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SUPPLEMENT 

TO     T  II  F 

ELEMENTS 

O  F 

NATURAL  HISTORY 

AND  OF 

C  H  E  M  I  S  T  R  Y. 


SUPPLEMENT 


TO  THE 


ELEMENTS 


O  F 


NATURAL  HISTORY 


AND  OF 


CHEMISTRY, 


^pNRY  fit 
r.    BE  FOURCROY, 

n 

DOCTOR   Q^THE   FACULTY   OF  MEDipfNE   AT  PARIS, 
•IE      ay^AL  ACADEMY<VAT   PARIS,  &C. 


CAREFULLY  EXTRACTED  FROM  THE  EDITION  OF 
1789,  AND  ADAPTED  TO  THE  ENGLISH  ; 

BY  THE  TRANSLATOR  OF  THAT  WORK. 


LONDON 


/off) 


R  I  N  T  E  D    FOR     G.     G.     J.    AND     T.     RO  B  I  N  S  O  W, 
PATERNOSTER  -  ROW. 
MDCCLXXXfX. 


ADVERTISEMENT. 


THE  familiar  and  perfpicuous  manner 
in  which  M.  de  Fourcroy  has  treat- 
ed the  fcience  of  Chemiftry,  in  his  Ele- 
ments, which  were  reprinted,  with  large  ad- 
ditions, in  1786,  having  caufed  a  fpeedy 
confumption  of  that  edition,  it  was  found 
neceflary  to  publifh  a  third  at  the  beginning 
of  the  prefent  year.  In  this  laft  he  has 
added  the  new  difcoveries  made  fince  1786, 
and  altered  the  whole  fo  as  to  make  it  cor- 
refpond  with  the  new  Theory  and  No- 
menclature, which  have  been  received  and 
warmly  fupported  by  himfelf  and  other 
eminent  French  chemifts.  With  the  inten- 
tion of  extending  the  knowledge  of  that 
Theory  and  Nomenclature,  he  has  likewife 
annexed  the  two  Tables  of  Synonyma,  with 
explanatory  Memoirs,  which  were  formerly 
publifhed  by  himfelf  in  conjunction  with 
Meflrs.  de  Morveau,  Lavoifier,  Berthollett, 
and  de  Fourcroy. 

The  Englifh  edition  of  this  book,  pub- 
liflied in  1788,  differs,  therefore,  from  the 

laft 


vi  ADVERTISEMENT. 


laft  Paris  edition  in  the  above  particulars. 
The  addition  of  the  new  difcoveries  is  ob- 
vioully  neceftary  to  render  it  complete  ; 
but  as  the  new  Theory  and  its  Nomenclature 
arc  objects  of  controverfy  not  yet  decided, 
and  mo  ft  of  our  chemifts  adhere  to  the 
theory  of  Stahl,  it  evidently  appeared  that 
the  new  edition,  if  tranllated,  would  have 
been  lefs  calculated  for  the  Englifh  ftudent 
than  that  which  they  already  poffefs.  On 
this  account  it  was  thought  better  to  draw 
out  a  fupplcment  to  the  former  tranflation, 
containing  all  the  alterations  and  additions, 
except  fuch  as  merely  relate  to  Nomencla- 
ture.   The  Tranflator  did  not,  however, 
think  it  proper  to  leave  out  the  Tables  of 
the  new  Nomenclature  ;  becaufe  the  number 
of  valuable  productions  which  arc  written 
alter  that  fyftem,  renders  it  a  delirable  ob- 
ject for  the  chemical  inquirer  to  make  him- 
lelf  inaftcr  of  its  principles,  whatever  may 
be  his  objections  to  the  theory  it  refers 
to. 

It  may,  perhaps,  he  inquired  why  the 
prefent  Supplement  is  not  a  tranflation  froin 
the  French  work  of  Mr.  Adet  ;  and  why 

the 


ADVERTISEMENT,  vii 


the  Tables  of  Nomenclature  are  reprinted, 
fince  we  already  poffefs  an  Englifh  edition 
of  them.  On  thefe  heads  I  muft  obferve, 
that  the  prefent  Supplement  was  begun  by 
a  careful  collation  of  the  two  editions  be- 
fore the  French  Supplement  could  be  pro- 
cured from  Paris ;  and  that,  when  this 
came  to  hand,  I  found  fufficient  reafons  to 
proceed  with  my  labour,  inftead  of  ufmg 
that  work.  It  is  not  neceffary,  in  this  place, 
to  fay  more  than  that  a  comparifon  of  the 
two  will  mew  the  propriety  of  this  deter- 
mination to  fuch  as  may  confider  it  as  an 
object  worth  their  inquiry. — With  regard 
to  the  Tables  of  Nomenclature,  it  may  be 
obferved,  that  as  M.  de  Fourcroy  flood  in 
exactly  the  fame  predicament  at  Paris,  in 
that  refpect,  as  I  do  here,  it  became  incum- 
bent on  me  to  be  directed  by  his  motives. 

The  inducements  of  common  honefty 
and  delicacy  naturally  prevented  my  copy- 
ing the  translation  of  Mr.  St.  John  ;  but 
I  have  compared  my  tranflation  with  his, 
and  find  few  effential  variations,  except 
fuch  as  M.  de  Fourcroy  himfelf  has  chofen 
to  make. 

I  do 


nil  ADVERTISEMENT; 

I  do  not  apprehend  that  any  reader  will 
find  the  leaft  difficulty  in  underftanding 
the  references  made  in  this  Supplement  to 
my  Tranflation  of  the  Elements  :  though 
I  have  not  tedioufly  fwelled  it  out,  by  in- 
ferring the  paffages  which  are  altered.  Thus 
it  will  he  feen  that  I  have  feldom  faid,  in/lead 
of  •  *  *  *  read  but  have  fimply 

faid,  read  *  *  *  *  *  ;  and  have  continued 
the  new  matter  until  I  came  to  the  unaltered 
text,  of  which  I  have  ufually  inferted  a  few 
words,  with  an  &c.  In  thefe  cafes  all  the 
matter  of  the  text,  which  lies  between  the 
place  firft  referred  to  and  the  &c.  muft  be 
left  out.  This  is  indeed  fufficiently  obvious, 
and  the  other  references  need  no  explana- 
tion. 

WILLIAM  NICHOLSON. 


New  Northffhrcet, 
London,  October  6,  i  7 S 9 . 


ELEMENTS 


O  F 


NATURAL  HISTORY 


AND 


CHEMISTRY, 


PART  L 

Additions  and  Alterations  in 
Chapter  I. 

Page  5,  the  following  lines  are  added  to  the 
concluding  paragraph. 

"  TT  proceeds  ftill  further ;  it  appreciates,  as 
X  we  mall  mew  in  the  examination  of  ve- 
getable fubftances,  the  re-a&ion  of  the  prin- 
ciples upon  each  other,  and  determines  the 

B  caufes 


Z  ELEMENTS  OF 

caufea  which  thus  modify,  change,  and  alter 
thofe  principles". 

p.  8,  b  13. 

After  the  words  "  each  other"  the  reft  of 
the  paragraph  is  cancelled. 

P.  10,  L  30. 

The  two  following  fentences,  from  the 
words  "  fome  readers"  to  the  word  u  health," 
are  cancelled. 

P.  13,  L  10. 

Inftead  of  the  words  "  is  not  yet  imper- 
ially received,"  read,  u  has  not  yet  been 
adopted  by  any  chemifts." 

P.  14,  L  6. 

Inftead  of  "  M.  Bucquet  and  myfelf,"  read, 

"  We." 

P.  19,  L  25. 
The  example  of  acids  and  alkalis  is  left  out. 


Alteration 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


3 


Alteration  in  Chapter  II. 
P.  42. 

TNSTEAD  of  the  concluding  paragraph  of 
A  this  chapter,  the  Author  has  fubltituted 
the  following : 

u  Since  the  death  of  that  celebrated  chemift, 
the  fcience  has  gained  fo  much  by  the  new 
difcoveries,  that  the  modern  theory  daily 
acquires  new  acceffions  of  force  :  the  large 
mafs  of  facts  I  have  collected  during  the  fpace 
of  twelve  years  attention  to  this  fcience,  the 
number  of  experiments  which  I  have  re- 
peated, have  convinced  me  that  it  is  abfo- 
lutely  impoflible  to  avoid  admitting  this  the- 
ory ;  and  that  fuch  philofophers  as  continue 
to  fupport,  with  more  or  lefs  heat,  the  doc- 
trine of  phlogifton,  all  give  proofs  in  their 
works  that  they  are  not  perfectly  acquainted 
with  the  fcience,  or  are  in  fome  refped:  defi- 
cient in  the  art  of  making  experiments." 


Additions 


4 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Additions    and   Alterations  in 
Chapter  III. 

TN  this  Chapter,  as  well  as  in  moft  other 
parts  of  the  work,  the  Author  has  fub- 
ftituted  the  word  "  attraction"  where  in  the 
foimer  edition  he  ufed  the  word  "  affinity." 

p.  44. 

The  effect  of  attraction  upon  two  globules 
of  water,  which  is  animadverted  upon  in  the 
note,  is  not  mentioned  in  the  new  edition. 

P.  45,  L  11. 

The  words  "  at  a  certain  diftance"  are  al- 
tered to  "  at  the  point  of  contact." 

P.  46,  1.  15. 

After  the  word  "  fufion,"  add,  "  and  cool- 
tag- 
Pi  49,  t  4. 

The  words  "  or  reduce  it  to  nothing"  are 
ftruck  out. 

P.  50,  I  4. 
In  Mead  of  "  nitration"  the  word  "  heat"  is 
fubftituted,  and  the  remainder  of  the  para- 
graph is  thus  altered  : 

"  Heat  and  evaporation  produce  the  fame 
effect  upon  fluids;  as  well  as  upon  moft  folids 

which 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  5 

which  are  capable  of  becoming  foft  or  melt- 
ing. But  thefe  lait  methods,  in  which  heat 
is  the  agent  which  divides  bodies,  depend 
themfelves  upon  a  chemical  attraction  of  the 
fecond  kind.  The  fame  may  be  faid  of  dif- 
folution  in  water/' 

P.  53,  U  9- 
Read,  "  a  little  differing/' 

P.  55,  1.  21. 

Inftead  of  "  minute  bodies,"  read,  "  the 
ultimate  particles  of  bodies." 

P.  56,   k  11. 

The  words  "  infinitely  fmall  particles"  are- 
omitted. 

P.  56,  at  bottom. 

Read,  "  Among  the  gafes,  for  example, 
which  of  all  known  fubftances  are  thofe  whole 
aggregation  is  weakeft,  there  are  feveral 
whole  tendency  to  combination  is  fo  ftrong, 
that  they  unite  with  the  greateft  vivacity  to 
aim  oft  all  natural  bodies.  Neverthelefs,  we 
fliall  hereafter  fee  that  this  takes  place  only 
when  the  heat  which  is  combined  in  elaftic 
fluids,  adheres  but  weakly  to  its  bafe,  and 
that  the  aerial  force  very  frequently  oppofes 
combination,  as  is  obferved  in  pure  air." 

The  whole  paragraph  beginning  with  the 

B  3  word 


(5  ELEMENTS  OF 

word  "  laftly,"  and  ending  with  the  words 
u  each  other,"  is  left  out. 

P.  59,  I  io. 
Inftead  of "  cannot,"  read,  "  can  fcarcely 
ever. 

P.  6o,  1.  26. 

For  "  fmall  bodies,"  read,  "  the  ultimate 

particles  of  bodies." 

p.  63,  i  5. 

For  <c  wanner/1  read,  "  colder.5, 
P.  63,  1.  3  (from  the  bottom). 

Strike  out  the  word  "  though,"  and  like- 
wife  the  fix  following  lines  of  the  paragraph 
after  the  word  "  unite." 

P.  66,  1.  7. 

The  paragraph  here  ends  at  the  word 
"  proof."  The  introductory  fentence  next 
following  is  left  out,  and  the  next  paragraph 
begins  thus  : 

"  To  fhew  (1)  that  bodies  which  enter  into 
combination  lofe  the  properties  they  before 
feofleflTed  :  (2)  That  they  acquire  new  pro- 
perties totally  different ;  let  us  fix  our  atten- 
tion upon  fuch  properties  as,  if  varied,  will 
affect  the  fenfes,"  &x. 

P.  66,  1.  25. 

Inftcad  of  "  can  by  no  means  be  regarded 
as,"  read,  u  certainly  is  not." 

P.  66, 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  7 

P.  66,  1.  4  (from  the  bottom). 
Read  as  follows  :  "  A  few  grains  of  oxi- 
genated  muriatic  acid  diluted  in  a  glafs  of 
water,  and  a  few  grains  of  mercury  feparately 
given,  are  not  capable,  &c." 

P.  67,  1.  10  (from  the  bottom). 

At  the  word  "  acids"  the  following  note 
is  added : 

*'  We  are  obliged  to  make  ufe  of  terms 
and  denominations  in  this  preliminary  matter, 
which  are  yet  unknown  to  the  learner ;  but 
the  index  and  the  commencement  of  the  arti- 
cles of  the  work  to  which  the  index  refers, 
may  be  confulted  for  the  explanation  of  thefe 
words.  This  is  an  inconvenience  which  cannot 
be  avoided  in  the  elements  of  a  fcience." 

P.  68,  1.  10  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  Sulphur  and  fixed  alkalis  form 
livers  of  fulphur,  which  are  very  foetid  when 
moiftened." 

P.  68,  L  8  (from  the  bottom). 
Read  the  paragraph  as  follows  : 
"  We  may  make  the  fame  obfervation 
with  refpedt  to  fufibility.  Two  fubftances 
which  are  very  infufible  or  very  difficult  to 
fufe  feparately,  become  very  fufible  when 
they  are  united  ;  the  combinations  of  ful- 
phur and  of  metals  afford  very  ftriking  ex- 
amples of  this  affertion.M 


P.  70, 


8 


ELEMENTS     O  F 


P.  70,  1.  9  (from  the  bottom). 
Inftead  of  u  though  it  cannot  be  thence 
inferred  that  there  is  no  affinity  between 
them,"  read,  "  though  it  would  be  falfe  to 
afiert,  that  there  is  no  mutual  attraction  be- 
tween them." 

P.  7I,    1.  2. 

After  the  word  "  compound,"  infert, 
"  Bergman  devifed  the  name  of  elective  at- 
tractions to  exprefs  that  there  is  a  kind  of 
choice  between  thofe  bodies,  which  in  order 
to.  combine  together  are  decornpofed  or  fepa- 
ratcd  from  matters  before  united  with  them." 

P.  73,  1.  8. 

The  fentence,  "  To  avoid  this  confufion, 
&c."  to  the  end  of  the  paragraph,  is  left  out. 

P-  75,  1.  3- 
Read,  u  In  fume  cafes  there  is  a  certain 
method  of  immediately  diftinguifhing  an  im- 
pure from  a  pure  precipitate  ;  it  coniifts  in 
adding  a  much  greater  quantity,  &c."  and 
proceed  as  in  line  7. 

P.  76,  1.  4. 

The  fentcnee,  "  As  there  feems  to  be,"  Sec. 
to  the  end  of  the  paragraph,  is  left  out. 

P.  So,  I.  8. 
Inftead  of  the  word  "  Cornette,"  the  words 
"  Scheele,  (See."  are  inferted. 


4 


P.  87, 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  9 
P.  87,    1.  2. 

From  the  words  "  this  objection"  to  the 
full  flop  at  "  modifled,,  in  line  12,  are  left  out, 
and,  inftead  thereof,  the  following  are  fubfti- 
tuted  : 

"  A  plate  of  metal  which  adheres  to  the 
furface  of  mercury  cannot  be  taken  up  without 
feparating  the  latter  into  two  ftrata  ;  fo  that 
the  weight  neceffary  to  raife  the  plate  is  em- 
ployed in  overcoming  the  adhefion  of  the 
particles  of  mercury  to  each  other,  rather  than 
in  deftroying  that  of  the  foreign  metal  with 
the  mercury. 

"  We  may  therefore  affirm  that  if  the  che- 
mical attraction  be  the  fame  force  with  the 
general  attraction,  the  difference  of  its  laws, 
compared  with  thofe  of  this  laft,  fhews  that 
it  is  a  peculiar  modification.    This  truth,"  &c. 

P.  88. 

The  paragraph  beginning  "  if  we  might 
prefume"  is  left  out. 


Alterations 


10 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  IV. 

P.  91,  L  10. 

AFTER   the  word  "  fubftances,"  infert, 
"feparately." 

P.  95,  L  12. 

The  remarks  numbered  2  and  3,  ending  at 
the  word  "  circumftances,"  are  left  out.  The 
remark  numbered  4  is  numbered  2  in  the  new 
edition,  and  the  following  is  added  at  the  end 
cf  the  paragraph  : 

"  3.  M  hat  among  natural  bodies  there  is  a 
great  number,  fuch  as  fulphur,  and  the  metals 
which  art  has  not  fucceeded  in  decompoling, 
and  which  arc  limple  bodies  in  the  prefent 
Itatc  of  our  knowledge." 

P.  96. 

After  line  4,  the  confiru&ion  and  fenfe  are 
thus  altered: 

M  It  follows,  that  the  true  principles  or  firft 
elements  of  natural  fubftances  efcape  our 
fenfes  and  our  inflruments;  that  many  of 
thofe  which  have  been  called  elements,  on 
account  of  their  volume,  their  influence  in 
the  phenomena  of  nature,  and  their  multi- 
■A  cxiftence  in  its  different  produ&s,  are 

very 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  T I 

very  far  from  being  fimple  and  unchangeable 
bodies  ;  and  that  probably  there  is  no  body 
which  falls  under  our  fenfes  which  is  fimple, 
but  only  appears  fuch  to  us,  becaufe  we  do 
not  poffefs  the  means  of  decompofing  it. 
Thefe  afTertions  moreover  agree,"  &c. 

P.  96,  1.  9  (from  the  bottom). 
The  remainder  of  the  paragraph  is  ftruck 
out,  and  the  following  words  fubftituted  in- 
ftead: 

"  as  containing  the  principles  of  which  moft 
other  natural  bodies  are  formed." 


Alterations 


12  elements  of 

Alterations   and   Additions  in 
Chapter  V. 

P.  ioo,  I.  I  I. 

T>  E  A  D,  u  this  opinion  no  longer  exifts 
A^  among  phiiofophers  who  cultivate  the 
fcicncc  of  chemiftry." 

V  — li  14. 

Read,  "  theories  propofed  fome  years  pafi, 
re  fpc  cling  lire." 

—  1.  20. 

Read,  "  we  mail  confider  in  fucceflion  as  fo 
many  particular  effects  of  fire,  light,  heat, 
rarefaction,  the  changes  produced  in  bodies 
by  heat,  and  thofe  which  are  attributed  to 
combined  fire,  formerly  called  phlogifton." 

P.  101,  1.  12. 

Read,  "  this  fubftance  which  is  thought  to 
be  emitted." 

P.  1 01  flail  two  lines  of  the  text). 
Read,  M  fubjecT:  to  gravitation,  is  an  evidence 
of  its  exiftence  as  a  body  itfelf." 

P.  io6|  1.  10. 

Inflcadof  the  words  "and  roots,"  infert,"&c.,, 

P.  108,  1.  1. 

For^only,"  read,  "Aril,"  and  inftead  of  "we 
propofe,"  £cc.  at  the  end  of  the  paragraph, 
add,  "  M.  Berthollett  has  likevvife  attended  to 

this 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  1 3 

this  fubjeft,  and  we  mall  hereafter  fee  that  he 
has  determined  what  happens  in  many  of 
thefe  alterations." 

P.  109. 

Read,  "  it  cannot  be  proved  by  weight  that 
heat,  &c." 

P.  115,  1.  6. 
For  "  vapour,"  read,  "  heat." 

P.  118,  I.  12. 

After  the  word  "  principles,"  read,  "  it  exifts 
in  a  ltate  of  compreffion,  mere  or  lefs  con- 
fiderable." 

P.  118,  laft  line  of  the  text. 
The  fentence  beginning  with  "  They  are  of 
opinion,"  and  ending  with  the  word  "occa- 
ficns,"  is  left  out. 

P.  120. 

The  note  is  left  out,  and  at  L  9  of  the 
text,  the  fubjeel:  is  continued  thus :  V  Some 
philofophers  think  that  light  and  heat  are  the 
fame  fubftance,  and  differ  only  in  their  ftate. 
1  his  body  is  light,  when  its  particles,  colle&ed 
together,  and  poffeffing  all  their  attraction, 
are  projected  with  great  force ;  it  is  heat  when 
the  fame  particles,  in  a  ftate  of  divifion;  move 
flowly,  and  tend  to  an  equilibrium.  They 
think  that  heat  can  become  light,  and  light 
heat; — it  cannot,  however,  be  denied  that 
light  often  produces   effects   very  different 

from 


14  ELEMENTS  OF 

from  heat ;  as  takes  place  in  the  nitric  acid, 
the  oxigenated  muriatic  acid,  the  metallic 
calces  or  oxides,  and  the  leaves  of  vegetables 
plunged  in  water:  all  thefe  bodies  give  out 
vital  air,  or  oxigenous  gas,  when  they  are 
expofed  to  the  rays  of  the  fun,  and  moft  of 
them  do  not  afford  it  by  the  adion  of  heat 
alone.  It  is  in  this  manner  that  the  artificial 
light  of  our  fires,  pafling  through  the  veflels, 
changes  the  nature  of  the  produds  which  are 
difengaged. 

Laftly,  Mr.  Lavoifier  and  De  la  Place,"  &c. 

P.  123,  L  1. 
The  firft  fentence  of  the  paragraph  is  thus 
altered:  "  Let  us  here  attend  to  the  refemblance 
which  appears  to  exift,  in  certain  cafes,  be- 
tween light  and  heat,  and  the  differences  which 
diftinguifh  them  in  the  proceffes  of  nature  and 
an." 

P.  124,  L  18. 

For  "  incalefcence,"  read,  "  incandefcence" 

p.  125. 

The  two  laft  paragraphs  are  left  out,  and 
the  following  inferted  :  "Such  were  the  ideas 
of  Macquer  and  a  confiderable  number  of 
other  philofophers  ;  but  more  numerous  and 
better  obfcrved  fads,  concerning  the  difference 
of  heat  contained  in  various  bodies,  their  ap- 
titude to  abforb  it,  the  eledive  attradions  it 
appears  to  obey,  render  the  opinion  of  the 

exiftence 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  1 5 

exiftence  of  heat  as  a  peculiar  body,  much 
ftronger  than  ever.  It  is  thought  to  be  often 
one  of  the  principles  of  compound  fubftances; 
that  it  is  the  lighteft  of  all  natural  bodies,  and 
cannot,  on  that  account,  be  fhewn  to  exift  by 
any  indication  of  weight.  Two  fpecies  of 
heat  are  diftinguiihed,  or  rather  heat  itfelf  is 
diftinguiihed  in  two  different  ftates,  in  all 
natural  fubftances  ;  one,  which  is  intimately 
combined,  and  is  called  latent  heat,  or  caloric, 
becaufe  it  is  not  fenfible,  and  the  other  which 
is  fimply  diffeminated.  This  laft  appears 
to  be  capable  of  expulfion  by  fnnple  preffure, 
or  by  mechanical  means  ;  thus  it  is  that  when 
a  bar  of  iron  is  hammered,  and  its  particles 
are  brought  together  by  the  fhock,  the  heat 
efcarjes  in  the  fame  manner  as  water  flows 
out  of  a  moiftened  fpunge  by  preffure.  Heat, 
truly  combined,  does  not  quit  bodies  but  in 
confequence  of  new  chemical  combinations. 
All  folid  fubftances  which  contain  thefe  two 
kinds  of  heat,  are  capable  of  taking  up  a 
greater  quantity,  both  of  the  one  and  of  the 
other ;  this  fuperadded  heat  feparates  the 
particles  more  and  more  :  its  firft  effecl:  is  to 
foften  the  folid  body ;  its  fecond,  in  propor- 
tion as  it  is  accumulated,  confifts  in  fufion, 
or  liquefaction ;  its  third,  the  quantity  being 
fuppofed  ftill  to  be  continually  increafed,  is 
elaftic  fluidity.  But  we  will  treat  of  thefe 
phenomena  in  the  two  following  paragraphs." 

P.  126, 


ELEMENTS  OF 


P.  126,  I  8. 

Inftead  of  the  laft  ten  lines  of  the  firft  para- 
graph, read  as  follows : 

"  This  rarefaction  fhews  the  intromiflion 
of  fome  fubftance  into  the  pores  of  the  rarefied 
body  ,  this  fubftance,  which  is  heat  itfelf,  acts 
like  wedges  or  fprings,  that  feparate  and  re- 
move the  particles  of  thefe  bodies  from  each 
other  ;  the  bodies  themfelves,  when  rarefied 
by  heat,  do  not  acquire  weight,  and  their 
fpecific  gravity  is  lefs  confiderable  than  before, 
becaufe  the  rarefaction  confifts  fimply  in  a 
feparation  of  the  parts  of  the  heated  body, 
whole  pores  are  then  enlarged,  fo  that  it  con- 
tains more  void  fpace  and  lefs  folid  matter 
than  before,  in  a  given  fpace  :  this  feparation 
is  occafioned  by  the  matter  of  heat,  whofe 
weight  with  refpect  to  us  is  nothing. 

P.  128,  1.  2. 

Read,  "it  appears  to  be  fubject  to  fome 
exceptions  after  which  the  reft  of  the  para- 
graph is  thus  altered  :  u  In  fact,  a  gentle  heat 
really  dilates  their  fibres,  feparates  them,  and 
dimini£hc6  the  denfity  of  their  texture ;  but 
by  a  fuddcti  and  ftrong  heat,  parchment, 
membranes,  and  tendons  ihrink  and  contract; 
a  property  which  fcems  to  depend  on  the 
irritability,  or  rather  the  contractibility  of 
animal  fibres,  to  which  heat  feems  to  be 
a  ftimulus,  as  long  as  their  organifation  is  not 
dcilroycd." 

The 


CHEMISTRY,  &C.  I  J 

The  laft  fentence,  '*  We  find  even  in  fome," 
&c.  is  excluded. 

P.  129,  1.  18. 

After  the  word  u  furnace,"  read,  "  and  not 
to  prefs  too  clofely  fuch  veflels  as  are  luted  to- 
gether ;  for,  without  that  precaution,  it  would 
not  be  poflible  to  avoid  the  fractures  and  in- 
conveniences which  their  expanfion  would 
produce." 

P.  131,  L  7. 

The  four  following  lines  are  thus  altered  : 
*c  It  may  be  conceived  from  what  is  here  ex- 
pofed,  that  this  general  effect  depends  on  the 
circumftance,  that  a  folid  body  which  be- 
comes liquid  abforbs  mere  heat  than  it  before 
poffeffed ;  whereas,  in  the  contrary  circum- 
ftance,  it  gives  out  the  quantity  of  heat  which 
kept  it  in  a  ftate  of  fulion." 

In  the  following  title,  read,  "  Phlogifton  of 
Stahl." 

P.  133,  1.  20. 

After  "  difengaged,"  infert,  "  in  the  form  of 
fire  at  liberty." 

P.  134,  1.  3. 

The  two  following  paragraphs  are  thus 
altered  : 

a  However  brilliant  this  theory  may  be,  it 
is  eafy  to  conceive  that  it  is  fubject  to  a  great 
difficulty  ;  in  facl:,  Stahl  and  all  his  followers 
have  not  fufficiently  fpecified  what  the  phlo- 

C  giVjn 


lS  ELEMENTS  OF 

gifton  is,  but  have  exprefled  themfelves  In 
too  vague  and  ohfcure  a  manner.  Macquer, 
who  was  well  aware  of  this  difficulty,  after 
having  long  meditated  on  the  nature  of  fire 
and  phlogilton,  concluded  that  light  poffefled 
all  its  properties,  whether  it  be  conlidered  as 
at  liberty,  in  a  ftate  of  agitation,  and  pofleffing 
all  its  properties,  or  whether  it  be  conceived 
as  a  principle  of  bodies  tending  to  quit  them 
by  motion. 

M  In  the  explanation  of  a  fyftem  admitted  in 
the  fciences,  it  is  necefTary  at  the  fame  time 
to  point  out  its  difficulties  and  mew  its  errors : 
we  think  proper  therefore,  in  this  place,  to 
point  out  the  objections  which  are  now  made 
to  the  doctrine  of  this  great  chemift  ;  a  doc- 
trine which  has  not  loft  its  reputation,  till 
after  having  conftituted  one  of  the  moft  bril- 
liant enothas  of  chemiftrv." 

\  K  137,  1-3- 
Read,  u  This  however  muft  be  underftood 
with  feme  renricllon ;  for,  notwithstanding  the 
imrneni'e  refearches  made  of  late  years  into  the 
phenomena  of  combuftion,  the  opinion  which 
admits  the  exiftence  of  fire  as  a  principle  fixed 
iu  bodies,  has  not  yet  been  overthrown,  and 
its  name  of  phlogilton  has  been  changed  into 
thai  of  caloric  or  combined  heat.  But  it  is 
not  to  this  matter  that  the  property  of  com- 
butlibTity  is  attributed.  Its  prefence  in  in- 
flammable bodies  is  not  that  which  determines 
their  go&mnubilitjr. 

5  <c  Since 


CHEMISTRY,   &C.  1 9 

"'Since the  attention  of chemifts,"  &c.  and 
proceed  as  in  line  22. 

P.  139,  I,  6. 

Inftead  of  "  precipitation  on/'  read,  "  com- 
bination with."  Alfo,  line  7    from  the 

bottom5  after  "  phlogifton,"  add,  "  by  con- 
fidering  this  principle  as  fixed  light/' 

The  two  laft  lines  of  p.  139,  and  the  fi-rft  of 
p.  140,  are  ftruck  out. 

P.  140,  1.  12. 
Inftead  of  "  perfect ly  a nfwers,"  read,  u  ap- 
peared to  anfwer." 

P.  140,  1.  12  (from  the  bottom). 

The  fentence  beginning  with  "  This  impor- 
tant pofition"  is  left  out,  and  the  remainder  of 
the  fe&ion  is  thus  altered  :  "  Scheele  has  pro- 
poled  a  different  theory,  which  has  had  its 
adherents  among  the  northern  chemifts.  He 
fuppofed  that  fire,  heat,  and  light,  were  com- 
pounds of  vital  air  and  phlogifton:  that,  by  paf- 
iing  through  the  velfels,  it  depofited  its  phlo- 
gifton, and  the  vital  air  was  difengaged  as  in 
the  reduction  of  the  metallic  calces  or  oxides. 
Bur  this  ingenious  theory,  by  the  afiiftance  of 
which  Scheele  explained  the  influence  of 
folar  light  and  heat  differently  modified,  in 
a  great  number  of  chemical  phenomena,  does 
not  afford  the  reafon  of  the  increafe  of  weight 
in  metals,  fulphur,  phofphorus,  &c.  after  their 
combuftion. 

C-2-  uMu 


20 


ELEMENTS  OF 


44  Mr.  Lavoifier,  whofe  opinion  ought  to 
have  as  much  weight  in  chemiftry  as  his  ex- 
periments have  had  influence  on  its  progrefs, 
lias  offered  a   new   doctrine,  which  many 
French  chemiits  have  adopted,  and  which 
appears  to  me  to  explain,  the  moft  perfectly  of 
all,  the  theories  the  phenomena  of  nature.  He 
thinks  that  light,  heat,  and  all  the  great  phe- 
nomena which  combuftible  bodies  prefent  in 
their  inflammation,  depend  more  upon  the 
air  which  favours  this  laft  procefs,  than  on 
their  own    proper  nature  ;   that  the  flame 
which  takes  place  in  this  operation,  arifes  rather 
from  the  light  difengaged  from  the  pure  air, 
than  from  that  which  is  feparated  from  the 
combuftible  body.    The  decompofition  which 
takes  place,  according  to  Stahl  and  Macquer, 
in  the  inflammable  fubftance,  is  by  him  at- 
tributed to   the   pure  air,   which  he  con- 
(iders  as  a  compound  of  the  matter  of  lire 
and  another  principle  we  lhall  hereafter  fpeak 
of ;  and  the  fixed  lire,  whole  difengagement 
produces  the  principal  eriect,  is,  according  to 
him,  feparated  from  the  pure  air  rather  than 
from  the  combnltible    body.      We  cannot 
enter  more  fully  in  this  place  into  this  ingc- 
niors  fyftem  ;  we  QiaU  dwell  more  largely 
upen  it  in  the  hiftory  of  air,  which  belongs 
to  the  following  chapter.  We  mall  content  our- 
ielves  by  obferving,  that  the  matter  of  tire  or 
heat,   which   Mr.  Lavoilier  admits  in  pure 
air,  and  whofe  difengagement  is,  according  to 

him, 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  2 1 

him,  thecaufe  of  the  dazzling  flame  and  ftrong 
heat  which  attend  the  rapid  combuflion  pro- 
duced by  this  air,  performs  nearly  the  fame 
office  as  the  phlogillon  of  Stahl,  or  the  fixed 
light  of  Maccjuer,  and  that  all  chemifts  are 
agreed  concerning  its  exiftence  ;  but  that  they 
differ  in  this,  that  fome  admit  its  exiftence  in 
the  combuftible  bodies,  and  confider  it  as  the 
caufe  of  inflammability ;  others  think  that  it 
exifts  in  the  air,  and  that  it  is  not  the  fnb- 
ftance  which  determines  the  combuftibility. 
We  fhall  in  the  folic  wing  chapters  explain 
the  reafons  which  lead  us  to  think,  that  this 
laft  opinion  is  the  moft  probable." 

P.  144,  I.4  (from  the  bottom). 
Read,  "  afcends,  and  remains  fufpended3  cr 
diflblved,  until  condenfed  by  cold." 

P.  146,  laft  line. 
Read,  "  The  oily  matter  and  the  charcoal, 
which  are  the  component  parts,  decompofe 
a  portion  of  the  contained  water,  and  form  an 
acid,  elaftic  fluids,  and  a  brown  oil,  which  did 
not  exift  as  fuch  in  the  wood,  &c.  Every  part 
i  s  therefore  changed,"  &c.  as  in  1.  y,  p.  147. 

P.  147,  1.  16. 

Erafe  the  word  "  ialts,"  and  infert  the  word 
«  acid." 

P.  147,  line  10  (from  the  bottom). 
Inftead  of  the  laft  fentence  of  the  paragraph, 
beginning  with  «  and  for  that  rcaibn,"°  read, 

C  3  U  biU 


2  2  ELEMENTS  OF 

<c  but  the  modern  difcoveries  are  able  to  de- 
termine the  true  nature  of  the  principles  which 
conftitute  thefe  matters,  from  the  confidera- 
tion  of  thofe  which  are  difengaged." 

P.  149. 

After  the  word  <c  accuracy,"  in  line  4,  the 
following  paragraph  is-  inferted  : 

"  As  thefe  various  effects  of  heat  arife 
from  the  feparation  which  it  produces  between 
the  particles,  let  us  again  confider  this  firft 
effect,  and  endeavour  to  appreciate  its  whole 
influence." 

After  which  follow  the  pages  xxvii,  xxviii, 
xxix,  xxx,  and  xxxi,  of  the  Preliminary  Dil- 
courfe,  beginning  with  the  words  "  Water  in 
the  form  of  ice,"  and  ending  with  11  the  ap- 
plication of  a  great  degree  of  cold."  The  fol- 
lowing alterations  are  made  in  thofe  felecled 
pages,  viz. 

At  p.  xxix,  L  14. 

The  words4'  acetous  acid,"  &c.  are  erafed, 
and  the  fubject  is  continued  thus  :  "  Thelc 
three  fluids  are  reduced  into  vapours,  and  prc- 
ferve  their  aerial  form,  when  the  barometer 
{lands  at  28  inches,  and  the  water  polTefles 
the  temperature  of  80  degrees  of  Reaumur's 
thermometer,  fpirit  of  wine  66,  and  the 
ether  32." 

P.  xxx,  1.  17, 

After  the  word  u  fubftances,"  add,  "We  have 
fought  for  an  expreflion  which  might  denote 

this 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  23 

his  ftate  of  combination  in  heat ;  we  have 
adopted  the  word  caloric,  becaufe,  in  fad:,  when 
this  body  is  fixed  it  is  no  longer  heat,  but 
becomes  fo  only  when  fet  at  liberty.  This 
denomination  likewife  avoids  the  periphrafes 
of  the  matter  of  heat,  or  latent  heat,  which 
have  been  the  expreffions  hitherto  ufed. 
Cooling,  or  the  tranfition  of  heat  to  the  ftate 
of  caloric  ;  heating,  or  the  tranfition  of  calo- 
ric to  the  ftate  of  heat,  depend  on  the  general 
law  we  have  eftabliihed  j"  and  proceed  as  in 
line  19, 

P.  151,  paragraph  1. 

Read,  u  The  temperature  of  boiling  water, 
or  2 12  degrees,  is  ufed  in  deco£tions,  the  ex- 
traction of  efTential  oils,"  &c. 

P.  151,  1.  3  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  A  fimilar  degree  of  heat  may  be  ex- 
cited by  a  ftream  of  vital  air  or  oxigenous  gas 
thrown  upon  charcoal,  by  means  of  the  bel- 
lows or  blow-pipe.  Mr.  Monge  is  of  opinion, 
that  by  preferring  afmofpheric  air  in  a  ftate 
of  compreffion,  to  combuftible  bodies  in  a 
ftate  of  inflammation  in  the  furnace,  an  effect 
may  be  produced  fimilar  to  that  excited  by 
vital  air.  This  procefs  may  hereafter  be 
applied  to  operations  in  the  large  way." 

P.  152,  1.  6. 

The  account  of  Mr.  Wedgwood's  inftru- 
ment  is  rectified  as  fellows ; 

"  Mr,  Wedgwood  has  conftrucled  in  Eng- 
C  4  land 


24  ELEMENTS  OF 

land  a  thermometer  of  this  nature  ;  it  is  formed 
of  fmall  pieces  of  clay  half  an  inch  in  diameter. 
Thefe  pieces,  when  contracted  by  heat,  advance 
to  a  greater  or  lefs  diftance  between  two  rules 
of  copper  convergent  towards  each  other  upon 
a  plate  of  the  fame  metal.  In  this  manner 
by  means  of  a  fcale  drawn  upon  thefe  rules, 
the  degree  of  contraction,  and  confequently  of 
heat,  which  they  have  experienced,  is  afcer- 
tained."    Jourt<al  de  Phyjique,  1787. 

P.  154,  1.  9. 
Inftead  of  "  principal  part  of  the  chemical 
nomenclature,"  read,  "  practical  part  of  che* 
miftry." 

P.  154,  1.  4  (from  the  bottom), 
Read,  c<  or  their  falts.    Calcareous  ftones 
are  thus  converted  into  lime,"  &c. 

P.  155,  1.  5. 
After  "  baked  clay,"  infert,  "  of  iron  and  of 
platina." 

P.  157,  1.  6  (from  the  bottom). 
Read,  "  Evaporation  is  the  action  of  heat 
upon  liquids." 

P.  163,  1.  11. 
M.  Black  has  contrived  furnaces  which  ap- 
pear proper  to  produce  a  regular  and  uniform 
heat  by  means  of  regifters,  which  are  opened 
or  doled  at  pleafure.   We  have  not  received 

fuffictent 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  2$ 

fufficient  information  to  enable  us  to  conftrufl: 
the  like  ;  but  as  the  art  of  chemiftry  cannot 
but  be  greatly  benefited  by  this  difcovery,  it 
is  to  be  hoped  that  it  will  be  fpeedily  adopted 
in  France*. 

*  Dr.  Black's  furnace  is  defcribed  in  the  Edinburgh 
New  Difpenfatory,  printed  in  the  year  1786,  p.  49,  50. 


Alterations 


26 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations    and   Additions  in 
Chapter  VI. 

TN  this  chapter,  the  air  is  diftinguimed  by 

the  epithet  common  or  atmofphericaL 

P.  164,  1.  8. 

After  "  atmofphere,"  infert,  "  It  penetrates 
Iikewife  and  fills  the  interftices  or  pores  which 
exift  between  the  integrant  parts  of  bodies." 

 L  10. 

For  "  fuch  air,"  read,  "  pure  air." 

P.  165,  1.  10  (from  the  bottom). 
Read,  "  aeriform  fluids  or  gafes." 

 1.  5  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  as  moft  liquid  fubftances  do  ;  that 
is  to  fay,  we  arc  unacquainted  with  the  pref- 
fure  or  degree  of  refrigeration  capable  of  ren- 
dering them  folid ;  and  this  is  the  character 
of  permanent  gafes." 

P.  1 72,  at  the  bottom. 

Read,  "  Mr.  De  Luc  and  Mr.  De  Sauflure 
have  paid  great  attention  to  this  important 
l abject  for  ibme  years  pad." 

P.  174,  1.  6  and  7  (from  the  bottom). 

Erafe  the  two  lines  of  the  fentence  follow- 
ing 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  2  J 

Ing  the  word  "  procefs,"  and  alfo  the  word 
"almoft"  in  line  5. 

P.  175,1.  3  and  4  (from  the  bottom). 
Read,  u  The  fame  phenomenon  takes  place 
with  oils,  rains,"  &c. 

P.  1  77,  laft  line. 

Erafe  the  words  "  and  exifts  like  wife  in 
the  nitrous  acid,  and  in  nitre." 

P.  178,  L  9. 
Read,  66  But  as  this  denomination  may  con- 
vey a  falfe  idea  of  the  nature  of  this  elaftic 
fluid,  we  fhall  adopt  the  name  of  vital  air, 
becaufe  it  is  the  only  fluid,"  &c.  as  in  line  1  6. 

P.  179,  L  8. 
For  "is,"  read,  "was  at  firffc* 

P.  181,  L  1. 

The  fentence  included  between  the  brackets 
is  left  out. 

 1.  6. 

Read,  H  peculiar  principle  capable  of  be- 
coming folid,  and  the  matter  of  heat  or  tire,  to 
which  laft  it  owes  its  aerial  form  ;  that  it  is 
decompofed  in  combuftion,  its  fixed  and  folia 
principle  uniting  with  the  combuftible  body, 
and  by  that  means  changing  its  nature,  and 
adding  to  its  weight,  while  the  matter  of 
lire  is  difengaged  in  the  form  of  light  and 
heat." 

P.  182, 


28 


ELEMENTS  OF 


P.  182,  L  7. 
The  date  is  altered  to  May,  1787. 

 L  io. 

Inftead  of  the  two  remaining  fentences  of 
this  paragraph,  the  following  is  inferted: 
"  The  theory  we  have  here  exhibited  daily 
acquires  new  force ;  the  objections  of  thofe 
who  do  not  yet  admit  it  have  done  it  no  in- 
jury ;  they  even  prove  that,  with  a  more  ac- 
curate knowledge  of  the  whole  of  this  theory, 
the  chemifts  who  oppofe  it  would  be  ienfible 
of  the  infufficiency  of  the  objections  they  urge; 
arid  that,  when  this  knowledge  fhall  become 
more  extended,  all  philofophers  will  be  ne- 
cefiarily  of  one  fentiment.v 

 L  8  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  It  is  a  flow  combuftion,  in  which 
part  of  the  heat  of  the  vital  air  paries  into  the 
blood,  which  circulates  through  the  lungs> 
and  is  with  it  difperfed  through  all  the  or- 
gans :  thus  it  is  that  the  animal  heat  is  re- 
paired, which  is  continually  carried  oft*  by  the 
atmofphere  and  by  furrounding  bodies.  The 
maintenance  of  the  heat  of  the  blood  is  there- 
fore one  of  the  principal  ufcfi  of  refpiration ;  and 
this  happy  theory  explains  why  animals  which 
do  not  refpire  the  air,  or  which  refpire  it  very 
little,  have  cold  blood. 

"  Meflieurs  Lavoifier  and  De  la  Place  have 
difcovered  a  fecond  ufe  of  air  in  refpiration  ; 

namely. 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  29 

namely,  to  abforb  a  principle  which  exhales 
from  the  blood,  and  appears  to  be  of  the  fame 
nature  as  charcoal.    This  body  reduced  into 
vapours  combines  with  the  oxigene  of  the 
vital  air,  and  forms  carbonic  acid,  which  iflues 
out  of  the  lungs  by  the  expiration.  This 
formation  of  carbonic  acid  which  takes  place 
in  atmofpheric  air  refpired  by  animals,  at  the 
•fame  time  that  the  mephitis  is  feparated,  clearly 
ihews  the  dangerous  confequences  wmich  re- 
(lilt  from  too  great  a  number  of  perfons  being 
included  in  clofe  places,  fuch  as  theatres,  hof-  t 
pitals,  &c."  as  in  line  3  from  the  bottom  of 
page  183. 

P.  184,  L  16. 
Erafe  lad  fentence. 

P.  184. 

At  the  end  of  this  chapter  is  added  the  fol- 
lowing : 

"  §  3.  Concerning  the  characters  of  mephitis, 
or  azotic  gas,  which  forms  part  of  the  atmo- 
fphere. 

"  From  all  the  foregoing  details  it  follows, 
that  atmofpheric  air  is  compofed  of  two  gafes, 
or  elaftic  fluids  ;•  the  one,  which  maintains 
combuilion  and  refpiration  ;  and  the  ether, 
which  cannot  ferve  in  the  production  of  either 
of  thefe  phenomena.  The  firft,  which  is 
called  vital  air,  is  in  the  proportion  of  o9  27  or 
0,28  ;  the  other  amounts  to  o,  73,  or  o,  72.  VVe 
have  obferved  that  the  former  is  compofed 


30  EL  EMEiNTS  OF 

of  caloric  and  oxigene  ;  the  fecond  is  like- 
wife,  as  all  gafeous  bodies  are,  a  compound  of 
caloric  and  of  a  bafe  capable  of  becoming 
folid.  This  elaftic  fluid,  which  forms  more 
than  two  thirds  of  the  air  of  the  atmofphere, 
was  at  firft  called  mephitis  by  Mr.  Lavoifier, 
becaufe  it  extinguiihes  bodies  in  combuftion, 
and  deftroys  animal  life  ;  but  as  all  the  gafes, 
except  vital  and  atmofpherical  air,  are  equally 
noxious,  and  as  the  name  of  mephitis  is  a  ge- 
neral expreiTion  which  belongs  to  them  all 
alike,  and  has  always  been  given  to  elaftic 
fluids,  which  are  not  refpirable,  we  have 
adopted  the  name  of  azotic  gas  for  this  aeriform 
fluid ;  and  this  denomination  has  permitted 
us  to  give  the  name  azote,  or  the  fubftantive, 
to  the  bafi  of  oas,  which,  like  that  of  vital 
air,  or  uxigene,  becomes  fixed  by  combining 
with  various  fubftances.  To  give  in  this 
place  fome  information  refpedling  the  nature 
of  this  azotic  gas,  we  mail  defcribe  fome  of  its 
properties.  It  is  fomewhat  lighter  than  at- 
mofpheric  air,  and  occupies  the  upper  part  of 
rooms  in  which  the  air  is  altered  by  refpira- 
tion  and  ccmbuftion.  Though  it  is  very 
noxious  to  animals  in  its  ftate  of  elaftic  flu- 
idity, yet  its  bafe,  or  azote,  is  one  of  the 
component  parts  of  their  bodies,  from  which 
it  is  obtained  in  very  great  quantities.  It  is 
one  of  the  conftituent  parts  of  volatile  alkali, 
or  ammoniac,  and  of  the  nitric  acid.  It  ap- 
pears to  be  abforbed  by  vegetables,  and  per- 
haps 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  J I 

haps  even  by  animals.  It  is  likewife  very 
probable  that  it  forms  one  of  the  principles  of 
all  the  alkalis,  and  that  it  may  be  confidered 
as  the  true  alkaligene,  oppofed  to  the  bafe  of 
vital  air,  which,  as  we  have  obferved,  is  oxi- 
gene.  The  atmofphere  would  be  then,  ac- 
cording to  thefe  confiderations,  an  immenfe 
refervoir  of  the  acidifying  and  alkalifying 
principles,  without  being  itfelf  either  acid  or 
alkaline. 

"All  thefe  properties  can  be  no  more  than 
announced  in  this  place  ;  they  will  be  demon- 
strated and  explained  much  more  fully  in 
the  other  chapters.  We  have  been  delirous 
of  fhewing  the  difference  which  exifts  merely 
between  the  two  elaftic  fluids  which  conftitute 
the  air  of  the  atmofphere,  and  of  fixing  the 
attention  on  each  of  them." 


Alterations 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations    and  Additions  in 
Chapter  VII. 


P.  185,  I.  1. 

T>  E  A  D,  "  The  late  refearches  of  Meffieurs 
^  Lavoifier,  Meufnier,   De  la  Place,  and 
Monge,  have  ihevvn." 

 1.  6. 

Read,  "  We  mall  fee  below  in  what  man- 
ner thefe  philofophers  have  fucceeded  in  ana- 
lyiing  water." 

P.  187,  L  10  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "A  heat  of  fome  degrees  of  Reaumur's 
thermometer  is  produced  in  water  by  the  ad: 
of  freezing,  becaufe  it  is  a  liquid  body  which 
becomes  iolid.  This  thermometer,  plunged 
in  water  which  congeals,  rifes  more  or  lefs 
above  o,  though  another  placed  in  the  atmo- 
fphere  at  a  temperature  cold  enough  to  freeze 
water,  remains  constantly  at  o,  or  even  be- 
neath it.  It  follows  therefore,0  &c.  as  in  the 
lad  line. 

I  mud  here  remark,  that  the  paflage,  even 
as  it  is  altered  by  the  ingenious  author,  is  not 
perfectly  accurate.  It  is  true,  that  heat  is 
given  out  in  the  wSk  of  freezing,  as  is  mani- 

fefted 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  33 

fefted  by  the  increafe  of  temperature,  which 
takes  place  upon  the  congelation  of  water 
which  has  been  cooled  below  the  freezing 
point ;  but  it  is  not  true  that  the  temperature 
ever  rifes  beyond  that  point.  In  fact,  the 
congelation  Hops,  the  moment  the  unfrozen 
part  of  the  water  has  arrived  at  the  higheft 
temperature  which  ice  is  capable  of  fuftaining 
without  melting  ;  and  in  the  natural  procefs, 
the  congelation  is  continued  by  the  low  tempe- 
rature of  the  air  and  other  furrounding  bodies, 
which  conduct  oft  the  heat. 

P.  190,  at  the  end  of  paragraph  No.  5. 

Add  "  and  is  always  owing  to  the  air 
interpofed  between  their  particles  ;  for  every 
fubftance,  fingly  confidered,  is  more  denfe  and 
heavy  in  its  ftate  of  folidity  than  when  fluid." 

P.  191,  1.  4. 

Read,  <c  Modern  chemifts  think  that  it  ab- 
forbs  heat  in  melting,  and  that  this  abforp- 
tion  •  is  equal  with  regard  to  the  quantity  of 
caloric  which  becomes  iixed,  and  the  quantity 
,  of  heat  which  is  difengaged  when  it  becomes 
congealed." 

P.  195,  1.  3  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  in  the  ftate  of  vapour,  or  elaftic 
fluid." 

P.  196,  at  the  end  of  paragraph  No.  2. 

Add,  "  and  confequently  to  a  true  preci- 
pitation." 

D  P.  196, 


54  ELEMENTS  OF 

P.  196,  paragraph  No.  3. 

Read,  "  according  to  Mr.  Watt,  800  times 
the  fpace  it  poffeffed  in  the  liquid  form." 

P.  197,  paragraph  No.  7. 

Doctor  Lewis  long  fince  determined  that 
the  scolipile  excites  combuftion  in  no  other 
way  than  by  driving  a  ftream  of  air  againft 
the  ignited  body,  together  with  the  fteam 
which  efcapes  out  of  the  engine.  For  the 
effe<3:  is  not  produced,  if  the  orifice  of  the 
aeolipile  be  inlerted  through  a  hole  in  the 
iide  of  a  furnace,  inftead  of  caufing  the 
fteam  to  pafs  through  a  body  of  interpofed 
air.    See  Lewis's  Philofophical  Commerce  of 

ts.    Remark  of  the  Editor. 

P.  202,  1.  9  (from  the  bottom). 
Erafe  "  nor  the  putrid  fpiritus  rector." 

P.  204,  1.  4. 

Read,  "  It  is  to  feveral  French  academi- 
cians. 

P.  207,  1,  4  (from  the  bottom). 

After  "  inflammable  air,"  infert,  "  or  more 
accurately  o,  86  of  the  former,  and  o,  14  of 
the  latter  of  thcle  fubftances." 

P.  208,  1.  9  (from  the  bottom). 

The  remainder  of  this  chapter  is  altered  as 
follows  : 

"  We  think  it  proper  to  make  fome  obfer- 

vations 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


35 


vations  in  this  place,  in  order  to  render  this 
theory  more  clear  and  accurate. 

€<  We  have  obferved,  that  all  aeriform  fluids 
owe  their  gafeous  ftate  to  the  matter  of  fire 
or  heat  which  is  united  to  them.  It  is  the 
fame  with  inflammable  gas.  Now,  as  the  de- 
compofition  of  water,  and  its  converfion  into 
inflammable  gas,  never  take  place  but  at  a 
temperature  confiderably  elevated,  and  as  its 
rapidity  is  greater  in  proportion  as  the  heat  is 
ftronger  ;  we  fee  that  this  gas  does  not  pof- 
fefs  the  aeriform  ftate,  nor  acquire  fo  much 
levity,  but  becaufe  its  bafe,  which  partook  of 
the  liquidity  of  the  water,  abforbs  a  great 
quantity  of  heat  ;  fo  that  it  cannot  be  oh 
tained  but  in  this  ftate  of  extreme  fufion. 
is  necefiavy,  therefore,  to  give  a  name 
this  bafe  of  inflammable  gas,  which,  when 
it  is  combined  to  that  of  vital  air  or  oxigene  in 
water,  may  even  become  folid,  as  is  conceived 
in  ice.  This  bafe,  confidered  as  one  of  the 
effential  principles  of  water,  ought  to  have 
a  name  expreffive  of  this  property.  We  have 
adopted  the  word  hydrogene,  which  very 
well  anfwers  the  propofed  intention  :  we  fay, 
therefore,  that  water  is  a  compound  of  the 
bafe  of  vital  air,  or  oxigene,  and  the  bafe  of 
inflammable  gas,  or  hydrogene  ;  and  as  many 
bodies  are  inflammable  in  the  ftate  of  elaftic 
fluids,  fuch  as  alcohol,  ether,  the  volatile 
oils,  &c.  we  diftinguim  this  principle  of  water 
in  the  aeriform  ftate  by  the  words  hydroge- 
nous gas. 

D  2  "  We. 


36  ELEMENTS  OF 

"  We  (hall  return  to  this  important  fubjedt 
in  another  chapter.  It  is  fufficieht  to  have 
fhewn  in  the  prelent,  that  water  is  not  a 
limple  fub  fiance,  but  is  fufccptible  of  de- 
coinpofition.  Nature  in  the  large  way  effects 
the  difunion  of  its  principles  with  much  more 
facility,  and  by  a  greater  number  of  pro- 
cerus than  art  poflefles.  It  is  by  its  decompo- 
fition  that  water  ferves  to  purify  the  atmo- 
fphere  by  emitting  vital  air ;  that  large  quan- 
tities of  inflammable  gas  are  difengaged  from 
ftagnant  water ;  that  the  atmofphere  is  fome- 
times  fo  highly  charged  with  it,  that  the  re- 
eftablifhment  of  the  equilibrium  of  the  electric 
fluid  fets  it  on  fire,  and  gives  rife  to  fiery 
meteors  ;  that  water  contributes  to  the  for- 
mation of  laline  matters,  of  which  pure  air  is 
conftantly  one  of  the  principles.  Laftly,  this 
brilliant  difcovery  of  the  principles  of  water, 
its  decompofltion  and  reccmpoiition,  throws 
great  light  on  many  phenomena  of  nature, 
and  in  particular  on  the  renewal  of  the  at- 
mofphere, the  lblution  of  metals,  vegetation, 
fermentation,  putrefaction,  as  we  fhall  fully 
explain  in  the  feveral  chapters  of  this  work." 


Alterations 


CHEMISTRY,  <ScC. 


37 


Alterations   and   Additions  in 
Chapter  VIII. 

P.  212,    1.  12. 

T3  EAD,  "  i.  Becaufe  this  earth  is  not  equally 
pure  in  all  the  ftones,  wherein  Macquer 
and  Stahl  himfelf  have  admitted  it ;  for  exam- 
ple, in  quartz,  rock  ciyftal,  and  flints.  2.  Be- 
caufe we  find  all  the  properties  of  terreftrial 
fubftances  in  feveral  matters  which  differ  from 
verifiable  earth,  only  in  the  earthy  charac- 
ters being  not  in  fo  marked  a  degree.  3.  Be- 
caufe it  is  not  at  all  proved  that  verifiable 
earth  is  the  bafe  of  all  folid  matters,  and  all 
earths,  as  fome  chemifts  have  thought. 

This,  therefore,  is  the  opinion  we  think 
proper  to  be  adopted  on  this  head.  Nature 
prefents,"  &c.  as  in  the  laft  line. 

P.  216,  L  15. 
Add,  u  which  we  call  barytes." 

P.  217,  L  3. 
Read,  «  it  is  called''— and  at  L  6,  add, 
a  but  the  name  of  filex,  derived  from  that  of 
filiceous  earth,  which  has  been  given  to  it, 
becaufe  it  exifts  in  all  the  filiceous  ftones,  is 
that  to  which  we  give  the  preference." 

~  1.  8. 

After  6<  argillaceous,"  read,  u  or  alumine." 

D  3  PART 


3» 


ELEMENTS  OF 


P  A  R  T  II.     SECTION  L 

Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  III. 

P.  269,  1.  14. 

TNSERT,  "  The  number  of  thefe  ftones 
is  much  lefs  than  Bucquet  fuppofed." 

P.  297,  1.  12  (from  the  bottom). 

Erafe  the  words,  66  but  it  is  not  known 
whether  they  are  formed  by  fire." 

J^k','  •  p.  315.    .  3 

In  a  note  on  ponderous  earth,  the  author 
remarks,  that  in  this  detail  he  follows  the 
denominations  given  by  Bergman ;  and  that 
it  will  be  eafy  to  refer  the  ancient  names, 
whether  of  the  earthy  bafes  or  the  acids  united 
to  them,  to  the  new  and  methodical  denomi- 
nations given  to  thofe  bodies  in  the  hiftory 
of  faline  matters  in  the  body  of  the  work. 
Reference  is  made  to  the  end  of  the  firft  and 
iecond  volumes. 

He  takes  notice  likewife,  that  the  aerated 

ponderous  earth  was  found  native  in  England 

iince  the  death  of  Bergman,    and  refers  to 

the  extract  of  Kirvvan's  Mineralogy,  page 
01/) 


PART 


CHEMISTR  Y,  &C. 


39 


PA  RT  II.     S  E  C  T  I  O  N  II. 

Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  I. 

P-  359.  1  *5- 
A  FTER  the  word  «  a&,"  infert,  «  This  fait 
really  ads  by  a  chemical  force,  fince  it 
produces  its  effe<3:  on  the  infenfible  {kin  of 
dead  bodies,  as  Mr.  Poulletier  has  proved  by 
accurate  experiments  ;  and,  in  general,  on  all 
animal  fubftances,  which  it  diffolves.  Caufticity, 
therefore,  depends,"  &c. 

P.  362,  1.  8. 

The  remainder  of  this  fection,'being  altered 
in  various  places,  runs  thus :  "  The  valuable 
experiments  of  Mr.  Lavoifier  iliew,  that  fe- 
veral  combuftible  bodies  form,  by  their  com- 
buflion,  acids  of  a  particular  nature,  according 
to  the  fubftance  burned.  Combuftion,  as  we 
have  already  explained,  is  nothing  more  than 
a  combination  of  the  bafe  of  vital  air  with 
combuftible  bodies.  All  bodies  which  have 
been  completely  burned,  that  is  to  fay,  which 
have  combined  with  oxigene  in  a  fufhcient 
quantity  to  be  faturated,  enter  into  the  clafs 
of  incombuftible  bodies  ;  or,  which  is  the  fame 
thing,  their  tendency  to  combine  with  oxigene 
being  fatisiied,  they  are  no  longer  capable  of 

D  4  uniting 


40  ELEMENTS  OF 

uniting  with  or  abforhing  more.  Thefe  prin- 
ciples being  once  proved,  if  on  the  one  part  it 
be  found,  that  many  falts  are  the  refidues  of 
vaiious  cornbuftible  matters  which  have 
been  burned  ;  and  if,  on  the  other  part,  an 
entire  clafs  of  thefe  falts  be  found  to  contain 
oxigene,  and  to  exhibit  the  characters  of  fub- 
ftances  which  have  paffed  through  the  proccfs 
of  combuftion,  it  will  eafily  be  conceived  that 
they  cannot  continue  to  be  cornbuftible.  Thefe 
afiertions  are  founded  on  a  great  number  of 
facts,  as  will  hereafter  be  feen  ;  they  prove 
that  falts  are  compounded  fubftances,  moll  of 
them  being  formed  by  the  union  of  certain 
cornbuftible  bodies  with  oxigene.  And  it  will 
be  underftood  with  equal  facility,  that  this 
character  of  incombuftibility  may  be  conlidered 
as  the  moft  certain  and  invariable  property  of 
faline  matters.  The  proof  of  thefe  important 
aflertions  will,  we  hope,  appear  complete  with 
regard  to  the  clafs  of  acid  falts,  in  the  details 
which  will  conftitute  the  particular  hiftory  of 
thefe  fubftances. 

There  exifts,  neverthelefs,  a  clafs  of  falts 
which  appear  evidently  to  be  compounded, 
and  do  nut  contain  oxigene.  Such  are  the 
alkalis  in  general :  but  they  are  either  com- 
pofed  of  matters  which  are  thcmfelvcs  incom-, 
billable;  or,  if  they  contain  any  cornbuftible 
jubilance,  as  will  be  ihown  in  ammoniac  or  vo- 
latile alkali,  it  is  united  to  a  fubftance  evidently 
incombuiiible,  which  absolutely  prevents  this 
7  property 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  41 

property  from  being  fenfible  in  the  other  fub- 
ftance." 

P.  364, 1.  8  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  w  and  it  may  be  ftrongly  prefumed 
by  analogy,  that  molt  of  this  clafs  of  falts  are 
compounded  in  the  fame  manner.  Water, 
without  being  one  of  the  immediate  principles 
of  falls,  is  often  united,  and  adheres  to  them 
by  a  very  ftrohg  attraction.  As  to  the  mat- 
ter of  fire,  confjdered  as  phlogifton,  which  very 
great  chemifts  have  admitted  in  falts,  there  is 
too  much  uncertainty  at  prefent  refpecting  the 
nature,  and  even  the  exiftence,  of  this  mat- 
ter, to  juftify  the  adoption  of  any  decided 
opinion.  It  is  not  the  fame  with  caloric, 
which  appears  to  form  one  of  the  principles 
of  falts,  or  rather  to  exift  in  a  greater  quan- 
tity in  fome  than  in  others  ;  fueh  is  the  ge- 
neral caufe  of  the  fluidity,  fufibility,  and  vo- 
latility of  a  great  number  of  faline  matters. 

"  The  prefence  of  earth  in  mcft  falts  is  not 
fhown  by  any  dired:  experiment ;  it  is  only 
known,  that  all  native  falts  are  mixed  with 
a  greater  or  lefs  quantity  of  various  earthy 
fubftances.  But  thefe  do  not  belong  to  them  ; 
they  do  not,  properly  fpeaking,  enter  into  their 
compofition,  but  are  as  it  were  accefiaries. 
We  do  not,  therefore,  at  prefent  know  any 
other  principles  of  faline  fubftances  except  fe- 
veral  combuftible  matters,  oxigene,  fome  in- 
combuftible  fubftances,  and  caloric.      It  is 

known, 


42  ELEMENTS  OF 

known,  that  moft  acids  are  the  refidues  of 
burned  bodies,  and  that  they  can  contain  dif- 
ferent proportions  of  combuftible  matter  and 
oxigene,  fo  that  they  exift  in  very  different 
ftates  according  to  the  quantity  of  thefc  con- 
ftiuient  matters.  Every  thing  more  which  has 
been  (aid,  in  treatifes  of  cheniiftry,  upon  the 
compofition  of  falts  in  general,  amounts  to  no- 
thing more  than  hypothefes,  more  or  lefs  in- 
genious, but  at  the  fame  time  more  or  lefs  re- 
mote from  truth." 

P,  366,  laft  paragraph. 

Read,  <c  The  mineral  kingdom,  as  far  as  our 
prefent  knowledge  extends,  confifts  of  nine 
genera  and  eighty- fix  fpecies  of  falts,  either 
iimple  or  compound,  differing  from  each  other. 
We  (hall  proceed  to  examine  theie  in  fuc- 
ceffion." 

In  a  note  on  this  paragraph  Mr.  Fourcroy 
remarks,  that  there  are  three  falino-terreftrial 
fubftances,  three  alkalis,  and  ten  mineral  acids; 
and  that  thefe,  united  to  alumine,  the  three 
falino-terreftrial  bales,  and  the  three  alkalis, 
conftitute  feventy  neutral  or  compound  falts. 


CHEMISTRY,  &c. 


43 


Alterations   and  Additions  in 
Chapter  II. 

p.  367.  ^ 

r  I  *0  the  title  of  this  chapter  is  annexed  a  note, 
obferving  that  the  title  itielf  is  the  ge- 
neral denomination  of  the  firft  genus  of  the 
lirft  order  of  fimple  or  primitive  feline  mat- 
ters. 

P.  363,  L  2. 

At  the  foot  of  the  page  is  the  following 
note  : 

"  We  have  already  fpoken  of  them  in  the  li- 
thology ;  but  we  did  not  then  confider  them 
but  as  forming  part  of  the  knowledge  of  na- 
tural hiftory." 

p.  370, 1. 2. 

Infert,  "  The  action  of  oxigene  and  azote 
on  this  faline  earth  is  not  known  ;  perhaps  it 
may  contain  azote,  as  one  of  its  conitituent 
parts. 

Alfo,  line  6,  read,  "  feeble  green ;''  and  line 
7,  after  "  violets,"  infert,  "  and  efpecially  to 
that  of  mallows  or  radiffies." 

P.  370,  laft  paragraph. 

Read,  "  Barytes  has  but  a  weak  action,  ei- 
ther 


44  ELEMENTS  OF 

thcr  in  the  dry  or  humid  way,  on  filex  and  on 
illumine ;  it  may  neverthelefs  facilitate  the 
fufion  of  thefe  earths,  and  it  aflumes  a  blue  or 
greenifh  colour  when  heated  with  the  latter." 

P.  37r>  1  3- 

After  the  word  "  defcription,"  infert,  <c  It  is 
probable  that  it  may  be  more  abundant  than 
has  been  fulpecxed.  It  was  formerly  known 
only  in  the  barytic  fulfate  or  ponderous  fpar ; 
it  has  been  found  a  considerable  time  ago  in 
England,  combined  with  carbonic  acid,andcryf- 
tallized  like  a  tranfparent  fpar.  We  fhall  de- 
fcribe  this  fait  in  future.  Some  modern  che- 
mifts  fuppofe  it  to  be  a  calx  or  metallic  oxide 
from  its  weight,  and  that  of  the  compounds 
into  which  it  enters,  and  likewiie  the  precipi- 
tate it  affords  when  PruiTian  alkali  is  added  to 
its  acid  foiution,"  &c.  as  in  line  g. 

At  the  end  of  the  paragraph,  at  the  word 
<6  compofition,"  infert,  c<  I  fufpect,  as  I  have 
before  taken  notice,  that  it  may  contain  azote, 
or  the  bafe  of  mephitis." 

P-  377.  1-5-  - 
Read,  "  Thefe  vapours  produce  a  green  co7 
lour  in  paper  ftained  with  mallows. " 

P.  379,  1.  6. 

After  "  atmofphere,"  infert, " Hence  it  Is  that 
the  cream  of  lime  cannot  be  formed  without 
the  contucl  of  the  air." 

After 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  45 

After  line  7,  infert,  "  The  a&ions  of  oxi- 
gene  and  azote  upon  lime  are  not  known  ;  it 
feems  that  this  bafe  abforbs  and  fixes  a  portion 
of  azotic  gas ;  or,  at  leaft,  it  is  probable  that  it 
contains  the  bafe  of  that  fubftance." 

P.  381,  line  11  (from  the  bottom). 

Erafe  the  feven  following  lines  from  the  fe- 
micolon  to  the  full  ftop. 

P.  382,  L  3. 

"  It  feems  indeed  to  be  out  of  doubt,  that 
it  is  formed  by  marine  animals  ;  that  its  confti- 
tuent  parts  are  united  and  combined  in  the  water 
during  the  life  of  thefe  organic  beings;  and 
that  azote  is  one  of  its  conftituent  parts.  But 
it  muft  be  confeffed,  that  this  {ketch  is  not  yet 
fufficient  for  the  conviction  of  modern  philo- 
fophers,  who  do  not  form  their  opinions  de- 
cidedly, unlefs  in  confequence  of  repeated  and 
accurate  experiments. 

66  Lime  is  employed,"  &c. 

P.  383,  L  II.       .  ,. 

Read,  "  The  fpecies  of  alkali  which  we  de- 
note by  the  name  of  potafh,  has  been  called 
vegetable  fixed  alkali,  becaufe  it  is  found,"  &c. 

  1.  ,19; 

Infert," Formerly,  to  diftinguifh  this  fait  from 
the  common  fixed  alkali,  it  was  called  cauftic 
fixed  alkali." 


P.  335. 


46  ELEMENTS  OP 

p.  385,  j.  4.  J 

Infert,  "  The  action  of  oxigcne  and  of  azote 
upon  this  alkali  is  not  known." 

p.  387, 1. 7. 

Read,  c<  It  is  probable  that  potafh  is  a  com- 
pound of  one  of  the  three  preceding  earths 
with  azote.  Some  analogies  lead  me  to  be- 
lieve that  it  contains  lime  ;  but  we  do  not  pof- 
iefs  a  fufficient  number  of  facts  to  admit  this 
ccmpofition  as  a  demonftrative  truth." 

P.  388,  L  9.  I 
We  call  it  fimpiy  by  the  name  foda. 

P.  3S9,  1.  22. 
Read,  "  fecondary  or  neutral  falts." 

 I.  7  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert,  "  The  fame  analogies  lead  me  to  be- 
lieve, that  this,  like  the  foregoing,  is  a  combi- 
nation of  an  earth  with  azote  5  and  that  its  cha- 
racteriftic  properties  depend  on  the  difference 
of  its  earthy  bale.  Perhaps  this  may  be  mag- 
ncfia,  as  I  have  for  feveral  years  hinted  in  my 
Left  tires,  and  as  Mr.  Lorgna  has  iince  at- 
tempted to  prove  ;  but  the  facts  are  not  fuf- 
ficiently  numerous,  nor  even  exact  enough,  to 
place  this  opinion  in  the  rank  of  demonitrated 
truths." 

 1.  3  (from  the  bottom). 

Rcad>  "  We  give  the  name  of  ammoniac  to 

the 


CHEMISTR  Y,     &Ct.  47 

the  fait  known  by  the  name  of  the  volatile 
alkali." 

P.  391,  I.  7  (from  the  bottom). 

After  "  violets,"  infert,  "  mallows  and  ra- 
dimes." 

P.  392,  1.  11. 

Read,  "  The  caufe  of  this  change  is  not  yet 
well  known.  It  appears  only,  that  the  alkali 
is  decompofed  in  this  experiment,  and  that  its 
two  component  parts,  as  we  mail  prefently 
obferve,  are  feparated,  and  put  into  the  ftate  of 
claftic  fluidity." 

P.  394,  1.  6. 

After  "  gas,"  infert,  "  with  a  certain  quan- 
tity of  caloric."  Alfo,  at  the  end  of  the  pa- 
ragraph, infert,  "  with  a  certain  quantity  of 
caloric." 

>  p-  395- 
The  note  is  omitted. 


/ 


SUP- 


SUPPLEMENT 


TO  THE 


ELEMENTS 


O  F 


NATURAL  HISTORY 


AND 


CHEMISTRY, 


Additions  and  Alterations  in 
Volume  II. 

THE  Author  has  placed  the  fourth  chap- 
ter on  Acids  at  the  end  of  the  firft 

volume. 

CHAP.  IV. 

Page  i* 
The  note  is  omitted. 


Founded  1813 

_  e  m  e  n  t  s  of 
itSlTY  OF  p  . 

The  reft  of  the  paragraph  from  the  word 
u  air"  is  erafed. 

 I.  20. 

Infert/'Thc  phofphoric  acid  is  likewife found 
in  this  kingdom,  united  to  iron,  to  lead,  and 
to  lime." 

At  the  foot  of  the  page  infert 

cc  The  molybdic  acid. 
The  tungftic  acid. 
The  arfenic  acid. 
And  The  fuccinic  acid. 

