STATISTICAL STUDIES OF
WORLD-WIDE SECCHI DATA
Gerald Lee York
DUDLEY KNOX «-«BR^
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE S-HOO.
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STATISTICAL STUDIFS OF
WORLD-WIDE SFCCHI DATA
by
Gerald Lee York
March 19 lh
Thesis Advisor: S.
P.
Tucker
Prepared for:
Office of Naval Research
Code U80D
Arlington, Virginia 22217
T 161502
Appiovzd ^on. public A.c£eoie; dli>t/uhixtion antimiX.zd.
Statistical Studies of
World-Wide Secchi Data
by
Gerald Lee ,York
Lieutenant, United States Navy
B.S., in Animal Husbandry, Southern Illinois University, 1967
Submitted in partial fulfillment of the
requirements for the degree of
MASTER OF SCIFNCE IN OCFANOGPAPHY
from the
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SGHOOL
March 1974
YS2
NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL
Monterey, California
Rear Admiral Mason Freeman Jack R. Borsting
Superintendent Provost
This thesis is prepared in conjunction with research supported in part
by the Office of Naval Research under Project Order No. POh-0121.
Reproduction of all or part of this report is authorized.
Released as a
Technical Report by:
ABSTRACT
An investigation was made to determine possible correla-
tions between Secchi depths and other simultaneously measured
oceanographic parameters which were on file at the National
Oceanographic Data Center as of March 1972. Sixty-three one-
degree sub-squares occurring in Japanese and Korean waters
and eleven Atlantic and Pacific open ocean areas were chosen
for linear correlation analysis using both sea surface data
and mean values of some fourteen different oceanographic
parameters averaged over the Secchi depth. In particular,
oxygen measurements exhibited trends toward an inverse pro-
portionality with Secchi depth while temperature indicated a
possible direct proportionality.
Time series analyses of Secchi depths were performed and
compared with upwelling indices computed for the Oregon' coast
and near Monterey Bay, California. An inverse proportionality
and possible phase lag of mean Secchi depth compared to
monthly upwelling index was observed. Multiple regression
equations relating Secchi depth and upwelling index were
calculated for both locations.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
I. INTRODUCTION - 11
A. GENERAL 11
B. BACKGROUND ON THE SECCHI DISC 13
C. PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION 19
II. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION 21
A. DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF
THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT --- 21
1. Variance and Covariance 21
2. Correlation Coefficient 22
B. METHOD USED IN OBTAINING
CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS 22
1. Biomedical Computer System
Program (BIOMED) 22
2. BIOMED 02D (Correlation with
Transgeneration) 23
III. ANALYSIS OF DATA 24
A. GENERAL 24
B. LINEAR CORRELATION ANALYSIS ' 25
1. Japanese and Korean Waters 25
a. Correlations Using Sea Surface
Chemistry Values 25
b. Correlations Using Mean
Chemistry Values 26
2. Open Ocean Areas 26
C. TIME SERIES ANALYSIS .----_ _-- 27
IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS 29
A. LINEAR CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS USING
SEA SURFACE CHEMISTRY VALUES 2 9
1. Japanese and Korean Waters -- 2P
a. Color 30
b. Bottom Depth 31
c. Temperature 31
d. Salinity 32
e. Sigma-t 32
£. Oxygen 3 3
g. Silicate 33
2. Open Ocean Areas , 33
a. Atlantic Ocean 34
b. Pacific Ocean 34
B. LINEAR CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS USING
MEAN CHEMISTRY VALUES 35
C. TIME SERIES ANALYSIS 35
1. Oregon Coast 36
2. Monterey Bay
a. Relationship Between Secchi
Depth and Upwelling Index -
40
40
Relationship Between Phytoplankton
Wet Volume and Upwelling Index
42
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS 44
47
VI. PROPOSED FUTURE RESEARCH
AVERAGING PROGRAM
SAMPLE BIOMED02D OUTPUT
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS --
APPENDIX A
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
136
138
139
BIBLIOGRAPHY 141
INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST - 144
FORM DD 1473 148
LIST OF TABLES
I. Surface Data Distribution by Marsden Sub-Square -- 49
II. Parameter Means by Marsden Sub-Square 54
III. Linear Correlation Coefficients by
Marsden Sub-Square 61
IV. Data Density Code Used in Figures 5-19 65
V. Open Ocean Area Delineations 66
VI. Surface Data Distribution by Open Ocean Area 67
VII. Parameter Means by Open Ocean Area 68
VIII. Linear Correlation Coefficients by
Open Ocean Area
70
IX. Parameter Means by Marsden Sub-Square Using
Values Averaged to the Secchi Depth '1
X. Linear Correlation Coefficients by Marsden Sub-
Square Using Values Averaged to the Secchi
Depth 73
XI. Parameter Means by Open Ocean Area Using
Values Averaged to the Secchi Depth '^
XII. Linear Correlation Coefficients by Open Ocean
Area Using Values Averaged to the Secchi
Depth 75
XIII. Regression Analysis Results (Oregon Coast) '°
7 7
XIV. Regression Analysis Results (Monterey Bay) '
LIST OF FIGURES
1A Marsden Square Chart Showing Open Ocean
Areas Studied in the Atlantic - 78
IB Marsden Square Chart Showing Open Ocean
Areas Studied in the Pacific 79
2 One Degree Sub-square Numbering System 80
3A One Degree Sub-square Delineation Chart for
Korean Waters 81
3B One Degree Sub-Square Delineation Chart for
Japanese Waters 82
4A-4N Correlation Coefficient Graphs - Western
Pacific 83-96
5-7 Color Plotted as a Function of Secchi Depth 97-99
8-9 Bottom Depth Plotted as a Function of Secchi
Depth 100-in
10-12 Surface Temperature Plotted as a Function
of Secchi Depth 102-104
13-14 Surface Salinity Plotted as a Function of
Secchi Depth 105-106
15-16 Surface Sigma-t Plotted as a Function of
Secchi Depth 107-108
17-18 Surface Oxygen Plotted as a Function of
Secchi Depth 109-110
19 Surface Silicate Plotted as a Function of
Secchi Depth ll1
20A Correlation Coefficient Graph - Atlantic
Ocean -- ^'
20B-20C Correlation Coefficient Graphs - Pacific
Ocean 112-114
21 Points for Which Upwelling Indices were
Computed by Bakun (1973) - 115
22 Secchi Depth and Upwelling Index vs. Month
of Year for the Oregon Coast - 1961 - 116
7
23 Secchi Depth and Upwelling Index vs. Month
of Year for the Oregon Coast - 1962 117
24 Secchi Depth vs. Upwelling Index for the
Oregon Coast - 1961 118
25 Secchi Depth vs. Upwelling Index for the
Oregon Coast - 1962 119
26 Secchi Depth vs. Upwelling Index for the
Oregon Coast 1961 - 1962 120
2 7 Monterey Bay, Showing Locations of CalCOFI
Stations Occupied by Hopkins Marine
Station of Stanford University 121
28 Secchi Depth and Upwelling Index vs. Month of
Year for Monterey Bay Station 3 - 1970 122
29 Secchi Depth and Upwelling Index vs. Month of
Year for Monterey Bay Station 3 - 1971 123
30 Secchi Depth and Upwelling Index vs. Month of
Year for Monterey Bay Station 3 - 1972 124
31 Secchi Depth and Upwelling Index vs. Month of
Year for Monterey Bay Statoin 3 - 1973 125
32 Secchi Depth and Upwelling Index vs. Month of
Year for Monterey Bay Station 4 - 1971 126
33 Secchi Depth and Upwelling Index vs. Quarter of
Year for Monterey Bay Station 3 1970-1972 127
34 Secchi Depth vs. Upwelling Index for Monterey
Bay Station 3 - 1970 128
35 Secchi Depth vs. Upwelling Index for Monterey
Bay Station 3 - 1971 129
36 Secchi Depth vs. Upwelling Index for Monterey
Bay Station 3 - 1972 130
37 Secchi Depth vs. Upwelling Index for Monterey
Bay Station 3 - 1973 131
38 Secchi Depth vs. Upwelling Index for Monterey
Bay Station 4 - 1971 132
39 Secchi Depth vs. Upwelling Index for Monterey
Bay Stations 3 and 4 1970-1973 133
40 Secchi Depth vs. Upwelling Index for the
Oregon Coast 1961-1962 and Monterey-
Bay Stations 3 and 4 1970-1973 -- -- 134
41 Phytoplankton Wet Volume vs. Upwelling
Index for Monterey Bay 1956-1967 135
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to express my appreciation to my thesis
advisor, Professor Stevens P. Tucker, Department of Ocean-
ography, without whose dedicated interest, patience, and
enthusiasm, this project could not have come to successful
completion. I would also like to thank Professor Robert S.
Andrews for suggestions during the final stages of this
study. I am also indebted to Henry Odum of the National
Oceanographic Data Center for providing the data tapes which
were funded by the Office of Naval Research (Arlington, Va , )
and to David Norman of the Postgraduate School Computer
Center for his assistance in adapting the data tapes for
use on the computer. Lastly, I would like to thank David
Bracher of Hopkins Marine Station and Andrew Bakun of the
National Marine Fishery Services of Monterey for supplying
additional data used in this study.
10
I. INTRODUCTION
A. GENERAL
Optics, considered as a special branch of oceanography,
has been the subject of renewed interest among oceanographers
during the past few years. Solar radiation serves as the
source of energy for the oceans, supplying them with heat
and supporting their ecology through photosynthesis. Light
is important for nekton and zooplankton of the ocean in
finding their food and evading attack. Daylight and arti-
ficial lighting are also important for underwater viewing.
And light may be used on occasion as an effective probe to
resolve otherwise ambiguous measurements in physical
oceanography.
