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UNITED STATES
DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
LIBRARY
BOOK NUMBER P69P
Suppl,
v,i-13
1919-1920
aero 8—7671
per Ge sree ge? ¢
910) 659301.
ogi
— —
Pt
THE PLANT DISEASE BULLETIN...
Issued By
The Plant Disease Survey ZORRS
- eeceven *
[ 2 OCT 25 1946 3A
\Y 5 he wy
SLEPT. oF AGRA
\
SUPPLEMENT 1
Summary of Plant Diseases in the United States
in 1918 - Diseases of Fruit Crops.
May 15, 1919
BUREAU OF PLANT INDUSTRY
UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE
Pe comes ies
aaa’ =".
‘= ‘
A 5 js ri
“ ;
a phe aie!
fous ha ie 2) AWAMAISUE
»SUMMARY OF PLANT DISEASES IN THE UNITED STATES IN
1918
A summary of the data obtained by the Plant Disease Survey
during 1918 will be issued in parts as supplements bis the Plant
Disease Bulletin as follows:
Supplement I Diseases of fruit crops.
Supplement II Diseases of field and vegetable crops.
Supplement III Diseases of field and Bite crops (contimed).
‘Supplement IV Diseases of cereal and forage crops.
Supplement V Diseases of fiber crops, forest trees,
ornamental and miscellaneous plants.
The information on which this summary is based was furnished
largely by collaborators of the Plant Disease Survey. Many valuable
notes were also contributed by field assistants of the Plant Disease
Sunvey, and by other plant pathologists both in the states and in the ‘
Department of Agriculture.
For the most part the summary is of 1918 data only, but in the
case of some diseases the records of previous years, particularly of
1917, have been utilized, and in certain instances the informtion
from all past survey reports has been abstracted.
Office Staff
G. R. Lyman, Pathologist in Charge
G. H. Martin, Jr., Asst. Pathologist.
R. J. Haskell, Asst. Pathologist.
Temporary Field Assistants
L. R. Hesler H. S. Stahl L: H. Leonian
W. H. Wright Cx. Ovrs Es SH ioglie
E. H.. Woodcock in Ow Caatman R.: O. Burns
A. G@. Newhall We Soho ieuehential F. P. McWhorter
J.D. More . anes
State Collaborators
Ala....G. L. Peltier Mal@iay ss)... G. HH, oons Ohio....W. G. Stover
G. M. Armstrong Minn...:.E. G. Stakman 0. T. Wilson
ARE cial. GC. Brown E. M. Freeman Okla..-:.C. D.. Learn
J. Jie Thornber G: R. Bisby Oreg....Hi BP. Barss
D. C. George MiSS « ean J. M. Beal C. E. Qwens
Amin edi Au HI OtE er Us) preids, % Penns ee"ne Orton
Colat .Js eT. Barge tt Naas Ge .G. M. Reef F.'D.: Kern
R. E. Smith. W. E. Maneval (Gye Joie Nstat sia
Colo...W. W. Robbins CO. H. Phripett’ Pe Rewer ovevelcanm
Conn...@. P. Clinton: iNonane beater D. B. Swingle. S. Car..Bs W. Barve.)
Del....t- F. Nanns H. M. Jernison . OR. C. Faulwetter
R. W- Goss - _H. EB. Morris ae ue joeale,
Fla....H- E. Stevens D ediny (Bis Wie anes: A, C: Nore
Gaus oss J. B. Berry ‘an ae A. L. Strausz ©. B. Waller®
J. A. NMeGlintock Nebr.....E- M.- Wilcox,.7 ae @akvaC + Wr Viremer
Packie Wie Anderson H. W: Thurston, Penn... .S. H. -besarwn
F. L. Stevens NG aeera wei Peter Frandsen Texas...J. J. Taubenhaus
Ind....H. §.‘ Jackson N:H...:.0. R. Butler F. H. Blodgett
G. N- Hoffer Nae Sell gnesils Ms: 7; (Cook). Utahns; > 3G. Re noneieeaiin
Towa...1. E. Melhus | Ny Monw-8. C.(Wekenthiny Bi J. O'Gara
L. H. Pammel N. Yeo.. sh. He Wheezelia Mer. 4.8 Hepeduumemerd
W. H.' Davis. C. Chupp Va.s....8: D. Fromme,
Kans...l.. E. Melchers B. W- Olive HS. "gabe
H. H. Heymaker L- R. Hesler R. E. Marshall
ee ote F. T. McFarland W. H.: ‘Rankin. bee ee trenci
jbiiaee C. W. Edgerton F. M. Blodgett Wash.,..F. D. Heald
Me....-W. J- Morse CT. Gnegeny, B. F. Dana
IN(oA Sea ab C. E- Temple LL. 6... Petry, A. Frank
J. Bo S. Nomton)) iN. Car,-.P. A. Wot W. Va...N. J. Giddings
Massie uA. Vi. Osman H. C. Beardslee A. Berg
G. H. Chapman W. C. Coker J. L. Sheldon
P, J. Anderson’ J Chhekenit Wise....L. R. Jones
Wie lee) DOA Ni. Dak cH. ne Weowwey: R. E. Vaughan
Mie Sry LGaeybing Ofaletroy eye ee A..D. Selby WYO. vnus J« F. Groves
Mich...E. A. Bessey D. C. Babcock A. Nelson
rs
SUMMARY OF PLANT DISEASES IN TH2 UNITED STATES IN 191d
DISEASES OF FRUIT CROPS
Prepared by
L. R. Hesler*and R. J, Haskell
CONTENTS
Diseases of Pome Fruits...... 1 RASpberry.cserscvarsvesss 34
FORMU ive cb a: v9e ial} areas ee a 1 BlACKDErry. crv erreceees 45
2, a, Ot EE ee rR |, Currant=+ .%'s OS.) wma) piece eats 26
QUINCE = vs hing ieee at's Re oe. (2D GooSeberry...crcrecercine a7
Diseases.of Stone: Fruitss.... 21 . Diseases of Sub-tropical
ee iy tio fia aie die he oe heeled se) OL Fruits...+«. 437
POMECH IT ete alisiies O's! bei elena hare Whe my wretane 27 CitruS.gssvccnvececsrsges ST
CREP ss onc wcsadaverseses 50 Pineapple-.+s-ccecrecons 39
BpricoOtec-.-esrversvavcess 32 Pigesvcrscecersssaseoses AO
Diseases of Small Fruits.+.s. 32 Diseases of Nutses--+sereee 40
Grape... Cheewse eee sa eae'a,! | Se PECAN. ereceervsscveuesre 40
SELAWWELLHY. wate edna scccns 33 Walnutecsseresescscaceee Gl
DISEASES OF POME FRUITS
APPLE
Seab caused by Venturia inaequalis (Cke.) \Wint.
Scab was generally less. prevalent and destructive in the United States in
1918 than in 1917. It should be remembered however that 1917 stands out rather
prominently as a "scab" year along with 1904, 1905, 1908 and 1910, so that in
spite of the fact that the disease was relatively less damaging in 1918 than the year
preceding, the reports indicate that in the northeast quarter of the country con-
Siderable loss was incurred. On the whole, 1913 may be said to have been an
6verage year for apple scab. Apparestly the disease was very troublesome in
locai areas in Missouri and Illinois and was more prevalent than usual in
Virginia. It occurred in moderate amounts in the nortneast and only toa slight
excvent in Oregon and Washington. The percentage of the crop injured varies
from 1/5 of 1% to 75%, while actual losses range from less than 1% to 10/.
ay It is the unanimous opinion of collaborators that where scab occurred to
a iess extent than in 1917, the weather was unfavorable for the fungus. It was
relatively dry at the time for primary infections in the spring, except in cer-
tain Appalaciviam and Mississippi Valley states already noted. Later rains how-
ever “urnished conditions favorable for late infections which occurred rather com-
moniy. séi tne weather been more favorable generally for early infections, there
would doubtless have been an unusual outbreak.
The earliest recorded appeartncte of scab is reported from Oregon by
<. E. Owens, on Arrii 4. It appeared some two weeks earlier than usual in
a
“Temporary ficlea #«ssistant, Plant Disease Survey, Feb. 1, 1929 to May 1, 1919.
TT ET
Illinois where H. W. Anderson found abundant infection April 28. Dates of first
reports in other states follow:-
April 4G...eee0-. Oregon JUNS..+s.e0e05. Tennessee
April 25.0....+. Arkansas June lAcs.sesvee< Minnesota
Apri legions. 0... 9, belenons June 24.,..+++-- Connecticut
MeNVa 2 Olsrane telteel ie ape Pennsylvania GL Yosrepe an « e+. Vermont
May 24....., ose, Georgia July 9s.+-+++ee. New Hampshire
It is of interest t>» note, for comparison, that the earliest previous date of
appearance of scab which has been reported to the Survey Office is April 5, 1905
by A. D. Selby, Ohio. a
A composite list of the most sueceptible varieties for 1918 includes;
Fameuse, MaIntosh, Wealthy, Winter Banana, Northern Spy, Ben Davis, Virginia
Beauty, Red Astrachan, Yellow Transparent, Early Harwest, Transcendent and
Siberian Crab. This list corresponds closely to those of previous years,
Lime-sulfur is still relied on by most apple growers in the United
States. Where other diseases occur, like bitter rot, bordeaux is used in late
applications. Dusting is reported by states as follows:-
Massachusetts: Limited trials have been made by growers but they
are not as enthusiastic over dust.as spray. Not
used commercially-- Osmun.
New York; Limited tests in Wayne County gave inconclusive resultss
The cost of dust was considerably greater in one
orchard-- Hesler.
New Jersey: Station workers regard the efficiency of dusting as
uncertain... Massey.
Pennsylvania: Dust not @ grset improvement over check. Bordeaux
mixture and lime-sulfur gave excellent control.-Orton.
Delaware: Cost of dusting and spraying about equal. Not efficient
for bictch or-seab or other minor difficulties.-Manns.
Virginia: "We believe dusting a safe practice for the codling moth
application on apple, but would hesitate to recommend
it for the control of fungous diseases, particularly
for bitter’ rot and for régions where scab is trouble-
some."—- Fromme.
West Virginia; Dust not very successful. Bordeaux controls scab--
Giddings,
Arkansas: Orchards dusted 4 to 6 times showed about as much scab as
those that were untreated.- J. W. Roberts.
Illinois: In general, dust, as used by growers and by station men in
, experiments, is net as satisfactory as the regular
spray for the control of scab but may be used on all
except the most susceptible varieties, Dust was suo-
cessful, however, in the control cf codling mothe
Dusting is out of the qestion in the southern part
of the state where blotch is prevalent.- H.W,.Anderson.
Michigan: Dusting inconclusive, checks clean.- Coons.
Wisconsin: Dust reduced scab 50%, while iiquid reduced it 80%, Dust
can be more rapidly applied than liquid, but since
dust is not as efficient as liquid for the control of
scab, there is need of more experimental work to be
done before we feel-that we can give it our endorse-
ment.- Vaughan. »
Minnesota: Dust promising. -- Stakman.
Washington: Dusting not used experimentally by the Station. Growers
claim that sulfur dust is as satisfactory in the
control of apple powdery mildew as liquid spray in.
the Yakima Vailey. ~ Heald.
Oregon: On account of the unusvally dry season scab was very incon-
_ gpicuous and there was no opportunity for spraying.
Codling moth not as well controlled by dust as by |
spray,. although dust produced fairly good results.
Dusting more expensive than spraying but this is
somewhat compensated for by.a saving in time and
wages. Spraying is required for dormant applications
which are necessary for certain:insects and discases
‘in Oregon. The spray-gun nozzle is coming into great
favor, particularly in the Hood River Valley. In
-this valley wind interferes with dust operations.
~Barss. oS
| Dry lime-sulfur, as put out by the Sherwin-Williams Company, was reported
as follows: hie ae
Maine: In 1916 dry lime~sulfur was slightly less efficient in scab
control than were dilutions of home-made, liquid concentra-
tes. In 1917 however the dry material was, plainly more
_ efficient. . It: produced more fruit:. russeting in 1917 but
the previous year, it gave. less. The percentage of merchant-
. able apples were.in fevor of the dry lime~sulfur both sca~ .
_ Sons. = Morse (In Maine Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 271: 125, 1918) ,
New York: Tests made in 1918 indicate that dry lime-sulfur, if used
at. double the strength recommended on the label, is about
as effective as commercial lime-sulfur solution for apple.
scab. -.Hesler ;
sconsin; Dry lime~sulfur gives very satisfactory returns in com-
comparison to the liquid material. - Vaughan.
Fire blight caused by Bacillus amylovorus .(Burr.) de Toni.:
During the season 1918, fire blight had its usual wide range over. the
Unite’t States. It was reported from regions as far north as upper Vermont,
Montana and Washington, and as far south as Georgia, Texas and New Mexico, with
positive occurrence reported from thirty-four states.
Fire blight on apple was not generally more prevalent than normal last
year (1918) and,.as usual, was of less importance than such other common dis-
eases of the apple as scab and bitter rot. in some states however it was severe
and more prevalent than usual. It was common, although iess prevalent than
usual, in the Rocky Mountain region, Ohio, northern Illinois, Mississippi. and
Delaware; the disease was more prevalent than usual in Connecticut, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania (portions), Tennessee, Wisconsin, Neoraska, western Illinois, and
western Kentucky. The disease was.also reported as severe in Towa and Georgia, j
moderate to slight in most other states.
The percentages of apple trees injured ranged from 2% to 25% by states.
in Georgia often 50% of the new shoots. blighted. The average percent of trees
injured, using figures from seven states, is 14%. Actual losses range from
less than 1% in Nassachusetts to 40-50% in Kentucky. The average percent of
A
loss for nine states making estimates is about 0.7%. In western [Illinois 90% of
the Jonathans in some orchards lost their blossoms through DEE ness
Twig blight seems to have been the prevailing form of fire Lae on apple
in many sections of the country. This was particularly true in Connecticut,
Massachusetts, Georgia, Ohio, western New York, Tennessee, central and western
West Virginia. In Ohio Professor Selby attributes the unusual twig blight to
an outbreak of "tissue penetrating insects". Cankers are-giver special: “mention
from Minnesota and Nebraska; coilar blight was general. in Massachusetts and Penn-
sylvania, and in the latter state more serious, than usual. Blossom blight was
pee ey worst in western, Illinois, Massachusetts, and the lower Hudscn Valley,
New York. Fruit blight’ was important in Georgia and occurred to a limited extent
in western New York. Selby states that in Ohio some cases of blight started on
the leaf-border.