We  fhall  here  treat  of  the  fix  firft,  which 
are  in  general  the  bed  known  and  moft  abun- 
dant ;  the  four  others  fhall  be  treated  of  elfe- 
where." 

P.  3,  1.  2. 

Read,  66  We  give  the  name  of  carbonic  acid 
to  a  very  abundant  acid,  wrhich  being  often 
found  in  the  aeriform  ftate,  was  originally 
called  fixed  air,"  &c. 

  1.  6. 


After  the  word  "  Bergman,"  the  paragraph 
concludes  in  this  manner:  "  and  cretaceous 
acid  by  Bucqnet."  We  lhall  prelently  explain 
the  reafon  and  the  utility  of  the  denomination 
we  have  adopted. 

P- 3. 


CHEMISTR  Y,    &C.  5 1 

P.  3,1.  14. 

The  fentence  refpe&ing  the  name  of  creta- 
ceous acid  is  omitted. 

 1.  3  (from  the  bottom). 

After  "  acid"  infert  the  word  "  gas,*'  and 
after  the  word  "  part"  in  the  laft  line  infert, 
u  Like  air,  it  is  invifible  and  elaftic  ;  it  cannot 
be  diftinguifhed  from  this  fluid  when  inclofed 
in  a  glafs  vefTel,  or  when  it  floats  in  the  air.'* 

P.  7,  L  8  (from  the  bottom). 
Erafe  the  word  "  fixed." 

P.  8,  at  the  bottom* 

Add,  "  which  was  formerly  called  concrete 
volatile  alkali,  Englifh  fait,"  &c» 

P.  9,  1.  10  (from  the  bottom). 

After  the  words  "  pure  air/'  read,  u  But  the 
difcovery  of  the  nature  and  decompofition  of 
water  has  fhewn  the  improbability  of  this  hy- 
pothelis,  and  Mr.  Lavoifier  has  fubftituted  a 
demonftrated  truth  in  its  ftead.  This  che- 
mifr,"  &c.  as  in  line  6  from  the  bottom. 

P.  12,  I.  17. 

Add,  "  in  France.  Befides  which,  this  ef- 
fect is  contrary  to  the  difcoveries  of  Scheele 
and  Bergman  upon  the  ftone  of  the  bladder, 
as  we  fhall  elfewhere  obferve." 


5- 


ELEMENTS  OF 


P.  i  2,  at  the  end. 

The  Author  has  here  inferted  his  obfervations 
on  the  cretaceous  acid  from  the  Preliminary  Dif- 
courfc,  vol.  i,  page  xlvi.  to  xlix.  with  the  fol- 
lowing variations. 

The  paragraph  begins  thus  :  "  It  is  to  the 
firR  dikovery  of  this  acid  by  Dr.  Black  that 
we  muft  lix  one  of  the  moil  brilliant  epochas 
of  chemiftry.  To  determine  the  influence  of 
this  difcovery  on  the  fcience,  we  mall  here  of- 
fer the  following  remarks. n 

The  note  at  foot  of  page  xlvii.  is  left 
out. 

P.  xlix,  L  4. 

Infert,  "  Thefe  new  facls  will  be  expofed 
more  at  length  in  the  other  chapters  of  our 
work." 

P.  14,  1.  4. 

Read,  "  over  mercury,  at  the  preffure  and 
temperature  of  the  atmofphere." 

P.  15,  L  6. 

Infert,  "  It  is  aflerted,  that,  by  ftrongly  agi- 
tating the  liquid  muriatic  acid  with  vital  air,  a 
portion  of  the  latter  is  abforbed." 

P.  16,  L  18. 

Erafe  the  words  u  as  Mr.  Lavoifier  fup- 
pofes,"  and  infert,  "  as  we  have  already  ex- 
plained cliewhcre  " 

4  i'.  *  7, 


CHEMISTRY,   &c.  S3 
P.  I  7,   1.  IO. 

Infert,  cc  As  its  acidifiable  bafe  is  unknown, 
it  cannot  be  determined  whether  two  ftates 
exift  with  refpect  to  the  faturation  of  this  bale, 
by  oxigene  :  the  firft  in  which  the  bafe  would 
be  faturated,  and  the  acid  the  ftrongeft ; 
the  fecond  in  which  there  fhould  not  be  the 
fame  quantity  of  oxigene,  and  the  acid  mould 
be  weaker,  as  we  have  obferved  with  refpect 
to  the  fulphuric  and  fulphureous,  the  nitric  and 
the  nitrous  acids.  The  prefence  of  oxigene  has 
not  even  been  demonftrated  in  the  muriatic 
acid  ;  and  it  is  only  by  the  force  of  analogy  that 
we  are  led  to  admit  its  exiftence  in  this  acid. 

P.  18,  L  8. 

Read,  "  veffels  containing  water  plunged  in 
ice. 

P.  18,  1.  3  (from  the  bottom). 

After  the  word  "  fait/'  read,  "  which  de- 
pends on  the  difengagement  of  the  gas  of  the 
oxigene,  which  faturated  the  acid." 

P.  19,  after  1,  9. 

Infert,  c<  Laftly,  the  oxigenated  muriatic  acid 
changes  the  metals  into  calces,  and  diffolves 
them  without  efFervefcence  ;  it  pafies  to  the 
ftate  of  ordinary  muriatic  acid,  by  defxroying 
vegetable  colours." 

 after  1.  18. 

Infert,  "He  has  lately  difcovered,  March 
1787,  that  the  oxigenated  muriatic  gas,  re- 
E  3  ceived 


54  ELEMENTS  OF 

ceived  in  a  folution  of  cauftic  potafli,  forms 
a  neutral  cryftallizable  fair,  which  detonates 
uponcharcoal  like  nitre, and  even  moreftrongly, 
which  affords  very  pure  vital  air,  or  oxigenous 
gas,  by  the  adtion  of  lire,  and  leaves  after  thefe 
two  effays  the  muriate  of  potafli.  Thefe  ex- 
periments prove  more  and  more  the  theory 
which  I  firft  explained  feven  years  ago,  of 
the  nature  of  the  oxigenated  muriatic  acid  ; 
fince  the  detonation  of  the  muriate  of  potafli 
is  manifeftly  owing  to  the  fuperabundant  ox- 
igene.  Soda  forms  only  a  deliquefcent  fait 
with  the  oxigenated  muriatic  acid/' 

P.  20,  1.  8. 
Read,  "  any  confiderable  ufe." 

— -1.13. 

Add,  "  He  has  lately  propofed  it  to  be  ufed 
in  bleaching  cloths  and  thread  ;  and  the  firft 
trials  made  at  Paris,  on  a  fcale  of  confiderable 
magnitude,  promife  to  be  fuccefsful.  It  may 
likewife  be  ufed  for  fpeedily  bleaching  yellow 
wax,  and  particularly  the  green  wax  of  our 
ijfbnds." 

P.  21,    1.  5. 

Read,  u  A  peculiar  phenomenon  attends 
their  combination,  when  the  acid  has  been 
extracted  in  glafs  veffels,  namely,"  &c. 

 1.  20. 

Add, "  Though  the  fluor  acid  gas,  in  its  union 
with  water,  dcpofits  a  great  quantity  of  iili- 

ceous 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  5^ 

ceous  earth,  it  ftill  retains  a  fomewhac  confi- 
derable  portion  which  is  precipitated  bv  al- 
kalis." 

P.  2i?  line  laft  but  one. 

Add,  "  But  as  water  does  not  entirely  fepa- 
rate  it,  we  fee  that  the  liquid  rluor  acid  can  adk 
on  the  earthy  part  of  glafs,  and  upon  filiceous 
ftones." 

P.  22,  1.  12. 

Read,  u  ButScheele  has  unanfwerably  con- 
futed this  opinion,  and  confiders  it  as  a  pe- 
culiar acid." 

 1.  18. 

Read,  ts  Bergman  and  Scheele." 

P.  25,  L  1 1  (from  the  bottom). 

Read, c>  This  coloration  is  accompanied  with 
a  difengagement  of  vital  air.  Heat  volatilizes 
the  acid  of  nitre,  and  feparates  the  coloured 
part  in  the  form  of  red  vapours. 

"  The  red  acid  unites  with  great  violence 
to  water,"  &c.  as  in  line  9  from  the  bottom. 

P.  26,  L  8. 
Read,  "  and  emits  only  a  white  fume." 

 -1.  16. 

Infert,  "  We  call  the  white  or  colourlefs 
acid  the  nitric  acid,  and  that  which  is  coloured, 
we  call  the  nitrous  acid." 

P.  27,  1.  8. 

Read,  u  It  muft  be  obferved,  that  the  red; 

E  4  heat 


56  ELEMENTS  OF 

heat  of  the  veflels  fcparates  fome  red  vapours 
from  the  paleft  nitrous  acid,  and  changes  the 
colour  of  the  acid  itfelf,  which  hecomes  red- 
diih.    But,"  Stc. 

P.  27,  t  16. 

Add,  cC  The  fame  thing  happens  when  water 
Is  added  to  Highly  coloured  nitrous  acid  :  a 
red  vapour  is  difengaged  into  the  air ;  the 
heat  which  this  combination  produces,  colours 
t his  acid  already  weakened,  and  converts  it 
from  the  nitric  to  the  nitrous  ftate.  When 
beat,  aififted  by  light,  produces  this  change  in 
the  nitric  acid,  there  is  a  difengagement  of 
a  certain  quantity  of  vital  air  or  oxigenous  gas, 
proportioned  to  the  nitrous  gas  which  is 
formed.  It  is  in  confequence  of  the  attraction 
which  cxills  between  light,  caloric,  and  oxi- 
gene,  that  this  decompoiition  of  the  nitric 
acid,  and  its  change  into  nitrous  acid,  take 
place.  The  eiTecl  of  the  red  heat  of  our  vef- 
fels  imitates  that  of  the  folar  rays. 

P.  31,  1.  4,  5,  6. 

Read,  "  Light  diiengages  oxigenous  gas  or 
vital  air.  Heat  decompofes  the  oxigenated  mu- 
riatic acid." 

P.  37,  1.  1 1,  to  16. 

Read,  "  We  (hall  fhortly  fee  that  this  is  not 
the  true  caufe  of  the  phenomenon." 

P.  37,  1.  17,  to  the  end  of  the  paragraph. 

Read,  '*  The  portion  of  gas  which  remains 
after  the  mixture  of  vital  air  and  nitrous  gas, 

formed 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  57 

formed  likewife  an  objection  againft  Mr. 
Lavoifier's  theory ;  and  though  this  refidue 
was  very  inconsiderable  in  his  experiment, 
feven  parts  and  one  third  of  nitrous  gas,  with 
four  parts  of  vital  air,  having  left  only  the 
thirty-fourth  part  of  their  whole  bulk,  yet  it 
was  embarraffing  to  difcover  the  reafon.  It  is 
true,  that  Mr.  Lavoifier  has  fince  afcertained, 
that  the  relidue  is  much  fmaller  when  the 
materials  are  very  pure  and  accurately  pro- 
portioned to  each  other ;  and  we  mall 
proceed  to  mew  that  it  is  poffible  to  make 
a  combination  of  vital  air  and  nitrous  gas, 
fufficiently  pure  to  leave  no  refidue." 

P.  40,  1.  13. 

After  "  phenomena,"  infert,  "  lit,  We  may 
conceive,  that  in  this  acid  the  azotic  gas  and 
vital  air  are  deprived  of  much  caloric  ;  and, 
confequently,  that  they  are  in  the  ftate  of 
azote  and  oxigene.  2d!y,  That  when  it  is 
decompofed  by  a  combuitible  body,  the  ni- 
trous gas,  which  is  difengaged,  does  not  re- 
quire fo  much  caloric  to  convert  it  into  the 
elaftic  form,  as  vital  air  and  azotic  gas  do.  jdly, 
That  thefe  two  elaftic  fluids  cannot  combine  in 
their  gafeous  ftate.  4thly,  That,  confequently, 
the  vital  air,  obtained  from  nitrons  prepara- 
tions ftrongly  heated,  fuch  as  red  precipitate, 
the  nitrate  of  lead,  common  nitre,  6lc.  muft 
contain  a  portion  of  mephitis,  or  azotic  gas, 
and  that  It  is  this  gas  which  forms  the  refi- 
due 


58  ELEMENTS  OF 

due  after  the  union  of  vital  air  and  nitrous 
gas  ;  a  refidue  which  does  not  exift  when 
vital  air  is  ufed,  which  has  been  difengaged 
from  the  leaves  of  vegetables,  or  from  man- 
ganefe.  5thly,  That  the  fame  thing  fometimes 
happens  with  the  nitrous  gas,  which  may 
contain  a  portion  of  azotic  gas  or  difengaged 
mephitis  ;  that  this  muft  happen  when  the 
gas  is  prepared  with  bodies,  which,  being  very 
greedy  of  oxigene,  take  it  almoft  entirely  from 
the  nitric  acid,  fuch  as  iron,  the  oils,  &c. 
6thly,  That  the  nitrous  acid  which  is  coloured, 
and  contains  an  excefs  of  nitrous  gas,  or  azote, 
or  the  bafe  of  mephitis,  is  in  a  very  dif- 
ferent ftate  from  that  whofe  two  principles 
are  in  a  ftate  of  faturation ;  and  that,  by  rea- 
fon  of  their  different  properties,  it  is  necef- 
fary  to  diftinguiih  them  by  particular  names. 
We  name  the  pale  acid,  which  is  the  fcarceft 
and  moft  pure,  the  nitric  acid,  to  conform  to 
the  other  denominations ;  and  its  neutral  falts 
we  call  nitrates.  We  give  the  name  of  ni- 
trous acid  to  that  which  is  red,  and  that  of 
nitrites  to  its  faline  combinations.  It  is  true 
that  we  Icldom  have  occafion  to  fpeak  of  thefc 
la  ft ;  for,  though  the  nitrous  acid,  or  that 
which  is  red  and  fuming,  is  more  common 
than  the  pale,  it  icldom  happens  that  it  re- 
mains fuch  in  its  combination  with  the  al- 
kaline bafes  ;  the  excefs  of  nitrous  gas  cicapes 
during  the  combination,  and  the  nitric  or  pure 
acid  only   enters  into  the  compound.  We 

(hall 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  59 

{hall  fee  that  thefe  falts,  called  nitrites,  which 
contain  the  acid,  with  excels  of  nitrous  gas, 
are  not  formed,  except  by  the  action  cf  heat 
upon  the  true  nitrates." 

P.  41,  1.  11  (from  the  bottom). 
Add,  "  its  extraction  and  nature  require, 
therefore,  that,  in  a  methodical  and  regular 
nomenclature,  it  fhould  be  called  the  fulphuric 
acid. 

"  When  it  is  well  concentrated,  it  has  been 
very  improperly  called  oil  of  vitriol,  on  ac- 
count of  its  confidence." 

P.  41,  laft  line. 

Erafe  the  words  "  which  would  afford  a 
ftrong  confirmation  of  the  doctrine  cf  Stall!." 

P.  44,  1.  11  (from  the  bottom). 

After  u  emitted,"  infert,  "  The  noife  pro- 
duced during  this  union,  ariksfrom  the  efcape 
of  the  air  contained  in  the  water,  w^hich  i$ 
feen  to  efcaue  in  the  form  of  final]  bubbles." 

p. 47,     • ;.  .-_  -\:  ; 

Infert,  "  Though  it  has  been  confidered  as 
one  of  the  permanent  gafes,  it  appears  to  be 
capable  of  condenfation  to  the  liquid  ftate,  by 
a  great  degree  of  cold.  Mr.  Monge  has 
fucceeded  in  rendering  it  liquid  by  this  pro- 
cefs." 

p.  48, 


6o 


ELEMENTS  OF 


P.  48,  1.  8  (from  the  bottom). 

Infertj  "  That  which  here  happens  flowly, 
takes  place  very  rapidly  in  the  combuftion  of 
fulphur,  during  which  this  combuftible  body 
abforbs  the  oxigene  of  the  atmofphere,  and 
becomes  mere  and  more  acid,  until  its  com- 
plete faturation." 

p.  51, 1. 12. 

Inftead  of  the  laft  fehten.ee  of  the  paragraph, 
read,  "  It  has  lince  been  named  the  acid  of 
borax  ;  we  prefer  the  name  of  the  boraxic 
acid,  in  order  to  give  this  word  the  termina- 
tion of  all  the  other  acids." 

 after  1.  14. 

Inferr,  "  As  thefe  two  acids  are  combina- 
tions of  fulphur  and  oxigene  in  different  pro- 
portions, their  names  ought  to  have  an  ana- 
logy with  their  nature  ;  thole  of  fulphuric 
and  fulphureous  acid  appeared  to  rne  to  be 
well  adapted  :  the  termination  of  this  laft 
word  expreiTes  the  excefs  of  the  combuftible 
bafe,  as  in  the  other  acids." 

P.  52,  L  19. 
Read,  "  and  alfo  thofe  of  turnlble,  mal- 
lows, radiihes,"  &C. 

P.  56,  L  2. 
Add,  "  As  they  differ  much  from  the  falts 
formed  by  the  other  acids  hitherto  examined, 
they  prove  ftill  more  evidently,  that  this  acid 

is 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  6 1 

is  of  a  peculiar  nature,  whofe  principles  are  not 
yet  known." 

P.  56,  L  6. 

After  "  narcotic,"  infert,  u  He  called  it 
fedative  fait,  or  volatile  narcotic  fait  of  vitriol, 
becaufe  he  had  obtained  it  by  fublimation  of 
a  mixture  of  nitre  and  vitriol." 


Alter- 


62 


elements  of 


Alterations  and  Additions  lv 
Chapter  V. 

Page  58,  line  2. 

T>  EAD,  "  from  the  name  of  their  bafe,  which 
is  adopted  by  the  moderns.'' 

  1.  laft  but  one. 

"  We  call  them  barytical  falts." 

P.  59,  1.  9  (from  the  bottom). 

Add, "As  we  have  not  hitherto  examined  any 
but  the  fix  principal  acids,  we  mall  treat  only 
of  the  neutral  faiirie  combinations  of  thefe." 

P.  59,  at  the  end. 

The  Author  has  added  the  following  para- 
graph": 

"  To  denote  all  thefe  falts,  we  mall  adopt 
names  compofed  of  the  acids  and  their  bafes, 
in  order  that  this  nomenclature  may  expref9 
the  nature  of  each,  and  that  there  may  no 
longer  be  any  error  on  this  point  ;  we  mail 
be  careful  to  join  a  table,  to  exhibit  the  dif- 
ferent names  which  each  neutral  fait  has  re- 
ceived at  different  times." 

P.  67,  after  1.  5. 

Read,  "  The  fulphureous,  or  fulphuric  acid 
with  excefs  of  fulphur,  united  to  vegetable  al- 
kali, 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  6j 

kali,  forms  a  fait  fomewhat  different  from  the 
preceding,  which  Stahl  called  fulphureous  fait, 
and  which  we  mall  name  fulphite  of  potafru 
This  fait  cryftallizes  in  polyhedrons  with  ten 
faces,  or  in  two  tetrahedral  pyramids,  trun- 
cated at  their  hafes.  It  is  very  bitter,  very 
foluble,  and  flightly  deliquefcent :  almoft  all 
the  mineral  acids,  and  feveral  vegetable  acids, 
difengage  the  fulphureous  acid  in  the  form  of 
gas,  with  effervefcence.  When  expofed  to  the 
air,  the  fulphite  of  potafh  gradually  abforbs 
oxigene,  and  becomes  fulphate  of  potafh." 

P.  67,  1.  1 1  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert,  "  Its  cryftals  like  wife  vary  in  fize 
from  that  of  very  fine  prifms  or  fmall  needles, 
to  that  of  large  prifms,  near  an  inch  in  dia- 
meter, and  fix  or  eight  inches  in  length,  which 
are  obtained  in  cryftallizations  in  the  large 
way. 

P.  75, 1.  6  (from  the  bottom),  and  the  follow- 
ing lines. 

Read,  <c  Inftead  of  obtaining  the  pure  acid, 
a  large  quantity  of  aeriform  fluid  is  diiengaged, 
wmich  may  be  collected  over  water,  and  is 
found  to  be  true  vital  air  mixed  with  azotic 
gas.  The  alkaline  refidue  ufually  caufes  the 
retort  to  melt  very  fpeedily,  and  the  operation 
cannot  be  completed  but  in  a  ftone-ware  re- 
tort, of  very  refractory  composition.  Here 
we  iee  the  nitric  acid  entirely  decompofed 

into 


04  ELEMENTS  OF 

into  vital  air  and  azotic  gas,  by  means  of  the 
heat,  which  alone  feparates  the  two  principles. 
If  the  heat  be  not  urged  fo  as  entirely  to  decom- 
pofe  the  nitre,  the  alkali  will  remain  charged 
with  a  certain  quantity  of  nitrous  acid,  or  ni- 
tric acid  with  excefs  of  nitrous  gas  ;  this  acid 
may  be  difengaged  by  means  of  vinegar  :  the 
fait,  in  this  itate,  is  what  we  call  nitrite  of 
potafh,  by  reafoa  of  the  ftate  of  the  nitrous 
acid  furcharged  with  azote  ;  in  the  fame  man- 
ner as  we  call  fulphite  of  potafh  the  combi- 
nation of  the  fulphureous  acid  with  this  al- 
kali. If  the  nitrate  of  pctalh  be  more  ftrongly 
heated,  the  alkali  remains  pure  and  cauftic." 

P.  8 1,  1.  5  (from  the  bottom  of  the  text). 

Read,  "  does  not  afford  nitrous  acid,  but  vi- 
tal air  mixed  with  azotic  gas." 

P.  82,  1.  f. 

Erafe  the  two  lines  expreffing  Mr.  Baume's 
opinion,  and  in  the  following  line  lb  read, 
"  diftillers  of  aqua  fortis  at  Paris." 

P.  S  5,  after  1.  y. 

Add,  "  though  he  was  of  opinion,  that  the 
dccompofition  of  this  fait  was  owing  to  a  por- 
tion of  that  acid  contained  in  clays/' 

V.:   "■  P-  87>  }f  *  ►  m 

After  the  word  <c  fuming,"  iniert,  "  in  con- 
fequence  of  the  diiengagement  of  a  portion  of 
vital  air." 

P.  S3, 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  6^ 

P.  88,  1.  9  (from  the  bottom). 
Read,  "  vital  air  mixed  with  azotic  gas." 

P.  106,  1.  7. 

The  remainder  of  this  paragraph  is  altered 
as  follows  : 

"  Some  chemifts  have  thought  that  litharge 
is  capable  of  decompofmg  the  muriate  of  foda 
in  the  cold,  and  by  limple  maceration  :  it  ap- 
peared, that,  by  uniting  the  two  properties,  the 
firft  of  containing  carbonic  acid  capable  of  at- 
tracting the  lbda,  and  the  fecond  of  forming 
an  inloluble  fait  with  the  muriatic  acid,  which 
would  therefore  be  eafily  feparated  from  the 
alkaline  lixivium,  the  litharge  might  act  by  a 
double  affinity  ;  but  my  trials  on  this  head  have 
proved  that  the  procefs  is  infufficient.  Scheele 
found  that  iron,  plunged  in  a  folution  of  muriate 
of  foda,  became  covered  with  foda,  faturated 
with  carbonic  acid.  He  had  the  fame  fuccefs 
with  the  fulphate  and  nitrate  of  foda,  or 
Glauber's  fait,  and  rhomboidal  nitre,  treated  in 
the  fame  manner.  He  difcovered,  that  quick- 
lime, mixed  with  a  folution  of  muriate  of  foda, 
and  left  in  a  moift  cellar,  afforded  an  effloref- 
cence  of  foda,  and  that  calcareous  muriate  was 
formed.  Cohaufen  announced  this  fact,  in 
the  year  171  7.  Mr.  De  Morveau  has  proved 
that  thefe  decompofitions  are  effected  by  fa- 
vour of  the  carbonic  acid  ;  becaufe  a  folution 
of  the  fulphate  and  muriate  of  potafh,  poured 
F  into 


66 


ELEMENTS 


into  lime-water,  rendered  turbid  by  the  Car- 
bonic acid,  became  clear  and  tranfparent  ;  and 
becaufe  there  is  no  precipitate  afforded  by 
pouring  water  impregnated  with  carbonic  acid 
into  a  mixture  of  lime-water,  and  a  folution 
of  thefe  falts." 

P.  1 08,  in  addition  to  the  Tranflator's  note. 

Reference  may  be  made  to  the  Philofo- 
phicalTranfactions,  vol.  ixxvii.  numbers  28  and 
•29  ;  and  alfo  vol.  lxxix.  p.  96,  for  full  ac- 
counts of  the  place  and  manner  of  its  pro- 
duction. 

P.  I  IO,  L  TO. 

Infert,  "  This  fact,  though  announced  near 
ten  years  ago,  has  not  fince  been  confirmed." 

P.  iii,  L  3. 

The  Author  has  inferted  an  addition  of  fix 
lines,  to  the  fame  effect:  as  the  note  at  the  foot 
of  the  page  ;  and  at  the  fame  time  obferves, 
that  the  name  of  borax  is  retained  to  this  fub- 
ftance,  to  diftinguifli  it  from  the  true  borate  of 
foda,  which  is  faturated  with  the  acid. 

P.  US,  1.  15. 

Add,  "  and  perhaps,  likewife,  on  the  differ- 
ent proportions  of  the  acid  of  borax  and  fo- 
da, which  enter  into  its  composition." 

P.  130,  L  14. 
The  whole  paragraph,  to  line  il  on  the 

following  page,  is  left  out. 

P.  131. 


CHEMtSTRYj     &C  67 

P.  131,  after  L  18. 

Add,  "  We  have  feen  that  litharge,  pro- 
pofed  by  fome  chemifts  to  produce  this  effect, 
does  not  well  decompofe  the  fait ;  that  Scheele 
has  difcovered  a  more  evident  decompofition 
of  the  muriate  of  foda,  by  lime  and  iron,  with 
the  affi fiance  of  the  contact  of  the  atmofphere, 
and  the  carbonic  acid  it  contains.  We  fee, 
that  a  proportion  of  this  acid,  greater  than  that 
which  commonly  exifts  in  the  atmofphere, 
rnuft  favour  this  decompofition,  by  adting  upon 
the  foda  by  its  attraction," 


Alter- 


68 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  VI. 

P.  132,  after  line  8  (from  the  bottom). 

TNSERT,  "  This,  like  every  other  cry- 
ftallizaticn,  appears  to  depend  upon  the 
manner  in  which  the  cryftalline  laminae  de- 
pofit  themfelves,  whether  on  their  broadeft 
fides,  their  edges,  or  their  angles, 

P.  133,  1.  16. 
Read,  "  filiceous  earths." 

  line  the  laft. 

Read,  "  feparate  part  of  the." 

P.  148,  1.  8  (from  the  bottom). 

After  the  word  "  fpread,"  infert,  "  or  by 
combining  the  carbonic  acid  gas  and  the  am- 
moniacal  or  alkaline  gas,  directly  over  mer- 
cury ;  the  two  gafes  penetrate  each  other  im- 
mediately, much  heat  is  excited,  and  a  con- 
crete fait  is  formed  on  the  fides  of  the  glafs 
velTel  wherein  the  mixture  is  made.  In  all 
tbcfe  cafes,"  &c. 


Alter- 


CHEMISTRY,  &C 


69 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  VII. 

P.  158,  1.  13. 

AFTER  14  felenite,"    read,    "  If  a  fell*, 
tion  of  barytes  be  poured  into  water, 
loaded  with   this  fait,  ftriafe  of  barytical  ful- 
phate  or  ponderous  fpar  are  formed/ ' 

 1.  20. 

Add,  "  more  eipecially  by  their  folubility  in 
a  large  quantity  of  water." 

P.  160,  the  paragraph  following  1.  20  is  thus, 
altered  : 

"  Calcareous  fulphate,  or  felenite,  is  de- 
compofed  by  a  great  number  of  combuftible 
matters,  by  the  aliiftance  of  heat.  The  char- 
coal of  vegetable  fubftances  deprives  the  ful- 
phuric  acid  of  the  oxigene,  to  which  it  has 
a  greater  affinity  than  fulphur  has.  Car- 
bonic acid  is  difengaged  in  this  decompofition, 
and  the  fulphur,  Separated  from  the  fulphuric 
acid,  unites  to  the  lime,  and  forms  the  fub- 
ftance  called  calcareous  hepar ;  but  which  we 
{hall  hereafter  diftinguifh  by  the  name  of  ful- 
phure  of  lime." 


P.  163, 


7° 


ELEMENTS  OF 


P.  163,  the  two  laft  lines. 

Read,  "  vital  air  is  obtained  ;  and,  towards 

the  end,  azotic  gas." 

P.  165,  1.  13  (from  the  bottom). 

Inftead  of  the  laft  fentence  of  the  para- 
graph, read,  "  This  effect  depends  either  on  a 
fmall  quantity  of  magnefia,  or  the  avidity  of 
the  calcareous  nitre  for  water,  which  it  takes 
from  the  lime.'' 

P.  169,  I.  11  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  Sometimes,  when  the  cryftallization 
not  taken  place,  and  the  bottle  is  agitated,  the 
mafs  fuddenly  becomes  folid  throughout,  much 
heat  being  at  the  fame  time  difengaged." 

p.  172, 1. 3. 

The  fentence  refpefting  Mr.  Chambon  is 
omitted. 

  I.  12. 

Add,  "  I  have  collected  together  all  that 
experience  has  already  taught  us  concerning 
the  virtues  of  this  faline  folvent,  in  a  memoir, 
inferted  among  thofe  of  the  Royal  Society  of 
Medicine,  for  the  years  1782  and  1783." 

P-  *73>     5  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  F  cubic,  becaufe  it  always  has  that 
form  ;  and,  laflly,  phofphoric,  becaufe,  when 
heated  and  carried  into  the  dark,  it  appears  lu- 
minous." 

P.  184. 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  Jl 
P.  184. 

The  fecond  note,  concerning  nomenclature, 
is  omitted. 

P.  185,  1.  16. 

Infert,  "  There  likewife  exift  among  the 
foffil  remains  of  marine  animals,  bodies  whofe 
form  and  organization  cannot,  in  any  refped:, 
be  referred  to  any  known  inhabitant  of  the 
fea.  Though  we  do  not  yet  poflefs  any  com- 
plete treatife  upon  foflil  animals,  and  though 
this  part  of  natural  hiftory  has  not  been 
treated  with  the  fame  care  and  precilion  as 
mineralogy,  the  defcription  of  a  confiderable 
number  of  thefe  bodies  is  fufficient  to  prove, 
that  animals  have  exifted  in  the  fea  whofe 
{pedes  have  been  deftroyed," 

P.  194,  1.  4  (from  the  bottom  of  the  text). 

This  paragraph  is  altered  as  follows  : 
"  As  the  chemical  properties  depend  on  the 
combination  or  principles  of  bodies,  it  is  ne- 
ceflary  to  give  them  names  expreffive  of  their 
nature ;  from  this  consideration,  the  feveral 
calcareous  fubftances  we  have  treated  of  muft 
be  chemically  treated  of  under  the  denomi- 
nation of  calcareous  carbonate.  It  is  unon  the 
moft  tranfparent  calcareous  fpar,  or  pure  white 
marble,  that  the  experiments  muft  be  made, 
which  eftablifh  the  properties  of  this  earthy 
fubftance," 


P.  200, 


J2  ELEMENTS  OF 

P.  200,  L  9  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert, "  the  receiver  being  kept  cool  with  wet 
cloth?,  or  by  a  fmall  dream  of  cold  water, 
which  runs  on  it  during  the  whole  operation." 


Alter- 


CHEMISTRY,  &C, 


73 


Alterations    and    Additions  in 
Chapter  VIII. 

P.  205,  L  7. 

A  DD,  "  The  decompofition  by  volatile  alkali 
.     is  partial ;  for  this  fubftance  remains  partly 
united  to  the  acids,  at  the  fame  time  as  the 
magnefia  and  other  parts  form  ammoniacc- 
magnefian  faks." 

—  1.  8. 

Read,  6t  We  ihail  examine  fix  of  thefe  falts 
in  the  prefent  chapter,  namely,"  &e. 

P.  209,  L  15. 
Read,  "  But  this  is  an  error  ;  for  the  fait, 
which  cryftallizes  in  this  operation,  is  a  true 
triple  fait,  or  ammoniaco-maenefian  fulphate, 
as  I  am  aifured  by  experience." 

P.  210,  1.  6  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  but  it  is  always  accompanied  with 
muriate  of  magnefia." 

P.  21 1,  1.  14. 

Read,  "  But  the  fame  chemift  having  ob- 
ferved,  that  freih  lime-water  precipitates  pure 
calcareous  nitre,  when  the  water  of  fclution 
is  not  fufficient  in  quantity,  the  magnefia  ob- 
tained 


74  ELEMENTS  OF 

tained  by  this  procefs  will  not  poffefs  the  de- 
gree of  purity  requifite  for  a  medicine  of  fuch 
utility,  if  the  precipitation  be  effeded  on  mo- 
ther waters  which  are  not  diluted  with  a  very 
large  quantity  of  fluid/' 

P,  216,  1.  8  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  The  volatile  alkali  does  not  decom- 
pofe  it  completely,  but  forms  a  triple  cryftal- 
lizable  muriatic  fait,  with  the  remaining  por- 
tion of  magnefian  muriate." 

P.  217,  at  the  bottom. 

Add,  "  It  is  very  probable,  that  the  preci- 
pitated cryftals  are  not  pure,  but  belong  to 
the  clafs  of  triple  falts." 

P.  230,  1.  5. 

Add,  "  Hence  we  fee  the  neceffity  of  dif- 
tinguifhing  this  earthy  bafe  of  alum,  by  the 
particular  name  of  alumine ;  becaufe  clay, 
however  pure  it  may  be,  always  contains  \u 
lex." 

P.  231,  1.  16. 

The  paragraph  No.  5  ends  with  the  word 
<{  Paris,"  and  the  paragraph  No.  6  begins 
thus  :  c<  Alum  may  likewife  be  extracted  from 
efilorefcent  fhifti,  and  volcanic  products.  I 
have  extracted  a  confiderable  quantity,"  &c. 

 1.  8  (from  the  bottom), 

Erafe  the  figure  6. 

7  p-  *36t 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  7  J 

236. 

The  note  at  bottom  is  omitted, 

Read,  "  common  clay." 

 1.  20. 

Infert,  "  Mr.  Le  Blanc  like  wife  obtained 
thefe  cubical  cryftals  at  pleafiire." 


Alter- 


76 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations   and  Additions  in 
Chapter  X. 

P.  249,  I;  8  (from  the  bottom). 

/"^  AN  CEL.  the  reft  of  the  paragraph,  and 
^*  infert  the  following  : 

"  To  thefe  fix  falts  mud  be  added  the 
combinations  of  barytes,  with  the  tungftenic, 
arfenical,  molybdic,  and  fuccinic  acids ;  but 
thefe  being  much  lefs  known,  will  be  treated 
of  in  the  hiftory  of  thefe  four  acids. 

P.  257,  at  the  bottom  cf  the  text. 

Add,  "  Phofphoric  cakes  are  prepared  of  » 
this  fubftance,   and  the  ponderous  earth  is 
extracted  for  chemical  experiments,*1 


Alter 


CHEMISTRY,  &C« 


77 


Alteration   in   Chapter  XI. 
P.  262. 

M  "HE  eleventh  chapter  is  omitted  in  this 
*  place,  and  its  materials  are  applied  to  the 
compofition  of  two  chapters,  v  hich  come  in 
between  chapters  VII.  and  VIII.  page  451 
of  the  prefent  volume  ;  at  which  place  we 
ihail  attend  to  them.  —  The  following  chapter 
is  numbeyed  XL 


/ 


Alter- 


7S 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations  and   Additions  in 
Chapter  XII. 

(Numbered  XI.  in  the  new  edition.) 
P.  282. 

*  I  AHE  table  of  the  fix  genera  of  neutral  falts 
is  drawn  out  according  to  the  new  no- 
menclature* with  the  ancient  names  annexed* 
In  other  refpects  it  docs  not  eflentially  differ 
from  the  table  in  the  prefent  edition. 

P.  282. 

Species  VI.  of  the  firft  genus  was  by  mif- 
take  omitted.  It  conlifts  of  "  marine  acid  and 
fixed  mineral  alkali,  common  fait,  or  rather 
muriate  of  foda." 

P.  28  7,  I.5. 

At  the  word  u  falts,"  the  following  note 
is  annexed  : 

"  I  do  not  here  fpeak  of  the  modifications 
of  thefe  falls,  called  fulphites,  nitrates,  oxige- 
nated  muriates,  flfce.  nor  of  the  twenty-eight 
fpecies  formed  by  the  metallic  and  bituminous 
falts,  which  would  make  the  number  of  neu- 
tral falls  much  more  coniiderable  ;  befides 
which,  thefe  falts  do  not  appear  to  exift  in 
nature." 

P.  28S, 


CHEMISTRY,    &C  79 

P.  288,  at  the  bottom. 

The  Author  takes  notice  that  the  carbonate 
of  barytes,  moft  commonly  called  aerated 
ponderous  earth  by  us,  has  been  difcovercd 
in  England  perfectly  cryftallized,  and  in  large 
maffes. 


Alter- 


So  ELEMENTS  OF 

Alteration    in  Chapter  XIII. 
(Numbered  XII.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  289,  1.  13  (from  the  bottom). 

TNSTEAD  of  "  peculiar  properties,"  read, 
A  "  general  properties." 


IK 


Alter- 


CHEMISTRY,  &C„ 


8l 


Alteration  in*  Chapter  XIV. 

(Numbered  XII.    in  the   new  edition,  by 
miftake,  inftead  of  XIIL) 

R  312,  i.  3. 

T)  EAD,  "  becaufe  the  latter,  though  it  dif- 
engages  a  fmall  quantity  of  volatile  alkali 
from  ammoniacal  falts  in  the  humid  way, 
does  not  deGompofe  them  by  diftillation." 


G  SECTION 


82 


ELEMENTS  OF 


SECTION  III. 

Alterations   and   Additions  in 
Chapter  I. 

P.  326,  1.  8  (from  the  bottom). 

^FTER  the  word  "  eroded,"  infert,  "  It 
takes  place  only  in  proportion  as  the 
oxigene  lofes  the  caloric  which  maintained 
its  aerial  Hate." 

P.  327,  1.  19. 

Add, "The  ftricl:  and  accurate  form  which  the 
modern  doctrine  has  for  fome  years  acquired, 
does  not  either  require,  or  even  permit,  our  hav- 
ing recourfe  to  complicated  and  forced  theories  : 
by  referring  to  it  in  this  place,  we  only  add 
to  the  perfpicuity  and  clearnefs  of  our  enun- 
ciation." 

The  two  following  lines  are  left  out,  and  the 
paragraph  begins  with  the  words  "  Vital  air 
is  compofed  of  a  fixable  bale,  called  the  oxi- 
genous  principle." 

P.  328,  1.  t. 
Read,  "  this  theory  does  not  fecm  to  re" 

 1.  12  (from  the  bottom). 

The  following  is  added :  11  Neverthelefs, 
there  is  a  great  difference  between  the  two 

theories; 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  83 

theories  ;  the  latter  (which  we  admit)  pof- 
fefles  all  the  characters  of  accuracy  and  truth  ; 
it  is  founded  on  the  addition  and  fubtracxion 
of  weight,  which  could  never  be  done  in  the 
doctrine  of  Stahl. 

P.  329,  1.  14. 
Add,  "  or  when  the  igneous  principle  fixed 
in  a  body,  and  deprived  of  caloric,  paffes  ta- 
citly from  that  body  to  another." 

P.  330,  1.  11. 

The  words,  from  "  energy"  to  the  full  flop, 
are  erafed,  and  the  following  fentence  proceeds 
thus  :  "  But  this  doctrine  does  not,  &c.  neither 
does  it  explain,  at  leaft  in  the  way  of  expe- 
riment, how  certain  bodies,"  &c. 

P-  33 *>  1-  7- 
Inftead  of  "  we  can  fcarcely  avoid  think- 
ing," &c.  read,  "  It  is  fufficient  that  it  is 
almoft  demonftrated- that  the  light  is  con- 
tained rather  in  the  vital  air  than  in  the 
combuftible  body." 


G  2 


Alter 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alteration   in   Chapter  II. 

P-  333»  1- 
Read,  "  dug  out  of  the  earth." 


Alter 

■ 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


85 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  III. 

P.  344,  1.  14  (from  the  bottom). 
Ty  EAD,  "  one  of  its  chara&eriftic  proper- 
ties  is,"  &c. 

P.  346,  1.  7  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert,  "  for  it  is  eafy  to  conceive,  from  all 
that  we  have  already  fhewn,  that  the  caloric 
and  the  light  are  difengaged  from  vital  air 
and  hydrogenous  gas  during  their  combuftion  : 
it  is  to  this  difengagement  that  we  mull  attri- 
bute the  weight  of  the  water,  compared  with 
that  of  the  oxigenous  and  hydrogenous  gas  ; 
this  fluid  is  fpecifically  heavier  than  hydro- 
genous gas,  as  1 1050  to  1,  fuppofing  that  of 
the  gas  to  be  as  13  to  1,  compared  with 
common  air :  the  ratio  will  be  much  greater 
if  we  aflume  the  levity  of  the  hydrogenous 
gas  as  16,  which  appears  to  be  the  cafe 
when  it  is  perfectly  pure." 

P.  347,  after  line  1 2  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert,  "  The  proportion  of  the  component 
parts  of  water,  according  to  the  moft  accu- 
rate experiments,  is  85  parts  of  oxigene,  or 
the  bafe  of  vital  air,  and  15  of  hydrogene, 
or  the  bafe  of  inflammable  air,  both  by 
weight." 

G  3  p.  347. . 


S6  ELEMENTS  OF 

P-  5+7-  1 
Read  the  laft  paragraph  thus  :  u  With  re- 
fpecl  to  the  firfi  queftion,  chemifts  are  at 
prefent  nearly  agreed  concerning  the  identity 
of  inflammable  gas,  obtained  from  very  dif- 
ferent iubiWice**  which  appear  to  poflefs 
various  properties." 

P.34S. 

Inftead  of  the  firft  three  lines,  read,  "  There 
are  indeed  fome  who  ftill  are  of  opinion, 
that  feveral  ipecies  really  exift  ;  fuch,  accord- 
ing to  them,  are  the  inflammable  air  obtained 
from  iron  and  zinc  by  water,  which  burns," 
&c.  as  in  line  6  to  15  ;  after  which,  the  reft 
of  the  paragraph,  ending  with  the  words 
"  other  bodies,"  upon  page  349,  is  thus  al- 
tered :  "  But  an  accurate  analyiis  has  fhewn, 
that  thefe  two  laft  are  compounds  of  pure 
detonating  inflammable  gas,  with  the  azotic 
gas,  or  carbonic  acid,  in  different  proportions  ; 
and  we  were  inclined  to  think,  with  the  illus- 
trious Macquer,  in  17S2,  that  there  is  only 
one  fubftance  of  this  kind  capable  of  various 
modifications  by  its  combinations  with  differ- 
ent matters.  The  labours  of  a  great  number 
of  celebrated  philolbpher^,  and  in  particular 
of  Me  Mrs.  Cavendiih,  Prieftlcy,  Watt,  Kirwan, 
Lavoifier,  Monge,  Berthollett,  De  Morveau, 
<Xc.  have  confirmed  this  opinion  Themixtures 
of  the  foreign  gafes  before  pointed  out,  the 
di  Ablution  of  charcoal,  of  fulphur,    and  of 

phofphorus' 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  87  . 

phoiphorus  in  hydrogenous  gas,  whofe  fpe- 
cific  gravity  they  augment  while  they  dimi- 
nim  its  combultibility,  announce  that  the 
apparent  differences  of  inflammable  gaies  are 
owing  to  thefe  mixtures  or  combinations.  I 
think,  therefore,  that  it  may  at  prefent  be 
confidered  as  demonftrated,  that  there  is  but 
one  fingle  fpecies  of  inflammable  gas  always 
arifmg  from  the  decompofition  of  water, 
forming  it  again  by  its  union  with  vital  air  ; 
and,  in  a  word,  that  there  exifts  in  this  genus 
hydrogenous  gas  only,  which  exhibits  more 
or  lefs  inflammability,  and  various  colours  in 
its  combuftion,  accordingly  as  it  is  mixed  or 
combined  with  other  different  fub fiances. 

P-  35°>  1.  15- 
Read,  "  as  well  as  fome  other  fimilar  ex- 
periments, which  feveral  philofophers  have 
oppofed  to  our  dodrine." 

P«  35°i  9  (from  the  bottom). 
Read,  "  However  this  may  be,  we  mail  here 
admit  that  it  would  be  poflible  to  explain  the 
phenomena  of  chemiftry  by  admitting  hydro- 
gene  for  phlogifton  ;  but  we  muft  at  the 
fame  time  obferve,  that  this  theory  of  phlo- 
gifton requires  forced  fuppofitions,  and  that 
it  is  very  far  from  appearing  as  fimple,  as 
fatisfadory,  as  that  which  we  have  adopted  as 
the  immediate  refult  of  the  fads.*'1:* 

*  Confult  the  tranflation  of  Mr.  Kirvvar/s  work,  and  the 
notes  we  have  added. — Note  of  the  author. 

G  4  No 


.88 


ELEMENTS  OF 


No  chemift  has  yet  fucceeded  in  fepa- 
rating  the  principles  of  inflammable  gas,  and 
confequently  it  is  a  fimple  fubftance,"  &c.  as 
in  line  7,  page  351. 

P.  352,  L  8. 

Add,  "  which  circumftance  has  caufed  it 
to  be  confidered  as  the  calx  or  oxide  of  a  pe- 
culiar metal  Hill  unknown." 


Alter- 


chemistry,  &c.  89 

Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  IV. 

P.  356  (at  the  bottom  of  the  text), 
^DD,  "  by  Mr.  Deyeux." 

P.  363,  1.  2. 

Read,  "  than  with  fulphur." 

P.  367,  1.  1. 

Infert,  "  I  have  feen  a  preparation  of  this 
nature  which  has  been  made  fifteen  years ;  it 
frill  preferves  much  of  its  colour  and  fmell, 
and  affords  an  abundant  precipitation  by 
acids.    Calcareous  liver  of  fulphur,"  &c. 

P.  371,  1.  12. 

Erafe  the  full  flop;  and  in  line  13,  after 
the  words  "  Mr.  Prouft,"  add  a  full  ftop,  and 
infert,  inftead  of  the  four  following  lines,  "  The 
oxigenated  muriatic  acid,  poured  in  a  large 
quantity  upon  a  folution  of  alkaline  liver  of 
fulphur,  precipitates  little  or  nothing,  becaufe 
it  re-dhTolves  the  fulphur  by  virtue  of  its  oxi- 
genous  principle,  which,  being  nearly  at  li- 
berty, unites  quickly  to  this  combuftible 
body,  and  converts  it  into  the  fulphuric  acid. 
This  fad:  may  be  fhewn,  in  the  moll  convinc- 
ing manner,  from  an  experiment  I  have  made, 
of  pouring  into  it  a  mixture  of  barytic  mu- 
riate, 


90  ELEMENTS  OF 

riate,  or  combination  of  ponderous  earth  with 
marine  acid,  which  produces  an  abundant 
precipitate  of  the  fulphate  of  barytes,  or  pon- 
derous earth  combined  with  vitriolic  acid." 

P.  3-5,  1.  t. 

Inflead  of  "  becaufe,"  &c.  read,  "  but  the 
fulphureous  or  volatile  vitriolic  acid  fepa- 
rates  its  fulphur,  becaufe  its  oxigene,  being 
partly  at  liberty,  feizes  more  readily  upon 
the  hydrogene  of  the  gas." 

P.  3;5,  1.  io  (from  the  bottom). 

The  reft  of  the  fentence,  after  the  word 
"  diftilled,"  is  left  out. 

P.  378,  laft  line  but  one. 

Add,  "  And  in  fact,  this  opinion  agrees  with 
all  the  modern  experiments,  which  lhew  the 
fulphureous  acid  differs  from  the  fulphuric  or 
denfe  vitriolic  acid,  in  no  other  refpect,  but 
in  containing  a  greater  proportion  of  fulphur." 

P.  388,  1.  9  (from  the  bottom). 
Add,  "  though  it  may  be  eafily  conceived 
that  the  effect  of  the  exploiion  fhould  be  di- 
rected equally  on  all  lides  or  circularly." 


m 

Alter- 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


Alteration    in  Chapter  V. 


On  Plumbago. 
P-  39\- 

HP  HIS  chapter  is  omitted  in  the  prefent 
place,  and  its  lubflance  is  transferred  to 
page  290  of  the  third  volume,  in  the  chapter 
on  Iron  ;  at  which  place  we  (hall  fpeak  of  thofe 
alterations. 


Alter- 


9* 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  VI. 

P.  400. 

On  Metallic  Subjlances  in  general. 

T^HIS  chapter  is  numbered  V.  in  the  new 
edition. 

P.  426,  1.  12  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  But  as  no  one  has  proved  the  identity 
of  light,  and  that  which  Stahl  called  phlogif- 
ton,  nor  the  exiftence  of  light  in  combuftible 
bodies,  the  opinion  of  Macquer  is  purely  an 
hypothefis,  which  may  be  entirely  pafled  over, 
and  which  it  is  no  longer  allowed  to  admit." 

P.  428, 1.  13  (from  the  bottom). 
After  the  word  "  heat,"  infert,  "  by  vital 
air,  whofe  oxigene  they  abforb,  by  alkalis, 
which  fcparate  the  metallic  oxides,"  &c. 

  1.  8  (from  the  bottom). 

Inftead  of  "  produced,"  read,  u  difengaged 
during  its  action  on  theie  fubftances." 

 1.  4  (from  the  bottom). 

For  u  all  chemifts,"  read,  u  the  modern  che- 

mitls." 

P.  429, 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


93 


P.  429,  1.  1 1  (from  the  bottom). 
Read,  "  folutions  in  the  fulphuric  and  nitric 
acids."    And  add,  "  The  metallic  muriates,  or 
combinations  of  metals  with  the  marine  acid, 
are  many  of  them  volatile/' 

p-  434- 

In  the  firft  divifion  of  femi-metals,  "  mo- 
lybdena  and  tungften"  are  inferted  immediately 
after  "  arfenic." — The  reft  of  the  arrangement 
continues  as  before. 


Alter* 


94 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  VII. 

(Numbered  VI.  In  the  new  edition.) 

P.  438,  laft  line. 
POR  "  think,"  read,  «  have  proved.'1 
P.  439,  L  14. 
For  "  calx,"  read,  "  regulus." 

  1.  18. 

Infert,  66  by  a  kind  of  efflorefcence." 

P.  442,  1.  7. 

u  We  fhall  only  remark,  in  this  place,  that 
the  oxide  of  arfenic  deprives  the  nitric  acid  of 
great  part  of  its  oxigene." 

P.  444,  1.  9  (from  the  bottom). 

"  But  it  is  to  Scheele,  as  we  fhall  prefently 
obfcrve,  that  we  are  indebted  for  an  accurate 
knowledge  of  thefe  new  combinations." 

I  P.  45'- 

After  the  chapter  on  Arfenic,  on  account 
of  the  additions,  alterations,  and  tranfpofitions 
in  the  matter  of  chapter  XL  page  262,  which 

enters 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  95 

enters  into  chapter  VII.  and  VIII.  of  the 
prefent  lection,  the  Editor  has  chofen,  for  the 
convenience  of  the  reader,  to  give  the  whole 
together  in  this  place,  rather  than  mark  all 
the  changes,  which  would  fcarcely  have  been 
more  concife. 


CHAP- 


96 


ELEMENTS  OF 


CHAPTER  VI. 
P.  451. 

[This  chapter  is  transferred,  with  confiderable 
alterations  ajid  amendments,  from  page  262.] 

Concerning  Molybdena  and  the  Molybdlc  Acid. 

"  TX7*E  give  the  name  of  molybdena  to  a  new 
™  femi-metal,  difcovered  by  Mr.  Hielm, 
and  obtained  from  a  mineral  fubftance  known 
by  the  fame  name.  This  fubftance  muft  not 
be  confounded  with  common  black  lead, 
plumbago,  or  black  chalk  which  is  ufed  in 
drawing,  and  is  at  prefent  denominated  car* 
bure  of  iron  :  this  confuiion  has  certainly  oc- 
cafioned  fome  difference  of  refults  in  the  la- 
bours of  thofe  chemifts  who  have  examined 
this  fubftance,  from  the  time  of  Pott  to  that 
of  Schecle.  It  muft  be  obfervcd,  that  the 
carbure  of  iron,  or  plumbago,  being  much  more 
common  than  molybdena,  very  few  fpecimens 
of  which  are  to  be  met  with  in  cabinets  of 
natural  hiftory,  chemifts  have  almoft  always 
made  their  experiments  with  the  former, 
Meftrs.  Quift  and  Schecle  excepted. 

The  true  ore  of  molybdena  is  not  eafily 
diftinguiihed  from  carbure  of  iron,  in  its  ex- 
ternal characters  :  neverthelefs,  the  molybdena 
is  rather  fitter  to  the  touch.    It  is  composed 
6  of 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  97 

of  hexagonal  fcales,  of  greater  or  Iefs  fize, 
very  (lightly  adhering  to  each  other :  it  foils 
the  fingers,  and  leaves  traces  upon  paper,  which 
are  blueiih  or  of  a  filvery  grey  colour.  When 
it  is  reduced  to  powder,  which  is  difficult  to 
he  performed,  on  account  of  the  elafticity  of 
its  fcales,  it  has  a  blueiih  colour  :  it  yields  ea- 
fily  to  the  knife,  is  not  brittle,  and  has  not  the 
granulated  texture  of  carbufe  of  iron.  In 
order  to  pulverize  the  ore  of  molybdena,  it  is 
neceffary,  after  the  procefs  of  Scheele,  to  throw 
a  ffnafl  quantity  of  fulphate  of  potafh  (vi- 
triolated  tartar)  into  the  mortar  along  with  it  ; 
the  powder  mull  afterwards  be  warned  with 
hot  water,  which  carries  off  the  fait,  and  the 
mineral  remains  pure.  The  analyfis  of  this 
mineral,  made  by  different  means,  proves  that 
it  is  a  compound  of  fiilphur  and  the  femi- 
metal  which  we  are  now  examining,  This  laft, 
however,  is  very  difficult  to  be  obtained  :  the 
illuftrious  Scheele  did  not  fucceed  in  reducing 
its  oxide  or  calx  into  metal,  either  with  black 
flux  and  charcoal,  or  with  borax  and  the  fame 
combuiiible  litbftance,  nor  with  oil.  Berg- 
man affirms,  that  Mr.  Hielm  has  been  more 
fortunate,  and  that  he  fucceeded  in  obtaining 
a  fufficient  quantity  of  the  femi-metal  to  exhibit 
its  properties  ;  but  iince  the  time  of  this  note 
of  Bergman,  Mr.  Hielm  has  publifhed  nothing 
on  the  fubjed  %  Mr.  Pelletier,  in  his  expe- 
riments 

f  A  paper  of  Mr.  Hielm,  on  this  fubje5t,  has  been 
lately  publiihed  in  the  Journal  de  Phyfique,  for  May,  178Q, 

tranflated 


9S  ELEMENTS  OP 

riments  on  the  reduction  of  the  oxide  and  acid 
of  molybdena,  never  obtained  a  button  of  mo- 
lybdena,  but  an  agglutinated,  blackifh,  friable 
lubftance,  poflefling  the  metallic  brilliancy : 
by  the  magnifier,  fmall,  round,  brilliant,  and 
greyilri  grains  were  feen,  which  Mr.  Pelletier 
coniiders  as  the  metal  or  pure  molybdena. 
Manganeie  likewife  has  not  yet  been  obtained, 
except  in  the  form  of  globules. 

The  following  are  the  properties  which 
have  been  obferved,  in  confequence  of  the 
trials  made  of  this  femi-metal.  Molybdena  is 
grey,  in  the  form  of  fmall  agglutinated  grains, 
brittle,  and  extremely  infufible :  when  heated 
in  contact  of  air,  it  changes  into  a  white  oxide, 
which  is  volatile,  and  cryftallizes  by  fublima- 
tion  into  brilliant  needle-formed  prifms,  re- 
fembling  thofe  of  antimony.  This  oxide, 
when  fuperfaturated  with  oxigene,  becomes 
acid,  and  is  the  {aline  product  which  is  bed 
known,  in  confequence  of  the  refearches  of 
Scheele.    The  nitric  acid  readily  calcines,  and 

tranflated  from  the  Swedifh  Tranfactions.  It  contains  an 
account  of  the  habitudes  of  the  calx  of  raanganefe,  with 
tome  of  the  metals,  and  an  account  of  lome  trials  to  reduce 
it.  The  regultfc,  which  was  fent  to  Bergman,  was  ob- 
tained as  follows  :  Vegetable  alkali  was  neutralized  by 
repeated*  Unions  with  bullock's  blood  ;  the  earth  of  mo- 
'ybdena  was  heated  with  a  fmall  quantity  of  grcafe,  which 
gave  it  the  appearance  of  a  black  powder.  Equal  parts  of 
Lhis  alkali,  and  of  microcofmic  fait,  together  with  a  fmall 
quantity  of  black  flux,  were  ufed  for  the  reduction,  com- 
mon fait  being  ufed  fometimes  to  cover  the  whole,  and 
ibmetime.v  mixed  with  it.  The  fuflon  was  made  in  a 
i  <vered  and  luted  crucible,  expofed  to  the  heat  of  a  good 
(urhace  for  leveral  hours.  —  Note  of  the  Trajiilutor. 

c  con- 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  99 

converts  it  into  a  white  oxide,  and  even  into 
molybdic  acid.     The   oxide  of  molybdena 
becomes  blue  and  brilliant  during  its  tranf- 
lation  to  the  metallic  ftate.    Alkalis,  affifted 
by  the  action  of  water,  calcine  and  diffolve 
this  femi-metal ;  it  is  capable  of  uniting  with 
lead,  copper,  iron,  filver,  and  forms  granulated, 
greyifh  and  very  friable  alloys.    Laftly,  when 
combined  with  fulphur,  it  conftitutes  the  ful- 
phure of  molybdena,  a  compound  which  is 
perfectly  fimilar  to  the  ore  of  this  metal,  im- 
properly known  by  the  names  of  molybdena 
and  potlot.     As  it  is   this  laft  ore  which 
has  been  the  fubje®  of  the  experiments  of 
Scheele,  and  as  it  is  with  this  mineral,  which 
is  much  better  known  than  the  metal  it  con- 
tains, that  this  chemift  prepared  the  acid  of 
molybdena,  we  mall  proceed  to  examine  its 
properties  more  at  large.    Potlot,  or  native 
fulphure  of  molybdena,  expofed  to  heat  in  an 
open  vefTel,  gives  out  fulphur,  and  evaporates 
almoft  totally  in  the  form  of  a  white  fmoke : 
expofed  to  the  flame  of  a  lamp,  urged  by  a 
blow-pipe,  in  the  metallic  fpoon,  it  emits  the 
fame  fumes,  which  are  condenfed  into  yellowilh 
crystalline  blades,  and  affumes  a  blue  colour, 
by  the  contact:  of  combufiible  fubftances.  Mr. 
Pelletier  having  calcined  the  fulphure  of  mo- 
lybdena in  a  crucible  covered  by  another  cru- 
cible, obtained  white,  brilliant,  needle-formed 
eryftals,  fimilar  to  thofe  which  are  called  the 
filvery  flowers  of  antimony.    This  fublimed 
H  2  oxide 


 .>-*-■>. — 

Founded  1813 

*1tfe      vcS>Vl  ements  of 


nolybdena  already  pofleffes  the  cha- 
racters of  an  acid  ;  but  this  procefs  would  be 
too  tedious  and  expenfive  to  be  ufed  in  the 
preparation  of  the  acid  of  molybdena. 

Saline  earths  and  fixed  alkalis,  fuied  with 
the  fulphure  of  molybdena,  diftblve  both  the 
fulphur  and  the  metal. 

Some  acids  produce  remarkable  alterations  in 
this  ore. 

The  concentrated  fulphuric  acid  oxides  or 
calcines  the  metal,  and  flics  off  in  the  form  of 
fulphureous  acid,  by  the  affiltance  of  a  boiling 
heat. 

The  muriatic  acid  has  no  a&ion  on  this 
mineral. 

The  arfenical  acid,  diftilled  from  the  ful- 
phure of  molybdena,  yields  its  oxigene  to  part 
of  the  fulphur,  which  becomes  fulphureous 
acid.  It  is  volatilized  in  the  form  of  orpi- 
ment  with  part  of  the  fame  fulphur,  changes 
a  portion  of  the  molybdena  into  the  molybdic 
acid,  and  leaves  the  greateft  part  in  the  me- 
tallic ftate.  Mr.  Pelletier  concludes,  from  this 
experiment,  that  molybdena  exifts  in  the  me- 
tallic ftate  in  its  ore. 

By  diftilling  30  ounces  of  nitric  acid  di- 
luted with  water,  from  1  ounce  of  molybdena, 
at  five  fucceflive  operations,  that  is  to  fay,  6 
ounces  of  the  acid  at  a  time,  a  great  quantity! 
of  nitrous  gas  is  difengaged,  and  a  white 
powder  remains  in  the  retcgt,  which  mull  be» 
waflied  with  a  furficicnt  quantity  of  cold  dif- 
tilled 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  IOI 

tilled  water  to  carry  off  the  foreign  acid, 
which  is  foluble  at  this  temperature.  After  the 
edulcoration,  there  remain  6  j  drachms  of  the 
pure  molybdic  acid.  Scheele,  to  whom  this 
difcovery  is  due,  thinks  that  the  nitric  acid 
feizes  phlogifton,  and  efcapes  in  red  vapours ; 
it  likewise  burns  the  fulphur  which  exifts  in 
the  molybdena,  and  hence  it  is  that  the  water 
employed  in  warning  the  acid  of  molybdena, 
contains  fulphuric  acid  ;  which  may  be  ob- 
tained in  a  concentrated  ftate  by  evaporation, 
and  holds  a  fmall  quantity  of  molybdena  in 
folution.  This  fubftance  gives  a  blue  colour 
of  coniiderable  brilliancy  to  the  liquor.  We 
are  of  opinion,  that,  in  this  operation,  as  well 
as  in  all  thofe  in  which  the  nitric  acid,  diftilled 
from  any  fubftance  whatever,  reduces  it  into 
the  ftate  of  acidity,  the  former  is  decompofed  ; 
and  that  it  is  to  the  feparation  of  the  oxigene 
of  the  nitric  acid,  and  its  fixation  in  the  mo- 
lybdena, that  the  difengagement  of  the  nitrous 
gas  and  the  formation  of  the  fulphuric  and 
molybdic  acids,  are  owing. 

The  acid  of  molybdena,  obtained  by 
the  procefs  we  have  juft  defcribed,  has  the 
form  of  a  white  powder,  of  a  flightly  acid  and 
metallic  tafte.  When  heated  in  the  fpoon  by 
the  blow-pipe,  or  in  the  crucible  with  the 
contact  of  air,  it  is  volatilized  in  a  white 
fume,  which  is  condenfed  in  needle-formed 
cryftals,  at  the  fame  time  that  part  is  melted  on 
the  fides  of  the  crucible :  notwithftanding  the 

H  3  edul- 


102 


ELEMENTS  OF 


eclulcoration,  It  retains  a  portion  of  fulphu- 
rcous  acid,  which  a  ftrong  heat  completely 
difengages. 

This  acid  is  folnble  in  boiling  water. 
Schcele  difTolved  a  fcruple  in  20  ounces  of  wa- 
ter :  this  folution  has  a  Angularly  acid  and  al- 
moft  metallic  tafie  ;  it  reddens  the  tincture  of 
turnfole,  decompofes  the  folution  of  foap,  and 
precipitates  alkaline  fulphures,  or  livers  of  ful- 
phur.    It  becomes  blue  and  confident  by  cold. 

The  molybdic  acid  diflblves  in  great  quan- 
tities iii  the  concentrated  fulphuric  acid,  by 
the  afliftance  of  heat.  This  folution  affumes 
a  fine  blue  colour,  and  becomes  thick  by  cool- 
ing. Both  phenomena  may  be  made  to  dik 
appear  by  heat,  and  re-appear  again  in  propor- 
tion as  the  fluid  cools.  If  the  combination  be 
ftrongly  heated  in  a  retort,  the  fulphuric  acid 
is  volatilized,  and  the  molybdic  acid  remains 
in  a  dry  ftate  at  the  bottom  of  the  vefTel. 

The  nitric  acid  has  no  action  on  the  mo- 
lybdic acid. 

The  common  muriatic  acid  difiblves  a  large 
quantity.  This  folution  affords  a  refidue  of  a 
deep  blue  colour,  when  diftilled  to  drynefs.  If 
the  fire  be  more  flrongiy  urged,  the  refidue 
affords  a  white  fublimate,  and  another  blueifii ; 
a  grey  refidue  remaining  in  the  retort.  The 
fublimate  is  deliquefcent,  and  colours  metals 
blue  ;  the  muriatic  acid  pafies  oxigenated  in 
the  receiver.  It  is  eafy  to  underftand,  that,  in 
this  operation,  the  muriatic  acid  deprives  the 

molybdic 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  I03 

molybdic  acid  of  a  portion  of  oxigene,  and 
that  a  portion  of  this  acid  paffes  to  the  ftate 
of  molybdena. 

The  molybdic  acid,  by  the  afliftance  of  heat, 
decompofes  the  alkaline  nitrates  and  muriates, 
by  difengaging  their  acids,  and  forms  with 
their  bales  neutral  fahs,  whofe  properties 
Scheele  did  not  examine.  This  acid  likewife 
difengages  the  carbonic  acid  from  the  three 
alkalis,  and  forms  neutral  falts  with  their 
bafes.  , 

Though  Scheele  has  not  made  us  acquaint- 
ed with  all  the  properties  of  the  neutral  falts 
which  we  defign  by  the  names  of  molybdates 
of  potafh,  of  ibda,  of  ammoniac,  &c.  he  has 
neverthelefs  pointed  out  three,  which  are  fuf- 
ficient  to  characterize  their  ftate  of  neutraliza- 
tion. He  has  difcovered,  I.  That  fixed  alkali 
renders  the  acid  earth  of  molybdena  more  fo- 
luble  in  water.  2.  That  this  fait  prevents  the 
acid  of  molybdena  from  volatilization  by 
heat.  3.  That  the  molybdate  of  potafh  falls 
down  by  cooling  in  fmall  cryftalline  grains, 
and  that  it  may  likewife  be  feparated  from 
this  folvent  by  the  fulphuric  and  muriatic 
acids. 

The  acid  of  molybdena  decompofes  the  ba- 
rytic  nitrate  and  muriate.  The  barytic  mo- 
lybdate, formed  in  thefe  operations,  is  foluble 
in  water. 

The  acid  of  molybdena  appears  partly  to 
decompofe  the  fulphate  of  potalh,  or  vitriolated 
H  4  tartar, 


1 04  ELEMENTS  OF 

tartar,  and  difengages  a  fmall  quantityof  ful- 
phuric  acid,  by  a  ftrong  heat. 

The  molybdic  acid  diflblves  feveral  metals, 
and  aflurr.es  a  blue  colour  in  proportion  as 
this  acid  abandons  to  them  part  of  its  oxi- 
genc.  It  precipitates  feveral  metallic  folu- 
tious." 


CKAP- 


CHEMISTRY,  &C 


CHAPTER  VII. 

[This  chapter,  which  is  transferred  from, 
page  269,  with  confiderable  alterations  and 
amendments,  is  inferted  immediately  after 
the  foregoing.] 

Concerning  T'ungjien  and  the  Tangfiic  Acid. 

1  tr  a  ^  j_j  E  mineral  named  Tungften  by  the 
Swedes,  and  called  ponderous  ftone, 
lapis  ponderofus,  by  feveral  naturalifts,  and 
in  particular  by  Bergman  in  his  Sciagraphia, 
was  considered  by  Cronftedt  as  a  fpecies  of 
iron  ore,  and  diftinguifhed  by  him  under  this 
deicription  :  ferrum  c  ale  if  or  me  ierrd  qua  dam 
incognita  intime  mixtum.  Moil  of  the  Ger- 
man naturalifts  arranged  it  among  the  ores  of 
tin,  under  the  name  of  white  tin  cryftals,  or 
zinnfpath ;  and  in  aim  oft  all  collections  of 
natural  hiftory,  it  was  exhibited  as  belonging 
to  that  metal. 

The  accurate  analyfis  of  this  mineral  was 
not  attempted  before  Scheele ;  this  chemift 
having  examined  this  pretended  tin  ore,  dif- 
covered  by  his  experiments  that  it  was  com- 
pofed  of  a  peculiar  acid  united  to  lime- 
Bergman  likewife  found  the  fame  remits  by 
a  connected  feries  of  experimental  enquiries. 
This  difcovery  was  made  in  the  year  1781. 

Since 


EI,E  M  K  N  T  S  OP 


Since  this  time  Meffrs.  D'Elhuyar*,  of 
the  Royal  Society  of  Biicay,  Mr.  Angulo,  of 
the  Academy  of  Valladolid,  and  Mr.  Crell, 
have  repeated  the  experiments  of  the  Swedifh 
chemift?,  and  confirmed  their  refults.  After 
the  definition  we  have  given  of  this  natural 
fait  and  its  acid,  we  mud  obferve  that  that 
which  the  Swedes  called  tungften  is  a  fait 
formed  by  the  tungftic  acid  and  lime.  We 
adopt  this  name  of  tungften  for  the  femi- 
metal,  which  appears  to  be  the  bale  of  this 
acid,  and  we  mall  call  this  fpecies  of  mineral, 
the  native  tungftate  of  lime. 

Meflrs.  D'Elhuyar,  of  the  Bifcayan  Society, 
have  difcovered  that  wolfram,  which  was 
formerly  conlidered  as  a  poor  ore  of  iron,  is 
a  combination  of  this  acid  of  tungften  with 
manganefe  and  iron.  *  They  obtained  a  pecu- 
liar regulus  from  this  femi-metal.  The  wol- 
fram they  ufed  came  from  the  tin  mine  of 
Zinwalde.  It  is  in  comprefled  hexahedral 
prifms  ;  it  has  the  metallic  brilliancy,  plated 
fracture,  and  may  be  cut  with  a  knife.  It 
contains  in  the  quintal  22  parts  of  black  ox- 
ide of  manganefe,  1 2  of  the  oxide  of  iron, 
64  of  the  tungftic  acid,  and  2  of  quartz. 
The  native  tungftate  of  lime  from  Schlecken- 
walde  in  Bohemia,  contains,  according  to  them, 
08  parts  of  tungftic  acid,  and  30  of  lime. 

*  The  name  is  fpcllcd  Dc  Luyartt  in  Cullen's  tranfla- 
cion  of  their  Afttlyfia  of  Wolfram,  pubi::'h-d  in  London 
in  the  year  1785. 

Thefe 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  X07 

Thefe  are  the  two  known  ores  of  the  new 
femi-metal  which  we  call  tungften.  Meflrs. 
D'Elhuyar  fufed  1  part  of  wolfram  with 
4  parts  of  the  carbonate  of  potafti  or  mild 
vegetable  alkali  ;  they  lixiviated  this  mixture ; 
the  water  diffolved  the  tun g (late  of  potafh,  or 
combination  of  the  alkali  with  the  acid  of 
tungften,  and  they  precipitated  this  acid  in 
the  form  of  a  yellow  powder  by  the  addition 
of  nitric  acid.  This  precipitate,  urged  by  heat 
in  a  crucible  with  charcoal,  afforded  a  metallic 
button  compofed  of  a  number  of  fin  all  friable 
globules.  The  following  are  the  properties 
obferved  in  this  new  femi-metal  :  a  confi- 
derable  fpecific  gravity,  though  never  ex- 
ceeding 1 7,6  ;  very  great  infufibility,  which 
appears  to  exceed  that  of  manganefe ;  indiffo- 
lubility  in  the  three  ftrongeft  acids,  and  even 
in  the  nitro-muriatic  acid,  or  aqua  regia  ;  an 
eafy  union  with  fome  metals,  particularly 
with  iron  and  filver,  whofe  properties  it  fin- 
gularly  alters  ;  a  facility  of  oxidation  or  cal- 
cination, by  which  it  is  converted  into  a 
yellow  oxide,  which  becomes  blue  by  heat ; 
it  is  indiffoluble  in  acids,  foluble  in  alkalis,  re- 
mains fufpended  in  water  by  trituration,  and 
refembles  an  emiilfion.  Though  fome  of 
thefe  characters  be  analogous  to  thole  of 
molybdena,  as  Bergman  and  Scheele  had  be- 
fore fhewn  in  the  molybdic  acid,  their  union 
is  neverthelefs  fufficient  to  caufe  tungften  to 
be  conlidered  as  a  peculiar  femi-metal.  But 

many 


ELEMENTS  OF 


many  experiments  are  ftill  wanting  for  the 
exadt  determination  of  all  its  properties. 

