HELENA WHO'S WHO
ARNOLD CHAPLIN; M.
Number of Copy
3 YORK GATE,
LONDON, N.W.
AUrilllJAI.I) AKNOTT. M.I).
f.p
A
ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
OR
A DIRECTORY OF THE ISLAND DURING
THE CAPTIVITY OF NAPOLEON
BY
ARNOLD CHAPLIN, M.D.
FELLOW OF THK UOYAL COLLEGE OF PHYSICIANS
Author of ThK Illness and Dtath of Napoleon, Thomas Shortt, etc.
PUBLISHED BY THE AUTHOR
AT 3 YORK GATE, LONDON
1914
Copyright
All rights reserved
CONTENTS
PAOE
INTRODUCTION ..... 1
THE ISLAND OF ST. HELENA AND ITS ADMINISTRATION . 7
(a) MILITARY .... 8
(6) NAVAL . . ... 9
(c) CIVIL . . . ... 10
THE POPULATION OF ST. HELENA AND THE EXPENSES OP
ADMINISTRATION . . . 14
THE RESIDENTS AT LONG WOOD . . 15
A TABLE OF PRECEDENCE IN ST. HELENA . . .17
TOPOGRAPHICAL POINTS, AND THE PRINCIPAL RESIDENCES IN
THE ISLAND . . ... 18
THE REGIMENTS IN ST. HELENA . . 20
(a) THE 2ND BATTALION OF THE 53RD FOOT REGI-
MENT . . ... 20
(b) THE 66TH FOOT REGIMENT . 23
(c) THE 20TH FOOT REGIMENT . 29
(d) THE ST. HELENA REGIMENTS . 32
(e) THE ARTILLERY AND ENGINEERS . 35
THE FLAG-SHIPS STATIONED AT ST. HELENA . 36
THE ST. HELENA " WHO'S WHO" . 42
A CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF NAPOLEON'S VISITORS IN
ST. HELENA . . . . 116
CHRONOLOGY OF THE EVENTS AFTER NAPOLEON'S DEATH . 126
THE CONSTRUCTION OF NAPOLEON'S TOMB . . .128
THE REPORTS OF THE POST-MORTEM EXAMINATION . .128
THE ARTISTS IN ST. HELENA . . . 130
v
vi A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
PAOK
TABLES OF LONGEVITY IN ST. HELENA . . .134
THE CASE OF LIEUTENANT REARDON . . .137
WHAT HAPPENED AT MASON'S STOCK HOUSE . .146
THE AFFIDAVITS FILED IN THE CASE OF LOWE v. O'MEARA 151
SOME OF THE LADIES IN ST. HELENA . . .152
PORTRAITS
ARCHIBALD ARNOTT, M.D.
MRS. BALCOMBE
WILLIAM BALCOMBE
ALEXANDER BAXTER, M.D.
REV. RICHARD BOYS
FRANCIS BURTON, M.D. .
CAPTAIN WILLIAM CROKAT
MAJOR GIDEON GORREQUER
DR. WALTER HENR-Y
COLONEL JOHN MANSEL, C.B.
REAR-ADMIRAL ROBERT J. PLAMPIN
SIR THOMAS READE
LIEUT. R. H. REARDON
CAPTAIN C. B. H. Ross
THOMAS SHORTT, M.D. .
JAMES VERLING, M.D. .
Miss LAURA WILKS
COLONEL MARK WILKS .
LIEUT. HALE YOUNG WORTHAM
Frontispiece
To face page 1
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vii
'
MIIS. IJALCO.MHK
A ST. HELEN A WHO'S WHO
INTRODUCTION
I HAVE ventured to print this little book, which con-
tains information concerning those who lived in St.
Helena during the captivity of Napoleon, with the hope
that it may be found useful to those students who share
with me the delight afforded by the study of that
period.
The book consists of notes in expanded form, collected
from various sources in leisure hours extending over
many years. Although great care has been taken to
be accurate, no claim is made to infallibility, and doubt-
less the experienced reader will note, here and there,
the inevitable errors and omissions, the correction of
which will be valued by me as a contribution to histori-
cal accuracy.
It is doubtful if any period in the life of any man
has been so minutely recorded as that which covered
the captivity of Napoleon in St. Helena. It is no
exaggeration to say that every day is accounted for
and, during the first thirty months of the time, one
might, with almost equal truth, substitute " hours "
for " days." The memorialists and all who were
brought into contact with the Emperor hastened, while
the subject was still fresh in the memory, to commit to
paper, impressions, remarks, and conversations. In-
deed, during the captivity, the residents in St. Helena
were largely employed in letter-writing to friends at
home, and at the present day many families have in
2 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
their possession treasured papers which record the
ideas and reflections of ancestors, after having been
honoured by a few words addressed to them by the
great Emperor.
The difficulties encountered in attempting to trace
the descendants of those in St. Helena, although great,
have not been insurmountable. Sometimes success
has been obtained with but little trouble, while some-
times after a patient work an impasse has been arrived
at, occasioned by the total lack of interest on the part
of the descendants applied to. Sometimes also an
excellent cold douche has been administered to one's
vanity when the reply has come from some long-sought
person, somewhat as follows : "I believe you are right
in your belief that my great-uncle was in St. Helena, for
I have heard my aunt say so. Since you are interested
in St. Helena you may like to know that Napoleon was
a prisoner there ! "
Although it is not contended that anything startling
will be discovered by research of this kind, yet every
scrap of information bearing directly or indirectly on
the captivity of Napoleon possesses some interest and,
though only of the humble spade-work variety, has its
modest value. If research of this kind be necessary,
now is the time, for nearly a hundred years have elapsed
since the captivity began, and those who were in
St. Helena then are represented now by the third
generation. These, the grandchildren, are passing away
every year, and soon few will be left near enough to have
a vivid interest in the drama in which their forefathers
took part.
For the collection of portraits and particulars of those
connected with St. Helena, application has frequently
been made to the descendants, but this mode of re-
search lias formed a part only of the basis on which
tliis investigation rests. The history of the captivity of
Napoleon is unique in a way, for it possesses that monu-
INTRODUCTION 3
ment to industry in the shape of some ninety volumes of
manuscripts in the British Museum, known as the
" Lowe Papers," wherein almost every act and word
connected with the captivity is faithfully recorded.
As if this were not enough, there are twenty-nine
volumes in the Record Office which fill in the few gaps
in the " Lowe Papers." These records, which must
always be regarded as the only firm foundation upon
which any work connected with St. Helena, how-
ever humble, can be built, I have read and used
freely.
Until recently nearly all writers dealing with Napoleon
in St. Helena have rather neglected the " Lowe Papers,"
and Forsyth's " History of the Captivity " founded on
the " Papers " has been accepted as an unbiassed
summary of the subject. But in 1912 my friend Mr.
G. L. de St. M. Watson published " A Polish Exile with
Napoleon," which was based on an exhaustive analysis
of the " Lowe Papers," and he has shown conclusively
that it is by no means safe to accept blindly Forsyth's
able advocacy of the policy of the British Authorities.
The work Mr. Watson has accomplished in his minute
criticism of the " Lowe Papers " is invaluable, and to
him, in common with all students of the captivity, I am
deeply indebted, not only for his book, but for the ready
way in which he has given me the benefit of his able
criticism and advice.
It has always appeared to me that a small Directory,
or " Who's Who," of those connected with the cap-
tivity of Napoleon would serve a useful purpose in
saving the time and trouble required in searching for
names, or particular occurrences. Although the " Lowe
Papers " are amply sufficient to inform us as to the
status or line of conduct of almost all the residents in
St. Helena at that time, there are no books or records
in collected form which tell us anything about their
careers, and if information be desired regarding any
4 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
person figuring in the history of the captivity, a search
of some hours is often required. To fill this apparent
want, therefore, is the object of this little work, and I
have endeavoured, however imperfectly, to give short
biographies of the people connected with the detention
of Napoleon, and to gather together in one volume other
information likely to prove useful to the student of that
period.
In addition to the "Lowe Papers" which cover the
period of the captivity, I have found various series of
documents in the Record Office to be of the greatest
assistance. The " Muster Rolls," the " Casualty Re-
turns," the "Monthly States," the "Paymaster's
Books," and the " Services of Officers," in the War
Office Series, have yielded much information, and the
" Muster Rolls " of ships, in the Admiralty Series, have
proved to be invaluable in the search for passengers
carried to and from St. Helena. For facts concerning
the St. Helena regiments, the East India Company's
officials, and other residents in the Island, use has been
made of the Registers of the East India Company from
1800 to 1834. These annual registers are important from
the point of view of research, for they not only give the
dates of appointment to the various offices and the dates
of death or retirement of the holders, but from 1825
they give a list of those inhabiting the Island of
St. Helena. To the ever-increasing literature on the sub-
ject of St. Helena also, I owe much valuable knowledge,
and to all who have contributed books or papers I
tender my sincere thanks.
I have also to thank especially my friend Mr. A. M.
Broadley for the great assistance I have received from
his encouragement and advice. His wonderful collec-
tion of manuscripts, books, and prints, dealing with the
Napoleonic period, which he has patiently built up
during many years, is well and deservedly known, and
1 have cleared up many doubtful points concerning
INTRODUCTION 5
iconography on reference to his library, and his great
knowledge of that subject.
To my friends Dr. J. F. Silk and Mr. Norwood
Young I am deeply grateful for the way in which they
have helped me during the research required for this
little work. Dr. Silk has placed at my disposal his
valuable St. Helena collection, and Mr. Young, although
busily engaged on his work, " Napoleon in Exile," has
at all times, in the kindest way, afforded me assistance
with his valuable criticisms.
The nineteen portraits which illustrate the book have,
I believe, with the exception of that of Colonel Wilks,
never been published before, and for permission to
reproduce them I desire to thank sincerely the following
owners : —
Mrs. Agg, for the portrait of her grandfather, Dr.
Burton.
Dr. Silk, for the portraits of his great-uncle, Dr.
Baxter, and Colonel Mark Wilks.
Mrs. Arnott Collington, for the portrait of her uncle,
Dr. Arnott.
Miss Crokat, for the portrait of her uncle, Captain
Crokat.
Mrs. Emmerton, for the portraits of her grandfather
and grandmother, Mr. and Mrs. William Balcombe.
Mr. Aleyn Reade, through the instrumentality of
Mr. Broadley, for the portrait of Sir Thomas Reade.
Mrs. Mansel-Pleydell, for the portrait of Colonel John
Mansel.
Admiral F. R. Boardman, C.B., for the portrait of his
godfather, Captain Ross.
Mr. Orbell W. Oakes, for the portrait of his uncle,
Admiral Plampin.
Captain A. G. Shortt, for the portrait of his grand-
father, Dr. Shortt.
Mr. G. de Gorrequer Griffith, for the portrait of
Major Gorrequer.
6 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
The Rev. Biscoe Hale Wortham, for the portrait of his
uncle, General Hale Young Wortham.
Mr. Henry FitzGerald, for the portrait of his great-
uncle, Dr. James Verling.
Dr. Sankey, through the instrumentality of Mr.
Watson, for the portrait of the Rev. Mr. Boys.
Mr. George Henry, for the portrait of his father,
Dr. Walter Henry.
Mr. C. C. Reardon and Miss Mackay, for the portrait
of their grandfather, Captain Reardon, and for per-
mission to make use of private papers in their possession
regarding his case.
In conclusion, I desire to point out that I have con-
tented myself with very brief biographies in those cases
where fuller information is readily obtainable.
ARNOLD CHAPLIN.
3 YORK GATE,
LONDON, N.W.
July, 1914.
THE ISLAND OF ST. HELENA
AND ITS ADMINISTRATION
ST. HELENA was discovered by Juan de Nova Castella,
a Portuguese navigator, on May 21st, 1502, and gained
its name from the fact that the day of discovery was the
anniversary of the feast-day of Helena, the mother of the
Emperor Constantine. In 1651 the East India Company
took possession of the Island, and on April 3rd, 1661,
Charles II granted the Company a Charter. In 1672 the
Dutch gained possession of the Island, but in the following
year were driven out by Sir Richard Munden and Captain
Kedgwin. On December 16th, 1673, Charles II re-
granted the Island to the East India Company, and in
their possession it remained until 1815 when, having
been selected as a residence for Napoleon, an arrange-
ment was made, by which the Governor was to be
appointed by the Crown with full powers, and the East
India Company were to bear the expense, equivalent
to an average of the three preceding years. The re-
mainder of the expense attendant upon the safe
custody of Napoleon was borne by the British Govern-
ment.
After the death of Napoleon the government of
the Island reverted to the East India Company, and
this continued until April 22nd, 1834, when it was
taken over by the British Government.
An excellent account of St. Helena will be found in
" The History of St. Helena," by T. H. Brooke, published
in 1808 and 1824, and in " St. Helena, the Historic
Isle," by E. L. Jackson. Ward, Lock and Co., 1903.
With the advent of Napoleon, many new naval and
military posts were created, and the following is a list
7
8 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
of those who held the various positions in the adminis-
tration : —
MILITARY
Governor. Sir Hudson Lowe, G.C.B.,
Lt. -General.
Deputy Adjutant-General. Sir Thomas Reade, C.B.,
Lt.-Colonel.
Military Secretary. Edward B. Wynyard, Lt.-
Colonel.
Aide-de-Camp. Gideon Gorrequer, Major.
Inspector of Coasts and
Volunteers. Thomas Lyster, Lt.-
Colonel.
Deputy Inspector of Hos-
pitals. Alexander Baxter, who was
succeeded in 1820 by
Dr. Thomas Shortt.
General Officer Command-
ing the Troops. Sir George Ridout Bing-
ham, K.C.B., Brigadier-
General. He left on May
30th, 1819, and on
August 23rd, 1820,
Brigadier-General John
Pine-Coffin arrived to
take command.
Brigade-Major. Charles Harrison, Captain.
In command of the
Engineers. Anthony Emmett, Major.
In command of the
Artillery. James Power, Major.
In command of the
Dragoons. J. W. Hoath, Cornet.
Of the Staff Corps. Basil Jackson, Lieutenant.
WILLIAM BALCOMBE
THE ISLAND OF ST. HELENA
9
Orderly Officers at Longwood.
Captain T. W. Poppleton, 53rd Regiment. From
December 10th, 1815, to July 24th, 1817.
Captain Henry Pierce Blakeney, 66th Regiment.
From July 25th, 1817, to July 16th, 1818.
Lt. -Colonel Thomas Lyster, Inspector of Coasts and
Volunteers. From July 16th to July 25th,
1818.
Captain H. P. Blakeney. From July 25th to Septem-
ber 5th, 1818.
Captain George Nicholls, 66th Regiment. From
September 5th, 1818, to February 9th, 1820.
Captain Englebert Lutyens, 20th Regiment. From
February 10th, 1820, to April 15th, 1821.
Captain William Crokat, 20th Regiment. From
April 15th to May 6th, 1821.
NAVAL
ADMIRALS IN COMMAND OF THE ST. HELENA STATION
Sir George Cockburn, Rear-
Admiral.
Sir Pulteney Malcolm,
Rear- Admiral.
Robert J. Plampin, Rear-
Admiral.
Robert Lambert, Rear-
Admiral.
Arrived October 15th,1815,
in the " Northumber-
land " (Capt. Ross).
Left June 19th, 1816.
Arrived June 17th, 1816,
in the " Newcastle "
(Capt. Meynell). Left
July 4th, 1817.
Arrived July 20th, 1817,
in the " Conqueror "
(Capt. Davie). Left July
20th, 1820.
Arrived July 14th, 1820,
in the " Vigo " (Capt.
Brown). Left Septem-
ber llth, 1821.
10 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
CIVIL ADMINISTRATION
The Civil Administration of the Island was vested in
the hands of the Governor, and two Members of Council,
but in addition there were " ex officio " members of the
Council. The two Members of Council held the two
most lucrative posts in the administration, under the
H.E.I.C., viz. Paymaster and Accountant, each carry-
ing a salary of £1400. The other salaried positions in
the East India Company's service were held by officials
who were divided up into four grades, viz. " Senior
Merchants," " Junior Merchants," " Factors," and
" Writers."
The following is a list of those who held the various
salaried positions during the captivity : —
Governor.
Sir Hudson Lowe.
Members of Council.
Sir William Webber Doveton. Paymaster. Resigned
in 1817.
Robert Leech. Accountant. Died January 12th,
1818.
Thomas Henry Brooke. Secretary to the Council.
Thomas Greentree. Storekeeper.
Sir George Bingham was an unofficial Member of
Council, but the H.E.I.C. refused to confirm the
appointment.
Senior Merchants.
Gabriel Doveton. Died February 19th, 1816.
John de Fountain. Dismissed the Service.
John Mason. Died December 9th, 1815.
B. A. Wright. Acting Accountant. Gave up the
Service.
Richard Huddart Leech. Died 1817.
THE ISLAND OF ST. HELENA 11
Junior Merchants.
David Kay. Pensioned in 1817.
John Kay. Deputy Secretary. Pensioned in 1817.
George Blenkens. Deputy Paymaster.
Robt. Francis Scale. Deputy Storekeeper.
Anthony Beale. First Assistant Paymaster.
Factors.
George Voteur Lambe. First Assistant Storekeeper.
Nathaniel Kennedy. Deputy Accountant. Died
1823.
Charles Blake. First Assistant Secretary.
David L. Leech. Assistant Accountant. Died 1820.
Writers.
W. H. Scale. Second Assistant Accountant. Died
1834.
Thomas P. Hollis. Retired in 1816.
Thomas B. Brooke.
R. Brooke.
John Young.
John Doveton.
Judges and Magistrates.
Sir W. W. Doveton.
Robert Leech.
T. H. Brooke.
Thomas Greentree.
Judge Advocate.
Major C. R. G. Hodson. Formerly Town Major.
Died 1855.
Town Majors.
Capt. John Barnes. Died 1817.
Capt. Thomas J. B. Cole. Died 1827.
Superintendent of Police.
Thomas Rainsford. Died 1817.
12 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
In Charge of Telegraphs.
Capt. Henry Huff Pritchard. Died 1828.
Superintendent of the H.E.I.C.'s Lands.
William Porteous. Succeeded in 1819 by A. A.
Scale.
Postmaster.
Joseph Cole.
The Company's Farmer.
William Breame.
The Company's Gardener.
Edward Charlton.
Gaoler.
Charles Weston.
Superintendents of Public Sales.
William Balcombe. Appointed in 1807.
William Fowler. Appointed in 1818.
Master Attendant.
William Brabazon.
Steward of Stores.
D. Brockway.
Boat Builder.
John Adams.
Chaplains.
Senior : Rev. Richard Boys.
Junior : Rev. Bowater James Vernon.
School Establishment.
Revs. Boys and Vernon.
J. McDaniel.
John Firmin.
Henry Kay.
THE ISLAND OF ST. HELENA 13
Medical Establishment.
Superintendents .
David Kay, retired February 10th, 1820. Died 1833.
Matthew Livingstone. Died 1821.
Surgeons.
Robt. Grout. Died 1817.
George Mead.
Assistant Surgeons.
John Mellis. Died 1820.
John Hammond.
F. Cole.
John Price.
Gordon Lorimer.
Thomas Harrington.
The salaries attaching to the various posts held by
those in the employ of the East India Company, as
Senior and Junior Merchants, Factors, and Writers, were
as follows : —
£
Paymaster ..... 1400
Accountant and Secretary . . 1400
Storekeeper 1000
Acting Accountant .... 1000
Deputy Storekeeper . . . 600
Deputy Secretary .... 500
Deputy Paymaster .... 500
Deputy Accountant . . . 500
1st Assistant Paymaster . . . 350
1st Assistant Storekeeper. . . 350
1st Assistant Secretary . . . 350
Assistant Accountant . . 350
2nd Assistant Storekeeper . . 300
2nd Assistant Accountant . . 300
(References. "Lowe Papers," vol. 20,240, f. 74.
" East India Register," 1814-36.)
14 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
THE POPULATION OF ST. HELENA IN 1820
Whites 3534
Slaves 1156
Chinese 481
Free Blacks 613
Lascars ..... 33
5817
Troops 1483
H.E.I.C.'s Troops .... 698
2181
Total Population 7998
(" Lowe Papers," vol. 20,240, ff. 131-2.)
THE EXPENSES OF ADMINISTRATION IN ST. HELENA
IN 1817
£
Allowances ..... 1,742
Expenses of Blacks . . . 1,351
Labour Charges . . . .1,040
Fortification 7,891
Garrison Charges .... 206,015
Hospitals 1,120
Medicines ..... 1,975
Marine Department . . . 1,821
Plantations 5,347
Repairs 2,414
Seeds .... .105
Longwood, Repairs . . . 1,176
NAPOLEON'S Expenses . . . 11,678
Total . . £243,675
(" Lowe Papers," vol. 20,240, f. 88.)
THE RESIDENTS AT LONGWOOD
NAPOLEON.
COUNT BERTRAND. Remained the whole time.
COUNTESS BERTRAND. „ „
NAPOLEON BERTRAND. „ „
HENRI BERTRAND. „ „
HORTENSE BERTRAND. „ ,,
ARTHUR BERTRAND. Born during the Captivity.
COUNT DE MONTHOLON. Remained the whole time.
COUNTESS DE MONTHOLON. Left July 2nd, 1819.
TRISTAN DE MONTHOLON. „ „
NAPOLEON DE MONTHOLON. „ „
A CHILD of MONTHOLON. „ „
COUNT DE LAS CASES. Left December 30th, 1816.
EMMANUEL DE LAS CASES. „ „
BARON GOURGAUD. Left March 14th, 1818.
CIPRIANI. Maitre d'Hotel. Died February 26th, 1818.
MARCHAND. 1st Valet. Remained the whole time.
ST. DENIS. 2nd Valet. ,, „
NOVARREZ. 3rd Valet. „ „
ARCHAMBAULT. The coachman. „ „
PIERRON. The butler. „ ,,
JOSEPHINE BRULE. Maid to Mme. Montholon. Married
Novarrez, and remained the whole time.
SANTINI. The Usher. Left October 19th, 1816.
ARCHAMBAULT. The groom „ „
ROUSSEAU. The lampiste. „ „
LEPAGE. The cook. Left June 8th, 1818.
GENTILINI. Footman. Left October 4th, 1820.
JULIETTE. Wife of Gentilini. Left October 4th, 1820.
HEYMANN, BERNARD. Servant to the Bertrands. Left
June 8th, 1818.
15
16 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
HEYMANN'S WIFE. Servant to the Bertrands. Left
June 8th, 1818.
O'MEARA. Surgeon. Left Longwood July 25th, 1818.
PIONTKOWSKI. Arrived December 29th, 1815. Left
October 19th, 1816.
HALL, MARY. Madame St. Denis. Arrived June 26th,
1818. Remained to the end.
ANTOMMARCHI. Surgeon. Arrived September 20th,
1819. Remained to the end.
VIGNALI. The Priest. Arrived September 20th, 1819.
Remained to the end.
BUONAVITA. The Priest. Arrived September 20th,
1819. Left March 17th, 1821.
CHANDELIER. Cook. Arrived September 20th, 1819.
Remained to the end.
COURSOT. Butler. Arrived September 20th, 1819.
Remained to the end.
BOUGES. Servant to the Bertrands. Arrived in 1818.
Remained to the end.
LAROCHE. The cook. Arrived July llth, 1818, and
left March 3rd, 1819.
THE GRAAFES. Husband and wife, employed as valet
and femme de chambre to the Bertrands.
JEANETTE. French female cook.
PATRICK RAVEN. Servant to the Montholons.
ESTHER VESEY. Servant to the Monfcholons.
WILLIAM RUDDALL. Employed to clean the silver.
MRS. DICKSON/
MRS. KAYE.
MRS. GOODSON.
Maternity nurses to the Countess
Bertrand and Montholon.
MRS. QUILTON.
In addition there were about twenty others employed
around the house, each at a salary of £40 per annum.
ALEXANDER BAXTER, M.D.
A TABLE OF PRECEDENCE IN ST. HELENA
THE following table of precedence to be observed at
official functions at Plantation House exists in the
Council Minutes, for the year 1816 (" Lowe Papers,"
vol. 20,240, f. 76).
W. Doveton ) Judges and Magistrates, and Members of
Robert Leech ) Council.
T. H. Brooke
John de Fountain
Senior Merchants, ranking with
Lt. -Colonels.
Junior Merchants,
Majors.
ranking with
B. A. Wright
Richard Leech
David Kay
John Kay
Thomas Greentree
George Blenkens
Robert Scale \
Anthony Beale „
T , I Factors, ranking with Captains.
George Lambe f
N. Kennedy )
Charles Blake]
D. Leech Writers, ranking with Subalterns.
Henry Scale
It is interesting to learn that the Rev. Richard Boys,
the Senior Chaplain, was accorded the right to rank
with a Major.
17
TOPOGRAPHICAL POINTS AND
PRINCIPAL RESIDENCES
LONGWOOD. — Situated about 1800 feet above sea level.
In extent, including Deadwood, about 1500 acres.
Highest points in St. Helena. — Diana's Peak, 2697 feet.
Cuckold's Point, 2677 feet. Halley's Mount, 2467
feet.
Table of Distances in St. Helena. —
From Jamestown to The Briars, 1 mile.
„ „ Alarm House, 2 miles 7 fur-
longs.
„ „ Hutt's Gate, 3 miles 5 furlongs.
„ „ Longwood, 4 miles 6 furlongs.
,, „ Arnos Vale, 4 miles 6 furlongs.
„ „ Francis Plain, 4 miles 3 fur-
longs.
„ „ Level Wood, 6 miles 3 furlongs.
„ ,, Rosemary Hall, 4 miles 4 fur-
longs.
„ „ Sandy Bay, 9 miles 1 furlong.
„ „ Powell's Valley, 7 miles 6 fur-
longs.
„ „ Country Church, 3 miles 2 fur-
longs.
From Longwood to Plantation House, 3 miles 5 fur-
longs.
(" St. Helena Almanack," 1858.)
THE PRINCIPAL RESIDENCES IN ST. HELENA
Plantation House. — The residence of the Governor.
The Castle. — The town residence of the Governor.
18
TOPOGRAPHICAL POINTS 19
Longwood. — The residence of Napoleon, and formerly
occupied by the Lt. -Governor.
The Briars. — The residence of William Balcombe. Napo-
leon lived in an adjacent pavilion until Decem-
ber 10th, 1815, when he removed to Longwood.
After Balcombe left, Admirals Plampin and Lam-
bert established themselves there.
Rosemary Hall. — Formerly the residence of Mr. W.
Wrangham, but occupied by Baron and Baroness
Sturmer and Count Balmain.
Knollcombe. — Occupied by Sir George and Lady Bing-
ham, and then by General and Mrs. Pine-Coffin.
Hutt's Gate. — A small house occupied by the Bertrands,
until a better one could be built.
The House of Mr. Porteous. — Situated in Jamestown.
Napoleon slept here for the first night on arrival.
It was much frequented by the officers on the Naval
Station as a lodging house, and the Marquis de
Montchenu also lived here
Alarm House — Occupied by Colonel and Mrs. Wynyard.
Sir Thomas Reade also resided here at times, but
he also had a house in Jamestown.
Mount Pleasant, Sandy Bay. — The residence of Sir
William Doveton. Napoleon paid this house a
visit on two occasions, and on October 4th, 1820,
had breakfast there.
