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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

IN Ly

BOTANY

Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-74, Pis. 1-11, 15 text-figures Marctf 19, 1910

STUDIES IN ORNAMENTAL TREES
AND SHRUBS

BY
HARVEY MONROE ^

BERKELEY
THE UNIVERSITY PRESS

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UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA PUBLICATIONS

IN

BOTANY

Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 1-74, Pis. 1-11, 15 text-figures March 19, 1910

STUDIES IN ORNAMENTAL TREES AND

SHRUBS.

BY

HAEVEY MONROE HALL.

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Introduction and acknowledgments 2

Pittosporums cultivated in California : 4

Hakeas cultivated in California 14

The Bottle-brush group of Ornamentals 21

Introductory 21

Botanical Description of the Myrtaceae 21

Key to the Genera 22

Callistemon 22

Melaleuca 27

Leptospermum 35

Agonis, Metrosideros, and Calothamnus 36, 37

Miscellaneous Ornamentals 37

Lyonothamnus floribundus (Island Ironwood) 37

Eugenia myrtifolia (Australian Brush Cherry) 40

Macadamia ternifolia (Australian Nut) •. 41

Maytenus Boaria (Mayten) 43

Eoupala Pohlii (Eoupala) 44

Choisya ternata (Choisya) 44

Streptosolen Jamesonii (Streptosolen) 46

Solatium Eantonnetii (Blue-flowered Solanum) 47

Buddleia madagascdriensis (Madagascar Buddleia) 47

Acolcantliera spectabilis (Wintersweet) 49

Feijoa Sellowiana (Feijoa) 50

Explanation of Plates 52

2 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

INTRODUCTION AND ACKNOWLEDGMENTS.

The people of California are slowly coming to a realization
of the fact that the climatic and soil conditions of this state are
suitable for the growth of the best ornamentals that the world
affords, and that they have the opportunity here to develop a
high-class system of landscape gardening. This realization is
leading to a demand for more information concerning the better
sorts of ornamental shrubs and trees. The object of the present
paper is to aid in supplying such information and is at the same
time a critical botanical study of the species here presented.

Many of our best ornamentals are scarcely known outside
of the grounds of a few wealthy citizens who have introduced
them for their own pleasure, others are appreciated only by
certain communities. Some of these desirable sorts are here
given attention in order that their use may become more general.
It is especially hoped that small grounds and yards may be
planted with only the best, but it is also hoped that those inter-
ested in laying out villa sites, public parks, school-grounds, ceme-
teries, railroad parks, and the li'ke, will be stimulated to more
care and discrimination in the selection of trees and shrubs,
since their choice affects the pleasure of many people throughout
many years.

Aside from their ornamental value, many of the plants men-
tioned in this paper will doubtless be found useful in the work
of reforestation. Several species of Hakea, and especially the
more drought-resistant sorts of Pittosporum and Melaleuca, are
among the most promising shrubs and small trees for chaparral
planting in our foothill districts. Certain of the plants here
considered will be of much value in California, when better
known, because of their edible fruits or nuts. This particularly
applies to Feijoa Sellowiana, and to Macadamia ternifolia, both
trees of high ornamental value.

The greatest confusion exists among California gardeners,
nurserymen, and architects, concerning the names of many of
our plants. This is due, in part, to the fact that they are not
grown in eastern or European gardens; hence they are not de-
scribed in the standard gardening dictionaries. For most of

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 3

the groups here treated, easy, artificial keys to the species have
therefore been prepared, and many illustrations added.

The garden investigations were undertaken as a part of the
author's duties as assistant botanist to the Agricultural Experi-
ment Station of the University of California. Financial aid
was received from grants from the Adams Fund of the United
States Government, but this paper is not to be considered as
the sole result of these investigations, or even as the most im-
portant result. The critical examination of specimens gathered
during the course of this study was undertaken at the Univer-
sity, where free use was made of the botanical library and of
the herbarium.

It is a pleasure to acknowledge the assistance received from
numerous nurserymen, gardeners, and other residents of Cali-
fornia, who have allowed the writer a free examination of their
plants and supplied much valuable information. Dr. F. Fran-
ceschi and Mr. W. H. Morse, of Santa Barbara, Mr. Compton of
Montecito, Mr. Ernest Braunton and Mr. L. A. Greata, of Los
Angeles, Mr. D. W. Coolidge, of Pasadena, Miss K. 0. Sessions,
of San Diego, Mr. John McLaren, Superintendent of Golden
Gate Park, San Francisco, and many others should be mentioned
in this connection. Among the foreign correspondents who have
supplied -critical notes, or specimens for comparison, it is a pleas-
ure to mention Dr. J. H. Maiden, Government Botanist for New
South Wales, Mr. T. F. Cheeseman, of the Museum at Auckland,
the late Mr. H. J. Matthews, formerly Chief Forester of New
Zealand, and Mr. Joseph Burtt-Davy, Government Botanist for
the Transvaal. Mr. C. N. Forbes, of Honolulu, has supplied
valuable material from the Hawaiian Islands.

I am indebted to Mr. Harry Evans for the preparation of
line drawings used in figures 1 to 13, and to Miss Carlotta Case
for the one used in figure 15. The drawings used in plates 3,
4, and 5 are all the work of Mrs. Louise Nash. Of the text
figures, no. 2 is adapted from Curtis' Botanical Magazine, plate
2246; no. 5 is from Hooker's Icones Plantarum, plate 447; and
no. 14 is a tracing from Lindley's Botanical Register, plate 410.
All of the others are original, drawn either from the living plant
or from herbarium specimens. All line drawings used in the
preparation of the plates are original, except figure 2 of plate 3.

University of California Publications in Botany. tv°L-

PITTOSPORUMS CULTIVATED IN CALIFORNIA.

Pittosporum is the generic name of certain ornamental ever-
green trees and shrubs which have come to us mostly from New
Zealand, Australia, and the neighboring islands. About seventy
species are known, of which some fourteen have found their way
into California.

The popularity of these plants is due to the ease with which
they are grown and to their suitability for planting in various
situations. It is a remarkable fact, however, that several of the
better sorts are scarcely known to our nurserymen and land-
scape gardeners. These have been introduced and grown on
private grounds where their superior qualities are fully appre-
ciated, but no particular effort has yet been made to extend their
cultivation. It is for the double purpose of making these species
better known and of providing keys and descriptions whereby
any Pittosporum grown in California may be identified, that this
account has been prepared.

Special Uses.

It has been said above that Pittosporums are suited to many
conditions. The species adapted to special purposes may be
grouped as follows:

As a street or avenue tree P. undulatum (the Victorian Box)
has been much recommended in southern California, especially
by Mr. Ernest Braunton, and its rapid growth, large size, and
smooth, green leaves are certainly in its favor. It will, however,
require careful training and can be expected to attain stately
dimensions only where abundant summer heat and some irriga-
tion can be depended upon. A species of much greater promise
is P. rlwmbifolium, of which there are now several good exam-
ples in California. This has a more erect growth with a single
central shaft and pyramidal crown and is gorgeous with orange-
scarlet berries for several months in each year. P. phillyrae-
oides, P. eugenioides, and P. crassifolium may also be considered
in this connection, but are not to be generally recommended.

For hedges P. undulatum is the best if a broad, massive hedge
is desired. P. eugenioides is the best in case a tall, narrow hedge

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 5

is wanted, particularly if a light-green color is preferred. P.
tenui folium also may be trimmed into a narrow hedge, but is
more twiggy, less leafy, and of a darker green color. Both of
these two last-mentioned take very kindly to pruning, making
neat hedges generally superior to the much used privet and box.
For low hedges and for edgings the rambling, light-green and
glossy P. lieteropliyllum, a recently introduced and still rare
species, should be considered.

The most fragrant Pittosporums are P. Tobira and P. undu-
latum.^ These are both sweet-scented, the fragrance resembling
that of orange blossoms, while the flowers of P. eriocarpum have
a very pleasing banana-like fragrance.

For general yard and lawn planting, where only a shrub is
desired, any of the species here described may be used, except
only the tree-like species and the half-reclining P. heterophyllum.
Even such arboreous sorts as P. crassifolium make good shrubs
if well headed in, the pruning serving the double purpose of
keeping the plant within bounds and of causing it to throw out
an abundance of new foliage. In case a mass of gray-colored
foliage is desired, P. eriocarpum is by far the best.

For reforestation purposes P. phillyraeoides is perhaps to be
recommended as of most importance because of its drought-
resisting powers. It would grow readily on any of our lower
ranges without attention but would need to be protected from
browsing animals in its early stages. P. tenuifolium and P.
crassifolium are among the most hardy species and could be used
throughout the coast counties of California.

Propagation.

The seeds of Pittosporum usually germinate readily, but in
California the rarer sorts are occasionally infertile. This is
probably due to the absence of cross-pollination, particularly in
those cases where the parent plant is the only one of the species
in the neighborhood. It is claimed by some that only the spring
crop of seeds of P. rhombifolium are fertile. P. phillyraeoides.
is perhaps the most difficult species to propagate in this way, but
it throws up numerous root suckers which may be separated from
the parent and transplanted.

6 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

The most rapid, and for most species the most satisfactory
method is propagation by cuttings. These should be taken from
the half-ripened wood and seldom fail to strike root if given
ordinary care.

It is sometimes desirable to "work over" one species into
another after the plant has attained considerable size. While
this may possibly be accomplished by the ordinary methods of
grafting, at least in some cases, the procedure known to nursery-
men as inarching is more likely to prove successful.

Botanical Description of Pittosporum (Family Pittosporeaceae) .

Shrubs and small trees, mostly evergreen. Leaves simple, without
stipules, entire or toothed, mostly alternate but sometimes so crowded as
to appear whorled on the twigs. Flowers in terminal corymbs or pan-
icles, or in axillary umbels, or solitary. Sepals 5, either distinct or
united at base. Petals 5, rarely distinct to base, usually connivent or
cohering in a tube. Stamens 5, free; anthers erect, ovate-oblong. Ovary
sessile or short-stipitate, incompletely 2-celled (or rarely 3- to 5-celled).
Style short. Fruit a globose, ovate, or obovate capsule, often com-
pressed, sometimes colored and berry-like in appearance, the valves
leathery or almost woody, the placentae central. Seeds thick or glob-
ular, not winged, smooth but usually embedded in a viscous substance,
disagreeable to the taste because of the presence of an aromatic, resin-
ous, or acrid principle. The name "Pittosporum" is derived from two
Greek words and may be translated as l ' pitch seed. ' ' This term was
chosen because of the pitch-like exudation of the seed-coats just men-
tioned.

Key to the Species of Pittosporum grown in California.

A. Color of flowers black or nearly so.

Flowers mostly axillary, i.e., each from the axil of a leaf: leaves thin,

glabrous 1. P. tenuifolium.

Flowers in terminal clusters: leaves thick.

Leaves with recurved margins, white-tomentose beneath: capsule %

to 1}4 in- long, tomentose 2. P. crassifolium.

Leaves with flat margins.

Capsule % in. long, pubescent: leaves white-tomentose beneath

3. P. Kalphii.

Capsule % to 1 in. long, glabrous: leaves glabrous when mature
4. P. Fairchildii.

B. Color of flowers white, greenish, or yellow.
Leaves v.ery obtuse, thick and leathery.

Flowers % in. long, in terminal umbels, usually pure white.

Foliage uniformly green 5. P. Tdbira.

Foliage variegated with white 5. P. Tobira variegatum.

Flowers % in. long, in terminal panicles, greenish yellow

6. P. viridiflorum.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 7

Leaves acute, thin.

Flowers in terminal clusters: leaves lanceolate or broader.
Young foliage glabrous or nearly so.

Petals about % in. long: flowers rather few (rarely over 20 in

each terminal cluster).
Capsule many-seeded: flowers white, fragrant ....7. P. undulatum.

Capsule 4-seeded: flowers greenish yellow 8. P. tetraspermum.

Petals less than % in. long.

Leaves entire or merely undulate: sepals acute.

Erect, with leaves 2% to 4 in. long 9. P. eugenioides.

Half-reclining, with leaves 1 in. long....lO. P. heterophyllum.

Leaves coarsely toothed: sepals obtuse 11. P. rhombifolium.

Young foliage and capsules very pubescent.

Leaves 7 to 10 in. long, abruptly narrowed to a long petiole

12. P. hawaiiense.

Leaves smaller, tapering to the petiole.

Tomentum rusty: leaves 2 to 3 in. long 13. P. revolutum.

Tomentum white: leaves 4 to 6 in. long 14. P. eriocarpum.

Flowers axillary, i.e., each from the axil of a leaf.

Leaves glabrous, flat: flowers yellow 15. P. phillyraeoides.

Leaves tomentose underneath, margins rolled back: flowers purple
and yellow 16. P. bicolor.

1. P. tenuifolium Gaertn. P. nigricans Hort.

A shrub or small tree, rarely exceeding 30 ft., of symmetrical and
compact growth: bark black: leaves glabrous and shining when mature,
oblong or somewhat obovate, acute or rarely obtuse, 1 to 3 in. long, thin
or almost membranous, the margins wavy: flowers solitary in the leaf -axils
or rarely fascicled: corolla % to % in. long, dark purple: ovary silky:
capsule % in. long, globose, 3-valved, glabrous and minutely roughened
when mature. New Zealand.

One of the best sorts for mass planting and for hedges in
California. Its clean, thrifty growth makes it desirable for
planting near houses and especially for screening undesirable
views. An occasional judicious pruning is necessary in order
to get a good foliage effect and to hide the stems.

A yellow-flowered form of this species has just been discov-
ered in Berkeley by Miss Katherine Jones. It is represented
by but two shrubs growing in a row of normal black-flowered
plants, and no other difference can be detected. It will be
further studied and propagated for distribution, since the yellow
flowers render it more attractive than the ordinary sort. Mr.
T. F. Cheeseman, who has made a careful study of the New
Zealand species, writes that although he has not known P. tenui-

8 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

folium to produce yellow flowers, he has noted this variation in
other dark-flowered species. He has, therefore, no hesitancy in
referring our yellow-flowered form to P. tenuifolium.

