specipsa,
3541 X ; speciosa var. nitida,
3541 X ; speciosa var. viridis,
3541 X; tetragona, 681; to-
mentosa, 1935; vaccinioides,
732.
Andropogon, 15; avenaceus,
3198 x; halepensis, 1497;
muricatus, 3456; Sorghum,
1497; squarrosus, 3456.
Androsace uniflora, 1068; Vital-
iana, 1067 X .
Androsaemum officinale, 1632 X ;
Webbianum, 1632 X.
Anecphya (Nymphaea), 2310 X.
Aneilema medicum, 18 X .
Anemia, 1214; californica,
287 X.
Anemidictyon Phyllitidis,
284 X .
Anemiopsis californica, 287 x .
Anemone acutiloba, 1458; an-
gulosa, 1458 X ; Hepatica,
1458; Rose, 2997; Rue,
3296 x ; thalictroides, 3296 x ;
triloba, 1458.
Anemonella thalictroides,
3296 X , 3580.
Anemopaegma clematideum,
2651 X ; racemosum, 502 X .
Anethum graveolens 62 X ,
911X.
Angadenia nitida, 2320.
Angeleen Tree, 281.
Angelica, 911, 2748 X; Garden,
384; Tree, 344; Tree, Chin-
ese, 344; verticillaris, 3359.
Angel's Eyes, 3452 x ; Trumpet,
971.
Angico Gum, 2647.
Angiopteris, 1214.
Angola Calabash Nutmeg,
2062 x.
Angophora intermedia, 3565 X ;
lanceolata, 3565 x .
Angraccum antennatum,
1891 X; caudatum, 1891 x ;
Chailluanum, 1891 x ; dis-
tichum, 2096 X ; fragrans, 23;
funale, 2745 X ; Humblotii,
1962 x ; Leonis, 1962 x ; pel-
lucidum, 1891 X ; pertusum,
1891 x ; Pescat oreanum,
1891 x ; sesquipedale, 1962 x .
Angustifoliae (Seutella ri a),
3122 x .
Anhalonium Engelmannii,
391 X; Lewinii, 1915; pris-
maticum, 391 X ; Williamsii,
1915.
Animated Oats, 435 X .
Anisacanthus virgularis, 1730 X .
Anise, 911; Chinese, 1641; Star,
1641; Wood, 35 X.
Anisocarpus madioides, 1964.
Anisophyllum (Euphorbia),
1169.
Anisostichus capreolata, 503.
Annatto Dye, 510; -Tree, 510.
Annona, 34 x ; dolabripetala,
2975; longifolia, 1306 X ;
mucosa, 2975 X ; rhombipet-
ala, 1306 x ; triloba, 405 X :
uncinata, 398.
Annonaceae, 34 x .
Annuae (Veronica), 3451.
Annual Candytuft, 1635 x ,
1636; Marjoram, 2406 X;
Poinsettia, 1170.
Annunciation Lily, 1868X.
Anosctochilus, 2401 X ; Daw-
sonianus, 1427; Lowei,
1067 X ; Petola, 1962; Veitchi-
anus, 1962.
Anogra albicaulis, 2330 X .
Anomatheca corymbosa, 1821;
cruenta, 1821 x ; grandiflora,
1821 x ; juncea, 1821 x .
Anon, 294 x.
Anona Colorada, 294.
Anonas, 294.
Anonidium, 291.
Anonilla, 2976 X.
Anonymus aquaticus, 2655 X .
Anoplobatus (Rubus), 3024 X.
Ansellia, 2401 X .
Anthemis Aizoon, 206 X ; ara-
bica, 785; coronaria, 754 x ;
montana, 3071; nobilis, 77;
parthenoides, 2011.
Anthericum calif ornicum, 751;
Hookeri, 766 X ; Liliago,
2473 x ; Liliastrum, 2473 x ;
picturatum,751 X ;serotinum,
1896; variegatum, 751 X ; vit-
tatum, 751 X ; Williamsii,
751 X ; yedoense, 244 x .
Anthocerotales, 6x.
Antholyza revoluta, 1343; spi-
cata, 1345.
Anthoxanthum odoratum, 15.
Anthriscus Cerefolium, 62 X ,
911X.
Anthurium insigne, 2585.
Anthyllis Erinacea, 1133X;
Vulneraria, 41 X .
Antiaris toxicaria, 26 X .
Anticlea elegans, 3549 X .
INDEX
INDEX
3613
Antiphylla oppositifolia, 3102.
Antirrhinum Coulterianum,
1474: Cymbalaria, 1883 x;
Licaria, 1884; purpureum,
1884 X ; triornithophorum,
1884; various names, 3580.
Ant-Tree, 599.
Antwerp Hollyhock, 268 X .
Anychia argyrocoma, 2476.
Apache Beads, 287 X .
Apera arundinacea, 3242 X .
Aphelandra cristata, 1714;
Ghiesbreghtiana, 1715.
Aphelexis humUis, 1450 X .
Aphylax, 283 X .
Aphyllon, 1824 X .
Apicra albicans, 1434 x ; arach-
noides, 1435: attenuata,
1434: cymbzfolia, 1435; ex-
pansa, 1433 X ; fasciata, 1434;
margaritifera, 1434; margari-
tifera major, 1434; mirabilis,
1434 x; patula, 1434; pseu-
dorigida, 1433 X ; radula,
1434 X ; recurva, 1434 X ;
reticulata, 1435; retusa,
1434 x ; rigida, 1433 x ; tortu-
osa. 1433 x ; viscosa, 1433.
Apiifoliae (Crategus), 886 X.
Apios tuberosa, 41 X, 2300,
3580.
Apium graveolens, 62 X .
Apocarpiae (Nymphsea),
2310 x.
Apocynaceae, 67 X.
Apogon (Iris), 1675.
Aponogetonaceae, 13 X.
Aponogeton Family, 13 X .
Aposeris foetida, 1629.
Appalachian Tea, 3459 X .
Apple, Adam's, 3304; Alligator-,
293; Balsam, 2060; Bitter-,
780; Blade, 2547; Bloomless,
2871; Carib, 1306 x; Cas-
hew, 279 x; Chinese, 2873;
Chinese Flowering, 2873 X;
Custard-, 291, 294; Haw,
884 x ; History, 1513; Kei,
172: Love-, 1982 x, 2474;
M a m m e e-, 1975 X ; May,
2725 x; Melon, 908; Mon-
key-, 293; -of -Peru, 2140;
Otaheite-, 3216X; Para-
dise, 2870; Pond-, 293;
Prairie, 2849 x; Prairie
Crab-, 2877 x; Rose-, 1163;
-scented Gum, 1157; Star-,
767; Sugar-, 294; Thorn-,
970; Western Crab-, 2877 x;
Wild Balsam-, 1096; Wood-,
1219.
Appleseed, Johnny, 1563 X.
Apricot, Black, 2824 x; Japan-
ese, 2824 x; Plum, 2827;
Purple, 2824 X; Santo Do-
mingo, 1975 X; Siberian,
2824 x.
Aqua-auri, 38 X.
Aquif oliaeeae, 48 X .
Aquilaria Agallocha, 59.
Aquilegia akitensis, 3565 X .
Arabian Coffee, 823 X ; Jas-
mine, 1717; Primrose, 395 X.
Arabis Carduchorum, 1068 X .
Araca do Campo, 2848 X .
Araceae. 17.
Arachis hypogaea, 41 X , 2300.
Aragallus angustatus, 2421;
atropurpureus, 2421 ;de-
flexus, 2421 ; Lambertii, 2421 ;
patens, 2421 ; villosus, 2421 x .
Aralia Balfouriana, 2748: Cha-
brieri, 2746; concinna, 974 X ;
crassifolia, 2846; Deleauana,
274SX; elegantissima,
2746 X : filicifolia, 2748; fruti-
cosa, 2747 X : gracilina, 1062;
Guilfoylei, 2747 x ; japonica,
1204; latifolia, 2747 X ; Maxi-
mowiczii, 192 x ; monstrosa,
2748: nudicaulis, 62 x ; papy-
rifera, 1204; pentaphylla,
193; quinquefoUa, 2447 X;
regina, 1062 X ; reticulata,
2405x; Sciadophyllum,
3108 x; Sieboldii, 1204;
spectabilis, 2748; splendidis-
sima, 2748 X ; trifolia, 2447 x ;
Victoria, 2748; vitiensis,
3108 X.
Araliaceae, 62.
Arar-Tree, 631.
Araticti, 291, 2974 X ; do Brejo,
293; do Mato, 2977 x;
Mirim, 2977; Ponhe, 292 x .
Araujia albens, 2610; graveo-
lens, 2610, 3115 x ; hortorum,
2610; sericofera. 2610.
Arbol de las Horniigas, 599;
Hormiguero, 599.
Arbor, 2551.
Arbor cornigera, 599.
Arbutus mucronatus, 2555;
pilosa, 2555X; Trailing,
1120; Uya-ursi, 385 X.
Arceuthobium, 2595.
Archangelica hirsuta, 288; offic-
inalis, 911.
Archangel, Yellow, 1777.
Archelirion, 1870.
Archontophoenix, 2444 X .
Arctium Lappa, 77; minus, 77.
Arctocrania, 855.
Arctostaphylos alpina, 386 X ;
Uva-Ursi, 64.
Areca, 2445; alba, 1004 x ;
aurea, 1004 x ; Baueri, 2950;
Catechu, 16 x , 2300 X ; cri-
nita, 194; furfuracea, 1004 x ;
gigantea, 2626 X ; gracilis,
1078 X , 1084 x , 2626 X ;lutes-
cens, 753; monostachya,
441 X ; Nibung, 2348; olera-
cea, 2405; pumila, 2121; ru-
bra, 194, 1004 x ; sapida,
2950; speciosa, 1628 X ; tigil-
laria, 2348; Verschaffeltii,
1628 X.
Arenga mindorensis, 3049; sac-
charifera, 16 X , 2445.
Aretia spectabilis, 2788; Vita-
liana, 1067 x.
Argemony, 390 X.
Argentine Thistle, 2354.
Arguta (Acer), 202.
Argyreia capitata, 1846; splen-
dens, 3566.
ArgjTolobium Andre wsianum,
1357.
Aria Cham^emespilus, 3198;
Decaisneana, 3197; graeca,
3197; Hostii, 3198; nivea,
3197; suecica, 3197.
Arisaema maculatum, 17 X;
triphyllum, 17 X.
Aristolochiacese, 28.
Aristolocbia retieulata, 28 X ;
Serpentaria, 28 x .
Aristotelia Maqui, 52.
Arizona, 2269 X .
Arkansas, 2243.
Armeniaca brigantiaca, 2824 x ;
Mume, 2824 x; sibirica,
2824 x ; vulgaris, 2824.
Armeria alpina var. alba, 3229;
arborea, 3229 x; bella, 3229;
bracteata, 3229 X; bracteata
var. rubra, 3229 x ; caespitosa,
3229; caespitosa var. vera,
3229; cephalotes var. alba,
3229; cephalotes var. grandi-
flora, 3229; cephalotes var.
rubra, 3229; cephalotes var.
splendens, 3229; fasciculata,
3229; formosa var. alba,
3229 x ; formosa var. hybrida,
3229 X ; labradorica, 3229;
leucocephala, 3229 x ; leuco-
phylla, 3229 x : magellanica,
3229 x; majellensis, 3229;
maritima var. variegata,
3229; plantaginea var. alba,
3229; plantaginea var. gigan-
tea, 3229; plantaginea var.
grandiflora,3229; plantaginea
var. rosea, 3229; plantaginea
var. rubra, 3229; plantaginea
var. splendens, 3229; Wel-
witachii, 3229.
Armeriastrum dianthifolium,
192.
Armillaria mellea, 2086 X .
Armoracia rusticana, 2895 X .
Arnica Clusii, 1066 X ; japonica,
1859; montana, 77.
Arnold, Chas., 1564.
Aromo, 439.
Aronia densiflora, 3197; Will-
denowii, 3197.
Arpophyllum, 2401 X.
Arrack, 16 X .
Arrow Arum, 2536.
Arrowhead, 3048 X; Giant,
3048 X ; Old-World, 3049.
Arrowroot, Bermuda, 1995;
Family, 22 x ; Fiji, 3304 x;
Portland. 18.
Arrow-Wood, 3461 X .
Arroyo Willow, 3055.
Artanthe geniculata, 2646 X.
Artemisia Abrotanum, 912;
Absinthium, 77; Cina, 77;
Dracunculus, 912; tvulgaris,
77.
Artichoke, Chinese, 3220 x;
Japanese, 3220 x .
Artillery Plant, 2623.
Artocarpus incisa, 26; odora-
tissima, 1994.
Art Pumpkin, 2060.
Arum Arisarum, 392 X ; Arrow,
2536; bicolor, 615; crinitum,
1450X; Dragon, 391 x ;
Family, 17; Hairy, 1450 X;
maculatum, 17 X ; Root,
False, 3320 X; sagittifolium,
3523; tenuifolium, 500;
Water, 627 X.
Arundo Donax, 15.
Asafetida, 63, 1228 X .
Asarabacca, 403 x .
Asamm canadense, 28 X .
Asclepiadaceae, 67 X .
Asclepias gigantea, 637; pro-
cera, 637; tuberosa, 68.
Ascomycetes, 5 X , 2088 X .
Ash, American Mountain-,
3195; Black, 1276 X; Blue,
1276 X ; European Moun-
tain-, 3195 X ; Green, 1275 X ;
-leaved Maple, 204x;
Prickly, 3537 x ; Red, 1275 x ;
Wafer, 2851; Water, 1276;
White, 1275 X.
Aaimina costaricensis, 938; tri-
loba, 34 x.
Asparagopsis, 406 X .
Asparagus Bean, 3469 X ; Fern,
1218; officinalis, 19 X.
Aspasia, 2401 X .
Aspen, 2753 X ; American, 2757;
European, 2756 X ; Large-
toothed, 2757.
Aspemla cilia ta, 902 X ; glomer-
ata, 902 x; odorata, 74 x.
Asphodel, Bog-, 2113x;
Branching, 412 x.
Asphqdelus luteus, 412.
Aspidium, 1217x; acrosti-
choides, 2749; aculeatum,
2749 x; Boottii, 1079 x;
cristatum, 1079 x; Filix-
mas, 1079 x ; Goldieanum,
1709 x; Lonchitis, 2749;
marginale, 1079 x ; munitum,
2749; noveboracense, 1079;
spinulosum, 1079 X ; Thelyp-
teris, 1079.
Asplenium, 1217; arboreum,
1019; decussatum, 629 x ;
latifolium, 1019; Nidus, 2122;
Shepherdii, 1019.
Asprella Hystrix, 1634 X.
Assafoetida disgunensis, 1228 X .
Assad Palm. 1176 X.
Asses' Thistle, 2354.
Assonia, 1065 X.
Aster albescens, 2047 X ; altai-
cus, 627 x ; Beach, 1133; Bel-
lidiastrum, 485 x ; capensis,
1205 x ; hispidus, 1480; incis-
sus, 627 x; petiolatus,
1205x; rotundif olius,
1205 x ; Stokes', 3245; Tree-,
2333 x; umbellatus, 1019 X.
Asteracantha longifolia, 73 X .
Asteriscus pygmseus, 2820 X.
Asterostigma Luschnathianum,
3233 X.
Astragalus gummifer, 42; ten-
nesseensis, 1471 X.
Astrapza tiliafolia, 1065 X;
Wallichii, 1066.
Astrophytum my riostigma,
1092 x.
Asystasia gangetica, 73 X.
Ataccia cristata, 3304 X .
Atalantia buxifolia, 3158 x;
glauca, 1127 X; Hindsii,
1270; missionis, 2446 X.
Atamasco Lily, 3542.
Atamosco, 3541 X.
Athamanta Meum, 2045 X.
Athanasia annua, 1903 x .
Athenian Poplar, 2757 X .
Atherosperma moschatum,
35.
Athyrium Goringianum var.
pictum, 415 X.
Afis, 294X.
Atragene alpina, 792; ameri-
cana, 792; sibirica, 792 X.
Atrageneae (Clematis). 792.
Atriplex hortensis, 29.
Atropa Belladonna, 70 x ; Man-
dragora, 1982 x ; physalodes,
2140.
Atta,294x.
Attalea, 2445; amygdalina,
2016; Cohune, 2300 x ; funi-
fera, 2300 X ; Maripa, 2016.
Atte, 294 X .
Atuketiya, 3527 X .
Aubergine, 1101 x , 3182 X.
Aucuparia (Sorbus), 3195.
Aulizeum, 1118.
Auricula lutea, 2787 X.
Australes (Pinus), 2642 X.
AustraUan Beech, 1152 X ; Blue-
bell Creeper, 3189; Brush
Cherry, 1163; Daisy-Bush,
2334; Desert Kumquat,
1127 x; Gray Box, 1153 x;
Pea, 1065; Rye-Grass,
1902 x; Sword Lily, 290;
Violet, 3473.
Austrian Briar, 2995 X; Briar,
Copper, 2995 X; Pine, 2641.
Autumn Aconite, 210 X ; Adonis,
221; Crocus, 824 x; Snow-
flake, 1849; Squill, 3117X.
Ava, 24. 2646 X.
Avena flavescens, 3384.
Averrhoa acida, 2606 X.
Avery, Robert, 1564.
Avocat, 2556.
Avocato, 2556.
Awnless Brome-Grass, 578 X .
Axilliflorae (Saxifraga), 3089.
Ayer Ayer, 1818 X.
Ayrshire Rose, 2987.
Azadiracht a indica, 2025.
Azalea alba, 2943 X; albiflora,
2941; Albrechtii, 2944 x;
amosna, 1439 x , 2944 X ; arbo-
rescens, 2942; aurantiaca,
2942; austrina, 3571; bal-
saminaeflora, 2944; calendu-
lacea, 2942; californica,
2941 X; calyciflora, 2944 x;
canadensis, 2943; Candida,
2945; canescens, 2942;
Champions, 2945; crispi-
flora, 2944; dahurica, 2938 X ;
Danielsiana, 2944; dilatata,
2945 x ; Ecckhautei, 2945 x ;
Farrera?, 2945 X ; Flame-col-
ored, 2942; gandavensis,
2942 x ; hispida, 2942; indica,
2944; indica var. alba, 2944;
indica var. calycina, 2944;
indica var. lateritia, 2944;
japonica, 2942 x ; japonica
alba grandiflora Van Noordt,
2944; kamtschatica, 2946 x;
ledifolia, 2943 X ; ledifolia
Noordtiana, 2944; ledifoUa
var. phoenicea, 2944; liliiflora,
2943 X ; linearifolia, 2946 x ;
lutea, 2942; macrantha,
2944; macrosepala, 2946 x;
mollis, 2942 X; Mortieriana,
2942 X ; myrtifolia, 2947;
narcissiflora, 2944; nudinora,
2942; obtusa, 2944 X ; obtusa
alba, 2944 x ; occidentalis,
2941 x ; ovata, 2947; pontica,
2942 x; procumbens, 1902;
punicea, 2944; rhombica,
2943 x; Rollissonii, 2944;
rosiflora, 2944; rosmarini-
folia, 2943x; Schlippen-
bachii, 2943 X ; semibarbata,
2947 X ; serpyllifolia, 2947 X ;
sinensis, 2942 X; Smooth,
2942; speciosa, 2942; squa-
mata, 2945 X ; sublanceolata,
2947 x ; Tschonoskii, 2947 X ;
Vaseyi, 2943; viscosa, 2942;
yodogawa, 2943 X .
Vol. I, pp. 1-602; II, pp. 603-1200; III, pp. 12O1-1760; IV, pp. 1761-S422; V, pp. gySS-3041; VI, pp. SO4S-S6S9.
3614
INDEX
INDEX
Azaleastrum albiflorum, 2941.
Azaleodendron, 2941.
Babci, 232 x .
Babies' Breath, 283 X; Slip-
pers, 1917 X .
Baby Blue-Eyes, 2121; Orchid,
2322 X ; Primrose, 2796.
Baby's Breath, 1312, 1422 X.
Bachang, 1984 X .
Bachelor's Button, 711, 1355;
White, 2907 X ; Yellow, 2909.
Bacopa Monnieria, 1477 X .
Bacteria, 4.
Bactris, 2445.
Badiera acuminata, 2739.
Bael Fruit, 222 x.
Baeria coronaria, 213 X .
Baguilumbang, 245 X .
Bahia lanata, 1135.
Bairnwort, 486.
Bakeapple-Berry, 3023 X .
Balantium, 1209 X.
Bald Cypress, 3314 X.
Balfouriame (Pinus), 2639 X.
Balisier, 1451.
Balloon Flower, 2711; -Vine,
661 X.
Balm, 911, 2027; Bee-, 2061;
Field, 2130x; Fragrant,
2061; Molucca, 2059 x; of
Gilead, 2763; of Gilead Fir,
173 X.
Balocanad, 245 X.
Balsa, 2319.
Balsam, 1418; -Apple, 2060;
-Apple, Wild, 1096; Canada,
12 x; Canadian, 174; Fam-
ily, 50 X; Fir, 173 x; Gar-
den, 997, 1642 x ; Mecca,
45 X; Night, 3532 X; of
Copaiba, 42; of Fir, 174; of
Tolu, 42; Pear, 2060; Peru,
1418; Poplar, 2762 x; Sea-
side, 902; She, 174; Star,
3532 X.
Balsamea, 3538 X .
Balsamina coccinea, 1642 x ;
hortensis, 1642 x.
Balsaminaceae, 50 X .
Balsamita vulgaris, 757.
Balucanag, 245 X.
Bamboo Brier, 3174; Giant,
3342 X; Palm, 2910 X.
Banana, Abyssinian, 2077;
Baracoa, 2078 x ; Chinese
Dwarf, 2078; Chotda, 2078 X ;
Cooking, 2078 X ; Dwarf
Jamaica, 2078; Family, 21 x ;
Golden Early, 2078 X; Jap-
anese, 2078 X ; Lady Finger,
2078 X ; Letondal, 2078 X ;
Red Jamaica, 2078 X ; Red
Spanish, 2078 X ; Shrub, 2046.
Bancroft, George, 1564.
Bandura Zingalensium, 2124.
Baneberry, 212; Red, 212 X .
Banksianse (Rosa), 2988 X.
Banks' Rose, 2988 X.
Bankul Oil, 245.
Banucalag, 245 X .
Banyan Tree, 1233 X .
Baobab Tree, 2 14 x.
Baptisia nepalensis, 2647.
Baracoa Banana, 2078 X .
Barbacenia gracilis, 966.
Barbadine, 2481 X .
Barbadoes Aloes, 255 x ;
Gooseberry, 2547.
Barbados Cherry, 1973;
Flower-Fence, 613; Lily,
1493; Nut, 1720; Pride, 613.
Barberry Family, 33; Fig,
2363.
Barilla, 3050.
Barkeria elegans, 1118 X ; Lind-
leyana, 1118X; Skinneri,
1 1 18 X ; spectabilis, 1 1 18 x .
Bark, Georgia, 2626 X .
Barley, 1500; -Grass, 1500.
Barnardia japonica, 3118 X;
scilloides, 3117x.
Barrel Gentian, 1326 X ; Palm,
2810.
Barren Strawberry, 3486;
-wort, 205 X .
Barry, Patrick, 1564; W. C.,
3554.
Bartonia aurea, 2037, 3582;
decapetala, 2037.
Bartram, John, 1564 X .
Barwood, 453.
Baryxylum dubium, 2536 X ;
inerme, 2536 X .
Basella alba, 31; Family, 30 X ;
variegata, 3306 X .
Basellacese, 30 X.
Basidiomycetes, 5 X , 2087 X .
Basil, 91 IX, 2863.
Basilima Lindleyana, 3193 X ;
sorbifolia, 3193 X.
Basket Flower, 712 x, 1627 X ;
Oak, 2886 X .
Bassia latifolia, 2300 X.
Basswood, 3345 X ; Family, 52.
Bastard Box Tree, 1155; In-
digo, 275 X; Pennyroyal,
3377; Sandalwood, 2090 x ;
Speedwell, 3449 X .
Batatas edulis, 1662; Jalapa,
1662.
Batemannia, 2401 X ; Burtii,
1615; meleagris, 1615.
Batidaa, 3021.
Batodendron (Vaccinium),3422.
Batoko Plum, 1241.
Batrachium hederaceum,
2906 X.
Bauno, 1985.
Bayberry, 2093, 2626.
Bay, Bull, 1968, 2556; -Leaf
Willow, 3052; Red, 2556;
Rose, 2139; -rum Tree, 2626;
Swamp, 1967 X ; Sweet, 1827,
1967 x; White, 1967 X.
Beach Aster, 1133; -Grass,
274 X; Heather, 1613; Palm,
441; Pea, 1826; Plum, 2831;
Wormwood, 399 X .
Beadle, D.W., 1565.
Bead-Plant, 2139 x; -Tree,
1107, 2024 X.
Beam-Tree, White, 3197.
Bean, Adzuki, 2575 X ; Aspara-
gus, 3469 X; Broad, 3464 X ;
-Caper, Syrian, 3551X;
Castor, 2965 x; Civet, 2577;
Coffee, 1352; Common,
2576 x; Dutch Case-Knife,
2576; English Dwarf, 3464 X ;
Goa, 2849; Horse, 3464 X;
Hyacinth, 1065; Indian
684 x; Jumping, 829; Kid-
ney, 2576 X; Lima, 2577;
Magothy Bay, 680 X ; Met-
calf, 2575; Mexican Jumping,
3124; Moth, 2575; Mung,
2575 X ; Rice, 2575 X ; Scar-
let Runner, 2576; Screw,
2811; Sieva, 2577; Soja, 1352;
Soy, 1352; -Tree, 1763; Va-
nilla, 3434; Velvet, 3243;
Wild, 310X; Windsor,
3464 x ; Yam, 2425 X .
Bearberry, 385 x ; Blueberry,
3424; Oak, 2884 X.
Beard-Grass, 282; -Grass, Sil-
ver, 282 X ; -Tongue, 2539.
Bear's Breech, 194 X ; -ear
Primrose, 2794; -foot Fern,
1614.
Beatonia, 3345.
Beaucarnea glauca, 2147 X ;
gracilis, 2147 X ; guatemalen-
sis, 2147 X; Hookeri, 2148;
longifolia, 2147 X ; oedipus,
2147 X ; Purpusi, 2147 X ;
recurvata, 2147 X ; recurvata
stricta, 2147 X; strict a,
2147 X; tuberculata, 2147 x.
Beauty of Glazenwood, 2987 X .
Beaver Tree, 1967 X .
Bebeeru Wood , 35 X .
Beccabunga (Veronica), 3451 X.
Bedding Geranium, 2531;
Pansy, 3474.
Bedstraw, 1311 X; Great
Hedge, 1312; Ladies',
1311 x; Northern, 1311 X;
White, 1312; Yellow, 1311 X.
Bee-Balm, 442 x, 2061; Lark-
spur, 977; Orchis, 2356;
-Plant, Rocky Mountain, 799.
Beech, American, 1202 X ; Aus-
tralian, 1152 X; Blue, 673;
European, 1202 x ; Family,
25 X ; -drop, 1824 X ; Fern,
2577 X.
Beefsteak Geranium, 469.
Beef wood, 683 X.
Beet, Chilian, 496 X; -Leaf,
496 X ; Sea-Kale, 496 X ; Sici-
lian, 496 X ; Spinach, 496 X .
Beethovenia cenfera, 726.
Beetle-weed, 1310.
Beet-root, 269 x , 496.
Beggarweed, Florida, 991.
Begonia Family, 57 X ; Trail-
ing, 776 X.
Begoniaceffi, 57 X .
Beleric Myrobalan, 3322.
Belgaum Walnut, 245 X .
Belgian Elm, 3412.
Belladonna, 70 x , 428; Lily, 271.
Bella sombra, 2614 x .
Bellflower, 642; Chilean, 1820;
Chinese, 176 x, 2/11; Fam-
ily, 76; Giant, 2414x; Jap-
anese, 2711.
Bell-flowered Squill, 3117x;
Heather, 1130X; Isle Cress,
454; -wort, 3419 X.
Bellyache Bush, 1719 X.
Belou Marmelos, 222 X.
Belvedere, 1755 X.
Ben, 2067 X .
Bencaode Deos, 178 X.
Bene, 3157.
Bengal C.offee, 823 X; Kino,
601; Rose, 2988.
Benincasa hispida, 76.
Benjamin Bush, 487.
Benne Oil, 72, 3157.-
Ben-nuts, 2068.
Bent-Grass, Brown, 241; Fine,
240 X ; Purple, 617.
Benthamia fragifera, 855; ja-
ponica, 854 x .
Benthamidia, 854 X.
Berberidacese, 33.
Berberine, 33.
Berberis aggregata, 3566;
amurensis var. japonica,
3566; Aquifolium, 1970 X ;
Aquifolium var. fascicularis,
1970 X; arguta, 1971; atro-
carpa, 3566; Bealii, 1971;
brevipaniculata, 3566; bre-
vipes, 1971; Fortunei, 1971;
Fremontii, 1971; gracilis,
1971; hsematocarpa, 1971;
heterophylla, 1971; Hookeri,
3566; Hutchinsonii, 1971;
japonica, 1971; Julianae,
3566; Knightii, 3566; levis,
3566; macrophylla, 3566;
nana, 1970 X ; nepalensis,
1971; nervosa, 1971; pallida,
1971; pinnata, 1970 X; pu-
mila, 1971; Regeliana, 3500;
repens, 1970 X ; rotundifolia
Herveyi, 1970 X; Sargen-
tiana, 3566, 3582; tenuifolia,
1971; Thunbergii, 1439 X;
toluacensis, 1971; trifoliata,
1971; trifoliolata, 1971 X ; tri-
furca, 1971; vulgaris, 33,
1439 X ; Wallichiana, 3566,
3582; Wallichiana var. lati-
folia, 3566; Wilcoxii, 1971 X ;
xanthoxylon, 3566.
Berckmans, P. J., 1565.
Bergamot, 784 x; Mint, 2035;
Wild, 2061.
Bergenia ciliata, 3086 X ; cordi-
folia, 3086; crassifolia, 3086;
Fortune!, 3093 X ; ligulata,
3086; Milesii, 3086 X ; orbicu-
laris, 3086; ornata, 3086 X;
§urpurascens , 3086;
chmidtii, 3086 X Stracheyi,
3086 X.
Berkheya membranif olia,
3244 X ; purpurea, 3244 X ;
Radula, 3244 X .
Bermuda Arrow-root, 1995;
Buttercup, 2418 X ; Easter
Lily, 1867 X; -Grass, 939 X.
Berrya, 494.
Berseem, 3379.
Bertholletia excelsa, 59 X,
2300 X
Bertolonia guttata, 1395; Le-
grelleana, 1395; longifolia,
3056 X ; margaritacea, 1395,
3056 X iprimuteflora, 2062 X.
Beschorneria floribunda, 1305;
multiflora, 1305 X .
Besleria inodora, 581 X
Bessey, C. E., 3554.
Beta vulgaris, 29.
Betel, 2646 X ; Nut, 387 X , 388.
Bethlehem Sage, 2857.
Betonica carnea, 3221; grandi-
flora, 3219; grandiflora ro-
busta, 3219; grandiflora
superba, 3219 X ; incana,
3219; nivea, 3219 X ; officina-
lis, 3219; orientalis, 3219 x ;
rosea, 3219; rubra, 3221;
spicata, 3219; spicata rc-
busta, 3219; superba, 3219 X ;
superba alba, 3219 X.
Betony, 3219; Wood, 2524 x.
Betula alba var. japonica,
3566 X; albo-sinensis, 3566;
albo-sinensis var. septentrio-
nalis, 3566; Bhojpattra, 25;
japonica, 3566 X ; japonica
var. mandschuria, 3566 X ;
japonica var. szechuanica,
3566 X ; papyrifera, 25; pen-
dula var. Tauschii, 3566 X ;
Potaninii, 3566; utilis var.
Prattii,3o66; utilis var. sinen-
sis, 3566; Wilsonii, 3566.
Betulacese, 25.
Bhang, 26 X.
Bichea acuminata, 2301 X.
Bicuculla, 1001 X.
Bidens atrosanguinea, 862; dah-
lioides, 862; ferutefolia,
1474 X .
Bifrenaria, 2401 X.
Bigarreau Cherry, 2838.
Big-bud Hickory, 677 X .
Bignay, 304.
Bignonia adenophylla, 1480 X ;
sequinoctialis, 936 ; sesculi-
folia, 3303 X; alba, 2651 X ;
buccinatoria, 2568 X ; callis-
tegioides, 806 ; C h e r e r e ,
2568 x ; chinensis, 651 X ;
echinata, 2651 X ; Family,
71 X ; Fraseri, 1939 X ; jas-
minoides, 2452; Kerere,
2568 X ; leucoxyla, 3303; leu-
oxylon, 3303; Lindleyi, 806;
pallida, 3303; Pandora?, 2452;
picta, 806; purpurea, 806;
radicans, 651 X ; speciosa, 806;
Tweediana, 1939 x ; venusta,
2865; Yellow, 3317.
Bignoniacese, 71 X .
Big Shellbark-Hickory, 678;
-Tree Plum, 2828; Tree,
Weeping, 3154; Trees of Cali-
fornia, 3153 x.
Bikue, 3528.
Bikukulla, 1001X.
Bilberry, 3421, 3424 X ; Bog,
3424; Dwarf, 3424.
Bilimbi, 435 X .
Billbergia bivittata, 903; Caro-
lina;, 388 X; fasciata, 222;
olens, 388 X ; Quesneliana,
2891 x; rhodocyanea, 222;
sphacelata, 1412; tinctoria,
18 x ; variegata, 2121 x ;
vittata, 903.
Billion-dollar Grass, 1096.
Bilsted, 1889 x.
Biltia Vaseyi, 2943.
Bimlipitam Jute, 1485.
Bindweed, 838 X.
Binjai, 1984 X.
Biota orientalis, 3336 X .
Birch, Black, 497 X ; Canoe,
499; Cherry, 497 X; Family,
25; -leaved Poplar, 2758;
Paper, 499; Red, 497X;
River, 497 X ; Sweet, 497 X;
West Indian, 600 X ; White,
498; Yellow, 498.
Bird Cactus, 2524 x ; Cherry,
European, 2843; Flower,
1481; -Foot Violet, 3474 X ;
Grape, 3484 X ; -lime, 27 x ;
of Paradise, 613; -of-Para-
dise Flower, 3271 X .
Bird's-Eye Maple, 49 x ; Eyes,
3452 X ; -foot Trefoil, 1917 X ;
-nest Fern, 414; -nest Moss,
2920 X ; -nest Orchid, 2122.
Biriba, 2974 X , 2976.
Birthroot, 3380 X ; -wort, 392 X ;
-wort Family, 28.
Bish,209x.
Bishop's-Cap, 2058.
Bistort, 2742.
Bistorta, 28 x ; officinalis, 2742.
Bitter Aloes, 255 x ; -Apple,
780; Cassava, 1991 X ; Dock,
3037; -nut, 676 X; Pecan,
676 x ; -Root, 1851 X ; -sweet,
3186; -sweet, False, 701;
Vetch, 3466; -wood, Smaller,
3526 X.
INDEX
INDEX
3615
Bixa Family, 55 X; Orellana,
55x.
Bixacese, 55 X .
Black Alder, 253 X, 1640 X;
Ap-icot, 2824 X ; Ash, 1276 X ;
Bamboo, 447; Bead, 2652;
Birch, 497 X; Bitter Vetch,
1826 x ; Blood, 1937 X ; Box,
Ilo3; Boys, 3522; Bryony,
3309; Caladium, 830; Calla,
402 x ; Cherry, Wild, 2S42 X ;
Chokeberry, 396 X ; Cosmos,
862; Cottonwood, 2762, 2764;
Currant, American, 2959;
Currant, Californian, 2959;
Currant, European, 2959;
Currant, Swamp, 2960 X ;
Gum, 2316 X; Haw, 3459 x;
Italian Poplar, 2761 X ; Jack,
2885: Lily, 1282; Locust, 2967;
Mangrove. 436; Maple, 203;
Medick, 2019 x ; Mint, 2035;
Mulberry, 2071; Mustard,
544 x ; Nightshade, 3182;
Oak, 2883 x , 2884; Oak, Cal-
ifornian, 2884; Pea, 1826 x;
Pepper, 2646 X; Pine, Jap-
anese, 2642; Poplar, 2757 x;
Salsify, 3121; Sloe, 2830 x;
Snakeroot, 3070; Spruce,
2619 x; Sumac, 2954; Wal-
nut, 1722 x; Wattle, 188;
Wattle, Sydney, 188; Willow,
3052.
Blackberry, Cut-leaved,
3030 x ; Evergreen, 3030 x ;
history, 1516; Lily, 485; Ore-
gon Everbearing, 3030 X ;
Running, 3032; Sand, 3031 X ;
Wild Thornless, 3031 X.
Blackbutt, 1155 X; -cap, Com-
mon, 3028x; -eyed Pea,
3469 x ; -eyed Susan, 3034 X ,
3338x; -thorn, 2825x;
-throated Calla, 3536; -wood
Acacia, 185X.
Bladder Campion, 3165 X ;
Catchfly, 3165 X ; Cherry,
2608 X ; Ketmia, 1484 X ;
-Xut, 3227: -Nut, American,
3227 x; -Nut Family, 49;
Senna, 834; -wort, 3417 X;
-wort Family, 73.
Blade Apple, 2547.
Blandfordia cordata, 1310.
Blattaria (Verbascum), 3442 x.
Blattarioidea (Verbascum),
3443 X.
Blazing-Star, 733, 1852 x , 2037,
3385.
Blechnum, 1214.
Bleeding-Heart, 1001 X .
Blehparis edulis, 73 X .
Blessed Thistle, 806, 3169.
Bletia, 2401 X ; Tankervilliae,
2570.
Bletilla, 2401 X.
Blind Gentian, 1326 X .
Blinding Tree, 1189.
Blinking Chickweed, 2065.
Blinks, 2065.
Blitum Bonus-Henricus, 737;
capitatum, 737.
Blood Drops, 2017 X; Lily,
1425 X ; -root, 3069 X ; -wood,
1152: -wood, Mountain,
1152 x.
Bloomless Apple, 2871.
Blue Aloe, 233; Amaryllis,
1413 x, 1494; Ash, 1276 x;
Bamboo, 449; Beech, 673;
-bell, 642, 3116; -bell, Cali-
fornia, 2566 X ; -bell Creeper,
Australian, 3189; -bells, 2039;
Bells of Scotland, 649 X;
-bottle, 711 X; Cohosh, 695;
Couch-Grass, 939 X; Curls,
3377: Daisy, 1205 x; Dawn-
Flower, 1660; -eyed Grass,
3171; Fescue, 1228x; Gen-
tian, 1323 x ; Grape, 3489 x ;
Grass, Canada, 2723x;
-Grass, English, 2723x;
-Grass, Kentucky, 2723 X ;
-Grass, Texas, 2723 X ; Gum,
1153 x; Gum, Dwarf, 1154;
Huckleberry, 1320; Jack,
2890; -Joint, 617; -leaved
Wattle, 184 x ; Lotus, 2310 X ,
2311; Lupine, 1923; Margue-
rite, 1205 x; Myrtle, 3471;
Oxalis, 2475 X ; Palm, 1140 X ,
3045 -Palmetto, 2926; Spirea,
679; Squill, Common, 3117.
Blueberry, Bear, 3424; Canada,
3423; Downy Swamp, 3423;
Hairy, 3424; High-Bush,
3423; Low, 3423 X; Swamp,
3423.
Bluet, 711 X, 1611; Mountain,
712 X.
Board publications, 1553.
Boat Orchid, 289 X .
Boehmeria nivea, 26 X .
Bog- Asphodel, 2113X; Bil-
berry, 3424; -Gardening,
2666 X.
Bohea Amherstiana, 526.
Bois d'Ecorce, 3527 X ; de fer,
3221 X ; -not, 293.
Bokhara Clover, 2026.
Bolboxalis cernua, 2418 X.
Boldea, 2565 X.
Boldo, Chilean, 2565 X.
Boldoa fragrans, 2565 X .
Bolelia, 1068.
Boletus, 2088.
Bolle's Poplar, 2756.
Bolusafra, 1201.
Bolusanthus speciosus, 1904.
Bombacaceae, 53.
Bombax Family, 53; Gos-
sypium, 2016 x ; guineense,
700; pentandrum, 700.
Bonapartea filament osa, 238;
flagelliformis, 238 x ; glauca,
238 X, 966; gracilis, 966; his-
trix, 238 X; juncea, 238 X;
juncea rigidifolia, 238 X;
rigida, 238 X; rigidifolia,
238 X; robusta, 238 x;
striata, 238 X ; striata pul-
verulenta, 238 X ; stricta,
238 X ; tenuif olia, 238 X .
Bonatea speciosa, 1424.
Bone Flower, 486; -set, 1164;
-set, Upland, 1167; -wort,
486.
Bongardia Rauwolfii, 1839 X.
Books, 1520 X.
Boot-jack Bur, 500.
Boottia, 14 X .
Borage, 911 X ; Family, 69.
Boraginaceae, 69.
Borago officinalis, 69, 911 X.
Boraphila, 3092.
Borassus flabelliformis, 16 X ;
Sonnerati, 1899 x .
Boretta cantabrica, 950; can-
tabrica rosea, 950.
Boschniakia, 1824 X.
Bosia, 526.
Bossekia, 3021; deliciosa,
3024 X ; odorata, 3024 x ;
parviflora, 3024 X.
Boston Ivy, 2478 X .
Boswellia Carteri, 45 X .
Bothriocline Schimperi var.
tomentosa, 1136.
Botryanthus, 2080 X .
Botryodendrum Sinclairii, 2040.
Bottle-Brush, 630, 2044; -brush
Grass, 1634x; Gentian,
1326x; Gourd, 1774 x ;
Palm, 2810: -Tree,3239x.
Bottom Shellbark-Hickory,
678.
Boucerosia campanulata, 660 X ;
Simonis, 661.
Bougueria, 2656 X .
Bouncing Bet, 3075.
Bourbon Aloe, 1903 X; Lily,
1868 X; Rose, 2988 X; Tea,
23.
Bourdon, 2911.
Bower Plant, 2452; Brazilian,
216 X.
Bowman's Root, 1338.
Bowstring Hemp, 3070.
Box, Australian Gray, 1153X;
-berry, 1319; Black, 1153;
Brisbane, 3384; Elder, 204 X ;
-leaved Milkwort, 2738;
Poplar, 1152X; Red,
1152 X; -Thorn, 1929 X;
Tree, Bastard, 1155; Vic-
torian, 2654; White, 1153X;
Yellow, 1158 X.
Boykinia occidentalis, 1475.
Brabeium stellatifolium, 27.
Brachyacanthae (Crataegus),
886x.
Brachyanthte (Salvia), 3062 x.
Brachycarpse (Pachira),
2423 X.
Brachyceras (Nymphaea),
2310 x.
Brachychiton a ceri folium,
3239 x ; Bidwillii, 3239; Greg-
o r i i , 3239 X ; populneum,
3239 X.
Brachyloma erianthum, 1706.
Bracken, 2851 X.
Brackett, G. B., 3554; G. C.,
1565X.
Bracteatae (Rosa), 2996 X.
Bradburya virginiana, 714.
Bradleia, 2606; frutescens,
3518.
Brahea armata, 1140X ; edulis,
1140X; filamentosa, 3507;
filifera, 3507; glauca, 1140 X ;
Roezlii, 1140X.
Brain Cactus, 2525.
Brake, Cliff, 2535; Rock-, 903 X .
Brakes, 2851 X.
Bramble, 3021; fruits, history,
1515 X .
Bramia, 1477 X.
Branching Asphodel, 412 X.
Brasiletto, 612 x.
Brassaiopsis, 1438 X.
Brassavoia, 2401 X ; Digbyana.
1770 x; glauca, 1770 x.
Brassia,2401X.
Brassica, 36X; pekinensis,
3582; Pe-tsai, 3582.
Brauneria angustifolia, 1088;
purpurea, 1088.
Brayodendron texanum, 1015 X .
Brazil Cress, 3205 X ; -Nut, 494;
Rubber, 1482 x.
Brazilian Bower-Plant, 216 X;
Guava, 2848X; Morning-
Glpry, 1661.
Braziline, 42.
Bread-and-cheeses, 2652; -But,
579; -Fruit, 401 X ; -root,
Indian, 2849 X; -root, Mis-
souri, 2849 X.
Breath of Heaven, 214 X .
Breck, Joseph, 1566.
Breiapfelbaum, 3073 X.
Breynia fruticosa, 281 X ;
nivosa, 2606.
Briar, Austrian, 2995 X; Cop-
per Austrian, 2995 X .
Bridal Rose, 3029.
Bride, The, 286 X .
Bridgesia spicata, 1127.
Bridgeman, Thomas, 1566.
Brier, Bamboo, 3174; Cat-,
3174 X; False China, 3175;
Horse-, 3174; Rose, 3029;
Saw-, 3174 X ; Sensitive, 3115.
Brinckle, W. D., 1566.
Brisbane Box, 3384; Lily,
1175X.
Bristly Sarsaparilla, 344 x.
British Columbia, 573 X .
Brittle Willow, 3052.
Briza geniculata, 1126.
Brizopyrum siculum, 991.
Broad Bean, 3464 X ; -leaved
Garden Anemone, 285 X ;
-leaved Ironbark, 1152 X ;
-leaved Wattle, 184x;
-Thorn Acacia, 599.
Brodiaea coccinea, 558 X ; uni-
flora, 3384 X ; volubilis, 3278.
Brome-Grass, 578 X ; Awnless,
578 X ; Schrader's, 579.
Bromelia exsudans, 1395; longi-
folia, 3272 x ; Pinguin, 18 X ;
Eframidalis, 504; sphace-
ta, 1412; variegata, 2121;
zebrina, 503 X .
Bromeliaceae, 18.
Bromus pratensis, 1228 X .
B-r o o m , 946 X ; Butcher's,
3037 x ; Climbing Butcher's,
3142 X; -corn, 1497; -corn
Millet, 2452 x ; Crowberry,
844; Leafless Rush-, 3470 x;
Pink, 2291; -Rape, 1824 X,
2409 x; Scotch, 948; Sedge,
282 X ; Spanish, 3201 X ; Wat-
tel, 181 X.
Brosimum Alicastrum, 2300 X.
Broughtonia, 2401 X.
Browallia Jamesonii, 3276.
Brown Bent, 241; -flowered
Shrub, 2046; Mustard, 544 x .
Brown, J. G., 1566 X.
Brugmansia, 970; arborea, 971;
cornucopia, 971; Knightii,
971.
Bruisewort, 486.
Brunella, 3583.
Bruner, T. K., 1566 X.
Brunfelsia americana, c a I y -
cina, eximia, floribunda, ma-
crantha, pubescens, 3574.
Brunia Family, 39 X .
Bruniaceae, 39 X .
Brunsvigia ciliaris, 599 X ; toxi-
caria, 599 X.
Bryales, 7.
Bryant, Arthur, 1567.
Bryanthus Breweri, 2607 X ;
caeruleus, 2607 x ; empetri-
formis, 2607 X ; erectus,
2607 x; glanduliflorus,
2607 x ; taxif olius, 2607 X .
Bryonia alba, 76; punctata,
2033 x ; scabrella, 2034.
Bryony, 583 X ; Black, 3309.
Bryophyta, 6.
Bucare, 1142.
Buchnera canadensis, 3446 X .
Buchu, 44 X , 454 X .
Buckbean, 2037; -berry, 1320.
Buckeye, 226; California, 227;
Mexican, 3414; Ohio, 227 x;
Red, 228; Sweet, 227 x.
Buckleya umbellulata, 3570 X .
Buck's-horn Plantain, 2656 X.
Buckthorn, 599, 2923; Family,
51; Sea, 1494 X.
Buckwheat Family, 28 X ; Tree,
803.
Budd, J. L., 1567.
Buddleia Farquaharii, 3566 X .
Buffalo Currant, 2958; Horn,
599; -Xut, 2865; Pen, 3332;
Thorn, 398 x.
Bugbane, 769 X.
Bugle- Weed, 242.
Buist, Robert, 1567.
Bulbinella Hookeri, 766 X ;
yedoensis, 244 x .
Bulbophyllum, 2401 X ; am-
plum, 3078; bufo, 2021; fal-
catum, 2021 x ; lepidum,
774 X ; paleaceum, 1656.
Bullace, 2826; Grape, 3484.
Bull Bay, 1968, 2556; Grape,
3484; Pine, 2642 x, 2645 x;
Thistle, 774 x; -Thorn, 599.
Bull, E. W., 1567 X.
Bullata; (Primula), 2796 X.
Bullit Grape, 3484.
Bullock's-Heart, 294.
Bull's Blood, 2007.
Bulrush, 3119; Great, 3119 X.
Bumbum, 1984 X.
Bunch-Flower, 2023; Grape,
3489 X.
Bundy, 1155.
Bungulan, 2079.
Bunium Bulbocastanum,
2300 X.
Bunya-bunya, 346 X .
Buphane toxicaria, 20 X.
Bur Cucumber, 908 X , 3161 X ;
-Marigold, 500; N. Zealand,
190 ; Oak, 2887 ; -Reed, 3200 x .
Burdock, 385.
Burgundian Rose, 2989 X.
Burlingtonia Candida, 2974;
decora, 2974; decora var.
picta, 2974; fragrans, 2974;
pubescens, 2974 x ; venusta,
2974.
Burmese Rosewood, 2853 X .
Burnet, 2776 X , 3070.
Burnet, Robert, 1567 X.
Burning-Bush, 1004, 1187X.
Burpee, W. Atlee, 3554.
Burr, Fearing, 1567 X .
Burrielia gracilis, 442.
Bursera Family, 45; serrata,
2812 X.
Burseraceae, 45.
Bush Clover, 1844 X; Grape,
3485; Moonflower, 1658 X.
Bush, Isador, 1568.
Bushman's Poison, 209; -tick
Berry, 2414 X.
Bushukan, 781 X .
Vol. I, pp. 1-602; II, pp. 603-1200; III, pp. 1201-1760;
isrougntoma, Z4UJ. x. uusnuican, /oi x.
IV, pp. 1761-2422; V, pp. 2423-3041; VI, pp. 3043-3639.
3616
INDEX
INDEX
Butea frondosa, 42.
Butcher's Broom, 3037X;
"Climbing, 3142 X .
Butneria, 637 X .
Butomaceae, 14.
Butryospermum Parkii, 2300 X .
Butter-and-Eggs, 1884.
Buttercup, 2905; Bermuda,
2418X; Family, 32; Prim-
rose, 2791.
Butterfly Flower, 3111; Lily,
1441; Orchid, 1119X,
2346X; Orchis, 1424 X ;
-Pea, 714, 803 x; Tulip,
634 x; -Weed, 404 X.
Butternut, 494, 678 X, 1721.
Butterwort, 2631 X ; Mexican,
2631 X.
Buttonball, 2708; Bush, 714 X ;
Snakeroot, 1138, 1852 x;
-wood, 2706 X .
Butz, G. C-, 1568.
Buxacese, 47.
Buxus Family, 47; semper-
virens, 47 X, 1439 X; suf-
fruticosa, 1439 X.
Byttneria, 587.
Cabbage, Caraibe, 18; Deer,
1922 x ; Kerguelen's Land,
2809; Palm, 1176 X, 2405;
Palmetto, 3044 X ; Rose,
2989; St. Patrick's, 3096;
Skunk, 3295; Tree, 281, 843.