The  chemifts  who  have  employed  them- 
felves  on  this  inquiry  have  made  many  more 
refearches  on  the  native  tungftate  of  lime, 
than  on  the  femi-metal  which  Mcflrs  D'El- 
huyar  have  obtained.  In  order  to  exhibit  the 
whole  of  their  difcoveries  on  this  mineral,  it 
is  neceiTary  that  we  fhould  dwell  for  fome 
time  on  its  properties. 

The  tungftate  of  native  lime  has  been 
hitherto  fcarce  ;  it  is  found  in  the  iron  mines 
of  Bitzberg,  in  the  tin  mines  of  Schlecken- 
walde  in  Bohemia;  and  moll  of  the  white 
tin  cryftals  of  Sauberg  near  Ehrenfrienderf- 
dorf,  are  tungftate  of  lime  :  fo  that,  by  alfay- 
ing  the  white  tin  cryftals  preferved  in  col- 
lections by  the  methods  we  fhall  point  out,  it 
will  be  eaiy  to  difcover  fome  famples  whofe 
nature  was  not  fufpedted. 

The  tungftate  of  lime  is  not  fenfibly  altered 
by  heat  ;  it  decrepitates,  and  is  reduced  to 
powder  by  the  accion  of  the  blow-pipe,  but 
it  does  not  melt.  The  blue  flame  colours  it 
(lightly,  and  nitre  deprives  it  of  this  colour. 

Boiling  water  has  tip  actioR  upon  the  pow- 
der of  this  metallic  fait,  and  it  is  perfectly 
infolubje.  The  action  or  the  air,  the  faKno- 
terreftrial  fubftancts,  and  the  cauftic  alkalis 
upon  this  Jubilance  arc  not  known. 

Tiie  fulphuric  acid,  heated  and  diftiiied 
opon  the  native  tungftate  of  lime,  comes 

over 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  IO9 

over  without  alteration ;  the  refidue  aflumes 
a  blueifti  colour ;  by  wafhing  with  boiling 
water,  a  fmall  quantity  of  calcareous  fulphate 
or  felenite  is  obtained,  which  proves  that  this 
fubftance  contains  lime,  and  that  the  fulphuric 
acid  decompofes  only  a  very  fmall  portion. 

Diluted  nitric  acid  ads  upon  this  fait  by 
the  afiiftance  of  heat,  but  without  fenfible 
effervefcence.  This  acid  gives  it  a  yellow 
colour,  wrhich  diftingui  flies  it  from  the  true 
ore  of  tin,  and  it  decompofes  this  fubftance 
by  feizing  its  lime  ;  about  twelve  parts  of 
nitric  acid  in  the  ftate  of  ordinary  aqua 'fortie 
are  required  for  the  complete  decompofiticii 
of  one  part  of  calcareous  tungftate.  Scheele 
performed  this  operation  at  feveral  repeated 
times.  After  the  action  of  three  parts  of  weak 
nitric  acid  upon  one  part  of  this  neutral  fait, 
he  pours  two  parts  of  cauftic  volatile  alkali,  or 
ammoniac,  upon  the  powder,  which  the  nitric 
acid  had  changed  to  a  yellow  colour.  It  becomes 
white  by  the  adion  of  the  alkali ;  and  he  repeats 
this  fucceffive  adion  of  the  acid  and  the  alkali, 
until  the  whole  of  the  calcareous  tungftate 
is  entirely  dillblved.  From  four  fcruples, 
treated  in  this  manner,  he  had  three  grains 
of  refidue,  which  appeared  to  be  filiceous. 
By  precipitation  from  the  nitric  acid  employed 
in  this  folution,by  the  addition  of  the  prufTiate 
of  potafli,  and  afterwards  by  potafli  itfelf,  he 
obtained  two  grains  of  prufiiate  of  iron  cr 
Pruflian  blue,  and  fifty-three  grains  of  chalk ; 
1  the 


tio 


ELEMENTS  OF 


the  ammoniac  or  volatile  alkali,  by  the  addition 
of  nitric  acid,  afforded  an  acid  precipitate.  In 
this  experiment,  the  nitric  acid  decompofes 
the  calcareous  tungftate  by  feizing  the  lime  ; 
and  the  tungftic  acid,  which  is  let  at  liberty 
by  this  decorapofition,  is  fcized  by  the  am- 
moniac. The  ammoniacal  fait  formed  by  this 
laft  folution  is  decompofed  by  the  nitric  acid, 
which  has  a  ftronger  affinity  with  the  ammo- 
niac than  this  laft  has  with  the  tungftic  acid. 
As  this  laft  acid  is  much  lefs  foluble  than  the 
ammoniacal  tungftate,  it  falls  down,  in  pro- 
portion as  it  is  let  at  liberty,  in  the  form  of 
a  white  powder.  This  powder  is  lixiviated 
with  cold  diftilied  water,  in  order  to  have  the 
tungftic  acid  in  a  ftate  of  purity. 

This  acid  may  likewile  be  obtained  by 
another  procefs,  which  Scheele  employed 
with  equal  fucceis.  One  part  of  native  caU 
careous  tungftate  in  powder  is  fuied  in  an 
iron  crucible,  with  four  parts  of  carbonate  of 
potafh  ;  this  mafs  is  lixiviated  with  twelve 
parts  of  boiling  water,  and  nitric  acid  is 
poured  on  until  there  be  no  more  efferves- 
cence :  the  fufion  is  then  made  a  fecond  time 
with  four  parts  of  carbonate  of  potafh,  the 
matter  is  again  lixiviated  with  water,  and 
treated  with  nitric  acid  until  the  celfation  of 
the  effervcfccnce  ;  at  which  time  there  re- 
mains only  a  imall  portion  of  (ilex,  and 
all  the  tftngfteti  is  decompofed.  In  fa£fc, 
during  the  fufiofl  the  potftfli  leizes  the  tunsr* 

ftic 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  Ill 


flic  acid,  with  which  it  forms  a  peculiar  neu- 
tral fait,  while  the  carbonic  acid  unites  to  the 
lime,  which  it  changes  into  chalk.  When 
the  melted  mafs  is  lixiviated,  the  water  dif- 
folves  the  tungftate  of  potafh,  which  is  much 
more  foluble  than  the  chalk,  which  remains 
alone  ;  the  nitric  acid,  employed  afterwards, 
diffolves  the  chalk  with  effervefceace,  without 
affecting  that  portion  of  calcareous  tungftate 
which  the  firft  four  parts  of  alkali  did  not 
decompofe.  At  the  fecond  operation,  the 
fait  being  completely  decompofed  by  the  other 
four  parts  of  carbonate  of  potafh,  the  nitric 
acid  feizes  all  the  chalk  ;  fo  that,  by  the  aflift- 
ance  of  eight  parts  of  fixed  alkali  and  a  fmali 
quantity  of  aqua  fortis,  fucceflively  employed, 
the  principles  of  calcareous  tungftate  are  en- 
tirely feparated  ;  its  acid  is  united  with  the 
potafh,  and  its  lime  combined  with  the  nitric 
acid.  By  precipitating  the  calcareous  nitrate 
by  potafh,  the  quantity  of  lime  contained  in 
the  calcareous  tungftate  made  ufe  of,  comes 
to  be  known  ;  and  nothing  more  remains  to 
be  done  but  to  feparate  the  tungftic  acid 
which  is  united  to  the  fixed  alkali.  For  this 
purpofe,  the  procefs  defcribed  in  the  firft 
experiment  is  made  ufe  of.  A  fufficient 
quantity  of  nitric  acid  is  poured  into  the  lixi- 
vium of  the  melted  mixture  of  tungftate  of 
lime  with  the  carbonate  of  potafh  ;  this  lixi- 
vium becomes  turbid  and  thick,  becaufe  the 
nitric  acid  having  a  ftronger  affinity  with  the 

fixed 


112^       '      RtEMENTS  OF 

fixed  alkali  than  the  tungftic  acid  has,  this 
laft  is  precipitated  in  powder,  and  the  liquor 
holds  nitre  in  folution.  The  precipitate  is 
then,  'to. .  he  wafhed  with  cgkl  water,  and 
affords  the  pure  tungftic  acid  fh  the"  form  of 
a  white  powder,  as  in  the  firft  operation. 
This  procefs  is  even  preferable  to  the  other, 
becaufe  more  eafy  and  lefs  expenfive  *. 

The  muriatic  acid  afts  upon  calcareous 
tungftate  in  the  fame  manner  as  the  nitric 
acid  does,  and  decompofes  it  with  the  fame 
energy  ;  and,  as  it  produces  a  deeper  yellow 
colour,  Bergman  recommends  it  for  allaying 
and  diftinguifhing  this  earthy  fait. 

The  tungftic  acid  obtained  by  either  of 
thefe  three  proceffes  has,  as  we  obferved,  the 
form  of  a  white  powder.  By  the  blow-pipe 
it  becomes  yellow,  brown,  and  black,  with- 
out melting  or  volatilizing.  It  is  foluble  in 
twenty  parts  of  boiling  water  ;  the  folution 
has  an  acid  tafte,  and  reddens  the  tincture  of 
turnfole. 

The  tungftic  acid  appears  to  form  with 
baiytes,  a  fait  absolutely  infoluble  in  water ; 
and  with  magnefia,  another  fait  of  difficult 
folution, 

*  The  Author  has  overlooked  the  determination  of 
Mcflrs.  De  Luyart,  as  mentioned  in  the  Tianflator's  note, 
page  277.  They  have  clearly  determined  that  both  thefe 
white  powders  contain  nitrous  acid  and  alkali,  from  which 
foreign  admixtures  it  mav  be  deprived  by  repeated  boiling 
with  nitrous  acid,  and  calcination,  as  mentioned  in  the 
faid  note. 

When 


c  ii  e  m  i  s  t  it  y,    &c.  1 13 

When  its  folution  is  poured  into  lime- water, 
it  produces  2  (i  tt&ll  precipitate,  which  is  greatly 
^increafi^^buJieit,  and  confifts^of  regenerated 
calcareous  tun gftate  according  to.Schecle. 

The  tungftic  afjd  fatiAtea^vith  pq|aiiiL. 
affords  a  .  fait  ,  which  fails  down  in  very  iVnall 
cryftals,  whole  form:  has  not  yet  been  deter- 
mined.*'' Scheele  does  not  fpeak  of  its  combi- 
nation with  foda.  According  to  him,  it 
forms,  with  ammoniac,  a  fait  in  the-  form  of 
very  fmallvVneedies  :  this^mmoniacal  tung- 
ftate,  when  expofed  to  heat  in  a  retort,  lets  the 
ammoniac  efeape,  and  the  tungftic  acid  re- 
mains in  the  form  of  a  dry,  yellowifh  pow- 
der :  the  fame  fait  decompofes  calcareous 
nitre,,  and  again  forms  the  tungftate  of  lime. 

The  tungftic  acid,  heated  with  %he^  fu!- 
phuric  acid,  affumes  a  blueifh.  colour  ;  with 
the  nitric  and  muriatic  acids,  it  becomes  a 
lemon  yellow  ;  With  alkajine  fulphur,  it  af- 
fords a  green  precipitate.  Scneele  has  not 
determined  the  caufe  of  thefe  changes  of 
colour. 

This  chemift  having  obferved,  that  the 
tungftic  acid  readily  becomes  coloured  by 
combuflible  fubftances,  and  itfelf  gives  a  blue 
colour  to  vitreous  fluxes,  fuch  as  borax,  &c. 
heated  this  acid  in  a  crucible  with  linfeed 
oil ;  but  he  did  not  obtain  metal,  and  the 
acid  was  only  blackened.  Bergman,  however, 
was  of  opinion,  from  the  considerable  fpecific 
gravity  of  this  acid^t?  coloration  by  inflam- 
*    I  *  enable' 


I  14  ELEMENTS,  &C. 

mable  bodies,  and  its  precipitation  by  the 
prufliate  of  potafh,  or  Pruflian  alkali,  that  it  is 
of  metallic  origin.  We  have  already  men-, 
tioned  the  procefs  by  which  Meffrs.  D'Klhuyar 
iucpeeded  in  reducing  the  tungftic  oxide  ob- 
tained from  wolfram  into  metallic  globules, 
and  the  metallic  nature  of  this  acid  is  no 
longer  a  problem/' 

0 


Addition  in  Chapter  VIII. 

ft  * 

0  0  (Numbered  IX.) 

P.  46 1 ,  at  thdfend. 

INSERT,  "  A  fympathetic  ink  is  likewife 
made  from  this  fubftance." 

#  %    B  jt  H 


*  *  *  ■ 

s  u  p. 


SUPPLEMENT 


TO  THE 


ELEMENTS 

O  F 

NATURAL  HISTORY 


AND 


CHEMISTRY, 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Volume  III, 

CHAPTER  IX. 

(Numbered  X,  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  6,  1.  7  (from  the  bottom). 

TNSERT,  "  The  fulphite  of  bifmuth  is 
not  known." 

p.  7>  !■  9-  * 

Read,  "  perhaps  it  mav  be  charcoal." 

I  i  P.  9. 


*v 


1 1 6  ELEMENTS  OF 

P.  8,  1.  7  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  The  nitrite  of  bifmuth  is  not 
known." 

 »•  7-    .  L 


For  "  butter,"  read,  "  foft  fait,  improperly 
called  butter  of  bifmuth." 


CHAPTER  X. 
»  (Numbered  XL  in  the  new  edition.) 


This  ch  aptef  is  not  altered, 

jk  '  or  I  * 


*  #  Alter- 


CHEMISTRY,  &c. 


Alterations    and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XL 

(Numbered  XII.  in  the  new  edition). 

P.  26,  L  5  (from  the  bottom). 

A  DD,  "  A  fmall  portion  of  this  fubftance  is 
found  in  all  charcoals/' 

JP.  27,  after  1.  13,  the  following  is  added : 
"  Soon  afterwards  they  fall  into  a  black 
powder,  and  then  refemble  the  native  oxide  or 
calx  of  manganefe. 

-  This  rapid  oxidation  of  the  regulus  of 
manganefe  by  the  contact  of  air,  is,  a  fa£t 
which  I  have  always  confidered  as  very  lin- 
gular. The  metallic  globules,  which  are 
hard,  brilliant,  and  very  refractory,  remain 
entire  for  a  long  time  in  a  well-clofed  bottle, 
provided  their  furface  be  entire,  and  covered 
with  that  fmall  ftratum  of  oxide  which  is 
formed  during  the  fufion  of  this  femi-metal : 
but  if  one  of  thefe  globules  be  broken  into 
three  or  four  fragments,  we  find,  by  fixing  the 
eye  for  fome  minutes  upon  their  fracture  ex- 
pofed  to  the  air,  that  their  colour  is  quickly 
altered  ;  that,  inftead  of  the  white  colour  it  had 
before,  it  becomes  very  fpeedily  of  a  rofe, 

I  3  purple 


ELEMENTS  OF 


purple,  or  violet  colour,  and  at  laft  almoft 
brown.  If  the  fragments  be  left  in  a  bottle 
which  contains  at  the  fame  time  a  certain 
quantity  of  air,  and  they  be  fhaken  from  time 
to  time,  it  is  found,  at  the  end  of  fome  months, 
that  they  are  reduced  into  a  powder  which  is 
almof1  black.  This  is  a  fort  of  pulverization, 
analogous  to  that  of  faline  fubftances  or  py- 
rites. It  proves  the  ftrong  attraction  which 
exifts  between  manganeie,  and  the  atmofphe- 
rical  oxigene,  and  the  rapidity  with  which 
thefe  fubftances  tend  to  unite." 

P.  27,  1.  13  (from  the  bottom). 
After  the  word  "  fubftances,"  infert,  "  Nitre 
revivifies,  or  caufes  the  fpeedy  re-appearance  of 
this  brown  or  violet  colour,  by  reftoring  the 
oxigene  to  the  manganeie.  This  is  the  reafon 
why  the  matraffes  and  retorts  of  white  glafs, 
which  we  ufe  in  our  laboratories  to  obtain  vi- 
tal air  from  nitre,  always  acquire  a  brown  or 
violet  colour.    Scheele  has  made,"  &c. 

 1.  9  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  well  known." 

P.  28,  1.  4. 

Infert,  "  Scheele  has  given  the  name  of 
cameleon  mineral  to  a  combination  of  vegetable 
alkali  and  calx  of  mangancfc,  which  aflumes 
a  beautiful  green  colour  in  hot  water,  and  is 
red  in  cold  water.  The  oxigene  and  caloric 
appear  to  be  the  principal  caufes  of  the  phe- 

m    %  nomena 


CHEMISTRY,  &C.  II9 

nomena  prefented  by  this  combination.  Per- 
haps the  azote,  which  I  confider  as  the  alka- 
lifying  or  alkaligene  principle,  may  difengage 
itfelf  from  the  vegetable  alkali  in  this  opera- 
tion, and  may  partly  occafion  thefe  lingular 
modifications  of  colour." 

P.  28,  1.  10. 

Read,  "  This  fulphate  is  decompofed  by  fire, 
and  affords  vital  air.  The  alkalis  feparate  an 
oxide  of  manganefe,  which  becomes  blue  by 
expofure  to  the  air." 

P.  30,  I.  8. 

Add, "  It  is  the  cameleon  mineral  of  Scheele, 
which  we  have  already  fpoken  of." 

P.  31,  1.8. 

The  five  following  lines  of  the  paragraph, 
and  alfo  the  next  paragraph  ending  with  the 
word  "  calx,"  are  left  out. 

 1.  2  (from  the  bottom). 

The  fentence  expreffing  the  opinion  of 
Scheele  is  left  out. 

P.  32,  1.  8, 

Add,  "  and  for  a  great  number  of  other 
experiments. 

This  native  oxide  affords,  by  mere  heat 
alone  in  the  pneumato-chemical  apparatus, 
very  pure  vital  air,  or  oxigenous  gas.  It  is 
this  vital  air  alone  which  can  be  ufed  to  ad- 

I  4  vantage 


1 20  ELEMENTS  OF 

vantage  by  patients  whofe  diforders  require 
the  admlniftration  of  this  fluid. 

The  affinity  of  mangancfe  for  the  principle 
of  combuilion,  ferves  likewife  to  guide  mo- 
dern chemifts  in  a  crreat  number  of  cafes." 


Alterations   and  Addition  in 
Chapter  XII. 

(Numbered  XIII.  in  the  new  edition,  with 
which  the  Hid.  volume  of  that  edition  com- 
mences.) 

P.  4.3,  I.  18. 
^^DD,  "  The  oxig^nqfed  muriatic  acid  ox- 
ides aniimony  with  the  created  facility." 

P.  49,  laft  line. 

Read,  "  in  the  fame  manner  as  inflammable 
gas  and  leave  out  the  remaining  four  lines  of 
the  paragraph,  ^ 


ALTER' 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  1 21 


Alterations   an©  Additions  in 
Chapter  XIII. 

(Numbered  XIV.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  71,  1.  19. 

Y>  EAJD,  "  In  this  ftate  it  is  fometimes  con- 
founded  with  plume  alum." 

P.  79,  1.  15. 

Infert,  "  by  the  affiftance  of  an  elevated 
temperature/' 

—  1.  18. 
Add,  "  The  hydrogenous  gas  obtained  in 
this  procefs,  holds  a  fmall  quantity  of  char- 
coal in  folution,  which  comes  from  the  zinc." 

P.  80,  1.  14. 

Read,  "  which  was  long  unknown,  but  is 
found  to  confift  of  carbure  of  iron  or  plum- 
bago."— And  in  the  following  line,  read,  "  in- 
flammable gas,  holding  a  fmall  quantity  of 
charcoal  in  lclution." 

P.  81,  1.  4. 
Read,  u  vitriol  of  zinc,  known  in  the  art$ 
by  the  name  of  white  copperas,  white  vitriol, 
goflar  vitriol,  are  eafily,"  &c. 

 1.  7  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  After  the  a£tion  of  the  heat,  this  ful- 

phate 


122  ELEMENTS  OF 

phare  appears  to  be  converted  into  fulphite  of 
zinc,  or  a  fulphureous  fait,  whofe  properties 
are  not  well  known.  «  The  fulphate,  or  vitriol 
of  zinc,  is  very  little  altered  by  expofure  to 
air,  when  it  is  very  pure :  in  the  cotirfe  of 
time,  its  oxide  becomes  calcined  ftill  more  by 
absorbing  oxigenc  it  aillimcs  a  yellow  colour, 
and  is  no  longer  perfectly  foiuble  in  water. 
This  fulphate,  or  vitriol  of  zinc,  is  decompofable 
by  alumine  or  argillaceous  earth,  barytes,  mag- 
neiia,  lime,  and  the  three  alkalis/' 

W  S4#l.  i. 
Read,  "blackiih  matter,  or  carbure  of  iron/' 

P.  85,  1.  I.  -V 

V  Add,  "It  may  be  conceived,  that  heat  difen- 
gaging  the  nitrous  gas  of  this  fait,  it  pailes  to 
the  ftate  of  nitrite  of  zinc.  It  like  wife  affords  a 
certain  quantity  of  oxigenous  gas  or  vital  air." 

— 1.13. 

Infert,  "  If  fuming  nitrous  acid  be  ufed  in 
this  folution,  the  produce  is  nitrite  of  zinc, 
whole  properties  are  not  yet  exactly  known." 

 1.  1 1  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  u  which  is  nothing  elfe  but  a  combi- 
nation of  carbonc,  or  charcoal  and  iron,  or 
carbure  of  iron  and  cancel  the  three  following 
fentences,  which  contain  the  notions  of  fcveral 
cheinilts  refpedling  it. 

P.  86, 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  1 23 

P.  86,  1.  4  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert, <c  The  oxigenated  muriate  of  zinc  is 
not  yet  known." 

P.  90,  1.  4. 
Infert,  <c  and  which  decompofes  the  water.'* 

P.  93,  1.  7  (from  the  bottom). 

Cancel  the  four  lines,  beginning  with  the 
words  "  and  the  black  matter,"  and  ending 
with  the  word  "  fubftances." 

P.  99,  1.  13. 

Inftead  of  the  conjectures  which  terminate 
this  paragraph,  the  Author  afcribes  the  effedt  in 
queftion  to  the  conducting  power  of  the  mer- 
cury. 


Alter- 


124- 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XIV. 

(Numbered  XV.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  100,  1.  5. 

E  A  D,  <c  The  mercury  is  flightly  calcined 
in  this  experiment." 

P.  109,  1.  16. 

Read,  "  appeared  to  him  to  confift  of  mer- 
cury/ 

X¥'^^';;'^||        1  ... 

Add,  "  produced  by  the  air  contained  in 
the  apparatus." 

P.  in,  after  line  12. 

Infert,"  Mercury  is  infinitely  more  fufceptible 
of  calcination  by  the  contact  of  air,  and  many 
other  bodies,  than  has  hitherto  been  fuppolcd. 
A  grey  blackifli  pellicle  l's'continually  formed 
upon  its  furface,  which  is  a  true  oxide  of  mer- 
cury. 

Heated  with  the  concourfe  of  air,  this  me- 
tal, at  the  end  of  fome  days,  becomes  changed 
into  a  brilliant  red  powder,''  &c.  as  in  line  15. 

P.  118, 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  I2£ 


P.  Il8,   1.  I. 

£  The  fix  following  lines,  from  the  full  flop 
to  the  word  "  reduction,"  are  left  out. 

P.  122,  1.  io  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert,  after  "  calx,"  "  Eecaufe  it  cannot  be- 
come charged  writh  the  calx,  which  is  fuper- 
abundant  to  its  combination,  but  by  means  of 
heat,  diftilled  water,'*  &c. 

P.  123,  1.  5  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  The  excefs  of  mercurial  calx,  which 
renders  the  nitric  folutions  capable  of  being 
decompofed  by  water,  is  likewife  attended 
with  a  circumflance  wThich  favours  this  decom- 
pofition  ;  it  is,  that  the  oxide  is  fo  ftrongly 
calcined  or  oxigenated5  that  it  has  but  very 
little  adherence  with  the  nitric  acids." 

P.  129,  L  6. 
Infert,  lt  Thofe  which,  without  having  been 
precipitated  by  carbonates  or  cretaceous  al- 
kalis, have  been  merely  expofed  to  the  contact 
of  atmofpherical  air,  exhibit  the  fame  pheno- 
menon, becaufe  they  always  abforb  this  acid 
from  the  atmofphere  ;  a  property  common  to 
all  the  oxides  of  mercury,  and  even  to  thofe 
of  feveral  other  metals.3' 

P.  137,  1.  4  (from  the  bottom). 

Add, "  Becaufe  this  femi-metal  being  already 
charged  with  oxigene,  cannot  take  it  from  the 

pxide 


126 


ELEMENTS  OF 


oxide  of  mercury,  nor  confequently  difengage 
it  from  its  muriatic  combination." 

J39>     5  (from  the  bottom). 

The  firft  feven  lines  of  this  paragraph  are 
erafed,  and  the  following  fubftituted  inftead  ; 

"  This  fublimed  muriate  of  antimony,  or 
the  combination  of  the  muriatic  acid  with  an- 
timony, does  not  take  place  but  in  proportion 
as  the  femi-metal  takes  the  oxigene  from  the 
mercury,  as  we  have  already  obferved  of  arfe- 
nic.  This  compound,"  &c.  as  in  line  3,  page 
140. 

P.  140,  1.  9. 

After  the  word  "  cooling,"  add,  "  for 
which  reafon  it  has  been  called  butter  of  an- 
timony." 

P.  147,  1.  9  (from  the  bottom). 

The  reft  of  the  paragraph  is  thus  altered  : 
"  Or,  which  is  the  fame  thing,  that  the  calx 
is  much  more  calcined  in  the  corrofive  mu- 
riate than  in  the  mild.  So  that  when  running 
mercury  is  triturated  with  corrofive  mercurial 
muriate,  the  mercury  feizes  the  excefs  of  ox- 
igene of  the  muriatic  acid,  or  that  of  the  for- 
mer mercurial  muriate  :  and  the  more  con- 
fiderable  dofe  of  new  oxide  lefs  calcined, 
which  unites  to  the  muriatic  acid,  caufes  the 
nature  of  the  fait  to  vary,  which  becomes  lefs 
faline,  lefs  fapid,  lefs  ibluble,  and,  in  a  word, 
in  which  the  properties*  communicated  to  the 
I  mercury 


CHEMISTRY,     £cc.  1 27 

mercury  by  the  oxigenc,  are  weakened  in  pro- 
portion as  the  quantity  of  that  principle  is  di- 
minimed." 

P.  148,  1.  14  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert,  6t  It  mud  be  obferved,  however,  that 
this  fait  contains  a  portion  of  the  oxide  or 
calx  of  mercury,  which  is  not  combined  with 
the  aci^of  borax,  becaufe  of  the  foda,  which 
is  in  excels  in  the  borax  of  commerce.  If  pure 
borax  of  mercury  be  required  to  be  had  by 
this  procefs,  it  will  be  necerTary  to  employ  a 
borax  of'  foda  perfectly  neutral ;  that  is  to 
fay,  the  borax  of  commerce,  faturated  with  as 
much  ot  the  acid  of  borax  as  it  can  take  up. 
Sal  ammoniac  renders,"  &c- 

P.  149,  I.  9. 
Add,    "  though  the  oxides   or  calces  of 
mercury  abforb,  with  confiderable  efficacy,  the 
carbonic  acid  contained  in  the  atmofphere." 


I 


Alter- 


128 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations   and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XV. 

(Numbered  XVI.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  158,  1.  14  (from  the  bottom). 

TNSTEAD  of  the  remainder  of  this  para- 
graph,  the  following  is  inferted  :  "  It  muft 
be  here  remembered,  that  moft  of  the  cryftals 
of  white  tin  ore  which  are  met  with  in  collec- 
tions, confift  of  native  tungftate  of  lime,  and 
that  this  fait  muft  not  be  confounded  with 
the  oxide  or  calx  of  tin,  which  does  ribt  turn 
yellow  by  the  contact  of  acids." 

P.  159,  1.  1 1. 

Infert,  "  Mr.  Kirwan  afiirms  that  the  black 
tin  ore  contains  tW  of  tin  and  iron/' 

P.  160,  1.  15. 

The  laft'  fentence  of  this  paragraph  is 
omitted. 

P.  165?  1.  10. 

Infert,  "  Notwithstanding  this  experiment, 
the  calx  of  tin  is  confidered  as  infufible,  and 
it  certainly  requires  a  fire,"  &c. 

5  P.  168, 

t  * 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  I  29 

P.  168,  1.  14. 

The  two  following  fentences  are  erafed, 
and  the  following  is  inferted  : 

"  Mr.  De  Morveau  has  obferved,  that,  in 
a  folution  of  tin  by  the  nitric  acid>  no  gas 
is  difengaged,  but  that  ammoniac  is  formed. 
We  fee,  therefore^  that  the  tin  not  only  de- 
compofes  the  nitric  acid,  but  likewife  the 
water,  which  uniting  to  the  azote  of  the 
nitric  acid,  forms  the  ammoniac  or  volatile 
alkali  produced  in  this  operation." 

P.  170,  1.  1. 
Read,  "  fetid  inflammable  gas.'5 

— 1. 3. 

Infert9  "  The  water  is  therefore  decom* 
pofed  by  the  tin  with  the  affiftance  of  the 
acid." 

P.  183,  after  1.  2. 

Infert  the  following  paragraph  :  "  Mr.  Adet, 
who  read  a  memoir  to  the  Academy  upon 
the  fuming  liquor  of  Libavius,  has  fhewn, 
(1)  That  the  effervefcence,  which  takes  place 
as  often  as  it  is  mixed  with  water,  depends 
on  the  difengagement  of  an  elaftic  fluid, 
which  poflefles  all  the  properties  of  .azotic 
gas:  (2)  That  the  fuming  liquor,  combined 
with  wrater,  in  the  proportion  of  7  to  22, 
forms  a  folid  body,  which  melts  by  the  ac- 
tion of  heat,  congeals  by  cold,  and  refembles 
the  oxigenated  muriate  of  tin  or  butter  of 

K  tin  s 


I30  ELEMENTS  OF 

till :  (3)  That  the  fuming  liquor,  diluted 
with  water,  diffolves  tin  without  the  difen- 
gagement  of  hydrogenous  gas,  and  affords 
a  fait  fimilar  to  that  which  is  obtained  by  the 
direcl  combination  of  the  muriatic  acid  and 
tin.  He  concludes,  from  his  various  experi- 
ments, that  the  fuming  liquor  is  nothing  elfe 
but  a  compound  of  the  muriatic  acid  in  the 
aeriform  ftate,  and  the  oxide,  or  calx  of  tin 
in  which  oxigene  predominates  ;  and  that  this 
fait  is  the  fame,  with  refpecl:  to  the  common 
muriate  of  tin,  as  the  oxigenated  muriate  of 
mercury  or  corrofive  fublimate  is  to  the  mu- 
riate of  mercury  or  mercurius  dulcis. 


Alter- 


CHEMISTRY)    &C.  I3I 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XVI. 

(Numbered  XVII.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  188,  L  10  (from  the  bottom). 

"O  EAD,  "  the  name  of  Saturn,  becaufe  it 
abforbs  and  devours,  as  it  were,  all  the 
imperfect  metals   in  its  fcorirication,  as  we 
fhall  hereafter  mew." 

P.  194,  1.  5. 

Infert,  "  Mr.  De  Laumont  has  given  a 
memoir  upon  the  native  phofphoric  fait  of 
lead,  which  is  very  abundant  in  Brittany." 

P.  204,  1.  14. 

Add,  "  Mr.  Luzuriaga  has  obferved,  that 
by  agitating  granulated  lead  in  a  fmall  quan- 
tity of  water,  with  the  contact  of  air,  the 
metal  becomes  quickly  calcined." 

P.  210,  1.  2. 

Infert,  "  Neverthelefs,  fince  it  has  been 
difcovered  that  the  calces  of  lead,  and  efpe- 
cially  the  red  calx  or  minium,  contain  car- 
bonic acid,  which  they  abforb  from  the  at- 
moiphere,  it  is  conceived  that  the  ammoniac 
or  volatile  alkali,  difengaged  by  thefe  oxides, 
muft  take  up  a  part." 


13* 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations   and   Additions  i>f 
Chapter  XVII. 

(Numbered  XVIII.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  219,  L  4. 

A  FTER  fhe  word,  "  ruft,"  infert,  "  It  then 
^  ^  forms  the  ochreous  iron  ores.  All  earths 
which  are  of  a  brown  or  red  colour  are  of 
this  fpecies. 

(3)  The  iron  ores,  which  are  called  bog 
ores,  muft  net  be  confounded  with  the 
ochres :  thefe  ores  indeed  contain  oxided 
iron  ;  but  this  oxide  is  combined  with  the 
pholplioric  acid,  which  appears  to  arife  from 
the  decompolition  of  vegetables  :  it  is  diftin- 
guilhed  into,*'  &c«  as  in  line  4. 

 1  10  (from  the  bottom). 

The  concluding  fentence  of  this  paragraph 
is  omitted,  and  the  following  is  added : 
"  Bergman,  who  was  acquainted  with  this 
ftate  of  iron,  without  having  determined  its 
nature,  called  this  phofphate  of  iron  fiderite  ; 
fome  German  chemifts  have  iince  called  it 
Water- iron.  We  (hall  hereafter  explain  the 
fneans  of  feparating  this  fait  from  iron,  which 
h  brittle  in  the  cold. 

2  (4)  "  Thc; 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  I 

(4)  "  The  eagle  ftones,"  &c.  and  pro- 
ceed as  in  line  5  from  the  bottom. 

P.  221,  1.  1. 

Read,  "  The  load-ftone  is  a  very  hard  and 
very  refra&ory  ochreous  iron  ore." 

P.  222,  1.  3. 

Add,  "  The  manganefe  which  it  often 
contains  renders  it  changeable  in  the  air, 
and  caufes  it  to  affume  a  brown  colour,  in 
proportion  as  it  lofes  its  form  and  confiftence." 

P.  225,  1.  7  (from  the  bottom). 
Infert,  "  The  laminated  and  brilliant  iron 
ore  of  Fremont  likewife  belongs  to  this  fpe- 
cies. 

P.  226. 

The  paragraph  numbered  13  is  left  out. 

P.  229,  1.  3  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  The  true  caufe  of  the  brittlenefs, 
fufibiiity,  granulated  texture,  and  all  the  other 
properties  of  caft  iron,  has  been  put  out  of 
doubt  by  the  valuable  refearches  of  Meffrs. 
Vandermonde,  Monge,  and  Berthollett.  They 
have  proved  that  crude  iron  contains  oxigene 
and  charcoal  :  this  laft  has  been  abforbed 
during  the  fufion  in  the  fmelting  furnaces. 
It  is  to  the  feveral  quantities  of  thefe  two  fo- 
reign fubftances  that  caft  iron  owes  its  diffe- 
rent qualities. 

K  3  R  230, 


134  ELEMENTS  OF 

P.  230,  L  7. 

Inftead  of  the  twelve  following  lines,  Infert, 
"  Thefe  different  characters  depend  on  the 
quantity  of  oxigene,  and  more  efpecially  of 
charcoal,  contained  in  the  crude  iron.  When 
the  charcoal  is  very  abundant,  and  uniformly 
mixed,  the  caft  iron  is  black  ;  a  fomewhat 
fmaller  quantity  of  that  fubftance  forms  the 
grey  caft  iron ;  an  imperfect  mixture  too 
quickly  made,  and  fuddcnly  cooled,  confti- 
tutes  fpeckled  iron  ;  and  the  white  crude  iron 
contains  the  leaft  poftible  quantity  of  char- 
coal. All  thefe  qualities  influence  the  nature 
and  ufe  of  crude  iron,  and  efpecially  its  con- 
vertibility into  malleable  iron.  The  philofo- 
phers  above  quoted  have  difcovered  that  when 
crude  iron  is  fufed,  there  is  always  feparated 
a  portion  of  charcoal  intimately  united  to  a 
fmall  quantity  of  iron,  or  carbure  of  iron. 
This  compound,  hitherto  called  plumbago,  co- 
vers the  ladles  with  which  the  caft  iron  is 
taken  up  and  poured  out. 

To  convert  crude  into  malleable  iron,  it 
is  neceflary  to  deprive  it  of  charcoal  and  ox- 
igene. A  ftrong  heat,  which  thoroughly  pe- 
netrates the  whole  mafs,  is  necelfary  to  ob- 
tain this  reduction.  It  may  be  eafily  con- 
ceived, that  at  a  high  temperature  the  char- 
coal muft  burn  by  feizing  the  oxigene,  and 
will  difengage  itfelf  with  effervelcence.  For 
this  purpofc  it  is  taken  to  the  refining  furnace. 
This  is  a  hearth  fomewhat  hollow,  in  which 

a  mafs 


CHEMISTRY,    <$CC.  I35 

a.  mafs  of  crude  iron  is  placed,  and  covered 
with  a  large  quantity  of  charcoal.  The  fire 
is  urged  by  bellows  until  the  iron  melts,  in 
which  ftate  it  is  wrought  or  kneaded,  and  re- 
peatedly turned  over  with  proper  inftruments. 
This  agitation  caufes  it  to  prefent  a  larger  fur- 
face,  fo  that  the  portions  of  charcoal  take  the 
oxigene  from  the  iron,  are  burned,  and  give 
out  carbonic  acid  gas.  The  metal  appears 
likewife  to  be  deprived  of  a  portion  of  fide- 
rite  or  phofphate  of  iron.  It  is  then  carried  to 
the  hammer,"  &c.  as  in  line  20. 

P.  232,  L  4. 

Infert,  "  but  thefe  matters  appear  to  do 
oftener  harm  than  good." 

 L  12. 

Inftead  of  the  five  following  lines,  infert, 
The  iron  being  foftened  and  dilated,  abforbs 
the  charcoal  which  furrounds  it ;  and  the  fteel 
of  cementation  is  nothing  elfe  but  a  combina- 
tion of  pure  and  well-reduced  iron  with  char- 
coal. It  differs  from  iron  in  containing  char- 
coal, and  from  pure  crude  iron  in  con- 
taining not  only  charcoal,  but  a  greater  or  leis 
quantity  of  oxigene.  If  caft  iron  be  deprived 
of  its  oxigene  without  feparating  the  charcoal, 
or  by  giving  it  a  new  quantity,  fteel  will  be 
produced  without  refining  the  iron.  Steel  is 
much  more  fufible  than  iron,  for  which  reaibn 
the  bars  which  axe  converted  into  fteel  by 
K  4  cemen- 


I36  ELEMENTS  OF 

cementation,  are  foftened  to  that  degree,  that 
the  carbonic  acid,  which  is  difengaged  in  bub- 
bles during  the  action  of  heat,  forms  fmall 
blifters,  or  very  fenfible  cavities  on  its  fur- 
face.  This  kind  of  fteel  is  called  blifter  fteel. 
The  differences  of  fteel  depend  upon  the  greater 
or  lefs  reduction ,  the  quantity  of  charcoal  which 
it  contains,  and  the  more  or  lefk  Hidden  cool- 
ing it  has  been  fubjected  to.  The  tempering 
brings  the  particles  ftrongly  together,  and  ren- 
ders it  very  hard,  very  dry,  and  very  brittle. 

The  firft  four  lines  are  left  out. 

— 1.7. 

Read,  "  Becaufe  that  metal  being  more  dif- 
ficult to  fufe  than  other?,  adheres  very  ftrongly 
to  oxigene,  and  has  a  ftrong  tendency  to  com- 
bine with  it. 

 1.  the  laft  but  one  of  the  text. 

Read,  "  and  fo  reducible  that  they  melt 
very  readily  and  eafily  abforb  charcoal  in  their 
reduction,  for  which  reafon  they  are  called 
fteel  ores." 

P.  234,  1.  4. 

Inftead  of  "  the  pureft  fteel, "  read,  66  the 
fofteft  iron." 

The  firft  ten  lines  of  the  following  para- 
graph arc  left  out,  and  it  begins  at  line  15 
with  the  words  "  Iron  does  not  melt  but  by 
an  extreme  heat,"  &c. 

p.  234, 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  I37 


P.  234,1.  5  (from  the  bottom). 
Read,  "  which  arifes  from  its  combination 
with  charcoal/ ' 

P.  235,  1.  11. 

Infert,  "  As  in  all  thefe  fufions  the  iron 
becomes  brittle  and  is  calcined,  at  the  fame 
time  that  it  aflumes  a  black  colour,  the  work- 
men in  iron,  and  all  who  have  to  do  with 
this  metal,  do  not  confider  it  as  fufible  ;  and 
it  is  an  axiom  with  them,  that  iron  is  abfo- 
lutely  infufible.  It  may  be  conceived,  how- 
ever, that  this  opinion,  ftrictly  taken,  is  er- 
roneous ;  for  by  a  very  ftrong  heat,  and  with- 
out the  contact  of  air,  iron  melts  with  fcarcely 
any  alteration.  In  our  accurate  experiments, 
fmall  ingots  of  foft  and  ductile  iron  are  ob- 
tained. Iron,  though  very  hard,''  &c.  and 
proceed  as  in  line  12. 

  L  21. 

Read,  inftead  of  the  remainder  of  the 
paragraph,  "  filings  of  fteel,  and  ftill  more 
quickly  the  fcales  of  hammered  iron,  to  heat 
under  a  muffle.  They  are  converted  into  a 
reddiih  brown  powder,  not  attractable  by  the 
magnet,  and  called  aflringent  faffron  of  Mars. 
We  call  it  the  red  oxide  of  iron,  and  the  fcales 
the  black  oxide.  This  laft  fubftance  contains 
from  20  to  25  parts  of  oxigene ;  the  red  ox- 
ide contains  from  32  to  34.  The  oxides  of 
iron  vary  between  thefe  two  degrees  of  oxi- 
dation ;  fome  are  of  a  yeitowiffi  brown,  others 

c 

01 


IjS  ELEMENTS  OF 

of  a  chocolate  colour,  and  others  of  a  beauti- 
ful red  fimilar  to  carmine :  all  thefe  oxides  or 
calces,  when  mixed  with  earthy  matters  and 
expofed  to  a  very  ftrong  heat,  melt  into  a 
blackifh  and  porous  glafs.  They  are  reduced 
in  part' by  heating  them  flowly  in  clofe  veflels: 
if  they  have  been  expofed  for  a  fhort  time  to 
the  air,  they  give  out  a  certain  quantity  of 
carbonic  acid  during  their  reduction  ;  which 
proves  that  they  attract  this  acid  from  the  at- 
mofphere.  This  acid  likewife  comes  from  the 
charcoal  contained  in  iron,  which  becomes 
acid  by  ablbrbing  the  oxigene  difengaged  dur- 
ing their  reduction." 

p.  236, 1. 15. 

For  "  flowly,"  read,  "  flightly  ;"  and  inftead 
of  the  laft  fentence  of  the  paragraph,  read, 
"  But  they  do  not  lofe  all  the  oxigene  which 
they  contain  in  this  operation,  and  pafs  only 
to  the  ftate  of  the  black  oxide  or  calx/' 

P.  239,  L  4. 

Infert,  "  The  preparation  of  lemery  is  owing 
to  a  true  decompolition  of  the  water  ;  hydroge- 
nous gas  is  difengaged,  and  the  iron  becomes 
calcined  by  abforbing  25  per  cent  of  oxigene. 
We  mall  immediately  proceed  to  treat  more 
at  large  of  this  oxidation  of  iron  by  water." 

P.  241,  at  the  bottom. 

Add,"  Of  this  kind  is  the  experiment  which 

has 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  I39 

has  fhewn  that  water  is  a  compound  of  0,14 
of  hydrogene,  and  o,86  of  oxigene." 

P.  242,  L  8  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  This  fluid  being  decompofed,  affords 
the  gas ;  and  its  decomposition  is  favoured 
by  alkalis." 

P.  243,  1.  15. 

Read,  "  Macquer,  Bergman  and  Kirwan 
think  that,"  &c. 

P.  244,  1;  13. 

Infert,  "  This  facl:  is  proved  becaufe  the 
fame  quantity  of  alkali  is  required  to  faturate 
the  acid  after  its  a&ion  on  the  iron,  as  it  would 
have  required  before.    It  is  therefore,"  &c. 

P.  248,  I.  2. 

Read,  "  publifhed  among  thofe  of  the  Aca- 
demy for  1 785." 

P.  252,  1.  13. 

The  note  is  omitted,  and  the  following  pa- 
ragraph is  added  : 

"  This  enquiry  of  the  academicians  of  Dijon 
■has  been  confirmed  by  the  refearches  of  Scheele. 
This  celebrated  chemift  has  difcovered,  that 
a  fimple  infufion  of  nut-galls  in  water  affords 
by  feparation  a  peculiar  cryftallizable  acid, 
which  takes  iron  from  many  other  acids,  and 
colours  it  black,  becaufe  it  approaches  to  the 
metallic  ftate.    We  call  this  fait  the  gallic  acid, 

and 


,  I40  ELEMENTS  OF 

and  {hall  give  an  account  of  it  in  the  hiftory 
of  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

P.  264,  L  10. 
Add,  "  or  at  leaft  a  very  final!  portion  of 
that  fubftance." 

P.  268, 1.  5. 

The  following  account  of  Mr.  Berthollett's 
inquiries  into  the  nature  of  Pruflian  blue,  are 
inferted  in  the  new  edition : 

"  Mr.  Eerthollett  has  made  experiments 
upon  the  Pruflian  acid,  or  colouring  matter  of 
Pruflian  blue,  fince  all  thefe  chemifts.  Al- 
though the  researches  of  this  learned  phllofo- 
pher  have  not  yet  proved  entirely  fatisfactory 
to  himfelf,  they  neverthelefs  contain  fa£ts  and 
experiments  of  Sufficient  novelty  and  impor- 
tance to  induce  us  to  infert,  in  this  place,  an 
extra cl  of  his  Memoir,  which  he  has  had  the 
goodnefs  to  communicate  to  us. 

Mr.  Bertbollett,  in  the  firft  place,  diftin- 
guifhes  twTo  kinds  of  prufliate  of  iron ;  the 
one  which  is  the  common  Pruflian  blue,  and  the 
other  which  is  the  fame  Pruflian  blue  deprived 
of  a  portion  of  the  Pruflian  acid.  He  calls  this 
prufliate  of  iron  with  excels  of  oxide.  Pruf- 
lian blue  is  in  this  laft  flate,  after  it  has  been 
difcolourcd  by  an  alkali.  To  Separate  this 
excels  6f  oxide  or  calx,  he  ulls  the  muriatic 
acid,  which  diflblves  it,  and  leaves  the  prufliate 
oi'  iron  neutral.  He  obferves  with  Mr.  Lan- 
driaoij  that,  when  the  alkali  is  digclted  with 

heat 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  I4£ 

heat  upon  the  Pruffian  blue,  the  alkaline  pruf- 
fiate,  which  is  formed,  diffolves  more  of  the 
oxide  of  this  metal  than  when  the  digeftion  is 
made  in  the  cold.    Both  thefe  chemifts  think 
that  an  acid  added  to  this  triple  combination, 
unites  to  the  excefs  of  oxide  of  the  iron,  and 
caufes  the  Pruffian  blue  to  be  depofited  in  the 
fame  manner  as  when  the  pure  pruffiate  of 
potafh  is  added  to  a  folution  of  iron.  They 
add,  likewife,  that  heat  caufes  a  precipitate 
to  fall  down  from  this  combination,  which  con- 
iifts  of  a  yellow  pruffiate  of  iron ;  that  is  to 
fay,  with  excefs  of  oxide  or  calx  of  iron* 
According  to  them,  the  acid  which  is  added 
feizes  the  excefs  of  oxide  of  iron,  and  fuffers 
the  precipitate  of  Pruffian  blue  to  fall  down, 
which  is  then  lefs  foluble  in  the  alkaline  pruf- 
fiate.   When  the  pruffiate  of  potafh,  prepared 
by  a  gentle  heat,  has  depofited  the  pruffiate 
of  iron,  with  excefs  of  oxide  of  this  metal, 
by  ebullition,  it  may  be  evaporated  to  drynefs, 
re-diffolved  in  water,  and  mixed  with  acids, 
without  depofiting  Pruffian  blue.     Mr.  Ber- 
thollett  affirms,  that*  from  the  evaporation  of 
pruffiate  of  potafh  thus  purified,  octahedral 
cryftals;are  obtained  by  evaporation  ;  two  of 
whofe  -pyramids  are  truncated  in  fuch  a  man- 
ner as  to  reprefent  fquare  plates,  whcfe  edges 
are  chamfered  off. 

This  chemift  having  mixed  a  folution  of 
thefe  cryftals  with  the  lulphuric  acid,  and  ex- 
poled  the  whole  in  a  bottle  to  the  rays  of  the 

fun, 


1^2  ELEMENTS  OF 

fun,  faw,  that  a  fhort  time  afterwards  a  blue  co- 
lour was  developed,  which  formed  a  precipi- 
tate until  its  total  decompofition.  A  like 
mixture,  prefer ved  in  a  dark  place,  did  not 
become  blue,  nor  afford  a  precipitate  even  at 
the  end  of  feveral  months  :  a  ftrong  heat  pro- 
duces abfolutely  the  fame  effect.  From  thefe  ex- 
periments, Mr.  Berthollett  mews  on  what  inac- 
curate information  the  proceffes  recommended 
for  purifying  the  alkaline  pruffiates  were  found- 
ed :  for,  faid  he,  they  were  decompofed  for 
the  moft  part,  inftead  of  depriving  them  of  a 
portion  of  Pruflian  blue,  which  chemifts  pre- 
tended was  only  accidentally  mixed  wTith  it. 
As  the  prufliate  of  potafh  is  a  triple  fait,  the 
Pruflian  acid  has  only  a  very  flight  adhefion 
to  the  potafh,  and  is  feparated  by  all  the  other 
acids.  In  proportion  as  the  foreign  acid 
unites  to  the  potafh,  part  of  the  Prufflan  acid 
unites  to  the  oxide  of  iron,  forming  Pruflian 
blue  ;  and  the  other  is  volatilized  in  the  ftate 
of  acid,  or  reduced  to  its  principles. 

The  iron  which  is  precipitated  by  the  al- 
kaline pruffiates,  retains,  according  to  Mr.  Ber- 
thollett, a  confiderable  portion  of  thole  falts  : 
it  may  be  deprived  of  them  by  repeated  warn- 
ings. Thefe  lixiviums  contain  the  alkalis, 
combined  with  a  fmall  portion  of  Pruflian 
acid  ;  and  the  pruffiates,  with  excels  of  alkali, 
are  not  carried  off*  until  the  excefs  of  acid  in 
the  folution  of  iron  is  carried  off  by  the  firft 
wafhings ;  for  the  latter  lixiviums  precipitate 

iron 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  143 

iron  in  the  form  of  Pruffian  blue  from  its  fo- 
lutions,  though  the  firft  do  not. 

He  did  not  find  any  fenfible  difference  be- 
tween the  pruffiates  of  potafh  and  of  foda,  ex- 
cepting that  the  latter  cryftallizes  differently  : 
the  mineral  acids  difengage  the  Pruffian  acid, 
partly  fixed  in  the  Pruffian  blue,  which  falls 
down ;  it  is  this  which  engaged  Scheele  to 
contrive  another  combination,  from  which  he 
could  obtain  the  pure  acid  with  greater  faci- 
lity, and  upon  which  Mr.  Berthollett  makes, 
fome  obfervations.    This  procefs  confifts,  as 
we  have  already  obferved,  in  boiling  the  red 
oxide  of  mercury  in  diftiiled  water,  together 
with  Pruffian  blue  ;   the  Pruffian  acid  quits 
the  oxide  of  iron  to  unite  with  the  oxide  of 
mercury,  with  which  it  has  a  ftronger  attrac- 
tion, and  forms  a  foluble  fait,  which  cryftal- 
lizes in    tetrahedral  prifms,   terminated  by 
quadrangular  pyramids,  whofe  planes  anfwer 
to  the  angles  of  the  prifm.    Iron  and  con- 
centrated fulphuric  acid  are  added  to  the  fil- 
trated lixivium  ;  the  iron  unites  with  the  oxi- 
gene  of  the  mercury,  and  combines  with  the 
fulphuric  acid  ;  the  mercury  falls  down  with 
its  metallic    brilliancy.     Scheele  afterwards 
diftiiled  this  mixture  with  a  gentle  heat,  in 
order  to  volatilize  only  the  Pruffian  acid,  but 
he  found  that  however  flight  the  heat  was,  it 
always  pafled,  mixed  with  a  fmall  quantity  of 
fulphuric  acid.    To  obviate  this  difficulty,  he 
added  a  certain  quantity  of  chalk  to  fix  the 
fulphuric  acid.    Upon  this  addition,  Mr.  Ber- 
1  thollett, 


144  ELEMENTS  OF 

thollett  takes  notice,  that,  as  Scheele  did  net 
fpecify  the  dofe  of  this  fubftance,  it  was  very 
eafy  to  fail  in  the  operation,  if  the  chalk  ex- 
ceeded a  little  the  point  of  faturation  of  the 
fulphuric  acid  ;  for  calcareous  pruffiate  would 
then  be  formed,  which,  by  the  law  of  double 
aflinities,  would  decompofe  the  fulphate  ofiron. 

Mr.  Berthollett  found  that  the  fulphuric 
acid  difengaged  only  a  finall  quantity  of  acid 
from  the  pruffiate  of  mercury  ;  that  it  united, 
for  the  raoft  part,  with  this  fait,  without  decom- 
pofing  it,  and  formed  a  triple  fait,  cryftal- 
lizing  in  fmall  needles.  According  to  his 
experiments,  the  muriatic  acid  difengages 
more  acid  from  the  pruffiate  of  mercury  than 
the  foregoing,  and  equally  forms  a  triple  fait, 
capable  of  cryftaliizing  in  needles,  and  much 
more  foluble  than  the  corrofive  mercurial 
muriate.  Alkalis  and  lime  precipitate  this 
triple  fait  of  a  white  appearance.  Mr.  Ber- 
thollett proves  that  the  alkaline  prufliates  do 
not  precipitate  ponderous  earth  from  its  folu- 
tions,  as  Bergman  had  thought,  but  that 
they  form  triple  falts  :  he  {hews  that  they 
precipitate  alumine  or  argillaceous  earth.  The 
precipitate  they  form  with  this  fubflance  is  not 
altered  by  the  fulphuric  acid;  but,  digeftedwith 
the  fulphate  of  iron,  it  forms  Pruflian  blue. 

The  PrufTian  acid  decompofes  the  oxige- 
natcd  muriatic  acid,  abforbs  its  oxigene,  and 
becomes  fragrr.nt.  In  this  ftate  it  does  not 
appear  to  have  a  great  tendency  to  alkaline 
fubftanccs,    for  they    fcarceiy   diminim  its 

fmcll, 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  I45 

fmell.  It  does  not  precipitate  iron  cf  a  blue* 
but  of  a  green  colour  ;  and  this  green  preci- 
pitate is  folubie  in  acids.  It  becomes  blue  by 
the  contact  of  the  fun's  rays,  as  well  as  by 
the  addition  of  the  fulphureous  acid  and  iron. 
The  fame  phenomena  happen  when  the  cxi- 
geuated  muriatic  acid,  fulphate  of  iron,  and 
pruffiate  of  potafh^are  mixed  together.  Hence 
Mr.  Berthollett  thinks  that  Pruffian  blue  is  not 
alterable  by  light  and  by  the  fulphureous  acid, 
and  that  it  is  to  the  abforption  of  oxigene 
that  it  owes  its  green  colour,  its  folubility  in 
acids,  &c. 

If  the  Pruffian  acid  be  furcharged  with 
oxigenated  muriatic  acid,  and  afterwards  ex- 
pofed  to  the  luminous  rays,  it  aflumes  new 
characters  ;  it  no  longer  combines  with  the 
oxide  of  iron  nor  with  water,  at  the  bottom 
of  which  it  flows  in  the  form  of  oil,  and  with 
an  aromatic  odour.  If  in  this  ftate  mGre  oxi- 
gene be  added,  and  it  be  left  in  the  fun,  it 
cryftailizes  in  the  form  of  fma'll  white  needles. 
This  acid,  thus  oxigenated,  is  reduced  into 
vapours  at  a  gentle  temperature  ;  thefe  va- 
pours are  not  folubie  in  water,  and  neverthe- 
less are  not  combuftible.  Mr.  Berthollett  has 
not  yet  been  able  to  determine  what  paries  in 
this  operation.  Does  the  Pruffian  acid  fimply 
unite  with  oxigene  without  alteration,  or  is 
one  cf  its  principles  burned  ?  We  lhall  more 
willingly  adept  this  laft  idea  with  him,  for 
though  the  oxigene  appears  to  be  only  flightly 
L  adherent 


1 46  ELEMENTS  OF 

adherent  to  the  Pruffian  acid,  it  can  no  lon- 
ger be  reftored  when  it  has  been  thus  treated 
with  the  oxigenated  muriatic  acid. 

When  the  Pruffian  acid  has  been  put  in  the 
fituation  to  form  a  green  precipitate  with  iron, 
by  means  of  the  oxigenated  muriatic  acid, 
ammoniac  is  formed  as  foon  as  it  is  mixed 
with  alkali  or  lime.  An  acid  poured  into 
this  laft  mixture  no  longer  reftores  the  odour 
peculiar  to  the  Pruffian  acid.  Mr.  Berthol- 
lett concludes  that  it  is  deftroyed.  Though 
he  employed  perfectly  pure  potafh,  yet  an 
acid  poured  on  after  its  action,  produces  an 
efiervefcence,  and  difengages  the  carbonic  acid 
which  has  been  formed  in  every  part. 

Mr.  Berthollett  concludes,  from  all  thefe  ex- 
periments, that  azote,  hydrogene,  and  car- 
bone  united  in  proportions  and  with  a  de- 
gree of  condenfation  which  he  is  unacquaint- 
ed with,  produce  that  which  is  called  the 
Pruffic  acid.  This  compofition  explains  the 
hiftory  of  its  formation  in  animal  matters,  in 
certain  vegetable  fubftances,  and  in  the  am- 
moniacal  muriate,  contaminated  with  char- 
coal. It  like  wife  explains  why  this  acid  is  fo 
combuitible,  and  detonates  ftrongly  with  the 
feveral  nitrates  ;  why  it  affords  carbonate  of 
ammoniac  by  diftillation  ;  and  why  this  fait 
is  formed  by  the  addition  of  the  oxigenated 
muriatic  acid.  Mr.  Berthollett  doubts  whe- 
ther this  lingular  combination  contains  oxi- 
gene ;  at  lead,  fays  he,  if  the  Pruffian  acid 
4  contain 


CHEMISTRY,   &C.  I47 

contain  it,  the  quantity  is  not  fufficient  to 
reduce  the  charcoal  entirely  into  carbonic 
acid  ;  for  the  diftillation  of  Pruffian  blue  af- 
fords much  carbonated  hydrogenous  gas. 

Such  are  the  fads  discovered  by  Mr.  Bef- 
thollett  :  by  determining  the  nature  of  co- 
louring matter  of  Pruffian  blue,  he  has  afcef- 
tained  that  it  is  not  a  true  acid,  though  it 
performs  the  functions  of  an  acid  in  all  its 
combinations.  Mr.  AVeftrumb  and  Mr.  Haf- 
fenfratz  have  difcovered  a  fmall  quantity  of 
phofphoric  acid  in  Pruffian  blue.  1  he  latter 
chemift  has  fhewn  that  it  is  not  eflential  to 
its  nature. 

Martial  vitriol  decompofes  nitre  very  rea- 
dily," &e.  as  in  page  268. 

P.  270,  1.  12  ^from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  And  Dr.  Prieftley  has  reduced  the 
brown  oxides  of  iron  by  the  contacl:  of  hy* 
drogenous  gas.  Thefe  experiments  do  not 
contradict  our  dodrine,  but,  on  the  contrary, 
they  ferve  to  confirm  it.  In  fadt,  the  hydro- 
gene  deprives  the  iron  of  all  the  oxigene  it 
was  united  with  beyond  the  quantity  of  0,28  : 
this  laft  dofe  is  merely  that  which  the  oxigene 
cannot  feparate.  Hence  it  is  that,  in  thefe 
reductions,  nothing  but  a  black  oxide  or 
martial  ethiops  is  obtained,  and  hence  water 
never  oxides  iron,  but  to  a  black  colour.* 

P.  274, 

*  It  may  be  obferved,  however,  as  a  correction  to  this 
explanation,  that  Dr.  Prieftley  not   only  revived  iron 

L  2  which 


ELEMENTS  OF 


P.  274,  1.  12. 

Add,  "  if  it  be  not  extracted  in  the  appa- 
ratus of  Woulfe." 

P.  276,  1.  10  (from  the  bottom). 

Inftead  of  "  renders  it  more  probable,"  read, 
"  it  is  proved.'' 

 I.  6  (from  the  bottom). 

After  the  word  "  water,"  infert,  "  for  the 
acid  remains  entire,  and  without  decompo- 
fition,  and  requires  the  fame  quantity  of  alkali 
to  faturate  its  folution  as  before.  The  folution 
of  iron,"  &c. 

P.  278,  I.  6. 
Strike  out  the  words  "  and  fcems  to  de- 
ferve  the  name  of  butter  of  iron." 

which  had  been  calcined  by  the  burning  glafs  in  the  open 
air,  but  likcwife  that  which  had  been  calcined  by  the  fteam 
of  water  (vol.  vi.  p.  126).  The  fact,  therefore,  according 
to  the  antiphlogiftic  theory,  will  ftand  thus  :  metallic  iron, 
in  a  red  heat,  feparatcs  the  oxigene  of  water  from  its  hy- 
drogenc  \  and  this  combination  of  oxicene  and  iron  is 
again  decompofed  by  hydrogene,  which  in  its  turn  takes 
tne  oxigene  from  the  iron.  It  remains,  therefore,  to  be 
fhewn  upon  what  circumftance  this  alternate  predomi- 
nation of  affinity  to  the  oxigene  depends.  It  does  not 
appear  to  depend  on  temperature,  which,  as  far  as  the  fa&s 
have  hitherto  been  examined,  is  much  the  fame  in  both 
cafes.  Neverthelefs,  it  mult  be  confelfed,  that  the  dif- 
ficulty is  equally  great  in  the  phlogiftic  theory  \  for,  in  this, 
the  calx  of  iron  will  attract  firft  water,  and  then  phlo- 

ifton,  without  any  evident  caufe  why  it  mould  do  fo. 

uture  experiments  mult  decide  the  qucftion. — Note  of 
ihe  Tranflator. 

7  p-  279> 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  J49 


•  P.  279,  at  the  end  of  the  note. 

Add,  "  The  iron  ore  of  Framont  is  of  the 
fame  nature." 

P.  284,  I,  9  (from  the  bottom). 

Inftead  of  the  following  fentence,  read, 
"  The  black  calx  of  iron  is  not  decompofed  by 
this  gas  ;  but  the  brown  or  red  calces  are  ea- 
fily  changed,  and  pafs  to  the  ftate  of  black  ox- 
ide, becaufe  they  yield  to  the  hydrogene  the 
quantity  of  oxigene  which  is  fuperabundant 
to  that  which  places  the  iron  in  the  Hate  of 
black  calx." 

P.  286,  I.  12  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert,  "  Neverthelefs,  this  inflammation 
may  take  place  without  the  contact  of  air." 

P.  290,  1.  17 \ 
In  this  place  the  Author  has  inferted  the 
fubftance  of  the  fifth  chapter  of  part  the  fe- 
cond,  from  page  391,  vol.  ii.   The  fubjed  be- 
gins thus  : 

"We  have  feen,  at  the  commencement  of  this 
chapter,  that  iron  readily  abforbs  charcoal  by 
heat,  and  that  it  forms  crude  or  caft  iron  and 
fteel  by  its  union  with  this  combuftible  fub- 
ftance ;  with  this  difference,  howrever,  that  it 
contains  oxigene  in  the  former  of  thefe  com- 
pounds, but  not  in  the  latter.  In  both,  the 
quantity  of  iron  greatly  exceeds  that  of  the 
charcoal.  The  chemical  analyfis,  wrhich  is  fo 
much  indebted  to  the  labours  of  Scheele,  has 
L  3  proved 


IJO  ELEMENTS  OF 

proved  to  this  chemift,  that  plumbago,  a  mi- 
neral whofe  nature  and  rank  among  other  mi- 
nerals had  long  embarrafled  philofophers,  is 
nothing  more  than  a  combination  of  a  large 
proportion  of  charcoal  with  a  very  fmall  quan- 
tity of  iron  ;  its  hiftory  muft,  therefore,  belong 
to  that  of  this  metal. 

Plumbago  was  a  long  time  confounded  with 
molybdena.  Pott  is  the  firit  who  proved  that 
neither  of  thefe  fubftances  contains  lead,  as 
was  anciently  thought.  The  many  names  by 
which/'  &c.  as  in  page  392,  vol.  ii. 

The  Author  has  not  altered  the  reft  of  the 
tranlpofed  chapter  in  any  eftential  particular, 
except  by  adding  the  following  lines  in  page 
398,  vol.  ii.  line  2,  after  the  word  <l  fubjected 
"  Since  the  knowledge  acquired  refpe&ing  car- 
bure  of  iron  by  the  refearches  of  Meffrs.  Van- 
dermonde,  Monge,  and  Berthollett,  into  the 
different  ftates  of  this  metal,  they  have  dis- 
covered that  a  fubftance  is  daily  formed  in  the 
fufion  of  call,  iron,  which  is  entirely  limilar 
to  the  native  carbure  of  iron  or  plumbago. 
It  is  rare  that  the  ladles  with  which  the  crude 
iron  is  taken  out  are  not  covered  with  it. 
The  ruins  of  the  fmelting  furnaces  which  are 
repaired,  exhibit  it  like  wife  in  confiderable 
manes,  in  a  cryftallized  form.  It  is  to  be 
hoped,  that  at  fome  future  period  it  may  be 
artificially  prepared  for  the  ufes  of  fociety." 


p-  293> 


CHEM  ISTRY,  &C. 


P.  293,  1.  17. 

Inftead  of  the  concluding  paragraph  of  this 
chapter,  the  following  is  inferted  : 

11  Iron  which  poiTefles  the  magnetic  property, 
or  the  artificial  magnet,has  been  reckoned  among 
thofe  bodies  which  produce  very  fmgular  effects 
upon  the  animal  ceconomy.  When  applied 
to  the  (kin,  according  to  feveral  modern  au- 
thors, it  mitigates  pain,  diminifhes  convuliions, 
excites  rednefs,  fweat,  and  often  a  fmall  erup- 
tion:  it  is  likewife  capable  of  rendering  epi- 
leptic attacks  lefs  frequent.  It  has  even 
been  affirmed,  that,  when  left  in  water  for 
twelve  hours,  it  communicates  a  purgative 
property  to  that  fluid.  All  thefe  affertions, 
which  are  faid  to  be  founded  on  fads,  fuf- 
ficiently  announce  to  enlightened  philofophers 
the  great  difficulty  which  attends  phyfical  re- 
fearches  into  the  animal  fyftem.  The  abio- 
lute  inefficacy  of  a  body,  rendered  magnetical 
or  armed  with  the  magnetical  power,  upon 
other  bodies  which  are  not  fufceptible  of  re- 
ceiving the  fame  power,  truly  excludes  the  in- 
fluence of  magnetifm  upon  the  animal  cecono- 
my :  thofe  phyficians  who  attribute  fuch  evi- 
dent and  ftriking  effects,  and  confequently  fuch 
energetic  medicinal  properties  to  the  magnet, 
have  been  feduced  and  deceived  by  changes 
more  or  lefs  fenfible,  which  have  taken  place 
at  the  time  of  the  application  of  the  magnet, 
and  were  owing  to  the  proper  forces  of  the  in- 
L  4  dividuals, 


XJ3  ELEMENTS  OF 

dividual*,  and  the  happy  efforts  of  nature.  This 
opinion  is'fo  much  the  better  founded,  as  it 
is  mere  efpecially  in  the  ceflation  or  tranfpo- 
fiticn  of  local  pains  or  convulfions,  that  na- 
ture exhibits  the  greateft  inconstancy  and  irre- 
gularity to  obiervers  ;  and  that  it  is  particu- 
larly from  fymptoms,  more  or  lefs  analogous 
to  thefe,  that  the  pretended  medicinal  proper- 
ties of  the  loadftone  ha\e  been  inferred." 


Alter- 


CHEMISTRY,  &C 


*53 


Alterations  and   Additions  jn 
Chapter  XVIII. 

(Numbered  X.1%.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  297,  1.  13. 

'T^HIS  paragraph  is  transferred  to  the  end 
4-    of  paragraph  numbered  3,  in  page  298. 

P.  308,  1.  12  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  But  neither  the  one  npr  the  other 
of  thefe  falts  does  any  thing  more  than  favour 
and  accelerate  the  precipitation  of  atmofpheric 
oxigene  upon  the  copper,  for  this  calcination 
of  the  metal  does  not  take  place  without  the 
tact  of  air. 

This  fad:  is  more  efpecially  remarkable  in 
the  a&ion  of  ammoniac  or  volatile  alkali, 
which  diflblves  copper  with  confiderable  rapi- 
dity. This  fait,  digefted  upon  copper  fil- 
ings with  the  contact  of  air,  produces,  at  the 
end  of  a  few  hours,"  &c.  as  in  line  8  from 
the  bottom. 

* — ■ —  1.  3  (from  the  bottom). 

After  the  wprd  "  copper,"  infert,  "  the  bot- 
tle was  frequently  opened." 


P-  3°9> 


154  ELEMENTS  OP 

P.  309,  L  15. 
After  the  word  "  deeper,"  infert,  "  We  ma- 
nifeftly  fee  the  influence  of  atmofpheric  ox- 
igene  in  thefe  phenomena." 

p.  315. 1 3. 

Inftead  of  this  fentence,  read,  "  Only  a  fmall 
quantity  of  hydrogenous  gas  is  difengaged 
during  this  folution." 

P.  317,  1.  2  (from  the  bottom). 

The  fentence  beginning  with  the  words 
<c  this  experiment,"  is  left  out. 


CHAPTER  XIX. 
(Numbered  XX.  in  the  new  edition.) 

ThIS  chapter  is  not  altered. 


Alter- 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  I55 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XX. 

(Numbered  XXI.  in  the  new  edition). 

P.  355,  1.  7  (from  the  bottom). 
A  FTER  the  word  "  heavy,"  infert,  "  pla- 
tina  excepted." 

P-  35 S>  !•  3  (from  the  bottom). 
Read,  "  extracted  by  eliquation,  cupellation, 
and  parting.  The  lead  which  flows  during 
the  eliquation  of  the  copper  ^carries  the  filver 
and  the  gold  with  it.  Cupellation,"  &c.  as  in 
line  1  of  the  following  page. 

P.  370,  1.  3. 

Infert,  "  Mr.  Berthollett  has  difcovered  that 
the  oxigene  or  calx  of  filver,  precipitated  from 
the  nitric  acid  by  lime,  and  digefted  with  am- 
moniac, which  feparates  it  when  the  oxide  has 
aflumed  a  blackifh  colour,  acquires  the  pro- 
perty of  detonating,  not  only  by  a  heat  very 
little  fuperior  to  that  of  boiling  water,  but 
likewife  by  the  mere  friction  of  any  fub- 
ftance  in  the  flighteft  manner.  This  ful- 
minating filver  is  much  more  remarkable 
than  even  that  of  gold,  whofe  fulmination  is 

owing 


I56  JE  L  E  MEN  T  S  OF 

owing  to  the  fame  caufe.  The  volatile  alkali, 
decanted  from  this  calx,  depofits,  by  flow  eva- 
poration, fmall  brilliant  and  lamellated  cryftals, 
which  have  the  fulminating  property,  even  at 
the  bottom  of  the  water,  by  iimple  friction." 


Alteration  and  Addition  in 
Chapter  XXI. 

(^Numbered  XXII.  in  the  new  edition.) 

p.  385,  l  16. 

TNSERT,  "  Late  experiments  have  fnewn, 
A  that  platina  exceeds  geld  in  weight,  when 
it  has  been  purified  by  a  long  fuiion." 

p.  387, 1. 13. 

Read,  "  publilhed  in  French." 


Alter- 


CHEMISTRY,  &Co 


*57 


Alteration  in  Chapter  XXII. 
(Numbered  XXIII.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  413,  at  the  end  of  the  chapter. 

HP  HE  word  "  ambergreafe"  is  omitted  in 
the  enumeration  ;  and  the  Author  adds, 
that  he  fhall  arrange  it  among  the  animal  pro-* 
duels. 


Chapters    XXIII.  XXIV.  XXV, 
XXVI.  and  XXVIII.  are  not  altered. 

Chapter  XXVII.  upon  ambergreafe,  w 
transferred  to  vol.  iv*  p.  415. 

P.  443. 

The  fupplement  to  the  mineral  kingdom 
is  transferred  to  the  end  of  the  fourth  volume,- 
and  compofes  part  of  the  fifth  volume  in  the 
new  edition, 

SUP- 


SUPPLEMENT 

TO  THE 

ELEMENTS 

O  F 

NATURAL  HISTORY 

AND 

CHEMISTRY. 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Volume  IV. 


CHAPTERS  I.  II.  and  III.  ftand  as  in 
the  former  edition. 