2. P. crassifolium Soland. KARO.

A tall shrub or small tree, 15 to 30 ft. high, with erect branches: bark
dark brown or black: branchlets, petioles, lower surface of leaves, inflores-
cence, and ovaries all densely clothed with a white or buff downy pubes-
cence: leaves 2 to 3 in. long, narrow-obovate or oblong, obtuse, much
narrowed to the short stout petiole, very leathery, dark green and shining
above, the margins recurved: flowers in clusters terminating the branch-
lets: petals % in. long including the recurved tips, nearly black: fruiting
peduncle stout, recurved: mature capsule subglobose, % to l1^ in. long,
short-hairy, with very thick woody valves. New Zealand. Illustrations:
Bot. Mag., pi. 5978 (wrongly colored) ; Kirk, Forest Fl. N. Z., pi. 14; Gard.
Chron., ser. 3, xxx, fig. 130.

Too coarse and rigid for ordinary yard planting unless fre-
quently pruned back, but with care it may be made to assume
a rounded, bushy form which is very pleasing. Suitable for
windbreaks and shelter near the sea. In New Zealand (where
a yellow-flowered form occurs) it is said to resist the fiercest
gales and to grow even where washed by salt spray. The wood
is white and tough, used for inlaid work, and is difficult of
combustion.

3. P. Ralphii T. Kirk.

A loosely branched shrub 8 to 15 ft. high: leaves spreading, 2 to 5
in. long, oblong or oblong-obovate, the margins not recurved: petioles
and peduncles rather slender: capsule % in. long, broadly ovoid, pubes-
cent. New Zealand. Illustration: Gard. Chron., xxvi, fig. 72 (probably
this).

Rare in cultivation. I have seen one specimen on the Hale
grounds, Santa Barbara, imported through the Brisbane Botanic
Gardens. It is more thrifty and apparently of better habit than
P. crassifolium. P. Ralphii differs from that species in that
"the leaves are much larger, oblong, not gradually narrowed
into the petiole, and the margins are flat, not recurved, while
the capsules are much smaller" (Cheeseman). The Santa Bar-
bara plant bears out this statement except that the leaves are
narrowed to the petiole.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 9

4. P. Fairchildii Cheesem.

A compact round-topped shrub 8 to 15 ft. high; leaves 2 to 3 in. long,
obovate to elliptic-oblong, broader than in no. 2, glabrous when mature,
the margins flat: capsule % to 1 in. long, becoming glabrous when half-
grown: otherwise like P. crassifolium. New Zealand.

This species has not yet made its appearance here, but is
certain to be introduced from New Zealand, where it is grown
in gardens. More graceful and compact than P. crassifolium
and perhaps better suited to general planting.

5. P. Tobira Ait. TOBIRA. JAPANESE PITTOSPORUM.

A large spreading shrub with shining dark-green or variegated
foliage: bark gray: leaves 2 to 3% in. long, 1 to 1% in. wide, obovate
and very obtuse, gradually tapering to the short petiole, thick and
leathery, the margins recurved, perfectly glabrous: flowers in terminal
umbels, fragrant: corolla % in. long, white or rarely yellowish: capsule
% in. long, ovoid, 3- or 4-angled, densely short-hairy, tipped with the
persistent style. China and Japan. Var. variegatum Hort. has the leaves
(often thinner) variegated with white. Illustrations: Bot. Mag., pi.
1396; Nicholson, iii, fig. 193 (pot plant); Bailey, fig. 1837; Engler &
Prantl, Nat. Pfl., iii, 2a, fig. 62.

Especially valuable because of its deep-green foliage and
abundant fragrant flowers, these latter resembling orange blos-
soms, both in appearance and odor. Suitable for lawns and
shrubberies rather than for hedges. Dr. Franceschi states that
it withstands violent saline winds better than most other shrubs
and is therefore adapted to seashore planting.

6. P. viridiflorum Sims. P. sinense Desf. GREEN-FLOWERED

PITTOSPOR,UM.

Much like P. Tobira but becoming larger, more tree-like and with
smaller greenish and yellow flowers in dense compound clusters: ripe
capsule subglobose, * ' glabrous, as large as a pea, 2- to 6-seeded. ' ' South
Africa. Illustrations: Bot. Mag., pi. 1684; Nicholson, iii, fig. 194.

Very rare as yet in California gardens but one of the best
of the larger Pittosporums. A magnificent specimen in Santa
Barbara, remarkable for its graceful habit and lively-green,
glossy foliage, is 25 feet high, the trunk 10 inches in diameter.
The very fragrant flowers are borne profusely during the winter
and spring months but the tree sets no fruits, perhaps owing to
the absence of pollen from other trees.

10 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 4

7. P. undulatum Vent. VICTORIAN Box.

Normally a tree, attaining 40 ft. or more, commonly pruned as a
shrub in cultivation, with rich deep-green dense foliage: bark gray:
leaves 3 to 5 in. long, 1 or 2 in. broad, oblong, abruptly acute, coriaceous
and shining, crowded on the branchlets, glabrous, entire, wavy-margined
or flat: flowers rarely more than 20 in the compound terminal cluster,
fragrant at night: sepals more than % as long as corolla, tapering to a
slender tip: corolla white, about % in. long: capsule barely % in. long,
nearly globose, smooth, many-seeded. Australia. Illustrations: Bot.
Eeg., i, 16; Bailey, fig. 1836.

Very suitable for large hedges where a dense foliage effect
is desired; stands pruning well, and so can be kept low, but
a much greater breadth will be necessary than if P. eugenioides
is used. Blossoms with us from January to July, the rich
jasmine-like odor, particularly noticeable on quiet evenings,
making it suitable for planting in small groups or for individual
bushes near summer houses, dining porches, and the like. It is
also recommended as an avenue tree for southern California
where, with plenty of room and careful pruning from beneath,
it attains stately dimensions.

8. P. tetraspermum Wight & Arn. MADRAS PITTOSPORUM.

A large shrub: leaves 2 to 4 in. long, ovate or lanceolate, very acute,
coriaceous, glabrous, the margin obscurely wavy: flowers in a terminal
cluster: sepals minute, tapering to a slender tip: corolla yellowish: cap-
sule nearly globose, glabrous, only 4-seeded. India. Illustration: Wight,
Icon., iii, pi. 971.

Introduced in 1897 by Dr. Franceschi, but since lost.

9. P. eugenioides A. Cunn. TARATA.

A small branching round-headed tree, 20 to 40 ft. high in its native
habitat; a tall shrub or slender open tree in cultivation, the rather sparse
and glossy foliage of a very light-green color: bark nearly white on the
old branches, pale brown on the twigs: leaves 2 to 4 in. long, % to 1^
in. wide, elliptic-oblong, acute, often conspicuously wavy-margined: flow-
ers numerous in a branched terminal cluster: sepals minute, obtuse:
corolla yellowish, under % in. long: capsule rather more than ^4 in- long?
ovoid, pointed at each end, 2- to 4-ribbed, glabrous when mature. New
Zealand. Illustration: Kirk, Forest Fl. N. Z., pi. 49.

The most extensively cultivated species in California, a fa-
vorite because of its hardiness and the yellowish green color of
the foliage. Its slender habit and cheerful appearance renders

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 11

it especially valuable where something is needed to relieve the
somber appearance of our ordinary dark-green shrubbery.
When grown for hedges the plants should be set not more than
three feet apart and the lateral branches clipped back occa-
sionally; in a few years it may be trimmed to a narrow hedge.
The fragrance, said to be very noticeable in wild trees, seems
to be lost in cultivation. "The wood is white, tough, elastic,
and of considerable strength, but soon perishes when exposed.
It is frequently used by the wood-turner" (Kirk).

10. P. heterophyllum Franch.

A low, half-reclining shrub or low hedge plant with light-green foli-
age: leaves 1 or 2 in. long, % to 1 in. broad, lance-shaped or ovate,
tapering to both ends but nearly sessile, entire, glabrous: flowers few in
simple clusters terminating short branchlets, the peduncles only very
rarely divided: corolla light yellow, about ^ in. long: capsule barely
% in. long, globose, minutely pubescent when half-grown, glabrous at
maturity. Western China.

Introduced by Dr. Franceschi in 1908, his specimens with
small ovate leaves. In China the leaves are extremely variable
in size and shape, even on the same branch. Dr. Franceschi
recommends it for large rockeries and embankments, and states
that it is drought resistant.

11. P. rhombifolium A. Cunn. QUEENSLAND PITTOSPORUM.

A tree of pryamidal growth, said to reach 60 to 80 ft. in height:
leaves 3 to 4 in. long, 1 or 2 in. wide, rhomboid, being broadest in the
middle and tapering to each end, acuminate, coarsely and irregularly
toothed, glabrous: flowers numerous in a wide compound terminal cluster:
sepals rather obtuse, about one-half as long as the corolla, this y8 to ^4
in. long and white: capsule berry-like, % in. long, nearly globose, tipped
by the persistent style and rounded to a short-columnar base, passing
from green through lemon color to bright orange-yellow, glabrous. Aus-
tralia. Illustration: Hooker, Icon., pi. 621.

Little known in California but one of the very best sorts.
Sometimes grown as a pot plant, in which case it remains small,
and serviceable when young as a shrub, since it flowers when
only 5 or 6 feet high, but most valuable for avenue planting and
as a specimen tree for lawns and yards. Its central shaft gives
it an erect habit, the foliage is clean and thrifty, the flowers not
very showy and rather faintly odorous, the bright-yellow berries

12 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

very conspicuous and the most pleasing feature of the tree. The
flowers- appear in June and July and the berries persist through
the autumn and winter. These berries contain but few fertile
seeds, although there is a small spring crop in which the per-
centage of viability is greater. This species is also propagated
by cuttings. Specimens may be seen at the Gould place, Monte-
cito; the Sexton place, Goleta; at Soldiers Home near Los An-
geles ; and at the Fowler place, Pasadena.

12. P. hawaiiense Hilleb.

A small tree 12 to 15 ft. high, with few branches: leaves of the
largest, being 7 to 10 in. long and 2 to 3 in. wide, acute, thick, slightly
hairy* beneath when young or even silvery white in one form, entire:
flowers in terminal clusters: corolla cream color: ovary tomentose: cap-
sule 1 in. long, probably globose, rough. Hawaii.

Introduced by Dr. Franceschi in 1907. A promising Pitto-
sporum but probably tender and not very well known.

13. P. revolutum Ait.

A tall shrub, the young branchlets and petioles and the flower-stalks
covered with short rusty hairs: leaves 2 to 3 or 4 in. long, 1 to 1^> in.
wide, elliptic, narrowed to each end, entire or slightly wavy-margined,
glabrous above when mature, rusty-pubescent underneath, crowded to-
wards the ends of the branchlets: flower-clusters terminal, rarely a few
in the axils of upper leaves: sepals with very slender tips: petals y> in.
long or rather more, pale yellow, often united part way to form a cup-
shaped corolla, the free tips recurved: ovary very hairy: capsule % to
% in. long, with numerous red or brown seeds. Australia. Illustration:
Bot. Eeg., iii, pi. 186.

Grown in England as a greenhouse shrub but flourishes out
of doors at Berkeley. Not particularly desirable except in col-
lections.

14. P. eriocarpum Eoyle.

A large bush or widely spreading bushy tree 10 to 20 ft. high, with
light-green foliage and light-gray bark: leaves 4 to 6 in. long, 1% to
2% in. wide, elliptic or oblong, narrowed to each end, the margins either
minutely wavy or flat, tomentose when young, becoming smooth at least
above in age: flowers numerous in an oblong terminal raceme, very
fragrant, their stems densely white-tomentose: sepals small, acute: petals
yellow, somewhat exceeding % in., forming a tubular corolla, the tips
recurved: ovary very hairy: capsule % in. .long, nearly globose, rough
but nearly glabrous. Himalayas. Illustration: Bot. Mag., pi. 7473.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 13

So far as I know there are but two specimens of this species
in California, one at the Gillespie place, Montecito, one in
Elysian Park, Los Angeles. Both are noble examples and should
incite to further planting. Where a mass of light-colored foliage
is desired nothing could be more effective and the fragrance of
the banana-scented flowers is very pleasing.

15. P. phillyraeoides DC. NARROW-LEAVED PITTOSPORUM.

A graceful tree with habit of the weeping willow but evergreen, 20
ft. or more high, the bark smooth and gray on the branches, becoming
checked on the trunk: leaves light green, 2 to S1/^ in. long, about *4 in-
wide, linear, tapering to the base, acuminate and the slender tips re-
curved, entire, equally distributed over the slender pendant twigs, gla-
brous: flowers fragrant, pediceled, solitary in the leaf -axils (several in
each axil in some Australian specimens), the tube ^4 in. long and the
recurved portion % in., yellow: sepals minute: capsule about % in. long,
oval, compressed, the base somewhat heart-shaped, yellow, the surface
granular. Australian deserts. Illustrations: PI. 1; Maiden, Forest Fl.
N. S. W., pi. 4.

This remarkable tree was introduced perhaps in the seventies
but its value has been appreciated only within the last year or
two. Eminently adapted to dry places and should be tried in
our desert country, where, however, it cannot be expected to
reach the size attained in the coast counties. The foliage is too
sparse for a good shade tree but its slender, pendant branches
recommend it as a substitute for the weeping willow, where an
evergreen is desired. Propagation from seeds is effected with
some difficulty in California, but young plants are now offered
by several of the nurseries at Santa Barbara and Goleta. The
abundant root suckers may be transplanted if one goes to a
considerable depth in digging them, for this tree is deep-rooted.
In Australia a sort of bread is prepared from the pulverized
seeds and the leaves are browsed by live stock.

16. P. bicolor Hook.

A' small tree, sometimes 40 ft. high in its native habitat, sometimes
only a bush, the young twigs hoary or rusty with a close tomentum:
leaves 1 or 2 in. long, about % in. wide, linear, acute, entire but the
margins rolled back, glabrous above, tomentose beneath: flowers solitary
or several in the leaf -axils: petals y2 in. long, spreading or recurved
above, yellow and purple: ovary very hairy: capsules rounded, red and
berry-like, ' ' about the size of peas, ' ' somewhat compressed. Australia.