Cabeza de Negro, 292 X.
Cabuya, 1305 X, 1306 X.
Cacalia coccinea, 1112; ovalis,
1422; radicans, 3150; sagit-
tata, 1112; sonchifolia, 1112.
Cacao, 3331.
Cacara erosa, 2425 X .
Cachibou Resin, 600 X.
Cachiman, 2974 X ; -Cochon,
293; Montagne, 2975 X ; Mor-
veux, 2975 X .
Cactacese, 57 X .
Cactus, Agave, 1848; Bird,
2524 x ; Brain, 2525; chilo-
ensis, 722 x ; Christmas, 3550;
Crab, 3549 x ; Dahlia, 952 x ;
Easter, 3113 X ; Family, 57 x ;
Foxtail, 1979; Hatchet, 2534;
Hedge, 723; lanatus, 2404;
Old Man, 715; pentagonis,
191 X; Pereskia, 2547; Rain-
bow, 1095; Rat-tail, 312 X ;
Redbird, 2524 x ; Sea-Urchin,
1097; Snake, 2525; stellatus,
1979 X ; Vine^, 1271.
Caesalpinia echinata, 42; iner-
mis, 2536 X ; kauahiensis,
2045 X ; kavaiensis, 2045 X ;
lacerans, 2854 X .
Caffir Thorn, 1930.
Cafta, 686.
Cahum, 1305 X.
Caimito, 767.
Caja, 3217; Manga, 3216 X.
Cajophora lateritia, 518.
Cajuput Tree, 2022 X.
Calaba Tree, 636 X .
Calabash Gourd, 1774 x ; Nut-
meg, 2062; Tree, 890.
Calabazilla, 910.
Calabrian Pine, 2641 X.
Caladium, Black, 830; escu-
lentum, 830; violaceum, 830;
zamiaefolium, 3533 X .
Calamintha Acinos, 3082 X ; al-
Eina, 3082 x ; Corsica, 3082 x ;
ortensis, 3082 x ; montana,
3082 x ; officinalis, 3082 X.
Calamondin Orange, 784 X .
Calampelis scaber, 1085 X .
Calamus calicarpus, 951 ; Draco,
17; Lewisianus, 951; Ver-
schaffeltii, 194.
Calanchoe, 1731 X.
Calandrinia columbiana, 1852;
Cotyledon, 1852; Howellii,
1852; Leana, 1852; oppositi-
folia, 1852; pygmsea, 1852;
Tweedyi, 1851 X.
Calanthe, 2401 X; rosea,
1879 x.
Calathea bambusacea, 1688 X ;
bella, 1995 x ; bicolor, 1995 X ;
major, 1688 X ; smaragdina,
2063; splendida, 1995; un-
dulata, 1995 x.
Calboa vitifolia, 2879 X .
Calceolaria, nomenclature,3583.
Calendula officinalis, 77, 911 x ;
pluvial is, 1011; Pongei,
1011.
Calibanus caespitosus, 2148;
Hookerii,2148.
Calico Bush, 1734; Flower, 394.
California, 2284 X ; Big Tree,
3154; Black Currant, 2959;
Black Oak, 2884; Bluebell,
2566 X; Buckeye, 227; Dew-
berry, 3032 X; Fuchsia,
3538 X; Geranium, 3152 x;
Laurel, 3413 X; Live Oak,
2889 X ; Nutmeg, 3360 X ;
Okra, 1921; Pepper-Tree,
3109; Phlox, 1883; Poppy,
1145 X, 2712; Privet, 1861;
Redwood, 3153 x ; Rose, 839;
Yellow- or Golden-Bells.1112.
Calimeris tatarica, 1480.
Calisaya Bark, 770.
Calla athiopica, 3536 X ; Black,
402 x; Black-throated, 3536;
Common, 3536 X ; Elliot-
tiana, 3536; Fringed, 392;
Golden, 3536; Little Gem,
3536 X ; oculata, 3536 X ; pal-
ustris, 17 X ; Pentlandii,
3536 x; Pink, 3536; Rose,
3536; Spotted, 3536; Yellow,
3536 X.
Calliandra geminata, 2653; lati-
folia, 2653.
Callianthse (Primula), 2807.
Calliea Dichrostachys, 1003 X.
Calliglossa Douglasii, 1832 X.
Calligonum Pallasia, 28 X .
Calliopsis marmorata, 845.
Calliphruria subedentata, 1161.
Callistachys, 2420.
Callistemon coccineus, 3566 X ;
Cunninghamii, 3566 X ; flori-
bundus pendulus, 3566 X ; hy-
bridus, 3566 x; robustus,
3566 X ; splendens, 3566 X .
Calloosa Grape, 3490.
Calobotrya sanguinea, 2958.
Calocarpum mammosum, 1919.
Calocephalus, 1849 X..
Calodendrum capensis, 2301.
Calompit, 3322.
Calonyction grandif lorum,
1661 X.
Calophanes, 1084 X.
Calopogon pulchellus, 1883.
Calosanthes indica, 2410 X.
Caloseris rupestris, 2354 X .
Calosphace (Salvia), 3062.
Calospira (Spiraea), 3210 X.
Calostachydes (Stachys), 3220.
Calothyrsus GEsculus), 227.
Caltrop Family, 44.
Calotropis procera, 68.
Caltrops, Water, 3371 X.
Calumba, 1719 X.
Calumbang, 245 X .
Calycanthacese, 34.
Calycanthus Family, 34; flori-
dus, 34 x ; praecox, 2037 X .
Calypso, name of, 3583; bul-
bosa, 3583.
Calyptrion Aubletii, 860 X .
Calyptrogyne Swartzii, 1330.
Calyptronoma Swartzii, 1330.
Calyptropsidium Friedrichs-
thalianum, 2848.
Calyptrostigma, 1009.
Calysaccion, 2319.
Calystegia dahuricus, 840; pu-
bescens, 839; Sepium, 839 X ;
villosa, 839.
Camaba, 1915.
Camass, 639 X.
Camassia esculenta, 19 X .
Camel Hay, 938 X .
Camellia cuspidata, 3328 X ;
euryoides, 3328 X ; maliflora,
3328 X ; rosseflora, 3328 X ;
spectabilis, 3405 ; T h e a ,
3328 X ; theifera, 3328 X .
Camel's Thorn, 246.
Camel-thorn, 189 X.
Cammarum, 1127.
Campanula aurea, 2089 X ; gran-
diflora, 2711; serpyllifolia,
3495; Speculum, 3203 x .
Campanulaceae, 76.
Campanumaea gracilis, 1842;
lanceolata, 819 X .
Campbell, G. W., 1568.
Campderia, 807 X .
Campeachy Wood, 1427 X .
Camperdown Elm, 3410X.
Campernelle Jonquil, 2111.
Campestria (Acer), 198.
Camphire, 1831.
Camphor, 35 X , 1418; Tree, 773.
Camphora officinarum, 773.
Campion, 3163 X ; Bladder,
3165 X ; Evening, 1928 x ;
Morning, 1928 X ; Moss,
3167 X; Red, 1928; Starry,
3166; White, 1928 X.
Campsidium filicifolium, 2452.
Campteria Wallichiana, 2853.
Camptosorus rhizophyllus,
1217.
Campylobotrys c h i n e n s i s ,
1845 X ; discolor, 1496; Ghies-
breghtii, 1496; macrocarpa,
1845 X ; regalis, 1496.
Campyloneuron Phyllitidis,
2745.
Camwood, 453.
Canada, 559 X ; Balsam, 12 X ,
1418; Blueberry, 3423; Blue-
Grass, 2723 x; Leaf -Cup,
2744; Lyme-Grass, 1111 x;
Plum, 2828; Snakeroot, 404.
Canadian Balsam, 174.
Canaigre, 3037.
Canal Zone, 2150.
Cananga odorata, 652 X .
Canarium luzonicum, 2301.
Canary-bird Flower, 3389 X ;
-Grass, 2573 X ; -Grass, Reed,
2573 x ; -Grass, Toowoomba,
2574.
Cancer-root, 1824 X .
Cancho Blanco, 3072 X .
Candelabrum Tree, 2451 X.
Candelillo, 1169X.
Candleberry Tree, 245 X .
Candlenut, 245 X ; Plant,
3149 x; -stick Lily, 1877;
-tree, 2475; -wood, 1271;
-wood Family, 55.
Candollea adnata, 3279; Brun-
oniana, 3279; ciliata, 3279;
dichotoma, 3279; gramini-
folia, 3279.
Candytuft, 1635; Annual,
1635 X, 1636; Fragrant,
1635 X ; Rocket, 1635 X ;
Sweet-scented, 1635 X.
Cane, Large, 446; Scutch, 446;
Small, 446; Switch, 446.
Canin® (Rosa), 2990.
Canistel, 1919.
Canistrum, 221 x ; Lindenii,
1419 X.
Cankrienia (Primula), 2805.
Canna coccinea, 22 X ; edulis,
22 x; Family, 22 X.
Cannabis indica, 26 X; sativa,
26 X.
Cannacese, 22 X .
Cannon-ball Tree, 871.
Canoe Birch, 499.
Canon Grape, 3488.
Canterbury Bells, 644.
Cantharellus cibarius, 2087 X.
Caoutchouc, 67 X , 266 X ; Lagos,
1305; Tree, 1482 x.
Cape Blue Water-Lily, 2311 X;
Chestnut, 635 X ; Cod Water-
Lily, 2312 x ; Cowslip, 1764 X ;
Fuchsia, 2604 x ; Gooseberry,
2609; Gooseberry, Dwarf,
2609; Honeysuckle, 3318;
Ivy, 3150; Jasmine, 1315 X;
Marigold, 1011; Periwinkle,
3471 X; Pittosporum, 2654;
Pond-weed, 311 X ; Primrose,
3272 X .
Caper Family, 36 X ; Spurge,
1173.
Capitatse (Primula), 2800.
Capnorchis, 1001 X .
Capnorea nana, 1479 X ; pu-
mila, 1479 X.
Capparidaceae, 36 X .
Capparis spinosa, 37.
Caprifoliaceae, 74 x .
Caprifolium Fraseri, 1912 X ;
Hallianum, 1910 X ; hortense,
1912 x; Niaguarilli, 1908;
perfoliatum, 1912 x ; Pericly-
menum, 1913; proliferum,
1912; pubescens, 1911 X ;
sempervirens, 1911.
Capriola dactylon, 939 X .
Capsella Bursa-pastoris, 36 X.
Capsicum annuum, 71.
Caracol, 2574 x.
Caraguata cardinalis, 1419 X ;
Devansayana, 1419X; lin-
gulata, 1419 X ; lingulata
splendens, 1419 x ; Melinonis,
1419 X ; splendens, 1419 X.
Caraibe Cabbage, 18.
Carambola, 435 X .
Carara didyma, 3148 X.
Caraunda, 664.
Caraway, 911 X.
Carbenia benedicta, 806.
Carbao's Teats, 3419 X .
Cardamomum officinale,
1109 x.
Cardamons, 274 X, 275, 1109.
Cardiaca vulgaris, 1840 X .
Cardinal Flower, 1898 X ; Sal-
via, 3063 X.
Cardiocrinum, 1877 X .
Carduus afer, 775; arvensis,
774 X ; benedictus, 806; Casa-
bonae, 775; Diacantha, 775;
lanceolatus, 775; Marianus,
3169; muticus, 775; olera-
ceus, 775; tinctorius, 675.
Carib Apple, 1306 X.
Carica Papaya, 57.
Caricacese, 57.
Caricature Plant, 1393.
Carludovica palmata, 17.
Carman, E. S., 1568.
Carnauba Palm, 840 X ; Wax,
16 X.
Caroa, 2121 X.
Carob, 717 X.
Carolina Allspice, 637 X ; Hem-
lock, 3391 x; Moonseed,
808 x; Poplar, 2759; Poplar,
Hybrid, 2760; Vanilla, 3380 X ;
Vetch, 3465 x ; Yellow Jessa-
mine, 1321 x.
Carolines (Rosa), 2991.
Carolinea princeps, 2423 X.
Carolinella (Primula), 2797.
Carosella, 1252.
Caroubier, 717 X.
Carpet-Grass, 2479 X ; -weed
Family, 30.
Carpinus Betulus, 1439 X ; caro-
liniana, 1439 X.
Carr, Robert, 1568 X.
Carragheen, 5x.
Carrion Flower, 3224 X.
Carthamine, 77 X.
Carthamnus tinctorius, 77 X .
Carum Carui, 62 X, 911 X;
Petroselinum, 2563 X.
Carumbium populifolium, 1499.
Carya, 25; nomenclature, 3584;
spp., 2301.
Caryocar spp., 2301.
Caryocedrus, 1727.
Caryophyllaceae, 31.
Caryophyllus aromaticus,
1163X, 3589.
Caryopitys edulis, 2639.
Caryota, 2445.
Caryotaxus, 3360.
Cas, 2848.
Cascara segrada, 51, 2924 X.
Cascarilla, 902; Bark, 47.
Casearia esculenta, 56 X .
Cashew, 279 x; Apple, 279 x;
Family, 48.
Casicta, 2620.
Cassabanana, 3161.
Cassandra calyculata, 732.
Cassava, 1991; Bitter 1991 x ;
Bread, 47; Sweet, 1992.
Cassebeeria, 3189 X .
Cassena, 1640.
Cassia-Bark Tree, 773 X; Cin-
namon, 35 X ; -Flower Tree,
773 X ; lignea, 808 x ; nicti-
tans, 41x; polyantha,
3566 X .
Cassie, 188 X.
Cassine, 1640; Maurocenia,
2013.
Castalia, 2306.
Castanea chrysophylla, 682 x ;
spp., 2301.
Castanopsis ceratacantha, 2891 ;
cuspidata, 2479 X, 2891; cus-
pidata var. latifolia, 2891;
cuspidata var. variegata,
2891; Fargesii, 2891; platya-
cantha, 2891 x ; sclerophylla,
2891 X .
Castanospermum austral e.
41 X, 2301 X.
INDEX
INDEX
3617
Castor Bean, 2965 X ; Oil, 46 X ;
-Oil Plant, 2965 X.
Casuarina equisetifolia, 23 X ;
Family, 23.
Casuarinacese, 23.
Catalonian Jasmine, 1718 X.
Catasetum, 2402.
Cat-Brier, 3174 x ; Grape,
3486x; -tail, 3405X; -tail
Family, 13; -tail, Red-hot, 191.
Catchfly, 3163 X ; Bladder, 3165
X ; German, 1928 x ; Royal,
3167; Sweet William, 3165.
Catecu, 74 X .
Catevala arborescens, 260.
Catgut, 3321 x.
Catha edulis, 49.
Cathartolinum virginianum,
Cathcartia integrifolia, 2018 X.
Cathea, 636 X.
Cat jang. 3469 X.
Catmint. 2130.
Catnip, 70. 911 X, 2130.
Cat's-claw, 189. 2652; -Ear,
299; -Foot, 2130 X ; Valerian,
3426X.
Cattleya, 2402: Brysiana, 1771;
crispc, 1771; elegans, 1772 X ;
exoniensis, 1773 X : lobata,
1771: marginata, 1770: Per-
rinii, 1771 x ; pumila, 1770.
Caulanthon, 2653.
Caulescentes (Streptocarpus),
3273 X.
Cavan, Espino, 188 X.
Cayenne Cherry, 3281 x ; Pep-
per. 658 X .
Cayratia japoniea, 775 X; oli-
gocarpa. 775 X.
Cayul, 293.
Cayures, 293.
Ceanothus africanus, 2148.
Ceara Rubber Tree. 1992.
Cebatha Carolina, 808 X ; orbie-
ulata, 808x.
Cedar Elm, 3413; Incense, 1854;
Pine, 2645 x; Red, 1728 x;
White, 730 x, 1854, 3335;
Yellow, 730X.
Cedrela odorata, 45 X.
Celandine Poppy, 736, 3279;
Tree, 518.
Celastraceae, 49.
Celastrus buxifolius, 1420 X ;
edulis, 686; nutans, 2894 x ;
Orixa, 2407: serratus, 1420 X.
Celery, Wild, 3428.
Celosia cristata. 29 X.
Celsia Arcturus, 3566 X ; urticse-
folia, 261.
Celtis mississippiensis, 357; oc-
cidentalis, 357 : orientalis,
3372 x.
Cembra (Pinus), 2637.
Cembroides (Pinus), 2638 X.
Cemeteries, 1807.
Centaurea benedicta, 806; conif-
era, 1851; cj-naroides, 2927;
orientalis, 3567; Rhaponti-
cum, 2927.
Centauridium Drummondii,
3521.
Centaurium, 3589.
Centaury- 711.
Centroclinium adpressum, 2354;
reflexum, 2354 x.
Centrostemma Lindlevanum,
1613; multiflorum, 1613.
Century Plant, 231.
Cephalandra palmata, 807.
Cephalophora, 1371; aromat-
ica, 1443.
Cephalotacese, 38 x .
Cephalotus Family, 38 X.
Ceraseidos apetala, 2S42.
Cerasus avium, 2837 X ; Bigar-
ella, 2838;borealis, 2836;
Capollin, 2842 X ; caproniana,
2836 x ; Caproniana flore
roseo pleno, 2839; carolini-
ana, 2844; Chamsecerasus,
2836 x ; decumana, 2838;
demissa, 2843: dulcis, 2837 X ;
duracina, 2838; emarginata,
2836; Fontanesiana, 2838;
ilicifolia, 2844; incana, 2835;
incisa, 2842; itosakura, 2841;
japoniea, 2841; japoniea pen-
dula, 2836 X; Juliana, 2838;
Juliana flore roseo pleno,
2839; TAnneriana, 2839 x ;
Laurocerasus, 2843 x ; Ma-
haleb, 2835 x ; microcarpa,
2835; mollis, 2836 X; nigra,
2837 X; Padus, 2843; pen-
dula, 2841; pennsylvanica,
2836; persicifolia. 2836;
Phoshia, 2840 X: prostrata,
2835; Puddum, 2840 x ; rega-
lis, 2838; semp erflorens,
•2837x; serotina, 2842x;
serotina var. asplenif olia,
2842 X ; serratifolia, 2838; ser-
rulata, 2838; sibirica, 2836 x ;
Sieboldii, 2840; tomentosa,
2835; virginiana, 2843; vul-
garis, 2836 X ; Watereri, 2840.
Ceratolobus Forgetiana, 3177 X .
Ceratonia Siliqua, 41 X.
Ceratophyllse (SaxifragaJ, 3089.
Ceratopteridacea?, 8x, 1208 X.
Ceratopteris Family, 8 X .
Ceratostylis himalaica, 2966 X.
Cerbera dichotoma, 3304; par-
viflora, 2319.
Cereus, 58; acifer, 1093 x;
adustus, 1095; alamosensis,
2914; amecaensis, 1451 X ;
Baumannii, 787; baxaniensis,
191 x; Berlandieri, 1093;
BlanMi, 1093 x; csespitosus,
1094 x ; candelabrum, 1836 X ;
candieans, 1095; chiotilla,
1146; chloranthus, 1094; Co-
chal, 2096; conoideus, 1094;
ctenoides, 1094 X ; Cumengei,
1836 X; cylindricus, 2363 X;
dasyacanthus, 1094 x; Don-
kelseri, 3141 x ; dubius,
1095 x; Dumortieri, 1836 x;
eburneus, 1836 X ; Emoryi,
494; Engelmannii, 1095; en-
neacanthus, 1095 x ; eruca,
1836; extensus, 1626; Fend-
leri, 1095; flagelliformis,
312 x; gemmatus, 2425; geo-
metrizans, 2096; giganteus,
672 x ; gonaoanthus, 1093 X ;
grandiflorus, 3141 x ; Greggii,
2536 x ; griseus, 1836 X ; gum-
mosus, 1836 x ; hamatus,
3142; inermis, 3142; longi-
fietus, 1094; MacDonaldiae,
3142; marginatus, 2425; mo-
javensis, 1095; napoleonis,
1626; Nickelsii, 715; nycti-
calus, 3142; obtusangulus,
1123; paucispinus, 1093 X;
pecten-aboriginum, 2425; pec-
tinatus, 1095; phoeniceus,
1094; polyacanthus, 1093 X;
prineeps, 191 x ; Pringlei,
2425; procumbens, 1093;
pteranthus, 3142; queratar-
ensis, 1836; repandus, 1432 x ;
rigidissimiis, 1095; Rcetteri,
1094 X ; rostratus, 3142; Rus-
sellianus, 715X ; Scheeri,
1093; serpentinus, 2306; spe-
ciosus, 1451 x ; spinulosus,
3141 x; stellatus, 1836 X;
stramineus, 1096; Thurberi,
1836; triangularis, 1626; tri-
costatus, 1626; triglochidi-
atus, 1093 x ; tuberoeus, 3513;
vagans, 3141 x ; variabilis,
191 x; viridiflorus, 1094 x;
Weberi, 1836 x.
Cerezo de Cayena, 3281 X.
Ceriman, 2064.
Cerothamnus cerifera, 2092 X .
Cerpxylon andicolum, 16 X ;
niveum, 1019 X.
Cespitosa? (Saxifraga), 3090 X.
Cetraria islandica, 6.
Cha?nomeles cathayensis, 3567;
japoniea, 1439 X, 3567; lage-
naria, 3567; lagenaria var.
cathayensis, 3567; lagenaria
var. Wilsonii, 3567; Maulei,
3567. See also 3584.
Chanopetalum, 866 X.
Cha?tochloa, 3158.
Chain Fern, 3519 X.
Chaiota, 3124 X.
Chalcas exotica, 2076: Koenigii,
2076; paniculata, 2076.
Chamiecerasus, 1906 X.
Chamspcistus procumbens, 1902.
Chamsecrista nictitans, 680.
Chamaecyparis decussata, 3337;
obtusa var. ericoides, 2922;
pisifera var. plumosa, 2922 x ;
pisifera var. squarrosa, 2922;
thyoides var. andeleyensis,
2922 x; thyoides var. eri-
coides, 2922 X .
Chamsedorea, 2445.
Chamsedryon (Spirssa), 3208.
Chamsedrys (Teucrium), 3325;
(Veronica), 3451 X.
Chamaeledon, 1902.
Chamsemorus, 3023 x .
Chamaenerion angustifolium,
1121; latifolium, 1121 X.
Chamaenymphsea, 2313.
Chama?periclymenum suecicum,
855.
Chamaepeuce afra, 775; Casa-
bonae, 775; Diacantha, 775.
Chamaerops, 2445; Biroo,
1895 X; Byrrho, 1895 X; co-
chinchinensis, 2927; excelsa,
3362; Fortunei, 3362; hystrii,
2926; Martiana, 3362; staura-
cantha, 194 X .
Chamaesvce, 1169.
Chamomile, 299 X, 300; False,
520; Wild, 2010 X.
Chamomilla officinalis, 2011.
Champney Rose, 2988.
Chanal, 1362.
Chandelier Tree, 2451 X.
Characea?, 5.
Charity, 2731.
Charlock, Jointed, 2910; White,
2910.
Chaste-Tree, 3481.
Chaulmugra Oil, 56 X.
Chaviea officinarum, 2646 X.
Chawstick, 1361 X.
Chayota eduUs, 3124 x.
Chayote, 3124 X.
Chaj-otli, 3124 X.
Cheat, 578 X.
Checkerberrv, 1319.
Checkered Lily, 1280.
Cheddar Pink, 999.
Cheeses, 1974 x.
Cheilanthes, 1214, 1217; pe-
data, 216 x.
Cheiranthus capital us, 1140;
Menziesii, 2476 X.
Cheirostemon platanoides,
749 x.
Chelem, 232 X.
Chelone barbata, 2540; centran-
thif olia, 2540 X ; Digitalis,
2452 x; glabra, 71; hireuta,
2543; Pentstemon, 2542 X.
Chenille Plant, 191.
Chenopodiacea?, 29.
Chenopodium, 29.
Cherimolla, 293 X.
Cherimoya, 293 X , 294.
Cherimoyer, 293 X .
Cherleria sedoides, 389.
Cherokee Rose, 2996 X .
Cherry, All-Saints', 2837 X ;
-Almond, 3580, 3584; Aus-
tralian Brush, 1163; Barba-
dos, 1973; Bigarreau, 2838;
Birch, 497x; Bladder,
2608 X ; Cayenne, 3281 x ;
Choke, 2843; Common Wild
Bird, 2836: Cornelian, 854;
Currant, 2960; Duke, 2838;
Dwarf , 2833 X , 2836 X : Euro-
pean Bird, 2843; Everbloom-
ing, 2837 X ; Evergreen, 2844;
Ground, 2608, 2836 X ; Hard-
fleshed, 2838; Heart of Gean,
2838; history, 1514 X; Hot-
tentot, 681, 2013; Indian,
2924 X : Islands, 2844; Japa-
nese Flowering, 2838, 2840;
Japanese Weeping Rose-flow-
ered, 2841; Jerusalem, 3183;
-Laurel, 2843 x ; Mahaleb,
2835 x ; Morello, 2836 X ;
Mountain. 2829 X; Pie,
2836 x: Pin. 2836; Plum.
2825; Rose-Bud, 2841; Sand.
2833 X; St. Lucie, 2835 X;
Sour, 2836x; Surinam.
1162x; Sweet, 2837 x; To-
mato, 1931 X ; Utah Hybrid,
2834; Wild. 2844; Wild
Black, 2842 x ;WInter,2680 X .
Chervil, 911 X.
Chess, 578 X.
Chestnut, 2296 X ; Cape, 635 x ;
Moreton Bay, 683; Oak,
2886 x ; Oak, Rock, 2886 x ;
Oak, Yellow, 2886; Water,
3371 x; Wild, 635 X.
Chibou Resin, 600 X.
Chickasaw Lima, 653: Plum.
2829X.
Chicken Grape, 3487.
Chick-Pea, 769.
Chickweed, 3234 x; Blinking,
2065; Silver, 2476; Water,
2065; -Wintergreen, 3378 X.
Childing Daisy, 486.
Childsia Wercklei, 1490 X.
Chile Hazel, 1335.
Chilean Bellflower, 1820; Boldo.
2565 x ; Crocus, 3318; Guava,
2096 x ; Jasmine, 1982 x ;
Laurel, 1827; Nut, 1335;
Chilian Beet, 496 X ; Lily, 267.
Chilopsis linearis, saligna, 3585.
Chimney Campanula, 645 X .
Chimonanthus f ragrans, 2037 X ;
fragrans var. grandiflora,
2037 X ; nitens, 2037 X .
China-Berry, 2024 X; Orange,
784 x; Rose, 2988; Tree,
1756 x, 2024 x; Tree, Wild,
3072 x ; Wood-oil Tree, 245 x .
Chincapin Oak, 2886.
Chinese Angelica Tree, 344;
Anise. 1641; Apple, 2873;
Artichoke, 3220 x ; Bellflower,
176X.2711; Dwarf Banana,
2078; Elm, 3413; Fever-Plant,
2430 X ; Flowering Apple,
2873 x ; Hibiscus, 1488; Lan-
tern Plant, 26O8X; Laurel,
304; Mustard, 544; Parasol
Tree, 3239; Pear, 2869; Pis-
tachio, 2549 x ; Potato, 1013;
Preserving Melon, 486 X ;
Primrose, 2791 x ; Rose,
Crimson, 2988; Sacred Lily,
2112; Scarlet Eggplant,
3184 x ; Snowball, 3460;
Squill, 3117 X; Tallow Tree,
3073; Trumpet-Creeper,
651 X; Watermelon, 486 X;
Wisteria, 3518; Yam, 1013.
Chinkapin, Water, 2117.
Chino, 2652 X.
Chirimoya, 293 X.
Chittam-Wood, 864 X .
Chittim Wood, 599 X.
Chives, 911 X.
Chlamydostylis, 2119.
Chloranthaceae, 24.
Chloranthus Family, 24; offi-
cinalis, 24.
Chloris gracilis, 1842.
Chloroleucon, 2653.
Chlorophyceae, 4 X .
Choco, 3124 X.
Chocolate. 53, 3331: Lily, 1282.
Chokeberry, 396; Black, 396 X ;
Purple, 396 x ; Red, 396 X .
Choke Cherry, 2843.
Choko, 3124X.
Cholla, 2365 X .
Chondrophylla americana,
1327.
Criondrosea, 3O94X, 3O96x;
Aizoon, 3097 X .
Chondrus crispus, 5 X .
Chopag, 2319.
Chorogi, 3220 X .
Chotda Banana, 2078 X ; Dama,
2079; Tandaque, 2079.
Chou, 542.
Chouchoute, 3124 X .
Christmas Berry, 2596 X ; Cac-
tus, 3550; Fern, 2749;
-Flower, 1169x; Rose,
1454 x ; -Tree, 2045.
Christophine, 3124 X.
Christ's-Thorn, 664, 2436 X.
Chrosperma muscaetoxicum,
3549 x.
Chrvsalidocarpus lutescens,
2445.
Chrvsanthse (Limoninm),
3231 X.
Chrysanthemum inodorum,
2010 X; Leucanthemum,
77 X; parthenoides, 2011:
vulgare, 3309.
Vol. I, pp. 1-602; II, pp. 603-1200; III, pp. 1201-1760; IV, pp. 1761-2422; V, pp. 242S-SO41; VI, pp. SO43-36S9.
3618
INDEX
INDEX
Chrysobotrya intermedia, 2958;
Lindleana, 2958; revoluta,
2958.
Chrysocoma vulgaris, 1886 X .
Chrysogonum Dioscoridis,
1839 X.
Chrysophylliim Cainito, 65 X ;
imperiale, 2004 X.
Chrysopogon nutans, 3198 X.
Chrysurus aureus, 1776 X; cy-
nosuroides, 1776 X .
Chuchu, 3124 X.
Chucumci, 232 x.
Chumpa, 2078 X.
Chusquea, 449 X .
Cibotium, 1209 X.
Cicca disticha, 2606 X.
Cicely, Sweet, 2095 X.
Cicer arietinum, 41 X.
Cichorium Endivia, 77 X ; Inty-
bus, 77 X.
Ciconium, 2531.
Cider Gum, 1158X.
Cienkowskya Kirkii, 1731 X .
Cinchona Ledgeriana, 74X ;
succirubra, 74 x .
Cineraria amelloides, 1205 X ;
cruenta, 3153; macrophylla,
3153 X ; maritima, 3152; Peta-
sites, 3152 x; sibirica, 1859;
Webberiana, 3153.
Cinnamomese (Rosa), 2991 X.
Cinnamomum, 35 X; Cam-
phora, 1439 X.
Cinnamon Fern, 2413 X; Rose,
2993; Tree, 773; -Vine, 1013.
Cinquefoil, 2771 X ; Marsh, 835.
Ciotat, 3485.
Circassian Seeds, 215.
Circinaria (Limonium), 3232 X.
Cirrhosae (Clematis), 795.
Ciruela, 3217.
Cissus Ampelopsis, 277X;
Bainesii, 3491 X ; capensis,
3482 X; Curori, 3491 X;
hypoglauca, 3483; oblonga,
3483; obtecta, 3324; oligo-
carpa, 3574; porphyrophylla,
2646X; quadrangularis,
3482 X; rhombifolia, 3483;
sermlata, 3324; stans, 278.
Cistacese, 55.
Cistus algarvensis, 1444 X ; for-
mosus, 1444 X ; ladiniferus,
55 X ; monspeliensis, 55 X ;
umbellatus, 1444 X .
Citharexylon cyanocarpum,
2926.
Citronella, 829 X ; Grass, 938 X .
Citrullus Colocynthis, 76; vul-
garis, 76.
Citrus angulata, 2038 X ; aus-
tralasica, 2047; australis,
2047x; buxifolia,3158x;
fusca, 2751 X; Garrowayi,
2047 X ; Hystrix, 2462; ino-
dora, 2047 X ; japonica, 1270;
margarita, 1269 X ; panicu-
lata, 443 X ; trifoliata, 2751 X ;
trifoliata var. monstrosa,
2752; triptera, 2752.
Civet Bean, 2577.
Cladonia rangiferina, 6.
Cladrastis amurensis, 1938;
amurensis var. floribunda,
1938; Tashiroi, 1938.
Clandestina rectiflora, 1824 X .
Clarkia Breweri, 1160; con-
cinna, 1160; grandiflora,1160;
Saxeana, 1160.
Clary, 911 X, 3060.
Clavaria, 2088.
Claviceps purpurea, 5 X .
Claytonia parviflora, 2065; par-
vifolia, 2065; perfoliata, 2065;
tuberosa, 30 X .
Clearing-Nut, 3278.
Cleisostoma Dawsoniana, 3374.
Cleistanthus collinus, 1832 X .
Clemanthus senensis, 2058 X .
Clematis Gouriana var. Finetii,
3567; montana forma platy-
sepala, 3567; nutans var.
thyrsoidea, 3567; Rehderiana,
3567; Vitalba, 32 x.
Cleome speciosa, 1421.
Clethracese, 63.
Cleyera japonica, 3322.
Cliff Brake, 2535.
Climbing Butcher's Broom,
3142 X ; Dahlia, 1490 X ; Fern,
1934 X ; Fumitory, 220 X ;
Hempweed, 2050; Lily,
1349 X ; Ylang-ylang, 397.
Clintonia pulchella, 1068.
Clistoyucca arborescens, 3530.
Clitocybe, 2087.
Clitoria polyphylla, 454.
Closed Gentian, 1326 X.
Closterostylse (Potent ilia) ,
2773 X.
Cloth of Gold Crocus, 898.
Cloudberry, 3023 x ; -Grass, 241.
Clove-cassia Pepper Wood,
35 x ; Pink, 999 x .
Clover, Alsike, 3379 X; Bok-
hara, 2026; Bush, 1844 X ;
Common Red, 3379 X ; Crim-
son, 3379; Egyptian, 3379;
Holy, 2353; Hop-, 3379;
Hungarian, 3379; Japan,
1845; Low Hop-, 3379; Mam-
moth, 3379 x ; Musk-, 1136 x ;
Pea- Vine, 3379 X; Pin-,
1136X; Rabbit-foot, 3379;
. Sand, 303 X; Scarlet, 3379;
Silky Prairie, 2561 X ; Swed-
ish, 3370 X; Sweet, 2026;
Violet Prairie, 2561 X ; White,
3379; White Prairie, 2561;
Yellow, 3379; Yellow Suck-
ling, 3379; Zigzag, 3379 X.
Club-Moss, 1932, 3137 X;
Moss-Family, 10 X.
Clusia flava, 54 x ; rosea, 54 X .
Cluster Fig, 1233; Pine, 2643 X.
Clypearia, 2652.
Cneorum tricoccon, 2704 X .
Cnidoscolus stimulosus, 1719 X .
Coach-whip, 1271.
Coast Myall, 187; Wallflower,
1140.
Cobbett, William, 1568 X.
Cobnut, 859, 2340.
Coburgia incarnata, 3236.
Cobweb Houseleek, 3146.
Coca Family, 44.
Cocaine, 44.
CoccineiE (Cratsegus), 883.
Coccoloba platyclada, 2074 x .
Coccos Oil, 56 x .
Coccothrinax, 2445; argentea,
3334; barbadensis, 3333 X;
radiata, 3333 X.
Cocculus diversifolius, 3170;
heterophyllus, 3170; japoni-
cus, 3237X; palmatus,
1719 X ; variifolius, 3170.
Cochemiea, 1977.
Cochil Sapota, 680.
Cochineal, 58.
Cochlearia acaulis, 1656; Ar-
moriacia, 2895 X ; saxatilis,
1736 X.
Cochlioda, 2402.
Cochlospermum Gossypium,
2016 X; hibiscoides, 2016 X;
serratifolium, 2016 X.
Cockscomb, 709.
Cock's Eggs, 3055 X.
Cockspur Thorn, 884.
Cocoa, 53, 3331; -butter, 53;
-Plum, 766 X.
Coco-cola, 53; de Mer, 1899 X ;
-Grass, 942 X ; Palm, 815.
Coconut, 2298 X; Double,
1899 X ; -Monkey's, 1721.
Cocos, 2445; maldivica, 1899 X ;
aucif era, 16 X , 2301 X ; schizo-
phylla, 3567.
Cocuiza, 1306 x; brava, 1306;
mansa, 1306.
Codiaeum, names, 3586.
Codonocrinum, 894.
Codonopsis gracilis, 1842.
Codonoraphia, 1333 x.
Coelanthus complicatus, 1765.
Coelogyne, 2402; Gardneriana,
2121X.
Coffea arabica, 74 X ; Kraus-
siana, 3373.
Coffee Bean, 1352; Berry, 1352,
2924 x; Fern, 2535; Negro,
680 X; Tree, 2747 X; Tree,
Kentucky, 1420; Wild,
2747 X.
Cogswellia, 1903.
Cohosh, 212.
Cohune Palm, 428 X.
Coir, 811 X.
Coix Lacryma-Jobi, 15.
Cola acuminata, 53, 2301 X ;
Nut, 53.
Colax, 2402.
Colchicum officinale, 19 X .
Cold pits, 2686.
Cole, S. W., 1569.
Coleman, N. J., 1569.
Coleosanthus, 559.
Coleus Godefrpyas, 3187 X .
Collomia coccinea, 1336; gran-
diflora, 1336.
Colobogynium tecturatum,
3109 X.
Colocasia aethiopica, 3536 x ;
antiquorum, 17 X ; caraeas-
ana, 3523 x ; Mafaffa, 3523 x .
Colocynthis officinalis, 780.
Colonial Pine, 346.
Colophony, 1417 X.
Colorado, 2263; -Grass, 2452 X ;
Spruce, 2620; Willow, 3054 X .
Colpoon, 27 X.
Colpothrinax Wrightii, 2810.
Colts-foot, 1310, 3405; Sweet,
2562.
Columbea, 345.
Columbine, 339 X, 340 X, 341;
Feathered, 3326 X ; Mun-
stead's White, 341 X.
Columbo, 1273 X.
Colutea arborescens, 42; galegi-
folia, 3282 X.
Comarostaphylis diversifolia,
386.
Comarum palustre,' 2773.
Combretacese, 60.
Combretum Family, 60.
Comfrey, 3294 X ; Prickly,
3294 X.
Commelinaceae, 18 X.
Commelina Rumphii, 18 X ;
zebrina, 3540.
Commiphora, 45 X .
Comparettia, 2402.
Compass Plant, 3168 X.
Compositae, 76 X .
Composite Family, 76 X .
Comptie, 3533 X .
Conanthera, 912.
Conard, A. F., 1569 X.
Conceveiba guyanensis, 47.
Condalia Parryi, 3548.
Condurango, 68; Bark, 2003 X.
Cone-Flower, 3033; Purple,
1087 X .
Confederate Jessamine, 3361 X ;
Rose, 1488; Violet, 3473.
Confervas, 4 X .
Congo Pea, 613 X .
Conium maculatum, 62 X .
Conjugate, 4x.
Connatse (Clematis), 792.
Connecticut, 2164.
Conocephalus niveus, 973 x .
Conoclinium coelestinum,
1166 X; ianthinum, 1165;
Lasseauxii, 1165.
Conopholis, 1824 x.
Conostyke (Potentilla), 2774.
Conradia, 1333 X.
Consolida arvensis, 976.
Constantinople Nut, 859 X.
Convuilaria majalis, 19 X .
Convolvulaceae, 68.
Convolvulus capitatus, 1846;
floridus, 2948 X ; majus, 1659;
muricatus, 636; pentanthus,
1715X; purpureus, 1659;
Scammonia, 68 X ; scoparius,
68 X , 2948 X ; Sepium, 68 X ;
splendens, 3566.
Cookia Wampi, 786.
Cooking Banana, 2078 X.
Coonam, 346.
Coontie, 3533 X .
Coorong, 346.
Copaiba, 840 X ; Balsam, 1418;
Langdorfii, 42.
Copal, 1417, 1626; Varnish, 42.
Copernicia, 2445; cerifera, 16 X .
Copper Austrian Briar, 2995 X ;
-leaf, 190 X .
Copra, 811 X.
Coprinus, 2086.
Coquilla, 428 X .
Coquitos, 1721.
Coracao de Boi, 294; de Rainha,
292.
Coral-bead-Plant, 2139 x ; Bells,
1482; Berry, 3293; Bush,
3321; Drops, Mexican, 496;
Gem, 1917; Lily, 1874 x ;
Plant, 1720, 3038; -Tree,
1141.
Corallita, 304 X .
Corallobotrys acuminata,
3332 x.
Corazon, 294.
Corbularia, 2109.
Corcho, 293.
Corchorus, 1736 X; japonicus,
1736 x ; olitorius, 52.
Cordatse (Cratasgus), 886.
Cord-Grass, Fresh-water, 3201.
Cordifolise (Primula), 2804.
Cordyline reflexa, 19 X ; vari-
ous names, 3588.
Corema album, 47 X.
Coreopsis aristosa, 500 X ; aurea,
500; calliopsidea, 1843 X-
Douglasii, 1843 X ; gigantea,
1843 X; integrifolia, 1473;
maritima, 1843 X ; tricho-
sperma, 500 X .
Corethrogyne detonsa, 1435 X.
Coriander, 62 x , 91 1 x .
Coriandrum sativum, 62 x ,
911X.
Coriaria Family, 47 X ; myrti-
folia, 48; ruscifolia, 48.
Coriariaceae, 47 x .
Coridothymus capitatus, 3342.
Cork Elm, 3410; Oak, 2889;
-screw-Flower, 2574 x ; Tree,
2577 X; Tree, Amoor, 2578;
-wood, 293, 1835 X , 2319.
Cormus domestica, 3196; folio-
losa, 3196; lanata, 3198.
Cornacea?, 63.
Corn-cockle, 1927 x ; Egyptian
Rice, 1497; -field Pea, 3469 x ;
-flower, 711; Guinea, 1497;
Jerusalem, 1497; Kafir, 1497;
Marigold, 754 X ; Poppy,
2457; Salad, Italian, 3427 x;
Water-, 3468.
Cornelian Cherry, 854.
Cornish Elm, 3412 x; Heath,
1130 X.
Cornizuelo, 599.
Cornus capitata, 63; Hemsleyi,
3567; mas, 63; Walter!, 3567.
Coronaria Coeli-rosa, 1928;Flos-
cuculi, 1929; Flos-Jovis, 1928;
tomentosa, 1927 X.
Coronopus didymus, 3148 X.
Corossol, 292; Coeur-de-Boauf,
294.
Corossolier Batard, 292 X .
Corothamnus, 947 X .
Corozo, 211 X.
Corsican Heath, 1131; Pine,
2641 X.
Cortissp, 293.
Cortusina, 2531 X.
Corylus spp., 2301 X.
Corynophallus, 1625 X ; Afzellii,
276 X.
Corypha, 2445; australis, 1896;
Gebanga, 1895X; minor,
3045.
Cosmanthus fimbriatus, 2566 X .
Cosmetic Bark Tree, 2076.
Cosmidium Burridgeanum,
3329.
Cosmophyllum cacalisefolium,
2724.
Costa Rican Guava, 2848.
Costmary, 757.
Cotoneaster angustifolia, 2864;
crenulata, 2863 X; 2864; Py-
racantha, 2863 X ; Pyracan-
tha leucocarpa var. fructo-
albo, 2864.
Cotton, 1361 X ; Fern, 2290 X ;
Gum, 2317; Lavender, 3071;
-Rose, 1335 X, 1488; -Weed,
1016.
Cottonwood, 2753 X ; Black,
2762, 2764; Great Plains,
2759 x; Narrow-leaved,
2762 X ; Northern, 2759;
Smooth-barked, 2763; South-
ern, 2759; Swamp, 2762;
Valley, 2758 X ; Western,
2758 X .
Cotula lobata, 1855 X; quin-
queloba, 1855 X .
Cotyledon atropurpurea, 1086;
carnicolor, 1086 X ; coccinea,
1086; elegans, 2339 X; ful-
gens, 1087; glauca, 1086 x;
lurida, 1086 X ; Peacockii,
1086 X; Pringlei, 1086; pu-
bescens, 1086; pulvinata,
1086; Scheerii, 1087; secunda,
1087; subrigida, 1087.
INDEX
INDEX
3619
Couch-Grass, Blue. 939 X.
Cougnerecou. 3526 X.
Countess' Powder
Country Fig, 3077.
Courantia rosea, 870 X.
Courbaril, 1626.
Couroupita guianensis, 59 X .
Cowage, 3244.
Cowbane, 2420 X ; -bell, 3165 X ;
-berrv, 835, 3425; -Grass,
3379 x ; -herb, 3074 X ; -itch,
3244: -itch. Twining. 3365;
Lily. 2291 X: Oak, 2886 x;
-Parsnip, 1458 X.
Cowslip, 2797 X ; American,
1063; Bush. 1477: Cape,
17i54v: Virginia, 2039.
'•\ m., 1569 X.
Crab- Apple. Prairie, 2877 X ;
-Apple, Western, 2877 X;
Cactus. 3549 x ; Flowering,
-; -Grass, 1109 x: Si-
berian, 2871 X ; Soulard, 2871.
Crab's Claw, 3260; -eye Vine,
176.
Cracca virginiana, 3321 X .
Craig. John, 1570.
Cranberry-Bush, 3463; -Bush,
European, 3462 X ; High,
3463: history, 1516 X ; Larger
American. 3425 X ; Mountain,
3425: Small, 3425 X.
Craiie-fly Orchis, 3352.
Cranesbill, 1330: Gray, 1331;
Iberian, 1331 x ; Meadow,
1331 x: Siberian, 1332: Sil-
ver-leaved, 1331; Spotted,
1332; Wild, 1332.
Craniolaria annua, 72 x .
Crape Jasmine, 3304; Myrtle.
1775X.
Crassina, 3544 X .
Crassula coccinea, 2969; jas-
minea, 2969.
Crassulacese, 38 X .
Cratiegus arbutifolia, 2596 x ;
cerronis, 3567 x ; coloradensis,
3567 x : erenulata, 2864 ; Crus-
galli, 1439 X ; erythropoda.
S567 X : florentina, 2878; gla-
bra. 2596: indica, 2911;Oxya-
cantha, 1439 X ; Pyracantha.
2863 x : saligna, 3567 x ; spi-
cata,273.
Cratae-mespilus grandiflora,
888X.
Craterellus cornucopioides,
B8&
Crateva Marmelos, 222 x .
Cream-Cups, 2712; -Nut, 494.
Creek Plum, 2829.
Creeper, Virginia, 2478X.
Creeping Charlie, 1936, 2130X ;
Fig, 1231 X ; Forget-me-not,
2340 x ; Jenny, 1936; Thyme,
3341X.
Creme de Creole, 1976.
Creole Aloe, 1306 x; Scorzon-
era, S.
Creosote, 25 X .
Crepis barbata, 3353.
Crescentia Cujete, 2301 X .
Cress, 1S41; Bell Isle, 454;
Brazil, 3205 x; Common
Winter, 454: Early Winter,
4.54: Para, 3205 X; Penny,
3333; Rock-, 343; Upland,
454: Water-, 2895 X.
Crested Dog's-tail, 940.
Crete Dittany, 2046 x .
Crimean Linden, 3347; Pine,
2641X.
Crimson Bells, 1482; Chinese
Rose. 29&S; Clover. 3379;
-Eye Rose-Mallow, 1486 x;
Flag, 3113: -flowered Euca-
lypt, 1152: Fountain Grass,
2537 x ; Glory Vine, 3491 X ;
Rambler Rose, 2985.
Crinodendron dependens,
3377X; Hookerianum,
3377 x ; Patagua, 52, 3377 X .
Crinum quitense, 2568: zey-
lanicum, 20 X .
Crispse (Clematis), 790 X.
Cristaria coccinea, 1975.
Crithmum maritimum, 912.
Crocus, Autumn, 824 x ; Chil-
ean, 3318: sativus, 21.
Crosnes du Japan, 3220 x .
Cross-leaved Heath, 1130 X;
-Vine, 503; -wort, 902 X.
Crossyne ciliaris, 599 X.
Croton, 815 X; bicolor. 1189;
Eluteria, 47 ; Oil, 46 X ; pictus,
816 X; sebiferus, 3073; Tig-
lium, 46 X ; tinctorius, 753;
variegatus, 816 X ; various
names, 358G.
Crowberry, 1 1 12 x ; Broom, 844 ;
Family, 47 X.
Crow-Foot, 950 X, 2905; -Vi-
tuals, 2130 X.
Crownbeard, 3446 X ; Virginia,
3447.
Crown Imperial, 1282; of
Thorns, 1170; Vetch, 855 X.
Crozophora tinctoria, 47.
Cruciata verticillata, 1328.
Cruciferse. 36 X .
Cruel Plant. 938 X , 2610.
Crula cissifolia, 204.
Crus-galli (CraUegus), 884.
Cryptanthe, 1758 X.
Cryptogramma acrostichoides,
1217.
Cryptophragmiuin ceylanicum,
1421.
Cryptopyrum Richardsonii,
3385.
Ctenostachys (Limonium), 3231.
Cuban Lily, 3117 X.
Cubeb, 2646 x.
Cubeba officinalis, 2646 X .
Cubebs, 24.
Cubelium concolor,1618.
Cuckoo Flower, 661, 1929;
-Pint. 403.
Cucubalus latifolius, 3165 x .
Cucumber, Bur, 908 X , 3161 X ;
-leaved Sunflower, 1448; Man-
dera, 909; Melon. 908; -Root,
Indian, 2019; Snake, 908;
Squirting, 1085; Tree, 435 X,
1967 x; Tree, Large-leaved,
1966 x; Wild, 1096;
Cucumis Colocynthis, 780; ma-
deraspatanus, 2034; Melo,
76; perennis, 910; sativa, 76.
Cucurbita, 76; Lagenaria,
1774 x ; leucantha, 1774 X.
Cucurbitaceae, 75 X .
Cudrania javanensis, 26 X .
Cuernitos, 599; de Veracruz,
599.
Culcita, 1209 X.
Cultivated Oats, 435 X .
Culver's Root, 3449 X.
Cumburtu, 346.
Cumin, 911 X.
Cuminum odorum, 911 X .
C^iTirnrighftrma CUpresSOldeS,
427; selaginoides, 427.
Cunonia Family, 39 X .
Cunoniacese, 39 X .
Cup-and-Saucer, 644; -Flower,
2144 X ; Plant, 3169.
Cupang, 2474 x .
Cupania sapida, 515.
Cuphea arvensis, floribunda,
Hookeriana, jorullensis,
Roezlii, tricolor, 3567 x .
Cupressus disticha, 3314 x ;
formosensis, 732; Hodginsii,
1252 x ; Lawsoniana, 730 X ;
Lawsoniana argent ea, 731:
nootkatensis, 730 x ; obtusa,
731 ; pisifera, 731 X ; thyoides,
730 x ; thyoides variegata,
730 X.
Curare, 67.
Curatella americana, 53 X .
Curcuma, 22; angustifolia, 397;
longa, 22.
Curled Mallow, 1974 X.
Curly Dock, 3037; -Grass,
3110 x; -Grass Family, 9;
Palm, 1612 x.
Curmeria picturata, 1499 X ;
Wallisii, 1499.
