TR-150
TECHNICAL REPORT
SUBMARINE SEDIMENT DATA COLLECTION
AND MANAGEMENT AT THE
U.S. NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE
JOHN K. DUNCAN
Environment Branch
Oceanographic Analysis Division
Marine Sciences Department
AUGUST 1964
roe
; MoE U.S. NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE
ho. 12-150 WASHINGTON, D. C. 20390
Price 75 cents
ABSTRACT
This report has been prepared for the use of persons studying
the composition of the sea bottom. It describes the source,
type, quantity, and geographic distribution of bottom sediment
information available at the U.S. Naval Oceanographic Office
and lists the principal types of charts which can be prepared
from such information. It also describes the forms in which
bottom sediment data appear and discusses their relative re-
liability in terms of the sampling device employed, the type of
analysis made, and the classification or description of the
sediment. Furthermore, this report describes the filing system
used to organize, control, maintain, and retrieve the data.
FOREWORD
This technical report discusses the collection, use, relative
reliability, and control of submarine sediment data at the U. S. Naval
Oceanographic Office. Data sources are listed and their geographic
distribution charted by one-degree quadrangles.
DENYS W. KNOLL
Rear Admiral, U. S. Navy
Commander
U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page
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II. Major Sources of Submarine Sediment Data ..... 5 0 1
Mnanpublished Survey, Data: yo. sea el cee sia te See 1
B. Published Survey or Laboratory Data. ....... . 2
CreNauticaleG arts: 5... ) she) tsi w te) eel) ss ce ce 3
III. Bottom Sediment Chart Compilation ....... 5 O-comd 4
IV. Relative Reliability of Data ....... a lo Olko sake Oo 5
V. Collection, Filing, and Control of Bottom
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LIST OF FIGURES
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U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office Sediment
Analysis Summary
Sample Analysis Emphasizing Water Content.
. Sample Classification Reported by an Italian Source .
. Biological and Mineral Composition of a Sample
Reported by British Source. ......
. Description and Grain Size Distribution of a Sample
Reported by a Swedish Source
. Description, Grain Size, and Organic Composition of a
Sample Translated from a Russian Source .
. Example of a Detailed Description of a Surface
Sediment Sample Reported in a Portuguese
IPWISICAEO “5 oo 5 6504600 560000060
. Example of Field Classification and Chemical Analysis
of a Core Reported in a Russian Publication .
. Example of Biological or Micropaleontologic Analysis of
a Sediment Sample...
Description and Phi Grain Size Distribution
OH 6, GOpe Serle 5 6 656 5615 6 0
Sample Description Reported in French.
‘Brief Field Classification of a Core Sample
Example of Graphic Representation of Core Analysis
Ten-degree Divisions of Marsden Squares
Five. and One-degree Divisions of Marsden Squares,
Eastern North Atlantic Ocean - Distribution of
Submarine Sediment Sample Analyses ......... oa
vi
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Western North Atlantic Ocean - Distribution of Submarine
Sediment Sample Analyses
South Atlantic Ocean - Distribution of Submarine
Sediment Sample Analyses
Eastern North Pacific Ocean — Distribution
of Submarine Sediment Sample Analyses.
Western North Pacific Ocean - Distribution
of Submarine Sediment Sample Analyses .
Eastern South Pacific Ocean - Distribution
of Submarine Sediment Sample Analyses.....
Western South Pacific Ocean ~ Distribution
of Submarine Sediment Sample Analyses .
Indian Ocean - Distributuon of Submarine Sediment
Sample Analyses.
Arctic Ocean ~ Distribution of Submarine Sediment
Sample Analyses.
Seas around Antarctica - Distribution of Submarine
Sediment Sample Analyses
TABLE
Variation of Area of 1° Quadrangles with Latitude
vii
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SUBMARINE SEDIMENT DATA COLLECTION AND MANAGEMENT AT
THE U. S. NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE
I. Introduction
The primary purpose of establishing a bottom sediment data file
is to collect in one place all pertinent data in a form suitable for rapid
sorting and retrieval. It also unites on one card or series of cards all
of the information describing a particular sample or locations, since
the data may be scattered widely through many publications.
II. Major Sources of Submarine Sediment Data
There are three principal sources of bottom sediment information;
unpublished survey data; published survey or laboratory data reports
and data reported in the scientific literature, or in research reports;
and nautical charts.
A. Unpublished Survey Data
Unpublished survey data are the most difficult tolocate, acquire,
or use, Their existence is discovered, often by hearsay, by personal
contact with researchers in the field, and by conscientious and constant
perusal of the scientific literature for clues. Careful search for the
location of unpublished data and lengthy correspondence with the
Owners are usually required before they can be borrowed or copied.
Finally, since such data often are incompletely analyzed, unchecked,
handwritten and often illegible, and unsummarized, considerable labor
and expense are required to put them in intelligible and usable form.
The information about a single sample often is scattered through a
large number of laboratory analysis sheets, each reporting a single
operation or type of analysis such as organic carbon analysis; pipette
division of the fine fractions; sieve separation of the coarse grains;
mineral separation and identification; indentification of foraminifera;
measurements of wet density, plasticity, shear strength, chemical
composition, and radioactivity; and many- others. The field description,
geographic location, water depth, andtype of sampler often are recorded
on separate forms. The great difficulty of acquiring and processing
such unpublished data, except those available from Oceanographic
Office surveys, has caused effort to be concentrated primarily on
published data.
B. Published Survey or Laboratory Data
Descriptions and analyses of large numbers of sediment
samples appear in scientific journals, cruise reports, progress reports
of research contracts, and published data reports. Data are reported
in an infinite variety of tables, lists, graphs, histograms, profiles,
sections, summaries, and descriptions. The reported data often are
incompatible because they have been derived through many different
methods of analysis and are described in terms of different systems of
classification and units of weights and measurement. One example is
the basic classification of sediments in terms of mud, sand, gravel,
and rock which is subject to the following difficulties:
1. These terms may describe quantitatively measured and
computed grain size composition,or the observer’s opinion based upon
the appearance of the sample (wet or dry) or the feel of the sample,or
both. If the classification is based upon appearance and feel, its
accuracy depends upon many varying and indefinable factors such as
the observer’s bias, knowledge, and experience; the type and amount of
organic material; and the homogeneity of the sample. Experiments have
shown that even experienced geologists permit a small (less than 10
percent) proportion of clay, dark color, or stickiness to obscure the
dominant coarseness of a sand sample and will classify it as mud or
mud-sand.,
2. If the grain size of the sediment is measured in the labora-
tory, classification of the sample still is complicated by determination
of the range of grain sizes which defines a mud, sand, or gravel. Such
definitions are arbitrary, and no single system of classification has
become widely accepted. Attempts to equate English, metric, and
logarithmic (phi) scales of measurement cause additional complications.
3. A third source of disagreement in sediment classification
is in selection of the statistical parameters (mean, median, or mode
of the frequency distribution of grain sizes) used to classify a sample,
and the effect of the type and amount of deviation of the grain size
distribution from the normal (sorting, skewness, kurtosis). Some
geologists describe a sample composed of 70 percent sand sized
grains and 30 percent or more silt as a silty sand, while others would
classify the same sample as only a sand. Others adopt 20 or 10 percent
as the minimum proportion of silt to be classified as silty sand.
Some geologists use an elaborate descriptive system,using and often
mixing English terms with others of Latin and Greek derivation such
as pSammitic pellite (sandy clay), arenaceous lutaceous argillite (sandy
silty clay), or psephitic argillaceous calcarenite (gravelly clayey
calcareous sand), each denoting fairly specific proportions of each
particle size class.
4. Confusion also arises in combining particle size classifica-
tions with ones which denote chemical or mineral composition or
origin of the sediment. It is extremely difficult to determine exactly
what is meant by‘‘coral sand,’’i.e., whether it is coral (size of particle
may range from clay size to massive reefs) and sand, or sand sized
calcium carbonate grains of coral origin. Shell may describe mollusks
as large as giant clams or microscopic skeletal remains of pelagic
foraminifera. Rockand stone are very indefinite terms used to describe
a wide range of particle sizes, as well as solid bedrock outcrops or
reefs, Detritus, alluvium, and diluvium are terms which indicate
origin or mode of deposition, but they are used by many authors to
imply various particle size ranges. Volcanic ash and pumice indicate
origin and composition with unspecific grain size implications. The
terms mud and ooze are used in many different ways to indicate or
only to imply fine grain size, or to indicate plasticity, origin, or
composition.