~ Tt is not’ easy to determine what set of weather conditions is regarded as
"favorable" or "unfavorable". In most cases no indication was made in the reports
as to the type of weather conditions prevailing; only the words "favorable" or
"unfavorable" were used in such cases, . In other instances the word "unfavorable"
was supplemented: by "dry", "hot and dry", "cool and dry". Evidently the temper-
ature factor is not wholly agreed on, although all who commit themsleves state
that "dry" weather is "unfavorable" to blight.. A few reporters venture an opin-
ion on the influence of temperature. Possibiy moisture is a more liniting fac-i' °-
tor than temperature. There are probably. other factors VAkee influence: out—
breaks of blight.
The general, relative prevalence of phe blight may be correlated with
heavier rainfall later in the season. It was. comparatively. dry, generally, at
blossoming and there was slight prevalence of | biossom blight... It is interest-
ing to note that in western Illinois wet weather prevailed at blossoming @nd a
heavy blossom infection by B. amylovorus, was observed in some orchards.
The following varieties are, listed as susceptible: Spitzenberg (Conn.,
Orez.), Jonathan (Ill., Mo, Oreg.), Transcendent (Minn., Mo-, Wisc.), Wealthy
(Mc., Wise.), Greening. (Minn.), Alexander (N. Y.), Twenty Qunee (N. Y.}), Sibe=
rian Crabs (N.D., S. D.), Grimes (Oreg., Pa.), King (Oreg.), Ben Davis (Pa.-),
York Imperial (Pa.), Stayman (Pa.), Yellow Transparent (W: ya.), summer yankees
ies (Ohio). | esi im
In South Dakota Dutchess types were said to be resistant.
DateSof first recorded appearance of fire blight on apple:
Marcheseqss+ss Tennesses .. . pee pat atiL Cp Ranta
April 1....... Mississippi — - : June 6.s+:ee,= Kansas
May 1.>....- oe Georgia June,10....-. ‘ ieeeemianctei ss:
EG OMe e Pennsylvania vO) Gane 15.5 «1. Vermont
May Ores Cues Oklahoma tia yht _, dune 15.-++...» Montana
May VOyest ssa. Vine inte ee ane g2Wne sel. COMME Ct Lee
Meee eral one ce Wrs@oncsim . 0) 4) June 29..-..-«: New Hampshire
Since twig plight prevailed, it is not surprising that the. above cates’
are mostly after blossoming time. . Buide y ie : er
thappears, from reports, that in a few states no control. measures Are
taken against fire blight.on the apple. In other states the cutting-out method
is employed. In Oregon many growers Fight the disease successfully, : but it
is worst wherever the growers are not alert. In Minnes ota the opinion is that”
pruning for blight on apple is on the increase. . In Pennsylvania, Orton says
of tollar blight: "Cledning away the soil from the collar in the spring.has
apparently ben Teeine a ave ue in Franklin County. This appears -to allow the
« 5
cankers to dry out and favors callus formation." In Wisconsin, Vaughan reports
the use of B. G. Pratt's Scalecide and desires advice of its use elsewhere.
A matter of historical interest is that fire blight was found for the
first time in Douglas County, Oregon, according to the collaborator's statement.
Bitter rot caused by Glomerella cingulata (Stonem) S.&v.S.
The range of bitter rot was slightly restricted in 1918 as compared with
previous years. Fewer reports of its occurrence around the margin of the
"bitter rot belt" have come to the Office, and it did comparatively slight damage
in Arkansas and Virginia where it is often so destructive. In 1918 it was neg-
ligible in Massachusetts and New Jersey, where it is never &@ serious factor in
apple growing, and it was likewise rare in Illinois, Missouri and Oklahoma where
in some years it becomes very destructive. The exceptionally dry weather is held
responsible for the relatively light occurrence of bitter rot in these latter
states. The disease was abundant as usuai however in the apple regions o# South
Carolina, Georgia, southeastern Alabama, and Tennessee.
In South Carolina the unsprayed fruit showed 75% rot. In Georgia losses
were in some Cases heavy and in northern Alabama the disease fas quite severe.
Heavy losses in states of this region are not exceptional. In years when the
weather is favorable to the fungus (warm and moist) bitter rot is both frequent
and abundant in practically all apple localities south of the line of the Ohio
River.
During the years 1917 and 1918, the following data on varietal siscep-
tibility have been received:-
1917 Conn. - Early varieties most susceptible
Mo. - Susc. - Huntsman, Grimes, Jonathan
| - Chenango
Pa. Ae Bs - Grimes, Summer Rambo
Resistant - Stayman, Wagoner, Williams Early Red¥
Va. ~ Susc. - Yellow Newtown, Ben Davis
Resistant - Stayman, York Imperial
1918 Mo. - Susc. - Bismarck
In northern states like New York and Connecticut, doubtless temperature
is a factor limiting the disease to early varieties (Chenango, ete -). "ta
Virginia, Fromme suggests that the supposed "immunity" of the York Imperial
may be due to the fact that this variety is grown in regions where bitter
rot is not prevalent.
Dates of appearance: LT
GUMS Wipe cs ea Winks nas Alabama JEL oN eh ar ci a Arkansas
DEY a tre vile 6 Kec eo Virginia AEs HO ee nie sabe only New York
SC NO) Ba a Illinois SEP he. L2s eae ie oa Pennsylvania
ass BONIS. PT. i MEe ae LO hee cee eens Ohio.
1918
May D5 he ee le Georgia July...seree, .-. Tennessee
FONE ah b. eee ee eMiESSOUrL Aug. 20.......-.-Massachusetts
GUNG ys. We vale se OK LAhoma Aug. 20... es eee “Virginia
ON
The need for closer observation as to the dates of first appearance is ap-
parent. Jn general the disease is expected to put in its appearance in warn,
rainy weather. Doubtless a comparative study of weather conditions in bitter rot
states in epidemic and non~epidemic years would reveal some interesting correla-
tions. Likewise 4 comparison of climatic conditions (moisture and temperature)
prevailing in regions in which the disease is abundant on the one hand, and rare
Or absent on the other, would show interesting and valuable data.
Blister canker caused by Nummularia discreta Tul.
The range of blister canker apparently has not»been increased during the
past year (1918). It was reported from Missouri in 1904 and has consistently
been reported to the Office from the central west and the Ohio valley. It
is most abundant in three rather distinct regions: - (1) western Iowa and
eastern Nebraska; (2) southwestern Missouri and northwestern Arkansas; (3)
aleng the Ohio river. It also ocours to a slight extent as far south and
west as New Mexico and Texas, southeast in South Carolina, northeast in New
Hampshire, and central northwest in Michigan and Wisconsin. So far, it is
unknown on the Pacific Coast. Possibly climatic conditions there are unfavorable
to the fungus. .
The disease is most serious in the three regions already described, and in
these areas it ranks ag one of the most destructive of their apple troubles. In
Arkansas 10% of the trees were reported as injured in 1912; the following year
30% were affected, and it has been important there in other years. In 1918 the
disease was reported from Kansas &s second in importance only to blotch. Heavy
losses are incurred also along the Misscuri and Ohio Rivexs. In other sections
it is common but does less injury. In Ohio there was an apparent spread of the
fungus between 1910 and 1915. In 1917 the report came from Virginia that the
disease, while present in scattering areas, is becoming more prevalent. In all
regions only woody parts are affected. Trees 15 years or older are affected more
than younger trees, although Manns reports blister canker on nursery stock in
1913 from Delaware.
The weather relations of N. discreta seem to offer an interesting field of
study. In 1915, Reed of Missouri, stated that the disease was relatively scarce
owing to the unfavorable season, and he remarked that "a wet season seems unfavor~
able to this canker." (See also work of Gloyer: Ohio Agr. Exp. Sta. Circ. 125.)
‘The Ben Davis variety is commonly susceptible, as indicated by the reports
from New York, Pennsylvania, West Virginza@, Illinois, Iowa and Nebraska. It
affects also the Gano and Fameuse (Iowa), Grimes and Willow Twig (Illinois),
Sutton (New York) and other varieties. Very often neglected trees suffer more
than others.
Excision methods have been used with success in Ohio and Pennsylvania.
First reports of the disease oame from Nebraska in 1906, Michigan 1911. and
South Carolina 1916. It is known however, that Schweinitz collected the
fungus in the eastern United States in 1834.
Black rot caused by Physalospora cydoniae Arnaud (=Sphaeropsis
Berk.)
malorum Pk.)
This disease apparently occurs only in the eastern half of the U. 5. and
in Santa Fe County, New Mexico. [t was moderate in most states, except in
Virginia and southern Pennsylvania and Illinois. In Pennsylvania 25% injury is
4
reported from the eastern portion, being most injurious on trees in low soils
where igs rented is higter. : In Virginia it was urasveliy severe, many trees
having heen completely defeliated by Angast; the injury is rated at 50%» Tn
aiincis, olack rot was reported as rut ssrious on duly 1, but by November 15 was
very serious, especicliy wrere codiing moth wes nou contzolled. It gave little
trouble where ccdiing moth was controlied. The fungus followed induries pro-
duced by the larvae of this insect. This phenomenon is not unconmen els-whore
in some years.
All three forms of the disease (frvit rot, leaf spot, and tanker) are not
always abundant in any given region. Black rot was especially resorted from
Georgia, Illinois, New Jersey, Tennessee and West Virginia, and in Onxio it
app2ared.as bicssen-end. rot; leaf-spot from.Aiabama, Connecticut, Missouri,
New York (lower Hudton Valley), Ohio, Pennsyivania, Tennessee, Virginia and
West Virginia; vue onker, Minresots and New York.
Susceptib: oility of varieties seems to depend on ‘the nature of the injury.
In Pennsylvania and New York, Baldwins and .Chenengo are especially susceptible
ta leaf spot although Ben Davis and others are also susceptible to tais Fo.:m
_of the disease in these states. In New York, Twenty Ounce are particularly .
susceptible to cankere In West Virginia, Ben Davis suffered worst from tlack
rote
Leaf spot ehpeared’ on the following dates:
1918 - May 10, Pennsylvania
July i, Connecticut
9, Virginia
1917 - July 2, Obio. ary:
ahicay treatment does not seem to be ge nerally practiced. Spraying for
_ leaf spot gave good results in West Virginia, whereas dust gave only fair control.
_The control of codling moth in Tilinois has already, been mentioned as having an
. important bearing cn black rot control. In some states the disease requires no
special treatment.
Blotch caused by Phvllostiota solitaria E. & E.
This disease appears to remain limited to the eastern half of the United
States - west in Nebraska and Kansas, south in Texas and southern Mississippi, é
and north as far as ncerthern Pennsylvania. It is rarc or unkrown in areas
farther northward, although it was fovnd in one nursery in Wabasha County,
‘Minnesota, in 1917. In 1910, it was very severe in southern and eastern
.Arkansas, southeastern Misscuri, eastern Kansas, Illinois and southeastern
Pennsyivania. In the last-named state it was more prevalent than usual, and
Orton believes it to be on the increase and fast becoming one of the most serious
apple diseases in the state. It is mcving northward. In “hic it is also
aid that it threatens to become one of the most serious of the apple diseases.
In Virginia, Fromme received more reports of its octurrence than in eny pre-
viovs season. Blotch is likewise on the increase in West Virginia, elthough
heavy damage is not yet the rule.
Heaviest losses come adovt by injvry to the fruit. ue T1linoi
Cracking of fruit resulted from bictch, covpled with peculiar weather
In Pennsylvania, lesions cccurred not only on fruit bet on petio
consequent defoliation. eaf--spgt was especially mentioned in rep
Delaware and South Carolina. _Twig conker s are Goublless general;
that cankers are frequent wherever frvit bietsh occurs in Chilo -
The Ben Davis is generaily me “i Susceptible variety. Other susceptible
varieties were reported as ftllcws: Stark,. Mer.n, Rome, Grimes (Chic), Northwestern
Greening (Ohio, Missovri), pa TincnS Black (Oklahoma, Missouri), Gano (Oklahoma),
ee ___ _— eee
8
Smith Cider (Pennsylvania, New Jersey), Maiden Blush (Pennsylvania, Missouri),
Early Colton, White Pippin, Wealthy, Early Harvest, Yellow Transparent vee
souri), Genet and Cooper Early White (Nebraska). Varieties mcre cr less resist-
ant:- Winesap and Jonathan (Oklahoma), Stark (Pennsylvania), York bamerin’ (Vir-
ginia), Milan and Winter Wines sop (Missouri). Tt will be noted that Stark appears
relatively susceptible in Ohio but relatively resistant in Pennsylvania; perhaps
in the latter state the Stark is merely "less susceptible" and may be transferred
to the susceptible group.
Blotch appeared Lee T sala in Ohio; ordinarily sprays applied July
15. will control, but in 1918 the disease was found June 7. It was reported else-
where as follows:- |
Maytwesesecee Missouri, Oklahoma, (01 | June, 1S-s seem memsas
June Gets: c: Elenors July 2esacesas Virginie
June 10.......Georgia _ July 9...++.ses Pennsylvania
‘The early appearance of blotch in Ohio calls for a revision in the general-
ly recommended spray schedule. Bcrdeaux is the fungicide used largely, and in
general, where ‘properly applied, is satisfactory. -Blotch was more severe in dusted
and unspreyed orchards than in sprayed orchards of Arkansas (Roberts, U. S, Dept.
Agr.). ‘In Illinois, the susceptible Ben Davis, even in many sprayed orchards show-
ed 80% blotch and 10-35% loss of fruit. Evidently spraying is net invariably de-
pendable in that state.
+
Rust caused by Gymnosvorangium Juniperi-virginienae Schw.
Apple rust occurred widely but on the whole moderately, over the eastern
heif of the United States in 1910. It was most prevalent and severe in Virginia,
southwestern Arkansas, western Towa and eastern Nebraska. Tt was also trouble-
some in southwestern Wisconsin and Tennessee, The Gisease was reported from
Solorado although apparently was not observed elsewhere in the Rock® Mountain,
region- It was found as far south as northeastern Texas and southwestern Miss-
issippi. It occurred as far north as Noxth Dakota. Rust was iess prevalent than
usual in Connecticut and Pennsylvania, and in West Virginia it was the mildest
it had been since 190.