Currant, 2956; Alpine, 2960;
American Black, 2959; Buf-
falo. 2958; Californian Black,
2959; Cherry, 2960; European
Black, 2959; Fetid. 2959;
Garden. 2960; Golden. 2958;
Grape, 3485; Indian. 3293;
Missouri, 2958; Northern
Red, 2960; Red, 2960; Skunk,
2959; Swamp Black, 2960 x;
Lrosnes au japan, HEIVX. ^vov, owamp rtiacK, fyau x ;
Vol. I, pp. 1-W2; II, pp. 603-13OO; III, pp. 1SO1-176O;
229
Swamp Red, 2959 X; To-
mato. 1932.
Currawang, 189 X.
Curtis, Joseph, 1570 X.
Curuba, 3161.
Cururu, 50 X .
Cuscuaria marantifolia, 3119.
Cuscuta Epilinum, 68 x .
Cushaw, 910.
Cushion Pink, 3167 X.
Custard- Apple, 291, 294; Fam-
ily, 34 X.
Cut-leaved Blackberry, 3030 X ;
Lavender, 1829.
Cyamopsis t et rago noloba,
1414 X.
Cyanitis sylvatica, 1003 x .
Cyanococcus (Vaccinium), .
3422X.
Cyanophycese, 4,
Cyanophyllum magnificum,
2047; spectandum, 2047.
Cyanotis axillaris, 18 X ; vit-
tata, 3540.
Cyanus arvensis, 711 X.
Cyathea, 1209 x, 1210, 1214;
Family, 8.
Cyatheacese, 8, 1209.
Cycadaceae, 11.
Cycas, 11; Family, 11; Leh-
mannii, 1113 X.
Cyclanthacese, 17.
Cyclanthus bipartitus, 17; Fam-
ily, 17.
Cyclobalanopsis acuta, 2890;
glauca, 2889 X; Vibrayana,
tan.
C>-clobothra alba, 632 x ; flava,
635; pulchella, 632 x; pur-
purea, 635 X.
Cyclone Plant, 935.
Cyclophorus, 2745.
Cycnoches, 2402; barbatum,
2737 x ; Lehmannii, 1920 x ;
musciferum, 2737 X ; Pesca-
torei, 1920 X.
Cydonia cathayensis, 727 X ;
japonica,728;lagenaria,728x ;
Maulei, 728 X ; Sargentii,
728 X; sinensis, 727 x. See
also 3587.
Cylactus (Rubus), 3023 X .
Cymbalaria, 1883 x ; (Sari-
fraga), 3086 X.
Cymbia occidentalis, 1758.
Cymbidium, 2402; Huttonii,
1371 x : Mastersii. 940 x ;
Sandersonii, 299; triquetrum,
2346X.
Cymophyllus Fraseri, 663.
Cynanchum sarcostemmoides,
68.
Cynara Cardunculus, 77x;
Scolymus, 77 X.
Cynodon Dactylon, 15.
Cynoglossum apenninum, 3187;
longiflorum, 1885; nervosum,
3567 x; nobile, 2091; offici-
nale, 69.
Cynorchis. 2042.
Cynosurus spgyptius, 950 X.
Cynoiylon floridum, 854 X.
Cynthia virginica, 1758.
Cypella plumbea. 2574.
Cyperaceae, 15 X.
Cyperorchis, 2402.
Cyperus, 16; adenophorus, 3567
X ; esculentus, 2301 x : Papy-
rus, 2472 x ; syriacus, 2472 X .
Cyphokentia Vieillardii, 943 X.
Cypress, Bald, 3314 X; Decid-
uous, 3314 x; Hinoki, 731;
Italian, 915; Lawson's 730 x :
Mock, 1755; Monterey, 915;
Montezuma, 3315; Pine, 631;
Sawara, 731x; Spurge,
1173 x ; Standing, 1337; Sum-
mer. 1755; -Vine, 2879.
Cypripedium, 2402; Ains-
worthii, 2604; albopurpur-
eum, 2604; Applet onianum,
2468; Argus, 2469 X; bar-
batum, 2470; barbatum var.
Argus, 2469 x ; barbatum
Hookerse, 2468 x ; barbatum
var. superbiens, 2469 x ; bar-
batum var. Veitchii, 2469 X;
barbatum var. Warnerianum,
2470: bellatulum, 2463 x;
Boissierianum, 2603 x ;
Boxallii, 2466 x; Bullenia-
num, 2468; Bullenianum Ap-
pletonianum, 2468; callosum,
2470 X; Cannaertianum.
2464x; cardinale, 2604;
caricinum, 2603; caudatum,
2603 x ; Chamberlainianum,
2466; Charles worthii, 2467 X ;
ciliolare, 2469 X ; concolor,
2463 X ; concolor Godefroyse,
2463 X; Crashawa?. 2467 X ;
Crossii, 2470; crucifonne,
2466; Curtisii, 2469 X ; Daya-
nurn. 2469; Dominianum,
2604; Drurii, 2467 x ; Elliot-
tianum, 2464; erul, 2467 x;
Fairieanum, 2468; glandulif-
erum, 2464; Godefroyae,
2463 X; grande, 2604; Hart-
wegii,2603 X ;Haynaldianum,
2466; hirsutissimum, 2466;
Hookers, 2468 X; Hooker*
Bullenianum, 2468; Hookene
Volonteanum,2468 X ; insigne
2466 X; javanicum, 2469;
javanicum virens, 2469; laevi-
gatum, 2464 x ; Lawrence-
anuni, 2470 x ; Lindeni,
2603 x; Lindleyanum, 2603;
longifolium, 2603 X ; Lowei,
2466; magniflorum, 2603 x;
Mastersianum, 2469; Moen-
siannm, 2469 X ; neo-gui-
neense, 2464; nigritum. 2470;
niveum, 2464 ; orbum, 2470 X ;
pardinum, 2468 x ; Parishii,
2465 X ; parviflorum, 23;
Pearcei. 2603; Petri, 2469;
philippinense, 2464 x ; Pit-
cherianum, 2469 X ; porphy-
reum, 2604; Poyntzianum,
2468; prsestans, 2464; pra?s-
tans var. Kimballianum,
2464 X; purpuratum, 2469,
2470; reticulatum, 2603 X;
Roebbelenii var. Cannaertia-
num, 2464 x ; Roezlii, 2603 x ;
Rothschildianum, 2464; San-
derianum, 2464 X ; Schlimii,
2602X; Schmidtianum,
2470 X ; Schomburgkianum,
2603; Schroederae, 2604;
spectabile Dayanum, 2469;
Spicerianum, 2468; Stonei,
2465; superbiens, 2469 X ;
superbiens Dayanum, 2469;
tonkinense, 2464; tonsum,
2468 X ; Veitchianum, 2469 X ;
venustum, 2468 x; Victoria-
Maria, 2466; villosum, 2466;
virens, 2469; vittatum, 2603;
Volonteanum, 2468 X; Wal-
lisii, 2603 x; Warscewiczia-
num, 2603 X.
Cyprus, 1831 ; Turpentine, 48.
Cyrilla Family, 48 X .
Cyrillacese, 48 X.
Cyrtanthera chrysostephana,
1714 X ; Ghiesbreghtiana,
1715; magnifica, 1714 x ;
Pohliana, 1714 X : Pohliana
var. velutina, 1714 X .
Cyrtanthuz breviflorus, 298 x.
Cyrtoceras floribundum, 1613;
multiflorum, 1613.
Crytodeira chontalensis.1125 X ;
coccinea, 1125X.
Cyrtomium, 1214.
Cyrtopera Woodfordii. 946.
Cyrtopodium, 2402.
Cystopteris, 1217.
C>tisus Adamii, 1763 X ; al-
pinus. 1763 x ; Cajan. 613 x ;
fragrans, 2563 X ; Laburnum,
1763; Laburnum purpuras-
cens, 1763 X ; pinnata. 2753;
ramantaceus, 2563 X ; sagit-
tahs, 1323; scoparius. 41 x.
42; Weldenii, 2563 X.
Czackia Liliastrum, 2473X.
Dactylis glomerata, 15.
Dactyloides (Sarifraga), 3087 X .
Dsemonorops, 2445; fissus.3568.
Daffodil, Hoop-petticoat, 2109;
Sea-, 1626; Trumpet, 2109 X.
Dagger Fern, 2749.
Dahlia, Climbing, 1490 X ; Zim-
apanii, 862.
Dahoon, 1640.
IV, pp. 1761-24SS; V, pp. 243S-3O41; VI, pp. 3043-3639.
3620
INDEX
INDEX
Daisy, African, 1903 X ; Blue,
1205 X ; -Bush, Australian,
2334; Childing, 486; Double-
Orange, 1133; Easter, 3361;
English, 485 X; Giant, 758;
March, 486; Michaelmas, 416;
of New Zealand, 1775; Ox-
eye, 758; Paris, 756; Swan
River, 539; True, 486; Turf-
ing, 756; White, 1832; Yellow,
3034 x.
Dalbergia nigra, 42.
Dalea Candida, 2561; purpurea,
2561 X.
Dalibarda pedata, 3024.
Dalibardastrum, 3024.
Damask Rose, 2989 X.
Dame's Violet, 1479.
Dammar, 1417; Resin, 12 X,
230 X.
Dammara australis, 230 X ;
Brownii, 230X; robusta,
230 X.
Damask Violet, 1479.
Damson, 2826.
Dandelion, 3311; Dwarf, 1758;
Fall, 1840.
Dangleberry, 1320.
Daphnanthes, 963.
Daphne cannabina, 59; Gnid-
ium, 58 X ; Mezereum, 58 x ;
papyrifera, 1099; Tarton-
raira, 3340 X .
Daphnidium gracile, 487.
Darbya umbellulata, 3570 X.
Darea (Asplenium), 415.
Darling Plum, 2922 X .
Darlington, E. D., 1570 X.
Darlingtonia calif ornica, 37 X .
Darnel, 1902 X.
Dartt, E. H. S., 1571.
Darwin Potato, 3181.
Dasheen, 3312 X.
Dasylirion caespitosum, 2148;
flexile, 2148; Hookerii, 2148;
junceum, 238 X ; longifolium,
2147 X .
Dasystephana, 1323 X .
Datura Stramonium, 70 X.
Daubentonia punicea, 3157 X ;
Tripetiana, 3157 X ; Tripetii,
3157 X.
Daucus Carota, 62 X .
Davallia, 1214; alpina, 1614;
angustata, 1614; brasiliensis,
3047; bullata, 1207; chinensis,
2328 X; concinna, 1918;
foeniculacea, 1918; Mariesii,
1207; Tyermannii, 1614.
David's Harp, 2739 X .
Davilla, 53 X .
Dawn-Flower, Blue, 1660.
Dawson, Jackson, 3554.
Dawson Rose, 2985.
Day-Flower, 835 X .
Deadman's Fingers, 1423.
Dead Nettle, 1776X.
Deane, Samuel, 1571.
Dearborn, H. A. S., 1571.
Deciduous Cypress, 3314 X .
Deckenia nobilis, 3568.
Deckeria, 3568.
Decostea, 1414.
Deerberry, 3421, 3422; D. Cab-
bage, 1922 x.
Deguelia, 988 X.
Delabechea rupestris, 3239 X.
Delaware, 2210.
Delphinium speciosum, 3568;
speciosum glabratum, 3568.
Deltoides (Crataegus), 882 x.
Demerara Copal, 1417.
Dempsey, P. C., 1571 X.
Dendrium, 1835; buxifolium,
1835 X ; Hugeri, 1835 X ; pros-
tratum,1835x.
Dendrobium acuminatum, 3078
amplum, 3078; Coelogyne
3078; cymbidioides, 3078
muricatum var. munificum
1647 X ; polystachyon, 2749
Treacherianum, 3078; tri-
florum, 3078.
Dendrochilum Cobbianum
2710 X; cucumerinum
2710x; filiforme, 2710X
glumaceum, 2710 X .
Dendrophylax funalis, 2745 X
Lindenii, 2745 X .
Dendropogon usneoides, 3350.
Dennstsedtia, 1214 x, 1217; ci-
cutaria, 3171 X.
Densiflorae (Limonium), 3232.
Deparia, 1214 X.
Depressa Gourd, 1774 x .
Desert Gum, 1156 X; Willow,
747 X.
Design in landscapes, 1783 X .
Desmanthus plenus, 2136 X .
Desmodium japonicum, 1845 X ;
penduliflorum, 1845.
Detariumsenegalense, 41 X.
Deutzia corymbosa, 2581 X ;
scabra, 39 x ; spp. 1439 X .
Devil-in-a-Bush, 2145 x ; Tree,
266 x; -Wood, 2412 x.
Devil's-Bit, 733, 1491; Boots,
3078 X; Claws, 189; Hand,
749 X ; Tongue, 276 X ; Walk-
ing-stick, 344.
Dewberry, California, 3032 X ;
history, 1516; Southern, 3032;
Swamp, 3032.
Dewdrop, 479; -Plants, 1077.
Deyeuxia, 617.
Dhak, 59.
Dhal, 613 X.
Dhoura, 1497.
Diacanthium (Euphorbia), 1170.
Dianella nemorosa, 20.
Dianthus marginatus, 3568;
various names, 3588.
Diapensia Family, 64 X.
Diapensiaceae, 64 x .
Diastema gracile, 1005.
Diatomeae, 4 x .
Diatoms, 4 x .
Dibrachya, 2530.
Dicentranthera, 425 X .
Dichelostemma capitata, 578.
Dichorisandra Warscewicziana,
3364 x.
Dicksonia, 1209 X, 1214 X,
1217; cicutaria, 3171 X ; pilo-
siuscula, 987 X .
Dicksonieae, 1209 X.
Dicranopteris, 1348.
Dictogramma, 837.
Dictyosperma, 2445.
Dicypellium caryophyllatum,
35 X , 805 X
Didiscus caerulea, 3362 x .
Didymochlaena, 1214 X.
Didymosperma caryotoides,
3500 X.
Dieffenbachia Seguine, 17 X .
Dierama pulcherrima, 3200.
Diervilla, 3588, 3610.
Diffusae (Veronica), 3450 X.
Digger Pine, 2645 X .
Digitalis purpurea, 71.
Dilivaria ilLifolia, 195.
Dill, 911 X.
Dillenia Family, 53 X ; speciosa,
53 X.
Dilleniaceae, 53 X .
Dilly, Wild, 2056.
Dimocarpus Lichi, 1891 X .
Dimorphanthus elatus, 344;
mandschuricus, 344 X ; mand-
schuricus elegantissimus fol.
var., 344 X.
Dioscorea Batatas, 21; villosa,
21.
Dioscoriaceae, 20 X .
Diosma fragrans, 214 X .
Diospyros Lotus, 66; virginiana,
66.
Diplacus glutinosus, 2055 X .
Dipladenia Harrisii, 2320.
Diplazium, 1214 X.
Diplecthrum, 3083.
Diplopappus, 416.
Diploxylon, 2635.
Dipper Gourd, 1774X.
Dipsacaceas, 75.
Dipsaceous Gourd, 908 X .
Dipsacus ferox, 75 X ; sylvestris,
75x.
Diptera (Saxifraga), 3093 X.
Dirca palustris, 58 X
Dircaea cardinalis, 1333X.
Disa grandiflora, 2402.
Disemma, 2480.
Dish-cloth Gourd, 1921.
Distegia involucrata, 1908.
Distegocarpus Carpinus, 673 X .
Ditch-Moss, 1110X.
Dittany, 1004; Crete, 2406 X;
Maryland, 912 x .
Dixon, J. N., 1571 X.
Dizygotheca crassifolia, 2846;
elegantissima, 2746 X .
Dock, 3036 X; Bitter, 3037;
Curly, 3037; Great Water-,
3037; Prairie, 2477 X, 3169;
Spinage, 3036 x ; Yellow, 3037.
Dockmackie, 3462 x .
Dodder, 922.
Doekoe, 1818 X.
Doellingeria umbellata, 1019 X.
Dog-bane, 311; -bane Family,
67 X ; -bane, Spreading,
311 x; -berry, 3195; Fennel,
300; Rose, 2990 X.
Dog's-tail-Grass, 940; -Tongue,
3380 X.
Dogwood Family, 63; Flower-
ing, 854 X; Jamaica, 2648 X;
Red-Osier, 852 x .
Dolichandra cyaanchoides,
1939 X .
Dolichocarpae (Pachira), 2424.
Dolichodeira, 3169 X ; tubi-
flpra, 208.
Dolicholus, 2955 X .
Dolichos bulbosus, 2425 X ;
erosus, 2425 X ; japonicus,
2856 x ; Lablab, 41 x ; multi-
florus, 3244 ; palmatiloba,
2426; phaseoloides, 2856 X;
pruriens, 3244; sesquipeda-
lis, 3469 X .
Domba Oil, 636 X .
Donaldia ulmifolia, 482.
Dondia, 1425 X .
Dondisia, 1425 X.
Doodia, 1214 X.
Dooja, 2047 X .
Doorweed, 2740 X .
Dorema Ammoniacum, 62 X.
Dorner, Frederick, 1571 X .
Doryalis, 172.
Double Coconut, 1899 X ;
-Orange Daisy, 1133; Snow-
drop Anemone, 286.
Douglas, Robert, 1572; T. H.,
1572.
Douglas Spruce, 2847.
Douglasianae (Crataegus), 886.
Doura, 1497.
Dove-Flower, 2554; -wood,
244 x.
Down Thistle, 2354.
Downer, J. S., 1572.
Downing, A. J., 1572X; Chas.,
1573.
Downton Elm, 3412.
Downy Myrtle, 2948; Poplar,
2762; Swamp Blueberry, 3423.
Doxantha capreolata, 503.
Dracaena Boscii, 238 x ; Draco,
19 X ; Ehrenbergii, 3531 x ;
filamentosa, 238 X ; Fintel-
manni, 3531 X ; gramini-
folia, 1890 X ; Lenneana,
3531 X ; Lennei, 3531 x ; vari-
ous names, 3588; yuccoides,
3531 X.
Dracocephalum canariense,
698 X; canescens, 1776 X;
denticulatum, 2612; vir-
ginianum, 2611 X .
Dracontium spinosum, 1823 X .
Dracunculus crinitus, 1450 X .
Dragon Arum, 391 X ; -Head,
False, 2611 X; -Root, 392;
-Tree, 1069 X .
Dreer, H. A., 1573.
Drejera puberula, 1730 X ;
Willdenowiana, 1715.
Drimys aromatica, 3313 X ;
Winteri, 34.
Driveways, 3496 X .
Dropseed, 3217 X; -wort, 1239;
-wort, Water, 2328 X .
Drosera rotundifolia, 38 X .
Droseraceae, 38.
Drymophloeus singaporensis,
3571.
Drymosphace (Salvia), 3059 X.
Drynaria, 1214 X ; musaefolium,
2607 X .
Dryopteris, 1214 X, 1217; Filix-
mas, 8 X .
Duchartrea, 1333 X .
Duck-Flower, 393 X .
Duck's-Meat, 1836 X.
Duckweed, 1836 X ; Family, 18;
Tropical, 2650.
Duckwheat, 1201 X.
Due van Thol Tulip, 3398.
Dudaim Melon, 908.
Dudleya Cotyledon, 871; lance-
olata, 871; pulverulenta,
870 X ; -Purpusii, 870 X .
Dufour, J. J., 1573 X.
Dugaldia Hoopesii, 1443 X.
Duguetia longif olia, 1306 X .
Duke Cherry, 2838.
Duku, 1818 X.
Dumb Plant, 1006 X.
Duranta Ellisia, 69 X .
Durie Caraboa, 398 X .
Durio zibethinus, 53, 2301 X.
Durra, 1497.
Dusty Miller, 399 X, 711, 1928,
3152.
Dutch Case-Knife Bean, 2576;
Crocus, 898; Elm, 3411 X.
Dutchman's Breeches, 1002;
Pipe Family, 28.
Duvaua dependens, 3109.
Dwarf Alder, 1270 X ; Bilberry,
3424; Blue-Gum, 1154;
Cherry, 2833 X , 2836 X ;
Dandelion, 1758; Golden
Yellow-flowering Pea, 901 X ;
Jamaica, 2078; Palmetto,
3045; Poinciana, 613; Pome-
granate, 2862; Squill, 3118;
Willow, 3054.
Dyckia Glaziovii, 2121 x.
Dyer's Greenweed, 1323; Weed,
2918; Woad, 1688; Woodruff,
411x.
Earflower, 938.
Easter Bell, 3234 x ; Cactus,
3113 x ; Daisy, 3361; Flower,
1169x; Lily, 1867 X.
East Indian Copal, 1417; Lotus,
2117;Rosebay, 3304 X.
Eatonia Dudleyi, 3205 X ; penn-
sylvanica, 3205.
Eau-d'ange, 60 X ; de Creole,
1976.
Ebenaceae, 65 X .
Ebony, 1014 x, 2652 x; Fam-
ily, 65 X ; Mountain, 456 X .
Ecballium Elaterium, 76.
Echeveria agavoides, 870;
bracteosa, 2425; calif ornica,
871 ; coccinea, 870 X ; fari-
npsa, 870 x; fulgens, 870;
gibbiflora, 870 X ; lanceolata,
871; metallica, 870 X ; Pea-
cockii, 870; pulverulenta,
870 X ; Purpusii, 870 x ;
rosea, 870 X ; sanguinea, 870;
Scheerii, 870; secunda, 870;
secunda var. glauca, 870.
Echinqcactus Fiebrigii, 2915;
Lewinii, 1915; Pentlandii,
1097 X; Poselgerianus, 1978;
Sellowii, 1971 X ; Williamsii,
1915.
Echinocereus tuberosus, 3513.
Echinosphace (Salvia), 3065.
Echinostachys, 221 X .
Echites funiformis, 1982 X ;
nutans, 2782 X ; splendens,
1018.
Echium formosum, 1899 X ;
grandiflorum, 1899 X ; perae-
tum, 2059; rubrum, 2355;
vulgare, 69.
Edelweiss, 1840.
Edraianthus dalmaticus, 3495;
Pumilio, 3495; serpyllifolius,
3495.
Edwardsia chilensis, 3192 X ;
chrysophylla, 3192 X ; grandi-
flora, 3192; Macnabiana,
3192 X ; tetraptera, 3192.
Edwinia americana, 1716.
Eeldea, 3278 X.
Eel-Grass, 3428.
Egg-Fruit, 1919.
Eggplant, Chinese Scarlet,
3184 x ; Ethiopian, 3184 x ;
Ornamental, 3184 X .
Eglantine, 2990 X .
Egyptian Clover, 3379; Onion,
248; Paper Plant, 941 ; Privet,
1831; Rice Corn, 1497; Wil-
low, 3053.
Eichhornia crassipes, 19.
Elaeagnaceae, 59.
Elaeagnus angustifolia, 59,
1440; latifolia, 59; parvifolia,
1440.
Elseis, 2445; guineensis, 16 X ,
2301 X .
Elaeocarpaceae, 51 X .
Elaeocarpus Family, 51 X ;
sphaericus, 52; tuberculatus,
52.
INDEX
INDEX
3621
Elaterium, 76, 1085; cordifol-
ium, 1085.
Elder, American, 3067 x ; Box,
?04 X ; European, 3067 X ;
Marsh, 1708; Poison, 2953 x ;
Red-berried, 3068; Sweet,
3067 x; Wild, 344 x ; Yel-
low, 3317.
Elecampane, 1654 X .
Elemi, 1418.
Eleocharis tuberosa, 16.
Elephant-ear Fern, 1108.
Elephant's Ear, 469, 830; Foot,
3322.
Elettaria Cardamomum, 22.
Eleusine segyptiaca, 950 X .
Eleutherococcus Henryi, 193;
senticosus, 193.
Elichrysum tricolor, 1449 X .
Eliot, Chas., 1573 X ; Jared,
1573 x.
Elliot, Wyman, 1574.
Elliott, F. R., 1574.
Ellisia acuta, 1081.
Ellwanger, Geo., 1574.
Elm, American, 3409 X; Bel-
gian, 3412; Camperdown,
3410 x; Cedar, 3413; Chi-
nese, 3413; Cork, 3410; Cor-
nish, 3412 X ; Downton, 3412;
Dutch, 3411 X; English,
3411; Family, 25 x; Guern-
sey, 3412 x ; Huntingdon,
3411 x ; Jersey, 3412 x ; Red,
3410 x; Rock, 3410; Scotch,
3410X; Slippery, 1279,
3140 x; Smooth- leaved,
3412; Wahoo, 3410; Water-,
2655 x , 3409 x ; Wheatley,
3412 x: White, 3409 x;
Winged, 3410; Wych, 3410 X .
Elodea campanula**, 1632 x ;
canadensis, 14 X ; virginica,
1632 x.
Elymus giganteus, 3568.
Embira,3526x.
Emblica, 2606.
Embothrium coccineum, 27;
speciosissimum, 3320 X.
Emerus major, 855 X .
Emlic, 2606.
Emory, R. S., 1574.
Empetracese, 47 X .
Empress of Brazil, 1494.
Empusa muscas, 5 X.
Enalus, 14 X .
Enchanter's Nightshade, 773 X.
Encholirium Saundersii, 3493.
Enckea, 2646.
Encyclium, 1117 X .
Endymion, 3117.
Engelmann Spruce, 2620.
Englerophoenis Maripa, 2016;
regia, 2016.
English Blue-Grass, 2723 X ;
Daisy, 485 x ; Dwarf Bean,
3464 x; Elm, 3411; Holly,
1638; Ivy, 1437 X; Laurel,
2843x;iOak, 2888; Walnut,
1722.
Ensete edule, 2077.
Enterolobium Saman, 2653,
3066X.
Eopepon vitifolius, 3376.
Epacridaceae, 64.
Epacris Family, 64.
Epapulosa, 2041.
Ephemerum bicolor, 2950.
Epibaterium carolinum, 808 X.
Epidendrum, 2402; bicornu-
tum, 996 X ; bidentatum,
996 X; Hugelianum, 692;
Mathewsii, 2105 x; Medusae,
2105 x; tibicinis, 3114; tri-
quetrum, 2346 X.
Epifagus, 1824 x .
Epigynium acuminatum,
33.32 X .
Epilobium latifolium, 61.
Epimedium diphyllum, 205 X.
Epipactis, 1357 x"; latifolia, 23.
Epiphyllum Gasrtneri, 3113 x;
Russellianum, 3113 X; Rus-
sellianum var. G se r t n e r i ,
3113 X; truneatum, 3550.
Equisetaceae, 10.
Equisetales, 1208.
Equisetum, 10 X.
Eranthemum Andersonii, 2845;
bicolor, 951, 2845 X; cin-
nabarinum, 2845; igneum,
733 X ; laxiflorum, 2845; mal-
accense, 2845; nervosum,
951 ; pulchellum, 951, 2845 X ;
reticulatum, 2845 X; rubro-
neryum, 1240x; rubro-
venium, 1240 X; rubro-
venosum, 1240; Schom-
burgkii, 2845 X ; seticalyx,
2845X; tuberculatum,
2845 X.
Eremanthe (Hypericum),
1630X.
Eremurus turkestanicus, 3568.
Eria coronaria, 3376.
Erianthse (Salvia), 3062 X .
Erica spiculifolia, 581; vul-
garis, 631 X .
Ericaceae, 64.
Erigeron canadense, 77.
Erinosma vernum, 1849.
Erinus gracilis, 3532 x ; lych-
nidea, 3532 X .
Eriodendron an f rac t uosum,
700; occidentale, 700; orient-
ale, 700.
Eriodictyon glutinosum, 69;
Parryi, 2097 X.
Eriogynia caespitosa, 2563 X ;
pectinata, 1921.
Eriolobus kansuensis, 2874;
yunnensis, 2874.
Eriophorum, 16.
Eriopsis, 2402.
Eriostomum, 3219X.
Eriotrichae (Potentilla), 2774.
Eritrichium barbigerum, 903 X,
1758 X ; glomeratum, 1758 X ;
nothofulvum, 2655 X .
Ernst, A. H., 1574 X.
Erodium cicutarium, 245 x ;
moschatum, 43.
Erpetion hederaceum, 3473;
petiolare, 3473; reniforme,
3473; spathulatum, 3473.
Ervum Ervilia, 3466; Lens,
41X.1839.
Eryngo, 1137X.
Erythea, 2445.
Erythraea Centaurium, 67.
Erythrina piscipula, 2648 X.
Erythrobalanus, 2883.
Erythrochaete palmatifida,
1858 X.
Erythrodes querceticola, 2612.
Erythrospermum hypoleucum,
701 x.
Erythroxylaceae, 44.
Erythroxylon Coca, 44.
Escorzonera, 72 X .
Esparcet, 2353.
Esparto, 1934 x ; -Grass, 3243.
Espino Blanco, 599; Cavan,
188x.
Estragon, 399.
Ethiopian Eggplant, 3184 x.
Euagave, 232.
Euaizoonia (Saxifraga), 3096 X.
Euasparagus, 406 X.
Euatalantia, 426.
Eubatus (Rubus), 3029 X.
Eubotrys, 1850 x.
Eucalochortus, 632 X .
Eucalyptus alba, platyphylla,
3568.
Eucastalia, 2313.
Eucharis Clibranii, 3415X.
Euconvolvulus, 839 X .
Euepidendrum, 1118.
Eufortunella, 1269 X.
Eufritillaria, 1280.
Eufurcraea, 1305 X.
Eugene Poplar, 2760.
Eugenia myriophylla, 514 X ;
operculata, 3302 x ; Pimenta,
2626; Ugni, 2096 X.
Euhypericum, 1632.
Eulalia, 2057; gracillima uni-
vittata, 2057 X ; japonica,
2057 x ; japonica gracillima,
2057 x.
Eulimonium, 3231 X.
Eulirion, 1867.
Eumaurandia, 2012 X.
Eumelothria, 2033 X .
Eumorpha, 2530 X.
Eumusa, 2078.
Eumycetes, 5x.
Euonymus. See Evonymus,
below.
Eupatorium perfoliatum, 77;
serotinum, 3568.
Euphorbia, 46 x ; canaliculata,
2524 x ; carinata, 2524 x ;
pendula, 3078; tithymaloides,
2524 X.
Euphorbiacese, 46 X .
Euphorbiodendron, 1173X.
Euphorbium, 1170.
Euphotinia, 2596.
Euphrasia officinalis, 71.
Eupicea, 2618.
Eurhododendron, 2937 X .
European Aspen, 2756 x;
Beech, 1202 x ; Bird Cherry,
2843; Black Currant, 2959;
Cranberry - Bush, 3 4 6 2 X ;
Elder, 3067X; Evening
Primrose, 2329 x ; Golden-
rod, 3188 X; Grape, 3484 x;
Green Alder, 252; Horn-
beam, 673 X; Larch, 1822 x;
Mountain-Ash, 3195x;
Raspberry, 3028; Turk's-Cap
Lily, 1873; White Hellebore,
3440 x; Yellow Pond-Lily.
2292.
Eurosa, 2984 X.
Eurya microphylla, 1188.
Euryale ferox, 31 X , 2302.
Euryangium, 1228.
Eusiphonantha (Limonium),
3232 x.
Euspathiphyllum, 3202.
Eusphace (Salvia), 3058 X.
Eustachys, 3220.
Eustoma Russellianum, 1890 X .
Eusyringa, 3300.
Eutacta, 345.
Eutassa, 345.
Euterpe caribsea, 2405; vinif-
era, 2846 X.
Euthapsi (Verbascum), 3442.
Eutoca divaricata, 2567; gland-
ulosa, 2567 X; Menziesii,
2567; mexicana, 2567; multi-
flora, 2567; viscida, 2566 X;
Wrangeliana, 2567 X .
Euvaccinium, 3424.
Euvitalbss (Clematis), 796 X.
Evans, J. C., 1574 X.
Evansia (Iris), 1669.
Evening Campion, 1928 X;
Primrose, 2328 X ; Primrose
Family, 61; Star ,"840.
Everbearing Grape, 3484 X;
Strawberry, 1273.
Everblooming Cherry, 2837 X.
Evergreen Blackberry, 3030 X ;
Cherry, 2844; Grape- Vine,
3482 X ; Wisteria, 2706 X .
Everlasting, 280 X, 299; Grape
3484 x ; Pea, 1825 X ; Thorn,
2863 X ; Yellow, 1450.
Evi,3216x.
Evodia hupehensis, 3568 X.
Evonymus japonica, 1440; name
of, 3590.
Ewe-gowan, 486.
Exarata? (Saxifraga), 3091.
Excoacaria Agallocha, 47; sebif-
era, 3073.
Exocarpus, 27 X .
Exogonium Purga, 68 X.
Eyebright, 1175.
Faba sativa, 3464 x ; vulgaris,
3464 x.
Fabiana imbricata, 71.
Fadyenia Hookeri, 1316 X.
Fagaceae, 25 X.
Fagara, 3537.
Fagopynim cymosum, 2744;
esculentum, 28 X .
Fagus grandifolia, 2302; obli-
qua, 2290; procera, 2290;
sylvatica, 1440.
Faham, 23.
Fair Maids of France, 2907 X .
Fairy Bells, 1060 X; -Grass,
Himalaya, 2057X; Lily,
3541 X ; Primrose, 2795 X ;
Rose, 2988.
Falcata comoea, 278 X .
Fallaces (Primula), 2797.
Fall Dandelion, 1840; Grape,
3487.
False Acacia, 2967; Arum Root,
3320 X; Bitter-sweet, 701;
Chamomile, 520; China
Brier, 3175; Dragon-Head,
2611X; Cromwell, 2355;
Hellebore, 3440 X ; Indigo,
275 X , 453; Mallow, 1974 x ;
Mitrewort, 3343; Pareira,
775; Saffron, 675; Sandal-
wood, 3525; Shagbark, 677;
Sisal, 232 x ; Solomon's Seal,
3172 x.
Fancy Geranium, 2532 x .
Fanwort, 608 X .
Farewell-to-Spring, 1353 X .
Farf ugium grande, 1858 X ;
Kaempferi, 1858 X ; macula-
turn, 1859.
Farinosse (Primula), 2801 X.
Farkleberry, 3422.
Fascicularia pitcairniifolia,
2949.
Fatsia horridum, 1096X;
papyriferum, 3323 X .
Faya f ragifera, 2093 X .
Feathered Columbine, 3326 x;
Hyacinth, 2080 X .
Featherfoil, 1607 x ; Geranium,
737; -Grass, 3243.
Feathery Bamboo, 448 X.
Fedegosa,680x.
Fedia rupestris, 2487 X .
Fendlera utahensis, 3512 X .
Fendlerella utahensis, 3512 X.
Fennel, 911 X; Dog, 300;
Florence, 911 X ; Flower,
911 X, 2145 X.
Fenzlia alba, 1337 X; dianthi-
flora, 1337 X.
Ferdinanda eminens, 2724.
Fern, Bear's-foot, 1614; Coffee,
2535; Cotton, 2290 X ; Ele-
phant-ear, 1108; Grape,
3352 x ; Hartford, 1934 x ;
Holly, 945 X; Interrupted,
2413 X; King, 2413 X; Lace,
735, 2135 x , 2290 X ; -leaved
Lily, 1874 X; New York,
1079; Palm, 931 X ; Resur-
rection, 2744 X ; Strawberry,
1457 x; Wood-, 1078 X.
Ferns, 7.
Feronia lucida, 1220.
Ferraria, 3344 X .
Ferula canadensis, 1859.
Fescue, Blue, 1228 x ; -Grass,
1228 x; Hard, 1229; Mead-
ow, 1228 x; Red, 1228 x;
Sheep's, 1228x; Tall,
1228 X ; Various -leaved,
1228 X.
Fessenden, T. G., 1575.
Festuca ovina, 15; quadriden-
tata, 15.
Fetid Currant, 2959; Till, 35 X .
Fetish-Tree, 1738.
Fetter-Bush, 2622 X.
Fetticus, 3427.
Feuillaea pedata, 3320.
Fever Bush, 487; -few, 756;
-few, American, 2477 X ;
-Plant, Chinese, 2430 X ;
Tree, 2626 X; -wort, 3382 x.
Fiber, Gomute, 390; Kapok,
521 x; Lechuguilla, 236 X.
Ficaria Ficaria, 2906.
Ficus, 26 X ; dealbata, 871 x ;
sinuosa, 3568 X ; subtripliner-
via, 3417: ulmifolia, 3568 X;
utilis, 3568 X.
Field Balm, 2130 X ; Pea, 2650 X ;
Sorrel, Common, 3037 X .
Fieldia lissochiloides, 3233 X.
Fiery Thorn, 2863 X.
Fig, Adam's, 2078 X ; Barberry,
2363; Cluster, 1233; Coun-
try, 3077; Creeping, 1231 X;
Indian, 2361; -Marigold,
2040; Mistletoe, 1232X;
Moreton Bay, 1232X;
Pharaoh's, 1234; -wort, 3121;
-wort Family, 71.
Fiji Arrowroot, 3304 X.
Filago germanica, 1335 X.
Filaree, 1136X.
Filaria, 2583.
Filicales, 1208.
Filicinae, 7.
Filmy-Fern Family, 8.
Fine Bent-Grass, 240 X.
Finger-Comb Grass, 950 X ;
Grass, 750 X; -Lime, 2047;
-Lime, Garroway's, 2047 x .
Dicoior, yol, ai45X; cin- below. (JnamomiJe, 520; China -Lome, Uarroway a, AMI X
Vol. I, pp. 1-602; II, pp. 603-1200; III, pp. 1201-1760; IV, pp. 1761-2422; V, pp. 242S-3041; VI, pp. S043-S6S9
3622
INDEX
INDEX
Finocchio, 911 X .
Fir, 172; Balm of Gilead, 173 x ;
Balsam, 173 X ; Red, 174 X ,
2847; Silver, 173; Spanish,
174X; Summer, 400X;
White, 173, 174.
Fire King, 477; -on-the-Moun-
tain, 1170; Pink, 3107; Rasp-
berry, 3024x; -thorn,
2863 X; -Weed, 1121.
Firmiana plantanifolia, 3239.
Fish Geranium, 2531; -Grass,
608 X ; -Poison Tree, 2648 X ;
-tail Palm, 679.
Fischeria Martiana, 1356.
Fistulina hepatica, 2088.
Five-finger, 2771 X.
Flacourtia Family, 56.
Flacourtiaceae, 56.
Flag, Crimson, 3113; Spiral,
864; Sweet, 210 X.
Flagellata, 4.
Flame-colored Azalea, 2942;
-Flower, 1751 X ; Tree,
3239 X .
Flaming Poppy, 2017 X.
Flat Palm, 1612 x ; Pea, 1825 X ;
Peach, 2833; -topped Yate,
1154X.
Flavae (Cratsegus), 885.
Flax, 1886 x ; Family, 43 X ;
Flowering, 1886 X ; Moun-
tain, 2738; New Zealand,
2595; Prairie, 1887 X.
Fleabane, 1132 x.
Fleece, Mountain, 2742 X.
Flexiles (Pinus), 2637.
Floating-Heart, 2315 X; Star,
2051.
Floerkea Douglasii, 1882 X.
Flomboyant, 2727.
Flooded Gum, 1158.
Floral Fire-Cracker, 558 X .
Flora's Paint-Brush, 1112.
Flor de Isabal, 1118X; de la
Oreja, 938.
Floribundse (Primula), 2791.
Florida, 2229; Beggarweed, 991;
Moss, 3350 X ; Olea, 2412 X ;
Smilax, 3174 x ; Swamp Lily,
893 X.
Flos Adonis, 221; indicus, 1220.
Floss Silk Tree, 752.
Flower-Garden, 1747 X .
Flowering Almond, 2831 X ;
Apple, Chinese, 2873 X ;
Crab, 2875; Dogwood, 854 x ;
Fern, 2413 X; Flax, 1886 X ;
Maple, 176 X ; Moss, 2878 X ;
Raspberry, 3024 X ; Rush,
601; Spurge, 1169; Willow,
747 X ; Wintergreen, 2738.
Flower - of - an - Hour, 1484 x ;
of Jove, 1928; of St. Sebas-
tian, 692; of the Gods,
1020 X.
Fluellen, 3452 X.
Fluggea suffruticosa, 3125.
Fly Orchis, 2356; -Poison,
3549 X.
Flying Dragon, 2752.
Foam-Flower, 3343.
Foeniculum dulce, 911 x; vul-
gare, 62X.911X.
Forcing-houses, 1400 X.
Forefather's Cup, 3078 X .
Forest Gray Gum, 1158.
Forget-me-not, 2091; Creeping,
2340 X; Giant, 2090 X.
Formal Gardens, 1793.
Forsteropsis, 3278 X .
Fortunsea sinensis, 2708 X .
Fortune's Double Yellow Rose,
2987 X ; Palm, 3362.
Fo Shu Kan, 781 X.
Fothergilla involucrata, 2476 X .
Fountain Grass, Crimson',
2537 X.
Fouquieria splendens, 55.
Fouquieriacese, 55.
Fourcraea, 1305.
Fourcroya, 1305.
Four-leaved Grass, 2474 X ;
-O'clock, 2056 X; -O'clock
Family, 29 X .
Fowl Meadow-Grass, 1352.
Foxberry, 3425; -Brush Orchid,
225 X ; -glove, 1009 X ; -glove,
Mexican, 3323 x ; Grape,
3490 X ; Grape, Southern,
3484; -tail, 1500; -tail Cactus,
1979; -tail, Green, 3158; -tail
Pine, 2639 X; -tail, Yellow,
3158.
Fragaria indica, 1080.
Fragrant Balm, 2061; Candy-
tuft, 1635 X.
Franciscea calycina, 581 X ;
confertiflora, 581 X ; eximia,
581 X; Hopeana, 582; lati-
folia, 582; pauciflora, 581 X ;
uniflora, 582.
Frangipani, 2723.
Frangula Alnus, 2925; cali-
f ornica var. tomentella,
2924 X .
Frankincense, 45 X, 1417 X;
Pine, 2643.
Franklinia alatamaha, 1361.
Fraxinaster, 1276 X.
Fraxinella, 1004; alba, 1004 X ;
Dictamnus, 1004 X .
Fraxinus americana, 357;
Ornus, 66 X .
Fremontodendron californicum,
1278 X.
French Honeysuckle, 1442;
Marigold, 3305; Physic Nut,
1720; Pink, 711 x; Sorrel,
3037 X ; Vetch, 3464 x .
Frenela rhomboidea, 631; ro-
busta, 631.
Fresh-water Cord-Grass, 3201;
Soldier, 3260.
Freycinetia, 2449.
Fringe, Mountain, 220 X ; Tree,
748.
Fringed Calla, 392; Galax,
3112; Gentian, 1326; Milk-
wort, 2738; Polygala, 2738.
Fritillaria Thomsoniana, 1878.
Fritillary, 1279.
Frogbit, 1624; American,
1882 X .
Frog's-bit, American, 1882 X ;
Family, 14 x .
Frost Flower, 2051; Grape,
3486; Grape, True, 3487;
-weed, 1444 X.
Fructa de Macaco, 2977 X.
Fruit-Growing, history, 1511 X.
Fruta da Condessa, 294 x ; de
bomba, 2460 X ; del Burro,
3526.
Fruticulosse (Veronica),
3450X.
Fuchsia, California, 3538 X ;
Cape, 2604 X ; magellanica
var. Riccartonii, 3574.
Fuller, A. S., 1575.
Fuller's Teasel, 1020.
Fulton, J. A., 1576.
Fumana, 1444.
Fumaria officinalis, 36.
Fumariaceae, 36.
Fumigation, 1044 X.
Fumitory, Climbing, 220 X;
Family, 36.
Funifera utilis, 58 X .
Funium piliferum, 1306.
Funkia alba, 1604; albo-mar-
ginata, 1605; cserulea, 1604 X ;
cordata, 1604; cucullata,
1604 x ; Fortunei, 1604 x ;
glauca, 1604 x ; glaucescens,
1604 x; grandiflora, 1604 x ;
japonica, 1604, 1605; lanceo-
lata, 1604 X; lancifolia, 1605;
lancifolia var. undulata, 1605;
liliiflora, 1604; longipes, 1605;
marginata, 1605; ovata,
1604 X ; Sieboldiana, 1604 x ;
Sieboldii, 1604 X ; Sieboldii
elatior, 1604 X ; sinensis,
1604 X ; sinensis marmorata,
1604 x; subcordata, 1604;
tardiflora, undulata, 1605.
Furcrsea cubensis, 233.
Furcroya, 1305.
Furze, 3407 X .
Fusanus, 27 X ;acuminatus,
2302.
Fustic, 751 X .
Galactia pinnata, 454.
Galam Butter, 65 X.
Galangal, 22 X .
Galatea plicata, 1110.
Galax aphylla, 64; Fringed,
3112.
Galbanum, 63, 1417X.
Gale, Eldridge, 1576.
Gale palustris, 2093 X .
Galedupa indica, 2753.
Galega bicolor, 3568 X; grandi-
flora, 3321 X.
Galeobdolon luteum, 1777.
Galeorchis (Orchis), 3598.
Galericularia, 3122 X.
Galinsoga trilobata, 3378 X.
Galium triflorum, 74 x ; verum,
74 x.
Gallic® (Rosa), 2988 X.
Galphimia angustifolia, 3334 X ;
brasiliensis, 3334 x ; glauca,
3334 X ; hirsuta, 3334 X .
Gama-Grass, 3383 X.
Gambir, 74 X .
Gamboge, 54 x ; Tree, 1313.
Gamnoge, 1417 X.
Gano, W. G., 1576.
Ganymedes albus, 2110 X ; con-
color, 2110 X ;nutans,2110x;
pulchellus,2110x.
Garbanzo, 769.
Garcinia Family, 54 x ; Man-
gostana, 54 X ; Morella, 54 X .
Garden architecture, 2675.
Gardener's Garters, 2574.
Gardenia citriodora, 2058 X ;
jasminoides, 1440; macran-
tha, 2904X; Stanleyana,
2904 x ; tubiflora, 2419 X .
Gardoquia betonicoides, 698 X .
Garey, T. A., 1576 X.
Garget, 2614.
Garidella, 2145X.
Garland Flower, 1441.
Garlic Pear, 889; Streak-leaved,
2291; Yellow False, 2291.
Garroway's Finger-Lime,
2047 X.
Garugandra amorphoides,
1347 X.
Gas-Plant, 1004.
Gastonia palmata, 3372 X .
Gastronema, 945.
Gaultheria procumbens, 64.
Gaussia princeps, 2445.
Gaywings, 2738.
Geblera suffruticosa, 3125.
Geiger Tree, 842.
Gelsemium sempervirens, 67.
Gemmiferae (Saxifraga), 3090.
Gemmingia c h i n e n s i s , 485.
Genetyllis fuchsioides, 965 X .
Genip, 2025 X .
Genipop, 1322.
Genista Andreana, 948; candi-
cans, 948 X; canariensis,
948 X ; formosa, 948 X ; Hille-
brandtii, 949 X ; ) u n c e a ,
3201 X ; Spachiana, 949 X ;
tinctoria, 42.
Genkwa, 963.
Gentian, 67; Barrel, 1326 x;
Blind, 1326 X ; Blue, 1323 x ;
-Blue Cromwell, 1893x;
Bottle, 1326X; Closed,
1326 X; Family, 67; Fringed,
1326; Horse, 3382 X ; Soap-
wort, 1326 X ; Stemless, 1328.
Gentiana, 67; tibetica, 3568 X.
Gentianaceae, 67.
Gentianella, 1328.
Genuinae (Limonium), 3231 X ;
(Scutellaria), 3122 X; (Sta-
chys), 3220 X.
Geodorum plicatum, 2570 X .
Geonoma, 2445; glauca, 639 X ;
Ghiesbreghtiana, 6 3 9 X ;
magnifica, 639 X; Verschaf-
feltii, 639 X .
Georgia, 2226; Bark, 2626 X.
Georgina, 951 X.
Geraniaceae, 42 X .
Geraniospermum, 2526.
Geranium angulosum, 2532 X ;
Bedding, 2531; Beefsteak,
469; betulinum, 2532; Cali-,
forma, 3152 x ; capitatum ;
2533; citriodorum, 3570 X;
cucullatum, 2532 x ; daucifo-
lium, 2529 X ; denticulatum,
2533 X ; Family, 42 x ; Fancy,
2532 X; Feather, 737; Fish,
2531; fragrans, 2532; fulgi-
dum, 2529X; graveolens,
2533 X ; hispidum, 2533 X ;
Horseshoe, 2531; inquinans,
2531 x; Ivy-leaved, 2530;
Lady Washington, 2532 X ;
Lemon, 2534; Mint, 757;
Nutmeg, 2531 X ; Oak-leaved,
2533; odoratissimum,2531 X ;
odoratissimum erectum,
2532; pastinacaefolium,
2529X; peltatum, 2530;
quercifolium, 2533; Radula,
2533 X; revolutum, 2533 X;
Rose, 2533; Scarlet-flowering
Rose, 2533; Show, 2532 X;
Strawberry, 3093 X ; triste,
2529X; vitifolium, 2533;
Zonal, 2531; zonale, 2531.
Gerardianae (Pinus), 2639.
German Catchfly, 1928 X ; Ivy,
3150; Millet, 3158.
Germander, 3324 x ; Speedwell,
3452 X .
Gesneria amabilis, 2097 X ; cin-
nabarina, 2097; eriantha,
1706; Family, 72 X ; pardina,
3433 X ; regalis, 2097; Regina,
3169X; splendens, 2097;
zebrina, 2097.
Gesneriacese, 72 X .
Gesnouinia, 2474.
Gethyllis lanceolata, 311 X.
Gevuina Avellana, 27, 2302.
Gherkin, West Indian, 908 X.
Ghost- Weed, 1169.
Giant Arrowhead, 3048X;
Bamboo, 3342 X ; Be 11-
Flower, 2414 X; Daisy, 758;
Fennel, 1228; Forget-me-not,
2090 X ; Groundsel, 3153 X ;
Gum, 1157; Hyssop, 1914 x ;
Milkweed, 637; Prairie Lily,
840 X ; Reed, 403 X ; Rye-
Grass, 1111 X ; Siberian Rye-
Grass, 3568; Snowdrop, 1309;
Spider Plant, 799; Summer
Hyacinth, 1312; Yam Vine,
1013 X.
Gibb, Chas., 1576 X.
Gideon, Peter M., 1577.
Giesleria, 1705X.
Gigartina mamillosa, 5 X .
Gilia androsacea, 1883; densi-
flora,.1842.
Gilibertia paniculata, 2747.
GiU, 2130 x; -ale, 2130 X; -go-
by-the-Ground, 2130X;
-over - the - Ground, 2 1 3 0 X ;
-runover, 2130 X .
Gilliflower, 2011 X.
Ginger, 3543 X ; Family, 22;
Lily, 1441; Wild, 402, 404.
Gingili-oil, 3157.
Ginkgo biloba, 357, 2302; Fam-
ily, 11.
Ginkgoaceae, 11.
Ginseng, 2447 X ; Family, 62;
quinquefolium, 2447 X ; tri-
folium, 2447 X .
Glabra (Acer), 199 X.
Gladiolus gramineus, 2023; indi-
cus, 1220; quadrangularis,
300 X.
Gladwin, 1678 X.
Glasswort, 3p50.
Glaziova insignis, 815 X ; Mar-
tiana, 814 X.
Gleeoma hederacea, 2130 X .
Gleditsiatriacanthos, 357, 1440.
Gleichenia, 1214 X ; Family, 9.
Gleicheniacese, 9, 1208 X.
Globe Amaranth, 1355; -Flower,
1736 X, 3387; Mallow, 3204;
Thistle, 1096 X ; Tulip, 631 X .
Globularia Family, 73.
Globulariaceas, 73.
Glochidion zeylanicum, 2607.
Glomerata (Verbascum), 3443.