Several applications of light to the study of the oceans
have been noted. Tyler and Preisendorf er (1963) have class-
ified these under three broad areas, including,
(1) Descriptive oceanography and other geophysical
applications ;
(2) Photosynthesis and other biological phenomena; and
(3) Image-recording equipment.
Duntley (1965) speculated on the possibility of conduc-
ting oceanographic studies by human observers in a Manned
Orbital Research Laboratory (MORL) . Among the potentialities
discussed were the determination of sea state and surface
wind velocity by means of visible light. He explained that
the shape and size of the glitter pattern due to the
11
reflection of the sun by the surface of the sea is inter-
pretable in terms of surface wind velocity, and that spatial-
ly averaged "inherent" radiance* of the ocean varies in a
known way with sea state.
The above potentialities have been achieved to a limited
extent in recent years by the use of satellites such as Sky-
lab and ERTS-1. Petri and Starry (1973) have also estab-
lished the feasibility of remotely measuring wind magnitude
and direction in a real environment by the use of pulsed
laser systems.
Growing attention has been attracted to the possibility
of characterizing water masses by means of their optical
properties (Jerlov, 1968). For example, Pak and Zaneveld
(1973) traced the Cromwell Current to the east of the Gal-
apagos Archipelago using optical techniques.
Among important applications of optical oceanography,
one of the most important is in the field of marine biology.
The physics of radiant energy is of direct importance for
evaluating the photosynthetic activity in the sea. Optical
measurements have served as a valuable aid in locating areas
of high biological production and potential fishing grounds.
Duntley (1965) has pointed out that multi-spectral photo-
graphy conducted from an MORL should enable a quantitative
assay of chlorophyll in sea water, and that other biological
features of the ocean, for example, the occurrence and
Radiance is flux per unit projected area per unit solid
angle in a specified direction.
12
distribution of red tide, should be observable under clear
■weather conditions. Clarke, et al. (1970) have shown that
spectral measurements of backscattered light can be used to
determine the abundance of chlorophyll as well as to trace
currents, pollutants, or other significant materials in the
water .
The work of Duntley (1952) emphasized the importance of
underwater lighting for vision, television, and photography.
He explained the importance of quantitative prediction of
the irradiation produced at the object, on its background
and throughout the observer's path of sight by incondescent
lamps or flash tubes. This can enable optimum lighting
arrangements and camera positions to be planned in advance
and exposure to be predicted with sufficient accuracy to
permit high-contrast photographic techniques to be employed
effectively. Duntley (1971) explained that the greatest hope
for truly long range underwater imagery is by means of
pulsed lasers and gated electro-optical cameras.
Scatterance and beam transmittance meters are commonly
used in the field of pollution research. Another frequently
employed measurement scheme involves the use of fluorescent
dyes as tracers in order to study diffusion in the sea.
B. BACKGROUND ON THE SECCHI DISC
The Secchi disc is one of the most widely used devices
for measuring ocean water transparency. The disc was first
mentioned in a published report by Commander Cialdi in 1865
and recently translated into English by Collier (1968) .
13
Cialdi's report contained a scientific diary by Professor
Secchi in which the factors affecting the visibility of a
disc when lowered vertically in the sea were examined. These
factors included disc color, solar altitude, sea surface
reflections and refractions, ship's shadow, sky clearness,
water color, disc diameter, and the height of the viewer above
the water surface. Secchi observed an increase in depth at
which the disc disappeared from sight associated with
increased disc whiteness, solar altitude, sky clearness,
and disc diameter. He noted that image dissection by surface
refraction caused the visibility of the disc to decrease,
and that the ship's underwater shadow also influenced its
visibility. He also demonstrated the detrimental effect of
surface reflections on the measurement and recommended a
wide shadow over the place where the observations were being
made.
Secchi' s work established the experimental procedure
for obtaining transparency with a Secchi disc, and in the
years following his work, the Secchi disc became a widely
used oceanographic tool. However, Tyler (1968) noted that
it was never really standardized. That is to say, it was
used widely because of its simplicity, but its physical
properties were never fully specified. Holmes (1970) also
noted that both disc diameter and reflectance have never been
standardized or specified. Postma (1961) observed the
14
X
following limitations of Secchi disc measurements compared
to measurements carried out by submersible K_-meters:
(1) Secchi measurements can only give information on
the extinction in surface waters and they can only be carried
out in daylight of sufficient brightness, whereas irradiance
measurements can be performed to somewhat greater depths.
(2) When using a Secchi disc no continuous registration
is possible, nor are determinations at various wavelengths,
whereas the use of appropriate filters in a K_-meter allows
recording continuously with depth.
(3) Finally, the result of a measurement with a Secchi
disc depends upon the visual acuity of the observer and on
the daylight illumination and reflection from the sea's
surface, which is not the case with a K_-meter.
Because of these limitations and difficulties it might
appear that Secchi measurements are of no great importance.
On the contrary, they can give valuable results as will be
shown below. The Secchi disc has been widely used because
of its low cost and convenience, and considerable research
has been devoted to its utility as a practical instrument
for measuring water transparency.
Secchi depth measurements have been especially useful to
marine biologists, who have established practical relation-
*
K_ is the diffuse attenuation coefficient, a measure
of the exponential attenuation of downwelling irradience in
the sea. Biologists often use the term "vertical extinction
coefficient" to denote K . It is not to be confused with
the beam attenuation coefficient ("c" or "«*") , a measure of
the total attenuation of a collimated light beam through a
fixed path length.
15
ships between Secchi depths and vertical extinction coef-
ficients. Holmes (1970) mentioned that it is common prac-
tice for biologists interested in primary production to
consider the bottom depth of the euphotic zone to be equal
to three times the Secchi depth. An inverse relation between
the amount of phytoplankton and the visual range of the
Secchi disc has been observed by Atkins, Jenkins, and Warren
(1954), Arsen'yev and Voytov (1968), Voytov and Dement'yeva
(1970), and others. From data collected in the English
Channel, Poole and Atkins (1929) developed a widely used
empirical formula for approximating extinction coefficients:
K_ = 1.7/ZS
where K is the vertical extinction coefficient and Z is the
— s
Secchi depth in meters. Murphy (1959) established a positive
correlation between albacore troll catches and water clarity.
He asserted that the Poole-Atkins relation can be used to
approximate closely the horizontal visual range of albacore.
The Poole-Atkins relation has also served as an aid in the
investigation of primary organic productivity as demonstrated
by Ryther and Yentsch (1957) . Holmes (1970) investigated
transparencies in Goleta Bay and suggested that for turbid
water 1.44 is probably a more appropriate factor than 1.7
in the equation above in estimating extinction coefficients
from Secchi depths. He also suggested that the relation between
Roughly the depth at which the downwelling irradiance
(K ) has decreased to 1% of its value at the surface.
16
Secchi depth and the \% optical depth merits additional
study to incorporate a wide range of Secchi depths.
Visser (1967) examined Secchi and seawater color obser-
vations from the North Atlantic Ocean and developed the
following empirical relation relating Secchi depth and
yellow content of seawater:
iy^- = 0.26Y + 1.9
where Z is Secchi depth in meters and Y is the percentage
yellow calculated from the Forel color scale. However, he
cautioned that the relation was valid only for the particular
ocean area investigated. Frederick (1970) examined possible
similar relations between Secchi disc observations and color
codes for other ocean areas based on Visser's findings.
Much variability was found to exist, and no simple empirical
relation could be determined. Brown (1973) observed a
similar pattern in relating Secchi depth and Forel color
code as reported by Visser. Although he observed the same
trend, no universal numerical relationship valid for all
oceans was found.
Graham (1966) determined relationships between diffuse
attenuation coefficients (K_) , reciprocals of Secchi disc
readings, and color observations from data collected in the
central and eastern North Pacific Ocean. He concluded that
the Secchi disc is a useful tool, but that caution should be
observed when extrapolating the relationship between Secchi
17
disc measurements and extinction coefficients from one
oceanic environment to another.
Postma (1961) investigated the relation between Secchi
depth measurements and suspended matter both experimentally
in the laboratory and in the coastal waters of the Nether-
lands. He concluded that Secchi disc measurements are a
valuable source for additional information concerning prop-
erties of suspended matter. Estimates based on the empirical
relationships between diffuse attenuation coefficients (K__)
and amount of suspended matter per unit volume of sea water
and Secchi depth discussed above are usually strictly valid
only in one particular oceanic region and are not generally
useful elsewhere. Although these estimates may have rela-
tively large standard errors associated with them, they may
be acceptable for certain types of work, such as in some
areas of marine biology, where a high degree of precision
and accuracy is not always required, or in marine geology,
where gross measures of sediment transport are desired.
In developing practical relationships between Secchi
depth and other oceanographic parameters, correlation
coefficient analysis is considered to be a useful starting
point. Brown (1973) conducted such an analysis on a world-
wide basis using sea surface data. Because mid-oceanic
data were sparse, nearly all areas analyzed were coastal
areas subject to localized effects such as fresh water run-
off and upwelling. With these limitations, no simple and
consistent relations between Secchi depth and other
18
parameters were evident; however, several trends were noted.
He found that oxygen measurements exhibited trends toward an
inverse proportionality with Secchi depth, while bottom depth
data indicated a possible direct proportionality. He also
observed that lower salinity water and high amounts of sili-
cate were associated with decreased transparency in coastal
areas subject to fresh water runoff.
C. PURPOSE OF INVESTIGATION
In view of the studies discussed above it was proposed
to continue the search begun by Brown (1973) for possible
correlations between Secchi depths and other simultaneously
measured oceanographic parameters in areas of high data
density. Areas as small as one degree latitude by one degree
longitude were chosen to avoid unnecessary averaging of
data from varying water types and differing coastal influences
but at the same time to maintain a high data density, insur-
ing a fairly representative analysis.