5. Determination of exact English equivalents of foreignlanguage
terms is difficult and often impossible. The term “wadden” often is
used in European journals to describe tidal flat sediments, but some
authors restrict it to mud or silts and clays, others include sand
sized grains, and many use it without defining it. Russian scientists
are not consisteut in their use of terms such as mud, as the same
author (M. V. Klenova) equates it with silt on one page, equates it with
silt and clay on another, and uses it on a third page in a very general
sense of a “muddy” sediment which may include large proportions of
sand, gravel, pebbles, and shell. Thus, the lack of consistency in
analysis, definition, and reporting of bottom sediment data makes it
very difficult to adapt machine methods economically to their storage,
retrieval, and analysis.
C. Nautical Charts
Abbreviated designations of bottom type appear on nearly all
U. S. and foreign nautical charts. The notations of bottom material are
made from field descriptions of samples obtained in the course of
hydrographic surveys. Few of them are based upon laboratory analysis
of samples. They are subject to all of the inconsistencies listed above.
However, they are the only type of sediment information existent in
sufficient quantities to permit drawing boundaries between different
sediment types. U. S. nautical chart notations of bottom material have
been defined by W. H. Berninghausen* and his definitions are used as
the basis for geologic interpretation of these data in the Naval
Oceanographic Office.
The number of sediment notations on nautical charts varies
geographically with water depth, Since hydrographic surveys are made
primarily to locate dangers to navigation and to chart areas of shoal
water having depths less than the draft of ships, most soundings and
consequently bottom sediment notations are in shoal nearshore waters
of 25 fathoms or less. The number of nautical chart notations also
depends on the country which produces the chart. Japanese and
Portuguese charts are remarkable for printing a notation of the bottom
type for almost every sounding. On some Japanese and Portuguese
large scale nearshore charts, notations exceed 50,000 per one-degree
quadrangle. Such density of information permits highly exact and
detailed delineation of sediment types.
The use of bottom notations on foreign nautical charts is complicated
by the language barrier. Nautical chart notations appear in 16 major
foreign languages (not including national variations such as between
Spanish and Argentinian) and pose the dual problem of translation to
English and of determining if the definition of the foreign term is
fully equivalent to the definition of the English term. An example of
this problem is “st.” which is “stein” on German charts and “stone”
on British Admiralty charts. It is difficult to determine whether the
British use “stone” as synonymous with “rock” to denote a specific
range of grain size, or generally to include material ranging from fine
gravel through boulders to bedrock reefs, or possibly to indicate lack
of specific knowledge of the bottom except that it is hard. It is even
more difficult to determine if the German use of the term corresponds
to the British use, and to equate both to some term in the U. S. classi-
fication of bottom materials, which does not include “stone” as a
separate category.
III, Bottom Sediment Chart Compilation
Several types of bottom sediment charts can be prepared showing
the geographic distribution of various properties of submarine surface
sediments. However, only four major types of sediment charts can be
SN a NP ee aD ise
*BERNINGHAUSEN, W. H. The Quality of the Bottom, a Glossary of
Terms, U. S, Navy Hydrographic Office, SP-56, 11 p., November 1961.
Washington, D.C.
prepared from nautical chart notations of bottom type. One
type shows bottom material classified descriptively as mud, sand,
gravel, rock, coral, shell, and various combinations of these, Another
can show the quality of the bottom in terms of hard, soft, sticky, rough,
etc. The third can show sediments classed according to origin and
composition, i.e., shell, coral, volcanic material, oozes (globigerina,
radiolarian, diatom, pteropod), blue mud,and red clay. The fourth
type of chart can show sediment color,
Charts can be prepared for limited areas showing the surface
distribution of other properties of submarine sediments suchas mineral
composition, chemical composition, statistical grain size parameters,
radioactivity, engineering properties, organic content, species of
planktonic foraminifera, paleomagnetism, and many others, Other
charts can show the vertical variations of these properties in the
bottom. However, such charts require information from cores and
carefully collected and analyzed sediment samples which are available
in sufficient quantities only for small areas. For most of the oceans
and seas such data can be presented only for widely scattered specific
locations, and no meaningful boundaries can be drawn showing the
extent of or change in any parameter except on very large scale charts
of small areas.
IV. Relative Reliability of Data
The value of bottom sediment data depends upon how reliably the
samples represent the population (sea floor) from which they are
drawn. Sediment data reliability varies according to sampling design,
type of sample, sampling instrument, accuracy of the ship’s position,
handling, movement and storage of sample, type of analysis, and
initial purpose of collecting the sample. Rarely can the effect of all of
these be evaluated for a particular sample or suite of samples. Usually
only an estimate of how representative a sample is can be made.
Sediment data can be divided into three major reliability groups,
which are relative and often overlap:
A. The best data are those obtained from laboratory analysis of
core samples. These are usually less distorted inthe sampling process
than other types of samples and therefore more representative of the
sediment as it exists on the sea floor. Core samples are usually more
carefully handled and analyzed than other types because of the longer
time requirements and greater expense of obtaining them. Considerable
differences in reliability exist between different types of coring devices
(gravity, piston, vibro-piston, hydrostatic) and the type of material
sampled, Coarse grained and hard sediments such as coarse sand,
gravel, and rock are difficult to core, andoften poor samples or none at
all are obtained. For hard coarse materials (gravel, sand) a scoopfish
or bucket dredge may obtain the most representative sample.
B. Generally less representative than cores are dredge, trawl,
grab or snapper, and scoopfish samples, even when carefully analyzed
by conscientious and competent persons, The grab and snapper samples
usually destroy the structure of the sediment and often bias the grain
size distribution toward coarser sizes by winnowing or washing in the
sampling process. Trawls and dredges also may bias the size distri-
bution by preferential selection of certain sizes. However, they provide
composite samples of the submarine bottom material over an area
or along a track. While such a composite sample is not representative
of the material at any specific spot, it probably is more representative
of the range of material in a region than one or even several cores,
Therefore, one composite sample might better describe the bottom
materials of a given area than one core sample, but ten core samples
would describe more accurately the materials of the same area than
would ten composite samples.
C. The poorest data and the most numerous are abbreviated nota-
tions of types and consistency of bottom materials which appear on
boat sheets, compilation sheets, and printed nautical charts. Most
of them are cursory identifications of small samples, often only a few
grains, brought up on sounding leads in the course of hydrographic
surveys. The identifications of these inadequate samples are made
routinely by enlisted naval personnel who usually have little or no
scientific training insedimentary petrology or mineralogy. Navigational
positioning errors are compounded by cartographic compilation and
printing errors, Although some of the notations are highly reliable
and accurate abbreviations of field descriptions of samples from the
other two groups, they usually cannot be distinguished from the
majority of less reliable data and must be classed with them. The total
effect of all of these possible sources of errors significantly reduces
the reliability of bottom sediment charts based solely upon nautical
chart notations. The charts become much more reliable when chart
notations are substantiated by numerous and well-distributed core and
grab samples.
The bottom sediment data collection maintained by the U. S. Naval
Oceanographic Office (apart from chart compilations) consists almost
entirely of data of the first two classes. Data in the third class are
included only when reported in professional journals (such as Annalen
der Hydrographie, Deutsches Hydrographisches Zeitschrift, and Annales
Hydrographiques) or in the scientific literature, where exact positions
are given and some evaluation can be made of their validity (Figures
Zp, Only) and) 12).
Nautical chart notations are compiled region by region from foreign
and domestic charts of all scales from 1:5,000 harbor charts to
1:10,000,000 charts covering large ocean areas, The compilation bases
are acetate or tissue overlays placed on large or medium scale
nautical charts on which the notations are assembled from all available
charts which cover portions of the area of the base chart, The numbers
and nationality of the chart sources are listed on each overlay, and
notes indicate overlaps on other compilation bases. When completed,
photostatic reductions of the overlays are made. These are filed
together with other miscellaneous geologic data numerically in folders,
each of which corresponds to a single sheet of the worldwide strategic
plotting chart series,
V. Collection, Filing, and Control of Bottom Sediment Data
Bottom sediment data are analyzed and published in such a great
variety of forms that coding or conversion of data to machine punch
cards is impractical until some international agreement is reached
on uniformity in reporting geologic data. for this and other reasons,
manual filing of data on 5" x 8" index cards was adopted.