High Peake. — Here was established the Hospital for
Naval Invalids.
Castle of Otranto. — The residence of Major Seale.
Prospect House. — Occupied by Mr. Secretary Brooke.
Smith's Gate. — Occupied by the Rev. Richard Boys.
Horse Pasture Farm. — The house of Mr. Knipe, and
" Le Bouton de Rose."
High Knoll.— The house of Mr. Robert Leech.
Military Camps. — Deadwood, Francis Plain, Lemon
Valley, and Jamestown.
THE REGIMENTS IN ST. HELENA
53RD FOOT REGIMENT
(2nd Battalion)
ITS HISTOEY SO FAR AS ST. HELENA IS CONCERNED
THIS regiment embarked on board the " Bucephalus,"
" Ceylon," and " Havannah." The light company had
been embarked on board the " Northumberland," but
on August 7th, 1815, on the arrival of the ships in
Torbay, this company, under the command of Captain
R. C. Mansel, was removed to the " Havannah." On
the evening of August 8th, the " Northumberland," with
the three other ships, set sail for St. Helena. The
" Bucephalus " arrived on October 19th, the " Havan-
nah " on the 17th, and the " Ceylon " on the 27th.
The 2nd, 5th, 6th, 7th, 8th, and the light infantry
companies were placed in barracks at Jamestown, but
they removed on October 27th to Hutt's Gate, and their
place at Jamestown was taken by the 1st, 3rd and 4th
companies from the " Ceylon." The next day, how-
ever, these companies removed to Hutt's Gate, and the
whole regiment removed to Dead wood Camp on Novem-
ber 3rd, 1815.
On May 6th, 1816, a detachment arrived from Eng-
land on board the " Adamant," consisting of twenty-
eight men, with Colonel Mansel, Captain Fuller, and
Ensigns J. Sweney, George Despard, C. B. Morgan,
Robt. Hatch, and Surgeon Robert Leaver. In June, 1817,
it was decided to reduce the 2nd Battalion, and on
July 23rd those to be disbanded sailed in the " Moira "
20
THE REGIMENTS IN ST. HELENA
21
for England, while those who had elected to join the
1st Battalion in India sailed in the " Baring " on
July 29th. The 2nd Battalion was finally reduced
on October 1st, 1817, and the officers were placed on
half-pay on December 25th, but a small contingent was
left in St. Helena under the command of Lieutenant
James Trevenen.
Residence in India, which followed that of St.
Helena, caused many fatalities in the ranks of the
officers.
The following officers served with the 2nd Battalion
in St. Helena : —
Lt. -Colonel.
John Mansel, C.B. In command of the regi-
ment. Arrived on May
6th, 1816, and left in
January, 1817. Died
1863.
Major.
Oliver G. Fehrzen.
Captains.
Robt. Younghusband.
Charles Harrison.
John Fernandez.
In command of the bat-
talion until March 18th,
1816, when he left for
the Cape. He was again
in command from Jan-
uary to July, 1817. He
died in India, January
19th, 1820.
Commanded the battalion
during the absence of
Fehrzen. Died 1853.
Brigade Major. Trans-
ferred to the 20th Regi-
ment, and retired from
the Army in 1833.
Died 1824.
22
A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
J. R. Mackay.
T. W. Poppleton,
Robt. Hansel.
F. H. Fuller.
Lieutenants.
Thos. Impett.
Geo. Fitzgerald.
James Trevenen.
Wm. Harrison.
W. Portbury.
John Fraser.
Robt. Macalpine.
Michael Nagle.
Chas. Williams.
G. S. Jeffery.
Cope Williams.
Ensigns.
James Stewart.
John Ingleby.
Ed. W. Browne.
H. F. Davis.
James Sweney.
Died in India June 17th,
1818.
Orderly Officer at Long-
wood. Died 1827.
Brother of the Colonel.
Died 1864.
Arrived May 6th, 1816.
Died 1865.
Died 1833.
Died in India, February
10th, 1818.
In command of the con-
tingent left in St. He-
lena. Died 1858.
Joined the battalion in
1817, and was in com-
mand of the detachment
for India. Died there,
January 30th, 1819.
Died 1875.
Died October 17th, 1826.
Died 1841.
Retired 1827.
Died 1835.
Died 1848.
Died in India, June 4th,
1818.
Died 1834.
Died 1821.
Arrived May 6th, 1816.
Died 1846.
THE REGIMENTS IN ST. HELENA
George Despard.
Robt. Hatch.
23
C. B. Morgan.
Adjutant.
John Wilton.
Quartermaster.
Robt. Blakie.
Paymaster.
John Maclean.
Surgeons.
Peter Papps.
J. W. Dunn.
Robt. Leaver.
Charles Maclean.
Arrived May 6th, 1816.
Retired 1828.
Arrived May 6th, 1816.
Died 1835.
Arrived May 6th, 1816.
Died 1829.
Died in India, 1820.
Died in India, March 25th,
1822.
Died 1829.
Left in May, 1816. Died
in India, October 7th,
1818.
Died December 19th, 1827.
Arrived May 6th, 1816.
Retired in 1831.
Died 1865.
References.— " Muster Rolls," "Casualty Lists" and
" Half-Pay Lists," Record Office, " Army Lists,"
" History of the 53rd Regiment," Rogerson.
66TH FOOT REGIMENT
(2nd Battalion)
This battalion of the 66th Foot Regiment arrived in
St. Helena from England between April 20th and
May 13th, 1816, in the transports—" David," " Martha,"
"Retriever," "Amity," "Abona," "Queen," "Regulus,"
24
A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
"Barossa," "Berwick," and "Adamant." It was
quartered in Jamestown until the arrival of the 1st
Battalion from India, in July, 1817, when it was ordered
home for reduction. Many of the officers and men were
then placed on half-pay, but many elected to stay on
in the Island, and were enrolled in the 1st Battalion.
The following officers came to St. Helena with the
2nd Battalion :—
Lt.-Colonel.
Daniel Dodgin.
Majors.
William Parke.
W. Seelinger.
Captains.
H. P. Blakeney.
S. Turton.
J. P. Rose.
S. C. Morris.
T. B. Hickin.
Alex. Macpherson.
H. Thompson.
Died in 1837.
Placed on half-pay, No-
vember 25th, 1825. Re-
tired 1826.
Died 1819.
Left the Island in 1820.
Orderly Officer at Long-
wood. Died 1822.
Died on November 22nd,
1816.
Placed on half-pay, No-
vember, 1817. Died
1849.
Placed on half-pay, No-
vember, 1817. Retired
in 1838.
Transferred to 29th Foot.
Died 1842.
Placed on half-pay, No-
vember, 1817. Died
1819.
Placed on half-pay, No-
vember, 1817.
REV. RICHARD BOYS
THE REGIMENTS IN ST. HELENA 25
Lieutenants.
Chas. McCarthy.
W. Kingsmill.
Augustus Nicolls.
Robt. G. Johnston.
Wm. Thornton Servantes.
Henry Duncan Dodgin.
P. J. Douglas.
G. B. Shipley.
A. W. Birmingham.
W. C. Bagnall.
John Clark.
Ensigns.
Thomas Chatterton.
William Harford.
Fred Croad.
Wm. Henry Wardell.
Joined the 1st Battalion.
Retired in 1843.
Joined the 1st Battalion.
Died 1858.
Joined the 1st Battalion.
Placed on half-pay, Feb-
ruary, 1820.
Joined the 1st Battalion.
Placed on half-pay, No-
vember, 1819. Died
1846.
Joined the 1st Battalion.
Placed on half-pay, Sep-
tember, 1819. Died
1855.
Transferred to 20th Foot.
Retired in 1839.
Died 1827.
Placed on half -pay, No-
vember, 1817. Died 1828.
Dismissed the Service in
May, 1816. Left the
Island some months
later.
Died 1821.
Placed on half-pay, Au-
gust, 1818. Died 1865.
Placed on half-pay,
March, 1818. Died 1836.
Placed on half-pay, July,
1818. Retired 1826.
Joined 20th Foot. Retired
in 1845.
Died 1880.
26
A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
Daniel Benjamin Town-
send Dodgin. Son of the Colonel. Joined
1st Battalion. Died 1839.
Drowned while fishing, De-
cember 14th, 1818.
Placed on half-pay, No-
vember, 1817. Died
1822.
Robt. Macdougall.
F. J. Haynes.
Adjutant.
W. M. Gilbert.
Surgeons.
Francis Leigh.
George Dunlop.
Hugh Cunningham,
Paymaster.
Thos. Lediard.
Died 1826.
Placed on half-pay, Decem-
ber, 1817. Died 1839.
Transferred to 29th Foot
in 1820. Died 1827.
Arrived 1818. Placed on
half-pay, January, 1819.
Died 1826.
Placed on half-pay, De-
cember, 1817.
66TH REGIMENT
(1st Battalion)
This battalion arrived from India between June 27th
and July 6th, 1817, in the " Csesar," " Catherine
Griffiths," and " Dorah." A wing of the regiment,
some 500 strong, removed to Deadwood to take the
place of the 53rd Regiment, which had been sent to
India. In February, 1820, this wing in turn gave
place to the 20th Foot at Deadwood, and returned to
Jamestown and Francis Plain. On April 29th, 1819,
a detachment of about 400 men left the Island for
England in the " Oromocto."
THE REGIMENTS IN ST. HELENA
27
The following officers were in St. Helena with the
regiment : —
Lt. -Colonel.
Charles Nicol. Left the Island early in
March, 1818, and re-
turned in April, 1820.
Died 1850.
Major.
Edmund Lascelles.
Captains.
James Baird.
Anthony Richards.
T. B. Dunn.
Peter Duncan.
J. H. Ellis.
Wm. Dunbar.
George Nicholls.
G. L. Goldie.
Lieutenants.
Wm. Davy.
W. L'Estrange.
Commanded the regiment
from September 13th to
November 12th, 1817,
and from February 25th
to October 23rd, 1818.
Left the Island on Octo-
ber 29th, 1818. Died
1851.
Left the Island, April 20th,
1819. Retired 1838.
Left the Island in 1820.
Retired 1823.
Arrived August 21st, 1819.
Died 1823.
Retired in 1838.
Retired 1831.
Arrived in 1821. Died 1833.
Orderly Officer at Long-
wood. Arrived June
26th, 1818. Left in
1820. Died 1857.
Arrived June 26th, 1818.
Died 1863.
Drowned while fishing, De-
cember 14th, 1818.
28
A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
T. H. Moffett.
John Codd.
R. H. Reardon.
John Ellis.
James Roberts.
John Usher.
John Donelan.
John Garstin.
William Rhynd.
Apollos Morris.
Hamilton Edmunds.
Thomas Mack.
Wm. Snow.
F. A. Gould.
Quartermaster.
John Stephens.
Adjutant.
W. Mackenzie.
Ensigns.
W. A. Turner.
Thomas Rainsford.
Left the Island, April 29th,
1819. Died 1826.
Left October 29th, 1818.
Died 1847.
Arrived with the regiment.
Left November, 1818.
Returned August, 1819,
and remained to the end.
Died 1868.
Left the Island on April
29th, 1819. Died 1832.
Left the Island on April
29th, 1819.
Left the Island on April
29th, 1819. Died 1829.
Died 1826.
Became Barrack -Master at
Hounslow. Died 1870.
Died 1819, after leaving
St. Helena.
Joined 47th Foot in 1820.
Arrived in 1818. Died
1877.
Joined in 1819.
1844.
Retired
THE REGIMENTS IN ST. HELENA
29
Philip Ditmas.
Angus de Fountain.
John Ward.
Charles Cook.
Joined in 1819. Retired
1839.
Joined in 1820. Died 1825.
Arrived in 1821. Died 1878.
Arrived in 1821.
Surgeons.
Matthew Heir.
Francis Burton.
Walter Henry.
Thomas Laidlaw.
Paymaster.
John Kerr.
Left April 29th, 1819.
Died in 1849.
Arrived March 31st, 1821.
Died 1828.
Died 1860.
Arrived in 1818. Died
1822.
Arrived in 1819. Took the
name of Trattle. Died
1849.
References.—" Muster Rolls," " Casualty Lists," " Half-
Pay Lists," Record Office, " Army Lists."
20TH FOOT REGIMENT
This regiment arrived in St. Helena between March
29th and April 8th, 1819, in the " Albinia," " Oro-
mocto," " Lloyds," and " Windermere." It was at
first quartered at Jamestown, Francis Plain, Lemon
Valley, High Knoll, and Ladder Hill, but in February,
1820, it was removed to Deadwood to replace the 66th
Regiment, and remained there until the death of the
Emperor. At the funeral, twelve men of the Grenadier
company of the regiment had the honour of bearing to
the grave, during the latter part of the journey, the
coffin containing the mortal remains of the mighty
conqueror.
30
A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
The following officers were with the regiment in
St. Helena : —
Lt.-Colonel.
Samuel South.
Majors.
Edward Jackson.
John Hogg.
Captains.
Hamlet Obins.
Englebert Lutyens.
William Crokat.
George Tovey.
Forbes Champagne.
R. Gethin.
Richard Power.
Guy Rotton.
Lieutenants.
James Goldfrap.
Alexander Baillie.
Charles Smith.
Commander of the regi-
ment. He left the Island
on September 3rd, 1820,
and died in 1847.
Commanded in the absence
of Colonel South. Died
1841.
Retired in 1833.
Belonged formerly to the
53rd Regiment. Died
1848.
Orderly Officer at Long-
wood. Died on passage
home from India in 1830.
Orderly Officer at Long-
wood. Died 1879.
Left the Island in 1820.
Died 1858.
Left early in 1821. Died
1843.
Left early in 1821. Died
1842.
Retired 1824.
Died 1824.
Retired 1832.
Retired 1821.
after.
Died soon
THE REGIMENTS IN ST. HELENA 31
C. Connor.
James White.
Thomas Edwards.
R. C. Oakley.
Charles South.
Henry Duncan Dodgin.
M. A. Stanley.
Ensigns.
G. H. Wood.
J. F. Wallace.
D. W. A. Douglas.
Thomas Moore.
James Rae.
A. Congreve.
Giles Eyre.
Duncan Darroch.
Surgeons.
Archibald Arnott.
G. H. Rutledge.
Adjutant.
John Storey.
Quartermaster.
John Dodd.
Paymaster.
Alexander Tovey.
Died 1844.
Left the Island at the end
of 1820. Retired 1828.
Died 1861.
Died June 2nd, 1835.
Son of the Colonel. Died
1874.
The Artist. Transferred
from 66th Regiment.
Retired in 1839.
Arrived in March, 1820.
Died 1852.
Died 1874.
Retired 1822.
Retired 1839.
Died 1850.
Retired 1830.
Died 1838.
Died 1843.
Arrived in March, 1820.
Died 1847.
Died 1855.
Died in India 1833.
Died 1830.
Died September 29th, 1826.
Died 1866.
References.—" Muster Rolls," " Casualty Lists," " Half-
Pay Lists," Record Office, " Army Lists," " History
of 20th Regiment," B. Smyth.
32 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
THE ST. HELENA REGIMENTS
These regiments were maintained by the H.E.I.C.,
and consisted of artillery and infantry. The two regi-
ments together mustered about 700 men. The es-
tablishment for officers was fixed by the East India
Company as follows : — For the infantry : 1 colonel, 1
major, 4 captains, 8 lieutenants, and 4 ensigns. For the
artillery : 1 colonel, 1 major, 4 captains, 9 first lieu-
tenants, 3 second lieutenants, and 1 cadet.
The regiments were not recruited from the inhabitants
of St. Helena, for, on looking through the muster rolls,
it will be seen that few men were natives, and that the
large majority had their domicile in England. Indeed,
most of them appear to have been time-expired men
on their way home from service in the British Army in
India or the Cape.
The following officers belonged to the regiments
during the captivity : —
THE ST. HELENA FOOT REGIMENT
Colonel.
John Alexander Wright.
Major.
Charles Robert George
Hodson. Judge Advocate.
Captains.
Patrick Killin. Retired in 1818.
Chas. Sampson. Died August 14th, 1817.
Robt. Wright. Retired in 1818.
Henry Sutton Cole.
Francis Scale.
Onesiphorus Beale.
FRANCIS m'KTON. .M.I).
THE REGIMENTS IN ST. HELENA 33
Lieutenants.
Robt. Mason. Died 1823.
Jas. Torbett. Died 1820.
John W. Scale. Retired in 1818.
John Worrall Torbett. Invalided 1827.
James Bennett.
John Mellis, jun. Died 1824.
Patrick Cunningham.
John Bligh Spiller.
James Ramsay.
Daniel MacMahon.
Ensigns.
Geo. Paterson.
Alex. A. Younge.
M. O'Connor.
J. Sampson.
Jno. Doveton.
Cadets.
Jas. Pritchard.
Wm. Mason.
Wm. Hayes.
THE ST. HELENA ARTILLERY
Colonel.
Ed. Chas. Smith. Died 1818.
Major.
David Kinnaird. Died July, 1829.
Captains.
Hy. Huff Pritchard. In charge of Telegraphs.
Died 1828.
John Barnes. Town Major and Military
Surveyor. Died May
2nd, 1817.
A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
Thos. J. B. Cole.
Win. Milne.
Henry Broadway.
Geo. Lott Phillips.
Lieutenants.
Jno. Ed. Shortis.
Dav. K. Pritchard.
Thos. Thorne.
Thos. Montgomery Hun-
ter.
Geo. And. Dentaafe.
Robt. Eager.
Wm. Hall.
Robt. Armstrong.
Dan. O'Connor.
Wm. Jas. Fuller.
Caesar Jno. Ashton.
Second Lieutenants.
Chas. De Fountain.
Chas. Jno. Sampson.
Wm. Orlando Kennedy.
Wm. Doveton, jun.
Jas. Jno. Pritchard.
Cadets.
Jas. B. Mason.
Hy. W. Knipe.
Geo. Richard Mead.
Town Major after Captain
Barnes. Died 1827.
Retired in 1818.
Invalided 1827.
Retired in 1818.
Superintendent of Public
Works. Invalided 1827.
A.D.C. to Governor.
Adjutant.
Civil Surveyor.
Died April 24th, 1817.
Died January 1st, 1818.
Died 1833.
Died 1826.
References. — "The East India Company's Annual
Registers and Directory," 1814-36 ; " W.O., 43,
65,948, Record Office."
THE REGIMENTS IN ST. HELENA 35
ARTILLERY OFFICERS
Major.
James Power. Died 1851.
Captains.
Thomas Greatly. Died 1849.
James Gray.
Lieutenants.
Gabriel Matthias. Died 1839.
Henry Hutchins. Died 1827.
David Patullo. Died 1831.
Lynch Talbot. Died 1833.
Surgeon.
James Verling, M.D. Died 1857.
ENGINEER OFFICERS
Major.
Anthony Emmett. Died 1872.
Lieutenants.
Hale Young Wortham. Died 1882.
Alexander Wallace.
THE FLAG-SHIPS STATIONED AT
ST. HELENA
H.M.S. " NORTHUMBERLAND," 78 GUNS
SAILED from the Start, August 8th, 1815. Arrived
St. Helena, October 15th, 1815. Left St. Helena, June
19th, 1816.
Rear-Admiral Sir George Cockburn.
J. R. Glover. Secretary to the Admiral.
James Blunden. Clerk to the Secretary.
W. Roberts. Flag -Lieutenant.
Officers.
C. B. H. Ross. Captain.
Mark H. Sweny. Senior Lieutenant.
George Thomas. Master.
P. S. O'Reilly. Purser.
Richard Dickinson. Lieutenant.
Thomas Cowan. „
Charles Blood. ,,
John F. Warren. „
T. J. Davies.
F. J. Lewis. „
William Warden. Surgeon.
Barry O'Meara. Supernumerary Surgeon.
William Gilchrist. Assistant Surgeon.
William Hogg. „
Joseph Breadon. „
George Rennell. Chaplain.
In command of the Marines.
George Beatty. Captain.
Munro Fenton, Thomas Hurdle, and J. B. Castieu.
Lieutenants.
36
THE FLAGSHIPS AT ST. HELENA 37
In addition to Napoleon and his suite, the "Northum-
berland" also carried the artillery detachment destined
for service in St. Helena, under the command of the
following officers : —
Captain Thomas Greatly.
Lieutenant Gabriel Matthias (with him Mrs. Matthias).
Lieutenant Henry Hutchins.
James Verling, M.D. Surgeon.
Sir George Bingham, in command of the troops in
St. Helena, and Denzil Ibbetson, the Commissary, were
also on board, and amongst the midshipmen was H. Nelson
Mills, whose interesting letters have been published.
The above lists have been taken from the " Muster
Rolls" of the "Northumberland," in the Record
Office, and it is worthy of remark that wherever the
name of " General Bonaparte " appears on the ship's
muster books the word " General " has been crossed
out and the word " Empr." written over it. Notice
is called to this fact by three bold marks of exclamation
in the margin.
The after-history of the " Northumberland " is not
without interest. On her return home from St. Helena,
she was placed out of commission, and for a time was used
as a " Lazaretto." Eventually, however, she was moored
in Stangate Creek as a quarantine ship, and on this duty
she remained until 1850, when she was finally broken up.
Reference.— "The Admiralty Muster Rolls," Record
Office.
H.M.S. "NEWCASTLE," 60 GUNS
Arrived St. Helena, June 17th, 1816. Left July 4th,
1817.
Rear-Admiral Sir Pulteney Malcolm.
John Irving. Secretary to the Admiral.
John Hutchings. Clerk to the Secretary.
W. E. Wright. Flag-Lieutenant.
88 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
Officers.
Henry Meynell. Captain.
Peter Salmond. Senior Lieutenant.
Rueben Paine. Lieutenant.
John B. Hall.
Henry Ogilvie. „
Jenkin Jones. „
William Thompson. Surgeon.
Wm. Watts. Assistant Surgeon.
John Castles. ,,
R. L. Hicks. Master.
Thomas Berry. Purser.
W. H. Taylor. Chaplain.
In command of the Marines.
Major R. P. Boys.
Lieutenant H. T. Watkins.
Passengers.
Lady Malcolm. Wife of the Admiral.
Count Balmain. The Russian Commissioner.
Heinrich Peyle. Servant to the Russian Commis-
sioner.
Marquis de Montchenu. The French Commissioner.
Captain de Gors. A.D.C. to the French Commissioner.
Thomas Salambre. Servant to the French Com-
missioner.
Lieutenant George Leigh. On his way to join the
"Spey."
Reference.— " Admiralty Muster Rolls," Record Office.
H.M.S. " CONQUEROR," 74 GUNS
Arrived St. Helena, June 29th, 1817. Left July 20th,
1820.
Rear-Admiral Robert J. Plampin.
John Elliott. Secretary to the Admiral.
THE FLAGSHIPS AT ST. HELENA 39
Officers.
John Davie. Captain. (Succeeded by Captain James
Wallis and Captain Francis Stanfell.)
J. W. Cairns. Senior Lieutenant.
W. J. Prowse. Lieutenant.
A. S. Pearson. „
W. F. Parker.
James J. Onslow. „
H. J. Rous.
W. D. Evance.
Mark Kent. „
H. C. Harrison. ,,
A. Cuppage.
C. Fleetwood.
G. Vevers. „
Vaughan Lloyd. „
Orbell Oakes.
John Andrews. Master.
John Stokoe. Surgeon.
James Skeoch. Assistant Surgeon.
John Greenish. „
Michael Sampson. Chaplain.
John Shea. Purser.
In command of the Marines.
Captain Wy bourn.
William Young, S. Garmiston, George Millard. Lieu-
tenants.
Other Surgeons who belonged to the " Conqueror "
during her stay on the St. Helena Station were : —
Alex. Reid. John Thompson.
Wm. Clark. T. Robertson.
Joshua Little. Alex. Gilfillan.
H. Ferguson. John Hateley.
Robert Malcolm. James Steret.
40 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
Owing to the length of stay, frequent changes
occurred in the personnel of the ship.
Reference. — " Admiralty Muster Rolls," Record Office.
H.M.S. " PHAETON," 46 GUNS
Arrived St. Helena, April 14th, 1816. Left January
8th, 1818.
Officers.
Francis Stanfell. Captain.
John N. Campbell. Senior Lieutenant.
Richard Gregory. Lieutenant.
Joseph Marshall. ,,
Richard Hoare. ,,
William Price. Surgeon.
Thos. Brownrigg. Assistant Surgeon.
John Glencorse. „
Robert Burn. Purser.
Andrew Lewis. Master.
In command of the Marines.
John Campbell. First Lieutenant.
Passengers.
Sir Hudson and Lady Lowe.
Miss S. Johnson. Daughter of Lady Lowe. (The eldest
daughter did not sail in the " Phaeton.")
William Janisch. The clerk to Sir Hudson Lowe.
Lady Bingham.
Major Emmett and Lieutenants Wortham, and
Wallace of the Engineers.
Major Gorrequer, Lt.-Colonel Lyster, and Lieutenant
Basil Jackson.
Reference.—" Admiralty Muster Rolls," Record Office.
CAPTAIN WILLIAM CROKAT
THE FLAGSHIPS AT ST. HELENA 41
H.M.S. " VIGO," 74 GUNS
Arrived at St. Helena, July 14th, 1820. Left Septem-
ber llth, 1821.
Rear- Admiral Robert Lambert.
E. E. Vidal. Secretary.
G. Woodley. Clerk.
F. K. Lamb. „
G. R. Lambert. Flag-Lieutenant.
Officers.
Thomas Brown. Captain.
F. J. Lewis. Senior Lieutenant.
Archibald Maclean. Lieutenant.
George Welsch. „
R. Lambert Baynes. „
George T. Gooch. „
H. R. Moorsom. ,,
Robert Campbell. „
John Town. Master.
Stephen Street. Purser.
Charles Mitchell. Surgeon.
James Lawrence. Assistant Surgeon.
Campbell France. „
W. D. Carter. Chaplain.
In command of the Marines.
J. M. Pilcher. Captain.
W. S. Knapman. Lieutenant.
David Jones. ,,
Reference.—" Admiralty Muster Rolls," Record Office.
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
1815-21
ABEL, Dr. Clarke (1780-1826). Surgeon and Naturalist
to the " Amherst Mission " to China. He was
presented to Napoleon at Longwood on July 1st,
1817, and has left a record of his impressions on
that occasion in his book, " A Narrative of a
Journey into the Interior of China," published in
1818. Abel became physician to Lord Amherst in
India.
ABELL, Mrs. Elizabeth. See Balcombe, Betsy.
AMHERST, William Pitt, 1st Earl (1775-1857). Lord
Amherst sailed from Spithead in February, 1816,
on a special Mission to China, and arrived in
Canton in July of the same year. The mission was
unsuccessful, and on the return home the " Al-
ceste " frigate, which conveyed it, was wrecked.
After many privations and adventures the mission
arrived at Batavia, and proceeded to England in
the " Caesar." St. Helena was reached on June
27th, 1817, and on July 1st Lord Amherst had a
long interview with Napoleon, and afterwards pre-
sented his suite. Lord Amherst kept a diary of
events during the journey, and it contains an ac-
count of his impressions of his interview with
Napoleon. This diary has not, however, been
published. (See Lord Amherst in the " Rulers of
India " series.)