Open ocean areas having no coastal-type influences, such
as from fresh water runoff and upwelling, were also to be
examined, since correlations determined for such areas might
yield results which could be simply and accurately extrapo-
lated to similar ocean areas. Resulting correlations from
coastal and open ocean areas were then to be compared and
consistent trends were to be noted.
Furthermore, it was proposed to compare correlations
between 'Secchi depths and sea surface data and those be-
tween Secchi depth and mean values of oceanographic parameters
19
averaged over the Secchi depth. This was to determine the
validity of the use of sea surface measurements conducted in
past correlation studies of this nature (Brown, 1973).
In addition, monthly and yearly time series analyses of
Secchi depths were to be performed and compared with upwellinj
indices computed from historical meteorological data by
Bakun (1973) for the west coast of North America.
20
• II. METHODS OF INVESTIGATION
A. DEVELOPMENT AND DESCRIPTION OF
THE CORRELATION COEFFICIENT
1 . Variance and Covariance
The variance and covariance are necessary in the
development and formulation of the correlation coefficient.
A brief description and a summary of these statistical
measures are provided in this section (Dixon and Massey,
1957).
The variance, a , is defined as:
1=1
where N is the number of observations X. and u is the mean
1 N "
of the Xif y = ^ I Xj[.
The variance is concerned with a single measured
variable. The object of statistical analysis is often
directed at discovering relationships among two or more
variables. The simplest way of determining a relationship
between two variables is to compute their covariance, a
measure of the common variance between two variables. This
measure is hard to use directly but is very important in the
development of more advanced analysis. The covariance be-
tween X and Y, with arithmetic means u and u , respectively,
x y
is given as :
21
2 . Correlation Coefficient
To put the variances of two individual variables
and their covariance into a meaningful measure, the corre-
lation coefficient is used. This statistic ranges from -1
to +1, where +1 correlation indicates that two variables are
exactly alike, i.e., the rate of change in both is propor-
tional. Zero correlation implies statistical independence
or the absence of any association. Negative correlation
implies opposite association with one another. That is to
say, as one variable increases the other consistently
decreases. The correlation coefficient is defined:
2 , , 2 2 ,h
Pij = a±. I (o±±o..)
where p.. is the correlation between the i and j vari-
able, a-- is the covariance between the i and j variable,
and a-- and a., are the respective variances.
11 33 F
B. METHOD USED IN OBTAINING CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS
1 . Biomedical Computer System Program (BIOMED)
The Biomedical computer system programs were
developed at the University of California at Los Angeles
(Dixon, 1973). The programs were initially developed to
handle extensive analyses of large amounts of data in
medical research. However, they are written in such a way
that a wide variety of problems may be handled by each pro-
gram by specifying the appropriate parameters of the problem.
22
2 . BIOMED 02D (Correlation with Transgeneration)
This program is designed to provide basic descrip-
tion and tabulation on raw data. The output consists of
the sums, means, and sta-ndard deviations of all variables.
In addition three matrices are provided. All three are
square and symmetric with dimensions equal to the number of
variables. The first and second matrices are the cross-
product deviations matrix and the variance-covariance matrix
respectively. The third matrix is the correlation matrix.
The diagonal elements show the correlation of variables
with themselves and, by definition, they should correlate
perfectly. Hence, as a check of validity of the correlation
matrix, the diagonal elements should all be 1.0. A sample
output of this program is provided in Appendix B.
The two most significant features of this program
are the Boolean selection of cases on input and the cross-
plotting of variables on output. The Boolean selection
enables the screening of cases in order to omit those of no
interest .
The cross-plotting feature enables the user to iden-
tify a base variable and plot other variables against it on
individual graphs. Transgeneration options are also avail-
able for use in this program.
23
III. ANALYSIS OF DATA
A. GENERAL
The primary oceanographic data used in this study were
on magnetic tapes obtained from the National Oceanographic
Data Center (NODC) . The information included a global
coverage to March 1972 of all NODC Secchi data plus all the
other station data collected at the same time Secchi measure
ments were made, including all chemistry from 86,258 sta-
tions. Screening of data to simplify computer handling was
conducted for a former study (Brown, 1973) and preserved on
tape. The data used in the present study consisted of the
following :
Secchi depth
Day
Year
Latitude
Longitude
Marsden square
Water depth
Forel color
Cloud cover
Month
Water temperature
Salinity
Sigma-t
Oxygen
Phosphate
Phosphorus
Nitrite
Nitrate
Silicate
Only those chemistry measurements obtained at depths
above or at the same level as the Secchi depth at each
station were employed. Sample pH, although available, was
not used in this study,
24
The data were stored on disc at the Naval Postgraduate
Computer Center for analysis. A previous inventory of the
data indicated a sparsity of open ocean data and an abun-
dance of data in some coastal waters, especially off Japan
and Korea.
In referring to the geographical areas studied, a ten-
degree latitude by ten-degree longitude Harsden square
numbering system was used. Figures 1A and IB show the
global Marsden square coverage. In high data density areas
Marsden squares were further broken down into one-degree
sub-squares. Figure 2 shows the one-degree division number-
ing system used.
B. LINEAR CORRELATION ANALYSIS
1 . Japanese and Korean Waters
a. Correlations Using Sea Surface Chemistry Values
Due to the great relative abundance of data in
Japanese and Korean waters, they were selected for initial
analysis. They fall within Marsden squares 130, 131, and
132, which were broken down into one-degree subsquares.
After preparation of a data distribution inventory, the 63
subsquares indicated in Figures 3A and 3B were chosen for
linear correlation analysis. Coefficients and cross-plots
were then obtained using Secchi depth measurements as a base
variable against latitude, longitude, water depth, Forel
color, cloud cover, month, and all sea surface chemistry
measurements .
25
b. Correlations Using Mean Chemistry Values
Upon completion of the initial correlation
analysis, 21 previously chosen subsquares were selected for
further analysis. Correlation coefficients and cross-plots
were again obtained using mean values of parameters averaged
over the Secchi depth at each station. Temperature, salinity,
sigma-t, and oxygen were selected on the 'basis of consistency
of correlations and data density. A sample program used for
averaging the parameters is provided in Appendix A. Screen-
ing was necessary in both analyses to eliminate stations with
erroneous or questionable data.
2 . Open Ocean Areas
Although open ocean data were limited, 11 areas were
selected for correlation analysis. These included six areas
in the Pacific Ocean and five areas in the Atlantic Ocean
and are shown in Figures 1A and IB, designated by an area
number. As can be seen from the figures, each of the areas
selected in the Atlantic Ocean contains several Marsden
squares. It was necessary to use more than one square in
order to provide enough data for a reasonably representative
analysis. All areas were selected to provide a sufficient
data base and to minimize coastal influences such as fresh
water runoff and upwelling. Correlation coefficient analyses
were accomplished using both surface values of oceanographic
parameters and the mean values of parameters averaged over
the Secchi depth.
The boundaries of these areas are given in Table V.
26
C. TIME SERIES ANALYSIS
The purpose of a time series analysis was to group Secchi
depths by month and year and to compute average Secchi depths
by month. The resulting average Secchi depths were then
compared to previously computed upwelling indices along the
west coast of North America. Appendix C is an example of
the type of Fortran program utilized in the time series
analysis. Coastal upwelling indices were obtained from
Bakun (1973) for years 1946 through 1971. In addition up-
welling indices were obtained for years 1972 and 1973 (Bakun,
1974). Figure 21 shows the data grid and intersections at
which his upwelling indices were computed.
Bakun 's monthly indices were based on offshore Eckman
transport calculated from daily mean surface atmospheric
pressure data. Summaries by quarter and by year were also
included. In generating the indices Bakun estimated the
daily mean wind stress on the sea surface at points near the
coast, from this computed the Eckman transport, and finally
resolved the component of Eckman transport perpendicular to
the coast. The resulting "upwelling indices" have units of
cubic meters per second per 100 meters of coastline. The
magnitude of the offshore component is considered an indica-
tion of the amount of water upwelled to replace that driven
offshore. Negative index values indicate onshore transport
or convergence at the coast (downwelling) .
The time series program was utilized for two areas for
which upwelling indices were available to allow a comparison
27
between the indices and monthly Secchi depth averages. In
addition to the NODC data, Secchi depth data were obtained
from the Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University.
Since 1951 Hopkins Marine Station has carried on a continu-
ous hydrobiological survey for the California Cooperative
Oceanic Fisheries Investigations (CalCOFI) with cruises at
approximately two-week intervals on Monterey Bay and includ-
ing stations at the six locations shown in Figure 27.
28
IV. DISCUSSION OF RESULTS
A. LINEAR CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS USING SEA SURFACE
CHEMISTRY VALUES
1 . Japanese and Korean Waters
Summaries of data distribution, parameter mean
values, and resulting correlation coefficients are tabulated
in Tables I, II, and III respectively. They are listed
according to Marsden square and Marsden subsquare numbers .
Linear correlation coefficient graphs for most of the sub-
squares are plotted in Figures 4A through 4N, and several
samples of cross-plots are illustrated in Figures 5 through
19. The data density codes used in the cross-plots are
translated in Table IV.
As was expected (Brown, 1973) no consistencies in
correlation coefficients between Secchi depth and latitude,
longitude, cloud cover, and month of year were apparent.
However, cross-plots of latitude and longitude served as a
valuable aid in determining erroneous station positions.
This was true where coastal boundaries were within the sub-
square boundaries. Stations with inland position locations
were then screened and discarded during analyses. Cross -
plots of month of year were also valuable in determining if
station densities were representative throughout the year.