In most states the disease was of slight importance. From West Virginia
wnere it is sometimes damaging, comes the report that rust was unimportant bDecause
of the unfavorably low temperature occurring at pericas when moisture conditions
properly prevailed. Taking the country as a whole, if it can be said that mst
was less prevalent than usuél, it seems that unfavorable weather and cedar-—des-
truction are responsible for the reduced importance of the eee ce cn Tae folliow-
ing table gives injury and loss estimates;- yh
injury Loss
Georgia--~--~-------- A --------- smail
Kentutky------------+ 0 --------- 2%
\innes 0ta------------ 2 _-----~---- Less than ‘1%
Pennsylvan ia--------- BI --------- See
South Carolina------- --------- 2%
Teynessee-------~----10% ~-------- 2%
Texas-~-------------- (aan waa
Virginia------------- 9 --------- "39 0, 000 Bue on York Imperials
West Virginia-------- 9 --------- 2%
Althcugh not a large number: of collaborators emphasize the néture of injury
and loss, it is of interest to note that leaf infections were especially reported | ;
fron Pennsylvanie, New York and Tennessee. From Canada, comes the report that, i
while no rust oceurred in 1918, only a few leaves were found affected in-five years. i
Varietal susceptibility to rust
ea = ne eae a ee
Most susceptible : : Observed on
POWS <6 age yes o> Wealthy, Ben Davis*'/ ; : Connecticut... Wealthy, Banana
Missouri...... Jonathan, Rome ete Fee : : New York...... York Imperial, Twenty
New Jersey..-..* Wealthy a aes : Qunce, Opalescent,
Pennsylvania... York Imperial . : Wealthy, Belleflower,
WLPEINIA.. +... York Imperial, Ben Davis eee: Hubbardston.
: South Dakota.. Only trees with "blood"
Most resistant ; : ies of Pyrus ioensis (Yest-
EER OT HT aN Te ear ern Crab).
Virginia...... Winesap, Stayman, Delicious, ; Wisconsin..... Wealthy
Missouri Black Twig :
Dates of first report in 1910:
March 40...+. ‘Mississippi JULY. oes veneaes’ Wisconsin
May 1.,..+.-+ Georgia July eee Pennsylvania
May 15...«.+» Minnesota : July 24..2..0ie0+ Connecticut
June 10. eerace Tennessee P . : ,
Cedar eradication is practiced in: Virginia, West Virginia, Wisconsin and
Nebraska, In the last-named state a general movement is on foot to eradicate red
cedars in the apple regions. in the southeastern pbi'tion of the state. Spraying
is reported successful in Tennessee in the control of apple rust.
Northwestern anthracnose caused by Noofabracéa malicorticis (Cord. } Jackson.
The northwestern anthracnose of apple was reported for 1915 from Washington,
Oregon and Nevada. [In addition to the states it has been ep eres BST Lge to
the Office fron Idaho and Nebraska. Very
recently however, it has been determined
that the reports from Nebraska (Which came
to the Office in 1906 and 1917) were in-
correct. Apparently then the disease does
not occur east of Latah County, Idaho. ut
Although the fungus is present in the apple
regions of eastern Washington, western
Nevada and western Idaho, it does most
damage west of the Cascade Mountains, in
the states of Washington and Oregon. In
the Willamette, Hood River and Roa te River
valleys, it has been serious for several
years. In 1918 a survey of five counties
in Oregon showed that it was most Bae yes
lent in Benton County.
' So.-far as known the fungus does not
occur in any of the apple regions of the Taine
middle west or east. Probably weather con-
ditions are not favorable, or possibly it Fig. 1 Occurrence of Neofabraea
is 4 mere matter of the non-intoduction on apple as reported by
of the fungus. collaborators. Summary
of all reports.
a a a ne Ea
10
Anthracnose has been said to be the most. serious apple disease in the
northwest. At any rate it is a close competitor of scab. Estimates of losses
are difficult to prepare owing to the nature of the injury produced. The chief
damage comes through the formation of cankers on the limbs. Young trees may
thus be killed. -In addition, the fruit may be rotted in the field or in storage.
in 1911, there was considerable loss through rotting in storage. Early fall
rains favored infections which occurred prior to picking. |
It seems clear, from reports, that outbreaks are favored by rainy weather
in the fall.° In 1907 the disease was prevalent owing to cool damp weather the
preceding autum. Again early fall rains in 1910, 1912 and 1916 resulted in
abundant infections which were conspicuous in 1911, 1913 and 1917 respectively.
In the Willamette Valley, Oregon, the disease was especially.bad in 1917. This
is reported to be traceablé to a laxity of fall spraying owing to the high cost of
copper sulfate. In 1918 statements came from the Pacific Coast that the disease
Was serious where fall spraying is not practiced, and that it is negligible where
the orchards are properly sprayed.
The range of the disease also indicates a close relationship to, weather.
The fungus is prevalent. west of the Cascade lits., where the rainfall is heavy,
but is neither frequent nor ‘abundant east of these mountains where rainfall is
relatively light (see map)’.
The disease is less serious in Oregon on Newtown and Gano than on other
varieties, but all sappy varieties like Esopus Spitzenberg and Baldwin are
highly susceptible. ils .
Fall spraying is satisfactory. Strong bordeaux is advised, 6-6-50,
(1) just after picking, (2) about 2- 3 weeks later. An application before picking
is advised when weather becomes wet. ©
In general the situation is as follows:- the disease has done and may
still do considerable damage. But fall spraying seems to have brought the
trouble under control. Its occurrence eastward should be sought.
Root rots caused by: Armillaria melts (Fries) quel.
Clitocybe monadelpha
Ozonium omnivorum Shear
Xylaria spp., ete,
The apple root rot situation in the United States is not well understood.
In the Pacific Coast region it seems clear that Armillaria mellea is the chief,
~f not the only,. disturbing factor. In the Mississippi Valley, southern Texas
and the Vi Virginia section Clitocybe monadelpha is reported. In Arkansas, See
melle& is also reported, and it has been found in Ohio and Pennsylvania. The
black root rot fungus, or fungi, (Xylaria sp. or spp) has been observed in North
Oarolina, Virginia, Massachusetts, New York, Indiana and Illinois. Its parasitism
is yet to be cemonstrated in the last four states. In Texas and New Mexico,
Qzonivm emnivorum is prevalent. It possibly occurs elsewhere according to liter-
Ature. ‘ .
In several states the cause of apple root rot is not known; possibly sev~
eral kinds occur. This meager state of knowledge is admitted frem Chic, Pennsyl-
yania, New York and New Mexico, and doubtless other states eee properly be added
he they lest, :
11
Bitter pit (Non-parasitic)
This disease occurred in the Pacific Northwest and the New England States
in 1918. It also occurred in Ohio where it was more severe. than in 1917. In
Massachusetts, New York and Oregon it was generally prevalent but caused slight
loss ret aa on the Baldwin. In Oregon, 50% injury was observed in individual
Cases.
Previous ponutals indicate the occurrence, of bitter pit in all the impor- |
tant apple. sections of the United States, except the Ozark Region., In the irr
gated sections of Washington it is very prevalent on certain varieties. Its |
abundance elsewhere, seems dependent on a peculiar set of weather conditions not
‘altogether understood. In 1917 Selby reported that a light crop ‘and abundant
moisture favored bitter pit in southeastern Ohio.. In the same year Barss -repor=
ted that a long dry summer favored the trouble in Oregon.
; The Baldwin is the most génerally susceptible variety. The Northern. Spy
also suffers commonly.’ In Washington it is prevalent on Grimes, Black Twig
and Belleflower. In Pennsylvania the Ben Davis, King David and York Imperial,
in addition to Baldwin and Grimes, are susceptible. :
ae
Fruit spot caused by Phoma pomi Passer.
In 1918 Phoma fruit spot occurred in New England and the Ohio Valley. In
years past the disease has also been reported from Texas, the Ozark Region,
Indiana, Michigan and the Appalachian Region. The only report of its occurrence.
in the West is from Idaho in 1913, In Y916, it attracted attention for the first
“time in Virginia.’ In many states the disease. is neither frequent nor abundant,
and losses are often confined to certain varieties. The disease is most common
--in southeastern New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts and New Hampshire. In 1918,
however, it was generally much less prevalent than in 1917 or other years. It is
most severe when rains are abundant in midsummer and late-summer seasons. Weather
conditions prior to the last of June seem to have little influence. In this con-
nection dates of appearance, as reported, follows
MES Ty AGOP ow eek a ss New Hampshire Aug. ? 1911 ....-Pennsylvania
Aug. 14, 1900 ... ..... New Hampshire Sept. 12, 1917. «Pennsylvania
gug. 20, 1918 ..... ... Connecticut ‘Sept. 15, 1916. . Virginia .
Aug. 21, 1909 ......... Pennsylvania Oct. 1, .1910....-Naine
Aug. ? 1908 :........ Pennsylvania Oct. 7 1912... ..Chio
Aug. ?- 141910 ......... Pennsylvania _ Oct. 15, 1917....New York
The disease doubtless appears in some states earlier than the dates recorded. For
example it has been seen in July in New York but na such early records happen to
be on file in this Office.
The Belleflower is uniformly ae Light colored seedling fruits
are also very frequently affected. Other varieties espeGially susceptible are .-
lee as potONs:
Baldwin °° - "Greenville s Northern Spy
~ Jonathan the . Ben Davis— King
Virginia Beauty ; Grimes . Yellow Newtown
; ; Newtown , Pippin King David Rhode Island Greening
It has been observed on ‘several other varieties, ReP ay Tolman. .In Connecticut,
Russett was most resistant in 1916.
EEE a Se rere cere
12
Midsummer sprays are reported as satisfactory. Infections may begin in
June and continue into September.
Powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera leucotricha (BE. & E.) Salmon.
Most prevalent in Washington and Oregon. It was also reported from Cali-
fornia, Nevada, Colorado, New Mexico, Texas, Arkansas, Illinois, Indiana, Wiscon-
sin, South Carolina and New Hamoshire. From Ohio, selby reports apple mildew as
due to Sphaerotheca pannosa, while in West Virginia, Sheldon reports Podosvhaera
@xyacanvthae on apple.
In Washington, powdery mildew in 1918 was very prevalent in the irrigated
section of the central and western portions of the state, where it is one of the
most serious of apple diseases. The damage there is mostly due to a reduction
in the vitality of the tree and prevention of fruit bud formation. In the Yakima
Valley, atomic sulfur and iron sulphide is generally used but in the Wenatchee
Valley lime sulfur has been preferred. Growers claim that sulfur dust is as satis-
factory as liquid for its control in the Yakima Valley (Heald). None of the sulfur
Sprays can be used after hot weather starts in these regions of intense sunlight
because of the severe fruit burning which always results.
Jonathan. spot (Cause debated)
During the years 1917 and 1918 Jonathan spot was reported from Washington,
Tllinois, West Virginia, New Jersev and Delaware. According to literature it
occurs elsewhere. It develops on late-picked fruit and in storage. Other varie-
ties besides the Jonathan are liable to show this or other similar spots. From
Washington a "Jonathan freckle" is reported (1918) and is said to be distinct from
Jonathan spot. In New Jersey, both Jonathan spot 2nd blossom-end rot are attri-
buted to Alternaria sp.
Blue mold rot caused by Penicillium expansum
(Lk.) emend. Thom
Soft rot was reported from various apple regions of the United States and
Canada in 1918. In Illinois, Anderson reports P. expansum as causing 20% loss
in cellar storage; data regarding cold storage are difficult to, obtain since
storage men are reluctant to give out such information. In transit to cities
east and southeast market inspectors report 5-20% infection.
Crown gall caused by Bacterium tumefaciens Sm. and Towns.
Crown gall apparently occurs all over the United States. In 1918 it was:
reported from New York in the northeast, southern Georgia, Alabama, Texas and New
Mexico, and the Pacific northwest. It is apparently more injurious in the south
than elsewhere. According to reports it was especially important in Texas, Arkan-
sas, Alabama and Georgia. Most damage is done to nursery stock, although orchard
trees in some regions suffer considerably. In New Mexico, Werkenthin found the
disease on 10-12 year old trees and states thai, such trees do. not hold their fruit
well. In Alabama numerovs gails were found (1917) on the trunks of old trees.
Aerial galls were again reported prevalent from Alabama in .1918.,..From-Texas 3%
loss is reported; from Pennsylvania 5% injury, and it was especially..bad in a
block of young trsen bought from a New York state nursery. Galls had been cut
Ss ; . ¥ r/« - . . 14
off to disguise trouble. Various types of lesions, such as pen ees (root and
aerial), and hairy root were reported,
Brown rot caused by Sclerotinia cinerea (Bon.) Schrot.
This disease was reported in 1918 as occurring in New York, New Jersey,
Delaware, Ohio, Illinois, Iowa and Washington, where it appeared in usual amounts.
Between the years 1904 and 1918 inclusive, brown rot on apple has been reported
_to the Office from all the chief apple regions of the country. However definite ©
reports of it from.the following apple states have never been received: New
Hampshire, Vermont, Massachusetts.
Brown rot’ is clearly one: of the minor diseases of the: apeiles arenouly
highly destructive on stone. fruits. .In no apple region is. the ‘disease known to
be a factor in apple production. This is probably die to the fact that fall and:
winter apples,: which, constitute the bulk of this: fruit grown’ in the United States,
ripen in the cooler seasons of the year. The fungus has 4 relatively high
optimum temperature and.is most destructive on ripe or ripening fruits. Wher.
ever early apples aré grown.brown rot occurs to some extent, due no doubt to the
favorable conditions of warmer temperature at ripening. According to-reports,
heaviest losses have been incurred in Delaware: Losses may occur in the orchard,
in transit and in storage. In 1918 shipments from Delaware to Indianapolis,
Indiana, all varieties were affected in transit. The Yellow Transparent showed
7% rot; dark early varieties showed 25% as opposed to 15%-on light red varieties:
In a shipment from Ohio to the same market brown rot for one car varied from 4%
to 30%, average 8%. The disease is a storage trouble in Washington and else-
where. Losses are recorded as early as 1904, from Arkansas, Iowa, Missouri, New
Mexico and in subsequent years front many ‘other states. The disease has not been
reported to the Office as affecting leaves. and bark.
A few years ago the brown rot fungus in America, on whatever host, was
called S. fructigena. More recently it has been shown that the brown rot fungus
in the United States is' S$. cinsrea. Both species occur in aegis the svecies
fructigena more common on pome fruits (although known on stonés/, and the species
cinerea more common on stone fruits (but known on pomes). The question still
remains to be further ihvestigated: - Does Sclerotinia Pructigens occur in the
United States? ..
Apothecia on apple have ap arently not been Hepabted in American litera-
ture. In 1914, however, C, R. Orton, Pennsylvania,. reported to the Office
that they occurred abundantly May 7, on Wolf River and Red Astrachan.