Gloneria jasminiflora, 2850 X .
Glory-of-the-Snow, 748 X ; Pea,
802 x ; Vine, 802 X .
Glottidium, 3157.
Gloxinia caulescens, 3169 X ;
rubra, 3169 X; speciosa,
3169 x ; speciosa var. albi-
flora, 3169 x ; speciosa var.
macrophylla, 3169 X ; tubi-
flora, 208.
Glycine floribunda, 3517; frutes-
cens, 3518; hispida, 41 X ;
name of, 3591; sinensis
3517 X.
Glycyrrhiza glabra, 42.
Glyptostrobus heterophyllus,
3315; pendulus, 3314 X ; si-
nensis, 3314 X.
Gnaphalium lanatum, 1450 X ;
Leontopodium, 1840; orient-
ale, 1450; Sieboldianum,
1840 X.
Gnetacess, 12 X .
INDEX
INDEX
3623
Gnetum Family, 12 X.
Gnidia carinata, 58 X.
Goa Bean, 2849.
Goat-Root, 2353 x; Willow,
3053 X.
Goafs-Beard, 403, 3365; Rue,
1311, 3321 x.
Gobo, 385.
Goethea Makoyana, 2490; mul-
tiflora, 2489 X ; semperflorens,
2490.
Goff, E. S., 1577.
Goiaba, 2848.
Goiabeira, 2848.
Gold Coast Copal, 1417; Dust
Tree, 429 x; -else, 1897 X ;
Flower, 1631; of Ophir,
2987 x; -Star, 1307; Thread,
841.
Golden Alexanders, 3547; Bam-
boo, 448 X ; -banded Lily,
1870; -Bell, 1268: -Bells,
California, 1112; Calla, 3536;
-Chain, 1762 x; Club, 2410;
Currant, 2958: Dewdrop,
1081; Drop, 2354 X ; Ear-
drops, 1002; Early Banana,
2078x; Eggs, 2329x;
Feather, 756; Hedgehyssop,
1395; Hop Tree, 2851; Larch,
2845 x ; Marguerite, 299 x ;
-pert, 1395: Queen, 1897 x;
Ragwort, 3151 X ; -rayed Lily,
1870; Saxifrage, 767 x ; -seal,
1623 X ; Shower, 680 X ; Spi-
der Lily, 1934; Stitchwort,
3234 X ; Thistle, 3120 X ;-Top,
1776 x; -Tuft, 269; Turk's-
Cap Lily. 1873; Wattle,
184x: Wattle, Sydney,
187 X ; Wave, 845 X ; Wonder
Millet, 3158; Yellow Sweet
Pea, 901 X .
Goldenrod, European, 3188 x;
Sweet, 3188 X ; Wreath, 3188.
Goldfussia anisophvlla, 3276 X ;
isophylla, 3276 X.
Goldilocks, 1886 X.
Gomart Resin, 600 X.
Gomesa, 2402.
Gomphia cuspidata, 2416 X ; de-
corans, 2416 X; olivaeformis,
2416 X.
Gomphostyte (Potentilla),
2775.
Gomphrena arborescens, 29 x ;
gnaphaloides, 2566.
Gomuta Fiber, 390.
Gongora, 2402.
Goniocarpa, 1280.
GoniolimoH collinum, 3230: ela-
tum, 3230; eximium, 3230;
speciosum, 3230; tatarieum,
3230; tatarieum var. angusti-
folium, 3230.
Goniophlebium, 1214 X.
Goniostema (Euphorbia), 1170.
Gonolobus Cundurango,
2003 X.
Gonopyrum americanum, 2740.
Goober, 343 X.
Good King Henry, 737.
Goodrich, Chauncey, 1577.
Goodyera Dawsonii, 1427: dis-
color, 1427; name of, 3591;
quercicola, 2612.
Gooseberry, 2956: Barbados,
2547: Cape, 2609; Dwarf
Cape, 2609; Gourd, 908 X;
Hifi, 2948; history, 1516;
Otaheite, 2606 x ; Southern,
3422 X ; Star, 2606 X ; Swamp,
2960 x ; West India, 2606 x .
Goose-Flower, 393 X ; -foot,
736x; -foot Family, 29;
-Grass, 1109X.
Gopher Plant, 1173 X.
Gordonia javanica, 3108 X.
Gormania obtusata, 3130; ore-
gana, 3129 X.
Gorra, 824.
Gorse, 3407 X.
Gourd, 1774 x ; Dipsaceous,
908X; Dish-cloth, 1921;
Family, 75 X ; Gooseberry,
908x; Hedgehog, 908x;
Ostrich-Egg, 908 x; Rag,
1921; Serpent, 3376; Snake,
3375 X ; Wax, 486 X ; White,
486 X.
Goutweed, 223 X.
Governor Plum, 1241.
Goyave, 2848.
Goyavier, 2848.
Graemia aromatica, 1443.
Grahamia aromatica, 1443
Grains of Paradise, 274 x ; of
Selim, 3528.
Gramineae, 14 X.
Gramma tocarpus volubilis,
3123 X .
Grammatophyllum Ellisii,
1371 X ; FinJaysonianum,
578 X.
Granadilla, 2481 X , 2483 X .
Grandul, 613 X.
Grape, American, 2614 x ; Bird,
3484 x; Blue, 3489 x; Bull,
3484; Bullace, 3484; Bullit,
3484; Bunch, 3489 x ; Bush,
3485; Calloosa, 3490; Canon,
3488; Cat, 3486 x; Chicken,
3487; Currant, 3485; Euro-
pean, 3484 X ; Everbearing,
3484 X ; Everlasting, 3484 X ;
Fall, 3487; Family, 51; Fern,
3352 x; Fox, 3490 x; Frost,
3486; history, 1515; June,
3486 X; Leather-Leaf, 3490;
Mango, 3198 X ; Mountain,
3485, 3487; Mustang, 3484 X ,
3490; Pigeon, 3489 X; Pine-
Wood, 3490; 'Possum, 3487;
Raccoon, 3487; Red, 3486 X;
Riverbank, 3486; Rock, 3485;
Sand, 3485; Sea-, 807 x;
Shore-, 807 x ; Skunk,3490 X ;
Southern California, 3488 X;
Southern Fox, 3483; Spanish,
3487; Sugar, 3485; Summer,
3489 X ; Sweet Mountain,
3485; Sweet Winter, 3487 x ;
Tail-, 397; True Frost, 3487;
Turkey, 3490; Valley, 3488 x ;
-Vine, Evergreen, 3482 x ;
Wine, 3484x; Winter,
3487.
Grass, Barley-, 1500; Billion-
Dollar, 1096; Blue Couch,
939 X ; Bottle-brush, 1634 x ;
Carpet-, 2479 X ; Cloud-, 241 ;
Coco-, 942 x ; Colorado-,
2452 x ; Cow-, 3379 x ; Crim-
son Fountain, 2537 x ; Curly-,
3110X; English Blue-,
2723 x ; Family, 14 x ; Fish-,
608 X; Fowl Meadow, 1352;
Fresh-water Cord-, 3201;
Gama-, 3383X; Goose-,
1109X; Gum, 3522; Hima-
laya Fairy-, 2057 X ; Indian,
3198 X; Khas Khas, 3456;
Khus Khus, 3456; Korean
Lawn-, 3549; Marsh Spike-,
1061; Melic, 2025 X ; Millet-,
2050X; Molasses, 2026;
Xatal-, 3374 x ; Nut-, 942 X ;
of Parnassus, 2475; Palm-,
2453; Para-, 2453; Pepper-,
1841; Pink, 998 X, 1883; Por-
cupine-, 3242 x ; Ravenna-,
1129; Reed Meadow-,
1351x; Rhodes, 750 X;
Ruby-, 3374 x; St. August-
ine, 3237; St. Lucie, 939 x;
Salt-, 1061; Scorpion, 2091;
Scurvy, 454; Siberian Rye-,
Giant, 3568; Silk-, 1306 X;
Slough-, 3201; Snake-, 1126;
Spike-, 991, 3414 x; Star,
751, 1634; Stink-, 1126;
Sudan-, 1497; Sweet-scented,
1491 x ; Tape-, 3428; Terrel,
llllx; Tickle-, 1500 x ;Tree,
3522; Tunis-, 1497; I'va-,
1421 X ; Velvet-, 2290 X ,3549;
Wheat-, 240; Whitlow-, 1068;
Windmill, 750 x ; Wire-,
939X, 1109 X, Witch-,
2452 X; Yard-, 1109X.
Gratiola officinalis, 71.
Gravesia guttata var. margar-
itacea, 3056 X.
Graveyard-Flower, 2723.
Graviola, 292.
Gray Agave, 232 x; Cranes-
bill, 1331; Gum, Forest,
1158; Poplar, 2756.
Great Bulrush, 3119 x; Hedge
Bedstraw, 1312; Laurel, 2941;
Mogul, 892; Plains Cotton-
wood, 2759 X; Water-Dock,
3037; Willow-Herb, 1121.
Greek Valerian, 2729 x.
Green Agave, 232 x ; Alder,
American, 252 x ; Alder, Eu-
ropean, 252; Aloe, 1306; Ash,
1275 X ; -banded Mariposa
Lily, 635; Fox-tail, 3158;
-heart Wood, 35 X; Rose,
2988; Wattle, 188.
Green, Samuel B., 1577 X.
Greenhouses, history, 1518 X.
Gregoria Vitaliana, 1067 -X.
Gregory, J. J. H., 1578.
Grenadine, 999 X .
GrevUlea robusta, 27.
Grewia asiatica, 52.
Grias cauliflora, 59 x.
Grisebachia Belmoreana,
1612 X; Forsteriana, 1612 X.
Grizzly-Bear Opuntia, 2363.
Cromwell, 1893; False, 2355;
Gentian-Blue, 1893 X .
Grossularia curvata, 2961; Cy-
nosbati, 2962; divaricata,
2961 X; hirtella, 2961; iner-
mis, 2961 x ; Lobbii, 2962 x ;
missouriensis, 2961 ; nivea,
2960X; oxyacanthoides,
2961; pinetorum, 2962X;
reclinata, 2961 X ; Roezlii,
2962 X; rotundifolia, 2961 X ;
setosa, 2961 ; speciosa, 2963.
Ground Cherry, 2836 X, 2608;
-Hele, 3452 x; Ivy, 2130 X;
Lily, 3380 x; -Nut, 310 X,
2447 x; -Pine, 1932; Pink,
2589X.
Groundsel, 3148 X; Giant,
3153 x; Tree, 440 X; Velvet,
3152 X.
Gru-gru, 211 X.
Grumilea capensis, 2850.
Grumixameira, 1162x.
Guacima, 1 4 1 5 X ; Maria,
3526 X.
Guadaloupe Palm, 1140X.
Guaiacum officinale, 44.
Guam, 1696.
Guanabana, 292; Cimarrona,
292 X.
Guapilla, 239.
Guatemala Rhubarb, 1720.
Guava, Brazilian, 2848 X ; Costa
Rican, 2848; Pineapple,
1204 X ; Strawberry, 2848 X ;
Ugni, or Chilean, 2096 x;
Yellow Strawberry, 2818X.
Guavica, 3527 X.
Guavico de Savana, 3527 X .
Guayaba, 2848; Acida, 2848.
Guayabota, 1016.
Guaymochil, Tamarind, 2652.
Guayote, 1356.
Guayule Rubber, 2477 X.
Guelder Rose, 3462 x.
Guernsey Elm, 3412 x ; Lily,
2137.
Guiana Plum, 1080.
Guilandina, 612 x ; Bonduc,
2302.
Guilielma speciosa, 441; utilis,
441X.
Guimba, 3527 X.
Guinea Corn, 1497; -Grass,
2452 x ; -hen Weed, 2562 x ;
Pepper, 3528; Squash, 1101 X ,
3182 x.
Guisaro, 2848; Sour, 2848.
Guizotia abyssinica, 77 X .
Gujava, 2848.
Gujavabaum, 2848.
Gum, Angico, 2647; Apple-
scented, 1157; Arabic, 178 X,
1417; Arabic Tree, 188 X;
Black, 2316 x; Blue, 1153 X;
chicle, 65 X; Cider, 1158X;
Cotton, 2317.; Desert, 1156 X ;
Flooded, 1158; Forest Gray,
1158; Giant, 1157; Grass,
3522; Hickory, 1155X;
Honey-scented, 1158X;
Kawri, 230X; Lemon-
scented, 1152X; Manna,
1156X'; Mountain, 1155;
Myrtle, 288 X ; Peppermint,
1157; -Plant, 1414; Red,
1158; Sour, 2316 X ; Spotted,
1152x; Sugar, 1157X;
Swamp, 1158X; Sweet,
1889 X; Tallow-wood,
1155 X; Tree, 631, 1148.
Gumbo, 1485 X.
Gumbolimbo, 600 X .
Gumi, 1106.
Gunnera chilensis, 62; macro-
phylla, 62.
Gustavia gracillima, 1716X;
insignis, 1716 X ; pterocarpa,
1716 x; speciosa, 1716; su-
perba,1716x.
Gutta-percha, 65 X; Tree,
1706 X.
Guttiferse, 54 x .
Guzmania fragrans, 653 X ; Le-
grelliana, 1496; musaica,
2010 X ; picta, 388 X , 2144 X ;
Zahnii, 3351 X .
Gynerium arcuato-nebulosum,
856 X ; argenteum, 856 X ;
jubatum, 856 X ; Quila, 856 X .
Gymnema lactiferum, 68.
Gymnocarpa? (Potentilla),
2773 X.
Gymnadenia conopea, 1423;
conopsea, 1423; odoratissima,
1423 X.
Gymnogramma argyrophylla,
726; aurea, 725 X ; calomel-
anos, 725 X ; chrysophylla,
725 x ; decomposita, 725 X ;
Ehrenbergiana, 1420 X; ele-
gantissima, 298X; Feei,
3142x; hispida, 1420x;
Laucheana, 725 X ;peruviana,
725 X; schizophylla, 298 X;
sulphurea, 725 X; tatarica,
726; triangularis, 725 X ; Wet-
tenhalliana, 726.
Gymnolomia uniserialis, 3120.
Gymnopsis uniserialis, 3120.
G ymnostachyum gigantea,
1240 X ; Pearcei, 1240 X ; Ver-
schaffeltii, 1240 X.
Gymnothrix caudata, 2537 X ;
japonica, 2537 X ; latifolia,
2537 X; macrostachys,
2537 X.
Gymnothyrsus (Alnus), 252 X.
Gynandriris (Iris), 1682.
Gynocardia odorata, 56 X .
Habenaria, 2402 X ; bifolia, 23;
conopsea, 23; macrandra,
2724.
Habranthus, 1492.
Habrothamnus, elegans 726 X ;
Newelli, 727.
Habzelia aethiopica, 3528; aro-
matica, 3527 X ; discreta,
3527; obtusifolia, 3527 X.
Hackmatack, 1823.
Hamadictyon venosum, 2782 x .
H tern an thus ciliaris, 599 X ;
toxicarius, 599 X .
Haematoxylin, 42.
Hsematoxylon campechianum,
42.
Hagenia abyssinica, 41.
Hahnia Aria, 3197; suecica,
3197.
HairbeU, 649 X.
Hair-Grass, 241, 242; Tufted,
988 x; Wood, 989.
Hairy Arum, 1450 x; Blue-
berry, 3424; Veteh, 3466;
Wattle, 187 X.
Hakana, 1919.
Halesia corymbosa, 2855 X ;
hispida, 2855 X.
Haifa, 3243.
Halimium canadense, 1444 X .
Hall, G. R., 1578.
Haloragidaceae, 61 X .
Hamamelidaeesp, 40.
Hamamelis chinensis, 1916 X .
Handflower Tree, 749 X .
Haplophyllum P a t a v i u m,
3041X.
Haploxylon, 2634 X .
Harbinger-of-Spring, 1132X.
Harb Selim, 3528.
Hard Fescue, 1229; -fleshed
Cherry, 2838; -hack, 3215;
-heads, 712 x .
Hardy Pampas-Grass, 1129.
Harebell, 642, 3117.
Hare's-tail Grass, 1776.
Haricot, 2576 X.
486 X. Bedstraw, 1312; Laurel, 2941; 1152X; Sugar, 1 157X ; Haricot, 2576 X.
Vol. I, pp. 1-602; II, pp. 603-1200; III, pp. 1201-1760; IV, pp. 1761-2422; V, pp. 2423-3041; VI, pp. 3043-3669.
3624
INDEX
INDEX
Harina caryotoides, 3500 X .
Hariota mesembrianthemoides,
2930; Saglionis, 2929 x; sali-
cornioides, 1433.
Harison's Yellow Rose, 2995 x .
Harpagophytum procumbens,
Harpalium, 1445 X.
Harrimanella hypnoides, 681.
Harris, John S., 1578.
Hartford Fern, 1934 x.
Hartmannia rosea, 2332; spe-
ciosa, 2331 X ; tetraptera,
2332
Hart's Choice, 2078 X ; -Thorn,
2924; Tongue, 2607.
Hashish, 26 X.
Hassock-Grass, 988 X.
Hatchet Cactus, 2534; -lobed,
Rollinia, 2975.
Hat-Palm, Porto Rico, 3044 X.
Hautbois, 1273.
Hawaiian Bitter Yam, 1013 X ;
Islands, 1692.
Haw, Apple, 884 X; Black,
3459 X; May, 884 X.
Hawkweed, 1490 X ; Mouse-ear,
1491; Orange, 1491; Shaggy,
1491; White, 1491.
Haworthia aspera, 309 X ; f olio-
losa, 310 x; imbricata, 310;
pentagona, 310; spire 11 a,
310 x;
Hawthorn, Indian, 2911; Water,
311 X.
Hayhofe, 2130 X.
Haymaids, 2130 X.
Hazel, Chile, 1335.
Heal-All, 581.
Heart-leaved Willow, 3054 X ;
or Gean Cherry, 2838; -Pea,
661 X ; -s'ease, 3474 x ; -Seed,
661 X.
Heath, Heather, 1129; Cornish,
1130X; Corsican, 1131;
Cross-leaved, 1130X; Fam-
ily, 64; Irish, 950; Mountain,
2607; Spanish, 1131.
Heather, 631 x; Beach, 1613;
Bell, 1130X.
Hebe (Veronica), 3453 X.
Hebeclinium atrorubens, ianthi-
num, macrophyllum, megalo-
phyllum, Urolepis, 1165.
Hedeoma pulegioides, 70.
Hedera Helix, 62 x; japonica,
987 X.
Hedge Cactus, 723; -hog Gourd,
908 X ; -hyssop, Golden, 1395;
-maids, 2130 X.
Hedionda, 680 X.
Hedrseanthus, 3495.
Hedychium Horsfieldii, 538 X.
Hedysarum coronarium, 41 x ;
Onobrychis, 2353; tuber-
osum,2856x.
Hedyscepe Canterburyana,
2445.
Heeria elegans, 1480, 3111x;
procumbens, 1480, 3111 X;
rosea, 1480; subtriplinervia,
1480.
Heikes, W. F., 1578 X.
Helenium aromaticum, 3574;
Douglasii, 2063.
Heleocharis, 1109.
Helianthus annuus, 77 x ; speci-
osus, 3352; tuberosus, 77 X.
Helichrysum angustif olium,
3568 X; proliferum, 2569.
Helicodea Baraquiniana, 503 X .
Heliconiopsis, 1451.
Helicteres apetala, 3239.
Heliopsis helianthoides var.
Pitcheriana, 3574.
Heliosperma, 3163 X.
Heliotrope, Garden, 3426 x ;
Tree, 1104X; Winter, 2562.
Heliotropium europaeum, 69.
Hellebore, American White,
3440 x ; European White,
3440 X ; False, 3440 X .
Helleborus hyemalis, 1127.
Helonias asphodeloides, 3524 x ;
bracteata, 3549; bullata,
- 19 x ; glaberrima, 3549 x ;
laeta, 3549 X .
Helwingia rusciflora, 63.
Hemerocallis alba, 1604; plan-
taginea, 1604.
Hemionitis, 1214 x.
Hemiptelea Davidii, 3541.
Hemisphace (Salvia), 3065 X.
Hemitelia, 1209 x , 1210, 1214 x .
Hemlock, Carolina, 3391 x ;
Com., 3391 X ; Spruce, 3390 X .
Hemp, 657 X; Agrimony, 1164;
Bowstring, 3070; Indian, 311;
Manila, 171, 2078; Mauritius,
1306; Mediterranean, 1306;
Nettle, 1311; Sisal, 232 x;
Sunn, 901 X ; Tampico, 1478;
-Tree, 3481; -weed, Climb-
ing, 2050.
Hemsleyna, 3334 X.
Hen-and-Chickens, 3145; -bane,
70X.1628X.
Henderson, Peter, 1578X.
Henequen, 232 X, 1305 X.
Henfreya scandens, 426.
Henna, 59, 1830 X.
Hepaticae, 6.
Hepburn, David, 1579.
Heptapleurum polybotryum,
3108 X; venulosum, 3108 X.
Herba impia, 1335 X .
Herb-Christopher, 212; Mar-
garet, 486; of Grace, 3041 x ;
-Paris, 2474; Patience,
3036 x; Robert, 1331.
Hercules' Club, 344; Club
Gourd, 1774 X.
Herd's-Grass, 2585.
Hermesias, 580 X .
Hermione primulina, 2112 X.
Herniary, 1477 X.
Heron's-Bill, 1136 X.
Hesperis matronalis, 36 X .
Hesperomeles, 2414 X .
Hesperopeuce Pattoniana, 3392.
Heteranthesia, 3122.
Heterisia Mertensiana, 3093 X.
Heterocentron elegans, 3111 X.
Heterocontse, 4.
Heterolaena decussata, 2625 X.
Heteromeles arbutifolia,
2596 X ; salicifolia, 2596 x .
Heterosphace (Salvia), 3065.
Hevea guyanensis, 47.
Hexacentris coccinea, 3339 X ;
lutea, 3339 X ; mysorensis,
3339
Hexam'er, F. M., 1579 X.
Hexapetalae (Clematis), 797 X.
Hexastylis, 403 X .
Heyderia, 1854.
Hibiscus, 52 x ; californicus,
3574; cruentus, 3568 X ; Lam-
bertianus, 3569; lasiocarpus
var. californicus, 3574 ;
syriacus, 1440.
Hiccup-Nut, 2729.
Hickory, Big-bud, 677 X; Big
Shellbark-, 678; Bottom
Shellbark-, 678; Gum, 1 155 X ;
Little Shellbark-, 678; Moun-
tain, 184; Nutmeg-, 676 x;
Pine, 2639 X ; Swamp- ,"676 x ;
Two-veined, 185 x; Water-,
676 X.
Hicori, 1915.
Hicoria acuminata, 678; alba,
677 X ; aquatica, 676 X ; bore-
alis, 677 X ; carolinae-septe-
trionalis, '678 X; glabra,
676 X ; glabra var. micro-
carpa, 677; glabra var. odo-
rata, 677; glabra var. villosa,
677 X; laciniosa, 678; micro-
carpa, 677; minima, 676 x;
myristicaeformis, 676 x ;
ovata, 678; pallida, 677 x;
Pecan, 676; texana, 678 X;
villosa, 677 X.
Hiculi, 1915.
Hierochloe odorata, 15.
Hiester, Gabriel, 1580.
Higginsia, 1495 X .
High-Bush Blueberry, 3423;
Cranberry, 3463; -Water
Shrub, 1708.
Hill-Gooseberry, 2948.
Himalaya Fairy-Grass, 2057 X .
Himalayan Musk Rose, 2985 X .
Himantoglossum h i r c i n u m ,
2403 X .
Hindsia longiflora, 2980.
Hinoki Cypress, 731.
Hippocastanacese, 50.
Hippocastanum (^Esculus),
226 x.
Hipposelinum Levisticum,
1851.
Hirculus (Saxifraga), 3094.
Hiryo, 2752.
Hisingera racemosa, 3528 X .
Ho, 1915.
Hoarhound, 911 X, 2003.
Hoary Pea, 3321 X ; Willow,
3054 x.
Hobble-Bush, 3460 X.
Hog Millet, 2452 x; Peanut,
278 x; Plum, 2829, 3217,
3525.
Hogg, Thomas, 1580.
Hohenbergia, 221 x ; capitata,
1395.
Hoibrenkia formosa, 3227.
Holboellia chinensis, 3170; cu-
neata,3078x.
Holcus lanatus, 2290 X .
Holly, 1637; American, 1639 X ;
English, 1638; Family, 48 X;
Fern, 945 X, 2749; Moun-
tain, 2120, 2844; Oak, 2889 X .
Hollyhock, Antwerp, 268 X ;
Trailing, 1484 x .
Holm Oak, 2889 X .
Hologymne glabrata, 1823 X .
Holophyllae (Saxifraga),
3088 x.
Holy Clover, 2353; -Ghost-
Flower, 2554; -Grass, 1491 X ;
Thistle, 3169.
Homeria collina, 21.
Homoglossum, 1343.
Homoioceltis aspera, 308; ja-
ponica, 308.
Honesty, 1921 x.
Honey-Bell, 1970; Locust,
1346X; Mangrove, 436;
Palm, 1721; -scented Gum,
1 158 X; -wort, 725.
Honeysuckle, 1904; African,
1430; Cape, 3318; Family,
74 x ; French, 1442; Jamaica,
2484; New Zealand, 265 X;
Trumpet-, 651x, 1911;
White Swamp, 2942.
Hongkong Wild Kumquat,
1270.
Honorine Jobert, 286 X .
Hon-toi-moi, 270.
Hookera californica, 577 x ;
coronaria, 577; filifolia,
577 X ; minor, 577 X ; Orcut-
tii, 577 X ; rosea, 577 x ; stel-
laris, 577 X ; terrestris, 577.
Hoopes, Josiah, 1580.
Hoopkoop, 1845.
Hoop-petticoat Daffodil, 2109;
Pine, 346.
Hop, 1614 x; -Clover, 3379;
-Clover, Low, 3379; Horn-
beam, 2415; Medick, 2019 X ;
Tree, 2850 X; Tree, Golden,
2851.
Hopea, 3295 X.
Hoplophytum augustum, 1496;
calyculatum, 222; Lindenii,
222.
Horehound, 2003.
Horkelia Gordonii, 2776.
Horminum (Salvia), 3060.
Hornbeam, 673; American, 673;
European, 673 x ; Hop, 2415;
Maple, 201 X.
Horned Pondweed, 3534 ;
Poppy, 1346; Rampion, 2612;
Violet, 3474.
Horse-Balm, 829 x ; Bean,
3464 x ; -Brier, 3174; -Chest-
nut, 226; -Chestnut Family,
50; -Chestnut, Japanese, 227;
Gentian, 3382x;-Mint,
2060X; -Radish Tree,
2067 X; -shoe Geranium,
2531; Sugar, 3296; -tail Fam-
ily, 10; -Weed, 829 X.
Horta, 786.
Hortulana Plum, 2828 X.
Hose-in-hose, 2055 x .
Hoskins, T. H., 1580 X.
Hosta, various con-brnations,
3574.
Hoteia barbata, 423; chinensis,
423; japonica, 423.
Hottentot Cherry, 681, 2013.
Hottentot's Bread, 3322.
Houlettia, 2402 X ; v i 1 1 a t a,
2737 x .
Houseleek, 869 x, 3143; Cob-
web, 3146; Spider-web, 3146.
Houttea pardina, 3433 x .
Houttuynia californica, 287 X.
Hove, 2130 X .
Hovey, C. M., 1580 X.
Howea, 2445.
Hoya campanulata, 2612.
Huajillo, 2653.
Huamuchil Tamarind. 2652.
Huanhuan Tree, 1827.
Huatari, 1915.
Huckleberry, 1319 X , 1320;
Garden, 3182X; Squaw,
3422.
Hugelia, 1335 X.
Huisache, 188 x.
Huitzmamaxalli, 599.
Hulthemia, 2984 X .
Humble Plant, 2053 X .
Humming-bird's Trumpet,
3538 x.
Hungarian Clover, 3379; Grass,
3158.
Hunnewell, H. H., 1581.
Hunter's-Nut, 2340.
Huntingdon Elm, 3411 X.
Huntleya violacea, 519 X.
Huntsman's Cup, 3078 X .
Hura crepitans, 47.
Husk Tomato, 2608.
Husmann, Geo., 1581.
Hyacinth Bean, 1065; Feath-
ered, 2080 X; Giant Sum-
mer, 1312; Musk, 2080 x ;
Nutmeg, 2080 x: of Peru,
3117 x; Squill, 3118; Star,
3118x; Starry, 3117x;
Water, 1105; Wild, 3116.
Hyaointhus candicans, 1312;
nonscriptus, 3117.
Hyalolepidese (Limonium),
3232.
Hybanthus ipecacuanha, 56.
Hydnum, 2088.
Hydrastis carolinensis, 3372.
Hydriastele Wendlandiana,
2445.
Hydrocallis (Nymphaea),
2315 x.
Hydroearyaceae, 61 X .
Hydrocharis Spongia, 1882 X.
Hydrocharitaceae, 14 X .
Hydrolea urens, 3513.
Hydromystria stolonifera,
1882 X.
Hydrophyllaeese, 68 X .
Hydrophyllum canadense, 69 ;
lineare, 2567.
Hydrosme Leopoldiana, 276 X.
Hyena Poison, 1618.
Hylogne, 3320 X .
Hymenodium, 1108.
Hymenolobus, 1615 x .
Hymenophyllaceae, 8, 1208 X.
Hymenophyllum, 1214 x.
Hymenosphace (Salvia), 3059.
Hyophorbe, 2445; Commer-
soniana, 753; indiea, 753.
Hyoscyamus niger, 70 x ; Sco-
polia, 3120 X.
Hyospathe elata, 2623; pu-
bigera, 2782.
Hypericacese, 54 X .
Hyphsene crinita, 2302;
Schatan, 2445.
Hypnum triquetrum, 7.
Hypocrite Plant, 1170.
Hypolepis, 1215; californica,
735; meifolia, 735.
Hypolytrum Pandanophyllum,
1994.
Hyssop, 911 X; Giant, 1914 X.
Hyssopus Lophanthus, 1914 x ;
officmalis, 911 X.
Iberian Cranesbill, 1331 X.
Iberis jucunda, 229.
Iboza riparia, 2072.
Icaco, 766 X .
Icacorea paniculata, 387 X .
Iceland Poppy, 2459 X .
Ice-Plant, 2042 X; Family, 30;
New Zealand, 3323.
Ichthyomethia piscipula,
2648 X.
Idaeobatus (Rubus), 2026.
Idaho, 2257 X .
Ifit, 229.
llama, 293 X .
Ilamatzapotl, 293 X.
Ilangilang, 652 X .
Ilex Aquif olium, 48 X, 1440;
crenata, 1440; gongonha,
3470; opaca, 48 X, 1440;
Orixa, 2407; paraguariensis,
48 X.
INDEX
INDEX
3625
Ilicqides mucronata, 2120.
Illicium anisatum, 34; verum,
34.
Illinois. 2i>2.
Illipe butyracea, 65 X .
Ill-scented Sumac, 2953.
Imantophyllum Aitoni, 804 X ;
cyrtanthiflorum, 804 X;
miniatum, 804 X .
Imbricaria coriacea, 2056 X.
Imbu, 3217.
Immortelle, 3495 X.
Impatiens, 51.
Imperata sacchriflora, 2057 X .
Imperialis coronate, 12S2.
Implements, 1939 X.
Inarching, 1370 X.
Incense Cedar, 1854.
India Rubber, 47; Rubber
Plant, 1232: -Wheat, 1201 X.
Indian Almond, 3321 X ; Amu-
let Plant, 2862 X; Bean,
684 x; Bread-root, 2849 x;
Cherry, 2924 X ; Cucumber-
Root, 2019; Cup, 3169: Cur-
rant, 3293: Fig, 2361; Grass,
3198 X; Hawthorn, 2911;
Hemp, 311; Mulberry,
2067 X ; Paint, 1893 X ; Pink,
1898 X, 2879; -Pipe Family,
63 x; Pitcher-Plant, 3078 x;
Poke, 3440X; Potato,
144S x ; Rice, 3546 x ; Satin-
wood. 751 x: Shot, 656 x;
Tobacco, 1899; Tree Spurge,
1170; Turnip, 391 X, 392;
Walnut, 245 X.
Indiana. 2179.
Indies fRosa), 2987.
Indigo. 42; Bastard, 275 X;
False. 275 X, 453: West
Indian, 1646 X ; Wild, 453 X .
Indigofera tinctoria, 42.
Indivisa 'Acer), 201 X.
Infrarosulares (Stachys),
3220X.
Inga angulata, 2652 X; dulcis,
2652: fragrans, 2653; guada-
lupensis, 2652: latifolia, 2653.
Inkberry, 1640 X.
Innocence, 1611.
Inocarpus edulis, 2302.
Inodes Blackburniana, 3044 x ;
causiarum, 3044 x; exul,
3044 x ; Palmetto, 3044 x ;
texana, 3044 x ; uresana, 3044.
Inside-out Flower, 3429.
Insignes (Pinus), 2643.
Integrifolia 'Acer), 201 X.
Intermediate Stock, 2012.
Interrupted Fern, 2413 X .
Intricate iCrataegus), 883.
Inula Helenium, 77; montana,
3569.
lonidium concolqr, 1618.
lonoxalis Deppei, 2418 X ; lasi-
andra, 241S x : Martiana,
2418 X: tetraphylla, 2418 X.
Iowa, 2193 X.
Ipecac, 714: American, 1338;
Emetic, 74x; Spurge,
1169 x.
Ipecacuanha, White, 56.
Ipomcea Batatas, 68 x ; Bona-
noi, 635 x: Childsii, 635;
coccinea, 2879 x ; coccinea
var. hederifolia, 2879 X ; coc-
cinea var. lutea, 2879 X ;
Funis, 2879 X ; grandiSora,
635 X : hederifolia, 2879 x ;
luteola, 2879 x ; mexicana,
636; muricata, 636; nocti-
flora, 636; noctiphyton, 636;
Pes-caprae, 68 x ; Quamoclit,
2879; splendens, 3566; Star,
2879 X : tastense, 636; versi-
color, 2879 X .
Ipomopsis aurantiaca, 1337;
eleeans, 1337; sanguinea,
1337.
Iriartea andicola, 726; Klop-
stockia. 736.
Iridaeeae, 21.
Iris, 21; Family, 21; gracilipes,
3569; Mourning, 1477: Pav-
onia, 2066; Robinsoniana,
2066 X: Snake's Head, 1477;
tuberosa, 1477: villosa, 2066;
Wedding, 2066 X ; Widow,
1477.
Irish Heath, 950; Moss. 5x.
Ironbark, Broad-leaved,
1152X; Narrow-leaved,
1153; Red, 1153, 1159; Sil-
ver-leaved, 1152x; White,
1153, 1159.
Ironweed, 3447.
Ironwood, 599, 1935, 2051,
2339, 2476X, 3221x; Red,
2922 X.
Isatis tinctoria, 36 X.
Ischarum Pyramii, 500.
Ischnosiphon smaragdinum,
2063.
Isika (Lonicera), 1907.
Islands Cherry, 2844.
Islay, 2844.
Ismene calathina, 1627 X ;
Macleana, 1627 X.
Isnardia palustris, 1920.
Isolepis gracilis, 3120.
Isolirion, 1875 X .
Isoloma Warszewiczii, 3115X.
Isotvpus onoseroides, 2354 X.
Isoxylosteum, 1906 X .
Italian Corn Salad, 3427 X
Cypress, 915; Jasmine
1718x; Plum, 2825 X
Poplar, 2758 X; Poplar
Black, 2761 X ; RyeGrass
1902 X ; Squill, 3118 X.
Ita Palm, 2013.
Ivesia Gordonii, 2776.
Ivory-Xut Palm, 2612.
Ivy, Boston, 2478 x; Cape,
3150; English, 1437 x; Ger-
man, 3150; Ground, 2130 X ;
Japanese, 2478 X ; Kenil-
worth, 1883 X; -leaved Ger-
aniums, 2530; Marine, 776;
Poison, 2953 X.
Ixia chinensis, 485; corymbosa,
1821.
Ixora caffra, 2489.
Ixtle,236x.
Jaborandi, 2623 X.
Jaca, 402.
Jacana, 1919.
Jacaranda Copaia, 72.
Jacinth, Japane'se, 3118X;
Peruvian, 3117 x; Spanish,
3117 X.
Jack-Fruit or Tree, 402; -in^a-
Box, 1477; -in-the-Pulpit,
392; Oak, 2885; Pea, 653;
Pine, 2644.
Jack, Mrs. A. L., 1581 X.
Jaeobaea elegans, 3150 X;
macrophylla, 3150 X .
Jaeobaean Lily, 3218.
Jaeobinia cilia ta. 997.
Jacob's Ladder, 2729 X; Staff,
1271.
Jaeger, Herman, 1581 X .
Jalap, 30, 68 X , 1660.
Jamaica Dogwood, 2648 X ;
Honeysuckle, 2484; Sorrel,
1485."
Jambolan, 1163X; Plum,
1163x.
Jambos, 1163.
Jambosa caryophyllus, 60 X ,
1163 X; Jambos, 1163; mal-
accensis, 60 X, 1163x;myr-
tifolia, 1163; vulgaris, 60 x,
1163.
Jamestown Weed, 970 X .
Jamrosade, 1163.
Jancaea Heldreichii, 2904.
Janipha Manihot, 1991 X.
Janka?a Heldreichii, 2904.
Japan Clover, 1845; Maple,
200; Pagoda Tree, 3191 x ;
Poplar, 2763 x; Quince, 728;
Wood-oil Tree, 245 X .
Japanese Apricot, 2824 X ;
Artichoke, 3220 X; Banana,
2078 x; Barnyard Millet,
1096; Bellflower, 2711;
Black Pine, 2642; Easter
Lily, 1867x; Flowering
Cherry, 2838, 2840; Garden,
1789x; Horse-Chestnut,
227; Iris, 1679; Ivy. 2478 X ;
Jacinth, 3118X; Millet,
3158; Mint, 2035 X; Pear,
2869; Pepper, 2646 x; Pit-
tosporum, 2654; Plum,
2826 X ; Raisin Tree,
Red Pine, 2640; Rose,
1736X; Snowball, 3461;
Turk's-Cap Lily, 1873;
Varnish Tree, 3239; Weeping
Rose-flowered Cherry, 2841;
Wisteria, 3517.
Japonica. 728.
Jarrah, 1159.
Jasmine, 1716x; Arabian,
1717; Cape, 1315 X; Cata-,
Ionian, 1718 X; Chilean,
1982 X; Crape, 3304; Italian,
1718X; Native, 2964 x;
Ntght, 2305x; Rock,
282 x ; Royal, 1718 X ; Span-
ish, 1718 x; Star, 3361 X ;
West Indian Red, 2723.
Jateorhiza palmatus, 33 X .
Jatropha carthaginensis, 1992;
Curcas, 46 X, 47, 2302; dul-
cis, 1992; Manihot, 1991 X;
officinalis, 46 X ; palmata,
1991 x.
Jatrorrhiza, 1719 X.
Jaumea, 1751 X .
Jeffrey's Pine, 2642 X.
Jejerecou, 3526 X.
Jelinjoche, 2423.
Jenkinsonia, 2530.
Jequirity, 42.
Jericho, Rose of. 2920.
Jersey Elm, 3412 x ; Pine, 2644.
Jerusalem Artichoke, 1449;
Cherry, 3183; Corn, 1497;
Cross, 1927 x; Oak, 737;
Sage, 2585 X ; Thorn, 2436 X ,
2475.
Jessamine, 1716 X ; African,
3361 X ; Carolina Yellow,
1321 X ; Confederate, 3361 X ;
Malayan, 3361 X ; Night-
blooming, 727; Orange. 729,
2076.
Jesuit's Bark, 770; -Nut,
3371 X.
Jew Bush, 2524 X.
Jewel-weed, 1642 X.
Jews' Mallow, 841 X.
Jicama,2425x.
Jimbling, 26O6 X .
Jimson Weed, 970 X.
Jobo, 3217.
Job's Tears, 824.
Joe-Pye Weed, 1164.
Johnson-Grass, 1497.
Jointed Charlock, 2910.
Jointweed, 2740.
Jojoba, 3169 X.
Jonquil, Campernelle, 2111.
Jonquilla minor, 2112X.
Joseph's Coat, 270.
Joshua Tree, 3530.
Journals, 1559.
Jovellana violacea, 627.
Juania australis, 2444.
Jubaea, 2445; spectabilis,
2302X.
Judas Tree, 720.
Juglandacese, 25.
Juglans, 25; obcordata, 677;
oyalis, 677; Pecan, 676; por-
cina var. obcordata, 677;
spp.,23j02x.
Jujube, 3547.
Jumping Beans, 829; Mexican,
3124.
Juncaceae, 19.
Juncoides niveum, 1924; syl-
vaticum, 1924.
Juncus zebrinus, 3119 X.
Juneberry, 272; Grape, 3486 X ;
-Grass, 2723 X.
Jungermanniales, 6 X .
Jungia (Salvia), 3O62.
Juniperus chinensis var. ja-
ponica, 3569; chinensis var.
japonica aurea. 3569; chinen-
sis var. japonica aureo-varie-
gata, 3569; chinensis var. pro-
cumbens, 3569; chinensis var.
procumbens aurea, 3569;
chinensis var. procumbens .
aureo- variegate, 3569; chi-
nensis var. Sargentii, 3569;
japonica, 3569; japonica
chinensis var. 3569; procum-
bens, 3569; Sanderi, 731,
2922; virginiana, 1440.
Juno (Iris), 1679.
Jupiter's Beard, 303 X, 713 X.
Jussieua pilosa, 61.
Justicia atramentaria, 1715;
carnea, 1714 x ; coccinea,
1714 x; cristata, 309; flava,
3107 x ; flavicoma, 3107 x ;
gangetica, 426; Gendarussa,
73 x ; Ghiesbreghtiana, 1715;
Lindenii, 1715 X ; magnifica,
1714 x ; Mohintli, 1715; pec-
toralis, 73 x , 997; picta, 1393;
secunda, 997; speciosa,
2554 X ; spicigera, 1715; tetra-
gona, 309; thjTsiflora, 2585 x ;
velutina, 1714 x.
Jute, 841 x ; Bilipitam, 1485.
Kabschia (Saxifraga), 3099.
Kafir Bread, 1113; Corn, 1497;
Plum, 1432.
Kaki, 1015.
Kale, Roman, 496 X .
Kalmiella hirsuta, 1735.
Kalopanax ricinifplius, 192 X .
Kalosanthes coccinea, 2969.
Kamala, 47; Dye, 1972 X.
Kamassi Wood, 1346.
Kamila Tree, 1972 x.
Kangaroo Thorn, 182; Vine,
776 X.
Kansas, 2207 X.
Kapok, 637, 700; Fiber, 521 X.
Karatas amazonica, 653 x ;
Binotii, 388x; Carolina
388 X ; Innocentii, 2144 X ;
Meyendorfii, 388 x ; Morren-
iana, 338 X ; neglecta, 2144 x ;
princeps, 388 X ; Schereme-
tiewii, 2144 x ; spectabilis,
388x: tristis, 388X.
Karo, 2653 X .
Karoub, 717 X .
Karri, 1157x.
Kaukenia Kauki, 2056.
Kaulfussia amelloides, 734.
Kauri Copal, 1417; Resin, 22 X.
Kava, 2646 X ; -kava, 24.
Kavista Batu, 1220.
Kawri Gum,230x ; Pine, 230 X.
Keffersteinia, 2811.
Kei Apple, 172.
Keibi-ran,244x.
Kekuna oil, 245.
Kelun oil, 245.
Kenilworth l\-y, 1883 X.
Kennedya Comptoniana, 1432;
cordata, 1432; longirace-
mosa, 1432; macrophylla,
1432; monophylla, 1432;
ovata, 1432.
Kennicott, John A., 1582.
Kenrick, Wm., 1582.
Kentia Baueri, 2950; Bel-
moreana, 1612 x ; Canter-
buryana, 1442 X ; divaricata,
1736 x; elegans, 943; Exor-
rhiza, 1195; Forsteriana,
1612 X; fulcita, 943; Lind-
enii, 1736 x ; Luciani, 1736 x ;
monostachya, 441 X ; Moore-
ana, 803 x; sapida, 2950;
Van Houttei, 3439 X ; Wend-
lanHiana, 1624.
Kentucky, 2232; Blue-Grass,
2723 x ; Coffee Tree, 1420.
Kerguelen's Land Cabbage,
not.
Kerr, J. W., 1582 X.
Keschta, 294 X.
Keteleeria Fabri, 3565.
Kew Tree, 1338 x.
Khas Khas Grass. 3456.
Khat, 49, 686.
Khus Khus Grass, 3456.
Kickxia, 1305.
Kidjeroekan, 2714.
Kidney Bean, 2576 X; Vetch,
303X.
Kigerukkan, 2038 X .
Kilmarnock Willow. 3053 X .
King-Fern, 2413 x; -Nut, 678;
Orange, 784; -weed, 271 X.
King's Spear, 412.
Kinkan, 1758 X.
Kino, 601; Eucalypt, 1156.
Kirtland, Jared P., 1582 x .
Kleinia Anteuphorbium, 3150;
articulate, 3149 x; Grantii,
2291; pendula, 3150: radi-
cans, 3150: spinulosa, 3150;
suspensa, 3150.
14,,. Z836X; Raisin Tree, 1611 X; Jupiter's Beard, 303 X , 713 X . suspensa, 31oO.
Vol. I, pp. 1-6O2; II, pp. 603-12OO; III, pp. 1201-1760; IV, pp. 1761-2422; V, pp. 2423-SO41; VI, pp. 3043-3639.
3626
INDEX
INDEX
Klopstookia cerifera, 726.
Knapweed, 711.
Kneiffia Allenii, 2331 X ; fru-
ticosa, 2331; glauca, 2331;
linearis, 2331 X ; pratensis,
2331 x ; pumila, 2331.
Knightia excelsa, 27.
Knot-cone Pine, 2645; -root,
3220 X ; -weed, 2740.
Koa, 186.
Kodiastigma, 407.
Koellia, 2863.
Kohl, 542.
Kohleria bogotensis, 1706;
eriantha, 1706; Warszewic-
zii, 3115 X.
Kola, 824.
Kolpakowskia ixiolirioides,
1710X.
Kordofan Gum, 1417.
Korean Lawn-Grass, 3549.
Korolkowia, 1280.
Korra, 824.
Kowhai, Red, 802 X.
Krassang, 1219 X.
Kraunhia braehybotrys, 3517;
frutescens, 3518; japonica,
3518 x; macrostachys, 3518;
sinensis, 3517 X .
Kraussia coriacea, 3373; flori-
bunda, 3373; lanceolata,
3373.
Krishna Bor, 1231 X .
Krynitzkia barbigera, 902 X ;
glomerata, 902 X.
Kudzu Vine, 2856 X .
Kuhnistera, 2561.
Kukui, 245 X
Kumara disticha, 260 X .
Kumquat, Australian Desert,
1127 X; Hongkong Wild,
1270; Marumi, 1270; Meiwa,
1270; Nagami, 1269 X ; Oval,
1269 X ; Round, 1270.
Kunzia tridentata, 2862.
Kursk Millet, 3158 X.
Kuwini, 1984 X.
Labiatse, 70.
Lablab cultratus, 1065.
Labrador Tea, 1833; Violet,
2632 x .
Laburnocytisus Adamii, 1763 X .
Laburnum ramantaceum,
2563 X ; Weldenii, 2563 X .
Lacatan, 2079.
Lacebark, 1319 X, 1775 X;
-bark Pine, 2639; Fern, 735,
2135 X, 2290 X; -leaf, 312.
Laciniaria, 1852 X.
Lacquer Tree, 2953 X.
Lactarius, 2087 X .
Lactuca alpina, 2075 x;
Bourgsei, 3574; gigantea,
2076; Plumieri, 2076; sativa,
77; virpsa, 77.
Lactucarium, 77.
Ladies' Bedstraw, 1311 X ; Ear-
Drops, 1301; Tobacco, 299;
Tresses, 3215 X.
Ladlewood, 681.
Lady Ardilaun, 287; Finger
Banana, 2078 x ; Slipper,
442 x ; Washington Geran-
ium, 2532 x.
Lady's Mantle, 244 X ; Seal,
2739x; Slipper, 943x;
Thumb, 2741.
Laelia amanda, 1772 x ; callis-
toglossa, 1772 X ; Dominy-
ana, 1772 x ; Dormaniana,
1773; elegans, 1772 x ; Schil-
leriana, 1773.
L»vigat£e (Rosa), 2996 X.
Lagenandra toxicaria, 17 X .
Lagetta funifera, 59; lintearia,
59.
La-kwa, 2060.
Lama, 1938 X .
Lambkill, 1734 X.
Lamb's Lettuce, 3427; Quar-
ters, 737.
Laminaria, 5.
Lampasas Mulberry, 2071 X .
Lamprococcus, 221 X .
Lamp- Wick Plant, 2586.
Landreth, David, 1583.
Langsat, 1818 X.
Lansa, 1818 X.
Lanseh, 1818 X.
Lantern Plant, Chinese, 2608 X .
Lanzon, 1818 X.
Laportea panadensis, 26 X ;
stinmlans, 26 X.
Lappa major, 385.
Larch, European, 1822 x;
Golden, 2845 X.
Lardizabala Family, 33.
Lardizabalacese, 33.
Large Cane, 446; -leaf Tomato,
1932; -leaved Cucumber
Tree, 1966 X ; -leaved Lime,
3346 x; -leaved Maple, 201;
Snapdragon, 304 x ; -toothed
Aspen, 2757; White Petunia,
2565.
Larger American Cranberry,
3425 X .
Lariciones (Pinus), 2640.
Laricopsis Kaempferi, 2846.
Larix hybrida, 3569; Kaemp-
feri, 2846.
Larkspur, 975; Bee, 977; Musk,
976 X.
Lasiagrostis splendens, 3242 x .
Lasiandra lepidota, 3344; ma-
crantha, 3344; splendens,
3344.
Lastrea aristata, 1080; mem-
branifolia, 1080; opaca, 1079.
Latania, 2445; borbonica,
1895 X.
Late Tulip, 3398 X .
Lateriflora; (Scutellaria), 3123.
Lathyrus tuberosa, 41 X.
Lattice-leaf, 312.
Laumaile, 1421 X.
Lauracese, 35.
Laurel, Alexandrian, 961 X ;
American, 1733; California,
3413X; Camphor, 1418;
Cherry, 2843 X ; Chilean,
1827; Chinese, 304; English,
2843 x; Family, 35; Great,
2941; -Leaf Willow, 3052;
Mountain, 1734; New Zeal-
and, 860 X ; Oak, 2885; Portu-.
gal, 2843 X ; Sabino, 1967 X ;
Seaside, 2606X; Sheep-
1734 X ; Variegated, 815 X.
Laurestinus, 3458 X .
Laurocerasus caroliniana, 2844;
ilicifolia, 2844; lusitanica,
2843X; Lyonii, 2844;
Maackii, 2842 X ; officinalis,
2843 X ; sphwrocarpa, 2844.
Laurus Camphora, 773; nobilis,
35 X ; Sassafras, 3082.
Laurustinus, 3458 X .
Lavandula angustifolia, 911 X,
officinalis, 70; Spica, 70,
911X.
Lavanga-lata, 1829 X .