A. Collection of data -= Bottom sediment data are assembled
through systematic search of the published scientific literature and by
acquisition, whenever possible, of unpublished data reports, field
notes, laboratory analysis summary sheets, survey data records,
intelligence reports, and ship logs. Progress in the search is recorded
on a 3" x 5" card, one for each journal or series of reports examined
which contains bottom sediment data. On the cards are listed the
volumes, years, and issue numbers which have been searched and
from which all data have been abstracted, The following journals
often contain submarine geologic information and have been partially
or completely searched to date. This is far from a complete list,
and new ones are added when found. It does not include the many
sources of data which are not published serially.
American Association of Petroleum Geologists, Bulletin
American Journal of Science
Antarctic Record (Japan)
Archiv der Deutschen Seewarte
Australian Journal of Marine and Freshwater Research
Centre de Recherches et d’Etudes Oceanographiques, Cahiers du
Commercial Fisheries Review
Consejo Oceanografico Ibero Americano, Memorias del
Deep Sea Research
Deutsche Hydrographische Zeitschrift
Geographical Review
Geographical Journal
Geological Society of America, Bulletin of
Geology, Journal of
Geophysics
Geophysical Research, Journal’ of
Gosudarstvennogo Okeanograficheskogo Instituta, Trudy
Grdnland, Meddelelser om
Hydrographie und Maritimen Meteorologie, Annalen der
Hydrographiques, Annales
Instituta Okeanologii, Trudy
Institute Oceanographique (Monaco), Annales
Institute Oceanographique (Monaco), Bulletin
Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Boletin del
Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, Trabajos
Japanese Journal of Geology and Geography
Limnology and Oceanography
Marine Biological Association (UK), Journal of
Marine Research, Journal of
New Zealand Oceanographic Committee, Publications
Okeanologiya
Oceanografiska Institutet i G¢teborg, Meddelander fran
Oceanographical Society of Japan, Journal (Nippon Kaiyo Gakkaisi)
Oceanologia et Limnologia Sinica
Ozeanographie (Deutsches Hydrographische Institute)
Records of Oceanographic Works in Japan
Science
Scottish Geographical Magazine
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Bulletins
Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Contributions
Sedimentary Petrology, Journal of
Sedimentology
Station Marine d’EndOume, Recueil de Travaux
Vsesoyuz Nauchno-Issledovatel'skiy Instituta Morskogo
Rybnogo Khozyaistva i Okeanografia, Trudy
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute (MIT) Papers in
Physical Oceanography
Woods Hole Oceanographic Institute, Technical Reports
Data from these sources are abstracted and recorded on the 5%
x 8" data cards, or negative photostats are made of relevant tables,
figures, or pages of text and stapled or glued to the cards. Usually only
one sample is recorded on each card, front and rear; however, very
detailed analyses sometimes require several cards which are clipped
or stapled together. Where two or more samples are taken at a single
location by the same ship, they may be recorded on a single card
even if they are different types of samples (Figure 5), Occasionally,
when a very close sampling design is followed ona survey, several
samples are recorded on a single card, but only if they are located
within a single degree of latitude and longitude (Figures 2,3, and 4).
Several representative examples of the types of data and forms in
which bottom samples are recorded on data cards are shown in Figures
1 through 12, The U. S. Naval Oceanographic Office summarizes most
of its sediment data as shown in Figure |. Only the results of engineer-
ing tests (Atterberg limits, unconfined compression strength, vane
shear strength, and consolidation rate), which are made ona few
samples, are reported on a different form. A photostatic reduction of
the summary sheet is made to mount it onthe 5" x 8" data card,
Figure 2 presents an example of a core analysis (Code 47) which
gives the representative median grain size and sorting coefficients;
however, the water content is the only sediment property for which
the vertical variation is given. In Figure 3 data from an Italian source
(Code 276) shows field classifications of eight shallow water samples
of the surface sediment which were obtained within the one-degree
quadrangle 44°-45°N, 12°-13°E. Such data are more reliable than
nautical chart notations only because the source is identified anda
scientist (Mario Picotti) has classified the sediment samples. A
third sample (Code 20, Murray and Chumley, 1924-1926) in Figure 4
classifies a pelagic sediment sample and reports its mineral composi-
tion and the relative proportions of various types of organic remains.
In Figurel0a shallow water core sample obtained during ATLANTIS
Cruise 21 (Code 172) gives a field description of the core, the median
and mean grain size, the size sorting coefficient, and the percentage
distribution of grain sizes using the phi notation for three representa-
tive subsamples. A summary description of a deepwater core (Figurel1)
is reported from a French source (Code 138). A qualitative classification
of a deepwater sample obtained by the ATLANTIS Cruise 151 is of
limited value because of the paucity of information and no indication
as to type of sample (Figure 12).
1. SAMPLE HUMBER 10 7.N. Gill 5. SAMPLER TYPE Orange Peel
2. LATITUDE 29° 40 00 6. WATER DEPTH (fm.) 15.
3. Loncitune O80 45 00 7. CORE LENGTH (in.)
4. DATE (Day, month, year) 26 April 1953 « CORE PENETRATION (in.)
11. COLOR Pale Olive
10 Y 6/2
12. ODOR
15. MAXIMUM POROSITY (%) 45
16. MINIMUM POROSITY (%) 35
17. WATER CONTENT (%)
18. ORGANIC CARBON CONTENT (%)
19. SIZE ANALYSIS AND STATISTICAL MEASURES
a (%)
b. -24 to -1, (%)
c to 04 (%)
h. 4, to 6, (%)
i. 6, to By (%)
j. > 8, (4)
. SUBSAMPLE DRY WEIGHT (am)
. SPHERICITY (avg. )
. ROUNDNESS (avg. )
23. SURFACE TEXTURE (ava. )
. DOMIKANT MINERAL (%)
. SECONDARY MINERAL (%) Shell 20
. OTHER MINERALS (%)
27. REMARKS:
Gill Il, Station No. 20—Regular
Large shell framents up to 5 cm.
FIGURE 1 U.S. NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE SEDIMENT ANALYSIS SUMMARY
10
CODE 47 MS 152
LATITUDE LONGITUDE BOTTOM SEDIMENTS OFF
43°05’N 70° 42°W PORTSMOUTH, NEW HAMPSHIRE
(APPROX) 1947
WATER CONTENT AND LIQUID LIMIT RESULTS
WATER CONT. WATER CONT. WATER CONT. WATER CONT. MED. SORT.
STA. TOP MIDSEC. BOTTOM OF LIQ. LIMIT DIAM. COEFF.SO LOG SO
83 127.0 143.0 160.0 117.9 0.00295 29) 0.46
FIGURE 2 SAMPLE ANALYSIS EMPHASIZING WATER CONTENT
CODE 276 PICOTTI, MARIO MS 179
DATE: (9, 13) 16/8/55 (10) 17/8/55 (12, 14) 20/8/55 (10B, 12B, 12-15) 9/9/55
STA. NO. LAT. N. LONG. E. DEPTH (M) TYPE OF BOTTOM
9 Ave e58°! 100 1. S55 Co 24.5 FANGO
10 44. 58 00 12, 4554) Gioe 3 SABBIA FANGOSA CON ARGILLA
12 44 48 DA 12) 248° 1336 34.5 FANGO GRIGIO
13 Ab— ghd AS 12038) SO 30 FANGO GRIGIO
14 “ay G3 24 12 frr4it = 100 33 FANGO GRIGIO
10B 44. 58 00 12 1 €54, 00 33 SABBIA FINE
128 44. 4824 1:2" > hee/AB wn hs36 32 ARGILLA
12-15 AAD e489, 654 126 ihe 55eae 00 37 FANGO POCA SABBIA
FIGURE 3 SAMPLE CLASSIFICATION REPORTED BY AN ITALIAN SOURCE
CODE 20 MS 146
1107 S. S. “BRITANNIA”’
SOUNDING 396, JULY 18, 1899, LAT. 46°22'35”N., LONG. 18°51'56”W., 2522 FATHOMS.
GLOBIGERINA OOZE, LIGHT BROWN, SLIGHTLY COHERENT.
CALCIUM CARBONATE (82-65%), PELAGIC FORAMINIFERA (78%), BOTTOM FORAMINIFERA
(2%), OTHER REMAINS (2-65%), INCLUDING OSTRACODS, ECHINOID SPINES,
COCCOLITHS, RHABDOLITHS, COCCOSPHERES, FRAGMENTS OF LIMESTONE.