Brown rot is reported on the. following varieties:- Wolf age Red
Astrachan, Yellow Transparent, Chenango, Wealthy, Genet.
Special spraying. for orchard control.is never practiced,.so far as known,
It would apparently be RARROEDEY am on early (summer and fall) varieties in a
warm, wet Season.
The disease is sometimes ealled black-rot because under certain conditions
~@ black mummy is produced. It should not be confused with black-rot caused by
Physalospora cydoniae which produces also both... black and a brown rot.
The trouble is reportei1 to be more peaveseoy,% when te afew stand near plums
Or peaches (Towa, New Jersey).
14
European canker Caused by Nectr3a galligena Bres.
To date the European canker has been reported as occurring in 1918 in
Connecticut, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and Oregon. Records of the Office
show that it also occurs elsewhere (see below), The earliest report comes from
Connecticut in 1903. In 1907 it was first noted in New Hampshire and sub-
sequently elsewhere as follows:~ California (1908), Ohio and Washington (1911),
Minnesota and North Carolina (1912), Maine (1914), Indiana and Pennsylvania
(1915 ; but at this time cankers fifteen years old were observed), Massachusetts,
New York and Oregon (1917). (But earlier records: ofits occurrence in New York
are available in the herbarium at Ithaca.) ee
The disease is common in Maine (in some parts of the state), New Hamp-
_ shire and Massachusetts but it is not a serious PRCEOr in apple~growing in
. these or other states,
European canker is a minor disease of: the apple in the United states. The
percentage of trees injured in any state is low, although isolated cases are
on record where a’ large number of trees in an. orchard were affected. Such cases
.are reported from North Carolina (1912), Pennsylvania (e92) and elsewhere,
Only: limbs are known to be affected.
Little data are-at hand regarding Gondsticning factors. @linton, 1917;
believes that in Connecticut possibly the prevalence is correlated with winter
injurye Barss, 1917, found the canker seriously affecting Red Cheek Pippin
eight years old, while Newtowns and Spitzenberg standing beside hardly showed
one typical cases .In Massachusetts neglec:tted, trees are frequently infected.
The proper name of the fungus appears to be N. Balligena Brese,
although N, eae Tule, is more. commonly used. The 1 latter is saprophytic
'. {see prapceue the 3 gD 1913. Via
Sooty blotch and Fly. speck: ae
caused Py Leptothyrium pomi and Eby achora pomi genes
In ee eastern states this disease in 1916 was either as common &s
for the average year, or less than usuale It seems to have been worse in West
Virginia than elsewhere. In 1917 the. disease was abundant in Kentucky, Mary-
jand, Pennsylvania and Virginia. In 1918 it was general in northern Alabama,
especially on late apples. In Ohio (1917) Selby reported it as especially.
common on "aphis" apples. On occasions when the disease -has been troublesome,
late rains have favored .. Shaded fruit, as well as fruit on trees in ‘low or
poorly drained soil, suffer worse. In Nebraska (1918) it was’ severe, locally
at least on Oldenburg,: ‘Maiden Blush, Missouri Pippin and Genet, and moderate ,
on Jonathane In North Carolina (1917) green colored ae suffere mosts
In Virginia (1917) all varieties were affected.
Late sprays were used in 1918 in Ohio. In West Virginia Bordeaux gave
excellent control, although | sul fur dust gave practically no control.
There is still doubt in minds of the collaborators as‘to whether or not
sooty blotch and fly speck are the same. Investigations on this thatter are
under way in one of the states,, NS WE es HS?
Winter injury caused oe tan temperatures. -
‘The winter of 1917-1918 proved SEcepe ta onaday injurious to apple as
well as other fruit trees. Severe injury was reported to apples from all of Pa
the New England states, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Indiana, TL1inoisy
15
Michigan, Wisconsin and Minnesota; and slight to moderate injury was reported
from West Virginia and Kansas. As in the case of peaches, the trees, especially
the older ones, went into the winter in an immature condition which rendered
them more susceptible to freezing injury.
The injury was manifested in different ways depending on its severity,
In many places in the more northern states trees were killed outright. Sometimes
the trees leaved out in the spring and then twigs, branches, or the entire trees
would die. It was common during the summer to find trees with a sickly yellow
foiiage. Dwarfed leaves and spurs were reported from Ohio. Much injury was
reported to crotches and branches as well as to trunks. In New York and Pennsyl-
vania root killing was reported and injury to the spurs, as shown by a browning
of the sap wood and pith, was general in some states. This may be related to
the unusually heavy blossom and fruit drop that was reported from New York, Onio,
and West Virginia.
The losses were extremely heavy. In Maine, where the trouble is reported
as being the worst since 1906-07, thousands of Baldwin trees were killed and
many more so severely injured that they were made practically worthless. In Minn-
esota 10% of the trees were said to be injured. In New York it is estimated that
the crop was reduced by at least 50% because of winter injury. In Vermont from
10-15% of the total number of trees were reported killed and many more (25-25%)
were injured.
Trees in undrained localities were more seriously affected than others
according to reports from Ohio, New York, Indiana, and Tllirois, Meichers of
Kansas reported the trouble most serious in the valleys, and Coons in Michigan
states that trees in exposed locations were most commonly affected. It seems
to be the consessus of opinion of collaborators that the old trees and those that
produced a crop in 19:7 were move affected than young trees or older ones that
were not productive the vear. before.
The following list, of commen varieties, arranged in order in which they
were most affected, is given for New York: Baldwin (worst), Rhode Island Green-
ing, Tompkins King, Hubbardston, fall Pippin, Twenty Ounce, Ben Davis, Wealthy,
Fameuse, McIntosh, and Oidenourg. The Baldwin was most susceptible according to
reports from Aine, New Hanpshire, Vermont, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio and
Indiana. The following varieties were also said to be especially affected:
Stayman Winesap in Ohio, York Imperial in Pennsylvania, Rhode Island Greening in
Vermont and New York, and Ben Davis in Indiana. Grimes Golden was among the
varieties least affected in Indiana. (For fuller discussion of the winter injury
situation see peach, page 24.)
Water-core (Non-parasitic)
In 1918 water-core was most common on certain varieties, having been re-
corded on Early Harvest, Tolman, Wealthy, Yellow New Town, Fall Pippin, York
Imperial, Oldenburg, Sweet Bough, Yellow Transparent, Pound Sweet.
In 1914 Selby suggested as treatment the practice of prompt picking and
low nitrogen suppiy.
Drought injury (Non-parasitic)
Apple fruits suffered from drought in several states in 1918. Irregular
shaped apples often developed as a result of the death of local areas in the
flesh. Coons, of Michigan, reports that tissue at the blossom-end suffered espe-
cially; he reports the trouble on many varieties. Selby states that drought "break-
16
down" in Ohio is similar to the Jonathan and Baldwin spots; on the surface it
suggests water core. The trowdle is noticeabia only after enlargement by growth
is checked and other sage have develoved about it. He reports it as most severe
on Northwestern Greening, el lie: Imperiai, and has aiso found it on Wealtny,
Duling, Baldwin, Gano and Grimes... The cisease was mich more prevalent in Ohio in)
1918 than in 1917, owing Bi tie aoe hot weather during the latter part of the sump
mer. Giddings reports that many apples were injured by drought in West Virginia.
It was also common in Massachusetts, especially on Baldwins, and reports of it
also come from Washington and Oregon.
Cracking (Non-parasitic): ~
A very dry summer followed by a heavy rain and contimzed wet weather the
latter part of August and in September resulted: in severe bursting and cracking
of. applés. in southern Illinois. Stayman cracked worst. Alternaria and Physalos-
pora cydoniae followed cracking. -H. W. Anderson.
“Late frost injury:
Late frosts caused a small amount of russeting on apples in Connecticut.
It:was reported July 31. Frost. injury is also reported from Washington, where
blistering of the leaves occurred. Late frosts greatly reduced set in Kentucky.
Hail injury
Hail injury was veported from Towa, Connecticut and Vermont. The injury
‘was severe in several parts of Iowa. In Connecticut oes trouble ‘was local and
injured fruit and young twigs of early varieties.
Sun Scald:
This. trouble was reported froma few states, (West Virginia, Kansas, Ohio, ©
North Dakota, and Connecticut). Apparently both fruit and limbs were injured.
Scald (Non-parasitic) and Decay (Parasitic)
Scald followed by decay (commonly caused by Penicillium) was reported from |
several points by Markets Inspectors.
Melhus reports in Iowa that apples in warm storage were injured in such a
manner as to show a clovdy or fired appearance beneath the cuticle. Clinton
&lso reports scald in storage in Connecticut.
Pome
>: 4
Soray injury
Reported from Pennsylvania (arsenical), New Jersey, Ohio (arsenical).
1
Russeting of fruit from the use of Pyrox and Bordeaux was common in Pennsylvania. ©
Pox canker caused by Leptosphacria coniothyrium (Fckl.) Sace.
This canker was reported in the spring and summer of 1918 from Kansas
where it seemed to be alarmingly prevalent in Doniphan County, the Chief fruit
17
growing section of the northeastern part of the state. This is the first report
of the disease from Kansas. H. H. Haymaker and L. E..Melchers furnish the follow-
ing memorandum concerning it. "The disease was found in Doniphan County, affect-
ing mainly the trees from two to five or six yeers old. About 2% of the young
trees in orchards in the above ccunties have died and perhaps ict, of all young
trees are affected. The cankers are from one-half inch to three inches in extent
and are brownish, reddish, or yellowish in color. It has been found that the
fungus that causes the disease is the same as that on raspoerry, and that the
canker is worst in orchards where raspberries are growing either between the rows
of apple trees or in the vicinity. In Sedgwick and Reno Counties, where a search
was made for the disease, none could te found, undoubtedly because of the scarci-
ty or absence of faspborries. The disease was collected also in Jefferson,
Wabaunsee and Sumner Counties, but was rare in those places.”
i doel taneous rots of fruits.
Alabama - Storage rots exceedingly severe.
Tllinois - Botrytis rot noticed but not serious.
Ohio - Obscure rot under investigation. May be referred to Stevens ahd
Hall's Alternaria rot.
Washington ~ Miscellaneous rot fungi reported (Penicillium, Alternaria,
Botrytis).
New York ~ Phytophthora cactorum was found causing rot on Rhode Island
Greening in the orchard.
F New Jersey ~ Cephalothecium roseum reported.
Other BPSEEEES
Silver leaf caused by Sterevm ‘plirpareut reported from Vaine, always asso-
ciated with winter injury. (Morse). Reported also from Washington (Heald and Dana).
Leaf spot caused by Cercospora meli reported from Bexar and Guadalupe
Counties, Texas, where the disease is unimportant.
Leaf -spot. caused by Phyllosticta pyrina was reported as common in New
Jersey (M. T. Cook).
| Cankers on limbs 4nd trunk: apparently associated with winter Heir or
root disease very prevalent in Pennsylvania. Cause undetermined.
Canker due to Coniothyrium fuckelii reported from Minnesota - Bisby.
-Rousin bark disease was repcrted as a minor trouble from Washington.
Cytospore canker reported from New Mexico. In Montana Cyicsvera levtos-
toma is reported tc have been found apparently following winter injury and bac
terial blight.
Brown bark spot, a aaeei ne of limbs, reported from ‘ a shington as caused
by: "poor soil",
Surface canker caused oy Myx osporium corticolum pice from a It
is common in New York.
. Soil. trouble - Werkenithin (New.Mexioo) reported the pe dualietesd of a,
trouble duie to gypsum or soil exhaustion.
' » Coniothesivm scab - Reported from Washington.
_ Chlorosis - Reported from New Mexico, where it-is present in some Pye
of most every orchard in the Mesilla and Ferz0s Valley.
June drop - Chief trouble in Connecticut; especially severe on winter
varieties. Mig YE - Rage
Spot necrosis. - Reported from western Washington; due to intermittent
irrigation. Sry ie
18
Cork - Noticed extensively on King in Cregon.
Rosette ~ One report from eastern Washington. Cause unknown.
Fasciation - Reported from southeastern Washington.
Dieback - Reported from many sections of Georgia. Pestalozzia devel-
oped in plates in several cases.
Alkaii injury - Three reports from central Washington. Causes severe
chlorosis: avanti gerbe:
Sap rot - In Chio, where Schizophylivm commune followed winter injury.
a ee ae ? = Septobasidium retiforme reported from Alabama where it
is general. Also found on haw and pecan. In Mississippi Thelephora pedicillata
is reported but is unimportant. iittala ia
Collar rot - Reported from Ohio
Smallpox - Reported from Ohio.
j Brog-eye’'- Abundant locally in West Virginia. Caused by Illiosporium
malifoliorum. ae RTT or.
Bark galls - Reported from Wa shington. Cause eager
Pimple disease ~ Reported from Chio.
Measles - Local. in Pennsylvania. ae Cider AALS to be most sus-
ceptible. .
PEAR
Fire blight caused by Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) de Toni.
In 1918, fire blight had its usual occurrence over the United States.
As a rule it was less abundant than in 1917 although it was more severe in
Connecticut, and local areas in the South. In Canada it was worse than in
average years.
The disease in question is still of considerable importance. In Georgia
50% loss for the state is: recorded; in New Jersey 15% injury; in Mississippi .
15% injury.
As with apples, twig blight was the Hoot ate form of the disease.
Blossom blight, however, was especially note: in Massachusetts, Pennsylvania and
New Jersey.
‘The early wet summer is held responsible for blight appearing worse than
usual in Canada. In Pennsylvania fair weather at blooming is said to have
favored blossom-blight, while later rains prolonged the growth and infection by
the organism was easy. Dry weather is correlated with the lesser prevalence in
Arkansas, Texas and Oregon ( See apple data).
Sand pears showed marked resistance in apenas Bartletts more resistant
in Connecticut but susceptible in: New Mexico; Kieffers were resistant in New
Mexico but susceptible in Alabama. Sheldon, Clapp, Flemish, and King Charles
are also reported among the. susceptible eae ‘while cee Seckel and Garber are
resistant.
The dates of the first reported. ibe dveniod io the disease correspond to
the time when twig infection rather Heo blossom infection would be expected.
They follow: - sc
Marelil Ibie tins.» x. = wermessee Mey 105%... 2. «Vi rgamve
March oe. elaiellars Mississippi May Zoe nee fe ee
April +eeeerese LOULSiana June gi = @eumeoeicuen
April 1 (approx) Georgia July 17+..+..New Sheen
19
Scab caused by Venturia pyrina Aderh.
Pear scab was generally less abundarit during 1918 ae the year previous.