Although one might expect a dependency of Secchi depth on
month of year due to varying sun altitude, it appeared that
29
other parameters and factors such as upwelling and fresh
water runoff had a dominating influence on transparency.
Some parameters were not included in the correlation
coefficeint graphs and cross-plot figures, although they may
occur in the summary tables. This was due to a limited amount
of data available for analyses and/or strong inconsistencies
resulting from correlation analysis. The parameters excluded
were phosphate, phosphorus, nitrite and nitrate. Correla-
tions between Secchi depth and remaining parameters will be
discussed separately. It should be noted that cross-plots
of all paramater pairs were made for each ocean area studied.
Figures 5-19, discussed below, were selected as representa-
tive or typical.
a. Color
Forel color as was to be expected (Brown, 1973)
correlated more consistently than any other parameter, with
negative coefficients resulting in all cases but one. The
exception occurred in Marsden square 132, subsquare 38, and
resulted in a slightly positive coefficient. Typical
examples of Forel color plotted against Secchi depth are
shown in Figures 5 through 7. Cross-plots of these two
variables appeared to range from a nearly linear to a nearly
exponential trend. The same ranges occurred in subsquares
directly within coastal influences and subsquares having
little or no coastal influence.
30
b. Bottom Depth
As was expected, bottom depth correlated posi-
tively. However, in a few cases negative coefficients
resulted. Positive coefficients were especially pronounced
in subsquares with shallow mean depths and well within the
range of coastal influences. One would expect this result,
considering the high amount of annual rainfall and runoff
that occur in Japan and Korea. Large quantities of suspended
and dissolved materials would be expected, resulting in
decreased transparency in shallo\\r coastal waters. Such a
trend can be seen in Figures 8 and 9. Subsquares including
waters with greater mean depths and with little coastal
influence did not exhibit a pronounced trend. Coefficients
for these subsquares varied from strongly negative to strongly
positive. These observations appear to indicate that bottom
depth has little or no influence on Secchi depth measurements
in mid-ocean areas.
c. Temperature
In all but four subsquares, temperature exhibited
a positive correlation. The four exceptions occurred in sub-
squares situated near or within bays and resulted in slightly
negative coefficients. Cross-plot examples of temperature
against Secchi depth are given in Figures 10 through 12.
Figure 10 is for a shallow water, coastal subsquare, while
Figures 11 and 12 are for deep water subsquares separated
from coastal influences. The coefficients and cross-plots
resulting from the temperature analyses indicate a strong
31
dependence between Secchi depth and sea surface temperatures.
This is not surprising, especially in areas where upwelling
results in lower temperatures and increased amounts of
nutrients near the sea surface. This in turn would tend to
enhance phytoplankton blooms and thus lead to lower Secchi
depths.
d. Salinity
A consistent correlation or trend between Secchi
depth and salinity was not apparent except in subsquares sub-
ject to high amounts of fresh water runoff. In these sub-
squares positive coefficients resulted and the cross-plots
have an exponential-like character. This pattern is illus-
trated in Figure 13 and was not unexpected considering the
high amounts of terrigenous suspensions that can result
with fresh water runoff. However, in deep water subsquares
away from coastal influence no consistent pattern or correla-
tion was apparent. An example of a cross -plot for a deep
water subsquare is provided in Figure 14.
e. Sigma-t
Due to inconsistencies in salinity patterns and
coefficients no single general correlation was noted between
sigma-t and Secchi depth measurements. However, the same
exponential-like pattern exists for subsquares subject to
fresh water runoff. Examples of patterns resulting from
fresh water runoff and deep water subsquares are given in
Figures 15 and 16 respectively.
32
£. Oxygen
In all but five subsquares oxygen exhibited
negative correlation. The five exceptions resulted in
slightly positive correlations and occurred in both deep and
shallow water subsquares. Negative coefficients were
expected due to effects of fresh water runoff and photo -
synthetic activity. Examples of both shallow and deep water
subsquares are illustrated in Figures 17 and 18 respectively,
g. Silicate
No consistent patterns were noted between sili-
cate and Secchi depth except in subsquares subject to fresh
water runoff. ' An exponential -like pattern resulted in these
subsquares and is illustrated in Figure 19. Brown (1973)
also found a similar pattern existing in the vicinity of the
Columbia River discharge along the Northwestern coast of the
United States.
2 . Open Ocean Areas
Open ocean areas were selected for further analysis
to determine if the trends noticed in the Japanese and
Korean waters held elsewhere. The areas are shown in
Figures 1A and IB and their boundaries are given in Table V.
Special attention was given to trends resulting for deep
water subsquares. Summaries of data distribution, parameter
mean values, and resulting linear correlation coefficients
are tabulated in Tables VI, VII, and VIII respectively.
Graphs of correlation coefficients for most of the selected
areas are plotted in Figures 20A through 20C. Results for
the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans will be discussed separately
33
a. Atlantic Ocean
For all areas selected in the Atlantic Ocean
bottom depth and temperature resulted in weak positive cor-
relation coefficients. A strong dependence of Secchi depth
on temperature is again displayed for the open Atlantic
waters. Forel color and oxygen also exhibited the negative
correlations "observed for the Japanese and Korean waters.
However, salinity and sigma-t exhibited strong positive and
negative correlations, respectively, in areas located north
of 20 degrees south latitude, whereas in the Japanese and
Korean waters much variability was found.
The correlation coefficient graph (Figure 20A)
for areas located between 60 degrees north and 20 degrees
south latitude was of particular interest. Because of the
consistencies in correlation coefficients for several para-
meters it was felt that a fairly reliable relationship
between Secchi depth and other simultaneously measured
parameters might result from further analysis of this area.
b. Pacific Ocean
Unfortunately, data for analysis in the mid-
Pacific Ocean were very limited in number. However, five
areas in the western Pacific and one area in the eastern
Pacific (Figure IB) were selected for study.
Resulting correlation coefficients were highly
variable for the areas analyzed, as can be seen from the
correlation coefficient graphs in Figures 20B and 20C.
Forel color again exhibited negative correlations except for
34
Area 9. The exception resulted in no correlation due to a
standard deviation of zero in color. Bottom depth and tem-
perature normally led to positive correlations. However,
bottom depth correlated -negatively in Area 6. This is
believed to be the result of data from stations located in
the vicinity of the Mariana Trench. Although great depths
do . occur at this location, low transparency may have
resulted due to runoff from the nearby islands. Eastward of
the trench, shallower waters and higher transparencies could
be expected.
B. LINEAR CORRELATION COEFFICIENTS USING
MEAN CHEMISTRY VALUES
Summaries of parameter mean values for seawater
chemistry and resulting linear correlation coefficients are
tabulated in Tables IX and X for the Japanese and Korean
waters shown in Figures 3A and 3B. Similar summaries are
also tabulated in Tables XI and XII for the selected open
ocean areas indicated in Figures 1A and IB. The use of mean
values of parameters averaged over the Secchi depth accord-
ing to the procedures previously outlined did not result in
significant improvements in correlation coefficients over
those based on surface values only.
C. TIME SERIES ANALYSIS
Marine pollution has resulted in long term changes in
certain chemical parameters obtained along polluted
coastal waters and in shallow seas. For example, dissolved
oxygen content below the halocline has decreased during
35
recent decades while phosphate concentrations have been
steadily increasing during the past six decades in the
Baltic Sea (Fonselius, 1970).
Time series analyses were attempted for the Baltic and
Red Seas to find possible long term trends in average monthly
and yearly Secchi measurements as a result of increased
pollution. Secchi data from N0F)C were compared to data col-
lected in the Red Sea by Luksch (1901) . Long term trends
were not apparent for either of these areas based on the
available data.
Time series analyses were further utilized to study
the relationship between Secchi depth and upwelling index
near the Oregon coast and for Monterey Bay. Results from
these analyses are discussed in the following sections.
1 . Oregon Coast
Unfortunately, insufficient NODC data were available
for time series analysis for most of the areas for which
upwelling indices were available. The only exception was in
the vicinity of 45°N x 125°W near the Oregon coast (Figure
21) . Sufficient Secchi data were available for analysis at
this location for the years 1961 and 1962.
Three-month running means of Secchi depth and monthly
upwelling indices are plotted in Figures 22 and 23 for years
1961 and 1962 respectively. An inverse relation between the
two parameters was evident with a possible phase lag of mean
Secchi depth compared to monthly upwelling indices. In
Figure 22 the latter are seen to peak more than two months
36
before a minimum in the Secchi curve is reached, while in
Figure 23 for the following year such a phase lag is not
evident. The results were expected since upwelling intro-
duces large quantities of nutrients to the euphotic zone and
is thus conducive to high organic production, which in turn
leads to decreased Secchi depths. Bakun's (1973) calculations
show that near the Oregon coast -upwelling is both less per-
sistent and less intense than off the California coast to the
south, where offshore Ekman transport is present throughout
most of the year. In Oregon waters summer upwelling is seen
to accompany the change in wind pattern from southwesterly in
winter to northerly in summer. During 1961 and 1962 upwel-
ling was strongest in July with values of 51 and 107,
respectively, while yearly averages were -34 and -6.
Upwelling values remained nearly constant throughout the
summer of 1961. On the other hand, a rapid increase in up-
welling was observed for July 1962, with a rapid decrease in
the following months.
Anderson (1964) studied the seasonal and geographic
distribution of primary productivity of the Washington and
Oregon coasts as evidenced by data collected on 14 cruises
conducted from January 1961 to June 1962. He observed a
spring bloom of phytoplankton during May and a smaller
autumn bloom in August 1961. However, a close inspection
of seasonal and horizontal contours of primary productivity
* 3
The units associated with the upwelling 'index are m /s/
100m. See p. 27 above.