42
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 43
ANTOMMARCHI, Francesco. Physician to Napoleon in
St. Helena. Born at Morsiglia in Corsica in
1789. Died at Santiago in Cuba, April 3rd, 1838.
Aged 49.
Antommarchi studied medicine at Pisa, and
then at Florence, where he became a pupil of
Mascagni, and eventually one of his prosectors.
He was chosen to fill the post of physician to
Napoleon by Cardinal Fesch and " Madame Mere,"
and left Gravesend in the " Snipe " on July 9th,
1819, reaching St. Helena on September 20th of
the same year. He paid his first professional visit
to Napoleon on September 23rd, and remained in
attendance until the end. Although a most capable
anatomist and pathologist, his knowledge of medi-
cine was not extensive, and his abilities may be
summed up in Napoleon's own words : " I would
give him my horse to dissect, but I would not trust
him with the cure of my own foot." Antommarchi
performed the post-mortem examination ; but
although he expressed himself in agreement with
the official report, he refused to sign it. He left
St. Helena in the " Camel " on May 27th, 1821, and
arrived at Spithead on July 31st ; but early in
September he left England for the Continent, and
after visiting Italy and Poland, lived in Paris from
1834 to 1836. In 1825 he published his " Derniers
Moments de Napoleon," and in 1833 advertised
copies of the death-mask, which he claimed to
have executed in St. Helena. It is now known,
however, that Dr.- Burton was the author of the
famous mask of Napoleon's features. Besides
" Les Derniers Moments," Antommarchi pub-
lished " Memoires et observations sur le cholera
morbus regnant a Varsovie," 1831, and " Memoires
sur la non-existence de communication normale des
vaisseaux lymphatiques et des veines."
44 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
For further information concerning Antom-
marchi, see " Autour Ste. Helene," by M. Frederic
Masson.
ARCHAMBAULT, Achille Thomas L' Union. Piquer and
coachman to Napoleon in St. Helena.
He was in the service of the Emperor during the
whole of the captivity, and returned in 1840 for
the exhumation. In September, 1818, when the
two horses, Dolly and Regent, were running at the
Deadwood Races, Archambault rode down the
course in a drunken condition. The steward chased
him off the course, and administered a horse-
whipping. Napoleon witnessed the whole scene
from Longwood through his glass, and reprimanded
his coachman. (See Nicholls' Journal, ' " Lowe
Papers," vol. 20,210.)
ARCHAMBAULT, Joseph Olivier. Brother of the above
and a groom at Longwood.
He was deported with Piontkowski, Santini, and
Rousseau, and left the Island on October 19th,
1816, in the " David." He arrived at Spithead on
February 15th, 1817, and eventually took service
with Joseph in the United States.
ARNOTT, Archibald, M.D. (1771-1855). Surgeon to the
20th Foot Regiment.
Arnott was educated at Edinburgh, and in 1796
joined the llth Light Dragoons as Assistant Sur-
geon. Three years later he was promoted Surgeon
to the 20th Foot Regiment. In this capacity he
saw considerable war service, was present at the
Battle of Maida, the Walcheren Expedition, and
many of the important engagements in the Penin-
sular War. For these services he obtained the
medal with eight clasps. He came to St. Helena
with his regiment in 1819, and on April 1st, 1821,
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 45
paid his first professional visit to Napoleon. He
quickly established excellent relations with Napo-
leon, and continued in constant attendance until
the end. As a mark of his esteem, the Emperor
gave him a gold snuff-box, on which he scratched
an " N," and ordered the sum of £600 to be given
him. Arnott attended the post-mortem examina-
tion, and, in 1822, published " An Account of the
Last Illness of Napoleon." His views, however,
during the progress of the case will be found in the
" Lowe Papers," vol. 20,157, and they differ con-
siderably from those expressed in his book.
B
BALCOMBE, Betsy. Younger daughter of William Bal-
combe, and friend of Napoleon. Born about 1802.
Died 1871. Married, in 1832, Mr. Abell.
Betsy Balcombe came into close personal con-
tact with Napoleon, at her father's house, "The
Briars," where the Emperor resided until his
removal to Longwood on December 10th, 1815.
She soon became a great favourite, and paid him
many visits at Longwood. On March 18th, 1818,
she left the Island with her parents, and after
remaining in England for a few years, went to
reside in New South Wales, where her father had
been appointed Colonial Treasurer. She afterwards
had interviews with Joseph Bonaparte, and was
favourably noticed by Napoleon III, who granted
her a tract of land in Algiers. In 1844 Mrs. Abell
published her recollections, and two other editions
followed in 1845 and 1853. A fourth edition, by
her daughter, appeared in 1873.
BALCOMBE, Mrs. Jane. Wife of William Balcombe.
Napoleon once remarked that Mrs. Balcombe
reminded him of Josephine, and it is interesting
46 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
to compare the portrait of this lady, now pub-
lished for the first time, with those of the Empress.
BALCOMBE, William (1779-1829). Superintendent of
Public Sales under the East India Company, and
Purveyor to Longwood.
William Balcombe came to St. Helena in 1807,
and in addition to his official position with the
East India Company, was a merchant in partner-
ship with William Fowler and Joseph Cole, the
principal business of the firm being that of pur-
veyors to the various ships touching at Jamestown.
The two eldest children were born before the
Balcombes came to St. Helena, but a son was born
on the Island and was named Alexander Beatson,
after the Governor of that time. On October 18th,
1815, Napoleon took up his residence in a small
pavilion in the garden of Balcombe' s house, " The
Briars," and here he remained until his removal
to Longwood on December 10th. Napoleon at once
showed an interest in Balcombe' s youngest daughter
Betsy, and his fondness for this child is one of the
most pleasing episodes in the history of the cap-
tivity. Balcombe owed the appointment of his
firm as purveyors to Longwood to the intimacy
which existed between Napoleon and his family,
and on account of these friendly relations the Bal-
combes frequently visited the Emperor at Long-
wood, and on several occasions they had the
honour of being included in the company at
dinner.
The close business alliance, however, between
Balcombe and the residents at Longwood soon
aroused the suspicion of Sir Hudson, and it became
evident to the purveyor that it would not be safe
to remain in St. Helena much longer. He, there-
fore, left the Island with his family on March 18th,
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 47
1818, and soon after his departure Lowe received
proof of his suspicion that Balcombe had been
acting as an intermediary in the transmission of
clandestine correspondence to Europe, and in
negotiating bills drawn by Napoleon. It was,
therefore, impossible for Balcombe to return to
St. Helena, and he remained in England until
1823, when, after having been approached by Lowe,
he filed an affidavit in his favour, in the case of
Lowe v. O'Meara. This affidavit probably induced
Lowe to withdraw the objections he had steadily
opposed to Balcombe's advancement. Indeed, in
the " Lowe Papers," vol. 20,233, is a letter from
Balcombe, dated 1823, in which he expresses the
hope that Sir Hudson will now overlook any
differences that may have existed.
Very soon after this Balcombe was appointed by
the British Government to the important post of
Colonial Treasurer of New South Wales, and he
left England with his family to take up his duties,
which he performed with great ability until his
death in 1829. It should not be forgotten that
Lord Bathurst appointed Balcombe to this post,
and this action may be regarded as sufficient
evidence that his Lordship did not take a very
serious view of his supposed irregularities in St.
Helena.
Most writers have credited Balcombe with the
Christian name of " James," but this error is owing
to Forsyth having published a letter of his over
that signature. His real name was " William.'*
BALMAIN, Alexandre Antonovitch, Count de. The
Russian Commissioner.
He was descended from the Scotch family
Ramsay, and came out to St. Helena in the " New-
castle," landing on June 17th, 1816. He left the
48 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
Island on May 3rd, 1820, having married Miss
Johnson, the elder stepdaughter of Sir Hudson
Lowe. For a fuller account, see " Autour Ste.
Helene," by Masson, and the Official Reports of
Balmain, published in " La Revue Bleue," 1897.
BATHURST, Earl, Colonial Secretary (1762-1834).
Was responsible to the British Government for
the safe custody of Napoleon. Nearly all the
original despatches sent to Lord Bathurst by
Lowe are in the possession of the present holder
of the title.
BAXTER, Alexander (1777-1841), Deputy-Inspector of
Hospitals in St. Helena.
Baxter was educated for the medical profession
in Edinburgh, and on August 3rd, 1799, received
his first appointment in the Army as Assistant
Surgeon to the 35th Foot Regiment. With this
regiment he proceeded to the Mediterranean and,
after serving with it for some years, was given the
appointment of Surgeon to the Royal Corsican
Rangers on April 12th, 1805. While engaged in this
capacity he was brought into contact with Sir
Hudson Lowe, and was present with him at the
surrender of Capri, in October, 1808.
On April 23rd, 1809, Baxter was appointed
Surgeon to the 48th Foot Regiment, and was present
with it at the Battle of Albuera. He remained with
this regiment until September 3rd, 1812, when he
was advanced to the rank of Surgeon to the Forces.
In 1814 he was in medical charge of the troops at
Bordeaux destined to embark for America, and
proceeded with them to that continent, where he
was present at the Battle of Bladensburg, and at
the battle near Baltimore, where General Ross
lost his life.
MAJOR GIDEON GORREQUER
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 49
Baxter was next appointed Deputy-Inspector of
Hospitals in St. Helena, at the request of Sir
Hudson Lowe, and arrived with the Governor in
the " Phaeton " on April 14th, 1816. He remained
in the Island until 1819, and during that time
played a most important part in the difficult situa-
tions which arose regarding medical attendance on
the Emperor. Lowe was most anxious that Baxter
should be consulted by Napoleon but, although
the Emperor had no objection to seeing him as a
private individual, and did see him in that capacity
on several occasions, he was firm in his resolve not to
receive him as a medical attendant. When Napo-
leon refused to permit O'Meara to furnish Lowe
with bulletins regarding his health, Baxter made
the reports, after receiving a verbal account from
O'Meara. These reports can be consulted in
volume 20,156, " Lowe Papers," but the originals
are in the possession of his grand-nephew, Dr. Silk,
and apparently many corrections were necessary
before they were finally accepted by Sir Hudson
Lowe.
After leaving St. Helena in 1819, Baxter gradu-
ated M.D. at Edinburgh, his thesis being " De
Febre Remittente," and from 1829 to 1831 he was
in medical charge in Barbados.
BERNARD (surname, Heymann) and his wife. Servants
to Count and Countess Bertrand. They became
home-sick and left the Island in June, 1818.
BERTRAND, Henri Gratien, General, Comte de (1773-
1844).
Bertrand was with Napoleon during the whole
period of the captivity, and occupied the position
of " Grand Marshal." He lived first at Hutt's Gate,
and then at a newly-built villa close to Longwood.
The villa is now occupied by Mr. Deason.
50 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
BERTRAND, the Countess, wife of Count Bertrand, and
daughter of General Arthur Dillon, an Irish refugee.
She and her family remained in St. Helena
throughout the detention.
BERTRAND, Napoleon.
BERTRAND, Henri.
BERTRAND, Hortense.
Children of the Bertrands.
Arthur was born in St. Helena.
BERTRAND, Arthur.
The Bertrands left St. Helena on May 27th,
1821, in the " Camel," and arrived at Spithead on
July 31st in the same year.
For full accounts of the career of Count Bertrand,
see " Autour Ste. Helene " and " Napoleon a Ste.
Helene," by Frederic Masson.
BINGHAM, Brigadier-General Sir George Ridout, K.C.B.
(1776-1833). In command of the troops in St.
Helena.
Bingham entered the 69th Foot Regiment in
1793 as Ensign, and became Lt. -Colonel of the
53rd Foot in 1805. He served through the greater
part of the Peninsular War with distinction, and
was selected to command the troops destined for
St. Helena. He sailed in the " Northumberland,"
and remained in the Island until May, 1820, when
he threw up his command chiefly on account of
the refusal of the East India Company to confirm
his appointment of unofficial member of the
St. Helena Council. He was on friendly terms with
Napoleon, and visited him frequently until the
restrictions made such a course difficult. He kept
the records of the 53rd Foot for many years, and
most of them are in his handwriting.
BIRMINGHAM, Lieutenant A. W., of the 2nd Battalion
of the 66th Foot.
This officer was tried by court-martial in May,
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 51
1816, immediately after his arrival in St. Helena,
for conduct unbecoming a gentleman while on
board ship, and was dismissed the service. While
waiting to be sent home he became involved in the
disputes between the Governor and the people at
Longwood, and for a time was placed in close con-
finement. Birmingham filed an affidavit in favour
of O'Meara, and at that time he was a major in the
army of the Colombian Republic.
BLAKENEY, Captain Henry Pierce (1782-1822). Orderly
Officer at Longwood, from July, 1817, to Septem-
ber, 1818.
Blakeney was the youngest son of William
Blakeney, M.P., Lt.-Colonel of the Welsh Fusiliers,
and a younger brother of Sir Edward Blakeney,
a soldier of considerable renown. Captain Blakeney
entered the Army as Ensign in the 66th Foot, and
saw much active service in the Peninsular War. He
was promoted Captain in 1806, and Major in 1818.
While on duty at Longwood he earned the esteem
of the residents but, notwithstanding this favour-
able impression, they afterwards charged him with
having been in the habit of inspecting the soiled
linen for the purpose of detecting forbidden
correspondence. This charge Captain Blakeney
flatly denied, and the imputation that both Blake-
ney and his wife were constantly under the influence
of alcohol rests on very doubtful evidence.
BOOKMAN. A plumber and paper-hanger, often em-
ployed with Paine, a painter, at Longwood, and in
Napoleon's apartments.
BOUGES, Etienne. A servant in the employ of Count
Bertrand, who replaced Bernard, and left behind
him an account of life at Longwood.
Bo WEN, Captain John. The Commander of the " Sal-
sette."
52 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
Apart from the fact that Bowen had an inter-
view with Napoleon on May 12th, 1816, he claims
remembrance as the founder of the first British
settlement in Van Diemen's Land in 1803, when
in command of the " Glatton."
BOYS, Richard, The Reverend (1785-1867). Chaplain
to the H.E.I.C. in St. Helena from 1811 to 1830.
During the captivity, Mr. Boys was the senior
Chaplain in St. Helena, and also master of the
head school there. He was the incumbent of the
" Country Church," situated outside the grounds
of Plantation House, and here he preached tren-
chant sermons against all wrongdoers, and Admiral
Plampin in particular, much to the annoyance of
the Governor. Mr. Boys was an honest, but rigid
and uncompromising, divine, and was in constant
conflict with the authorities on account of his out-
spoken opinions. The St. Helena Council Minutes
contain frequent references to the difficulties
encountered through the contentious spirit of the
Chaplain. On January 23rd, 1815, the Council
decreed that " The controversy between the
Reverend Mr. Jones and the Reverend Mr. Boys
was productive of disgraceful effects, and they were
ordered to abstain from further personal con-
troversy, or circulation of written or printed letters
referring to it on pain of suspension." On April
16th, 1816, the Council called upon Mr. Boys for
an explanation of his conduct in refusing to take
into the church a corpse. He excused himself on
the grounds that the Island was full of super-
stitions, and that the people passed round the altar,
and littered the church with myrtle leaves. Again,
on June 4th, 1821, Boys was reprimanded by the
Council for calling after Mr. G. Blenkens, the
assistant storekeeper, "Blenkens, when is the
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 53
green bag to be given out ? " On June llth, 1821,
Mr. Boys complained of the violation of the Lord's
Day. The Council thought there was no founda-
tion for this complaint, but " thought Mr. Boys
was the dictator of many of the indecorous and
insulting letters to the Government." In the eyes
of the Council, however, the worst offence of Mr.
Boys was the sermon he preached on July 8th, 1821,
that is, the last Sunday before the departure from
St. Helena of Sir Hudson Lowe and his staff. On
that occasion he chose as his text, " Verily I say
unto you that publicans and harlots go into the
kingdom of God before you." In this way did
Boys ring down the cuitain on the drama of the
captivity, and repay the official persons for their
judgments on his conduct. The Council called upon
him for a copy of his sermon, which he flatly
refused to give, and Mr. Brooke was deputed
to go to church the next Sunday and report
on the utterances of the Chaplain. His report
was to the effect that the said utterances were
disgraceful.
Boys went to Rio Janeiro, but Sir William
Thornton was compelled to send him away on
account of " his indecent behaviour when a catholic
procession was passing by."
So far as the captivity of Napoleon was concerned,
Mr. Boys was brought into contact with Longwood
on one occasion only. He buried Cipriani, and for
this service was given by Napoleon on April 18th,
1818, a snuff-box for himself, and £25 for the poor.
The snuff-box was returned, however, on account
of having been given in a manner contrary to the
regulations. (See " Forsyth," Vol. Ill, p. 8.)
Boys was vicar of Loose in Kent from 1854 to
1867, and he published two works, " Elements of
Christian Knowledge " and " Primitive Obliqui-
54 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
ties." So much has been said of the peculiar inci-
dents in the career of Boys in St. Helena, that it
is only right that the other side should be heard.
This is found in Robson's " Memoirs of St. Helena,"
p. 64, and is quoted from a private letter of Lieu-
tenant G. H. Wood, of the 20th Regiment. It is
as follows : —
" Mr. Boys was only to be well known to be
heartily and fully loved ; for, for a long while, we
had been greatly prejudiced against him, by the
scandalous reports we were in the habit of hearing
from many quarters, and we only regretted we did
not know him before. But, however, we soon
became on the strictest terms of brotherly love
and intimacy ; and he became a Father in Christ
to all the young Christians in the navy and army ;
and opened his house, and his heart, and all his
soul to receive them, and to promote their growth
in grace, and knowledge, and love, and obedience
to the gospel. All this was blessed abundantly
to himself, and he became more spiritual, earnest,
and active in every way in the cause of the Lord.
We had meetings in his house every week, fre-
quently assembling to the number of twenty ; and
two days in the week we used to be there to break-
fast, and spend the whole day in religious exercises.
He would read the Word, and expound, for which
he had a most happy talent ; then he would pray,
then read a chosen sermon, or some good book ;
then one of us would pray ; then all sing an hymn,
and pray, and sing alternately till dinner-time ;
after which, we all walked out together, choosing
each his companion, and talked of Christ by the
way, till our hearts would often burn within us ;
then, after dusk, return to his house to take tea,
and spend the remainder of the evening, till about
ten o'clock, in the same joyous manner.
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 55
" Such scenes and hours never can be forgotten,
but must ever be remembered with inexpressible
happiness.
" He watched over us as a father over his family,
and sought by every means to promote our welfare ;
and as all were young men, and young converts,
and stood in need of that instruction which ex-
perience alone could afford, he became a peculiar
blessing to us ; and this proved to himself a re-
newal of spiritual life and activity in the labour of
the ministry, which continues, undiminished to this
day. And now that a new and amiable Governor
commands the Island, and is his friend and patron
in promoting the cause of Christ, the work of the
Lord is flourishing abundantly, particularly among
the slaves ; who, by the Governor's new regula-
tions, commanding their masters to send them to
church at all regular services, have the gospel
preached constantly by Mr. Boys and Mr. Vernon ;
and the schools have greatly increased in numbers,
so that the rising generation, in this once aban-
doned profligate Island, is now brought up strictly
in the nurture and admonition of the Lord. I
mention this in justice to his character, who
although his instrumentality was not blessed to
the conversion of any of the young saints, became a
father to them all, so that I know not what we
should have done without him. He made his
house a regular hospital for any of the naval
Christians when sick, and both he and dear
Mrs. Boys (a true mother in Israel) not only
attended to their bodily wants, but, above all,
to their souls. The Lord of the vineyard
reward them both abundantly here and here-
after. I mention these circumstances thus par-
ticularly, for it is a debt of love absolutely due
to him."
56 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
BREAME, Thomas. The East India Company's Farmer.
Almost the whole of volume 20,238 of the
44 Lowe Papers " consists of an enquiry into the
irregularities discovered in Breame's accounts.
He apparently sold stock from the Company's
farms, and forgot to account for the money thus
received.
BROOKE, Thomas Henry (1774-1849). Secretary and
Member of the Council in St. Helena. Married, in
1797, Anne Wright, the daughter of Colonel Wright,
of the St. Helena Regiment.
Brooke was the nephew of Colonel Robert
Brooke, the Governor of St. Helena in 1798.
During the whole period of the captivity he was
Secretary to the Council, and by far the most
active personality in the civil administration. All
the minutes of the Council, which fill two volumes
of the " Lowe Papers," are from his pen, and are
remarkable for clearness of style.
Brooke was received by Napoleon on January 7th,
1816, and possibly on other occasions. After Lowe's
departure he became acting governor until the
arrival of General Walker, and in 1828 again filled
the office. In 1808 he published a " History of
St. Helena," and a further edition appeared in
1824. Some letters of Brooke and a portrait have
been published by Mr. Clement Shorter in the
" Sphere " for April 22nd, 1905.
BROWN, Captain Thomas. In command of the " Vigo "
from 1820 to 1821.
He entered the Navy in 1781, and eventually
commanded the " Flora," which brought to Malta
the body of Sir Ralph Abercromby. Brown was
one of the three naval captains who inspected the
body of Napoleon on the morning of May 6th.
DR. WALTER HENRY
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 57
BUONAVITA, the Abbe Antonio, who was sent out to
St. Helena at the instigation of Cardinal Fesch.
He had been a missionary in Mexico, and was old
and incapable. He arrived on September 20th,
1819, and left on March 17th, 1821.
BURTON, Francis, M.D. (1784-1828). Surgeon to the
66th Regiment. Author of the death-mask of
Napoleon.
Burton was born at Tuam, and after studying
medicine at Dublin, entered the Army in 1805.
He served much of his time in the Peninsula, and
in 1813 was appointed Surgeon to the 4th Foot.
In 1819, on the special recommendation of Sir
James Macgrigor, he became Surgeon to the
66th Regiment, and arrived in St. Helena on
March 31st, 1821. He was present at the post-
mortem examination of Napoleon, and signed the
official report. An important letter of Burton's
can be found in the " Lowe Papers," vol. 20,214, in
which he explains why Antommarchi failed to sign
the official report of the appearances observed at
the autopsy.
But Burton will be remembered chiefly as the
author of the famous death-mask of Napoleon.
Thanks to the labours of M. Frederic Masson, and
Mr. G. L. de St. M. Watson, it is now established
beyond doubt that Burton was responsible for the
mould of Napoleon's features, after Antommarchi
had made the attempt and had failed. Sir Richard
Burton was a nephew of Burton, and Lady Burton,
in the " Life of her Husband," says that Dr.
Burton had in his possession letters from Antom-
marchi, in which he acknowledged that Burton was
the author of the mask, but that Mrs. Burton
destroyed these after her husband's death.
58 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
CARE, the baker to Longwood. He is chiefly remem-
bered for having laid down the proposition that it
was impossible to say whether flour would be good
until it had been baked.
CHANDELIER, Jacques, a cook at Longwood. He was
born at Melun in 1798, and was in the service of the
Princess Borghese. He was chosen to succeed
Laroche, and arrived at St. Helena on Septem-
ber 20th, 1819. Chandelier was a highly skilled
chef, and in his hands the cooking at Longwood
became really good. In Antoine Careme's " L'Art
de Cuisine," Chandelier gives an account of the
dishes preferred by Napoleon.
CIPRIANI, the Maitre d'Hotel at Longwood. He was
suddenly seized with acute abdominal pain while
attending at dinner, and died after a few days'
illness, on February 26th, 1818. He was buried
by Mr. Boys.
CLAVERING, Lady. A French lady, and a friend of
Las Cases. She lived at 19 Portland Place, and it
was to her that one of the secret letters found in
Scott's waistcoat was addressed. (See "Scott.")
COCKBURN, Admiral Sir George, G.C.B., F.R.S. (1772-
1853).
Cockburn entered the Navy in 1781 as " Captain's
servant," and obtained command of the " Speedy "
in 1792. In 1796, while in command of the " Min-
erve," he earned the praise of Nelson for running
in under the batteries of Larma and capturing six
of the enemy's ships. In the same year he cap-
tured the " Sabina," and the " Matilde," and in
1797 he took part in the Battle of St. Vincent.
After serving in the West Indies, India, Mar-
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 59
tinique, and Holland, he obtained flag rank in 1812,
and was ordered to North America, where he
showed his great capacity as a naval commander
in the brilliant operations on the Chesapeake, the
Sassafras, and the Potomac rivers. In this war he
co-operated with General Ross at the battles of
Bladensburg and Baltimore, and, after the former
battle, entered Washington, which was destroyed.
For these services Cockburn was created K.C.B.
in 1815, and was selected to convey Napoleon to
St. Helena in the " Northumberland." He sailed
from the Start on August 8th, and arrived at
St. Helena on October 15th, 1815. He remained
in command at St. Helena until the arrival of Sir
Hudson Lowe on April 14th, 1816, and left the
Island on June 19th, 1816.
Cockburn became Vice-Admiral in 1819, and
commanded on the North American and West
Indian Stations from 1833 to 1836. In 1837 he
became full Admiral, and in 1841 First Naval Lord.
An account of the voyage of the " Northumber-
land " has been published. (See " Napoleon's Last
Voyages," " Glover's Diary," " Napoleon's Fellow
Travellers " ; and for full Biographies of Cockburn,
see Marshall's " Naval Biographies," O'Byrne's
" Naval Biography," and Ralfe's " Naval Bio-
graphies.")
COLE, Joseph. The Postmaster in St. Helena, and a
member of the firm of Balcombe, Fowler and Co.
COOPER, the " one-eyed," alias William Gordon.
He brought up to Longwood a large tub, twelve
feet square, to serve as a reservoir for Napoleon's
garden, and for this service the Emperor gave him
a glass of wine with his own hand. This event
occurred on January 12th, 1820. (See Nicholls'
Journal, " Lowe Papers," vol. 20,210.)
60 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
COURSOT, Jacques. A butler who arrived in St. Helena
on September 20th, 1819, and replaced Pierron,
who had been appointed Maitre d'Hotel.
CROAD, Lieutenant Frederick, of the 66th Foot.
Croad acted as understudy to Captain Nicholls,
the Orderly Officer, and, having some knowledge of
French, was most useful. He eventually joined
the 20th Foot Regiment, and retired from the
Army in 1845, having attained the rank of Major.
CROKAT, William (1789-1879). Orderly Officer, Long-
wood, from April 15th to May 7th, 1821.
Crokat was born near Edinburgh, and in 1807
joined the 20th Foot, in Sicily, as Ensign, being
then in his eighteenth year. In 1808 he became a
lieutenant and served in the Peninsular War, where
he was present at the battles of Corunna, Vimiera,
Vittoria, and Roncesvalles. At the last-mentioned
engagement he was severely wounded, and carried
the effects of this wound for the rest of his life. In
1809 Crokat took part in the disastrous expedition
to Walcheren, but was soon invalided, on account
of the deadly fever which decimated the troops.
In 1814 he was gazetted Captain, and in 1819
he proceeded with the 20th to St. Helena. On
April 15th, 1821, Captain Lutyens resigned his post
of Orderly Officer to Longwood, and Crokat was
appointed in his place. He was thus on duty
during the closing scenes of Napoleon's life, and
saw him immediately after death. He was present
at the post-mortem examination, and on May 7th
marshalled all the people who filed before the dead
Emperor. On the evening of the 7th, Crokat
sailed in the " Heron " with Lowe's despatches
announcing the death of Napoleon, and reached
England on July 4th. For this service he was
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 61
given his majority, and £500. After this he served
in India for some years and retired on half-pay
in 1826.