Rare in cultivation; once grown at Lincoln Park, Oakland.
Hardy in southern England.

14 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 4

HAKEAS CULTIVATED IN CALIFORNIA.

The Hakeas are all evergreen shrubs and natives of Australia,
where about one hundred species are known. Those so far
introduced into California, eleven in number, are here grown
exclusively for ornamental purposes, although several of them
(particularly H. suaveolens and H. gibbosa) could be used to
advantage as a chaparral covering for many of our lower moun-
tains and foothills. These species are quite hardy, require
neither abundant moisture nor cultivation, and, through their
rigid, spiny foliage, are well protected from animals.

The ornamental value of Hakea lies .chiefly in its foliage.
This is exceptionally beautiful in the broad-leaved H. elliptica,
where the new growth is of a most beautiful bronze color, or in
some lights almost golden. It is a very satisfactory subject for
lawn or yard planting where something aside from the usual
dull green is desired. H. nitida with its holly-like, bright-green
leaves is also to be considered in this connection, while if a pale
green is desired H. undulata should be chosen. The last three
species treated in this paper are also grown for their foliage
but should be used only where a rigid effect is desired or as a
hedge impenetrable to animals and pedestrians.

The only species with showy flowers, so far as our forms are
concerned, is H. laurina, and even here our interest is aroused
more by the oddity of the flower than by its beauty. The
abundant scarlet balls of flowers emitting the long golden styles
are sometimes two and one-half inches in diameter and render
this a most striking shrub, so much so that in Italy it has been
referred to as "the glory of the gardens of the Riviera." The
remaining species have mostly smaller white flowers.

Botanical Description of Hakea (Family Proteaceae) ..

Australian evergreen shrubs with alternate ex-stipulate leaves of
diversified shape, being flat and broad in some species (and then either
entire or merely toothed), terete in others (and then either simple and
entire or pinnately parted). Pubescence mostly of appressed hairs at-
tached by the middle, or the plant glabrous. Flowers in pairs, the pairs-
commonly crowded in close racemes or globose clusters which are mostly
sessile in the leaf-axils. Corolla irregular, the tube slender, usually
recurved under the limb which is mostly globular, the 4 lobes cohering

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 15

long after the tube has opened. Anthers sessile in the base of the coii-
cave perianth-lobes. Ovary stipitate or nearly sessile. Style either long
and protruding or short, dilated at the end. Fruit a hard woody cap-
sule, opening in 2 valves. Seeds 2, compressed, winged above, the wings
sometimes continued down the sides.

Key to the Species of Hakea grown in California.

A. Leaves mostly l/2 in. or more wide (narrower only in H. saligna).
Margins of leaves entire and flat.

Leaves pinnately veined, or the veins obscure: flowers white.

Foliage pale: leaves entire, obtuse, callous-tipped: corolla recurved

1. H. saligna.

Foliage bright green: leaves sometimes toothed, sharp-pointed:

corolla straight 2. H. nitida.

Leaves parallel- veined: flowers crimson.

Veins 3 to 7: flower-clusters globular: capsule % in. or more broad

3. H. laurina.

Veins numerous: flower-clusters oblong: capsule 1/2 in. broad

4. H. multilineata.

Margins of leaves wavy (undulate}.

Leaves veinless or obscurely feather-veined 2. H. nitida.

Leaves several-nerved from the base and with numerous cross-veinlets.

Margins merely wavy; petiole short or none 5. H. elliptica.

Margins wavy and prickle-toothed 6. H. undulata.

B. Leaves terete or very narrowly linear, seldom yg in. wide, sharp-
pointed.

Veins several, parallel: leaves flat, about % in. wide 7. H. ulicina.

Veins wanting: leaves terete.

Leaves thick, mostly pinnately parted and the lobes terete

: 8. H. suaveolens.

Leaves slender, entire.

Corolla glabrous:1 capsule ovate, % in. or more thick.

Young branches glabrous: capsule % to % in. thick

9. H. acicularis.

Young branches hairy: capsule % to 1 in. thick. ...10. H. gibbosa.
Corolla pubescent: capsule lanceolate, slenderly pointed, % in-
thick 11. H. pugioniformis.

1. H. saligna Knight.

A pale or grayish bushy shrub (attaining 7 ft. at Santa Barbara),
glabrous or the young shoots slightly silky: leaves oblong or lance-
shaped, 3 to 4 or 6 in. long, obtuse but usually with a minute callous
tip, tapering at base to a short petiole, veins sometimes obscure but
usually at least a medial and several oblique lateral veins more or less

1 In using this character, care must be exercised in distinguishing be-
tween the corolla proper and the pedicel, which is also white. The pedicel
is pubescent in numbers 9, 10, and 11, but the corolla is pubescent only in
the last.

16

University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 4

prominent: flower-clusters small, dense, sessile in the axils of the upper
leaves: corolla glabrous, strongly recurved: capsule about 1 in. long, ~y2
to % in. broad, with a short incurved beak, somewhat rough, sometimes
covered with conspicuous tubercles. Illustration: Fig. 1.

This makes a good foliage plant but has no special character
for which it can be recommended ; seldom planted.

Fig. 1. — Hakea saligna.

2. H. nitida R. Br.

A large shrub with glabrous and bright-green dense foliage: leaves
oblong or narrowly obovate, 1% to 3 or 4 in. long; either entire, obtuse,
and with a small sharp tip, or with a few prickly teeth, acute, and sharp-
pointed; thick and veinless or obscurely feather- veined: flower-clusters
white, conspicuously stalked in the leaf -axils: corolla glabrous, straight:
capsule 1 in. or more long, % in. broad, with a conical horn near the end of
one or both of the valves, smooth. Illustrations : Fig. 2 ; Bot. Mag., pi. 2246 /

Fig. 2. — Hakea nitida.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs.

17

One of the earliest species introduced into England (where
protection from frost is necessary). Presumably also grown in
California, although no plants can now be located. The pleas-
ing green foliage, suggestive of holly-leaves, may render it de-
sirable.

3. H. laurina R. Br. H. eucalyptoides Meissn.

A tall shrub, attaining in Australia to 30 ft. and tree-like: branchlets
gray with a minute pubescence or reddish and quite glabrous; foliage
rusty pubescent when young but soon glabrous: leaves elliptic or lanceo-
late, narrowed to the apex which is either acute or obtuse, tapering to
the petiole, often sickle-shaped, 5 or 6 in. long, % to 1 in. wide; with
mostly 5 or 7 parallel veins from the base and these sometimes giving
off a few obscure secondary veinlets: flowers crimson, very numerous, in
dense globular clusters sessile in the leaf -axils: capsule ovoid, short-
beaked, about li/4 in. long by % in. broad, nearly smooth. Illustrations:
Fig. 3; Bot. Mag., pi. 7127.

A very vigorous and striking sort with showy crimson flower-
clusters from which protrude the long golden-yellow styles. Per-
haps the best for dry hillsides where a chaparral covering is
desired. Known on the Riviera as "Sea Urchin."

Tig. 3. — Hakea laurina.

Fig. 4. — HaTcea elliptica.

18 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

4. H. multilineata Meissn.

A shrub or small tree resembling H. laurina: leaves narrow and 6 to
8 in. long, or broader and only 3 to 5 in. long, striate with numerous
parallel nerves: flower-clusters oblong, 1 to 3 in. long, sessile in the leaf-
axils, carmine in the center, fading to pale pink at the tips of the styles:
capsule ovoid-globular with a very short beak, about % in. broad. Illus-
tration: Gard. Chron., ser. 3, xix, fig. 14 (var.).

This has been reported from California gardens but all of
the specimens seen were found to be H. laurina.

5. H. elliptica R. Br.

A neat erect shrub 6 to 10 ft. high: old herbage pale and glabrous
but young twigs and leaves bronzed with a rich rusty pubescence: leaves
oval -or elliptic, obtuse or with a small callous point, nearly or quite
sessile, 2 to 3% in. long, 1 to 1*4 in. wide, wavy-margined; the 5 to 7
parallel veins conspicuous on both sides and connected by numerous vein-
lets (reticulate): flower-clusters globose, sessile in the leaf -axils: capsule
ovoid, with a stout oblique beak, 1 to 1^4 in. long, % in. broad, usually
smooth. Illustration: Fig. 4.

This is the best sort so far tried for general lawn and shrub-
bery planting, because of its sturdy growth, compact habit, and
especially on account of the beauty of its young foliage. The
rich bronze color of the young shoots is equalled, so far as I
know, only in certain rare species of Roupala (see p. 44).

6. H. undulata R. Br.

An erect shrub 6 to 8 ft. high: young shoots rusty-tomentose, the
adult foliage glabrous: leaves obovate, oblong, or rarely lanceolate, ob-
tuse, tapering to a conspicuous petiole, 2 to 4 in. long, the margins wavy
and sharply toothed; parallel nerves 3 or 5, connected by many cross
veinlets: flowers in sessile clusters: capsule recurved at the base, dis-
tinctly beaked, 1 to 1% in. long, % to % in. broad, rather rough. Illus-
trations: Fig. 5; Hooker, Icon., pi. 447.

Reported from California but I know of no specimens grow-
ing in the state.

V

7. H. ulicina R. Br.

A tall shrub with erect branches and dense foliage not unlike that
of the Furze, or Gorse: twigs reddish, usually pubescent when young:
leaves (glabrous at maturity) all narrowly linear, flat, acute and sharp-
pointed, entire, varying in length from 1 to 8 in., very rarely over y8
in. wide, prominently 1- to 3-nerved underneath: flowers very small, the
pedicels and corolla glabrous: capsule rarely over % in. long, with a
short straight beak. Illustration: Fig. 6.

Perhaps not yet grown in California.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 19

8. H. suaveolens R. Br. II. pectinata Colla.

A dense rounded shrub becoming 8 to 10 ft. high in California:
young shoots and foliage silky pubescent but glabrous at maturity:
leaves 2 to 4 in. long, about y±Q in. thick, cylindric, with a rigid spine-
like tip, narrowly grooved on the upper side, occasionally entire but
usually branched into 1 to 5 rigid cylindric lobes of various lengths:
pedicels and perianth glabrous: flowers white, fragrant: capsule ovoid,
about 1 in. long and % in. broad, narrowed at apex and with a small
conical horn near the end of one or both the valves. Illustration: Fig. 7.

This is perhaps the most common of all the cultivated Hakeas.
It is easily grown, endures drought, and, by means of its spiny

Fig. 5. — Hakea undulata. Fig. 6. — HaJcea ulicina.

foliage, resists the depredations of animals and vandals. For
public parks, depot grounds, and the like, no shrub could be
selected which would be better able to care for itself, and it is
eminently adapted to planting where an impenetrable hedge is
desired. In the vicinity of Santa Barbara, it grows without
care or irrigation on the dry hillsides and would undoubtedly
make an excellent chaparral covering for many of our mountain
slopes.

9. H. acicularis R. Br.

A tall shrub or (in Australia) a small bushy tree: twigs and young
leaves sometimes minutely pubescent, glabrous when mature: leaves very
slenderly cylindric, rigid, awl-like at the sharp tip, entire and simple,
not grooved, mostly about 2 in. long (1 to 3 in.) : pedicels silky-pubescent:
corolla glabrous: capsule ovoid, about 1 in. long and % in* °r rather
more broad, rough, contracted to a thick beak, each valve with a conic
brown horn near the apex.

Suitable for hedges and for shrubberies. More slender than
H. suaveolens.

20

University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

10. H. gibbosa Cav.

A broad shrub, becoming 6 to 8 ft. high: twigs and young leaves
hirsute with short spreading hairs: leaves cylindric, rigid, smooth, simple
and entire, sharply pointed, 1 to 3 in. long: pedicels densely pubescent:
corolla glabrous: capsule ovoid, oblique, about 1^ in. long, nearly 1 in.
broad, rough, abruptly contracted to a short oblique beak, each valve
with a small dorsal horn near the apex. Illustrations: Fig. 8; Cav., Icon.,
pi. 534; Bot. Cook's First Voy., pi. 266.

Grown on the University grounds at Berkeley, a specimen
determined by Dr. J. H. Maiden. Probably also elsewhere in
the state but under erroneous names. More slender than H.
suaveolens and better suited to small private grounds; almost
equally as resistant to abuse, and should be tried with that
species in reforestation experiments.

Fig. 7. — Hakea suaveolens.

Fig. 8. — Hakea gil)~bosa.

11. H. pugioniformis Cav.

A shrub with the habit, foliage, and general characters of H. gibbosa,
from which it differs as follows: Corolla pubescent: style long, the disk
nearly straight: capsule much more slender, lanceolate, acuminate, about
1 in. long and *4 in. broad, rough around the middle with an obliquely
transverse prominent crest, each valve tapering to a slender point.
Illustrations : Cav., Icon., pi. 533 ; Bot. CooTc 's First Voy., pi. 265.

Grown at Santa Barbara, according to Dr. Franceschi, who
says that it is an odd plant, which at a distance looks like a
small pine. Some plants found under this name in the trade
belong to H. suaveolens, a species easily distinguished by the
mostly branched leaves and much thicker capsules.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 21

THE BOTTLE-BRUSH GROUP OF ORNAMENTALS.

Bottle-brushes are eminently adapted to shrubbery and orna-
mental planting in California. They are rapid growers, hardy,
endure considerable drought and abuse, and many of them are
among the most showy of our cultivated shrubs.

It has been found, however, that the best sorts are not the
ones most generally grown and that selection must be made with
regard to the surrounding vegetation and to the particular needs.
It is also to be remembered that what at first appears to be an
undesirable form may become one of the best if given proper
treatment, especially as regards pruning. It is hoped that the
following notes will be of some assistance in these matters, but
the chief aim has been to give an account whereby the different
species may be determined. There is perhaps no group of. orna-
mentals, generally planted in California, in which there is a
greater confusion as to names, and the current horticultural
publications are of but little assistance.

The most elaborate account of this group is to be found in
Bentham's Flora Australiensis, and this work has formed the
basis for my own determinations, aided by more recent scat-
tered papers, a comparison of herbarium specimens from Aus-
tralia, and certain critical notes very kindly supplied by Dr.
J. H. Maiden, the Government Botanist of New South Wales.