CHAPTER  IV. 
P.  23. 

The  title  of  this  chapter  is  enlarged,  as 
follows  : 

«  Of 


l6o  ELEMENTS     6  £ 

Of  Ac  efTerrtial  farts  of  Tcgetables  iri  ge-  - 
neral,  and  of  thofe  which  are  analogous  to 
mineral  falts  in  particular.** 

P.  24,  1.  8. 

The  fix  following  lines,  beginning  with 
the  words  "  ihe  efTential,"  and  ending  with 
"  mineral  falts,"  are  erafed,  and  the  follow- 
ing fubftituted :  "  This  procefs  cannot  take 
place,  except  with  regard  to  fuch  cryftalliz- 
able  efTential  falts  as  exifi,  ready  formed,  in 
vegetables.  But  vegetable  falts  have  been 
difcovered  which  are  not  cryftallizable ;  fome 
of  which  cannot  be  extracted  but  by  more 
complicated  procelTes,  becaufe  of  their  mixture 
or  combination  with  other  principles.  In  or- 
der to  know  all  the  falts  which  vegetables 
contain  or  afford,  we  think  it  proper  to  dif- 
tinguifh  them  into  fix  genera. 

^The  firft  contains  vegetable  falts  analogous 
to  thofe  of  the  mineral  kingdom. 

The  fecond  contains  the  pure  acids  of 
plants. 

In  the  third,  we  fhall  place  fuch  acid 
falts  as  are  combined  with  a  certain  quantity 
of  potafli,  and  we  fhall  diftinguifli  them  by  the 
names  of  aridities. 

The  fourth  genus  will  include  thofe  which 
arc  formed  by  the  action  of  the  nitric  acid 
upon  certain  vegetable  matters. 

-  The 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  l6l 

The  fifth  will  be  compofed  of  thofe  which 
owe  their  formation  to  heat. 

And  laftly,  the  fixth  genus  will  be  appro- 
priated to  fuch  acids  as  are  developed  by  a 
particular  fermentation. 

The  firft  genus  of  vegetable  falts.  Salts 
analogous  to  thofe  of  the  mineral  kingdom. 

The  firft  genus  of  the  eflential  falts  of  ve- 
getables comprehends  the  neutral  falts  analo- 
gous to  thofe  of  the  mineral  kingdom,  which 
are  extracted  from  their  juices.  The  princi- 
pal fpecies  are,"  &c.  as  in  line  14,  p.  24. 

P.  24,  L  7  (from  the  bottom) 

After  the  word  "  tamarifk,"  infert  the 
words*  "  and  rotten  wood." 

 1.  3  (from  the  bottom). 

Add*  "  The  exiftence  of  this  laft  fait  is 
doubtful ;  for  Scheele  fufpeds  that  Model 
miftook  the  calcareous  oxalate,  or  combination 
of  the  faceharine  acid  with  lime,  for  felenite." 

P.  26,  1.  1 1. 

Add,  "  Whatever  might  be  the  refult  of 
this  experiment,  it  will  be  fhewn,  that  feve- 
ral  falts  which  we  have  examined  in  the  mi- 
neral kingdom,  fuch  as  the  vegetable  alkali, 
the  cretaceous  or  carbonic  acid>  and  perhaps 
M  feveral 


l62  ELEMENTS  OF 

feveral  others,  are  immediately  formed  in  ve- 
getables." 

Here  ends  Chapter  IV.  in  the  new  edition, 
and  in  this  place  is  inferted  a  new  chapter, 

as  follows  : 


4 


CHAP. 


CHEMISTRY,  &c. 


CHAPTER  V. 

Of  the  Second  Genus  of  EJjential  Salts,  or  the 
pure  Acids  of  Vegetables. 

"  T  X  7"E  arrange,  in  the  fecond  genus  of  vege- 
*  *  table  effential  falts,  thofe  acids  which 
are  ready  formed,  and  are  extracted  in  a  ftate 
of  purity,  by  very  fimple  proceffes.  There 
are  four  acids  of  this  kind,  namely,  the  citric 
acid,  or  acid  of  lemons,  the  gallic  acid,  the 
malic  acid,  and  the  benzoic  acid. 

§  I.  Of  the  Citric  Acid. 

WE  call  by  the  name  of  the  citric  acids 
that  pure  acid  which  Scheele  obtained  from 
the  juice  of  lemons. 

The  chemifts  formerly,  without  attending 
to  the  peculiar  characters  prefented  by  this  acid 
juice,  compared  it  to  that  of  tartar ;  and, 
at  that  time,  all  the  vegetable  acids  appeared 
to  be  of  the  fame  nature.  Attempts  had  been 
made  to  concentrate  and  purify  the  acid  juice 
of  lemons  and  of  oranges,  in  order  to  preferve 
them  during  long  voyages.  The  juice  of  the 
former  of  thefe  fruits  has  a  tafte  fo  ftrongly 
M  2  acid, 


164  ELEMENTS  OF 

acid  and  it  alters  moft  blue  colours  fo  effica- 
cicullv,  that  its  nature  cannot  be  doubted. 
Mr.  De  Morveau  has  found  that  the  fpecific 
gravity  of  this  juice  is  to  diftilled  water  as 
1,060  to  1. 

When  this  exprefled  juice  is  kept,  it  becomes 
turbid,  aflumes  a  difagrceable  tafte,  and  be- 
comes covered  with  mouldinefs  ;  this  altera- 
tion depends  on  a  very  abundant  mucilage  it 
contains,  which  the  chemifts  have  endea- 
voured to  deprive  it  of.  Before  other  me- 
thods were  contrived,  it  was  prefervcd  in 
glafs  bottles,  beneath  a  thin  covering  of  oil. 
Some  perfons  have  propofed  to  put  fand  in 
the  veflfels,  others  added  a  mineral  acid  :  thefe 
two  laft  prcceffes  manifestly  altered  its  nature ; 
the  firft  method  was  preferable  to  them, 
though,  even  in  that  fituation,  the  juice,  at 
the  end  of  fome  days,  contracted  a  fharp, 
oily,  and  di (agreeable  tafte.  Mr.  Georgius 
has  publifhcd,  in  the  Ads  of  the  Academy  of 
Stockholm  in  1774,  a  procefs  to  concen- 
trate the  juice  of  lemons,  and  render  it  un- 
alterable. He  directs  that  the  lemon-juice 
lhould  be  kept  for  fome  time  in  a  cellar  in 
bottles  laid  down,  in  order  to  feparate  part  of  the 
mucilage,  and  afterwards  to  expofe  it  to  a  cold 
of  three  or  four  degrees  below  o  on  the  thermo- 
meter of  Reaumur :  the  aqueous  part  freezes, 
and  takes  with  it,  as  it  appears,  a  portion  of 
the  mucilaginous  matter.  Care  mult  be  taken 
to  feparate  the  ice  from  the  liquid,  in  propor- 
tion 


1 


CHEMISTRY,    &C  1 6j 

tion  as  it  is  formed  :  and  the  congelation  muft 
be  continued  until  the  ice  which  is  formed 
becomes  acid.  Mr.  Georgius  has  found,  that 
when  the  juice  is  reduced  to  one-eighth  of 
its  volume,  it  is  eight  times  ftronger  than  be- 
fore. A  quantity  of  juice  of  lemon,  which 
faturated  thirty- fix  grains  of  potafli  in  the 
ounce,  faturated  the  fame  quantity  of  alkali, 
excepting  one  dram,  after  having  been  con- 
centrated by  froft.  This  acid,  thus  concen- 
trated, may  be  employed  in  all  domeftic  ufes, 
or  a  dry  lemonade  may  be  made  with  it  by 
mixing  it  with  fix  parts  of  refined  fugar  in 
powder. 

Lemon-juice  recently  exprefled,  and  ex- 
pofed  for  fome  hours  to  the  air,  at  the  tem- 
perature of  above  r  5  degrees  of  Reaumur,  de- 
pofits  a  white,  femi-tranfparent,  mucilaginous 
matter,  of  a  gelatinous  confidence  :  when  this 
juice  is  decanted  and  filtered,  it  is  much  lefs 
alterable  than  before.  The  dried,  mucilagi- 
nous fubftance  does  not  diflblve  in  boiling 
water;  when  treated  with  the  acid. of  nitre, 
it  affords  azotic  gas,  and  becomes  converted 
into  oxalic  acid :  it  is  not  a  gummy  mucilage, 
but  has  an  analogy  with  the  vegetable  gluten, 
of  which  we  mall  fpeak  at  the  article  flour. 

Mr.  Dubuiflbn  has  preferred  lemon-juice 
by  an  oppofite  procefs  to  that  of  Mr.  Geor-r 
gius.  By  evaporating  this  juice  in  a  gentle 
heat  long  continued,  the  mucilage  thickens* 
and  is  feparated  in  the  form  of  a  cruft  cr 
M  3  fcum, 


i66 


ELEMENTS  OF 


fcum,  and  glutinous  flocks ;  the  liquid  acid  is 
concentrated,  and  may  be  preferved  a  long 
time  without  alteration,  in  bottles  well  clofed. 
Mr.  Dubuiflbn  has  obferved,  that  the  contact 
of  the  air  which  remains  between  the  cork  and 
the  furface  of  this  acid  liquor  concentrated  by- 
evaporation,  is  fufficient  to  feparate,  in  the 
courfe  of  fome  weeks,  flocks  of  a  white  fub- 
ftance,  which  he  fuppofes  to  be  glutinous, 
and  which  are  collected  together  at  the  furface, 
wrhere  they  form  a  coherent  elaftic  body. 
The  acid  is  not  fenfibly  altered  during  this 
feparation. 

Such  are  the  various  procefies  which  have 
been  propofed  and  ufed  before  the  time  of 
Scheele,  to  purify  and  preferve  lemon-juice. 
Although  they  prove  that  chemifts  had  em- 
ployed themfelves  upon  this  acid,  yet  it  was 
not  made,  except  for  the  ufes  of  pharmacy ; 
and  the  perfuafion  that  its  nature  was  analo- 
gous to  that  of  the  acid  of  tartar  was  fuch, 
that  it  had  never  been  called  in  queftion. 
Stahl  had  aflerted  that  lemon-juice,  Saturated 
with  crabs  eyes  or  chalk,  affumed  the  nature 
of  vinegar.  Several  chemifts  had  attempted 
to  combine  it  with  alkalis,  and  had  not  been 
able  to  obtain  permanent  cryftals  from  thefe 
combinations^  doubtlefs  on  account  of  the 
mucilage  with  which  it  is  lb  abundantly 
mixed.  Mr.  De  Morveau  allures  us,  never- 
iHclefs,  that,  after  having  faturated  the  carbo- 
nate of  potafh,  or  mild  vegetable  alkali,  with 

lemon*- 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  l6j 

lemon-juice,  the  folution,  expofed  to  the  air, 
and  filtered  feveral  times,  afforded  him  a 
cryftallized.falt  in  fmall  opaque  grains  which 
were  not  deliquefcent. 

Scheele  has  given,  in  Crell's  Chemical 
Journal  for  1784,  a  procefs  for  obtaining  the 
acid  of  lemon  in  a  ftate  of  great  purity,  fepa- 
rated  from  the  mucilage  and  extractive  matter, 
which  alter  this  fruit  in  the  expfeflfed  juice, 
and  under  a  concrete  form  :  alcohol,  which 
he  at  firft  ufed  to  feparate  the  mucilage 
by  coagulation,  did  not  fucceed  ;  for  after  hav- 
ing filtered  the  thickened  fluid,  evaporation 
did  not  afford  cryftals.  He  availed  himfelf 
of  the  procefs  he  had  difcovered  feveral  years 
before,  to  purify  the  tartareous  acid,  and  he 
fucceeded,  in  obtaining  the  pure  citric  acid 
in  a  concrete  ftate.  The  following  is  the 
procefs  :  Boiling  lemon-juice  was  faturated 
with  powdered  chalk  ;  the  acid  formed  with 
the  chalk  a  fait  of  difficult  folubility,  and  the 
fupernatant  water  retained  in  folution  the 
mucilaginous  and  extractive  fubftances  ;  the 
precipitate  was  wafhed  with  warm  water  until 
the  fluid  came  off  colourlefs  :  it  is  nearly 
as  foluble  in  water  as  the  fulphate  of  lime 
or  felenite ;  it  was  afterwards  treated  with 
the  quantity  of  fulphuric  acid  neceffary  for 
the  faturation  of  the  dofe  of  chalk  employed, 
and  diluted  with  ten  parts  of  water  :  this 
mixture  was  boiled  for  feveral  minutes. 
After  cookng,  it  was  filtered  ;  the  fulphate 

M  4  of 


i68 


ELEMENTS  OF 


of  lime  remained  on  the  filtre,  and  the  eva- 
porated liquid  afforded  a  concrete  and  cryftal- 
iized  acid.  In  this  operation,  it  is  better,  ac- 
cording to  the  remark  of  Scheele,  that  there 
ihould  be  an  excefs  of  fulphuric  acid,  than  to 
leave  a  fmall  quantity  of  lime,  which  prevents 
the  citric  acid  from  cryftallizing  :  the  excefs 
of  fulphuric  acid  remains  in  the  mother 
water. 

The  citric  acid  thus  prepared  is  very  pure 
and  concentrated  ;  its  tafte  is  ftrongly  acid, 
and  it  reddens  all  the  blue  vegetable  colours 
which  are  capable  of  that  change.  Fire  de- 
compofes  and  converts  it  into  an  acidulous 
phlegm,  gafeous  carbonic  acid,  and  carbonated 
hydrogenous  gas  ;  a  fmall  portion  of  charcoal 
remains  in  the  retort  :  its  cryftals  are  not 
altered  in  the  air  ;  it  is  very  foluble  in 
wrater,  and  its  folution  is  decompofed  by  a 
true  putrefaction,  which  is  very  flow.  United 
with  earths  and  alkalis,  it  forms  the  citrates 
of  alumine,  of  barytes,  of  magnefia,  of  lime, 
of  potafh,  of  foda,  and  of  ammoniac,  whole 
properties  have  not  yet  been  well  afcertained, 
but  which  are  known  to  be  different  from  all 
ether  neutral  falts.  The  nitric  acid  does  not 
convert  it  into  oxalic  acid,  as  it  does  fevcral 
other  vegetable  acids  ;  it  feems  to  be  one 
of  the  moft  powerful  of  thefe  acids  ;  it  acts 
on  fevcral  metallic  fubftances  by  the  affiftance 
of  water,  and  notably  on  zinc,  iron,  cop- 
per, &c. 

Its 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  1 69 

Its  affinities,  pointed  out  by  Bergman,  are 
in  the  following  order :  Lime,  barytes,  mag- 
nefia,  potafh,  foda,  ammoniac.  Mr.  Breffey, 
of  Dijon,  has  determined  its  attractions  fome- 
what  differently :  according  to  him,  barytes 
holds  the  firft  rank,  lime  the  fecond,  and 
magnefia  the  third  ;  the  alkalis  come  after- 
wards. It  follows,  from  the  refearches  of  thefe 
two  obfervers,  that  the  three  alkaline  earths 
are  preferred  to  alkalis  by  this  acid. 

The  ufes  of  the  citric  acid  are  fuSiciently 
numerous.  With  water  and  fugar  it  forms  a 
very  agreeable  drink,  known  under  the  name 
of  lemonade.  It  is  employed  in  medicine  as 
refreshing,  cooling,  antifeptic,  antifcorbutic, 
diuretic ;  more  particularly  it  corrects  acrid 
bile.  It  is  fometimes  ufed  as  a  flight  efcharotic 
in  fcorbutic  ulcers,  dartrous  eruptions,  and 
fpots  on  the  fkin.  When  concentrated  by 
the  procefs  of  Mr.  Georgius,  or  Mr.  Dubuiifon, 
it  may  be  ufed  in  fea  voyages,  and  will  be  a 
great  refource  in  remote  expeditions  of  this 
kind. 

§  2.  Of  the  Gallic  Acid. 

WE  give  the  name  of  gallic  acid  to  that 
which  is  extracted  from  the  nut-gall,  which 
grows  on  the  oak  by  the  puncture  of  an  in- 
fecl:.  This  acid  exifts  in  general  in  greater 
or  lefs  quantities,  in  all  vegetable,  auliere,  or 
aftringent  fubftances ;  fuch  are  the  woods  of 

the 


1JO  ELEMENTS  OF 

the  oak,  the  aih,  the  willow,  the  barks  of  the 
fame  trees,  the  quinquina,  fimarouba,  pome- 
granate, fumach,  tormentilla  ;  the  nuts  of  cy- 
prefs ;  the  hufks  of  nuts ;  the  ftem  and  leaves 
of  the  inarlh  iris,  the  ftrawberry  plant,  the 
nenuphar,  &c. 

Chemifts  were  formerly  acquainted,  in  this 
fubftance  (which  they  diftinguifhed  by  the 
name  of  aftringent  principle),  with  no  other 
property  than  that  of  precipitating  the  folu- 
tions  of  iron  in  acids  of  a  black  colour,  or  of 
forming  ink,  which,  indeed,  is  an  exclufive 
and  very  character i ft ic  property.  MeiTrs. 
Macquer,  Monnet,  Lewis,  Cartheufer,  and 
Gioanetti,  made  experimental  inquiries  into 
the  mode  of  action  of  this  principle  upon 
iron.  Mr.  Monnet  had  more  particularly  re- 
marked, that  the  nut-gall  and  aftringent. ve- 
getable juices  acted  immediately  on  irony  and 
gave  it  a  black  colour.  Mr.  Gioanetti  had 
obferved,  that  the  precipitate,  or  atramentary 
fecula,  was  not  attracted  by  the  magnet,  and 
that  the  iron  was  not  in  the  metallic  ftate,  as 
had  been  fuppofed  before  his  time.  Thefe 
obfervations  ought  to  have  led  to  the  notion 
that  the  aftringent  principle  of  the  nut-gall 
was  an  acid,  or  at  leaft  that  it  acted  as  an  acid 
in  chemical  operations.  The  academicians  of 
Dijon  arc,  however,  the  firft  who,  after  the 
above-mentioned  authors,  began  to  perceive  in 
their  experiments  that  the  aftringent  principle 
was  an  acid.  Thefe  learned  men  have  (hewn, 

i.  That 


CHEMISTRY,   &C.  I71 

I.  That  the  product  of  the  nut-gall  by  diftil- 
lation  blackened  the  folution  of  fulphate  of 
iron  or  martial  vitriol.  2.  That  one  ounce  of 
this  excrefcence  affords  a  tincture  to  cold  wa- 
ter, from  which  3  4  drams  of  extract  are  ob- 
tained by  evaporation.  3.  That  this  infufion 
reddens  turnfole  and  blue  paper.  4.  That  the 
fame  principle  is  foluble  in  oils,  in  alcohol,  and 
in  aether.  5.  That  the  acids  diflolve  it  with- 
out altering  it,  and  without  depriving  it  of 
the  property  of  precipitating  iron  of  a  black 
colour.  6.  That  this  folution  in  water  pre- 
cipitates alkaline  fulphures.  7.  That  it  com- 
pletely decompofes  all  metallic  folutions,  and 
colours  their  calces  at  the  fame  time  that  it 
combines  with  them.  8.  Laftly,  that  it  dif- 
folves  iron  in  the  direct  way,  and  reduces  filver 
and  gold,  after  having  feparated  them  from 
their  folvents.  Such  are  the  important  facts 
announced  by  the  academicians  of  Dijon,  fe- 
veral  of  which  were,  indeed,  before  perceived 
by  fome  chemifts,  but  were  not  confidered  by 
any  of  them  as  indications  of  the  acidity  of 
this  principle,  excepting  by  thefe  philofo- 
phers. 

Since  their  time,  Scheele  has  not  only  fhewn 
that  all  auftere  and  aftringent  plants  exhibit 
figns  of  acidity,  but  he  has  like  wife  difcovered 
and  defcribed  a  procefs  to  obtain  this  vegeta- 
ble, pure  and  cryftallizecl. 

Six  pounds  of  diftilled  water  are  poured 
upon  one  pound  of  nut-galls  in  powder ;  this 

is 


I72  ELEMENTS  OF 

is  left  to  macerate  during  fifteen  days,  at  the 
temperature  of  between  1 6  and  20  degrees  of 
Reaumur  ;  it  is  then  filtrated,  and  the  fluid 
is  left  in  a  tureen  of  ftone  ware,  or  a  large 
glafs  capfule.  It  is  fuffered  to  evaporate  flowly 
by  expofure  to  the  air.  A  mouldinefs  and 
thick  pellicle  is  formed,  which  appears  as  if 
glutinous ;  very  abundant  mucilaginous  flocks 
fall  down;  the  lolution  then  no  longer  pofTefTes 
a  very  aftringent  tafte,  but  is  very  fenfibly  acid  ; 
and  after  two  or  three  months  expofure  to 
the  air,  a  brown  cruft  is  obferved  adhering  to 
the  tides  of  the  veiTels,  and  covered  with  gra- 
nulated, brilliant,  yellowifh,  grey  cryftals  ;  the 
fame  cryftals  likewife  exift  in  large  quantities 
beneath  the  thick  pellicle  which  covers  the  li- 
quor :  the  fluid  is  then  decanted,  and  alcohol 
is  poured  on  the  depoiit  of  pellicle  and  of 
cryftalline  cruft,  and  heated.  This  folvent 
takes  up  the  whole  of  the  cryftallized  fait,  but 
does  not  touch  the  mucilage.  By  evaporation 
of  this  fpirituous  folution,  the  pure  gallic  acid 
is  obtained  in  fmall  granulated  cryftals,  of  a 
brilliant  appearance,  and  flightly  yellowifh 
grey  colour. 

The  gallic  acid,  thus  purified,  has  a  four  and 
flightly  aftringent  tafte  :  it  precipitates  martial 
vitriol,  and  all  other  falts  of  iron,  in  a  very  beau- 
tiful and  bright  black ;  it  ftrongly  reddens  the 
tincture  of  turnfole ;  heated  with  the  contact 
of  air,  it  fwclls  up  and  takes  lire,  emitting  a 
fomewhat  agreeable  fmell,  and  leaves  a  char- 


CHEMISTRY,    &€.  1 73 

coal  of  difficult  incineration.  When  diftilled 
by  a  gentle  heat,  part  rifes,  diffolved  in  the 
water  of  cryfhllization  ;  another  part  rifes  in 
fmall  filky  cryftals,  without  decompofition ;  a 
ftrong  fire  feparates  fome  drops  of  oil*  car- 
bonic acid  gas  or  fixed  air,  and  carbonated  hy- 
drogene,  or  inflammable  air  contaminated  with 
fixed  air.  The  nut-gall,  diftilled  in  fubliance, 
affords  a  fmall  quantity  of  concrete  fait,  ana- 
logous to  the  fublimed  gallic  acid. 

The  gallic  acid  requires  24  parts  of  cold 
water,  but  no  more  than  three  of  boiling 
water  to  diffolve  it :  repeated  folutions  and 
cryftallizations  do  not  render  it  fenfibly  whiter. 
Alcohol  dilTolves  it  much  more  effectually  ; 
four  parts  of  this  liquid  are  fufficient  when 
cold,  but  when  boiling  it  is  foluble  in  an  equal 
weight  of  that  fluid. 

This  acid  difengages  the  carbonic  acid  from 
earthv  and  alkaline  bafes,  when  its  action  is 
iflifted  by  heat. 

With  barytes,  magnefia,  and  lime,  it  forms 
falts,  foluble  in  water,  more  efpecially  by  the 
affiftance  of  an  excefs  of  thefe  bafes.  Vege- 
table alkali,  foda,  and  volatile  alkali,  unite  very 
readily  with  it,  and  form  falts,  whofe  proper- 
ties are  not  yet  known. 

The  nitric  acid  converts  the  gallic  acid  into 
the  oxalic  acid,  or  acid  of  fugar. 

The  gallic  acid  precipitates  gold  from  its 
fcivent  in  the  form  of  a  brown  powder,  and 
part  of  the  metal  appears  -  at  the  furface  in  a 

brilliant 


174  ELEMENT*  S^^OF 

brilliant  and  metallic  pelhfcfe  Silver  is  pre-* 
cipitated  of  a  brown  colour^,  and  a  film  of  this 
metal  reduced,  foon  covers  the  furface  of  the 
liquor.  Mercury  is  precipitated  of  an  orange 
yellow  ;  copper  of  a  brow^  colour  ;  iron  of 
a  beautiful  bright  black  ;  arkl  bifrriuth  of  a 
yellow  lemon  colour.  The  Solutions  of  pla- 
tina,  zinc,  tin,  cobalt,  and  mrfoganefe,  are  not 
altered  by  this  acid. 

Such  are  the  properties  difcovered  by 
Scheele  in  the  gallic  acid,  prepared  as  has  been 
defcribed  above  :  they  are  ftifficient  to  caufe 
this  fait  to  be  confidered  a8  a  peculiar  acid, 
different  from  all  others.  Its  intimate  nature, 
and  the  proportion  of  its  principles,  have  not 
yet  been  determined.  Mr.  De  Morveau  has 
obtained  from  it  a  refin,  which  he  fuppofes  to 
be  the  acidiiiable  bafe,  whofe  union  with  ox- 
igene  forms  this  acid. 

The  ufes  of  the  nut-gall  for  dying  black 
are  fufficiently  known.  We  fhall  only  add, 
to  what  we  have  already  faid  at  the  article  of 
iron,  that,  by  employing  the  purified  gallic  acid 
for  the  preparation  of  ink,  this  fluid  is  very 
beautiful,  very  black,  and  may  be  kept  a  long 
time  without  alteration. 

§  3-  Of  ike  Malic  Acid. 

WE  give  the  name  of  malic  acid  to  a  pe- 
culiar vegetable  acid  which  Scheele  extracted 

from 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  1 75 

from  the  juice  of  feveral  fruits,  and  which  he 
found  more  particularly  abundant  in  apples. 

To  obtain  this  acid,  the  juice  of  four  apples 
is  exprefTed,  and  faturated  with  vegetable  alkali; 
to  this  liquor  a  folutioh  of  acetite  of  lead  or 
fugar  of  latum  is  added  ;  a  double  decompo- 
fition  takes  place,  the  acetous  acid  combines 
with  the  alkali,  and  the  malic  acid  with  the 
calx  of  lead  ;  the  metallic  fait  or  malate  of 
lead  falls  down  :  this  precipitate  is  warned  and 
treated  with  the  vitriolic  acid,  diluted  with 
water  ;  fulphate  of  lead  is  formed,  and  the 
malic  acid  remains  in  the  liquor.  It  is  necef- 
fary  to  add  a  fufficient  quantity  of  fulphuric 
acid  to  decompofe  the  whole  of  the  malate  of 
lead,  which  is  known  by  the  frefh  acid  tafte  of 
the  liquor. 

This  acid  poffeffes  the  following  properties  : 
It  cannot  be  obtained  in  the  concrete  form. 
With  the  three  alkalis,  it  forms  deliquefcent 
neutral  falts.  With  lime  it  forms  a  fait  which 
affords  fmall  irregular  cryftals,  foluble  in  boil- 
ing water,  in  vinegar,  and  in  the  malic  acid 
itfelfi  With  clay  it  forms  a  fait  of  very  dif- 
ficult folubiiity.  With  magnefia,  a  deliquef- 
cent fait.  It  diffolves  iron  ;  and  this  folution 
is  brown,  and  does  not  afford  crvftals.  With 
zinc,  which  it  diffolves  well,  it  affords  a  fait 
in  very  fine  cryftals.  The  nitric  acid  changes 
it  into  the  oxalic  acid,  or  acid  of  fugar.  It 
precipitates  the  nitrates  of  mercury,  of  lead, 
of  filver,  or  of  gold,  in  the  metallic  ftate.  The 

caU 


176  ELEMENTS  OP 

calcareous  malate  decompofes  the  ammoniacal 
citrate,  or  combination  of  the  volatile  alkali 
with  the  acid  of  lemons,  and  calcareous  ci- 
trate is  formed,  which  is  infoluble  in  boiling 
water  and  in  the  vegetable  acids.  The  folu- 
tion  of  calcareous  malate  in  water  is  precipi- 
tated by  alcohol.  Laftly,  the  malic  acid  is 
readily  deftroyed  by  fire,  which  changes  it  into 
the  carbonic  acid  or  fixed  air :  this  laft  partly 
iaturates  the  bales  of  the  malates,  which  are 
decornpofed  by  heat.  Thefe  are  the  properties 
which  eiiabliih  the  peculiar  characters  of  this 
acid. 

Scheele  found  it  almofl  pure,  or  mixed 
with  a  fmall  quantity  of  citric  acid,  or  acid  of 
lemons,  in  the  juice  of  apples,  barberries,  elder- 
berries, floes,  the  fruit  cf  the  fervice-tree, 
and  damfons. 

He  found  it  in  combination  with  half  its 
weight  of  acid  of  lemons  in  goofeberries, 
cherries,  ftrawberries,  rafpberries,  and  black- 
berries. 

And,  laftly,  he  obtained  it  from  fugar  by 
the  nitric  acid  ;  and  Mr.  De  Morveau  re- 
marks, that  the  malic  acid  appears  before  the 
oxalic  acid,  or  acid  of  fugar. 

When  four  fruits  contain,  at  the  fame  time, 
the  citric  acid  and  the  malic  acid,  the  following 
is  the  procefs  which  Scheele  has  followed  to  fe- 
parate  them,  and  obtain  the  latter  in  a  ftate  of 
purity.  The  juice  of  goofeberries,  faturated 
with  chalk,  affords  calcareous  citrate,  which 

falls 


CHEMISTRY,     &C,  I77 

falls  down  becaufe  infoluble ;  the  fupernatant 
liquor  holds  in  folution  the  calcareous  malate, 
which  is  feparated  by  alcohol :  but  as  it  ftill 
remains  in  combination  with  a  portion  of  mu- 
cilage, Scheele  had  recourfe  to  another  method 
to  obtain  it  pure.    He  evaporated  the  juice  of 
goofeberries  to  the  confidence  of  fyrup,  upon 
which  he  poured  alcohol,  which  diifolved  the 
acid  without  touching  the  mucilage,  and  he 
feparated  the  latter  by  the  filtre ;  the  liquor 
being  filtrated,  he  evaporated  the  alcohol,  and 
faturated  the  acids  with  chalk :  the  portion  of 
citric  acid  was  precipitated  in  the   form  of 
calcareous  citrate,  and  the  calcareous  malate 
remained  dhTolved.    This  new  alcohol  pre- 
cipitated it  from  its  folvent,  and  Scheele  ob- 
tained the  malic  acid  by  diflblving  this  fait  in 
water,  precipitating  this  folution  by  the  acetite 
or  acetous  fait  of  lead,  and  by  decompofing 
the  malate  of  lead  by  the  fulphuric  acid.  The 
malic  acid  was  difengaged  in  the  fupernatant 
liquor. 

§  4  .  Of  the  Benzoic  Acid. 

IT  has  been  known,  fince  the  time  of  Blaife 
de  Vigenere,  who  wrote  at  the  commence- 
ment of  the  laft  century,  that  benjamin  af- 
fords, by  diftillation,  an  acid  fait,  cryftallized 
in  very  fragrant  needles,  of  an  acrid  tafte, 
which  in  pharmacy  are  diftinguimed  by  the 
name  of  flowers  of  benjamin.    Chemifts  for- 

N  merly 


178  ELEMENTS  OF 

tnerly  fuppofed  it  to  be  a  mineral  acid  modi- 
fied ;  but  at  prefent,  the  particular  and  cha- 
racteriftic  properties  which  have  been  diftin- 
guifhed  in  it  do  not  permit  us  to  doubt  but 
that  it  is  a  vegetable  acid,  different  from  all 
other  acids. 

This  acid  exifts  in  benjamin,  balfam  of  Pe- 
ru and  of  Tolu,  ftorax,  liquid  amber,  and  the 
vanilla,  around  which  it  cryftallizes  :  Scheele 
Kfcewife  found  it  in  fugar  of  milk,  and  extract 
of  urine.  It  will  be  feen,  at  the  article  Ben- 
zoin, that  the  fimple  procefs  formerly  employ- 
ed in  obtaining  it,  confifted  in  fublimation  by 
a  gentle  fire.  GeoftVoy  difcovered,  in  1738, 
that  it  might  be  extracted  by  water,  and  that 
this  fubftance  was  contained  ready  formed  in 
the  benzoin.  I  have  extracted  it,  by  the  fame 
procels,  from  balfam  of  Peru,  ftorax,  and  the 
Imfks  of  vanilla  ;  but  this  method  affords  only 
a  fmall  quantity,  becaufe  the  refin  of  benzoin, 
which  does  not  mix  with  water,  envelopes 
and  defends  a  great  part  of  the  acid  fait. 

In  the  year  1776,  Scheele  publifhed,  in 
the  Memoirs  of  Stockholm,  important  obfer- 
vations  upon  the  benzoic  acid.  96  parts  of 
benzoin  afforded,  by  fublimation,  between  9 
and  10  parts  of  this  fublimed  fait,  which  is 
very  fir  from  the  cllimation  of  Spielman,  who 
affirmed,  that  he  obtained  J  of  the  weight  of 
the  benzoin  made  life  of.  It  appears,  that  the 
chemift  of  Strafburg  cftimated  it  when  mixed 
With  much  empyreumatic  oil.  Scheele  boiled 
n  water 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  1 79 

water  upon  benzoin  in  powder,  mixed  with 
chalk,  and  filtered  the  liquor,  which  afforded 
no  fait  by  cooling.  The  fulphuric  acid  being 
poured  upon  this  liquor,  feparated  the  benzoic 
acid  in  powder,  and  mewed  that  this  acid  had 
united  to  the  bafe  of  the  chalk,  and  had  form- 
ed a  neutral  fait,  foluble  in  water ;  neverthe- 
lefs,  the  quantity  of  concrete  acid,  precipitated 
by  this  procefs,  was  not  more  confiderable 
than  that  wThich  is  obtained  by  fimple  lixivi- 
ation.  Scheele  fuppofed  that  he  mould  obtain 
more  by  employing  a  fubftance  capable  of 
acYing  upon  the  refm,  and  facilitating  the  fe- 
paration  of  the  fait :  the  vegetable  alkali  did 
not  anfwer  this  purpofe ;  the  refin  united  at 
the  furface  of  the  fluid  in  the  form  of  a  denfe 
and  tenacious  oil,  which  afforded  no  hopes  of 
a  fufficiently  complete  feparation  of  the  acid. 
Quick-lime  fucceeded  better,  and  the  following 
procefs  invented  by  him  is  ufed  :  4  ounces 
of  quick-lime  are  extinguiihed  in  12  ounces 
of  water,  and  8  pounds  of  water  are  added 
when  the  ebullition  has  ceafed ;  6  ounces  of 
this  lime-water  are  poured  over  1  pound  of 
benzoin  in  powder,  with  fufficient  agitation  to 
mix  thefe  two  fubftances  ;  the  whole  of  the 
lime-water  is  added  by  degrees.  This  mix- 
ture by  parts  prevents  the  benzoin  from  unit- 
ing into  a  mais.  The  liquor  is  heated  over  a 
gentle  fire  for  half  an  hour,  with  continual 
agitation ;  it  is  then  taken  from  the  fire,-  and 
fuffered  to  fettle  for  feveral  hours  ;  the  clear 

N  2  liquor 


i8o 


ELEMENTS  OF 


liquor  is  then  decanted,  and  8  pounds  of  wa- 
ter thrown  on  the  refidue,  which,  after  being 
boiled  for  half  an  hour,  is  fuffered  to  fubiide, 
and  when  clear  is  added  to  the  preceding  fluid. 
This  walhing  and  ebullition  is  repeated  twice 
more,  and  the  wafhing  is  ended  by  pouring 
hot  water  through  the  reiidue  upon  a  fikre  : 
all  thefe  waters  are  afterwards  reduced  to  two 
pounds  by  evaporation  :  a  fmall  quantity  of 
reiin  leparates ;  the  evaporated  liquor  being- 
cooled,  muriatic  acid  is  added  drop  by  drop, 
until  no  more  precipitate  falls  down,  and  the 
liquid  exhibits  a  tafte  fenfibly  acid  ;  the  fait 
of  benzoin  is  the  precipitate  in  the  form  of  a 
powder ;  it  is  edulcorated  on  the  filtre.  If 
cryftals  be  defired,  it  may  be  diifolved  in  5  or 
6  times  its  weight  of  boiling  water,  which 
being  filtered  through  a  cloth,  and  differed 
to  cool  flowly,  the  fait  is  depofited  in  flat  and 
very  long  prifms. 

In  this  procefs,  the  lime  abforbs  the  benzoic 
acid,  and  forms  with  it  calcareous  benzoate, 
which  is  very  foluble :  the  refm  feparates 
from  this  fait,  which  has  but  a  fmall  affinity 
with  it ;  the  muriatic  acid,  whofe  attraction 
for  lime  is  ftronger  than  that  of  the  benzoic 
acid,  feizes  the  earth,  and  feparates  the  ve- 
getable, acid.  The  liquor  reduced  to  two 
pounds  by  evaporation,  is  not  furficient  to 
hold  the  acid  in  folution,  and  almoil  the 
whole  is  depofited.  The  calcareous  benzoate 
has  not  the  fmcll  of  benzoin  ;  but  as  foon  as 
1  the 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  l8l 

the  benzoic  acid  is  feparated  by  the  muriatic 
acid,  it  refumes  the  lively  fmell  which  ig 
peculiar  to  that  balfamic  fubftance.  By  this 
proceis  Scheele  obtained  12  or  14  drams  of 
benzoic  acid  from  one  pound  of  benzoin  ; 
whereas  fublimation  affords  no  more  than 
9  or  10.  He  informs  us,  likewife,  that  the 
purification  of  this  fait  by  hot  water  and  by 
cryftallization,  caufes  the  lofs  of  a  great  quan- 
tity, and  that  this  purification  is  not  necef- 
fary  for  pharmaceutic  ufes.  In  fact,  this  fait, 
well  cryftallized,  is  very  difficult  to  reduce  to 
powder,  and  the  purification  has  no  other 
object  than  to  feparate  about  two  grains  of 
reiin  in  the  pound  of  benzoin.  Laftly,  he 
remarks  that  the  filtration  of  this  acid  diffolved 
in  water  cannot  be  made  bur  through  a  cloth, 
as  it  feparates  quickly,  and  in  proportion  as 
the  liquor  cools,  the  fait  clofes  the  pores  of 
the  paper,  and  the  filtration  cannot  proceed. 

Since  thefe  experiments  were  made  by 
Scheele,  Mr.  Lichtenftein  has  publifhed,  in 
Germany,  Obfervations  on  the  Benzoic  Acid, 
in  which  he  affures  us  that  fublimation  affords 
mere  of  this  acid  than  the  procefs  with  lime- 
water ;  but  I  think,  with  Scheele  and  Mr. 
De  Morveau,  that  this  cannot  be  underftood 
but  of  the  purified  fait. 

The  pure  benzoic  acid  has  a  flightly  four, 
penetrating,  hot,  and  acrid  tafte  ;  its  fmell 
is  but  .flightly  aromatic,  and  it  reddens  the 
colour  of  turnfole  very  well. 

N  3  Heat 


l82 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Heat  volatilizes  it,  and  at  the  fame  time 
Angularly  increafes  its  odour.  If  it  be  ex- 
pofed  to  the  action  of  the  blow-pipe  in  a 
filver  fpoon,  it  liquefies,  according  to  the 
obfervation  of  Mr.  Lichtenftein,  and  eva- 
porates without  enflaming.  If  it  be  fuffered 
to  cool,  it  forms  a  folid  cm  ft,  whofe  furfacc 
prefents  traces  of  cryftallization  in  divergent 
rays  :  it  does  not  burn  with  Ma  me,  unlefs  it 
be  in  contact  with  bodies  which  are  them- 
felves  ftrongly  inflamed  ;  the  contact  of  a 
burning  coal  only  caufes  it  to  fublime  ra- 
pidly. 

Air  does  not  appear  to  have  any  action 
upon  this  acid  ;  tor,  after  having  been  pre- 
ferved  20  years  in  a  glafs  veflel,  it  was  very 
pure,  and  had  loft  nothing  of  its  weight  ; 
its  fmell  is  difiipated,  but  it  recovers  it  again 
by  heat. 

The  benzoic  acid  is  but  fparingly  foluble 
in  cold  water  :  from  the  experiments  of 
Meffrs.  Wenzel  and  Lichtenftein,  it  appears 
that  480  grains  of  cold  water  diflblve  no 
more  than  one  grain,  and  that  the  fame 
quantity  of  boiling  water  can  diflblve  20 
grains,  of  which  19  feparate  by  cooling. 
Bergman  affirms  that  boiling  water  can  take 
up  of  its  weight,  and  that  at  the  mean 
temperature  it  diflblves  fcarcely 

The  benzoic  acid  unites  to  all  the  earthy 
and  alkaline  bafes,  and  forms  with  them  the 
benzoatcs  of  alumine,  of  barytes,  of  mag- 

nefia, 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  1 83 

nefia,  of  lime,  of  potafh,  of  foda,  and  of  am- 
moniac ;  the  characteristic  properties  of  thefe 
feveral  combinations  are  not  known,  nor  the 
various  attractions  of  this  acid  for  the  bafes. 
Mr.  Lichtenftein  affirms  that  it  prefers  the 
fixed  alkalis,  and  even  ammoniac,  to  the 
aluminous,  magnefian  and  calcareous  earths: 
but  more  numerous  experiments  are  required 
to  determine  exactly  the  order  of  thefe  at- 
tractions, more  efpecially  as  Bergman  ar- 
ranges them  differently  :  according  to  him, 
lime  feparates  the  alkaline  bafes,  and  barytes 
feparates  lime :  it  difengages  the  carbonic  acid 
from  all  thefe  bafes. 

The  concentrated  fulphuric  acid  readily 
diffolves  it  without  heat,  and  without  noife, 
according  to  the  fame  chemift  ;  neverthelefs 
it  paffes  to  the  ftate  of  fulphureous  acid. 
The  benzoic  acid  may  be  feparated  without 
alteration  by  water. 

The  nitric  acid  difiblves  it  in  the  fame 
manner,  and  water  equally  difengages  this  fait 
unaltered.  Mr.  De  Morveau  has  augmented 
the  action  of  thefe  two  bodies  by  heat,  and 
the  nitrous  gas  was  not  difengaged  but  to- 
wards the  end ;  and  the  benzoic  acid  was 
fublimed  entire  and  without  alteration.  How-* 
ever,  Mr.  Hermftadt  affirms  that  by  em- 
ploying the  concentrated  nitrous  acid,  the 
benzoic  acid  becomes  fluid,  more  fixed,  and 
affumes  the  characters  of  the  tartareous  or 
oxAic  acid  ;  but  this  refult,  which  is  itfelf 
N  4  very 


ELEMENTS  OF 


very  uncertain,  requires  additional  refearches. 
That  which  appears  to  be  the  moft  certain 
refpecling  this  acid  is,  that  it  differs  by  its 
nature  and  properties  from  all  the  other  vege- 
tate acids,  and  that  it  retains  an  efiential  oil, 
which  gives  it  fmell,  volatility,  combuftibi- 
lity,  and  folubility  in  alcohol." 


Alter 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


Alterations    and   Additions  in 
Chapter  VL 

HPHIS  chapter  is  partly  new  and  partly 
tranfpofed  :  it  immediately  follows  the 
preceding  chapter,  and  is  entitled, 

6i  Concerning  the  vegetable  acids,  which 
are  partly  faturated  with  potafh  ;  and  concern- 
ing the  fame  acids  in  a  ftate  of  purity." 

After  which,  the  body  of  the  chapter  pro- 
ceeds as  follows : 

"  In  the  fourth  chapter  we  have  diftin- 
guifhed  a  peculiar  fpecies  of  vegetable  acids, 
which  we  have  obferved  are  partly  combined 
with  potafh,  or  the  vegetable  alkali.  We  are 
acquainted  with  two  acids  in  this  fituation, 
namely,  the  acid  of  tartar,  and  that  of  forrel. 
We  diftinguifh  thefe  partly  neutralized  acids 
by  the  names  of  acidules  ;  the  one  tartareous, 
and  the  other  pure. 

§  i.  Concerning  the  tartareous  acidule  or 
tartar,  and  the  pure  tartareous  acid." 

In  this  place  the  matter  of  Chapter  XXII. 
page  178,  of  the  prefent  volume,  is  inferted, 
with  the  alterations  which  we  mall  proceed  to 
note. 

P.  179, 


i86 


ELEMENTS  Of 


P.  179,  L  5. 

Add,  u  Many  other  chemifts  have  fmcc 
found  it  ready  formed  in  feveral  fruits." 

P.  182,  at  the  bottom. 

Add,  "  It  appears  that  this  formation  of  am- 
moniac, or  volatile  alkali,  is  owing  to  the 
azote  of  the  potaih,  which  unites  to  the  dif- 
engaged  hydrogene  of  the  oiL" 

P.  183,  L  10. 

Add,  "  If  it  be  left  expofed  to  the  air,  it 
becomes  turbid,  and  after  fome  time  depolits 
mucilaginous  flocks.  The  acid  is  decompofed, 
and  the  fluid  is  found  to  contain  nothing  but 
carbonate  of  potalh,  or  mild  vegetable  alkali. 
Mr.  Demachy  firft  obferved  this  decompo- 
fition.  Meffrs.  Spielman  and  Corvinus  have 
likewife  bufied  themfelves  on  this  fubject ;  but 
Mr.  Berthollett  has  made  experiments  which 
are  ftill  more  accurate  than  thole  which  pre- 
ceded him.  He  has  obferved,  that  2  ounces 
of  the  tartareous  acidule  required  18  months 
for  their  entire  decompofition  ;  that  it  afforded 
6  £  drams  of  carbonate  of  potafh,  ftill  oily, 
and  mixed  with  a  fmall  quantity  of  carbone  ; 
that  this  quantity  of  alkali  anfwered  with  fuf- 
ficient  cxaftnefs  to  that  which  was  afforded  by 
the  acidule,  by  combuftion,  and  calcination. 
The  alkaline  refidue  of  the  diftillation,  and 
this  fpontancous  decompofition,  prove,  there- 


CHEMISTRY,  ice.  iSj 

fore,  that  the  tartareous  acidule  contains  nearly 
^  of  its  weight  of  potalh." 

P.  183,  1.  10  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  Thefe  phenomena  depend  on  the 
ftate  of  the  tartareous  acid,  which  is  partly 
faturated  in  this  vegetable  acidulous  fait." 

P.  184,  1.  17. 

The  remainder  of  this  paragraph,  from  the 
word  "  Bergman,"  to  the  word  "  vegetables/' 
upon  page  1S5,  is  emitted, 

P.  1S6,  1.  12. 

Infert,  "  This  foludon  is  decompofed  dur- 
ing the  courfe  of  feme  months,  and  leaves  the 
tartareous  acidule  combined  with  the  carbonic 
acid," 

P.  1  S3,  1,  2. 

Add,  <c  When  it  is  prepared,  it  feems  that 
the  portion  of  tartrite  of  potalh,  whofe  union 
with  the  tartareous  acid  conilitutes  the  acidule 
or  cream  of  tartar,  remains  in  the  mother 
water." 

P.  193,  1.  14. 

Add,  "  It  appears  that  the  tartrite  of  anti- 
mony or  antimoniated  tartar,  contains  the 
portion  of  tartrite  of  potalh,  which  forms 
part  of  the  tartareous  acidule,  and  that  it  is  a 
kind  of  triple  ialt." 

After 


ELEMENTS  OF 


After  page  196,  the  Author  proceeds  to 
add  the  following  new  matter  in  the  prefcnt 
chapter,  concerning  the  tartareous  acid. 

"  Such  are  the  properties  of  the  native  tar- 
tareous acidule,  or  of  the  tartareous  acid 
combined  by  nature  with  a  certain  quantity  of 
potafh  :  it  was  neceffary  to  examine  it  with 
care,  becaufe  this  fubflance  is  very  ufeful,  and 
much  employed  in  this  ftate.  But  this  is  not 
the  pure  tartareous  acid,  whofe  properties 
and  characters  are  of  equal  importance  to  be 
known.  Mr.  Retzius  has  publifhed,  in  the 
Memoirs  of  Stockholm  for  1770,  a  procefs, 
invented  by  Scheele,  for  the  extraction  and 
purification  of  this  acid.  Warned  chalk  is 
thrown  into  a  folution  of  2  pounds  of  cream 
of  tartar  in  boiling  water,  until  there  is  no 
longer  any  effervefcence  nor  acid  at  liberty  ; 
fomewhat  more  than  5.  of  the  weight  of  the 
cream  of  tartar  is  required  :  the  precipitate 
of  calcareous  fait  which  is  formed  nuift  be 
then  collected  on  the  filtre,  and  warned  with 
wTarm  water ;  it  commonly  amounts  to  32 
or  3  3  ounces,  on  account  of  the  water  it 
retains.  The  liquor  decanted  from  this 
precipitate  affords,  by  evaporation,  nearly 
the  half  of  the  weight  of  the  cream  of 
tartar,  which  has  not  been  decompofed : 
9  j  ounces  of  denfe  vitriolic  acid,  di- 
luted with  5  pounds  5  ounces  of  water,  is. 
poured  on  the  calcareous  fait  of  tartar,  and 
the  mixture  is  left    to  digeft  lor  12  hours, 

being 


CHE  MIS  TRY}    &C.  l3o 

being  agitated  from  time  to  time.    The  liquor 
is  then  decanted  from  the  felenite  or  vitriolic 
fait  of  lime ;   and  the  water  is  evaporated 
after  having  afcertuned  that  it  does  not  con- 
tain fulphuric  acid.    For  this  purpofe,  a  few 
drops  of  acetite  of  lead,  or  fugar  of  lead,  are 
added  ;  if  the  precipitate  which  is  formed  he 
entirely  foluble  in-  vinegar,  the  lixivium  does 
not  contain  fulphuric  acid  ;  if  it  is  not  foluble 
in  this  fermented  acid,  it  contains  the  vitriolic 
acid,  of  which  it  may  be  cleared  by  digefting  the 
liquor  on  a  certain  quantity  of  calcareous  tar- 
trite.    Lime  may  be  ufed  initead  of  chalk,  to  * 
obtain  the  tartareous  acid  ;  but  as  this  alkaline 
earth  decompofes  the  tartrite  of  potafh  con- 
tained in  the  tartareous  acidule,  the  lixivium 
contains  only  alkali  inftead  of  the  tartrite  of 
potafh,  as  in  the  former  procefs.    The  ufe  of 
quick-lime  in  this  decompofition  affords  a 
great  quantity  of  acid,  becaufe  this  earth  de- 
compofes twice  its  weight  of  tartareous  aci- 
dule  or  cream  of  tartar. 

The  pure  tartareous  acid  obtained  in  the 
liquid  ftate  by  either  of  the  above-defcribed 
proceffes,  rauft  be  evaporated  to  drynefs  ;  af- 
terwards re-di(Tolved  and  cryftallized,  either  by 
gentle  evaporation,  according  to  Mr.  Pcecken> 
or  by  cooling  the  liquor  evaporated  to  the 
confidence  of  clear  fprup,  according  to  Berg- 
man. It  is  obtained  in  the  form  of  fmall 
needles  acutely  pointed,  or  fine  prifms, 
whofe  form  is  difficult    to  be  determined. 

Bergman 


I9O  ELEMENTS  OF 

Bergman  defcribes  them  as  fmall  diverging 
leaves  ;  Mr.  Retzius  compares  them  to  hairs 
intertwined  together.  They  are  at  firft  very 
white,  but  thofe  which  are  obtained  towards 
the  end  are  yellow. 

The  cryftallizcd  tartareous  acid  melts, 
fumes,  blackens,  and  even  takes  fire  by  the 
contact  of  ignited  bodies.  By  diftillation 
it  affords,  like  the  tartareous  acidule  itfelf, 
an  acid  phlegm,  a  fmall  quantity  of  oil,  and 
much  gafeous,  carbonic  acid,  mixed  with 
carbonated  hydrogenous  gas.  The  charcoal 
which  remains,  contains  neither  acid  nor  al- 
kali ;  which  proves  that  this  laft  is  not  formed 
by  the  decomposition  of  the  tartareous  acid  by 
fire.  This  acid,  though  purified,  is  always 
oily.  It  is  for  this  reafon  that  we  diilinguiih 
it,  in  the  new  nomenclature,  by  the  name  of 
tartareous  acid,  and  its  falts  by  that  of  tartrites. 

It  is  unalterable  in  the  air,  is  much  more 
foluble  than  cream  of  tartar;  its  tafte  is  very 
penetrating  ;  it  reddens  the  tinclure  of  violets, 
and  likewile  that  of  turnfole  ;  it  perfectly  dif- 
folves  alumine  or  clay,  and  forms  with  it  an 
aluminous  tartrite,  which  a  flumes  a  gummy 
or  mucilaginous  appearance  by  evaporation. 

In  combination  with  rnagnefia,  the  pure 
tartareous  acid  likewile  forms  a  kind  of  gelati- 
nous matter  in  (lead  of  cryilallizing. 

With  lime  it  forms  a  fait  which  is  fcarcely 
foluble. 

If  a  fmall  quantity  of  vegetable  alkali  be 

poured 


CHEMISTRY,    &C,  I9I 

poured  into  its  folution,  cryftals  of  the  tar- 
tareous  acidule,  or  cream  of  tartar,  fall  down. 
This  difcovery  of  Scheele  and  Bergman 
throws  the  greateft  light  on  the  nature  of  this 
vegetable  fait :  there  no  longer  remain,  as 
Macquer  obferved,  any  inquiries  to  be  made 
concerning  the  compofition  of  cream  of  tartar ; 
it  is  known  to  be  the  tartrite  of  potafh  with 
excefs  of  acid.  But  what  is  moft  lingular  is, 
that  this  acid,  which  is  very  foluble,  imme- 
diately lofes  this  property  when  it  is  about 
half  faturated  by  the  alkali,  which  is,  never- 
thelefs,  itfelf  very  foluble.  This  fine  experi- 
ment likewife  proves  that  the  tartareous  acid  is 
not  at  all  altered  by  the  procefs  of  Scheele, 
iince  it  forms,  with  about  1.  or  4-  of  its  weight 
of  potafh,  an  acidulous  fait,  which  is  perfectly 
fimilar  to  that  formed  by  nature.  If  the  pro- 
portion of  potafh  be  increafed,  a  neutral  fait 
is  formed,  which  is  perfectly  faturated  and  fo- 
luble :  it  is  the  tartrite  of  potafh  or  vegetable 
fait. 

The  tartareous  acid  united  to  foda  confti- 
tutes  a  neutral  cryftallizable  fait,  or  tartrite  of 
foda  very  pure.  With  ammoniac  it  likewife 
affords  an  ammoniacal  tartrite,  which  is  cry- 
ftallizable. Mr.  Retzius  affirms,  that  if  the 
tartareous  acid  be  combined  with  a  quantity 
of  ammoniac,  much  lefs  than  is  neceffary  to 
faturate  it,  an  ammoniacal  tartareous  acidule 
is  formed,  which  is  of  fparing  folubility,  and 

cryftal- 


I92  ELEMENTS  OF 

cryftallizes  like  the  tartareous  acidule  of  pot- 
afh,  or  common  cream  of  tartar. 

Though  the  tartareous  acid  has  lefs  affinity 
with  alkalis  than  the  mineral  acids,  yet  thefe, 
by  decompofing  the  tartrites  of  potafh  and  of 
foda,  do  not  completely  feparate  their  bafes, 
but  difengage  the  tartareous  acid  in  the  ftate 
of  acidule  of  potafh  or  of  foda.    The  difen- 
gaged  tartareous  acid  itfelf  decompofes  in  part 
the  fulphate,  nitrate,  and  muriate  of  potafh  or 
Glauber  fait,  common  nitre,  and  fait  of  Sylvius  ; 
and  feparatcs  the  portion  of  alkali  which  is 
required  to  convert  it  into  the  ftate  of  tar- 
tareous acidule  or  cream  of  tartar.    It  does 
not  produce  the  fame  effect  upon  the  nitrate 
and  muriate  of  foda. 

Mr.  Hermftadt  affirms,  that  the  tartareous 
acid  becomes  the  oxalic  acid  by  means  of  the 
nitrous  acid.  Bergman  could  not  produce 
this  change  :  but  his  want  of  fuccefs  was  pro- 
bably owing  to  his  not  having  employed  a 
fuflkient  quantity  of  nitrous  acid.  As  nitrous 
gas  is  afforded  during  this  converfion,  it  ap- 
pears that  the  oxalic  acid  differs  from  the 
tartareous  acid  only  in  containing  a  greater 
quantity  of  oxigene. 

The  tartareous  acid  has  no  aclion  upon 
phtina,  gold,  and  filvcr ;  it  difTolves  their 
oxides  or  calces;  it  acts  only  infenfibly  upon 
copper,  ler.d,  and  tin  ;  it  diifolvcs  their  oxides, 
and  deprives  that  of  lead  of  its  red  colour. 

It 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  193 

It  diflblves  iron  with  a  very  violent  effer- 
ve  fee  nee. 

It  produces  no  alteration  whatever  in  anti- 
mony in  the  metallic  ftate,  but  it  diflblves  the 
vitreous  calces  of  that  femi-metal  very  well. 

It  takes  lime  from  the  nitric,  muriatic,  ace- 
tous, formic,  and  phofphoric  acids. 

It  precipitates  the  nitric  folutions  of  mer- 
cury, the  muriatic  folutions  of  lead,  &c. 

Its  attractions,  pointed  out  by  Bergman, 
are  in  the  following  order  :  Lime,  barytes, 
magnelia,  potafh,  foda,  ammoniac  or  volatile 
alkali,  aiumine  or  argillaceous  earth,  the  calces 
of  zinc,  iron,  manganefe,  cobalt,  nickel,  lead, 
tin,  copper,  bifmuth,  antimony,  arfenic,  hlver, 
mercury,  gold,  platina  ;  water  and  alcohol. 

§  2.  Salt  of  forrel  of  commerce,  or  the 
oxalic  acidule,  is  obtained  in  great  quantities  in 
Switzerland,  in  the  Hartz,  in  Thuringia,  and 
Swabia,  from  the  juice  of  forrel,  called  oxalis 
acetofella.  One  hundred  pounds  of  this  plant 
afford,  according  to  Mr.  Savary,  fifty  pounds 
of  juice  by  expreflion  ;  and  this  affords  only 
live  ounces  of  concrete  fait,  by  evaporation 
and  cryftallization.  In  commerce,  the  fait  of 
forrel  of  Switzerland,  which  is  the  rineft  and 
whiteft,  is  diftinguifhed  from  that  of  the  forefts 
of  Thuringia,  which  is  foul  and  yellowifh. 

It  has  long  been  known  that  the  juice  of 
forrel  affords  a  neutral  fait  by  evaporation. 
Duclos  mentions  it  in  the  Memoirs  of  the 
O  Academy 


194  ELEMENTS  OF 

Academy  for  1668.  Junker  likewife  fpeaks 
of  it.  Boerhaave  has  defcribed,  with  much 
care,  the  procefs  proper  for  obtaining  this  fait, 
which  he  compares  to  tartar.  Margraaf  dis- 
covered the  prefence  of  potalh  in  the  oxalic 
acidule,  as  well  as  in  that  of  tartar.  But  the 
accurate  knowledge  of  the  nature  of  this  fait 
has  been  acquired  in  confequcnce  of  the  la- 
bours of  Meiirs.  Savary,  Wenzel,  Wiegleb, 
Scheele,  and  Bergman. 

The  oxalic  acidule  has  the  form  of  final] 
white,  opaque,  needle- formed,  or  lamellar  cry- 
ftais.  Their  exact  form  has  not  yet  been  deter- 
mined, though  Capeller  and  Ledermuller  have 
reprefentcd  it  as  fee  a  in  the  microfcope.  Mr. 
de  Lifle  defines  them  as  very  long  parallelo- 
pipeuons.  Thefe  are  afltmblages  or  groups 
of  thin  and  long  plates  joined  at  one  end 
and  feparatcd  at  the  other. 

Its  tafte  is  eager,  penetrating,  and  at  the 
fame  time  rough  or  auilere.  It  ilrongly  red- 
dens the  tincture  of  turnlole  and  blue  paper; 
480  grains  «  f  this  acidule  Jiftilicd  in  a  retort 
by  a  well-regulated  tire,  by  Mr.  Wiegleb,  af- 
forded 150  grains  of  very  acid  phlegm,  with- 
out fmell  or  colour.  There  remained  160 
grains  of  a  grey  ialt,  from  which  156  grains 
of  vegetable  alkali  were  obtained.  About  four 
grains  of  concrete  acid  fait  likewife  fublimed 
to  the  neck  of  the  retort,  but  there  did  not 
pais  one  (ingle  drop  of  oil. 

The  lofs  in  this  diilillatiou  was  166  grains; 

but 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  1 95 

but  as  Mr.  Wiegleb  does  not  mention  the 
elaftic  fluids  which  muft  have  been  difengaged 
in  this  analvfis,  it  is  probable  that  the  lofs  is 
owing  to  the  water  in  vapours,  and  carbonic 
acid  gas,  mi::ed  with  a  fmall  quantity  of  hy- 
drogenous gas  and  carbone.  From  this  ana- 
lyfis,  compared  with  that  of  the  tartareous 
acid,  wre  fee  that  the  oxalic  acidule  is  not  fo 
oily  as  this  laft  ;  and  accordingly  it  is  found, 
that  the  liquid  acid  obtained  in  this  diftilla- 
tion,  is  the  pure  oxalic  acid  ;  whereas  the 
tartareous  acidule,  treated  by  the  fire,  affords 
an  acid  which  is  altered  and  is  different  from 
the  tartareous  acid  itfelf.  We  diftinguifh  it  by 
the  name  of  the  pyro-tartareous  acid.  It  is  on 
account, of  this  fxnaller  quantity  of  oil,  con- 
tained in  the  acid  of  forrel,  that  we  have  dif- 
tinguifhed  it  by  the  names  of  oxal/V  acidule 
and  acid  ;  whereas  the  more  oily  acid  of  tar- 
tar has  been  named,  according  to  the  rules  of 
the  methodical  nomenclature,  tartar^i  acid. 

The  oxalic  acidule,  expofed  to  the  air,  fuf- 
fers  no  change  wrhen  it  is  pure :  it  is  more  fo- 
luble  than  the  tartareous  acidule.  According 
to  Mr.  Wiegleb,  one  dram  of  the  oxalic  aci- 
dule of  Switzerland  requires  no  more  tha*  fix 
drams  of  boiling  water,  but  it  is  precipitated 
entirely  by  cooling,  notwithftanding  the  ad- 
dition of  fix  drams  of  cold  water.  Accord- 
ing to  Mr.  Wenzel  it  is  much  more  folu- 
ble  y  for,  by  his  experiments,  960  parts 
of  boiling  water  take  up  675  of  this  fait ;  but 
O  2  its 


I96  ELEMENTS  OF 

its  folubility  appears  to  vary  according  to  its 
greater  or  lefs  ftate  of  acidity,  which  no  doubt 
depends  on  the  plant  from  which  it  is  ex- 
traded. 

The  oxalic  acidule  unites  to  barytes,  mag- 
nefia,  foda,  ammoniac,  and  forms  with  them 
triple  falts.  IJ.me  decompofes  it,  by  feizing 
its  whole  acid,  as  well  that  which  is  at  li- 
berty, as  that  which  is  combined  with  potafh  : 
100  grains  of  chalk  decompofe  137  grains  of 
the  oxalic  acidule.  The  precipitate  of  cal- 
careous oxalate  which  is  depofited  weighs  1  75 
grains;  the  fupernatant  liquor  affords  32  grains 
of  carbonate  of  potafh  by  evaporation.  This 
prdcefs  cannot  be  ufed  to  prepare  the  pure 
oxalic  acid  in  the  fame  manner  as  the  tartareous 
acid  is  obtained  in  a  Rate  of  purity,  becaule 
the  calcareous  oxalate  cannot  be  decompoied 
by  the  fulphuric  acid,  as  the  calcareous  tar- 
trite  is :  on  the  contrary,  the  attraction  of  the 
oxalic  acid  for  lime  is  lb  ftrong,  that  it  takes 
it  from  all  other  acids ;  and  a  fure  means  of 
afecrtaining  the  purity  of  the  oxalic  acidule,  or 
fait  of  forrel  of  commerce,  coniifts  in  pouring 
its  folution  into  water,  charged  with  a  iblution 
of  calcareous  fulphate  or  ielenite.  If  this  aci- 
dule be  truly  extracted  from  forrel,  an  abun- 
dant precipitate  is  afforded. 

The  fulphuric  acid  facilitates  the  difen- 
gagfcrrient  of  the  oxalic  acid  from  this  acidule 
bv  means  of  heat,  according  to  Mr.  Wieglcb. 
The  nitric  acid  decompofes  the  acidule,  and 

leparutcs 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  1 97 

feparates  the  alkali  with  much  greater  difficulty 
from  this  than  from  the  tartareous  acidule, 
according  to  the  refearches  of  Margraaf. 

The  oxalic  aciduk  attacks  iron,  zinc,  tin, 
antimony,  and  lead  ;  it  difiblves  the  oxides  ot 
all  the  other  metals,  and  forms  with  them 
triple  falts,  which  are  cryftallizable  and  not 
deliquefcent,  in  which  the  potafh  or  vegetable 
alkali  remains  conftantly  united  to  the  acid  : 
it  precipitates  the  nitric  folutions  of  mercury 
and  of  filver.  Mr.  Bayen,  by  evaporating  the 
liquor  which  flows  above  thefe  precipitates, 
obtained  common  nitre,  and  confirmed  the 
prefence  of  alkali  in  this  acidule. 

To  prepare  the  oxalic  acid,  and  deprive  it 
of  the  portion  of  potafh  which  renders  it  aci- 
dulous, we  may,  as  has  already  been  fliewn, 
avail  ourfelves  of  diftillation  ;  but  this  procefs 
affords  only  a  fmall  quantity  ;  and  that  of 
Scheele,  which  is  much  more  certain  and  eafy, 
is  preferable.  The  oxalic  acidule,  or  fait  of 
forrel,  is  faturated  with  volatile  alkali.  Into 
the  folution  of  this  triple  fait,  compofed  of 
the  acid  with  the  volatile  and  vegetable  alkalis, 
the  nitrous  fait  of  barytes  or  ponderous  earth 
is  poured.  A  precipitate  is  formed  of  oxalate 
of  barytes,  and  the  nitric  acid  retains  the  air 
kalis.  The  barytic  fait,  when  well  warned,  is 
decompofed  by  the  addition  of  vitriolic  acid, 
which  combines  with  the  ponderous  earth, 
and  remains  infoluble  at  the  bottom.  The 
fluid  being  decanted,  is  to  be  effayed  by  the 
O  3  addition 


1 9$  ELEMENTS  OF 

addition  of  a  fm  ill  quantity  of  barytic  oxa- 
late, diffolved  in  boiling  water,  to  feparate  the 
portion  of  vitriolic  acid  which  may  be  con- 
tained in  it ;  and  when  no  more  precipitate  is 
afforded,  the  liquid,  which  contains  the  pure' 
oxalic  acid,  may  be  decanted.  This  being 
duly  evaporated,  affords,  by  cooling,  the  cry- 
ftallized  acid  in  quadrilateral  prifms,  whofe 
faces  are  alternately  broad  and  narrow,  and 
are  terminated  by  dihedral  fummits.  Thefe 
cryftals  often  have  the  form  of  fquare  or  rhom- 
boidal  plates. 

This  concrete  acid  has  a  very  penetrating 
four  tafte ;  it  reddens  all  blue  colours :  one 
-grain  of  the  fait  gives  to  3600  grains  of  wa- 
ter, the  property  of  reddening  paper  tinged 
with  turnfole. 

The  concrete  oxalic  acid,  expofed  to  a  mild 
heat,  becomes  dry,  and  covered  with  a  white 
cruft  ;  foon  afterwards  it  is  reduced  to  pow- 
der, w.th  the  lofs  of  three  tenths  of  its  weight. 
By  diirillation  in  a  retort  with  a  ftronger  heat, 
though  full  moderate,  it  liquefies,  becomes 
brown,  boils  u\\  affords  an  ;  julous  phlegm, 
filbliraee  in  part  without  alteration,  at  the 
fame  time  that  a  mixed  gas,  confifting  of  car- 
bonic acid  and  inflammable  or  hydrogenous 
gas,  is  difengaged. 

If  1  very  ftrong  heat  be  applied,  more  gas, 
kfs  of  concrete  fublitned  <;cid,  <i.ui  mere  aci- 
dulous phlegm  which  is  nor  cryftallizable,  are 
afforded  :  there  remains  at  the  bottom  or  the 

retort 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  199 

retort  a  grey  or  brown  mais,  forming  -rV  of 
the  acid  employed.  If  laid  upon  ignited  char- 
coal in  the  air,  it  exhales  in  a  very  acrid  white 
fume,  which  ftrongly  irritates  the  lungs,  and 
leaves  only  a  white  refidue  without  any  coaly 
matter.  Such  is  the  refult  of  the  decompo- 
fition  of  the  oxalic  acid  by  heat,  as  obferved 
by  Bergman.  The  Abbe  Fontana  obtained 
nearly  double  the  product  of  gas  ;  but  this  de- 
pends, as  we  have  already  {hewn,  upon  the 
ftronger  heat  he  gave,  with  the  intention  of 
completely  decompofing  this  acid. 

The  concrete  oxalic  acid,  expofed  to  a 
moift  air,  remains  deliquelcent,  but  it  rather 
becomes  dry  in  a  dry  atmofphere  :  cold  water 
dhTolves  half  its  weight.  When  the  cryftals  of 
this  acid  are  thrown  into  cold  water,  they 
produce  a  flight  noife,  which  indicates  a  fud- 
den  breaking  of  the  particles.  The  fpecific 
gravity  of  this  cold  folution  is  1,0593,  ac~ 
cording  to  Mr.  de  Morveau.  If  the  water  of 
folution  be  evaporated,  no  acid  vapour  arifes, 
even  by  ebullition.  Boiling  water  diflblves  its 
own  weight  of  this  concrete  acid  fait.  One 
half  is  precipitated  in  cryftals  by  cooling. 
The  oxalic  acid  diflblves  the  bale  of  alum,"  &c. 

In  this  place  is  inferted  the  matter  from 
page  36  of  the  prefent  volume,  line  12,  to  line 
2,  on  page  40  ;  with  the  following  additions. 

P.  37,  L  12. 

Add,  "  If  the  pure  oxalic  acid  be  added, 
O  4  drop 


20O 


ELEMENTS  OF 


drop  by  drop,  a  precipitate  is  foon  formed, 
which  is  known  to  be  the  oxalic  acidule  or 
fait  of  forrcl,  analogous  to  that  of  com-* 
mercc." 

p-37>'-,7-  ,;:(„ 

Add,  "  An  excefs  of  acid  forms  an  acidu- 
lous oxalate  of  foda,  of  fparing  folubility." 

1.  23. 

Add,  "  An  excefs  #f  this  acid,  poured  into 
the  folution  of  this  fait,  precipitates  an  am- 
moniacal  acidulous  oxalate,  which  falls  down 
in  cryftals  much  lefs  foluble  than  the  pure  neu- 
tral fait." 

 1.  6  (from  the.  bottom). 

Add,  "  which  reduces  it  to  carbonic  acid.'* 

At  the  end  of  the  paragraph,  line  2,  p.  40, 
the  extract  from  chapter  V.  of  the  old  edi- 
tion terminates,  and  the  reft  of  this  iixth  chap- 
ter of  the  new  edition  is  as  follows  : 

"  This  celebrated  chemift  made  all  thefe 
combinations  by  employing  the  artificial  ox- 
alic acid,  prepared  by  the  nitric  acid  and  fugar. 

Sugar,  as  well  as  all  mucilages,  extracts, 
mild  oils,  and  flour,  afford,  when  treated  by  the 
nitrous  acid,  an  acid  perfectly  fimilar  to  the 
pure  oxalic  acid,  as  Scheele  has  afcertained. 
All  thefe  matters,  and  even  a  great  number  of 
animal  iubitanocs,  as  Bertholktt  has  difcovered, 
contain,  therefore,  the  oxalic  radical,  to  which 

oxigene 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  201 

oxigene  only  is  wanted  to  convert  it  into  ox- 
alic acid. 

Bergman  is  the  fir  ft  who  difcovered  that 
fugar,  treated  by  the  nitrons  acid,  formed  an 
acid  different  from  all  others,  and  which  was 
called  the  acid  of  fugar  or  faccharine  acid,  for 
ieveral  years,  until  Scheele  had  fhewn  that  this 
acid  is  abfolutely  of  the  fame  nature  as  the 
oxalic  acid,  obtained  from  the  fait  of  forrel 
by  the  procefs  before  defcribed.  He  has  af- 
certained  this  identity  in  the  moft  convincing 
manner,  by  forming  again  the  oxalic  acidule 
of  fparing  folubility,  or  the  fait  of  forrel,  by 
combining  a  fmall  quantity  of  foda  with  the 
faccharine  acid.  Here,  therefore,  we  have  a 
ve^et^ble  acid  which  does  not  exirt  as  an  acid 
except  in  a  few  vegetable  fubftances,  but  whofe 
bafe  is  extremely  abundant  in  thefe  matters, 
and  which  appears  to  pafs  without  alteration 
into  the  bodies  of  animals.  We  {hall  (hew, 
in  the  following  chapters,  that  this  acid,  like  all 
the  other  vegetable  acids,  is  probably  a  com- 
pound of  hydrogene,  carbone,  and  oxigene, 
and  that  it  does  not  differ  from  them  but  in 
the  particular  proportions. 