RESIDUE (17-35%), BROWN—
MINERALS (5%), M. DI. O-O8 MM., ROUNDED AND ANGULAR; PRINCIPALLY QUARTZ
GRAINS, WITH ROCK FRAGMENTS, PUMICE, VOLCANIC GLASS ETC.
SILICEOUS REMAINS (2%), RADIOLARIA, SPONGE SPICULES, DIATOMS, IMPERFECT
CASTS.
FINE WASHINGS (10-35%), AMORPHOUS CLAYEY MATTER WITH FINE MINERAL
PARTICLES.
FIGURE 4 BIOLOGICAL AND MINERAL COMPOSITION OF A SAMPLE REPORTED
BY A BRITISH SOURCE
ili]
CODE 214
ALBATROSS 1947-48
MS 024
04°45’N., 128°08’E. WATER DEPTH 7710 METERS (MINDANAO TROUGH)
CORE NO. 108 CORE LENGTH—390 CM.
DEPTH IN
CORE CM.
0-3.5 GREY-BROWN SAND. DEEPEST PART OF CORE PROBABLY A MUD
3.5-285.5 GREYISH GREEN CLAY AND SILT WITH | FLOW. NEXT ABOVE ARE GRADED SAND LAYERS
SEVERAL DARK LAYERS. (TURBIDITY CURRENTS—KUENEN). THESE BEDS
285.5-360 SEVERAL LAYERS OF DARK SAND CON- COVERED BY 3 METERS OF FINE-GRAINED TER-
TAINING SILT AND CLAY. SOME RESTRIAL MUD WITH MINOR AMOUNTS OF
LAYERS BECOME COARSER WITH DEPTH. | VOLCANIC GLASS AND ORGANIC SILICA. A
EretiomenuNere SM Sane LAYER IS ABOVE ALL. COARSE
360-389.5 IRREGULARLY MIXED SAND, SILT AND oe Pua NERS ES ergs
CLAY—LIGHT PARTS ARE FINER THAN 7c
THE DARK ONES.
PARTICLE SAMPLE DEPTH (CM.) WT. % OF DRY, SALT FREE SEDIMENT
SIZE MM.
<.006 2 pep 5iuies 63 uuerl545gur52 5m 207 OO REG OGRENES 24034200 CMO
006-.02 5.7 49.2 56.2 36.0 3.9 IAA FAA 166
02-06 19 19.0 16.5 15.2 2.2 a5 a1 E28 20a) 72
06-.125 85 950 TOO 11 SIO 650 92 240 15.9
Wee AS NO, Al Gd) 150 BO son 70 SR On 201 236
25-.5 539 Cheeses Om eo m0/6 ADVE 2 508163 16:4 27-77 Alias
5-1.0 ise) = S02 = Ol ax Shi GENS 124 102
1.0-2.0 O05 = = = = an OS Wl Or Ts 3.2
72.0 - - - — - ex - 20 98 — —
Be ee x Be yg a =) AON BO = =
FIGURE 5 DESCRIPTION AND GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF A SAMPLE REPORTED
BY A SWEDISH SOURCE
CODE 262 PERSEY MS 283
78°37.3'N. STA. DEPTH ORG. MAT. % PETERSEN DREDGE
55° 20'E. NO. (M) c NIw C/NI™="co2 BROWN SANDY MUD
1927-31 1261 207 79.4. Ally aye Za gh O5 CORE 0-4 CM BROWN SANDY MUD
4-16 CM. GREENISH-GREY MUD
16-25 MM. DARK GREY CLAYEY MUD
SURFACE SAMPLE
% GRAIN SIZE %
M.M. M.M.
>I 27 <0.01 16
0.1 1 <0.01 30
0.05 26
FIGURE 6 DESCRIPTION, GRAIN SIZE, AND ORGANIC COMPOSITION OF A
SAMPLE TRANSLATED FROM A RUSSIAN SOURCE
12
CODE 163 MS 005
02°59’N. 49°20'W
ae ae
A um Ne ae ar
<t °
ZL ZL —
= 809 OS) ©) 08 Zo
a = Om~- <& z Ze, z
pie retro ae Oat" "B78 Q Q3-Q)
¢ = Of Bs 9% 2 Zz O = 1 Q3 MEDIANA SORTING
5 9 a Ew <2
PR ES, 19.0,) |. 210, ue z
Sl A GY 166 “16 ODO OOS is Oi Ores “ORI 12 — O05
A
311—AREIAS CONCHIFERAS DE COR CINZA E BEIGE, COM 84% DE AREIA E 16% DE
CALCARIO.
NATUREZA MINERALOGICA DOS GRAOS:
NA MAIORIA QUARTZO CRISTALIZADO OU TRANSPARENTE, COM POUCAS MICAS BRANCAS
E ALGUMAS BIOTITAS MARRON MAIS OU MENOS ALTERADAS.
GRAOS DE ARENITO PARECENDO ANTIGO.
GRANDE ABUNDANCIA DE MINERAIS PESADOS.
MORFOLOGIA DOS GRAOS:
OS GRAOS SAO TODOS UM POUCO DESGASTADOS, TENDO A FRAGAO GROSSA 20 ATE
30% DE ‘‘ARREDONDADOS BRILHANTES”, SENDO ALGUNS FOSCOS.
ORGANISMOS:
GRANDE QUANTIDADE DE ORGANISMOS PLANETONICOS E BENTICOS.
CONCHAS DE LAMELIBRANQUIOS, GASTEROPODES E LARVAS.
ECHINODERMOS-FRAGMENTOS DE ESPINAS E UM PEQUENO TIPO DE ECHINODERMO
INTEIRO, DE 8 MM. DE DIAMETRO.
ALGUNS COPROLITOS.
OSTRACODES—ESPICULAS SILICOSAS DE ESPONJAS, FORAMINIFEROS, ARENACEOS E
PLANCTONICOS.
GLOBIGERINAS, ORBULINAS, ETC., SENDO ALGUMAS CHEIAS DE MATERIAL FERRUGINOSO
OU PRETO.
NOTA:
OBSERVA-SE UMA CONCHA ANTIGA, CHEIA DE UM ARENITO CALCARIO ANTIGO, COM
GRAOS BEM ARRENDONDADOS. SEM DUVIDA O REVOLVIMENTO DE UMA FORMACAO MAIS
ANTIGO.
2— —FRACAO FINA:
ENCONTRA-SE SILTES, ARGILAS E MICAS EM FOLHETOS FINOS, ALGUMAS ESPICULAS
SILICOSAS, COM CANAL CHEIO DE TERRA FERRUGINOSA. ALGUMAS VEZES OBSERVA-SE O
INICIO DE RECRISTALIZACAO DA SILICA AMORFA QUE COMEGA A SE POLARIZAR. NOTA-SE
TAMBEM ALGUNS “‘COCOLITOS'’ SENDO UM PERFEITAMENTE CONSERVADO, ENQUANTO
MUITOS OUTROS APRESENTAM-SE FRAGMENTADOS NA LAMINA ESTUDADA.
FIGURE 7 EXAMPLE OF A DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF A SURFACE SEDIMENT
SAMPLE REPORTED IN A PORTUGUESE PUBLICATION
13
An example of a sediment analysis that is primarily biological and
consists of a listing of the species whose skeletal remains have been
identified in the sample is provided by Figure 9.
Figure 6 provides examples of samples reported in Swedish and
Russian publications, A long core from one of the deepest ocean trenches
is reported by the Swedish Deep Sea Expedition (Code 214) and gives
a field description of the color and grain size classification, a descrip-
tion of the origin of the material, and the percentage of grains in
various size classes at different levels in the core. The Russian
publication (Code 262) reports both a core and a dredge sample taken
at the same location in the Barents Sea.In this example the information
was abstracted from several widely separated pages in the publication,
translated, and assembled on one card, a very laborious task.
Another example of treatment of Soviet data is shown in Figure 8.
Here the Russian has been transliterated and translatedfor this report;
however, on most of the data cards the information appears in the
Cyrillic form and has been neither transliterated nor translated.
The widespread ignorance of Russian among Americans greatly limits
the use of such data except where translation facilities are available.
Figure 7 is an example of a long description of a sample in Portu-
guese. Here the language is less of a barrier to English speaking
researchersthan in Figure 8 but still may cause some difficulty for
those unfamiliar with Romance languages.
Another problem in handling sediment data is the reproduction of
graphic portrayals of samples(Figure 13). Placing such information on
individual sample data cards is complicated further when the original
is in color, which cannot be reproduced photostatically.