37
revealed a steady increase from May through August near 45°N
x 125°W off the Oregon coast. Anderson also found stimula-
tion of production by coastal upwelling to be especially
evident in August.
Figures 22 shows a rapid decrease in mean Secchi
depth occurring from February through May and a smaller
decrease from June through October. The rapid decrease is
attributed to the spring bloom of phytoplankton observed by
Anderson. However, a minimum in mean Secchi depth did not
occur until October. Anderson noted that difficulty was
encountered with the productivity measurements during his
September-October cruise with too few values to contour
adequately. Nevertheless, he did observe that the influence
of coastal upwelling appeared to advance westward as the
summer progressed with a maximum westward extent occurring
in October.
A minimum value of mean Secchi depth was observed
for May 1962 (Figure 23) , again corresponding to a spring
bloom of phytoplankton observed by Anderson. The increase
in Secchi depth observed for the remainder of the year
possibly may be attributed to the rapid decrease in upwelling
indices after July.
Figures 24 and 25 are plots of Secchi depth versus
upwelling index for years 1961 and 1962 respectively.
Figure 26 gives a combined plot using data from both years.
Regression equations and corresponding curves are also
provided in the figures for each year, with a dashed
38
regression curve shown in Figures 22 through 25 and based on
the two-year combined data. Tahle XIII is a tabulation of
multiple regression equations of the form Z = Z (U ,U,U ,U ) ,
where Z represents Secchi depth and U represents upwelling
index which resulted from the Oregon coast study. These were
generated by using a stepwise regression subroutine available
in the B I OMFD program (Dixon, 1973). Several transgenera-
tions of upwelling index were performed in constructing the
equations, and at each step the transgenerated. form which
made the greatest reduction in the error sum-of -squares was
added to the regression equation. At each step in the pro-
cedure the multiple correlation coefficients served as an
indication of how well the regression equations fit the data.
The higher Secchi values occurring during 1961
compared with 1962 were probably the result of a somewhat
lower yearly average in upwelling index. The regression
curve for 1961 shown in Figure 24 approached a maximum
Secchi value with decreasing upwelling indices. However,
upwelling did not appear to be strong enough to result in
a normal seasonal maximum productivity and a resulting
minimum Secchi value as low as is usually found. Both a
maximum and a minimum were approached by the regression
curve for 1962 shown in Figure 25. This was also apparent
in the regression curve for the combined data (Figure 26)
with maximum and minimum calculated values of 19.3 and 8.3
meters respectively.
39
2 . Monterey Bay
a. Relationship Between Secchi Depth
and Upwelling Index
Secchi data were available for years 1968
through 1973 from cruises conducted by Hopkins Marine Station
of Stanford University on Monterey Bay. A preliminary inves-
tigation revealed an abundance of Secchi data obtained from
Hopkins CalCOFI station 3 for the four years 1970-1973 and
from CalCOFI station 4 for year 1971. For this reason,
and due to the distance separating the stations and the
surrounding coast, stations 3 and 4 and years 1970-1973
were selected for analysis. The locations of the stations
are shown in Figure 27. Unfortunately upwelling indices
were not available for Monterey Bay. The indices used were
calculated for the point 36°N x 122°W (Figure 21) which is
approximately 52 nautical miles south of CalCOFI station 4.
In contrast to the Oregon coast Monterey Bay
is a region of strong upwelling during much of the year.
Peak upwelling values ranged from a low of 221 for June 1971
to a high of 297 for April 1970 with intermediate peak values
during June 1972 and July 1973. Yearly averages were also
high, the average index for the 4 -year period being 116.
Mean monthly Secchi depths for CalCOFI station 3
and monthly upwelling indices are plotted in Figures 28
through 31, corresponding to years 1970 through 1973, respec-
tively. Figure 32 is a similar plot for CalCOFI station 4
for 1971, and Figure 33 provides a quarterly plot for CalCOFI
station 3 for 1970 through 1972. An inverse relation between
40
mean Secchi depth and upwelling index was observed in all
cases. A phase lag of from one to two months in mean monthly
Secchi depth was observed at station 3 for years 1970 through
1972. However, such a phase lag between minimum Secchi
depth and maximum upwelling index was not observed for 1973
at CalCOFI station 3 or at CalCOFI station 4 for 1971.
Plots of mean Secchi depth versus upwelling
index were again constructed for the Monterey Bay study.
These appear in Figures 34 through 37 for CalCOFI station 3
corresponding to years 1970 through 1973 respectively.
Figure 38 is a plot of 1971 data for CalCOFI station 4 and
Figure 39 gives a combined plot of all data used in the
Monterey Bay study. Regression equations and corresponding
curves are again provided in the figures with a dashed curve
(Figures 34-38) representing a best fit to the combined
Monterey Bay data. A dashed curve representing a best fit
to the combined Oregon and Monterey data is given in a
quarterly plot (Figure 33). A tabulation of multiple regres-
sion equations and multiple correlation coefficients is
provided in Table XIV.
The regression curve for 1970 approached a
minimum in Secchi depth with increased values of upwelling.
Downwelling apparently was not sufficient for a maximum in
Secchi depth to be approached by the regression curves for
both 1970 and 1971 (stations 3 and 4) . Higher Secchi values
occurred in 1972 as a result of a lower yearly average in
upwelling index, and a maximum Secchi depth was approached by
the 1972 regression curve. However, more scattering of
41
data points and a significantly lower multiple correlation
coefficient resulted in the 1972 analysis compared to pre-
vious years. Scattering was even more pronounced in 1973,
resulting in lower multiple correlation coefficients.
The regression curve resulting from the combined
Monterey Bay data is shown in Figure 39. A minimum in
Secchi depth was approached by the curve beginning at an up-
welling value of approximately 200. On the other band, down-
welling was not sufficient for the Secchi curve to approach
a maximum Secchi value for the overall Monterey Bay study.
A plot of mean Secchi depth versus upwelling
index for all data used in both the Oregon coast and Monterey
Bay studies is given in Figure 40. Both a maximum Secchi
value of 18.7 and a minimum of 9.3 meters resulted from
the overall regression curve, corresponding to low and high
upwelling values of approximately -200 and 200 respectively.
b. Relationship Between Phytoplankton Wet
Volume and Upwelling Index
Plankton hauls were conducted by Hopkins Marine
Station during cruises made on Monterey Bay from years 1956
through 1967. Wet settled volumes of net phytoplankton were
then measured, and monthly averages were tabulated using
data taken at the six standard stations illustrated in
Figure 27. The data were obtained from Hopkins, and a plot
of monthly phytoplankton wet volume in milliliters against
upwelling index was constructed and is shown in Figure 41.
Unfortunately, plankton volumes and Secchi data were not
42
measured simultaneously, and a direct comparison between the
measurements could not be performed.
Although there Avas considerable scatter, especial-
ly for high values in wet volumes, in general a direct pro-
portionality existed. It is speculated that the scatter
may be due to errors resulting from the technique used in
the wet volume measurement. When the measurement is performed,
complete settling does not always occur to produce a distinct
boundary between the plankton and the liquid above. The
incomplete settling may be the result of electrical charges
existing in the plankton and lead to values in the measurement
higher than would otherwise be obtained. Because of the
scatter no attempt was made to establish a regression equa-
tion between the wet volume and upwelling index.
43
V. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS
Secchi depth reading's are influenced by many sea water
parameters. Although linear correlation coefficients cannot
determine the exact nature of these relationships, they do
provide an indication of general trends. Forel color, oxy-
gen, and water temperature appear to be the most consistent
in their linear correlations with Secchi depth in both
coastal and open ocean waters. Forel color exhibited trends
tov/ard an inverse proportionality with Secchi depth as
previously indicated by Visser (1967) . Oxygen measurements
also exhibited trends toward an inverse proportionality with
Secchi depth while temperature data indicated a possible
direct proportionality. However, much variability was
encountered in correlation coefficient values for coastal
waters.
In shallow coastal water areas subject to high amounts
of fresh water runoff bottom depth data indicated a direct
proportionality with Secchi depth, and salinity and sigma-t
exhibited positive correlations with exponential-like
patterns when plotted against Secchi depth. Silicate cor-
related negatively and also resulted in plots of an exponen-
tial-like character. Such special trends were not apparent
in deep water not subject to coastal influences.
No consistencies in linear correlation coefficients
between Secchi depth and latitude, longitude, cloud cover,
4 4
and month of year were found, and the scatter resulting from
cross-plots of these parameters did not indicate possible
consistencies in correlations of higher order. Nitrate,
nitrite, phosphate, and phosphorus data were too sparse to
allow representative analyses.
Linear correlation results from the Atlantic open ocean
.waters, including the region between 20 degrees south and 60
degrees north latitude, indicate a high degree of consistency
in coefficients.
Sea surface chemistry values appear to be valid in
correlation analysis based on the present study. The use of
mean chemistry values of parameters averaged over the Secchi
depth did not indicate significant differences beyond the
use of sea surface values in linear correlations.
Although marine pollution in the Baltic Sea has resulted
in long term trends of certain chemical parameters,
especially evident below the halocline, Secchi values there
do not appear to be significantly altered by such effects.
Nor were long term trends evident for the Red Sea, an area
for which Secchi data also span about seventy years.
An inverse variation between mean monthly Secchi depth
and upwelling index was observed for coastal waters along
the Oregon coast and for Monterey Bay. A "phase lag" was
observed between the time at which minimum Secchi depth
occurred and that at which maximum upwelling occurred.