The  oxalic  bafe  or  radical  appears  to  exift 
more  abundantly  in  infipid  matters  than  in 
fugar ;  though  it  was  at  fir  ft  fuppofed  that 
faccharine  bodies  afforded  it  in  the  greateft 
abundance.  Bergman  obtained  from  fugar  no 
more  than  one  third  of  its  weight  cf  oxalic 

acid, 


202 


ELEMENTS  OF 


acid,  and  Mr.  Berthollett  obtained  from  wool 
more  than  half  the  weight  he  made  ufe  of. 

The  pure  oxalic  acid  is  of  no  ufe,  excepting 
in  chemical  laboratories,  where  it  is  more  ef- 
peciallj  employed  to  determine  the  prefence 
of  lime.  The  oxalic  acidule,  or  fait  of  forrel, 
is  em  ployed  to  take  out  ink-fpots  from  white 
fturTs,  wood,  ivory,  &c.  which  it  does  by  vir- 
tue of  its  attraction  for  iron  ;  but  the  pure 
oxalic  acid  might  be  advantageoufly  fubftituted 
inft.ad  thereof,  on  account  of  its  greater  fo- 
lubility." 


Chap- 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


CHAPTER  VII. 

[This  chapter  is  entirely  new  written  ;  the 
matter  contained  between  the  beginning  of 
Section  XII.  page  lxxxi  and  page  lxxxvi  line  2, 
of  the  Preliminary  Difeourfe,  being  incorpo- 
rated into  it  with  alterations  and  amendments. 
The  chapter  is  as  follows.] 

"  Concerning  the  Vegetable  Acids  formed  by  the 
Action  of  Fire^  and  by  that  of  the  Nitric  Acid. 

1 

T  T  has  long  been  known  in  chemiftry, 
that  many  vegetable  fubftances  afford  acid 
phlegms  or  liquors  by  diftillation  ;  but  fuffi- 
cient  attention  had  not  been  paid  to  thefe 
faline  fubftances  altered  by  lire.  Since  the 
difcovery  of  fo  many  acids,  really  differing 
from  each  other,  whether  by  their  intimate 
nature,  or  by  a  modification  relative  to  the 
proportion  of  their  principles,  many  of  thefe 
falls  have  been  obferved  to  poflefs  diftin&ive 
and  particular  properties,  it  has  likewife  been 
found,  that  fome  acids  acl:  upon  vegetable 
matters  in  the  fame  manner  as  hear,  and  that 
the  nitric  acid  converts  moft  of  them  into 
acids.  In  order  to  know  thefe  faline  fub- 
ftances, whether  new  or  modified,  it  will  be 

neeeflary 


204  ELEMENTS  OF 

neceffary  to  examine  them  with  care.  We 
mull  firft  obferve,  that  the  vegetable  acids, 
formed  by  the  action  of  heat,  muft  poflefs 
an  analogy  of  nature  or  formation  ;  it  is  on 
account  of  this  analogy  that  we  diftinguifh 
them  by  the  generic  names  of  empyreumatic 
acids;  and  to  fpecify  each  of  them,  we  pre- 
fix the  word  pyro  to  the  expreffion,  which 
indicates  its  origin  ;  thus  we  fay,  the  pyro- 
tartareous,  pyro -mucilaginous  and  pyro-ligne- 
ous  acids. 

§  i .  Concerning  the  Pyro-tartareous  Acid. 

WE  have  already  obferved,  that,  in  the 
diftillation  of  the  tartareous  aciduie,  an  acid 
phlegm  is  obtained,  which  is  not  the  pure 
acid  of  that  fubftance,  but  the  fait  altered  in 
a  peculiar  manner.  The  hydrogenous  gas  and 
the  carbonic  acid  gas,  which  are  difengaged 
at  the  fame  time,  iufficiently  announce  this 
alteration,  becaufe  it  is  at  the  expence  of  the 
principles  of  the  acid  of  tartar  that  they  are 
formed.  As  it  is  from  heat  that  this  alteration 
of  the  tartar  arifes,  and  as  there  is  an  oil 
driven  up  together  with  the  diftilled  acid, 
which  modifies  the  colour  of  this  laft,  we 
have  called  this  acid  pyro-tartareous,  and  its 
falinc  combinations  pyro-tartrites,  according  to 
the  rules  of  the  methodical  nomenclature. 

The  firft  chemiiis  who  conduced  their  re- 
fearches  with  fome  accuracy,  determined,  that 

by 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  1 3j 

by  diftillation  they  obtained  one  fourth  of  the 
weight  of  the  tartar,  confiding  of  an  acid 
phlegm  of  a  very  penetrating  fmell,  which 
was  the  pyro-tartareous  acid.  The  rectifica- 
tion, or  fecond  diftillation  of  this  acid,  which 
has  been  recommended  by  a  great  number  of 
authors,  exhibits  a  very  great  difficulty,  ac- 
cording to  the  academicians  of  Dijon,  namely, 
that  the  rapid  elevation  of  the  liquid  always 
burft  the  veffeis,  in  fpite  of  every  care  they 
took  to  moderate  the  heat,  and  leave  room 
for  the  vapours.  They  attribute  this  elevation 
to  the  gas  produced  by  the  decompofition  of 
the  acid,  and  compreffed  by  the  oil,  againft 
the  preffure  of  which  it  prevails  at  laft  by  its 
great  dilatation.  However,  this  rectification 
may  be  difpenfed  with  ;  and  the  acid,  fepa- 
ratcd  from  the  oil  by  means  of  the  funnel, 
is  fufficiently  pure  to  exhibit  all  its  difiinctive 
characters. 

The  pyro-tartareous  acid  has  an  empy- 
reumatic  fmell  and  tafte  ;  it  does  not  redden 
violets,  but  it  does  turnfole  and  blue  pa- 
per ;  it  difengages  the  carbonic  acid  from 
its  bafes,  with  a  ftrong  effervefcence  :  with 
earths  and  alkalis  it  forms  falts,  which  are 
very  different  from  thofe  conftituted  by  the 
tartareous  acid.  Thefe  faline  compounds  have 
not  yet  been  examined  :  it  is  only  known 
that  the  pyro-tartrites  of  potafh  and  of  foda 
are  folubie  in  cold  water,  and  are  cryftalliz- 
able ;  that  it  decompofes  the  nitrate  of  fiiver, 

forming 


2c6 


ELEMENTS  OF 


forming  a  grey  precipitate  ;  that  it  does  not 
decompofe  the  nitrate  of  mercury  but  flowly ; 
that  it  does  not  decompofe  calcareous  mu- 
riate ;  and  that  its  neutral  falts  are  decom- 
pofcd  by  diftillation  with  the  vitriolic  acid. 

Chemifts,  before  they  arrived  at  the  know- 
ledge that  hydrogene,  carbone,  and  oxigene 
appear  to  be  the  true  principles  of  all  the 
vegetable  acids,  which  differ  from  each  other 
only  in  the  proportions,  had  adopted  opi- 
nions very  remote  from  truth  concerning  the 
acid  obtained  by  diftillation  from  tartar.  Ven- 
nel  affirmed  that  it  was  the  acid  of  nitre. 
Mr.  Monnet,  upon  more  pofitive  experiments, 
imagined  this  acid  to  be  the  muriatic  acid, 
difguifed  by  oil  and  mucilage.  But  though 
Scheele  found  a  fmall  portion  of  muriatic  acid 
in  tartar,  yet  the  cubic  form  of  the  jieutral 
fait,  produced  by  adding  the  pyro-tartareous 
acid  to  foda  and  the  precipitation  of  the  ni- 
trate of  mercury  (two  properties,  on  which 
Mr.  Monnet  eftabliihed  the  identity  of  the 
pyro-tartareous  acid  with  the  muriatic*  acid), 
are  not,  at  prefent,  fuflicient  to  chemifts  to 
afcertain  this  identity  ;  befides  which,  thefe 
experiments  did  not  equally  fucceed  in  the 
hands  of  the  chemifts  of  Dijon,  Meffrs. 
Berthollett,  Spiclman,  and  Corvinus  likewife 
did  not  fucceed  better.  It  is,  on  the  contrary, 
very  probable  that  the  pyro-tartareous  acid 
pollcHes  no  other  principles  than  thole  of  the 
tartareous  acid  itlelf;  from  which  it  appears 

to 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  207 

to  difFer  only  in  the  quantity  of  thofe  prin- 
ciples :  this  modification  is  proved  by  the 
fmell,  the  tafte,  the  want  of  cryftallization, 
by  all  the  other  properties  of  this  empyreu- 
matic  acid,  and,  more  efpecially,  by  the  oil 
and  the  gafeous  carbonic  acid,  which  is  diC- 
engaged  from  the  tartareous  acidule  at  the 
fame  time  as  the  pyro-tartareous  acid  is  formed. 

Sufficient  refearches  have  not  yet  been 
made  on  this  empyreumatic  acid,  to  deter- 
mine the  order  of  its  chemical  attractions 
with  earthy,  alkaline,  and  metallic  bafes. 

§  2.  Concerning  the  Pyro-mucilaginous  Acid. 

BY  the  name  of  the  pyro-mucilaginous 
acid,  we  diftinguifh  that  which  is  obtained 
from  infipid,  faccharine,  gummy,  or  farinaceous 
&c.  mucilages,  by  diftiliation,  and  which  Mr, 
de  Morveau  had  at  firft  named  the  fyrupous 
acid.  Chemifts  have  long  known  that  fugar 
affords  by  diftiliation  an  acid  phlegm,  which 
is  even  of  confiderable  ftrength.  Neuman, 
Cartheufer,  GeofFroy  and  Bucquet  made  par- 
ticular mention  of  this  acid,  but  without  ever 
examining  its  properties.  Mr.  Schric?el  is, 
of  all  the  chemifts,  the  perfon  who  has  at- 
tended mo  ft  particularly  to  this  principle  of 
fugar. 

By  diftilling  fugar,  Mr.  Schrickel  obtained, 
from  16  ounces,  6  drams  of  phlegm,  paffing 
in  white  vapours,    and  condenfed  in  oily 
1  ftreams 


208  ELEMENTS  OF 

ftreams  of  a  penetrating  fmell  of  horfe-radifh 
or  roafted  bitter  almonds,  and  of  a  yellow 
colour.  He  rectified  it  from  clay  ;  the  acid 
pafled  clear,  with  a  mild  fmell  and  a  fourer 
tafte.  This  acid,  thus  purified,  did  not  cry- 
ftallize  ;  but  when  cxpofed  to  cold,  the  aque- 
ous part  froze,  and  the  portion  which  re- 
mained liquid,  was  much  more  concentra- 
ted. 

Mr.  de  Morveau  has  obferved,  in  prepar- 
ing the  pyro-mucilaginous  acid,  that  the  bot- 
tom of  the  retort  was  corroded.  He  does 
not  attribute  this  corrolion  to  the  acid,  which 
does  not  exhibit  that  property  when  rectified, 
or  when  left  a  long  time  in  the  glafs,  but  to 
the  action  and  adherence  of  the  carbure  of 
iron  or  plombago,  which  exifts  in  the  refi- 
dual  ch  .rcoal  left  by  the  fugar,  and  which 
he  had  heated  very  ftrongly.  This  acid  can- 
nct  be  concentrated  by  the  volatilization  of 
tli"  water  which  is  united  to  it,  becaufc  it  is 
itfelf  as  volatile  as  that  fluid.  It  is  this  acid 
which  exifts  in  melafles,  and,  according  to  Mr. 
de  Morveau,  renders  them  deliqucfcent,  and 
prevents  their  crystallization. 

TWe  pyro-mucilaginous  acid,  when  con- 
centrated by  heat,  is  very  penetrating,  and 
ftrongly  reddens  blue  vegetable  colours.  It 
fpots  the  fkin  of  a  red  colour,  as  Cartheufer 
long  lince  obferved  ;  and  this  fpot  does  not 
difappear  but  with  the  epidermis.  It  rifes  to- 
tally by  the  lire,  and  leaves  only  a  brown 

trace ; 


CHEMISTRY,   &C.  20$ 

trace  ;  it  is  changed,  for  the  rnoft  part,  into 
gafeous  carbonic  acid  and  hydrogenous  gas, 
by  cautious  diftillation  in  well-clofed  veffels  ; 
it  then  affords  a  coaly  relidue,  more  abundant 
than  when  it  is  heated  in  open  veffels  :  part 
rifes  without  alteration. 

Combined  with  barytes,  magnefia,  lime, 
potalh,  ibda,  and  ammoniac,  it  forms  neu- 
tral falts,  which  we  call  pyro-mucites,  whofe 
properties  have  hitherto  been  little  examined, 
but  which  differ  from  all  the  known  falts. 
It  difengages  the  carbonic  acid  from  all  thefe 
alkaline  bafes  with  a  ftrong  effervefcence. 

Though  the  property  of  diffolving  gold 
was  formerly  attributed  to  the  fpirit  of  honey, 
it  appears  certain  that  the  pyro-mucilaginous 
acid  does  not  touch  this  metal,  nor  platina,  nor 
filver,  nor  even  mercury ;  but  it  may,  per- 
haps, diffolve  their  oxides  or  calces.  This 
acid  corrodes  lead,  and  becomes  opaque  in 
confequence  of  the  calx  of  this  metal  which  is 
formed  ;  the  pyro-mucite  of  lead  has  the  form 
of  long  cryftals  :  it  likewife  attacks  copper,  and 
becomes  green  ;  it  diffolves  tin,  and  attacks 
iron,  with  which  it  forms  a  cryftallizable  fait. 

Its  chemical  attractions  have  been  deter- 
mined by  Mr.  de  Morveau  in  the  following 
order  :  potafh,  foda,  barytes,  lime,  magnefia, 
ammoniac,  clay,  metallic  calces,  water,  aU 
cohol. 

This  empyreumatic  acid  has  not  yet  been 
applied  to  any  ufe  ;   the  fpirit  of  honey,  of 
P  manna, 


2IO 


Elements  op 


manna,  &c.  was  formerly  ufed  in  pharmacy, 
but  this  ufage  has  long  fince  been  abandoned. 

§  3.  Concerning  the  Pyro-  /igneous  Acid* 

THE  diftillation  of  wood,  more  efpecially 
beech,  birch,  and  box,  affords  a  brown  acid 
liquid  of  a  peculiar  fmell,  and  confiderable 
ftrength,  which  reddens  blue  vegetable  co- 
lours,  and  caules  an  effervefcence  with  mild 
alkalis.  Boerhaave  was  acquainted  with  the 
product  of  box,  guaiacum,  juniper,  and  oak; 
but  the  chernifts  who  have  repeated  the  pro* 
cefs  of  Boerhaave  have  not  examined  the  na- 
ture and  particular  properties  of  this  acid, 
Mr.  Goettling  is  the  firft  who  publifhed,  in 
1779,  in  Crell's  Journal,  a  memoir  on  the 
Acid  of  Wood,  and  more  efpecially  its  union 
with  alcohol.  This  learned  man  made  ufe  of 
the  bark  of  birch,  which  he  diftilled  in  an 
iron  retort :  the  brown  and  oily  acid  which 
he  obtained  was  left  at  repofe  for  three 
months  ;  he  feparated,  by  the  likre,  the  drops 
of  oil  which  arofe  to  the  furface,  and  poured 
a  folution  of  potafh  into  the  liquor.  A  lively 
effervefcence  was  produced,  the  liquor  af- 
fumed  a  blood  red  colour,  and  after  faturation 
with  the  alkali,  and  evaporation,  it  afforded 
a  black  fait,  which  was  melted  in  an  iron 
ladle,  and  purified  by  a  fecond  folution  and 
evaporation. 

The  pyro-ligneous  acid  may  likewife  be 
3  rectified 


CHEMISTR  Y,    &C.  2  I  I 

rectified  by  diftillation,  according  to  Mr. 
Goettling. 

The  pyro-lignite  of  potafh  formed  by  this 
rectified  acid  becomes  very  hot  by  the  addi- 
tion of  vitriolic  acid,  and  the  pyro-ligncous 
acid  is  difengaged  in  a  ftate  of  confiderable 
purity.  This  c  hem  id,  to  whom  we  are  in- 
debted for  thefe  experiments,  has  obferved, 
that  the  pyro-ligneous  acid,  feparated  bv 
means  of  the  vitriolic  acid,  loft  its  empy- 
reumatic  fmell,  but  acquired  that  of  garlick. 

The  chemifts  of  Dijon  employed  the  wood 
of  beech  to  obtain  this  acid,  which  they  dif- 
tilled,  and  afterwards  rectified  the  liquid  pro- 
duel:  ;  55  ounces  of  this  wood  in  dry  chips  af- 
forded them  17  ounces  of  rectified  acid,  of  an 
amber  colour,  without  mixture  of  oil,  and 
whofe  weight,  compared  with  that  of  diftilled 
water,  was  in  proportion  of  49  to  48  :  23  ! 
ounces  of  lime-water  were  required  to  fat  urate 
one  ounce  of  this  acid.  When  gently  heated, 
it  riles  in  vapour.  A  itrong  heat  decompofes 
it  as  well  as  all  the  other  vegetable  acids.  It 
cannot  be  obtained  in  the  concrete  form. 

It  combines  with  earthy  and  alkaline  bafes, 
and  forms  peculiar  falts,  which  we  call  the 
pyro-lignites  of  clay,  of  barytes,  of  magne- 
fia,  of  lime,  of  vegetable  alkali,  of  foda,  and 
of  volatile  alkali.  Thefe  falts  have  not  been 
yet  examined  with  fufficient  attention  to  ena- 
ble us  to  give  a  {ketch  of  their  hiiiory.  Mri 
Eloy  Bouriier   de  Clervaux   has  cemmuru- 

P  2  cated, 


412 


Elements  of 


cated,  in  the  Dijon  courfe  of  chemiftry,  ex- 
periments proper  to  determine  fome  of  the 
elective  attractions  of  the  pyro-ligneous  acid. 
Calcareous  earths  and  barytes  adhere  more 
Ilrongly  to  it  than  the  alkalis  ;  lime  more 
flrongly  than  barytes ;  and  magnelia  more 
ilrongly  than  the  volatile  alkali :  fo  that  the 
order  of  thefe  attractions  alone  might  ferve  to 
diftinguilh  it  from  molt  of  the  other  vegetable 
acids,  It'acts  on  feveral  metals,  and  diffolves 
moft  of  their  calces. 

It  leems  as  if  all  woods  would  afford  the 
lame  acid  by  diftillation,  fince  box,  birch,  and 
beach  have  alreadv  afforded  a  iimilar  one. 
We  perceive,  however,  what  a  number  of  ex- 
periments remain  to  be  made  to  complete  our 
knowledge  of  the  properties  and  diftindive 
characters  of  this  acid. 

§  4.  Concerning  the  Vegetable  Acids  formed  by  the 
Nitric  Acid. 

BERGMAN  has  fnewn  that  the  nitric  acid 
converted  fugar  into  an  acid,  which  was  at 
firft  thought  to  be  different  from  all  others, 
and  was  diftinguilhed  by  the  name  of  the 
faccharine  acid.  Scheelc  has  ihewn,  that  this 
acid  is  abi'olutely  of  the  fame  nature  as  that 
which  is  partly  neutralized  by  potafh,  in  the 
fait  of  forrcl  :  this  identical  acid  is,  therefore, 
at  prefent,  the  oxalic  acid.  Several  modern 
chcmills,  and  more  elpccially  Mr.  Berthollett, 
2  have 


CHEMISTRY)    &C.  2  1 3 

have  proved  that  the  greateft  part  of  vegetable 
and  animal  matters  afford  this  acid  by  means 
of  that  of  nitre.  It  is  certain,  therefore,  that 
the  bafe,  or  oxalic  radical,  exifts  in  a  great 
number  of  fubftances,  and  generally  in  all 
thofe  which  have  been  formed  by  the  action 
of  vegetable  or  animal  life.  The  nitric  acid 
acts  in  an  equal  and  uniform  manner  upon 
all  thefe  fubftances  ;  it  always  yields  to  them  a 
greater  or  lefs  quantity  of  its  oxigene,  and 
paffes  to  the  ftate  of  yellow  nitrous  acid,  ni- 
trous gas,  and  even  azotic  gas,  according  to 
the  proportion  of  oxigene  which  is  difengaged. 
Accordingly  as  the  bafe  or  oxalic  radical  is 
more  or  lefs  abundant  in  the  different  organic 
matters  which  contain  it,  a  greater  or  lefs 
quantity  of  this  acid  is  formed  by  the  nitric 
acid.  At  the  fame  time  that  the  acid  of  nitre 
is  decompofed  by  organic  fubftances,  a  certain 
quantity  of  carbonic  acid  gas  is  difengaged,  to- 
gether with  the  nitrous  or  azotic  gas  ;  which 
proves  that  the  organic  matter  has  loft  a  por- 
tion of  its  carbone,  and  that  the  oxalic  acid 
which  arifes  contains  lefs  of  this  principle 
than  the  fubftance  which  afforded  it.  Since 
feveral  vegetable  acids,  and  in  particular  that 
of  tartar,  pafs  to  the  ftate  of  oxalic  acid  by 
the  action  of  the  nitrous  acid  ;  and  fmce  car- 
bonic acid  is  difengaged  during  the  time  this 
converfion  is  effected,  we  fee  very  well,  that 
thefe  vegetable  acids  have  the  fame  radical, 
and  differ  only  in  the  proportion  of  oxigene. 

P  3  •  It 


i  1 4  E  L  E  M  E  N  T  S  OF 

It  has  been  announced  in  the  Nouvelles  dc 
la  Republique  des  Lettres,  for  the  year  1785, 
numbers  42  and  44,  that  Mr.  Kofegarten  ob- 
tained from  camphor,  by  diftilling  nitric  acid, 
eight  fuccemve  times  from  it,  a  concrete  acid, 
cryftallized  in  parallclopipedons,  of  a  bitter 
taile,  and  which  reddened  the  tincture  of  vio- 
lets and  of  turnfole.  This  fait,  according  to 
the  chemift  we  have  quoted,  differs  from  the 
oxalic  acid  in  not  taking  lime  from  the  mu- 
riatic acid  :  it  forms,  with  potafh,  a  fait  in  re- 
gular hexagons  ;  with  foda,  a  fait  in  irregu- 
lar cryftals  ;  with  volatile  alkali,  prifmatic  or 
needle-formed  cryftals ;  and  with  magnefia,  a 
foluble  pulverulent  fait.  It  diffolves  copper, 
iron,  bifmuth,  zinc,  arfenic,  and  cobalt :  but 
thefe  firft  fads,  which  have  not  yet  been  con- 
firmed, are  not  fufficient  to  enable  us  to  treat 
the  properties  of  this  acid  in  detail ;  which, 
perhaps,  is  only  a  modification  of  fome  of 
thole  we  have  defcribed.  ]f  new  refearches 
concerning  this  acid  mould  difcover  pecu- 
liar properties  different  from  thofe  of  all 
others,  its  nature  will  be  examined  and  cha- 
racters defcribed  under  the  name  of  the  cam- 
phoric acid,  and  of  camrhorates  for  the  neutral 
falts. 

Mr.  Brugnatelli  difcovered,  in  1787,  that 
cork,  upon  which  he  had  diftilled  four  times 
its  weight  of  nitric  acid,  left  a  yellowifli  thick 
acid  mafs,  foluble  in  water,  of  a  four  and 
(lightly  bitter  tallc.      This  acid  is  not  cry- 

ilallizablc  : 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  215 

Hallizable  :  by  a  ftrong  evaporation,  it  is  con- 
verted into  a  vifcid  mafs  refembling  wax,  and 
which,  like  that  fubftance,  may  be  foftened 
and  moulded  between  the  ringers.  It  is  fo- 
iuble  in  alcohol,  is  converted  into  coal  with- 
out taking  fire  upon  ignited  coals  :  with  the 
earths  and  alkalis  it  forms  deliquefcent  falts, 
feveral  of  which  cryftailize :  laftly,  it  ha?  as 
ftrong  an  attraction  for  lime  as  the  oxalic  aciJ, 
and  forms  with  it  a  fait,  infoluble  in  water, 
but  diffoluble  in  the  muriatic  acid. 

Without  making  any  decifion  on  the  pecu- 
liar nature  of  this  acid,  Air.  Brugnateili  feems, 
neverthelefs,  to  think  that  it  differs  from  the 
oxalic  acid.  New  experiments  muft  decide 
whether  this  acid  be  really  different,  and  it  de- 
fences to  be  particularly  examined,  as  well  as 
that  which  Meffrs.  Prouft  and  Angulo  have 
difcovered  near  Madrid,  on  the  furface  of 
chich-peas,  in  the  veficles  placed  at  the  extre- 
mity of  the  hairy  fibres  of  this  leguminous 
plant. 

Such  is  the  hiftory  of  all  the  known  vege- 
table acids  :  it  remains,  therefore,  only  to  treat 
of  thofe  which  are  formed  by  fermentation  ; 
but  the  beft,  and  indeed  the  only  known  of 
thefe  acids,  is  the  product  of  an  alteration 
which  takes  place  in  liquors  already  fermented. 
We  {hall  place  its  hiftory  immediately  after 
that  of  the  fpirituous  fermentation,  and  its 
product. 


Chap- 


2lG 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Chapter  VIII.  of  the  new  Edition. 

Concerning  the  Saccharine  Matter  y  Gums,  and 
Mucilages. 

r]PHIS  chapter  is  taken,  with  alterations 
and  amendments,  from  chapters  V.  and  VI. 
of  the  former  edition.  It  commences  as  in 
page  it;  and  proceeds  without  alteration  to 
page  33,  line  13  from  the  bottom,  where  the 
following  fentcnce  is  infcrted :  "  This  acid 
can  be  nothing  elfe  but  that  which  is  formed 
by  heat,  or  the  pyro-mucilaginous  acid  we 
have  fpoken  of  in  the  preceding  chapter.  As 
the  liquor  is  quickly  evaporated,"  &c.  as  in 
line  12. 

^••33i  h  3  (fr°m  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  By  diftillation  it  affords  water,  py- 
ro-mucilaginous acid,  and  fome  drops  of  em- 
pyreumatic  oil ;  at  the  fame  time  that  a  great 
quantity  of  carbonic  acid  gas,  and  hydroge- 
nous gas,  holding  charcoal  in  folution,  are  dif- 
crigagedi  The  refidue,"  etc; 

p.  34, 1.4.   \.;:!) :;' 

Read)  "  acid  vapour/' 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  217 


P.  34,  L  9. 
Read,  u  Syrup,  diluted  with  water,  is  ca- 
pable of  fermentation,  of  becoming  a  vinous 
liquor,  and  of  affording  alcohol  by  diftilla- 
tion." 

 1.  21. 

After  the  word  "  fummits,"  add,  "  which 
are  the  concrete  oxalic  acid."  The  reft  of  the 
paragraph  is  left  out,  and  the  matter  contained 
in  the  following  pages,  to  the  end  of  the  pa- 
ragraph, at  the  words  "  faccharine  acid,"  is 
inferted  in  the  Vlth.  chapter  of  the  new  edi- 
tion, as  already  noticed  in  page  199  of  this 
Supplement. 

The  prefent  chapter  proceeds,  as  in  line  7 
from  the  bottom  of  page  41. 

"  Sugar  is  very  extenfively  ufeful,"  &c. 

p.  43, 1 7. 

Read,  "  It  affords  the  concrete  oxalic  acid." 

The  fubjecl:  goes  forward  as  in  chapter  VI. 
without  any  fubdivifion. 

P.  45,  1.  1 1  (from  the  bottom). 
Read,  "  liquid  pyro-mucilaginous  acid." 


Alter- 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 

ClIAPTIR  VII. 

(Numbered  IX.  in  the  new  edition.) 

p.  47. 

Entitled,  u  Of  fixed  Oi/s,  or  fuch  as  are  obtained 
by  Exprejfwn" 

THROUGHOUT  this  chapter  the  Author 
*    has  fubftituted  the   expreffion  M  fixed 
oills,"  inftead  of  a  fat  oils." 

P.  49,  L  16. 

R  ead,  "  It  is  at  prefent  proved  that  this 
thickening  is  due  to  Site  abforption  of  atmo- 
iphcric  oxigene,  bccaulc  all  bodies  which  con- 
tain this  principle,  and  yield  it  to  fixed  c  ils, 
fuch  as  feveral  acids,  and  eipecially  the  ox- 
igepated  muriatic  acid,  metallic  calces,  thicken 
iixed  oils,  and  bring  them  nearer  to  the  Hate 
of  wax," 

 L  1 1  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  by  diftilling  thefe  the  pure  febacic 
acid,  which  we  ihall  fpeak  of  in  treating  of 
the;  animal  kingdom,  and  an  oil,"  &c. 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  1 1 9 

P.  53,  1.  4  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  The  fulphur  is  volatilized,  dif- 
iolved  in  the  difengaged  hydrogenous  gas  of 
the  oil,  and  cannot  be  found  again  in  the  folid 
ftate. 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  VIII. 

(Numbered  X.  in  the  new  edition.) 

p.  58. 

TN  the  title  of  this  chapter  and  elfe where, 
^  the  Author  has  fubftituted  the  expreffion 
a  volatile  oil,"  inftead  of  "  effential  oil." 

P.  60,  laft  line. 

After  the  word  "  alkalis,"  infert,  "  with 
which  they  form  imperfect  foaps,  which  we 
call  favonules." 

P.  61,  1.  11. 

Read,  "  The  fulphur  is  fo  greatly  divided 
that  it  can  no  longer  be  extracted,  and  is  fepa- 
rated  by  heat,  in  the  form  of  fulphurated  hy- 
drogenous gas,  or  hepatic  air." 

Add  i- 


220 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Addition  in  Chapter  IX. 
(Numbered  XL  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  64,  L  l£  (from  the  bottom). 

^FTER  the  full  (lop  Infert,  "  Mr.  Kofe- 
garten  has  difcovered,  as  we  have  fhewn 
in  the  Vllth.  chapter,  that  the  nitric  acid,  dif- 
tilled  eight  fucceffive  times  from  camphire, 
changes  it  into  a  cryftallizable  acid,  which  he 
believes  to  be  of  a  peculiar  nature." 


Alter- 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  221 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  X. 

(Numbered  XII.  In  the  new  edition.) 

P.  66. 

'THE  Author  ufes  the  word  "  aroma"  in- 
^  ftead  of  "  fpiritus  redtor ;"  and  he  an- 
nounces this  change,  by  inferting  the  follow- 
ing, in  line  1 3  of  the  prefent  page  :  "  Inftead 
of  fpiritus  rector,  we  fubftitute  the  word 
aroma,  from  which  the  word  aromatic,  already 
lb  w^ell  known  in  our  language,  is  derived." 

P.  68,  1.  2  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  Mr.  Berthollett  has  found,  that  the 
oxigenated  muriatic  acid  often  deftroys  the 
fmell  of  vegetables,  and  confequently  alters 
their  aroma." 

P.  70,  L  1 1. 

Inftead  of  the  three  following  lines,  read, 
"  and  that  it  is  this  combuftible  fubftance,  re- 
duced to  the  ftate  of  elaftic  fluid  by  its  com- 
bination with  hydrogene,  which  conftitutes 
the  aroma  of  cruciferous  plants." 


Alter* 


222 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations   and  Addition  in 
Chapter  XI. 

(Numbered  XIII.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  74,  I.  4  (from  the  bottom). 

TNSERT,  "  We  have  explained  the  proper- 
ties  of  this  acid  in  one  of  the  preceding 
chapters. " 

P-  75;  t  6. 
The  paragraph  beginning  with  the  words 
u  Bergman  and  Scheele"  is  omitted. 

P.  76,  I  1. 

After  the  word  "  examined,"  the  remainder 
of  the  paragraph  runs  thus  :  "  It  is  thought 
that  it  does  not  eflentially  differ  from  the  acid 
of  benzoin." 


Chapter  XII. 
(Numbered  XIV.  in  the  new  edition.) 

In  this  chapter  there  are  no  alterations. 

Ad  d  1- 


CHEMISTRY,  &C 


Addition  in  Chapter  XIIL 
(Numbered  XV.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  87,  I  5  (from  the  bottom". 

JNSERT,  u  I  have  examined  the  juice  of 
caout-chouc,  which  was  lent  to  me  from 
Madagafcar.  This  juice  was  as  white  as 
milk,  of  an  infupportable  fcetid  fmell.  It 
contained  a  white  concrete  fpungy  matter, 
which  occupied  the  middle  of  the  bottle* 
whofe  form  it  had  affumed,  and  which  was 
elaftic.  By  heating  the  liquor,  a  white  pel- 
licle was  foon  formed  at  the  furface,  con- 
fifting  of  true  elaftic  refm.  Alcohol,  mixed 
with  the  juice,  feparated  this  refm  in  flocks. 

The  dry  caout-chouc,  fuch  as  it  is  brought 
to  Europe,  expofed  to  the  heat  of  a  fire, 
fcftens,  fwells,  emits  a  fcetid  odour,  and  bums 
at  the  lame  time  that  it  Ihrinks." 


Chap- 


224  ELEMENTS  OF 

Chapter  XIV. 
(Numbered  XVI.  in  the  new  edition.) 

TlIIS  chapter  is  not  altered. 


Chapter  XV. 
(Numbered  XVII.  in  the  new  edition.) 

THIS  chapter  is  not  altered; 


mm  • 


Chapter  XWr 
(Numbered  XVIII.  in  the  new  edition.) 

Th  IS  chapter  is  not  altered. 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


225 


Alteration  in  Chapter  XVII. 
(Numbered  XIX.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  119,  L  13. 

HPHE  two  following  fentences,  beginning 
A    with  the  words  "  this  fad:,"  and  ending 
with  the  word*"  accuracy^"  are  left  out* 


Chapter  XVIII. 
(Numbered  XX.  in  the  new  edition.) 

This  chapter  is  not  altered. 


C  H  A  P- 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Chapter  XIX. 
(Numbered  XXL  in  the  new  edition.) 

Th  I S  likewife  is  not  effentially  altered. 


Alteration   in   Chapter  XX. 
(Numbered  XXII.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  147,  I.  4. 

A  FTER  "  colouring  matter,"  the  paragraph 
~  ends  thus:  "  and  of  an  aroma,  which 
is  loft  or.  modified  by  the  action  of  fire.  We 
are  acquainted  with  the  nature  and  proper- 
ties of  moft  of  thefe  lubftances  ;  ardent  fpirit, 
therefore,  only  remains  to  be  treated  of." 


3 


Alter- 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  227 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XXL 

(Numbered  XXIII.  in  the  new  edition). 

P.  1 60,  1.  13  (from  the  bottom.) 

TNSTEAD  of  the  concluding  line  of  this 
A  paragraph,  read,  "  and  that  part  of  the 
hydrogene,  or  principle  of  the  fpirit,  forms 
water  with  this  oxigene,  while  the  alcohol, 
deprived  of  this  portion  of  this  oxigene,  forms 
ether.  But  the  whole  which  paries  in  this 
operation  is  not  knowm." 

P.  162,  1.  7. 

The  remainder  of  this  paragraph  runs  as 
follows  :  "  Mixed  with  the  muriatic  folution  of 
gold,  it  retains  a  part  of  that  metal,  and  in 
this  cafe  appears  to  a£t  like  the  volatile  oils, 
which  likewife  retain  a  portion  of  the  calx  of 
gold.  Like  alcohol,  it  dhTolves  volatile  oils 
and  refins,  and  accordingly  phyficians  often 
ufe  ethereal  tinctures." 

P.  176,  L  2. 
Read,  "  diftilled  fpirituous  waters." 


Chap- 


22$ 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Chapter  XXII. 

Concerning  'Tartar. 

r  |  ^HIS  chapter  is  inferted  In  chapter  VI. 

of  the  new  edition.    See  page  185  of  this 
Supplement,  where  the  variations  are  noted. 


Alter 


CHEMISTRY,    &c.  229 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XXIII. 

(Numbered  XXIV.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  200,  L  1. 

T)  EAD,  "  The  prefence  of  this  fait  influ- 
ences  the  developement  of  the  properties 
of  vinegar." 

P.  2ii,  !.  6  (from  the  bottom). 
Infert,  "  or  rather  the  fame  which  the  ful- 
phuric  acid  has  to  the  fulphureous  acid,  or 
that  which  the  nitric  acid  has  to  the  nitrous 
acid." 

P.  212,  1.  9  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert,  "  Mr.  de  Laflbne  has  fhewn,  that 
the  ammoniacal  fait  formed  by  radical  vinegar, 
or  the  acetic  acid,  is  very  different  from  that 
formed  by  the  common  acetous  acid,  and 
called  fpirit  of  Mindererus  :  Although  we  do 
not  poffefs  a  fufficient  knowledge  of  the  pro- 
perties of  all  the  acetates,  yet  their  form,  tafte, 
folubility,  &c.  fufficiently  fhew  that  they 
really  differ  from  the  acetites.  The  Marquis 
of  Courtanvaux,"  &c.  as  in  the  line  above 
referred  to. 


230  ELEMENTS  OF 

P.  213,  1.  2. 

In  this  place  is  inferted  the  paragraph,  be- 
ginning with  the  words  "  Radical  vinegar," 
upon  page  214,  and  the  two  following  para- 
graphs on  page  215,  as  far  as  the  word 
u  combuftion"  at  line  19;  after  which  the 
following  paragraph  is  inferted  : 

"  A  great  number  of  refearches  remain  to 
be  made  by  chemifts  concerning  the  acetic 
acid  :  the  properties  we  have  treated  of  are 
fufficient  to  lhewr,  1.  That  it  remarkably 
differs  from  the  acetous  acid,  or  common  vi- 
negar. 2.  That  this  difference  depends  on 
the  oxigene,  which  is  more  abundant  in  the 
acetic  than  in  the  acetous  acid  ;  which  excefs 
has  been  taken  by  the  latter  from  the  calx  of 
copper.  ,  We  fhall  now  proceed  to  examine 
fome  other  properties  of  common  vinegar. 

The  acid  of  vinegar,"  &c.  and  proceed 
as  in  line  3,  page  213. 

P.  214  and  215. 

It  has  already  been  remarked,  that  the  three 
paragraphs,  from  the  words  "  Radical  vine- 
gar" to  the  word  u  combuiiion,"  are  tranf- 
pcfed  to  page  213  ;  the  fubjett,  therefore,  is 
continued  by  proceeding  to  line  20  on  page 
215.    "  Vinegar  is  much  ufed,"  &c. 


Chap- 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  23 


Chapter  XXIV. 
(Numbered  XXV.  in  the  new  edition.) 
Th  I S  chapter  is  not  altered. 


Q4 


PART 


ELEMENTS  OF 


PART  IV. 


P.  222. 

T^HE  Author  has  transferred  the  firft  eight 
**•    chapters  of  this  part  to  the  beginning  of 
his  fifth  volume,  without  any  material  altera- 
tion, except  the  following. 

P.  239,  after  1.  1 1. 

Infert,  "  Since  the  work  of  Mr.  Dauben- 
ton,  the  Count  de  la  Cepede  has  publifhed 
a  very  extenfive  and  accurate  work  upon 
oviparous  quadrupeds,  in  which  he  has  exhi- 
bited a  particular  method.  This  arrangement 
will  be  found  in  the  fifth  table,  extracted 
from  the  work  of  Mr.  de  la  Cepede."  The 
table  is  inferted  at  the  end  of  this  Supple- 
ment, No.  1. 

P.  255,  at  the  bottom. 
The  Author  takes  notice  that  leveral  cele- 
brated naturalifts  have  laboured  on  the  fubjeft 
of  infeds  fince  Geoffroy  ;  and,  in  particular, 
that  he  has  not  thought  proper  to  adopt  the 
method  of  Mr.  Fabricius,  becaufe  more  com- 
plicated and  embarrafiing  than  that  which  he 
has  ufed. 

This  fourth  part,  therefore,  begins  with 


Chap 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


233 


Chapter  IX, 
P.  279. 

(Numbered  I.  in  the  new  edition.) 

'T^HE  Author  has  annexed  a  note,  inform- 
ing  the  reader  of  the  tranfpofition  of  the 
firft  eight  chapters.    No  effential  alteration  is 
made  in  this  chapter. 


Addition   in  Chapter  X. 
(Numbered  II.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  299,  1.  2  ffrom  the  bottom). 

ADD,  "  It  feems  to  be  in  the  fibrous  fub- 
ftance  that  the  particular  acid  exifts, 
which  the  blood  affords  by  diftillation,  and 
which  Mr.  Chauffier  obtained  by  the  action  of 
alcohol.  For  this  reafon  I  have  propofed  to 
call  it  the  cruoric  acid,  if  it  fhould  hereafter 
be  found  to  be  a  peculiar  acid. 


Alter- 


234  ELEMENTS  OF 


Alteration    and   Addition  in 
Chapter  XL 

(Numbered  III.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  301,  I.  7. 

A  DD,  "  It  has  always  been  fuppofed  that  the 
■*  milk  is  feparated  immediately  by  the 
mammary  glands  from  the  blood  that  paries 
through  the  numerous  arteries  with  which 
they  abound ;  but  the  principles  found  in 
milk  have  not  yet  been  fhewn  to  exift  in  the 
blood.  Modern  anatomy  has  taught  us  that 
the  breafts  are  provided  with  a  great  number 
of  lymphatic  and  abforbent  vefiels,  placed  in 
a  fatty  membrane  ;  the  fluid  they  contain  is 
probably  one  of  the  principal  materials  of 
milk. ' 

P-  3X3>  L  5- 
Inftead  of  the  paragraph  as  here  given,  the 
Author  has  laid  fimply,   "  From  all  thefe 
facls  it  appears,  that  cheefe  is  a  fubftance  re- 
fembling  the  albumen  of  the  blood." 


Alter* 


CHEMISTRY,  &C 


235 


Alterations   and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XII. 

(Numbered  IV.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  322,  L  14. 

p  EAD,  "It  decompofes  the  tartrite  of 
potafh  by  precipitating  cream  of  tartar, 
or  the  acidule  of  tartar  ;  and  it  likewife  de- 
compofes the  acetous  alkaline  falts.  When 
ftrongly  heated,"  &c.  as  in  line  17. 

P.  324,  1.  7. 

Read,  "  It  is  a  kind  of  fixed  oil,  rendered 
concrete  by  a  notable  quantity  of  acid,  and 
by  oxigene,  or  the  bafe  of  vital  air." 

P.  327*  3- 
Infert,  "  With  regard  to  the  fait,  which 
M.  Cadet  mentions  in  the  charcoal  of  bile, 
as  being  analogous  to  fugar  of  milk ;  it  is 
very  clear  that  this  fubftance  could  not  have 
refifted  the  ftrong  heat  requiiite  to  reduce  the 
bile  to  the  ftate  of  coal." 

 1  16. 

Add,  "  He  has  likewife  difcovered  that  bile 
which  is  altered,  and  has  become  of  a  brown, 
dirty,  turbid  colour,  emitting  a  foetid  fmell, 

becomes 


236  ELEMENTS  OF 

becomes  by  this  treatment  of  a  fine  green,  and 
lofes  its  fmell,  at  the  fame  time  that  fome 
whitifh  concrete  flocks  are  feparated. 

P.  329,  L  16. 

Add,  u  But  it  is  probable  that  this  pretended 
faline  matter  is  rather  analogous  to  the  fo- 
liated, brilliant,  and  cryftallized  fubftancc 
which  Mr.  Poulletier  found  in  the  human  bi- 
liary calculi,  and  of  which  we  mall  proceed 
to  fpeak." 

P.  330,  \.  17. 

Add,  "  Some  perfons  attribute  particular 
virtues  to  the  gall  of  fifhes ;  but  experience  has 
afforded  no  proof  of  this  affertion,  which  mud 
be  claffed  among  the  numerous  prejudices 
which  exift  refpecling  the  materia  medica." 

 L  4  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert,  "  I  diftinguifh  three  varieties ;  the 
firft   are    brown,   blackifh,  irregular,  tuber- 
culated,  and  as  it  were  of  a  crumbly  texture  : 
the  fecond  are  harder,  brown,  ycllowifh,  or 
grcenifh  ;  they  exhibit  concentric  layers,  and 
are  often  covered  with  a  dry,  even,  and  grey- 
ifh  cruft.    Their  form  is  ufually  angular  and 
polyhedral.   The  third  variety  includes  white, 
egg-fhaped  concretions,  more  or  lefs  irregular, 
with  a  whitifh  and  frequently  uneven  cover- 
ing, formed  of  fparry  flrata,  or  cryftalline 
tranfparent  lamina.1,  and  often  radiated  from 
the  centre  to  the  circumference. 

6  The 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  237 

The  biliary  calculi  of  the  fecond  variety 
have  been  examined  by,"  &c.  as  in  line  2. 
P.  331,  1.  12. 

Infert,  "  This  very  lingular  fact  likewife 
requires  confirmation,  for  M.  V auquelin  and 
myfelf  have  obferved  a  fmall  quantity  of  la- 
mellated  matter  in  the  calculi  of  oxen." 

—  1.  18. 

Read,  "  biliary  calculi  of  the  fecond  variety 
above  defcribed." 

 1.  6  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert,  "  I  have  collected  two  others  en- 
tirely fimilar,  which  were  given  me  by  my 
affociates  Meffrs.  Preux  and  Halle." 

 laft  line. 

The  following  paragraph  is  omitted,  ending 
°n  p.  332,  1.  12. 

P.  332,  at  the  bottom. 

Add,  "  Neverthelefs,  it  muft  not  be  ima- 
gined that  thefe  remedies,  however  active  and 
volatile  they  may  be,  can  arrive  in  fufficient 
quantity  into  the  bladder  to  difiblve  the  biliary 
calculi  with  the  fame  efficacy  as  they  do  in 
our  experiments.  I  think,  that  the  cefiation 
of  fpafm,  and  the  dilatation  of  the  gall-duct 
which  follows,  is  the  true  caufe  of  the  good 
effects  of  the  ethereal  mixtures  propofed  by 
Mr.  Durande,  whom  I  advife  to  fupprefs  the 
oil  of  turpentine  ;  more  efpecialiy  as  it  ap- 
pears 


ELEMENTS     O  I 

pears  to  be  proved,  that,  though  it  be  in  other 
refpe&s  very  heating,  it  has  no  other  advan- 
tage than  that  of  diminifhing  the  volatility  of 
the  ether  ;  and  that  it  is  already  proved  from 
obfervation,  that  white  of  egg,  and  doubtlefs 
many  other  fubftances,  might  be  employed  for 
the  lame  purpofe,  and  without  producing  the 
fame  inconveniences." 


Alter- 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


^39 


Alterations   and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XIV. 

(Numbered  XVI.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  336,  L  5  (from  the  bottom). 

TNS E  RT,  "  Meffrs.  Macquart  and  Vauquelin 
1  have  found  evident  acid  properties  in  the 
gaftric  juice  of  oxen,  calves,  and  meep ;  but 
it  follows,  from  their  exact  experiments,  that 
this  character  is  derived  from  the  difengaged 
phofphoric  acid  :  they  have  likewife  afcertain- 
ed,  that  thefe  juices  alter  and  putrefy  readily 
enough.  It  appears  that  the  gaftric  juice  of 
carnivorous  animals  poiTeffes  the  antifeptic 
property  mod  eminently." 

P-  337,  !•  6-  , 
After  the  word  "  fubftances,"  infert,  "  and 
which  is  even  faid  to  be  capable  of  attacking 
filiceous  ftones." 

 1.  2  (from  the  bottom). 

Inftead  of  the  fentence  "  Time  and  expe- 
rience," &c.  infert,  "  But  the  experiments  of 
MefTrs.  Macquart  and  Vauquelin,  above  fpo- 
ken  of,  and  which  were  made  in  iny  labo- 
ratory, prove  that  this  antifeptic  quality  does 
not  belong  to  the  gaftric  juice  of  ruminating 
animals." 

Chap- 


240  ELEMENTS  OF 

Chapter  XV. 
(Numbered  VII.  in  the  new  edition.) 

TPlilS  chapter  is  not  altered. 


Alter 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XVI. 

(Numbered  VIII.  in  the  new  edition.) 


After  the  words  "  phofphoric  fait,"  add, 
H  and  the  acid  of  the  ftone  of  the  bladder." 

P.  345,  line  the  laft. 

The  Author  has  annexed  a  note,  obferving 
that  Coldevillars  had  mentioned,  in  his  Courfe 
of  Surgery,  that  urine  conftantly  reddens  the 


Add, 


P.  344,  L  2. 

or  by  the  abforbent  veffels. 


 1.  12. 


tincture  of  turnfole. 


In  (read  of 


P.  346,  1.  12. 
f  "  holds/'  read, 


appears  to 


hold. 


R 


Chap- 


242  ELEMENTS  OF 


C  II  A  P  T  E  K  XVII. 

(Numbered  IX.  in  the  new  edition.) 
This  chapter  is  not  altered. 


Alterations    and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XVIII. 

(Numbered  X.  in  the  new  edition.) 

p-  377?  1  x5- 
AFTER  the  word  "dark"  infert,  "  Thia 
*      rapid  cofnbuftion  takes  place  with  a  very 
ilrorig  heat,  and  dazzling  li gHt,  in  a  receiver 
full  of  vital  air.* 

P.  381,  I  16. 

Infert,  "  Mr.  Pclletier  has  obferved  that 
copper  combines  very  well  with  phofphorus, 
and  that  the  reluk  of  this  combination  is  a 
kind  of  grey,  brilliant,  granulated,  very  hard, 
and  infufible  ore.  We  give  to  thefe  com- 
pound^, into  which  phofphorus  enters  with- 
out alteration,  the  name  of  pholphures  of 
cupper,  zinc,  arfenic,  fee." 

Alter- 


C  H  E  M  I  S  T  R  Y,     &C.  243 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XIX. 

(Numbered  XI.  in  the  new  edition.) 

p.  383. 

The  title  of  the  chapter  is, 

k  Concerning  the  Phofphoric  Acid  and  the  Phof- 
phoreous Acid"' 

In  this  chapter,  the  Author  makes  a  dif- 
tinction  between  the  phofphoric  acid  and  the 
phofphoreous  acid,  or  phoiphoric  acid  which 
holds  phofphorus  in  folution  ;  and  he  has 
"ccordingly  divided  the  chapter  into  two  fec- 
ions,  as  expreffed  in  the  title..  After  the  ce- 
fcription  of  the  general  procefTes  for  acidify- 
ing phofphorus,  in  which  he  remarks  that 
the  three  firft  afford  the  phofphoric,  and  the 
latter  the  phofphoreous  acid, 

p.  385, 1. 4; 

The  Author  has  erafed  the  kft  four  lines 
of  the  paragraph,  and  begins  to  treat  of  the 
phofphoric  acid  in  the  enfurng  paragraph, 
which  he  has  altered  as  follows  : 


"  Concern- 


244 


ELEMENTS  OF 


"  Concerning  iht  Phofpboric  Acid. 

THE  pure  pholphoric  acid,  obtained  with- 
out addition  of  water  and  in  vital  air,  lias 
the  form  of  white,  iViowy,  fight,  deliquefcent 
flocks,  of  a  very  ftrong  acid  tafle.  By  ex- 
pofure  to  the  air,  it  ftrongly  attracts  humidity. 
When  placed  in  contact  with  a  fmall  quan- 
tity of  water,  it  melts  or  is  diilblved  canty, 
and  affords  a  white  fluid  without  fmell,  of  an 
oily  conliftence,  very  ponderous,  of  a  ftrong- 
ly acid  tafle,  and  rapidly  converting  blue  ve- 
getable colours  into  red.  If  it  be  expofed  to 
the  action  of  heat  in  a  retort,  pure  phlegm  is 
obtained  ;  the  acid  becomes  concentrated,  and 
acquires  a  greater  fpecihe  gravity  than  even  the 
fulphuric  acid,  gradually  becomes  more  con- 
fident, lofes  its  tranfparency,  and  refembles 
a  foft  extract :  laftly,  when  urged  by  a  vio- 
lent heat,  it  melts  into  a  hard,  very  electric, 
and  infoluble  tranfparent  glafs,  which  prefents 
no  character  of  acidity.  It  feems  that  this 
vitrc-ous  and  folid  ftate  of  phofphorus  de- 
pends on  a  more  intimate  combination  be- 
tween the  acidiliable  bafe  and  oxigene  and 
the  feparation  of  part  of  the  latter,  t  his 
idea  refpecting  the  more  intimate  adherence 
of  the  bale  of  air,"  &c.  as  hi  line  2,  p.  386. 

P.  387)  1.  13  (from  the  bottom). 
Erafe  the  words  u  and  even  by  the  cauf- 
tic  fixed  alkali/' 

P.  388, 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


245 


P.  388,  1.  12  (from  the  bottom). 

InMcad  of  the  remaining  lines  of  the  pa- 
ragraph, infert,  "  does  not  cryftallize  but  with 
difficulty,  and  is  often  reduced  by  evapora- 
tion into  a  gummy  deliquefcent  matter,  tena- 
cious and  adhefive  like  turpentine,  i  have 
obferved  in  this  thick  matter,  needles  difpofed 
in  radii,  which  denoted  a  commencement  of 
cryflallization.  But  if  a  little  more  foda  be 
added  to  this  fait,  than  is  necefTary  to  fatu- 
rate  its  acid  ;  this  excefs  of  bafe,  which  it  is 
capable  of  taking  up,  immediately  changes  its 
properties  ;  its  tafte  becomes  urinous  ;  it  con- 
verts the  fyrup  of  violets  to  a  green  :  it  cry- 
ftallizes  in  large  parallelograms,  -  and  effiorefces 
in  the  air  :  in  a  word,  it  affumes  all  the  pro- 
perties of  the  fufible  fait  with  bafe  of  natrum, 
which  we  call  the  fuper-faturated  phofphate 
of  foda.  This  fait  does  not  afford  phofpho- 
rus  with  charcoal  :  however,  the  j  hofphoric 
falts  of  ponderous  earth,  lime,  vegetable  al- 
kali and  foda,  like  wife  do  not  afford  it ;  and 
it  feems  neceiTarv  that  the  phofphoric  acid 
mould  be  in  a  difengaged  ftate  before  it  can 
be  decompofed  by  charcoal/' 

P.  389,  1.  4. 

Inftead  of  the  laft  four  lines  of  this  para^ 
graph,  read,  "  I  have  obferved  that  when  the 
combination  is  accurately  neutral,  it  is  very 
difficult  to  obtain  it  cryftallized,  and  that  it 
aimoft  totally  evaporates  by  a  gentle  heat ; 

R  3  but 


*.\6  ELEMENTS  OF 

but  an  exccfs  of  volatile  alkali  favours  the 
cryftallization  of  this  fait :  a  imal]  quantity  of 
the  phofphate  of  foda  produces  the  fame  ef- 
fect, and  in  this  flate  it  is  that  we  obtain  it 
from  urine.  Ponderous  earth,  lime,  and  al- 
kalis decompole  the  ammoniacal  phofphate : 
fire  readily  difengages  its  volatile  alkali,  and  it 
is  on  this  account  that  it  affords  phofphorus 
with  charcoal." 

P.  389,  1.  3  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert,  "  in  which  it  occafions  precipitates. 

The  nitric  and  acetous  folutions  of  lead  are 
equally  precipitated  by  the  pholphoric  acid, 
and  by  the  foluble  phofphoric  falts :  the  pre- 
cipitate afforded  by  the  decompofition  of  thefe 
laft,  or  the  phofphate  of  lead,  affords  phof- 
phorus by  diftillation  with  charcoal." 

P.  391,  1.  3. 

Infert,  "  Mr.  Haffenfratz  has  extracted  It 
from  a  great  number  of  plants  which  grow  in 
the  marines,  and  from  the  earthy  part  of 
turf." 


Add,  "  Laftly,  Mr.  Proufl  lias  found  it 
combined  with  lime,  in  a  /parry  ftone,  from 
Spain." 

 1.  11. 

At  the  end  of  the  chapter  the  following  is 

added  ; 


*  Com 


CHEMISTS.  Y,  &C. 


247 


"  Concerning  the  Phofphoreous  Acid. 

WE  have  obferved,  that  when  phofphoruB 
burns  flowly,  and  does  net  become  entirely 
faturated  \*rith  oxigene,  it  forms  an  acid  dif- 
ferent from  the  former,  and  which  has  the 
fame  relation  to  it  as  the  fulphureous  acid  has 
to  the  fulphuric  acid,  the  nitrous  acid  to  the 
nitric  acid,  and  the  acetous  acid  to  the  acetic 
acid :  this  diverfity  of  the  proportion  of  ox- 
igene in  this  acid,  caufes  a  very  great  differ- 
ence in  its  properties,  as  is  obferved  in  the 
other  three  acids.  The  phofphoreous  acid 
may  likewife  be  confidered  as  the  phofphoric 
acid,  holding  a  fmall  quantity  of  phofphorus 
in  folution.  This  acid  affumes  a  foetid  and 
difagreeable  fmell  when  it  is  rubbed,  and  efpe- 
cially  when  it  is  heated  ;  part  is  volatilized 
in  the  form  of  a  white  vapour,  which  is  very 
acute  and  penetrating  :  it  is,  therefore,  much 
more  volatile  than  the  phofphoric  acid  ;  but 
this  phofphoreous  acid  never  rifes  wholly  in 
vapour  like  the  fulphureous  acid,  and  always 
contains  a  greater  or  lefs  quantity  of  phofpho- 
ric acid,  for  which  reafon  it  leaves  a  vitreous 
relidue,  or  melted  phefphcric  acid,  when 
treated  with  a  ftrong  heat.  It  may  be  pre- 
pared by  decompoiing  the  phofphoric  acid, 
and  there  is  always  a  certain  quantity  difen- 
gaged  in  the  operation  of  making  phofphorus. 
All  the  diftindive  properties  of  the  phofpho- 
reous acid  have  not  been  examined  in  detail ; 

R  4  .  but 


240  ELEMENTS  OF 

but  thofe  which  have  been  obferved  are  fuf- 
ficient  to  indicate  the  difference  between  this 
acid  and  the  phofphoric  acid.  Mr.  Sage,  in 
the  Memoirs  of  the  Academy  for  the  year 
*777>  h"s  (hewn  fome  of  the  charadteriftic 
properties  of  the  phofphoreous  acid.  Accord- 
ing to  this  chemift,  the  fait  which  refults  from 
the  acid  obtained  by  the  deliquium  of  phof- 
phorus,  when  united  to  potafh,  or  the  phofphite 
of  potafh,  is  not  deliq-uefcent ;  the  phofphite  of 
foda  is  likewife  cryftallizable,  and  not  deli- 
qtiefcent  ;  the  ammoi  iacal  phofphite,  on  the 
contrary,  attra&s  the  humidity  of  the  air." 


Chapter  XX. 
(Numbered  XII.  in  the  new  edition.) 

This  chapter  is  not  altered. 


Chap- 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


Chapter  XXI. 
(Numbered  XIII.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  405,  at  the  bottom  of  the  text. 

THE  Author  has  obferved,  that,  in  the 
making  of  phofphorus  from  the  acid  of 
bones,  the  evaporation  fhould  be  carried  on 
till  it  has  the  coniiftence  of  an  extract,  and 
the  diftillation  mult  then  be  made  with  char- 
coal. 

The  reft  of  the  chapter  is  as  it  flood  in  the 
former  edition. 


Alter- 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XXII. 

(Numbered  XIV.  In  the  new  edition.) 

P.  41 1,  1.  10  (from  the  bottom). 
T>  EAD,  "  A  prodigious  quantity  of  elaflic 
fluid  is  difetigaged,  confifting  of  a  mixture 
of  carbonic  acid  gas,  azotic  gas,  and  hydroge- 
nous gas,  holding  charcoal  and  even  volatile 
oil  in  fclution.  This  laft  is  gradually  preci- 
pitated in  cooling,  and  adheres  to  the  fides  of 
the  glafs  jars  in  which  the  elaftic  fluid  is  pre- 
fer ved." 

P.  413,1.  7  (from  the  bottom). 
Add,  "  There  arc  feveral  manufa&urcs  of 
thefc  candles  in  England,  and  there  has  been 
one  eflablilhed  at  Paris  for  fome  years  pair./' 

P.  414,  L  8  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  It  really  differs  from  wax  :  it  ap- 
pears to  be,  with  rcfpecl  to  the  former  of  thefe 
oils,  the  lame  which  rcfin  is  to  the  latter/' 

P.  415,  1.  8. 

Add,  "  It  appears  to  me  that  this  fubftance 
k  very  abundant  in  the  animal  kingdom,  and 

that 


C?  HEM  IS  TRY,     &C,  $5% 

that  it  is  an  oil  which  particularly  belongs  to 
this  kingdom." 

In  this  place  the  Author  has  inferted  the 
matter  of  chapter  xxvii.  page  434,  of  the  third 
volume,  concerning  ambergris. 

After  which  he  proceeds  to  treat  of  the  eggs, 
of  birds,  as  in /the  page  firft  mentioned. 


Alter* 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Alterations  and  Additions  in 
Chapter  XXIII. 

Page  418. 

HP  HE  Author  has  continued  the  fubjecT:  with- 
■**    out  making  the  divifion  of  a  chapter  in 
this  place. 

P.  418,  1.  2  and  3  (from  the  bottom). 

Erafe  the  words  "  zoophagous — whole  hu- 
mours are  more  attenuated  than  moil  quadru- 
peds.!' 

P.  419,  1.  11  (from  the  bottom). 
Infert,  "  But  thefe  virtues  may  be  doubted." 

P.  422,  1.  12  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  Its  attractions  have  been  difpofed 
in  the  following  manner  by  Meflrs.  Ardwiflbn, 
and  Oerhne :  ponderous  earth,  vegetable  al- 
kali, mineral  alkali,  lime,  magnefia,  volatile  al- 
kali, zinc,  mangancfe,  iron,  lead,  tin,  cobalt, 
copper,  nickel,  bifmuth,  filver,  clay." 

P.  427,  L  10. 

Read,  M  it  affords  the  acid  of  fat,  or  febacic 
acid." 

P.  42S,  L  5. 
Infert, "In the  reparation  by  alcohol,  this  fluid 
carries  the  liquor  through  the  filtre,  and  there 
l  remains 


CHFMISTRY,    &C.  253 

remains  the  p  per  a  fat  orange- colour  oil, 
a  gummy  matter,  and  a  fmall  quantity  of  glu- 
ten. To  obtain  the  bombic  acid,  or  acid  of 
filk- worms,  in  a  ftate  of  purity,  the  alcohol 
mult  be  diftilli  d  :  1  is  laft  comes  over,  and  the 
acid  remains  al  1    i:i  the  retort." 

P.  431,  L  9. 
For  M  ftrong,"  read,  "  ftoney." 


Alter- 


*S4 


Elements  of 


Chapter  XV.  of  the  new  Edition. 

P.  i4* 

[This  chapter  is  inferted  after  chapter  xxiii 
of  the  former  edition,  and  is  new.  Its  title  is 
as  follows.] 

• 

<c  Rcful t  of  the  AnalyfU  of  Animal  Subfiances\ 
Comparifon  of  theft  Siibftdncei  with  Vegetable 
Matters. 

TN  the  fourteen  preceding  chapters,  we  have 
exhibited  the  actual  ftate  of  our  prefent 
knowledge  concerning  the  nature  of  animal 
fubllances.  Thofe  who  have  cultivated  che- 
miftry  for  the  laft  twenty  years,  will  eafily 
perceive  how  much  that  fcience  has  gained 
in  this  refpect,  and  the  lingular  progrefs  it 
has  made  in  this  department.  Though  a 
much  greater  number  of  difcoveries,  beyond 
what  is  at  prefent  known,  remains  to  be 
made,  to  complete  the  hiftory  of  animal  mat- 
ters, yet  thofe  which  we  at  prefent  poilefs 
ar:  of  much  greater  value  than  what  we  for- 
merly pofleffed.  The  courfe  neceflary  to  be 
held  in  this  great  work  is  at  leaft  difcoreredj 
and  we  need  he  no  longer  apprehcnfive  of 
confuming  our  time  in  falfe  purfuits ;  it  is 
7  clearly 


C  HE  MISTRY,    Szc.  1$$ 

clearly  feen  how  much  the  philofophy  of  ani- 
mal fubftances  and  the  fcience  of  medicine 
may  expect  from  chemiftry,  when  thefe  two 
fciences  are  connected  together.  If  this  aflfer- 
tion  required  any  additional  proofs  to  what  wc 
have  already  given  in  detail  in  the  foregoing 
chapters,  the  fhort  refumption  we  (hall  ex- 
hibit in  this  place  would  be  fufficient  to  an- 
fwer  their  purpofe. 

Thofe  fubftances  which  have  been  called  the 
immediate  principles  of  organic  bodies,  that 
is  to  fay,  the  matters  which  are  feparated  im- 
mediately and  without  alteration  from  organ- 
ized fubftances,  greatly  refemble  each  other  ; 
whether  they  be  extracted  from  animals  or 
vegetables.  In  feft;  we  find  in  both,  extracts, 
the  faccharine  principle,  infipid  mucilages,  acid 
and  alkaline  falts,  fixed  and  volatile  oils,  refins, 
glutinous  matter,  an  aromatic  principle,  and 
colouring  fubftances.  But  notwithstanding 
this  analogy,  which  has  long  been  perceived, 
there  ftill  remain  among  the  immediate  prin- 
ciples of  the  two  kingdoms,  very  remark  able 
differences,  the  examination  of  which  delerves 
all  the  attention  of  philofophers. 

1.  The  extract  and  faccharine  matters  are 
very  far  from  being  as  abundant  in  the  animal 
as  in  the  vegetable  kingdom. 

2,  The  animal  mucilages  are  not  entirely  of  the 
fame  nature  ;  they  are  fofter,  net  fo  eafily  dried, 
and  are  difpofed  to  attract  the  humidity  of  the 
air;  they  take  the  form  of  a  jelly  in  cooling  ; 

their 


256  ELEMENTS  OF 

their  tafle  is  ftronger,  they  become  four,  and 
more  especially  they  putrefy  much  more  ra- 

3.  The  fixed  oils  in  the  animal  kingdom 
like  wife  differ  from  thofe  of  vegetables.  They 
are  found  collected  in  greater  malfes  and  in  par- 
ticular cells;  they  are  always  more  or  lefs  con- 
crete ;  and  in  many  inftancea  they  are  even 
capable  of  becoming  dry,  and  affuming  the 
cryftailine  form. 

4.  Volatile  oils  and  refins  are  in  general 
rarer,  and  much  lefs  abundant,  in  animals 
than  in  vegetables.  It  feems  as  if  Nature  had 
been  careful  to  remove  from  the  fenfible  and 
irritable  organs  of  animals,  fuch  acrid  fub- 
ftances  which  would  have  continually  ftimu- 
lated  the  fibres ;  and  that  {he  has  even  con- 
fined them  to  the  external  parts,  and  the  vi- 
cinity of  the  tunics  in  vegetables. 

5.  The  albuminous  matter,  which  is  concref- 
cible  by  heat,  though  it  ex  ills  in  the  juices  of 
plants,  is  much  lefs  abundant  in  them  than  in 
animals  ;  in  all  the  parts  of  which  it  is  found, 
and  often  in  very  confiderable  quantities. 

6.  The  fibrous  fubftance,  though  analogous 
to  the  gluten  of  flour,  has,  neverthelefs,  more 
tenacity  and  elalticity  in  animals :  belides 
which,  they  contain  it  in  lb  large  a  proportion 
that)  even  if  there  were  no  other  difference 
between  animals  and  vegetables,  this  alone 
would  deferve  to  employ  the  whole  attention 
and  refcarch  of  philofophcrs.     All  the  muf- 

cles, 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  257 

tries,  or  all  the  organs  of  motion,  are  com- 
pofed  of  this ;  and  as  animals  poflefs  a  mo- 
bility which  is  not  feen  in  vegetables,  the  parts 
neceflary  to  move  them  ought  to  differ  effen- 
tially  from  that  which  confiitutes  the  motion- 
lefs  bodies  of  plants. 

7.  But  it  is  more  efpecially  in  the  nature  of 
their  faline  matters,  that  animals  differ  from 
vegetables.  Befides  the  falts  and  faline  radicals 
analogous  to  thofe  of  the  vegetable  kingdom, 
which  are  found  in  animals,  fuch  as  lime,  fo- 
da,  the  muriatic,  oxalic,  malic,  benzoic,  fe- 
bacic,  and  phofphoric  acids,  there  have  been 
extracted  from  them  the  lactic,  faccho-lactic, 
lithic,  formic,  and  bombic  acids,  whofe  nature 
is  not  known,  but  which  do  not  appear  to 
exift  in  vegetables.  We  like  wife  find  in  ani- 
mals, much  more  abundantly  than  in  vege- 
tables, the  principles  neceffary  for  the  forma- 
tion of  volatile  alkali  and  the  PrufTian  acid  ; 
and  it  is  more  particularly  by  this  character 
that  animal  matter  differs  from  vegetable.  The 
principles  neceffary  to  the  formation  of  am^ 
moniac,  or  volatile  alkali,  and  the  Pruffian  acid, 
are  even  fo  abundant  in  animal  fubftances,  that 
thefe  two  compounds  are  very  often  found 
ready  formed  in  them,  more  efpecially  fome 
time  after  the  death  of  animals.  I  have  found 
Pruffian  blue  in  putrid  animal  fubftances  :  I 
have  even  feen  in  a  fick  perfon,  whofe  blocd 
was  greatly  altered,  this  fluid  affume  the' 
brighter!  blue  colour  by  expofure  to  air.  But 
S  it 


2j8  ELEMENTS  OF 

it  mu ft  not  be  overlooked,  that  vegetables  like- 
wife  contain  the  principles  of  Pruflian  blue,- 
though  much  lefs  abundantly  than  animalfub- 
ftances.  With  regard  to  volatile  alkali,  its 
readier  and  much  more  frequent  formation  in 
animal  than  in  vegetable  matters,  (hews  that 
its  principles  are  much  more  abundant ;  and 
indeed  Mr.  Berthollett  has  proved,  that  thefe 
matters  afford  a  very  great  quantity  of  azotic 
gas,  by  means  of  the  nitric  acid.  I  have 
proved  after  him,  that,  when  this  gas  is  ex- 
tracted, thefe  fubftances  no  longer  afford  am- 
moniac, or  volatile  alkali ;  it  is,  therefore,  to 
the  prefence  of  this  principle  that  they  are 
indebted  for  the  property  of  affording,  in  thefe 
artificial  or  fpontaneous  analyfes,  a  great  quan- 
titv  of  this  alkaline  fait. 

if  we  proceed  to  inquire  what  are  the 
more  fimple  iirft  principles  of  which  thefe  im- 
mediate principles  are  compounded,  we  fhall 
hnd,  that  the  only  component  parts  of  animal 
matters  aiv,  like  thofc  of  vegetables,  hydro- 
gene,  carbone,  azote,  and  oxigene.  Thefe 
fubftances,  hitherto  indecompofable,  thefe  kinds 
of  elements,  appear  to  conftitute,  by  their  com- 
binations, oils,  acids,  mucilages,  the  fibrous 
matter,  &c.  Thefe  various  immediate  prin- 
ciples do  not  differ  from  each  other,  but  in 
the  number  and  refpective  proportion  of  the 
primitive  fubftances  which  compofe  them.  But 
as  animal  matters,  though  formed  in  general  of 
the  lame  principles  as  vegetable  fubftances,  do 

never- 


C  H  E  M  I  S  T  R  Y,     &C.  1$<) 

aeverthelefs  poffefs  properties  really  different  ; 
the  produ&ive  caufe  of  thefe  differences  ap- 
pears to  exift  only  in  the  various  proportion 
of  thefe  principles.  Thus  the  quantity  of 
azote,  which  is  much  more  confiderable  in 
animal  matters  than  in  vegetable  fubftances, 
already  explains  a  great  part  of  thefe  differ- 
ences :  it  mews  why  animal  fubftances  afford 
much  ammoniac  by  the  a&ion  of  fire,  why 
they  putrefy  fo  readily,  why  they  are  neceffary 
to  the  production  of  the  acid  of  nitre,  &c.  Nothing 
more  is  required  to  be  done  than  to  determine 
what  kind  of  change  it  is  that  vegetable  matters 
undergo,  in  palling  into  the  bodies  of  animals; 
for  it  is  certain  that  vegetable  matters  alone 
afford  nourifhment  to  animals,  and  are  con- 
verted into  their  proper  fubftance.  We  mail 
here  take  notice,  that  feveral  immediate  prin- 
ciples of  vegetables  pafs  without  alteration, 
and  preferve  their  own  proper  nature  in  the 
bodies  of  animals,  or  at  leaft  are  very  little 
changed  :  fuch  in  particular  are  feveral  falts, 
the  fixed  oils,  &c.  But  the  different  kinds  of 
mucilages,  the  gluten,  and  the  colouring  mat- 
ters, manifeftly  change  their  nature;  the  gummy 
matter  becomes  gelatinous ;  the  gluten  paffes 
to  the  ftate  of  fibrous  matter  ;  the  bafe  of  azo- 
tic gas  is  fixed,  and  combines  in  great  quan- 
tities in  thefe  fubftances,  and  feems,  by  its 
mere  fixation,  to  change  vegetable  into  animal 
matter.  It  is  to  this  change,  and  the  forma- 
tion of  the  various  animal  fubftances,  that  phy- 
S  2  liologifts 


260 


ELEMENTS  OF 


fiologifts  ought  to  dire£t  their  attention  more 
particularly  :  in  a  word,  it  is  the  problem  of 
animalization  which  remains  to  be  refolved. 
Analyfis  has  already  afforded  fome  ufeful  data 
for  this  folution ;  but  many  more  remain  to 
be  investigated :  and  it  is  chemiftry  alone 
which,  by  its  accurate  procefles,  can  encou- 
rage us  to  hope  for  the  union  of  a  number 
fufficiently  confiderable  to  arrive  at  this  refult, 
fo  ufeful  to  the  philofophy  of  animal  bodies. 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  26 1 


Alteration  in  Chapter  XXIV. 
(Numbered  XVI.  in  the  new  edition.) 