The members of the Bottle-brush group are mostly Aus-
tralian trees and shrubs belonging to the Myrtle Family (Myr-
taceae), which may be characterized as follows:

Botanical Description of the Myrtaceae.

Leaves simple, entire, containing oil or resins which are mostly fra-
grant and commonly give a dotted appearance to the leaf: calyx-tube
adnate to the ovary, 4- or 5-toothed, or the teeth wanting: petals as
many as the calyx-teeth, sometimes wanting, sometimes united into a cap
and falling away together: stamens numerous, attached to a disk lining
the calyx-tube and above the ovary: style simple, with a small round or
flat stigma: ovary inferior, mostly 2- to several-celled, maturing into a
capsule which is adnate to the calyx-tube (as a matter of convenience
the term capsule is here used as including both the capsule proper and
the enclosing persistent calyx-tube, the whole constituting the botanical
" fruit"): ovules commonly numerous but the fertile seeds often few.

22 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

In addition to the Bottle-brush group there are a number of
related genera, all members of the Myrtle Family, more or less
common in cultivation. Such are the Eucalypti, of which
something like 100 species are now grown in California. There
is also a genus, Angophora, distinguished from Eucalyptus by
the five small calyx-teeth and colored petals. Angophora lanceo-
lata and A. intermedia, both with ribbed, turbinate capsules, are
grown here. The former is a tree with smooth, deciduous bark,
the latter is a tree with rough, persistent bark. Syncarpia
laurifolia is sometimes mistaken for Eucalyptus but has distinct
petals and the fruits are fused into a small head.

.Tristania conferta is a related tree resembling our native
Madron e in general habit. It has conspicuous flowers with five
petals each and the stamens united into bundles. The Aus-
tralian Brush Cherry (Eugenia), with fleshy, edible fruits, is
also a member of the Myrtaceae. Kunzea is a genus of slender
heath-like shrubs with small leaves, belonging to this family but
seldom seen in cultivation.

Six other genera, all natives of Australia and surrounding
regions, are of especial interest in California gardens and parks.
These constitute what may be considered the Bottle-brush group
and may be distinguished by the following key :

Key to the Genera.
Anthers attached by the middle (leaves various: stamens either united or

distinct).
Flowers in spikes or heads or solitary in the leaf -axils.

Stamens much longer than the petals: flowers in dense clusters.
Filaments not united or only slightly united at the very base

Callistemon (p. 22).

Filaments united into 5 clusters Melaleuca (p. 27).

Stamens shorter than the petals.

Leaves not 1 in. long: flowers not in close heads, white

.-. Leptospermum (p. 35) .

Leaves 2 to 6 in. long: flowers in small close heads, white

Agonis (p. 36).

Flowers in loose terminal cymes Metrosideros (p. 36).

Anthers attached by the base: leaves terete, punctate: stamens red,
united Calothamnus (p. 37) .

CALLISTEMON.

The name Bottle-brush is particularly applicable to this genus
of shrubs, the flowers being arranged in dense cylindrical spikes

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 23

in which the protruding stamens correspond to the bristles of
a brush the handle of which is represented by the woody stem.
"Chimney-sweep" is another suggestive appellation sometimes
used.

Callistemons are favorites in California gardens and deserve
to be even better known. They are perfectly hardy with us,
endure considerable drought, and take kindly to pruning. In
fact, severe autumn pruning is essential if masses, of winter
and spring bloom are desired. By this means the shrubs may
be kept down to almost any desired size, while with but little
pruning they may be allowed to occupy large corners or used
as border shrubs for wide driveways. They are especially rec-
ommended for parks, depot- grounds, schoolyards, cemeteries,
and for large private grounds ; also, for smaller yards, if used
in moderation and kept well pruned. C. Irackyandrus differs
from the other species in being suitable for small grounds and
is one of the very good shrubs that is little known. It is espe-
cially serviceable in adding grace and airiness to an otherwise
somber yard.

The propagation of Bottle-brushes is not difficult. Seed is
formed in abundance and although only a small percentage may
be fertile there is seldom difficulty in getting a good stand.
But seedlings are slow in reaching the flowering stage and be-
cause of this cuttings are commonly used. These should be
taken in spring from ripened wood or at least from wood which
is getting firm at the base. Three or four inches is about the
proper length and propagation is best affected in sand under
glass.

The identification of our garden forms is no easy task, since
there are several apparent hybrids to be taken into account, as
well as numerous cultivated forms. It is also to be remembered
that among nurserymen this genus is occasionally united with
Metrosideros, a union which the botanist cannot countenance.
Since, however, the species names under Metrosideros are but
seldom correctly applied, it would be as well for all interested
to familiarize themselves with the proper names under Calli-
stemon.

24 University of California Publications in Botany. [VoL- 4

Key to the Species of Callistemon grown in California.

A. Stamens % to 1 in. long.

Leaves lanceolate or oblong (mostly % in. or more wide).

Spikes rather loose: leaves with prominent midrib and lateral

nerves 1. C. lanceolatus.

Spikes very dense, more highly colored: leaves thicker and lateral

nerves obscure .— - 2. C. speciosus.

Leaves linear (less than *4 in- wide).

Leaves flat, with prominent midrib, feather-veined 3. C. rigidus.

Leaves channeled above, midrib and lateral veins obscure

A. C. linearis.

B. Stamens % in. or less long.

Leaves flat: stamens pale -—5. C. salignus.

Leaves cylindric: stamens bright red, with yellow anthers ...

6. C. brachyandrus.

Fig. 9. — Callistemon lanceolatus. Fig. 10. — Callistemon speciosus.

1. C. lanceolatus DC. Metrosideros semperflorens Lodd.

A tall shrub with erect or spreading but seldom curved branches:
leaves lanceolate, 1^ to 2% in. long, about % in- wide, sharp-pointed,
midvein and lateral nerves prominent: flower-clusters 2 to 4 in. long,
not so dense as in the next species, bright red (rarely smaller and pale) :
stamens mostly 1 in. long: capsule ovoid, contracted at the summit. Illus-
trations: Fig. 9; Bot. Mag., pi. 260; Cav. Icon., pi. 332; Bailey, fig. 320;
Bot. Cook's First Voy., pi. 108; Maiden, Fl. PL and Ferns of N. S. W.,
pi. 8.

This Bottle-brush is one of the most showy and has entered
into several of the garden hybrids. Although not so "stiff and
rangy as C. rigidus, it requires severe pruning if a compact,
densely flowered shrub is desired. Seldom becomes more than

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 25

8 feet high in California but reaches 30 feet and a trunk diam-
eter of 18 inches in Australia, where the hard and heavy wood
is used for wheelwrights' work and many implements, such as
mallets.

2. C. speciosus DC.

A large shrub or becoming a fair-sized tree: leaves narrowly lanceo-
late, either obtuse or acute, 1% to 4 in. long, about *4 in. broad, with
prominent midrib as in C. lanceolatus but the leaf thicker and the lateral
veins obscure: flowers highly colored, bright red, in very dense clusters
(sometimes 6 in. long in Australia, much shorter with us) : stamens 1
in. long: capsule nearly globose, the summit truncate and but little con-
tracted. Illustrations: Fig. 10; pi. 2; Bot. Mag., pi. 1761; Nicholson, vol. 1,
fig. 327.

This is the most highly colored of all the Callistemons, the
yellow or golden anthers contrasting finely with the dark-red
filaments. With but little training it forms a graceful shrub
with many drooping branchlets, eventually becoming a tree
under favorable conditions. One specimen in Santa Barbara,
now about 20 years old, is 35 or 40 feet high, and receives no
care or irrigation. It has two blooming periods, the best being
in December and January, but the second (May- June) again
covers the tree with gorgeous balls of color suspended on slender
pendant twigs. Numerous named cultural forms are derivatives
of C. speciosus, the differences lying in varying shades of color,
habit, and size.

3. C. rigidus K. Br. C. linearifolius DC.

A stiffly branched shrub, the branches inclined to be longitudinal or
spreading: leaves narrowly linear, rigid, sharp-pointed, 2 to 5 in. long,
about % in. wide, midrib and marginal ribs prominent, cross-nerves
spreading nearly at right angles or hidden by numerous oil-dots: flower-
clusters deep red, large (rarely small and pale) : stamens 1 in. or more
long. Illustrations: Fig. 11; Bot. Eeg., pi. 393; Bot. Cook's First Voy.,
pi. 109.

Perhaps the most common form in California. Begins to
bloom when only a foot or two high, and if left to itself becomes
an ungainly sprawling shrub. Should be frequently pruned
up when young and headed in when older. In this way a round-
topped, compact, densely flowered shrub 6 to 10 feet high may
be obtained.

26 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

4. C. linearis DC.

Scarcely more than a variety of C. rigidus, being the extreme form
with very narrow leaves which are channeled above, and the midvein
quite obscure; fruiting calyx more globular and more contracted at the
opening.

Fig. 11. — Callistemon rigidus.

Fig. 12. — Callistemon salignus.

5. C. salignus DC.

A tall shrub or small tree (6 to 10 ft. high, in Australia reaching 40
or 50 ft.): leaves broadly to narrowly lanceolate, very acute, 1% to 3
in. long, mostly y± to % in. wide, but much narrower in one variety,
very distinctly feather-veined: flower-clusters pale yellow or light pink,
1 to 2 in. long, % to 1 in. wide: stamens % to ^ in. long: capsule nearly
globular, with rather large opening. Illustration: Bot. Mag., pi. 1821.
Var. viridiflorus F. Muell. has leaves only 1 to 2 in. long, thicker, the
veins obscure, rigid and sharp-pointed: flowers larger, greenish yellow:
habit more erect, rigid, and tree-like. Illustrations: Fig. 12; Bot. Mag.,
pi. 2602.

Rare in California gardens and* not especially desirable. The
wood, which is very hard and close-grained, is said to be very
durable underground and to dress admirably. It varies from
a uniform drab color to dark red.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs.

27

Fig. 13.

Callistemon brachyandrus.

6. C. brachyandrus Lindl.

A slenderly branched shrub, the young
shoots softly hairy, the hairs sometimes
persistent and giving the whole shrub a
soft gray tone: leaves rigid, terete, or
slightly flattened or channeled, sharp-
pointed, % to 1^ in. long: flower-cluster
2 or 3 in. long, 1">4 in. wide: stamens about
14 in. long, the deep-red filaments nearly
obscured by the golden-yellow anthers.
Illustration: Elg. 13.

Rare with us but very desirable,
the combination of the slender twigs,
gray foliage, and golden bloom, being
a novelty among Bottle-brushes. Re-
quires frequent heading in for best
results.

MELALEUCA.

This genus of about 100 species includes a majority of the
so-called tea-trees of Australia and many of the shrubs known
in California as Bottle-brushes. The flowers are often arranged
as in Callistemon, which may be considered the true bottle-brush
genus, but the clusters are not so large and showy, except in one
species, Melaleuca hypercifolia. But if Melaleuca lags behind
Callistemon in the matter of brilliant coloring, the various species
exhibit more grace and symmetry of outline, and the available
species are now so numerous that one or more sorts may be
selected for almost any situation.

All of the species here considered are suitable for nearly
any locality in California, being hardy, except in the moun-
tainous districts, and capable of withstanding at least moderate
drought. It must be remembered, however, that the arboreous
species will seldom develop into more than fair-sized shrubs
unless given attention and occasional irrigation, and that a
combination of warm summers and a moist soil are essential to
the luxuriant development sometimes described. So far as I
know, no Melaleuca has yet been killed by frost in California.

For ordinary yard planting the best kinds are M. lateritia
and M. armillaris, the former with brick-red flowers, the latter

28 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 4

slender twigs and very narrow leaves. M. hypericifolia is more
spreading than either of these, has recurved branches, brilliant
red flowers in large clusters, broad leaves, and never attains a
great height. For formal planting M. linariifolia will be found
more suitable, the branches being more nearly erect, more rigid,
and with straight firm leaves of a light-green color. M. styphe-
lioides and M. Huegelii are also formal in their effect and are of
a darker green.

Of the arboreous species, M. leucadendron is in the lead and
is perhaps the only one to be considered for avenue planting.
M. armillaris grows sufficiently high, at least in the south and
when left unpruned, to make a shade for arbors and walks.
M. nesophila and M. ericifolia are also tree-like, the former being
especially good where a mass of ordinary foliage is desired.

As a chaparral covering for our foothills, M. nesophila, M.
decussata, and M. styphelioides are recommended.

Members' of this genus are more resistant to alkali than are
most plants. In Australia M. ericifolia and other species are
used for fixing muddy shores where the water is strongly saline
and M. leucadendron is planted in salt swamps where no Euca-
-lypt will live, being protected by its thick, corky bark. The
thick-barked M. nesophila and M. styphelioides could also be
used in these situations, the former being the most promising
because of its great hardiness and rapidity of growth. Seed-
lings should never be transplanted to saline soil until they have
developed a good root system and are protected by well-formed
bark.

The methods of propagation are the same as given for Calli-
stemons.

Key to the Species of Melaleuca grown in California.
A. Inflorescence a cylindric spike.

Flowers red or scarlet: stamens % in. or more long (except in no. 4).
Leaves opposite: stamen-claw very long.

Midrib prominent; leaves % to % in. wide 1. M. hypericifolia.

Midrib obscure; leaves linear 2. M. fulgens.

Leaves alternate, narrow.

Stamens about % in. long, the claws very short: leaves obscurely

1-nerved or nerveless 3. M. lateritia.

Stamens about % in. long: upper leaves striate with 7 or more
nerves 4. M. genisti folia.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 29

Flowers white, blue, lilac, or pink: stamens under % in.
Leaves mostly opposite.

Calyx ovoid (the base somewhat narrowed) : leaves linear, 1 in. or

more long 5. M. linariifolia.

Calyx with broad base partly embedded in the stems at maturity:

leaves linear, % to % in. long 6. M. decussata.

Leaves mostly alternate or spiral.

Length of leaves mostly exceeding V->. in.

Nerves several and the leaves somewhat striate.

Leaves elliptic to oblong, 2 to 4 in. long.. ..7. M. leucadendron.
Leaves ovate or lanceolate, sharp-pointed, less than 1 in.

long 8. M. styphelioides.