A light crop and dry weather seem to have been responsible for this condition.
The disease was common, however, in’ some of the eastern states.
"Leaf spot caused by My cospheerella sentina (rr) Schrot. (=Septoria pyricola) .
Common, but not very destructive, in New York, Ohio and New Jersey. Locally
destructive in Pennsylvania. Trace in Kansas. In 1917 it was also reported
from Alabama, Massachusetts, Michigan, Nebraska, Ohio, Maryland and New Hampshire.
Black rot caused by Physalospora cydoniae Arnaud.
In 1918 this disease occurred in Arkansas, Oklahoma and Chio.
z , Leaf blight caused by Fabraea maculata (Lev.) Atk.
This disease was reported in 1918 from Canada, Missouri and New Jersey. In
previous years it has been found commonly in Missouri, Ohio, Georgia, Pennsylvania,
Maryland and Iowa. It has also been noted in Washington, Nebraska, Alabama,
Michigan, North Carolina, Virginia, West Virginia, Delaware, New York and Rhode
Island. Most damage seems to occur in nurseries .on seedlings. Defoliation some-
times occurs. Lime gulfur or Bordeaux controls the disease in New Jersey and’
Georgia. ;
Crown gall caused by Bacterium tumefaciens Sm. & Towns.
Reported in 1918 from New Mexico, Ohio and Pennsylvania.’ Previously
reported from Massachusetts, Maryland, Kentucky, Mississippi, Arkansas, Idaho,
Washington and Oregon.
Winter injury caused by low temperatures.
Winter killing of pear trees was reported from New York and Washington.
In New York the trees were most severely injured in Oswego and surrounding
counties where many orchards were nearly killed out. Both old and young
_ trees suffered in this state and the varieties were affected in the following
order; Dutchess, Angouleme (Dutchess), Bosc, Bartlett, Clairgeau, Seckel,
Clapp's Favorite and Anjou. The hardiest variety was Flemish Beauty, although
Anjou and Clapp's Favorite were not much affected.
Other diseases
Canker — Owens reported a rough bark canker from Oregon. In some places
it did considerable damage. - Cause not determined.
7 Red leaf - Prevalent on Kieffer in New York.
Hail injury - Local in Connecticut.
Brown blorch - Reported from New Jersey; less than usual.
Drought injury - Reported from Ohio and Washington.
: 20
Leaf spot obhese by Phyllosticta pyrine - REAL Red from Ohio.
Frost injury - Reported from Washington.
Root rot caused by Oxensum omniv orum - Less than usual in ‘Texas; “drought
seems unfavorable.
Brown rot caused by Epllenotinis cinerea - Perars were sexe ved in tromoit by
this fungus, from Plorida to New York and “Philadelphia. From 25-75% infection ©
in three cars (July 8 and Tay ell pik brown rot plgesda blight (caused by Sclerotinia] -
was reported from Washington.
sels caused by miscellaneous anes - Reported from Wechiae ton
Winter injury - See general discussion,
Septobasidium pedicillatum - Common in Louisiana, but does slight injury.
Fire blight caused by Bacillus amylovorus (Burr.) de Toni.
Fire blight was quite injurious to qinces in 1918. It was reported es-
vecially from the northeastern part of the United States; New Hampshire, Mass-
achusetts, Connecticut, New York, New Jersey, West Virginia, Ohio, Alabama: and
Nebraska. It was.also said to be very abundant.in Ontario, Canada in 1918.
Reports indicate that it was more prevalent. than usual in New England,
while in Ohio it was apparently less prevalent.
Ten to fifteen percent injury to the trees is reported from New York
and two percent loss from Massachusetts. (See Fire blight of apple, page 4;
and pear, page 18, for further information. }
Leaf blight caused by Fabrea maculata (Lev.) Atk.
Reported from New York, Ohio, Illinois, and Missouri. H. W. Anderson
reported complete defoliation of 1400 trees in &@n orchard at Bioomington,
Tiiinois, August 4. The trees had started to send out new shoots and the
second crop of leaves was becoming badly diseased. In New York more or less
accurred in most quince orchards,
Rust caused "oy_¢ Gymmos sporeng ium elavipes. Cooke ail nea ien
Rust was more, or dee prevalent in EAs aac ote United States as shown”
by reports from New Hampshire , Massachusetts; Connecticut, New York, New Jersey;
Chio, and South Carolina. In no case was it of any particular economic im-
pertance. ae
Other diseases.
Black rot caused by Physalospera cydoniae Arravd (=Spheropsis malorum Peck)
was reported from New Jersey (very common), Ohie and West Virginia,
Ozonium omnivorum was reported by J, J. Tauberhaus as causing a root rot
>f Japan Quince (Cydonia japonica at Waco, Texas. | fhe plant was dying from the
iseasey 4
|
;
|
,
.
‘al
Crown gal} caused by Bacterium beh ss was reported from Ohio and
Texas.
a Powdery mildew mildew caused by, Podosphaere a was reported by ‘Heald and Dana
+ from Washington.
| Winter injury was reported from New. york: The injury took the form of a
killing back of the twigs thus roe the. bearing surface: The killing of
entire oda was rares .,. 43 :
DISEASES OF STONE FRUITS
PEACH
Brown rot caused by Sclerotinia cinerea (Bon.) Schrot.
Brown rot ‘occurred in most states in the eastern half of the country in 1918.
A slight amount was also repor ted. from northwestern Oregon. In some sections the
peach crop was greatly reduced by the cold winter (1917-1918), and in such localities
while there were fewer fruits to rot yet the disease ddded to the loss already
incurred by low temperature. Brown rot was worst in the Gulf States and the Chesa-
peake Bay peach areas. A considerable. amount of loss was incurred in transit.
Heaviest.losses are reported from the lower half of Delaware, Georgia, (where
| brown rot is the most important peach disease),Mississippi, Pennsylvania, South.
| Carolina: In some more northernly states brown rot apparently is potentially .
| destructive, since it is abundant in unsprayed orchards, breaking out when the
| weather is favorable. In the South, of coursé, the higher ‘temperatures favor the
| fungus and’ make control more difficult. Twig: blight is reported from New Jersey,
| South Carolina «nd Pennsylvania; blossom blight from Delaware; leaf injury from
South Carolina. Fruit rot was the prevalent and important form of injury. In
the northern peach belt early varieties are usually affected more than late
| varieties, owing to the more favorable temperature at ripening of the former. In:
Pennsylvania, however, early and late varieties are equélly ‘susceptible. In Georgia
all kinds are. reported ar ame In 1916 late varieties suffered Eos in
| Mississippi.
The disease is controllable in Georgia, Mississippi, New Jersey and: Tenn-
essee by spraying. In West: Virginia. sulfur dust was found ‘quite effective. —
| against scab and brown ‘rot (see Giddings: W. Va. Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 167). In
| Delaware, Manns states that "dusting. has been very efficient on peaches. =---= .
‘I think: more will take advantage of itin the peach industry here". Virginia - "We;
feel satisfied that dusting can replace spraying for ell peach’ work except the . ;- $
dormant spray". -- Fromme. ~ New. Jersey - Good results from dusting peaches -. eas i
Massey. Georgia —- Dusting peaches in 1918 was very satisfactory - J. W. Roberts.
Leaf curl caused by Exoascus deformans (Berk. ) Fekl.
The range of peach leaf curl over the United States in 1916 was general,
but in most peach sections it was mech less important than usual. In the Great
Lakes belt only traces of the disease could be found even on unsprayed, most |
Susceptible varieties. Dry spring weather, at bud-opening, is an obvious cause,
22
for this comparative scarcity. In some’ of the northern states winter’ injury to .
buds and twigs appears also to have been a factor in-the scarcity of curl. a
mentions this condition for Ohio. - In local areas around the Chesapeake, Bay,
however, curl was abundant, and in southwestern. Virginia and portions of Penn-
sylvania outbreaks, although. local ;: were severe. There was considerable. eurk .,
also in local areas in South Carolina, Georgia and western Oregon. In some
counties in Pennsylvania 25% of the trees showed curl, and in ‘South Carolina
and Georgia 10% injury to trees is reported. )
Although unsprayed orchards suffered worse than properly sprayed ones, PM
varietal susceptibility was marked in regions where the disease was prevalent.
In Virginia Fromme noted the usual high susceptibility of Elberta and Garman
(about 95% of the leaves heavily affected) while the Early Crawford was com-
paratively resistant (showing 5-10% leaf infection). Selby remarks that Chi-
nese varieties, notably Elberta, are most susceptible in Chio.
Curl appeared in states, by dates, as follows:
March 15....... Georgia May 1 seeeeeeeeee Ohio... .
April .....‘s....%. Tennessee NEG UG ae ese ee Welt Virginia
April 25 ...... Pennsylvania May 28 .......-.,.-Conneaticut
sided 1 (about) © Arkansas cae A ec ipsa
Tea ees
. séab caused by Cuadosporium carpophstun thom.
In 1918 (pene aap occurred as usual - in the South, “being wigle soriead in
South Carolina, Georgia, Alabama, Mississippi and Arkansas. It was also re-.
ported from Florida..and Lovisiana: “In all these sections scab was observed in.
the orchard as well as in transit.’ In southedstern Pennsylvania it was very
prevalent, but elsewhere in northern ‘states the’ disease was less anne than
usual. This was; due, in part.at least, to the Light crop.,
Losses-and injury. from:peach scab were reported as follows: Georgia (508.
injury in some-orchards), Illinois (some in markets, none in orchards), Mississippi
(20-30% injury, probably 10%:1oss), Oklahoma (slight), Pennsylvania (5%, loss for.,
state; 10-100% injury in southeastern portion, less elsewhere); South . Carolina
(bad) and Tennessee. (10% injury).
Scab was observed*in Florida March 12, and in pénnsylvania March 25.
Early peaches: suffered: most’ in Georgia and Virginia; late varieties suffered:
most in Ohio (Heath and Salway) and South Carolina. In Mississippi, seedlings are
especially susceptible. te, BS
Spraying appears to be peepee ee generally, since collaborators report
that the disease does no damage where sprays are applied for it, and worst
whefe not sprayed. Dust controlled scab satisfactorily. in West Virginia -in
1918. Manns reports the succdssiul - use of dust for peaches in Delaware. . (See
under brown rot#£- ee .
Yellows, Rosette, Little-peach (cause unknown)
Yellows was reported in 1918 as severe in West Virginia (2-3% injury),
Virginia, and Pennsylvania (5% Loss); kt was also reported from Ohio, New
York, Massachusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey and Tennessee. i De eal!
Rosette was reported as causing slight injury in. Georgia. th ae)
Eee ve slic coi Sn eee and New Jersey. roa
2
23
Black spot caused by Bacterium pruni B. F. §-
Black spot seems to have had approximately its usual range over the eastern
half of the United States but was much less severe than usual. It was reported
as common in certain sections of Arkansas causing considerable damage; quite
common in Delaware and New Jersey; abundant on. woo# in: Louisiana; prevalent in
southern and southeastern Pennsylvania doing heaviest camage (sometimes 100%
infection) in Adams county. Elsewhere the disease was reported as "less than
‘usual", "none observed", etc, In 1917 black spot was the most serious peach
+, disease in Oklahoma and was also very common in Arkansas, Maryland, New Jersey,
Delaware, North Carolina and Michigan. C. R. Orton reports Salway as most suscep-
tible in Pennsylvania.
Dates of appearance: - 1917, July 11 (North Carolina), July 14 (New York),
August 23 (Ohio). 1918, June 16 (Pennsylvania) .
The application of nitrate of soda is reported as giving good control in
Arkansas.
The earliest record of the disease at the Office was supplied by R. I.
Smith who observed black spot in severe form in Stewart county, Georgia, in 1906.
Coryneum blight caused by Coryneum Beijerinckii Oudem.
The Coryneum blight was first reported to this Office by Pierce in 1906,
Subsequently almost annual notices of it have been sent from California, Oregon,
Washington and, since 1912, from Idaho and Utah. In 1909 and 1910 it was report-
ed from Mississippi, and at varinus times from Indiana (1910), Ohio (1911), New
Jersey (1912), and Massachusetts (1915-1918). its occurrence in the east seems
doubtful in some cases, and further investigations appear necessary to fully
establish the range of the disease. .
Heaviest losses have occurred in California, Oregon and Washington. [In
the Willamette Valley of Oregon, it was serious on twigs in 1918. (In this
state it was also very serious in 1909; in 1910 and 1911 it was less serious;
in 1912 and 1913 it broke ovt heavily again, and Jackson stated (1913) that it
was fast becoming the most serious disease of peach in Oregon. In 1912 there
was 50-75% injury in Utah, and in 1913 it injure’ 25% of the peaches in some
cases.
The fungus is favored by rainfall. Prolonged spring rains favor fruit
blight. Twig and bud blight may be prevalent after fall rains, but fruit
blight may subsequently be uncemmon if the spring and summer remain dry, In
1917 twig injury was serious after the wet season in 1916. The same year
however the blight was rare on fruit because of the dry season in 19LE.
Fall spraying with bordeaux controls twig-and bui blight, while spring
and summer sprays with lime-sulfur (self-boiled) control fruit blight.
Powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca panrosa (Fr.) Lev.
Powdery mildew was reported from Oregon, Washington, Utah, Ohio and
Pennsylvania. Nowhere was it reported serious, Previously reported from
Colorado, Indiana, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri, Nebraska, New Jersey, New
York, South Carolina, Tennessee, Virginia, West Virginia, Massachusetts, Idaho,
and New Mexico. Heald reports that growers in the Columbia River section
(Washington) claim that dust is as satisfactory as liquid in control work.
Dre-back concede
popae ted teen avbenetie aasoe viata ati Frost injury), Georgia (general),
Alabama (common in neglected orchards), .New-Jersey (oveasioualy pus Ohio.
Root knot aloa by Heterod erodera radicicola. (Greef.) Mull.
Nematode eee ea aeaea from Georgia: Most ‘complaints. came from the
southern portion of the state. Berry says: “It.was observed that when root knot
infested nursery stock was planted in the heavy red: clay soils, the nematodes dis-
appeared". Root knot. has previously been reported, from Bee tess in 19.04)
and North Carolina (first in a
i Ol
if
te
raed Ne Winter, injury (non parasitic).