Upwelling indices may be a valuable aid in the predic-
tion of transparencies in coastal waters and in locating
45
areas of high biological production and potential fishing
grounds. Although the regression equations resulting from
the Oregon coast and Monterey Bay studies will not provide
absolute values of Secchi measurements, a fairly reliable
estimate should result when used in those areas studied, as
indicated by high correlation coefficients. The regression
-7 3
equation, Z =13.85 - . 04 U + 3.13 x 10 U , with a mul-
tiple correlation coefficient of .80 resulted from the Oregon
coast data, where Z is Secchi depth and U is upwelling
-7 3
index. A similar equation, Z =14.01 - .03 U + 1.80 x 10 U ,
n ' s
with a correlation coefficient of .72 was derived using com-
bined data from both the Oregon coast area and Monterey Bay.
An inverse trend between phytoplankton wet volume and
upwelling index occurred for data obtained for Monterey Bay.
However, considerable scatter was observed, possibly result-
ing from the technique employed in the wet volume measurement.
46
VI. PROPOSED FUTURE RESEARCH
Work should continue to provide better world-wide cover-
age of Secchi disc measurements with the other oceanographic
parameters normally sampled. To ensure this, a program
should be established to provide better dissemination of
oceanographic data - especially older data - from the various
existing oceanographic institutions to NODC .
Studies relating Secchi disc measurements to other ocean
parameters such as the diffuse attenuation coefficient should
be continued to check further the empirical relationships
that have been formulated and their spacial variability.
Both disc diameter and reflectance should be standardized
or specified. Investigations should also be conducted to
determine quantitatively the effects of varying sun altitude
and wire angle on data taken with the Secchi disc.
As more Secchi data become available, time series
analyses should be performed in shallow seas and coastal
regions to determine any long term effects in water trans-
parency due to the various forms of pollution.
Further research should be conducted in the Atlantic
open ocean areas to study consistencies between the linear
correlations between Secchi depth and other simultaneously
measured parameters for the different regions.
Additional study should be devoted to the various upwelling
regions of the world oceans to determine relationships
47
between Secchi measurements and upwelling indices to the end
that standing crops may be predicted directly from the
latter.
48
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Table IV. Data Density Code Used in Figures 5-19
The following table shows the symbols used in plotting
frequencies of data in BIOMED 02D graphical output. For
example, a symbol K represents twenty data points at a
particular x-y coordinate.
DATA POINTS
SYMBOL
DATA POINTS
SYMBOL
1
1
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2
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M
3
3
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N
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4
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0
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J
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$
20
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/
65
Table V. Open Ocean Area Delineations
AREA LATITUDE LONGITUDE
1 40°-60° N 20°-40° W
2 20°-40° N 50- 70° W
3 10°-40° N 30°-50° W
4 40°-50° N 140°-150° W
5 30°-40° N 160°-180° E
6 20°-30° N 140°-160° Ji
7 10°-20° N 130°- 150° E
8 0°-20° N 150°-160° E
9 0°-10° N 160°-180° E
10 0°-20° S 10°-30° W
10°-20° S 0°-10° W
11 40°-60° S 10°-50° W
40°-50° S 0°-10° W
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70
Table IX. Parameter Means by Marsden Sub -Square Using
Values Averaged to the Secchi Depth fStandard
Deviations in Parentheses)
Mar. Sq.
Sub-Sq.
KV
Salin.
r/oo)
Sigma-t
°2
(ml/1)
130
51
19.0
(4.5)
34.24
( .90)
24.37
(1.29)
5.55
(.61)
130
60
16.0
(4.5)
33.30
(2.05)
24.35
(1.97)
6.25
(1.12)
130
61
16.7
(4.6)
34.05
(.65)
24.75
(1.19)
5.80
(.74)
130
92
13.0
(6.1)
33.53
(.80)
25.10
(1.32)
6.56
(.97)
131
30
19.1
(5.0)
33.82
(1.02)
24.00
(1.80)
5.12
(.47)
131
34
22.1
(4.0)
33.25
(1.04)
22.90
(1.40)
5.18
(.53)
131
36
20.9
(4.0)
34.52
(.43)
24.11
(1.29)
5.09
(.45)
131
40
19.7
(4.6)
33.83
(.84)
23.86
(1.75)
5.38
(.50)
131
45
17.9
(5.8)
31.08
(1.94)
22.17
(2.22)
5.46
(.83)
131
49
20.1
(3.8)
34.43
(.36)
24.25
(1.14)
5.42
(.50)
131
55
18.0
(5.6)
32.58
(1.51)
23.26
(1.90)
5.50
(.72)
131
59
18.0
(4.5)
33.34
(1.74)
23.93
(1.80)
5.55
(.61)
131
65
18.8
(5.4)
33.73
(.63)
24.00
(1.71)
5.33
(.59)
131
70
16.6
(5.5)
33.88
(.63)
24.64
(1.65)
5.64
(.48)
131
77
19.4
(4.8)
33.27
(1.66)
23.50
(1.86)
5.40
(.42)
71
Table IX. (Continued) Linear Correlation Coefficients by
Marsden Sub-Square Using Values Averaged to the
Secchi Depth (Standard Deviations in Parentheses)
Mar.Sq.
Sub-Sq,
Tgmp.
re)
Salin.
(b/oo)
Sigma-t
°2
(ml/1)
131
132
132
v
132
132
132
78
16.7
(6.0)
33.29
(1.43)
24.07
(1.89)
5.14
(.26)
29
20.7
(4.4)
19.1
(5.0)
33.77
(.83)
33.82
(.98)
23.58
(1.65)
24.02
(1.82)
5.24
(.47)
5.22
(.61)
49
19.1
(4.6)
33.85
(.98)
24.04
(1.84)
5.27
(.45)
59
17.6
(4.4)
33.72
(.92)
24.35
(1.67)
5.53
(.42)
79
14.6
(5.6)
33.81
(.56)
25.02
(1.49)
5.91
(.62)
72
Table X.
Linear Correlation C
Sub -Square Using Val
Depth
oef f icients
lies Avpragec
by Marsden
I to the Secchi
Mar.Sq.
Sub-Sq.
Temp.
Salin.
Sigma- t
°2
130
51
.260
.310
-.117
-.356
130
60
.104
.349
.222
-.725
130
61
.149
.226
-.051
.028
130
92
.266
.260
-.165
-.198
131
30
.207
.284
-.054
-.350
131
34
.179
.709
.524
-.209
131
36
.521
-.235
-.505
-.507
131
40
.297
-.292
-.523
-.317
131
45
-.029
.550
.380
-.025
131
49
-.008
.225
.061
-.185
131
55
.304
.474
.067
-.320
131
59
.041
.573
.402
-.058
131
65
.529
-.356
-.532
-.517
131
70
.471
-.327
-.473
-.629
131
77
.456
.175
-.161
-.516
131
78
.226
.430
.093
-.746
132
29
.183
.170
-.079
-.256
132
39
.167
.110
-.079
.057
132
49
.340
-.253
-.318
-.159
132
59
.356
-.037
-.258
-.125
132
79
.276
-.578
-.367
-.054
73
Table XI. Parameter Means by Open Ocean Area Using Values
Averaged to the Secchi Depth (Standard Deviations
in Parentheses)
Area
Tern
( c
V
Salin.
Sigraa-t
°2
(ml/1)
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12.4
(4.5)
24.4
(4.D
22.6
(3.D
9.4
(3.8)
20.3
(3.1)
26.2
(2.9)
28.2
(1.5)
28.6
(.8)
28.7
(.5)
25.9
(2.4)
8.7
(4.9)
35.29
(.52)-
36.28
(.63)""
36.65
(.45)
32.70
(.21)
34.50
(.36)
34.82
(.29)
34.60
(.33)
34.58
(.37)
34.48
(.34)
35.78
(.35)
34.39
(.56)
26.64
(.68)-
5.82
(.57)
24.43
U98)^
4.78
(.56)
25.27
(.83)
4.77
(.24)
25.21
(.63)
6.68
(.57)
24.07
(.95)
4.94
(.29)
22.80
(.88)
4.75
(.31)
22.05
(.50)
4.62
(.36)
21.87
(.37)
4.51
(.16)
21.78
(.32)
4.44
(.05)
23.64
(.74)
4.59
(.26)
26.58
(.37)
6.45
(.80)
74
Table XII. Linear Correlation Coefficients by Open Ocean
Area Using Values Averaged to the Secchi Dept^
Area
Temp.
Salin.
Sigma-t
°2
1
.528
.530
-.485
-.510
2
.664
.496
-.453
-.719
3
.543
.428
-.382
-.023
4
-.142
.265
.176
.083
5
.556
.147
-.501
-.429
6
.247
.139
-.236
-.150
7
.090
.121
.003
-.461
8
-.006
-.187
-.216
-.228
9
.235
-.468
-.490
.343
10
.629
.341
-.496
-.512
11
-.071
-.057
.173
-.104
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78
Figure 1B. Marsden square chart showing open ocean
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79
WEST LONGITUDE
EAST LONGITUDE
WEST LONGITUDE
EAST LONGITUDE
65
ONE DEGREE SQUARE
MARSDEN SQUARE
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135
APPENDIX A
AVERAGING PROGRAM
C
C
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
c
THIS PROGRAM READS SEQUENTIAL A-SHEET DATA, SCREENS
THE DATA AND THEM STORES THE SCREENED DATA IN PREPAR-
ATION FOR BIMED02D ANALYSIS. EACH STATION LACKING A
SECCHI DEPTH MEASUREMENT IS OMITTED FROM ANALYSIS.
LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE CORRESPONDING TO EACF STATION
ARE SCREENED FOR THE AREA TO BE ANALIZED. TEMPERA-
TURE, SALINITY, SIGMA-T, AND OXYGEN ARE THEN SCREENED
AND AVERAGED OVER THE SECCHI DEPTH.