Nerves solitary or obscure, the leaves very narrow and slender

9. M. armillaris.

Length of leaves mostly % in. or less.

Calyx narrowed at base (ovoid) : leaves linear, rigid, straight,

about y2 in. long 10. M. parviflora.

Calyx with broad flat base, partly embedded in stem at maturity.
Leaves ovate with broad base, rigid, scale-like, ^4 in. or

less long 11. M. Huegelii.

Leaves linear, slender, curved 12. M. ericifolia.

B. Inflorescence a terminal globular head, the axis not growing out until

after flowering (except in no. 16).
Stems and leaves glabrous or nearly so.
Flowers pink.

Leaves 14 in. or more wide: capsules in a globose head

13. M. nesophila.

Leaves % in. or less wide: capsules in a cylindric spike or scat-
tered . 6. M. decussata.

Flowers white or yellowish.

Leaves rigid, straight, sharp-pointed 14. M. nodosa.

Leaves lax, curved, scarcely acute 12. M. ericifolia.

Stems or leaves white with a close tomentum.

Leaves about % in. long 15. M. incana.

Leaves minute (less than i/1G in.), scale-like 16. M. micromeria.

1. M. hypericifolia Sm.

A tall glabrous shrub: leaves opposite, lanceolate elliptic or narrowly
oblong, acute or obtuse, % to 1% in. long, % to over % in. wide, the
midrib and numerous dots prominent beneath: flowering spikes of a rich
red, 2 in. long and of the same diameter, forming the bases of leafy
branches: stamens % to 1 in. long, the claw about % in. long and split-
ting into about 20 filaments: capsule sessile by a broad base: seeds
numerous. Illustration: PI. 3, fig. 1.

One of the most showy species and very popular both for its
gorgeous bloom and for the pleasing foliage. Easily mistaken
for a Hypericum when not in flower.

30 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

2. M. fulgens E. Br.

A tall shrub, glabrous throughout: epidermis of the bark peeling off
in strips: leaves mostly opposite, from very narrowly linear to narrowly
lanceolate, acute or obtuse, % to 1 in. long, the midrib very obscure,
usually dark-dotted: flowering spikes of a rich dark red, rather loose
and few-flowered: stamens often 1 in. or more long, the ribbon-like claw
splitting into numerous filaments: capsule cup-shaped, sessile. Illustra-
tions: PI. 3, fig. 4; Bot. Eeg., pi. 103.

Perhaps not grown in California but long known in European
gardens and certain to be introduced here.

3. M. lateritia Otto.

A graceful shrub with numerous slender branches, 6 to 10 ft. high:
bark soft and corky, becoming fibrous: leaves alternate, overlapping,
narrowly linear, acute, % to % in. long, ylG in. wide, apparently nerve-
less: flowering spikes of a rich scarlet color, cylindric, about 2iX> in. long
and l1/^ to 1% in. in diameter, forming the base of leafy branches:
stamens % in. long, very shortly united into 'Clusters of 7 to 11 each:
capsule with broad base somewhat embedded in the stem. Illustration:
PI. 3, fig. 2.

This is one of the most graceful of all the Melaleucas and
with a much more pleasing color than any of the other red-
flowered species, the shade being softer and not so harsh. Little
known. Good examples may be seen at Elysian Park, Los An-
geles, and at Soldiers Home.

4. M. genistifolia Sm.

A tall shrub (attaining 40 ft. in Australia), either glabrous or some-
what pubescent: leaves alternate, lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, rigid,
acute, usually about %.in. long, finely striate (at least the upper ones)
with 7 or more nerves: flowering spikes loose, often leafy, and the axis
usually growing out before the flowers expand: stamens about !/4 in.
long, each claw with numerous filaments: capsule nearly globular, crowned
by the persistent teeth.

Reported from California but not seen by me. In Australia
a tea is made from the leaves.

5. M. linariifolia Sm.

A tall shrub (a large tree in Australia), the young parts a little
pubescent, adult foliage glabrous and pale green: bark soft, shedding in
large flakes: leaves opposite, rigid, linear, tapering to a sharp point,
mostly 1 to 114 in. long, % in. wide, the midrib prominent beneath:

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 31

flowers white (or lilac?), in pairs (this especially distinct in bud), in
dense spikes of 1 to 1% in- in length, these at first terminal but the axis
finally grows out into a leafy branch: stamens % to % in. long, the long
claws emitting short filaments along their entire length: capsule ovoid-
globular, narrowed at base. Illustrations: PI. 3, fig. 3; Cav., Icon., pi.
336 (poor).

Flourishes at Berkeley and at Los Angeles. A rare sort
which should be widely cultivated for its trim habit, pale foliage,
and usually pure-white flowers.

6. M. decussata R. Br.

A large spreading shrub, sometimes 20 ft. high, the branches com-
monly pendulous: bark shreddy: herbage bright green and glabrous
throughout: leaves strictly opposite, elliptic oblong or lanceolate, acute,
or obtuse, narrowed to the base, % to % in. long, nearly % in. wide:
flowers lilac, the buds strictly opposite, the clusters cylindric, 1 in. or
less long, the axis growing out as a leafy shoot, or the clusters globose
and terminal or lateral when the flowers are sterile: stamens % in. long,
shortly united into bundles of 10 to 15 each: capsule partially embedded
in the woody stem. Illustrations: PI. 4, fig. 1; Bot. Mag., pi. 2268.

Common in California gardens but suitable only for large
grounds and parks.

7. M. leucadendron L. M. cajaputi Roxb. CAJUPUT TREE.

PUNK TREE.

A large tree with thick spongy bark which peels off in layers, and
pendulous branchlets, either entirely glabrous or the young shoots silky:
leaves alternate, elliptic or oblong, tapering to each end, usually 2 to 4
in. long (rarely even 8 in.) and % to % in. wide, with 3 to 7 parallel
nerves and numerous cross-veinlets: flowering spikes creamy white (vary-
ing to pink and purple in Australia), 1% to 4 in. long, 1 in. wide, at first
terminal, the axis growing out only after flowering: stamens nearly %
in. long. Illustrations: PI. 4, fig. 3; Cav. Icon., pi. 333 (as Metrosideros
quinquenervia) ; Maiden, Forest FL N. S. W., pi. 15; Bot. Cook's First Voy.,
pi. 112.

This tree, which resembles some of the Acacias, is grown
sparingly in Southern California. The largest specimen (about
20 years old) is at the Coronado Nurseries and measures 40 feet
in height, the trunk is 14 inches in diameter, and the soft bark
% to li/o inches thick. The wood is said to possess ' ' a most
beautiful combination of light and darker shades, which may be
compared in appearance to ripple marks" (Maiden), and to be
hard, heavy, close-grained, and imperishable underground. The

32 University of California Publications in Botany. (TOL- 4

tree withstands the effect of salt water by means of its thick,
impervious bark. The leaves of certain forms yield cajuput oil,
an article of commerce used in medicine.

8. M. styphelioides Sm.

Becoming a tall tree, with thick spongy bark; young shoots and
inflorescence silky, the herbage otherwise glabrous: leaves alternate,
ovate, sessile by a broad base, tapering above to a sharp rigid tip, usually
more or less twisted, % in. long, nearly 14 in. wide, striate with numerous
fine nerves: flower-clusters creamy- white, dense, 1 or 2 in. long, nearly 1
in. wide, the axis growing out before flowering is over: stamens slightly
exceeding 14 in- in length: capsule globular, crowned by the persistent
calyx-teeth. Illustration: PI. 4, fig. 4.

'Cultivated, so far as I know, only around San Diego but
should be more generally used. The largest specimens are now
large shrubs of neat appearance and with much clean, thrifty
growth.

9. M. armillaris Sm.

A tall shrub, of graceful habit, glabrous throughout: bark gray, firm,
furrowed, deciduous in narrow strips: leaves densely clothing the long
slender twigs, alternate, narrowly linear, the tip very slender and usually
curved outward, % to % in. long, less than ylQ in. wide: flower-clusters
white, cylindric, over 2 in. long when well developed, % in. wide, the
axis protruding and leafy before the buds open: stamens *4 in. long, the
ribbon-like claw about as long as the free filaments: capsule with broad
base partly embedded in the stem. Illustrations: PI. 4, fig. 2; pi. 6;
Cav. Icon., pi. 335 (bad) ; Bot. Cook's First Voy., p. 114.

This I consider the best of the white-flowered sorts. Espe-
cially suited to shrubberies and borders of broad walks where
something graceful is desired. By means of a little heading
in it may be made to assume a rounded form with many slender,
drooping branchlets, each densely clothed with the abundant
narrow foliage. This absence of barren twigs and of knotted
fruit-clusters is one of its chief advantages. Specimens have
grown to a height of 7 feet in two years at Santa Barbara, while
shrubs 20 years old at Coronado are only 15 feet high. Much
used at West Lake Park, Los Angeles, often as a shelter for the
park benches. Does fully as well at San Mateo, San Francisco,
etc., but perhaps of slower growth. Said to attain 20 to 30 feet
in Australia. Often called M. alba in California gardens.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 33

10. M. parviflora Lindl. M. Preissiana Schau.

A tree or tall shrub, glabrous or the young parts pubescent: leaves

alternate, thick, rigid, lanceolate or oblong-linear, sharp-pointed, % in.

long or rather less, obscurely if at all nerved: flower-clusters white,

loose, 1 in. or less long, capsule globose (narrowed to the base). Illus-
tration: PI. 5, fig. 1.

A hardy shrub, grown both in central and southern Cali-
fornia, but much surpassed, as regards beauty, by other species.
M. armillaris and M. ericifolia are often erroneously labeled
M. Preissiana in California gardens; but this last name is only
a synonym of M. parviflora.

11. M. Huegelii Endl.

An erect rigid shrub, 6 to 12 ft. high, with firm, pale bark, nearly
glabrous: leaves alternate, spirally arranged and overlapping, strictly
sessile, ovate, contracted above to a sharp point, '^4 in. or less long,
striate with 3 to 7 nerves: flower-clusters white (the buds sometimes
pink), dense, 1 to 5 in. long, about % in. wide, the axis growing out
before the buds open: stamens % in. long, the claw conspicuous and
divided at the end into 7 to 11 filaments: -capsules globular, crowded in
a cylindric spike. Illustration: PL 5, fig. 5.

Frequent in southern California shrubberies where valuable
chiefly because of its oddity. At Soldiers Home many of the
branches fasciate, forming flat, leafy ribbons.

12. M. ericifolia Sm.

A large shrub or small tree, either glabrous or pubescent, the bark
thick and soft: leaves alternate, not rigid, usually recurved from the
middle, narrowly linear or nearly cylindric, rather obtuse, about % in.
long: flowering spikes yellowish-white (there is a roseate variety in
Australia), % to 1 in. long and % in. wide, the rachis soon growing out
and leafy, or the flowers sometimes in nearly globular terminal heads
(staminate): stamens ^4 in- long, the claws conspicuous and with about
7 filaments at the end: capsules truncate, in a dense spike. Illustration:
PL 5, fig. 3.

A slender shrub resembling heath (Erica). Not much used
in California. A few arboreous specimens may be seen on the
lawns near the conservatory of Golden Gate Park, San Francisco.

13. M. nesophila F. Muell.

A glabrous shrub or small tree, attaining 35 ft. in California, with
thick spongy bark which exfoliates in broad strips: leaves alternate,
obovate-oblong, obtuse or with a sharp tip, thick, % to 1 in. long, about

34 University of California Publications in Botany. [VoL- 4

14 in. wide, obscurely 1- or 3-nerved: flowers pink or rose-color, in dense
terminal heads 1 in. or more in diameter, the axis seldom growing out
before flowering is over: claw of the stamens short: capsules smooth,
congested in a globose or ovoid mass. Illustration: PI. 5, fig. 4.

Suitable for parks and other large grounds. A very rapid
grower and makes a fair shade, but the capsules, which form
knot-like excrescences on the exposed branches, are objectionable.

14. M. nodosa Sm.

A tall nearly glabrous shrub: leaves linear or subulate, rigid, straight
and rigidly sharp-pointed, % to % or 1 in. long: flowers pale yellow, in
numerous dense globular clusters which are scarcely y2 in. in diameter,
the axis not growing out until after flowering: capsules in small compact
heads scarcely more than }4 in. across. Illustrations: PI. 5, fig. 2; Cav.
Icon., pi. 334; Bot. Cook's First Voy., pi. 115.

Rare in cultivation. Grown in Golden Gate Park.

15. M, incana E. Br.

A tall shrub, the young twigs and flowering branches ashy with a fine
close pubescence: leaves alternate or sometimes opposite, spreading,

linear to lanceolate, acute, ^4 to % in. long,
hoary with white hairs at least when young,
mostly 1-nerved: flowers yellowish white, in
dense terminal ovoid or oblong spikes about
% in. wide, the axis rarely growing out until
after flowering: stamens shortly united in
bundles of 3 to 9: capsules in dense cylin-
drical spikes % to 1 in. long. Illustrations:
Fig. 14; Bot. Eeg., pi. 410.

Reported as growing in Golden
Gate Park. A beautiful specimen
with pendant twigs may be seen in
the "Arizona Garden," on the Hotel
Fig. 14.— Melaleuca incana. del Monte grounds, Monterey.

16. M. micromeria Schau.

A tall shrub with many short slender branches, covered by a short
close white tomentum which is often concealed by the minute foliage:
leaves exceedingly minute, mostly in whorls of 3, closely appressed to
the stem, ovate, scale-like: flowers in small globular heads about % in.
in diameter: capsules in dense clusters less than % in. across.

Once grown at Santa Barbara by Dr. Franceschi but prob-
ably no longer in cultivation in California.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 35

LEPTOSPEEMUM.

This is a genus of shrubs and small trees, with small, entire,
alternate leaves and mostly white flowers on short lateral
branches. All of our species are from Australia except L. eri-
coides, which is a native of New Zealand, and L. scoparium,
which occurs both in Australia and New Zealand.