Crokat then spent several years travelling in
Italy with Lord Panmure, who was engaged in
inspecting and buying pictures. His subsequent
promotions were : — Lt.-Colonel in 1837, Colonel in
1851, Major-General in 1855, Lt.-General in 1861,
and General in 1871. Once when in Paris, Crokat
was urged to attend an official reception, but
demurred on account of the known animosity
towards those who had taken part in guarding
Napoleon. He, however, yielded to the pressing
request to attend, but on the way home was at-
tacked, and owed his life to a button of his uniform
which deflected the dagger of the would-be assassin.
Crokat lived at 52 Inverleith Row, Edinburgh,
and there he died at the advanced age of ninety on
November 6th, 1879. He was the last to survive
of those who had seen Napoleon on his death-bed.
Captain Crokat was of commanding presence,
being six feet two inches, and if the portrait which
accompanies this memoir be compared with the
one in Steuben's famous death-bed scene, the
faithfulness of the likeness will be appreciated.
Although never tired of talking about the eventful
days spent at Longwood, he left no written account
behind him, and so much that would be of great
interest to students of the period is, therefore, lost.
He possessed numerous relics of Napoleon, amongst
which may be mentioned — a silver plate and knife,
used by the Emperor in St. Helena ; a portrait of
Napoleon, which, encircled with diamonds, formed
the lid of one of the snuff-boxes ; the wooden
spatula, used by Napoleon to clean his spade when
gardening ; the cordon worn during the Hundred
Days, and a pair of silk stockings and garters. For
62 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
much of the information contained in this account
of Crokat I am indebted to his niece, Miss Crokat,
who has a vivid remembrance of her uncle.
D
DACRE, Captain G. H. In command of the " Experi-
ment," storeship. Mr. Watson points out in the
" Polish Exile " that Lowe considered Dacre to be
the author of the anonymous " Letters from
St. Helena."
DARLING, Andrew (1784-1841). Upholsterer in St.
Helena.
Darling was frequently brought into direct con-
tact with Napoleon in connection with his duties
at Longwood of superintending the painting and
repairs to the furniture. On the death of the
Emperor, Darling was the undertaker, and when
the exhumation took place in 1840 he was present,
and his knowledge of the arrangements made at
the funeral in 1821 was of much assistance. Lock-
wood, in his " Guide to St. Helena," published in
1851, states that he had in his possession a manu-
script left by Darling, in which an exact account
of the arrangements made for the funeral of
Napoleon was given. Lockwood further states that
he published this document in the " St. Helena
Advocate " for 1851. Unfortunately no copy of
the periodical exists in England.
DAVID. A serjeant in the 66th Foot Regiment, and of
great assistance to Captain Nicholls in his attempts
to obtain a view of Napoleon.
DAVIE, Captain John (1770-1825). In command of the
" Conqueror."
Captain Davie came out to St. Helena in 1817,
but was soon taken ill and invalided home. He
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 68
never recovered from his illness, and died in 1825,
after six years' suffering. He was presented to
Napoleon on July 3rd, 1817. Davie was the
author of a very popular manual, entitled " Obser-
vations and Instructions for Officers."
DE FOUNTAIN, John. A senior merchant in the East
India Company's service, who was dismissed, in
company with another, for serious defalcations.
DENMAN, Captain Edmund. In command of the " Red-
pole." According to Marshall's " Royal Naval
Biography," Denman, through his friendship with
the Balcombes, spent an evening with Napoleon
and played whist with him. He died in 1846.
DILLON, Captain W. H. In command of the " Horatio ' '
and the " Phaeton." Dillon was a cousin of the
Countess Bertrand, and came to see her on two
occasions. He had been taken prisoner in Holland
in 1804, and remained in captivity in that country,
and at Verdun, for four years. On this account he
was not presented to Napoleon.
DODGIN, Major Daniel. In command of the 2nd Bat-
talion of the 66th Foot Regiment. He arrived
in St. Helena in 1816, and commanded the two
battalions in the absence of Colonel Nicol, and
after Colonel Lascelles had been sent home. He
was one of the officers presented to Napoleon, as
described by Henry in his " Events of a Military
Life." Dodgin filed an affidavit in favour of Sir
Hudson Lowe. He died in 1837.
DODGIN, Captain Henry Duncan. Of the 66th Regiment.
Dodgin was attached to the 2nd Battalion of the
66th, and came to St. Helena in 1816. After the
reduction of this battalion, Dodgin was transferred
to the 1st Battalion, and he eventually joined the
20th Foot. He was presented to Napoleon with
64 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
the other officers of the 66th. Dodgin's chief claim
to fame rests on his skill as an amateur artist, and
he made sketches of Napoleon from life on several
occasions. He retired from the Army in 1839.
DOVE. The postilion at Longwood, and so addicted
to drink that it was considered unsafe for Napoleon
to take carriage exercise.
DOVETON, Sir William Webber (1753-1843). Member
of the Council of St. Helena.
Doveton was a native of St. Helena, and lived at
Mount Pleasant, Sandy Bay. He received his
knighthood on account of his public-spirited exer-
tions in connection with the government of the
Island. Napoleon paid a visit to Sandy Bay on
January 3rd, 1816, but it is not recorded that he
saw Doveton on that occasion. On October 4th,
1820, however, he paid another visit, and had break-
fast on the lawn with the Doveton family. This
proved to be the last excursion made by Napoleon
outside the " limits," and a full account of it will
be found in " Forsyth," Vol. Ill, p. 242. Doveton
was present at both the funeral in 1821 and the
exhumation in 1840.
E
ELLIS, The Right Honourable Sir Henry (1777-1855).
Secretary to the Amherst Mission to China.
Ellis had been Minister Plenipotentiary to
Persia in 1814. He was presented to Napoleon
on July 1st, 1817, and has given an account of the
occurrence in his " Journal of the Proceedings of
the Late Embassy to China " (John Murray. 1818).
From 1825 to 1834 Ellis was Clerk of the Pells.
EMMETT, Major Anthony (1789-1872). In command
of the Engineers in St. Helena.
COLONEL JOHN MANSKL, C.B.
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 65
Emmett entered the Army in 1808, and served
in the Peninsular and American Wars. He came
to St. Helena in the " Phaeton," arriving on
April 14th, 1816, and remained until September,
1821. As chief of the Engineers, Emmett was
entrusted with the repairs to Longwood, the
building of the New House, Bertrand's Villa, and
Napoleon's grave. On July 20th, 1817, in com-
pany with Basil Jackson, he had an interview with
Napoleon. This interview is fully reported in Basil
Jackson's " Reminiscences," and also in " Extracts
from Emmett's Diary," published in the " Century
Magazine," January, 1912. The two accounts
differ materially, and should be read together.
Indeed, it seems to be clear that the " Diary
of Emmett," from which the extracts are taken,
was written some time after, for it contains in-
accuracies which could hardly have occurred had
it been written during the progress of the events
to which it refers. For instance, Emmett states
that Lord Mulgrave and General Mann were pas-
sengers by the "Phaeton," but the "Muster
Rolls " of that ship do not bear out the statement.
He omits also to mention Lady Bingham's name as
a passenger, and spells " Gorrequer," "Lorrequer,"
and " Janisch," " Jamisch." He also states that he
has forgotten the name of " Vignali," and places his
interview with Napoleon in 1816 instead of 1817.
Emmett was not persona grata to Lowe, and
the diary exhibits the Governor in no very pleasing V
light. The dislike was probably mutual, for Lowe
has placed on record his objection to the conduct
of Emmett, in a letter which exists in the " Lowe
Papers," and it was well known that the Engineer
officer held advanced opinions.
Emmett retired from the Army with the rank of
Major- General, and died at Brighton in 1872.
66 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
F
FAGAN, Lt. -Colonel Christopher. Judge Advocate-
General in Bengal.
Colonel Fagan belonged to the 19th Native
Infantry Regiment, and spent the whole of his
military service in India. He had an interview with
Napoleon on June 19th, 1817, and Sir Thomas
Reade reported to Lowe that Fagan had been
guilty of the terrible crime of speaking of Napoleon
as the " Emperor."
FARQUHAR, Sir Robert. The Governor of Mauritius,
and a correspondent of Lowe.
FEHRZEN, Major Oliver George (1786-1820). In com-
mand of the 53rd Regiment in St. Helena.
This talented and respected officer entered the
Army as Ensign in the 39th Foot in 1803, but in
1805 he exchanged into the 53rd Foot, with the
rank of Captain. He distinguished himself in many
of the important engagements in the Peninsula,
and in 1813 was promoted Major. In 1815, when
the 2nd Battalion of the 53rd was ordered to
St. Helena, Fehrzen was placed in command,
during the absence of Colonel Mansel. In this
capacity he came into contact with Napoleon, and
on several occasions had the honour of lunching
and dining with him. The Emperor was always
ready to receive Fehrzen, and probably his fine
presence and engaging manner were responsible
for this favourable impression.
Fehrzen left St. Helena with the regiment in July,
1817, but on January 19th, 1820, he was seized
with cholera while at Namcul, India, and died the
same day. On the monument erected at Salem to
his memory, it is recorded that he was " celebrated
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 67
for his learning, distinguished for his valour, es-
teemed for his piety, a soldier by nature, a gentle-
man by birth, a friend to all, an enemy to none."
Many of the affidavits filed on behalf of Lowe in his
action against O'Meara deal only with the question
of whether Fehrzen said that officers of the 53rd
were forbidden to visit the people at Longwood.
TESTING, Captain Robert Worgan George, C.B. In
command of the " Falmouth " and the " Racoon "
on the St. Helena Station.
Testing entered the Navy in 1799, and served
much of his time in the Dutch East Indies. He
obtained post rank in 1811, and from Septem-
ber 26th, 1815, to August 3rd, 1817, was engaged
on the Cape of Good Hope and St. Helena Stations.
During this time he had two interviews with
Napoleon — on August 1st, 1816, and on March
25th, 1817. In 1838 he was given a C.B., and
was advanced to the rank of Rear-Admiral in
1846. Testing died in 1862.
FINLAISON, John. The Keeper of the Records at the
Admiralty. He lived at 30 Craven Street, Strand,
and was a friend of O'Meara. It was to Finlaison
that O'Meara addressed his famous letters from
St. Helena.
FORSYTH, William, Q.C., M.A. Author of the " History
of the Captivity of Napoleon " (3 vols. Murray,
1853).
Forsyth was born in 1812, at Greenock, and was
educated at Trinity College, Cambridge, where he
obtained a high degree in classics. He was elected
a Fellow of his college, and then devoted himself
to law. In addition to the " History of the Cap-
tivity," compiled from the " Lowe Papers," he
was the author of " Hortensius," a " Life of Cicero,"
68 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
' The Law of Compounding Creditors," " Hanni-
bal in Italy," a Drama, and the "History of Trial
by Jury." He was also Commissary for the
University of Cambridge, and sat as Member of
Parliament for the Borough of Cambridge in
1856, and for Marylebone in 1874.
G
GENTILINI. An Elban, and footman at Longwood.
He left the Island with his wife at the end of 1820.
GORREQUER, Major Gideon (1777-1841). Aide-de-Camp
and Acting Military Secretary to Sir Hudson Lowe.
Gorrequer entered the Army as Ensign in the
18th Foot in 1797, and became successively, Lieu-
tenant in 1798, Captain in 1804, Brevet-Major in
1814 and Lt.-Colonel in 1826. While on active
service, most of his time was spent in Sicily and
the Ionian Islands, and it was at these places that
he came into contact with Sir Hudson Lowe. For
his services he was made a Knight of the Royal
Hanoverian and Guelphic Order. When Lowe
was appointed Governor of St. Helena, he at once
offered Gorrequer the post of Aide-de-Camp and
Acting Military Secretary. He accepted it, and
sailed for St. Helena in the " Phaeton," arriving
on April 14th, 1816.
With the exception of Sir Hudson Lowe, Gorre-
quer occupied by far the most important position
of all those connected with the captivity. He had
a faultless knowledge of the French tongue, and a
most retentive memory. In addition he was a
most diligent secretary, and a master of the art
of precis writing. For five years he was at Lowe's
side, and whether it was an interview with the
French at Longwood, or a conversation concern-
ing official matters at Plantation House, he was
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 69
always at hand with his notebook, and the minutes
thus made formed the basis of the lengthy reports
addressed to Lord Bathurst by Sir Hudson Lowe.
It is no exaggeration to say that we owe it entirely
to the industry of Gorrequer that we possess such
a complete record of the captivity of Napoleon in
St. Helena. He knew the peculiar temperament
of Sir Hudson better than any man, and all the
manifold twists and turns of his intricate policy
were to him an open book.
From his official correspondence it would appear
that he was a whole-hearted supporter of Lowe's
policy ; but Sturmer, no mean judge of human
character, described him as un finaud, and his
real impressions have always given rise to doubts.
Placed in the position of confidential clerk to Lowe,
and in possession of unrivalled knowledge of events
in St. Helena, it has always been accounted strange
that Gorrequer left no record of his private views
of the policy towards Napoleon. Documents are,
however, in existence which give Gorrequer 's
ideas concerning certain phases in the history of
the captivity, but they are so jealously guarded
that it is doubtful if their contents will ever be
revealed. Indeed, on one occasion many years
ago, when the question arose as^to whether these
documents should be taken from their secure
resting-place, it was decreed by a high authority
that since they contained remarks of such high
political importance it was better that they should
not see light.
Gorrequer died suddenly while walking in Jermyn
Street on July 18th, 1841.
GORS, Captain Jean Claude de. The Secretary to the
Marquis de Montchenu. He arrived with his
master in the " Newcastle " on June 17th, 1816,
and left St. Helena in June, 1821,
70 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
GOULBURN, Henry (1784-1856). Under-Secretary to
the Colonies from 1812 to 1826, and therefore
much engaged in writing and receiving despatches
concerning St. Helena. (See D.N.B. Art., " Goul-
burn.")
GOURGAUD, Gaspard, General Baron de (1783-1852).
Master of the Horse at Longwood.
Gourgaud came to St. Helena in the " Northum-
berland," and left on March 14th, 1818. Before
leaving he stayed for some weeks with Lieutenant
Basil Jackson at Bayle Cottage. He returned in
1840 for the exhumation, and wrote an account of
that voyage. His Journal was published in 1899,
and is most valuable as a record of dates. For
a full account of Gourgaud, see " Autour Ste.
Helene " and " Napoleon a Ste. Helene," by Masson.
GRANT, Robert (1799-1820). Midshipman on board
the " Vigo."
Grant died at High Peak Hospital of consump-
tion, but during the early part of his illness he
lived at Mason's Stock House, and was one of the
small band of devout men who prayed nightly for
Napoleon's salvation. (See " St. Helena Memoirs,"
by Robson, and " What happened at Mason's
Stock House " in this volume.)
GREATLY, Captain Thomas (1781-1849). Of the Royal
Artillery.
Greatly was in charge of the Royal Artillery
detachment on board the " Northumberland." He
left the Island in 1817, and figures as one of the
witnesses to Gorrequer's will.
GREENTREE, Thomas. Member of Council, and son-in-
law of Sir W. Doveton.
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 71
H
HALL, Captain Basil, F.R.S. (1786-1844). In command
of the " Lyra."
Hall was a son of Sir James Hall, of Dunglass,
and entered the Navy in 1802. He was appointed
to the command of the " Lyra," one of the vessels
chosen to accompany the " Alceste," conveying
the members of Lord Amherst's Mission to China.
On the way home from China, the " Lyra " reached
St. Helena on August llth, 1817, and on August
13th, Captain Hall was granted an interview with
Napoleon. A full account of this most interesting
reception is given in Hall's book, " A Voyage of
Discovery to the Western Coast of Corea, and the
Great Loo Choo Island," published in 1817, but it
can also be found in Marshall's " Royal Naval
Biography," Supplement to Pt. LV, p. 154. Mr.
Clifford and Mr. Hervey were presented at the
same time, and the former has left an account of
his impressions.
Captain Hall was a voluminous writer, chiefly
on nautical science, but his " Extracts from a
Journal, 1820 to 1822 " will be found interesting.
HALL, James. The Surgeon to the " Favourite," who
testified to the fact that O'Meara, at Ascension,
had stated openly that Napoleon would not now be
alive had he (O'Meara) paid attention to Sir
Hudson Lowe's suggestions.
HALL, Miss Mary. The governess or nursemaid to
the Bertrand children. She was selected by Lady
Jerningham, and arrived on June 26th, 1818. On
October 16th, 1819, she married St. Denis.
HAMILTON, Captain Gawen William, C.B. (1784-1834).
Commander of the " Havannah."
Captain Hamilton was born and educated in
72 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
France, and entered the Navy in 1801. He was
promoted Lieutenant in 1807, and was employed
on the Mediterranean Station. In 1811 he was
advanced to post rank, and commanded the " Ter-
magant " and the " Rainbow." While thus em-
ployed he captured three privateers, destroyed
some batteries on the coast of Valencia, and took
part in the unsuccessful attack upon Leghorn.
Afterwards he commanded the " Havannah,"
which formed one of the escort of the " Northum-
berland," and was presented to Napoleon on
April 21st, 1816. Subsequently he commanded the
" Cambrian " at the Battle of Navarino, and in
other operations in the Grecian waters.
HARRISON, Captain Charles. Brigade-Major in St.
Helena during the whole period of the captivity.
He came out to the Island in October, 1815,
as Captain in the 53rd Regiment, and was at once
appointed Brigade-Major. On the departure of
this regiment, Harrison remained on the Island
performing the same duties, and on March 29th,
1821, he became attached to the 20th Regiment
as Captain. He was present at the post-mortem
examination of Napoleon, and enjoyed the dis-
tinction, with Ibbetson, of being one of the two
British officers who came out to St. Helena with
Napoleon, and who remained until his death.
Harrison apparently retired from the Army in
1833.
HENDRY, Captain William. In command of the " Ro-
sario," 1819-21. Hendry was one of the three
naval captains who inspected the body of Napoleon
on the morning of May 6th. He was appointed
by Admiral Lambert to carry home, in the
" Heron," the despatches to the Admiralty an-
nouncing the death of Napoleon.
REAR-ADMIRAL ROBERT J. PLAMPIN
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 73
HENRY, Walter (1791-1860). Assistant-Surgeon to the
66th Regiment.
Henry was the eldest son of John Henry, a
merchant in Donegal, and after being apprenticed
to his uncle he studied medicine at Glasgow,
St. Thomas', Guy's, and St. George's. In 1811 he
passed the examination qualifying him to be ap-
pointed a surgeon to a regiment, and joined the
66th Foot as Assistant-Surgeon. He served through
the Peninsular War, and went with the 1st Bat-
talion to India. He arrived with this battalion
in St. Helena on July 5th, 1817, and remained to
the end. His subsequent promotions were :
Surgeon in 1826, Staff Surgeon in 1839, Deputy
Inspector- General in 1845, and Inspector-General
in 1852. These two last appointments were held
in Canada, and he died at Belleville in 1860, having
retired in 1855.
Henry will be chiefly remembered for his book,
" Events of a Military Life," published in 1843,
which was previously published anonymously under
the title of " Trifles from My Portfolio," and in
the first ninety pages of the second volume he re-
counts his impressions of his life in St. Helena. He
was present at the post-mortem examination, and
in the " Lowe Papers," vol. 20,214, p. 200, is his
full and most graphic account of the proceedings
on that occasion.
HOATH, Cornet J. W. In command of about twenty
men of the 21st Light Dragoons, who were em-
ployed in St. Helena as despatch riders. Lowe
ordered Hoath to give up his command and to
proceed to the Cape. Thereupon, Hoath demanded
an enquiry, since he felt himself insulted by being
asked to hand over his cavalry command to a mere
infantry officer. He died in 1837.
74 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
HODSON, Major Charles Robert George. Of the St.
Helena Regiment, and Judge-Advocate.
Hodson was in St. Helena during the whole of the
captivity, and before that time he had filled the
position of Town Major. He was a tall man, over
six feet in height, and of imposing appearance.
For these reasons Napoleon, who had for him a
warm personal regard, styled him " Hercules."
On November 20th, 1815, the evening of Sir George
Cockburn's ball, the Emperor paid Hodson a visit
at his house, and on January 4th, 1816, he enter-
tained him and his wife at dinner at Longwood.
Hodson was present at the funeral of Napoleon,
and also at the exhumation in 1840. He died in
1855, having attained to the rank of Lt.-Colonel.
HOLMES, William. A commission agent, who carried
on business at Lyon's Inn, Holborn.
He was a friend of O'Meara, and it was on the
latter's recommendation that he was employed by
the people at Longwood to carry through the busi-
ness of negotiating bills drawn by Bertrand on the
Banking House of Lafitte at Paris.
At first he was successful in getting the docu-
ments honoured, for, in an intercepted letter to
O'Meara, he states that various sums lent, amount-
ing to 395,000 francs, have been repaid. (See
Forsyth, Vol. Ill, p. 61.) Apparently, however, he
soon encountered difficulty in Paris, on account of
the Bankers there thinking that he was not sup-
plied with sufficient authority. Holmes therefore
applied to Prince Eugene Beauharnais, who held
funds at Napoleon's disposal, and, according to
Bertrand, he received from the Prince 182,000
francs. None of this money ever found its way
to St. Helena, nor did Holmes repay the amount,
or render any account of it. Counts Bertrand and
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 75
Montholon, in a letter dated May, 1827, and now
published for the first time (see the " Case of Rear-
don "), state this fact, and assign £365 of Holmes1
debt to Reardon, and in 1857 Reardon's son is
advised to sue Holmes for the amount, to be paid
him out of the 182,000 francs which he still owed
the estate of Napoleon.
Napoleon's paper was hawked about Europe,
the favourite countries for these operations being
England, France, and Italy, and owing to the fact
that correspondence with Longwood was difficult,
it is possible that much of the money intended for
the needs of the illustrious prisoner found its way
into the pockets of the unscrupulous. Holmes was
one of the executors under O'Meara's will.
HOOK, Theodore (1788-1841). Stayed in St. Helena,
on his way home from Mauritius, from Novem-
ber 2nd to the 26th, 1818. (See Mr. Watson's
" Polish Exile," p. 255.) He published in 1819,
probably at the instance of Sir Hudson Lowe,
" Facts Illustrative of the Treatment of Napoleon,"
and these have since been reprinted by Mr. Shorter.
O'Meara published, in 1819, his "Exposition" as
a reply. Hook was ready to sell his pen to any-
body, and his doubtful character renders his
opinions of little value.
IBBETSON, Denzil (1788-1857). The Commissary in
St. Helena.
Ibbetson entered the Commissariat Department
of the Army as clerk in 1808, and went through the
Peninsular War, receiving the medals for Roleia and
Vimiera. In 1814 he was promoted Assistant Com-
missary General, and was selected to proceed to
St, Helena in 1815. He sailed on board the
76 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
" Northumberland " with Napoleon, and remained
in St. Helena until June, 1823. He thus shares,
with Brigade-Major Harrison, the distinction of
being one of the two British officers who remained
in St. Helena during the whole period of the
captivity. For the first three years of his stay in
St. Helena, Ibbetson had little to do with Long-
wood, for the Purveyorship was in the hands of
Balcombe, Fowler and Co. ; but after the departure
of Balcombe, Ibbetson assumed charge, and ap-
parently performed his duties to the satisfaction of
Lowe, for the Governor wrote him an eulogistic
letter afterwards.
But Ibbetson's chief claim to distinction rests
upon his ability as an artist. While on board the
" Northumberland " he made sketches of Napo-
leon, many of which are in the collection of Mr.
A. M. Broadley. Again, while in St. Helena, he
did several portraits and sketches of Napoleon
and his followers, notably the sketch of Napoleon
on his death-bed, and before he was dressed in his
uniform. For a full account of Ibbetson, see the
excellent article by Mr. A. M. Broadley, in the
" Century Magazine," April, 1912.
JACKSON, Lt.-Colonel Basil (1795-1889). Lieutenant
in the Staff Corps in St. Helena.
Jackson came out in the " Phaeton " with Sir
Hudson Lowe, and arrived on April 14th, 1816.
He was charged with the duty, under Major
Emmett, of supervising the repairs to Longwood,
the building of Bertrand's Villa, and Longwood
New House. He was thus brought into close con-
tact with the residents, and his knowledge of French
made his society agreeable. On July 20th, 1817,
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 77
in company with Major Emmett, he had an inter-
view with Napoleon, and on July 8th, 1819, he left
St. Helena in the " Diana."
Jackson was an artist, and did several water-
colour sketches of views in St. Helena, and one at
least of Napoleon himself. He also drew the plans
of Longwood New House. Jackson died at the
advanced age of ninety-four, in 1889, and has, there-
fore, the distinction of being the last to survive
of those connected with the captivity. For a full
account of Jackson, see his book, " Reminiscences
of a Staff Officer," published in 1877, and again
in 1903.
JACKSON, Major Edward, K.H. In command of the
20th Foot during the absence of Colonel South.
Jackson figures in the history of the captivity
on account of the action he took when Napoleon
presented to the 20th Regiment the "Campaigns
of Marlborough " on April 14th, 1821. These books
were transmitted through Captain Lutyens, the
Orderly Officer, and Major Jackson wrote to him,
asking how the 20th could accept books which bore
the " Imperial Inscription." Lowe had already
mentioned his doubts concerning the wisdom of
accepting such a present from such a source, and
the books were returned. Eventually the 20th
regained possession of them, and they now rest in
the archives of the Lancashire Fusiliers.
Jackson became Lt.-Colonel in 1826, and died
in 1841.
JANISCH, William. Came out in the " Phaeton " with
Lowe, as a clerk to Ibbetson, the Commissary, but
having little to do, he was employed by the Gover-
nor in secretarial duties. Janisch was a neat writer,
and on comparing much of the copied matter in
the " Lowe Papers " with his handwriting, the
78 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
supposition seems warrantable that he was largely
occupied with these duties. Janisch stayed on in
St. Helena, and was present at the exhumation,
an account of which he wrote. He married the
daughter of Major Scale, by whom he had a son,
Hudson, who became Governor of the Island, and
who published " Extracts from the St. Helena
Records."
JOHNSON, Miss Charlotte. Stepdaughter of Sir Hudson
Lowe. She married, in March, 1820, Count Bal-
main, the Russian Commissioner.
JOHNSON, Miss Susanna. The younger stepdaughter
of Sir Hudson Lowe.
JONES, Captain Jenkin. Came out to St. Helena as
officer of the " Newcastle," and in 1817 was given
the command of the " Julia." This vessel was
wrecked off Tristan D'Acunha. Captain Jones
was presented to Napoleon on June 4th, 1816, and
on June 19th, 1817. He died in 1843.
JONES, Reverend Samuel. Senior Chaplain in St.
Helena, from 1808 to 1815.
It is abundantly clear from a perusal of the
St. Helena Records that Mr. Jones was hardly less
troublesome to the authorities than Mr. Boys.