INTEGER*4 XD,XM, XTM, YD , YM , YTM
DIMENSION TP(3500),TEMP(3500) , SAL (3500) , S IGMAT ( 3500) ,
5)OXY(3500)
DATA T P /3 5 00* 0. 0 /, TEM P/ 3500* 0. 0 /, SAL/3 5 0 0*0. 0/,S IGMAT
3/ 3500* 0. 0/, OX Y/ 3 50 0*0.0/
CALL REREAD
THIS SECTION CF THE PROGRAM SETS THE SUBSCUARE BOUN-
DARIES AND READS SEQUENTIAL DATA.
N = l
DSS=35.43
DNN=36. 0
DEE=135.0
DWW=136.0
1 READ( 5, 10,END=80)
3ASAL,ASIGMA, AOXY,
10 FORMAT ( IX, 212, II ,
a5X,F4.0,24X, I 1)
IFtKD.GT.l ) GO TO
15 CONTINUE
XD, XM, XTM, YD, YM, YTM, DEPTH, ATEMP,
KD
IX, 13, 12, II, 5X,F4.0,F5. 2, F4. 2, F5.0,
THIS SECTION CONVERTS MINUTES AND SECONDS TO TENTHS
DEGREES. LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE IS THEN CHECKED
AGAINST THE SUBSQUARE BOUNDARIES.
A = 0.0
B=0.0
C=0.0
D = 0.0
IF( (XM
IF( (YM
OF
)
XTM=XTM+1
YTM=YTM+1
EQ.O) . AND. (XTM.EQ.O)
EQ.O) .AND. (YTM. EQ.O) )
ALAT=FLOAT(XD)+( FLOAT (XM)+( FLO AT ( XTM ) *. 1 ) J/60.0
ALON=FLGAT(YD)+( F L OAT ( YM )+( FLOAT { YTM )*. 1 ) J/60.0
IF(ALAT .LT.DSS) GO TO 1
IF(ALON.LT.DEE) GO TO 1
IF(ALAT.GT.DNN) GO TO 1
IF(ALON.GT.DWW) GO TO 1
ThIS SECTION SCREENS THE DATA, AVERAGES THE DATA OVER
THE SECCHI DEPTH, AND THEN PLACES THE DATA IN STORAGE
FOR BIMED02D ANALYSIS.
BTEMP=0.0
DTEMP=0.0
ITEMP=0
ETEMP=0.0
FTEMP=0.0
GTEMP=0.0
BSAL=0.0
ISAL=0
DSAL=0.0
SECCHI=0.0
IF( (ATEMP. EQ. 0.0 ) .AND. (ASAL.EQ. 0.0) ) GO TO 1
I F(ATEMP.EQ.O.O) GO TO 20
BTEMP=ATEMP*100.0
DTEMP=ATEMP*10.0
136
APPENDIX A (CON'TJ
ITEMP=OT£MP
ITEMP=ITEMP*10
ETEMP=FLOAT(ITEMP)
FTEMP=BTEMP-ETEMP
GTEMP=FTEMP*10.0
GO TO 2 5
20 GTEMP=0.0
25 IF(ASAL.EQ.O.O) GO TO 30
BSAL=ASAL/10.0
ISAL=BSAL
DSAL=FLOAT(ISAL)
GO TO 35
30 DSAL=0.0
35 SECCHI=GTEMP+DSAL
IF(SECCHI.LE.O.l) GO TO 1
CTEMP=0.0
CSAL=0.0
CSIGMA=0.0
COXY=0. 0
40 READ< 5, 10, END=80) XD, XM, XTM f YD f YM.YTM, DEPTH ,ATEMP ,
aASAL,ASIGMA,AOXY,KD
IF(KD.EQ.l) GO TO 65
IFUTEMP.EQ.O .0 ) GO TO 45
A=A+1.0
CTEMP=CTEMP+ATEMP
45 IF(ASAL.EQ.O.O) GO TO 50
B=B+1.0
CSAL=CSAL+ASAL
50 IF(ASIGMA.EQ.O.O) GO TO 55
C=C+1.0
CSIGMA=CSIGMA+ASIGMA
55 IF(AOXY.EQ.O.O) GO TO 60
D=D+1.0
COXY=COXY+AOXY
60 CONTINUE
GO TO 40
65 CONTINUE
TP(N)=SECCHI
IF(TP(N).LE.0.1) GO TO 70
IF{TP(N).GE.99.0J GO TO 70
IF(A.EQ.O.O) TEMP(N)=0.0
IF(A.GT.O.O) TEMP(N)=CTEMP/A
IF(B.EQ.O.O) SAL(N)=0.0
IF(B.GT.O.O) SAL(N)=CSAL/B
IF(C.EQ.O.O) SIGMAT(N)=0.0
IF(C.GT.O.O) SIGMAT(N)=CSIGMA/C
IF(D.EO.O.O) OXY(N)=0.0
IF(D.GT.O.O) OXY(N)=COXY/D
GC TO 75
70 CONTINUE
TP(N)=0.0
GO TO 15
75 CONTINUE
N = N+1
GO TO 15
80 CONTINUE
L = N-1
NUM = L
WRITE (8f90)(TP(N) ,TEMP(N) ,SAL(N) ,SIGMAT(N) ,
aOXY(N) .N=1,L)
90 F0RMAT(F8.0,F6.2,F5.2,F6.0,F5.0)
WRITE(6,100) NUM
100 FCRMATf «0' , 'TOTAL COUNT THIS SUBSQUARE : • , I 7 )
STOP
END
137
APPENDIX B
SAMPLE BIMED02D OUTPUT
BMD02D CORRELATION WITH TRANSGENE RAT I ON
REVISED JANUARY 29, 1970
HEALTH SCIENCES COMPUTING F AC I L I TY, UCL A
PROBLEM CODE TEMP
NUMBER OF VARIABLES 2
NUMBER OF CASES 3399
CASE SELECTION CARDS
A CASE IS ACCEPTED IF
(VAR( 2) NE 0.0000) **
VARIABLE FORMAT CARD (S)
(F8.0,F6.2)
REMAINING SAMPLE SIZE= 3399
SUMS
36683.0000 61336.2617
MEANS
10.7923 18.0454
CROSS PRODUCT DEVIATIONS
COL. COL.
1 2
1178283.2500 41609.7930
2141609.7930 105265.5625
STANDARD DEVIATIONS
7.2434 5.5658
VARIANCE-COVARIANCE MATRIX
COL.
COL.
1
2
1
52.4671
12.2454
2
12.2454
30.9787
CORRELATION MATRIX
COL.
COL.
1
2
1
1.0000
0.3037
2
0.3037
1.0000
138
APPENDIX C
TIME SERIES ANALYSIS
C THIS PROGRAM READS SEQUENTIAL A-SHEET DATA AND SORTS
C SECCHI DEPTH OBSERVATIONS ACCORDING TO YEAR AND MONTH
C OF OBSERVATION. SECCHI DEPTH MEASUREMENTS ARE THEN
C AVERAGED FOR EACH MONTH IN THE AREA OF ANALYSIS.
C
HSiSiSoS T8fsE6T?^12),DIVIDE(72a2),AVSEC(72,12)
DATA NLAT/43/,NL0NG/124/, NLA/46/, NLO/128/, N/O/, N I/O/,
SHYEAR/O/
CALL REREAD
DO 2 1=1,72
DO 1 J=l,72
TOTSEC( I, J)=0.0
D1VIDEC I, JJ=0.0
AVSEC( I ,J)=0.0
1 CONTINUE
2 CONTINUE
C THIS SECTION READS IN SEQUENTIAL STATIONS AND CHECKS
C LATITUDE AND LONGITUDE TO INSURE THEY ARE WITHIN THE
C AREA OF ANALYSIS. STATIONS ARE THEN SCREENED FOR
C ERRONEOUS MONTHS AND YEARS AND CHECKED FOR ZERO SECCHI
C DEPTHS. SECCHI DEPTHS ARE THEN AVERAGED FOR EACH
C MONTH.
5 READC5.10,END=15) XDj XM, YD, YM, SECCHI , I YEAR , MONTH , KD
10 FORMAThx,2I2,2X,I3,i2,14X,F2.0,13X,2I2,24X,IlJ
IF(XD.LT.NLAT) GO TO 5
1FCXD.GE.NLA) GO TO 5
IF(YD.LT.NLONG) GO TO 5
IF(YD.GE.NLC) GO TO 5
IFCKD.GT.l) GO TO 5
N = N+1
IFCSECCHI.LT. 0.1) GO TO 5
IF(MONTH.EQ.O) GO TO 5
IFC IYEAR.EQ.O) GO TO 5
IFCMCNTH.GT.12) GO TO 5
IFCIYEAR.GT.72) GO TO 5
TOTSECCIYEAR, MONTH )=TOTSEC( I YEAR, MONTH) +SECCHI
DI VIDE CI YEAR I MONTH )=DI VIDE (I YEAR, MONTH) +1.0
GO TO 5
15 CONTINUE
DO 30 IYEAR=1,72
DO 25 M0NTH=1,12 _ „c
IFCDIV1DEC IYEAR, MONTH) .EQ. 0.0) GO JO 25
AVS ECC I YEAR, MONTH )=TOTS EC (I YEAR, MONTH) /DIVIDE CI YEAR,
SKCNTH)
25 CONTINUE
30 CONTINUE
50 FORMAT?' 1« ,10Xj ' TOTAL NUMBER OF STATIONS ',15)
100 FORMATC'O' ,10X,« TOTAL NUMBER OF S-DEPTHS ',15)
150 F0RMATtJ0^,20X,«TIME SERIES OF SECCHI MEASUREMENTS')
DO 600 IYEAR=32,72
MYEAR=0
MYEAR=1900+IYEAR
WRITE<6,200) MYEAR
20 0 FORMAT C ' 0' ,15X, 'YEAR=« ,14,//)
300 FGRMATCJ0°?5X, 'MONTHS 5X,'NR. S-DEP ' , 5X, ' A VER. S-DEP')
SRITE?6?400y_M6NTH,DIVIDE( IYEAR, MONTH) , A VSEC C I YEAR ,
SMONTH)
139
APPENDIX C (CON'T)
400
500
600
FORMAT ( •
CONTINUE
CONTINUE
STOP
END
•,6X,I2,10X,F4.0,11X,F4.1)
140
BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Anderson, G. C, "The Seasonal and Geographic Distri-
bution of Primary Productivity off the Washington and
Oregon Coasts," Limnology and Oceanography, 9(3),
284-302, 1964.