P.  441,  !.  3. 

T^HE  concluding  paragraph  is  omitted,  and 
the  Author  proceeds  to  add  the  following 
new  matter :  * 

"  Thus  far  we  have  only  defcribed  the 
phenomena  which  take  place  when  animal 
matters  putrefy,  and  are  decompofed  in  the 
air :  but  as  the  refult  of  this  decompofition 
in  different  mediums  throws  great  light  on  the 
knowledge  of  the  revolutions  of  the  globe,  let 
us  confider  for  an  inftant  what  happens  to 
thefe  matters,  plunged  in  the  water,  or  buried 
in  the  earth. 

The  changes  hitherto  defcribed,  do  not  take 
place  perfectly  in  the  water.  The  bodies  of 
animals  plunged  in  this  liquid  firft  fwell  up  ; 
elaftic  fluids  are  difengaged;  the  water  dif- 
folves  a  great  part  of  their  principles,  decom- 
pofes  another  part,  and  difperfes  the  different 
principles  of  thefe  bodies  among  the  great 
mafles  that  conftitute  rivers  and  ftreams ; 
whence  feveral  nations  expofe  dead  bodies  in 
rivers,  and  commit  their  deftrudtion  to  the 
water. 

Other  phenomena  take  place  when  bodies 
S  3  are 


262  ELEMENTS  OF 

are  buried  beneath  the  ground.  Obfervations, 
mod  of  which  are  the  confequence  of  ac- 
cidental circumftances,  have  fhewn  that  their 
deftrucYion  varies  according  to  the  nature  of 
the  ground.  Sometimes  we  find  bodies  en- 
tirely dcftroyed  after  a  fhort  interval,  and 
fometimes  they  are  found  well  preferved  even 
after  a  very  long  time.  It  is  eafy  to  conceive, 
that  if  the  earth  is  very  porous  and  very 
moveable,  if  the  animal  matter  be  buried  at 
a  fmall  depth,  the  air,  and  efpecially  the  wa- 
ter, which  have  an  eafy  accefs  to  it,  will  fa- 
cilitate its  decompofition  ;  but  that  in  oppofite 
circumftances  it  mud  be  much  flower.  For 
example,  dry  earth  abforbs  the  water  of  bo- 
dies, dries  them,  and  converts  them  into  mum- 
my :  fuch  is  the  effect  of  a  fandy  foil,  in  which 
the  bodies  receive  the  imprefiion  of  a  burning 
fun,  and  acquire  a  degree  of  hardnels  which 
defends  them  from  deftruclion  for  ages.  On 
the  contrary,  argillaceous  earth  retains  water, 
and  permits  the  deftruction  of  bodies.  In  the 
cafes  in  which  it  takes  place  more  or  lefs 
flowly,  the  fluids  and  the  folids  finifh,  by  be- 
ing reduced  almoft  entirely  into  azotic  gas, 
carbonic  acid  gas,  hydrogenous  gas,  and  alka- 
line gas.  All  thefe  elaftic  fluids  being  filtered 
through  the  earth,  are  Hopped  and  partly  fix- 
ed, and  render  the  ground  black,  greafy,  and 
fetid.  They  faturatc  it,  as  it  were,  with  thele 
products  of  putrefaction,  until  the  diifolving 
power  of  water  and  air,  the  vaporization  ef- 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  2C3 

fected  by  heat,  and  the  abforption  by  vege- 
tables, deprive  the  ground  of  the  fluids  with 
which  it  is  impregnated.  Thus  it  is  that  na- 
ture, by  flow  decompofitions,  reduces  the  bo- 
dies of  animals  deprived  of  life,  to  more  Am- 
ple fubftances  deftined  to  enter  into  new  com- 
binations. 

This  decompofition,  confidered  on  every 
part  of  the  globe  at  once,  in  the  earth,  in  the 
water,  or  in  the  air,  produces  great  changes, 
which  the  philofopher  ought  to  appreciate. 
By  obferving  the  vaft  extent  of  the  feas,  and 
the  immenfe  quantity  of  animals  which  inha- 
bit them,  we  perceive  thofe  animals  periih  in 
enormous  mafles,  and  fuffer  a  decompofition, 
which  produces  phenomena  hitherto  not  fuf- 
ficiently  examined.     What  become  of  the 
immenfe  remains  of  animal  matters  ?  To  what 
fucceflive  revolutions  are  thefe  ruins  of  living 
beings  expofed  ? — It  is  known  that  the  waters 
of  the  fea  contain  the  marine  and  vitriolic 
falts  of  foda,  of  lime,  and  of  magnefia.  It 
cannot  be  doubted,   but  the  muriatic  acid, 
magnefia,  lime,  and   foda,    are  continually 
formed  in  this  vaft  laboratory.    Perhaps  the 
formation  of  many  of  thefe  fubftances  may 
take  place  during  the  life  of  thefe  marine  ani- 
mals ;  but  fome  others  are  certainly  due  only 
to  the  decompofition  of  the  fame  fubftances 
after  death.    It  cannot  be  denied,  that  the 
ftrata  of  calcareous  matters,  which  conftitute 
as  it  were  the  bark  or  external  covering  of  the 
S  4  g^e> 


264  ELEMENTS  OF 

globe,  in  a  great  part  of  its  extent,  arc 
owing  to  the  remains  of  the  fkeletons  of  fea 
animals,  more  or  lefs  broken  down  by  the 
waters ;  that  thefe  beds  have  been  depofited 
at  the  bottom  of  the  fea  ;  that  fuch  is  likewife 
the  origin  of  bitumen,  and  more  efpecially 
pit-coal,  which  is  depofited  in  very  thin  and 
extended  ftrata,  which  likewife  occupy  a  part 
of  the  globe.  There  is  therefore,  in  the  fea, 
a  never-ceafing  caufe  of  the  decompofition  of 
water:  numberlefs  agents  continually  feparate 
its  principles,  and  are  themfelves  changed, 
Immenfe  maffes  of  chalk,  depofited  on  its  bot- 
tom, abforb  and  fix  the  water,  or  convert  into 
a  folid  fubftance,  part  of  the  liquid  which  fills 
its  vaft  bafons. 

From  thefe  confiderations  refpe&ing  the  de- 
compofition of  animal  fubftances  in  the  earth, 
in  the  air,  and  in  the  water,  united  to  all  the 
data  afforded  by  chemiftry,  it  follows,  that  the 
external  ftrata  of  the  globe  are  no  longer 
what  they  were  at  the  moment  of  its  forma- 
tion ;  that  it  increafes  in  folidity  and  extent 
by  the  fuccefTive  and  uninterrupted  augmen- 
tation of  thefe  depositions  ;  that  the  foil  we 
inhabit  is  modern  and  factitious  ;  that  it  does 
not  belong  to  minerals  ;  that  this  fuperficial 
foil  is  owing  to  the  flow  decompofition  of 
animals  and  vegetables ;  that  water  is  con- 
tinually diminifhed  in  quantity,  and  changes 
its  form  ;  that  one  part  being  decomposed, 
furnifhes  one  of  the  bafes  of  the  bodies  of  ve- 
"  v  getables 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  265 

getables  and  animals  ;  that  another  part  is 
rendered  lblid  in  the  calcareous  ftrata  added 
to  the  globe  ;  that  the  atmofphere  muft  have 
been  modified  by  all  thefe  fucceffive  changes ; 
that  vegetables  continually  influence  the  at- 
mofpheric  air;  and  that  the  folar  light  is  greatly 
concerned  in  all  thefe  mutual  decompofitions. 
Though  it  fcems  impoffible  to  determine  the 
times  which  have  fucceffively  beheld  the  decom- 
pofition  of  water,  vegetation,  fermentations, 
putrefaction,  the  formation  of  faline  fubftan- 
ces,  bitumens,  calcareous  matters,  and  the  mo- 
difications of  the  atmofphere  ;  yet  philofophy 
and  chemiftry,  enriched  by  modern  difcoveries, 
fhew  us  at  leaft  that  thefe  phenomena  have 
taken  place  at  different  epochas  ;  that  they 
continue  to  modify  the  actual  ftate  of  the  pla- 
net we  inhabit ;  and  that  if  matter  be  one  and 
the  fame  thing,  with  refpecfc  to  its  mafs  and 
intimate  nature,  as  great  philofophers  have 
thought,  yet  its  form  being  continually  varied 
by  the  combinations  it  experiences,  muft  gra- 
dually produce  great  revolutions,  of  which 
modern  chemiftry  alone  can  appreciate  the 
caufe,  and  of  which  perhaps  it  may  fome  day 
foretel  the  final  effe&s. 


Here  ends  the  fourth  Volume. 


S  U  P- 


SUPPLEMENT 


THE 

ELEMENTS 

O  F 

NATURAL  HISTORY 

AND 

CHEMISTRY. 


Alterations  and  Additions  contain- 
ed IN  VOL.  V.  OF  THE  NEW  EDITION. 

HPHIS  volume  commences  with  the  natural 
hiftory  of  animals,  contained  in  the  fub- 
ftance  of  the  eight  firft  chapters  of  Part  IV. 
beginning  page  222  of  the  fourth  volume.  The 
few  alterations  which  the  Author  has  made  in 
this  Part  are  noted  at  page  232  of  this  Sup- 
plement. 

The  Author  then  proceeds  to  infert  the  fup- 
plement  to  the  mineral  kingdom,  which  con- 
tains 


268 


ELEMENTS  OF 


tains  the  method  of  analyfing  mineral  waters. 
This  is  transferred  from  page  443,  of  vol.  III. 
with  the  following  alterations. 

P.  471,  Li. 

Read,  11  If  it  occalion  a  precipitate,  the 
mineral  water  contains  aluminous  or  magne- 
fian  falts,  or  martial  vitriol,  which  is  con- 
ftantly  known  by  the  colour  of  the  precipi- 
tate :  moft  commonly  this  precipitate  is  form- 
ed by  chalk,  which  was  diifolved  in  water  by 
means  of  the  carbonic  acid.  The  ammoniac, 
or  volatile  alkali,  abforbs  this  acid,  and  the 
chalk  is  depofited. 

P.  474,  t  15. 
Read,  "  This  artificial  hepatic  water, 
which  differs  from  natural  fulphureous  waters 
in  being  more  loadedy  and  confequently  more 
fpeedily  decompofed,  affords  a  precipitate," 
&c.  as  in  line  20. 

 laft  line  of  the  page. 

Inftead  of,  u  but  it  did  not  produce,"  Sec. 
read,  "  a  very  fmall  quantity  muft  be  ufed, 
otherwife  the  excefs  burns,  and  reduces  the  fill- 
phur  to  the  ftate  of  fulphuric  acid,  as  I  have 
obferved  in  the  water  of  Enghien^  The  ful- 
phureous acid  precipitates  the  fulphur  with 
great  facility  from  waters  which  contain  it." 

P.  475,  1.  7. 

Erafe  the  words  "  prepared  with  bullock's 
blood." 

P.  476. 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  269 
P.  476. 

The  lime  water  mentioned  by  the  Author  in 
this  and  the  following  page,  is  admitted  by 
him  to  contain  a  fmall  portion  of  Pruffian  blue. 

P.  478,  1.  12  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  We  have  already  obferved,  that 
the  aftringent  principle  is  a  peculiar  acid,  fince 
it  unites  with  alkalis,"  &c.  and  proceed  as  in 
the  laft  line  of  the  page. 

P.  480,  1.  5  (from  the  bottom). 

Erafe  the  fentence  beginning  with  the  words 
"  Lime  and  magnefia,"  and  ending  at  the  word 
u  appearance." 


The  next  article  in  the  prefent  volume  is 
entitled, 

A  Difcourfe  concerning  the  Principles  of  modern 
Chemijiry,  cenjidered  in  a  ccileciive  Fiew. 

This  Difcourfe  confifts  for  the  moft  part 
of  the  matter  of  the  Preliminary  Difcourfe, 
prefixed  to  the  firft  volume  of  this  work.  We 
(hall,  therefore,  proceed  to  note  the  alterations, 
by  referring  back  to  the  commencement  of 
the  firft  volume. 

5  Inftead 


270  ELEMENTS  OF 

Inflead  of  the  firft  nine  pages  of  the  Pre- 
liminary Difcourfe  (part  of  which,  namely, 
from  page  xxvii  to  xxxi,  is  transferred  to  page 
149  of  the  firft  volume,  as  noted  in  page  22 
of  this  Supplement),  the  Author  has  prefixed 
the  following  matter  : 

"  By  following  the  progrefs  which  chemi- 
ftry  has  not  ceafed  to  make  during  the  laft  f 
twenty  years,  we  foon  perceive  that  the  theory 
of  Stahl,  fhaken  by  the  difcovery  of  various 
elaftic  fluids  and  their  properties,  has  for  fome 
time  left  the  minds  of  chemifts  in  fufpenfe, 
and  has  given  birth  to  theories  almoft  as  dif- 
ferent from  each  other,  as  there  are  men  fe- 
rioufly  employed  in  this  fcience.  Among 
thefe  philofophers,  there  is  a  confidcrable 
number,  efpecially  in  the  North,  who  have 
not  joined  any  party,  but  continue  to  connect 
the  theory  of  phlogifton  with  the  newly  dis- 
covered facts.  But  thofe  who  are  acquainted 
with  the  whole  of  the  fcience,  will  eaiily  per- 
ceive, that  this  connection  is  not  at  all  fatis- 
factory,  and  that  it  requires  forced  applica- 
tions, the  inconfiftence  of  which  is  foon  per- 
ceived. 

The  doctrine  adopted  by  feveral  French 
chemifts,  at  the  head  of  whom  we  muft  place 
Mr.  Lavoifier,  who  firft  laid  the  foundation 
and  formed  an  idea  of  the  whole  together,  is 
not  fubject  to  the  fame  difficulties.  Its  fim- 
plicity,  its  methodical  proceeding,  its  perfpi- 
cuity,  and  the  facility  with  which  it  explains 

all 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  2^1 

all  the  phenomena  of  chemiftry,  place  it  far 
above  all  thofe  which  at  prefent  divide  the 
European  philofophers  who  have  not  adopted 
it.  This  doctrine  has  been  expofed  at  large 
in  all  the  parts  of  this  elementary  work.  But 
as  it  may  be  of  advantage  to  exhibit  a  ftiort 
and  condenfed  view  of  the  fubjedt,  I  thought 
that,  by  uniting  in  a  difcourfe  of  no  great 
length  the  principles  upon  which  it  is  found- 
ed, it  would  become  more  ftriking  and  clear 
to  thofe  who  devote  themfelves  to  the  ftudy 
of  this  fcience  ;  and  that  this  difcourfe  would 
be  fo  much  the  more  ufeful  to  them,  as  it  ex-, 
hibits  a  recapitulation  of  the  great  phenomena 
to  which  all  the  reft  may  be  referred,  as  to 
general  heads. 

There  is  not  a  fingle  experiment  in  che- 
miftry in  which  one  or  the  other  of  the  two 
following  phenomena  does  not  happen,  i. 
Heat  is  difengaged  or  fixed*  2.  An  elaftic 
fluid  is  formed,  or  abforbed.  Thefe  two  ge- 
neral fadls  being  once  eftablifhed  and  clearly 
known,  it  will  be  feen,  that  the  foundation  of 
chemical  theory  depends  on  the  properties  and 
the  adtion  of  heat,  the  formation  and  fixation 
of  elaftic  fluids.  It  is,  therefore,  upon  thefe 
two  objects  that  our  whole  attention  ought  to 
be  fixed. 


Concern- 


272 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Concerning  Heat^  the  Formation  and  Fixation  of 
elajlic  Fluids. 

ALTHOUGH  the  weight  which  has  been 
hitherto  undetermined  of  fenfible  heat,  or  of  the 
combined  or  latent  heat  which  we  call  caloric, 
cannot  prove  its  material  or  particular  exiftence, 
yet  all  the  phenomena  of  chemiftry  unite  in 
favour  of  the  opinion,  that  it  is  a  being  or  body 
Self-exiftent,  poffelTing  conftant  properties  or 
characters,  and  obeying  invariable  attractions  in 
fimilar  circumftances.  Beiides  the  fenfation 
common  to  all  men,  which  heat  caufes  our 
organs  to  experience,  philofophers  have  dis- 
covered diftinctive  properties  which  belong 
only  to  this  being.  Such  is  the  rarefaction 
or  Separation  of  the  particles  which  heat  pro- 
duces in  all  natural  bodies  ;  and  which,  by 
augmenting  their  volume,  diminifhes  their  at- 
traction to  each  other,  while  it  diminifhes 
their  fpecific  gravity  without  adding  to  their 
mafs,  and  increafes  their  attraction  for  the 
particles  of  other  bodies.  The  more  caloric 
is  accumulated  in  bodies,  the  more  it  is  com- 
preffed  or  condenfed,  the  more  its  particular  at- 
traction for  thefe  bodies  increafes,  and  the  more  | 
their  properties  are  changed.  Fulion  or  lique- 
faction, volatilization  or  Sublimation,  the  tran- 
sition of  liquids  to  the  form  of  vapours  or 
elaftic  fluids,  are  the  conftant  effects  of  the 
penetration,  or  rather  the  combination,  of  heat. 
Solid  or  frozen  Water,  by  abforbing  a  certain 

quantity 


CKEMISTR  Y,   &C.  273 

quantity  of  caloric,  becomes  liquid  or  flow- 
ing: a  greater  dofe  of.flhis  principle  renders 
it  invifible,  and  gives  it  the  form  of  air.  It 
cannot  be  doubted,  but  that  liquid  water  is  a 
compound  of  ice,  and  a  determinate  dofe  of 
caloric  ;  and  that  water  in  vapour  or  gas  is 
the  fame  combination,  with  a  larger  propor- 
tion cf  caloric.  Such  is  the  general  theory  of 
die  formation  of  all  elaftic  fluids  :  they  are  all 
compofed  of  a  bafe  more  or  lefs  folid  and  ca- 
loric. As  this  laft  principle  follows  laws 
which  are  peculiar  to  it  in  its  attractions,  it 
quits  one  body  to  unite  with  another ;  or  ra- 
ther, the  bodies  to  which  caloric  is  united, 
having  a  ftronger  attraction  for  other  bodies 
than  that  which  they  have  for  caloric,  fuller 
this  principle  to  efcape  in  order  to  unite  with 
thofe  other  bodies.  There  is  not  a  tingle  fact 
in  chemiftry  which  does  not  exhibit  one  or  the 
other  of  thefe  phenomena,  relative  to  the  dif- 
engagement  or  Fixation  of  caloric,  or  rather 
to  the  difengagement  or  fixation  of  elaftic 
fluids  ;  and  fometimes  both  the  one  and  the 
other  of  thefe  phenomena  at  once.  We  fee, 
from  this  fimple  theory,  which  is  nothing  elfe 
but  the  enunciation  of  facts,  that  all  elaftic 
fluids  ought  to  be  diftinguifhed  by  two  names; 
the  lirft  of  which  exprefles  their  aeriform  com- 
bination with  caloric  ;  fuch  are  the  generic 
names  of  air  or  gas  (the  former,  when  thefe 
fluids  are  proper  for  combuftion  and  refpi- 
ration  ;  and  the  other,  when  they  cannot  ferve 
T  that 


2  74  ELEMENTS  OF 

that  purpofe)  ;  and  the  fecond  is  fpccific,  and 
denotes  the  particular  bafe  of  each  gas  or  elaftic 
fluid.  We  fee,  like  wife,  that,  in  order  to  pre- 
ient  a  general  recapitulation  of  all  the  fadts  of 
chemiftry,  it  is  necefTary  to  take  a  review  of 
the  elaftic  fluids  which  are  either  produced 
and  difengaged,  or  fixed  and  abforbed  in  the 
various  phenomena  of  this  fcience. 

All  the  elaftic  fluids,  whofe  properties  re- 
quire to  be  here  attended  to,  may  be  divided 
into  four  claffes. 

FIRST  CLASS. 

Here  the  divifions  proceed  as  in  page 
xxxii. 

P.  xxxiii. 

The  note  at  the  foot  of  the  page  is  left  out. 

P.  xxxiv,  1.  14. 
Read,  "  manifeftly  owing  to  the  fimulta- 
neous  agency  of  thefe  two  principles." 

P.  xxxv,  1.  16. 

The  words  "  lb  that  the  matter  of  fire 
does  not  move  with  great  rapidity"  are  left 
out. 

P.  xxxvii,  1.  1 1. 

After  the  word  "  mercury,"  infert  the 
words  "  filter,  gold." 

  laft  line  but  one. 

For  u  never,"  read,  "  fcarcely  ever." 

P.  xliii, 


CHEMISTRY,  &C, 


P.  xliii,  1.  20. 

The  Author  has  tranfpofed  and  altered  the 
following  fe£tions,  as  follows  : 

V.  "  Carbonic  acid  gas  is  the  firft  elaftic 
fluid  which  was  known.  Dr.  Black,  who  dis- 
covered its  prefence  in  chalk  and  alkalis,  has 
proved,  at  the  fame  time,  that  the  effervefcent 
property,  the  mildnefs  and  cryftallizability  of 
thefe  fubftances,  was  owing  to  this  elaftic 
fluid  ;  that  when  deprived  of  it,  alkaline 
fubftances  became  acrid,  cauftic,  non-effer- 
vefcent,  &c.  This  gas  exifts  in  the  air,  of 
which  it  forms  nearly  the  two  hundredth 
part ;  in  acidulous  wraters,  in  certain  fubter- 
raneous  cavities,  fuch  as  the  Grotto  del  Cano, 
&c.  its  weight  is  nearly  double  that  of  the 
air  of  the  atmofphere  ;  it  has  a  penetrating 
fmell,  and  a  four  tafte  ;  it  extinguishes  bodies 
in  a  ftate  of  inflammation,  kills  animals,  red- 
dens the  tincture  of  turnfole,  precipitates  lime- 
water,  renders  chalk  foluble  in  water,  forms, 
with  all  alkaline  matters,  carbonates  or  'a  kind 
of  cryftallizable  neutral  fait,  in  which  the 
alkalme  properties  are  ftill  perceptible,  on  ac- 
count of  the  weaknefs  of  the  acid.  This  acid 
gas,  which  is  greatly  concerned  in  the  phe- 
nomena of  nature  and  art,  is  a  compound  of 
carbone  and  oxigene  ;  the  firft  in  the  dofe  of 
twrenty-eight  parts  in  the  hundred,  and  the 
latter  feventy-two.  As  carbone  appears  to  be, 
T  2  of 


2j6  ELEMENTS  OF 

of  all  known  fubftances,  that  which  has  the 
ftrongeft  poflible  attrafliitfn  for  oxigene,  the 
carbonic  acid  is  one  of  the  compounds  the 
molt  difficultly  deftroyed,  and  which  is  mod 
frequently  produced  in  chemical  analyfes.  •  It 
is  formed  in  all  cafes  wherein  bodies  which 
contain  oxigene  are  heated  with  charcoal,  as 
in  the  reduction  of  the  various  metallic  oxides 
or  calces,  by  means  of  oils,  in  charcoal  itfelf, 
&c.  by  the  decomposition  of  organic  matters, 
which  contain  charcoal  and  water,  &c. 

VI.  The  fulphureous  acid  gas  which  is 
obtained,  whether  by  burning  fulphut  very 
ilowly,  or  by  depriving  the  fulphuric  acid  of 
part  of  its  oxigene,  is  a  compound  of  ful- 
phur  and  the  oxigenous  principle,  in  which 
this  I  a  ft  principle  is  lefs  abundant  than  in  the 
fulphuric  acid  :  this  gas  has  the  acrid  and 
penetrating  fmell  of  fulphur,  and  a  very  four 
tafte ;  it  extinguishes  combuftible  fubftances 
which  are  ignited,  and  it  deilroys  animals ; 
it  may  be  condenlcd  into  a  liquid  by  extreme 
cold  ;  it  reddens  and  difcolours  moll  vege- 
table blues  ;  it  unites  to  water  and  ice,  which 
it  melts  by  virtue  of  the  heat  which  this  gas 
difengages  during  the  time  of  its  fixation  :  it 
gradually  abiorbs  the  atmospheric  oxigene,  and 
pattfefl  to  the  ftate  of  fulphuric  acid. 

VII,  r[  re  fluoric  acid  gas  is  difengaged 
from  t!ie  native  filiate  of  lime  or  vitreous  (par, 
by  the- fulphuric  acid  ;  its  tafte  and  fincll  are 

very 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  277 

very  ftrong  ;  it  diflblves  filiceous  earth,  and 
holds  it  fufpended  in  the  aeriform  and  invifi- 
ble  ftate.  The  contact  of  water,  by  fixing  it, 
feparates  a  portion  of  this  earth  y  alkali  fepa- 
rates  it  entirely.  Its  nature  is  not  known  ; 
and  if  this  acid,  like  many  other  mineral 
acids,  be  a  compound  of  a  fimple  acidifiable 
bafe  with  oxigene,  this  acidifiable  radical  muft 
have  a  very  ftrong  attract  ion  for  oxigene,  fince 
charcoal  does  not  deprive  it  of  it. 

VIII.  The  muriatic  acid  gas  is  nothing 
but  the  muriatic  acid,  difengaged  from  water, 
and  melted  into  an  elaftic  fluid  by  heat.  Its 
fmell,  which  is  lively  and  fuffocating ;  its 
tafte,  which  is  very  flrong  ;  its  folubility 
in  cold  water,  which  abforbs  it  very  readily, 
and  feparates  the  heat,  which  kept  it  melted  ; 
the  peculiar  neutral  falts  it  forms  with  earthy 
and  alkaline  bafes  ;  the  white  vapour  which  is 
perceived  when  it  comes  in  contact  with  the 
water  of  the  atmofphere  ;  are  its  characterif- 
tics.  The  intimate  nature  of  its  compofition 
is  not  known  ;  its  acidifiable  bafis  doubtlefs 
adheres  very  ftrongly  to  its  oxigene,  fince  its 
principles  have  not  yet  been  feparated.  We 
fhall  proceed  to  fhew  that  this  acid  has  even 
the  property  of  depriving  many  fubftances  of 
the  oxigene  with  which  they  are  faturated." 

It  has  already  been  remarked,  page  52  of 
this  Supplement,  that  the  lection  VI.  of  the 
Preliminary  Difcourfe,  page  xlvi,  is  tranfpofed, 

T  3  with 


278  ELEMENTS  OF 

with  alteration,  to  page  12  of  Volume  II« 
The  ninth  fection  proceeds  as  in  page  li. 

"  IX.  The  muriatic  acid  gas  of  Dr.  Prieft- 
ley,"  &c. 

P.  liii,  t  1. 

Read,  u  ammoniacal  copper,  and  of  fulmi- 
nating gold." 

 L  3  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  fifteen  parts  abforb  eighty-five.'* 

P.  lvii,  1.  13  (from  the  bottom). 

Infert,  "  This  phenomenon  depends  on  the 
hydrogenous  gas  not  requiring  fo  elevated  a 
temperature  as  the  fulphur  to  take  fire  by  the 
contact  of  inflammable  bodies  in  a  ftate  of 
ignition." 

 1.  6  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  If  too  large  a  quantity  of  thefe 
acids  be  ufed,  more  efpecially  of  the  oxige- 
nated  muriatic  acid,  they  burn  the  fulphur 
of  this  gas,  and  convert  it  into  fulphuric  acid  ; 
in  which  cafe  no  precipitate  is  afforded.  This 
phenomenon  takes  place  more  efpecially  in 
fulphureous  waters,  the  precipitation  of  whofe 
fulphur,  by  means  of  acids,  requires  that  they 
mould  be  ufed  with  caution." 

P.  lviii,  1.  12. 
After  the  word  "  decompofition,"  add.  "  by 
the  air,  by  metallic  folutions,  and  the  difficulty 

which 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  279 

which  was  formerly  experienced  in  exhibiting 
their  fulphur  by  fimple  acids,  and  as  long  as  it 
was  not  fufpected  that  they  exifted  otherwife 
than  in  the  ftate  of  a  fulphure  or  hepar." 

P.  lviii,  L  3  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  unlefs  they  be  very  thick,  and 
fmall  quantities  of  the  mixture  be  ufed." 

P.  lxii,  L  9. 

Infert,  "  The  exiftence  of  charcoal  diffolved 
in  this  gas  is  demonftrated  by  its  weight,  and 
by  the  refult  of  its  combuftion  with  vital  air, 
which  affords  carbonic  acid  ;  it  appears,  like- 
wife,  that  the  charcoal  gives  to  the  hydro- 
genous gas  the  foetid  fmell  which  every  one 
knows,  or  at  leaft  renders  it  ftronger.  The 
charcoal  modifies,"  &c. 

P.  Ixiv. 

The  Author  has  reduced  the  number  of 
heads  in  this  and  the  following  .page  to  14. 
Number  9  is  omitted  ;  as  is  likewife  number 
13,  and  the  paragraph  numbered  14  is  al- 
tered to  "  the  various  kinds  of  fermentation." 
The  numbers  are  accordingly  changed. 

P.  lxvi,  1.  6. 

Add,  "  But  in  order  to  obtain  a  more  ac- 
curate idea,  it  is  neceflary  to  add  to  this  me- 
chanical caufe  the  chemical  attraction,  or  par- 
tic  ularaffinity  of  heat  to  bodies  refpecYively." 

T  4  P.  lxviii, 


i8o 


ELEMENTS  OF 


P.  lxviii,  h  12. 

Add,  '*  We  may  likcwife  take  notice,  that, 

as  the  oxieeiie  is  more  or  lefs  folid,  that  is  to 
fay,  more  or  lefs  deprived  of  heat  and  li^ht 
in  the  compounds,  it  enters  into  the  bodies 
which  take  it  up,  being  fome  of  them  capa- 
ble of  abforbing  it  in  a  more  pure  and  folid 
ftate  than  trie  former :  there  will  in  this  cafe 
be  a  difengagement  of  heat  and  even  of  light  ; 
this  is  the  reafon  of  the  exillence  of  thefe 
two  phenomena  in  the  detonations  of  nitre,  in 
the  apparent  action  of  the  nitric  acid  upon 
fulphur,  charcoal,  phofphorus,  moft  of  the 
metals,  oils,  alcohol,  &c." 

P.  lxxi,  1.  7. 

Read,  "  is  nearly  in  the  fame  ftate  of  un- 
certainty." 

 1.  2  (from  the  bottom). 

After  the  word  "  theory,"  the  reft  of  the 
paragraph  runs  thus  :  "  of  which  we  fhould 
then  have  acquired  only  half  ;  for  the  other 
principles  of  alkalis  would  remain  absolutely 
unknown  ;  and  we  fhould  be  ftill  ignorant 
more  particularly  of  the  difference  between 
the  radicals  of  potafh  and  of  foda,  ecc." 

P.  lxxii,  L  16. 

After  the  words  "  mineral  kingdom",  read, 
u  as  well  as  the  various  doles  oi  i.ydrogene 
andcaibone,  which  appear  to  form  the  bale 

of 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  sSl 

of  all  the  vegetable  acids,  are  ftill  undifco- 
vered." 

P.  Ixxiii,  1.  6. 

The  paragraph  numbered  9  is  left  out. 

P.  lxxiv,  1.  13  (from  the  bottom). 

Add,  "  for  example,  from  15  to  40  parts 
of  oxigene  in  the  hundred  parts  of  iron." 

P.  Ixxv,  L  7  (from  the  bottom). 

Read,  "  Some  of  the  metals  decompofe  only 
the  vitriolic  acid,  without  affecting  the  water ; 
fuch  are  mercury,  lead,  &c.  and  thefe  metals 
are  not  burned,  unlets  the  vitriolic  acid  be  con- 
centrated: but  in  the  cafe  where  metals  have 
more  force  to  decompofe  the  water  than  to  de- 
compofe the  vitriolic  acid,  as  happens  with 
zinc  and  iron,  thefe  metals  do  not  readily  be- 
come calcined,  but/'  &c.  as  in  line  3,  page 
lxxvi. 

P.  Ixxxi,  L  8  (from  the  bottom). 

The  Author  has  omitted  all  the  matter  from 
hence  to  line  8,  inclufive,  on  page  xci.  The 
fubject  of  the  vegetable  acids  having  been 
treated  of  at  the  commencement  of  the  fourth 
volume,  as  is  ihewn  in  this  Supplement,  the 
Author  connects  his  fubject  by  inferting  the 
following  paragraph  : 

"  We  begin  to  acquire  a  notion  of  the  for- 
mation of  vegetable  principles,  during  and  by 
the  very  act  of  vegetation.    We  have  already 

announced, 


282 


ELEMENTS  OF 


announced,  in  the  hiftory  of  thefe  acids,  that 
they  all  appear  to  be  formed  of  analogous 
bales  ;  that  in  the  laft  analyfis  they  all  alike 
afford  carbone,  hydrogene,  and  oxigene;  and 
that  they  feem  to  differ  only  in  the  proportion 
of  thefe  principles,  and  their  compreflion  or 
dcnlity.  This  opinion  becomes  more  proba- 
ble, in  proportion  as  experiments  on  thefe 
acids  are  multiplied. 

Scheele  and  Crell  have  obferved  an  ana- 
logy between  many  of  them.  Scheele,  who  at 
firft  thought  the  acids  of  forrel  and  fugar  very 
different  from  each  other,  has  fucceeded,  as 
we  have  elfewhere  obferved,  in  proving  that 
it  is  one  and  the  fame  acid:  1.  By  removing 
the  portion  of  vegetable  alkali  which  mafks 
the  properties  of  the  oxalic  acid,  in  the  acid 
of  forrel  of  commerce,  and  by  reducing  it  by 
that  means  to  the  ftate  of  pure  oxalic  acid. 
2.  By  changing  the  acid  of  fugar  into  acid 
of  forrel,  by  the  addition  of  a  fmall  quan* 
tity  of  vegetable  alkali. 

If  to  this  very  important  fact  of  vegetable 
analyfis,"  and  proceed  as  in  line  22,  page  xcii. 

F.  xciii,  1.  6  (from  the  bottom). 

The  wo/ds  *  and  conflitutes  ardent  fpirit" 
are  left  out. 

P.  xciv,  L  3  (from  the  bottom). 

luftead  of  the  words  "  that  the  firft  form?; 
the  fdlid  parts,'*  read,  "  that  this  humour  unite* 

t>7 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  283 

by  fimple  repofe  into  a  tiffue  of  folid  fi- 
bres." 

The  remainder  of  the  fifth  volume  of  the 
new  edition  confifts  of  the  tables  of  the  new 
Nomenclature,  and  their  explanation,  to  which 
we  fhall  proceed.  The  Index,  and  tables  of 
Natural  Hiftory,  are  likewife  tranfpofed  to  the 
end  of  this  volume.  Two  of  thefe  being  new 
#re  fubjoined  to  the  prefent  Supplement. 


A  N 


EXPLANATION 

OF     T  H  S 

TABLE  of  NOMENCLATURE* 


\XT E  mall  firft  obferve,  that  our  intention 
_  Y  in  drawing  up  this  Table  has  not  been 
to  offer  the  whole  Nomenclature  of  Chemift- 
ry,  but  to  unite,  under  feveral  clafles  of  com- 
pounds, a  fufficient  number  of  felecl:  examples, 
in  order  that,  by  means  of  a  fimple  and  eafy 
ftudy,  our  method  of  naming  might  be  ap- 
plied to  all  the  compounds  which  are  known 
to  chemifts,  or  to  thofe  which  they  may  here- 
after difcover.  To  anfwer  this  purpofe,  we 
have  divided  our  table  into  fix  perpendicular 
columns,  at  the  head  of  which  are  placed  the 
general  titles,  which  announce  the  ftate  of  the 
bodies  wrhofe  names  are  found  therein. 

Each  of  thefe  columns  is  divided  into  55 
feparate  compartments,  one  beneath  the  other. 
This  number  is  determined  by  that  of  the 

*  See  Table  IL  at  the  end  of  this  Supplement. 

fubftances 


286 


ELEMENTS  OF 


fubftances  not  yet  decompofed  which  we  are 
acquainted  with,  and  which  are  inferted  in 
the  firft  column.  The  correfpondent  hori- 
zontal divifions  of  the  five  following  co- 
lumns, comprehend  the  principal  combinations 
of  thefe  fimple  fubftances,  and  muft  therefore 
be  equally  numerous  in  each  column. 

We  (hall  proceed  to  give  an  account  of  the 
principal  circumftances  which  offer  themfelves 
in  the  confideration  of  thefe  columns. 


Column  the  First. 

The  firft  column,  marked  by  the  Roman 
numeral  I.  is  entitled,  Sub/lances  not  decom- 
pofed. We  muft  here  remark,  that  thefe  bo- 
dies are  fimple  to  us  only  becaufe  we  have 
not  yet  fucceeded  in  analyling  them.  All  the 
accurate  experiments  which  have  been  made 
for  the  lalt  ten  years,  fhew  that  thefe  bodies 
cannot  be  feparated  into  fubftances  of  a  more 
fimple  nature,  and  that  they  cannot  be  repro- 
duced by  artificial  compofitions.  Thefe  fub- 
ftances are,  as  we  have  already  obferved,  55 
in  number.  Oppofite  each  of  thefe  is  placed, 
in  Arabian  characters,  the  number  which  de- 
notes the  place  of  each  body,  and  of  its  cor- 
refpondent compounds  in  the  other  columns. 

The  horizontal  lines  are,  therefore,  by  this 
difpoiition,  continued  ablblutely  from  the  firft 
column  to  the  fixth  ;  and  all  the  horizontal 

cor^ 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  287 

compartments  of  each  column  are  compre- 
hended and  denoted  by  the  fame  number. 

The  55  fimple  fubftances  in  the  firft  co- 
lumn are  divided  into  five  clafTes,  according  to 
the  comparative  nature  of  each.  The  firft  di- 
vifion  comprehends  four  bodies,  which  feem 
to  approach  neareft  to  the  idea  which  has 
been  formed  of  elements,  and  which  perform 
the  moft  active  part  in  combinations  :  thefe 
are,  light  [1  compartment];  heat  [2],  hi- 
therto called  the  matter  of  heat ;  oxigene 
[3],  or  that  part  of  vital  air  which  is  fixed 
in  bodies  which  burn,  which  augments  their 
weight,  changes  their  nature,  and  whofe  cha- 
racter or  moft  eminent  property  being  that  it 
forms  acids,  has  induced  us  to  derive  its  name 
from  this  remarkable  property:  hydrogene 
[4],  or  the  bafe  of  the  elaftic  fluid  called  in- 
flammable gas,  a  fubftance  which  exifts  in  the 
folid  form  in  ice,  becaufe  it  is  one  of  the  prin- 
ciples of  water.  Thefe  four  firft  fimple  fub- 
ftances are  connected  by  a  bracket. 

The  fecond  clafs  of  fubftances  not  yet  de- 
compofed  in  the  firft  column  comprehends 
twenty-fix  different  bodies,  all  of  which  pof- 
fefs  the  property  of  becoming  acid  by  their 
unions  with  the  oxigene,  and  which,  from  this 
common  character,  we  denote  by  the  words 
acidifiable  bales.  Among  thefe  twenty-fix 
bodies,  there  are  only  four  which  have  yet 
been  obtained  fimple  and  uncombined  ;  thefe 

are 


288 


ELEMENTS  OF 


are  azote,  or  the  nitric  radical  *  [compart- 
ment 5],  or  the  folic!  bafe  of  atmofpheric 
mephitis,  well  known  at  prefent  to  chemifls  ; 
pure  charcoal,  carbone,  or  the  carbonic  radi- 
cal [6]  ;  fulphur,  or  the  fulphuric  radical  [7] 
and  phofpirorus,  or  the  phofphoric  radical  [8]. 
The  twenty-two  others  are  only  known  in 
their  combinations  with  oxigene,  and  in  the 
irate  of  acids  ;  but  in  order  to  give  a  greater 
degree  of  perfpicuity  and  extent  to  the  fcj- 
ence,  we  have  feparated  them  from  oxigene  in 
idea,  and  we  fuppofe  them  in  that  ftate  of  pu- 
rity to  which  it  is  very  probable  that  art  will 
hereafter  fucceed  in  reducing  them.  They 
are  all  denominated  by  the  names  of  their 
acids,  with  an  uniform  termination,  which  .are 
followed  by  the  generic  word  radical.  Such 
is  the  manner  in  which  the  exprefiions,  mu- 
riatic radical  [compartment  9],  boracic  ra- 
dical [10],  rluoric  radical  [11],  fuccinic 
radical  [12],  acetic  radical  j  13],  tartaric 
radical  [14],  pyrotartaric  radical  [15],  ox- 
alic radical  f  1 61,  gallic  radical  [17],  citric 
radical  [18],  malic  radical  [19],  benzoic 
radical  [20^, .  pyrolignic  radical  [21],  py- 
romucic  radical  [22],  camphoric  radical  [23', 
lactic  radical  L24],  faccholaclic  radical  [25], 


*  Jt  mud  here  he  obferved,  likc\Vife,  that  azote  has  not 
been  obtained* alone  .uiu  inlulattd,  but  combined  with  ca- 
louc,  ;vrJ  m  the  itate  oi  gas. 

I  (  formic 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  289 

formic  radical  [26],  PrufTic  radical  [27], 
febacic  radical  [28],  lithic  radical  [29], 
bombic  radical  [30],  are  to  be  underllcod. 

The  third  clafs  of  the  undecompofed  bo- 
dies of  column  I.  contains  the  metallic  fub- 
ftances, which  are  feventeen  in  number,  from 
the  compartment  3 1  to  47,  inclusive.  All 
thefe  pcifefs  the  names  by  which  they  are 
known  at  prefenr.  The  three  firft  are  capable 
of  pairing  to  the  acid  ftate,  and  are  by  this 
character  related  to  the  acidifiable  bales  which 
precede  them. 

In  the  fourth  clafs  of  fubftances  not  de- 
compofed, are  placed  the  earths,  lilex  [com- 
partment 48],  alumine  [49],  barytes  [50], 
lime  f 5 1  ~],  magnefta  [52].  Thefe -five  earths 
have  not  yet  been  decompofed,  and  they  muft 
be  confidered  as  fimple  fubftances,  in  the  pre- 
fent  ftate  of  our  knowledge. 

Laftly,  the  fifth  clafs  of  fubftances  not  de- 
compofed includes  the  three  alkalis,  potaili 
[compartment  53],  fcda  [54]*  ammoniac 
L55  j.  Although  this  laft  has  been  already  de- 
compofed by  Bergman  and  Sheele,and  though 
Mr.  Berthollett  has  precifely  determined  the 
nature  and  quantity  of  its  principles,  we  have 
thought  proper  to  arrange  it  beneath  the  fixed 
alkalis,  of  whofe  component  parts  there  are 
hopes  we  ihall  fpeedily  attain  a  knowledge;  and 
in  order  to  avoid  interrupting  the  connection 
of  thefe  fubftances,  which  in  many  refpefts 

U  '  &a 


1QO  ELEMENTS  OF 

act  as  fubftances  not  decompofable  in  the  ex- 
periments of  chemiftry. 

The  firft  column,  whofe  divifions  have  been 
here  fpoken  of,  is  longitudinally  divided  into 
two  parts,  like  all  the  others  ;  the  part  on  the 
fight  hand  is  appropriated  to  the  ancient 
names,  diftinguifhed  by  the  italic  character. 


Column  the  Second. 
The  fecond  column  is  entitled,  Converted 
hito  the  State  of  Gas  by  Caloric.  It  is  neceflary 
to  connect  with  this  title  that  of  the  prece- 
ding column,  and  to  read,  Subfances  not  yet  de- 
compofed,  converted  into  the  State  of  Gas  by  Caloric. 
It  will  hence  be  eafily  underftood,  that  this 
fecond  column  is  defigned  to  exhibit  the  per- 
manent aeriform  flate  which  feveral  of  the  (i tu- 
ple fubftances,  enumerated  in  the  firft  column, 
are  capable  of  affuming.  We  find  in  the  pre- 
sent column,  no  more  than  four  elaftic  fluids, 
whole  names,  as  well  as  all  the  words  con- 
tained in  the  other  columns,  are  derived  from 
thofe  of  the  undecompoied  fubftances,  and  be- 
come fimple  and  clear  by  the  addition  of  the 
word  gas,  which  precedes  the  former  names. 
Thus  we  find,  in  the  third  compartment,  oxi- 
genous  gas  or  vital  air  ;  in  the  fourth,  hydro- 
genous gas  ;  in  the  fifth,  azotic  gas  ;  and  in 
the  fifty-fifth,  ammoniacal  gas.  The  ancient 
names  are  infertcd  in  the  adjoining  oppolitc 
column. 

Column 


CHEMISTRY,  &c. 


29! 


Column  the  Third. 

At  the  head  of  this  column  we  read  the 
words,  combined  with  ox/gene.  It  muft  con- 
ftantly  be  fuppofed  that  the  title  of  the  firft 
column  is  prefixed,  and  it  is  then  perceived 
that  the  fubjiarxes  not  hitherto  decompofed  are 
the  things  fpoken  of.  This  column  is  one  of 
the  fuller!,  hecaufe  almoft  every  fubftance  in 
the  firft  column  is  capable  of  combining  with 
oxigene.  When  we  caft  our  eyes  over  its 
difpofition,  and  the  names  which  it  exhibits, 
we  fee  immediately  that  thefe  names  are  all 
compofed  of  two  words  which  exprefs  com- 
pounds of  two  fubftances ;  the  latter  of 
thefe  words  is  the  generic  term  of  acid  which 
indicates  the  faline  character  given  by  the 
oxigene ;  the  former  fpecifies  each  acid,  and  is 
almoft  always  that  of  the  radical  indicated  in 
the  firft  column.  The  fifth  compartment  of 
this  third  column  prefents  the  union  of  azote^ 
or  the  nitric  radical,  with  oxigene,  and  there 
refult  three  known  compounds  from  this 
union  of  two  bodies,  according  to  the  propor- 
tions of  their  principles.  In  fact,  the  azote 
either  contains  the  leaft  polfible  quantity  of 
oxigene,  and  then  forms  the  bafe  of  nitrous 
gas  ;  or  is  faturated  with  it,  and  then  confti- 
tutes  the  nitric  acid  ;  or  it  contains  lefs  oxi- 
gene than  this  laft,  but  more  than  nitrous  gas, 
and  forms  nitrous  acid.  We  fee  that  it  is  {im- 
ply by  changing  the  termination  of  the  fame 

U  2  word, 


2gi  ELEMENTS  OF 

word,  that  \vc  have  expreffcd  the  three  ftates 
of  this  combination.  It  is  abfolutely  the  fame 
with  regard  to  the  fulphuric  acid  [compart- 
ment 7],  the  phofphoric  acid  [8],  the 
acetic  acid  [13].  Each  of  thefe  acids  may 
exiil  in  two  Hates  of  combination  with  oxi- 
gene,  according  to  the  quantities  which  their 
radicals,  or  acidifiable  bales,  may  contain. 
When  their  bafes  are  completely  faturated,  the 
refults  are  the  fulphuric,  acetic  and  phofphoric 
acids.  When  thefe  bafes  are  not  faturated,  and 
are,  as  it  were,  in  excels  with  regard  to  the 
quantity  of  oxigene,  we  name  them  the  fulphu- 
reous,  acetous  and  phofphoreous  acids,  as  ap- 
pears in  the  compartments  already  referred  to. 
This  termination  ferves  thus  to  denote  the 
(late  of  the  acids  according  to  the  names  al- 
ready employed,  of  vitriolic  and  fulphureous ; 
and  we  adopt  it  as  a  rule  equally  general  and 
fimple  for  all  the  other  acids  which  are  in 
either  of  thefe  ftates  :  it  will  be  eafy  to  under- 
Hand,  after  this,  the  names  of  the  carbonic 
acid  [compartment  6],  the  boracic  acid  [10], 
and  of  all  thofe  which  exhibit  only  a  fingle 
Hate,  in  which  the  acidifiable  bafe  is  fatu- 
rated with  oxigene.  By  the  fame  law  of 
this  Nomenclature  we  underftand  that  the 
acids  which  are  placed  alone  in  a  compartment, 
and  whole  names  terminate  in  ous,  contain  an 
excels  of  acidifiable  matter  ;  fuch  are  the  tar- 
tarcous  acid  [compartment  14J,  the  pyrotar- 
tarcous  acid  [15],  the  pyroligneous  acid  [21], 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  293 

and  the  pyromucous  acid  [22].  The  muria- 
tic acid  [compartment  9]  is  found  in  a  diffe- 
rent ftate  from  all  the  others  ;  hefides  its  acid 
combination  faturatcd  with  oxigene,  it  is  ca- 
pable of  acquiring  an  excefs  of  this  principle, 
and  then  obtains  lingular  properties:  to  diftin- 
guilh  it  in  this  peculiar  ftate,  we  call  it  the 
oxigenated  muriatic  acid  [column  9];  and  this 
fir  ft  firnple  name,  whole  value  is  well  deter- 
mined, maybe  hereafter  applied  to  other  acids, 
if  they  fhould  be  difcovered  to  poffefs  the  pro- 
perty of  becoming  furcharged  with  oxigene. 

The  lower  compartments  of  this  third  co- 
lumn, from  31  to  47  exclusively,  exhibit  the 
nomenclature  of  another  fyftem  of  bodies. 
We  find  the  word  oxide  prefixed  to  the  com- 
pound denomination  ;  the  reafons  have  been 
elfe where  explained,  which  have  engaged  us 
to  fubftitute  this  name  inftead  of  metallic 
calces.  It  is  eafy  to  fee  that,  without  expreff- 
ing  the  faline  quality  as  the  word  acid  does, 
this  term,  neverthelefs,  equally  well  denotes  a 
combination  of  oxigene  ;  hefides  which,  it  af- 
fords the  advantage  that  it  can  be  employed  to 
denote  all  bodies  capable  of  uniting  with  oxi- 
gene, and  which,  in  this  union,  do  not  form 
acids,  whether  becaufe  the  quantity  of  oxigene 
is  not  fufhciently  abundant,  or  becaufe  their 
bafes  are  not  of  an  acidifiable  nature.  Thus, 
for  example,  the  phofphoric  acid,  vitrified  or 
deprived  of  a  portion  of  oxigene  by  the  action 
of  a  ftrong  heat,  is  a  kind  of  phofphoric  oxide. 

U  3  Nitrous 


294  ELEMENTS  OF 

Nitrous  gas,  which  is  no  more  acid  than  phof- 
phoric  gas,  becaufe  it  does  not  contain  a  fuffi- 
cient  quantity  of  oxigene,  is  likewife  a  true 
nitrous  oxide.  So  likewife  hydrcgene,  united 
to  oxigene,  does  not  form  an  acid  ;  but  this 
union  conftitutes  water,  which,  confidered  un- 
der the  prefent  point  of  view,  may  be  regard-  , 
ed  as  an  oxide  of  hydrogene. 

Among  the  feventeen  metallic  oxides,  which 
are  exhibited  from  compartment  31  to  48, 
there  are  three  which  are  intermediate  between 
the  metallic  and  acid  ftates.  It  is  for  want  of 
oxigene,  that  the  oxides  of  arfenic  [compart- 
ment 31],  molybdena  [32],  and  tungften 
[33],  are  not  yet  acids.  A  greater  quantity  of 
this  generative  principle  of  acidity  forms  the 
arfenic,  molybdic  and  tungftic  acids  in  the 
fame  columns.  It  has  been  explained  how  , 
epithets,  taken  from  the  colour  or  the  procefles, 
ferve  us  to  diftinguifh  the  feveral  oxides  of  the 
fame  metal,  as  may  be  feen  at  the  articles 
oxides  of  antimony  [compartment  38],  oxides 
of  lead  [42],  and  oxides  of  mercury  [44], 
which  afford  the  molt  numerous  examples  of 
this  diverfity. 


Column  the  Fourth. 

The  fourth  column,  whofc  title  is,  Oxigenated 
and  gafcouS)  announces  the  iimple  fubitances, 
combined  at  the  fame  time  with  oxigene  and 
a  luflicient  quantity  of  caloric  to  convert  them 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  2()$ 

into  the  ftate  of  permanent  gas,  at  the  ufual 
preffure  and  temperature.  This  exhibits  only 
fix  fubftances  known  to  exift  in  this  ftate ; 
namely,  nitrous  gas,  and  nitrous  acid  gas  fcom-r 
partment  5^],  carbonic  acid  gas  [6],  fulphu- 
reous  gas  [7],  muriatic  acid  and  oxigenated 
muriatic  acid  gafes  [9],  and  the  fluoric  acid  gas 
[11].  As  no  other  of  thefe  oxigenated  fub- 
ftances have  been  hitherto  placed  in  the  ftate 
of  gas  by  caloric,  mo  ft  of  the  compartments  of 
this  laft  column  are  empty :  we  have  availed 
ourfelves  of  this  circumftance  to  infert  pecu- 
liar combinations  of  metallic  oxides,  or  oxige- 
nated metals  with  various  fubftances  ;  this  co- 
lumn is,  therefore,  divided  in  the  middle,  and 
takes  the  new  title  of  Metallic  Oxides,  with  vari- 
ous Bufes.  The  compartments  31,32,36,  37,38, 
^9,  40,41,42, 43,44,  and  45, exhibit  combina- 
tions of  metallic  oxides,  with  fulphur,  and  with 
the  alkalis  ;  the  former  bear  the  epithet  of  ful- 
phurated  oxides  of  arfenic  and  lead,  and  the  lat- 
ter that  of  alkaline  metallic  oxides:  when  any  of 
thefe  compounds  vary  in  the  proportions  of 
the  component  parts,  and  confequently  in, 
their  properties,  we  diftinguifti  them  like  the 
fimple  oxides,  by  fecond  epithets  taken  from 
their  colour;  thus  we  fay,  the  grey,  red, 
orange-coloured,  &c.  fulphurated  oxides  of 
gntimony,  compartment  38. 

U  4  Column 


296  elements  of 

Column  the  Fifth. 

As  the  5th  column,  which  comprehends 

fimpie  cxigenated  in  h  fiances  v.  ::h  bafes,  or  the 
neutral  fairs  in  general,  c^lrs  a  greater  num- 
ber cf  names  than  the  foregoing  :  it  appeared 
necefiary  to  us  to  exhibit  a  greater  number  of 
examples  to  Ihew  the  advantage  which  this 
meiheuica!  Nomenclature  poueues  over  the 
ancient  n  ames,  mcll  of  which,  though  ufed  to 
e::::::^  fimilar  ccmr ofitions,  were  themlelvci 
entirely  diffimilar. 

J\  fugh:  infpecticn  cf  the  compartments  of 
thic  column  v.- ill  ihew  that  an  uniformity  of 
termination  prevails  in  all  the  names  it  ccn- 
tains,  the  oonfiant  ufe  of  which  in  our  Nomen- 
clature is  to  exprefs  analogous  compounds. 
It  i?  eafy  to  conceive  that  this  regular  procefe 
will  "Angularly  facilitate  the  Rudy  of  thefcience, 
and  produce  the  greareft  perfpicuity  in  chemi- 
cal works.  The  fubftances  inferted  in  this 
c:1-  cohimn  are  all  compound*  of  three  fub- 
fiance ' ;  acidifiable  bafes,  the  acidifying  prin- 
ciple, or  oxigene,  and  earthy  alkaline,  or  me- 
tallic bales :  uevenhelefs,  their  nature  is  point- 
ed out  by  two  words  only ;  becaufe  the  firft, 
which  is  deiived  from  that  of  the  oxig cnatcd, 
or  .cid  combinaticn,  includes  in  itfelf  the  ex- 
prcfiioa  of  this  unioA,  and  the  fecond  belongs 
foiely  to  the  bafe  wJiich  Saturates  the  acid. 
Ail  the  r.amcs  ci  theic  compounds  are  termi- 
nated 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


nated  in  tffr,  when  they  contain  the  acids  in 
their  ftate  of  complete  (aturation,  by  oxigene ; 
their  termination  is  ia  Ufa  when  the  acids  are 
deprived  of  a  certain  quantity  o:  cxigene. 
Upon  infpecting  the  compartments  of  this  co- 
lumn, from  the  cth  to  the  34th,  it  vrili  be  feen 
that  we  have  inferred  a  greater  number  cf  ex- 
amples in  propcrtiDn  as  the  acids  to  which 
they  correfpond,  cr  whole  faline  compounds 
thev  contain,'  are  mere  known  and  ined :  theie 
compartments  exhibit  fome  of  the  principal 
differences  in  the  Nomenclature. 

"  Tr.z  r.r.:::il  :"_'.:>  are,  ::  prefer.:,  verv  r.umero'as  ; 
r.rer.iy-nir.e  known  sec?,  each  of  which  mar  be  druritri 
by  four  foluhle  eart:?,  three  cck^is,  arc  :V_;reer;  merahic 
oxide?,  which  are  net  aeid&ahle  (for  it  appeals  that  the 
acioiHable  oxides,  fuch  as  thofe  of  arfenic,  moiybdena,  and 
tung&es,  cannot  nearraiize  :  :  rr.i  r.e  r  il  i : i : 5 ' .  form  6op 
fpe c:es  cf  compound  faki.  1:  we  ede :  ma:  r.ve  of  tir-efe 
acids,  viz.  the  nitric,  the  mlphuric,  the  muriatic,  the 
acetic,  and  the  pbofphoric,  ere  ::ne  .  :;'e  capebie  of  entering 
into  coxibi H2ti or. >,  in  their  two  dirlerenr  liites,  with  neu- 
trallizabie  bale?,  and  that  fever*  1  i;:cs  :\.:h  as  ;re  i^ipr.a- 
ric,  tanareous,  oxalic,  and  arferic  acics,  are  cipabie  c:  fa- 
turating  various  qusnritie*  of  the  bale-,  ana  ferrri-g  whit 
we  call  acidules,  of  which  eight  very  diiHnct  fpec.es  are 
already  known  [fceh  are  ihrirhate  :.^h, 

or  vitric!ated  tartar  with  excels  of  acic;  :ne  acidulous  tar- 
taritej,  or  oxalates  cf  pctai,  of  foda,  cf  ammoniac,  or 
the  creams  cf  tartar,  and  lalts  of  forrel,  made  artificially, 
with  the  pure  tartareous  and  oxalic  acids,  united  to  a  frnall 
c-ir.:  :;.  of  alkaline  ba.'e?,  27.I  z..z  ac:i-lc  a*  arfer.iate  cf 
potifn,  cr  the  neutral  arferical  fait  of  Macquer],  we  {hall 
fee  that  the  number  of  raeutr^J  fairs  my  be  carried  :c  as  far 
as  722  fpecies,  whole  denominations  may  be  formed  rrretbo- 
dically,  after  the  46  cr  4$  examples  of  thefe  ialts  exhibit- 
c 2  it.  z^c  prelum  Lt-it. 

i.  The 


298  ELEMENTS  OF 

1.  The  greater  number  comprehend  falts 
whofe  names  are  terminated  in  ate^  as  the  car- 
bonates [compartment  6],  the  filiates  [11], 
the  fuccinates  [12],  the  gallates  [  1 7],  the 
citrates  [18],  the  malates  [19],  the  benzo- 
ates  [20],  the  camphorates  [23],  the  lac- 
tates [24],  the  faccholates  [25],  the  formiates 
[26],  the  prufliates  [27],  the  febates  [28], 
the  lithiates  [29],  the  bombiates  [30],  the 
arfeniates  [31],  the  molybdates  [32],  the 
tungftates  [33].  This  identical  and  uniform 
termination  of  thefe  eighteen  genera  of  neu- 
tral falts,  fhews  that  the  acids  which  conftitute 
them  are  not  known  but  in  their  ftate  of  com- 
plete faturation  by  the  oxigcne ;  thefe  acids, 
therefore,  in  the  third  column  are  all  terminat- 
ed in  ;V,  according  to  the  rules  of  our  Nomen- 
clature . 

2.  In  confidering  the  compartments  14,  15, 
21,  and  22,  of  the  5th  column,  we  find  only 
the  tartrites,  pyrotartrites,  pyrolignites,  pyro- 
mucitcs,  whofe  uniform  termination  denotes 
acids  with  excefs  of  their  acidifiable  bafes,  and 
that  they  contain  the  tartareous,  pyrotartareous, 
pyroligneous,  and  pyromucous  acids. 

3.  There  is,  in  the  fame  column,  a  third 
clafs  of  compartments,  in  which  we  find,  at 
the  fame  time,  neutral  fairs  whole  names  have 
the  two  terminations  here  fpoken  of ;  fuch  are 
the  compartments  5,  in  which  \vc  find  nitrates 
and  nitrites  ;  7,  which  contains  fulphates  and 
fulphites ;  8,  which  exhibits  phofphates  and 

2  phofphites  j 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  299 

pliofphites;  and  13,  which  includes  the  acetates 
and  acetites  :  this  double  termination  in  each 
of  the  compartments  fufficiently  points  out, 
from  what  we  have  before  explained,  that  the 
falts  to  which  we  have  applied  them  are  form- 
ed by  the  fame  acid  in  two  proportions  of 
union  with  oxigene,  always  calling  to  mind 
that  the  acids  terminating  in  ic  form  neutral 
falts  terminated  in  ate^  and  that  thofe  whofe 
termination  is  in  ous,  conftitute  neutral  falts 
terminated  in  he. 

4.  In  feveral  compartments  of  this  column 
we  have  given  examples  of  different  neutral 
falts  from  thole  of  the  two  claffes  hitherto  dif- 
tinguifhed. Thus,  in  compartment  9,  we 
have  diftinguifhed  by  the  name  of  oxigenated 
muriate  of  potafh,  the  combination  of  the  ox- 
igenated muriatic  acid  with  potafh,  a  fait 
which  is  very  different  from  the  muriate  of 
potafh,  and  in  which  Mr.  Berthollett  has  dif- 
tinguifhed the  property  of  detonating  on  burn- 
ing coals.  We  have  likewife,  in  other  com- 
partments of  the  fame  column,  expreffed  the 
faline  combinations  in  which  the  acids  predo- 
minate, by  adding  to  the  methodical  denomi- 
nations of  thefe  falts,  the  epithet  acidulous* 
Thus,  in  the  compartment  14,  we  read  acidu- 
lous tartrite  of  potafh,  and  in  16,  the  acidu- 
lous oxalate  of  potafh.  Laftly,  we  have  dif- 
tinguifhed by  the  expreffion  fuperfaturated, 
fuch  falts  in  which  the  bafe  predominates,  as 
mav  be  feen  in  the  compartment  8,  where  we 

find 


FOUNDEf  1313 


»> 


iitfd  ^m^rfSturatcd  phofphate  of  foda;  and  10, 
where  we  find  borax  or  fuper£aturated  borate 
of  foda. 

When  it  is  confidered  how  rigorous  and 
etymological  the  method  is  which  we  have 
followed  to  denominate  neutral  falts,  and  the 
very  fmall  degree  of  coincidence  among  them 
in  the  names  given  to  the  like  falts  in  the  an- 
cient nomenclature,  it  will  be  feen  why  this 
column  exhibits  the  greateft  number  of  varia- 
tions and  changes,  though  we  have  really  made 
no  other  innovation  than  by  adding  two  varied 
terminations  to  the  names  already  known. 


Column  the  Sixth, 


The  6th  and  laft  column  of  this  table,  which 
comprehends  fun  pie  fubftances  combined  in 
their  natural  ftate,  and  without  being  oxigenat- 
ed  or  acidified,  as  the  title  {hews,  is  one  of  the 
fhorteft,  and  contains  only  a  fmall  number  of 
compoundr.  The  lower  compartments,  from 
31  1048,  contain  compounds  of  metals  with 
each  other,  to  which  we  preferve  the  names  of 
alloys  and  amalgams,  which  have  hitherto  been 
adopted.  Above  thefe  we  find  only  three 
which  exhibit  a  new  nomenclature,  founded 
on  the  lame  principles  as  the  preceding.  Com- 
partment 6  exhibits  the  expreflion  carbure  of 
iron,  which  denotes  the  combination  of  char- 
coal in  fubljtance  with  iron,  called  plumbago. 
Compartment    7  exhibits  the  metallic  ful- 

4  phure8| 


CHEMISTRY,      &C.  3OI 

phures,  or  the  combinations  of  fulphur  in  fub- 
llance  with  the  metals  ;  the  alkaline  fulphures, 
or  combinations  of  fulphur  with  the  alkalis  ; 
the  fulphurated  hydrogenous  gas,  or  folution 
of  fulphur  in  hydrogenous  gas  :  and  laftly, 
in  compartment  8,  we  exprefs  by  the  generi- 
cal  name  of  metallic  phofphures,  the  com- 
pounds of  phofphorus  in  fubftance  with  the 
metals.  Thus,  inftead  of  the  word  fiderite, 
we  fubftitute  the  exprefiion  phofphure  of 
iron,  which  unequivocally  denotes  the  union 
or*  phofphorus  with  iron.  And  we  find,  in 
thefe  three  comparable  words,  carbure,  ful- 
phure,  and  phofphure,  which  differ  only  in 
their  termination  from  names  which  are  very 
well  known,  a  means  of  conveying  an  accurate 
idea  of  analogous  compounds,  and  of  diftin- 
guifhing  them  from  all  other  compounds. 

Underneath  thefe  fix  columns  wre  have 
placed  numerically,  the  principal  compound 
fubftances  which  conftitute  vegetables.  In  this 
part  of  the  table  we  have  chofen  out  of  the 
ancient  names  thofe  which  by  their  fimplicity 
and  clearnefs  enter  completely  into  the  views 
we  have  propofed. 

Such  is  the  method  which  we  have  follow- 
ed in  the  affemblage  of  names  comprehended 
in  this  table.  After  the  eafy  ftudy  which  the 
table  requires  on  the  part  of  fuch  as  are  de- 
firous  of  becoming  acquainted  with  our  plan, 
it  will  foon  be  perceived  that  we  have  invented 
only  a  very  fmall  number  of  words,  if  we  ex- 
cept 


302  ELEMENTS,  &CC. 

cept  thofe  which  were  indifpenfably  neceflarjr 
to  denote  fubftances  before  unknown,  fuch  as 
are  the  newly-difcovered  acids.  By  following 
the  order  of  the  fubftances  named  in  the  firlt 
column,  from  which  all  the  other  names  are 
derived,  it  will  be  feen  that  we  have  no  other 
new  words  than  oxigene,  hydrogene,  and 
azote.  YvTith  regard  to  the  words  caloric,  car- 
bone,  filex,  and  ammoniac,  they,  as  well  as 
their  derivatives  in  the  following  columns,  ex- 
hibit only  flight  changes  from  names  already 
very  well  known  and  much  ufed.  We  cau, 
therefore,  affirm,  that  our  Nomenclature  differs 
from  the  ancient  almoft  entirely  in  its  termi- 
nations only ;  and  that,  if  from  thefe  changes 
there  fhould  remit  a  greater  facility  in  ftudy, 
and  greater  pcrfpicuity  in  expreffion  ;  if,  more 
cfpecially,  they  mould  afford  the  means  of 
avoiding  every  equivocal  expreffion,  as  the 
trial  which  has  already  been  made,  in  the  years 
1787  and  1780,  in  the  le&ures  at  the  Royal 
Garden  and  the  Lyceum,  gives  us  reafon  to 
hope,  the  reformation  which  we  propofe, 
founded  upon  a  limple  method,  cannot  but  be 
favourable  to  the  progrefs  of  chemiftry. 


ADVER- 


ADVERTISEMENT 

RESPECTING  THE 

T  W  O    S  Y  N  O  N  Y  M  A. 


TT7E  have  thought  proper  to  annex  to 
.  ™  the  general  table  of  the  methodical 
Nomenclature,  in  which  the  whole  of  the  fvf- 
tem  which  we  propole  is  exhibited,  a  table  of 
Synonyma,  at  full  length,  of  all  the  words 
made  ufe  of  to  exprefs  chemical  preparations. 
We  here  prefent  thefe  Synonyma  in  the  form 
of  two  dictionaries.  In  the  fTrft,  the  ancient 
terms  are  difpofed  according  to  their  alpha- 
betic order,  and  precede  the  new  or  adopted 
names  which  correfpond  with  them.  Bv  the 
help  of  this  dictionary  it  may  not  only  be 
feen  what  names  we  have  given  to  different 
chemical  compounds,  but  likewife  fuch  perfons 
as  are  not  familiarized  with  the  greater  part  of 

the 


304  ELEMENTS  OF 

the  preparations  (as  ancient  names  are  very 
often  little  calculated  to  render  them  known) 
will  find,  by  attending  to  the  new  names,  a 
kind  of  definition  of  confiderable  perfpicuity 
in  the  words  themfelves  which  compofe  thefe 
fynonyma,  to  enable  them  eafily  to  recoiled 
the  compounds  fpoken  of. 

The  fecond  dictionary  is  the  reverfe  of  the 
former,  and  we  think  it  will  not  be  lefs  ufeful. 

The  new  denominations  are  here  prefented 
in  the  alphabetic  order,  and  are  accompanied 
with  all  their  ancient  correfpondent  terms.  In 
this  table  we  have  endeavoured  to  reunite  the 
molt  complete  fynonyma,  in  order  to  remove 
thole  difficulties  which  beginners  meet  with 
in  feveral  other  fcicnccs,  and  in  particular,  bo- 
tany and  mineralogy,  in  which  the  immenfe 
quantity  of  different  names  given  to  the  fame 
thing  has  produced  a  degree  of  confulion  and 
obfeurity  which  the  labours  of  the  mod  inde- 
fatigable men  have  not  yet  been  fuiiicicnt  to 
clear  up. 

In  this  new  dictionary  we  fhew,  that  the 
fame  fubftance  has  often  received  eight,  ten, 
or  twelve  different  names  ;  that  moft  of  thefe 
names  have  either  little  or  no  relation  to  the 
things  they  were  applied  to  ;  which  muft  have 
necciTarily  happened  in  a  feience  whofe  lirft 
authors  endeavoured  only  to  cover  it  with  a 
veil  of  myllery,  and  in  the  hiftory  of  which  we 
may  trace  different  cpocnas,  wherein  the  learn- 
ed men  who  have  cultivated  it  arrived  only  by 

infenfible 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  305 

infenfible  degrees  to  the  exact  knowledge  of 
the  compounds.  Neverthelefs,  to  avoid  too 
great  prolixity  and  obfcurity,  we  have  been 
careful  not  to  bring  forward  in  this  place  the 
names  formerly  given  to  fubftances  by  the  al- 
chemifts  ;  which,  being  founded  on  chimerical 
or  abfurd  ideas,  have  happily  been  forgotten 
fince  chemiftry  has  affociated  with  natural 
philofophy. 

Each  of  thefe  fynonyma  will,  therefore, 
have  its  peculiar  ufe.  The  firft,  which  may 
ferve  as  a  dictionary  to  the  works  of  che- 
miftry hitherto  publimed,  wTill  exhibit  the 
methodical  nomenclature  adapted  to  each  an- 
cient word.  In  this,  as  well  as  in  the  follow- 
ing table,  we  have  connected  only,  the  names 
of  fimple  or  compound  bodies,  or  chemical 
preparations,  and  have  brought  forward  none 
of  thofe  which  denote  the  operations  them- 
felves,  becaufe  we  have  made  no  change  in 
thefe  laft  words.  The  fecond  fynonymous 
table  is  more  complete,  and  contains  a  greater 
number  of  words  than  the  former,  becaufe  it 
contains  many  compounds  which  are  owing 
to  the  labours  of  the  moderns ;  and  which, 
fome  years  ago,  had  no  names.  This  no- 
menclature may,  therefore,  be  confidered,  in 
fome  refpects,  as  an  inventory  of  our  prefent 
acquisitions  in  chemiftry. 