In April, 1812, for some reason not evident, the
Council appointed him " Inspector of the Strayed
Sheep and Goats." Mr. Jones thereupon wrote to
the Council and stigmatised his appointment as a
public insult, and said, amongst other things, that
he already had a very wild herd of goats to look
after in his own congregation. At this time he
adopted the practice (afterwards followed so
notoriously by Boys) of voicing his views concern-
ing the Government and private people from the
security of the pulpit, and such a nuisance did he
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 79
become that the Council ordered him not to make
any more allusions from the pulpit. To this order
Jones replied in a letter of twenty-eight pages.
Early in 1815, the bitter controversy between the
two chaplains, Jones and Boys, began, and this
continued with increasing virulence until, on
April 10th, Mr. Jones was suspended from his
duties, and was retired on an allowance of five
shillings per day.
When Napoleon arrived, Mr. Jones was acting
as tutor to the children of Balcombe, and he was
received by the Emperor on May 27th, 1816. On
the following day O'Meara records the fact that
Napoleon was of opinion that Mr. Jones was used
most shamefully, and that he should not have been
superseded, if only for the sake of his wife and
children. On being asked by Napoleon whether
Mr. Jones was a good man, O'Meara replied that
he believed so, but that he was rather prone to
meddling.
K
KAY, Dr. David. The Superintendent of the Medical
Establishment in St. Helena, and a Senior Merchant.
He retired from the former position in 1820, and
was succeeded by Matthew Livingstone. He died
in 1833.
KEATING, Sir Henry Sheehy, K.C.B. Lt.-General, and
Governor of the lie de Bourbon.
Keating paid a visit to Napoleon 011 July 27th,
1816, and at Lowe's last interview with the Em-
peror, a heated discussion took place as to what
Keating had said concerning the book Mr. Hob-
house had sent Napoleon, but which had been
detained by Lowe on account of the " Imperial
Inscription" on the fly-leaf. The substance of
Keating's interview is given in Forsyth, Vol. I,
80 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
p. 193, and when Keating arrived in England, he
detailed it to the Prince-Regent, who, in turn, told
it to Louis Philippe. Keating died in 1847.
KERR, John. Afterwards styled John Kerr Trattle.
Paymaster to the 66th Regiment, and one of the
artists.
He is mentioned by Mrs. Shortt in her letters
recently published in the " English Review," as
being engaged on the morning of Napoleon's
funeral in making sketches of the scene. Six of his
water-colour sketches, with explanatory notes, and
dedicated to Lady Lowe, were engraved by Havell,
and published by Colnaghi under the title of "Kerr's
Views of St. Helena." Mr. Broadley possesses one
set, and Dr. Silk another. Kerr, or Trattle, died in
1849.
KITTS. Sergeant of the 66th Regiment. Mentioned
frequently in Nicholls' Journal as helping to obtain
a view of Napoleon.
KNIPE, Miss. " Le Bouton de Rose." The daughter
of a farmer, and much admired by Napoleon and
his followers. She married a Mr. Hamilton in 1820,
and left the Island.
LACEY. Sergeant of the 66th Regiment. Was stationed
at Longwood, and frequently reported to Captain
Nicholls that he had seen Napoleon.
LAMBERT, Rear-Admiral Robert (1772-1836). In com-
mand of the St. Helena Station from July 14th,
1820, to September llth, 1821.
Admiral Lambert was the eldest son of Captain
Lambert, R.N., and entered the service at a very
early age. In 1791 he was promoted Lieutenant
to the " Barfleur," bearing the flag of Admiral
SIR THOMAS READE
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 81
Cornwallis, and in this ship he took part in the
action of June 1st, 1794. In 1795 he was appointed
to the "Suffolk" as Flag-Captain to Admiral
.Rainier, and served in this capacity at the reduc-
tion of Ceylon, Amboyna, and Banda. Ill-health
compelled Lambert to relinquish this command in
1798, and he did not go to sea again until 1801,
when he commanded the " Saturn " in the expe-
dition to the Baltic, under Sir Hyde Parker. After
this he commanded the " Duncan," and the
" Royal Sovereign," and was employed on the
Mediterranean Station until the end of the war. In
1819 he was advanced to the rank of Rear-Admiral.
In 1820 Lambert was appointed commander
of the St. Helena Station, and reached that Island
on July 14th, 1820, in the " Vigo." He left his
card at Longwood, but was not received by Napo-
leon. The morning after the Emperor's death he
viewed the body, with three naval captains, and
sent home to the Admiralty Captain Hendry with
the official despatch announcing the death. Many
interesting and original letters of Lambert con-
cerning his period of service in St. Helena are in
the possession of Mr. Sabin.
LA ROCHE. A cook at Longwood who was left on the
Island by Lord Amherst. He succeeded Le Page,
but was rendered ill by the fumes from the cracked
cooking stove. He was interviewed, in London,
by his successor, Chandelier, as to the kind of
dishes preferred by Napoleon.
LAS CASES, Emmanuel Auguste Dieudonne Marius
Joseph, Marquis de (1776-1842). Accompanied
Napoleon to St. Helena. He was arrested at Long-
wood on November 25th, 1816, and deported in the
" Griffon " on December 30th. His famous " Me-
morial " was published in 1823.
82 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
LAS CASES, Emmanuel Pons Dieudonne, Comte de
(1800-54). Son of the above ; came to St. Helena
with his father, and was deported with him. He
returned for the exhumation, and published an
account of the occurrence. For full accounts of
Las Cases, see " Napoleon a Ste. Helene," by
Mass on.
LASCELLES, Lt.-Colonel Edmund. In command of the
66th Regiment.
During the absence of Colonel Nicol, Lascelles
commanded the regiment from September 13th
to November 12th, 1817, and again from February
25th to October 23rd, 1818. Becoming implicated
in the question of the attendance of O'Meara at
the mess of the 66th, he was sent home by Lowe
on October 29th, 1818. He was, however, per-
mitted to return in 1820. Lascelles filed an affi-
davit in favour of Lowe in the case of Lowe v.
O'Meara, and eventually he became Barrack
Master at Gibraltar. He died in 1853.
LE PAGE, Michel. The cook at Longwood. He became
morose and left the Island in May, 1818.
LEVY. A corporal of the 20th Regiment, who was
present in the room when the body of Napoleon
was enclosed in the coffins.
LIVINGSTONE, Matthew. Surgeon and Superintendent
of the East India Company's Medical Establish-
ment in St. Helena. Came to St. Helena in 1815,
and died there on October 10th, 1821.
He was frequently called in to attend the Ber-
trands and the Montholons, and raised difficulties
about giving Madame Montholon a certificate of
health, to enable her to proceed to Europe. He
also differed from Dr. Verling as to the nature of
Montholon' s complaint, and this led to a quarrel
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 83
between the two doctors, which is related by Sir
Thomas Reade (see " Lowe Papers," vol. 20,207).
In Verling's journal is a curious account of Living-
stone's professional visit to Madame Bertrand, and
the extraordinary conversation between the Ber-
trands as the result of his examination of Madame
Bertrand. Livingstone attended the post-mortem
examination of Napoleon, but went away before
the completion of the operation, and in Dr. Shortt's
original draft of the report, Livingstone's name is
omitted. These facts led Lowe to suspect that he
had been sent away by Dr. Shortt for some special
purpose. In [the final draft of the report, however,
his name appears. Livingstone was asked by Lowe
in the presence of Shortt whether he observed any-
thing abnormal in the liver at the post-mortem
examination, and he replied in the negative. In
St. Helena his services were in request on ac-
count of his skill as an accoucheur. (See
Verling's Journal, and " Lowe Papers," vols.
20,133, 20,140.)
LOUDOUN, The Countess of (1780-1840).
Was the wife of Lord Moira, the Governor-
General of India, who afterwards became Marquis
of Hastings. She stayed at St. Helena for a short
time, on her passage to England, with her son,
Lord Hungerford, and was the unwitting cause
of Lowe's tactless invitation to Napoleon to come
and meet the Countess at dinner. This invitation
was sent on May llth, 1816.
LOWE, Sir Hudson, K.C.B., G.C.M.G., Lt.-General, Governor
of St. Helena. Born at Galway, July 28th, 1769.
Died at Chelsea Cottage, January 10th, 1844,
aged seventy-four. Buried in St. Mark's Church,
North Audley Street. Married Mrs. Johnson, the
sister of General Sir William de Lancy, December
84 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
31st, 1815. Heard of his appointment as Governor
of St. Helena at Marseilles, August 1st, 1815.
Left for St. Helena in the "Phaeton" frigate,
January 29th, 1816, and arrived April 14th, 1816.
First visit to Napoleon, April 17th, 1816. Second
visit, April 30th, 1816. Third visit, May 17th, 1816.
Fourth visit, June 20th, 1816. Fifth visit, July 16th
or 17th, 1816. Sixth visit, August 18th, 1816.
Saw Napoleon by accident on August 4th, 1819,
and again about November 20th, 1820. Left
St. Helena, July 25th, 1821.
LUTYENS, Captain Englebert (1784-1830). Orderly
Officer at Longwood.
Lutyens joined the 20th Foot Regiment, and
went through the Peninsular War. He became
Captain in 1813, and was given his majority in
1821, at a date previous to that of Captain Crokat,
who received the same promotion on account of
having been entrusted with the despatch an-
nouncing the death of Napoleon. The regiment
claimed that Lutyens should have carried the
despatch, and the claim was allowed.
Lutyens was appointed Orderly Officer at Long-
wood on February 10th, 1820, but resigned the
appointment on April 15th, 1821, because Major
Jackson, the commander of the 20th Foot, blamed
him for receiving the " Life of Marlborough,"
which had been presented to the regiment by
Napoleon, through Arnott. No portrait exists of
Captain Lutyens, nor did he leave behind him any
papers. He died on January 26th, 1830, two days
out from Bombay.
LYSTER, Thomas. Inspector of Coasts and Volunteers
in St. Helena, with the local rank of Lt.-Colonel.
Lyster had served with Lowe in the early years
of the nineteenth century, and was specially
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 85
selected to go out to St. Helena. On July 16th,
1818, he was appointed Orderly Officer at Long-
wood, in succession to Captain Blakeney, who had
resigned. Napoleon took umbrage at this appoint-
ment on the grounds that Lyster was not an officer
of the regular army, and because he believed that he
had served in the Corsican Rangers. As a result of
these disputes, Lyster lost his temper, and, after
having been shown by Lowe Bertrand's intem-
perate letter of complaint, challenged the Grand
Marshal to a duel. He was, therefore, removed
from Longwood, and Blakeney was reappointed.
By far the best letter of O'Meara to Finlaison is
that in which he describes this incident. Lyster
died in 1845.
M
MACLEOD, John. Surgeon to the " Alceste," which
conveyed the Amherst Mission to China, and which,
on the return home, was wrecked outside the
Caspar Straits. MacLeod wrote the interesting
account of the voyage, entitled " The Voyage and
Shipwreck of the ' Alceste,' " Murray, 1818, and in
the last five pages he describes his impressions of
the visit to Napoleon on July 1st, 1817.
MALCOLM, Rear-Admiral Sir Pulteney, G.C.B., G.C.M.G.
(1768-1838).
Malcolm succeeded Sir George Cockburn on the
St. Helena Station, and arrived in the " New-
castle " on June 17th, 1816. On account of his
handsome presence and engaging manners he soon
gained the warm regard of Napoleon, and with his
wife, who was Miss Elphinstone, and a relative of
Lord Keith, he paid him many visits at Longwood.
Although Malcolm did all he could to smooth over
the differences between Lowe and Napoleon, his
86 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
close relations with the Emperor were viewed with
suspicion by the Governor. No open rupture took
place, but at the expiration of his command in June,
1817, Malcolm left the Island with no very friendly
feeling towards Lowe. Lady Malcolm's diary, con-
taining the substance of the conversations with
Napoleon, was published in 1899. For an account
of Malcolm's career, see D.N.B. Art., " Malcolm,"
Ralfe's " Naval Biography," and Marshall's
" Royal Naval Biography."
MANNING. The Thibetan traveller.
Manning was one of those who had been detained
in France during the war, but who was released by
order of Napoleon. On coming to St. Helena he
was granted an interview by the Emperor on June
7th, 1817.
MANSEL, Lt.-Colonel John, C.B. (1778-1863). In com-
mand of the 53rd Foot Regiment.
Mansel was the son of Sir William Mansel, of
Ischoed, in Carmarthenshire, and entered the
Army as Ensign in the 53rd Foot in 1795. His
first service was in the West Indies, but, having
obtained his majority in 1807, he proceeded with
the 1st Battalion to India, and in 1811 joined the
2nd Battalion in Spain, where he was present at
Ciudad Rodrigo, Badajos, Salamanca, and Tou-
louse. During part of this period he commanded
the 2nd Battalion, and on two occasions was given
the command of a brigade. Mansel accepted the
command of the 2nd Battalion of the 53rd Foot,
when ordered to St. Helena, on learning that his
brother-in-law, Sir George Bingham, was to be the
Brigadier-General. He did not, however, proceed
with the regiment, but arrived on May 6th, 1816,
and left again in January, 1817. He was received
by Napoleon on May 28th and August 3rd, 1816.
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 87
After his return to England, Mansel went to India
and assumed the command of the 1st Battalion.
This post he held until 1827, when he retired.
References. — " History of the 53rd Regiment," by
Rogerson. See also Mr. Shorter's " Napoleon and
his Fellow Travellers," where an interesting letter
of Mansel is published.
MARCHAND, Louis (1792-1876). First Valet to Napo-
leon at Longwood and executor under his will. His
mother was nurse to the King of Rome. He re-
mained throughout the captivity, and returned for
the exhumation in 1840. Marchand married in
1823 the daughter of General Brayer, and was
created a count in 1869. (See " Apres la Mort de
1'Empereur," by Cahuet, for a full account of
Marchand.)
MARRYAT, Captain Frederick (1791-1848). In command
of the " Beaver " at St. Helena. He was one of
the three naval captains who inspected the body
of Napoleon on May 6th, and made a sketch of the
dead Emperor at Lowe's request, and also one of
the funeral. Was, of course, the well-known
novelist.
MARTIN, Mrs. The housekeeper to the Marquis de Mont-
chenu, who tried to kiss her. When Napoleon was
told of the incident by O'Meara, he remarked :
" I suppose the old ram wanted to violate her."
(See O'Meara's letters to Reade and Gorrequer,
" Lowe Papers.")
MASON, Miss Polly. One of the chief landowners in
St. Helena. She lived on the further side of Pros-
perous Valley, and Lowe proposed to rent her
house for Napoleon at £100 per month. According
to Mr. Norwood Young she is remembered at the
present day in St. Helena on account of her habit
of riding on an ox.
88 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
MAXWELL, Sir Murray, C.B., F.R.S. In command of the
" Alceste." In company with Lord Amherst he
was presented to Napoleon on July 1st, 1817. He
died in 1831.
MEYNELL, Captain Henry (1789-1865). Commander
of the " Newcastle." During the year that the
" Newcastle " was on the St. Helena Station, Cap-
tain Meynell frequently accompanied Admiral
Malcolm when visiting Napoleon at Longwood, and
his diary recording the conversations on these occa-
sions was published in 1911. Meynell sat as
Member of Parliament for Lisburn, Ireland, from
1826 to 1847, and in 1862 he became full Admiral.
MILLINGTON, Abraham. The armourer who soldered up
the coffin of Napoleon on the evening of May 7th,
1821. He has left an account of the proceeding.
(See " Military Gazette," 1838.)
MITCHELL, Charles, M.D. (1783-1856). Surgeon on
board the " Vigo," the flagship on the St. Helena
Station from 1820 to 1821.
Mitchell entered the Navy in the early years of
the nineteenth century, and in 1806 became full
Surgeon. While at St. Helena he was called in
on May 3rd to consult with Shortt, Arnott, and
Antommarchi concerning Napoleon's grave con-
dition, but he was not allowed to see the patient.
He attended the post-mortem examination, and
signed the official report. After retiring from the
service, Mitchell lived at Carisbrooke, Isle of Wight,
where he died on December 22nd, 1856.
MONTCHENU, Claude Marin Henri, Marquis de (1757-
1831). The French Commissioner in St. Helena.
He came to St. Helena on June 17th, 1816, on board
the " Newcastle," attended by his secretary,
Captain de Gors, and his servant, Thomas Salambre.
He left on July 29th, 1821. For further particulars
LIEUT. R. H. REARDON
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 89
concerning the grotesque personality of Montchenu,
see " Autour Ste. Helene," by Masson, and " Events
of a Military Life," by Henry. Also " La Cap-
tivite de Ste. Helene, d'apres les Rapports inedits
du Marquis de Montchenu," Firmin-Didot, 1894.
MONTHOLON, Charles Tristan, Comte de (1783-1853).
Came out to St. Helena with Napoleon, and re-
mained the whole time. He married Albine Helene
de Vassel (b. 1780), by whom he had three children.
Madame de Montholon left St. Helena with her
children on July 2nd, 1819, and Montholon left on
May 27th, 1821, on board the "Camel." He
published his " Remits " in 1846. For a full account
of Montholon, see " Autour Ste. Helene " and
" Napoleon a Ste. Helene," by Frederic Masson.
MURRAY, Captain James Arthur.
Captain Murray, the son of Lord William Murray,
and nephew of the Duke of Atholl, was born in 1790,
and entered the Navy in 1803. After promotion to
the post of Lieutenant in the " Unicorn " in 1809,
he was employed off the coast of Portugal during the
Peninsular War, and while performing these duties,
the Surgeon of the " Unicorn " was sentenced to
imprisonment in the Marshalsea for striking Cap-
tain Murray at the officers' mess. On May 14th,
1816, Captain Murray was given the command of
the " Griffon " on the St. Helena Station, and on
November 15th of the same year he was appointed
to the " Spey." This last command he held until
November 21st, 1817 ; but in the following March
he was tried by court-martial, at the instance of
Admiral Plampin, for failing to send supplies to
the " Julia," and the Island of Ascension. He
was, however, acquitted.
Captain Murray had an interview with Napoleon
on August 1st, 1816.
90 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
N
NAGLE, Michael (1795-1841 ). Lieutenant in the 53rd Foot.
Married on July 30th, 1815, at Portsmouth,
Emma Valentine, a daughter of a clergyman of
that town.
In 1811, at the age of sixteen, Nagle was attached
to the 1st Portuguese Regiment, and saw con-
siderable service in the Peninsular War. During
the progress of the conflict he joined the 53rd
Regiment, and was wounded on more than one
occasion. In 1815, in company with his wife, he
proceeded to St. Helena with his regiment, and they
soon became on friendly terms with the inhabitants
of Longwood, especially Gourgaud. They were
also noticed by Napoleon. On June 10th, 1816,
Mrs. Nagle won an action at law against Mrs.
Younghusband (the wife of Captain Younghus-
band), who had aspersed her character, and was
awarded £250 damages.
The Nagles left the Island on October 19th, 1816 ;
but before they left Piontkowski attempted, with-
out success, to prevail upon Nagle to carry to
England some clandestine correspondence.
On the reduction of the 2nd Battalion of the
53rd, Nagle went on half-pay ; but on November
4th, 1827, he was appointed Quartermaster to the
47th Foot, and occupied that position until he
died in Malta in 1841.
NAPOLEON. BORN AT AJACCIO, AUGUST 15TH, 1769.
DIED AT LONGWOOD, ST. HELENA, MAYSTH, 1821, AT
5.49 P.M. AGED FIFTY-ONE. ARRIVED AT ST. HELENA
ON OCTOBER 15ra, 1815, AND LANDED ON THE
EVENING OF OCTOBER 17TH. SLEPT THE FIRST
NIGHT AT THE HOUSE OF MR. PORTEOUS, THEN
STAYED AT THE " BRIARS " UNTIL DECEMBER 10TH,
1815, WHEN HE REMOVED TO LONGWOOD.
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 91
NICHOLLS, Captain George (1776-1857). Of the 66th
Regiment, and Orderly Officer at Longwood.
Nicholls joined the 66th Foot in 1791, and his
further promotions were : — Lieutenant in 1803,
Captain in 1809, Major in 1821, Lt.-Colonel in 1837,
Colonel in 1851, and Major-General in 1855. He
served in the Peninsular War, and was wounded in
the leg at Vittoria. He came to St. Helena in 1818,
and on September 5th was appointed Orderly
Officer at Longwood. He resigned this position on
February 9th, 1820, having been in residence
seventeen months. While at Longwood, Nicholls
compiled a journal, a copy of which is in the
" Lowe Papers," vol. 20,210. This journal, which
describes the difficulties encountered by Nicholls
in obtaining ocular evidence of the presence of
Napoleon, exhibits much unintentional humour.
A strong point has always been made of the methods
of strict seclusion adopted by Napoleon to defeat
the regulations of Lowe. On investigation, how-
ever, it is found that, of the 421 days that Napoleon
was said to be in seclusion, Captain Nicholls was
assured of his presence on 68 per cent of those days,
and the longest period of seclusion was 11 days.
Nicholls died at 18 Rodney Terrace, Cheltenham,
in 1857.
NICOL, Colonel Charles, C.B. In command of the 66th
Regiment in St. Helena.
Nicol arrived in St. Helena with his battalion in
1817, and remained until the early part of 1818,
when he left for England. He returned, however,
in 1820.
Nicol entered the Army in 1795 as Ensign, and
during the same year was advanced to the rank of
Captain. He attained his majority in 1806, and
became Lt.-Colonel in 1811. He commanded his
92 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
regiment in the Peninsula and was present at the
battles of Vittoria, Pyrenees, Niville, and Nive. He
also commanded a division in the Nepaulese War.
In 1837 he became Major-General, and in 1846
Lt. -General. He was then appointed Colonel-
Commandant of the 68th Regiment, and died in
1854. He supported Lowe in an affidavit in the
case of Lowe v. O'Meara.
NOVARREZ, Jean Abram (1790-1849). The third valet
at Longwood. He was a Swiss, and married in
July, 1819, Josephine Broule, the femme de chambre
of the Countess de Montholon. Was at Longwood
throughout the captivity, and returned for the
exhumation.
NUDD, John. A carpenter in St. Helena between 1816
and 1821. He was responsible for the woodwork at
Longwood and the New House. He retired to
Blackheath, and made an affidavit in favour of
Lowe, in which he gives an account of the exact
height of the railings around the New House, to
which Napoleon objected so much.
O
OAKES, Captain Orbell, R.N. Lieutenant on board the
" Conqueror " and the " Rosario," from 1817 to
1820.
Oakes belonged to an old Suffolk family, and
was nephew of Admiral Plampin. For the greater
part of his career afloat he served in the various
ships commanded by his uncle, and on his return
home from St. Helena, he acted as his Flag-Lieu-
tenant on the Irish Station. After this, Oakes
quitted the sea, and was employed in the coast-
guard.
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 93
O'MEARA, Barry Edward (1782-1836). Medical Atten-
dant to Napoleon in St. Helena, until July 25th,
1818.
O'Meara was a native of County Cork, and began
his medical career as Assistant Surgeon to the 62nd
Regiment. But this position he was compelled to
resign, because he had contravened the regulations
in force by acting as second in a duel. He then
joined the Navy and became Surgeon to the
" Goliath " and the " Bellerophon." He was on
this latter ship when Napoleon came on board, and
after Maingaud had refused to accompany the
Emperor to St. Helena, O'Meara was offered the
post. He accepted, and remained in attendance
until July 25th, 1818, when Lowe caused him to
be removed from Longwood. He left St. Helena
on August 2nd, 1818, and soon after his arrival in
England was dismissed the service. O'Meara
published his " Exposition " in 1819, in reply to
Theodore Hook's " Facts Illustrative," and in 1822
the famous " Voice " appeared. Besides these,
O'Meara was the author of a series of Letters to
John Finlaison, the Keeper of the Records at the
Admiralty, and these can be found in the " Lowe
Papers."
O'Meara qualified as a Member of the Royal
College of Surgeons in 1825, and lived at 16 Cam-
bridge Terrace, where he died on June 10th, 1836.
In his will, which is at Somerset House, he directs
that the following sentences shall be placed on his
tomb : "I take this opportunity of declaring that
with the exception of some unintentional and trifling
errors in the ' Voice from St. Helena,' the book is
a faithful narrative of the treatment inflicted upon
that great man Napoleon by Sir Hudson Lowe and
his subordinates, and that I have even suppressed
94 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
some facts which although true might have been
considered to be exaggerated and not credited."
His grave has been re-discovered recently by
Mrs. Chaplin, under the floor of St. Mary's Church,
Paddington Green. Here he was laid to rest on
June 18th, the anniversary of " Waterloo," and his
burial certificate reads as follows : —
Page 227. Burials in the Parish Church of Paddington in
the year 1836.
Name. Abode. ASe- By whom.
Barry Edward O'Meara, 16 Cambridge June 18th. 54. J. G. Giffard,
(Surgeon for Napoleon). Terrace. Curate.
PIERRON. The butler at Longwood. He arrived with
Napoleon, and remained the whole time. In 1840
he returned to St. Helena and was present at the
exhumation.
PINE-COFFIN, Brigadier-General John. In command
of the troops in St. Helena, from August 23rd, 1820,
to the end.
Pine-Coffin belonged to the Royal Staff Corps, of
which he was a Colonel, but when he came to
St. Helena he was granted the local rank of Briga-
dier-General. For the burlesque character of
Pine-Coffin, see " Events of a Military Life," by
Henry. Pine-Coffin died on February 10th, 1830.
PIONTKOWSKI, Captain Charles Frederic Jules (1786-
1849).
Piontkowski obtained permission to join Napo-
leon, and left England on October 8th, 1815, in the
" Cormorant," arriving at St. Helena on Decem-
ber 29th. After staying some months at Longwood,
he was sent home in the " David " on October 19th,
1816, and arrived in England on board the
" Orontes " on February 15th, 1817. For a com-
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 95
plete account of Piontkowski, see Mr. Watson's
valuable book, " A Polish Exile with Napoleon."
PLAMPIN, Rear-Admiral Robert J. (1762-1834). Com-
mander-in-Chief of the St. Helena and Cape of
Good Hope Naval Stations from July, 1817, to
July, 1820.
Plampin, who was born at Chadacre Hall in
Suffolk, entered the Navy in 1775, on board the
"Renown," and served chiefly in North America
until 1776. He then lived for thirteen months in
France, in order to acquire proficiency in the
language, and several months in Holland for the
same purpose. In 1793 he was selected, on account
of his knowledge of Dutch and his familiarity with
the country, to accompany the Forces, and served in
the gunboats off Wilhelmstad, which was then being
besieged by Dumouriez.
His knowledge of French stood him in good
stead, for in September, 1793, he was appointed
Aide-de-Camp to Admiral Goodall, the Governor of
Toulon, and afterwards filled the same post under
Lord Hood, until the end of the siege of that town.
Plampin was appointed Commander of the
" Albion," sloop, in 1794, and attained post rank
in the following year. In 1801, while in command
of the " Lowestoft," he was cast away on the Great
Heneaga, while attempting the windward passage.
He next assisted in the attack on Boulogne, and
helped Fulton to prepare his " locks " designed to
explode under the water. In 1805 he assumed the
commands of the " Antelope," 50 guns, and the
" Powerful," 74 guns, but was disappointed in
arriving in the latter ship at Trafalgar just too late
for the battle. After this Plampin sailed to the
East, and greatly distinguished himself by the cap-
ture of the " Henriette " and the famous fast
sailing-ship, " La Bellone," off the coast of India.