Lavauxia brachycarpa, 2332 X.
Lavender, 70, 757, 911 x ; Cot-
ton, 3071; Sea, 3229 X.
Lawn-Grass, Korean, 3549.
Lawsonia inermis, 59.
Law-son's Cypress, 730 X .
Laymi, 16 X.
Lead-Plant, 275x; -wort,
2721 X ; -wort Family, 65.
Leaf-Beet, 496 x ; -Cup, Cana-
ada, 2744; -Cup, Small-
flowered, 2744.
Leafless Rush-Broom, 3470X.
Leather-Jacket, 1155X; -Leaf,
732; -Leaf Grape, 3490;
-wood, 944 X , 1020.
Lebbeck Tree, 243 X.
Leche, 2425 x.
Lechenaultia, 1844.
Lechosa, 2460 X .
Lechuguilla Fiber, 236 X .
Lecythia Family, 59 x .
Lecythidacese, 59 x.
Lecythis spp., 2302 X.
Ledenbergia roseo-senea, 3377.
Ledum buxifolium, 1835 X.
Leechee, 1891 X.
Leek, Common Wild, 248 X .
Legaux, Pierre, 1583 x .
Leguminosae, 41.
Leiantha (Verbascum), 3443 X.
Leichtlinia commutata, 1984;
protuberans, 1984.
Leighia speciosa, 3352.
Leiorhodium, 2939.
Lembotropis nigricans, 948 X.
Lemnacese, 18.
Lemon Balm, 442 X ; Garden,
908; Geranium, 2534; Lily,
1456 X; -scented Gum,
HS'Jx; Thyme, 3341 x ;
Verbena, 1707, 1888 X ; Vine,
2547; Water, 2484.
Lemonia spectabilis, 2915.
Lentibulariaceae, 73.
Lent Lily, 1868 X , 2109 X .
Leonia (Salvia), 3065.
Leontodon, 3311.
Leonurus Cardiaca, 70.
Leopard Flower, 485; Lily,
1872; Plant, 1859.
Leopard's Bane, 1066 X, 3151.
Leopoldia, 2080 X-
Lepargyrsea argentea, 3159 X ;
canadensis, 3159 X.
Leperiza eucrosioides, 3276.
Lepicystis sepulta, 2745.
Lepidium didymum, 3148 X ;
sativum, 36 X .
Lepidobalanus, 2885 X .
Lepidorhodium, 2937 X.
Lepiota, 2086 X .
Lepismium commune, 2929 X ;
myosurus, 2929 X .
Leptalix, 1275.
Leptamnium, 1824 x .
Leptandra yirginica, 3449 X .
Leptasea aizoides, 3095; aus-
tromontana, 3095; cherleri-
oides, 3095; chrysantha,
3094 X ; flagellaris, 3095 x ;
Hirculus, 3094 x .
Leptaxis Menziesii, 3353.
Leptinella dioica, 868; lanata,
868; plumosa, 868; potentil-
lina, 868; squalida, 868.
Leptodactylon, 1335 X .
Leptopteris, 3352 X .
Leptosiphon androsaceus,
1337X; aureus, 1337X;
carmineus, 1337 X ; densi-
florus, 1337; hybridus,
1337 x; roseus, 1337 x.
Leptostylse (Pot en t ilia),
2775 X.
Leskea sericea, 7.
Letondal Banana, 2078 X .
Letter Plant, 1372.
Lettsomia splendens, 3566.
Lettuce, Lamb's, 3427; Opium,
77; Pastor's, 3189 X ; Water-,
2650.
Leucadendron argenteum, 27.
Leucanthemum nipponicum,
758; vulgare, 758.
Leucoium vernum, 20 X.
Leucorchis, 1005 X .
Leucospermum conocarpum,
27.
Leucostegia, 1215.
Leucothoe mariana, 2622 X .
Levisticum officinale, 62 X ,
911X.
Lewelling, Henderson, 1584;
Seth, 1584 X .
Liatria odoratissima, 3380 X.
Liberian Coffee, 823 X .
Libertia azurea, 2410x.
Libonia flpribunda, 1715; pen-
rhosiensis, 1715.
Lichenes, 6.
Lickorice, 1352 X.
Licorice, 176, 1352 X.
Licuala, 2445 X .
Ligeria, 1350 X; speciosa,
3169 X.
Lignumvitse, 44.
Ligularia, 2530; clivorum,
3153 x ; macrophylla, 3153 x ;
st'enocephala, 3 1 5 3 X ;
Veitchiana, 3153 X; Wilsoni-
ana, 3153 X.
Ligusticum peloponnesiacum,
2059.
Ligustrina amurensis, 3301 X ;
amurensis var. japonica,
3301 X ; amurensis var. mand-
shurica, 3301 X ; amurensis
var. pekinensis; 3301 X ; pe-
kinensis, 3301 X .
Ligustrum amurense, 1440;
Ibota, 1440 X: japonicum,
1440 X; ovalifohum, 1440 X.
Lilia regia, 1305.
Liliaceae, 19.
Liljorhiza, 1280.
Lilium regium, 1305.
Lily, African, 229 X ; Annuncia-
tion, 1868 X; Australian
Sword, 290; Blood, 1425 x;
Butterfly, 144 1 ; Candle-
stick, 1877; Chilian, 267;
Chinese Sacred, 2112; Choc-
olate, 1282; Climbing,
1349 x ; Coral, 1874 x ; Cow,
2291 x ; Cuban, 3117 x ; Day,
1604; European Turk's-Cap,
1873; Family, 19 x ; Fern-
leaved, 1874X; Florida
Swamp, 893x; Giant
Prairie, 840 X; Ginger, 1441;
Golden Spider, 1934; Golden
Turk's-Cap, 1873; Ground,
3380 X ; Japanese Turk's-
Cap, 1973; Lemon, 1456 X ;
Lent, 1868 X, 2109 x ; Leop-
ard, 1872; Little Turk's-Cap,
1874; Long-tubed White,
1867 X ; Madonna, 1868 X ;
Meadow, 1875; Milk-and-
Wine, 892 X ; Nankeen, 1875;
-of-the-Nile, 229 x , 3536 X ;
-of-the-Palace, 1493; Pan-
ther, 1872; Plantain, 1604;
Pond-, 2306; Queen, 917;
Queensland,- 1067; Rice-
root, 1281 X; Rush, 3171;
St. John's, 893; Sand,
1848 X; Scarborough, 3428;
Scarlet Turk's-Cap, 1874;
Sego, 635; Showy, 1870 X ;
Solomon's, 402 X ; Southern
Red, 1876; Spear-, 1067;
Spider-, 1626; Spotted, 1876;
Star, 1877 X ; Tiny, 1874 X ;
Toad-, 3377 X ; Tom Thumb,
1874 x; Torch-, 1751X;
Trumpet, 1867 X ; Turban,
1873; Water-, 2306; Wheel,
1876; White Mountain,
1848 X ; White Wood, 3380 X ;
Wild Red, 1876; Wild Yel-
low, 1875; Wood, 1876: Yel-
low Day, 1455 X ; Yellow
Pond, 2291 X ; Yellow Turk's-
Cap, 1874.
Lima Bean, 461, 2577.
Limber Pine, 2637 X .
Lime, 3345 X; -Berry, 3383;
Finger-, 2047; Large-leaved,
3346X; Russell River,
2047 X ; Spanish, 2025 X .
Limnanthaceae, 48.
Limnanthemum indicum,
2316 X ; lacunosum, 2316 X ;
nymph»oides, 2316 X ; tra-
enyspermum, 2316 X .
Limnanthus Family, 48.
Limnocharis Commersonii,
1624 X ; Humboldtii, 1624 X ;
nymphoides, 1624 X .
Limodorum tuberosum, 636 x.
Limonia acidissima, 1219,
1478 X ; alata, 2714: auranti-
folia, 782; bilocularis, 3158 x ;
crenulata, 1478 x : Demeusei,
779 X ; diphylla, 2714; dubia,
2714; gabonensis. 779 X ;
glutinosa, 729: missionis,
2446 X; monophylla, 426;
pentaphylla, 1352; Preusii,
779 x; scandens, 1830;
Schweinfurthii, 779 X ; tri-
chocarpa, 2752; trifolia, 3383.;
ugandensis, 779; Warneckii,
443 X.
Limonium, species of, 3229 X.
Linacese, 43 X.
Linanthus, 1335 X : densiflorus,
1842.
Ljnaria vulgaris, 71.
Linden, 3345 x; Common,
3347; Crimean, 3347: Fam-
ily, 52; Small-leaved, 3347;
Weeping White, 3348 x ;
White, 3348.
Lindera Benzoin, 487; hypo-
glauca, 487.
Lindssea, 1885.
Ling, 3372.
Linnaea Engleriana, 171 X ; Per-
ringiana, 171 X ; Spaethiana,
171X.
Linum catharticum, 43 X ;
trigynum, 2917; usitatis-
simum, 43 X
Lion's Ear, 1839; Leaf, 1839 x;
Tail, 1839.
Lippia citriodora, 69 X .
Liquidambar orientalis, 40;
Styraciflua, 40, 357 X.
Liquid Storax, 1889 X .
Liquorice, 1352 X .
Liriodendron Tulipifera, 34,
357 X.
INDEX
IXDEX
3627
Liriope graminifolia rare., 3574.
Lissochilus, 2402 x .
Listera eonvallarioides, 2356 X ;
cordata, 2356 X; S m a 1 li i,
2356X.
Listrostachys, 2402 X .
Litchi chinensis, 2303.
Literature, 1509 X, 1520 X.
Lithoearpus deist ocarpa,
3569 X: cornea, 3569 X : den-
siflora, 3569: glabra, 3569 X;
Henryi, 3569 X: thalassica,
3569 X; see also 3574.
Lithophragma affinis, 3320;
parviflora, 3320 X .
Lithospermum grarninifolium,
2059: oflScinale. 69; petraeum,
2O59.
Lnhrs-a laurina. 2953.
Litobrochia leptophylla, 2853.
Litorella, 1894 X.
Litta-a. 235 X ; dealbata, 238 X ;
filament osa, 238: gemim-
flora. 23Sx: glauca. 238 x;
gracilis, 966: histrix, 238 x;
Roezlii, 238 X.
Littea geminiflora, 238 X.
Little Gem, 3536 / : Pickles,
2415 X : Shellbark-Hickory.
Turk's-Cap Lily, 1874,
Littorella, 2656 X.
Littsca geminiflora, 238 X.
Live-forever, 3131X; Oak,
2889x: Oak, Calif ., 2889 x .
Liver-Leaf, 1458.
Liverworts, 6.
Living Rock, 391 X.
Livistona. 2445 X .
Lizard's Tail, 3083 X; Family,
Loasa Family, 57.
Loasacea?, 57.
Lobelia, 76 X : littoralis, 2781.
Loblolly Bay, 1361; Pine, 2643.
Lobster Flower, 1169X.
Loco-weed. 424, 2420 X.
Locust, 2955 x; Black, 2967;
Honey, 1346X: Swamp,
1347: Sweet. 1347; Water,
1347: Yellow, 2967.
Lodeman, E. G.. 1584 X.
Lodewort, 2909 X.
Lodge-Pole Pine, 2644 X .
Lodhra crataegoides, 3296.
Lodoicea sechellarum. 16 X.
Loduson lahe, 1421 x.
Logania Family, 67.
Loganiaceae. 67.
Logwood. 42. 1427.
Lolium temulentum, 15.
Lomaria Boryana. 514; ciliata,
514: costaricensis, 2655 x;
nipponica, 514 X .
Lombard}- Poplar, 2758 X.
Lonchocarpus maculatus,
1348 X.
London Plane, 2707 X ; Pride,
3096.
Longan, 2131.
Longiflorae (Salvia\ 3O63.
Longif olia? ( Pin us . 2639 X .
Long-Leaf Pine. 2643; Moss,
3350 x ; -tubed White Lily,
UK)
Longworth, Nicholas, 1585.
Lonicera Caprifolium, 75;
Xylosteum. 75.
Lonsdale. Edwin. 3554.
Looking-Glass Orchis, 2356;
Tree, 1476 X.
Loosestrife, 1935 X , 3233 x ;
Family, 59: Purple, 1
Spiked, 1937 X ; Swamp, 974;
Yellow, 1936 X.
Lophospermum erubescens,
2012 x ; scandens, 2013.
Lophostemon arborescens, 3384.
Lopseed, 2604 X ; Family, 74.
Loranthaceae, 27.
Lord Anson's Blue, 1826;
White, 1826.
Lord, O. M., 1585.
Lords-and-Ladies, 4O3.
Lorinseria, 3519 X .
Loroma amethystina. 3123 X.
Lotos (Nymphaea), 2315.
American, 2117; Bark,
66; Blue, 2310 X, 2311;
comiculatus. 41 / : erassi-
folius, 1604; Douglasii, 1604;
East Indian, 2117; Magnolia,
2117 X ; pinnatus, 1604; sili-
quosus, 3323 x : White, 2315.
Lousewort, 2524; Swamp,
2524 X.
Louisiana, 2246.
Lovage, 911 x, 1851.
Love- Apple, 1982 X, 2474; En-
tangle, 3127; -Grass, 1126;
-in-a-Mist, 2145 X; -lies-
" bleeding, 269 X: Plant, 279.
Love's Chain, 304 X .
Low Blueberry, 3423 x; Hop
Clover, 3379"
Lowea berberifolia, 2984 x .
Lucerne, 2019 X.
Lucuma mammosa, 65x;
spinosa, 1362.
Lueddemannia Sanderiana,
1764.
Luetkea caespitosa, 2563 X .
Luhea, 1920 X.
Luisia teres, 3077.
Lungwort, 2039, 2857.
Lupine, 1922: Blue, 1923; Tree,
1922 x ; White, 1923 X ; Yel-
low, 1923.
Lupulinaria, 3121 X.
Lutes (Rosa), 2995 X.
Luvunga, 1829 x.
Lycaste, 24O2 x ; cristeta, 2462;
jugosa, 824 X.
Lychnis Lagasca?, 2563; pyre-
naica, 2563; Yaccaria,
3074 X.
Lychnitidea (Verbascum), 3443.
Lychnitis (Yerbascum), 3442 X .
Lycium, 3596.
Lycoperdon, 2088 X.
Lycopersieum esculentum, 71.
Lycopodiaceae, 10 X.
Lycopodiales, 1208.
Lycopodium, 10 x ; caesium.
3139 X ; cordifolium, 314O;
densum, 3139 X.
Lygodium, 1215; palmatum, 9,
1217 X.
Lyman, H. M., 1585 X.
Lvme-Grass, 1111: Canada,
'llllx; Sea, 1111 x.
Lyon, T. T., 1585 X ; Wm. S.,
3554.
Lyonia calyculata, 732: lucida,
2622 x ; mariana, 2622 x ;
nitida, 2622 x ; racemosa,
1850X.
Lysimachia ciliata, 3234: hy-
brida, 3234: japonica, 3569 X;
lanceolata, 3234; longifolia,
3234; quadriflora, 3234.
Lythraceae, 59.
Lythrum Salicaria, 59.
Macadamia ternifolia, 27, 2303.
Macartney Rose, 2996 X.
Macassar oil. 653.
Machaerium Tipu, 3351 X .
Mackaya bella, 425 X.
Maclura aurantiaca, 26 X ;
pomifera, 144O X ; tinctoria,
751 • : tricuspidata, 911.
Macpalxochiquahuitl, 749 X
Macrantha (Acer), 201 X .
Macrocarpae (Pinus), 2645 X ;
(Primula), 2808 X.
Macrocarpium, 854.
Macrolobium bifoliuro, 3493;
Yuapa. 3493.
Macropiper excelsum, 2646;
methysticum, 2646 X .
Macrostigma t upistroides,
34O3X.
Macrothvrsus (JEsculus),
228 X."
Macrotomia echioides, 395 X.
Madagascar Periwinkle, 3471 X .
Madder, 74 x. 3021: Family.
\Yild, 1312.
Madeira Mahogany, 35 X.
Madhuca indica, 2300 X .
Madia saliva, 77 X .
Madonna Lily, 1868 X.
Madrona, 383 X .
Magnolia acuminata. 357 v ;
compressa. 2046; Family. 34:
fuscata, 2046; grandi flora,
357 x; Lotus, 2117x; tri-
petala, 357 x : Yulan, 34.
Magnoliaceap, 33 X .
Magothy Bay Bean, 680 X .
Maguey, 1306 X: Ceniso,
234 x ; de Cocui, 1306; Manso,
234X; Mapisaga, 234x;
Yerde, 234 X.
Mahaleb Cherry, 2835 X.
Mahoe, Mountain, 1487.
Mahogany, 3292; Family, 45 X ;
Glim, White, 1155x; Ma-
deira, 35 X; Mountain, 721;
Red, 1156; Swamp, 1155.
Mahon Stock, 1972.
Maidenhair Fern, 216 X , 218 X ;
Tree, 1338 X.
Maiden Pink, 999 X.
Maile, 1421 x.
Maine, 2152 x.
Mairania alpina, 386 X.
Maire, 1421 X.
Maize, Milo, 1497.
Majorana hortensis, 2406 X ;
Onites, 2406 X.
Makimbeira, 2121 X.
Malabar Nightshade, 455; Yine,
Sweet, 455.
Malachobatus (Rubus), 3025.
Malachodendron o v a t u m ,
3241 x.
Malagueta brava, 3526X;
hembra, 3526 X ; macho, 3526.
Malagunto chico, 3526X;
grande, 3526.
Malanga, 3523.
Malapoenna, 1894 X .
Malayan Jessamine, 3361 X.
Maldive-Nut,1899x.
Male Bamboo, 449;Fern,1079x.
Malgache Aloe, 1306.
Mallotus philippinensis, 47.
Mallow, Curled, 1974 x ; False,
1974 x; Family, 52; Globe,
3204; Jews', 841 X ; Marsh,
268; Musk, 1974; Rose-,
1483 x; Tree, 1974 X.
Malocchia, 653.
Maltese Cross, 1927 X.
Malpighia Family, 45 X.
Malpighiaceae, 45 X .
Malus acerba, 2870 X ; angusti-
folia, 2876: angustifolia var.
puberula, 2876; astracanica,
2870 x ; baccata, 2871 x ; bac-
cata var. himalaica, 2871 x ;
baccata var. mandshurica,
2871 x ; baccata var. sibirica,
2871x; bracteata, 2878;
communis, 2870; coronaria,
2876, 28 / / : coronaria var.
elongata, 2877; coronaria
var. Hoopesii, 2876 X ; coro-
naria var. ioensis, 2877 x ;
coronaria var. puberula, 2876;
crataegifolia, 2878; Dawsoni-
ana, 2876; florentina, 2878;
floribunda, 2875; floribunda
var. Arnoldiana, 2875 X ; fra-
grans, 2877; fragrans var.
elongata, 2877; fusca var.
diversifoha, 2876; fusca var.
levipes, 2876; glabrata, 2S77;
glaucescens, 2876 X ; Halli-
ana, 2872; Hartwigii, 2872;
hybrida, 2873; ioensis,
2877 x ; ioensis var. Bushii,
2877 x ; ioensis var. creni-
serrata, 2877 X ; ioensis var.
Palmeri, 2877 x ; ioensis var.
spinosa, 2877 X ; ioensis var.
texana, 2878; kansuensis,
2874; lancifolia. 2876X;
Malus, 2870; Matsumurae,
2873; microcarpa var. bac-
cata, 2871 X ; microcarpa var.
floribunda, 2875: microcarpa
var. Kaido, 2873 X ; micro-
carpa yar. sempervirens,
2876; microcarpa yar. Tor-
ringo, 2874 X ; micromalus,
2873 x ; platycarpa, 2876;
platycarpa var. Hoopesii,
2876 x ; Prattii, 2873; pruni-
folia, 2873; prunifolia var.
Rinki, 2873; pumila, 2870 X ;
pumila var. Rinki, 2873;
Ringo, 2873; rivularis,
2875 X ; rivularis var. diversi-
folia, 2876: rivularis var.
levipes, 2876; Sargentii,
2874 X; Scheideckeri, 2875;
sempervirens, 2876; Sieboldii,
2874 x ; Sieboldii var. arbor-
escens, 2874 x ; Sieboldii var.
calocarpa, 2874 x ; einensis,
2873 X ; Soulardii, 2871; spec-
t abilis, 2873 X;spectabilis
var. Kaido, 2873 X ; spectab-
ilis var. micromalus, 2873 x ;
syivestris, 2870 x ; theifera,
2872x; Toringo, 2874x;
transitoria, 2874; Tschonos-
kii, 2874 ; yezoensis, 2873 :yun-
nanensis, 2874; Zumi, 2875.
Malva campanulata, capensis,
cocci nea, lateritia, 1975;
miniata, 3204 X ; purpurata.
1975; rotundifofia, 52 x ;
syivestris, 52 x; umbellata.
3204.
Malvaceae, 52.
Mamain, 293.
Mamao, 2460 X.
Mamey, 1975 X; Colorado,
1919; de Santo Domingo,
1975 x ; Sapote, 1919.
Mamillaria, 1976 X.
Mamin, 293.
Mammea americana, 54 x .
Mammee-Apple, 1975 X .
Mammoth Clover, 3379 X.
Mamoeiro, Tree, 2460.
Mamon, 294.
Mamoncillo, 2026.
Manchineel, 1494 X.
Mandarin Orange, 784.
Mandera Cucumber, 909.
Mandioca, 1991 X.
Mandirola, 2097.
Mandragora, 70 X .
Mandrake, 2725 x .
Mangifera indica, 48 X.
Mango, 1984 x ; Grape, 3198 X ;
Melon, 908.
Mangrove-Annona, 293; Black,
436; Family, 59 X; Honey,
436: White, 436.
Maniguette, 3527 X .
Manihot diversif olia, 1720;
palmata. 47; utilissima. 47.
Manila Copal, 1417; Hen.p,
171,2078.
Manilla Tamarind, 2652.
Manioc, 1991 X.
Manisoba, 1992.
Manisuris, 3020 X ;granularis, 15.
Manitoba, 569.
Manketti Nuts, 2303.
Manna, 66 x; Gum 1156 x..
Mannensei, 2974 x .
Manning, J. W., 1586X;
Robert, 1587.
Mano de Mico, 749 x .
Man -of -the -Earth, 1661 X;
Orchis, 2356.
Manuka, 1843.
Manzanillo, 1494 X.
Manzanita, 385.
Maple, 195; Ash-leaved, 204 x ;
Black, 203; Family, 49 x;
Flowering, 176X; Horn-
beam, 201 X ; Japan, 200;
Large-leaved, 201 ; Moun-
tain, 200 X ; Norway, 198 X ;
Red, 202 x; Rock, 203;
Scarlet, 202 x ; Silver, 202 x ,
2756; Striped, 202; Sugar,
2C3; Swamp, 2O2x; Syca-
more, 201 ; White, 202 X .
Mappa Porteana, 1939.
Maracuja melao, 2481 X .
Maranta Albertii, 621; albo-
lineata, 621, 623 x ; arundi-
nacea, 22x; Chantrieri,
623 X ; conspicua, 622 X ; dis-
color, 620; Gouletii, 622;
Goveniana, 3596; gracihs,
622 X : illustris, 622; imperi-
alis, 623 X ; leopardina, 623;
Louisae, 622; major, 1688 x;
Makoyana, 621 x ; Marcellii,
621; micans, 620; musaica,
624 X ; Neubertii. 622 x : nocti-
flora, 622 x ; olivaris, 621 X ;
ornata, 623 X; picta, 622 x;
Porteana, 3277; prasina,
624 x ; princeps, 623; regalis.
623 x ; roeeo<>icta, 620; Sago-
reana, 621; Sanderiana, 624;
smaragdina, 2063; spec t ab-
ilis. 3277: tigrina. 624 x ;
Wagneri, 620; WalUsii, 621;
Wiotii, 620 X : zebrina, 624.
Vol. I, pp. 1-602; II, pp. 60S-12OO; III, pp. 1201-1760; IV, pp. 1761-2422; V, pp. 24SS-3O41; VI, pp. 3043-3639.
3628
INDEX
INDEX
Marantaceae, 22 X .
Marattia, 1215; Douglasii, 7 x ;
Family, 7 x ; fraxinea, 7 X .
Marattiacese, 7 X , 1208 X .
Marbleberry, 387 X .
Marchantiales, 6 X .
March Daisy, 486.
Marcgravia dubia, 2064; para-
doxa, 2064.
Marguerite, 756; Blue, 1205 X;
Glaucous, 756; Golden,
299 x .
Mariana lactea, 3169.
Marica calif ornica, 3171; stri-
ata, 3171.
Marigold, 911 X , 3305; African,
3305 X; Cape, 1011; Corn,
754 X; Fig-, 2040; French,
3305; Marsh. 637 X; Pot,
627; Sweet-scented, 3305 X.
Marine Ivy, 776.
Mariposa Lily, 631 X ; Tulip,
633 x.
Maritzgula, 664 X .
Marjoram, 911 X, 2406.
Markery, 737.
Marking-Nut Tree, 3142 x.
Marlea begoniifolia, 243; pla-
tanifolia, 243.
Marmalade-Box, 1322; Fruit,
1919.
Marmeliera de Campo, 1994.
Maroochie Nut, 1939.
Marram-Grass, 274 X .
Marrubium vulgare, 70,
911X.
Marsh Cinquefoil, 835; Elder,
1708; Fern, 1079; Mallow,
268; Marigold, 637 x; Pea,
1826; -Pea, Myrtle-leaved,
1826; Pine, 2644 x ; St. John's
Wort, 1632 X ; Samphire,
3050; Spike-Grass, 1061; Val-
erian, 3426 X.
Marsdenia Condurango, 68;
tinctoria, 68.
Marsilea Drummondii, 10;
Family, 9 X ; Nardu, 10.
Marsileacese, 9 X , 1209.
Martagon, 1871.
Martinezia cary otsef olia,
2445 X .
Martynia Craniolaria, 877 X ;
Family, 72 x ; louisiana,
72x.
Martyniaceae, 72.
Marumi Kumquat, 1270.
Marvel of Peru, 2056 X .
Maryland, 2212 x ; Dittany,
912 x.
Masdevallia, 2402 X ; Dayanus,
904; fenestrata, 904; gib-
berosa, 3107; punctata, 3107.
Massachusetts, 2159 X.
Massangea, 1419 X.
Massowia, 3202.
Masterwort, 424 X .
Mastic, 48 X , 1417 X ; Tree,
2650; -Tree, Peruvian, 3109.
Mate, 48 X.
Mathiola, 2011 X.
Matilija Poppy, 2979.
Matisia cordata, 53.
Mato Colorado, 653 X ; de la
Playa, 653 X .
Matricaria Chamomilla, 77.
Matricary, 2010 X.
Matrimony- Vine, 1929 X .
Maul Oak, 2889 x.
Maurandia antirrhiniflora, 305,
Lophospermum, 3574.
Mauritia flexuosa, 2303; vinif-
era, 16 X.
Mauritius Hemp, 1306.
Maw Seed, 2455 X .
Maxillaria, 2402 X ; bractes-
cens, 3525; decolor, 3525;
densa, 2407 x; elongata,
3525 x ; galeata, 1355;jugosa,
824 x ; leontoglossa, 3525 X ;
squalens, 3525 X .
Maximilianea Gossypium, 56.
Maximowiczia sinensis, 3110X.
May, 886x; -Apple, 208,
2725x; -berry, 3026X;
-flower, 1120, 1458; -gowan,
486; Haw, 884x; -pop,
2484 X : -weed, 300.
Mayten, 2016 X.
Mazzard, 2837 X .
Mclntosh, John, 1586.
M'Mahon, Bernard, 1586.
Meadia caroliniana, 1063 x ;
Dodecathea, 1063 X ; Jef-
freyi, 1064.
Meadow Beauty, 2928X;
Cranesbill, 1331 X ; Fescue,
1228 x; Foam, 1882X;
-Grass, 1351X; -Grass,
Rough-s talked, 2723X;
-Grass, Wood, 1723 x; Lily,
1875; Parsnip, 3328; Rue,
3326; Rue, Tall, 3327 x ;
Saffron, 824 X ; Saxifrage,
3087X, 3157X; -Sweet
1238 X , 3214 X ; Tulip, 633.
Mecca Balsam, 45 X.
Medemia, 510.
Medicago lupulina, 41 x ; sa-
tiva, 41 X.
Medick, 2019; Black, 2019 x;
Hop, 2019 X.
Mediterranean Hemp, 1306.
Medium grandiflorum, 644.
Medlar, 2043 x.
Medusa, Philippine, 191.
Medusa's Head, 1173.
Meehan, Thomas, 1587.
Meelalla, 522.
Megapterium missouriensis,
2331.
Megarrhiza californica, 1096 X .
Megasea afghanica, 3086 X ;
ciliata, 3086 X ; compacta,
3102 x; c)ordi;folia, 3086;
cordifolia var. alba, 3086;
cordif olia yar. purpurea,
3086; cordifolia var. rosea,
3086; corru'gata, 3102x;
crassifolia, 3086; hybrida
splendens, 3103; Leicht-
linii, 3086 X; ligulata, 3086;
ligulata yar. ciliata, 3086 X ;
orbicularis, 3086; purpuras-
cens, 3086; speciosa, 3086 X ;
splendens 3103; Stracheyi,
3086 X ; Stracheyi var. Milesii,
3086 X.
Meibomia, 991.
Meiracyllium Wettsteinii,
2121 X.
Meiwa Kumquat, 1270.
Melaleuca Leucadendron, 60 X .
Melandrium, 3163 X.
Melanorrho3a usitata, 48 X .
Melastoma denticulatum, 2047;
Family, 60 X .
Melastomaceae, 60 X .
Melegueta, Wild, 3526 X .
Melia Azedarach, 45 X, 357 X.
Meliaceae, 45 X.
Melianthacese, 50 X.
Melianthus Family, 50 X .
Melic Grass, 2025 X .
Melissa officinalis, 911.
Melocactus communis, 612.
Melon Apple, 908; Chinese
Preserving, 486 X ; Cucum-
ber, 908; Dudaim, 908;
Mango, 908; Netted, 908 X;
Nutmeg, 908 X ; Orange, 908;
Pear, 3182x; Pineapple,
908 X ; Pomegranate, 908;
Queen Anne's Pocket, 908;
Rock, 908 X ; Shrub, 3182 x ;
Snake, 908; Spurge, 1172 x;
Tree, 2460 X; Winter, 908;
Zapote, 2460 X .
Memorial Rose, 2986 X .
Meniscium, 1215.
Menispermaceae, 33.
Menispermum acutum, 3170;
Columba, 1719 x ; palmatum,
1719 x.
Mentha perilloides, 2553; piper-
ita, 911 x ; Pulegium, 70,
911 x; spicata, 70, 911 x.
Menthol, 1418.
Mentzelia aurea, 3582, 3597;
bartonioides, 1161 X ; hispida,
57 X.
Menudito, 1994.
Menyanthes exaltata, 3470 X ;
indiea, 2316 X ; nymphae-
oides, 2316 X ; sarmentosa,
3470 X .
Menziesia caerulea, 2607 X ;
empetriformis, 2607 X ; poli-
folia, 950; polifolia nana, 950;
polifolia pygmaea, 950.
Mercury, 737, 2038; Three-
seeded, 190 X .
Meriolix serrulata, 2329 X .
Mertensia, 1348.
Mescal, 20 X, 231; Button,
1915 ; Tequila, 232 X.
Mesembryanthemum, 2921;
crystallinum, 30 X; edule,
30 X.
Mesocarpse (Pachira), 2423 X.
Mespilus arbutifolia var.
erythrocarpa, 396 x ; Pyra-
cantha, 2863 X .
Mesquit, 2811.
Mesquite, 2811.
Metcalf Bean, 2574.
Methonica grandiflora, 1349 X .
Metrosideros floribunda, 3565 X ;
semperflorens, 630.
Metroxylon elatum, 1481,
2623; Rumphii, 16 X.
Mexicanae (Crataegus), 884 x.
Mexican Buckeye, 3414; But-
terwort, 2631 X ; Coral Drops,
496; Earflower, 938; Fire
Plant, 1170; Flame-Leaf,
1169X; Foxglove, 3323 x ;
Jumping Bean, 3124; Orange,
751 x ; Red Salvia, 3063 X ;
Star, 2051; Star of Bethle-
hem, 2051; Tea, 737; Tulip
Poppy, 1614 x ; Twin-Flower,
545; White Oak, 2890 X.
Meyenia erecta, 3339; Vogeli-
ana, 3339 X.
Mezcal-button, 1915.
Mezereum, 963; Family, 58 X.
Michaelmas Daisy, 416.
Michelia Champaca, 34.
Michigan, 2184 X.
Mierampelis, 1096.
Micranthes aestivalis, 3093;
arguta, 3093; californica,
3098; davurica, 3092 x ;
Geum, 3096; integrifolia,
3093; Lyallii, 3092 x ; mi-
cranthidifolia, 3092 X ; penn-
sylvanica, 3092 X ; virginien-
sis, 3093.
Micranthus, 2577.
Microcerasus, 2833 X .
Microgenetes, 2566.
Microlepia, 1215.
Micromeles alnifolia, 3197 X ;
caloneura, 3197 x ; Decais-
neana, 3198; Folgneri,
3197 X ; japonica, 3198.
Micromeria varia, 3082 x.
Microphyllae (Rosa), 2997.
Micropteryx Poeppigiana, 1142.
Microrhamnus franguloides,
2923.
Microstephium niveum, 904 X .
Mida acuminata, 2302.
Miel de Palma, 1721.
Mignonette, 1831; Family, 37;
Vine, 535 X ; White Upright,
2918 X.
Milanji Cedar, 631; Cypress,
631.
Milfoil, 206.
Milium Thomasii, 2411 X.
Milk-and-Wine Lily, 892 x ;
-Bush, 1170; -Bush, African,
3296; Tree, 3073; Vetch, 424;
-weed, 404, 1167; -weed
Family, 67 X ; -weed, Giant,
637; -wort, 2737 x ; -wort,
Box-leaved, 2738; -wort Fam-
ily, 46; -wort, Fringed, 2738.
Milla capitata, 578; grandi-
flora, 578; nivalis, 3384;
uniflora, 3384 X .
Miller, Samuel, 1588.
Millet, African, 1110, 1497;
Aino, 3158 X ; Broomcorn,
2452 X; Common, 3158;
German, 3158; Golden Won-
der, 3158; -Grass, 2050 X ;
Hog, 2452 X ; Japanese, 3158;
Japanese Barnyard, 1096;
Kursk, 3158 x; Pearl, 2537;
Siberian, 3158 X ; Texas,
2452 X ; True, 2452 X ; Turk-
estan, 3158 x .
Millettia japonica, 3518 X;
megasperma, 2706 X .
Million-dollar Weed, 1105.
Milo, 1497.
Miltonia, 2402 X .
Miltoniopsis Bleui, 2053.
Mimbres, 747 X .
Mimosa acle, 2653; arborea,
3066 X; campeachiana, 599;
caracasana, 628; divaricata,
1935 x; dulcis, 2652; filici-
folia, 2653, 3066 X ; filicoides,
188 X; glauca, 1848; hetero-
phylla, 2652 X ; illinoensis,
990 X ; latif olia, 2653 ; para-
doxa, 182; plena, 2136 x ;
pudica, 41 x ; Saman, 2653,
3066 X; scutifera, 2652;
Texas, 189; umbellata, 2653;
Unguis-cati, 2652; verticil-
lata, 186 X.
Mimulus radicans, 2017.
Mimusops Elengi, 65 X.
Mina lobata, 2879 X; san-
guinea, 2879 X.
Miniature Bottle Gourd,
1774 x.
Minnesota, 2190 X .
Mint, 911 x , 2034 X ; American,
2035; American Wild,
2035 x; Bergamot, 2035;
Black, 2035; Family, 70;
Geranium, 757; Horse-,
2060 X ; Japanese, 2035 X ;
Mountain, 2863; Round-
leaved, 2035; State, 2035;
Thorny, 192; White, 2035.
Minutifoliae (Rosa), 2996.
Minutissimae (Primula), 2796.
Mirabilis Jalapa, 30.
Mirasolia diversifolia, 3352.
Mirliton, 3124 X.
Miscopetalum (Saxifraga),3087.
Mispelboom, 3073 X .
Mississippi, 2240 X .
Missouri, 2196 x; Bread-root,
2849 X ; Currant, 2958.
Mist-Flower, 1164.
Mistletoe, 2594 X , 3480 X ;
Family, 27; Fig, 1232 x.
Mitellastra caulescens, 2058.
Mitrewort, 2058; False, 3343.
Mocan, 3480 X .
Moccasin-Flower, 943 X .
Mock Cypress, 1755; Orange,
910 X , 2579, 2654, 2844.
Mockernut, 677 X .
Modar, 68.
Moehringia, 389.
Mohrodendron carolinum,
1429; dipterum, 1429 X.
Molasses Grass, 2026.
Moldavica punctata, 1071.
Mole Plant, 1173.
Molka, 3023 X .
Molles (Cratsegus), 881 X.
Mollucella, 2059.
Molucca Balm, 2059 X.
Mombin, 3217.
Momordica cylindrica, 1921;
Elaterium, 1085.
Monachanthus, 685.
Monarda clinopodia, 2863.
Monella, 945.
Moneywort, 1936.
Monimia Family, 35.
Monimiaceae, 35.
Monkey- Apple, 293; Dinner-
bell, 1615 X; -face Tree,
1972 X ; -Flower, 2055; -Fruit,
2977 X ; -pot Nut, 1832 x ;
Puzzle, 346 X.
Monkey's Bread, 214 X ; Coco-
nuts, 1721; Hand, 749 X.
Monkshood, 209; True, 210;
Wild, 210.
Monk's Pepper-Tree, 3481.
Monniera, 1477 X .
Monocarpicae (Primula),
2795 X .
Monochoria vaginalis, 19.
Monocodon, 1280.
Monotropaceae, 63 X .
Monstera deliciosa, 18.
Montagnaea, 2064 X .
Montana, 2255.
Montanse (Clematis), 795.
Montbretia aurantiaca, 3386;
aurea, 3386; californica,
3386; crocosmseflora var.
aurantiaca, 3386; crocosmae-
flora var. californica, 3386;
crocosmasflora var. germania,
3386; croeosmaeflora var.
pyramidalis, 3386; crocos-
masflora var. speciosa, 3386;
elegans, 3386; germania,
3386; germanica, 3386 X ;
Pottsii, 3386; Prometheus,
3386 x ; rosea, 3386 X ; spe-
ciosa, 3386.
Monterey Cypress, 915; Pine,
2645.
INDEX
INDEX
3629
Montezuma Cypress, 3315.
Moonflower, 635 X, 1656 X;
Bush, 1658 X .
Moon, James, 1588; Mahlon,
1588; Samuel C.. 1588x;
Wm. H., 1588 X.
Moonseed, 2034; Carolina,
808 X ; Family, 33.
Moon Trefoil, 2019 X; -wort,
533, 1921 X.
Moore, Jacob, 1588 X.
Moosewood, 202, 1020 X.
Moraceae, 26.
Morapa chinensis, 485; collina,
1499 x ; Sisyrinchium, 1682.
Morchella, 2088 X.
Morea, 2065 X .
Morella, 3182; carolinensis,
2093: cerifera, 2092 X.
Morello Cherry, 2836 X .
Moreton Bay Chestnut, 683;
Fig, 1232 x ; Pine, 346.
Moriche Palm, 2013.
Morinda citrifolia, 74 X.
Morindin, 74 X.
Moringa arabica, 37 X ; Fam-
ily, 37; oleifera, 37 X, 2303;
pterygosperma, 2303.
Moringacese, 37.
Morning Campion, 1928 X ;
-Glory, 1656 X ; -Glory, Bra-
zilian, 1661; -Glory Family,
68.
Morocarpus edulis, 973 X .
Morongia uncinata, 3115.
Morus, 26; papyrifera, 579 X .
Moscharia, 2080 X .
Moschata (Saxifraga), 3091 X.
Moschatel, 221.
Moso'oi, 652 x .
Mosquito Plant, 938 X .
Moss, Bird's-Nest, 2920 X ;
Campion, 3168 X ; Club,
3137 x ; Florida, 3350 x ;
Flowering, 2878 X ; Irish, 5 X ;
Long, 3350 X ; Pink, 2589 x ;
Rainbow, 3138; Rose, 2766,
2989; Spanish, 3350 X; Ver-
bena, 3440.
Mosses, 6.
Mossy Cup Oak, 2887.
Moth Bean, 2574; Mullein,
3443 x.
Mother-of-Thousands, 1883 X ,
3093 X; of Thyme, 3341 x ;
-wort, 70, 1840 X .
Moto'oi, 652 X.
Mountain- Ash, American,
3195; -Ash, European,
3195 x; Bloodwood, 1152 x;
Bluet, 712 X ; Cherry, 2829 X ;
Cranberry, 3425; Ebony,
456 x; Flax, 2738; Fleece,
2742 X ; Fringe, 220 X , 399 x ;
Grape, 3485, 3487; Grape,
Sweet, 3485; Gum, 1155;
Heath, 2607; Hickory, 184;
Holly, 2120, 2844; Laurel,
1734; Mahoe, 1487; Mahog-
any, 721; Maple, 200 X;
Mint, 2863; Pine, Swiss,
2641; Pine Table, 2643 X;
Plum, 3525; Rata, 2045; Rice,
2411; Rose, 304 x ; Snuff,
396; Soursop, 292 x; Speed-
well, 3452 x ; Spurge, 2426 X ;
Sumac, 2954; Tobacco, 396;
White Pine, 2638 X .
Mourning Bride, 3105 X ; Iris,
1477, 1674 X.
Mouse-Ear duckweed, 716 X;
Hawkweed, 1491.
Mozinna spathulata, 1720.
Mucor mucedo, 5 X .
Mucuna pruriens, 42, 3244.
Mugwort, 400; Western, 400.
Mukia, 2033 X ; scabrella, 2034.
Mulberry, 2069, 3024 X ; Black,
2071; Family, 26; Indian,
2067 x ; Lampasas, 2071 X ;
Dative Red, 2071; Russian,
2070 X; Skeleton-leaved,
2070 X ; White, 2070.
Mulga, 187.
Mullein, 3441; Moth, 3442X;
Pink, 1927 X : Purple, 3443 X :
Rosette, 2903 X.
Multiflorae (Veronica), 3452 X.
Munchausia speciosa, 1775 X .
Mundi, 751.
Mung Bean, 2574 X .
Munson,T. V., 1588 X.
Munstead's White Columbine,
341X.
Murraea exotica, 729.
Musa, 21 x ; textilis, 171.
Musaeese, 21 x .
Muscadine, 3484.
Muscadinia Munsoniana,
3484 X ; rotundifolia, 3484.
Muscaria adscendens, 3087;
caespitosa, 3091; (Saxifraga).
3087X.
Muscari azureum, 1616.
Musci, 6.
Musk-Clover, 1136 X; Hya-
cinth, 2080X; Larkspur,
976 x; Mallow, 1974; -Plant,
2055 X; Rose, 2986; Rose,
Himalayan, 2985 X .
Mustang Grape, 3484 X , 3490.
Mustard, 36 X; Black, 544 X;
Brown, 544 X ; Chinese, 544;
Family, 36 X ; Pot-herb, 544;
Tuberous-rooted Chinese,
543 ; Wild, 544 X.
Myall, Coast, 187; Weeping,
185X.
Myanthus spinosus, 686.
Myginda myrtifolia, 2424 X.
Mylocaryum ligustrinum, 803.
Myoporaceae, 74.
Myoporum Family, 74; platy-
carpum, 74.
Myriandra prolifica, 1631 X .
Myrica, 24 X ; asplenifolia,
836 X ; cerifera, 3597.
Myricaceae, 24 X.
Myricaria germanica, 55.
Myrioblastus, 903.
Myristicaceae, 35.
Myristica fragrans, 35.
Myrobolan, 60, 2606, 3321 X ;
Beleric, 3322; Plum, 2825.
Myrosma carnaefolia, 1441 X.
Myroxylon Pereirae, 3353; race-
mosum, 3528 X .
Myrrh, 1417 X, 2095 X.
Myrrhis occidentals, 2413.
Myrsinaceae, 64 X .
M yrsine Family, 64 X .
Myrsiphyllum, 407; aspara-
goides, 409.
Myrtaceae, 60 X.
Myrtle, 60 X; Blue, 3471;
Crape, 1775 X ; Downy, 2948;
Gum, 288 X ; -leaved Marsh-
Pea, 1826; Running, 3471;
Sand, 1835; Trailing, 3471;
Wax, 2092 X .
Myrtus communis, 60 X; to-
mentosa, 2948.
Myxomycetes, 4 X .
Xabalus Fraseri, 2782.
Naga itouri, 1921.
N'agami Kumquat, 1269 X.
Xageia japonica, 2725.
Xaiadaceae, 13 X .
Naibel, 1478 X.
Naio, 2090 X .
Nama affine, 1625; corym-
bosum, 1625; ovatum, 1625;
quadrivalvis, 1625.
Xanago, 1421 X.
Xanche, 602 X.
Nankeen Lily, 1875.
Nanny-Berry, 3459 X .
Napaea dipica, 3161 x ; her-
maphrodita, 3161 x .
Napoleon's Willow, 3052 X.
Narbonne Vetch, 3464 x .
Narcissus Pseudo-Narcissus,
20X.
Nardosmia palmata, 2562.
Xarrow-leaved Cottonwood,
2762 x; Ironbark, 1153;
Pittospomm, 2654 X .
Narthex Asafoetida, 1228 X.
Naseberry, 3073 X .
Nasturtium, 3388; Armoracia,
2895 X ; Family, 43; indicum,
2896, 2981 x; officinale,
2895 X ; Tom Thumb, 3389 x .
Natal-Grass, 3374 x.
Nathusia swietenioides, 3115.
Native Red Mulberry, 2071.
Naumburgia guttata, 1936 X .
Navarretia minima, 1336.
Navel wort, 869 X, 2340.
Nebraska, 2205.
Necklace Tree, 2407.
Nectandra exaltata, 35 X ;
Rodioei, 35 x .
Nectarine, 2833.
Neea theifera, 30.
Needle-leaved Acacia, 189;
Palm, 2926.
Negro Coffee, 680 X; -head,
292 X ; Pepper, 3528.
Negro's Crown, 3304; Head.
2612.
Negundo (Acer), 204; aceroides,
204 x; californicum, 204 X;
cissifolium, 204; fraxini-
folium, 204 X ; mexieanum,
205.
Neillia amurensis, 2610 X ;
Forreyi,261 1 ; malvacea,261 1 ;
opulifolius, 2610 X; Tanakae,
3237 X.
Nelson, A., 1589.
Nelumbo lutea, 2303.
Nematostylae (Potentilla),
2773.
Nemexia herbacea var. melica,
3174.
Neottia gracilis, 1636 X ; lucida,
1636 X; plantaginea, 1636 X.
Neowashingtonia filamentosa,
3507; Sonorae, 3507 X.
'Nepenthaceae, 38.
Nepenthes Family, 38.
Nepeta Cataria, 70, 911 X .
Nephelium Litchi, 1891 X,
2303; Longana, 1174X.
Nephrodium hirtipes, 1079;
molle, 1080; philippinense,
1080.
Nephrolepis, 1215; forms and
lists of, 3569 X.
Nephrophyllidium crista-galli,
2037.
Nephrophyllum (Saxifraga),
3087X.
Nerine a urea, 1934; japonica,
1934.
Nerium grandiflorum, 904 X.
Nesaa salicif olia, 1442 X ; ver-
ticillata, 974.
Nestronia umbellula, 3570 X.
Netawu, 3527 X .
Netted Melon, 908 X .
Nettle, 3417 x ; Dead, 1776 X ;
Family, 26 X; Hemp, 1311;
Spurge, 1719 X ; -Tree, 710.
Neumannia theiformis, 56 X .
Nevada, 2275.
Newbouldia tevis, 3202 x .
New Brunswick, 565.
New England Aster, 418 X.
Newfoundland, 559 X.
New Hampshire, 2154 X.
New Jersey, 2170 X .
Newman, J. S., 1589 X.
New Mexico, 2266.
New York, 2167 X; Aster,
418 X ; Fern, 1079.
New Zealand Bur, 190; Flax,
2595; Honeysuckle, 265 X ;
Ice-Plant, 3323; Laurel,
860 X ; Spinach, 3323; Wine-
berry, 395.
Nicotiana axillaris, 2565; Taba-
cuin, 71.
Nicoya Bull-Horn, 599.
Nidularium amazonicum,
653 x; Binotii, 388 X; Caro-
lina, 388 X ; erimium, 388 x ;
Lindenii, 653 X , 1419 X ; Ma-
koyanum, 388 X ; marmora-
tum, 388x; Meyendorfii,
388 X; Morrenianum, 388 X;
princeps, 388 X ; spectabile,
388x;triste, 388 X-
Nievitas, 902 X.
Nigella sativa, 911 X.
Niger Copal, 1417.
Nigger's Cord, 304.
Nigger-Toe, 494.
Night Balsam, 3532 x ; -bloom-
ing Jessamine, 727; Jasmine,
-
Nightshade 3180 X ; Black,
3182; Enchanter's 773 X ;
Family, 70 X ; Malabar, 455.
Nikau Palm, 2950.
Nile, Lily-of-the-, 229X,
3536X.
Ninebark, 2610.
Nintoa, 1904.
Nintooa, 1910 X.
Nipa, 2445 X .
Niphobolus Lingua, 935 X .
Nispero, 3073 x.
Niter, 26 x ; -bush, 2146 x .
Nivales (Primula), 2807 X .
Nivenia corymbosa, 3519; fruti-
cosa, 392 x.
Nobiles (Limonium), 3230 X.
Nodding Ladies' Tresses, 3216.
Noisette Rose, 2988.
Nolana Family, 70 X.
Nolanacese, 70 X .
Nomenclature, 2098.
Nonesuch, 2019 X .
Noon-Flower, 1661.
Norfolk Island Pine, 345 X .
North Carolina, 2220.
North Dakota, 2199.
Northern Bedstraw, 1311 X ;
Cottonwood, 2759; Nema-
stylis, 2119; Red Currant,
2960.
Norway Maple, 198 X ; Pine,
2640; Spruce, 2618.
Norysca (Hypericum), 1630 X.
Nothocalais cuspidata, 3390 X.
Notholaena sinuata, 1215.
Notholirion, 1280, 1878.
Nothopanax cochleatum,
2748 x ; crispatum, 2748 x ;
fruticosum, 2747 X ; fruti-
cosum var. plumatum,
2747 X ; fruticosum var. Vic-
torias, 2748; Guilfoylei,
2747 X ; ornatum, 2748 X .
Notiosphace (Salvia), 3065 X.
Nova Scotia, 562.
Nursery business, history,
1516 X.
Nut, Buffalo-, 2865; Chilean,
1335; -Grass, 942 x ; Ground-,
2447 X; Hiccup-, 2729; Oil-,
2865; Palm, 932; Pine,
2638 X, 2639.
Nutmeg, Angola Calabash,
2062 x; Calabash, 2062;
California, 3360 X; Family,
35; Geranium, 2531 X ; -Hick-
ory, 676x; Hyacinth,
2080 X ; Melon, 908 X .
Nuttalia cerasiformis, 2413;
decapetala, 2037; nuda, 2037.
Nux-vomica, 3278.
Nyctaginaceae, 29 X .