The severe.winter of > 1927-1918 caused more damage. to:.peach. ieee in the
United States. than has, been experienced in. many years., .{n. many places, especial-
ly in the more northern peach staves, older trees made a late fall growth. The
cold weather came early, and the trees went into the winter in an unripe con-
dition.. Added to this was the fact that the winter.was unusually severe and
lone continued. This combination of conditions resulted in heavy losses from
winter killing, an re ci ae Pavey
The months of pecehbee and January, when the injury.probably took place,
were unusually cold in all but the extreme western states. The average daily
departure below the normal-over the entire eastern: half of the United. States
-was large, running as low.as -14° in many places. Zero was attained during
‘these two months in all states except Florida, Louisiana, California, Washing-
ton and Nevada. The coidest weather of the two months centered about: Lake
Champlain in the East and the Dakotas in the West. The lowest temperature for
December was recorded December 31. from Northfield, Vermont, where the thermom-
eter registered -41°R., the lowest ever recorded for New Bngland. , The lowest
temperature for, January was = 50° Ts. | recorded at. Havre, Montana... February was
not especially eold. In most places the month averaged. slightly warmer than
normal. : eee : eee SOU a
ue. 2a Area where - ~10°F, or Lower was, attained
during January 1918. er ar ere ee 3 oe
ee
NM
yn
wR eee sels ee) eles) w ie =e») = alee =a we See na ee wae ea a 2 lem bw wn Bee ele 60 Bw SN we hsm = 6 46 6 8 = ene
Fig. 3. Lines of lowest temperature in New York, A. December
1917, B. January 1918. The severity of the injury ’
to peaches varies directly with the lowest temperature.
Killing of the wood of peach trees was reported from all states and
regiors north of the line indicating the temperature of 10° below zero in
Jamaary (Fig. 2) and freezing of the buds occurred to a considerable extent
scuth of that line. Thus Tennessee reported killing of many trees in the west,
With & fair crop in the middle and a good crop in the eastern part of the state.
Virginia reported very severe injury in the southwestern section, in Pennsyl-
vanitk the most damage was done in the central and northern parts, and New York
reported trees in the Hudson River Valley as least affected.
The injury varied from freezing of fruit buds to killing of entire trees.
4#iong the southern horder of the affected area injury to the buds and branches
was most common but further northward the killing of the wood’ became more
frequent until in the northern peach producing states whole orchards were ruined.
In most states all gradations of injury from bud to trunk killing were reported
Gepending on the lccality of the state in which the trees grew.
Losses resulted in various ways, - (1) killing of trees, (2) killing
back of branches, (4) killing of buds and so preventing set of fruit. In
Indiana thousands of trees were reported killed and many more thousands damaged.
In Michigan many whole orchards were ruined, necessitating the removal of sll
the trees. In Ottawa County,the largest peach growing center of Ohio, about
90% of the bearing twees of above four years of ege were destroyed. New York
reperted 16% of the trees killed in twelve peach growing counties. Many farm
orchards in Illinois had all of the trees killed. In Massachusetts from 5-50%
of the trees were reported killed or badly damaged. In the northern and central
counties of Pennsylvania 25% or more of the trees were severely injured.
4 comparison of the production of peaches in 1918 with that in 1917
probably represents roughly the amount of loss in the 1918 crop from winter
ifjury. The figures also indicate the states in which the heaviest losses
Seeurred:-
Ne the
Mass.
ts.) kis
Conn.
Nev he
IN.) ie)
Penn.
Del.
Md.
Va.
W. Va.
Nie re
Ste.
Ga.
Pia.
Ohio
ibatela >
PEA’
Mich.
Towa
26
Production of Peaches in bushels (000 omitted) 1917 and 1916.
1918 1917 1938 1917
) Aq Mo.. 0 590
9 145 Neb. Cue ©
ee 20 Kans. 0 121
15 269 Ky. 119 1,04
tl deyeee 2,244 Tenn. 840 900
792 S71 Ale. Be 1,830
1,210 1,440 Miss. we “7 266 375
284 6A7 La. 615 g
600 975 Texas 2,041 2,352
Pike é 890 Okla. 303 1, Bae
AO 608 Ark. 260 8A0
1, 035 1,542 Colo. 754 1,200
A 1,130 N. Mex. : bs eer 2 510
6, 74) A,7i6 Ariz. ae ap 60
26 122 Ubtate act an 12,060 900
34 496 Neto gree te ann a ee erie Gu
«AS cat hi «Deer Tdeho, Fs” qeeho) 165 ~
TO oak oe tory Wash. erp 130 2" 5Cnes
PR ay asia es Orege. evi VIB (GA
0 esol, Califa: ET 57 On| Vallala
In New York a special survey was made by members of the Plant Pathology and
Pomology Departments of the College of Agriculture with the object of investi-
gating the extent of winter pea ae fruits and the various ass cine con-
nected with it. : .
The following summary of- the situation as aber peaches has been a
ed by H. H. Whetzel and L. R.-Hesier:
"Bearing peach trees in the lake belt from malate ‘in Wayne County.
east were largely killed out. Young trees 'and a-few old orchards which:did _
not bear heavily in 1917, came through in fairly good condition. Practically .
no fruit buds survived in-this section however... From Rochester west along —
the lake there was some set of fruit especially in the’ frondequoit Section * J
and in Niagara County. The trees from. Williamson west while not usually : ve
killed were generally more or less injured. There.was in. some cases severe
killing back of the twigs, some biackening of the body sap wood and as. the
season advanced ac Was. Svein a ot ae yellow tinge in the felaeey of
most orchards.
"The peach trees in the Ride A Aen and along Cayuga. Tee were Rie
severely injured but many. came through andslieafed out. ‘None blossomed and
while some orchards will’recover, ‘many are déad or, so badly injured as to, be"
worthless. The trees in many peuch orchards ‘have ‘already been pulled Citawe
and many others will be removed,.this fel or’ next spring. The peach’ a
et
the state has sustained a severe blow,
It will be noticed that the area of most severe hary, from Willtensen acu
corresponds with that where the lowest tempera tures for December and January were
= Lower
stwres
than 10° below sero (Fig: ote }. - During those:months a wide range of temper-—
existed in different-parts of, the state.
In general the older. ‘trees, especially those that bore 4 nee, crop in
1917, suffered most. This was reported as being the case in New York, Indiana
f(llinois and Ohio. In Indiana this is thought to be because the older trees made
27
the older ey made a late second growth while the youneer and more
vigorous growing. trees: matured nerme bie, Pal
_Reports* from. a-number of states show that the injury was worst where
trees were growing under unfavorable conditions. In New York it was
worst on poorly drained soils; in Indiana and Illinois trees in the river
bottoms or trees that were devitalized from various factors were reported
as most affected.
i . No marked differences in varietal susceptibility were reported from
.. any state although there were ‘indications in Ohio ou Lemon Free and ~ .
Smock. were io i more ined than Elberta.
2
Other diseases
Rust caused by Puccinia pruni-spinosae (=Tranzschelia punctata) (Texas)
Previous to 1918 it was reported from Arkansas, California, Florida, Maryland,
Mississippi, Alabama, Iowa, Louisiana, Missouri, Poh he Carolina, North ered ae
Ohio, Oklahoma, Porto Rito). |
Rot oadsed by Rhizopus - (Market inspection of peaches from Georgia).
Drought injury - (Nebraska)
Frost injury - Late spring frosts (Virginia)
Die~back - Complication of causes (Georgia)
Root rot - ‘caused by Armillaria mellea (Oregon, Arkansas), and Clitocybe
monadelphus (Arkansas) , gated by Ozonium omnivorum (Texas), cause ? - (New
Mexico). any
Wood rots - renee
. Canker, apparently. not Monilie - (aries eatcliey . .
False “mildew - caused by Gercosporells persicae ~ (Ohio; previously re-
ported from Arkansas, Delaware, Florida, Alabama, Maryland, Michigan, Missouri,,
North Carolina, South Carolina, Virginia, Washington, West Virginia, Alabama),
Gummosis - (Mi ssissippa, Wa'shington); caused by Bacterium cerasi (Oregon)
Chlorosis - (Lexas) - ee : af -S Pe
PLUM
a
Brown rot caused by Sclerotinia cineréa (Bon.) Schrot.
As in the case of brown rot of peach the disease was reported from
states in the eastern half of the United States including Nebraska and Kansas.
it was also reported from Washington.and Oregon. It was apparently most abun-
dant in the states along the Atlantic coast Jel Georgia north to New York. and
New Jersey .. E
"The bees tee neeses were reported from Georgia and South Carolina where
30% of the fruit was said to have been lost in each state. The next largest
loss is reported from Pennsylvania where it was estimated that 20% of the plums
were destroyed. In-New York from:10-25% reduction in yield is recorded, and in
Connecticut, Massachusetts, Virginia and Minnesota, 4, 2, 5 and 1% losses were
reported respectively. In’ Ontario,’ Canada, W. A.. MeCubbin reported that a
survey of ‘plum orchards showed almost 8% orchard loss and about 8% loss in sale,
making a total of at least 18%. “". bas ye
28
The dates of first appearance as reported by collaborators were:-
April 24..... New York (on blossom) July.+....- Oklehoma
April 25..-++« Mississippi _ July 31.41.- Pennsylvania
Way Segen>eo= Vireame Aug. 5+++.+ Connecticut
June. 15.....- Georgia Aug..++-sees Wisconsin
June 20.<...-+.Minnesota.
Spraying for brown rot does not seem to. be practiced to any great extent
in Petmsylvania and New York, and. probably the same-is true in many other states.
It is reported as giving good results where useé in: New York, and South Carolina.
(For information on occurrence of orown rot on other hosts see apple and peach
pages 1% and 21.)
Black knot caused by Plowrightia morbosa (Schw..) Sacc.
_. This disease was frequently observed in many states in the eastern United
States in 1918, It was abundant and severe, however, only in small, local areas.
It was reported as especially destructive on wild species of Prunus in Arkansas
and Connecticut. In Oregon it was repor ted only .on wild cherry.
Pockets caused by Exoascus pruni Fok. Taphrina communis (Sad. )Gies.
Plum pockets were reported from the following states, most of which are
in the northern part of the country:~New York, New. Jersey, Pennsylvania, West
Virginia, Ohio, South Carolina, Arkansas (prevalent on wild plums), Minnesota,
. Towa, Kansas, Montana, and Washington. :
e The disease was worst in Montana and Minnesota. In Montana it was by
far the most serious plum disease. It was reported that practically ell the
American plums in unsprayed orchards were lost because of pockets, and that
the growing of this variety of plum has been brought. to 4’ standstill because
of a trouble and a leaf gall mite (Montana Agr. Exp. Sta. Bul. 123-167-188,
1910).
In Minnesota the disease was general, causing 4bout-1% loss. In some
orchards it was observed as being so serious that nearly all the fruit on some
trees was destroyed. brat
Since Prunus americana seems to be especially susceptible to pockets
it is possible that the reason for the disease being worst in the north
eentral west section is because Americana is the variety that is principally
grown.
Leaf curl caused by Taphrina sp-
This disease, reported from Montana as being caused by Taphrina decipiens,
caused considerable loss in some orchards where no spraying was done. .
Leaf spot caused by Coccomyces prunophorae Higgins:
This leaf spot wes reported from Messachusetts,, New York, Pennsylvanis,
South Caroline, Ohio, Minnesotz, Towa; end Oregon. It.was apparently most com-
mon in the eastern states end in Oregon. In general it did not cause much i?
any damage 8lthough it was estimated us affecting 25% of the leaves in Penn-
sylvania. Massachusetts reports severe injury to Japanese varieties. Spraying
Or dusting is reported as giving good results in New York.
29
Black spot caused by Bacterium pruni He F. §.
Reported in 1918 from Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Arkansas, South Carolina,
Texas, southern Illinois, and southeastern Missouri. The disease seemed to
‘Be worst in the south central part of the country. Texas reported 4% loss.
Crown gall caused by Bacterium tumefaciens Sm. & Towns.
Reported from Ohio and Washington.
Scab caused by Cladosporium carpophilum Thum.
Scab was reported from Pennsylvania, Missouri and Minnesota. The loss
was small in all cases except in Pennsylvania where 2% loss was estimated.
The blue varieties appeared to be most susceptible in Lancaster County of
that state.
Powdery mildew caused by Podosphaera oxycanthae (Fries) De Bary
Reported in slight amounts from Pennsylvania, Ohio and Minnesota.
Winter injury
Reported as slight in New York, Ohio and Washington, apparently not
injured nearly so much as peach, or apple. (See peach, page 24 and apple,
page 14 for futther data.
Internal brown spot caused by drought
Considerable loss to prunes was reported from the Willamette Valley,
Oregon, and Clarke County, Washington. As high as 25% affected fruits were
counted on a tree, and one or two cases were reported in which the entire
Crop dropped on account of drought injury. A leaf roll thought to be due
to the same cause was also reported general throughout Oregon.
Other diseases
A wilt disease of plums suspected as being caused by Lasiodipiodia
triflorae was reported as general in northern Georgia. Ninaty percent of the
trees were affected in some orchards. ;
Silver leaf. Specimens showing symptoms that resembled this disease
were received at Pullman, Washington, from Clarke County.
Sunscald was reperted from four different counties in Ohio.
Root rot caused by Armiliaria mellea reported from Texas.
Blight caused by Coryneum beijernickii reported from Washington.
Rust grid to be caused by Tranzschelia punctata reported from Nebraska.
Little plum Pree roan from New Jersey.
a0
40
Brown rot. caused by Sclerotinia oinerea (Bon. ) Schrot.
Brown et occurred commonly in the eastern part or the country and. An the
Pacific Coast. In New York and Oregon at least blcssom blight resulted in the
most damage. Reports. of occurrence were received from New York, New Jersey,
Pennsylvania, Ohio, South Carolina, Ténnessee, Geongia, Misscuri, Arkansas,
Washington, Oregon and Canada. Losses of 4% in Pennsylvania, 25% in South
Carolina, and 10% in Ontario, Canada were reported... .
Mr. D. F. Fisher contributes the follcwirg report for the lower Willa-
Mette Valley, Oregon, where tne disease caused about 20% recuction in yield.
"As a blossom blight it was found onlv.on Low bettom jand, Orchards in the
hilis were practically free from infection. Infection scrrespunded with the
- prevalence of apctnecia. No control’ measures followed by the growers. In
+
general season was unfavorable for the di seame |! (See, also, brown ren of
peach and plum, pages Zl and 27.4)
Black knot caused by lownigptas morbosa (Schw.) Sacc.
Reported from Meine, New coon ‘Bean alae Tennessee, West Virginia,
South Carolina, Ohio and Arkansas. A doubdtiul report was also received from
Washington.