96 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
After this cruise he arrived in England in 1808, in
a serious condition of ill-health owing to scurvy. At
Walcheren he commanded the " Courageux," 74
guns, and was afterwards appointed to the " Gib-
raltar " and the " Ocean." For the remainder of
the war he cruised off Toulon, and in 1817 hoisted
his flag on the " Conqueror " as Commander of the
St. Helena Station. After returning from this
station, Plampin was appointed Commander-in-
Chief of the Irish Station. He became Rear-
Admiral in 1814, and Vice-Admiral in 1825.
While in command of the St. Helena Station,
Plampin played a noteworthy part in the arrange-
ments made for the safe custody of Napoleon, and
throughout he was a firm supporter of the policy
of Sir Hudson Lowe. He lived at the " Briars,"
and was especially singled out as the object of the
Rev. Mr. Boys' strictures from the pulpit. He
showed no sympathy with the lot of Bonaparte,
and always spoke of him in the most disparaging
terms. His attitude towards Mr. Stokoe, the Sur-
geon of the " Conqueror," who attended Napoleon
for three days in 1819, was unduly harsh, and it
was largely owing to the Admiral's attitude at
the court-martial that Stokoe was dismissed the
Navy. Plampin had two interviews with the Em-
peror on July 3rd and September 5th, 1817. The
conversation turned upon the amount of water
carried on board ship, and the experiences of the
Admiral when cruising off Toulon. The opinion
of Napoleon concerning Plampin was no more
favourable than the Admiral's concerning him.
POPPLETON, Captain Thomas William, of the 53rd
Regiment, and Orderly Officer at Longwood, from
December 10th, 1815, to July 24th, 1817.
Poppleton, the first Orderly Officer, appears to
have been respected and appreciated by the resi-
CAPTAIN ('. 1',. II. ROSS
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 97
dents at Longwood. He also retained Lowe's good
will until it was found that he had received a snuff-
box from Napoleon in a manner contrary to the
regulations. Unlike the other Orderly Officers,
Poppleton did not dislike his work at Longwood, for
when his regiment was ordered home, he applied
for permission to remain, but this was not allowed.
He wa$ promoted Major in December, 1817, and
was placed on half-pay for a short time, but he
soon joined the 12th Foot, and there remained until
1825, when he retired from the Army. Poppleton
is the only Orderly Officer who had the honour of
dining with Napoleon.
Poppleton died in 1827, aged fifty -two, and was
buried in the vault belonging to his wife's family at
Killanin, near Ross, Co. Galway. The inscription on
the tombstone mentions that he was " honoured
by the esteem of Napoleon, who was under his
personal charge for two years in St. Helena."
PORTEOUS, William. Superintendent of the H.E.I. C.'s
gardens. He also kept a boarding-house in James-
town, and there Napoleon spent his first night on
arrival. The Marquis de Montchenu also lodged
there.
POWER, Major James (1778-1851). In command of the
Royal Artillery Corps in St. Helena during nearly
the whole period of the captivity.
Power entered the Army as Second Lieutenant
in 1794, and was successively promoted — Second
Captain in 1799, Captain in 1804, Major in 1823,
Lt.-Colonel in 1824, Colonel in 1835, Major-General
in 1841, and Colonel-Commandant in 1846. He
served with distinction in the Peninsular War, and
also at Waterloo.
Beyond the performance of his duties in St.
Helena as Commandant of the Artillery, Power
98 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
does not appear to have played an important part
in the Island, and, except in connection with purely
official matters, his name is not mentioned in the
" Lowe Papers."
R
RAFFLES, Sir Thomas Stamford, F.R.S. (1781-1826).
Was Lt. -Governor of Bencoolen, founder of
Singapore, and one of the original promoters of the
Zoological Society. He called at St. Helena on his
way to England in the " Ganges," and on May 19th,
1816, had an interview with Napoleon. Captain
Travers, who was with him, has left an account of
this interview, and Sir Stamford also gave his im-
pressions in a letter to a friend, which is now in the
possession of Mr. A. M. Broadley. Part of this
letter has been published in the " Daily Mail."
RAINSFORD, Thomas. The Inspector of Police. He
arrested Las Cases, and was presented to Napoleon
on June 24th, 1816. He died in 1817.
READE, Sir Thomas, Kt. (1785-1849). Deputy Adjutant-
General in St. Helena. Married on September 8th,
1824, at the Parish Church, Manchester, Miss
Agnes Clogg, of Longsight, Cheshire.
Sir Thomas Reade joined the 27th Foot as
Ensign in 1799, and became Lieutenant in 1800.
In 1805 he was promoted Captain, in 1811, Major,
and in 1815, Lt.-Colonel. During his professional
career he was largely occupied in the Mediterranean,
and was engaged in diplomatic work of various
kinds. For these services he received the honour
of knighthood.
In 1815 Sir Hudson Lowe selected him to occupy
the post of Deputy Adjutant-General on the staff
he was then forming for service in St. Helena, and
Reade sailed with him in the " Phaeton," arriving
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 99
on April 14th, 1816. Throughout the captivity
Sir Thomas was actively engaged with the official
matters connected with that episode. He was a
whole-hearted supporter of the Government policy,
and performed his duties with marked zeal and
energy. Indeed, it would appear that he was more
pronounced than Lowe himself in the interpretation
of the duties concerning the safe custody of Napo-
leon, for in the " Lowe Papers," vol. 20,207, a
large number of Reade's letters can be found, and
from the attitude exhibited by them, it is reason-
able to infer that he often thought Lowe too
lenient in his administration.
Reade was present at the post-mortem examina-
tion, and has left a minute and valuable account of
what took place on that occasion (" Lowe Papers,"
vol. 20,133). He left St. Helena on July 12th, 1821,
and on his return to England lived for some years
on his estate at Congleton in Cheshire. He re-
tained his connection with the Army, and ex-
changed into the 24th Foot as Captain, in 1824 ;
but on May 10th, 1836, he was appointed Consul-
General in Tunis, and there he remained until his
death in 1849. Reade saw Napoleon on three
occasions, viz. on April 17th, May 27th, and Octo-
ber 4th, 1816.
REARDON, Rodolphus Hobbs (1790-1847). Lieutenant
in the 66th Regiment.
Reardon was born in Tipperary Town, and
entered the Army in the 3rd West India Regiment,
but afterwards became a Volunteer with the 71st
Foot.
On August 3rd, 1808, he landed in Portugal, and
after the Battle of Vimiera was promoted Ensign
to the 82nd Foot. He carried the colours of this
regiment at Corunna, and on account of his conduct
100 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
was promoted Lieutenant in the 66th Foot in Feb-
ruary, 1810. He then served with the regiment
in India, and came to St. Helena in July, 1817.
In St. Helena he was stationed at Mason's
Stock House, one of the guard houses surrounding
Longwood. He was on friendly terms with O'Meara
and this brought him into trouble with Sir Hudson
Lowe. Soon after O'Meara's retirement, Count
and Countess Bertrand rode out to Mason's Stock
House (October 13th, 1818), and held a conversa-
tion with Reardon, touching the conduct of
O'Meara, in which the action of the Governor came
in for severe criticism. As a result of this, Reardon
was ordered to attend before a board of enquiry,
and on the findings of the board, he was sent home
on October 29th, 1818, in company with Lt.-Colonel
Lascelles, who was also implicated.
Reardon made repeated attempts to get back to
his regiment, but without success. He joined the
49th Foot in 1822, and the 22nd Foot in 1824. In
1830 he sold out of the Army with the rank of
Captain, and in 1841 he was appointed Barrack
Master at Drogheda, which post he held until his
death. He was referred to by Napoleon as " Mr.
Methodist." (See " The Case of Lieutenant Rear-
don.")
RETHERWICK, or Radovitch. The gunner of the
" Baring " who brought to Napoleon the bust of
his son on May 5th, 1817.
RICH, Captain George Frederick. In command of the
" Racoon " and the " Falmouth " on the St. Helena
Station. He was employed at Walcheren, and
assisted at the bombardment of Dieppe. He had
an interview with Napoleon on July llth, 1816.
Rich died in 1862, having attained to the rank of
Admiral.
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 101
RICKETTS, Charles Milner. A kinsman of Lord Liver-
pool, and a member of the Supreme Council at
Calcutta.
Ricketts entered the East India Company's
service in 1791, and became chief secretary to the
Governor in 1815. In 1817 he obtained a seat
on the Supreme Council and, on his way home,
on leave, had a long interview with Napoleon on
April 2nd, 1819. At this interview Napoleon pre-
sented him with a paper containing reasons why
Lord Liverpool should permit him to leave St.
Helena. Ricketts was the last person to be granted
an interview by Napoleon.
ROBINSON, Miss. Known to Longwood as " The
Nymph." She was the daughter of a small farmer
who lived on the further side of Prosperous Valley,
and was noticed by Napoleon in the course of his
rides. She came to Longwood on two or three
occasions, and on July 26th, 1817, she brought her
newly-married husband to bid adieu to Napoleon.
The husband's name was Edwards, and he may
have been the Captain of the " Dora," the ship
in which Mrs. Edwards sailed for England on
July 29th.
ROBSON, Rev. Thomas. The author of " St. Helena
Memoirs,'* 1827, in which he gives an account of
the conversion of Robert Grant. Robson spent
some time in St. Helena after the captivity.
Ross, Captain Charles Bayne Hodgson, C.B. (1778-1849).
In command of the " Northumberland."
Captain Ross was the son of Lieutenant Ross,
R.N., and joined the Navy in 1788 as " captain's
servant " on board the " Echo." He became a
Lieutenant in 1796, and Commander in 1800, being
appointed to the "Diligence," in which vessel he
102 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
was wrecked on the Honda Bank near Cuba. After
commanding the " Druid," he was advanced to
post rank in 1802, and was appointed to the " La
Desire*e " and the " Pique " on the Jamaica Station.
In the latter vessel Captain Ross was most successful,
capturing many armed vessels of the enemy, in all
140 guns and 1500 men. During the American
War, Ross acted as Flag-Captain to Rear-Admiral
Sir George Cockburn in the " Marlborough," the
" Sceptre," and the " Albion," and took part in
all the principal operations in that war. His next
appointment was Flag-Captain to the " Northum-
berland," where he was brought into contact with
Napoleon, and during the voyage to St. Helena
he appears to have been on good terms with the
Emperor, who often referred to him as " uno bravis-
simo uomo." While in St. Helena, Ross lived at
a cottage not far from Longwood, which, to this
day, is called " Ross Cottage." After his return in
1816, he filled the post of Superintendent of the
Ordinary at Plymouth in 1819, and afterwards
became Commissioner to the Navy at Jamaica and
Malta. Captain Ross obtained flag rank in 1837,
and from that year to 1841 he was in command of
the Pacific Station. In 1847 he was promoted to
Vice-Admiral. Ross was twice married, first in
1803 to Miss Cockburn, the sister-in-law of the
Admiral, and one son, who predeceased him, re-
sulted from this union. He married again, and
had one daughter, who married Mr. Scobell, of
Meavy.
Captain Ross does not appear to have left any
papers concerning his association with Napoleon ;
but Brenton, in his " Naval History," when
describing the voyage of the " Northumberland,"
states that he quotes from the diary of Captain
Ross which has been lent to him for the purpose.
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 103
Mr. Shorter also, in his " Napoleon and his Fellow
Travellers," has published an interesting letter
from Captain Ross to a friend, but there is no trace
of any other documents. For fuller particulars
of the career of Captain Ross, reference may be
made to O'Byrne's " Naval Biographies," Mar-
shall's " Royal Naval Biography," Vol. Ill, pt. n,
p. 735, and the " United Service Magazine," 1849.
Rous, Captain the Hon. Henry John (1795-1877).
Rous came out to St. Helena in the " Con-
queror," and served in that ship until August, 1817,
when he was appointed to the " Podargus." He
retained this command until January, 1818, but
was then transferred to the " Mosquito," and in
July, 1819, he left St. Helena. Rous, who in
after-life became such a power on the Turf, had
much to do with the institution of the Races at
Deadwood, and the part he played is described in
Basil Jackson's " Reminiscences of a Staff Officer."
ROUSSEAU, Theodore. The Lampiste, and worker at odd
jobs at Longwood. He was deported on October
19th, 1816, and arrived at Spit head on February
15th, 1817. After this he retired to the United
States, and took service with Joseph.
RUTLEDGE, George Henry, M.R.C.S. (1789-1833). Assis-
tant Surgeon to the 20th Foot Regiment.
Rutledge entered the Army in 1809 as Hospital
Mate, and in 1815 was appointed Assistant Surgeon
to the 20th Foot. He came to St. Helena in 1819,
and was present at the autopsy of Napoleon. He was
appointed by Sir Thomas Reade to watch over the
body until it had been securely closed up in the coffin,
and has left a memorandum of the way in which he
performed his task. (See Forsyth, Vol. Ill, p. 291.)
In addition, Rutledge has also left a criticism of
" Les Derniers Moments de Napoleon," by Antom-
104 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
marchi, and this is a most valuable document, for
it is the only medical criticism of Antommarchi
coming from one who was actually present at the
post-mortem examination. In 1826 Rutledge was
appointed Surgeon to the 55th Foot, and while
serving in this capacity he died of cholera at
Tripasore, near Bellary, on July 18th, 1833. Rut-
ledge was married, but left no children, and no
papers relating to his connection with St. Helena
have been discovered.
SANTINI, Jean Giovan-Natale (1790-1862). An Usher
at Longwood.
Santini, who was a Corsican, had been in the
service of Napoleon at Elba. He was deported
from St. Helena on October 19th, 1816, and arrived
at Spithead on February 15th, 1817. After this he
was imprisoned at Mantua and Vienna, and was
kept under police supervision until the death of
Napoleon. For a time he was the reputed author
of " An Appeal to the British Nation," until
Colonel Maceroni avowed it. He was also credited
with the desire to shoot Sir Hudson Lowe. Even-
tually Santini became the guardian of the Em-
peror's tomb at Les Invalides. For a full account
of Santini, see " Apres la Mort de 1'Empereur," by
Cahuet, 1913.
SCOTT, James. The mulatto servant of Las Cases.
On November 24th, 1816, it was discovered that
Scott had letters from Las Cases to Lucien and
Lady Clavering, sewn in the lining of his waist-
coat. The letters were written on taffeta silk,
and were to be sent to Europe in this manner.
This discovery was the cause of the arrest of Las
Cases.
f
THOMAS SHORTT, M.D.
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 105
SEALE, Major R. F. Assistant Storekeeper in St. Helena.
Scale published, in 1834, " The Geognosy of St.
Helena," and also made a model of the Island,
which was accepted by Addiscombe College, and
there exhibited. It is said that Scale received
£1000 for this work.
SHORTT, Thomas, M.D. (1788-1843). Principal Medical
Officer in St. Helena.
Shortt joined the Army in 1806 as Assistant
Surgeon to the 10th Foot, and in 1813 became
Surgeon to the 20th Light Dragoons. In 1814 he
was Acting Staff Surgeon, and in 1819 he received
the appointment of Physician Extraordinary to the
King in Scotland. He served most of his time in the
Army in Italy, Sicily, and Egypt. He arrived in
St. Helena in December, 1820, and assumed chief
medical control of the Island. Shortt did not see
Napoleon professionally, but was consulted con-
cerning his illness. He attended the post-mortem
examination, and drew up the official report, the
original draft of which is in the possession of the
Shortt family. Shortt left St. Helena on Septem-
ber 29th, 1821. (See " Thomas Shortt," Chaplin,
1914.)
SKELTON, John (1763-1841). Lt.-Colonel in the Indian
Army, and Lt. -Governor of St. Helena from 1813
to 1816.
Skelton joined the 8th Native Infantry Regiment
in the Bombay Presidency in 1780, and became
Lt.-Colonel in 1807. In 1813 he was appointed
Lt. -Governor of St. Helena, and came to the Island
with Wilks in the same year. He lived at Long-
wood until the arrival of Napoleon, and when the
Emperor was installed there, Skelton and his wife
were frequent visitors. The Skeltons were much
liked by Napoleon, and were on terms of friendship
106 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
with him until they left the Island on May 14th,
1816 ; but Lowe suspected them of having assisted
the people at Longwood in the transmission of
clandestine correspondence.
In 1817 Skelton became a Colonel, in 1821 a
Major-General, and in 1837 a Lt.-General.
SOWERBY. The gardener of Longwood, and often men-
tioned in Nicholls' Journal as being instrumental
in obtaining a view of Napoleon.
STANFELL, Captain Francis, R.N. In command of the
" Phaeton " and the " Conqueror."
Stanfell was appointed Lieutenant in 1795,
Commander in 1803, and Captain in 1810. He saw
much service in the West Indies, the Channel, and
North America, and while thus engaged, captured
" La Glaneuse " and " Le Glaneur " in the Channel,
and " 1'Oreste " off Guadaloupe.
Stanfell brought out Sir Hudson Lowe and his
staff in the " Phaeton," and after the retirement
of Captain Davie, was given the command of the
" Conqueror." He was a strong supporter of the
policy of Sir Hudson Lowe, and was very popular
with his men. On March 25th, 1817, Stanfell was
presented to Napoleon. He died in 1831.
ST. DENIS, Louis Etienne (1788-1856). The second
valet at Longwood, and " Garde des livres." He
married Mary Hall, the governess, or nursemaid,
to the children of the Countess Bertrand, and was
at Longwood throughout the captivity. He re-
turned in 1840 for the exhumation.
STOKOE, John (1775-1852). Surgeon to the "Con-
queror."
Stokoe was summoned to attend Napoleon on
January 17th, 1819, and between that date and
January 21st he paid the Emperor five visits. But
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 107
in doing so he had incurred the displeasure of Lowe,
and after going home on leave, he was ordered to
return to St. Helena. He arrived on August 21st,
and on the 30th was placed on his trial before a
court-martial, which sentenced him to be dismissed
the Navy. It is difficult to understand why Stokoe
was treated so harshly, unless partisanship on the
part of his judges is admitted. For a full account
of Stokoe, see " Napoleon Prisonnier," by M.
Paul Fremeaux.
STURMER, Barthelemy, Baron de (1787-1853). The
Austrian Commissioner in St. Helena.
He arrived in the " Orontes " on June 18th,
1816, with his wife and the Botanist, Philippe
Welle. He left, or was removed, on July 3rd, 1818,
and afterwards held appointments in Rio, London,
Lisbon, and Paris.
TAYLOR. The under-gardener at Longwood, and often
instrumental in enabling Captain Nicholls to say
that Napoleon had been seen.
TORBETT, Richard. A merchant and shopkeeper in
St. Helena during the captivity.
He lived very close to Longwood, on a property
which contained Geranium Valley, and it was in
this ground, belonging to Torbett, that Napoleon
was buried. The Council of St. Helena granted
him an indemnity of £650, and an annual subsidy
of £50, so long as the body of the Emperor should
remain in the tomb. Eventually this arrangement
was commuted for a capital sum of £1200.
Torbett was dead when the exhumation took
place in 1840, but his widow derived some pecuniary
advantage from visitors to the tomb.
108 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
U
URMSTON, James Brabazon. A supercargo in Macao
under the East India Company, and eventually
President of the Select Committee at Canton.
Urmston was in St. Helena during the early part
of the captivity ; and on May 5th, 1816, in com-
pany with Balcombe, had breakfast with Napoleon.
Afterwards he corresponded frequently with Lowe,
and gave him information regarding opinion in the
East as to the possibility of Napoleon's escape.
(See " East India Register.")
VERLING, James Roche, M.D. (1787-1858). Surgeon to
the Royal Artillery in St. Helena.
James Verling was born at Queenstown in Ireland
on February 27th, 1787, and studied medicine at
Dublin and Edinburgh. At the early age of twenty-
three he obtained the degree of Doctor of Medicine
at Edinburgh, and selected " De Ictero " (Jaundice)
as the subject of his thesis. He entered the
Ordnance Medical Department of the Army in 1810,
and soon after was ordered to join the Forces in the
Peninsula. He took part in many of the important
engagements of the war, and after reaching England
in 1814, was rewarded for his services with promo-
tion in rank, and the Peninsula medal with five
clasps.
In 1815 he proceeded to St. Helena in medical
charge of the Artillery detachment destined for
that island, and sailed in the " Northumberland "
on August 8th with Napoleon as a fellow-passenger.
On August 25th, 1818, after the removal of
O'Meara, Verling was appointed to reside at Long-
wood, to be in readiness to afford medical assistance
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 109
to Napoleon should his services be required. But
the Emperor refused to receive any doctor ap-
pointed by Sir Hudson Lowe, and Verling
continued to reside at Longwood with little
occupation until September 20th, 1819, when he was
relieved by the arrival of Antommarchi. He left
the Island on April 25th, 1820, and carried with him
the regard of both Sir Hudson Lowe and the French
followers of Napoleon.
Subsequently Verling rose to high positions in
the Army, and in 1850 was appointed Deputy
Inspector-General of the Ordnance Medical Depart-
ment. He retired in 1854, and died at Queenstown
in 1858, in his seventy-first year.
While at Longwood, Verling compiled a most
interesting journal, which is now in the " Archives
Nationales " in Paris.
VERNON, the Reverend Bowater James. Chaplain in
St. Helena during the whole of the captivity.
He was born in 1789 in Jamaica, where his father,
Captain Bowater Vernon, was A.D.C. to the Gover-
nor. Mr. Vernon officiated at the church in James-
town, and was able to keep aloof from the squabbles
in which his senior, the Rev. Mr. Boys, was engaged.
At Napoleon's funeral he attended officially, but
Vignali objected to his walking beside him in the
procession. Mr. Vernon published a little book of
reminiscences, in which he deals with the events
in St. Helena, and gives general support to the
policy of Lowe. His son was the well-known
ophthalmic surgeon.
VIGNALI, the Abbe Ange. A Corsican, selected by
Cardinal Fesch to administer spiritual consolation
to Napoleon. He was low-born, very ignorant,
and, it is said, quite illiterate.
He arrived in St. Helena on September 20th,
110 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
1819, conducted the funeral ceremony, and left
on May 27th, 1821, in the " Camel." Eventually
he perished in a vendetta.
W
WALLIS, Captain James. In command of the " Podar-
gus " and " Racoon."
He entered the Navy as captain's servant, and in
1797 was nominated Acting-Lieutenant. He was
present in the " Victory " at the Battle of Cape
St. Vincent, and, in 1804, was appointed First Lieu-
tenant to the " Vincejo," under the command of
Captain John Wesley Wright. On May 8th of that
year, this vessel was compelled to yield to superior
force at the mouth of the Morbihan, and Wright
and Wallis were detained in captivity. Wright met
his death under unexplained circumstances in the
Temple, but, in 1813, Wallis made his escape from
Verdun.
In August, 1814, Wallis was appointed Com-
mander of the " Podargus " on the St. Helena
Station, and in 1817 he commanded the " Ra-
coon." After commanding the " Conqueror " for
a short time in 1818, he returned to the " Racoon "
and paid that ship off in 1818. It has been held to
have been an act of bad taste on the part of the
British Government to send Wallis to St. Helena
during Napoleon's captivity, but he was appointed
to that station before it was decided to send the
Emperor there.
On September 14th, 1817, O'Meara gives in his
diary a conversation with Napoleon concerning the
death of Wright, which was initiated by O'Meara
mentioning that he had dined with Wallis the night
before.
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 111
WARD, Ensign John. Of the 66th Regiment.
Ensign Ward joined his regiment in St. Helena
towards the end of the captivity. He made a
sketch of Napoleon during life, and one after death,
when dressed in uniform. He also executed a
medallion in plaster of the head of the Emperor on
his death-bed, and assisted Burton (so it was said)
to take the death-mask.
Ward eventually joined the 91st Regiment, and
was present at the exhumation in 1840. He there-
fore occupies the unique position of being the only
British officer, with the exception of Hodson, who
attended the funeral in 1821 and the exhumation in
1840.
Mrs. Ward has given an account of the part
played by her husband at the death of Napoleon,
in a pamphlet, now in the possession of Alfred
Brewis, Esq. This pamphlet is also published in
Lady Burton's life of her husband. Ward died in
1878.
WARDEN, William (1777-1849). Surgeon on board the
H.M.S. " Northumberland."
While on the passage to St. Helena, and until the
departure of the " Northumberland " from that
Island on June 19th, 1816, Warden had many
opportunities of seeing Napoleon, and in St. Helena
especially he was a frequent visitor to Longwood.
The result of these visits was the famous " Letters "
published in 1816, which speedily ran through many
editions. A reply to these under the title of
" Letters from the Cape," which is generally attri-
buted to Las Cases, was published in 1817. For a
full account of Warden, and for a republication of
his "Letters," see the interesting book, "Napoleon
and his Fellow Travellers," by Mr. Shorter (Cassell,
1908).
112 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
WARREN, John. Private in the Engineer Company at
St. Helena. In company with private James
Andrews of the same Corps, he dug the grave for
the vault in which Napoleon was buried. (See
" History of the Royal Engineers," Connolly.)
WELLE, Philippe. A botanist who came out to St.
Helena with the Austrian Commissioner, Baron
Sturmer, in the " Orontes." He arrived on June
18th, 1816, and was charged by Marchand's
mother, who was nurse to the King of Rome, with
a letter containing a lock of the King of Rome's
hair. This he delivered to Marchand, who trans-
mitted it to Napoleon. The transaction aroused
Lowe's suspicions, and Welle left the Island on
March 1st, 1817.
WILKS, Miss Laura. Daughter of Colonel Wilks.
In company with her father, Miss Wilks was
received by Napoleon on several occasions, and
was much complimented by him on her beauty and
personal charm. Gourgaud also frequently re-
ferred to her beauty in his journal. Miss Wilks
afterwards became Lady Buchan, and died in 1888.
WILKS, Colonel Mark (1760-1831). Governor of St.
Helena from June, 1813, to April, 1816.
Colonel Wilks was a highly cultured man, of
considerable intellectual attainments. Being in-
tended for the ministry, he was given a first-rate
classical education, and during his career in the
Indian Army he occupied many distinguished posi-
tions. He contributed much to the history of India
in papers to the Asiatic Society, of which body he
was a Vice-President ; but his chief work is " His-
torical Sketches of South India."
Colonel Wilks sailed from St. Helena on April
23rd, 1816. He had several interviews with
JAMES VERLING, M.D.
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 113
Napoleon, notably on December 12th, 1815, and on
January 20th, and April 20th, 1816. The Emperor
took pleasure in his society, and the conversations
they held have been published in the " Monthly
Magazine," 1901, under the title of " Colonel Wilks
and Napoleon."
WORTHAM, Lieutenant Hale Young (1794-1882). Second
in Command of the Engineers at St. Helena.
Wortham entered the Royal Engineers in 1812,
and saw some service in the Peninsular War. He
sailed for St. Helena in the " Phaeton," and, under
the directions of Major Emmett, superintended
the repairs and works around Longwood, in succes-
sion to Lieutenant Basil Jackson, who had per-
formed that duty. When the dispute between
Captain Lutyens and Major Edward Jackson arose
(see Lutyens), Wortham considered that his con-
duct had also been criticised unjustly, and he was
allowed to resign his position at Longwood on
April 15th, 1821.