Nycterinia capensis, 3532 x ;
lychnidea, 3532X; sela-
ginoides, 3532 X .
Nymphaeaceae, 31 X.
Nymphaea ovalifolia, 3570 X.
Nyssa sylvatica, 357 X .
Oak, 683 x; African, 2333;
Basket, 2886X; Bear,
2884 x ; Black, 2883 X , 2884;
Bur, 2887; Californian
Black, 2884; California Live,
2889 X ; Chestnut, 2886 X ;
Chincapin, 2886; Cork, 2889;
Cow, 2886 x; English, 2888;
Fern, 2577 x ; Holly, 2889 x ;
Holm, 2889 x; Jack, 2885;
Jerusalem 737; Laurel, 2885;
-leaved Geranium, 2533;
Live, 2889 x ; Maul, 2889 x ;
Mexican White. 2890 X ;
Mossy Cup, 2887; Oregon,
2887 X; Overcup, 2887; Pin,
2883 X; Poison, 2953; Post,
2887, 3490; Rock Chestnut,
2886 X ; Scarlet, 2883 x ;
Scrub, 2884 x ; Shingle, 2885;
Silk, 1412; Spanish, 2884;
Swamp, 2887; Swamp Post,
2887; Swamp Spanish, 2884 x ;
Swamp White, 2886 X ; Tan-
bark, 2479; Turkey, 2889;
Valley, 2887X; Water,
2884X; Weeping, 2887x;
White, 2885 X , 2887 X ; Wil-
low, 2885; Yellow, 2883 x;
Yellow-Bark, 2884; Yellow
Chestnut, 2886.
Oakesiella sessilifolia, 2318.
Oat-Grass, 397; Thistle, 2354.
Oats, 435 X ; Animated. 435 X ;
Cultivated, 435X; Sea,
3414 X ; Water, 3546 X ; Wild,
435X.3419X.
Vol. I, pp. 1-602; II, pp. 603-1200; III, pp. 1201-1760; IV, pp. 1761-2422; V, pp. 2425-3041; VI, pp. S04S-S539.
3630
INDEX
INDEX
Obeliscaria Drummondii,
3035 X ; pulcherrima, 1841.
Obione lentiforniis, 428.
Oceanorus leimanthoides,
3549 X.
Ochnaceas, 53 X.
Ochna Family, 53 X .
Ochranthe arguta, 3404 X .
Ocimum frutescens, 2553.
Ocotea, 35 X .
Ocotillo, 1271.
Ocymum, 2319 X ; basilicum,
911X.
Odontoglossum, 2402 X ; Phal-
aenopsis, 2052; planifolium,
1354 X ; Roezlii, 2051 X ;
Roezlii var. album, 2052;
vexillarium, 2052; Warneri,
2345 X; Warscewiczii, 2052;
Weltonii, 2053.
Odontolepideae (Limonium),
3230 X.
Odontonema callistachyum,
3342 X ; Schomburgkianum,
3342.
Odontospermum pygmseum,
2920 X.
Odostemon, 3596; Aquifolium,
1970 X ; nutkanus, 1970 X ;
Wilcoxii, 1971 X.
CEcoclades funalis, 2745 X .
(Enothera biennis, 61; Lind-
leyi, 1353 X ; roseo-alba,
1353 X; Whitneyi, 1353 X.
Officinal Aconite, 210.
Ohio, 2176 x; Buckeye, 227 x.
Oil, Bankul, 245; Bonne, 72;
Kekuna, 245; Kelun, 245;
-Nut, 2865; of Betula, 25 x;
of Cajeput, 60 X; of Cedar,
12 X ; of Eucalpytus, 60 X ;
of Myrica, 60 x ; of Rhodium,
68 X; of Savin, 12 X; of
Sesame, 72, 3157; of Spike,
1829 X ; of Thyme, 70; Palm,
1107; Tung, 245; Wood, 245.
Oklahoma, 2249; Plum, 2831.
Okra, California, 1921.
Olacaceae, 27 X .
Olax Family, 27 X ; zeylanica,
28.
Old Field Pine, 2643; Maid,
3471 x; Man, 400, 3020;
-Man-and-Woman, 3147;
Man Cactus, 715; Man's
Beard, 3093 X, 8492; Witch-
Grass, 2452 X ; Woman,
399 X ; -World Arrowhead,
3049.
Olea americana, 2412 X ; Aqui-
folium, 2412 x ; emarginata,
2148; europsea, 66 X ; Florida,
24 12 X ; fragrans, 1440 X ,
2412; ilicifolia, 2412 X.
Oleaceae, 66.
Oleander, 2139; Yellow, 3332 X.
Oleaster, 1105X ; Family, 59.
Olibanum, 1417X; Incense, 45X.
Olisliae (Stachys), 3220 X.
Olive Family, 66 X; Wild,
2862 X , 3525.
Oliverella elegans, 2339 X .
Olivillo, 229.
Olluco, 3408.
Olmsted, F. L..1589X.
Olpidium brassicae, 5 X .
Omorika, 2620 X .
Omoto, 2974 X .
Omphalea triandra, 47.
Omphalogramma (Primula),
2796.
Omphalospora (Veronica), 3451.
Onagra biennis, 2329 X .
Onagraceae, 61.
Oncidium, 2402 x; cristatum,
2324 X; fuscatum, 2053;
Insleayi, 2323; Rusellianum,
2053; Weltonii, 2053.
Oncocyclus (Iris), 1673 X.
One-flowered Pyrola, 2061 X.
Onion, Egyptian, 248; Sea-,
3118 X, 3417; Top, 248;
Tree, 248; Welsh, 248.
Onites tomentosa, 2406 X .
Onobrychis sativa, 41 x.
Onoclea, 1217 x ; Struthiop-
teris, 2011 X.
Ontario, 567 x ; Poplar, 2763.
Onychium, 1215 X.
Oomycetes, 5x.
Operculina aurea, 1616; Tur-
pethum, 68 X.
Ophelia diluta, 3291 X .
Ophianthe libanensis, 1333 X .
Ophiocaryon paradoxum, 2303.
Ophioglossaceae, 7, 1208.
Ophiopogon japonicus, 19 X.
Ophiorrhiza lanceolata, 2538 X .
Opium, 35 x ; Poppy, 2458.
Opopanax, 188 X.
Opulaster, 3600; amurensis,
2610 x ; bracteatus, 2611 X ;
capitatus, 2611; glabratus,
2611; intermedius, 2610 X;
monogynus, 2611; opulif o-
lius, 2610 X ; pubescens,2611;
Ramaleyi, 2610, 2611.
Opuntia, 58.
Orange, African Cherry, 779 X ;
Hawkweed, 1491; history,
1514 X ; Jessamine, 729, 2076;
Melon, 908; Mexican, 751 X ;
Mock, 910 X, 2579, 2654,
2844; Osage, 1961; Root,
1623X; Trifoliate, 2752;
Vegetable, 908; Wild, 2844.
Orania, 486 X .
Orchard-Grass, 950 X .
Orchiastrum, 1766X.
Orchid, Baby, 2322 x; Bird's-
nest, 2122; Boat, 289 X ; But-
terfly, 1119X, 2346 X ; Fami-
ily, 22 x; Fox-brush, 225 x;
Serpent-Head, 3223; Tree,
456 X.
Orchidaceae, 22 X.
Orchiops, 1766 X .
Orchis, Bee, 2356; Butterfly,
1424 X ; Crane-fly, 3352; Fly,
2356; Looking-Glass, 2356;
Man, 2356; Ragged, 1424 X ;
Rein, 1423; Sawfly, 2356;
Showy, 1311 X; spectabilis,
1311 X, 3598; Spider, 2356;
Yellow Fringed, 1423 X .
Oregon, 2281; Everbearing
Blackberry, 3030 X ; Oak,
2887 x; Plum, 2827 X.
Orejuela, 938.
Oreobatus, 3021; deliciosus,
3024 X.
Oreobroma columbiana, 1852;
Cotyledon, 1852; Howellii,
1852; Leana, 1852; opposi-
tifolia, 1852; pygmaea, 1S52;
Tweedyi, 1851 X.
Oreocarya, 1758 X .
Oreocoma Candollei, 3142.
Oreodaphne calif ornica, 3413 X.
Oreodoxa, 2445 X .
Oreophila myrtifolia, 2424 X .
Oriental Almond, 2832; Plane,
2707 X ; Poppy, 2459.
Orientales (Clematis), 797 X;
(Crataegus), 887.
Origanum, |70; Marjoram,
911 x ; Majorana, 70; vul-
gare, 911 x.
Orithya dasystemon, 3397 X .
Ornamental Eggplant, 3184 X .
Ornaster, 1275.
Ornithogalum altissimum, 19 X ;
bivalve, 2291; japonicum,
3118X.
Ornithopus sativus, 41 X.
Ornus europaea, 1274 X .
Orobanche, 1824 X .
Orobus lathyroides, 3465; lu-
teus, 1826 X ; niger, 1826 x ;
vernus, 1827.
Orontium aquaticum, 17 X.
Oroxylum flavum, 2895.
Orpine, 3131 x, 3320; Family,
38 X.
Orris-root, 1667X.
Ortholobium, 2652 X .
Orthopetalum, 865 X .
Orthopterygium, 1724.
Orthostemon, 1204 X ; obova-
tus, 1204 X.
Orthotrichae (Pot en till a),
2774 X.
Osage Orange, 1961.
Oschur, 68.
Osier, Purple, 3054 X; Willow,
3054.
Osmanthus Aquifolium, 1440 X ;
fragrans, 66 X , 1440 X .
Osmunda, 1217 x ; Family, 9.
Osmundaceae, 9, 1208 X .
Osoberry, 2412 X.
Osterdamia Matrella, 3549.
Ostrich-Egg Gourd, 908 X ;
Fern, 2011 X.
Oswego Tea, 2061.
Otaheite- Apple, 3216 X-; Goose-
berry, 2606 x; Orange, 785.
Othera japonic a, 1639 x;
Orixa, 2407.
Othonnopsis cheirifolia, 2415 X.
Ottelia, 14 x .
Ourouparia Gambir, 74 X .
Ouvirandra fenestralis, 312.
Oval Kumquat, 1269 X.
Overcup Oak, 2887.
Oxalidacese, 43.
Oxalis, Blue, 2475 X; Family,
43.
Ox-eye Daisy, 758; -lip, 2798.
Oxyacanthae (Crataegus), 886 X.
Oxycedrus, 1727.
Oxycoccus erythrocarpus,
3425X; macrocarpus,
3425 X; Oxycoccus, 3425 X.
Oxystelma esculentum, 68.
Oxytenanthera, 449 X .
O x y u r a chrysanthemoides,
1832 X.
Oyster Plant, 3365; Plant,
Spanish, 3120 X; Vegetable,
3365.
Ozomelis trifida, 2058.
Ozothamnus rosmarinifolius,
1450 X.
Pachydendron africanum, 260;
angustifolium, 260; ferox,
260 X ; principis, 260; pseudo-
ferox, 260 X; supraloeve,
260 X.
Pachylophus caespitosus,
2332 X .
Pachyphytum bracteosum, 870.
Pachyrhizus Thunbergianus,
2856 X .
Pachysandra coriacea, 3077 X .
Pachystachys, 1714.
Pachystoma speciosum, 1662.
Pacific Plum, 2827.
Pacourina edulis, 77 X .
Padus alabamensis, 2842 X ;
australis, 2842 X ; carolini-
ana, 2844; Cuthbertii,
2842X; eximia, 2842x;
Laurocerasus, 2843 X ; lusi-
tanica, 2843 X ; Mahaleb,
2835 X; nana, 2843; race-
mosa, 2843; serotina, 2842 X ;
serotina var. neomontana,
2842 X ; Ssiori, 2843 x ; vul-
garis, 2843; Wilsonii, 2845.
Poederota Bonarota, 3449 X ;
chamaedryfolia, 3449 X .
Paederotae (VTeronica), 3449.
Paeonia, various names, 3598.
Paeony, 2431.
Pagoda Tree, Japan, 3191 X.
Painted-Cup, 683; Leaf, 1170.
Pak-choi Cabbage, 543.
Palaf oxia Hookeriana, 2574 X .
Palaquium Gutta, 1706 X.
Palas Kino, 601.
Palay, 904 x .
Pale Touch-me-not, 1642 X.
Palicourea, 2949 X .
Pali-mara, 266 X .
Paliurus Spina-Christi, 51.
Pallasia, 635 X .
Palm, Bamboo, 2910 X ; Bar-
rel, 2810; Beach, 441; Blue,
1140 X, 3045; Bottle, 2810;
Cabbage, 2405; Carnauba,
840 X ; Cohune, 428 X ; Dra-
cena, 842; Family, 16; For-
tune's, 3362; -Grass, 2453;
Honey, 1721; Ita, 2013;
Moriche, 2013; Nut, 932;
Palmyra, 522; Pindo, 815;
Pissaba, 428 X : Porto Rico
Hat-, 3044 x ; Roffia, 2910 X ;
Sago, 932 X, 2045; Silver-,
808; Snake, 276 X; Thatch,
3333; Thatch-leaf, 1612 X;
Thief-, 3240 X ; Umbrella,
941, 1442; Wax-, 1019 x;
Wine, 16 X, 2910 X; Yucca,
3530.
Palma Barrigona, 2810;
Christi, 2965X; Dulce,
539 X .
Palmaceae, 16.
Palmata (Acer), 199 X.
Palmetto, Blue, 2926: Cabbage,
3044 X; Dwarf, 3045; Saw,
3156 x ; Scrub, 3045.
Palmyra Palm, 522.
Palo Amarillo, 1173x; Bobo,
293; de Campeche, 1427 x;
de Leche, 3072 x; de Sal,
436; de Vela, 2475; Estaca,
613; Fierro, 1935; Muerto,
229; yerde, 2474X.
Palumbium, 2403.
Pampas-Grass, Hardy, 1129.
Panax Balfourii, 2748; coch-
leatum, 2748 X; crispatum,
2748X; Deleauanum,
2748 x ; diffusum, 2748 x ;
dissectum, 2748 X ; dumo-
sum, 2747 X; ex eel sum,
2747 X; filicifolium, 274S;
fissum, 2748 X ; fruticosum,
2747 x ; Ginseng, 62 x ; hor-
ridum, 1096 X; laciniatum,
2748; lepidum, 2748 X ; Mas-
tersianum, 2 7 4 8 X ; mon-
strosum, 2748; monstrosum
aureufn, 2748; multifidum,
2748 x ; Murrayi, 2748 x ;
nitidum, 2748 X; ornatum,
2748 X ; plumatum, 2747 X ;
quinquefolium, 62 X ; sessili-
florum, 192 X ;trifoliuni, 2303;
Victoria;, 2748.
Pancratium calathinum,
1627x; caribaeum, 1627;
declinatum, 1627; rotatum,
1627.
Pandanaceae, 13.
Pandanophyllum hypolytroides,
1994.
Pandanus utilis, 13.
Pangium edule, 56 X.
Panicularia americana, 1351 X ;
nervata, 1352.
Panicum frumentaceum, 1096;
Melinis, 2026; tonsum,
3374 x; variegatum, 2356 X.
Pansy, Bedding, 3473.
Panther Lily, 1872.
Pao d' Embira, 3526 X .
Papachi, 2904 X.
Papaveraeeae, 35 x.
Papaver cambricum, 2017 X ;
heterophyllum, 2017 X ; som-
niferum, 35 X; Stylophorum,
3279.
Papaw, 405.
Papaya gracilis, 664.
Paper Birch, 499; Plant, Egyp-
tian, 941; -Reed, 2472 X.
Papulosa, 2042 X.
Papyrus, 941; Antiquorum, 941.
Paracembra (Pinus), 2638 X.
Para Cress, 3205 X ; -Grass,
2453; -Nut, 494; Palm,
1 176 X ; Rubber Tree, 1482 X .
Paradise Apple, 2870 X ; Flower,
189.
Paraguay Tea, 1637 X.
Paramignya angulata, 2038 X ;
Blumei, 2714.
Parapinaster (Pinus), 2639 X .
Parasol Tree, Chinese, 3239.
Paratropia polybotrya, 3108 X ;
venulosa, 3108 X.
Pardanthopsis (Iris), 1675.
Pardanthus ehinensis, 485;
sinensis, 485.
Pareira brava, 775; False, 775.
Parietaria diffusa, 26 X ; erecta,
26 X.
Paris Daisy, 756.
Paritium tiliaceum, 1487.
Parkia africana, 2303.
Parmena spectabilis, 3026 X.
Parnassus, Grass of, 2475.
Parosela, 960 X .
Parrotiopsis involucrata,
2476 X .
Parrot's Bill, 802 X.
Parrot Tulip, 3399.
Parsley, 911 x; Family, 62 X;
Vine, 3485.
Parsnip, Cow-, 1458 X ; Mead-
ow, 3328; WTater, 3171 X.
Parsons, S. B., 1590.
Parthenium Matricaria, 756.
Parthenocissus himalayana var.
semicordata, 3491 X ; senii-
cordata, 3491 X.
Partridge Berry, 1319, 2057 X ,
3425; Pea, 680.
Pasania, cornea, 2303, 3569 X ;
f uspidata, 2303, 2891 ; densi-
flora, 3569; glabra, 3569 X ;
thalassica, 3569 X ; see also
3570.
INDEX
INDEX
3631
Fascalia glauca. 3510X.
Pasionaria, 2481 X .
Pasque Flower, American,
284 X ; of Europe, 285.
Passerina hirsuta, 3340 X ; Tar-
tonraira, 3340 X .
Paesifloraceae, 56 X .
Passiflora quadrangularis, 56 X ;
rubra, 56 X .
Passion-Flower, 2480; -Flower
Family, 56 X ; -Flower, Wild,
; x ; -Flower, Wild Yel-
low, 24S3: -Vine, Red, 2486.
Pastor's Lettuce, 3189 X.
Pasture Thistle, 774 X.
Patchouli Plant. 2727.
Patens. Wild, 284 X.
Paths. 3496 X.
Patonia parvifolia, 3527 X .
Paullinia pinnata, 50 X.
Pavia alba, 228 x ; atropur-
purea, 228; glabra, 227 X;
hybrida, 228; lutea, 227 X;
Lyonii. 22S: Michauxii, 228;
pallida, 227 x ; rubra. 22--.
Pavonia hastata, 3570 x .
Pawpaw, 6*54; Family, 57.
Pea, Australian, 1065; Beach,
~_'0x; Black-
eyed, 3469 X ; Butterfly-,
714, 803 x; Chick-, 769:
Congo, 613 X ; Corn-field,
3469 X; Dwarf Golden Yel-
low-flowering, 901 X ; Ever-
lasting, 1825 X; Family, 41;
Field, 2650 x; Flat, 1825 X;
Garden, 2650X: Glory,
802 x : Hoary, 3321 x : Lord
Anson's Blue, 1826: Marsh,
1826; Partridge, 680; Peren-
nial, 1S25 x ; Persian Ever-
lasting. 1825 x; Pigeon,
613 X; Scurfy, 2849; Sea.
1S26; Seaside, 1826; Sensi-
tive, 680X; Shamrock-
2475 x; Showy Wild, 1826:
Sugar. 2650 X ; Tangier Scar-
let, 1S25X; Tree, 659 x;
Two-flowered, 1825 X; -Vine
Clover, 3379X; Wild,
1826; Winged, 1917 X ; Wing-
stemmed Wild, 1826.
Peach, 3077; Flat, 2833; his-
tory. 1514 x; -Leaf Willow,
3052: Vine, 908; Wild,
2834X.
Peacock Flower, 2727: Flower
Fence, 215; Gazania, 1321;
Poppy, 2458.
Peanut, 343 X ; Hog, 278 X.
Pear, Anchovy, 1413 X ; Bal-
sam, 2060; Chinese, 2869;
Garlic, 889; history, 1514;
Japanese, 2S69; Melon,
3182 x ; Sage-leaved, 2868;
Sand, 2869; Snow, 2868;
Tomato, 1931 X .
Pearl-Bush, 1194: Fruit,
1996 X; Millet, 2537; -wort,
3048.
Pecan, 2297 x ; Bitter, 676 X.
Pedaliaceae, 72.
Pedalium Family, 72; Murex.72.
Pedicellaria, 1421.
Peepul Tree, 1232 X.
Peirescia, 2547.
Peireskia, 2547.
Pelargium, 2532.
Pelargonium acerif olium,
3570 X.
Pelican-Flower, 393 X .
Pellaea, 1215 X ; atropurpurea,
1217 x ; gracilis, 903 X ; Stel-
leri, 903 X ; tenera, 2290 X .
Pellote, 1915.
Peltandra virginica, 17 X .
Peltiphyllurn peltatum, 3102 X.
Pemphis acidula, 59.
Penicillaria spicata. 2537.
Pennisetum americanum, 15.
Pennsylvania, 2173 X.
Penny Cress, 3333.
Pennyroyal, 91 1 X , 2035 X ;
American, 1437; Bastard,
3377.
Pennywort, 869x; Water.
1624 X.
Pentagynae (Cratsegus), 886 X.
Pentaathera, 2941 X.
Pentapyxis, 1852.
Pentarhaphia craniolaria, 1334;
libanensis, 1333 X ; longi-
flora, 1333 X.
Pentasepalae (Veronica), 3452.
Pentlandia miniata. 3416.
Pentstemon niexicanus, 3323 X ;
nemorosus, 736 X .
Peony, 2431; Tree, 2434.
Pepino, 3182 X ; Angolo, 3161.
Pepper, Black, 2646 x; -bush
Family, 63; -bush, Sweet,
802; Cayenne, 658 x; Fam-
ily, 23 x; -Grass, mi:
Guinea, 3528; Japanese,
2646 x: Negro, 3528; Red,
658 x; Red Cluster, 659;
-Root, 988; -Tree, Cali-
fornian, 3109; -Tree. Monk's,
3481; Vine, 278; Wall, 3127;
-wood, 3538.
Pepperidge, 2316 X.
Peppermint, 911 X , 2035; Cam-
phor, 1418; Gum, 1157;
Stringybark, 1156.
Peramium, 1357 X .
Perciyrnenum, 1911.
Perennial Pea, 1825 X; Rye-
Grass, 1902 X.
Perescia, 2547.
Pericallis cruenta, 771.
Periclvmenum americanum,
1912 X.
Peridinese, 4 X .
Perilla vars., 3574.
Periodicals, 1559.
Peristeria, 2403; Barkeri,
208 X ; Humboldtii, 208 X .
Periwinkle, Cape, 3471 X ; Com-
mon, 3471; Madagascar,
3471 X.
Perotis latifolia, 15.
Perowskia, 2555 X.
Perpetual Strawberry, 1272 X .
Persea americana (gratissima) ,
3599 : gratissima, 35 x ; indica,
35x.
Persian Everlasting Pea,
1825 x; Walnut, 1722; Yel-
low Rose, 2995 X.
Persica Davidiana, 2833;
Davidiana var. alba, 2833;
domestica, 2832 X ; kevis,
2833; nucipersica, 2833;
platyearpa, 2833; Simonii,
2827; vulgaris, 2832 X .
Persicaria amphibia, 2741 X ;
orientalis, 2741.
Persoonia saccata, 27.
Peru-Balsam Tree. 2095 X.
Peruvian Bark, 770; Jacinth,
3117 X ; Mastic-Tree, 3109.
Petilium, 1280.
Petiolares (Primula), 2805.
Petraeae (Veronica), 3452 X.
Petroselinum hortense, 911 X ;
sativum, 62 X .
Pe-tsai Cabbage, 543 X , 3582.
Pettit, Murray, 1590.
Petunia acuminata, 2142: Mo-
let-flowered, 2565; viscosa,
2142.
Petunioides, 2141.
Peucedanum da'sycarpum,
1903; Hallii, 1903; leiocar-
pum. 1903 X ; simplex, 1903;
triternatum, 1903 X ; verti-
cillare, 3359.
Peyote, 1915.
Peyotl, 1915.
Peyricoboom, 3527.
Phsedranassa eucrosioides,
3276.
Phseophyceae, 5.
Phsethusa occidentalis, 3447:
virginica, 3447.
Phaius, 2403: albus. 3340;
Bensonise, 3340; Marshal-
lise,3340x.
Phala-nopsis, 2043.
Phalangium, 300.
Pharaoh's Fig, 1234.
Pharbitis diversifolia, 1659 x;
hispida var. Dickensonii,
1659 X.
Phascales, 7.
Phaseolodes japonicum, 3518 X .
Phaseolus coccineus (multi-
florus), 3599; max, 1352;
vexillatus, 3469 X ; vulgaris,
41 X.
Phaulopsis, 2o77.
Pheasant's Eye, 221, 2112 X;
Eye Pink. 998 X.
Phegopteris, 1217 X.
Phelipaea, 2578 X.
Philadelphus gloriosus, 3571.
Philibertella clausa, 2583.
PhUippine Islands, 1702;
Medusa, 191.
Philodendron pertusum, 2064.
Philogyne heminalis, 2111;
minor, 2111; odora, 2111;
rugulosa, 2111.
Philotria canadensis, 1110X.
Phlebodium, 1215 X ; Mayii,
2608.
Phleum pratense, 15.
Phlox, California, 1883.
Phoenicophorium sechellarum,
3240 X.
Phoenix, 2445 X ; dactylifera,
16X.
Phormium tenax, 20.
Photinia japonica, 1134X.
Photonastie, 1857.
Phototaxis, 1857.
Phototropism, 1856 X.
Phragmites communis, 15.
Phrymaceae, 74.
Phrynium eximium, 622 X ;
propinquum, 620 X ; pumi-
lum, 620.
Phycomycetes, 5 X .
Phyla nodiflora, 1889.
Phyllamphora mirabilis,
2128 X.
Phyllanthus turbinatus, 559.
Phyllaurea Codiaeum, 816 X.
Phyllitis, 1215 X.
Phyllocactus Ackermannii,
1123 x : anguliger, 1123 x ;
bifonnis, 1060 X : crenatus,
1123; grandis, 1123; Hookeri,
1 123 x ; latif rons, 1 123 x ;
phyllanthoides, 1124-; steno-
petalus, 1123 x ; strictus,
1123X.
Phylloc j-tisus, 948 X .
Phyllotaenium Lindenii, 3523.
Phyllothamnus erectus, 2607 X.
Phymatodes, 1215 X.
PhysaUs Alkekengii, 71.
Physalodes peruvianum, 2140.
Physic-Nut, 902, 1720; French,
1720.
Physocarpus, name of, 3600.
Physocaulis, 2077.
Physostigma venosum, 42.
Physurus. 2403.
Phytarrhiza Lindenii, 3350 X.
Phytelephas macroearpa, 17,
2445 X ; Seemannii, 2303.
Phytolaccaceae, 30.
Phytolacca decandra, 30; volu-
bilis, 1127.
Ph vtophthora infestans, ox.
Picea alba, 1440 x; excelsa,
1440 X ; grandis, 174; nobilis,
174 X.
Pichi, 70 X.
Pickerel-Weed, 2753; Family,
18X.
Pico de Gallo, 3527 X .
Picotee, 999 X.
Picrsena, 2621 X.
Picrasma excelsa, 45.
Picrotoxine. 33 X .
Pie Cherry, 2836 X; -Plant,
2927 X.
Pierardia dulcis, 440 X-
Pigeon Grape, 3489 X; Pea,
613 X ; Plum, 808.
Pignut, 676 X, 677, 2340,
3169X; -nut. Small, 677:
-weed, 737.
Pilocarpine, 2623 X.
Pilocereus Bruennowii, 2404;
Celsianus, 2404; Celsianus
Bruennowii, 2401; chryso-
mallus, 2424 X ; Columna-
Trajani, 2425; Dautwitzii,
2404 ; exerens, 715 X ; floc-
cosus, 715; fossulatus, 24O4;
Haagei, 24O4; Hoppensted-
tii, 715; Houlletii, 715; poly-
lophus, 715; Royenii, 715:
Schottii, 1915; scoparius,
715 X ; senilis, 715; virens,
715 X.
Pilogyne suavis, 2033 X .
Pilumna fragrans, 3375; nobilis,
3375.
Pimenta acris, 60 X ; de Macaco,
3526 X ; officinalis, 60 X .
Pimento, 249 X .
Pimpernel, 279 x.
Pimpinella Anisum, 62 x,
911; integerrima, 3304 x.
Pimpinellifoliae (Rosa), 2995.
Pinacese, 12.
Pinacoua, 1306 X.
Pinanga decora, 3571; patula,
3571.
Pinaster (Pinus), 2640.
Pincenectitia glauca, 2147 x :
tuberculata, 2147 X .
Pin Cherry, 2836; -Clover,
1 136 X ; Oak, 2883 x.
Pindaiba, 3526 X .
Pindo Palm, 815.
Pine, Aleppo, 2643; Austrian,
2641 ; -Barren Beauty, 2878 X ;
Bull, 2642 x, 2645 X: Cala-
brian, 2641 x : Cedar, 2645 X ;
Cluster, 2643 X : Colonial,
346; Coriscan, 2641 x ; Crim-
ean, 2641 X: Cypress, 631;
Digger, 2645 X: Family, 12;
Foxtail, 2639 x ; Frankin-
cense, 2643; Ground-, 1932;
Hickory, 2639 X ; Hoop, 346;
Jack, 2644; Japanese Black,
2642; Japanese Red, 2640;
Jeffrey's, 2642 x ; Jersey,
2644; Kawri, 230 X; Knot-
cone, 2645; Lace-Bark, 2639;
Limber, 2637 X; Loblolly,
2643; Lodge-Pole, 2644 x ;
Long-Leaf, 2643; Marsh,
2644 X; Monterey, 2645;
Moreton Bay, 346; Mountain
White, 2638X; Norfolk
Island, 345 X ; Norway, 2640;
Nut, 2638 X, 2639; Old
Field, 2643; Pitch, 2644 x,
2645 x; Pond, 2644 x; Pov-
erty, 2643 X ; Prickle-cone,
2644 x ; Red, 2640; Running-,
1932; Sand. 2644; Scotch,
2640 X ; Screw-, 2449; Scrub,
2644; Slash, 2643; Soledad,
2645X; Southern, 2643;
Spruce, 2642 x , 2644, 2645 X ;
Stone, 2639 x; Strawberry,
1272; Sugar, 2638 X ; Swamp,
2643; Swiss Mountain, 2641;
Swiss Stone, 2637; Table
Mountain, 2643 X ; Umbrella,
3115 X; White, 2638; White-
Bark, 2639; Wild, 578 X;
-Wood Grape, 3490; Yellow,
2642 X.
Pinese (Pinus), 2639 X.
Pineapple Family, 18; Flower,
1162; Guava, 1204 X ; Melon,
908 X.
Piney, 2431.
Pinguin, 578 X.
Pinha, 294 x .
Pink, 997 x; Broom, 2291;
Calla, 3536; Cheddar, 999;
Clove, 999X; Cushion,
3167 x; Family, 31; Fire,
3167; French, 711 X; Fritil-
lary, 1281 x; Grass. 998 x;
Ground, 2589 X ; Indian,
1898 X , 2879; Maiden, 999 X ;
Moss, 2589X; Mullein,
1927X; Pheasant's Eye,
998 X ; -Root, 3205 X ; Scotch,
998x; Sea, 395, 3228;
Shower, 680 X; Stud-, 1455;
Swamp-, 1455; Wild, 3168X.
Pinnatifidas (Crataegus), 887 X.
Pinnon, 2638 X.
Pinus Abies, 2618; Fortunei,
1737X; Omorika, 2621;
Picea, 2618; spp., 2303 X;
sylvestris var. Watereri,
3571; various varieties (n.
combs.), 3574; Wateriana,
3571.
Pinxter Flower, 2942.
Piper, 24; excelsum, 1962; um-
bellatum, 1437.
Piperaceae, 23 X .
Pipe Vine, 393.
Pipinella, 3124 X.
Pipsissewa, 747 X .
Piptatherum Thomasii, 2411 X
Vol. I, pp. 1-602; II, pp. 603-1200; III, pp. 12O1-1760; IV, pp. 1761-2432; V, pp. 242S-3O41; VI, pp. 3O43-S6S9.
3632
INDEX
INDEX
Piptomeris, 1713 X.
Pircunia dioica, 2614 X; CSCU-
lenta, 2614 X.
Pironneava, 221 X.
Pirus, 2865.
Pissaba Palm, 428 X.
Pistache, 2648 X .
Pistachio, 2648 X ; Chinese,
2649 x; Nut ,48.
Pistacia lentiscus, 48 X ; Tere-
bmthus, 48; vera, 48, 2303 X.
Pistorinia hispanica, 869 X .
Pisum sativum, 41 X .
Pita, 1306.
Pitanga, 1162X.
Pitcairnia alpestris, 2863; cseru-
lea, 2862 X, 2863; chilensis,
2862 x ; coarctata, 2862 x ;
spathacea, 2863.
Pitcher-Plant Family, 37 X ;
Indian, 3078 X.
Pitch Pine, 2644 X , 2645 X .
Pithecoctenium cinereum,
1061 X.
Pithecolobium arboreum,
3066 x ; filicifolium, 3066 X ;
Saman, 3066 X.
Pith-Tree, 1477.
Pits, 2686.
Pittosporaceae, 39.
Pittosporum Family, 39; fla-
vum, 1628 X ; Tobira, 1440 X .
Plagianthus Lyallii, 1319 X.
Plagiospermum sinense, 2809.
Plagius grandiflorus, 758 X .
Plane, London, 2707 X ; Ori-
ental, 2707 X ; -Tree, 2706 X ;
-Tree, American, 2708; -Tree
Family, 40.
Planera Abelicea, 26; acumin-
ata, 3540 X; car pini folia,
3540X; crenata, 3540X;
japonica, 3540 X; Keakii,
3540 X; repens, 3413; Rich-
ardii, 3540 X .
Plantaginaceae, 74.
Plantago, 74x ; uniflora, 1894X.
Plantain, 2078 X ; Buck's-horn,
2656 X; Family, 74; Poor
Robin's, 1133X; Rattle-
snake, 1357; Water-, 246 X;
Wild, 1451.
Plant-cellars, 2686; Quaran-
tine, 1647 X .
Plasmopara viticola, 5 X .
Platanacese, 40.
Platanoidea (Acer), 198 X.
Platanthera iantha, 1425.
Platanus occidentalis, 357 X ;
orientalis, 357 X .
Plathymenium (Limonium),
3231 X.
Platyaster, 893 X.
Platycerium, 1215 X .
Platyclinis, 2403.
Platyloma Bridgesii, 2534 X ;
falcatum, 2534 X .
Plectocephalus americanus.
712 x.
Plectopoma, 1350 X.
Pleione, 2403.
Pleroma candidum, 3344; ele-
gans, 3344; macranthum,
3344; sarmentosum, 3344;
splendens, 3344.
Plethiosphace (Salvia), 3060 X.
Pleurisy Root, 404 x .
Pleurothallis, 2403; fenestrata,
904; maculata, 904; sagittif-
fera, 2291 X.
Pleurotus, 2087 X .
Plum, Alleghany, 2830; Alpine,
2824 x; Apricot, 2827; Ba-
toko, 1241; Beach, 2831;
Big-Tree, 2828 ; Canada,
2828; Cherry, 2825; Chika-
saw, 2829 X ; Cocoa-, 766 x ;
Common Garden, 2826; Com-
mon Wild, 2827 x; Creek,
2829, Darling, 2922 x; Gov-
ernor, 1241; Guiana, 1080;
history, 1514 X ; Hog, 2829,
3217, 3525; Hortulan'a,
2828 x ; Italian, 2825 X ; Jap-
anese, 2826 X; Kafir, 1432;
Mountain, 3525; Myrobalan,
2825; Natal, 664 X ; Okla-
homa, 2831; Oregon, 2827 x ;
Pacific, 2827; Pigeon, 808;
Sand, 2829 x ; Seaside, 3525;
Shore, 2831; Simon, 2827;
Sisson, 2827; Spanish, 3217;
Tomato, 1931 X ; Wild Goose,
2829 X .
Plumbaginaceae, 65.
Plumbago Larpentse, 719.
Plume-Grass, 1129; Poppy, 518.
Pneumaria maritima, 2039.
Poa abssyinica, 15, 1126; ama-
bilis, 1126X ; pratensis, 15.
Pochote, 700.
Podalyria capensis, 3480 X ;
lupinoides, 3332.
Podocarpus koraiana, 716.
Podocytisus caramanicus,
1763 X.
Podophyllum diphyllum,
1720 X.
Poet's Narcissus, 2112 x.
Pogonia, 2403; pendula, 3383;
verticillata, 1707X.
Pogoniris, 1669 X .
Pogostemon Patchouli, 70.
Poinciana, 612.
Poinsettia pulcherrima, 1169X.
Poire a poudre, 444.
Poiree, 496 X .
Poiretia, 1611.
Poison Elder, 2953 X; Ivy,
2953 X; Oak, 2953; Sumac,
2953 x ; Tree, 3073.
Poivrea coccinea, 835.
Poivre des Negres, 3527 X .
Poke, 2614; Indian, 3440 X.
Poker-Plant, 1752X.
Poke-weed, 2614; Family, 30.
Polemoniacese, 68 X .
Polemonium cseruleum, 68 X ;
Family, 68 X .
Polianthes maculata, 1983 X .
Folium (Teucrium), 3325.
Polyactium, 2529 X.
Polyanthus Narcissus, 2111 X.
Polycalymma Stuartii, 2093 X.
Polycarpa Maximowczii, 1637.
Polygalacese, 46.
Poly gala Senega, 46 X .
Polygonacese, 28 X .
Polygonum, 28 X ; crispulum,
427 X ; Fagopyrum, 1201 X ;
tataricum, 1201 X .
Polymnia grandis, 2064 x .
Polypodiacese, 8 X , 1209.
Polypodium, 1215 X, 1217 X ;
aureum, 2585; Feei, 3142 x;
glaucum, 2608; hexagonop-
terum, 2577 X ; Mandaianum,
2585; mussefolium, 2607 X ;
nigrescens, 2607 X ; Schneid-
eri, 2585; Swartzii 2607 X.
Polypody, 2744 x ; Family, 8X.
Polypqrus, 2087 X .
Polyscias odorata, 3108.
Polystachya, 2403.
Polystichum, 1215 X, 1217 X.
Pome-Fruits, 2865.
Pomegranate, Dwarf, 2862;
Family, 59 x ; Melon, 908.
Pomme Blanche, 2849 x ; -Can-
nelle, 294X; Cy there,
3216 X; -Liane, 2481 X.
Pompon Rose, 2989 X .
Poncirus trifoliata, 1440 X .
Pond-Apple, 293; -Lily, 2306;
-Lily, Yellow, 2291 x ; Pine,
2644 X; -weed, 2767; -weed,
Cape, 311 x; -weed Family,
13 X ; -weed, Horned, 3534.
Pongam pinnata, 2753.
Pongelion excelsum, 242; Vil-
morinianum, 241 X.
Pontederiaceae, 18 X.
Pontederia crassipes, 1105.
Poor Man's Weatherglass,
279x; Robin's Plantain,
1133 X.
Popinac, 188 X; White, 1848.
Poplar, Athenian, 2757 X ; Bal-
sam, 2762X; Birch-leaved,
2758; Black, 2757 X; Black
Italian, 2761 x ; Bolle's, 2756;
Box, 1152x; Carolina,
2759; Downy, 2762; Eugene,
2760; Gray, 2756; Hybrid
Carolina, 2760; Italian,
2758 x ; Japan, 2763 x ; Lom-
bardy, 2758 X ; Ontario,
2763; Queensland, 1499;
Swiss, 2761 X ; White, 2755 X ,
2756 x ; Yellow, 34, 1890.
Pop-Nut, 2340.
Poppy, 2455 x ; Alpine, 2459 x ;
California, 1145 x, 2712;
Celandine, 736, 3279; Corn,
2457; Family, 35 X ; Flaming,
2017 X; -flowered Anemone,
285; Horned, 1346; Iceland,
2459 X ; Matilija, 2979; Mexi-
can Tulip, 1614 X ; Oil, 35 X ;
Opium, 2458; Oriental, 2459;
Peacock, 2458; Plume, 518;
Prickly, 390X; Satin,
2017 x ; Sea, 1346 x ; Shirley,
2457 x; Tulip, 2458 X; Wa-
ter,- 1624 x ; Welsh, 2017 X ;
Wind, 2017 X; Yellow Chi-
nese, 2018 X.
Populus, 24; deltoides var. caro-
liniana, 357 X ; carolinensis,
3601; nigra var. fastigiata,
1440 X ; nigra var. italica,
357 X.
Porcupine-Grass, 3242 X .
Porophyllum 1751 X.
Porphyrion (Saxifraga), 3102.
Porteranthus, 1337X.
Portland Arrow-root, 18.
Porto Rico, 1689; Hat-Palm,
3044 X.
Portugal Laurel, 2843 X .
Portulaca oleracea, 30 X .
Portulaceao, 30 X.
Portuna floribunda, 2622.
Posidonia, 13 X.
'Possum Grape, 3487.
Post Oak, 2887, 3490; Swamp,
2887.
Potato, Air, 1013 X; Chinese,
1013; Darwin, 3181; Indian,
1448 x; Vine, 3185 X; -Vine,
Wild, 1661 X.
Potentilla Friedrichsenii, 3571;
fruticosa var. Friedrichsenii,
3571, 3574; fruticosa var par-
vifolia, 3571; fruticosa var.
Veitchii, 3571; palustris, 835;
parvifolia, 3571; Salesoviana,
835.
Poterium Sanguisorba, 600 x ,
3070.
Pot-herb Mustard, 544.
Pothomorphe umbellata, 1437.
Pothps argyrseus, 3119; cannse-
folia, 3202; celatocaulis,
2064 x ; pertusus, 2925 X ;
spinosus, 1823 X.
Pothuava, 221 X.
Pot Marigold, 627.
Potosina, 232 X .
Potting soils, 3178 X.
Pourthicea arguta, 2596; vil-
losa, 2596.
Pouteria Caimito, 1919.
Pouzolzia tuberosa, 26 X .
Poverty Pine, 2643 X.
Powder-flask, 444.
Prairie Apple, 2849 X ; Clover,
Silky, 2561 X ; Clover, Violet,
2561 x ; Clover, White, 2561;
Crab-Apple, 2877 X ; Dock,
2477 x, 3169; Flax, 1887 X;
Rose, 2985 X ; Turnip, 2849 x ;
Vetchling, 1826 X ; Willow,
3054.
Preceding, 3369 X .
Prescott, C. R., 1590 X.
Prickle-cone Pine, 2644 X .
Prickly Ash, 3537 X ; Comfrey,
3294 x ; Lettuce, 1766 X ;
Poppy, 390 x ; Thrift, 191 x .
Pride of California, 1826 X ; of
India, 1756 X , 2024 X ; of the
Congo, 3536 X.
Prim, 1859.
Primavera, 3303 X .
Primrose, Arabian, 395 X ;
Baby, 2796; Bear's-ear, 2794;
Buttercup, 2791; Cape,
3272 x ; Chinese, 2791 X ;
Evening, 2328 x; Fairy,
2795 x ; Family, 64 x ; Peer-
less, 2112 x; Willow, 1730.
Primulacese, 64 x .
Primula officiualis, 65; Vitali-
ana, 1067 X ; vulgaris, 65.
Prince Edward Island, 563 X .
Prince, Wm., 1590 X ; Wm. Rob-
ert, 1591.
Prince's Feather, 270, 2741.
Pringle, C. G., 1591 X.
Prinos deciduus, 1640X;
Isevigatus, 1640 X ; verticil-
latus, 1640X.
Pritchardia, 2445 X ; filamen-
tosa, 3507; filifera, 3507;
grandis, 1855; pacifica, 3279.
Privet, 1859; Egyptian, 1831,
Proboscjdea Jussieui, 2005.
Proboscis Flower, 2005.
Prophet-Flower, 395 x.
Prosartes lanuginosa var.
Hookeri, 1061; Menziesii,
1060X; oregana, 1061;
trachycarpa, 1061.
Protea argentea, 1847 X ; Fam-
ily, 27; grandiflora, 27.
Proteacese, 27.
Protium braziliense, 279.
Protocitrus, 1270.
Provincial horticultural socie-
ties, 1553.
Pruinosse (Cratsegus), 882 x.
Prumnopitys elegans, 2725;
spicata, 2725; taxifolia, 2725.
Prunella, 581.
Prunier d'Espagne, 3217.
Prunophora, 2824.
Prunopsis Lindleyi, 2831 X.
Prunus Amygdalus, 2303 X ;
caroliniana, 1440 x ; Pseudo-
Cerasus, 3602; serotina, 41.
Prussic acid, 249 X .
Psamma, 274 X .
Psedera, 2477 X .
Pseudagle sepiaria, 2751 X ;
trifoliata, 2751 X.
Pseudanemone (Clematis ) , 792 X .
Pseudocydonia sinensis, 727 X .
Pseudodracontium Lacourii,
276 X.
Pseudolysimachia (Veronica),
3449 X .
Pseudo-Martagon (L i 1 i u m ) ,
1875.
Pseudophcenix Sargentii, 2445 X.
Pseudoregelia (Iris), 1673.
Pseudosassafras Tzumu, 3082.
Pseudotsuga Davidiana, 1737 X ;
jezoensis, 1737 x ; taxifolia
yars., 3574.
Psidium Guajava, 60 X.
Psilanthemum, 1118.
Psoralea esculenta, 41 X; hy-
pogsea, 41 X.
Psychotria Ipecacuanha, 714;
leucocephala, 3035 X .
Psylliostachys (Limonium).
3232 x .
Ptaroxylon obliquum, 45 X .
Ptarmica, 205 X .
Pteridium, 3602; aquilinum ,
1217X.
Pteridophyta, 7.
Pterilomioidese (Scutellaria),
3123.
Pteris, 1215 X, 3602.
Pterocarpus, 42.
Pterocarya fraxinifolia, 2303 X .
Pteroclados(Limonium),3230 X .
Pteroneurse (Euphorbia), 1170.
Ptilotus exaltatus, 3373 X.
Ptychoraphis singaporensis,
3571.
Ptychosperma alba, 1004 x ;
Alexandra, 385; Cunning-
hamii, 385; elegans, 385;
Kuhlii, 2626; Macarthuri,
2445 X; paradoxa, 2856; See-
mannii, 442 X ; singaporensie,
3571. See also 3602.
Puccoon, 1893; Red, 3069 X.
Pucha-pat, 2726 X .
Pudding-Pipe Tree, 680 X.
Puka, 2040.
Pulassan, 2131.
Pulay, 904 x .
Pulmonaria maritima, 2039;
officinalis, 69.
Pulque, 20 X, 231, 234 X.
Pulsatilla hirsutissima, 284 X ;
vernalis, 284 X ; vulgaris, 285.
Pumpkin, Art, 2060.
Punctatse (Cratagus), 884 X.
Punicacese, 59 X .
Punk Tree, 2022 X .
Purdy, A. M., 1592.
Purging Croton, 902; Nut, 1720.
Purple Apricot, 2824 x ; Bells,
2930 X; Bent-Grass, 617;
-Cane Raspberry, 3028 X ;
Chokeberry, 396 X ; Cone-
Flower, 1087 X ; -disk Sun-
flower, 1448X; -King,
1672 x ; Loosestrife, 1937 x ;
Muliein, 3443X; Osier,
3054 x ; Ragwort, 3 1 5 0 X ;
Rock-Cress, 429; Vetch, 3466;
Wreath, 2563.
INDEX
INDEX
3633
Purslane, 2766; Family, 30 X;
Sea, 427 x; Water, 1920;
Winter, 2065.
Pussetha, 1115X.
Pusley,2766x.
Pussy's Toes, 299.
Pussy Willow, 3053 X .
Putty Root, 311.
Puya heterophylla, 2651.
Pyenocoma macrophylla,
2303X.
Pycnoloba (Primula), 2792 X.
Pycnosphace (Salvia), 3065.
Pyramidata (Verbascum), 3443.
P>Tethrum aureum, 756; Bal-
samita, 757; caucasicum, 733;
corymbosum, 755 x ; foenicu-
laceum var. bipinnatifidum,
756 X ; hybridum, 757; ino-
dorum, 2010 X ; Pallasianum,
758x; Parthenium, 756;
roseum, 757: uliginosum, 758.
Pyrola, One-flowered, 2061 X;
uniflora, 2061 X.
Pyrolaceas 63 X .
Pyrolirion, 3543 X .
Pyrophorum, 2867 X.
Pyrrheima Loddigesii, 3363 X.
Pyrularia pubera, 2303 X .
Pyrus americana, 3195; arbu-
tifolia, 396 x : arbutifolia var.
nigra, 396 x: Aria, 3197;
Aria var. latifolia, 3196 X ;
Aria var. majestica, 3197;
Aucuparia, 3195X; calo-
neura, 3197 X ; cathavensis,
"." • : Chamaemespilus',3198;
crenata, 3198: Cydonia, 936;
Decaisneana, 3197: Delavavi,
1063; discolor, 3198; domes-
tica, 3196; Doumeri, 1063;
edulis, 3197: fennica, 3196;
floribunda, 396 x ; Folgneri,
3197 x : Folgneri var. pendula,
3197 x ; fusca combinations,
3574; gracilis, 3198; grandi-
folia, 396 x ; heterophylla,
3196 X: Hostii, 3198; indica,
1063: intermedia. 3197: in-
termedia var. latifolia,
3196 x ; japonica, 728; lanata,
3198: Matsumurana, 3198;
Maulei, 728 x : Miyabei,
3197 x; Mougeotii, 3198;
nigra, 396 x: pinnatifida,
3196; rotundifolia, 3196 X;
sambucifolia, 3195 X; sinen-
"27 x ; sitchensis, 3195 X ;
Sorbus, 3196; thianschanica,
3196; thuringiaca, 3196 X;
torminalis, 3196 X ; vestita,
3198.
Pythium de Baryanum, 5x.
Pyxie,2S78x.
Quadria heterophvlla, 1335.
Quaker Lady, 1611.
Quaking Grass, 576.
Quamasia, 639 x .
Quarantine laws. 1650 X.
Quarter- Vine, 503.
Quassia, 67; amara, 45; Fam-
ily, 44 X ; Wood, 45.
Quauhtiapotl, 294.
Quebec, 566.
Queen Anne's Pocket Melon,
908; Lily, 917: Mary's
Thistle, 2354: of Lilies, 1870;
of Orchids, 1372; of the
Meadow, 3214 x ; of the
Meadows, 1239 X; of the
Prairie, 1239.
Queen's Delight, 3242 X ; -Root,
3242 x.
Queensland-Lily, 1067; Nut,
1939; Poplar, 1499; Pittos-
porum, 2654 X.
Queltia foetida, 2110x; junei-
folia, 2111; orientalis, 2112.
Quer citron. 25 X.
Qucrcus, 25 X; alba, 358;
bicolor, 358; cleistocarpa,
3569 x ; eoeeinea, 358; cornea,
2479 x; cuspidata, 2479 X;
densiflora, 2479; glabra,
2479 x ; Henryi, 3569 X ; lauri-
folia, 358, macrocarpa, 358;
Michauxii, 358; nigra, 358;
palustris, 358; phellos, 358;
Prinus, 36O3; rubra, 358; tha-
lassica, 2479 X ; virginiana,
358.
Quesnelia Van Houtteana,
1098.
Quillaja Saponaria, 41.
Quinaria, 2477 X; Lansium,
7 Mi.
Quince, Japan, 728.
Quinine, 774 X.
Quinoa, 737.