In  both  tables  fynonymous  terms  will  fome- 
times  be  feen  among  the  new  names :  we 
X  preferve 


306  ELEMENTS  OF 

preferve  them,  either  with  the  view  of  not 
lofing  light  of  fome  denominations  in  general 
uie,  or  elfe  to  leave  a  choice  of  fome  expref- 
iions  varioufly  terminated,  and  defigned  to 
give  variety  to  the  expreffion,  and  to  avoid  a 
monotony,  which  might  perhaps  feem  fafti- 
dious.  Such  is,  for  example,  the  termination 
of  neutral  falts,  which  prefents  their  bale  ei- 
ther in  the  form  of  a  fubftantive  or  adjective, 
as  the  writer  choofes.  There  will  like  wife  be 
found,  in  books  of  chemiftry,  fome  words  not 
mentioned  in  the  fynonyma,  becaufe  they 
have  been  given  to  compounds  whofe  nature 
is  not  yet  exactly  known  ;  and  if  the  ftricT: 
proceeding  which  we  have  adopted  be  well  at- 
tended to,  it  will  be  fcen  that  we  could  not 
give  names  to  combinations  which  are  imper- 
fectly known. 

We  have  added, fome  definitions  to  feveral 
general  or  particular  denominations,  either  be- 
caufe we  had  fome  doubts  refpecting  the  com- 
pounds fpoken  of,  or  becaufe  we  wrere  treat- 
ing of  bodies  newlv  difcovered. 

The  fecond  table,  which  exhibits  the 
new  names  in  the  alphabetical  order,  and  our 
ancient  fynonyma,  contains  likewife  a  Latin 
tranflation  of  the  new  denominations.  We 
have  followed  the  lame  plan  for  the  Latin 
word?.  Uniformity  of  termination,  and  the 
laws  for  the  derivatives,  have  been  always  the 
two  principles  which  have  guided  us  in  this 
3        ,  labour* 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  307 

labour.  It  would  have  been  incomplete  if 
we  had  not  offered  to  the  learned  of  all  na- 
tions the  means  of  exprefling  themfelves  in 
an  uniform  manner,  and  of  being  eafily  un- 
derftood.  In  proportion  as  the  fcience  mail 
acquire  new  lights,  it  will  be  eafy  to  add  pro- 
per names,  according  to  the  method  which  we 
have  fufficiently  explained  in  the  preceding 
memoir. 


X  2  ANCIENT 


ANCIENT    AND  NEW 
SYNONYM  A, 

IN  ALPHABETICAL  ORDER. 


Ancient  Names, 

Acetous  ammoniac 

Acetous  fait  of  clay- 
Acetous  fait  of  copper 
Acetous  fait  of  iron 
Acetous  fait  of  lead 
Acetous  fait  of  magnefia 
Acetous  fait  of  mercury 
Acetous  fait  of  foda 
Acetous  fait  of  tartar 
Acetous  fait  of  zinc 
Acid  acetous 
Acid  aerial 
Acid  of  alum 
Acid  of  amber 
Acid  of  ants 
Acid  of  apples 
Acid  arfenical 
Acid  of  benzoin 
Acid  boracic 
Acid  of  borax 
Acid  of  chalk 
Acid  of  charcoal 
Acid  cretaceous 


New  Names* 

A. 

i Acetite  ammoniacal. 
'  of  ammoniac, 
Acetite  aluminous. 
 of  alumine. 

-  Acetite  of  copper, 

-  Acetite  of  iron. 

-  Acetite  of  lead. 

-  Acetite  of  magnefia. 

-  Acetite  of  mercury. 

-  Acetite  of  foda. 

-  Acetite  of  potato. 

-  Acetite  of  zinc. 

-  Acetous  acid. 
•   Carbonic  acid. 
-•  Sulphuric  acid. 

-  Succinic  acid. 

-  Formic  acid. 

-  Malic  acid. 

-  Arfenic  acid. 

-  Benzoic  acid. 

-  Boracic  acid. 

-  Boracic  acid. 

-  Carbonic  acid. 

-  Carbonic  acid. 

-  Carbonic  acid. 

X  5  Acid 


ELEMENTS    0  1 


Ancient  Names* 


New  Name:, 


Acid  of  fat 

Acid  of  galls 

Acid  of  galls  alcoholized 

Acid  of  lemons 

Acid  lignic,  or  qf  box 

Acid  maluftan        -  - 

Acid  marine 

Acid  marine  dephlogifticated 
Acid  meplrtic       -  - 
Acid  of  molybdena 
Acid  of  muria 
Acid  of  nitre  - 
Acid  of  nitre  pale  or  colourlefs 
Acid  of  nitre  deprived  of  its  gas 
Acid  of  nitre  dephlogilticated 
Acid  of  nitre  phlogiiticated 

Acid  perlate  - 

Acid  of  phofphorus  dephlo- 

gifticated  - 
Acid  of  phofphorus  phlogif- 

ticated  ■* 
Acid  of  fea-falt 
Acid  of  iilk-worms 
Acid  of  fpar  or  iiuor 
Acid  of  fugftr 
Acid  of  fulphur 
Acid  of  tnngitein  or  tungften 
Acid  of  wolfram  of  Meihs  ) 

Delhnyar       -        -        -  J 
Acid  faccharinc 
Acid  facchola&ic,  or  acid  ofl 

the  fugar  of  milk  -  J 

Acid  febaceous,  or  of  fat 
Acid  frdativej  or  narcotic,  of^ 

Homberg       -       -      -  J 
Acid  fulphureoua 
A^id  fyrupoua 
Acid  tartareoui 

Acid  vin  iwlic  - 

Acid  phiogiilicatod  vitriolic 

Acidum  pingue 

Affinities  - 


Sebacic  acid. 
Gallic  acid. 
Gallic  alcohol. 
Citric  acid. 
Pyroligneous  acid. 
Malic  acid. 
Muriatic  acid. 
Oxigenated  muriatic  acid. 
Carbonic  acid. 
Molybdic  acid. 
Muriatic  acid. 
Nitric  acid. 
Nitric  acid. 
Nitric  add. 
Nitric  acid. 
Nitrous  acid. 

f  Superfaturatcd  phofphate  o*. 
\  foda. 

Phofphoric  acid. 

Phofphoreous'acid. 

Muriatic  acid. 
Bombic  acid. 
Fluoric  acid. 
Oxalic  acid. 
Sulphuric  acid. 
Tungflic  acid. 

Tungftic  acid. 

Oxalic  acid. 

Sacchola&ic  acid. 
• 

Sebacic  acid. 
Boracic  acid. 

I 

Sulphureous  acid. 
Pyrom  tiaras  acid. 
Ti'rtareous  acid. 
Sulphuric  acid. 
Sulphureous  acid. 

/  The  hypothetical  principled' 

[  Meyer. 

Chemical  affinities  or  attractions. 

Aggregates 


CHEMISTRY 


Sec. 


3" 


Ancient  Names. 

Aggregation  - 
Air  alkaline  - 
Air  atrr.ofpherical,  or  com- 1 

mon  air  -  -  -  J 
Air  dephlogifticated,  of  Dr.  I 

Prieilley        -         -  -J 
Air,  dephlogifticated  marine  I 
,acid       -       -       -  -J 
Air  factitious 
Air,  fcetid,  of  fulphur 
Air,  fire,  of  Scheele     -  - 
Air,  fixed,  of  Dj.  Black 
Air  impure 
Air  inflammable 
Air,  marine  acid 
Air  nitrous        -  - 
Air  phlogifticated. 
Air  pure  - 
Air,  folid,  of  Hales 
Air  vitiated  - 
Air  vital  - 

Air,  vitriolic  acid,of  Dr.Prieftley 
Alkaheft  .... 

Alkaheft  of  Refpour 

Alkaheft  of  Van  Helmont 
Alkalis  in  general  * 
Alkalis  aerated 
Alkalis  cauftic  - 
Alkalis  effervefcent 
Alkali,  fixed,  of  tartar,  cauftic 
Alkali,£xed,of  tartar,not  cauftic 
Alkali,  fixed  vegetable  - 
Alkali  marine,  cauftic 
Alkali  marine,  not  cauftic 
Alkali  mineral  acetated 
Alkali  mineral  aerated 

Alkali  phlogillicated 

Alkali  Pruffian 

Alkali  urinous  -  * 

Alkali  vegetable  aerated 


Nezv  Names. 

Aggregation. 
Ammoniacal  gas. 

Atmofpherical  or  cemmon  air. 
Oxigenous  gas  m.  vital  air. 

Oxigenated  muriatic  acid  gas. 

Carbonic  acid  gas. 
Sulphurated  hydrogenous  ga*. 
Oxigenous  gas. 
Carbonic  acid  gas* 
Azotic  gas. 
Hydrogenous  gas. 
Muriatic  acid  gas. 
Nitrous  gas. 
Azotic  grs. 

Oxigenous  gas,  or  vital  air. 
Carbonic  acid  gas. 
Azotic  gas. 
Oxigenous  gas. 
Sulphureous  acid  gas. 
f  The  uruve;  ial  ioivent  of  ;he 
\  alchemiits. 
Pctain  mixed  with  oxide  of 
zinc. 

Carbonate  of  potaih. 
Alkalis. 

Alkaline  carbonates. 
Alkalis. 

Alkaline  carbonates. 
Potato. 

Carbonate  of  potaih. 
Carbonate  of  potaih. 
Soda. 

Carbonate  of  foda. 
Acetite  of  foda. 
Carbonate  of  foda. 

f  Ferruginous  prufliate  of  pot- 

\  afh,  not  faturated. 
Ferruginous  prufliate  of  potaih. 

J  Carbonate  of  ammoniac. 

\  Ammoniacal  carbonate. 
Carbonate  of  potaih. 

X  4  Alkali 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Ancient  Names. 
Alkali  volatile  acetated  — 

Alkali  volatile  mild   

Alk?Ji  volatile  fluor   

Alkali  volatile  cauflic  — 
Alkali  Volatile  concrete  — 
Alkali  volatile  mephitized  — 
Allay  or  alloy  of  metals  — 

Alum    _ 

Alum  marine        —  — 

Alum  nitrous   

Amalgam  of  bifmuth  — 

Amalgam  of  copper   

Amalgam  of  gold   

Amalgam  of  lead   

Amalgam  of  filver  — 

Amalgam  of  tin  

Amalgam  of  zinc   

Amber  yellow   

Antimony  crude  -■ 

Antimony  diaphoretic  — 

Aqua  fortis  ■ 

Aqua  regia  —  — 

Aqua  ftygia  ■  

Aquila  alba  —  — 

Arbor  Diana?   

Arcanum  corallinum  — 

Arcanum  duplicatum  — 
Argil  pure, or  argillaceous  earth 
Argil  cretaceous   

Argil  fparry     

Arfcnic,  rcgulus  of  — 
Arfcnic,  white  calx  of  — 

Arfcnic  red     


New  Names, 

f  Ammoniacal  acetite. 

1  Acetite  of  ammoniac. 

f  Ammoniacal  carbonate. 
\  Carbonate  of  ammoniac. 
Ammoniac. 
Ammoniac. 

Ammoniacal  carbonate. 
Carbonate  of  ammoniac. 
Alloy. 
'  Sulphate  of  alumine. 

Aluminous  fulphate. 

Muriate  of  alumine. 

Aluminous  muriate. 
'  Nitrite  of  alumine. 

Aluminous  nitrite. 
Amalgam  of  bifmuth. 
Amalgam  of  copper. 
Amalgam  of  gold. 
Amalgam  of  lead. 
Amalgam  of  filver. 

o 

Amalgam  of  tin. 
Amalgam  of  zinc. 
Amber  or  fuccinum. 
Sulphure  of  antimony. 

{White  oxide  of  antimony  by- 
nitre. 

Nitric  acid  of  commerce. 
Nitro-muriatic  acid. 

f  Nitro-muriatic  acid,  by  the 

|  .  ammoniacal  muriate. 

I  Mild    fublimated  mercurial 

\  muriate. 

Cry  11  alii  zed  amalgam  of  filver. 

f  Red  oxide  of  mercury,  by  the 

[     nitric  acid. 
Sulphate  of  potam. 
Alumine. 

Aluminous  carbonate. 

J  Aluminous  fluate. 

[  Fluate  of  alumine. 
Arfcnic. 

Oxide  of  arfcnic. 
f  Red   fulphurated  oxide  of 
|  arfenic. 

Arfcniatc 


/ 


CHEMISTRY,     &C.  313 

Ancient  Names,  New  Names, 

Arfeniate  of  potafli  — •  Arfeniate  of  potafli. 

Attractions  eledive    Elective  attractions. 

Azure  of  cobalt,  or  of  the  1    f  Vitreous  oxide  of  cobalt  and 
four  fires  ■  J    {  filex. 


Balfoms  of  Bucquet 
Balfam  of  fulphur  — 

BariDa   

Barytes  — :  — 
Barytes  efferv*fcent 
Bafe  of  vital  air  ■ 
Bafe  of  marine  fait  — 
Benzoin  or  benjamin 
Benzoic  falts  ■ 
Bezoar  mineral  — — 
Bifmuth  — 
Bifmuth  muriated  — 

Bitumen   

Black  lead  — — 
Blue,  Berlin  —  - 
Blue,  Pruffian  ■ 

Borax        —  — - 

Borax  ammoniacal  — 
Borax  of  zinc  — 
Borax  argillaceous  — 
Borax  barytic  or  ponderous 

Borax  calcareous  — 

Borax  magnefian  — 

Borax  martial  — 
Borax  mercurial  — 
Borax  vegetable  — 
Borax  of  antimony 
Butter  of  antimony 
Butter  of  arfenic  — 
Butter  of  bifmuth 
Butter  of  cobalt  — 
Butter  of  copper  — 
Butter  of  tin  — — 


Balfams. 

Sulphure  of  volatile  oil. 
Carbonate  of  foda. 
Barytes. 

Carbonate  of  barytes. 

Oxigene. 

Soda. 

Benzoin. 

Benzoates. 

Oxide  of  antimony. 

Bifmuth. 

Muriate  of  bifmuth. 
Bitumen. 
Carbure  of  iron. 
Prufliate  of  iron. 
Pruffiate  of  iron. 

{Borax  of  foda,  or  borate  fu- 
perfaturated  with  foda. 
Ammoniacal  borate. 
Borate  of  zinc. 
Aluminous  borate. 
Borate  of  barytes. 
f  Borate  of  lime. 
\  Calcareous  borate. 
J  Magnefian  borate. 
\  Borate  of  magnefia. 
Borate  of  iron. 
Borate  of  mercury. 
Borate  of  potafli. 
Borate  of  antimony. 
Sublimated  muriate  of  antimony. 
Sublimated  muriate  of  arfenic. 
Sublimated  muriate  of  bifmuth. 
Sublimated  muriate  of  cobalt. 
Sublimated  muriate  of  copper. 
Sublimated  muriate  of  tin. 

Butter 


3X4 


ELEMENTS  OF 


jfneient  Names. 


New  Names.. 


Butteroftin,folid,ofMr.Baume  Concrete  muriate  of  tin. 

Butter  of  zinc    Sublimated  muriate  of  zinc, 

Jkafe  ■    Brafs ;  alloy  of  copper  and  zinu 


Calces  metallic 
Calx  of  ..r.timony  vitrified 
Cameleon  mineral 
Camphor  — 
Camphoi  ic  falts  — 

Caruiticum   

Caufticum  lunare 

Cerufe   


Cerufe  of  antimony 

Chalk  — - 
Charcoal  pure 


Cinnabar  — ■ 

day  —   

Cobalt  — 

Colcothar 

Copper  — 
Copper  acetated 
Copperas  green 
Copperas  blue 
Copperas  white 
Cream  of  tartar 


Metallic  oxides. 

Vitreous  oxide  of  antimony. 

Oxide  of  manganefe  and  potalh. 

Camphor. 

Camphorates. 

Meyer's  hypothetical  principle. 
Fufed  nitrate  of  lilver. 
[  White  oxide  of  lead  by  the 
«j     acetous  acid,  mixed  with 
\     carbonate  of  lime. 
White  oxide  of  antimony  by 

precipitation. 
Chalk,  carbonate  of  lime. 
Calcareous  carbonate. 
Carbone. 

{Sulphurated   red    oxide  of 
mercury. 

{Clay  ;  a  mixture  of  alumine 
and  iilice. 
Cobalt. 

Red  oxide  of  iron  by  the  ful- 
phuric  acid. 
Copper. 

Acetate  of  copper. 
Sulphate  of  iron. 
Sulphate  of  copper. 
Sulphate  of  zinc. 
Acidulous  tartritc  of  potafh. 


Diamond  — - 


D. 

-  Diamond. 


E.  Eartk, 


C  II  E  M  I  S  T  R  Y,  &C 


Ancient  Names* 

Earth,  acetated  calcareous  — 
Earth,  aerated  ponderous  — 

Earth  animal     '    — 

Earthy  bafe  of  ponderous  fpar 

Earth  calcareous  ■  

Earth  of  alum    — - 

Earth  animal   

Earth  calcareous   

Earth  magnefian   

Earth  muriatic,  of  Kinvan  — 
Earth  ponderous     '  ■ 

Earth  filiceous   — • 

Emetic  tartar  —  — 
Empyreal  air  —  — 
EfTences  —  — 

Ether  acetous  _ 
Ether  marine         —  — 

Ether  nitrous   

Ether  vitriolic  — -  — 
Ethiops  martial  ■ 

Ethiops  mineral.  » 

Ethiops  per  fe  — - -  — 
Extract       —       —  — 


New  Names  ^ 

Calcareous  acetite. 
Carbonate  of  barytes. 
Calcareous  phofphate. 
Barytes. 

Lime,  or  calcareous  earth* 
Alumine. 

Phofphate  of  lime. 
Lime,  o.r  calcareous  earth. 
Carbonate  of  magnefia. 
Magnefia. 
Barytes. 

Siliceous  earth,  or  filex. 
Antimoniated  tartrite  of  potalh* 
Oxigenous  gas. 
Volatile  oils. 
Acetic  ether. 
Muriatic  ether. 
Nitric  ether. 
Sulphuric  ether. 

Black  oxide  of  iron.  t 

{Black  fulphurated  oxide  of 
mercury. 
Blackim  mercurial  oxide. 
Extract. 


Fecula  of  vegetables  — 

Flowers,  ammoniacal  cupreous 

Flowers  argentine,  of  regulus  \ 

of  antimony. 
Flowers  metallic  ■  ■  ■■  : 

Flowers  of  arfenic  — 

Flowers  of  benzoin   

Flowers  of  bifmuth   

Flowers  of  fulphur   

Flowers  of  tin    — 

Flowers  of  zinc   

Fluids  aeriform  —  — 
Fluids  elaflic        —  — 


Fecula. 

f  Sublimated  ammoniacal  mu« 
\     riate  of  copper. 

Sublimated  oxide  of  antimony. 

Sublimated  metallic  oxides. 
Sublimated  oxide  of  arfenic. 
Sublimated  benzoic  acid. 
Sublimated  oxide  of  bifmuth. 
Sublimated  fulphur. 
Sublimated  oxide  of  tin. 
Sublimated  oxide  of  zinc. 
Gafes. 
Gafes. 

Fluor 


3i6 


ELEMENTS  OP 


Aicicnt  Nam?s. 
Fluor  ammoniacal 

Fluor  argillaceous 

Fluor  of  magnefia 
Fluor  of  potafh  — 
Fluor  of  foda 
Fluor  ponderous 


New  Name:. 

t  Fluate  of  ammoniac. 

1  Ammoniacal  fluate. 

f  Aluminous  fluate. 

\  Fluate  of  alumine. 
Fluate  of  magnefia. 
Fluate  of  potafh. 
Fluate  of  foda. 
Barytic  fluate. 




Gas,  acetous  acid   

Gas,  aerial  muriatic  acid  — 
Gas  alkaline  —  — 
Gas,  cretaceous  acid  — 
Gas  hepatic         —  — 

Gas  inflammable   

Gas,  inflammable  carbonated 

Gas,  inflamrnble  of  maWhes  — 

Gn»  mephitic    — 

Gas,  marine  acid  — 
Gas  nitrons  —  — 

Gas  pii.1  j^idiAtcd        -  ■ 
Gas  phofphoric,  of  Mr.  Gen-  1 
gerr.brc  ■  J 

Gas  of  Prufrian  blue  — 

Gas,  fparry  acid   

Gas*  fulphlUKOlU  —  — 
Gas  fylvc'.tre,  of  Hclmont  — 

GiUa  vitrioli   - 

Glutinous  matter  of  wheat 

Gold     

Gold  muriate*)   

Gold  kJmi nating  — 


Gas. 

Acetous  acid  gas. 
Oxigenatcd  muriatic  acid  gas. 
Ammoniacal  gas. 
Carbonic  acid  gas. 
Sulphurated  hydrogenous  gas. 
Hydrogenous  gas. 
Carbonated  hydrogenous  gas. 
f  Marfli  hydrogenous  gas  (mix- 
<     ture  of  carbonated  hydro- 
genous  gas  and  azotic  gas). 
Carbonic  acid  gas. 
Muriatic  acid  gas. 
Nitrous  gas. 
Azotic  gas. 

Phofphorated  hydrogenous  ga». 

Pruflic  acid  gas. 
Fluoric  acid  gas. 
Sulphureous  add  ga*. 
Carbonic  acid  gas. 
Sulphate  of  zinc. 
Gluten. 
Gjld. 

Muriate  of  gold. 
Ammoniacal  oxide  of  gold. 


H. 


He-par* 
Heat  Ltcnt 


—  Sulphures. 

—  Caloric. 


CHEMISTRY,  &c; 


I. 


Ancient  Names. 

Ink  fympathctic  by  cobalt. 

Iron,  or  mars.   

Iron  aerated  — 
Iron  acetated 
Jupiter  1   1  ■ 


New  Nanus. 

Muriate  of  cobalt. 
Iron. 

Carbonate  of  iron, 
Acetite  of  iron* 
Tin. 


K. 

f  Red  fulphurated  oxide  of  ana- 
Kermes  mineral    |  timony. 


L. 


Lapis  infernalis  — 

Lead,  or  faturn  — 

Lead  muriated  « 

Lead  -fparry  — —   

Lead  fubacetated   

Lead  fuperacetated  — 
Lemon-juice  — —  — — — 
Ley  of  foap  _ 
Lignic  falts  ■ 
Lilium  Paracelfl  ■ 

Lime-water  — —   

Lime-water,  Pruflian   

Liquor,  Boyle's  fuming  — 
Liquor,  Silicum  — 
Liquor,  Libavius's  fuming  — 
Liquor  faturated  with  the"! 
colouring  matter  of  Pruf- 
fian  blue.  j 

Litharge  —  — 

Light        —        —  — 

Liver  of  antimony  — 

Liver  of  arfenic.  — 

Livers  of  fulphur  — 

Livers  of  fulphur,  earthy  — 


Fufed  nitrate  of  filver. 
Lead. 

Muriate  of  lead. 
Carbonate  of  lead. 

{White  oxide  of  lead  by  the 
acetous  acid. 
Acetite  of  lead. 
Citric  acid. 
Solution  of  foda. 
Pyro-lignites.  • 
Alcohol  of  potafh. 
Lime-water. 
Prufliate  of  lime. 
Ammoniacal  fulphur. 
Siliciated  potafh,  in  folution. 
Fuming  muriate  of  tin. 

Prufiiate  of  potafh. 

{Semi-vitreous  oxide  of  lead, 
or  litharge. 
Light. 

Sulphurated  oxide  of  antimonv. 
Arfenical  oxide  of  potafh. 
Alkaline  fulphures. 
Earthy  fulphures. 

Liver 


3iS 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Ancient  Names, 
Liver  of  fulphur,  antimoniated 
L.iver  of  fulphur,  calcareous 

Liver  of  fulphur,  barytic  — 

Liver  of  fulphur,  magnefian 

Liver  of  fulphur,  volatile  alka- 
line — 
Luna  cornea         —  — 


New  Names. 

Antimoniated  alkaline  fulphur^ 

Calcareous  fulphure. 

Sulphure  of  lime. 

Barytic  fulphure. 

Sulphure  of  barytes. 
*  Sulphure  of  magnefia. 

Magnefian  fulphure. 

Ammoniacal  fulphure. 

Sulphure  of  ammoniac. 
Muriate  of  iilver. 


M. 


Magiftery  of  bifmuth  — 

Magiftery  of  lead  — 

Magiftery  of  fulphur  — 

Magnefia  alba  — 
Magnefia  aerated,  of  Bergman 

Magnefia  black       —  — 

Magnefia  cauftic  — 

Magnefia  cretaceous  — 

Magnefia  effervefcent  — 

Magnefia  fluorated  — 

Magnefia  fparry  — 

Majifite  falts  — -  — 

Manganefe           —  — 

Mafiicot       —       —  — 

Matter  of  heat  — ■  — 

Matter  of  fire          —  — 


Matter  pearly  of  Kerkringius 

Matter  colouring  of  Pruflian  1 
blue  J 
Mephitizcd  metals,  earths,  &c. 
Mephitis  atmofpherical  — 
Mercury  —  — . 

Mercury  acctated  — 
Mcrcurius  dulcis  m» 


{Oxide  of  bifmuth  by  the  ni- 
tric acid. 
Precipitated  oxide  of  lead. 
Precipitated  fulphur. 
Carbonate  of  magnefia. 
Carbonate  of  magnefia. 
Black  oxide  of  manganefe*. 
Magnefia. 

Carbonate  of  magnefia. 

Carbonate  of  magnefia. 

Pluate  of  magnefia. 

Fluate  of  magnefia. 

Malites  of  potafh,  of  foda,  &c, 

Manganefe. 

Yellow  oxide  of  lead. 

Caloric. 

This  term  has  been  ufed  to 
fignify  light,  caloric,  and 
phlogifton. 
1  White  oxide  of  antimony  by 
[  precipitation. 

Pruflic  acid. 

Carbonates  of  metals,  &c. 

Azotic  gas. 

Mercury. 

Acetite  of  mercury. 
Mild  mercurial  muriate. 

Mercury, 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


3»9 


Ancient  Names. 

Mercury,  white  precipitate  of 

Mercury  of  metals  — 

Minium            —  — 

Molybdena  —  — - 
Molybdena,  faline  compounds  of 

Mother  water         —  — 

Mucilage            —  — 

Muriated  metals  — 
Muriated  gold 
fait  of  gold 


New  Names, 


f  Mercurial  muriate  by  preci  • 
\  pitation. 

Beccher'shypotheticalprinciple* 
Red  oxide  of  lead,  or  minium. 
Molybdena. 
Molybdates. 

Deliquefcent  faline  refidue. 
Mucus. 

Muriates  of  different  metals 


or  regulme  1  jv|ur'ate  Qc  g0j^ 


N. 


Natron,  or  natrum 
Nitre         —  — * 
Nitre  ammoniacal 
Nitre  argillaceous 

Nitre  calcareous 

Nitre  cubic 
Nitre  fixed  — 
Nitre  lunar  — 
Nitre  of  arfenic  — 
Nitre  of  bifmuth 
Nitre  of  cobalt  — 
Nitre  of  copper  — 
Nitre  of  iron  — 
Nitre  of  lead  — - 
Nitre  of  magnefia  — 
Nitre  of  manganefe 
Nitre  of  nickel  — 

Nitre  of  ponderous  earth 

Nitre  of  filver  — 
Nitre  of  tin  — 
Nitre  of  zinc  — 
Nitre  prifmatic       — • 
Nitre  quadrangular 
Nitre  rhomboidal  — « 
Nitre  faturnine  — 


Carbonate  of  foda. 
Nitrate  of  potafh,  or  nitre. 
Ammoniacal  nitrate. 
Nitrate  of  al limine. 

{Nitrate  of  lime. 
Calcareous  nitrate. 
Nitrate  of  foda. 
Carbonate  of  potafh« 
Nitrate  of  filver. 
Nitrate  of  arfenic. 
Nitrate  of  bifmuth. 
Nitrate  of  cobalt. 
Nitrate  of  copper. 
Nitrate  of  iron. 
Nitrate  of  lead. 
Nitrate  of  magnefia. 
Nitrate  of  manganefei. 
Nitrate  of  nickel. 
J  Barytic  nitrate. 
I  Nitrate  of  barytes. 
Nitrate  of  filver. 
Nitrate  of  tin. 
Nitrate  of  zinc. 
Nitrate  of  potafli. 
Nitrate  of  foda. 
Nitrate  of  foda. 
Nitrate  of  lead. 

O.  Ochn 


3*0  ELEMENTS  OF 


Ancient  Names. 

Ochre  —  —  — 
Oil  of  lime  —  — 

Oil  of  tartar  per  deliquium  — 

Oil  of  vitriol           —  — 

Oils  ethereal         —  — 

Oils  animal          —  — 

Oils  empyreumatic  — 

Oils  eflential        —  — 

Oils  by  exprefiion  — 

Oils  fat    — 

Oils  un&uous   

Oleum  philofophorum  — — 

Ore  of  antimony  ■ 

Ore  of  iron,  of  marfhes  — 

p 

Pewter  •    

Phlogifton     

Phofphoric  fal  ammoniac  

Phofphoric  fait  of  barytes  — 

Phofphoric  fait  of  magnefia  — 
Phofphoric  fait  of  potafh  — 

Phofphoric  fait  of  foda   

Phofphorus  of  Baldwin   

Phofphorus  of  Kunckel  

Phofphorus  of  Homberg   

Plat  ina     

Plumbago  ••   

Pompholix     

Potafh    

Powder  of  algaroth  — 

Powder  of  Count  de  Palma  — 
Powder  of  SentineOy  — 


New  Names. 

Zellow  oxide  of  iron. 
Calcareous  muriate. 

{Potafh  in  deliquefcence  mixed 
with  carbonate  of  potafh. 
Sulphuric  acid. 
Volatile  oils. 
Volatile  animal  oils. 
Empyreumatic  oils. 
Volatile  oils. 
Fixed  oils. 
Fixed  oils. 
Fixed  oils. 

Fixed  empyreumatic  oils. 
Native  fulphure  of  antimony. 

{Iron  ore,  containing  phof- 
phate  of  iron. 


Alloy  of  copper  and  tin ;  pewter. 
Stahl's  hypothetical  principle. 

'  Ammoniaeal  phofphatc. 
Phofphate  of  ammoniac. 

'  Phofphate  of  barytes. 
Barytic  phofphate. 
Magnefian  phofphate. 
Phofphate  of  potafh. 
Phofphate  of  foda. 
Dry  calcareous  nitrite. 
Phofphorus. 

Dry  calcareous  muriate. 
Platina. 

Carbure  of  iron. 
Sublimated  oxide  of  zinc. 
Impure  carbonate  of  potafh. 

{ Oxide  of  antimony  by  the 
muriatic  acid. 
Carbonate  of  magnefia. 
Carbonate  of  magnefia. 

Precipitate, 


CHEMISTRY,  fee. 


321 


Ancient  Names. 

Precipitate  golden,  or  purple,  of 
Caffius 

Precipitate  red   « 

Precipitate  per  fe   

Precipitate  yellow   

Precipitate  white  by  the  mu-  1 

riatic  acid 
Principle  acidifying 
Principle  ailringent  ■ 
Principle  inflammable. 

See  Phlogiflon. 

Principle  mercurial   

Principle  of  charcoal   

Principle  forbile  of  Ludbock 

Pruffite  calcareous  -  ■  ■ 

Prufiite  of  foda   

Pyrites  of  copper   

Pyrites  martial   


Pyrophorus  of  Romberg  — 


New  Names, 

Oxide  o£  gold  precipitated  by 
tin. 

f  Red  oxide'of  mercury  by  the 
\     nitric  acid. 
Red  oxide  of  mercury  by  fire. 

{Yellow  oxide  of  mercury  by 
tine  fulphuric  acid. 
Muriate  of  mercury  by  precipi- 
tation. 
Oxigene. 
Gallic  acid. 


J  Beccher's  hypothetical  prin- 

\  ciple. 

Carbone. 

Oxigene. 

J  Calcareous  prufiiate. 

\  Pruff.ate  of  lime 
Prufliate  of  foda. 
Sulphure  of  copper. 
Sulphure  of  iron. 

( Carbonated  fulphure  of  alu« 
4  mine. 

Pyrophorus  of  Hcmberg. 


Pv. 


Realgar   

Realgites,  falts  formed 
aqua  regia 

Regulus   

Regulus  of  antimony 
Regulus  of  arfenic 
Regulus  of  cobalt 
Regulus  of  manganefe 
Regulus  of  molybdena. 
Regulus  of  fyderite 

Refins   

Ruft  of  copper  - 
Ruft  of  iron 

Ruby  of  antimony 


with 


f  Red  fulphurated  c::ide  of 
[  arfenic. 

|  Nitro-muriates. 

f  A  word  ufed  to  fignify  tlie 
[     metallic  flate. 

■  Antimony. 
1  Arfenic 

■  Cob:.!t. 

■  Manganefe. 
1  Molybdena. 

•  Phofphure  of  iron. 

■  Refins. 

•  Green  oxide  of  copper. 

■  Carbonate  of  iron. 

■J  Vitreous  brown  fulphurated 
1     oxide  of  antimony. 
Y  8.  Saffron 


322 


ELEMENTS  OF 


jfncient  Names. 

Saffron  of  mars  » ■  1 

Saffron  of  mars,  aperitive  — 
Saffron  of  mars,  aftringent 

Saffron  of  metals  — 
?5al  ammoniac  ■ 

Sal  ammoniac  fixed   

Sal  de  duobus  1 

Sal  polychreft  of  Glafer   

■Sal  polychreft  of  Rochelle  — 
Sal  fodee.     See  Soda. 

Salt  acetous  ammoniacal  — 
Salt  acetous  calcareous  — 

Salt  acetous  magnefian  — 

Salt  acetous  martial  — 

Salt  acetous  mineral   

Salt  acetous  argillaceous  — 

Salt  acetous  of  zinc   

Salt  ammoniacal  cretaceous 

Salt  ammoniacal  fixed   

Salt  ammoniacal  nitrous  — 
Salt  ammoniacal  (fecrct  ofl 
Glauber)  J 
Salt  ammoniacal  fedative  — 
Salt  ammoniacal  fparry  — — 
Salt  ammoniacal  vitriolic  — 

Salt  bitter  purging   

Salt  common  ■  » 
Salt  febrifuge  of  Sylvius   

Salt  fufible  of  urine   

Salt,  Glauber's  ■ 

Salt  marine  argillaceous  — 


New  Names. 

Oxide  of  iron. 
Carbonate  of  iron. 
Brown  oxide  of  iron. 
'  Semi-vitreous  fulphurated  ox* 
ide  of  antimony. 

Ammoniacal  muriate. 

Muriate  of  ammoniac. 

Calcareous  muriate. 

Muriate  of  lime. 
Sulphate  of  potafh. 
Sulphate  of  potafh. 
Tartrite  of  foda. 

Ammoniacal  acetite. 
Acetite  of  ammoniac. 
Calcareous  acetite. 
Acetite  of  lime. 
Magnefian  acetite. 
Acetite  of  magnefia. 
Acetite  of  iron. 
Acetite  of  foda. 
Aluminous  acetite. 
Acetite  of  zinc. 
Ammoniacal  carbonate. 
J  Calcareous  muriate. 
[  Muriate  of  lime. 
Nitrate  of  ammoniac. 

Sulphate  of  ammoniac. 

Ammoniacal  borate. 
Fluate  of  ammoniac. 
Ammoniacal  fulphate. 

f Magnefian  fulphate. 
Sulphate  of  magnefia. 
Muriate  of  foda. 
Muriate  of  potafh. 
f  Phofphate  of  foda  and  ara- 
[  moniac. 
Sulphate  of  foda. 
Aluminous  muriate. 
Muriate  of  alumine. 


! 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


323 


Ancient  Names. 
Salt  marine  calcareous 

Salt  marine  magnefian 

Salt  marine  of  iron 
Salt  marine  of  zinc 


New  Names, 


Salt  native  of  urine  — 

Salt,    neutral  arfenical, 

Macquer 
Salt  of  alembroth  — 


of 


Salt  of  amber,  obtained  by  "I 
cryftallization  J 

Salt  of  calcothar  ■ 

Salt  of  Epfom  —   

Salt  of  jnpiter  — —  — 

Salt  of  milk     

Salt  of  Scheidfchutz  — 

Salt  of  Sedlitz  .  

Salt  of  Segner                 ■   •  ■ 
Salt  of  Seignette  ■ 
Salt  of  forrel.  — 
Salt  of  wifdom   « 


Salt  of  wormwood,  common 

Salt-petre    — 

Salt  reguline  of  gold  — 

Salt  fedative  —   

Salt  fedative  mercurial 
Salt  fedative  fublimated 

Salt  flanno-nitrous   

Salt  fulphureous,  of  Stahl  - 

Salt  vegetable   

Salt  volatile  of  amber  — 


Salt,  wonderful  pearly. 

Saturn   

Selenite   — 

Silver  — 
Silver  muriated 
Silver  fupernitrated 

Snow  of  antimony 

Soaps  acid  — » 


Calcareous  muriate. 
Muriate  of  lime. 
Magnefian  muriate. 
Muriate  of  magnefia. 
Muriate  of  iron. 
Muriate  of  zinc, 
f  Phofphate  of  foda  and  ara- 
[  moniac. 

Acidulous  arfeniate  of  potafh. 
Ammoniaco-mercuiial  muriate. 
Cryftallized  fuccinic  acid. 

f  Sulphate  of  iron,  in  a  ftate 

[     little  known. 
Sulphate  of  magnefia. 
Muriate  of  tin. 
Sugar  of  milk. 
Magnefian  fulphate. 
Sulphate  of  magnefia. 
Sebate  of  potafh. 
Tartrite  of  foda. 
Acidulous  oxalate  of  potafh. 
Ammoniaco-mercurial  muriate. 
Carbonate  of  potafh. 
Nitrate  of  potafh  ;  or  nitre. 
Muriate  of  gold. 
Boracic  acid. 
Borate  of  mercury. 
Sublimated  boracic  acid, 
Nitrate  of  tin. 
Sulphite  of  potafh. 
Tartrite  of  potafh. 
Sublimated  fuccinic  acid. 

{Superfaturated  phofphate  of 
foda. 
Lead. 

Sulphate  of  lime. 
Silver. 

Muriate  of  filver. 
Fufed  nitrate  of  filver. 

{White  fublimated  oxide  of 
antimony. 
Acid  foaps. 

z  Soaps 


ELEMENTS  OF 


AncietU  Names. 

Soaps  alkaline  ■  « 

Soaps  earthy,  of  Mr.  Berthollett 
Soaps  metallic,  of  Mr.  Bcr-  1 
thollett  J 

Soap  of  Starkey   

Soda  caultic  —  — 
Soda  cretaceous   

Spanifh  white        —  — 

Spar  ammoniacal  ■  

Spar  calcareous  —      1  ■ 

Spar  fluor  —   

Spar  ponderous  «  

Spirits  acid         —  — 

Spirit  acid  of  wood   

Spirit  alkaline  volatile  — 
Spirit  ardent  —  — 

Spirit  of  Minderems  •  

Spirit  of  nitre  —  — 
Spirit  of  nitre  dulcified  — 
Spirit  of  nitre  fuming  — 

Spirit  of  fait   

Spirit  of  fal  ammoniac  — 
Spirit  of  venus  —  

Spirit  of  vitriol   

Spirit  of  wine  ■ 

Spiritus  rec"tor   

Spirit  volatile  of  fal  ammoniac 
Spiritus  fylveftris,  of  Helmont 

Stone  of  the  bladder   

Sublimate  corrofive  — 
Sugar  —  —  — 
Sugar  candied  1 
Sugar  of  lead  —  — 
Sugar  or  fait  of  milk  — 
Sulphur  —  — 

Sulphur  golden  of  antimony 

Syderite  —  — 

Syderotete  of  Mr.  dc  Morveau 


New  Names. 

Alkaline  foaps. 
Earthy  foaps. 

Metallic  foaps. 

Saponul  of  potafli. 
Soda. 

Carbonate  of  foda. 

White  oxide  of  lead  by  the 
acetous  acid. 
Ammoniacal  fiuate. 
Carbonate  of  lime. 
Calcareous  fiuate. 
Sulphate  of  barytes. 
Acids  diluted  with  water. 
Pyroligneous  acid. 
Ammoniacal  gas. 
Alcohol. 

Ammoniacal  acetite. 

Nitric  acid  diluted  with  water. 

Nitric  alcohol. 

Nitrous  acid. 

Muriatic  acid. 

Ammoniac. 

Acetic  acid. 

{Sulphuric  acid  diluted  with 
water. 
Alcohol. 
Aroma. 

Ammoniac  diluted  with  water. 
Carbonic  acid. 
Lithic  acid. 

Corrofive  muriate  of  mercury. 
Sugar. 

Cryftallized  fugar. 
Acetite  of  lead. 
Sugar  of  milk. 
Sulphur. 

{  Orange-coloured  fulphurated 
[     oxide  of  antrmony. 

Phofphate  of  iron. 

Phofphure  of  iron. 


T.  Tartar 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  325 


Ancient  Names* 

Tartar        —       —  — 

Tartar  ammomacal   

Tartar  antimoniated  — 
Tartar  calcareous  — 
Tartar  chalybeated.        — — 
Tartar  cretaceous  ■■■ 
Tartar  crude         —  — 

Tartar  cupreous   

Tartar  emetic  «  

Tartar  of  magnefia   

Tartar  of  potafh  •  

Tartar  of  foda   

Tartar  martial  foluble  — 

Tartar  mephitized   

Tartar  mereur'al   - 

Tartar  faturnine  —  

Tartar  fparry,  or  of  fpar  — 
Tartar  foluble  —  — 
Tartar  fr;biated  —  — 
Tartar  tartarifed,  or  terra  fo-  \ 

liata  tartari 
Tartar  tartarifed,  holding  an-  1 

timony  in  folution 
Tartar  vitriolated.  — 
Tincture  acrid  of  tartar  — 

Tinctures  fpirituoys  

Tin        —  —   

Tin  muriated  —  — 
Tungitein  —  — 

Turbith  mineral   • — 


Turbith  nitrous 


ATeiu  Names. 

Acidulous  tartrite  of  potafh. 
Ammoniacal  tartrite. 
Antimoniated  tartrite  of  potafh, 
Tartrite  of  lime. 
Ferruginous  tartrite  of  potafli. 
Carbonate  of  pot  am. 
Tartar. 

Tartrite  of  copper. 
Antimoniated  tartrite  of  potafli, 
Tartrite  of  magneha. 
Tartrite  of  pot  am. 
Tartrite  of  foda. 
Ferruginous  tartrite  of  potafli. 
Carbo.rate  of  potafli. 
Mercurial  tartrite. 
Tartrite  of  |eadi 
Filiate  of  potafh. 
Tartrite  of  potafh. 
Antimoniated  tartrite  of  potafh. 

Tartrite  of  potafli. 

J  Tartrite  of  potafli  fupercom-. 

\     pounded  with  antimony. 
Sulphate  of  potafh. 
Alcohol  of  potafh. 
Refinous  alcohols. 
Tin. 

Muriate  of  tin. 
Tunilein,  or  Tungflein 

Yellow  oxide  of  mercury  by 

the  fulphuric  acid. 
Yellow  oxide  of  mercury  by 
the  nitric  acid. 


V. 


Verdegris  — 

Verdegris  of  the  fhops 

 diitilled 

Venus   


-  Green  oxide  of  copper. 

{Acetite  of  copper,  with  ex- 
cefs  of  oxide. 

-  Cryflallifed  acetite  of  copper. 

-  Copper. 

Y  3  Vinegar 


326 


ELEMENTS,  &C. 


irgfle 


jlncient  Names. 

Vinegar  diftilled   

Vinegar  of  faturn   

Vinegar  radical        —  — 

Vitriol  ammoniacal   

Vitriol  blue,  or  Roman  vitriol 
Vitriol  green,  or  copperas  — 

Vitriol  magnefian   

Vitriol  martini   

Vitriol  of  antimony   

Vitriol  of  clay,  or 
Vitriol  of  bifmuth 
Vitriol  of  cobalt 
Vitriol  of  copper 
Vitriol  of  Cyprus 
Vitriol  of  lead  - 
Vitriol  of  manganefe 
Vitriol  of  mercury 
Vitriol  of  nickel 
Vitriol  of  platina 
Vitriol  of  potafh 
Vitriol  of  lilver 
Vitriol  of  foda 
Vitriol  of  tin  — 
Vitriol  of  zinc 
Vitriol  white  — 


New  Names. 

Acetous  acid. 
Acetite  of  lead. 
Acetic  acid. 
Ammoniacal  fulphate. 
Sulphate  of  copper. 
Sulphate  of  iron. 
Sulphate  of  magnefia. 
Sulphate  of  iron. 
Sulphate  of  antimony. 
Sulphate  of  alumine. 
Sulphate  of  bifmuth. 
Sulphate  of  cobalt.  ' 
Sulphate  of  copper. 
Sulphate  of  copper. 
Sulphate  of  lead. 
Sulphate  of  manganefe. 
Sulphate  of  mercury. 
Sulphate  of  nickel. 
Sulphate  of  platina. 
Sulphate  of  potafli. 
Sulphate  of  iilvcr. 
Sulphate  of  foda. 
Sulphate  of  tin. 
Sulphate  of  zinc. 
Sulphate  of  zinc. 


w 

Water     

Waters  aerated,  or  acidulated 

Water  mercurial   

 hepatic        —  — 

Wolfram  c  f  MefT.  d'Elhuyar 

Wool  philofophica]  — 


Water. 

f  Water  impregnated  wflh  car- 
|     bonic  acid. 

Solution  of  nitrate  of  mercury. 

J  Sulphurated  or  fulphureous 

\  waters. 
Tunitein. 

Sublimed  oxide  of  zinc. 


7:nc 


z. 


Zin, 


A  DIC- 


DICTIONARY 


OF  THE 


NEW  CHEMICAL  NOMENCLATURE. 


A. 


New  Names, 


ACETATES, 
Acetas,  tis,  f.  m. 

Acetate  aluminous,  or 
Acetate  of  alumine. 

Acetas  aluminofus. 
Acetate  ammoniacal,  or 
Acetate  of  ammoniac  *. 

Acetas  ammoniacalis, 
Acetate  of  arfenic, 

Acetas  arfenici. 
Acetate  of  barytes, 

Acetas  barytae. 


! 


Ancient  Names. 

Salts  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  acetic  acid,  or  ra- 
dical vinegar,  with  different 
bafes. 


*  We  (hall  not  again"  repeat  thefe  tvro  manners  of  expreffing  the  bafis  of 
a  neutral  fait,  but  (hall  ufe  the  one  or  the  other  without  diftindtion.  Thefe 
firft  examples  are  fufficient  to  mew,  that  either  the  fubftantive  or  the  adjec- 
tive may  be  ufed  at  pleafure. 

This  observation  applies  equally  to  the  Latin  nomenclature. 


Acetate 


3*3 


ELEMENTS  OF 


S\eiu  Names, 

Acetate  of  bifmuth, 

Acet:is  b'i'rnuthi. 
Acetate  of  cobalt, 

Acctas  cobalti. 
Acetate  of  copper, 

Acetas  cupri. 
Acetate  of  gold, 

Acetas  auri. 
Acetate  of  iron, 

Acetas  ferri. 
Acetate  of  lead, 

Acetas  plumbi. 
Acetate  of  lime, 

Acetas  calcareus. 
Acetate  of  magnefia, 

Acetns  ihagnefiae. 
Acetate  of  manganefe, 

Acetas  magnefii. 
Acetate  of  mercury, 

Acetas  hydrargiri. 
Acetate  of  molybdena, 

Acetas  molybdeni. 
Acetate  of  nickel, 

Acetas  niccoli. 
Acetate  of  platina, 

Acetas  platini. 
Acetate  of  potafh, 

Acetas  pjtaflir. 
Acetat<  of  Giver, 

Acetas  argenti. 
Acetate  of  foda, 

Acetas  fodce. 
Acetate  of  tin, 

Acetas  ftanni. 
Acet;;te  of  tunftein, 

Acctas  tuffftem. 
Acetate  of  zinc, 

Acetas  zinci. 

Acetites, 

A<  etis,  w is,  f.  m. 

Acetife  aluminous, 

Acetis  ahiminofu.s. 


Ancient  Nanus, 


\ 


Salts  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  acetous  acid,  or  dillil- 
led  vinegar,  with  different 
bafes. 


Acctated  day. 


Aeetite 


CHEMISTRY,  &C 


New  Names. 


Ancient  Names. 


Acetite  ammoniacal, 

Acetis  aiinTioniacalis. 
Acetite  of  antimony, 

Acetis  llibii. 
Acetite  of  arfer.ic, 

Acetis  arfenicalis. 
Acetite  of  barytes, 

Acetis  baryticus. 
Acetite  of  b-imuth, 

Acetis  bifmuthi. 
Acetite  of  cobalt, 

Acetis  cobalti. 

Acetitt;  of  copper, 
Acetis  cupri. 

Acetite  of  gold, 

Acetis  auri. 
Acetite  of  iron, 

Acetis  ferri. 

Acetite  of  load, 

Acetis  piumbi. 

Acetite  of  lime, 

Acetis  calcareus. 
Acetite  of  magnefist, 


Ammoniacal  acetous  fait. 
Spirit  of  Mindererus. 

The  fuming  arf  .-nico-acetous  li- 
quor of  Mr.  Cadet. 


{Acetous  fait  of  copper,  ver- 
degris. 
Crylla1  of  venus,  or  diftilled 
verdegris. 


|  Martial  acetous  fait. 

f  A  cetous  fait  of  lead. 
<  X  inegar  of  faturn. 
[  Salt  or  fugar  of  lead. 

Acetous  calcareous  fait. 
Acetous  fait  of  magnefia. 


Mercurial  terra  foliata. 


Acetis  magnetise. 
Acetite  of  manganefe, 
Acetis  magnefii. 
Acetite  of  mercury, 

Acetis  hydrargiri. 
Acetite  of  moly'rdena, 
Acetis  molybdeni. 
Acetite  of  nickel 

Acetis  aiccoli. 
Acetite  of  platina, 
Acetis  platini. 
Acetite  of  potafh, 

Acetis  potafiae,  vel  po-  [»  Terra  foliata  tartari, 
taffeus. 
Acetite  of  (liver, 

Acetis  argenti. 
Acetite  of  foda,  "1  Acetous  mineral  faltt, 

Acetis  fodx,vel  fodaceus.  J  Mineral  terra  foliata. 


Acetite 


33° 


ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Names. 

Acetite  of  tin, 

Acetis  ftanni. 
Acetite  of  tunftein, 

Acetis  tunfteni. 
Acetite  of  zinc, 

Acetis  zinci. 
Acid  acetic, 

Acidum  aceticum. 
Acid  acetous, 

Acidum  acetofum. 
Acid  arienic, 

Acidum  arfenicum. 
Acid  benzoic, 

Acidum  benzoicum. 
Acid  benzoic  fublimed, 

Acidum  benzoicum  fub 
limatum. 
Acid  bombic, 

Acidum  bombicum. 
Acid  boracic, 

Acidum  boracicum. 


Add  carbonic, 

Acidum  carbonicum. 


Acid  citric* 

Acidum  citricum. 
Acid  fluoric, 

Acidum  fluoricum. 
Acid  formic, 

Acidum  formicum. 
Acid  gallic, 

Acidum  gallce,  feu  gal- 
laceum. 
Acid  lactic, 

Acidum  laCticum. 
Acid  litluc, 

Acidum  litlticum. 
Actd  malic, 

Acidum  malicum. 


Ancient  Names. 


J  Acetous  fait  of  zinc. 

1   Radical  vinegar. 
\  Spirit  of  venus. 

(Acetous  acid. 
Diftilled  vinegar. 

|  Arfenical  acid. 

|  Acid  of  benjamin  or  benzoin. 

I   Flowers  of  benzoin. 

j  Volatile  fait  of  benzoin. 

I  Acid  of  filk-worms. 

} Volatile  narcotic  fait  of  vitriol. 
Sedative  fait,  acid  of  borax. 
f  Gas  fylveftre,ofVanHclmont. 
I  Spiritus  fylvcftris. 
I  Fixed  air,  of  Dr.  Black. 
J  Aerial  acid. 
\  Atmofpheric  acid. 
1  Mephitic  acid. 
I  Cretaceous  acid. 
Acid  of  charcoal. 

.  Lemon  juice. 

Fluoric  acid. 
Acid  of  fpar. 

•  Formic  acid,  acid  of  ant*. 

Aftringent  principle. 
Gallic  acid. 

•  Sour  milk,  galactic  acid. 

Acid  of  be/oar. 
Lithialic  acid. 
Acid  of  apples* 
Malulian  acid. 

Acid 


CHEMISTRY,    &C.  33 1 


New  Names, 

Acid  molybdic, 

Acidum  molybdicum. 
Acid  muriatic, 

Acidum  muriaticum. 
Acid  muriatic  oxigenated, 

Acidum  muriaticum  ox-  * 
igenatum. 

Acid  nitrous, 

Acidum  nitrofum. 

Acid  nitric, 

Acidum  nitricum. 
Acid  nitro-muriatic, 

Acidum nitro-muriaticum.  , 

Acid  oxalic, 

Acidum  oxalicum. 

Acid  phofphoreous, 

Acidum  pholphorofum.  J 
Acid  phofphoric, 

Acidum  phofphoricum. 
Acid  Pruffic, 

Acidum  Prufiicum. 
Acid  pyroligneous, 

Acidum  pyrolignofum. 
Acid  pyromucous, 

Acidum  pyromucofum. 
Acid  pyrotartareous, 

Acidum  pyrotartarofum.  [ 
Acid  faccholadtic. 

Acidum  faccholadlicum. 
Acid  febacic, 

Acidum  febacicum. 
Acid  fuccinic, 

Acidum  fuccinicum. 

Acid  fulphureous, 

Acidum  fulphurofum. 

Acid  fulphuric, 

Acidum  fulphuricum. 


Ancient  Names, 

Acid  of  molybdena. 
Acid  of  wolfram. 
Fuming  fpirit  of  fait. 
Marine  acid. 

Dephlogifticated  marine  acid. 
Aerated  marine  acid. 

f  Phlogifticated  nitrous  acid. 

<  Fuming  nitrous  acid. 
Fuming  fpirit  of  nitre. 

Pale  nitrous  acid. 
Dephlogifticated  nitrous  acid. 
Aqua  regia. 
Regaline  acid, 
f  Acid  of  forrel. 

<  Saccharine  acid. 
Acid  of  fugar. 

Volatile  phofphoric  acid. 

Acid  of  phofphorus. 
Acid  of  urine. 

Colouring  matter   of  Pruffian 
blue. 

Empyreumatic   acid,   fpirit  of 
wood. 

Spirit  of  horfey,  of  fugar,  &c. 
Syrupous  acid. 

Spirit  of  tartar. 

Acid  of  the  fugar  of  milk. 

Acid  of  fat. 

Volatile  fait  of  amber. 
Acid  of  amber. 

{Sulphureous  acid. 
Volatile  fulphureous  acid. 
Phlogifticated  vitriolic  acid. 
Spirit  of  fulphur. 

J Acid  of  fulphur. 
Vitriolic  acid. 
I  Oil  of  vitriol. 
L  Spirit  of  vitriol. 

Acid 


33^  EL  EM 

New  Names, 

Acid  tartareous, 

Acidum  tartarofum. 
Acid  tunftic, 

Acidum  tunfticum. 
Affinity. 

Affinitas. 
Aggregation. 

Aggregate. 
Air  atmofpherical. 

Acr  atmofphcericus. 
Alkalis, 

Alkalia. 
Alcohol, 

Alcohol,  indecl. 
Alcohol  of  potafh, 

Alcohol  potaflae. 
Alcohol  nitric, 

Alcohol  nitricum. 
Alcohol  refmous, 

Alcohol  relinofum. 
Alloy  or  allay, 

Connubium  metailicum 

Alum'ne, 

Alumina. 

Amalgam. 

Ammoniac, 

Ammoniaca. 

Antimony, 

Antimonium,  lliUum. 
Argile,  or  clay,  a  mixture  of 
alumine  and  filice, 

Argilla. 
Aroma, 

Aroma. 
Arfeniale, 

Arfenias,  t is,  f.  m. 
Arfeniate  acidulous  of  potafh, 

Aifcniasacidulutpotaffie* 
Arfinuate  of  alumine, 

Artcnias  alumina?. 
Aneniatc  of  ammoniac,  \ 

Aricnias  amiiioniixx  feu  } 
ammoniaealib. 


EN'TS  OF 

Ancient  Names, 

} Tartareous  acid. 
Acid  of  tartar. 
I  Acid  of  tungftein, 
J  Acid  of  wolfram. 

I  Affinity. 
}  Aggregation. 
|  Atmofpherical  air. 

•  Alkalis  in  general. 

1   Spirit  of  wine. 
Ardent  fpirits. 
Lily  of  Paracelfus, 
Acrid  tincture  of  tartar. 

Dulcified  fpirit  of  nitre. 
Spirituous  tin&ure. 

Alloy  of  metals. 

f  Earth  of  alum. 
<  Bafis  of  alum. 
I  Pure  argillaceous  earth. 
Amalgam. 

(  Volatile  alkali  cauftic. 
-J  Fluor  volatile  alkali. 
[  Volatile  fpirit  of  fal  ammoniac. 

Regulus  of  antimony. 
Clay. 

SpiritUS  rector. 

Odoriferous  principle  of  flowers. 
Arfcnical  falts. 

Arfenical  neutral  fait  of  Mac- 
(juer. 


Arfenical  ammoniac. 

Arfcniate 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


333 


New  Names, 


/Indent  Names, 


Arfeniate  of  barytes, 

Arfenias  barytae. 
Arfeniate  of  bifmuth, 

Arfenias  bifmuthu 
Arfeniate  of  cobalt, 

Arfenias  cobalti. 
Arfeniate  of  copper, 

Arfenias  cupri. 
Arfeniate  of  gold, 

Arfenias  auri. 
Arfeniate  of  iron, 

Arfenias  ferri. 
Arfeniate  of  lime, 

Arfenias  calcis. 
Arfeniate  of  magnefia, 


Arfenias  platini. 
Arfeniate  of  potafh, 

Arfenias  potaffae. 
Arfeniate  of  filver, 

Arfenias  argenti. 
Arfeniate  of  foda, 

Arfenias  fodas. 
Arfeniate  of  tin, 

Arfenias  ftanni. 
Arfeniate  of  tunftein, 

Arfenias  tunfteni. 
Arfeniate  of  zinc, 
Arfenias  ainci. 

Azote.  Bafe  of  atmofpherical  mephitis. 


Arfenias  magnefiae. 
Arfeniate  of  manganefe, 

Arfenias  magnefii. 
Arfeniate  of  mercury, 

Arfenias  hydrargirf. 
Arfeniate  of  molybdena, 
Arfenias  molybdeni. 


Arfeniate  of  nickel, 

Arfenias  niccoli. 
Arfeniate  of  platina, 


B. 


Barytes, 


Baryta. 


Balfami, 


334  ELEMENTS  OF 

New  Names,  Ancient  Names, 


Balfams, 

Balfama. 

Benzoin, 

Benzoe* 


Benzoates, 

Benzoas,  tis,  f.  m. 


Benzoate  of  alumine, 

Benzoas  aluminofus. 
Benzoate  of  ammoniac, 

Benzoas  ammoniacalis. 
Benzoate  of  antimony, 

Benzoas  ftibii. 
Benzoate  of  arfenic, 

Benzoas  arfenicalis. 
Benzoate  of  barytes, 

Benzoas  barvticus. 
Benzoate  of  bifmuth, 

Benzoas  bilmuthi. 
Benzoate  of  cobalt, 

Benzoas  cobalti. 
Benzoate  of  copper, 

Benzoas  cupri. 
Benzoate  of  gold, 

Benzoas  auru 
Benzoate  of  iron, 

Benzoas  ferri. 
Benzoate  of  lead, 

Benzoas  plumbi. 
Benzoate  of  lime, 

Benzoas  calcareus. 
Benzoate  of  magnefia, 

Benzoas  magntfiar. 
Benzoate  of  manganefe, 

Benzoas  magnefii. 
Benzoate  of  mercury, 

Benzoas  hydrargiri. 
Benzoate  of  molybdcna, 

Benzoas  molybdeni. 


f  Balfams  of  Bucquet  (refins 
-l  united  with  a  concrete  acid 
{  rah). 

Benzoin  or  benjamin. 

Salts  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  benzoic  acid  with  dif- 
ferent bales. 

The  falts  of  this  genus  have 
no  appellations  in  the  an- 
cient nomenclature. 


Benzoate 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


335 


New  Names, 


Ancient  Names* 


Benzoate  of  nickel, 

Benzoas  niccoli. 
Benzoate  of  platina, 

Benzoas  platini. 
Benzoate  of  potafh, 

Benzoas  potaflae. 
Benzoate  of  filver, 

Benzoas  argenti. 
Benzoate  of  foda, 

Benzoas  fodae. 
Benzoate  of  tin, 

Benzoas  ftanni. 
Benzoate  of  tunftein, 

Benzoas  tunfteni. 
Benzoate  of  zinc, 

Benzoas  zinci. 
Bifmuth 

Bifmuthum. 
Bitumens, 

Bitumina. 


Bombiate, 

Bombias,  tis,  f.  m. 


Bombiate  of  alumine, 

Bombias  aluminofus. 
Bombiate  of  ammoniac, 

Bombias  ammoniacalis- 
Bombiate  of  antimony, 

Bombias  ftibii. 
Bombiate  of  arfenic, 

Bombias  arfenicalis. 
Bombiate  of  barytes, 

Bombias  baryticus. 
Bombiate  of  bifmuth, 

Bombias  bifmuthi. 
Bombiate  of  cobalt, 

Bombias  cobalti. 
Bombiate  of  copper, 

Bombias  cupri. 
Bombiate  of  gold, 

Bombias  auri. 


Bifmuth. 
Bitumens. 

f-Salt  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  bombic  acid  with  dif- 
ferent bafes. 
This  genus  of  falts  had  no 
appellation  in  the  ancient 
nomenclature. 


Bombiate 


ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Names. 

Bombiate  of  lead, 

Bombias  plumbi. 
Bombiate  of  iron, 

Bombias  ferri. 
Bombiate  of  lime, 

Bombias  calcareus, 
Bombiate  of  magnefia, 

Bombias  magncfiar- 
Bombiate  of  manganefe. 

Bombias  magnefii. 
Bombiate  of  mercury, 

Bombias  hydrargiri. 
Bombiate  of  molybdena, 

Bombias  molybdeni. 
Bombiate  of  nickel, 

Bombias  niccoli. 
Bombiate  of  platina, 

Bombias  platini. 
Bombiate  of  potafh, 

Bombias  potaflfe. 
Bombiate  of  iilver, 

Bombias  argenti. 
Bombiate  of  foda, 

Bombias  fodae. 
Bombiate  of  tin, 

Bombias  ftanni. 
Bombiate  of  tunftein, 

Bombias  tunfteni. 
Bombiate  of  zinc. 

Bombias  zinci. 
Borate, 

Boras,  tis,  f.  m. 
Borate  aluminous, 

Boras  aluminofus. 
Borate  ammoniacal, 

Boras  ammoniacalis. 
Borate  of  antimony, 

Boras  Itibii. 
Borate  of  arfenic, 

Boras  arfenici. 
Borate  of  barytes, 

Boras  barytac. 
Borate  of  bifmuth, 

Boras  bifmuthi. 


/Indent  Names, 


■  Borax. 

•  Argillaceous  borax; 

Ammoniacal  borax. 
Sedative  fal  ammoniac* 

•  Borax  of  antimony. 

I  Ponderous  or  barytic  borax. 

Borate 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


337 


Nezu  Names. 

Borate  of  cobalt, 

Boras  cobalti. 
Borate  of  copper, 

Boras  cupri. 
Borate  of  gold, 

Boras  auri. 
Borate  of  iron, 

Boras  fem\ 
Borate  of  lead, 

Boras  plumbi. 
Borate  of  lime, 

Boras  calcis. 
Borate  of  magnefia, 

Bora3  magnefi-x. 
Borate  of  manganefe; 

Boras  magnefii. 
Borate  of  mercury  ,^ 

Boras  mercurii. 
Borate  of  molybdeua. 

Boras  molybdeni. 
Borate  of  nickel. 

Boras  niccoli. 
Borate  of  platina. 

Boras  platini. 
Borate  of  potafh, 

Boras  potalfae-. 
Borate  of  filver, 

Boras  argenti. 
Borate  of  foda, 

Boras  fedae. 
Borate  of  tin, 

Boras  ftanni. 
Borate  of  tunfteini 

Boms  tunfteni9 
Borate  of  zinc, 

Boras  zinci. 

Borax  cf  foda,  or  borate  fir 
p^rfaturated  with  foda. 


Ancient  Names* 


Borax  of  cobalt . 
Borax  of  copper. 

J-  Borax  of  iron;, 
J-  Magnefian  borax* 


1  Mercurial  borax. 

i  Mercurial  fedative  fait. 


|  Vegetable  borax. 


1 


Common  borax  faturated  witk 
the  acid  of  borax* 


Borax  of  zincc 


f  Crude  borax, 
J  TincaL 
1  Chryfocalla. 

^  Bomr  of  commerce. 


2 


C.  Caloric, 


33* 


ELEMENTS  OF 


C. 


New  Names. 


Caloric, 

Caloricum. 

Camphor, 

Camphora. 


Camphorate, 

Camphoras,  tis,  f.  m. 


Camphorate  of  alumine, 

Camphoras  ahiminofus. 
Camphorate  of  ammoniac, 

Camphoras  ammoniacalis. 
Camphorate  of  antimony, 

Camphoras  ftibii. 
Camphorate  of  arfenic, 

Camphoras  arlenicalis. 
Camphorate  of  barytes, 

Camphoras  baryticus. 
Camphorate  of  bifmuth, 

Camphoras  bifmuthi. 
Camphorate  of  cobalt, 

Camphoras  cobalti. 
Camphorate  of  copper, 

Camphoras  cupri. 
Camphorate  of  gold, 

Camphoras  auri. 
Camphorate  of  iron, 

Camphoras  fcrri. 
Camphorate  of  lead, 

Camphoras  plumbi. 
Camphorate  of  lime, 

Camphoras  calcis. 

Camphorate  of  magnetite 

Can  phoi  as  ma^ndix. 

Camphoi  at  c  of  manga  nefej 
Camphoras  magnciii« 

Camphorate  of  mercury, 
Camphoras  bydrargiri« 


Ancient  Names, 

Latent  heat. 
I  ixed  heat. 
Matter  of  heat. 

Camphor. 

Salt  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  camphoric  acid  with 
different  bafes. 
Thefe  falts  were  unknown 
to  former  chemifts,  and 
have  no  names  in  the  an- 
cient nomenclature. 


Camphorate 


'  CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


339 


New  Names, 

Camphorate  of  molybdena> 

Camphoras  molybdeni* 
Camphorate  of  nickel, 

Camphoras  niccoli. 
Camphorate  of  platina, 

Camphoras  platini. 
Camphorate  of  potafh, 

Camphoras  potaiTae* 
Camphorate  of  filver, 

Camphoras  argenti* 
Camphorate  of  foda, 

Camphoras  fodse. 
Camphorate  of  tin, 

Camphoras  ftanni. 
Camphorate  of  tunftein, 

Camphoras  tunfteni. 
Camphorate  of  zinc, 

Camphoras  zinci. 
Carbon  e, 

Carbonicum. 
Carbonate, 

Carbonas,  tis.  f.  m. 
Carbonate  of  alumine, 

Carbonas  aluminofus. 
Carbonate  of  ammoniac, 

Carbonas  ammoniaci. 
Carbonate  of  antimony, 

Carbonas  antimonii. 
Carbonate  of  arfenic, 

Carbonas  arfenicalis. 

Carbonate  of  barytes, 
Carbonas  baryticus. 

Carbonate  of  bifmuth, 

Carbonas  bifmuthi. 
Carbonate  of  cobalt, 

Carbonas  cobaltu 
Carbonate  of  copper, 

Carbonas  cupri. 
Carbonate  of  gold, 

Carbonas  auri. 


/Indent  Namet '* 


|  Pure  charcoal. 

}Salt  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  carbonic  acid  with  bales. 

~1  Concrete  volatile  alkali. 
J  Ammoniacal  chalk. 


Barytic  or  ponderous  chalk. 
Aerated  ponderous  earth. 
Effervefcent  barytes. 
Mephitized  barytes. 


i 


Carbonate 


34° 


ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Names. 


Carbonate  of  iron, 
Carbonas  ferri. 


Carbonate  of  lead, 

Carbonas  plumbi. 


Carbonate  of  lime, 
Carbonas  calcis. 


Carbonate  of  magnefia, 
Carbonas  magnefiae< 


Carbonate  of  manganefe, 

Carbonas  magnetii. 
Carbonate  of  mercury, 

Carbonas  merciirii. 
Carbonate  of  molybdena, 

Carbonas  molybdeni, 
Carbonate  of  nickel, 

Carbonas  niccoli. 
Carbonate  of  platina, 

Carbonas  platini. 


Carbonate  of  potafh, 
Carbonas  potaffe, 


Carbonate  of  fiber, 
Carbonas  ar^cuti, 


Ancient  Names. 

f  Aperitive  faffron  of  mars. 
I  Ruit  of  iron. 
^  Aerated  iron, 
j  Martial  chalk. 
^Mephitizcd  iron, 
f  Chalk  of  lead. 
\  Spathofe  lead  ore. 
,  Chalk. 

Limeftone. 
J  Aerated,  or  effervefcent,  cai- 
I      careous  earth. 
I  Calcareous  fpar. 
I  Cream  of  lime. 
Magnelian  earth. 
Magnefia  alba. 

Aerated  magnefia  of  Bergf 
man. 

Cretaceous  magnefia. 
Magnefian  chalk. 
Muriatic  earth  of  Kirwaa. 
Count  Palma's  powder. 
fc  Powder  of  SeutiuelU, 


r  Fixed  fak  of  tartar. 

]  Vegetable  fixed  alkali. 

I  Aerated  vegetable  fixed  at- 

I  kali. 

|  Cretaceous  tartar. 

Mephitized  potafti. 
!  Nitre  fixed  by  itfelf. 
I  Alkahelt  of  Van  Hclmont. 


Carbonate 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


341 


iVifW  Names. 


Ancient  Names, 


Carbonate  of  foda, 
Carbonas  fodce. 


Carbonate  of  tin, 

Carbonas  ftanni. 

Carbonate  of  tunftein, 
Carbonas  tunfteni. 

Carbonate  of  zinc, 
Carbonas  zinci. 

Carbure  of  iron. 


Citrate 

Citras,  tis.  f.  m. 


Citrate  of  alumine, 

Citras  aluminofus. 
Citrate  of  ammoniac, 

Citras  ammoniaci. 
Citrate  of  antimony, 

Citras  ftibii. 
Citrate  of  arfenic, 

Citras  arfenicalis. 
Citrate  of  barytes, 

Citras  baryticus. 
Citrate  of  bifmuth, 

Citras  bifmuthu 
Citrate  of  cobalt, 

Citras  cobalti. 
Citrate  of  copper, 

Citras  ,cupri. 
Citrate  of  gold, 

Citras  auri. 
Citrate  of  iron, 

Citras  ferri. 
Citrate  of  lead, 
..     Citras  plumbl. 


Natrum,  or  natron. 

Bafe  of  marine  fait. 

Marine  or  mineral  alkali. 

Cry  Mais  of  foda. 

Cretaceous  foda. 

Aerated  effervefcent,  or  foda. 

Mephitized  foda. 


Chalk  of  zinc. 
Aerated  zinc. 
Plumbago. 

Salt  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  acid  of  lemons  with 
different  bafes. 
This  genus  of  falts  had  no 
name  in  the  ancient  na* 
menclature. 


Z3 


Citrate 


342 


ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Names, 

Citrate  of  lime, 

Citras  calcareus. 
Citrate  of  magnefia, 

Citras  magnefiae. 
Citrate  of  manganefe, 

Citras  magnefii. 
Citrate  of  mercury, 

Citras  mercurii. 
Citrate  of  molybdena, 

Citras  molybdeni. 
Citrate  of  nickel, 

Ci'Lias  niccolf. 
Citrate  of  platina, 

Citras  platini. 
Citrate  of  potam, 

Citras  potaflae. 
Citrate  of  filver, 

Citras  argentt. 
Citrate  of  foda, 

Citras  fodae. 
Citrate  of  tin, 

Citras  ftanni. 
Citrate  of  tunitein, 

Citras  tunlteni. 
Citrate  of  zinc. 

Citras  zinci. 

Cobalt. 

Copper, 

Cuprum. 


Ancient  Nama\ 


Regulus  of  cobalt. 
Cobalt. 
Copper. 
Venus. 


D. 


Diamond. 


Diamond. 


Ether  acetic, 

Ether  aceticum. 
Ether  muriatic, 

Ether  muriaticur%^ 


Acetous  ether,  or  aether. 
Marine  ether. 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


343 


New  Names, 

Ether  nitric, 

Ether  nitricum. 
Ether  fulphuric, 

Ether  fulphuricum. 
Extract, 

Extractura. 