The losses from this disease do not appear to be great in commercial
orchards. The most damage is' dene to’ scattered and neglected trees. Sout
cherries are more affected than sweet cherries in New York. (See plum, page 28
for. further data.)
a ae ome na
Leaf spot caused by Coccomyces hiemalis Higgins =Cylindrosporium padi Herat:
peported from Messechusetts, Connecticut, New Jersey, Pennsyivania, West
Virginia, Georgia, Mississippi, Wisconsin, wna and Canada. Reports in-
ditate that in general the disease was not-s severe as vsual, altho for the
‘most part this was probably due to: weather condi tiene, Stu im scme instances
ss it.was due to the increased’ employment of vontrel asures. In some places
considerable damége was cone but this was mostly con® ined to vather small
localities so that the totas amount. of injury to the ercp was relatively smalls
Since no reports were received from the Facific Coast in 1917 it is wudged
that the disease was of only minor importance in that region.
Bacterial gummosis causeu by Bacterium cerasi Griffin.
Reported frum Oregon and Washington. oye EB. ' Owens contributes: the fol-
Towing report of conditions in Oregon: "Present in Devgias, Jackson, Josephine,
Lane and Benton'Counties but doing more JAM ge in Berton OCcunty. It occurs
to a greater or léss extent -wnherever. cherries are growa but is most serious
in the Willamette Valrey, probably. because eo lima s Ke conditions are more
favorable Hoy ieiktes ores ment merce “ie worst vsese wag noted at Brownsville
in Linn County where!a nine-year old erchard which hed, criginally contained
624, trees had but 128. trees left, due; to gummc S.15.< Another. Serious cese was
eed in the Milton—-Freewater @istrict where Bee rees were lost from an orchard
Originally containing 186 trees, a loss of over 26."
Powdery mildew caused by Podosphacria oxycanthae (Fries.) De Bary
Reported from New York (commonly present in unsprayed orchards), West
Virginia (occasional, especially on sprouts in Monongalia County), Ohio,
Wisconsin (observed only at Madison in July) , Missouri (not common, loss very
small).
Crown gall caused by Bacterium tumefaciens Sm. & Towns.
Reported from Ohio (Two counties), Oregon (not common) Washington
(eae
Witches' broom caused by Excascus cerasi (Fckl.) Sadeb.
Reported from Connecticut (occasional), Washington (reported from
Pierce and Lewis Counties in the west), Oregon (general in the Willamette
Valley but doing only Little demege, most prevalent iz negleeted erchards)
Yinter injury (non-parasitic)
Cherry trees were generally injured throughout the northern part of the
United States during the winter.of 1918. Reports of the injury have been re-
ceived from New York, New Jersey, Ohio, Washington and Canada, but it is proba-
ble damage occurred in a good many other states. The most detailed information
available on the subject is that from New York where a special survey was
made by Chandler, Whetzel and Hesler. The following report has been contributed
by these men: "Sweet cherry trees throughout the state, except in most protec
ted areas, appear to have suffered seriously. A majority of them are either
dead or so severely hurt as to make their recovery doubtful. In some sections,
notably in the Hudson Valley they appear to have suffered but little. The
dying of the limbs in the upper part of the tree after the leaves came out was
the prevailing symptom. The crop of fruit on sweet cherries was generally very
light, apparently due to the injury to the wood as the fruit either did not ai
set well or fell prematurely. Sour cherries showed little injury to wood but
in spite of the heavy bloom the set was not always good and premature falling
of half-grown fruits was very common."
Other Diseases
A Root rot caused by Armillaria or Clitocybe was reported as fairly .
common in parts of Arkansas. Armillaria root rot is also reported from Ohio.
Cercospora circumseissa was reported from Ohio and Michigan. According
to E. F. Woodcock this was the most destructive foliage disease with which
“cherry growers had to contend. The severe winter of 1918 so weakened the trees
that they were in a condition to be readily injured by the fungus. 4G injury
to foliage was evident in the orchards visited; this injury considerably re-
duced the yield and quality of fruit.
Fire blight caused by Bacillus amylovorus was reported from New Mexico.
A bacterial canker of undetermined cause is reported as causing 25% loss»
in an orchard of Windsor sweet cherries visited in Frie County, Pennsylvania,
It is thought that the disease is’ the same as the western cherry canker.
Gummosis of a non-parasitic nature was reported from several parts of
Washington.
Valsa leucostoma is reported as more prevalent than usual in Ohio.
APRICOT (See also peach). —
Blight caused by Coryneum bei jerinckii was reported from Washington © »
and Oregon.
Scab caused by Cladcpsoricm carpop! eal Tim. was reported from Okla-
homa (very slight), texas {unimportant}, and California.
Shot hole caased by Covcomycevus sp. was reported from Messachusetts and
Texas. ay ; baba 2
Brown rot caused by Sclerotinia cinerea reported from Chio and Califor—~: -
nla, ares WY
Gummosis (non-parasitic) and frost-injury. were reported from Washington.
—-—
DISEASES: OF SMALL BRUIIS esi ty00 8 ae ei an
Be ‘i ae
Downy mildew caused by Blssnonere vewiciels (B.& C.) Berl. & De Toni.
Downy mildew was comparatively rare in 918. In:'the eye Eo of
New York none was found, and only a trace-found in the Keuka Lake region (New
York). Slight amounts were found in Nevada, Texas; the Atlantic coast states,
Minnisota and Ohio: In West Virginia it-was abundant -.on wild giapes although
rare on cultivated farms. In Pennsylvania it epreates Pees than usual |
(July 10), owing to delayed rains.”
Cech a ert % r é i = ep
FONG Sm) mildew caused by Uncinvla necator f (Schw.) Burrs -
Powdery mildew epee: was ie sal ema aia n 291 13 than for several.
years. Reported present, but causing slight-injury, in Oregon, Arkansas, Georgia,
South Carolina and a few-northeastern states. Reported August a from Oregon,
August 24 from. Goonese and HSER Emey 7 from Penn wa nba.
Black vot caused by Guignardia bicwellis (Ellis) V.& R.
- _
Reported from Pennsylvania Barge UR) sone. and from Louisiana north as
far as Minnesota. Nowhere does it appear that oka 2k vot.was serious, although
most common in Missouri, New Jensey and West Virgigia.: In Ohio; although the
most Serious grape disease, 1% was iess abundant then-t.suel. In. Pennsylvania»
leaf infection was ae whereas fruit infection was very light. It was found
in Georgia June 24, Missouri: July 13, and Minnesota Aug. 5.
Crown gall caused by Bacterium tumefaciens Sm, & ton Se
This disease was reported from various parts ae the United States in 39184
In Kansas, it.was the most destructive disease of grane, ‘alth oga the loss was
not over oye In Oregon it was: locally serious on ceptaan varievies. _ Elsewhere, —
it was repor ted as Cetce eee and limited. é : fey nd i se
ae & : : ain és ‘ es NK
a9
Anthracnosé. ‘caused by Gloeassporium ampelophagum Sacc.
“Not reported from new territory. Occurs over eastern half of United
States, usually causing only slight damage. In Missouri it was reported as
having been more or less associated with black rot.
Other diseases and injuries
Ripe rot caused by Glomerella cingulata - (New Jersey)
Leaf spot caused by Cercospora viticola - (Ohio)
‘White rot caused by Coniothyrium | diplodia - (Ohio)
Root rot caused by Dematophora necatrix - (Ohio), caused by Ozonium
- .gmnivorum - (Texas).
‘Lightning injury - (New York ?, Connecticut).
Bitter rot caused by Melanconium fuligineum (New Jersey)
‘ Necrosis caused by C ryptosporella viticola = = Fusicoceum viticolum *
(New Jersey, New York, Ohio, Pennsylvania) .
Sun scorch E Ports Rico).
STRAWBERRY -
Rhizopus rot caused by Rhizopus nigricans ...
Reported in the field and in transit from several important strawberry
states. Weather conditions seem to have controlled. the amount of rot in the patch,
while the condition of the berries before shipment and. the condition in cars fac-
_torec in the rotting en route. In one case it was reported that large berries
rotted much more than small ones. From 15% to 75% rot in single cars not uncommon-
ly observed. "Leaking" commonly mentioned in reports. :
Gray mold rot caused by Botrytis (cinerea?)
Reports indicate that Botrytis:rot. was not’ serious in fields except where
it was cloudy and rainy toward ripening. Observations cover eastern and southern
United States. No reports of it from the Pacific Coast. In Canada it was serious,
reducing the whole crop by at least 10% (McCubbin). : 2
Leaf. blight caused by Mycosphaere]2 Fragariae (Schw.) Lindau.
Apparently leaf blight, or leaf spot, occurs wherever the strawberry grows
but serious injury is not common, according to 1918 reports. In some cases a
considerable percentage of leaves showed infection but damage to the crop was not
appreciable. An interesting case was reported from Michigan by Woodcock:- two
fields showed 10% and 20% of the leaf area decreased by SPOuEAUE, but there was
no evident decrease in yield.
Dates when first observed:-. Nay 22, hi ade Minnesota; Way 20, Pennsyl~
vania: June, Wisconsin. Ab
34
The Klondike was very susceptible in Florida and Texas but resistant in
Louisiana. The Missionary was resistant in Florida (locally). In Missouri
the ‘Aroma is moré’ resistant than the: Candy.
Generally little or nothing is done to control the disease in home gardens.
In Hammond, La., the diseased leaves are'stripped from piants at setting; in
Iowa, cutting ane cucnene aes immediately after harvest is practiced.. The
disease has only recently.made’its appearance in Iowa..:
Other Biseases
Powdery Mildew caused by Sphaerotheca humuli - (Canada, Missouri, Nebraska,|
New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania, Ohio.). | }
Rot caused by Physarum Ccinereum —- see Diachea leucopodé - (Loutsiana
: Patellina.- (Arkansas). _
Anthracnose caused by Gloeosporium sp. - (Massachusetés) . - aS
Leaf Spot caused Py Marssonia jee aineiie = iui sone cause ? new -
Plorida).: +! a a
Facial am Rhizoctonia sp. 2A tea Sitingtan)-
RASPBERRY
Anthracnose caused by Plectodiscella veneta Burkholder
(=Gloccsperivm venetum Speg.-)
Reported cam Massachusetis, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Michigan, Minnesota, Nissovri, Arkansas, Kansas and Washington. It was a com
mon disease in these states and in some. places was destructive. Losses were re-
ported as foliows;
Minnesota — about, 1%, New York - 5%, Chio - 20% near Cleveland.
‘-., Black raspberries. were reported as usually more susceptible © than red
varieties in New York.
Yellows (cause unknown).
; Yellows was reported from Maine, Massachusetts, New York, Pennsylvania,
Chio, Tllinois, Michigan and. Minnesota. Possible losses of 1 or 2% of the rasp-
berries in Nassachusetts and 25% of the red varieties in New York are estimated.
The disease was First noticed as follows:
May 16 - Pennsylvania, June 12 - New York, June 28 - Minnesota.
Red varieties are susceptible and blackcaps resistant in New York.
Cane blight Caused | -by pees tant as oe coni Lothyrivum (Fek1. ) Sacc,
This disease was reported . hone Massachusetts, New Jersey, Pennsylvania,
Chie, Michigan, Arkansas, Kansas, Washington and Ontario, Canada. It is said to
have caused from 1 to. 2% loss in Vassachusetts and 15% docally in Pennsylvania.
It was reported as severe in Arkansas and severe generally near Cleveland, Ohio,
causing &s much as £0%. reduction in yield. The fungus ae found causing a can-
ker of young apple trees in Kansas. (See apple, page 1 6).
Spur blight caused by Mycosphasrelle rubing (Pk.) Jacz.
Reported from Pennsylvania, Wisconsin (general, as usual), Minnesote
(general, rather more than last year), and Washington. ° . .
- “ " “A loss of 2% is estimated for Minnesota. In this state the King and
Outhbert varieties are reported susceptible and the Minnesota as resistant.
Other Diseases
Crown gall caused by Bacterium tumefaciens Sm.4Towns. -.Common. In 1918
it was reported frdm Massachusetts, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio,
Minnesota, Washington, and Ontario, Canada. oN
Leaf spot caused by Septoria rubi Westd.- Reported iin slight. amounts
from New York, New Jersey, Wisconsin, Missouri and Kansas-— ; ;
Rust caused by Gymnoconia interstdtialis (Schl.) Lag..- Reported from
various states in northeastern United States and Canada. ‘(See blackberry).
Armillaria mellea ~ Reported from Washington. oo -"-" i
. ,Wilt thought te be caused by Verticiilivum sp. - Reported by Chas.’ Chupp
as Common in Schenectady County, N. Y. The organism seems to be the same 4s
the one on eggplant. | pas
Botrytis - Reported by N. E. Stevens on fruit growing near Albany, N. Y.,
\July 25) and in Androscoggin County, Me. (August). Reductions in yield of
20% and 10% were estimated.
MGsaic - Reported by E.’W. Olive as severe on certain forms in the lower
Hudson Valley, N.Y. - 3
-A leaf. curl of-uncertain cause ~ Reported by W. A. McCubbin as widespread
and often causing seriolis lossés’in Ontario, Canada. A survey showed about M%
. of the plants. to be diseased. <a =o
. A..rust said to be caused by Phragmidium imitans - Reported by F. D. Heald
and B. F. Dana.from Washington. 4 ha or, ‘
_' - Sphaerotheca humli - Reported.from Minnesota. . “ noes
_ Vanter injary - Reported from Vermont (25% stalks killed), New York, and
Canada (10% crop killed). sen che Bias
BLACKBERRY
Orange rust Solan tipregtiringcia cnet obaeetawts bain tient Le
Pony and Kunkelig nivens ; ¥
It is apparent that these rusts are confused in some states. Kunkel
states that the :long-cycled blackberry. rust (Gymnoggnia interstitialis) is
more common in the north and in cooler mountainous regions along the Atlantic
Coast. The short-cyoled rust (Kunkelia nitens) is the prevailing. species
in the south. Of course both species overlap and both are fourd in West.
Virginia and north as far as the latitude of New York. in laine, Dr. Kunkel
has not found the short-cycled form. Data relative to the range and occurrence
of these two species are still meager .ffrom several parts of the United States.
In 1908 rusts of blackberries were reported from the following states:- Maine,
Vermont, Massachusetts; New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, West Virginia,
_ Tennessee, Georgia, Alabama (wild blackberry), Mississippi, Texas, Oklahoma,
Arkansas, Chio, :Minnesota,. Miissouri, Kansas, Washington. , Dr. Kunkel is.
anxious to receive specimens of blackberry and raspberry rust from any source,
particularly from the Pacific Coast and the Rocky Mountain states. Material
in condition for spore-germination is especially desired.