The only one to be recommended for general planting is the
well known L. laevigatum, the others being in no way superior
and of value chiefly as novelties. This species, however, grows
rapidly and soon makes a spreading shrub 8 to 12 feet high,
which is laden during the spring months with a profusion of
white bloom. It is particularly adapted to mass planting in
large parks and for filling in unsightly corners. Because of
its drought resistant properties and its rapid growth, it should
be experimented with as a shrub for reforesting purposes in our
foothill districts. In case a larger plant is desired, L. fabricia
may be used, since it is reported as becoming quite arboreous
in Australia. L. flavescens is much grown in Europe and its
var. grandiflorum has flowers of the largest. L. scoparium is
a shrub, rarely attaining 12 feet. When the leaves are exceed-
ingly narrow it is called L. juniperinum. Its flowers are some-
times pink or even red. L. ericoides is one of the "tea trees"
of New Zealand, sometimes growing to a height of 40 to 60 feet,
with a trunk sufficiently large to be used for piling, fence posts,
etc., and would probably grow without care on our lower hills.

Propagation is effected by use of the seeds although these
are not always fertile. Cuttings from young wood are more
satisfactory and are grown under glass. All of the species are
hardy for California and endure drought well.

Key to the cultivated Species of Leptospermum.

A. Ovary and capsule 6- to 10-celled: fertile seeds rather broadly winged.
Calyx glabrous: leaves broad, obtuse, % to 1 in. long: flowers large

1. L. laevigatum Muell.

Calyx villous: otherwise similar 2. L. fabricia Benth.

B. Ovary 5-celled: seeds linear.
Calyx glabrous.

Leaves obtuse; y± to % in. long: flowers of medium size

3. L. flavescens Sm.

36 University of California Publications in Botany. ITOL- 4

Leaves acute, narrow.

Flowers % to % in. across: leaves with rigid tips

4. L. scoparium Forst.

Flowers % in. across: leaves small, dense, heath-like, the tips not

rigid 5. L. ericoides A. Eich.

Calyx pubescent with long hairs.

Calyx broad and obtuse at the base, villous with long hairs: leaves

linear, or elliptic, or obovate, obtuse or with a short sharp tip

6. L. lanigerum Sm.

Calyx attenuate at the base (at least when young), silky with ap-

pressed hairs: leaves small, obovate or oblong

< 7. L. myrtifolium Sieb.

Since only one or two species of Leptospermum are grown
in California to any considerable extent, the detailed botanical
descriptions are omitted.

AGONIS.

One species of Agonis is grown in California, namely A.
flexuosa Schau., of which good examples may be seen in Golden
Gate Park and at Soldiers Home, near Los Angeles. The
shrub is commonly mistaken for a Leptospermum but is much
more graceful in habit and with longer, more slender leaves.
Very serviceable where a pendant effect is desired rather than
a show of bloom.

[ METKOSIDEROS.

This genus includes two magnificent New Zealand trees,
grown in California to a limited extent. They may be known
by their large size, the thick and leathery strictly opposite
leaves, and the rounded, terminal flower-clusters rendered bril-
liant by the profusion of long-exserted, crimson stamens. In
M. robust a A. Cunn. the leaves are glabrous and 1 to 1% inches
long; in M. tomentosa A. Rich, they are usually clothed beneath
with white hairs and are mostly 2 to 4 inches long.

Metrosideros may be used either as an ornamental shrub or
as an avenue tree. It is easily propagated by means of cuttings
since it is disposed to throw out roots, even on the main branches.
In New Zealand ''it commonly commences life as an epiphyte,
in the upper branches of some tall forest tree, sending to the
ground aerial roots which coalesce and form a trunk after the
death of the supporting plant" (Cheeseman).

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 37

These trees are not hardy, and although grown at San
Francisco will not endure a temperature much below the freezing
point.

Several species of Callistemon are known in trade as Metro-
sideros. The so-called M. semperflorens and M. latifolius are
mostly Callistemon lanceolatus. M. speciosus is Callistemon spe-
ciosus.

CALOTHAMNUS.

Although often confused with Melaleuca, this genus is at
once distinguished by the anthers, which are erect and attached
by the very base to the summit of the filament. Our only
common species in cultivation is C. quadrifidus R. Br., of Aus-
tralia, a low shrub with cylindric, punctate leaves and clustered
crimson flowers with long stamens united into bundles. Its
uses and methods of propagation are similar to those given for
Callistemon.

MISCELLANEOUS ORNAMENTALS.

Lyonothamnus floribundus var. asplenifolius Brandegee.

ISLAND IRONWOOD.

An erect, evergreen tree, becoming 75 ft. high, with very heavy and
dark wood and a loose red bark which exfoliates in long ribbon-like
strips: leaves fern-like, opposite, stalked, mostly parted into several nar-
rowly oblong or lanceolate segments, each segment 3 or 4 in. long and
cut to near the midrib into many shield-shaped lobes (mostly simple and
nearly entire in typical L. floribundus), white-tomentose beneath or gla-
brous: flowers white, small, but the clusters dense and 4 to 8 in. across:
sepals and petals 5 each: stamens 15: pistils 2, distinct: seeds usually 4,
minute. Family Eosaceae. Santa Barbara Islands. Illustrations: Fig. 15;
pi. 7; Zoe, i, pi. 5; Sudworth, Forest Trees Pacif. Slope, figs. 154, 155;
Sargent, Silva, pi. 197; Sargent, Man. Trees N. A., fig. 275. -

Lyonothamnus is, in many respects, the most remarkable
contribution that California has made to the world's list of
ornamental trees. It is known native only on Santa Cruz, Santa
Rosa, Santa Catalina, and San Clemente islands, and was first
brought to the mainland in 1894 by Dr. Franceschi, of Santa
Barbara. In that year one live stump and a quantity of seeds
were procured on Santa Cruz Island. The former was planted
on State street, Santa Barbara, where it produced a tree about

38 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

35 feet high in 16 years. Several plants were obtained from
the seed. At least two of these (one on the Gillespie grounds,
Montecito, one at the Cooper Ranch, Elwood) bloomed when
13 years old. Another tree of this same generation is growing
vigorously on the University Campus at Berkeley and now, at
15 years of age, is in bloom for the first time. It measures 45

Fig. 15. — Lyonothamnus floribundus.

feet high, and has a trunk diameter of 10 inches. Because of
its beauty and symmetry, as well as its botanical interest, it is
justly considered the pride of the garden.

The ornamental uses which can be made of this tree are
numerous. It harmonizes well with almost any combination
of surroundings, but is not adapted to small grounds. The tall,
stately habit adds dignity to any environment, while the dense
and gracefully drooping foliage forbids any suggestion of rigid-
ity or coldness, and when covered with the copious white bloom
the tree is certainly a pleasing sight. As a specimen tree for
large grounds, parks, and the like it is unexcelled, particularly

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 39

if plenty of room is given it, in order that there may be a
symmetrical development and that the general outline may be
brought out.

Lyonothamnus is especially recommended as an avenue tree.
The erect habit of growth, moderate spread, and narrow crown,
would combine with the graceful foliage in making an avenue
of these trees one of the most dignified and pleasing drives in
the state. It is hoped that the suppty will soon be sufficiently
adequate to warrant their utilization for this purpose.

Objection has been made to it as a lawn tree because of the
litter produced, but healthy trees cast no appreciable amount
of litter. When grown on lawns, the ground directly under
the tree should be cultivated. The only further objection that
I have heard is that it harbors black scale, this reason being-
given for its scarcity at Los Angeles. This objection, however,
is not a serious one, since black scale is now readily held in
check by certain animal parasites. Trees at Santa Barbara and
at Berkeley are not infested with scale to any noticeable extent.

Concerning the conditions under which Lyonothamnus may
be expected to thrive, we can only say that, so far as tried, there
have been no failures. These trials have been mostly in the
coast districts. The interior may be too dry for its best de-
velopment, but this point has not yet been tested. Perhaps the
best specimen in cultivation is the one on the Reed grounds at
Pasadena, where the summers are quite warm and dry. Its
hardiness is likewise unknown, but temperatures of 25° F: have
not affected the foliage whatever.

In its natural habitat, Lyonothamnus grows on well drained
soil which is moderately mcist. The groves, so far as I have
observed, are always on north slopes, but neither in canon bot-
toms nor on the wind-swept ridges. These groves are of very
limited size, mostly covering less than an acre of land, and of
limited number. Seedlings, moreover, are entirely wanting, all
of the trees being apparently second growth, that is, suckers
from old stumps. Even where the old stumps are not found, the
trees are frequently arranged in an irregular circle, the center
of which was perhaps once occupied by the parent tree. Only
a very small percentage of the seeds are fertile and nurserymen

40 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

who have propagated them have had much difficulty because of
the readiness with which the young seedlings damped off. All
of these facts, together with the isolation of the genus from all
related forms, seem to indicate that we have here a decadent
race, marooned on these few islands where its last stand in the
fight for existence is being made.

That this race of trees will become extinct unless protected
is a certainty. Steps should be taken, either by the State or
Federal Government, to acquire and protect at least a few of
the groves. An important factor in the weakening of this race
is doubtless that of inbreeding. There are apparently no special
devices for cross pollination and, judging from the botanical
characters of the two forms, there is almost certainly no transfer
of pollen from one island to another. If artificial cross polli-
nation were practiced between the typical form and the var.
asplenifolius, a good yield of fertile seed would probably result
and give rise to a stronger race. At least, the experiment should
be made.

Propagation is best effected by seed. These are largely in-
fertile, so that only a small percentage can be expected to germ-
inate. In the past, this seed has all come from Santa Cruz
Island, but cultivated trees at Santa Barbara are now yielding
a more convenient supply. In propagating from seed, great
care must be exercised to see that the seedlings do not damp off
in the early stages. Stumps have been successfully transplanted
but their shipment from the islands is expensive. They may
be divided by splitting, but experience has shown this to be a
precarious proceeding. All attempts at layering and propa-
gation by means of cuttings have failed up to the present time.

Eugenia myrtifolia Sims.2
AUSTRALIAN BRUSH CHERRY.

An evergreen glabrous tree, or shrub-like: leaves opposite, oval or
oblong, narrowed to each end, short-stalked, mostly acute, entire, 1^ to
3 in. long: flowers in loose clusters: calyx-tube top-shaped, the lobes

2 Some confusion has arisen because of the various names applied to
this tree. Eugenia australis Wendl. is exactly the same, according to best
authorities. Jambos myrtifolia Nadz. is the name adopted in Engler and
Prantl 's NaturlichenpflanzenfamiUen.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 41

unequal: petals 4, white, ^4 in- across: stamens numerous: ovary inferior:
style single: fruit red, ovoid, nearly 1 in. long, fleshy, of a pleasing acid
taste. Family Myrtaceae. Australia. Illustrations: PI. 8; Bot. Mag., pi.
2230.

This tree ma}^ be used as a hedge plant, as a shrub for the
lawn or garden, as a specimen tree for large grounds, or as a
street tree, and is perhaps the best of the whole list for general
planting. The habit is dignified, yet graceful and pleasing.
Its leaves are plentiful, clean, glossy, and green. It prunes
well, and so may be molded to harmonize with its surroundings.
Eugenia is hardy for all of the coast district of California,
grows well as far north as Sacramento (and there is no reason
why it should not be used much beyond this latitude), and in
the interior at least as far as Redlands.

When it is desired to form a tall, narrow hedge, the plants
should be set close together. If a shrub is desired, the growth
of several central stems should be encouraged and the head cut
back. Even so it will insist on becoming a tree in favorable
localities, in which case it will be necessary to resort to root
pruning.

Growth is not rapid, although one specimen at Coronado
attained a height of 40 feet in 20 years. At Santa Barbara
a tree 80 feet high was observed, but the age is not known.
On the San Francisco Peninsula it is commonly grown in
masses and therefore remains low. A good example, 20 feet
high, may be seen on the Capitol grounds at Sacramento.

As a street tree, Eugenia myrtifolia would almost certainly
be a splendid success. The difficulty of procuring a large
supply of trees has prevented its use for this purpose, but they
are now sufficiently plentiful to warrant its adoption for some
of our more progressive cities.

Propagation is easily accomplished from seeds, but these
are not to be had in large quantities. Cuttings taken from
firm or partially ripened wood strike without difficulty.

Macadamia ternifolia F. Muell.

AUSTRALIAN NUT.

A slender glabrous tree, becoming 50 ft. high: leaves in whorls of 3
or 4, or the upper ones more scattered, oblong or lanceolate, acutish,

42 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

short-stalked or sessile, serrate with remote sharp slender teeth or entire,
several inches to 1 ft. or more long: flowers small, in long racemes,
growing in pairs on short stalks: ovary simple, developing into a hard-
shelled ovoid nut with a leathery covering. Family Proteaceae. Australia.

Valuable chiefly because of its nuts, this tree also deserves
consideration as an ornamental. It is a clean, straight-growing,
pleasing tree, without objectionable features, and is suggested
as a specimen tree for parks and large gardens and also as a
nut tree, both for commercial plantations and for the home
orchard.

Specimens are growing at San Francisco and Berkeley, but
none* of these have yet blossomed, so far as I am aware. This
may be due to excessive shading or crowding or to unfavorable
soil conditions. At Santa Barbara we find several splendid
trees. One of these, now about five years old, is 15 feet high
and bearing nuts, although it has had no attention. Another,
on the Gillespie grounds at Montecito, is eleven years old and
has borne several crops. This tree, although on poor soil and
much crowded, is now about 50 feet high and still growing.
Some of its branches are 10 feet long, the lower ones sweeping
the ground, the shorter upper ones ascending, the whole ap-
pearance being that of a thrifty, well established specimen, a
credit to any garden.

The flowers appear in December and the blooming period
extends into March, the nuts ripening the next autumn. These
nuts are borne in long, pendant racemes of 6 to 24 nuts each.
Only the larger ones are fertile and the extremely hard shell
renders the cracking of the nuts a difficult operation. They
resemble filberts somewhat in appearance and taste but are said
to excel all other nuts in flavor and to sell in the English market
at $2.50 per pound. In Australia the price averages $1.25 per
pound, when sold for propagation purposes. Australian writers
inform us, further, that the trees are there planted 20 feet
apart, attain a height of 50 feet, come into bearing when seven
years old, and yield 3 to 14 nuts to each raceme. It Avould
seem that some parts of California are fully as well adapted
to the tree as any part of Australia, where the production of
its nuts is considered to be very remunerative.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 43

Maytenus Boaria Mol.
MAYTEN.