B. Organization of data file -- The datacards are filed geographic-
ally by using the Marsden square system (Figures 14 and 15), The
first order division is by 10-degree squares, the second by 5-degree
squares, and the third by l-degree squares, Five-degree square divi-
sions have been used to date in only a few 10-degree squares in which
there are too many cards for convenient manual sorting. It has not
been necessary as yet to use the l-degree square breakdown. The
Marsden square number is entered on the upper right-hand corner of
the data card.
14
CODE 94 MS 176
CORE NO. 10, DEPTH 1708 M. 42°30'N., 40°25/E.
Or
= Mm 25
28 OL SEtO
20 CHARACTERISTICS OF THE b3Zeu
= w SEDIMENT el OS ee
& 6 Eaabz oO cy ¥
a0 TOO CGE a|o < rt
20-30 IL GLINISTII, SERII S PROSLOYAMI. SOVRE- 0.87 0.445 0.038 17.86 8.2
MENNIYE OTLOZHENIYA. (CLAYEY MUD,
GREY, WITH LAYERS. CONTEMPORARY
SEDIMENTS.)
90-100 IL GLINISTII, SERII, S PROSLOYAMI, DREV- 1.39 0.285 0.025 18.33 8.6
NECHERNOMORSKIYE OTLOZHENIYA.
(CLAYEY MUD, GREY WITH LAYERS. EARLY
BLACK SEA SEDIMENTS.)
220-230 i 0.91 0.244 0.023 18.4] 8.1
310-320 : 1.03 0.223 0.022 17.31 8.1
480-490 z 0.75 0.325 0.036 12.75 8.1
595-605 IL GLINISTII, SERII, S PRIMEC'YU ALEVRITA. 0.79 0.184 0.021 10.17 8.0
NOVOYEVSKINSKIYE OTLOZHENIYA.
(CLAYEY MUD, GREY, WITH A MIXTURE
OF SILT. NOVOYEVSKINSK SEDIMENTS.)
710-721 IL GLINISTH, SERII, ODNORODNII. NOVOY- 0.45 0.222 0.028 9.39 7.9
EVSKINSKIYE OTLOZHENIYA. (CLAYEY MUD,
GREY, HOMOGENOUS. NOVOYEVSKINSK
SEDIMENTS.)
FIGURE 8 EXAMPLE OF FIELD CLASSIFICATION AND CHEMICAL ANALYSIS OF A
CORE REPORTED IN A RUSSIAN PUBLICATION
CODE 125 MS 465
DATE—12TH DECEMBER, 1912
POSITION—LAT. 42°381/2’S. LONG. 148°41 1/2’E.
DEPTH—1,320 FATHOMS
DESCRIPTION—GREEN TERRIGENOUS MUD, WITH SPONGE-SPICULES AND FORAMINIFERA;
MUCH DECOMPOSING MATTER.
COMPOSITION:—
CARBONATE OF LIME
PERCENTAGE FORAMINIFERA OTHER ORGANISMS
72-85 BILOCULINA, MILIOLINA, SIGMOILINA, PLANISPIRINA, A FEW LARGE COCCOLITHS, NUMEROUS
BULIMINA, VIRGULINA, BOLIVINA, CASSIDULINA, ECHINOID SPINES. OSTRACODA ABUN-
EHRENBERGINA, LAGENA, NODOSARIA, TRIPLASIA, DANT (AGLARIA, PONTOCYPRIS, ARGIL-
CRISTELLARIA, POLYMORPHINA, UVIGERINA, SAGRAINA, LAECIA, MACROCYPRIS, BYTHOCYPRIS,
GLOBIGERINA, ORBULINA, PULLENIA, SPIRILLINA, BAIRDIA, CYTHERE, KRITHE, LOXOCON-
DISCORBINA, ANOMALINA, TRUNCATULINA, PULVINU- CHA, XESTOLEBERIS, CYTHERURA, CY-
LINA, ROTALIA, NONIONINA, POLYSTOMELLA, AND THEROPTERON, BYTHOCYTHERE, PSEU-
HETEROSTEGINA. DOCYTHERE, CYTHERIDEIS, XIPHICHILUS
AND CYTHERELLA.
RESIDUE -
PERCENTAGE SILICEOUS ORGANISMS FINE WASHINGS
27-15 ARENACEOUS FORAMINIFERA (PELOSINA, RHIZAMMINA, SPONGE-SPICULES AND TERRIGENOUS
NOURIA, REOPHAX, HAPLOPHRAGMIUM, TEXTULARIA, SAND.
GAUDRYINA, TROCHAMMINA AND CLAVULINA).
SPONGE-SPICULES AND A FEW RADIOLARIA.
FIGURE 9 EXAMPLE OF BIOLOGICAL OR MICROPALEONTOLOGIC ANALYSIS OF
A SEDIMENT SAMPLE
15
CODE 172 ATLANTIS 21
CRUISE &
STATION DATE LATITUDE LONGITUDE
NUMBER (N) (W)
21 6-20-56 28°57’ 89°07’
PHI @ CLASSES (%)
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
21 +1 CUMULATIVE TO 5.24 1.28 10.03 19.12 15.37
+42 0.06 0.42 0.46 8.88 30.55 12.80 9.45 8.52
+3 0.09 0.24 0.55 8.91 24.74 15.47 9.82 9.76
CORE 56-14-21—PREDOMINANTLY TAN-GRAY CLAYEY SILT. TOP SEVEN
ERED.
WATER
DEPTH
(FT)
60
9
11.61
10.80
12.50
BOTTOM
SEDIMENT
SAMPLE
G(31)
10 MD®@ MS
37.33) 80 7.7
2.16 5.7 7.2
0.77 +6.0 7.3
INCHES THINLY LAY-
REMAINDER OF CORE OF HOMOGENOUS SILT EXCEPT FOR THIN LAYER OF SILTY
CLAY AND ORGANIC MATERIAL AT 20 INCHES. VERY FINE SAND 5% TO 10% IN SAMPLES.
SAMPLES AT SURFACE, 13, AND 25 INCHES. LENGTH, 27 INCHES.
FIGURE 10 DESCRIPTION AND PHI GRAIN SIZE DISTRIBUTION OF A CORE SAMPLE
CODE 138
CAROTTE 251 PROVENANCE: ATLANTIQUE EQUATORIAL
STATION 356 POSITION 00°33/N.; 37°06.5’W.
PROFONDEUR: 4,540 M.
LONGUEUR: 940 CM.
MS 004
ARGILE ROUGE CALCAIRE (DE 0% A 60% CO3CA) AVEC, A CERTAINS
NIVEAUX, DES QUANTITES PLUS OU MOINS IMPORTANTES DE BOUE BLEUE.
LA TENEUR EN FER (FE 203 RAPPORTE AU SEDIMENT SANS CALCAIRE) VARIE
DE 4% A 8% AVEC UNE VALEUR MOYENNE DE 7%.
MS 110-2
ATLANTIC OCEAN 7/12/47— 6/ 18/48
FIGURE 11 SAMPLE DESCRIPTION REPORTED IN FRENCH
CODE 51 ATLANTIS 151
LATITUDE LONGITUDE ATLANTIS CRUISE 151
30°07’N. = -17°27'W.
DEPTH (FM) SEDIMENT DESCRIPTION
2387 SOFT BROWN MUD
FIGURE 12 BRIEF FIELD CLASSIFICATION OF A CORE SAMPLE
16
MS 081
SO@
1.7
2.9
2.9
CM.
100
200
300
400
500
600
700
CODE
\
IN
SSX
DSSS)
5
PROBE
NO.