Rabbit-foot Clover, 3379.
Raccoon Grape, 3487.
Radicula Armoracia, 36 X,
2981 x ; Nasturtium - aquati-
cum, 36X.2981X.
Radix Anatheri, 3456; Gal-
«ngg» minoris, 265 X ; Veti-
veriae, 3456.
Raffia Pahn, 2910 X.
Ragan, Reuben, 1592; W. H.,
1592.
Ragged Orchis, 1424 X ; Robin,
1929: Sailor, 711 X.
Rag Gourd, 1921; -weed, 271 X ;
-wort, Golden, 3151 X ; -wort.
Purple, 3150X; -wort,
Tansy, 3152.
Raimannia, 2330 X .
Rainbow Cactus, 1095; Moss,
3138
Rain Tree, 3066 X.
Raisin Tree, Japanese, 1611 X.
Raiz Colorada, 3037.
Rambutan, 2131.
Ramero, 3377.
Ramo de oro, 1312.
Ramona, 430.
Ramontchi, 1241.
Rampion, Horned, 2612.
Ram's Foot, 2909 X.
Rand, E. S., 1592 X.
Rangoon Creeper, 2894 X .
Ranunculacese, 32.
Ranunculus sceleratus, 32 X ;
Thora, 32 X.
Rapanea guyanensis, 2095 X.
Rape, 2910.
Raphanistrtun, 2910.
Raphanus Raphanistrum, 36 X ;
sativus, 36 x.
Raphidophora, 2925 X .
Rapuncidus verus, 643 X .
Raspberries, history, 1515 X.
Raspberry, European, 3028;
Fire, 3024x; Flowering,
3024 X; Purple-Cane,
3028 x; Red, 3028; Rocky
Mountain Flowering, 3024 x .
Rata. 2044 x ; Mountain, 2045.
Ratibida columnaris, 1840 X ;
pinnata, 1841.
Rat-stripper, 2424 X ; -tail Cac-
tus, 312 x.
Rattan, 16 X.
Rattle-box, 901 X , 1920.
Rattlesnake Master, 1138;
Plant, 623; Plantain, 1357;
Root, 2781 X ; Weed, 1491.
Ravenala madagascariensis.
21 X.
Ravenea Hildebrandtii, 2905.
Ravenna-Grass, 1129.
Rawson, W. W.. 1593.
Razoumofskya, 2595.
Reana luxurians, 1161 X.
Reasoner, P. F., 1593.
Recta (Clematis), 795; (Sta-
chys), 3220 X.
Red Ash, 1275 X: Baneberrv,
212 X; Bay, 2556; -berried
Elder, 3068; -berry, 2924 x ;
Birch, 497 X; -bird Cactus,
2524 x: Box, 1152x; Buck-
eye, 228; -Bud, 720; Cam-
pion, 1928; Cedar, 1728 x;
Chokeberry, 396 x; Clover,
Common, 3379 X ; Cluster
Pepper, 659; Currant, 2960;
Currant, Northern, 2960;
Currant, Swamp, 2959 X ;
Elm, 3410 X ; Fescue, 1228 X ;
Fir, 174 X, 2847; Grape,
3486 X; Gum, 1158; -hot
Cat-tail, 191; -hot -poker
Plant, 1751X; Ironbark,
1153, 1159; Ironwood,
2922 X ; Jamaica Banana,
2078X; Kowhai, 802 x ;
Mahogany, 1156; Maids, 618;
Maple, 202 x; Mulberry,
Native, 2071; -Osier Dog-
wood, 852 X ; Passion- Vine,
2486; Pepper, 658 x; Pine,
2640; Pine, Japanese, 2640;
Puccoon, 3069 X ; Raspberry,
3028; Robin, 1331; -Root.
269X, 1893x; Sandal-wood
Tree, 215; Spanish Banana,
2078 X ; Spruce, 2619; V a 1 e-
rian, 713 x ; -White-and-Blue
Flower, 914; -wood, 3163 X .
Reed, 403 x; Bur-, 3200 X;
Canary-Grass, 2573 x ; Com-
mon, 2601 x; Giant, 403 x;
Mace, 3405X; Meadow-
Grass, 1351X ; Paper-,
2472x; Sea Sand-, 274x;
Spire-, 2601 X.
Refrigeration, 3245 X.
Regelia (Iris), 1673.
Reidia glaucescens, 2606 X .
Rein Orchis, 1423.
Rescue-Grass, 579.
Reseda, 1831; Luteola, 37;
odorata, 37.
Resedacese, 37.
Resin, Dammar, 12x, 230x;
Kauri, 12 x; Myrrh, 45 X;
Sandarac, 12 X.
Rest-Harrow, 2353.
Resurrection Fern, 2744x;
Plant, 3140.
Retama monosperma, 1322.
Retinospora, 1440 X ; dubia,
3335X; ericoides, 730X,
3335 X ; filifera, 731 X ; junip-
eroides, 3337; leptoclada,
730 X, 732; obtusa, 731;
obtusa aurea, 731; pisifera,
731 x; plumosa, 731 X; plu-
mosa aurea, 732; Sanderi,
731; squarrosa, 732. See also
3603.
Rhamnaceae, 51.
Rhamnus cathartica, 51,
1440 x ; Paliurus, 2436 X .
Rhaphanus, 2910.
Rhapidophyllum, 2445 X.
Rhapiolepis, 2911.
Rhapis,2445x.
Rhapontic Roots, 61.
Rheumatism-root, 1720 X.
Rheum officinale, 28 X; Rha-
ponticum, 28 X.
Rhineberry, 2924.
Rhinopetalum, 1280.
Rhipidodendron dichotomum,
260 X ; distichum, 260 X ;
plicatile, 260 X.
Rhipsalis cereiformis, 2566;
ianthothele, 2566; salicorni-
oides, 1433.
Rhizopnoracese, 59 X.
Rhizopus nigricans, 5 X .
Rhodanthe alba, 1453 X; atro-
sanguinea, 1453 X ; maculata,
1453X; Manglesii, 1453;
varius,1453x.
Rhodea, 2974 X.
Rhode Island, 2162.
Rhodes Grass, 750 X.
Rhodiola rosea, 3129X.
Rhodochlamys, 2079.
Rhodocistus Berthelotianus,
778.
Rhododendron amoena, 1439 x ;
arbutifolium, 3571; austri-
num, 3571; Chamaecistus,
2949 X ; la?tevirens, 357 1 ;
oleifolium, 3571; various new
combinations, 3574; Wilsoni-
anum, 3571; Wilsonii, 3571.
Rhodophyceae, 5.
Rhodora canadensis, 2943.
Rhoicissus capensis, 3482 X .
Rhop&la, 3O20X.
Rhopalostyla (Potentilla),
2773.
Rhubarb, Guatemala, 1720.
Rhus Coriaria, 48; cotinoides,
865; Cotinus, 864 X ; rhodan-
thema, 2949; suceedanea, 48.
Rhvnchospermum jasminoides,
3361 X.
Rhynchospora, 3041 X.
Rhytidophyllum floribundum,
1333X.
Ribbon-Grase, 2574; Tree,
2655 : -wood, 2655 X.
Ribes, 39; Culverwellii var.
wollense, 3571; new combi-
nations, 3574.
Ribwort, 2656 X.
Ricciales, 6x.
Rice, 2411; Bean, 2575 x;
Field Water-Lily, 2313 x;
-Flower, 2624; Indian,
3546 x; Mountain, 2411;
Paper, 1204; -root Lily,
1281 x; Wild, 3546 X.
Richardia Adlamii, 3536 X ;
aethiopica, 3536 X ; af ricana,
3536 X ; albo-maculata, 3536;
angustiloba, 3536 x ; aurata,
3536x; cantabrigiensis,
3536 X ; devoniensis, 3536 X ;
Elliottiana, 3536; hastata,
3536 X; intermedia, 3536 x;
Lathamiana, 3536 X ; Lut-
wychei, 3536 X ; macrocarpa,
3536 X ; melanoleuca, 3536;
melanoleuca var. tropicalis,
3536; nana compacta,
3536X; Pentlandii, 3536X;
Rehmannii, 3536; Sprengeri,
3536; suffusa, 3536 X; Tay-
lori, 3536 X.
Ricinella,214x.
Ricinus communis, 46 X.
Riddellia tagetina, 2849.
Rissoa cevlonica, 426 X.
Rivea tiuaefoha, 391.
Riverbank Grape, 3486; Birch,
497 X ; Poison, 1189.
Rivina peruviana, 3377.
Robertsonia (Saxifraga), 3096.
Robin-run-away, 2130X.
Roccardia corymbiflora, 1453 X ;
Humboldtiana, 1453 X ; Man-
glesii, 1453; Manglesii var.
maculata, 1453 X; rosea,
1453 X.
Rocella tinctoria, 6.
Rochea falcata, 878.
Rock Beauty, 1068 X; -Brake,
903x; Chestnut Oak,
2886 x; -Cress, 343; -Cress,
Purple, 429; Elm, 3410;
Grape, 3485; Jasmine, 282 x ;
Maple, 203; Melon, 908 X;
Rose, 776 X; -Rose Family,
55.
Rocket, 1479; Candytuft,
1635X; -Salad, 1137X; Yel-
low, 454.
Rock, John, 1593.
Rocky Mountain Bee-Plant,
799; Flowering Raspberry,
3024 X.
Rodetia Amherstiana, 526.
Roeding, F. C., 1593 X .
Roettlera, 1005.
Roezlia bulbifera, 1305x;
regia, 1305; regina, 1305.
Roma Palm, 2910 X .
Rogers, E. S., 1593 X.
Rogiera amcena, 2980; cor-
data, 2980; gratissima, 2980;
latifolia, 2980; versioolor,
2980.
Rollinia leptopetala, 2978; par-
viflora, 2978.
Roman Kale, 496 X; Worm-
wood, 400.
Root Blossom, Scarlet, 229.
Ropala, 3020 X.
Roripa Armoracia, 2895 x;
Nasturtium, 2895 X .
Rosaceae, 40.
Rosa damascena, 41; de Mon-
tana, 304 X; gallica, 41;
Mundi, 2989; rubiginosa,
1440 x ; rugosa, 1440 x ; vari-
ous new combinations, 3574.
Rosanowia conspicua, 3170;
ornata, 3170.
Roscheria, 2445 X .
Roscoea graciUs, 695; lutea, 695.
Roscyna (Hypericum), 1630 X.
Rose Acacia, 2967 x ; Anemone,
2997; -Apple, 1163; Ayrshire,
2987; Banks', 2988 x; Bay,
2139; -Bay, East Indian.
3304; Bengal, 2988; Bour-
bon, 2988X; Bridal, 3029;
Brier, 3029; -Bud Cherry,
2841; Burgundian, 2989 X;
Cabbage, 2989; California,
839; Calla, 3536; Campion,
Prinus, 3603; rubra, 358; tha- Mahogany, 1156; Maids, 618; 2655; -wood, 2655 X. 839; Calla, 3536; Campion
VoL I, pp. 1-602; II, pp. 6O3-1200; III, pp. 1201-1760; IV, pp. 1761-8422; V, pp. 242S-3O41; VI, pp. SO4S-S6S9.
3634
INDEX
INDEX
Rose, continued.
1928; Champney, 2988; Che-
rokee, 2996 X ; China, 2988;
Christmas, 1454 X ; C i n n a-
mon, 2993; Confederate, 1488;
Cotton-, 1335 X, 1488; Crim-
son Chinese, 2988; Crimson
Rambler, 2985 ; Damask,
2989 X; Dawson, 2985; Dog,
2990 X; Fairy, 2988; Family,
40; Fortune's Double Yellow,
2987 x; Geranium, 2533;
Green, 2988; Guelder, 3462 X ;
Harison's Yellow, 2995 x;
Himalayan Musk, 2985X;
Japanese, 1736 X ; Macartney,
2996X; -Mallow, 1483X;
-Mallow, Crimson-Eye,
1486X; -Mallow, Swamp,
1486 X ; Memorial, 2986 X ;
Moss, 2766, 2989; Mountain,
304 X ; Musk, 2986; Noisette,
2988; of Heaven, 1928; of
Jericho, 2920; of Sharon,
1488 X , 1630 X ; Persian Yel-
low, 2995 X ; Pompon, 2989 X ;
Prairie, 2985 X ; Rock, 776 X ;
Scotch, 2995; Seven Sisters,
2985; Sulphur, 2995 X; Sun,
1444; Tea, 2987 X; -water,
41; -wood, 42; -wood, Bur-
mese, 2853 X ; York and Lan-
caster, 2989.
Roselle, 1485.
Bosemary, 70, 912, 3020; Vic-
torian, 3512; Wild, 1833.
RosenbergiaPringlei,807; scan-
dens, 806 X ; stipularis, 807.
Rosette Mullein, 2903 X .
Rosin, 1417 x; -weed, 3168 x.
Rosmarinus officinalis, 70, 912.
Rosoglio, 38 X.
Rosulati (St'reptocarpus ),
3273 X.
Rottlera japonica, 1972 x .
Rotundifolise (Cratsegus), 883.
Rouge Plant, 2966.
Rough-stalked Meadow-Grass.
2723 X.
Roulinia gracilis, 966; Kar-
winskiana, 2147 X ; serrati-
folia, 966.
Hound Kumquat, 1270; -leaved
Mint, 2035.
Roupellia grata, 3277 X.
Rowan Tree, 3195 x.
Roxburghia gloriosa, 3235; glori-
osoides,3235; viridiflora,3235.
Royal Catchfly, 3167; Fern,
2413 X ; Jasmine, 1718 x ;
Palm, 2405; Poinciana, 2727;
Water-Lily, 3466 X.
Roystonea Borinquena, 2405;
floridana, 2405; oleracea,
2405; regia, 2405.
Hubacer, 3021; columbianum,
3024 X ; odoratum, 3024 X ;
parviflorum, 3024 X .
Rubber, Brazil,1482x ; Guayule,
2477 X; Plant, 1229; Tree,
Para, 1482 X; Tree, South
American, • 1482 X ; Virgin,
3072 X.
Rubia tinctoria, 74 X.
Rubiaceae, 74 X.
Rubra (Acer), 202 X.
Rubus Dalibarda, 961; odora-
tus albidus, 3574; procum-
bens var. roribaccus, 3574;
rosaaflorus, 3604.
Ruby-Grass, 3374 x .
Rudbeckia purpurea var. sero-
tina, 1088; serotina, 1088.
Rue, 912, 3041 x; Anemone,
3296 x ; Family, 44 X ; Goat's
3321 x ; Meadow, 3326; Tall
Meadow, 3327 X.
Ruellia ciliosa, 73 X; colorata,
1457 X.
Ruizia fragrans, 2565 X.
Rulac Negundo, 204 X .
Rumex crispus, 28 X.
Running Blackberry, 3032;
Myrtle, 3471; -Pine, 1932.
Rupala, 3020 X.
Rupture-wort, 1477 X.
Ruscus androgynus, 3142 X ;
racemosus, 961 X .
Rush, 1724 x ; -Broom, Leafless,
3470 X; Family, 19; Flower-
ing, 601; Lily, 3171; Wood,
1924.
Russell River Lime, 2047 X.
Russian Almond, 2832; fruits,
1297 X ; Mulberry, 2079 x ;
Thistle, 3057; Vetch, 3466.
Rustica, 2143.
Rustic work, 2675.
Rutaceze, 44 x .
Ruta graveolens, 912.
Rutland Beauty, 839 X .
Ruyschiana spicata, 1071.
Rydbergia grandiflora, 212 X .
Rye, 3124; -Grass, 1902 X , 3568;
-Grass, Giant, 1111 X ; Wild-,
1111.
Sabal, 2445 X ; serrulata, 17.
Sabina, 1727 X.
Sacaline, 2743.
Sacaton, 3217 X.
Saccharina (Acer), 203.
Saccharomyces, 5 X .
Saccharum officinarum, 15.
Sacci, 232 x.
Saccolabium Blumei, 2955 X ;
cceleste, 2956; giganteum,
3431 X ; guttatum, 2955 X ;
Harrisonianum, 2956; prae-
morsum, 2955 X ; retusum,
2955X; Rheedii, 2955X;
violaceum, 2955 X.
Sacred Earflower of the Aztecs,
938.
Safflower, 675.
Saffron Crocus, 899 X; False,
675; Meadow, 824 X.
Sage, 912; Bethlehem, 2857;
Brush, 399, 400; Jerusalem,
2585 X; -leaved Pear, 2868;
Scarlet, 3063; White, 400.
Sago Palm, 932 X ; Palm, 2045.
Sainfoin, 2353.
St. Agnes' Flower, 1849; An-
drew's Cross, 405; Augus-
tine Grass, 3237; Bernard's
Lily, 300; Bruno's Lily, 2473;
George's Herb, 3426 X ; John's
Bread, 717 X; John's Lily,
893; John's-Wort, 1629;
John's- Wort Family, 54 X ;
John's-Wort, Marsh, 1632 X ;
Joseph's Lily, 1868 X ; Julien
Plum, 2826; Lucia, 2356 X;
Lucie Cherry, 2835 X ; Lucie
Grass, 939 X ; Mary's Gua-
cima, 3526 X ; Mary's Thistle,
3169; Patrick's Cabbage,
3096; Paul's Speedwell, 3451;
Peter's-wort, 405; Thomas
Tree, 457 X.
Saintfoin, 2353.
Salal, 1319.
Salamander Tree, 304.
Salep, 23.
Salicaceae, 24.
Salisburia adiantifolia, 1338X.
Salix, 24; acutif olia, 3572 x ;
alba var. cserulea, 3571 X ; alba
var. calva, 3571 x ; ambigua,
3572; appendiculata, 3572;
aurita, 3572; austriaca, 3572;
bicolor, 3572 x; bull at a,
3571 X ; canescens, 3571 x ;
cinerea, 3571 X ; cinerea var.
angustifolia, 3571 X ; cinerea
var. oleifolia, 3571 x ;cremen-
sis, 3571 x: daphnoides,
3572 x; daphnoides var.
acutif olia, 3572 x ; Erdingieri,
3571 X ; Erdingieri var. cre-
mensis, 3571 X , 3574; Forby-
ana, 3573; fragilis var. bullata,
3571 x ; fragilis var. decipiens,
3571 X ; glabra, 3572 X ; gracil-
istyla, 3573; grandif olia, 3572;
hastata, 3572 X ; hexandra,
3571 x ; holosericea, 3572 x ;
Laestadiana, 3571 X ; latifolia,
3571 X ;ludificans, 3572 ;myr-
sinif olia, 3572 ; neriifolia,
3572; nigricans, 3572; palus-
tris, 3571 X;phylicifolia,
3572 x ; Piperi, 3572 x ; Pon-
tederana, 3572; purpurea var.
amplexicaulis,3573; purpurea
var. Kecksii, 3573; purpurea
var. Lambertiana, 3573; pur-
purea var. sericea, 3573;
Reuteri, 3572x; rubens,
3571 X ; rubens var. palustris,
3571 x; rubra, 3573; Russel-
liana, 3571 X ; sesquitertia,
3572; Sieboldiana, 3573 x;
sordida, 3572; spadicea, 3572;
stipularis, 3572 x ; tetraptera,
3572 x ; Thunbergiana, 3573;
viminalis var. Gmelinii,
3572 x ; viminalis var. songa-
rica, 3572 x ; viridis, 3571 x ;
Wimmeri, 3572 X ; Wimmeri-
ana, 3571 X .
Salmonberry, 3023 X , 3026 X .
Salpichroma rhomboideum,
3055 X .
Salsify, 3365; Black, 3121.
Salt-Bush, 436; -Grass, 1061;
Tree, 1429 X.
Salvia Sclarea, 911 X; offici-
nalis, 70, 912.
Salviniaceae, 10, 1209.
Saman, 3066 X.
Sambucus canadensis, 75; ja-
ponica, 1176; nigra, 75.
Samphire, 896, 912;Marsh, 3050.
Sanctolina, 3071.
Sandalwood, 3071; Bastard,
2090 X ; False, 3525; Family,
27 x ; Red, 42; Tree, Red, 215.
Sandarac, 1417 X; Resin, 12 X.
Sandarach, 631.
Sand Blackberry, 3031 X ; -box
Tree, 1615 x; -Bur, 711;
Cherry, 2833X; Clover,
303 X; Grape, 3485; Lily,
1848 X; Myrtle, 1835; Pear,
2869; Pine, 2644; Plum,
2829 x; -Reed, Sea, 274 x ;
Verbena, 175 X ; Vetch, 3466.
Sanguineae (Crataegus), 886.
Sanguisorba obtusa, 2776 X .
Sanicle, 3070.
San Miguelito, 304 X .
Sanseverina rorida, 3070 X .
Sansevieria fragrans, 1070.
Santa Domingo Apricot, 1975 X .
Santalacese, 27 X.
Santalum album, 27 X .
Santonica, 399.
Santonin, 77.
Sapindaceae, 50.
Sapindus chinensis, 1756; Sap-
onaria, 50 X .
Sapium sebiferum, 47, 2303 X .
Sapodilla Family, 65.
Saponaria officinalis, 31 X .
Saponin, 29, 31 X, 3072.
Sapotaceae, 65.
Sapote, 1919; Mamey, 1919.
Sapotillier, 3073 X.
Saprolegnia, 5x.
Sapucaya Nut, 1832 X.
Sararanga, 2449.
Sarcochilus Cecilse, 3334; Hart-
mannii, 3334; lilac in us,
3334 x ; purpureus, 639 X .
Sarcodes sanguinea, 64.
Sarcopodium, 2403.
Sarcostemma, 2583.
Sardonia, 32 X .
Sargassum bacciferum, 5.
Sargent, H. W., 1594.
Sarothamnus scoparius, 948.
Sarracenia purpurea, 37 X .
Sarraceniaceae, 37 X.
Sarsaparilla, 19 X; Bristly,
344 x; Wild, 344 X.
Saskatchewan, 570 X .
Sassafras, 35 X ; variif olium,
35X.
Satin-Bush African, 2724;
Flower, 1921 X, 3171; -Leaf,
767; Poppy, 2017 X; -wood,
2076; -wood, Indian, 751 X.
Satsuma Orange, 784 X .
Satureia hortensis, 912; mon-
tana, 912.
Saul, John, 1594 X.
Saunders, Wm., 1594 X.
Saururacese, 23 X .
Sausage-Tree, 1738.
Savastana odorata, 1491 X .
Savin, 1728 X.
Savory, 3082; Summer, 912,
3082 X ; Winter, 912, 3082 X .
Sawara Cypress, 731 X .
Saw-Brier, 3174 X ; -fly Orchis,
2356; Palmett9, 3156 X.
Saxegothaea gracilis, 2725.
Saxifraga pyrolifolia, 1841 X ;
Sullivantii, 3281.
Saxifragaceae, 39.
Saxifrage Family, 39; Golden,
767 X ; Meadow, 3157 X .
Scabiosa Pterocephala, 2854 X ;
Succisa, 3280 X .
Scabious, 3105 X; Sheep,
1716x; Shepherd's, 1716x;
Sweet, 3106.
Scammony, 68 X .
Scarborough Lily, 3428.
Scarlet Bush, 1431 X ; Clover,
3379; -flowering Rose Geran-
ium, 2533; Fritillary, 1281 X ;
Lightning, 1927 X ; Maple,
202 X; Oak, 2883 X; Plume,
1169X; Root Blossom, 229;
Runner Bean, 2576; Sage,
3063; Strawberry, 1272;
Turk's-Cap Lily, 1874;Vetch,
3465 X.
Schaefferia lateriflora, 1080.
Scheeria lanata, 208; meii-
cana, 208.
Schinus Limonia, 1219.
Schivereckia podolica, 269.
Schizica pusilla, 9.
Schizajacea;, 9, 1208 X.
Schizonotus, 1498.
Schizophragma hydrangeoides,
1623.
Schmaltzia aromatica, 2953;
copallina, 2954; crenata,
2953; glabra, 2954 X ; hirta,
2954 x ; Michauxii, 2954 X ;
trilobata, 2953.
Schcenocaulon officinalis, 19 X.
Schomburgkia, 2403.
Schrader's Brome-Grass, 579;
Schubertia disticha, 3314 X ;
graveolens, 2610.
Sciadocalyx, 1705 X.
Sciadophyllum acuminatum,
3108 x ; Brownii, 3108 X ;
conicum,3108x.
Scillopsis, 1764 X.
Scindapsus pertusus, 2925 X .
Scirpus lacustris, 16.
Sclarea (Salvia), 3060.
Scleroderma vulgare, 2088 X .
Sclerostylis buxifolia, 3158 X ;
Hindsii, 1270;spinosa,2038x.
Scoke, 2614.
Scolopendrium o'ffi cinarum,
2607; vulgare, 2607.
Scolymus hispanicus, 77 X .
Scoparia dulcis, 71.
Scopolia carniolica, 70 X .
Scorodonia (Teucrium), 3325.
Scorodosma foetidum, 1228.
Scorpion Grass, 2091; Senna,
855 X.
Scorzonera, Creole, 871 X ; his-
panica, 77 X.
Scotanthus tubiflorus, 1420 X .
Scotch Broom, 948; Crocus,
898 X ; Elm, 3410 X ; Laburn-
um, 1763 x ; Pine, 2640 x ;
Pink, 998 x; Rose, 2995;
Thistle, 2354.
Screen-planting, 2681 X.
Screw-Bean, 2811; -Pine, 2449;
-Pine Family, 13.
Scrophulariaceae, 71.
Scrophularia nodosa, 71.
Scrub Oak, 2884 X ; Palmetto,
3045; Pine, 2644.
Scurfy Pea, 2849.
Scurvy Grass, 454, 809.
Scutch Cane, 446.
Scutellaria lateriflora, 70.
Scutellatse (Veronica), 3452 X.
Scytalia chinensis, 1891 X.
Scythian Lamb, 768 X .
Sea Buckthorn, 1494 x ; -Daf-
fodil, 1626; -Grape, 807 x;
-Holly, 1137X; -Kale Beet,
496X, 734; Lavender,
3229 X ; Lyme-Grass, 1111 X ;
Oats, 3414 X ; -Onion, 3118 X ,
3417; Pea, 1826; Pink, 395,
3228; Poppy, 1346 X ; Purs-
lane, 427 X ; Sand-Reed,
274 X; Urchin, 1428; -Ur-
chin Cactus, 1097.
Seaf orthia elegans, 385;
Kuhlii, 2626; robusta, 2950.
Seaside Balsam, 902; Laurel,
2606 X; Pea, 1826; Planting,
2670 X; Plum, 3525; Vine,
776 X.
Seaweeds, Brown, 5; Red, 5.
Sedangan, 1896.
Sedge, 662, 3119; Broom,
282 X ; Family, 15 x .
Sedum Cotyledon, 871; ebrac-
teatum, 3125; edule, 869 x ;
Telephium, 38 X.
INDEX
INDEX
3635
Seed-box, 1920; business, his-
tory, 1516 x.
Sego Lily, 635.
Selaginella, 11, 1215 X ; Fam-
ily, lOx; lepidophylla ,
2920 x.
Selaginellaceas, 10 X .
Selenipedium Ainsworthii, 2604 ;
albopurpureum, 2604; Bois-
sierianum, 2603 X ; caricinum,
2603; caudatum, 2603 X ;
caudatum var. W a r s c e -
wiczii, 2603 X ; Hartwegii,
2603 x; Klotzschianum,
2603: Lindleyanum, 2603;
Roezlii, 2603 X ; Sargen-
tianum, 2603; Schlimii,
2602 X ; Schomburgkianum,
2603: vittatum, 2603; Wal-
lisii, 2603 X.
Solf-Heal, 581.
Semecarpus Anacardium, 2304.
Sempervivum tectorum, 38 X ;
tenuifolium, 3127 X.
Sencuya, 292 X.
Seneca-Grass, 1491 X ; Snake-
root, 2738.
Senecio japonicus, 1859;
Kaempferi, 1858 X ; Lede-
bourii, 1859; Ligularia, 1859;
longipes, 2291; sagittatus,
1112: sibiricus, 1859; sonehi-
foliu*. 1112.
Senegal Gum, 1417.
Seni, 1915.
Senna, 680; Bladder, 834;
Scorpion, 855 X.
Sensitive Brier, 3115; -Fern,
2353: Pea, 680 X; Plant,
2053 x .
Serapias, 1357 X.
Serapiastrum, 3156.
Serenoa, 2445 X.
Serices? (Rosa), 2996.
Sericobonia, 1714.
Serieographis Ghiesbreghtiana,
1715; Mohintli, 1715; pauci-
flora, 1715.
Sericotheca Boursieri, 1498 X ;
discolor, 1498 X.
Seringa, 1483.
Seringueira, 1482 X.
Serjania lethalis, 50 X .
Serpent aria, 28 X.
Serpent Gourd, 3376; -head
Orchid, 3223.
Serradella, 2409 X.
Serratula tinctoria, 77 X.
Serrulata- Furersea), 1305.
Service-berry, 272, 273 X ; Tree,
3196: Tree, Wild, 3196 X.
Sesame-Grass, 3383 X .
Sesamum indicum, 72.
Seven Sisters Rose, 2985.
Seville Orange, 782 X.
Shad-bush, 272.
Shagbark, False, 677.
Shaggy Hawkweed, 1491.
Shallon, 1319.
Shamrock-Pea, 2475 X .
Sharp, F. P., 1595 X.
Shaw, Henry, 1595 X.
Shea Butter* 65 X.
She Balsam, 174; -Oak, 683 X.
Sheep-Berry, 3459 X ; -Laurel,
1734 x; Scabious, 1716 X;
Sorrel, 3037 X .
Sheep's-bit, 1716 X ; Fescue,
1228 X.
Shellac, 26 X.
Shellbark-Hickory, 678.
Shell-Flower, 265 X, 2059 X,
3344 X.
Shepherdia argentea, 59.
Shepherd, R. W., 1596; Mrs. T.
B., 1596 X.
Shepherd's Scabious, 1716 X.
Sherwoodia galacifolia, 3160;
uniflora, 3160 X.
Shifting, 2778.
Shingle Oak, 2885; Plant,
2064X.
Shining Sumac, 2954.
Shin Leaf, 2864; Family, 63 X.
Shinn, James, 1596 X.
Shirley Poppy, 2457 X.
Shirt-button Plant, 1974 X.
Shittim Wood, 179.
Shoeblack Plant, 1488.
Shooting-Star, 1063.
Shore-Grape, 807 X ; Plum,
2831.
Shortia californica, 213 X .
Show Geranium, 2532 X .
Showy Lily, 1870 X ; Orchis,
1311 X ; Sedum, 3131 x ; Sun-
flower, 1449 X; Wild Pea,
1826.
Shrubby Althea, 1488 X .
Shrub Yellow-Root, 3537.
Siberian Apricot, 2824 X ; Crab,
2871x; Cranesbill, 1332:
Millet, 3158 X; Rye-Grass,
3568; Squill, 3118X.
Sibthorpia europaea, 1624 X .
Sicilian Beet, 496 X .
Sida integerrima, 178 X .
Side-Saddle Plant, 3078 X .
Sierra Leone Copal, 1417.
Sieva Bean, 2577.
Sieversia ciliata, 1335; Peckii,
1334 X.
Silene Cceli-rosa, 1928.
Silk-Cotton, 700; Cotton Tree,
521; -Grass, 1306 X; Oak,
1412; -Vine, 2553 X ; -weed,
404.
Silky Prairie Clover, 2561 X ;
Willow, 3054; Wisteria, 3518.
Silver Beard-Grass, 282 x ;
-Bell, 1428 X ; -berry, 1106 X ;
-Bract, 870; Chickweed, 2470;
Fir, 173; -head, 2476; -leaved
Cranesbill, 1331; -leaved
Ironbark, 1152 X; Maple,
202 x, 2756; -Palm, 808;
Thistle, 2354; -Tree, 1847 X ;
Vine, 213; Wattle, 188 X;
Weed, 391, 2775 X ; Whitlow-
wort, 2476.
Silvery-leaved Sunflower,
1447 X.
Simarubacese, 44 X .
Simaruba Cedron, 45.
Simbulata, 280 x .
Simon Plum, 2827.
Simplicifolise (Rosa), 2984 X.
Sinapis arvensis, 544 X .
Sinapistrum arvense, 544 x .
Sinenses (Primula), 2791 X.
Singhara-Nut, 3372.
Sing-kwa, 1921.
Sinningia barbata, 3310 X ;
Carolina?, 3310 x; speciosa,
1350.
Siphonantha (Limonium),
3232 X.
Siphonanthus indica, 801; splen-
dens, 800.
Siphonia Cahuchu, 1483; elas-
tica, 1483.
Siris Tree, 243 X.
Sisal, False, 232 X; Hemp,
232 x.
Sisson Plum, 2827.
Sissoo Tree, 960 X .
Sisymbrium indicum, 2981 X ;
Nasturtium -aquaticum,
2895 X , 2981 X ; pinnatifidum,
545 x.
Sisyrinehium cyaneum, 2410 X.
Sitka Spruce, 2620; Willow,
3055.
Skeleton-leaved Mulberry,
2070 X.
Skullcap, 3121 x.
Skunk-Bush, 2953; Cabbage,
3295; Currant, 2959; Grape,
3490 X.
Slash Pine, 2643.
Slender Rock-Brake, 903 X .
Slime Molds, 4 x .
Slipper Plant, 2524 x ; Spurge,
2524 x .
Slippery Elm, 1279, 3410 X.
Sloanea dentata, 52.
Sloe, Black, 2830 X .
Slough-Grass, 3201.
Small Cane, 446; Cranberry,
3425 X ; -flowered Leaf-Cup,
2744; -leaved Linden, 3347;
Pignut, 677; Snapdragon,
304 x ; Spikenard, 344 x .
Smaller Bitter-wood, 3526 X.
Smartweed, 2740.
Smilacina racemosa, 19 X .
Smith, A. M., 1596 X; W. R.,
1597.
Smithiantha achimenoides,
2097; amabilis, 2097 X; ciu-
nabarina, 2097; Geroltiana,
2097 X ; zebrina, 2097.
Smoke-Tree, 864 X .
Smooth Alder, 253; Azalea,
2942; -barked Cotton wood,
2763; -leaved Elm, 3412;
Sumac, 2954 X .
Smyrnium nudicaule, 1903 X ;
Olusatrum, 245 X .
Snail-Flower, 2574 X .
Snails, 2019 X.
Snake Cactus, 2525; Cucum-
ber, 908; Gourd, 1774X,
3375 x ; -Grass, 1126; Melon,
908; Palm, 276X; -weed,
2742.
Snakeroot, Black, 3070; But-
ton, 1138, 1852 x; Canada,
404; Seneca, 2738; Virginia,
393; White, 1167; Wild,
2130X.
Snake's-Head, 1280; Iris, 1477.
Snapdragon, 304 X ; Large,
304 x ; Small, 304 X .
Sneeze Weed, 1442 x ; -wood,
2850 X ; -wort, 206.
Snowball, 3462 x; -ball, Chin-
ese, 3460; -ball Japanese,
3461; -berry, 748, 3292 x;
-bush, 2606; -Creeper, 2765;
-drop, 1308; -drop Anemone,
Double, 286; -drop-Tree,
1428 X ; -flake, 1848 X ; -flake,
Water, 2316 X ; -in-Summer,
717; -on-the-Mountain, 1169;
Pear, 2868; -Plant, 3077X;
Wreath, 2139 X.
Snuff, Mountain, 396.
Soap-Bark Tree, 2891 x ; -berry,
3072; -berry Family, 50;
-bush, 2148; -Plant, 751;
-wort, 3074 x; -wort Gen-
tian, 1326 X.
Sobralia, 2403.
Society publications, 1553.
Socotrine Aloes, 255 X.
Soirea, Blue, 679.
Soja Bean, 1352; max, 1352.
Solanaceae, 70 X.
Solanum carolinense, 70 X ; Dul-
camara, 71; fragrans, 943;
giganteum, 3573 X ; Lycoper-
sicum, 1931; Melongena, 71;
nigrum, 71; racemiflorum,
1932.
Soldanelloidese (Primula), 2799.
Solea concolor, 1618.
Soledad Pine, 2645 x.
Solena, 2033 X .
Solenantha, 1626.
Solidago arborescens, 3152x.
Solomon's Lily, 402 x ; Seal,
2739; Seal, False, 3172 X.
Soncoya, 292 x.
Sophora japonica, 42; mono-
sperma, 2407; platycarpa,
785 X ; tomentosa, 42.
Sophronitis, 2403.
Sorbaria Millefolium, 729 X.
Sorbopyrus auricularis, 2868.
Sorbus arbutifolia, 396 X ; arbu-
tifolia var. atropurpurea,
396 X ; glabra, 2596 x ; mel-
anocarpa, 396 X ; terminalis,
2596.
Sorghum, 1497; halepense,
1497; vulgare, 1497.
Sorgo, 1497.
Sorrel, 3036 X ; Common Field,
3037 X ; French, 3037 X ; Gar-
den, 3037 X ; Jamaica, 1485;
Sheep. 3037 x ; -Tree, 2419 x .
Souari-Nut, 678 X.
Soulard Crab, 2871.
Sour Cherry, 2836 X ; Guisaro,
2848; Gum, 2316 x ; -sop,
292; sop-, Mountain,
292 x ; -top, 3423 X ; -Wood,
2419 X.
South American Rubber Tree,
1482 X .
South Carolina, 2223.
South Dakota, 2202.
Southern California Grape,
3488 X; Cottonwood, 2759;
Dewberry, 3032; Fox Grape,
3484; Gooseberry, 3422 X;
Pine, 2643; Red Lily, 1876;
Swamp Lily, 1871 x ; -wood,
912.
Spanish Broom, 3201 X ; Fir,
174 x; Grape, 3487; Heath,
1131; Iris, 1681; Jacinth,
3117 X; Jasmine, 1718 X;
Lime, 2025 X ; Moss, 3350 X ;
Oak, 2884; Oak, Swamp,
2884 X ; Oyster Plant, 3120 X ;
Plum, 3217.
Sparkleberry, 3422.
Spartianthus junceus, 3201 X .
Spartium multiflorum, 94?;
scoparium, 948; virgatum,
1323.
Spartocytisus filipes, 948.
Spartothamnus, 948.
Spathiphyllum pictum, 2949.
Spathyema fcetida, 3295 X .
Spatlum, 1851 X.
Spatter-Dock, 2291 X.
Spatularia bryophora, 3092 X ;
petiolaris, 3092.
Spatulum, 1851 X.
Spear-Lily, 1067; -mint, 2035;
-Wood, 1158X.
Spectabiles (Verbascum),
3442 x.
Speedwell, 3448; Bastard,
3449 x ; Common, 3452 x ;
Germander, 3452 x ; Moun-
tain, 3452 x ; St. Paul's, 3451.
Spergula arvensis, 31 X ; pilif-
era, 3048 X ; subulata, 3048 X ,
Sphaerogyne imperialis, 3352;
latifolia, 3352.
Sphasrostema propinquum,
3110X.
Sphaerostigma, 2329 X.
Sphagnales, 6X.
Sphenogyne speciosa, 3417.
Spicata (Acer), 200 X.
Spice Bush, 487.
Spider Orchis, 2356; -Lily, 1626;
Plant, 799; -web Houseleek,
3146; -wort, 3363; -wort
Family, 18 X.
Spignel,2045x.
Spike, 70; -Grass, 991, 3414 x;
-Grass, Marsh, 1061.
Spiked Loosestrife, 1937 X .
Spikenard, 344 X ; Small, 344 X .
Spinach Beet, 496 x; New
Zealand, 3323.
Spinage, 3206 X ; Dock, 3036 X.
Spindle Tree, 1185X.
Spinovitis Davidii, 3845.
Spiraea amurensis, 2610 X ; an-
gustifolia, 1239 X, 3194; ar-
borea, 3194; ariaefolia,
1498 X ; Aruncus, 403; Arun-
cus var. astilboides, 403 X,
423; astilboides, 423; Bour-
sieri, 1498X; caespitosa,
2563 x; camtschatica, 1239;
capitata, 2611; digit at a,
1239; discolor, 1498X;
dumosa, 1498X; Filipen-
dula, 1239; gigantea, 1239;
grandiflora, 3194; japonica,
423; Kirilowii, 3194; Isevi-
gata, 3160 X ; Lindleyana,
3193 x; lobata, 1239; Mille-
folium, 729 x ; monogyna,
2611; opulifolia, 2610 X ; opu-
lifolia var. mollis, 2611; pal-
mata, 1239; pauciflora, 2611;
pectinata, 1921; sorbif olia,
3193X; sorbif olia alpina,
3194; spp., 1441; Ulmaria,
1239 x ; vestita, 1239 X .
Spiral Flag, 864.
Spiranthes, 1636 X , 2403 X ;
autumnalis, 23; colorata,
3236 x ; diuretica, 23.
Spiraria, 3213 X .
Spire-Reed, 2601 X .
Spirodela, 1837.
Split-Thorn Acacia, 599.
Spondias dulcis, 48 X ; pur-
purea,48x.
Sponge, Vegetable, 1921.
Spoon-Thorn Acacia, 599.
Spotted Calla, 3536; Cranes-
bill, 1332; Gum, 1152 x;
Lily, 1876; Touch-me-not,
1642 X.
Spreading Dog-bane, 311 X.
Spring Adonis, 221; Beauty,
786 x; Bitter Vetch, 1827;
Snowflake, 1849; Squill,
3118 x; Star-Flower, 3384 X.
Vol. I, pp. 1-602; II, pp. 603-1200; III, pp. 1201-1760;
230
IV, pp. 1761-2422; V, pp. 2423-3041; VI, pp. 3043-3639.
3636
INDEX
INDEX
Spruce, Black, 2619 X; Color-
ado, 2620; Engelmann, 2620;
Hemlock, 3390 X; Norway,
2618; Pine, 2642 X, 2644,
2645 X; Red, 2619; Sitka,
2620; Tideland, 2620; White,
2619 X.
Spurge, 1167; Caper, 1173;
Cypress, 1173X; Family,
46 X; Flowering, 1169; In-
dian Tree, 1170; Ipecac,
1169X; Melon, 1172x;
Mountain, 2426 X ; Nettle,
1719 X; Slipper, 2524 X.
Squamaria Orobanche, 1824 X.
Squash, Guinea, HOlX,
3182 X.
Squaw-Berry, 2057 X; Huckle-
berry, 3422; -Root, 1824 X.
Squill, 3116, 3417; Autumn,
3117x; Bell-flowered,
3117 x; Chinese, 3117 X;
Common Blue, 3117; Dwarf,
3118; Hyacinth, 3118; Ital-
ian, 3118 X ; Siberian, 3118 X ;
Spring, 3118 X.
Squirrel-Corn, 1002; -tail Grass,
1500 X.
Squirting Cucumber, 1085.
Sredinskya (Primula), 2804 X.
Stackhousiacese, 49.
Stackhousia Family, 49.
Stachybothys (T e u c r i u m ),
3325 X.
Stachycarpus andina, 2725.
Stachymacris, 3122.
Stachyuraceae, 56 X .
Stachyurus Family, 56 X .
Staff-Tree Family, 49.
Stag-Bush, 3459 X ; -horn
Fern, 2708 X ; -horn Sumac,
2954 X.
Stagger-Bush, 2622 X .
Standing Cypress, 1337.
Stanhopea, 2403 X.
Stanley's Wash-Tub, 276 X.
Staphyleacese, 49.
Staphylea trifolia, 2304.
Star Anise, 1641; -Apple, 767;
Balsam, 3532 X ; -fish Flower,
3226 X ; -Flower, 3378 X ;
-Flower, Spring, 3384 X;
Gooseberry, 2606 x; -Grass,
751, 1634; Hyacinth, 3118 X;-
Ipomosa, 2879 X ; Jasmine,
3361 X; Lily, 1877 X; of
Bethlehem, 1160X, 1307,
2409; of Bethlehem, Mexican,
2051; Tulip, 631 X ; -wort,
416.
Stark, J. H., 1597.
Starr, R. W., 1597 X.
Starry Campion, 3166; Grass-
wort, 716 X; Hyacinth,
3117X.
State horticultural societies,
1553; Mint, 2035.
Statice Araratii, 192; latifolia,
65.
Stayman, Joseph, 1597 X.
Steenappel, 294 X .
Steeplebush, 3215.
Steirocladse (Limonium), 3232.
Stemless Gentian, 1328.
Stenactis speciosa, 1133.
Stenaster, 893.
Stenolobium incisum, 3317;
stans, 3317.
Stenoloma tenuif olia, 2328 X .
Stenomesson Stricklandii, 3276.
Stenorynchus, 2403 X .
Stephanolirion, 3384.
Stephanophysum longifolium,
3036.
Sterculia acerifolia, 538X;
Family, 53; platanif olia,
358.
Sterculiaceae, 53.
Stereospermum sinicum, 2895.
Sterilizing soil, 3179X.
Stevensonia grandifolia, 2445 X .
Stevia serrata, 2647 X ; serrat-
ifolia, 2647 x .
Stick-lac, 601; -tights, 500,
939 x.
Sticta pulmonaria, 6.
Stiles, W. A., 1597 X.
Stillingia sebifera, 2303 X , 3073;
sylvatica, 47.
Stink-Grass, 1126; -wood, 35 X.
Stinking Willie, 3152.
Stitchwort, Golden, 3234 x.
Stock, 2011 X; Intermediate,
2012; Mahon, 1972; Ten-
weeks, 2012; Virginian,1972.
Stokes' Aster, 3245.
Stonecrop, 3127; -Fruits, 2822;
.-Mint, 912 X; Pine, 2639 x;
Pine, Swiss, 2637; -Root,
829 X ; -worts, 5.
Storage-pits, 2686.
Storax, 1418, 3279 X; Family,
66; Liquid, 1889 X.
Stork's-Bill, 1136X, 2525.
Stramonium, 70 X , 971 x .
Stranvaesia amphidoxa, 2596 X .
Strasburg Turpentine, 173.
Stratiotes alismoides, 2416 X ;
nymphoides, 1624 X .
Strauch, Adolph, 1598.
Stravidium, 454 X .
Strawberry, Alpine, 1272 X ;
Barren, 3496; Elite, 737;
Bush, 1186X; Everbearing,
1273; Fern, 1457 x; Ger-
anium, 3093 x ; G u a v a ,
2848x; Guava, Yellow,
2848x; history, 1515X;
Perpetual, 1272x; Pine,
1272; Scarlet, 1272; Tomato,
2608 X; Tree, 383 X; Vir-
ginian, 1272; Yellow, 1080,
3486.
Streak-leaved Garlic, 2291.
Streptopus amplexicaulis, 19 X .
Strictiflorse (Veronica), 3452.
Stringfellow, H. M., 1598X.
Stringy bark, Peppermint, 1156;
Yellow, 1155 X.
Striped Maple, 202.
Strobi (Pinus), 2637 X.
Strobus Strobus, 2638.
Strombocarpa pubescens, 2811.
Strong, W. C., 1598 X.
Struthiopteris germanica,
2011 X ; spicant, 514 X.
Strychnine, 67, 3278.
Strychnos, 67; potatorum, 2304.
Stubbleberry, 3182.
Stud-Pink, 1455.
Sturtevant, E. L., 1599.
Stylophyllum edule, 869 X
Styphelia sapida, 64 X .
Styphnolobium japonicum,
3191 X.
Styraceae, 66.
Styrax, 40, 1418; Benzoin, 66.
Sua-Kwa, 1921.
Sub-irrigation, 1684 X .
Subtropical-Gardening, 2669.
Succory, 769.
Sudan-Grass, 1497; Gum, 1417.
Suffruticulosae (Potentilla),
2773.
Sugar-Apple, 294 x ; Arenga,
390; -Cane, 3045 X; Grape,
3485; Gum, 1157x; Maple,
203; Pea, 2650 x; Pine,
2636X; -trough Gourd,
1774 X.
Suirsaak, 292.
Sulphur Rose, 2995 X.
Sumac, 2952; Black, 2954; Ill-
scented, 2953; Mountain,
2954; Poison, 2953 X; Shin-
ing, 2954; Smooth, 2954 X ;
Staghorn, 2954 X .
Summer Adonis, 221; Cypress,
1755; Fir, 400 X ; Grape,
3489 X; Perennial Phlox,
2588; Savory, 3082 X ; Snow-
flake, 1849.
Sundew, 1077; -dew Family, 38;
-Dial, 1922 x; -drops, 2331;
Fern, 2577 X .
Sunflower, 1445 X ; Cucumber-
leaved, 1448; Purple-disk,
1448 X ; Showy, 1449 x ; Sil-
very-leaved, 1447 X ; Swamp,
1448.
Sunn Hemp, 901 X .
Sun Rose, 1444.
Sunset Plant, 3204 X .
Supple-Jack, 493 X .
Surinam Cherry, 1162X.
Susong-calabao, 3419 X ; Damu-
lag, 398 X .
Sutera brachiata, 728 X .
Suttonia Lessertiana, 2095 X .
Suwarro, 672 X .
Svida alternifolia, 852.
Swamp Bay, 1967 X ; Black
Currant, 2960 X ; Blueberry,
3423; Blueberry, Downy,
3423; Cottonwood, 2762;
Dewberry, 3032; Goose-
berry, 2960 x ; Gum, 1158 x ;
-Hickory, 676 X ; Honey-
suckle, White, 2942; Lily,
1871 X; Locust, 1347;
Loose-Strife, 974; Lousewort,
2524 x; Mahogany, 1155;
Maple, 202 X; Oak, 2887;
Pine, 2643; -Pink, 1455; Post
Oak, 2887; Red Currant,
2959X; Rose-Mallow,
1486 X ; Saxifrage, 3092 x ;
Spanish Oak, 2884 X ; Sun-
flower, 1448; Tea Tree,
2022 x ; White Oak, 2886 X .
Swan-Flower, 393 X ; River
Daisy, 539.
Swartzia tomentosa, 42.
Swedish Clover, 3379 X.
Sweertia, 3291 X.
Sweet Alyssum, 268 X ; Amber,
1632 x; Bay, 1827, 1967 X ;
Birch, 497 X ; -briar, 2990 x ;
Buckeye, 227 X ; Cassava,
1992; Cherry, 2837 X ; Cicely,
2095 X; Clover, 2026; Colts-
foot, 2562; Elder, 3067 X;
Fern, 836 X; Flag, 210 X;
Gale Family, 24 X ; Golden-
rod, 3188 x; Gum, 1889 X ;
Leaf, 3296; Locust, 1347;
Malabar Vine, 455; Mar-
joram, 2406 X ; Mountain
Grape, 3485; Pea, Golden
Yellow, 901 x; Pea, Wild,
3321 X; Pea, Winter, 3283;
Pepperbush, 802; Potato
Tree, 1991 X; Rocket, 1479;
Scabious, 3106; -scented
Candytuft, 1635 X; -scented
Grass, 1491 X ; -scented Mar-
igold, 3305 X ; -scented Ole-
ander, 2139; -scented Shrub,
637 X ; -scented Water-Lily,
2313; -Sop, 294 x; Sultan,
712; Vernal Grass, 301 ; Violet,
3473; William, 998; William
Catchfly, 3165; William,
Wild, 2589; Winter Grape,
3487 X; -wood, 35 X, 902;
Woodruff, 411 X.
Swietenia Chloroxylon, 751 X ;
Mahogani, 45 X .
Swiss Chard, 734; Mountain
Pine, 2641; Poplar, 2761 X ;
Stone Pine, 2637.
Switch Cane, 446.