Wortham became Lt. -Colonel in 1847, and held
for some years the post of Superintendent of Turn-
pike Roads in South Wales. He retired from the
Army in 1858, and died in 1882, having reached
the advanced age of eighty-eight.
WYNYARD, Colonel Edward Buckley (1780-1865).
Military Secretary to Sir Hudson Lowe.
Colonel Wynyard arrived in St. Helena in May,
1816, and remained until June, 1820. Although
Military Secretary, he does not appear to have
occupied a very prominent part in St. Helena, for
the functions of his office were in the able hands of
Gorrequer.
Colonel Wynyard belonged to the Grenadier
Guards, and saw service at Santa Maura, where
he was wounded. He was present also at the
114 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
attacks on Ischia and Procida, and it was at these
operations that he became known to Sir Hudson
Lowe. In after-life Colonel Wynyard became
Aide-de-Camp to William IV, and Colonel of the
58th Regiment. He was created C.B. in 1840.
YOUNGHUSBAND, Captain Robert (1785-1853). 53rd
Regiment.
He entered the Army in 1801 as Cornet in the
17th Dragoons, and became Lieutenant in 1803.
On the reduction of this regiment, Younghusband
went on half-pay with a promise from Colonel
Gordon, the Military Secretary of the Duke of York,
that he should return to his regiment if opportunity
offered.
On November 24th, 1803, Younghusband joined
the 53rd Foot, as Lieutenant, and became Captain
in 1811. He proceeded with this regiment to
India, and married on June 8th, 1811, in Calcutta,
Catherine Robertson (formerly Miss Whinyates),
the widow of Captain Robertson, of the Bengal
Artillery. Younghusband came out to St. Helena
with the regiment, and during the absence of Major
Fehrzen at the Cape, was placed in command. On
April 20th, and again on June 18th, 1816, he was
received by Napoleon. On the reduction of the
53rd, he was placed on half-pay on December 24th,
1817, with the rank of Major, and spent the re-
mainder of his life at Middleton Hall, Belford, and
Clive Cottage, Alnwick.
Mrs. Younghusband was a source of great trouble
to her husband while in St. Helena. On December
7th, 1816, Gourgaud states in his journal that the
Captain had suffered many misfortunes on account of
his wife. "Almost a duel with Captain Harrison ; a
THE ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO 115
fine of 300 louis, because she had aspersed the moral
character of Mrs. Nagle ; and trouble with the
Governor, because a letter of hers had been found
amongst the papers of Las Cases when he was
arrested." When Lowe's action against O'Meara
came on in 1823, Younghusband was one of those
who swore an affidavit in favour of the latter.
(See " The Genealogist," Vol. II, Old Series, p. 53,
where will be found a complete pedigree of the
Younghusband family.)
A CHRONOLOGICAL LIST OF NAPOLEON'S
VISITORS IN ST. HELENA
October, 1815.
15th. Colonel Wilks, the Governor of St. Helena,
was presented to Napoleon on board the
" Northumberland."
November, 1815.
20th. Napoleon walked from the " Briars," and
paid a visit to Major Hodson, the Judge-
Advocate.
26th. Sir George Bingham, in command of the
troops, and Major Fehrzen, in command
of the 53rd Regiment, paid a visit to
Napoleon at the " Briars."
December, 1815.
8th. Bingham called and proposed to accompany
Napoleon to Longwood.
9th. Captain Mackay, of the " Minden," with Mr.
Hall, a midshipman, presented to Napoleon.
10th. Balcombe had lunch with Napoleon at the
" Briars," and Napoleon arrived at Long-
wood at 4 p.m. with Sir George Cockburn.
12th. Colonel Wilks received in audience.
13th. Major Fehrzen dined with Napoleon.
27th. Sir George Bingham presented the officers of
the 53rd Regiment to Napoleon.
30th. Major Fehrzen lunched with Napoleon, and
Sir George Cockburn called.
31st. Lt.-Colonel Skelcon, the Lt.-Governor of
St. Helena, and Mrs. Skelton dined with
Napoleon.
116
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 117
January, 1816.
2nd. Sir George Bingham dined with Napoleon.
3rd. Sir George Cockburn proposed to ride with
Napoleon to Sandy Bay, and, after hesita-
tion, the proposition was accepted.
4th. Major and Mrs. Hodson and several officers of
the 53rd Regiment dined with Napoleon.
5th. Sir George Cockburn and Major Fehrzen
dined with Napoleon.
7th. Captain Poppleton dined with Napoleon and
Mr. Porteous and Miss Knipe (le Bouton
de Rose) spoke to him. He also received
Sir W. Doveton and Mr. Leech, the two
members of the Council, and Mr. Brooke,
the Secretary.
14th. Captain Theed, Commander of the " Leveret,"
received by Napoleon.
15th. Captain Ross, of the "Northumberland,"
dined with Napoleon.
20th. Colonel Wilks received by Napoleon.
22nd. Lt. -Colonel Skelton and Captain Devon, of the
" Icarus," received by Napoleon ; they
drove and dined with him.
23rd. Sir George Cockburn received by Napoleon.
February, 1816.
4th. Sir George Bingham and an Artillery officer
granted a reception.
9th. Captain Leslie, the Commander of the " The-
ban," received by Napoleon. A Doctor
and Colonel Mackay were also presented.
13th. Sir George Bingham went for a drive with
Napoleon.
24th. The Balcombes called and saw Napoleon.
March, 1816.
4th. Some Captains of the China Fleet were re-
ceived by Napoleon.
118 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
6th. Some more Captains were received.
8th. Dr. Warden came to see Gourgaud, and
dined with Napoleon.
13th. Lt.-Colonel and Mrs. Skelton called, and drove
with Napoleon.
16th. A colonel from the " He de France " saw
Napoleon. Captain Murray, of the " Spey,"
and Captain Hamilton, of the " Ceylon,"
were also received.
18th. Lt.-Colonel and Mrs. Skelton drove with
Napoleon.
29th. Many captains of the China Fleet presented
to Napoleon.
April, 1816.
7th. The officers of the 53rd, with Fehrzen and
Younghusband, were introduced to Napo-
leon.
llth. Lt.-Colonel and Mrs. Skelton dined with
Napoleon.
14th. Sir George Bingham called and informed
Napoleon of the arrival of Sir Hudson
Lowe.
17th. Sir Hudson Lowe had his first interview with
Napoleon, and presented Sir Thomas Reade,
the Deputy Adjutant-General, and Major
Gorrequer. According to Gourgaud, Major
Emmett and Lieutenant Wortham, of the
Engineers, Dr. Baxter, the Deputy In-
spector of Hospitals, and Lieutenant Basil
Jackson, of the Staff Corps, were presented.
20th. Colonel and Miss Wilks and Captain Young-
husband, of the 53rd Regiment, received by
Napoleon. According to Wilks, three other
ladies were present.
21st. Captain G. W. Hamilton, of the " Havannah,"
and his officers received by Napoleon.
30th. Lowe's second visit to Napoleon.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 119
May, 1816.
5th. William Balcombe, the Purveyor and the
owner of the " Briars," with Mr. Urmston,
of Canton, had lunch with Napoleon.
8th. Captain Huntley, of the " Cornwallis," with
many English passengers, presented,
llth. Mrs. Skelton said good-bye to Napoleon, and
played chess with him. Dr. Warden was
also received.
12th. Captain Bowen, of the " Salsette," presented
to Napoleon.
13th. Dr. Warden received by Napoleon.
14th. Judge Burroughs, Mr. Arbuthnot, and Sir
Thomas Strange, on their way from India,
presented to Napoleon.
16th. Lowe's third visit to Napoleon. (Lowe
gives the date as the 17th.)
19th. Sir Stamford Raffles, Sir Thomas Sevestre,
Captains Garnham and Travers, received by
Napoleon.
20th. The Balcombes saw Napoleon.
23rd. The Binghams visited Napoleon.
24th. Mrs. Fernandez, wife of Lieutenant Fernandez,
received by Napoleon.
27th. Sir Thomas Reade, and Mr. Jones, the Chap-
lain, received by Napoleon.
28th. Sir George and Lady Bingham and Colonel
John Mansel received by Napoleon.
June, 1816.
3rd. Captain Mackay, of the 53rd Regiment, re-
ceived, previous to his departure for England.
17th. Dr. Warden and Lieutenant Blood, of the
" Northumberland," received by Napoleon,
and lunched with him.
18th. Captain Younghusband and his brother saw
Napoleon.
120 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
20th. Sir Hudson Lowe introduced Admiral Sir
Pulteney Malcolm, Captain Meynell, of the
" Newcastle," Captain Cochrane, of the
" Orontes," and Mr. Irving, the Admiral's
secretary.
24th. Dr. Alexander Baxter, the Deputy Inspector
of Hospitals, and Mr. Rainsford, Superin-
tendent of Police, presented to Napoleon.
25th. Sir Pulteney and Lady Ma^olm received by
Napoleon.
July, 1816.
4th. Sir Pulteney Malcolm introduced the officers
of the " Newcastle " to Napoleon.
llth. Captain Rich, of the " Racoon," presented to
Napoleon.
16th. Lowe's fifth visit to Napoleon. (Some ac-
counts say the 17th.)
19th. Sir Pulteney Malcolm and Mr. Hicks, the
Master of the " Newcastle," received by
Napoleon.
21st. Mr. Porteous, Mrs. and Miss Knipe talked to
Napoleon in the garden.
25th. Sir Pulteney Malcolm was received by Napo-
leon.
27th. Colonel Keating, the Governor of the " lie de
Bourbon," and Sir George Bingham, re-
ceived by Napoleon.
August, 1816.
1st. Captain Testing, of the " Falmouth," Cap-
tain Murray, of the " Griffon," Captain
Meynell, of the " Newcastle," and Captain
Griffin received by Napoleon.
3rd. Colonel John Mansel, in command of the 53rd
Regiment, and Sir George Bingham pre-
sented to Napoleon.
MISS LAURA WILKS
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 121
6th. Mr. Drake, a midshipman, was spoken to by
Napoleon, with reference to the tent he
was erecting at Longwood.
10th. Sir Pulteney and Lady Malcolm called; the
latter rode round the Park with Napoleon.
16th. Sir Pulteney Malcolm saw Napoleon and
brought the ice machine.
18th. Lowe's sixth and last visit to Napoleon, with
Sir Pulteney Malcolm.
25th. Mr. Lewis and Captain Gray, R.A., from the
" lie de France," received by Napoleon.
30th. Captain Poppleton sent for by Napoleon.
31st. Major Fehrzen and Sir George Bingham
received by Napoleon.
September, 1816.
21st. Sir Pulteney Malcolm said good-bye to
Napoleon previous to sailing for the Cape.
October, 1816.
4th. Sir Thomas Reade received by Napoleon.
15th. Napoleon asked two strangers at Longwood
to carry a message to Lord Bathurst.
November, 1816.
25th. Sir Pulteney Malcolm and Captain Meynell
saw Napoleon.
December, 1816.
23rd. William Balcombe saw Napoleon.
January, 1817.
9th. Sir George Bingham was received by Napo-
leon.
llth. Sir Pulteney Malcolm, Captain Meynell, and
Captain Wauchope, of the " Eurydice,"
were received by Napoleon.
122 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
17th. Balcombe was received by Napoleon.
31st. Sir Pulteney and Lady Malcolm and Captain
Meynell received by Napoleon.
February, 1817.
12th. Mrs. Balcombe and daughters dined with
Napoleon.
14th. Mrs. and Miss Balcombe saw Napoleon.
Fehrzen saw Napoleon. (Doubtful.)
28th. Balcombe saw Napoleon.
March, 1817.
7th. Sir Pulteney Malcolm called and saw Napoleon.
8th. Mrs. Balcombe and daughters saw Napoleon.
14th. Sir George and Lady Bingham saw Napoleon.
25th. Sir Pulteney and Lady Malcolm, Captain
Testing, of the " Falmouth," and Captain
Stanfell, of the "Phaeton," received by
Napoleon.
April, 1817.
2nd. Captain Cooke, of the "Tortoise," and a
midshipman received by Napoleon.
19th. Captains Campbell, Innes, and Ripley, com-
manders of East Indiamen, received by
Napoleon.
May, 1817.
3rd. Sir Pulteney Malcolm saw Napoleon.
23rd. Colonel Dodgin spoke to Napoleon. (Doubt-
ful.)
June, 1817.
7th. Captain Balston, of the " Princess Amelia,"
and Mr. Manning, the Thibetan traveller,
received by Napoleon.
14th. A major of the 80th Regiment, on the way to
England, had an interview with Napoleon.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 128
19th. Sir Pulteney and Lady Malcolm, Captain
Meynell, Major Boys, of the Marines, Cap-
tain Jenkin Jones, of the " Julia," Captain
Wright, of the "Griffon," and Colonel
Fagan, Judge-Advocate-General in Bengal,
received by Napoleon.
29th. Mr. Leech and Captain Johnson, of the
" Ocean," spoke to Napoleon in the garden.
July, 1817.
1st. The reception of Lord Amherst and suite, viz.
Captain Murray Maxwell, of the " Aleeste,"
Mr. Ellis, Mr. Griffiths, the Chaplain, Dr.
MacLeod, Dr. Clark Abel, Dr. Lynn, Lieu-
tenant Cook, Mr. Hayne, the secretary, and
Jeffery Amherst.
2nd. Mr. Irving, the secretary to Admiral Mal-
colm, is seen by Napoleon.
3rd. Admiral Plampin and Captain Davie, of the
" Conqueror," and Mr. Elliott, the secre-
tary, introduced to Napoleon by Sir Pul-
teney Malcolm.
13th. Balcombe spoke to Napoleon.
14th. Napoleon received the officers of the 53rd
Regiment previous to leaving the Island.
Sir George Bingham presented them.
18th. Napoleon received the officers of the 66th
Regiment, who were about to depart for
England, introduced by Sir George Bingham.
20th. Major Anthony Emmett, in command of the
Engineers, and Lieutenant Basil Jackson,
of the Staff Corps, were granted an inter-
view by Napoleon.
22nd. Balcombe spoke to Napoleon at Bertrand's.
26th. Napoleon talked with the " Nymph " (Miss
Robinson), who was about to depart for
England with her newly-married husband,
Edwards.
124 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
August, 1817.
10th. Dr. Alexander Baxter saw Napoleon. (Doubt-
ful.)
13th. Captain Basil Hall, of the "Lyra," Mr.
Hervey, and Mr. Clifford were received by
Napoleon.
14th. Sir George and Lady Bingham were received
by Napoleon, also possibly Colonel Nicol.
17th. Balcombe met Napoleon in Montholon's
rooms.
19th. Dr. Alexander Baxter had an interview with
Napoleon lasting an hour.
22nd. Mr. Cole, Balcombe's partner, saw Napoleon.
September, 1817.
1st. The officers of the 66th Regiment, thirty-
seven in all, presented to Napoleon. Sir
George Bingham presented them. An
officer of the Artillery from the Cape also
presented.
2nd. Captain Lord, Lieutenants Patullo, Higgins,
and Talbot, of the R.A., presented. (Doubt-
ful.)
5th. Admiral Plampin received by Napoleon.
26th. Balcombe saw Napoleon.
October, 1817.
1st. Dr. Alexander Baxter and Mr. Cole saw
Napoleon.
9th. Dr. Stokoe, the Surgeon of the " Conqueror,"
introduced to Napoleon by O'Meara.
llth. Balcombe talked to Napoleon.
April, 1819.
2nd. Mr. C. M. Ricketts, a kinsman of Lord Liver-
pool, had an interview with Napoleon.
CHRONOLOGICAL LIST 125
October, 1820.
4th. Napoleon paid a visit to Sir William Doveton
at his house at Sandy Bay, and had break-
fast there.
William Warden, the Surgeon of the " North-
umberland," had several interviews with
Napoleon between October 15th, 1815, and
June, 1816.
References. — All the contemporary published accounts
and the " Lowe Papers," particularly the weekly
reports of the Orderly Officers, Captains Poppleton
and Blakeney.
NOTE. — In some cases the dates given by different
authorities have not agreed, and where this has
been the case, the most probable date has been
adopted.
CHRONOLOGY OF THE EVENTS AFTER
NAPOLEON'S DEATH
SATURDAY, May 5th, 1821, at 5.49 p.m.
Death of Napoleon. Present at the death, or
soon after, were : Bertrand, his wife and children,
Montholon, Marchand, Pierron, St. Denis, Novarrez,
Chandelier, Coursot, Archambault, Dr. Antom-
marchi, Dr. Arnott, and possibly Madame St.
Denis, and Madame Novarrez. Vignali, the priest,
offered prayers for the dying in an adjoining room.
During the night of May 5th.
Dr. Arnott watched over the body at the request
of Count Montholon. (See " Lowe Papers," vol.
20,133.)
Sunday, May 6th, up to 2 p.m.
The body lay on the bed in sleeping attire, with
a crucifix on the breast. During this period the
sketches by Ibbetson, Marryat, Crokat, Arnott,
and Vidal were made.
The body was viewed in the morning by Sir
Hudson Lowe, Rear-Admiral Lambert, General
Pine-Coffin, Captains Marryat, Brown, and Hendry,
Marquis Montchenu, Sir Thomas Reade, Major
Gorrequer, other senior British officers, and Mr.
Brooke and Mr. Greentree, members of the St.
Helena Council.
Sunday, May 6th, 2 to 3.30 p.m.
The post-mortem examination took place, and
was performed by Antommarchi, in the presence
of Bertrand, Montholon, Sir Thos. Reade, Major
126
CHRONOLOGY OF THE EVENTS 127
Harrison, Captain Crokat, Vignali, Marchand,
St. Denis, Pierron, and Drs. Shortt, Arnott, Bur-
ton, Mitchell, Livingstone, Henry, and Rutledge.
After completion of the post-mortem examination,
the body was washed and dressed in the uniform
of a colonel of the Chasseurs de la Garde, with the
cocked hat on, and a crucifix on the breast.
Sunday, May 6th, 5 p.m., to Monday, May 7th, 7.30 p.m.
Assistant Surgeon Rutledge was in charge of the
corpse, which lay in state all day Monday. People
were admitted to see the body, marshalled by
Captain Crokat. During this period the portraits
by Ensign Ward, Rubidge, and the Chinaman
were sketched. (See the account of his vigil by
Rutledge in Forsyth, Vol. Ill, and the " Lowe
Papers," vol. 20,133.)
Monday, May 7th, 7.30 p.m.
Abraham Millington, the armourer-sergeant,
arrived, and soldered up the coffins in the presence
of Bertrand and his wife, Montholon, Vignali,
Antommarchi, Andrew Darling, the upholsterer,
Rutledge, the French domestics, and Samuel Levy,
private of the 20th Regiment. (See the account of
Abraham Millington, "Military Gazette,'* March
3rd, 1838.)
Tuesday, May 8th.
The sealed coffins lie in state all day.
Wednesday, May 9th.
The funeral took place. During the latter part
of the journey, the coffin was borne to its last
resting-place by twenty-four specially selected
men from the Grenadier Companies of the 20th
and the 66th Regiments. It is a matter for regret
that the names of the men who performed this duty,
which would have been coveted by the greatest
captains in any age, cannot now be traced.
128 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
THE CONSTRUCTION OF NAPOLEON'S TOMB
" A PIT was dug sufficiently capacious to allow a wall of
masonry, two feet in thickness, to be built within it round
the sides. The dimensions were : depth, twelve feet ;
length, eight feet ; and breadth, five feet. At the bottom
of the pit, where was also a layer of masonry, a large
white stone was placed, and the coffin rested on eight
stones one foot in height. Four other large white
stones were placed on each side of the grave, and the
whole cemented together. The top was enclosed by an
additional large white stone let down by pulleys, and
firmly cemented with the other portions of the grave, so
as to form a stone coffin or sarcophagus ; two layers of
masonry were then built over, joined, and even clamped
to the side walls. The remaining depth of eight feet to
the surface of the ground was filled up with earth, and
above the surface flat stones were laid over the grave,
the length of which was twelve feet, and the breadth
eight feet.'* (See " Lowe Papers," vol. 20,133.)
The pit for the grave was dug by Warren and Andrews,
two privates of the Engineers, and the whole was
devised and planned by Major Anthony Emmett.
THE POST-MORTEM REPORTS
UPON the conclusion of the post-mortem examination,
it fell to the lot of Dr. Shortt, the Principal Medical
Officer, to draw up the Official Report of the appear-
ances observed. He thereupon wrote out a draft
report in which he stated that " the liver was perhaps
a little larger than natural." This he signed together
with Burton, Mitchell, and Arnott. Lowe, however,
rejected this report on the grounds that the remark
concerning the liver did not represent the view of the
majority of the doctors present, and that the name of
Livingstone did not appear amongst the signatures.
COLONEL MARK WILKS
CHRONOLOGY OF THE EVENTS 129
This original draft is now in the possession of the Shortt
family, and a footnote in Dr. Shortt's handwriting
states that the sentence regarding the liver was sup-
pressed by order of Sir Hudson Lowe.
Several original copies of the amended Official Report
are in existence with the remarks concerning the liver
omitted, and all have the five signatures appended.
One, in Shortt's handwriting, is in the Record Office,
two other copies in the handwriting of a clerk, but with
the five original signatures, are in the "Lowe Papers,"
vols. 20,133, 20,214, and a fair copy of the same is in
volume 20,157. Another one, possibly in Shortt's
handwriting, and with five holograph signatures, is in
the possession of Mr. W. T. Sabin. A very interesting
draft report, with the remarks concerning the liver
crossed out, and the amended sentence written in the
margin in another hand, is in the possession of Mr.
A. M. Broadley. This copy is most probably the first
attempt made to draw up the Official Report as it was
intended to appear finally.
THE ARTISTS IN ST. HELENA
A LIST of those who made Sketches, Portraits, and
Maps : —
ARNOTT, Archibald, M.D. Surgeon to the 20th Foot
Regiment. In St. Helena from June, 1819, to the
end. Made a sketch of Napoleon on his death-bed,
and before he was dressed in uniform.
BAGGE, John. A cartographer. A map of St. Helena
was published by him in 1824, with explanations in
French. This map was made to illustrate Las
Cases' " Memorial."
BELLASIS, George H. Visited the Island in 1812, and
published, in 1815, a volume of views.
BLAKE, E. S. A lieutenant in the Bombay Artillery.
He painted a view of St. Helena.
BURTON, Francis, M.D. Surgeon, 66th Regiment. Ar-
rived in St. Helena on March 31st, 1821, and took
the famous cast of Napoleon's features after death.
CHINAMAN, A. This unknown Oriental, who is said to
have been a cook at Longwood, made a sketch of
Napoleon after death. (Doubtful.)
CORBETT, Miss. Painted views in St. Helena.
CROKAT, Captain William. 20th Foot Regiment, and
the last Orderly Officer at Longwood. In St.
Helena from June, 1819, to May 7th, 1821. Sketched
Napoleon after death, and before he was dressed
in uniform.
DAVIS, Samuel. Made a series of sketches for the pur-
pose of illustrating Beatson's book on St. Helena,
published in 1816.
130
THE ARTISTS IN ST. HELENA 131
DODGIN, Henry Duncan. Lieutenant in the 66th Foot,
and afterwards in the 20th Foot. In St. Helena
from 1816 to 1821. Made several sketches of
Napoleon during life.
EMMETT, Major Anthony. In command of the En-
gineers. In St. Helena from 1816 to 1821. An
excellent plan of Longwood, by Emmett, drawn
to scale, exists in the Record Office, C.O. Series.
ERSKINE, David. Captain in the Royal York Rangers.
Painted a view in St. Helena, and also did a por-
trait of Napoleon (now in Mr. Broadley's Collec-
tion), while calling there on his way home from
India.
FORREST, Captain. Painted a view in St. Helena in
1805.
GOURGAUD, General. In St. Helena from 1815 to 1818.
A portrait sketch of Napoleon is attributed to him.
HARDING, J. D. Portraits of Napoleon, probably
copies from Ibbetson.
HUGGINS, W. J. Marine painter to the King. A view
of St. Helena.
IBBETSON, Denzil. Commissary in St. Helena from
1815 to 1823. Numerous portraits in water colours
of Napoleon on board the " Northumberland," and
in St. Helena. A portrait of Napoleon after death,
and before he was dressed in uniform. Also
portraits of Napoleon's companions in exile, and
sketches of the tomb. (See article, " Century
Magazine," April, 1912, by A. M. Broadley.)
JACKSON, Basil. Lieutenant in the Staff Corps. In
St. Helena from 1816 to 1819. Made portrait
sketches of Napoleon from life, and executed the
plans for the New House at Longwood. He also
did a fine series of views in St. Helena in water
colours.
132 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
JOHNSON, J. A view of the Roads before Jamestown.
KERR, John. Paymaster to the 66th Regiment. He
painted in water colours a series of six views of
St. Helena, including the Funeral, the Tomb,
Longwood New House, Sir William Doveton's
House, and Plantation House. These were en-
graved by R. Havell, and published by Colnaghi,
with letterpress and key, under the title of " Series
of Views in the Island of St. Helena," dedicated to
Lady Lowe. Mrs. Shortt, in her diary, mentions
that Kerr was busily sketching views of the Funeral,
intended for a panorama of St. Helena. Kerr after-
wards assumed the name of Trattle.
L ANGLE Y, Captain. An imaginative view of Napoleon
standing on the cliffs at St. Helena surrounded by
his suite.
LAS CASES, Emmanuel. Drew the plan of Longwood,
published in his father's " Memorial."
LUARD, Major John. 16th Light Dragoons. Published
in 1833, " Views in India, St. Helena, and Car
Nicobar."
MARCHAND, Louis. An " Aquerelle " of the gardens
of Longwood, published by M. Masson.
MARRYAT, Captain. In command of the " Beaver,"
sloop, in 1821. Sketched the well-known portrait
of Napoleon when dead, and before he was dressed
in uniform. Also sketches of the Funeral.
MONTHOLON, Count. Drew an excellent plan of the
gardens around Longwood.
POCOCK, Lieutenant W. Innes, R.N. Published in 1815,
" Five Views of the Island of St. Helena taken on
the Spot."
READ, Lieutenant R. P., R.N. Author of the well-
known Map of St. Helena. The first edition was
issued in 1815, before Napoleon had arrived in the
THE ARTISTS IN ST. HELENA 133
Island, and in it, Plantation House is given as his
residence. In the second edition, in 1816, this is
corrected, and Longwood is substituted.
RUBIDGE, William. A portrait painter. A portrait of
Napoleon on his death-bed, and dressed in uniform.
Also sketched the Tomb, and executed a death-
mask of Napoleon. (See Mr. Watson's account.)
SHORTT, Mrs. Henrietta. Wife of Dr. Shortt. In
St. Helena, 1820-1. Two views of the Island (un-
published).
STEWART. Major of the 24th Foot Regiment. Called
at St. Helena in the " Bombay Castle," on his way
home from India, and painted a view of "The
Briars."
TOBIN, Captain, R.N. Views of St. Helena in 1815.
VIDAL, Emeric Essex. Secretary to Admiral Lambert
on board the " Vigo," in St. Helena, 1820-1.
Views of St. Helena, and a sketch of Napoleon
when dead. (See article in " Century Magazine,"
September, 1914, by A. M. Broadley.)