A glabrous evergreen tree of graceful habit, 15 to 40 ft. high or more,
the crown broad and spreading, the slender branchlets pendant: leaves
alternate, lanceolate, much narrowed to each end, finely and evenly
serrate, 1 to 1% in. long: flowers small, greenish, in small clusters along
the leafy branchlets, the staminate with calyx-teeth petals and stamens
5 each: capsule splitting into 2 widely spreading valves: seeds with a
scarlet aril. Synonym: M. chilensis DC. Family Celastraceae. Chile,
northern Patagonia, etc. Illustrations: PI. 9; Bot. Eeg., xx, pi. 1702;
Bailey, fig. 1382.

The Chilean Mayten may now be seen at a number of places
in California, and is becoming more and more a favorite. Its
chief claims for consideration are its graceful habit and delicate
smilax-like foliage. Because of the rounded top, pendant twigs,
and modest color, it harmonizes well with other shrubs and trees,
except those of a rigid, pyramidal habit. The twigs have been
used for interior decoration with good results, and when woven
into the meshes of a large net the effect is very suggestive of a
bank of smilax.

This tree endures pruning well and when the lower branches
are removed makes a fair shade tree, where the densest of shade
is not desired. It is well adapted to lawn planting and is most
beautiful when the branches are allowed to sweep the sward.
Being a slow grower it is well adapted to places where tall
trees are objectionable, and by occasionally removing the top-
most growths, it may be kept as a shrub for 10 or 15 years. A
lawn specimen in Berkeley has grown to a height of 15 feet in
7 years, while trees about 20 years old are 30 to 35 feet high.
At Pasadena one of these plants grew 12 feet in 3 years.

Although seldom seen as a street tree, there is little doubt
that the Mayten will prove itself useful for this purpose on
rather wide streets where evergreens are desired. It will need
attention, however, to prevent the central shaft from dividing
into several branches. All but one of these should be removed
as soon as formed.

The Mayten flourishes equally well in middle and in Southern
California, along the coast and in the interior. It is propa-
gated from cuttings taken in the fall, or from seed. Volunteer

44 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4.

seedlings are not uncommon under old trees and root-suckers
also appear in some cases.

Roupala Pohlii Meisn.

ROUPALA.

•»

A tall narrow evergreen tree with smooth gray and somewhat mot-
tled bark, the young shoots and leaves rusty with numerous woolly hairs,
the mature foliage glabrous, glossy and dark green: leaves compound,
1 ft. or more long; leaflets 5 to 8 pairs, short-stalked, ovate, acuminate,
oblique at base, 4 or 5 in. long, about 2 in. broad, coarsely toothed:
flowers yellowish, in erect racemes which are 3 to 5 in. long: perianth
with -4 narrow lobes: ovary and style single: fruit a hard 2-valved
capsule. Synonym: E. corcovadensis Hort. Family Proteaceae. Brazil.
Illustration: Bot. Mag., pi. 6095.

Of the three or four specimens in California of this strik-
ingly handsome plant, the finest is perhaps the tree on the Gil-
lespie place at Montecito, near Santa Barbara. This is now
13 years old, but was once broken off by the wind; the present
height of 30 feet represents the growth of about 7 years.

The foliage of this tree is unlike that of any other and
constitutes its chief charm. The long, compound leaves curve
gracefully outward, many of them becoming pendant, and thus
the tree is clothed with a shining mantle of green. The young
shoots, bronzed throughout with a soft, rusty tomentum, add
color to the foliage during the spring months.

Roupala is a tree for only a few gardens, being somewhat
sensitive to frost and easily broken by winds. A warm, shel-
tered place should therefore be chosen. It is, moreover, difficult
to procure. Experiments with cuttings have so far failed and
seeds can be had only by importation from Brazil, Further
trials with cuttings should be made, since this method is appar-
ently successful in England, the cuttings being "inserted in
sand, under glass, with bottom heat" (Nicholson).

Choisya ternata HBK.

CHOISYA.

A compact free-blooming bush, 3 to 5 ft. high (said to reach 10 ft.
when trained against warm walls), the young parts minutely hairy:
leaves opposite, compound, the common petiole i/2 to 2 in. long; leaflets

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 45

3, narrowly obovate, obtuse, tapering to a sessile base, entire, 1^ to
2l/2 in. long, marked with minute oil-dots: flowers white, % in. across,
in forking terminal clusters: sepals and petals 5 each: stamens 10: pistil
solitary. Family Kutaceae. Mexico. Illustrations: PI. 10; HBK. Nov.
Gen. et Sp., pi. 513.

Choisya ternata is perhaps the most desirable small shrub
now grown in California, one which has been thoroughly tested
in a variety of situations, and yet it is scarcely known outside
of a few parks and a limited number of private gardens. It
is exceedingly neat and trim in appearance, round-topped, and
the leaves are of that smooth, glossy texture which easily sheds
dust and keeps clean even through a long, dry summer. The
blossoms, comparable to those of the orange but scarcely frag-
rant, occur in abundance, five or six "crops" appearing each
year, at least when grown in warm situations near the sea.
The flowers appear in greatest abundance, however, during the
early spring months. Although a native of Mexico, it grows
only at considerable altitudes in that republic, and flourishes
in California both along the coast and in the interior, from
San Diego to San Francisco, and would undoubtedly do well
much farther north. It has been known to endure a minimum
temperatiire of 10° F.

Choisya is recommended for small lawns and yards, espe-
cially for city lots and for interior courts. In Golden Gate
Park, San Francisco, it is used to good effect in masses, one
planting of some 200 specimens being especially pleasing when
in full bloom. This shrub is said to be grown in England as a
hedge plant, such hedges being as broad as high, round-topped,
and quite satisfactory whether in flower or only in foliage.

Propagation is by means of cuttings taken between the
periods of bloom. Fertile seeds rarely form on cultivated plants,
and their importation is impracticable. Choisya was first de-
scribed from cultivated plants whose exact origin was unknown.
It has since been discovered in the vicinity of San Luis Tultit-
lanapa, near Oaxaca, and elsewhere in Mexico.

46 University of California Publications in Botany. LVoL- 4

Streptosolen Jamesonii Miers.
STREPTOSOLEN.

An evergreen rough-pubescent shrub, usually 3 to 6 ft. high: leaves
short-stalked, oval, narrowed to each end, entire, % to 1% in. long:
flowers showy, rich orange, in loose terminal clusters: calyx tubular,
5-toothed: corolla tubular-campanulate, 5-lobed, 1 in. long, % to % in.
wide across the expanded limb, the tube twisted below: perfect stamens
4: capsule 4-lobed. Synonym: Browallia Jamesonii Hort. Family Solan-
aceae. U. S. of Columbia. Illustrations: Bot. Mag., pi. 4605; Bailey,
fig. 2436.

Commonly grown as a flowering shrub, Streptosolen is equally-
satisfactory when trained against walls or on a trellis, since in
habit it is half-climbing. Left to itself it spreads out into
irregular but graceful masses 15 or 20 feet across and 4 to 6
feet high; if taken in hand when young and carefully pruned
it may be made to assume an upright form with a more or less
distinct trunk, and has been trained on walls to heights of 10
feet or more. Whatever the habit, it blooms profusely at all
seasons and is especially adapted to situations calling for masses
of color during the winter months. Partial shade does not
seem to discourage this shrub, for in San Mateo County I have
seen it blooming profusely beneath oak trees in April. A light
soil is necessary for its best development. It is therefore rec-
ommended for almost any situation where the color harmonizes
with its surroundings and where the temperature does not fall
much below the freezing point. It might well replace much of
the Lantana so commonly grown in California.

It must be remembered, however, that Streptosolen is a
tender plant. It sometimes freezes in the San Francisco Bay
district, but only when grown on low ground. In the coastal
region from San Luis Obispo south it is perfectly safe except
in the coldest situations. It is used as far inland as Redlands,
but at that place it is necessary to select warm situations.

Cuttings grow readily and afford a very satisfactory method
of propagation. In England cuttings are struck in the spring
and grown in 10-inch pots without pinching, the result being
tall plants for the greenhouse, clothed with fine trusses of bloom
during the winter months. (See further in Gardeners' Chron-
icle, ser. 3, xxxi, 84 and xxxvii, 375;)

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 47

Solanum Rantonnetii Carr.
BLUE-FLOWERED SOLANUM.

An erect bushy plant, 4 to 10 ft. high, or may be trained as a vine
to 15 ft.: leaves soft with microscopic hairs, alternate, lanceolate, nar-
rowed to each end, entire, very variable in siee: flowers slender-stalked,
violet-blue, nearly 1 in. across: calyx 5-toothed: corolla rotate, 5-angled:
stamens 5, attached to the corolla, the anthers oblong and connivent:
fruit a 2-celled berry, red, drooping, very ornamental, many-seeded.
Family Solanaceae. Paraguay and Argentine. Illustration: PI. 11, fig. 1.

This plant, which may be considered either as a shrub or as
a vine, depending upon the method of pruning, is being success-
fully grown in a number of southern California gardens. It
is recommended for situations where a mass of blue color is
desired at all seasons of the year, since it is a continuous as well
as a profuse bloomer, the flowers forming in clusters over nearly
all the exposed area.

The growth is rapid and a single vine has been known to
make an almost solid wall 15 feet long by 12 feet high. Its
effectiveness is increased by planting with it some yellow-
flowered vine.

When treated as a shrub, Solanum Rantonnetii produces a
solid mass of foliage and many flowers. For this purpose the
lower branches should be pruned back and the whole plant
headed in occasionally. Only moderate irrigation is to be prac-
ticed if an abundance of bloom is desired, since ordinary water-
ing, such as is given to most shrubs, has a tendency to check
its flowering proclivities. It is eminently adapted to dry situ-
ations.

Propagation is easily accomplished by means of cuttings.
It also comes readily from seed.

Other species of Solanum are better known in cultivation.
S. jasminoides, often called "potato vine," is the most popular.
It is noted for its large clusters of white flowers, but sometimes
has a tendency to cast its leaves and thus become ragged or
twiggy.

Buddleia madagascariensis Lam.
MADAGASCAR BUDDLEIA.

A loose straggling shrub (but easily controlled by pruning), becoming
15 to 20 ft. high, the stems petioles pedicels and under surface of the

48 University of California Publications in Botany. [VOL. 4

leaves clothed with a dense rusty tomentum: leaves green above, oppo-
site, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, tapering or rounded to short stalks,
entire or nearly so, often 6 in. long: flowers fragrant, of a yellowish
orange color, borne in long slender trusses which are frequently pendant:
calyx shortly 4-toothed: corolla funnel-shaped, the tube about % in. long,
cottony, the 4 lobes short and roundish: stamens 4, inserted at the mouth
of the corolla-tube: style single, as long as the stamens: berries of a
beautiful translucent blue color. Family Loganiaceae. Madagascar.
Illustrations: Bot. Keg., xv, pi. 1259; Bot. Mag., pi. 2824.

This Buddleia is cultivated only to a limited extent in Cali-
fornia, where it was first introduced by Dr. Franceschi, of
Santa Barbara. It may be either trained into an erect, bushy
form, or allowed to clamber over other plants, rockeries, or
unsightly objects. As a matter of fact, this latter is perhaps
its most important use, since it is too coarse for ordinary ' ' front-
yard" planting and the old flowers, drying to a disagreeable
brown, persist long after they have ceased to be ornamental.
For certain positions, however, such as filling up odd corners,
covering an unsightly water-tank or shed, etc., nothing is more
satisfactory.

It is most effective when trained up so that the branches
clear the ground; the rounded tops when properly supported
may then attain a height of 20 feet and give a spread fully as
great.

The growth is rapid and the long, drooping branches, densely
clothed with the ashy-gray leaves, present a pleasing sight, to
which is added, during the spring and summer months, the
brilliancy of the yellow flowers borne profusely in long panicles.
These are followed in autumn by the blue berries. The plant
is perfectly hardy throughout western California.

Three other species of Buddleia are cultivated in California.
The more common of these is B. globosa, a low bush with yellow
flowers in globular heads. It is a serviceable bedding plant,
much used throughout the state and easily grown, but with no
special features to commend it. (See Bot. Mag., pi. 174.)

B. Lindleyana is less generally known but has the most beau-
tiful flowers of all. They are of a royal purple color and vel-
vety on the inner surface, in long racemes or panicles, the lower
ones dropping off as new buds open. Leaves green on both
sides. Half deciduous but hardy and should be freely used.
(See Bot. Reg., xxxii, pi. 4.)

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 49

B. variabilis may be known by its coarsely serrate leaves,
white-cottony beneath, and by the glabrous corolla, which is lilac
with an orange-yellow mouth. Rare in California but grown
at Goleta and Hollywood. Hardy and a very desirable sort.
The var. Veitchiana is said to be superior even to the typical
form. (See Bot. Mag., pi. 7609.)

The propagation of Buddleias is best carried out by the use
of cuttings. This is particularly important if it is desired to
exactly reproduce any special form. Such a case is a strain of
B. madagascariensis which has yellow tomentum and more flow-
ers than the ordinary sort, but does not come true to seed.
When trimmed back they branch freely and put out numerous
shoots. B. globosa is almost weed-like in this respect and sprouts
up even if cut back to the root.

Acokanthera spectabilis Benth.

WlNTERSWEET.

A trim erect shrub of columnar habit, 4 to 6 ft. high, glabrous almost
throughout: leaves leathery, shining above, opposite or alternate, elliptic
or broadly lanceolate, very acute, short-stalked, entire, 3 or 4 in. long:
flowers jasmine-scented, white tinged with rose or suffused with pink,
in dense terminal and axillary clusters, withering-persistent: calyx short,
5-cleft: corolla minutely pubescent without, slenderly tubular, about 1
in. long, the limb parted into 5 lanceolate or ovate lobes: stamens and
style included: fruit berry-like, nearly black, the size of a plum. Syn-
onym: Toxicophlaea spectabilis. Family Apocynaceae. South Africa.
Illustration: Bot. Mag., pi. 6359.