Bh 36
Leaf spot caused by Septoria rudi Westd-
Reported from New Jersey, Penne viene West Virginia, Ohio, Texas,
Missouri, Kansas and Minnesota. In no state was it SE to cause any special
loss.
Other diseases.
Anthracnose caused s Plectodiscella veneta Burkholder = Gloersporium
venetum Speg» - Reported els New TerSseyy Pennsylvania, Ohio, Texas and Washing-
ton.
Crown gall caused by ‘Bacterium ametactans - ‘Reported from Ohio, Texas,
Oregon and Washington. No.serious us Losses reported. =. :
Yellow late rust caused by Kwehneola albida (itweiin: ) P, Magn. — 7 BERRA e
from Hammond County, La La-, on variety Wilsons
Cane blight caused by woe. condothyr ium (Fokl. ) Sacc. = Reportedll
from Ohio and Washington. ;
Winter injury - Common in some of the northern states. Vermont reported
a loss of 25% of the Canes. ;
“CURRANT *
Rust pueea Me Cronartium ribicola Fisch. von Walah:
This rust was eee to ‘he Suiewey. ‘by enwanesaters from Maine, eee
achusetts, Connecticut (on red, yellow and black cvrrants), and New Jersey. .A
report from Ontario, Canada, indicates a. reduction in yield in many places wherell
the plants were badly attacked in. previous: years» The above: states however re-
port the injury to currants to be very oo (Seé.white pine blister russ in
later report for further information: ) : ome: : :
Leaf spot caused by Mycosphaerella seeder lara cee Lind.
Teak spot was reported from Massachusetts (general, very. slight damage),
‘New York (common, first.observed June 10 in Orange Souney is New Jersey (very
common), Pennsylvania (first observed May 15 in Erie County), Ohio, Missouri
(rather severe where observed), and Minnesota (trace).
Anthracnose caused by Pseudopeziza ribis Klebahn.
PeeorreT in 1918 from Massachusetts (1/2%. loss), New York (slight), Ohio,
“innesota (trace), and Mesh ane ten,
Other diseases.
Cane ‘Hage caused a Tien cemneer ta ribis Grossenbacher & Duggar — Re-
ported as very destructive in the southern part of New: Jersey and severe locally
in parts of -Virginia. It was also FoRer bed from Scale County, Ohio.
7t
Powdery mildew caused by, ,Sphaerotheca mors-uvae (Schw,) B, & C, = Re-
ported from Minnesota and Ontarto, “Ganada. In Ontario it caused considerable
damage to new growth:.in.the-few plantations where it occurred.
Nectria cinnabarina ~ Reported on Currants in Minnesota end Ohio.
Angular leaf 5 spot caused by’ ‘Cercospora angulata Winter - Reported as
occurring in small | amounts: in Minnesota, i eee ae
GOOSEBERRY (See also currant).
Anthracnose caused by Pseudop ezize ribis, was reported from New Jersey
and Minnesota.
Leaf spot caused Myco sphacrella erossulariae (reported as Septoria
‘ribis) occurred in New York, New Jersey, Ohio and Minnesota. ‘
Powdery mildew caused by Sphaerotheca mors+uvae reported from New York,
Washington, and Oregon (general but not so serious as usual).
Rust said to be caused by Puccinia ribis was reported from Qhio and
Minnésota,
‘Rust caused by Oronartiun. ribicola reported from Connecticut. (See, also,
currant, page 36 and pine in later report.)
Nectria cinnabarina reported from Minnesota (trace).
DISEASES OF SUBTROPICAL FRUITS
‘ Seab caused’ by Clacosporium citri Massee.
Reported from Florida (about normal caeWe heen traces in “most every
orange and grapefruit orchard, striking, examples of high relative susceptibility
of sour orange (Citrus aurantium) as compared with sweet orange and grapefruit),
‘Alabama (scattered and slight on Satsuma), Porto Rico (caused heavy losses as
~usual) and Santo Domingo’ (heavy infection on sour orange. The disease will cause
@ serious handicap to grapefruit culture should it be taken up). Scab was
found in one car of Florida grapefruit affecting 18% of fruit, also noted in
one car of oranges which were probably of foreign origin.
Wither tip caused by Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Penz.
Wither tip was reported from Florida, Porto Rico, Mississippi and Texass
In Florida it was more prevalent ‘than. usual owing to the weakened condition of
the trees which resulted from severe winter,. and dry late spring and early sum-
mers In Porto Rico it was common in all its forms but no serious outbreaks
were reported.
Melanose. caused by Phomopsis cites Fawcett.
Melanose was reported from Florida (about as sane, and Porto Rico (on
grapefruit, known to occur in two groves). As a stem end rot it was more pre-
valent than usual in Florida, developing abundantly in some places. (See table
I for losses in shipment.)
38 t
‘ a ee, ‘ ‘i hea i Sep f MN eh ; i |
Foot. rot caused by Phytophthora terrestria Sherb.
Foot rot was reported. as occurring as usual in Florida. Sour stocks are |
mentioned as being immune. A Similar disease was reported as being prevalent in |
a few groves in Porto Rico where it is being overcome by the use of resistant 4
sour stocks. vl
})
Blue mold rot caused by ‘Penicillium sp. hs
4
Blue mold rot has doubtless been greater than usual, partially because il
of. careless handling of fruits by inexperiericed help. The losses from this rot Mt
were large, being only exceeded by stem end rot. The accompanying table shows cal
the percentages of. rot found in Citrus inspected at’ various ee in the Baa |
States from May l, eek to. December 31, ae aN LO eicee 4
>. Table I, Percentages of blue: mold rot,. caused by Penicillium SPp., and | i
stem end rot caused by Diplodia sp. ‘and Phomopsis Gherhy as found by by market in- . 4
spection at various northern markets». peel nbeian ae mak. i
: : pea Maite - ee at — a
Source ; Orange Grapefruit : Lemon _
: No. : : eNowou: 5 : : No.
:cars ; Blue Mold ;, Stem End :cars ,; Blue: Mold ; Stem End :cars alee Mold
: in- : ; ROG iam eae : Rot ine (a
:spect- ;No. : % :No. :% +sspect-:No. : % :No. : % :spect-:No. ; 4
,ed¢ sears ; rot :cars :rot :éd. sears ; rot ;cars :rot :ed, _:cars: rom
e . » » © ° . r : |
Alabama: i} t 1 4 ey H = s - ¢ ~ 4 = : - ‘ Seah ~ 5 ~_ 5 -~- 4 —
}
Balti evi Ztsog AS 2 0a8): ata : ree er NS
we cer ae o
Pleridar 345 fa Sly G2 vaedo. 2 ABs Al... Gl gl@B os 28s
28 fmniOe) nw’ C16 ple De bes 2 AR ee
: 18 06 ie Ae paid iI ic al Pav ee
‘ 61 1 SIRS AN As Ot Renan AAG GM eee IT Sco mee i ‘ '
source : ; : peior Ges 4 78 - ; 2 : ; ea 4
unknown: 6 Bo) LPP NAB gi cag ie teat anit) 2a) ie lieder eS as Bee |
: es men ar nye Rae eI Alea aie : . : . Pa I |
Mtaly Po me hme Sk Re ee ee So = ee
: ; : ; : : SRRISE Rap Ys ah : : 7 Ft
; : Bye oe ie ; : serial thn pia ieee bebe eh : rl : H Z
Total, : 2 : , 2 Auber la Ne alll Er anne : Core Sle aane :
EAP AN Pie GSD) ads BPE PEL TRL 2 WB ORL NS Bay he ATGs EN MeL Eee ainOe) te SUNG ite mune TO: ee ii
Other diseases and injuries.
Black rot or blossom end .rot caused by Alternaria cLi tri - Reported by H. E,
Stevens as “being - unusually prevalent in Florida. in some cases considerable in-
jury was reported» The disease heretofore has not been considered serious.
Be,
Fruit rot of grapefruit and orange caused by: Diplodia natalensis Evans -
ee heavy losses. as usual to harvested fruit in. Porto Rico. fe (See a also Table
I :
Blossom end ‘rot 0 orange caused by Fusariu s ape ix Beane from Porto
Rico as less prevalent than usual. Bog
Rust of breadfruit onuged by Uredo artocarpi Arth. - Reported by Steven-
son from Po: Porto Rico. .
Frenching or mottle leaf - Reported from Florida (unusually eanee in
some orchards) and Porto Rico (very prevalent) o ,
Sealy bark caused by Cladosporium herbarum, var. citricolum Fawcett —
Reported from Florida and Porto Rico.
Black melanose, cause unknown - Reported from Florida and Texase
Sooty mold ~ Reported as prevalent in Brevard County, Florida.
Leaf spot ‘caused by the parasitic alga Cephaleuros virescens - Reported
from Porto Rico.
Pink gisease caused by Corticiun 52 lmoni color B, & Bre. = Reported from
Porto Ricos.
Brown rot atiaaaa bys Pythiae ‘stis citrophthore an Noted in five lots of
Italian lemons, four cars averaging ; about t A% infection, the other car contain-
ing 30% decay. One car of California oranges averaged-i5% brown rote
Gray mold, probably due to a species of Botrytis - Reported as causing ©
serious decay in in a:car of California: oranges, complete deoay ranged from 50% to
90%, most affected oranges being ee decayed. .'°'!
oF |
" PINEAPPLE
Fruit rot caused by Thielaviopsis paradoxa (De Seyn) v» Hohn.
Table II. Losses to pineapple from fruit rot caused by Thielaviopsis
paradoxa as shown by inspection of cars by ‘the Bureau of Markets, 1918.
Peete eee eee RR) ee eal ee eee
Si NOg? On, * NOs Of ¢ : Remarks as to seriousness
Origin of ; cars -:cars with: Percent af-. ; f
of decav
shipment _ napostoae se es mut roti fected fruit :
peerida jee led 3 +: 1 car 100% +: Total decay, a slimy masss
190 crates - 75% total decay,
OL Get By it LQ 5 i |
wit 4€ . ¢ 127 erates - 12-15% total decay
ee °F se se 47
-
: -:-and 15-18% decayed spots.
; : 1. 40% : Deeay in ide rie made stock
; > LAS ATR A: . -: worthless
Cuba te “27 se. OBe : 5 " 40-90% +: From 5 to 20% complete decay in
: : : each car, balance in spots»
; ; :.4 4-10~25% ©: Mostly complete decay in each cars
: : : 6 om a--= : From 2 to 3 completely decayed
: : Pas t? fruit in each crate.
‘ . L Ebi : ic TOR
Origin. Wn, »2 > 8 i j SP ,
BAOWM Akio ers of 3 6 2.3 60-95% 7: 6 35- ‘40% worthless in 2 cars, 60%”
‘ : fol. Saieure LeCworthléss in third-car.
: > 2 " 18-30% :; Affected fruit worthless.
: ’ ta " Ge ue Peale ee
Total eter: | : 26 : Average 48% :
nnn OO ao a oS SS
40
According to J. A. Stevenson Thielaviopsis paradoxa occurs practically
: all over Porto Rico on ‘Pineapple and-sugar cane. All pineapples become
affected if they are allowed to come to full maturity. Since the commercial
crop is picked and shipped green, however, by: far the greatest loss occurs ©
after the fruit has left the Island. ‘The conditions in the holds of the
“vessels in which the fruit is shipped;..are extremely favorable for infection,
With the result that much fruit rots aboard ship and during the later pro-
cesses of transportation and: marketing. As will be seen from the foregoing
table the amount of rot in pineapples arriving at northern markets is enormous. 7m
A high. Bees of decay can be counted on in almost ee Car.
FIG
Rust caused by Bhysapelle fici (Cast. ) Arth. = Uredo fici Cast. was re-
ported from Florida (about as usual) and Texas. J. A. Stevenson also reported
it on the few fig trees that are able to exist in Porto Rico and Santo Domingo,
The disease has been reported to the Survey Office in the past as fol-
lows ~ North Carolina (1908), Georgia (1915), Florida (1907, 08, pv 7)aee os
Alabama (1908, 12, 13, 14, 16) Mississippi (1909, 10, 16), Towieiere (1907-
1916), Texas (1908, 09, 13-17).
Anthracnose caused by Glomerella cingulata (Stoneman) Sp. & Von ‘Ss. wes
reported from Louisiana (occasional and slight) and Texas.
- DISEASES OF NUTS
PECAN pais mG :
Scab caused by Husiclediun effusum Wint.
scab was epemted as pemerel ain “go uth: Carolina, “Georgia, Florida,
‘Alabama, Mississippi and Louisiana. its seemed to be less serious in Louisiana
than in the other states. In South Carolina 50% of the crop was reported
injured and 10% lost while in Georgia 1-2% reduction in yield is reported.
In Georgia and Mississippi the Van Dieman variety was reported as most
susceptible. Mobile, Delmas (90% infected) and Georgia Grant were also sus-
ceptible in Goonetey while Froucher and Pabst were less so.
Rosette (non-parasi tic).
Rosette was general and serious in South Carolina and Georgia, and of
slight importance locally in Florida, Alabama, Louisiana and Arkansas-
In South Carblina it is said to be ‘the worst pecan disease affecting
about 10% of the trées and probably causing @ loss of nearly 3%. In Georgia
0% of the trees are often affected in individual groves. The loss for the
. state, however, is not great.
Al
The relation of the occurrence of the disease to shallow soils under-
laid with hard pan is very evident in Georgia. The benefit of using barnyard
manire is also clearly shown in numerous instances in that state.
Powdery mildew caused by Microsphaera alni (Wallr.).
Reported from South Carolina, Georgia, Florida and Alabama as common
but causing slight or no loss, According to G. L. Peltier the budded varisties
seem to he becoming more susceptible to mildew.
Other diseases.
Black pit, an apparently non-parasitic trouble, is reported from Georgia
by J. B. Berry on Schly and Delmas varieties. The hull and shell split length-
Wise and the kernel turns black and dries up. A 5% loss of the above varieties
is estimated in Georgia.
Die back caused by Botryosphaeria berengeriana De Not was reported as less
prevalent than usual in Florida.
Winter injury was severe in parts of Mississippi.
there was considerable in other states also.
It is probable that
WALNUT
Bacterial blight caused by Bacterium juglandis was reported from Oregon
by H. P, Barss as follows, - "Rather lighter attacks than usual, but in many
Plantings this year the disease caused a loss of a quarter or more of the crop.
Ne section of the state seems free of the disease."
- One record of its occurrence on English Walnut in Virginia is also at
and.
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