WARD, John. Ensign of the 66th Foot. Sketched
Napoleon on his death-bed dressed in uniform, and
also moulded in plaster a medallion of the head
of Napoleon when dead.
WATHEN, James. Visited St. Helena, and published
views of the Island in 1821.
WEIGALL, George. A sketch of Napoleon when dead.
This list has been submitted to Mr. A. M. Broadley,
the well-known authority upon Napoleonic Icono-
graphy, and has been approved by him.
THE EFFECT OF THE CLIMATE OF ST. HELENA
UPON THE LONGEVITY OF THOSE QUAR-
TERED THERE
IN the following tables the expectation of life has been
taken from Dr. Fan's Tables, published in 1844, in the
case of British residents ; and from the Tables of the
" French Annuitants before 1826," in the case of French
residents.
RESIDENTS AT LONGWOOD
Ase next Years lived
VT „ u- 1.1, i Expectation of Age at above or below
Name. birthday ^ £ the expectation
inl815' in 1815.
NAPOLEON 46 23 52 -17
MONTHOLON 32 32 70 6
BERTRAND 42 26 71 3
LAS CASES 49 21 76 6
GOURGAUD 32 32 69 5
MARCHAND 23 39 84 22
ST. DENIS 27 36 68 5
NOVARREZ 25 37 59 -3
SANTINI 25 37 72 10
O'MEARA 33 31 54 -10
LAS CASES (Fils) .15 45 54 -6
134
EFFECT OF THE CLIMATE
135
RESIDENTS IN THE REST OF THE ISLAND
Age next
Name.
LOWE 46
READE 31
GORREQUER 38
EMMETT 29
VERLING 29
NICHOLLS 42
WYNYARD 36
HENRY 26
WORTHAM 22
BAXTER 39
BOYS 31
BlNGHAM 38
PLAMPIN . . 54
Years lived
Expectation of Age at above or below
life in 1816. death, the expectation
in 1816.
22
74
6
32
64
1
27
64
-1
34
85
22
33
71
9
25
81
14
29
85
20
35
69
8
40
88
26
27
64
-2
32
82
19
27
56
-9
17
72
1
THE MORTALITY AMONGST THE TROOPS DURING THE
CAPTIVITY
Average strength of all regiments .... 1056
Deaths during the captivity 256
Deaths per annum 42
Death-rate per annum 40 per thousand
(See "The Fatal Illness of Napoleon," Chaplin.
" History of Medicine Section," Seventeenth Inter-
national Congress of Medicine, 1913.)
In connection with longevity in St. Helena it is in-
teresting to note that Forsyth, writing in 1853, in the
Preface to his " History of the Captivity of Napoleon "
says that Colonel Basil Jackson was almost the only one
left of those who were engaged in the duty of guarding
the Emperor. The following list will, however, show how
far from the truth this statement was.
186
A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
Archibald Arnott
James Verling
Walter Henry
George Nicholls .
William Crokat .
Anthony Emmett
Hale Young Wortham .
Col. Ed. Wynyard
Col. Ed. Lascelles
Sir George Cockburn .
Rev. Richard Boys
Denzil Ibbetson .
Col. John Mansel
Captain Younghusband
Captain Testing .
Major Hodson
Captain Meynell .
Dr. Charles Mitchell .
Major Power
died 1855
„ 1858
„ 1860
„ 1857
„ 1879
„ 1872
„ 1882
„ 1865
„ 1853
„ 1853
„ 1867
„ 1857
„ 1863
„ 1853
„ 1862
„ 1855
„ 1865
„ 1856
1851
THE CASE OF LIEUTENANT R. H. REARDON
LIEUTENANT REARDON, of the 66th Regiment, was
ordered home from St. Helena by Sir Hudson Lowe, as
a result of a military enquiry held by Sir George Bing-
ham, the Commander of the Troops, and Sir Thomas
Reade, the Deputy Adjutant-General, on October 20th
and 21st, 1818.
The charges dealt with in this enquiry were : (1)
That Reardon had held a conversation with the Count
and Countess Bertrand on October 13th, 1818, touching
the removal of O'Meara from Longwood, which event
had taken place on July 25th, 1818. In this conversa-
tion, which occurred at Mason's Stock House (a guard-
house near Longwood in which Reardon resided), the
Bertrands had passed severe strictures on the conduct
of the Governor towards O'Meara. (2) That Reardon
had shown to others a copy of a letter from O'Meara,
under date June 20th, 1818, addressed to Colonel Las-
celles, in command of the 66th Regiment, in which
O'Meara used insulting terms regarding the Governor.
Colonel Lascelles had requested Reardon, as a friend of
O'Meara, to inform him that in consequence of his
differences with Sir Hudson Lowe, and certain other
irregularities, he must discontinue the practice of dining
at the mess of the 66th. The letter in question, which
Reardon had shown to others, was O'Meara's reply to
Colonel Lascelles.
These charges were enquired into, and the following
is the full report of the proceedings drawn up by Sir
Thomas Reade, and found in the " Lowe Papers," vol.
20,207, ff. 138-41.
137
138 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
41 Question 1. Is this your report from Mason's
Stock House ?
Answer. Yes.
Q. 2. If you thought it necessary to report the visit
of Count and Countess Bertrand, why did you not do
it immediately it occurred ?
A. It is in the book of orders that if General Bona-
parte or any of his attendants enter a house, it is to be
reported, but I did not know that it meant the house
I lived in. I made no secret of the visit, and I told my
brother officers of it, who advised me to report it.
Q. 3. Was there any particular conversation which
took place between yourself and the Count and Countess
Bertrand ?
A. They talked to me about my friend O'Meara,
as they always did when they met me, and said by this
time he was in England, where he would get justice
done for the ill-treatment he had received in the Island.
I said what he had done here would hang him, and that
I should be ruined for being his friend. Madame
Bertrand laughed, and said what he had done would
not hurt him, and that no ill would come to me for
having been his friend.
Q. 4. Have you ever heard that Count Bertrand had
been threatened to be horse-whipped by Colonel Lyster,
and do you consider him a fit person for a British officer
to associate with under such circumstances ?
A. I did hear something about it, backwards and
forwards in Town, but I never heard the right story,
and since that villain O'Meara has gone away I have
always avoided as much as possible having anything
to say to them.
Q. 4 a. Did you ever see the original letter of which
this is a copy ? (O'Meara's letter to Colonel Lascelles.)
A. Colonel Lascelles read me part of it.
Q. 5. Did you ever show this copy to any one, and
to whom ?
CASE OF LIEUTENANT R. H. REARDON 139
A. I believe I showed it to Captain Jordan and to
Mr. Mack. I did to Mr. Davy in Town. I do not recollect
whether I showed it to Dr. Stokoe or not, but I believe
I might have done so as we had some conversation about
it. I had some other notes by me from Mr. O'Meara,
which contained some violent expressions about the
Governor, which lay amongst other papers. I, however,
burnt them when the last business regarding Mr.
O'Meara was found out.
Q. 6. Do you know if Colonel Lascelles showed the
letter to any other officers ?
A. I do not know.
Q. 7. Do you know if Colonel Lascelles met Mr.
O'Meara at dinner anywhere after he had left the 66th
mess ?
A. I beg to correct myself from what I told Sir
Thomas Reade the other day. I had some conversa-
tion with Colonel Lascelles this morning on the subject.
I do not know whether Colonel Lascelles dined with
Mr. O'Meara at Captain Jordan's, but I know he sent
an excuse to Mr. Mack's. Before Colonel Lascelles
wrote to Mr. O'Meara desiring him to withdraw from
the mess, I heard him tell Mr. O'Meara (near the water-
tubs) that if he withdrew himself from the mess quietly,
he would be happy to see him as a guest at any time.
Q. 8. During the time that you were at Mason's
Stock House had you any other visitors ?
A. Yes, Mr. Mason, Mr. Wardell, and Dr. Stokoe.
With the latter I had some conversation about Mr.
O'Meara, and we both agreed it would be very hard if
we who had worked so hard should lose our bread from
being a friend of this person.
October 21st, 1818. Second day of the enquiry.
Q. 9, How long were the Count and Countess with
you on the 13th inst. ?
A. To the best of my belief about half an hour.
140 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
Q. 10. You replied yesterday, that Count and
Countess Bertrand when they visited you talked about
your friend O'Meara. You are required to state every
particular of what they said respecting Mr. O'Meara,
in short, the whole of the conversation that passed
betwixt you and Count Bertrand, or the Countess
Bertrand, or both together.
A. Lieutenant Reardon here repeated exactly what
he said yesterday, and added, * Count Bertrand said
O'Meara was an innocent man, that he had done
nothing wrong, and that he would be well received by
the ministers when he got to England.' Count Bertrand
also asked if I had heard of the death of Mr. Balcombe.
I replied I had. Madame Bertrand pitied his family.
I asked Count Bertrand how General Bonaparte was
and he said he was very ill.
Q. 11. You are required to state explicitly at what
time and when you showed Dr. Stokoe a copy of
O'Meara's letter to Colonel Lascelles.
A. In going down town to show the copy to Sir
Thomas Reade, I had some conversation with Dr.
Stokoe about O'Meara, but I am not certain whether
I showed the copy of the letter. I lamented that two
innocent persons were brought into trouble by being
his friend. Dr. Stokoe regretted having had anything
to do with O'Meara, and said that a letter had been
received in which his name had been mentioned, that
he had never authorised Mr. O'Meara to have letters
addressed to him, and that he feared further letters might
be sent him. He considered it very hard after so many
years' service that he might be ruined by his intimacy
with O'Meara.
Q. 12. How came the Bertrands to be informed of
your being at Mason's Stock House ?
A. About seven, the same morning that Count
Bertrand visited me, Archambault, with a black girl,
passed the Stock House, and I suppose he must have
CASE OF LIEUTENANT R. H. REARDON 141
told the Bertrands I was here. On the arrival of the
Count and Countess at the Stock House they appeared
surprised that I was there, for JViadame Bertrand ex-
claimed, ' Oh, it is Mr. Reardon that is here.' I asked
them if they knew I was quartered there, and they re-
plied they did not.
Q. 13. Did you receive any message from the Count
and Countess Bertrand during the last three weeks or
at any time through your servant's wife ?
A. No, I did not.
Q. 14. Did you speak to Archambault on the 13th
when he passed Mason's Stock House ?
A. No, I did not."
As a result of this enquiry Reardon was ordered to
quit the Island, on leave.
It must be admitted that this enquiry did not reveal
any greater degree of turpitude on the part of Reardon
than that he had been indiscreet in showing a letter of
O'Meara's to his brother officers, and had been unfortu-
nate enough to have been the friend of the discredited
medical attendant of Napoleon. He left on October
29th in the "Bombay Castle," having with him his
companion in trouble, Colonel Lascelles. His fear that
his connection with O'Meara would ruin him was fully
justified by subsequent events, for when his leave had
expired he made repeated applications to be permitted
to rejoin his regiment in England ; but this was refused.
He was, however, told that he might proceed to St.
Helena and join the battalion. But knowing the opinion
of the Governor, he rightly objected to be sent there to
be, as he said, " completely ruined." In spite of
memorials and applications to the Commander-in-Chief
and to Colonel Nicol, the commander of the 66th, no
redress could be obtained, and being in sore straits he
wrote a letter to Sir Hudson Lowe, virtually asking
him to remove the ban which had been cast upon him.
142 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
The letter is in the " Lowe Papers," in vol. 20,233,
f. 158, and is as follows : —
"15 MANCHESTER BUILDINGS,
" WESTMINSTER.
" October 2nd, 1821.
" SIR,
" When I presume to trespass on you, after having
failed in my endeavour to explain, I hope you will
kindly excuse and pardon the liberty. I flatter myself,
if known to Sir Hudson Lowe, the situation I have been
in for the last two months with an amiable wife, he
would have relieved me, as I am confident it can never
be his wish, or gratifying to his feelings to injure in
any way an entire soldier of fortune who can boast
of nothing but his pay. I must ever regret that anything
I could have said should have brought your displeasure
upon me, which I am told is the cause I am not allowed
to join my regiment.
" I must beg leave to say that I never intentionally
gave offence to you, and express my sorrow that you
should think so. Trusting to your own feeling towards
a soldier of fortune,
" I have the honour to remain,
"Your most obedient and humble servant,
"R. H. REARDON.
"To SIR HUDSON LOWE, Coulter's Hotel."
This letter, which is not without an element of pathos,
apparently had no effect, for in 1822 Reardon's name
appears in the Army List as a lieutenant in the 49th
Foot. Sir Hudson was not very ready to forgive an
officer who, by design or otherwise, had compromised
himself with the people at Longwood, and Reardon's
treatment was the same as that meted out to Major
CASE OF LIEUTENANT R. H. REARDON 143
Emmett, Captain Lutyens, Captain Poppleton, and
Colonel Lascelles.
Amongst the private papers of Captain Reardon
(now in the possession of Miss M. F. M. Mackay, his
granddaughter, and to whom thanks are rendered for
permission to use them) are letters relating to a claim,
made on the French Government in 1856 by Captain
Reardon' s son, for the payment of the sum of £365,
which had been promised his father by Bertrand when
he left St. Helena in 1818.
It appears that when Reardon left the Island, he
took with him a bill drawn in his favour by either
Bertrand or Montholon, acting as Napoleon's agent,
on William Holmes of Lyon's Inn, their usual inter-
mediary in these private financial transactions. This
bill, which was for £365, was given Reardon on account
of the loss he had suffered " through his sentiments of
humanity towards Napoleon at Longwood." Ap-
parently the bill was presented to Holmes by Reardon,
but was never honoured, by either Holmes or Lafitte,
the banker in Paris. In 1827 Reardon made applica-
tion to Bertrand for payment of the money, and in
reply received the following document, which, if true,
throws a lurid light upon the honesty of Mr. William
Holmes.
The translation is as follows : —
" We the undersigned make the following declara-
tion. It is in our knowledge that Mr. Reardon, Lieu-
tenant in the service of his Britannic Majesty, by a
factious connection of circumstances which he has had
through sentiments of humanity towards the French
prisoner at St. Helena, has been recalled from that
Island and reduced in rank. Moreover, we are con-
strained to believe that if this officer had continued to
be in authority in the service, he would have been Captain
to-day, and from a letter from the office of the Com-
mander-in-Chief that he has shown us, we see that even
144 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
now if he furnished the said sum of £365, he could be
appointed to the said rank.
" Consequently in our quality of legatees of his Majesty
Napoleon, and commissioned with winding up the
accounts of the sums belonging to him, remaining in the
hands of Prince Eugene, his adopted son ; we have
given to-day, an assignment of £365 sterling, to Mr.
Reardon on Mr. William Holmes, of London, debtor to
the inheritance of H.M. Napoleon, as having received,
by orders from Prince Eugene, different sums amount-
ing to one hundred and eighty-two thousand francs, for
the purpose of discharging letters of exchange drawn
from St. Helena for the wants of the illustrious prisoner.
The said Mr. William Holmes has not discharged any
of these letters of exchange, nor rendered up to this day
any account of their business. Written at Paris,
May 3rd, 1827, signed, ' Bertrand.' ' Montholon.' "
In this document no mention is made of any bill
having been drawn on Holmes in favour of Reardon
when he left St. Helena, but this may be inferred since
Bertrand and Montholon made Holmes responsible for
the payment of the money.
The matter was left in abeyance until 1856, when
Reardon's son, who lived in the United States, applied,
through the French Consul at New York, to the French
Government for the money. The French Consul at that
time was M. Tristan de Montholon, the son of General
Montholon. In an interview in 1857, M. de Montholon
said that he had only received his share under the will
of Napoleon in 1855, that Mr. Reardon could only apply
to Mr. Holmes for the payment of the drafts he may
have in his possession, that all legacies contained in the
will of Napoleon had been paid already, and that the
drafts given by Napoleon at St. Helena were never
honoured by the bankers with whom he deposited his
money, that some of them like Mr. Holmes denied ever
LIEUT. HALE YOUNG WORTHAM
CASE OF LIEUTENANT R. H. REARDON 145
having received any, and that it was acknowledged now
to be useless to sue these people.
Mr. Reardon then made direct application to Napo-
leon III through the United States' Minister in Paris,
but received the following official letter, which closed
the matter : —
"Monsieur le Ministre et Cher Collegue, par votre
lettre du 24 Octobre dernier, vous m'informez que Mr.
Reardome, citoyen des Etats Unis, et fils d'un officier
anglais renvoye du service en raison des temoinages de
Sympathie qu'il aurait donnes au Captif de Ste. Helene,
desirait savoir si la somme de 365 livres sterling que les
Generaux Bertrand et Montholon avaient accordee a
son pere a ete paye posterieurement a 1827.
" La Commission chargee de 1' execution du Testament
de Napoleon I vient de se reunir. J'ai eu 1'honneur de
lui communiquer votre lettre ainsi que la copie qui y
etait jointe de la declaration des Generaux Bertrand et
Montholon en faveur de Mr. Reardome. La Commis-
sion, apres avoir consulte les comptes qui lui ont ete
fournis pour ses deliberations, n'y a trouve aucune trace
de cette affaire. Elle pense, d'apres la declaration des
Generaux Bertrand et Montholon, que si Mr. Reardome
fils veut clever des reclamations, c'est a Mr. William
Holmes de Londres qu'il doit les adresser, puisque Mr.
W. Holmes avait re9U du Prince Eugene les fonds
necessaires a 1'acquittement des lettres de change
tirees sur lui par le Captif de Ste. Helene.
"Agreez, Monsieur le Ministre et Cher Collegue, les
assurances, etc. .
"Le Ministre d'Etat a S. Exc. M. le Ministre des
Affaires Etrangeres.
"Date, 1857."
WHAT HAPPENED AT MASON'S
STOCK HOUSE
THIS small dwelling was situated on the opposite side
of the Fisher's Valley, and commanded an excellent
view of Longwood. On this account it was used as a
place of observation, and a lieutenant's guard was
always in occupation.
This house is famous for two episodes.
First, when Lieutenant R. H. Reardon, of the 66th,
was posted there, the Bertrands rode out and conversed
with him about the arrest and deportation of O'Meara.
An investigation was held concerning this, and as a
result, Reardon, in company with Lt. -Colonel Lascelles,
was sent home to England. (See article, " Reardon.")
Secondly, when occupied by Lieutenant G. H. Wood,
of the 20th Regiment, it was the home for a time of
Mr. R. Grant, a midshipman of the " Vigo," who was
dying of consumption. Wood and Grant, being of a
serious turn of mind, used to ask others of a similar
character to visit them. Accordingly, Lieutenants
White and Oakley, of the 20th Regiment, Mr. Mellish,
a midshipman, and Lieutenant Armstrong, of the
St. Helena Regiment of Artillery, repaired nightly to
Mason's Stock House and offered up prayers for the
salvation of Napoleon's soul.
An account of this episode is found in " St. Helena
Memoirs," by Robson, 1827, and is as follows : —
" The following little narrative, extracted from the
communications afforded me by Lieutenant W — d, the
dear friend of Mr. Gr — t, will tend to shew, not only
more of the character and state of mind of the sufferer,
146
WHAT HAPPENED AT MASON'S 147
but also, what were the general feelings of the young
St. Helena Christians towards their then royal prisoner.
Mr. W — d thus writes : ' M — h and I used to carry poor
Gr — t about in a tonjon ; but we, his hamauls, were as
happy in the employment as himself; and we would
often compare him, his situation, state of soul, and
eternal blessings and privileges, riding thus in his
humble chair and pole, with the situation, state, honors,
and attendants of the great and wonderful man, Buona-
parte, who lived but about a gunshot from us, on the
other side of the valley ; and who also was in the habit
of riding out in the wood behind his house at Longwood,
attended by his suite in full dress, whom we could
plainly see from my piquet. We would often ask
Gr — t, whose condition was the most desirable, his
or the great man's ? Poor Gr — t would smile, and
pity this extraordinary man ; but would agree with his
bearers, that his own situation, though on the point of
bidding farewell to this world for ever, was far prefer-
able to that of Buonaparte, at any time of his splendid
history ; and that he would not exchange with any
mere worldly potentate that ever existed.
" But, at all our prayer meetings, we never omitted
to pray for our exalted neighbour, pouring out our
supplications abundantly and fervently in his behalf,
that God would mitigate his severe bodily sufferings
during his long illness, and sanctify them to his im-
mortal soul's conversion and salvation.
"He was frequently the subject of our conversation,
and we would say, ' O, if it pleased God to convert him,
and make him a Christian, what a triumphant monu-
ment of grace would he be ! ' Although, if he were led
to true repentance, the world would say, he had turned
coward ; or that it was his guilty conscience smiting
him for the dreadful crimes laid to his charge ; and that
it was natural enough so great a sinner should repent.
We know that in this way the self-righteous world would
148 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
talk, if ever he should be brought to evangelical repent-
ance unto life ; but still we continued to pray earnestly
for him, and he was most truly an object of pity, com-
passion, and Christian benevolence. We were desirous
to hear, if possible, anything relative to his spiritual or
religious ideas and views ; but never could obtain any
satisfactory information till after his death, when we
heard from some of his suite, that latterly he was in the
constant habit of praying with the priest, but particu-
larly was often heard (when he knew not that any one
was present in the room) to pray earnestly to God,
through Jesus Christ, for his salvation ; but we could
know no more than this. Every one said that he was
not at all alarmed at death, as Dr. A also knows ;
to whom he would talk of his approaching end with
philosophical calmness. But all this calmness and un-
concern was merely of a natural growth ; arising partly
from his ignorance of the consequences of death, and
also from the persuasion that he had not only not been
guilty of the flagrant crimes imputed to him by his
enemies, but that he had abused his power less, in what
the world calls crime, than any other monarch ; and
he used to appeal to history to vindicate his assertion.
Nevertheless, although this might be true, such style of
reasoning and calmness of philosophy (falsely so called)
was a proof that then he had no gracious visitations,
whatever he might have had on his dying bed ; when
he was seen and heard to pray to God through Jesus
Christ. We always heard that he believed in the scrip-
tures as the nominal Christian may, and often does, to
his own condemnation. He always spoke of them with
respect and reverence, and often read them, particu-
larly latterly. In the time of Dr. O'Meara he used to
peruse them frequently, both for pleasure and informa-
tion ; but then, chiefly the historical parts, especially
the accounts of Joshua, David, etc., and their battles ;
and ever valued the Bible as the oldest history extant,
WHAT HAPPENED AT MASON'S 149
independent of every other good quality which recom-
mended it to him. But with the liberality he possessed,
from his great knowledge of, and intercourse with, man-
kind, he was still very bigotted ; so much so, as to think
no person could be saved out of the pale of the Roman
Catholic Church ; and hence he used to urge Dr. A
to go to mass. There is one thing certain, that he dis-
believed the efficacy of the popish sacrament of extreme
unction (as I suppose he did all other absurdities of that
church), because he would not and did not receive it.
But a day or two before his death, knowing that he was
dying, he received, with great earnestness and devotion,
the sacrament of the Lord's Supper ; this we heard
from Madame Bertrand, and others of his household.
4 ' The following is also an interesting and important
fact concerning him, not generally known. It is this :
The late good and venerable Father in Christ, Dr.
Bogue, of Gosport, sent out several copies of the French
translation of his ' Essay on the New Testament,' to
Buonaparte and Suite. One of these copies, which had
belonged to Buonaparte, I obtained through a Sergeant
of ours, who taught the Count Bertrand's children
writing and accounts, and who received it as a present
from the Count with this statement, that it had been
one of Napoleon's books which he had perused ; but
did not say how much or how deeply ; and the Count
knowing the Sergeant to be a pious man, for that reason
gave it, along with some others, to him. On my arrival
in England, I had the pleasure of presenting it to Dr.
Bogue, who was delighted to receive his child back
again, after his vicissitudes and peregrinations, particu-
larly after having been adopted by that wondrous man
Napoleon, and perhaps often under his eye.
" After all our conjecture, we know not but we may
meet him in heaven, as a monument of mercy, saved at
the last hour. The Christians who went to meditate
over the lifeless body of this extraordinary man, were
150 A ST. HELENA WHO'S WHO
peculiarly affected : and I remember how we called to
mind that passage in Isaiah xiv, verses 9 to 21, which
appeared to have been written as much for him, as for
the king of Babylon — how wonderfully appropriate did
the 12th verse appear to us — but more particularly we,
who beheld him lying in death, and took that hand,
which once swayed the sceptre of the world in ours,
were struck with the application of the 16th, 18th, and
19th verses, which were then literally fulfilled."
THE CASE OF LOWE v. O'MEARA
A list of those who made affidavits concerning the case.
FOR LOWE
Sir George Bingham. Dr. Francis Burton.
Col. John Mansel. Dr. Walter Henry.
Brigade-Major Harrison. Capt. James Baird.
Capt. R. C. Mansel. Lt. Kingsmill.
Capt. Francis Stanfell. Lt. John Usher.
Major James Power. Lt. Charles MacCarthy.
Dr. James Verling. John Nudd.
Col. Daniel Dodgin. Sir Thos. Reade.
Capt. George Nicholls. Col. E. Wynyard.
Col. Nicol. Major Gorrequer.
Col. Lascelles. William Balcombe.
Alex. Baxter.
FOR O'MEARA
Montholon. Purser John Gumming.
Lt. John Fernandez. Las Cases.
Lt. R. H. Reardon. Las Cases (fils).
Lt. A. W. Birmingham. Marchand.
Capt. Poppleton. Pierron.
Capt. Thos. Cook. Antommarchi.
Major Robt. Younghus- Coursot.
band. Chandelier.
(See " Lowe Papers," vol. 20,230.)
151
SOME OF THE LADIES IN ST. HELENA
Lady Lowe.
Lady Bingham.
Lady Malcolm.
Countess Bertrand.
Countess Montholon.
Baroness Sturmer.
Mrs. Wilks.
Miss Wilks.
Mrs. Pine-Coffin.
Mrs. Wynyard.
Mrs. Skeltpn.
Mrs. Hodson.
Mrs. Brooke.
Mrs. Lascelles.
Mrs. South.
Mrs. Shortt.
Mrs. S. S. C. Younghus-
band.
Mrs. Nagle.
Mrs. Kingsmill, wife of Lt.
Kingsmill, 66th Regt.
Mrs. Fernandez, wife of Lt.
Fernandez, 53rd Regt.
Mrs. Matthias, wife of Lt.
Matthias, R.A.
Miss Mason.
Mrs. Balcombe.
Miss Betsy Balcombe.
Miss Knipe (Le Bouton de
Rose).
Miss Robinson (The
Nymph).
Mrs. Greentree.
Mrs. Ibbetson.
Mrs. Boys.
Mrs. Vernon.
Miss Charlotte! Step-
Johnson, daughters
Miss Susanna of Sir
Johnson, J Hudson.
Mrs. Blakeney.
Mrs. Harriet Papps, wife of
Surgeon Papps, 53rd
Regt.
Mrs. Wilton, wife of Adj.
Wilton, 53rd Regt.
Mrs. Blakie, wife of Qtmr.
Blakie, 53rd Regt.
References. — East India Registers, 1825, and " Ad-
miralty Muster Rolls " of the various troopships,
Record Office.
WILLIAM BRENDON AND SON, LTD., PK1NTEKS, PLYMOUTH
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