2. Arsen'yev, V. S., and Voytov, V. I., "Relative Trans-
parency and Color of Bering Sea Water," .Dccanology , 8_(1)
41-43, 1968.
3. Atkins, W. R. G., Jenkins, P. G., and Warren, F. J.,
"The Suspended Matter in Sea Water and its Seasonal
Changes as Affecting the Visual Range of the Secchi Disk,"
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the
OnTted Kingdom, 33, 497-508, 19S4.
4. Bakun, A., National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administra-
tion Report 671, Coastal Upwelling Indices, West Coast
of North America, 1946-71, 103 p., June 1973.
5. Bakun, A., Personal Communication to S. P. Tucker,
February, 1974.
6. Brown, P. J., Correlation Coefficients Calculated on a
World Wide Basis Between Observed Secchi Depths and
Other Simultaneously Measured Standard Oceanographic
Parameters, M.S. Thesis, U.S. Naval Postgraduate School,
Monterey, 1973, 123 p.
7. Cialdi, A. and Secchi, P. A., "On the Transparency of
the Sea," Tr . by A. Collier, Limnology and Oceanography,
1_3(3) , 391-394, 1968.
8. Clark, G. L., Ewing, G. C, and Lorenzen, C. J., "Spectra
of Backscattered Light from the Sea Obtained from Air-
craft as a Measure of Chlorophyll Concentration,"
Science, 1_6J7_(3921) , 1119-1121, 1970.
9. Dixon, W. J., Biomedical Computer Programs, University
of California Press, Berkeley, 1973, 773 p.
10. Dixon, W. J. and Massey, Jr., F. J., Introduction to
Statistical Analysis, McGraw-Hill Book Co. , Inc. ,
New York, 19 57, 488 p.
11. Duntley, S. Q., The Visibility of Submerged Objects,
Visibility Laboratory, Mass. Inst, ot Tech., 74 p.,
Final Report Under Contract N5ori 07864, August 1952.
141
12. Duntley, S. 0., Oceanography from Manned Satellites by
Means of Visible Light, Woods Hole Oceanographic Insti-
tution Report 10,- 1965.
13. Duntley, S. Q. , Underwater Lighting by Submerged Lasers
and Incondescent Sources, Scripps Institution of Ocean-
ography , Reference Number 71-1, 1971.
14. Fonselius, S. H., "On Eutrophication and Pollution in the
Baltic Sea," Marine Pollution and Sea Life, ed . by
M. Ruivo, 23-28, Fishing News (Books) Ltd. , England,
1970.
15. Frederick, M. A., An Atlas of Secchi Disc Transparency
Measurements and Forel-Ule Color Codes for the Oceans
of the World, M.S. Thesis, U.S. Naval Postgraduate
School, Monterey, 1970, 188 p.
16. Graham, J. J., "Secchi Disc Observations and Extinction
Coefficients in the Central and Eastern North Pacific
Ocean," Limnology and Oceanography, 1_1_(2) , 184-190, 1966.
17. Holmes, R. W. , "The Secchi Disc in Turbid Coastal Waters,"
Limnology and Oceanography, 1_5_(5) , 668-694, 1970.
18. Jerlov, N. G., Optical Oceanography, Elsevier, Amsterdam,
London, New York, 194 p. , 1968.
19. Luksch, Josef, "Expeditionen S.M. Schiff POLA im Mittel-
landischen, Agaischen und Rothen Meere in den Jahren
1890-1898. Wissenschaftliche Ergebnisse XIX. Unter-
suchungen iiber die Transparenz und Farbe des Seewassers."
Denkschrif ten der Kaiserlichen Akademie der Wissen-
schatten. Mathematisch-Maturwissenschaf tliche Classe
(Wien) 69, 400-485, 1901.
20. Murphy, G. I., "Effect of Water Clarity on Albacore
Catches," Limnology and Oceanography, 4 (1) , 86-93, 1959.
21. Pal:, H. and Zaneveld, J. R. V., "The Cromwell Current on
the East Side of the Galapagos Islands," Journal of
Geophysical Research, 78_(33), 7845-7859, 1973.
22. Petri, K. J. and Starry, R. F., Remote Measurements of
Sea Surface Wind Velocity, American Soc. o± Photogrammetry ,
Oceanography Symposium, Orlando, Florida, October 1973.
23. Poole, H. H. , and Atkins, W. R. G., "Photoelectric Mea-
surement of Submarine Illumination Throughout the Year,"
Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the
United Kingdom, 16, 297-324", 1929.
24. Postma, H., "Suspended Matter and Secchi Disc Visibility
in Coastal Waters," Netherlands Journal of Sea Research,
1(3), 359-390, 1961.
142
25. Ryther, J. H. and Yentsch C. S., "The Estimation of
Phytoplankton Production in the Ocean from Chlorophyll
and Light Data," Limnology and Oceanography, 2_(3) ,
281-286, 1957.
26. Tyler, J. E. and Preisendorf er , R. W. , "Transmission of
Energy Within the Sea," The Sea, Vol I, ed . by M. N.
Hill, 397-445, Interscience Publishers, New York, 1963.
27. Tyler, J. E., "The Secchi Disc," Limnology and Ocean-
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28. Visser, M. P., "Secchi Disc and Sea Colour Observations
in the North Atlantic Ocean During the Navado III Cruise,
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553-563, 1967.
29. Voytov, V. I., and Dement 'yeva, M. G., "The Relative
Transparency of the Indian Ocean Water," Oceanology ,
10(1), 35-37, 1970.
143
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UNCLASSIFIED
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (When Datm Entrred)
REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE
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BEFORE COMPLETING FORM
1 1. REPORT NUMBER
2. GOVT ACCESSION NO.
3. RECIPIENT'S CATALOG NUMBER
4. TITLE (end Submit)
STATISTICAL STUDIES OF
WORLD-WIDE SECCHI DATA
5. TYPE OF REPORT & PERIOD COVERED
Master's Thesis;
March 1974
6. PERFORMING ORG. REPORT NUMBER
7. AUTHORf»;
Gerald L. York; Lieutenant, USN
8. CONTRACT OR GRANT NUMBERf»;
ONR Project Order
# P04-0121
9. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME AND ADDRESS
Naval Postgraduate School
Monterey, California 93940
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AREA & WORK UNIT NUMBERS
II. CONTROLLING OFFICE NAME AND ADDRESS
Naval Postgraduate School
1 Monterey, California 93940
12. REPORT DATE
March 1974
13. NUMBER OF PAGES
149
14. MONITORING AGENCY NAME & ADDRESSf// dl Iterant from Controlling Ollice)
i
1
Naval Postgraduate School
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IS. SECURITY CLASS, (ol thla report)
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16. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (otthla Report)
Approved for public release; distribution unlimited.
17. DISTRIBUTION STATEMENT (of the abstract entered In Block 20, II dlllerent from Report)
IB. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES
19. KEY WORDS (Continue on reverae aide It neceaafuy and Identity by block number)
Secchi Depths Upwelling Index
Sea Water Transparency Phytoplankton Wet Volume
Correlation Coefficient Analysis Optical Properties of Sea
Multiple Regression analysis „ , t, -,
h ' Forel Color
20. ABSTRACT (Continue on reverae aide It neceaoery end Identity by block nunxber)
An investigation was made to determine possible correlations
between Secchi depths and other simultaneously measured ocean-
ographic parameters which were on file at the National Ocean-
ographic Data Center as of March 1972. Sixty- three one-degree
subsquares occurring in Japanese and Korean waters and eleven
Atlantic and Pacific open ocean areas were chosen for linear
correlation analysis using both sea surface data and mean
DD 1 jan'73 1473 EDITION OF I NOV 65 IS OBSOLETE
(Page 1)
S/N 0102-014- 6601 I
UNCLASSIFIFD
149
SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGE (Khen Date Snterad)
INCLASSIFIFD
CkCIJHITY CLASSIFICATION OF THIS PAGECWhon Dull Entered)
values of some fourteen different oceanographic parameters
averaged over the Secchi depth. In particular, oxygen
measurements exhibited trends toward an inverse proportionality
with Secchi depth while temperature data indicated aspossible
direct proportionality.
Time series analyses of Secchi depths were performed and
compared with upwelling indices computed for the Oregon coast
and near Monterey Bay, California. An inverse proportionality
and possible phase lag of mean Secchi depth compared to
monthly upwelling index was observed. Multiple regression
equations relating Secchi depth and upwelling index were
calculated for both locations.
DDlJann73 14?3 ^^ UNCLASSIFIFD
S/N 0102-014-6601 SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OK THIS PAGEfWhen Deli Entered)
150
14 FE.&79
5 0Ci79
S OCT79
-&&&
2 5 U 5 9
152' '■■
Thesis
\5l ^Statistical studies of
>r Id-wide Seech, data.
wot
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— e-5** -**}
25U5 9
Thes i s
Y53 York
c.l Statistical studies of
world-wide Secchi data.
lhesY53
Statistical .-.Jijdies of world-wide Secchi
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3 2768 001 90527 6
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