=
wOonNnaunh WO —
220
PROBE
NO. 1
NO.2 g00
900
1100
1400
<0.2
15
17
12
13
19
21
24
25
WJ
V)VDW\
—_
0.2-0.63
13
12
15
29
22
15
11
17
ALBATROSS 1947-48 MS 005
06°17'N., 43°20'W. WATER DEPTH—4490 METERS
FORAMINIFEROUS RED CLAY
RED CLAY
BLUE MUD
SAND
PROBE
NO. SEDIMENTTIEFE SEDIMENTART
LOTKERN NR. 255
1 20.6- 25.8 CM. FORAMINIFERENREICHER
ROTER TON
2 90.0- 95.2 CM. ROTER TON
3 D372 39=2) CMs SANDIGER BLAUSCHLICK
4 297.2- 298.2 CM. SAND
5 504.1- 511.5 CM. ROTER TON MIT FORAMINI-
FEREN
6 575.9- 583.2 CM. ROTER TON
7 583.2- 586.8 CM. TUFF IN ROTEM TON
9 833.9- 840.7 CM. ROTER TON
12 1255.4-1261.7 CM. ROTER TON MIT AGGREGA-
TEN
13 1295.2-1304.9 CM. BLAUSCHLICK
KORNGROSSENKLASSEN IN ©
0.63-2 2-6.32 6.32-20 20-63.2 63.2-200 > 200
23 17 13 10 4 5
13 15 19 23 1
14 52 Za
22 19 10 3 1 3
22 24 10 2 1
26 24 12 1 1
26 22 12 5)
27 24 6 1
FIGURE 13 EXAMPLE OF GRAPHIC REPRESENTATION OF CORE ANALYSIS
aly/
SIYVNOS NAGSYVW JO SNOISIAIG 3349I3G-NaL vl JYNO!d
01 02
18
(o)
NORTH LATITUDE
SOUTH LATITUDE
WEST LONGITUDE EAST LONGITUDE
WEST LONGITUDE EAST LONGITUDE
FIGURE 15 FIVE-AND ONE-DEGREE DIVISIONS OF MARSDEN SQUARES
19
SOUTH LATITUDE © NORTH LATITUDE
°
10
C. Control of data -- Control of the data is accomplished by use
of a card file of bibliographic sources, a tally card file, and a log
book of sources coded and keyed to bibliographic and data cards.
The bibliographic file is a complete record ofall sources, published
and unpublished, from which data have been obtained. Each biblio-
graphic card contains the complete bibliographic citation including the
library which owns the reference; the ship, expedition, or operation
which collected the samples; the date of the survey; the bibliographic
code number; alistof cross references; andcertain pertinent comments.
The comments usually indicate the number and types of samples
reported in the source and the numbers of the 10-degree Marsden
squares in which the data are filed. The cross references are kept toa
minimum and key the geographic area (sea, gulf, bay, etc.) of the survey
(unless it is worldwide or oceanwide), the ship or ships, expedition,
operation code names, and author(s) of the report to the bibliographic
card, When small station location or sediment distribution charts
appear in the sources, reduced copies are made and fastened to the
bibliographic card,
The library from which the source publication was obtained is
indicated on the card (preceding the call number)as follows: NAV
OCEANO - Naval Oceanographic Office, USCGS - U. S. Coast and
Geodetic Survey, LC - Library of Congress, USGS - U. S. Geological
Survey, DI - Department of the Interior, SI - Smithsonian Institution
(National Oceanographic Data Center, WB - Weather Bureau, DA -
Department of Agriculture, and WHOI (Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institute),
The bibliographic cards are filed alphabetically by name of the
survey ship and cruise number; e.g., VEMA-6 follows VEMA-5., If
the ship is not given, then the expedition, cruise, or operation name is
used, e.g., Capricorn Expedition, DEEP FREEZE (operation), AMOS
(project). If none of theseis given, thenthe cards are filed alphabetically
by senior author or occasionally by geographic area name if the source
deals with a limited area such as the Sea of Azov.
The purposes of the bibliographic file are:
1. To direct users of data to the original source for information
not supplied by the data card.
2. To prevent duplication of data by indicating if recently acquired
data or sources already have been filed.
20
3. To provide bibliographic listings of marine geologic sources of
information (not only bottom sediment samples) for specific areas
through area cross references, and to provide lists of reports dealing
with projects, operations, cruises, or expeditions.
4, To relate reports and analyses which come from several sources
or authors but deal with the same samples. The ship, expedition, or
project name with the date is most useful for this purpose.
5. To be able to enter on the cards additional information about
the samples from new sources by using the list of Marsden squares
given under comments on the bibliographic card.
The tally file is maintained to provide current listings of the num-
bers and geographic distributions of bottom sediment samples contained
in the data collection, Eventually, it ishoped, the tally file will indicate
the worldwide distribution of all published and muchunpublished bottom
sediment data. This file is used as a guide in planning oceanographic
surveys by indicating regions for which data are lacking and where
survey efforts should be concentrated. Charts prepared periodically
from this file will indicate progress in the collection of submarine
sediment information.
The tally cards also show the number of core samples and the
number of samples of other types (designated surface samples) in
each one-degree square. The code number of the source of each sample
or the ship’s name and date of collection are recorded on the tally
card,
A log book is maintained in which all bibliographic sources of
bottom sediment data are entered and numbered (code number) in the
chronological order in which their data are added to the data file. Its
major purpose is to serve as an additional record of sources and as a
key to sources which may be indicated on data and tally cards only by
code number
VI. Composition of Data Collection
The data file now contains analyses or descriptions of approximately
20,000 samples, of which about 17,000 are surface samples and 3,000
are core samples. Data for several thousand of the samples were ob-
tained from foreign language sources, many of which have been partially
translated. However, translation time and cost remain a restriction
on full use of foreign sources. Russian, Japanese, Chinese, German,
French, Spanish, Greek, Italian, Portuguese, Dutch, Finnish, Turkish,
21
Israeli, and Scandinavian as well as English language sources have
supplied data for the collection,
The worldwide distribution of bottom sediment data in the Naval
Oceanographic Office collection as of 1 January 1963 is shown in
Figures 16 through 25. Two categories of data are shown for each one-
degree quadrangle (note exception in North Pole Chart,Figure 24),
namely the number of core samples and the number of surface samples
of all other types (trawls, dredges, snappers, etc.).
To aid in adequate evaluation of relative density of data per unit
area, the table on page 62 is included to show the latitudinal variation
in area of 1° quadrangles.
VII. Bibliographic File
The bibliographic file on which this report is based consists of the
following sources, Following each citation is a list of the ships and
expeditions or project names involved, where appropriate. The library
from which the referenced publication was obtained is indicated by
abbreviations (identified on page 20) preceding the call number. Where
no library is given the publication is in the Naval Oceanographic Office
Library.
ANON. Dredging results from the oceanographic cruise “Tithys.”
Research Proceedings, Marine Laboratory, Greece, vol. l,no. 2,
pp. 7-11, 1962. WHOI
TITHYS 1961
- - - Lothungen im Chinesischen Meere und bei Japan. Annalen der
Hydrographie und Martimen Meteorologie, jahrgang III, no. 23 and
24, p. 470, 1875. VK 588 Ao 1875
ERZHERZOG FRIEDRICH 1875
- -- Tiefseelotungen S. M. S. “PLANET” 1910 unter dem kommando
von Korvettenkapitan Dominik, Annalen der Hydrographie und
Maritimen Meteorologie, jahrgang 39, heft I, pp. 16-20, 1911.
VK 588 Ao 1911
PLANET 1910
--- Kleinere Mitteilungen - 3, Lotungen in dem Bosporus und dem
Schwarzen Meere. Annalen der Hydrographie und Maritimen
Meteorologie, jahrgang 34, p. 135, March 1906. VK 588 A6é 1906
VON PODBIELSKI 1905
22
AGASSIZ, A. Reports on the scientific results of the expedition to
the tropical Pacific in charge of Alexander Agassiz by the U. S.
Fish Commission Steamer ALBATROSS from August 1899 to
March 1900, Commander Jefferson F. Moser, U. S. N., Com-
manding. I. Preliminary Report and list of stations with remarks
on the deep-sea deposits by Sir John Murray. Memoirs of the
Museum of Comparative Zoology at Harvard College, vol. XXVI,
no. 1, pp. 1-114, Cambridge, January 1902. (USGS) S(214)qH 3l
ALBATROSS 1899-1900, 1904-1905
AKSENOV, A. A. O zanosimosti podkhednykh portovykh kanalov v
Azovskom More (Deposition in the port approaches and channels
of the Azov Sea). Glavnoye Upravleniye Gidrometeorologicheskoi
Sluzhby pri Sovete Ministrov SSSR, Trudy Gosudarstvennogo Okeano-
graficheskogo Insituta, vypusk 31 (43) pp. 58-71, ed. A.A. Aksenov,
Leningrad, 1956. Serial File
ALCOCK, A. A _ naturalist in Indian seas, or four years with the
Royal Indian Marine Survey Ship “Investigator.” John Murray,
London, 328 p. 1902. QL 137 A35
INVESTIGATOR 1888-1892
ALVERSON, D. L. Deep-water trawling survey off the coast of
Washington (Aug. 27-Oct 19, 1951), U. S. Fishand Wildlife Service,
Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 13, no. 11, pp. 1-16, November
1951. Serial File
JOHN N. COBB 1951
- - - Deep-water trawling survey off the Oregonand Washington coasts
(August 25-October 3, 1952), U. S. Fish and Wildlife Service,
Commercial Fisheries Review, vol. 15, no. 10, pp. 5-15, October
1953. Serial File
JOHN N. COBB 1952
ANDERSON, A. W. Oceanographic data report, Project Chiper, March-
April 1960. U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office, Informal Manuscript
Reports No. 0-38-62, pp. Bl-11, September 1962. Unpublished
Manuscript.