In this shrub we find a true aristocrat. It carries itself
with pride and dignity, and like many another exotic which, in
the eastern states, demands the solicitude of hot-house culture,
is easily grown in southern California as a yard-plant.

Because of its moderate size and slender habit, the Winter-
sweet is eminently adapted to small yards and lawns. It can
be used to good effect in formal planting, either singly or in
rows. For this purpose it is much more effective than the
European Bay so often used.

Commonly clothed with a rather dense foliage, it is found
that in some situations this shrub has a tendency to cast many
of its leaves. In this case the twiggy appearance may be rem-

50 University of California Publications in Botany. tv°L- 4

edied by pruning back, thus inducing a growth of new foliage.
The flowers are neat and pretty but are withering-persistent.
If one is not content to wait a few weeks for them to fall they
may easily be plucked by hand (since they grow in clusters) or
knocked off with a rake. The fruit is presumably poisonous
but it is also exceedingly bitter, so that there is no danger of its
being eaten by children or domestic animals. The bark is well
known to yield a virulent poison.

The minimum temperature which this plant will endure has
not been definitely determined, but it is probably not far below
the freezing point. It passes safely through the winters at
Santa Barbara and Los Angeles and should be tried on a small
scale farther inland and in middle California. It is indifferent
to neglect and lack of irrigation.

Propagation is readily effected by seeds. Cuttings are rooted
without difficulty.

Feijoa Sellowiana Berg.
FEIJOA.

An erect shrub or small tree, with brown bark: leaves opposite, thick,
2 or 3 in. long and half as broad, oblong, obtuse, short-stemmed, deep
green and shining above, white-tomentose beneath: flowers solitary, ax-
illary, iy2 or 2 in. broad, the flower-stalk 1 in. long: calyx-lobes orbic-
ular, reflexed: petals 5, orbicular, spreading, internally blood-red with
white margins: stamens numerous, red, the anthers yellow: ovary in-
ferior, 4-celled: fruit oblong, 2 in. long, many-seeded, yellowish green,
fleshy, very aromatic. Family Myrtaceae. Southern Brazil, Uruguay,
etc. Illustrations: PI. 11, fig. 2; Bot. Mag., pi. 7620; Gard. Chron., ser.
3, xxiv, fig. 134.

In speaking of ornamental shrubs for California, mention
should perhaps be made of this South American fruit, since it
is highly ornamental as well as useful. This is not the place
to speak of its economic features, but those who are interested
in the introduction of new, high-class, money-making fruits, will
do well to give attention to the Feijoa, which is certain to be-
come very popular.

The beauty of this shrub lies in its foliage and flowers. The
green upper surface of the leaves contrasts finely with the white
lower surface, and the parti-colored flowers are strikingly hand-
some and unusual both in color and form.

1910] Hall: Studies in Ornamental Trees and Shrubs. 51

Feijoa is much more hardy than the orange, and so may be
grown in most of the settled portions of our state. It is not
particular as to soil and apparently endures a moderate amount
of drought. (See further account in Pacific Garden for June,
1908, and for July, 1909.)

INDEX.

Acokanthera spectabilis, 49.
Agonis flexuosa, 36.
Angophora intermedia, 22.

lanceolata, 22.
Bottle-brush, 21, 22, 27.
Box, Victorian, 10.
Browallia Jamesonii, 46.
Buddleia globosa, 48, 49.

Lindleyana, 48.

Madagascariensis, 47, 49.

variabilis, 49.

var. Veitchiana, 49.
Buddleia, Madagascar, 48.
Cajuput Tree, 31.
Callistemon, 22.

brachyandrus, 27; 23.

lanceolatus, 24.

linearifolius, 25.

linearis, 26.

rigidus, 25.

salignus, 26.

var. viridiflorus, 26.

speciosus, 25.

Calothamnus quadrifidus, 37.
Chimney-sweep, 23.
Choisya, 44.
Choisya ternata, 44.
Eurgenia australis, 40.

myrtifolia, 40.
Feijoa, 50.

Feijoa Sellowiana, 50; 2.
Hakea, 14.

acicularis, 19.

elliptica, 18; 17.

eucalyptoides, 17.

gibbosa, 20.

laurina, 17, 18.

multilineata, 18.

nitida, 16.

pectinata, 19.

pugioniformis, 20.

saligna, 15, 16.

suaveolens, 19, 20.

ulicina, 18, 19.

undulata, 18, 19.
Ironwood, Island, 37.
Jambos myrtifolia, 40.
Karo, 8.
Kunzea, 22.
Leptospermum, 35.

ericoides, 35, 36.

fabricia, 35.

flavescens. 35.

var. grandiflorum, 35.

juniperinum, 35.

laevigatum, 35.

lanigerum, 36.

myrtifolium, 36.

scoparium, 35, 36.
Lyonothamnus floribundus, 37.

var. asplenifolius, 37.
Macadamia ternifolia, 41; 2.
Mayten, 43.
Maytenus Boaria, 43.

chilensis, 43.
Melaleuca, 27.

alba, 32.

armillaris, 32; 27, 28, 33.

cajaputi, 31.

decussata, 31; 28.

ericifolia, 33; 28.

fulgens, 30.

genistifolia, 30.

Huegelii, 33; 28.

hypericifolia, 29; 27, 28.

incana, 34.

lateritia, 30; 27.

leucadendron, 31; 28.

linariifolia, 30; 28.

micromeria, 34.

nesophila, 33; 28.

nodo'sa, 34.

parviflora, 33.

Preissiana, 33.

styphelioides, 32; 28.
Metrosideros, 36, 23.

latifolius, 37.

robusta, 36.

semperflorens, 24, 37.

tomentosa, 36.
Myrtaceae, Botanical description,

21.

Myrtle Family, 21.
Nut, Australian, 40.
Pittosporum, 4, 6.

bicolor, 13.

crassifolium, 8; 5, 9.

eriocarpum, 12; 5.

eugenioides, 10; 4.

Fairchildii, 9.

hawaiiense, 12.

heterophyllum, 11; 5.

nigricans, 7.

phillyraeoides, 13; 4, 5.

[52]

Index.

53

Ealphii, 8.

revolutum, 12.

rhombifolium, 11; 4.

sinense, 9.

tenuifolium, 7; 5.

tetraspermum, 10.

Tobira, 9; 5.

var. variegata, 9.

undulatum, 10; 4, 5.

viridiflorum, 9.
Pittosporum, Green-flowered, 9.

Japanese, 9.

Madras, 10.

Narrow-leaved, 13.

Queensland, 11.
Punk Tree, 31.

Eoupala, 44.
Roupala Pohlii, 44.
Solanum jasminoides, 47.

Eantonnetii, 47.
Solanum, Blue-flowered, 47.
Streptosolen, 46.
Streptosolen Jamesonii, 46.
Syncarpia laurifolia, 22.
Tarata, 10.
Tea-tree, 27, 35.
Tobira, 9.

Toxicophlaea spectabilis, 49.
Tristania conferta, 22.
Victorian Box, 10.
Wintersweet, 49.

PLATE 1.

Pittosporum phillyraeoides DC. NARROW-LEAVED PITTOSPORUM.

A tree grown at Santa Barbara, California, in a neglected corner.
The pendant habit is characteristic and the leaves persistent. Flowers
yellowish, inconspicuous.

[54]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. BOT. VOL. 4

[HALL] PLATE

PLATE 2.

Callistemon speciosus DC.

A tree growing in Santa Barbara, California. About twenty years
old, forty feet high. Usually only a bush in California. Flower-clusters
bright red, large, pendant.

[56]

UNIV, CALIF. PUBL. BOT. VOL, 4

[HALL] PLATE 2

PLATE 3.

1. Melaleuca hypericifolia Sin.

a. Flower-cluster. (One-half natural size.)
&. Cluster of old capsules. (Reduced.)

c. Fascicle of stamens. (Somewhat enlarged.)

2. Melaleuca lateritia Otto.

'a. Flowering branch. (One-half natural size.)

b. Spike of old capsules, showing the spiral arrangement. (One-half
natural size.)

c. Four old capsules. (About natural size.)

d. Flower. (Enlarged to one and one-third natural size.)

3. Melaleuca linariifolia Sm.

a. Flowering branch. (About natural size.)

b. Branch terminated by five spikes of unopened buds, old capsules
below. (About one-half natural size.)

c. Flower. (Enlarged.)

d. Old capsules. (About natural size.)

4. Melaleuca fulgens E. Br.

a. Branch, showing flower-cluster and a spike of unopened buds.

b. Flower dissected vertically.

c. Pistil.

All drawn from nature by Mrs. Louise Nash, except figure 4, which is
from Lindley's Botanical Register, plate 103.

[58]

UNIV. CALIF, PUBL. BOT. VOL. 4

[HALL] PLATE 3

PLATE 4.

1. Melaleuca decussata R. Br.

a. Flowering branch. (Natural size.)

&. Branch with unopened buds showing the decussate arrangement.

c. Flower. (Enlarged.)

d. Petal and a fascicle of nine stamens. (Enlarged.)

e. Twig with old capsules and scars of fallen capsules. (Somewhat
reduced.)

2. Melaleuca armillaris Sm.

a. Flowering branch. (Eeduced to one-half natural size.)
fe. Cluster of old capsules. (Nearly natural size.)

c. Leafy branch and cluster of buds with their subtending bracts.
(About natural size.)

d. Flower. (Enlarged.)

e. Petal and fascicle of nine stamens. (Enlarged.)

3. Melaleuca leucadendrcn L. CAJUPUT TREE.

a. Flowering branch, with capsules of the previous year below. (One-
half natural size.)

fc. Three capsules. (Enlarged.)

c. Leaf, showing the venation. (One-half natural size.)

d. Flower. (Enlarged.)

4. Melaleuca styphelioides Sm.

a. Flowering branch. (Natural size.)

b. Branch with unopened buds and a few bracts. (Natural size.)

c. Portion of stem showing the pubescence, and leaf with veins.
(Nearly twice natural size.)

d. Flower. (Enlarged.)

All of the figures drawn by Mrs. Louise Nash.

[60]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. BOT. VOL 4

[HALL] PLATE 4

PLATE 5.

1. Melaleuca parviflora Lindl.

a. Flowering branch. (A little more than natural size.)

6. Section of the stem with basal portion of three leaves. (Enlarged.)

c. Single flower. (Enlarged.)

d. Stem with young capsules and a few persistent leaves. (Enlarged.)

e. Old capsules on a stem from which all of the leaves have fallen.
(Enlarged.)

2. Melaleuca nodosa Sm.

a. Flowering branch with capsules of the previous year at the base.
(Natural size.)

fc. Single flower. (Enlarged.)

c. Cluster of six stamens. (Enlarged.)

d. Leaf, showing the oil-dots. (Enlarged.)

3. Melaleuca ericifolia Sm.

a. Branch, showing capsules of the year on the upper portion, and a
•cluster of older capsules below. (Natural size.)

b. Capsule seen from above. (Enlarged.)

4. Melaleuca nesophila F. Muell.

a. Flowering branch with a cluster of capsules of the previous year
at the base. (Keduced to three-fourths natural size.)

b. Fascicle of nine stamens. (Enlarged.)

5. Melaleuca Huegelii Endl.

a. Flowering branch with some unopened buds above, and a spike of
buds to the right. (About one-half natural size.)
ft. Flower. (Enlarged.)

c. Portion of stem showing the appressed leaves. (Enlarged.)

d. Old capsules massed about the stem. (Reduced.)

e. Three capsules. (Enlarged.)

All of the figures drawn by Mrs. Louise Nash.

[62]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. BOT. VOL. 4

[HALL] PLATE 5

PLATE 6.

Melaleuca armillaris Sm.

A vigorous specimen seven feet high, only two years old, bearing
many pendant clusters of white flowers. Grown in Santa Barbara,
California.

[64]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL. BOT. VOL. 4

[HALL] PLATE 6

PLATE 7.

Lyonothamnus floribundus var. asplenifolius Brandegee. ISLAND IRON-
WOOD.

Forty-five feet high, trunk diameter ten inches, age fifteen years.
Grown in the Botanic Gardens, Berkeley, California, from seed brought
from Santa Cruz Island by Dr. Franceschi.

[66]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL, BOT. VOL. 4

[HALL] PLATE 7

PLATE 8.

Eugenia rnyrtifolia Sims. AUSTRALIAN BRUSH CHERRY.

Thirty feet high, trunk diameter eight inches, age fourteen years.
Grown in Berkeley, California, in clay soil. Foliage evergreen, smooth
and shining, with a pink tinge when young, becoming green as it matures.
Flowers white, not conspicuous, followed by pinkish-green berries.

[68]

UNiV. CALIF. PUBL BOT. VOL. 4

[HALL] PLATE 8

PLATE 9.

Maytenus Boaria Mol. MAYTEN.

A young tree of somewhat irregular growth. The pendant branches
characteristic. Flowers inconspicuous. Grown in the Botanic Gardens,
Berkeley, California. Valuable as a lawn tree and for avenue planting
where an evergreen is desired.

[70]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL, BOT. VOL. 4

[HALL] PLATE 9

PLATE 10.

Choisya ternata HBK. CHOISYA.

A typical plant, grown on the grounds of Hotel del Monte, California.
Height five feet. Flowers white, occurring throughout most of the year,
the photograph taken in April. Leaves ternately compound, green,
smooth, and glossy.

[72]

PLATE 11.

1. Solanum Rantonnetii Carr. BLUE-FLOWERED SOLANUM.

Branch taken from a vine twelve feet high, grown at Santa Barbara,
California. Often trained as a flowering shrub and usually more florif-
erous than shown in this illustration. Flowers violet-blue.

2. Feijoa Sellowiana Berg. FEIJOA.

Flowering branch from a plant grown at Pasadena, California. Petals
red, the inrolled margins white. Leaves green above, white-silky be-
neath. The plant is a tall shrub, grown as an ornamental and also for its
perfumed fruits.

[74]

UNIV. CALIF. PUBL, BOT. VOL. 4

[HALLJ PLATE

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