Ancient  Names, 
Nitrous  ether. 
Vitiiolic  ether. 
Extract. 


Fecula, 

Fecula, 

Fluate, 

Fluas,  tis.  f.  m. 

Fluate  of  alumine, 

Fluas  aluminse. 
Fluate  of  ammoniac, 

Fluas  ammoniacalis. 
Fluate  of  antimony, 

Fluas  llibii. 
Fluate  of  arfenic, 

Fluas  arfenicalis, 
Fluate  of  barytes, 

Fluas  barytas. 
Fluate  of  bifmuth, 

Fluas  bifmuthi. 
Fluate  of  cobalt, 

Fluas  cobalti. 
Fluate  of  copper, 

Fluas  cupri. 
Fluate  of  gold, 

Fluas  auri. 
Fluate  of  iron, 

Fluas  ferri. 
Fluate  of  lead, 

Fluas  plumbi, 


Fluate  of  lime, 

Fluas  calcareus. 


J>  Fecula  of  vegetables. 

Salt  formed  by  the  fluoric; 
acid,  combined  with  diffe- 
rent bafes. 

I  Argillaceous  fluor, 

*j  Sparry  fal  ammoniac, 
j  Ammoniacal  fluor. 


^  Ponderous  fluor, 
J  Barytic  fluor. 


f  Fluor  fpar. 
|  Vitreous  fpar. 
<(  Cubic  fpar. 
|  Phofphoric  fpar, 
^Spairy  fluor, 

z+ 


Fhatt 


344 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Neiv  Names, 

Fluate  of  magnefia, 

Fluas  magnefise. 
Fluate  of  manganefe, 

Fluas  magnefii. 
Fluate  of  mercury, 

Fluas  mercurii, 
Fluate  of  molybdena, 

Fluas  molybdeni. 
Fluate  of  nickel, 

Fluas  niccoli. 
Fluate  platina, 

Fluas  platinu 
Fluate  of  potafh, 

Fluas  potafTae. 
Fluate  of  filvtr, 

Fluas  argenti. 
Fluate  of  foda, 

Fluas  fodae. 
Fluate  of  tin, 

Fluas  ftanni, 
Fluate  of  tunftein, 

Fluas  tunfteni, 
Fluate  of  zinc, 

Fluas  zinci. 


Form  i  ate, 

Formias,  tis.  f.  m. 

Formiate  of  alumine, 

Formias  aluminofus. 
Formiate  of  ammoniac, 

Formias  ammoniacalis. 
Formiate  of  antimony, 

Formias  antimonii. 
Formiate  of  arfenic, 

Formias  arfenicalis. 
Formiate  of  barytes, 

Formias  baryticus. 
Formiate  of  bifmuth, 

Permits  bifmuthi. 
Formiate  of  cobalt, 
Formias  cobalti. 


Ancient  Namtr% 

JFluoratcd  magnefia, 
Magnefian  fluor. 


j"  Tartareous  fluor* 


Fluor  of  fodi. 


"  Salt  produced  by  the  uni«« 
of  the  formic  acid  with 
different  bafes. 
This  genus  of  fait  was  with- 
out a  name  in  the  ancient 
nomenclature. 


Formiate 


CHEMISTRY,  &c. 


New  Names, 


^nfknt  Nam?, 


Tormiate  of  copper, 

Formias  cupri, 
Formiate  of  gold, 

Formias  auri. 
Formiate  of  iion, 

Formias  ferri. 
Formiate  of  lead, 

Formias  plumbi, 
Formiate  of  lime, 

Formias  calcareus, 
Formiate  of  magnefia. 

Formias  magnefia;, 
Formiate  of  manganefe, 

Formias  magnefii. 
Formiate  of  mercury, 

Formias  mercurii. 
Formiate  of  molybdena, 

Formias  molybdeni. 
Formiate  of  nickel, 

Formias  niccoli. 
Formiate  of  platina, 

Formias  platini. 
Formiate  of  filver, 

Formias  argenti, 
Formiate  of  foda, 

Formias  fodae. 
Formiate  of  tin, 

Formias  ftanni. 
Formiate  of  tunilein, 

Formias  tunftem, 
Formiate  of  zinc, 
Formias  zinci. 


Gas, 

Gas. 

Gas,  acetous  acid, 

Gas  acidum  acetofum. 

Gas  ammoniacal, 

Gas  ammoniacale. 


G. 


f  Gas. 

<  Elaftic  fluid. 
Aeriform  fluid. 

j-  Acetous  acid  gas. 

f  Alkaline  gas. 

<  Alkaline  air. 
Volatile  alkali  gas, 


346  ELEMENTS  OF 

New  Names.  Ancient  Names. 


Gas  azotic, 

Gas  azoticum. 


Gas,  carbonic  acid, 

Gas  acidum  carbonicum. 


Gas,  carbonated  hydrogenous, 
Gas   hydrogenium  caibc- 
natum. 

Gas,  fluoric  acid, 

Gas  acidum  fluoricum. 

Gas  hydrogenous, 

Gas  hydrogenium. 

Gas  hydrogenous  of  marines, 
Gas    hydrogenium  palu- 
dum. 

Gas,  muriatic  acid, 

Gas  acidum  muriaticum. 

Gas  nitrous, 

Gas  nitrofum. 
Gas,  nitfoiu  acid, 

Gas  acidum  nitrofum. 

Ovigenous  gas, 

Gas  oxigenium. 

Gas,  oxigenated  muriatic  acid, 
Ga3    acid'im  muriaticum 
oxigenatum. 
Gas,  Pi  uific  acid, 

Gas  acidum  PiufTicum. 
Gas,  phofphorifcd  hydrogenous, 
Gas   hydrogenium  phof- 
phoiifatum. 


Vitiated  air. 
Impure  air. 
Pnlogifticated  air. 
Phlogifticated  gas. 
„  Atmofpheric  mephitis. 

Fixed  air. 

Solid  air,  of  Hales. 
Cretaceous  acid  gas. 
Mephitic  gas. 
Aerial  acid. 

j>  Inflammable  gas  with  charcoal, 

{Span-}'  acid  gas. 
Fiuoraeid  gas. 

f  Inflammable  air. 
X  Inflammable  gas. 
y  The  phlogifton  of  Kirwan. 

]  Mephitized  inflammable  gas. 
j  Inflammable  air  of  marines. 

{Marine  air  or    gas,  of  D>% 
Muriatic  acid  gas. 
j  Nitrous  gas. 

j  Nitrous  acid  gas. 

f  Vital  air. 
J  Pure  air. 

[  Deph:ogi(licatcd  air. 

1  Aerated  muriatic  acid  gas. 
1  Dcphlogifticatcd  marine  acid. 

1  Gas  Prufli.m. 


Phofphoric  gas. 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


347 


New  Names. 


jincient  Names. 


Gas,  fulphurated  hydroge- 
nous, 

Gas  hydrogenlum  ful- 
phuratum. 
Gas,  fulphureous  acid. 

Gas  acidum  fulphureum. 
Gluten, 

Gluten. 
Gold, 

Aurum. 


>  Hepatic  gas. 

Sulphureous  acid  gas. 
Vitriolic  acid  air. 
Glutinous  matter  of  flour, 
Vegeto- animal  matter, 

Gold. 


L 


Iron. 


Ferrum. 


Iron. 
Mars. 


Lactates, 

Lactas,  tis,  f.  m. 


Lactate  of  alumine, 

Lactas  aluminofus. 
Lactate  of  ammoniac, 

Lactas  ammoniacalis. 
Lactate  of  antimony. 

Lactas  ilibii. 
Lactate  of  arfenic, 

Lactas  arfenicalis. 
Lactate  of  barytes, 

Lactas  barytse. 
Lactate  of  bifmuth, 

Lactas  bifmuthi. 
Lactate  of  cobalt, 

Laclas  cobalti. 
Lactate  of  copper, 

Laclas  cupri, 


Salts  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  acid  of  four  whey,  or 
the  lactic  acid,  with  diffe- 
rent bafes. 
j  Thefe  falts  were  unknown  be- 
fore the  time  of  Scheele, 
and  have  not  been  hitherto 
named.  Their  properties 
have  been  very  little  exa- 
mined. 


348  ELEMENTS  OF 

New  Nameu  Ancient  Namu. 

Lactate  of  gold, 

Lac~las  auri. 
Lactate  of  lead, 

Lactas  plumbi. 
Lactate  of  lime, 

La&as  calcareus. 
Lactate  of  iron, 

Lactas  ferri. 
Lactate  of  magnefia, 

Lactas  magnefiae. 
Lactate  of  manganefe, 

Lactas  magnefii. 
Lactate  of  mercury, 

Lactas  mercurii. 
Lactate  of  molybdena. 

Lactas  molybdenu 
Lactate  of  nickel, 

Lactas  niccoli. 
Lactate  of  platina, 

Lactas  platini. 
Lactate  of  potafh, 

Lactas  potaffe. 
Lactate  of  filver.  1 

Lactas  argenti. 
Lactate  of  foda, 

Lactas  fodae. 
Lactate  of  tin, 

Lactas  ftanni. 
Lactate  of  tunftein, 

Ladtas  tunfteni, 
Lactate  of  zinc, 

La&as  zinci. 
Lead, 

Plumbum. 
Light. 


Lime,  or  calcareous  earth. 


Lithiates, 

Lithias,  tis,  f,  m. 


Lead. 
Saturn. 
Light. 

Calcareous  earth. 
Quicklime. 

Salts  formed  by  the  combi- 
nation of  the  lithic  acid,  or 
acid  of  the  ft  one  of  the 
bladder,     with  different 

bafes. 

This  genus  of  fait  s  had  no 
nnme  in  the  ancient  no. 
nunciature,  becaufe  it  was 
not  known  before  the 
time  of  SchedCt 

I  LithiuU 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


349 


New  Names,  Ancient.  Names* 

Lithiate  of  alumine, 

Lithias  aluminofuf. 
Lithiate  of  ammoniac, 

Lithias  ammoniacalis. 
Lithiate  of  antimony, 

Lithias  ftibii. 
Lithiate  of  arfenic, 

Lithias  arfenicalls. 
Lithiate  of  barytes, 

Lithias  baryticus. 
Lithiate  of  bifinuth, 

Lithias  bifmuthi. 
Lithiate  of  cobalt, 

Lithias  cobalti. 
Lithiate  of  copper, 
Lithias  cupri. 
Lithiate  of  gold, 
Lithias  auri. 
Lithiate  of  iron, 

Lithias  ferri. 
Lithiate  of  lead, 

Lithias  plumbi. 
Lithiate  of  lime, 

Lithias  calcareus. 
Lithiate  of  magnefia, 

Lithias  magnetise. 
Lithiate  of  manganefe, 

Lithias  magnefii. 
Lithiate  of  mercury, 

Lithias  mercurii. 
Lithiate  of  molybdena, 
Lithias  molybdeni. 
Lithiate  of  nickel, 
Lithias  niccoli. 
Lithiate  of  platina, 
Lithias  platini. 
Lithiate  of  potafh, 

Lithias  potafiae. 
Lithiate  of  lilver, 

Lithias  argenti. 
Lithiate  of  foda, 

Lithias  fods. 
Lithiate  of  tin, 

Lithias  itanni. 

Lithiate 


ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Names. 


Ancient  Names. 


Lithiate  of  tunftein, 
Lithias  tunfteni. 

Lithiate  of  zinc, 
Lithias  zinci. 


Malates, 

Malas,  tis,  f.  m. 


Malate  of  alumine, 

Malas  aluminofus. 
Malate  of  ammoniac, 

Malas  ammoniacalis. 
Malate  of  antimony, 

Malas  ftibii. 
Malate  of  arfenic, 

Malas  arfenicalis. 
Malate  of  barytes, 

Malas  baryticus. 
Malate  of  bifmuth, 

Malas  bifmuthi» 
Malate  of  cobalt, 

Malas  cobalti. 
Malate  of  copper, 

Malas  cupri. 
Malate  of  gold, 

Malas  auri. 
Malate  of  lead, 

Malas  plumbi. 
Malate  of  lime, 

Malas  calcareus. 
Malate  of  iron, 

Malas  ferri. 
Malate  of  magnesia* 

Malas  magnefiae. 
Malate  of  manganefe* 

Malas  magnefii. 
Malate  of  mercury, 

Malas  mercurii. 
Malate  of  molybdena, 

Malas  molvbdeni. 


M. 


"  Salts  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  malic  acid,  or  acid  of 
apples,  with  different  bafes-. 
This  genus  of  falts  has  not  yet 
been  named  in  the  ancient 

L  nomenclature. 


Malate 


CHEMISTRY,  &C 


New  Names* 

Malate  of  nickel, 

Malas  niccoli. 
Malate  of  platina, 

Malas  platini. 
Malate  of  potafh, 

Malas  potaffe. 
Malate  of  filver, 

Malas  argenti. 
Malate  of  foda, 

Malas  fodse. 
Malate  of  tin, 

Malas  ftanni. 
Malate  of  tunflein, 

Malas  tunfteni. 
Malate  of  zinc, 

Malas  zinci. 
Manganefe, 

Magnefmm. 
Mercury, 

Hydrargirum. 

Molybdates, 

Molybdas,  tis,  f.  m. 

Molybdate  of  alumine, 

Molybdas  aluminofus. 
Molybdate  of  ammoniac, 

Molybdas  ammoniacalis. 
Molybdate  of  antimony, 

Molybdas  ftibii. 
Molybdate  of  arfenic, 

Molybdas  arfenicalis. 
Molybdate  of  barytes, 

Molybdas  baryticus. 
Molybdate  of  bifmuth,^ 

Molybdas  bifmuthi. 
Molybdate  of  cobalt, 

Molybdas  cobalti. 
Molybdate  of  copper, 

Molybdas  cupri. 
Molybdate  of  gold, 

Molybdas  auri. 


Ancient  Names, 


Regulus  of  manganefe. 

Mercury. 
Quicklilver. 

Salts  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  molybdic  acid  with 
different  bafes. 

This  genus  of  falts  was  with- 
out a  name  in  the  ancient 

.  nomenclature. 


Molybdate 


352 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Keiv  Names, 

Molybdate  of  iron, 

Molybdas  ferri. 
Molybdate  of  lead, 

Molybdas  plumbi. 
Molybdate  of  lime, 

Molybdas  calcareus* 
Molybdate  of  magnefia, 

Molybdas  magnefice. 
Molybdate  of  manganefe, 

Molybdas  magnefii. 
Molybdate  of  mercury, 

Molybdas  mercurii. 
Molybdate  of  nickel, 

Molybdas  niccoli. 
Molybdate  of  platina, 
Molybdas  platini. 
Molybdate  of  potato, 

Molybdas  potaflac* 
Molybdate  of  filver, 

Molybdas  argenti, 
Molybdate  of  foda, 

Molybdas  fodae. 
Molybdate  of  tin, 

Molybdas  ftanni. 
Molybdate  of  tunftein, 

Molybdas  tunfteni. 
Molybdate  of  zinc, 

Molybdas  zincw 
Molybdena. 
Mucus. 

Muriates, 

Murias,  tis,  f.  m. 

Muriate  of  alumine, 

Murias  aluminofus. 
Muriate  of  ammoniac, 

Murias  ammoniacalis. 
Muriate  of  antimony, 

Murias  iiibii. 
Muriate  of  antimony,  fuming, 

Murias  I'tibii,  tumans. 
Muriate  of  arfenic, 

Muriu*  arfe&icftUlj 


Ancient  Namtr* 


Regulus  of  molybdena* 

Mucilage. 

Salts  formed  by  the  union  t& 
the  muriatic  acid  with  di£» 
ferent  bafes. 

Marine  alum. 

Argillaceous  marine  fait. 

Sal  ammoniac. 

Salmiac. 

Muriated  antimony. 
Butter  of  antimony; 


Muriate 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


353 


Ancient  Names* 


Muriate  of  arfenic  fublimed, 

Murias  arfenicalis  fubli- 
matus. 
Muriate  of  barytes, 

Murias  baryticus. 
Muriate -of  bifmuth, 

Murias  bifmuthi. 
Muriate  of  bifmuth  fublimed 

Murias  bifmuthi  fubli- 
matus. 
Muriate  of  cobalt, 

Murias  cobalti. 
Muriate  of  copper, 

Murias  cupri. 
Muriate  of  copper  fublimed, 
ammoniacal, 

Murias  cupri  ammonia- 
calis  fublimatus. 
Muriate  of  gold, 

Murias  auri. 
Muriate  of  iron, 

Murias  fern. 
Muriate  of  lead, 

Murias  plumbi. 
Muriate  of  iron  fublimed,  am- 
moniacal. 

Muriate  of  lime, 

Murias  calcareus. 

Muriate  of  magnefia, 

Murias  calcareus. 
Muriate  of  manganefe, 

Murias  magnefii. 
Muriate  of  mercury,  corrofive  i 

Murias  hydrargyri  corro-  I 


Mercurius  dulcis, 


fivus. 

Muriate  of  mercury,  mild,  j 
Murias hydrargyri  dulcis.  j 
Muriate  of  mercury  fublimed,  -\ 
mild,  I 

Murias  hydrargyri  fubli-  r  Aquila  alba, 
matus. 

Muriate  of  mercurv  and  am-  > 


Butter  of  arfenic. 

Barytic  marine  fait. 
Muriate  of  bifmuth. 

Butter  of  bifmuth. 

Sympathetic  ink. 
Muriated  copper. 

Cupreous  ammoniac;.!  flowers, 

Regaline  fait  of  gold. 
Muriated  gold. 
Muriated  iron. 
Marine  fait  of  iron. 
Muriated  lead. 
Plumbum  corneum. 

Martial  ammoniacal  flowers, 

Mother  water  of  fea-falt. 
Calcareous  marine  fait. 
Fixed  fal  ammoniac. 
Marine  fait  with  bafe  of  mag- 
nefia. 

Muriated  manganefe. 
Corrofive  fublimate. 


moniae, 

Murias  hydrar 
moniacalis 


gyn  et  am* 


Sal  alembrothi 
Aa 


Muriate 


.354 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Nc"iu  Names. 

Muriate  of  mercury  by  preci- 
pitation, 

Murias  hydrargvri  pne- 
cipitatus. 
Muriate  of  molyhdena, 

Murias  molybdeni. 
Muriate  of  nickel, 

Murias  niccoli. 
Muriate  of  platina, 

Murias  platini. 
Muriate  of  potafli, 

Murias  potaifae. 
Muriate  of  filver, 

Murias  argent i. 
Muriate  of  foda, 

Murias  fodx. 
Muriate  of  foda  foflile, 

Murias  fodas  folfilis. 
Muriate  of  tin, 

Murias  ftanni. 
Muriate  of  tin  concrete, 

Murias  ftanni  concretus. 
Muriate  of  tin  fuming, 

Murias  ftanni  fuinans. 
Muriate  of  tin  fublimed, 

Murias  llanni  fublimatus. 
Muriate  of  tunftein, 

Murias  tunftcni. 
Muriate  of  zinc, 

Murias  zinci. 
Muriate  of  zinc  fublimed, 

Murias  zinci. 


Muriates  oxigenated. 


Ancient  Names, 


White  precipitate. 
Mercurial  muriate. 


Muriate  of  potam  oxigenated, 
Murias  oxigenatus  potaflie. 

Muriate  of  foda  oxigenated, 
Murias  oxigenatus  foda?. 


Muriated  platina. 
PvCgaline  fait  of  platina. 

Febrifuge  fait  of  Sylvius. 

Luna  cornea. 

Sea  fait. 

Sal  gem. 

Salt  of  jupiter. 

Solid  butter  of  tin,  of  Baume. 
Curneoui,  tin. 

Fuming  liquor  of  Libavius. 
Butter  of  tin. 


Marine  fait  of  zinc. 
Muriated  zinc. 

Butter  of  zinc. 

New  combinations  of  the  ox- 
igenated muriatic  acid  with 
potafli  and  foda,  discovered 
by  Mr.  Berthollett. 


N.  Nitrates, 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


355 


N. 


New  Names, 

Nitrates, 

Nitras,  tis,  f.  m. 

Nitrate  of  alumine, 

Nitras  aluminofus. 
Nitrate  of  ammoniac, 

Nitras  ammoniacalis. 
Nitrate  of  antimony, 

Nitras  ftibii. 
Nitrate  of  arfenic, 

Nitras  arfenicalis. 
Nitrate  of  barytes, 

Nitras  baryticus. 
Nitrate  of  bifmuth, 

Nitras  bifmuthL 
Nitrate  of  cobalt, 

Nitras  cobalti. 
Nitrate  of  copper, 

Nitras  cupri. 
Nitrate  of  gold. 

Nitras  auri. 
Nitrate  of  iron, 

Nitras  ferri. 
Nitrate  of  lead, 

Nitras  plumbi. 
Nitrate  of  lime, 

Nitras  calcareus. 
Nitrate  of  magnefia, 

Nitras  magnetise. 
Nitrate  of  manganefe, 

Nitras  magnefii. 
Nitrate  of  mercury, 

Nitras  hydrargyri. 
Nitrate  of  mercury  in  folu- 
tion, 

Nitras  hydrargiri  folutus.  J 
Nitrate  of  molybdena, 

Nitras  molybdeni. 
Nitrate  of  nickel, 

Nitras  niccoli. 


Ancient  Names. 

Salts  formed  by  the  combination 
of  the  nitric  acid  with  differ- 
ent bafes. 

Nitrous  alum. 

Argillaceous  nitre. 

Nitrous  fal  ammoniac, 

Ammoniacal  nitre. 


Nitre  of  arfenic. 

Nitrated  barytes. 

Nitre  of  ponderous  earth. 

Nitre  of  bifmuth. 
Nitre  of  cobalt. 
Nitre  of  copper. 


Nitre  of  iron. 
Martial  nitre. 
Nitre  of  lead. 
Nitre  of  faturn. 
Calcareous  nitre. 
Mother  water  of  nitre. 

Nitre  of  magnefia. 
Nitre  of  mancranef^ 

o 

Mercurial  nitre. 
Nitre  of  mercury. 

Mercurial  water. 


Nitre  of  nickel. 
A  a  2 


Nitrate 


■5$ 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Ntzu  Nanus. 

Nitrate  of  plaiina, 

Nitras  platini. 
Nitrate  of  potafh  or  nitre, 

Nitras  potaiTaCjvd  nitrurn. 
Nitrate  of  Dryer, 

Nitras  ar^enti. 
Nitrate  of  iilver  fufed, 

Nitras  argenti  fufus. 
Nitrate  of  foda, 

Nitras  fodx.  ^ 
Nitrate  of  tin, 

Nitras  itanni. 
Nitrate  of  tupfteip, 

Nitras  tunfteni. 
Nitrate  of  zinc, 

Nitras  zinci. 


Nitrites, 

Nitris,  tis,  f. 


Nitrite  of  alumine, 

Nitris  alcminoftis. 
Nitrite  of  ammoniac, 

Nitris  ammomacalis. 
Nitrite  of  antimony, 

Nitris  Hibii. 
Nitrite  of  arfenic, 

Nitris  arfcrnicalis. 
Nitrite  of  barytes, 

Nitris  baryiicus. 
Nitrite  of  bi'fmuth, 

Nitris  bifmuthi*. 
Nitrite  of  cobalt, 

Nitris  cobaiti. 
Nitrite  of  copper, 

Nitris  cupri. 


Aru'wnt  Nam-' 


Nitre  ;  fait  petre. 

Nitre  of  fiber. 
Lunar  cry  rials. 

Lunar  caullic. 

Cubic  nitre. 
Rliomboidal  nitre. 
Nitre  of  tin. 
Stanno-nitrous  fait. 


Nitre  of  zinc. 

Salts  formed  by  the  combi- 
nation of  nitrous  acid  *  with 
different  bafes. 

TLis  genus  of  falts  had  no 
name  in  the  ancient  no- 
menclature. 

It  was  not  known  before  the 
late  dikoveries. 


*  That  ij  to  fay,  by  an  acid  of  nitre  containing  iefs  oxigete  thaa  that 

which  we  h*\z  denominated  nitric  acid,  *nd  which  lowu  the  nitrates. 


Nitrite 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


357 


New  Names.  Ancient  Names. 

Nitrite  of  gold, 
•  Nitris  auri. 
Nitrite  of  iron, 

Nitris  fcrri. 
Nitrite  of  lead, 

Nitris  plumb;. 
Nitrite  of  lime, 

Nitris  ca!carei:s. 
Nitrite  of  magnefia, 

Nitris  magnefia?. 
Nitrite  of  manganefe, 

Nitris  magnelii. 
Nitrite  of  mercury, 

Nitris  hydrargiri. 
Nitrite  of  molybdena, 

Nitris  rnoiybdeni. 
Nitrite  of  nickel, 

Nitris  niccoli. 
Nitrite  of  platina, 

Nitris  platiiii. 
Nitrite  of  potalli, 

Nitris  potaffe. 
Nitrite  of  filver, 

Nitris  argenti. 
Nitrite  of  foda, 

Nitris  foda% 
Nitrite  of  tin, 

Nitris  ftanni. 
Nitrite  of  tunilein, 

N.tris  tunfteni. 
Nitrite  of  zinc, 

Nitris  zinci. 


o. 


Oils  empyreumatic.  1  ^ 

^,r;  >  iimDvreumatic  oils. 

Oka  empyreumatic^.  J 

r\-t  n  j  f  Fat  oils. 
Oils  fixed,  ui'ii  1 

^,  <   Mild  oils. 

Olea  tix2.  t-,       ^  , 

^  .Lxpreiied  oils. 

Oils  volatile,  1   Effeatial  oils. 

Olea  volatilia.  j  Eflences. 


A  a  z  Oxalates 


358  ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Names, 


Ancient  Names* 


Oxalates, 


< 


"  Salts  formed  by  the  combina- 
tion of  the  oxalic  acid  with 
different  bafes. 


Oxalas,  tis,  f.  m. 


The  greater  number  of  thefe 
falts  have  not  been  named  in 


v.     the  old  nomenclature. 


Oxalate  acidulous  of  ammo- 


niac, 

Oxalas  acidulus  ammo- 


niacalis. 


Oxalate  acidulous  of  potam,  1 
Oxalas  acidulus  potaflx.  j 


Oxalate  acidulous  of  foda, 
Oxalas  acidulus  fodae. 


The  fait  of  forrel  of  commerce. 


Oxalate  of  alumine, 

Qxalas  aluminofus. 


Oxalate  of  ammoniac, 

Oxalas  ammoniacalis. 
Oxalate  of  antimony, 

Oxalas  ftibii. 
Oxalate  of  arfcnic, 

Oxalas  arfenicalis. 
Oxalate  of  barytes, 

Oxahs  baryticus. 
Oxalate  of  bifmuth, 

Oxalas  bilmuthi. 
Oxalate  of  cobalt, 

Oxalas  cobalti. 
Oxalate  of  copper, 
Oxalas  cupri. 
Oxalate  of  gold, 
Oxalas  auri. 
Oxalate  of  iron, 

Oxalas  ferri. 
Oxalate  of  lead, 

Oxalas  plumbu 
Oxalate  of  lime, 

Oxalas  calcareus. 
Oxalate  of  magnelia, 

Oxalas  magnefix. 
Oxalate  of  manganefe, 

Oxalas  magnefii. 
Oxalate  of  mercury, 


Oxalas  hydrargyrf. 


Oxalate 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


359 


Neiv  Names, 


Ancient  Names, 


Oxalate  of  molybdena, 

Oxalas  molybdeni. 
Oxalate  of  nickel, 

Oxalas  niccoli. 
Oxalate  of  platina, 

Oxalas  platim. 
Oxalate  of  potafh, 

Oxalas  potaflbe. 
Oxalate  of  filver, 

Oxalas  argenti. 
Oxalate  of  foda, 

Oxalas  fodas. 
Oxalate  of  tin, 

Oxalas  ftanni. 
Oxalate  of  tunftein, 

Oxalas  tunfteni. 
Oxalate  of  zinc, 

Oxalas  zinci. 
Oxide  arfenical  of  potafh, 

Oxidum  arfenicale  po- 
taflae. 

Oxide,  white,  of  arfenic,  1 
Oxidum  arfenici  album,  j 
Oxide  of  antimony  by  the 

muriatic  acid  and  nitric 

acid. 

Oxidum  ftibii  acidis  mu- 
riatico  et  nitrico  con- 
fe&um. 

Oxide  of  antimony,  white,  by  ^ 
nitre, 

Oxidum  ftibii  album  ni- 
tro  confe&um. 
Oxide  of  antimony,  white, 
fublimed, 

Oxidum  ftibii  album  fub-  > 
limatum. 
Oxide  of  antimony  by  the  \ 
muriatic  acid, 

Oxidum  ftibii  acido  mu-  C 
riatico  confeclum. 
Oxide  of  antimony  fulphu- 
rated, 

Oxidum  ftibii  fulphura- 
tum. 


Liver  of  arfenic. 

White  arfenic. 
Calx  of  arfenic. 


>  Bezoar  mineral. 


Diaphoretic  antimony. 
Cerufe  of  antimony. 
The  pearly  matter  of  Kerkrin- 
gius. 

Snow  of  antimony. 
Flowers  of  antimony. 
Silvery  flowers  of  regulus  of 
antimony. 

Powder  of  algaroth. 


Oxide 


36° 


ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Names. 

Oxide  of  antimony  fulphurat- 
ed,  femi-vitreous, 

Oxidum  ilibii  fulphura- 
tum  fcmi-yitreum. 
Oxide  of  antimony  fulphurat- 
ed,  o»ange-coloured, 

Oxidum  ftibii  fulphura- 
tum  aurantiacum. 
Oxide  of  antimony,  red,  ful- 
phurated, 

Oxidum  ftibii  fulphura- 
tum  rubrum. 
Oxide  of  antimony  fulph unit- 
ed vitreous, 

Oxidum  ftibii  fulphura- 
tum  vitreum. 
Oxide  of  antimony,  brown, 
vitreous  fulph urated, 

Oxidum  ilibii  fulphura- 
tum  vitreum  fuicum. 
Oxide  of  arfenic,  white,  fub-  -\ 
limed,  I 
Oxidum  arfenici  album  ( 
fublimatum.  J 
Oxide  of  arfenic,  yellow,  ful-  -\ 
ph  urated, 

Oxidum  arfenici  fulphu-  r 
ratum  luteum.  | 
0::;de  of  arfenic,  red,  fulphu-  T 
rated,  I 
Oxidum  arfenici  fulphu-  | 
ratum  rubrum.  J 
Oxide  of  bifmutli,  white,  by  "| 
the  iiitric  acid,  I 
Oxidum  bifmuthi  album  [ 
acidonilricoconfe&um.  J 
Oxide  of  bifmuth  fublimed,  "1 
Oxidum  bifmuthi  fubli-  1 
matum.  J 
Oxide  of  cobalt,  grey,  with 
Alice  ;  or  zafFre,  ( 
Oxidum  cxbalticincrcum  f 
cum  filice.  J 


Ancient  Names* 
Crocus  metallorum. 

Golden  fulphur  of  antimony. 

Kermes  mineral. 

Glafs  of  antimony. 


Flowers  of  arfenic, 


Orpi 


piment. 


Red  arfenic. 
Realgar  or  realgal. 


Magi  ft  cry  of  l);'fmuth 
Spaniih  white. 


fubli-  \  Flowers  of  bifmutli. 


ZalTrc. 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


361 


New  Names. 


Ancient  Names. 


Oxide  of  cobalt,  vitreous, 

Oxidum  cobalti  vitreum. 

Oxide  of  copper,  green, 
Oxidum  cupri  viride. 

Oxide  of  gold,  ammoniacal, 
Oxidum  auri  ammonia- 
cale. 

Oxide  of  gold  by  tin, 

Oxidum  auriperftannum. 
Oxides  of  iron, 

Oxida  ferri. 
Oxide  of  iron,  brown, 

Oxidum  ferri  fufcum. 
Oxide  of  iron,  yellow, 

Oxidum  ferri  luteum. 
Oxide  of  iron,  black, 

Oxidum  ferri  nigrum. 
Oxide  of  iron,  red, 

Oxidum  ferri  rubrum. 
Oxides  of  lead, 

Oxida  plumbi. 
Oxide  of  lead,  white,  by  the 
acetous  acid, 

Oxidum  plumbi  album 
per  acidum  acetofum. 
Oxide  of  lead,  femi-vitreous  ; 
or  litharge, 

Oxidum  plumbi  femi-vi- 
treum. 
Oxide  of  lead,  yellow, 

Oxidum  plumbi  luteum. 
Oxide  of  lead,  red ;  or  mini- 
um, 

Oxidum  plumbi  rubrum. 
Oxide  of  manganefe,  white, 
Oxidum    magnefii  al- 
bum. 

Oxide  of  manganefe,  black, 
Oxidum    magnefii  ni- 
grum. 

Oxide  of  mercury,  yellow,  by ' 
the  nitric  acid, 

Oxidum  hydrargiri  lute- 
um acido  nitrico  con- 
fectum. 


Azure. 
Smalt. 
Verdegris. 
Rull  of  copper. 

Fulminating  gold. 

Precipitate  of  gold  by  tm. 
Purple  powder  of  Camus. 

Saffrons  of  mars. 
Aftringent  faffron  of  mars. 
Ochre. 
„  Martial  ethiops. 

Colcothar. 
Calces  of  lead. 

White  lead. 
Litharge. 


Maflicot. 

Minium. 
Red  lead. 


White  calx  of  manganefe. 
Black  magnefia. 

Nitrous  turbith. 


Oxide 


362 


ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Karnes. 


dac tent  Kama. 


Oxide  of  mercury,  yellow,  by  > 

the  fulphuric  acid,  L,   ...      .  . 

rw;J,.™  1  j  •  1  I  1  urbith  mineral. 
U^dum  hydrai-gyri  lu-  >  ycj 

teum  acido  kilpimrico 


:ilow  precipitate. 


JEtluops  per  fe. 


Red  precipitate. 


Precipitate  per  fe. 


confectum 
Oxide  or'  mercury,  blackifh, 
Oxidum  hydrargyri  ni- 
grum. 

Oxide  of  mercury,  red,  by  the 
nitric  acid, 

Oxidum  hydrargyri  ru- 
brum    acido  lamco 
confe<ftum. 
Oxide  of  mercury,  red,  by  fire,  "] 
Oxidum  hydrargyri  ru-  L 
brum  per  igntm*  J 
Oxide  of  mercury  iulphurated.  ^ 
black,  I 

Oxidum  hydrargyri  ful-  f  mineral 
phuratum  nigrum.  J 
Oxi It  of  mercury  fulphurated, 
red, 

Oxidum  hydrargyri  ful- 
phuratum  rubrum. 
Oxides  metallic, 

Oxida  mttalica. 
Oxides  metallic  fiblimed, 

Oxida  metaQicai  fubfi- 

mata. 
Oxide  of  tin,  grey, 

Oxidum  llanni  cinerenm. 
Oxide  of  tin  fubln.. 

Oxidu  a  (Unni  fublima- 
tum. 

Oxide  of  zinc  fuulimed, 

Oxidum  zinci  fuLlima- 
tum. 


Cinnabar. 


Calces  of  metals. 


Metallic  flower*. 


Pitty. 


Flowers  of  tin. 


Oxigcnc, 


Ox'gcnium, 


Flowers  of  zinc. 
I  Pompholix. 
I  Philofophical  wool. 
C  Oxigcnc, 

Bafe  of  vital  air. 
Acidifying  principle. 
Empyreal  principle. 
b  Priacipium  forbile. 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


P. 


New  Names, 

Phofphate, 

Phofphas,  tis,  f.  m. 

Phofphate  of  alumine, 

Phofphas  aluminofus. 
Yhofphate  of  ammoniac, 

Phofphas  ammoniacalis. 
Phofphate  of  antimony, 

Phofphas  ftibii. 
Phofphate  of  arfenic, 

Phofphas  arfenicalis. 
Phefphate  of  bastes, 

Phofphas  baryticus. 
Phofphate  of  bifmuth, 

Phofphas  bifmuthi, 
Phofphate  of  cobalt, 

Phofphas  cobalti. 
Phofphate  of  copper, 

Phofphas  cupri. 
Phofphate  of  gold, 

Phofphas  auri. 
Phofphate  of  iron, 

Phofphas  ferri. 
Phofphate  of  lead, 

Phofphas  plumbi. 

Phofphate  of  lime, 

Phofphas  calcareus. 

Phofphate  of  magnefia, 

Phofphas  magnefia?. 
Phofphate  of  manganefe, 

Phofphas  magnefii. 
Phofphate  of  mercury, 

Phofphas  mercurii. 
Phofphate  of  molybdena, 

Phofphas  molybdeni. 
Phofphate  of  nickel, 

Phofphas  niccoli. 
Phofphate  of  platina, 

Phofphas  platini. 


Ancient  Names. 

Salts  formed  by  the  tnnofl  of 
the  phofphoric  acid  with  dif- 
ferent bales. 


Phofphoric  ammoniac. 
Ammoniacal  phofphate. 


Syderite; 
Boc{  ore. 


f  Earth  of  bones. 
<  Calcareous  phofphate. 
Animal  earth. 

I  Phofphate  of  magnefia. 


1 


Lemery's  rofe -coloured  precipi- 
tate. 


Phofphate 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Arcv  Names. 


/Indent  Name 


Phofpliatc  of  potafh, 

Phofphas  potafTsc. 
Phofphate  of  filver, 

Phoiphas  argenti. 
Phofphr.tc  of  foda, 

Phofphas  fodae. 
Phofphate  of  foda  and  am- 
moniac, 

Phofphas  foda?  ct  am- 
rnoniacalis. 
Phofphat.efuperfaturatedwith  ^ 

^°^o\   r  i     r      r  .  I  .     /'Sal  mirabile  pcrhtum 
Jrhoiphas  fuperiaturatus  |  r 

fodae. 


Native  fait  of  urine. 
Fufibk  falts  of  urine. 


Phofphate  of  tin, 

Phofphas  itanni. 

Phofphate  of  tunftein, 
Phofphas  tunfteni. 

Phofphate  of  zinc, 
Phofphas  zinci. 

Phofphite, 

Phofphis,  tis,  f.  m. 

Phofphite  of  alumine, 

Phofphis  aluminofus. 
Phofphite  of  ammoniac, 

Phofphis  ammoniacalis, 
Phofphite  of  antimony, 

Phofphis  flibii. 
Phofphite  of  arfenic, 

Phofphis  arfenicah's. 
Phofphite  of  barytcs, 

Phofphis  baryticus. 
Phofphite  of  bifmuth, 

Phofphis  hifmuthi. 
Phofphite  of  cobalt, 

Phofphis  cobalti. 
Phofphite  of  copper, 

Phbiphia  cupri* 

Phofphite  of  gold, 
Phofphis  auri. 
Pholphite  of  iron, 

rhofphia  fen  i. 


{ 


Salt  formed  by  the  combination 
of  the  phofphoreous  acid  with 
different  bales. 


Phofphite 


CHEMISTRY,  &C 


3% 


Netv  Names. 


Ancient  Names* 


Fhofphite  of  lead, 

Phofphis  plumbL 
Phofphite  of  lime, 

Phofphis  calcareus. 
Phofphite  of  magnefia, 

Phofphis  magnefiae. 
Phofphite  of  manganefe, 

Phofphis  magnefii. 
Phofphite  of  mercury, 

Phofphis  hydrargyria 
Phofphite  of  molybdena, 

Phofphis  molybdenL 
Phofphite  of  nickel, 

Phofphis  niccoli. 
Phofphite  of  platina, 

Phofphis  platini. 
Phofphite  of  potafti, 

Phofphis  potafTac. 
Phofphite  of  filver, 

Phofphis  argentL 
Phofphite  of  foda, 

Phofphis  foda:* 
Phofphite  of  tin, 

Phofphis  ftanni. 
Phofphite  of  tunftein, 

Phofphis  tunfteni. 
Phofphite  of  zinc, 

Phofphis  zinci. 
Phofphorus, 

Phofphorum. 
Phofphure, 

Phofphoretum. 
Phofphure  of  copper, 

Phofphoretum  cupri. 

Phofphure  of  iron, 

Phofphoretum  ferrL 


'yrolignites, 

Pyrolignis,  tis,  f.  m. 


f 


Phofphorus  of  KunckeL 

Combination  of  phofphorus  not 
oxigenatedjwithdifferentbafes. 


Syderum,  of  Bergman. 
Syderotete,  of  M.  de  Morveau. 
Regulus  of  fyderite. 

Salts  formed  by  the  union  of 
the  pyroligneous  acid  with 
different  bafes. 

Thefe  falts  were  not  named  in 
the  ajicient  nomenclature. 


Pyro- 


366 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Nenv  Names* 

Pyrolignite  of  alumine, 

Pyrolignis  aluminofus. 
Pyrolignite  of  ammoniac, 

Pyrolignis  ammoniacalis. 
Pyrolignite  of  antimony, 

Pyrolignis  ftibii. 
Pyrolignite  of  arfenic, 

Pyrolignis  arlenicalis. 
Pyrolignite  of  barytes, 

Pyrolignis  baryticus. 
Pyrolignite  of  b:/;nuth, 

Pyrolignis  bifmuthu 
Pyrojignite  of  cobalt, 

Pyrolignis  cobalti. 
Pyrolignite  of  copper, 

Pyrolignis  cupri. 
Pyrolignite  of  gold, 

Pyrolignis  auri. 
Pyrolignite  of  iron, 

Pyrolignis  ten*. 
Pyrolignite  of  lead, 

Pyrolignis  plumbf. 
Pyrolignite  of  lime, 

Pyrolignis  calcareik. 
Pyrolignite  of  magnefia, 

Pyrolignis  magnefia?, 
Pyrolignite  of  manganefe, 

Pyrolignis  magnefii, 
Pyrolignite  of  mercury, 

Pyrolignis  mercurif. 
Pyrolignite  of  molybdcna, 

Pyrolignis  molybdeni. 
Pyrolignite  of  nickel, 

Pyrolignis  niccoli. 
Pyrolignite  of  platinn, 

Pyrolignis  platini. 
Pyrolignite  of  potafh, 

Pyrolignis  potaffe. 
Pyrolignite  of  filver. 

Pyrolignis  argenti. 
Pyrolignite  of  foda,  ' 

Pyrolignis  fodar. 
Pyrolignite  of  tin, 

Pyrwl  ignis  11  anni. 


Ancient  Names* 


Pyre* 


CHEMISTRY, 


&c. 


367 


Neto  Names* 

Pyrolignite  of  tunftein, 
Pyrolignis  tunileni, 

Pyrolignite  of  zinc, 
Pyrolignis  zinci. 


Pyromucites, 

Pyromucis,  tis,  f,  m. 


Pyromucite  of  alumine. 

Pyromucis  aluminofus. 
Pyromucite  of  ammoniac, 

Pyromucis  ammoniacahV. 
Pyromucite  of  antimony, 

Pyromucis  ftibii. 
Pyromucite  of  arfenic, 

P)Tomucis  arfenicalls. 
Pyromucite  of  barytes, 

Pyromucis  baryticus. 
Pyromucite  of  bifmuth, 

Pyromucis  bifmuthi. 
Pyromucite  of  cobalt, 

Pyromucis  cobalti. 
Pyromucite  of  copper, 

Pyromucis  cupri. 
Pyromucite  of  gold, 

Pyromucis  auri. 
Pyromucite  of  iron, 

Pyromucis  ferri. 
Pyromucite  of  lead, 

Pyromucis  plumbu 
Pyromucite  of  lime, 

Pyromucis  calcareus. 
Pyromucite  of  magnefia, 

Pyromucis  magnefiae. 
Pyromucite  of  manganefe, 

Pyromucis  magnefii. 
Pyromucite  of  mercury, 

Pyromucis  mercurii. 
Pyromucite  of  molybdena, 

Pyromucis  moIybdenL 
Pyromucite  of  nickel, 

Pvromucis  niccoli. 


Ancient  Names* 


Salts  formed  by  the  union 
of  the  pyromucous  acid 
with  different  bafes. 

This  genus  of  falts  was  not 
named  in  the  old  nomen- 
clature. 


Pyio. 


^63  ELEMENTS  OF 

A\"zu  Nanus.  Ancient  Nanus. 

Pyromucite  of  platina, 

Pyiomucis  pUtini. 
Pyromucite  of  potalh. 

Pyromucis  potafTs^ 
Pyromucite  of  Giver, 

Pyromucis  argenti. 
Pyromucite  of  ioda, 

Pyromucis  fodae. 
Pyromucite  of  tin, 

Pyromucis  ftanni, 
Pyromucite  of  tun  item, 

Pyromucis  tunlteni. 
Pyiomucitc  of  zinc, 

Pyromucis  zinci. 


Pyrctartrites, 

Pyrotartris,  tis,  f.  m. 

Pyrotartrite  of  al umine, 

Pyrotartris  aluminofus. 
Pyrotartrite  of  ammoniac, 

Pyrotartris  amnion  iaci. 
Pyrotartrite  of  antimony. 

Pyrotartris  itibii. 
Pyrotartrite  of  aifenic, 

Pyrotartris  arfenici. 
P/rc tartrite  otbaiytes, 

Pyrotartris  brtryticus. 
Pyrotartrite  of  bifmuth, 

Pyrotartris  bifmuthf. 
Pyrotartrite  of  cobalt, 

Pyrotartris  cobalti. 
Pyrotartrite  of  copper, 

Pyrotartris  cupri. 
Pyrotartri*e  of  gold, 

Pyrotartris  auri. 
Pyrotartri-.c  of  iron, 

Pyrotartris  ferri. 
Pyrotartrite  of  lead, 

Pyrotartris  plumbi. 
Pyrotartrite  of  lime, 

Pyrotartris  calcareiu. 
Pyrotartrite  of  magnefia, 

Pyrotartris  magnefiar. 


Salts  formed  by  the  combi- 
nation of  the  pyrotarta- 
reous  acid  with  different 
Laics. 


Pyro- 


CHEMISTRY,  &C 


369 


Ne<w  Names. 

pyrotartrite  of  manganefe* 

Pyrotartris  magnefii. 
Pyrotartrite  of  mercury, 

Pyrotartris  hydrargyri. 
Pyrotartrite  of  molybdena, 

Pyrotartris  molybdenu 
Pyrotartrite  of  nickel, 

Pyrotartris  niccoli. 
Pyrotartrite  of  platina, 

Pyrotartris  platini. 
Pyrotartrite  of  potafh, 

Pyrotartris  potaffx. 
Pyrotartrite  of  filver, 

Pyrotartris  argentL 
Pyrotartrite  of  foda, 

Pyrotartris  fodx. 
Pyrotartrite  of  tin, 

Pyrotartris  ftanni. 
Pyrotartrite  of  tunrtein, 

Pyrotartris  tunfteni. 
Pyrotartrite  of  zinc, 

Pyrotartris  zinci. 

Platina, 

Platinum. 

Potafh, 

PotafTa,  x,  f. 
Potafh  fufed, 

PotafTa  fufa. 
Potafh,  filiciated,  fluid, 

PotafTa  filicea  iiuida. 


Pruffiates, 

Pruffias,  tis,  f.  m. 

Pruffiate  of  alwiune, 

Pruffias  aluminofus. 

Pruffiate  of  ammoniac, 

Pruffias  ammoniacali'S. 

Pruffiate  of  antimony, 
Pruffias  antimonii. 


Ancient  Names* 


'Juan  blanca. 
-  Platina. 
Platina  del  pinto» 

■  Cauftic  vegetable  fixed  alkali  > 
>  Lapis  caufticus. 

■  Liquor  of  flints. 

f  Salts  formed  by  the  union  of 
j     the  Pruffic  acid,  or  colour- 
ing matter    of  Pruffian 
«j     blue,  with  different  bafes. 
This  genus  of  falts  had  no 
name  in  the  eld  nomencla- 
ture. 


B  b  Prttffiate 


37° 


ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Names, 

PrulTiate  of  arfenic, 

Pruffias  arfenicalis. 
Pruffiate  of  barytes, 

Prufiias  baryticus. 
Pruffiate  of  bifmuth, 

Prufiias  bifmuthi. 
Pruffiate  of  cobalt, 

Pruffias  cobalt  i. 
PrufTiate  of  copper, 

Prufiias  cupri. 
PrufTiate  of  gold, 

Prufiias  auri. 
Pruffiate  of  iron, 

Prufiias  ferri. 
Pruffiate  of  lead, 

Prufiias  plumbi. 
Pruffiate  of  lime, 

Prufiias  calcareus. 
Pruffiate  of  magnelia, 

Prufiias  magnelia?. 
Pruffiate  of  manganefe, 

Prufiias  magnefii. 
Pruffiate  of  mercury, 

Prufiias  hydrargyria 
Pruffiate  of  molybdena, 

Prufiias  molybdeni. 
Pruffiate  of  nickel, 

Pruffias  niccoli. 
Pruffiate  of  platina, 

Pruffias  platini. 
Pruffiate  of  pptafb, 

Pruffias  potaflsR 
Pruffiate  of  potalh  ferrugi- 
nous, faturated, 

Pruflirs  potnffir  ferrugi- 
noflu  lutoratus. 
Pruffiate  of  potafh  ferrugi- 
nous, not  fat  united, 

Prufiias  potaffic  fcrrugi- 

nofus  non  faturatusl 

Pruffiate  of  fiKvr, 

Pruffias  an -em  u 
Pruffiate  of  foda, 

Prufiias  iod;r. 


Ancient  Names. 


Pruffian  blue. 
Berlin  blue. 


Calcareous  prufliafe. 
Pruffian  lime-water. 


1 Liquor  faturated  with  the  co- 
louringmatter  of  Pruffian  blue. 


Pruffian  alkali. 


Phlogiiticated  alkali. 


Fniffiati 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


371 


New  Names.  Ancient  Names \ 


Prufliate  of  tin, 
Pruflias  ftanni. 


<Pyrophore  of  Homberg,  ]  „       ,  r  tt  1 

'    x>      1         u    v  i  "yrophorus  of  Hombercr. 

ryropaorum  Hombergii.     J    ;    r  • 


Refins, 

Refinae. 


Saccholates, 

Saccholas,  tis,  f.  m. 

Saccholate  of  alumine, 

Saccholas  aluminofus. 
Saccholate  of  ammoniac, 

Saccholas  ammoniacalis. 
Saccholate  of  antimony, 

Saccholas  itibii. 
Saccholate  of  arfenic, 

Saccholas  arfenicalis. 
Saccholate  of  barytes, 

Saccholas  baryticus. 
Saccholate  of  bifmuth, 

Saccholas  bifmuthi, 
Saccholate  of  cobalt, 

Saccholas  cobalti. 
Sacci.ol  .te  of  copper, 

baccholas  cupri. 
Saccholate  of  gold, 

Saccholas  auri. 
Saccholate  of  iron, 

Saccholas  ferric 
Saccholate  of  lead, 

Saccholas  plumbi. 
Saccholate  of  lime, 

Saccholas  calcareus. 


R. 

I  Refins. 
S. 

(Salts  formed  by  the  combina- 
tion of  the  facchola&ic  acid 
with  different  bafes. 
This  genus  of  falts  was  not 
named  in  the  ancient  no- 
„  menclature. 


• 


Bb  2'  Saccholate 


372 


ELEMENTS  OF 


Saccholate  of  magnefia, 

Saccholas  magnefia? . 
Saccholate  of  manganefe, 

Saccholas  magnehi. 
Saccholate  of  mercury, 

Saccholas  hydrnrgyii. 
Saccholate  of  molybdena, 

Saccholas  molybdeni. 
Saccholate  of  nickel, 

Saccholas  niccoli. 
Saccholate  of  platina, 

Saccholas  platini. 
Saccholate  of  potafli, 

vSaccholas  potafta?. 
Saccholate  of  filver, 

Saccholas  argeriti. 
Saccholate  of  foda, 

Saccholas  fodae. 
Saccholate  of  tin, 

Saccholas  ftanni. 
Saccholate  of  tunftein, 

Saccholas  tunlteni. 
Saccholate  of  zinc, 

Saccholas  zbei. 

Savonules, 

Saponuli. 

Savonules  acid. 

Savon  ule  of  alumine, 

Saponuhis  aluminofus. 
S a vo n  ule  a  1  n  mo n i ac a  1 , 

Saponulus  ammoniacalis. 
Savonule  of  barytcs, 

Saponuhis  baryta:. 
Savonule  of  lime, 

Saponuhis  calcarcus. 

Savonules  metallic, 

Saponuli  metallici. 


Ancient  Nameh 


Stvonule  of  potafh, 


Saponuhis  potai 
5 


Combinations  of  the  volatile  or 
effential   oils   with  different 

bales. 

Combinations  of  the  volatile  or 
effential  oils  with  ihe  different 
acids. 

Soap  compofed  of  volatile  oil 

united  to  the  bafe  of  alum. 
Soap  compofed  of  volatile  oil 

united  to  ammoniac. 
Soap  compofed  of  volatHc  oi! 

united  to  barytes. 
Soap  compofed  of  volatile  oil 

united  to  lime. 
Soaps  compofed  of  the  volatile 
oils  united  to  metallic  fub- 
itances. 

J  Soap  compofed  of  volatile  oil 
I  united  to  vegetable  fixed  al- 
l     ali,  to  &  tar  key's  joap. 

Saponul 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


373 


New  Names. 

Savon ule  of  foda, 
Saponulus  fodae. 


Sebates, 

Sebas,  tis,  f.  m. 

Sebate  of  alumine, 

Sebas  aluminofus. 
Sebate  of  ammoniac, 

Sebas  ammoniacalis. 
Sebate  of  antimony, 

Sebas  ftibii. 
Sebate  of  arfenic, 

Sebas  arfenicalis. 
Sebate  of  barytes, 

Sebas  baryticus, 
Sebate  of  bifmuth, 

Sebas  bifmuthi. 
Sebate  of  cobalt, 

Sebas  cobalti- 
Sebate  of  copper, 

Sebas  cupri. 
Sebate  of  gold, 

Sebas  auri. 
Rebate  of  iron, 

Sebas  fern*. 
Sebate  of  lead, 

Sebas  plumbi. 
Sebate  of  lime, 

Sebas  calcareus, 
Sebate  of  magnefia, 

Sebas  magnefiae. 
Sebate  of  manganefe, 

Sebas  magnefii. 
Sebate  of  mercury, 

Sebas  hydrargyria 
Sebate  of  molybdena, 

Sebas  molybdeni. 
Sebate  of  nickel, 

Sebas  niccoli. 
Sebate  of  platina, 

Seba^  platini. 


{ 


Ancient  Names. 

Soap  compofed  of  volatile  oil 
united  to  mineral  fixed  al- 
kali, or  foda. 

Salts  formed  by  the  combination 
of  the  acid  of  fat,  or  febacic 
acid,  with  different  bafes. 

Thefe  falts  had  no  names  in  the 
aneient  nomenclature. 


Bb 


Sebate 


374 


ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Names, 

Scbate  of  potafh, 

Sebas  potafla?. 
Scbate  of  filver, 

Sebas  argenti. 
Scbate  of  foda, 

Sebas  foda?. 
Sebate  of  tin, 

Sebas  itanni. 
Scbate  of  tunflein, 

Sebas  tunfteni. 
Sebate  of  zinc, 

Strbas  zinci. 
Semi-metals. 

Silice,  or  filiceous  earth, 
Silica,  terra  filicca. 

Soda, 

Soda. 

Soaps, 

Sapones. 
Soaps  acid, 

Sapones  acidi. 
Soap  of  alumine, 

Sapo  aluminofus. 
Soap  of  ammoniac,  or  ammo- 
niacal, 

Sapo  ammoniacalis. 
Soap  of  barytes, 

Sapo  baryticus. 
Soap  of  lime, 

Sapo  calcarcus. 
Soap  of  magnefia, 

Sapo  magnefix. 

Soaps  metallic, 

Sapones  metallic i 

Soap  of  potafh, 
Sapo  potafUc. 

Soap  of  foda, 
Sapo  fodx. 

Starch, 

Amylonit 


Ancient  Names* 


Scmi-metals. 

{Quartzofe  eaith. 
Siliceous  earth. 
Vitrifiable  earth. 
Cauftic  foda. 
Marine  alkali. 
Mineral  alkali. 

Combinations  of  unctuous  er 
fixed  oils  with  different  bafes. 

Combinations  of  uncTtuous  or 
fixed  oils  with  different  acids. 

Soap  compofed  of  fixed  oil 
united  to  the  bafis  of  alum. 


Soap   compofed    of  fixed 
united  to  volatile  alkali. 


oil 


oil 


Soap    compofed    of  fixed 

united  to  barytes. 
Soap    compofed   of  fixed  oil 

united  to  lime. 
Soap   compofed   of  fixed  oil 

united  to  magnefia. 
Combinations  of  fixed  oils  with 

metallic  lubilanccs. 
Soap   compofed    of  fixed  oil 

united  Ui  vegetable  fixed  al- 

kali. 

Soap  compofed  of  fixed  oil 
united  to  mineral  fixed  al- 
kali. 


Sta 


Stcd 


CHEMISTRY,  ficc. 


Steel, 

Cnakhs. 

Succinas,  tii„  i*.  m. 


Succinate  of ; 

Succinas 
Succinate  of  ammoniac, 

S  UCCinaS  1  m  ~  .     1  .  ll 

Succinate  or  antumony, 

Succinas  iiibii. 
Succinate  ct  arfemc, 

Succinas  artenicalis. 
Succinate  of  barytes, 

iu::: nai  ccuyc.: :  ■_:  ?. 
Succinate  of  bifenuth, 

Succinas  btimutiku 
Succinate  or  cobalt, 

Succinas  cohaiti. 
Succinate  of  copper, 

Succinas  cupn. 
Succinate  of  <ro]<L 

Succrnas  aun. 
Succinate  of  iron, 

Succinas  fern. 
Succinate  of  lead, 

Succinas  plumb:. 
Succinate  of  lime, 

Succinas  calcarecs. 
Succinate  of  magneiu 

S  u  cct  n  is  ra  a  ~i  e  1 1  f . 

Succinate  of  manganefe. 

Succinas  ma mem*. 

o 

Succinate  of  mercaay, 

Succinas  hydrar%Tn. 
Succinate  of  moivbdena. 

Succinas  moiyfcdem. 
Succinate  of  nickeL 

Succinas  niccolr. 
Succinate  of  plat ba,- 

Succinas  p Latum, 
Succinate  of  pctaib, 

Succinas  potuiiTi. 


StctL 

Silt?  formed  -y  the  :3u.:::.r.:oa 
of  the  acid  of  amber,  or  fucci- 
nic  acid,  with  different  bafes. 


E  :  4 


m  :e 


37^ 


ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Nanus. 

Succinate  of  filver, 

Succinas  argent!. 
Succinate  of  foda, 

Succinas  foda?. 
Succinate  of  tin, 

Succinas  ftanni. 
Succinate  of  tunftein, 

Succinas  tunlteni. 
Succinate  of  zinc, 

Succinas  zinci. 
Sticcinum,  or  amber, 

Succinum. 
Sugar, 

Saccharum. 
Sugar  cryftallifed, 

Saccharum  cryftallifatum. 
Sugar  of  milk, 

Saccharum  lacUs. 
Sulphates, 

Sulphas  aluminofus. 

Sulphate  of  ammoniac, 

Sulphas  ammoniacalis. 

Sulphate  of  antimony, 

Sulphas  ftibii. 
Sulphate  of  arfenic, 

Sulphas  arfenicalis. 
Sulphate  of  barytes, 

Sulphas  baryticus. 
Sulphate  of  bifmuth, 

Sulphas  bifmuthi. 
Sulphate  of  cobalt, 

Sulphas  c^balti. 

Sulphate  of  copper, 
Sulphas  cupri. 

Sulphate  of  iron, 

Sulphcs  ferri.  , 

Sulphate  of  gold, 

Sulphrs  auri. 
Sulphate  of  lead, 

Sulphas  plumbi.  ) 


Ancient  Names* 


Yellow  amber. 
Sugar. 

Sugar  candied. 

Sugar  of  milk. 
Salt  of  milk. 
Alum. 

Vitriol  of  cla)'. 

The  fecret  ammoniacal  fait  of 

Glauber. 
Ammoniacal  vitriol. 

Vitriol  of  antimony. 

Vitriol  of  arfenic. 

Ponderous  fpar. 
Barytic  vitriol. 

Vitriol  of  bifmuth. 
Vitriol  of  cobalt. 

Cyprian  vitriol,  blue  vitriol. 

Vitriol  of  copper,  or  of  Venus, 

Blue  copperas. 

Green  copperas. 

Martial  vitriol. 

Green  vitriol. 

Vitriol  of  iron. 


Vitriol  of  lead. 

Sulphate 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


377 


New  Nanus. 

Sulphate  of  lime, 

Sulphas  calcareusi 


Sulphate  of  magnefia; 
Sulphus  magnefioe. 

Sulphate  of  manganefe, 

Sulphas  magnefii. 
Sulphate  of  mercury, 

Sulphas  hydrargyri. 
Sulphate  of  molybdena, 

Sulphas  molybdeni. 
Sulphate  of  nickel, 

Sulphas  niccoli. 
Sulphate  of  platina, 

Sulphas  platini. 

Sulphate  of  potafh. 
Sulphas  potaffx. 

Sulphate  of  filver, 

Sulphas  argenti. 
Sulphate  of  foda, 

Sulphas  foda:. 
Sulphate  of  tin, 

Sulphas  ftanni. 
Sulphate  of  tunflein, 

Sulphas  tunfteni. 

Sulphate  of  zinc, 
Sulphas  zinci. 

Sulphite, 

Sulphis,  tis,  f.  m. 

Sulphite  of  alumine. 

Sulphis  aluminofus. 
Sulphite  of  ammoniac, 

Sulphis  ammoniacalis 
Sulphite  of  antimony, 

Sulphis  ftibif. 


Ancient  Nanus. 

{Vitriol  of  lime. 
Selenite. 
Gypfum. 
Calcareous  vitriol. 
Magnefian  vitriol. 
Bitter  purging  Halt. 
Sedlitz  fait. 
Epfom  fait. 
i,  Seydfchutz  fait. 

Vitriol  of  manganefe. 
Vitriol  of  mercury. 


Vitriolated  vegetable  alkali. 
Sal  de  duobui. 
Vitriolated  tartar. 
Arcanum  dupiicatcnu 
Sal  polychrelt  of  Gia&r. 
'  Vitriol  of  fUrer. 

Lunar  vitrioL 
:  Glauber's  fait. 
Vitriol  of  foda. 

Vitriol  of  tin. 


White  vitriol,  or  copperas. 

Vitriol  of  zinc. 

Vitriol  of  GoOar. 

Salt  formed  by  the  combination 

of  the  fulphureous  acid  vntk 

different  bafes. 


Sulphite 


373 


ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Names. 

Sulphite  of  arfenic, 

Sulphis  arfenicalis. 
Sulphite  of  barytes, 

Sulphis  baryticus. 
Sulphite  of  bifmuth, 

Sulphis  bifmuthi. 
Sulphite  of  cobalt, 

Sulphis  cobalti. 
Sulphite  of  copper, 

Sulphis  cupri. 
Sulphite  of  gold, 

Sulphis  auri. 
Sulphite  of  iron, 

Sulphis  fern". 
Sulphite  of  lead, 

Sulphis  plumbi. 
Sulphite  of  lime, 

Sulphis  calcareus. 
Sulphite  of  magnefia, 

Sulphis  magnefix. 
Sulphite  of  manganefe, 

Sulphis  magnelii. 
Sulphite  of  mercury, 

Sulphis  hydrargyri. 
Sulphite  of  molybdena, 

Sulphis  molybdeni. 
Sulphite  of  nickel, 

Sulphis  niccoli. 
Sulphite  of  platina, 

Sulphis  platini. 
Sulphite  of  pot  am, 

Sulphis  potaflx. 
Sulphite  of  Giver  * 

Sulphis  argenti. 

Sulphite  of  foda, 

Sulphis  fodx. 
Sulphite  of  tin, 

Sulphis  ilanni. 
Sulphite  of  tunftcin, 

Sulphis  tnnfteoL 

Sulphite  of  zinc, 
Sulphis  /.inci. 

Sulphur, 

Sulphur. 


Ancient  Names. 


Sulphureous  fait  of  Stuhl. 


Sulphur. 


Sulphur 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 

9Um  Names.  Ancient  Names. 

Sulphur  fnbli^ed  ]  F.c  ,  ers  cf  fulphur. 

Sulphur  iublimatum.      J  r 
Sulpbure  alkalme,  1  Alkaline  liver  of  Giver. 

Sulphuretum  alkalinum.  J  Alkaline  hepar. 
Sulpbure  of  alumine, 

Sulphuretum  aluminae. 
Sulphure  of  ammoniac,  |   Boyle's  fuming  b'quor. 

Sulphuretum  ammonia-  >  Volatile  alkaline  liver  < 
cale.  J  pbur. 

Sulohure  of  antimonv,  1 

Sulpburetum  ili'bii.         J  Antimony. 
Sulpbure  of  antimony,  native,  j 

Sulpburetum  itabii  nati-  /  Ore  of  antimony, 
vum.  J 

So!phureoftem«,  1  Baryuc  lker  of  fuJ?m*. 

bulphuretum  baryta?.  J 

Sulpbure  of  bifmatb, 

Sulpburetum  bifmuthi. 

Sulphure  calcareous,  }  Calcareous  Hver  of  fulph 

Sulpuuretum  calcareum.  J 
Sulphure  of  cobalt, 

Sulpburetum  ccbalti. 
Sulphure  of  copper, 

Sulphuretum  cupri. 
Sulphure  earthy, 

Sulphuretum  terreum. 
Sulphure  of  gold, 

Sulpburetum  auri. 
Sulphure  of  iron, 

Sulphuretum  ferri. 
S  ulphure  of  rised  oO, 

Sulphuretum  olei  fixi. 
Sulphure  of  volatile  oil, 

Sulphuretum  olei  vola-  V  Bal-'am  of  fulphur. 
tilis. 
SulpWue  of  lead, 

Sulphuretum  plumbi. 

Sulphure  of  magnelia,  \  Ma~.:kn  LVer  of  iubh 

bulphuretum  maru:e::??.  J 
Sulpbure  of  maBganefe, 

Sulphuretum  marxeui. 
Su!p*ure  of  mercury, 

bulphuretum  byCA-ar^-yn. 


Pyrites  of  ccruer. 

Earthy  liver  of  fiuphflC. 
Earthy  hepar. 

Martial  pyrites. 
Leaf  am  of  fulphur. 


ELEMENTS  OF 


New  Names, 

Sulphures  metallic, 

Sulphureta  metallica. 
Sulphure  of  molybdena, 

Sulphuretum  molybdrni 
Sulphure  of  nickel, 

Sulphuretum  niccoli. 
Sulphure  of  platina, 

Sulphuretum  platini. 
Sulphure  of  potafh, 

Sulphuretum  potaiTae. 
Sulphure  of  potaih  antimo-" 
niated. 

Sulphuretum  potaiTae  fti 
biatum. 
Sulphure  of  tin, 

Sulphuretum  flanni. 
Sulphure  of  tunftein, 

Sulphuretum  tunfteni. 
Sulphure  of  zinc, 

Sulphuretum  zinci. 


Ancient  Names* 

Combinations  of  fulphur  with 
the  meuls. 


Liver  of  fulphur  with  bafe  of 
the  vegetable  alkali. 

Antimoniated  liver  of  fulphur. 


|  Blende,  or  mock  galena. 


Tartar, 

Tartarus. 

Tartrite, 

Tartris,  tis,  f.  m. 

Tartrite  acidulous  of  potafh, 
Tartris  acidulus  potalTae 

Tartrite  of  alumine, 

Tartris  aluminofus. 
Tartrite  of  ammoniac, 

Tartris  ammoniacalis. 
Tartrite  of  antimony, 

Tartris  ftibii. 
Tartrite  of  arfenic, 

Tartris  arfenicalis. 
Tartrite  of  barytcs, 

Tartris  baryticus, 
Tartrite  of  bifmuth, 

Tartris  bifmuthi. 


T. 

J  Crude  tartar. 

f  Salt  formed  by  the  combination 

<  of  the  tartareous  acid  witk 
I      different  bafes. 

|  Tartar. 

<  Cream  of  tartar. 
Cryftals  of  tartar. 

}AmmoniacaI  tartar. 
Tartareous  fal  ammonia*. 


Tartrite 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 


Neiu  Names. 


dnaent  Names. 


Tartrite  of  cobalt, 

Tartris  cobalti. 
Tartrite  of  copper, 

Tartris  cupri. 
Tartrite  of  gold, 

Tartris  auri. 
Tartrite  of  iron, 

Tartris  ferri. 
Tartrite  of  lime, 

Tartris  calcareus. 
Tartrite  of  lead, 

Tartris  plumbi. 
Tartrite  of  magnefia, 

Tartris  magnefiae. 
Tartrite  of  manganefe, 

Tartris  magnefii. 
Tartrite  of  mercury, 

Tartris  hydrargyri. 
Tartrite  of  molybdena, 

Tartris  molybdeni. 
Tartrite  of  nickel, 

Tartris  niccolL 
Tartrite  of  platina, 

Tartris  platini. 

Tartrite  of  potafli, 
Tartris  potaffae. 

Tartrite  of  potafli  antimo- 
niated, 

Tartris  potafTas  ftibiatus. 

Tartrite  of  potafli,  ferrugi- 
nous, 

Tartris  potaflae  ferrugi- 
neus. 

Tartrite  of  potafli,  furcom- 
pounded  vvitli  antimony, 

Tartris  potafTae  ftibiatus. 
Tartrite  of  filver, 

Tartris  argenti. 

Tartrite  of  foda, 
Tartris  fodae. 


Calcareous  tartar. 
Saturnine  tartar. 


Tartarifed  tartar. 
Soluble  tartar. 
Tartar  of  potafli. 
Vegetable  fait. 
Emetic  tartar. 
Stibiated  tartar. 
Antimoniated  tartar. 

Chalybiated  tartar. 
Soluble  martial  tartar. 


Tartarifed  tartar  containing  an- 
timony. 


{ 


Tartar  of  foda. 
Sal  polychreft  of  Rochelle. 
Salt  of  Seignette. 


Tartrite 


ELEMENTS  Of 


Ncjj  Names, 

Tartnte  of  tin, 

Tartris  itanni. 

Tartrite  of  tunftcin, 
Tartris  tunfteni. 

Tartrite  of  zinc, 
Tartris  zinci. 

Tin, 

Stanaum. 


Timftates, 

Tunftas,  tis,  f.  m. 


Tunftate  of  alum'ne, 

Tunftas  alumjnofus. 
Tunftate  of  ammoniac, 

Tunftas  ammoniacalis 
Tunftate  of  antimony, 

Tunftas  itibii. 
Tunftate  of  arfenic, 

Tunftas  arfenicalis. 
Tunftate  of  barytes, 

Tunftas  baryticus. 
Tunftate  of  bifrrrath, 

Tunftas  bifinuthi. 
Tunftate  of  cobalt, 

Tunftas  cobaha. 
Tunftate  of  copper, 

Tunftas  ciipri. 
Tunftate  of  gold, 

Tunftas  ami. 
Tunil.uc  of  iron, 

Tun  ft  M  fern, 
tunftate  of  lead, 

Tunftas  plurnbi. 
Tunftate  of  lime, 

Tunftas  ra'careus. 
Tunftate  of  ma^ncfia, 

Tunftas  ma-jnefice. 
Tunftate  0.1  manganrfe, 

Tunftas  magnefii. 
Tunftate  of  meicui^i 

Tunftas  hydrargyri. 


Ancient  Names. 


Tin. 
Jupiter. 

Salts  formed  by  the  combi- 
nation of  the  tunftic  acid 
with  different  bafes. 

This  genus  of  falts  was  not 
named  in  the  ancient  no- 
menclature 


Tunftate 


CHEMISTRY,  &C. 

New  Names.  Ancient  Names. 

Tunftate  of  molybdena, 

Tunftas  molybderu. 
Tunftate  of  nickel, 

Tunftas  niccoli. 
Tunftate  of  platina, 

Tunftas  platini. 
Tunftate  of  potafh, 

Tunftas  potaffas. 
Tunftate  of  filver, 

Tunftas  argenti. 
Tunftate  of  foda, 

Tunftas  foda% 
Tunftate  of  tin, 

Tunftas  ftanni. 
Tunftate  of  tunftein, 

Tunftas  tunfteni. 
Tunftate  of  zinc. 

Tunftas  zinci. 


w. 


Water. 
Water,  lime. 
Water  diftilled. 


Water. 
Lime  water. 
Diftilled  water. 


Waters  impregnated  with  the  1  Acidulated  waterSi 

carbonic  acid.  J  Gazeous  waters. 

Waters  fulphurated.  Hepatic  waters. 


z. . 


Zinc. 


Zinc. 


lAB.  I-  A  METHODICAL  TABLE  OF  OVIPAROUS  QUADRUPEDS,  BY  M. '  DE  LA  CEPEDE. 


hemiftry.J 


mmj  luc  ueny  yel- 
low, fpotted  with 
black. 


The  back  fpot- 
ted  with  brown, 
the  flioulders  raif- 
ed,  and  very  po- 
rous, five  toe  i  on 
each  foot. 


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