CHIPER (Project)
BURTON ISLAND 1960
ATHEARN, W. D. Bottom sediments and Foraminiferafrom Labrador,
BLUE DOLPHIN 1951 and 1952. Woods Hole Oceanographic
Institution, Reference No. 54-42. 16 p., June 1954. Unpublished
Manuscript. GC 491 W8A8 54-42
BLUE DOLPHIN 1951-1952
23
BADER, R. G., and HENRY, V. J. Marine sediments of Prince of
Wales Strait and Amundsen Gulf, West Canadian Arctic. Texas
A & M College, Department of Oceanography and Meteorology,
Series No. 130, also University of Washington, Department of
Oceanography, Contribution No. 231, Journal of Marine Research,
vOlwuli/noO wl, spp els>—2, 1 JDO moe rich ere
BEAUFORT SEA EXPEDITION 1953
BERRIT, G. R. Etude des teneurs en manganese et en carbonates de
quelques carottes sedimentaires Atlantiques et Pacifiques.
Meddelanden fran Oceanografiska [Institutet 1 Goteborg, 23, Sjatte
Foljden, ser. B, band 6, no, 12, 61 p., GoOteborgs Kungl. Vetens-
kapsoch Vitterhets-Samhalle, 1955. AS 284 G7 No. 23
ALBATROSS 1947-1948
SWEDISH DEEP SEA EXPEDITION 1947-1948
BERTHOIS, L. I. Contribution a l’étude litholigique ges galets du fond
de la Manche in “Missions du navire cablier “Emile-Baudot” sur
le plateau continental Breton (Juillet- Aut- Septembre 1 ey a ee
Cahiers du Centre de Récherches et d'Etudes OceAnographiques,
Travaux de la Station Océanographiques de la Rochelle-Pallice,
, Cahier No, 3, pp. 1-10, February 1950. GC7 F8Al No, 3
EMILE-BAUDOT 1949
(Cable Ship)
BEZRUKOV, P.L., MURDMAA,I.O., SAIDOVA, Kh. M. and FILATOVA,
Z. A. Ob osadkakh i donnoi faune severnoi chasti, Vostochno-
Kitaiskogo Morya. (Sediments and bottom fauna of the northern
part of the East China Sea). Oceanologia et Limnogie Sinica,
vol. 1, no. 3, pp. 293-315, November 1958. Serial File
VITYAZ 1955
BLACK, M. Fossil coccospheres from a Tertiary outcrop onthe
continental slope. Geological Magazine, vol. XCIX, no. 2, pp.
123-127, March-April 1962. (USGS)
SARSIA (R/V) 1959
BLANC-VERNET, L. Etude de quelques sediments dragues au nord du
Cap Corse, Marseille. Station Marine d’Endoume. Recueil de
Travaux, Fascicule 34, Bulletin No. 21, pp. 103-120, 1961.
uncatalogued
CALYPSO 1957 (Sept.)
GYF 1956
BOGGILD, O. B. Sediments sous-marins recuellis dans la mer du
Gronland., Geologie. Louis Philippe Robert, Duc d’Orleans,
Croisiére océanographique accomplié a bord de la Belgica dans
la mer du Gronland 1905, pp. 85-98, C. Bulens, ed. Bruxelles,
1907. (USGS)530.1 qL93
24
--- Samples of the sea-floor along the coast of East Greenland
741/2-70 N. L. Carlsbergfondet Expedition til @st Grdnland,
udfort i Aarene 1898-1900 under Ledelse af G. Amdrup, II,
Meddelelser om Grgnland, Med 16, vol. 28, pp. 95. Kjfbenhavn,
1909. Serial File
CARLSBERGFONDETS EXPEDITION TO EAST GREENLAND
1898-1900
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AUSTRALASIAN ANTARCTIC EXPEDITION 1911-1914
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GOETHEM, C. VON Etude physique et chimique du milieu marin.
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DACA (SS) 1883293 SEINE (SS) 1889
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EGERIA (HMS) 1897 SIEMENS (SS) 1875
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55
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INSTITUTO ESPANOL DE OCEANOGRAFIA Exploracion oceanografica
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en aguas del Sahara, desde Cabo Juby aPunta Durnford-Registro
de operaciones, Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia no.
23, 28 p. 26 January 1950. Serial File
MALASPINA 1947-58 Cruise 475 and 485
INSTITUTO ESPANOL DE OCEANOGRAFIA Exploracion oceanografica
del Africa Occidental Campana del ‘‘Malaspina’’ en enero de 1950
en aguas del Sahara, desde Punta Durnforda Cabo Barbas, Registro
de operaciones, Ministerio de Marina, Boletin del Instituto Espanol
de Oceanografia, no. 38, 12 p., Madrid 15 July 1950. Serial File
MALASPINA Cruise 501 January 1950
INSTITUTO ESPANOL DE OCEANOGRAFIA Campana del ‘‘Tofino’’
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sondeos con cable. Cuadro 1. Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia,
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TOFINO T-5212
INSTITUTO ESPANOL DE OCEANOGRAFIA Campanas del ‘‘Xauen’’
en 1947 y 1948 en el Mar de Albor4n y en el Estrecho de Gibraltar,
Boletin del Instituto Espanol de Oceanografia, no. 18, 53p.,
30 June 1949. GCl Spain 1949 Nos. 13-24 or Serial File
XAUEN Cruise X-474, 481, 482, 488 Sept. 1948
INSTITUTO ESPANOL DE OCEANOGRAFIA Campanas biologicas del
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137.5 A-2
HKVEATIORT Octs ig 58
56
INSTITUT OKEANOLOGII, AKADEMIYA NAUK, SSSR. Bottom sediment
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W355) AeA
BKVATOR Oct) 1958
INSTITUT OKEANOLOGII, AKADEMIYA NAUK, SSSR. Bottom sediment
tables) *“bkKvator”” Atlantic Ocean, 28 March = 25 )April/1958.
(NODC) 137.5 A-1
EKVATOR 1958
INSTITUT OKEANOLOGII, AKADEMIYA NAUK, SSSR. Bottom sediment
tables lst cruise ‘‘M. Lomonosov’’ Atlantic Ocean, November 1957.
(NODC) 137.4 A-2
MIKHAIL LOMONOSOV 1 November 1957
INSTITUT OKEANOLOGII, AKADEMIYA NAUK, SSSR. Bottom sediment
tables Second Cruise ‘‘Mikhail Lomonosov”’ Atlantic Ocean, 2 Mar.-
5 June 1958, 30 p. (NODC) 137.4A2
MIKHAIL LOMONOSOV Cruise 2 Mar-Jun 1958
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Kobe No. 7
SYUNPU MARU (RMS) 1947
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(1954) Expeditions, University of California, LaJolla, pp. Ss
1 May 1958, GC 380 S4L7
CAPRICORN EXPEDITION 1952-53
HORIZON 1952-53
SPENCER F. BAIRD 1952-53
SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY. List of cores collected
on CAPRICORN (1952-53), CUSP (1954) and ACAPULCO TRENCH
(1954) Expeditions. University of California, LaJolla, 30 p., 1 May
1958. GC 380 S4L7
CHUBASCO (ACAPULCO TRENCH) 1954
CUSP 1954
CAPRICORN 1952-53
57
SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY DOWNWIND Expedition
1957-58. List of cores and dredge samples copied from shipboard
logs. University of California, LaJolla, 28 p., May 1958. GC771
S4 D7
DOWNWIND EXPEDITION 1957-58
SPENCER F. BAIRD
HORIZON
SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY. List of cores and dredge
samples copied from shipboard logs on the Fanfare Expedition
O59.
FANFARE EXPEDITION 1959
SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY. Pacific bottom samples.
MUKLUK Expedition, July-August 1957. Core and dredge samples.