Sword Fern, 2131 X ; Lily, Aus-
tralian, 290.
Sycamore, 1234, 2708; Maple,
201.
Sycomorus antiquorum, 1234.
Sydney Black Wattle, 188;
Golden Wattle, 187 X .
Symphoria conglomerata, 3293.
Symphoricarpus albus var. ova-
tus, 3574.
Symphytum officinale, 69.
Symplocaceae, 66.
Symplocos, 66; Family, 66.
Synanthera, 1333 X .
Syncarpiae (Nymphsea),2312x.
Syphocampylus, 3170 x ; bi-
color, 1899.
Syrian Bean-Caper, 3551 X .
Syringas, 1441, 2579.
Systylse (Rosa), 2984 X.
Syzygium jambolana, 1163X,
3590; operculata, 3590.
Tabacum, 2143 x.
Tabernsemontana A m s o n i a,
279;Camassi, 1356.
Table Mountain Pine, 2643 X.
Tabog, 729.
Taccacese, 20 X .
Tacamahac, 2762 X .
Tacca Family, 20 X ; pinnatif-
ida, 20 X.
Tachia guianensis, 67.
Tacsonia, 2480, 2485; Buchan-
anii, 2484; eriantha, 2486;
insignis, 2485 X ; Jamesonii,
2485X; manicata, 2486;
militaris, 2486 X ; m i x t a,
2486; mollissima, 2486; Par-
ritje, 2485; pinnatistipula,
2487; Van Volxemii, 2485 X.
Taiho-chiku, 449.
Tail-Grape, 397.
Taisan-chiku, 449.
Talauma elegans, 34; pumila,
1968.
Taligalea punicea, 271 X.
Talipot Palm, 861.
Tall Cup-Flower, 2145 x ; Fes-
cue, 1228 x ; Meadow Rue,
3327X; Morning-Glory,
1659.
Tallow Tree, Chinese, 3073;
Vegetable, 3073; -wood Gum,
1155 X.
Tamarack, 1822.
Tamaricaceae, 55.
Tamarind, 3306 X; Guay-
mochil, 2652; Huamuchil,
2652; Wild, 1935 X.
Tamarindo, 3306 x .
Tamarindus indica, 42.
Tamaring, Manilla, 2652.
Tamarisk Family, 55.
Tamarix algerica, 3607 ;
dahurica, 2093 x ; germanica,
2093 X ; mannifera, 55.
Tamnus, 3309.
Tamonea magnifica, 2047;
theaezans, 61.
Tampico Hemp, 1478.
Tamus communis, 21.
Tanacetum Balsamita, 757;
vulgare, 77, 912.
Tanbark Oak, 2479.
Tanghinia, 67 X.
Tangier Scarlet Pea, 1825 X .
Tangleberry, 1320.
Tansy, 912; Ragwort, 3152.
Tape-Grass, 3428.
Taphrina, 5 X .
Tapioca, 47; Plant, 1991 X.
Tapira, 945.
Tarata, 2654.
Taraxacum officinale, 77.
Taraxia, 2329 X .
Tare, 3464.
Tares, 1902 X .
Taretra, 1306.
Tarragon, 912.
Tartago, 1720.
Tartarian Bread, 873.
Tarweed, 1964.
Tassel Flower, 559, 1112.
Tawhiwhi, 2653 X .
Taxaceae, 11 X.
Taxoclium heterophyllum,
1352 X .
Taxus cuspidata var. densa,
3574; koraiensis, 3607.
Tea, Appalachian, 3459 X;
Family, 54; Labrador, 1833;
Mexican, 737; Oswego, 2061;
Paraguay, 1637X; Rose,
2987 X; -Tree, 1843; -Tree,
Swamp, 2022 X.
Teak, 3318 X ; -wood, African,
2333
Teasel, 1020; Family, 75.
Teas, John C., 1599.
Tecoma aesculifolia, 3303 X ;
australis, 2452; Brycei, 2452;
capensis, 3318; chinensis,
651 X ; chinensis aurantiaca,
652; chrysantha, 3303 x;
filicifolia, "651, 2452; fulva,
3318; grandiflora, 651 X ;
grandiflora var. P r i n c e i ,
652; hybrida, 652; inter-
media, 652; jasminoides,
2452; leucoxylon, 3303;
Mackenii, 2452; pentaphylla,
3303 X ; Princei grandiflora,
652; radicans, 651 X; radi-
cans grandiflora atropur-
purea, 652; Reginse Sabae,
2452; Ricasoliana, 2452;
rosea, 3303; serratifolia,
3303 X ; shirensis, 3318; spec-
tabilis, 3303 X ; Thunbergii,
652; vakliviana, 650 X.
Tectona grandis, 70.
Teel-Oil, 3157.
Teff, 1126.
Telegraph Plant, 991.
Telekia speciosissima, 599 X .
Telfairia pedata, 2304.
Teline congesta, 949 X ; mad-
erensis, 949; stenopetala,
949.
Temple-Flower, 2723.
Tenella (Primula), 2804 X.
Tennessee, 2235.
Tenuifoliae (Cratsegus), 883.
Ten-weeks Stock, 2012.
Teonacaztli, 938.
INDEX
INDEX
3637
Teonanacatl, 1915.
Teosinte, 1161x.
Tepary, 2576; Bean, 462 X .
Tequila Mescals, 232 X .
Terminalia Catappa, 60, 2304;
Chebula, 60; elegans, 2747.
Ternatea vulgaris, 804.
Ternstrcemiaceae, 54.
Terra japonica, 74 x .
Terrel Grass, 1111 X.
Terry, H. A., 1599.
Tetracera aspera, 53 X .
Tetragonia expansa, 30 X .
Tetragonolobus edulis, 1917 X ;
purpureus, 1917 X.
Tetramicra bicolor, 1844.
Tetraneuris, 212X.
Tetrapanax papyriferum, 62 X ,
1204.
Teucriopsis, 3325 X .
Teucris,3325x.
Teufelsabbiss, 3280 X.
Texaltzapotl, 294 x.
Texas, 2251 x ; Blue-Grass,
..<; Millet, 2452X;
Mimosa, 189; Umbrella Tree,
2024 X.
Thalesia, 309, 1824 X.
Thalia sanguinea, 3277.
Thalictrum anemonoides,
3296 X.
Thallophyta, 4.
Thamnocalamus, 445.
Thamnopteris Nidus, 414 ;
Nidus-avis, 414.
Thapsoidea (Verbascum ) ,
3442X.
Thapsus (Verbascum), 3442.
Thatch-leaf Palm. 1612X;
Palm, 3333.
Thea Bohea, 1441; chinensis,
54 x ; hongkongensis, 642 ;
japonica, 641; reticulata,
641x; Sasanqua, 641 x ;
Sasanqua var. Kissi, 641 x ;
Sasanqua var. oleosa, 641 X .
Theaceae, 54.
Theka,3318x.
Theobroma Cacao, 53, 2304.
Theophrasta grandis, 786X;
imperials, 767 X , 2004 x ;
integrifolia, 786 X ; Jussieui,
64x; longifolia, 786x;
macrophylla, 786 X .
Theophrastus latif olia, 786 X .
Therefon, 538.
Theresia, 1280.
Thermopsis nepalensis, 2647.
Thespesia populnea, 2304.
Thibaudia glabra, 230 X ; ma-
crantha, 230 x ; pulcherrima,
230 x ; setigera, 230 X .
Thief-Palm, 3240 x.
Thimbleberry, 3021.
Thistle, 662, 774 x ; Argentine,
2354; Asses', 2354; Blessed,
806, 3169; Bull, 774 x ; Cot-
ton, 2354; Down, 2354;
Globe, 1096x; Golden,
3120X; Holy, 3169; Oat,
2354; Pasture, 774 X ; Queen
Mary's. 2354; Russian, 3057;
Scotch, 2354; Silver, 2354;
St. Mary's, 3169.
Thomas, J. J., 1599 X.
Thoracostachyum hypoly-
troides, 1994.
Thorburn, Grant, 1600.
Thorn- Apple, 970; Box-,
1929 x ; Buffalo, 398 x ; Caf-
fir, 1929 x; Camel-, 189 x;
Camel's, 246; Christ's-, 664,
2436 X ; Cockspur, 884; Ever-
lasting, 2863 x; Fiery,
2863 x; Jerusalem, 2436 x,
2475: Kangaroo, 1S2; Wash-
ington, 886.
Thornless Blackberry, Wild,
3031 X.
Thorny Mint, 192.
Thorough wort, 1164.
Three-seeded Mercury, 190 X ;
-thorned Acacia, 1347.
Thrift, 395, 3228; Prickly,
191 x .
Thrinax, 2446; argentea, 808;
argentea var. Garberi, 808;
Chuco, 194 X; Garberi, 808.
Throatwort, 646 X , 3361.
Thryallis glauca, 1312.
Thuja artieulata, 631; Craig-
ana, 1854; dolobrata, 3337 X ;
gigantea, 1854; obtusa var.
breviramea, 731; obtusa pen-
dula, 731 x ; occidentalis,
1441; occidentalis var. Ell-
wangeriana, 2922 X ; occi-
dentalis var. ericoidea,
2922 x; orientalis, 1441; ori-
entalis var. beverleyensis,
3574; orientalis var. decus-
sata, 2922 X ; orientalis var.
meldensis, 2922 X .
Thujopsis borealis, 730 X ; bor-
ealis var. glauca, 730 X;
Standishii, 3336 X.
Thunia, 2403 X.
Thurber, Geo., 1600 X .
Thurlow's Weeping Willow,
3053.
Thyme, 912, 3340 X ; Creeping,
3341 x ; Lemon, 3341 X.
Thymeteaceae, 58 X .
Thymelaea tinctoria, 58 X .
Thymus Chamissonia, 2048;
Corsica, 3082 x ; ericsefolius,
3082 x ; Piperella, 2048 X ;
Serpyllum, 70; vulgaris, 912.
Thyrsanthema senuflosculare,
734.
Thyrsopterideae, 1209 X.
Thyrsopteris elegans, 1209 X .
Tiarella biternata, 422 x .
Tickle-Grass, 15OOX.
Tick-Seed, 500, 844 X ; Tre-
foil, 991.
Tideland Spruce, 2620.
Tidy Tips, 1832.
Tiedemannia rigida, 2420 X .
Ti-es, 1919.
Tiger-Flower, 3344 X ; Lily,
1870.
Tiger's Jaw, 2041.
Tilia alba, 3608; americana,
358X.
Tiliaceae, 52.
Tillandsia acaulis, 903; Blokii,
3494; carinata, 3493 X; ex-
sudans, 1395; fenestralis,
3493x; guttata, 3493X;
heliconioides, 3493 X ; hiero-
glyphica, 3494; musaica,
2010 X; nitida, 686; picta,
3493; psittacina, 3493 x;
Saundersii, 3493; splendens,
3493; tessellata, 3493x;
usneoides, 18 X ; zebrina,
3493.
Timbe, 188 X.
Tinus laurifolius, 3458 X.
Tinweed, 10 X .
Tiny Lily, 1874 X.
Tique, 229.
Tira, 1137 X.
Tirucalli (Euphorbia), 1170.
TithjTnalopsis corollata, 1169;
Ipecacuanhae, 1169 X .
Titnymalus (Euphorbia), 1173;
pendulus, 3078.
Titoki, 244 x.
Toad-Flax, 1884; -Lily, 3377 X.
Tobacco, 2143 X; Indian, 1899;
Ladies', 299; Mountain,
396.
Tobira, 2654.
Tocote Prieto, 1720.
Toddy, 811; -Palm, 679 X.
Todea, 1215 X.
To-Kumquat, 784 "X.
Tolinium variegatum, 3306 X.
Tollon, 2596 X.
Tolu-Balsam Tree, 2095.
Toluifera Balsamum, 42, 2095;
cochinchinensis, 1352.
Tomatillo, 2608 X .
Tomato, Husk, 2608; Straw-
berry, 2608 x ; Tree, 943.
Tomentosae (Crataegus), 885.
Tom Thumb Lily, 1874 x;
Nasturtium, 3389 X.
TooartTree, 1156X.
Toog, 510.
Toona ciliata, 698; serrata, 698;
sinensis, 698.
Toor, 613 X.
Toothache Tree, 3538; -wort,
988, 1824 X.
Toot-poison, 847.
Toowoomba Canary-Grass,
2574.
Thryallis glauca, 1312. 2574.
Vol. I, pp. 1-602; II, pp. 603-12OO; III, pp. 1201-1760;
Topiary-Gardening, 2675.
Top Onion, 248.
Torch-Lily, 1751 X ; -wood, 279.
Torenia auriculaefolia, 889 X.
Toreta,292x.
Torminaria Clusii, 3196 x ; lati-
folia, 3196X; torminalis,
3196 x.
Tornillo, 2811.
Torreya nucif era, 2304.
Tortoise Plant, 3322.
Touch-me-not, 1641 x ; Spotted,
1642 x.
Tournefortia unbellata, 69.
Tovara, 2740.
Toxicodendron capense, 1618;
vulgare, 2953 X .
Toxicophloea cestroides, 209;
spectabilis, 209; Thunbergii,
209.
Toxicoscordion Nuttallii,
3549 X.
Toxylon pomifervun, 1961 X.
Toyon, 2596 X .
Trachy carpus, 2446.
Trachyphyllum (Saxifraga)
3094X.
Tradescantia discolor, 2949 X;
discolor var. variegata, 2950;
discolor var. vittata, 2950;
erecta, 3351 X ; latif olia,
3351 X; multicolor, 3540;
quadricolor, 3540; spathacea,
2950; tricolor, 3540; undata,
3351 x; variegata, 2950; ze-
brina, 3540.
Tragacanth, 1417.
Tragopogon porrif olius, 77 X .
Tragopyrum laneeolatum var.
latifolium, 427 X .
Trailing Arbutus, 1120; Be-
gonia, 776X; Fuchsia,
1302 x; Hollyhock, 1484 x;
Lantana, 1820; Myrtle, 3471;
Queen, 1302 X.
Trajan's Column, 2425.
Trapa bispinosa, 2304; natans,
61 X , 2304.
Traveler's Joy, 797.
Treasure Vine, 1490 X.
Tree Alfalfa, 2019 x; -Aster,
2333x; Celandine, 518;
Fern, 1209; Lupine, 1922 X;
Mallow, 1974 X ; Mamoeiro,
2460 x; Melon, 2460 x; of
Heaven, 241 x ; of Sadness,
2305 X; Onion, 248; Peony,
2434; Tomato, 943.
Trefoil, Bird's-foot, 1917 X ;
Moon, 2019 x; Yellow,
2019 X.
Treilliges, 2551.
Treisia (Euphorbia), 1172.
Tremandraceae, 46.
Tremandra Family, 46.
Trevia, 3373.
Triadenum virginicum, 1632 X .
Trianea bogotensis, 1882 X .
Triantha racemosa, 3352 X.
Trianthocytisus, 948.
Tribroma bicolor, 3331.
Tricharis, 1016.
Tricherostigma antisyphilitica,
1169 X.
Trichocarpae (Potentilla), 2773.
Tricholoma personatum, 2087.
Trichomanes, 1215 X.
Trichonema Clusiana, 2979;
rosea, 2979; speciosum, 2979.
Trichosma, 2403 X .
Trichostigma peruvianum,
1833.
Tricker, Wm., 3554.
Tricopilia, 2403 X .
Tricratus admirabilis, 175 X.
Tricuspis, 3377 X.
Tridactylites (Saxifraga),
3087.
Trifoliata (Acer), 203 X.
Trifoliate Orange, 2752.
Trifurcia, 1476 X.
Trigonella Feenum-graecum,
42.
Trigonidium ringens, 2O69.
Trincomalee Wood, 494.
Triosteum perfoliatum, 75.
Triphasia glauca, 1127 X .
Triteleia Candida, 577; grandi-
flora, 578; Howellii, 578; hya-
cinthina, peduncularis, 577.
Tritoma grandiflora, 1753;
maroccana, 1753 x ; nobilis,
1753; pumila, 1754 X ; rigidifl-
sima, 1753 X ; Saundersii,
1753; Uvaria, 1752 x.
Tritonia a urea, 896 X .
Trochodendracese, 32.
Trochodendron Family, 32.
Tropseolacese, 43.
Tropical Almond, 3321 X ;
Duckweed, 2650.
True Frost Grape, 3487; -Love,
2474 X.
Trumpet-Creeper, 651;
-Creeper, Chinese, 651 X ;
Daffodil, 2109 x ; -Flower,
503, 3332 x ; Honeysuckle,
651 x; 1911, Lily, 1867 X;
-Tree, 697; -Vine, 651 X.
Trumpets, 3078 X.
Tsuga canadensis, 1441; ja-
ponica, 2847 X .
Tsusia (Rhododendron), 2943.
Tsutsutsi (Rhododendron),
2943.
Tuba, 811.
Tube-Flower, 801.
Tuber, 2088 x.
Tuberaria globulariif olia,
1445 X ; vulgaris, 1445 x .
Tuberous-rooted Chinese Mus-
tard, 544.
Tubocytisus, 947.
TubulosjE (Clematis), 791 X.
Tucker, Luther, 1601.
Tufted Hair-Grass, 988 X.
Tulip Butterfly, 634 x ; Com-
mon Garden, 3398 X; Duo
van Thol, 3398; Globe, 631 X ;
Late, 3398x; Mariposa,
633 X; Meadow, 633; Parrot,
3399; Poppy, 2458 X; Star,
631 X ; Tree, 1890.
Tumboa Bainesii, 3511 x ;
strobilifera, 3511 X.
Tumeric, 22.
Tumion californicum, 3360 X ;
grande, 3360 X ; taxif olium,
3360X.
Tumpat-Kurundu, 2714.
Tuna, 2361 X.
Tung-Ching Tree, 3528 X ; -Oil,
245.
Tunhoof, 2130 X.
Tunis-Grass, 1497.
Tupa Feuillei, 1899; montana,
1899; salicifolia, 3170 X.
Tupelo, 2316 X .
Turban Lily, 1873.
Turbina corymbosa, 1661 X .
Turbith, 68 X.
Turfing Daisy, 756.
Turkestan Millet, 3158 X .
Turkey Grape, 3490; Oak,
2889.
Turkey's Beard, 3524 X .
Turk's Head, 612; Turban, 801.
Turnip, Indian, 391 X, 392;
Prairie, 2849 X .
Turnsole, 47, 753.
Turpentine, 1417 X; Cyprus,
48; Strasburg, 173; Tree,
3296 x ; Venice, 12 x .
Turtle-Head, 736 X.
Tussilago alpina, 1500; Farfara,
77.
Tutsan, Common, 1632 X.
Tutuila, 1699 X.
Twayblade, 1888.
Tweediea floribunda, 2420 X.
Twin-Berry, 2057 X ; -Flower,
1885 x ; -Flower, Mexican,
545; -leaf, 1720 X.
Twining Cowitch, 3365.
Twisted Stalk, 3275 X .
Two-flowered Pea, 1825 X ;
-veined Hickory, 185 X .
Tydsea amabilis, 1706; Cecilia,
1706 X ; picta, 1706.
Typhacese, 13.
Typocerasus, 2835 X .
Ugni Guava, 2096 X; Molina,
2096X.
Uhi-uhi,2414x.
Uhuihi,2045x.
Ulex europaeus, 41 X, 42.
Ulluco, 34O8.
Ullucus tuberosus, 31.
Ulmaeese, 25 X .
IV, pp. 1761-2422; V, pp. 2423-3041; VI, pp. 3043-3639.
3638
INDEX
INDEX
Ulmaria angustifolia, 1239 x ;
camtschatica, 1239; Fili-
pendula, 1239; palmata,
1239; palustris, 1239 X; pen-
tapetala, 1239 X ; purpurea,
1239; rubra, 1239; vestita,
1239 X.
Ulmus americana, 358 X ; fulva,
26; Keakii, 3540 X; various
combinations, 3574; Verschaf-
feltii, 3541.
Umbelliferse, 62 X .
Umbilicus Aizoon, 869; chry-
santhus, 869; pendulinus,
869 X ; Semper vivum, 869 X .
Umbrella-Leaf, 1016 X ; Palm,
941, 1442; Pine, 3115 X;
Plant, 941, 3102 X; Tree,
1966 X ; Tree, Texas, 2024 x .
Umbu, 2614 X , 3217.
Una de Gato, 2652, 2653.
Unguis-cati, 2652.
Unicorn Plant, 2005.
Uniflorse (Cratsegus), 885.
Unifoliati (Streptocarpus ) ,
3274.
Unifolium canadense, 1971 X ,
3596.
United States, 2148.
Unona sethiopica, 3528; Brand-
isana, 653; carminativa,
3 5 2 6 X ; cochinchinensis,
991 x ; Desmos, 991 X ; dis-
color, 991 X ; discreta, 991 x ,
3527; elegans,991 X ; latifolia,
* 653; odorata, 652 X ; penduli-
flora, 938; tripetaloidea,
3527 X ; zeylanica, 991 X .
Unonopsis, 291.
Unshiu Orange, 784 X .
Upland Boneset, 1167; Cress,
454.
Upright Tomato, 1931 X .
Uragoga Ipecacuanha, 74 x ,714.
Urbinia agavoides, 870.
Urd,2575x.
Urena lobata, 52 X.
Urginea maritima, 19 X .
Urhur,613x.
Uropedium Lindeni, 2603 X .
Uropetalum, 1016.
Urtica cannabina, 26 X ; cara-
casana, 3416 x ; dioica, 26 X .
Urticacese, 26 X .
Urticastrum, 1821 X.
Urvillea ferruginea, 3156 X.
Usambara Violet, 3049 X.
Usteria scandens, 2012 X .
Utah, 2272 x ; Hybrid Cherry,
2834.
Uvadel Mar, 807 X .
Uva-Grass, 1421 X.
Uvaria brasiliensis, 938; odor-
ata, 652 X .
Uvularia sessilifolia, 2318.
Vaccaria vulgaris, 3074 X .
Vaccinium album, 3293 X ; ma-
crocarpon, 64; Myrtillus, 64;
Oxycoccus, 64.
Vagnera racemosa, 3173; sessili-
folia, 3173; stellata, 3173;
trifolia, 3173.
Valdesia, 512 x.
Valerian, African, 1204 X ; Cat's,
3426 X ; Common, 3426 X ;
Family, 75; Greek, 2729 X;
Marsh, 3426 X; Red, 713 X.
Valerianacese, 75.
Valeriana Cornucopias, 1204 x ;
officinalis, 75; sibirica, 2487 X .
Valley Cottonwood, 2758 x ;
Grape, 3488 x ; Oak, 2887 x .
Vallisneria alternif olia, 14 X .
Valoradia plumbaginoides, 719.
Vanda Batemannii, 3233 x ,
3432 x ; gigantea, 3432 x ;
lissochiloides, 3233 x ; longi-
folia, 191 x ; Lowei, 2917.
Van Deman, H, E., 3554.
Vangueria edulis, 74 x .
Vanilla, 2043x; Carolina,
3380X; -Grass, 1491 X ;
planifolia, 23; Plant, 3380 X.
Variegated Bamboo, 449;
Laurel, 815 X .
Various-leaved Fescue, 1228 X.
Varnish, Copal, 42; Tree, 245 X ,
1756 X, 2953 X; Tree, Jap-
anese, 3239.
Vasconcellea quercifolia, 664.
Vaux, Calvert, 1601.
Vavisa, 287 X.
Vegetable Orange, 908; Oyster,
3365; Sponge, 1921; Tallow,
3073.
Veitchia Canterburyana,
1442 X .
Velasquezia, 3383.
Veltheimia Uvaria, 1752 X .
Velvet Bean, 3243; -Grass,
2290 X, 3549; Groundsel,
3152 x ; -Leaf, 775, 3423 X ;
Tree, 1422.
Venice Turpentine, 12 X .
Venus Fly-trap, 1011 x; Look-
ing-glass, 3203 X .
Vepris lanceolata, 3352 X.
Veratrum, 19 X .
Verbascum Thapsus, 71.
Verbena hastata, 69 x ; Lemon,
1707, 1888 X ; ligustrina,
1889; Moss, 3446; nodiflora,
1889; officinalis, 69 X; Sand,
175 X.
Verbenacese, 69 x .
Verbesina alternifolia, 213 x ;
helianthoides, 213 X ; sativa,
1416.
Verilimonium, 3230 X .
Vermont, 2157 X .
Vernales (Primula), 2797 X .
Vernal Grass, Sweet, 301.
Veronica, 71.
Veronicastrum 3450.
Verschaffeltia, 2446; melano-
ehsetes, 2999.
Vervain Family, 69 X.
Vesicaria gnaphalodes, 2611 X.
Vespuccia Humboldtii, 1624 X .
Vetch, 3464; American, 3465 X ;
Bitter, 3466; Black Bitter,
1826 X ; Carolina, 3465 X ;
Crown, 855 X; French,
3464 x ; Hairy, 3466; Kidney,
303 X ; Milk, 424; Narbonne,
3464 x; Purple, 3466; Rus-
sian, 3466; Sand, 3466; Scarlet,
3465 X ; Spring Bitter, 1827.
Vetchling, Prairie, 1826 X.
Vetiveria zizanioides, 15.
Vetrix purpurea, 3054 X .
VJ.3216X.
Viburnums, 1441; Wrightii var.
Hessei, 3574.
Vicia galegifolia, 3282 X ; Lens,
1839; sativa, 41 X.
Vick, James, 1601 X .
Victorian Box, 2654; Rose-
mary, 3512.
Vigna Catjang, 41 X .
Villamilla peruviana, 3377;
roseo-cenia, 3377.
Villarsia aquatica, 2316 X ; lacu-
nosa, 2316 X.
Villosse (Syringa), 3300.
Vincetoxicum acuminatum,
938 X ; japonicum, 938 X .
Vine, 3481 x; -Cactus, 1271;
Peach, 908.
Viola canina, 3609.
Violacese, 56.
Violet, African, 3049 X ; Aus-
tralian, 3473; Bird-foot-,
3474 X; Confederate, 3473;
Damask, 1479; Dame's,
1479; Family, 56; Horned,
3474; Labrador, 2632x;
Prairie Clover, 2561 X ;
Sweet, 3473 ; Usambara,
3049 X ; Water-, 1608.
Viorna (Clematis), 790 X.
Viper's Bugloss, 1098 X .
Virgilia lutea, 785.
Virginia, 2215X; Cowslip,
2039; Creeper, 2478X;
Crownbeard, 3447; Snake-
root, 393.
Virginian Strawberry, 1272;
Willow, 1707 X .
Virgin Rubber, 3072 X .
Virides (Cratsegus), 883 X.
Viscaria alpina, 1927 X ; ocu-
lata, 1928.
Viscum album, 27 X ; flaves-
cens, 2594 X .
Visiania, 1859.
Vitacese, 51.
Vitalba (Clematis), 795.
Vitex Negundo forma multi-
fida. 3574.
Viticella (Clematis), 792 X.
Vitis, 51 X ; bipinnata, 278;
brevipeduncidata, 278; can-
toniensis, 278 X; capreolata,
3324; Delavayana, 278; gon-
gylodes, 776; Henryana,
2478 X ; heterophylla, 277 X ;
heterophylla var. variegata,
278; inconstans, 2478 x; in-
constans var. Lowii, 2479; in-
divisa, 277 x ; leeoides, 278 x ,
3565 X ; megalophylla, 278 x ;
oligocarpa, 775 x ; orientals,
278 X ; pterophora, 776; quin-
quefolia, 2478 X; rep ens,
277 X; rubrifolia, 2479; ser-
janiaefolia, 278; Veitchii, 2479.
Vitis-Idsea (Vaccinium), 3425;
Vitis-Idsea, 3425.
Vitivert, 3456.
Vittadinia triloba, 1133.
Vittaria lineata, 1215 X .
Voandzeia Poissonii, 1737; sub-
terranea, 41 X.
Voa Vanga, 3433.
Volkameria fragrans, 800 X ;
japonica, 800 x .
Vriesia anceps, 3350 X ; glau-
cophylla, 3351; Lindeni i,
3350 X ; musaica, 2010 X .
Vulgaris (Syringa), 3300 X.
Wafer Ash, 2851.
Wahlenbergia grandiflora, 2711.
Wahoo Elm, 3410.
Wake Robin, 403, 3380 X.
Waldmeister, 411 X.
Walker, Ernest, 3554.
Walking-Leaf Fern, 652; -Stick
Palm, 441 X.
Wall Fern, 2744 X; -flower,
Coast, 1140; -gardening,
2680 X; Pepper, 3127.
Wallichia caryotoides, 2446;
porphyrocarpa. 1006.
Walnut, 1721, 2296; Belgaum,
245 x ; Family, 25; Indian,
245 X.
Walsura piscidia, 45 X.
Wampi, 786.
Wandering Jew, 3363, 3540.
Wand-Flower, 3200.
Wappato, 14.
Waratah,3320x.
Warder, J. A., 1602.
Waria zeylanica, 3527 X.
Warratau, 3320 X .
Warrea discolor, 3506 X .
Washington 2278 X ; Plant,
608 X; Thorn, 886.
Washingtonia, 2413, 2446.
Watches, 3078 X.
Water Aloe, 3260; Arum, 627 X ;
Ash, 1276; -Blinks, 2065; Cal-
trops, 3371 X; Chestnut,
3371 X ; Chestnut Family,
61 X ; Chickweed, 2065; Chin-
kapin, 2117; -Corn, 3468;
-Cress, 2895 X ; -Dock, Great,
3037 ; Drop wort, 2 3 2 8 X ;
-Elm, 2655 X, 3409X;
-Feather, 1608; -gardening,
2668; Hawthorn, 311 x;
-Hickory, 676 X ; Hyacinth,
1105; -Leaf, 1625; -Leaf Fam-
ily, 68 X; -Lemon, 2484;
-Lettuce, 2650; -Lily, 2306;
-Lily, Cape Blue, 2311 X;
-Lily, Cape Cod, 2313 x;
-Lily Family, 31 x ; -Lily,
Rice Field, 2313 X ; -Lily,
Royal, 3466 X ; -Lily, Sweet-
scented, 2313; Lobelia, 1899;
Locust, 1347; -melon, Chi-
nese, 486 X ; Milfoil Family,
61 X; -mold, 5x; Oak,
2884 X ; Oats, 3546 x ; Par-
snip, 3171 X ; Pennywort,
1624 X ; -Plantain, 246 X ;
-Plantain Family, 13 X ;
-Poppy, 1624 X ; Purslane,
1920; -Shield, 539 X ; Snow-
flake, 2316 X; Soldier, 3260;
-Target, 539X; -Thyme,
1110 X ; -Violet, 1608; -Weed,
1110 x; -Willow, 974, 997;
-Yarrow, 1608.
Watsonia natalensis, 1345.
Wattle, Black, 188; Blue-
leaved, 184 X ; Broad-leaved,
184 X ; Broom, 181 X ; Golden
184 X; Green, 188; Hairy,
187 x ; Silver, 188 x ; Sydney
Black, 188; Sydney Golden,
187 X.
Waxberry, 3293 X ; Chinese
White, 1274 x ; Gourd, 486 x ;
Myrtle, 2092 X; -Palm, 726,
1019x; -Plant, 1612x;
-Tree, 2953 X; -Work,
701.
Wayfaring Tree, 3460 X;
American, 3460 X .
Waythorn, 2924.
Weather-Plant, 176.
Webbia (Hypericum), 1632.
Wedding Iris, 2066 X.
Weeping Big Tree, 3154; Lan-
tana, 1820; Myall, 185 X;
Oak, 2887 x ; White, Linden,
3348 X ; Willow, 3053.
Weigela, 1007 X, 35 10.
Wellhouse, Frederick, 1602 X.
Welsh Onion, 248; Poppy,
2017 X.
Western Cottonwood, 2758 x ;
Mugwort, 400; Sand Cherry,
2833 X .
West Indian Birch, 600 X ;
Cedar, 698; Copal, 1417;
Gherkin, 908 X ; Gooseberry,
2606 x ; Indigo, 1646 x ; Red
Jasmine, 2723.
West Virginia, 2218.
Wharton, Silas, 1602 X.
Wheat-Grass, 240; India-,
1201 X .
Wheatley Elm, 3412 X .
Wheel Lily, 1876.
Whin, 3407 X.
Whirlwind, 286 X .
White Adder's-Tongue, 1143;
Alder, 801 X ; Alder Family,
63; Ash, 1275 X; Bachelor's
Button, 2907 X ; Baneberry,
212; -Bark Pine, 2639; Bay,
1967 X; Beam-Tree, 3197;
Bedstraw, 1312; Ben, 3165 X ;
Birch, 498; Box, 1153 X;
Campion, 1928 X ; Cedar,
730 X, 1854, 3335; Char-
lock, 2910; Clover, 3379;
Columbine, Munstead's,
341 X ; -Cup, 2145; Daisy,
1832; Elm, 3409 X ; Fir, 173,
174; Fritillary, 1282; Gourd,
486 X; Hawkweed, 1491;
Heath Aster, 418x; Helle-
bore, American, 3440 X ;
Hellebore, European, 3440 X ;
Ironbark, 1153, 1159; Linden,
3348 ; Linden, Weeping,
3348 X ; Lotus, 2315; Lupine,
1923 x; Mahogany Gum,
1155X; Mangrove, 436;
Maple, 202 X; Mint, 2035;
Mountain Lily, 1848 X ; Mul-
berry, 2070; Oak, 2885 X,
2887X; Oak, Mexican,
2890x; Oak, Swamp,
2886 X; Pine, 2638; Pine,
Mountain, 2638 X ; Popinac,
1848; Poplar, 2755 X , 2756 x ;
Prairie Clover, 2561; Sage,
400; Sapote, 680; Snakeroot,
1167; -spined Bull-Horn. 590;
Spruce, 2619x; Swamp
Honeysuckle, 2942; Upright
Mignonette, 2918 X ; Walnut,
1722X; Watsonia, 3510;
-weed, 758; Willow, 3052 x ;
-wood, 34, 1080, 1890,
3345 X ; Wood Lily, 3380 X .
White, W. N., 1602 X.
Whitlavia, 2566 X ; alba, 2576;
gloxinioides, 2567; grandi-
flora, 2566 X .
Whitlow-Grass, 1068; -Wort,
2476; -Wort, -Silver, 2476.
Whorl-Flower, 2067 X ; -leaved
Acacia, 186 X .
Whortleberry, 3424 X.
Wicky, 1734 x .
Wicopy, 1020 X .
Widdringtonia Whytei, 631.
Widow Iris, 1477.
Wilder, M. P., 1603.
Willow, 2765; Arroyo, 3055;
Bay-Leaf, 3052; Black, 3052;
Brittle, 3052; Colorado,
3054 x ; Desert, 747 x ; Dwarf,
3054; Egyptian, 3053; Fam-
ily, 24; Flowering, 747 X ;
Goat, 3053 X ; Heart-leaved,
3054 X; Hoary, 3054X;
Kimarnock, 3053 x ; Laurel-
Leaf, 3052 ; Napoleon's,
INDEX
INDEX
3639
Willow, continued.
3052 X: Oak, 2885; Osier,
3054; Peach-Leaf, 3052;
Prairie, 3054 Primrose, 1730;
Pussy, 3053 x; Silky, 3054;
Sitka. 3055; Thurlow's Weep-
ing, 3053; Virginian, 1707 X ;
Water-, 974, 997; White,
3952 x ; Wisconsin Weeping,
3053: Yellow, 3052 x .
WiHugbaeya, 2050.
Windmill Grass. 750 X.
Windsor Bean. 3464 X .
Wineberry, 3027; -berrv. New
Zealand, 395; -berry Shrub,
Grape, 3484 x ; -Palm,
679x, 2910X; -Plant,
2927 X.
Winged Elm, 3410; Pea, 1917 X .
Wing-stemmed Wild Pea, 1826.
Winter Aconite, 1127: -berry,
1640X: Cherry, 2608X;
Cress, Common, 454: Cress,
Early, 454; Grape.
Grape. Sweet, 3487 X : Helio-
trope, 2562: Melon, 90S;
Purslane, 2065; Savory,
3082 x: -Sweet, 209; Sweet
Pea, 3283.
Wintera aromatica, 1077.
Wintergreen, 64, 1319, 2864;
Chickweed-, 3378 X; Flow-
ering. 2738.
Wire-Grass, 939 X , 1 109 X ;
Plant. 2074 X.
Wisconsin, 2187 X ; Weeping
Wiltow, 3053.
Wisteria. Evergreen, 2706 X.
Witch-Grass, Old, 2452X;
-hazel. 40, 1430; -hazel Fam-
ily. 40.
Withania origanifolia, 3055 X .
Withe- Rod, 3459 X.
Wokowi, 1915.
Wolf berry. 3293 X.
Wolffia, 1836.
Wolffiella, 1836.
Wolfsbane, 209; -milk, 1167;
Pale Yellow, 210 X.
Wollybutt, 1159 X.
WomanVTongue Tree, 243 X.
Wonga-Wonga Vine. 2452.
Wood Anemone, 286; Anemone,
Yellow, 286 X ; -Apple, 1219;
Betony. 2524 x ; -bine, 1913;
-Fern, 1078 X ; Hair-Grass,
989; Lily, 1876; Lily, White,
3380x; Meadow-Grass,
2273 x; -oil, 245; -oil Tree,
China, 245 X; -oil Tree,
Japan, 245 X ; Rush, 1924.
Woodfordia floribunda, 59.
Woodruff, 411; Dyer's, 411 X.
Woods, 2662.
Woodsia, 1217 X.
Woodwardia angustifolia, 1218.
Woolly Woundwort, 3220.
Woolverton, C. E., 1603 X.
Wormseed, 737.
Wormwood, 77; Beach, 399 X;
Roman, 400.
Woundwort, 303x, 3218;
Woolly, 3220.
Wreath Goldenrod, 31S8; Pur-
ple, 2563.
Wrightia tinctoria, 67X;
tomentosa, 67 X .
Wrinkled Bamboo, 449.
Wulfenia cordata, 3297 X.
Wych Elm, 3410 X; hazel,
1430 X.
Wyoming, 2260 X.
Xalxocotl, 2848.
Xanthantha, 2312 X.
Xanthprhoea australis, 19 X;
hastilis, 19 X.
Xanthosoma sagittifolium, 18.
Xeranthemum proliferum,
2569.
Xicori, 1915.
Xiloxochitl, 2423.
Ximenia americana, 28.
Xiphium (Iris), 1681; filifolium,
1681 X; Histrio, 1682; jun-
ceum, 1681; Kolpakowskia-
num, 1682; planifolium, 1680;
Sisyrinchium, 1682; tingi-
tanum, 1681 X .
Xochinacaztli, 938.
Xolisma ferruginea, 1935; fru-
ticosa, 1935; ligustrina, 1935.
Xuxu, 3124 X.
Xylon pentandnun, 700.
Xylophylla elongata, 2606 X ;
latif olia, 2606 X ; montana,
2606X.
Xvlopicrum, 3527.
Xylopleurum, 2331 X .
Xylosteum, 1904; Solonis,
1907 X.
Yam Bean, 2425 X; Chinese,
1013; Family, 20 X; Hawai-
ian Bitter, 1013 x; Vine,
Giant, 1013 X.
Yampi, 1013 X.
Yaquona, 2646 X.
Yaray,3044x.
Yard-Grass, 1109X.
Yarrow, 206; Water-, 1608.
Yas, 2556 X .
Yate, Flat-topped, 1154X;
Tree, 1154 X.
Yaupon, 1640.
Yautia, 3523.
Yaw-Root, 3242 X.
Yaxci, 232 x.
Yellow Archangel, 1777; Bache-
lor's Button, 2909; -Bark
Oak, 2884; Bedstraw,
1311 X ; -Bells, California,
1112; Berry, 3023 X; Big-
nonia, 3317; Birch, 498; Box,
1158 X ; Calla, 3536 x ; Cedar,
730 x; Chestnut Oak, 2886;
Chinese Poppy, 2018 X;
Clover, 3379; Daisy, 3034 x ;
Day Lily, 1455 x; Dock,
3037; Elder, 3317; Ever-
lasting, 1450; False Garlic,
2291; -flowered Rest-Har-
row, 2353 X ; Fringed Orchis
1423X; Fox-tail, 3158;
Locust, 2967; Loosestrife,
1936 x; Lupine, 1923; Oak,
2883 x; Oleander, 3332 x;
Pine, 2642 x ; Pond-Lily,
2291 x; Poplar, 34, 1890;
Rocket, 454; -Root, Shrub,
3537; Strawberry, 1080,
3496; Strawberry Guava,
2848 x ; Stringybark, 1 155 X ;
Suckling Clover, 3379; Tre-
foil, 2019 X ; Turk's-Cap Lily,
1874; Willow, 3052 x ; Wolfs-
bane, Pale, 210 X; -Wood,
785, 2949; Wood Anemone,
286X.
Yerba Buena, 2048; de Mate,
1637 X ; Mansa, 287 X .
Yew, 3315; Family, 11 x.
Ylangylang, 652 x ; Climbing,
397.
York and Lancaster Rose,
2989.
Youth-and-Old-Age, 3544 X.
Yucca acaulis, 1306; acrotricha,
966; argyraa, 1305; argy-
rophylla, 1305; -Barran-
casecca, 2147X; Boscii,
238 x ; bulbifera. 1305 X ;
calif ornica, 1479 X ; funifera,
1478; gracilis, 966; gramini-
folia, 966, 1479 X; histrix,
238 x ; longjf olia, 2147 X ;
nitida, 1479 X ; Ortgiesiana,
1479 x ; Parmentieri, 1305;
parviflora, 1478; parvifolia,
1478; Pringlei, 1305 X; ser-
ratifolia, 966; super ba,
1306x; Toneliana, 1305-
Whipplei, 1479 X; Whippleij
violacea, 1479 X.
Yuquilla, 1992.
Zalusania eminens, 2724.
Zaman, 3066 X.
Zamia calocoma, 2047 X ; pun-
gens, 1114.
Zanthoxylum Daniellii, 1185 X ;
trifoliatum, 193.
Zanzibar Aloes, 255 x ; Copal,
1417.
Zapania nodiflora, 1889.
Zapote negro, 1016.
Zapupes, 232 X.
Zebra Plant, 624; Wood,
2649X.
Zehneria scabra, 2033 X .
Zembe, 3526.
Zephyr Flower, 3541 X.
Zephyrites, 3543.
Zerumbet speciosum, 265 X.
Zichya tricolor, 1735x ; villosa,
1735 X.
Zigzag Clover, 3379 X.
Zingiber officinale, 22.
ZingiberacesD, 21 X .
Zit-kwa, 486 X .
Zizia integerrima, 3304 X .
Zizyphus Lotus, 51; Paliurus,
2436 X; Spina-Christi, 51.
Zonal Geranium, 2531.
Zostera, 13 X.
ZosterostyUs, 904 X.
Zuursaak, 292.
Zygia fastigiata, 244.
Zygomycetes, 5 X .
Zygopetalum, 2403 X ; Burtii,
1615; coeleste, 519 X; dis-
color, 3506 X ; Lalindei, 519 x ;
meleagris, 1615; Patinii,
519 x; violaceum", 519 x;
Wendlandii, 3506 X ; xanthi-
num, 2810 X.
Zygophyllaceee, 44.
Zygophyllum simplex, 44.
The following pages contain advertisements of
books by the same author or on kindred subjects.
THE RURAL OUTLOOK SET
By L. H. BAILEY
Four Volumes. Each, cloth, 12mo. Uniform binding, attractively boxed.
$5,00 net per set; carriage extra. Each volume also sold separately.
In this set are included three of Professor Bailey's most popular books as well as a hitherto un-
published one, — "The Country-Life Movement." The long and persistent demand for a uniform
edition of these little classics is answered with the publication of this attractive series.
The Country-Life Movement
Cloth, I2mo, 220 pages, $1.25
This hitherto unpublished volume deals with the present movement for the redirection of rural
civilization, discussing the real country-life problem as distinguished from the city problem,
known as the back-to-the-land movement.
The Outlook tO Nature (New and Revised Edition)
Cloth, 12mo, 195 pages, $1.25
In this alive and bracing book, full of suggestions and encouragement, Professor Bailey argues the
importance of contact with nature, a sympathetic attitude toward which "means greater effi-
ciency, hopefulness, and repose."
The State and the Farmer (New Edition)
Cloth, 12mo, $1.25
It is the relation of the fanner to the government that Professor Bailey here discusses in its varying
aspects. He deals specifically with the change in agricultural methods, in the shifting of the
geographical centers of farming in the United States, and in the growth of agricultural institutions.
The Nature Study Idea (New Edition)
Cloth, I2mo, $1.25
"It would be wrell," the critic of The Tribune Farmer once wrote, "if 'The Nature Study Idea'
were in the hands of every person who favors nature study in the public schools, of every one who
is opposed to it, and, most important, of every one who teaches it or thinks he does." It has been
Professor Bailey's purpose to interpret the new school movement to put the young into relation
and sympathy with nature, — a purpose which he has admirably accomplished.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
PUBLISHERS 64-66 Fifth Avenue NEW YORK
RURAL TEXT -BOOK SERIES
Edited by L. H. BAILEY
Each volume Illustrated Cloth, 12mo.
While the RURAL SCIENCE SERIES is designed primarily for popular reading and for
general use, this related new series is designed for classroom work and for special use in consulta-
tion and reference. The RURAL TEXT-BOOK SERIES is planned to cover eventually the en-
tire range of public school and college texts. For fuller information on each book, see index for
separate titles.
Physiology of Plant Production. By B. M. Duggar $1.60
Southern Field Crops. By John Frederick Duggar '1.75
Principles and Practice of Judging Livestock. By Carl Warren Gay 1.50
Animal Husbandry for Schools. By M. W. Harper 1.40
Text-Book of Grasses. By A. S. Hitchcock 1.50
Field Crop Production. By George Livingston 1.40
Principles of Soil Management. By T. L. Lyon and E. O. Fippin 1.75
Beginnings in Agriculture. By A. R. Mann 75
Cora Crops. By E. G. Montgomery . 1.60
Forage Plants and Their Culture. By Charles V. Piper 1.75
Farm Management. By G. F. Warren 1.75
Elements of Agriculture. By G. F. Warren 1.10
Manures and Fertilizers. By H. J. Wheeler 1.60
Principles of Irrigation Practice. By John A. Widtsoe 1.75
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
PUBLISHERS 64-66 Fifth Avenue NEW YORK
RURAL SCIENCE SERIES
Edited by L. H. BAILEY
Each volume illustrated Cloth, 12mo.
A series of practical books for farmers and gardeners, sold as a set or separately. Each one is the work of a com-
petent specialist, and is suitable for consultation alike by the amateur or professional tiller of the soil, the scientist
or the student. Illustrations of marked beauty are freely used, and the books are clearly printed and well bound.
ON SELECTION OF LAND, ETC.
Isaac P. Roberts' The Farmstead $1.50
T. F. Hunt's How to Choose a Farm 1.75
E. G. Cheyney's The Farm Woodlot 1.50
ON TILLAGE, ETC.
F. H. King's The Soil 1.50
Isaac P. Roberts' The Fertility of the Land 1.50
F. H. King's Irrigation and Drainage . . 1.50
Edward B. Voorhees' Fertilizers 1.25
Edward B. Voorhees' Forage Crops ... 1.50
J. A. Widtsoe's Dry Farming • 1.50
L. H. Bailey's Principles of Agriculture . . 1.25
S. M. Tracy's Forage Crops for the South . . 1.50
ON PLANT DISEASES, ETC.
E. C. Lodeman's The Spraying of Plants. 1.25
ON GARDEN-MAKING
L. H. Bailey's Garden-Making 1.50
L. H. Bailey's Principles of Vegetable-Gardening . ... 1.50
L. H. Bailey's Forcing Book 1.25
L. H. Bailey's Plant Breeding 2.00
ON FRUIT-GROWING, ETC.
L. H. Bailey's Nursery Book 1.50
L. H. Bailey's Fruit-Growing 1.75
L. H. Bailey's The Pruning Book 1.50
F. W. Card's Bush Fruits ' 1.50
W. Paddock & O. B .Whipple's Fruit Growing hi Arid Regions 1.50
J. E. Colt's Citrus Fruits 2.00
S. W. Fletcher's The Strawberry in North America 1.75
ON THE CARE OF LIVE-STOCK
Nelson S. Mayo's The Diseases of Animals . 1.50
W. H. Jordan's The Feeding of Animals ' 1.50
I. P. Roberts' The Horse 1.25
M. W. Harper's Breaking and Training of Horses . 1.75
George C. Watson's Farm Poultry. New edition 1.50
John A. Craig's Sheep Farming 1.50
E. F. Phillips' Beekeeping 2.00
ON DAIRY WORK, FARM CHEMISTRY, ETC.
Henry H. Wing's Milk and Its Products. New edition 1.50
J. G. Lipman's Bacteria and Country Life 1.50
ON ECONOMICS AND ORGANIZATION
William A. McKeever's Farm Boys and Girls . . . 1.50
I. P. Roberts' The Farmer's Business Handbook 1-25
George T. Fairchild's Rural Wealth and Welfare 1.25
H. N. Ogden's Rural Hygiene 1.50
J. Green's Law for the American Farmer 1-50
G. H. Powell's Cooperation in Agriculture 1-50
J. B. Merman's Principles of Rural Credits 1-25
C. W. Herrick's Insects Injurious to the Household . 1.75
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
PUBLISHERS 64-66 Fifth Avenue NEW YORK
THE RURAL MANUALS
Edited by L. H. BAILEY
Manual of Farm Animals
A Practical Guide to the Choosing, Breeding and Keep of Horses, Cattle, Sheep
and Swine.
By MERRITT W. HARPER
Assistant Professor of Animal Husbandry in the New York State College of
Agriculture at Cornell University
Illustrated, decorated cloth, 12mo, 545 pages, index, $2.00; by mail, $2.18
"The work is invaluable as a practical guide in raising farm animals." — Morning Telegram.
"A book deserving of close study as well as being handy for reference, and should be in the
possession of every farmer interested in stock." — Rural World.
Manual of Gardening
A Practical Guide to the Making of Home Grounds and the Growing of Flowers,
Fruits and Vegetables for Home Use.
By L. H. BAILEY
Illustrated, cloth, I2mo, 544 pages, $2.00; by mail, $2.17
This new work is a combination and revision of the main parts of two other books by the
same author, "Garden-Making" and "Practical Garden Book," together with much new material
and the result of the experience of ten added years. Among the persons who collaborated in the
preparation of the other two books, and whose contributions have been freely used in this one,
are C. E. Hunn, a gardener of long experience; Professor Ernest Walker, reared as a commercial
florist; Professor L. R. Taft, and Professor F. A. \Vaugh, well known for their studies and writings
on horticultural subjects.
A STANDARD WORK REVISED AND ENLARGED
The Farm and Garden Rule Book
By L. H. BAILEY
Illustrated, cloth, 12mo, $2.00
When Professor Bailey's "Horticulturist's Rule Book" was published nearly twenty-five
years ago, the volume became a standard agricultural work running through sixteen editions.
Taking this book as a basis, the author has now made a wholly new book, extending it to cover
the field of general farming, stock-raising, dairying, poultry-rearing, horticulture, gardening,
forestry, and the like. It is essentially a small cyclopedia of ready rules and references, packed full
from cover to cover of condensed, meaty information and precepts on almost every leading
subject connected with country life.
THE MACMILLAN COMPANY
PUBLISHERS 64-66 Fifth Avenue NEW YORK
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