Information from shipboard coring log. 6 p.,1957. GC 851 S4 M9
MUKLUK EXPEDITION 1957
SCRIPPS INSTITUTION OF OCEANOGRAPHY. Northern Holiday core
log August-September 1951, Scripps Institution of Oceanography
7 p., 1951. GC 781 S4 N87 also GC 771 S4 S5
NORTHERN HOLIDAY 1951
U. S. COAST AND GEODETIC SURVEY. Bottom sediment Analysis
Work Sheets (for USC and GS Ship Hydrographer) vol 2, May to
Junesi955 .Or TS SlsUSZavy. 2 ;
HYDROGRAPHER (USCGS) May-June 1955
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Bottom Sediments, North Atlantic
Ocean and Adjacent Seas 1949-53. 246 p., May 1958. H. O. TR-36
(unpublished)
AMOS 1949-53
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Survey results of BuShips-
Hydrographic Office anchor testing - bottom sediment sampling
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West harbor approaches 2 October through 7 November 1956,
U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office, H. O. Misc. 16547, 10 p.,March
1957. H. O. Misc. 16547
Anchor Test 1956
58
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Operation Deep Freeze 60,
1959-60, Oceanographic survey results. Technical Report TR-82,
ZS Do, Swine WNoils ists (O); ase ti
DEEP FREEZE 60 Expedition 1960
BURTON ISLAND (AGB-1)
EASTWIND (WAGB-279)
GLACIER (AGB-4)
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Operation Deep Freeze II
1956-57 oceanographic survey results. Technical Report TR-29.
155 p., October 1957. H. O. TR-29
ATKA (USS)
DEEPFREEZE II 1956-57
GLACIER (AGB-4)
NORTHWIND (USCGS)
STATEN ISLAND (USS)
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Oceanographic survey results
Project 572, July - Sept. 1955 USS REQUISITE (AGS-18) Beaufort
Sea, Amundsen Gulf, Dolphin and Union Strait, Shepherd Bay.
U. S. Navy Hydrographic Office, Wash. D. C. 170 p., April 1957.
HO Misc. No. 16366
REQUISITE (AGS 18) USS 1955
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Oceanographic survey results
Task Force Five 26-August - 20 Sept. 1955, USS STATEN ISLAND
(AGB-5) Beaufort Sea, Chukchi Sea, Bering Strait, Bering Sea.
Hes@s) Mise. No: 15047236; 6 ps, March: 1956..HO! Misict! 15047236
STATEN ISLAND (USS - AGB-5) 1955
U.S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Oceanographic observations in
Arctic waters, Task Force Five and Six, Summer-Autumn 1956,
USS REQUISITE (AGS-18), USS ELDORADO (AGC-11), USS ATKA
(AGB-3) USCGC EASTWIND (WAGB-279) Technical Report TR-58,
89 p. October 1960. HC TR-58
ATKA (USS-AGB- 3)
Task Force 5 and 6
EASTWIND (USCGC-WAGB-279)
REQUISITE (USS-AGS-18)
ELDORADO (USS-AGS-11)
59
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Oceanographic observations,
Arctic waters, Task Force Five and Six, Summer - Autumn 1957.
Technical Report TR-59, 45 p., November 1959. HO TR-59
ATKA (USS-AGB-3) EASTWIND (USCGC-WAGB-279)
Task Force 5 and 6 WESTWIND (USCGC-WAGB-281)
SPAR (USCGC-WAGL-403)
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Bottom sediment analyses.
Supplement No. 1 to oceanographic observations U.S.F. & W.S.
M/V Theodore N, Gill Cruises I-IX 1953-54, U. S. Navy Hydro-
graphic Office, Wash. D. CeH.nOy Mise.) 1560) 0;el 9s ps) June Mg 5e.
HO Misc, 15610
THEODORE N. GILL (M/V) Cruise I-IX 1953-54
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Oceanographic survey results
Bering Sea area Winter and Spring 1955. Technical Report TR-46,
oi py Aprile 95 oso Ouwlin=4 OM lO 5s
BURTON ISLAND (AGB-1)
NORTHWIND (USCGC-WAGB-282) 1955
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Unpublished bottom sediment
analysis summary and work sheets - Bottom samples taken aboard
CYRUS FIELD during cable laying operations south and east of
Newfoundland and Georges Bank, 1953-55, vol. 1. QE581 U52
Wo whe
CYRUS FIELD (Cable Layer) 1953-55
USS WHIPPOORWILL. Hydrographic-oceanographic-meteorological
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OCEANO Records) File Hl, RS 12654, 31 August 1959
WHIPPOORWILL (USS) 1959
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Unpublished summary sheets
of samples taken by various U. S. Navy ships in the Mediterranean
Sea by Ocean Survey Division - James Underwood in charge.
Sept.) Olf=janwoZ
SWERVE FLOOD (project)
60
U.S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Samples taken along submarine
cable routes by Bell Telephone Laboratories, and analyzed by the
U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office.
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Unpublished data of bottom
samples taken during June 1962 by Naval Oceanographic Office
for Naval Ordnance Laboratory off Ft. Lauderdale, Florida
AKL-43
U.S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Unpublished summary sheets of
sediment samples taken by the USS ATKA and USCGC WESTWIND
dummp@eroject, Arctic 1958. 1U., S. Hydrographic j@ftice Cruise
00602
ARCTIC 1958
ATKA (USS) 1958
WESTWIND (USCGC) 1958
U. S. NAVY HYDROGRAPHIC OFFICE. Unpublished summary sheets
of sediment samples taken by U. S. Hydrographic Office Cruises
in the Arctic region in 1959.
ING IGM ILS)
61
Variation of Area of 1° Quadrangles with Latitude
Latitude (°) Approximate
Area of 1°
Quadrangle
(nautical miles )
0 3,768
10 3,534
20 3,307
30 3,118
40 2,763
45 2,555
50 2,324
55 2,079
60 1,813
65 1,533
70 1,241
75 941
80 631
85 317
89 63
90 0
62
LEGEND
-CORE SAMPLE
-SURFACE SEDIMENT SAMPLE
IN U.S. NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC
a
QUADRANGLE THE NUMBER OF ANALYSES
FIGURES INDICATE FOR EACH ONE-DEGREE
FILED
OFFICE ON 1 JANUARY 1963.
+t
iRvert4
4
7
5{_ 13] 11 40 \og~77 Sis)
3} 12)G0 4 24
-
2|_ 3} 17) 15) 19) 271
;
2
J
/2
Tishaa!
1
|
1
a ae -
1
|
FIGURE 16 EASTERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN—DISTRIBUTION OF SUBMARINE SEDIMENT SAMPLE ANALYSES
a
LEGEND 2
——CORE SAMPLE Zz
33—SURFACE SEDIMENT SAMPLE
FIGURES INDICATE FOR EACH ONE-DEGREE
QUADRANGLE THE NUMBER OF ANALYSES
FILED IN U.S. NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC
OFFICE ON 1 JANUARY 1963,
FIGURE 17 WESTERN NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN—DISTRIBUTION OF SUBMARINE SEDIMENT SAMPLE ANALYSES
65
if
va 7
oa
ey
2. gle level lini yr Sega
ry : keine
senna aceon
dscenips
SASAIVNY 31dWVS LNaWIG3S INIAYWANS JO NOLLNSIISIQ—NV390 JUNVILY HINOS 81 38NdId
€96L AYVNNVE |
NO 331430 SIHdVYDONVIDO IVAYN 'S Ni
31d S3SAIWNV JO Y38WNN 3JHL JIONVEGVNO
33YD3G-INO HDVI YO4 FLVDIGNI S3YNDI4
Ddwvs LN3WIGAS 3JDV4INS —zi |
JdWvs JWOD ——f
N3931
LEGEND
f34—CORE SAMPLE
LIZ—SURFACE SEDIMENT SAMPLE
FIGURES INDICATE FOR EACH ONE-DEGREE
QUADRANGLE THE NUMBER OF ANALYSES FILED
IN U.S. NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE ON
1 JANUARY 1963,
FIGURE 19 EASTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN—DISTRIBUTION OF SUBMARINE SEDIMENT SAMPLE ANALYSES:
69
LEGEND
Ale SAMPLE
3 —SURFACE SEDIMENT SAMPLE
FIGURES INDICATE FOR EACH ONE-DEGREE
QUADRANGLE THE NUMBER OF ANALYSES FILED
IN U.S. NAVAL OCEANOGRAPHIC OFFICE ON
1 JANUARY 1963.
FIGURE 20 WESTERN NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN—DISTRIBUTION OF SUBMARINE SEDIMENT SAMPLE ANALYSES
7
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