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V. 


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THE  SU  SITE 
EXCAVATIONS  AT  A  MOGOLLON  VILLAGE 

WESTERN  NEW  MEXICO 
1939 

BY 

PAUL  S.  MARTIN 

CHIEF  CURATOR,  DEPARTMENT  OF  ANTHROPOLOGY 
WITH  REPORTS  ON  POTTERY  AND  ARTIFACTS 

BY 

JOHN  RINALDO 

AND 

APPENDIX  ON  SKELETAL  MATERIAL 
BY 

MARJORIE  KELLY 


THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE 

JUL  19  1940 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILUNOIS 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL  SERIES 

FIELD  MUSEUM  OF  NATURAL  HISTORY 

VOLUME  32,   NUMBER   1 

JUNE  29,  1940 
PUBLICATION     47fi 


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Map  1.  MAP  SHOWING  LOCATION  OF  SU  SITE 


THE  SU  SITE 

EXCAVATIONS  AT  A  MOGOLLON  VILLAGE 

WESTERN  NEW  MEXICO 
1939 

BY 

PAUL  S.  MARTIN 

CHIEF  CURATOR,  DEPARTMENT  OF  ANTHROPOLOGY 
WITH  REPORTS  ON  POTTERY  AND  ARTIFACTS 

BY 

JOHN  RINALDO 

AND 
APPENDIX  ON  SKELETAL  MATERIAL 

BY 

MARJORIE  KELLY 


18  1)1 


,^  1  8  I)  1  ,-4 


^^  "mRY  or  THl 

JUL  1 9  ,940 


ANTHROPOLOGICAL   SERIES 

FIELD  MUSEUM   OF  NATURAL   HISTORY 

VOLUME   32,   NUMBER  1 

JUNE  29,   1910 
PUBLICATION     476 


PRINTED  IN   THE  UNITED  STATES  OF   AMERICA 
BY  FIELD  MUSEUM   PRESS 


V. 


CONTENTS 

PAGE 

List  OF  Illustrations 5 

j                        Preface  7 

|j                 I.    Introduction 9 

e                II,    Description  of  Architectural  Details 14 

5                             Pit  House  A 14 

'^                             Pit  House  B 18 

^                             Pit  House  C 20 

j;                             Pit  Houses  D  and  D-1 22 

Pit  House  E 26 

"".                             Pit  House  F 28 

^                             Pit  House  G 30 

u                             Surface  Room  1 32 

0 

III.    Artifacts,  by  John  Rinaldo 34 

Manos 38 

Rubbing  Stones 40 

Metates 42 

Mortars 48 

Stone  Bowls 48 

Pitted  Pebble 48 

Pestles 52 

Hammer  Stones 54 

Choppers      54 

Mauls 56 

Polishing  Stones 58 

Paint  Grinding  Stones 60 

Abrading  Stones 62 

Stone  Balls 62 

Cylinder 6:3 

Disks 62 

Projectile  Points 64 

Knives      66 

Scrapers 66 

Pendants      68 

Bracelets 68 

Beads 68 

Dice 68 

Awls      70 

Pins  or  Skewers 70 

Needle 70 

Antler  Flaker 72 

Antler  Rubber  or  Polisher 72 

Worked  Sherds 74 

Pipes 74 

Jar  Cover 74 

Locations  and  Associations  of  Artifacts  by  Pit  Houses 76 

Identification  of  Unworked  Bone 76 

Glossary 77 


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3 


4  Contents 

PAGE 

IV.    Pottery,  by  John  Rinaldo 78 

Unpolished  Brown      78 

Alma  Plain 80 

Polished  Red       80 

Miscellaneous  and  Later  Types 83 

V.    Summary 85 

Appendix:  Report  ON  THE  Skeletal  Material,  by  Marjon'eXeiZi/  .    .  88 

Bibliography 94 

Index 96 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS 

TEXT  FIGURES 

PAGE 

1.  Pit  House  A;  showing  rock-lined  firepit(?)  in  center,  pits  around  it,  log- 

shaped  grooves  in  periphery,  and  stubby  entrance-way  at  left. 
Arrow  (50  cm.  long)  points  north;  meter  stick  in  background    .    .      15 

2.  Pit  House  A;  showing  central,  rock-lined  firepit  and   adjacent  large 

central  post-hole.    Arrow  (50  cm.  long)  points  north 16 

3.  Pit  House  A;  showing  double  log-shaped  grooves  in  floor  of  periphery. 

Looking  northeast;  meter  stick  in  background 17 

4.  Pit  House  B;  showing  pits,  post-holes,  and  eastern  lateral  entrance. 

Arrow  (50  cm.  long)  points  north;  meter  stick  in  background    .    .      19 

5.  Pit  House  C;  showing  pits,  post-holes,  and  eastern  lateral  entrance  (at 

left).    Arrow  (50  cm.  long)  points  north;  meter  stick  in  background  .      21 

6.  Pit  Houses  D  and  D-1;  in  background,  earlier  pit  house  (D-1),  burned 

roof  logs  of  later  pit  house,  and  metates;  in  foreground,  later  pit  house 
(D)  before  complete  excavation,  and  mortar;  entrance  to  left. 
Arrow  (50  cm.  long)  points  north;  meter  stick  in  background  ...      23 

7.  Pit  Houses  D  and  D-1,  completely  excavated.    In  background,  pits  dug 

by  later  inhabitants,  post-holes  of  later  pit  house,  and  pit  (with 
meter  stick)  which  antedated  both  houses.  In  foreground,  storage 
pit,  post-holes,  and  entrance  (at  left)  to  antechamber.  Arrow  (50 
cm.  long)  points  north;  meter  stick  in  background 24 

8.  Pit  House  D;  showing  antechamber.    Arrow  (50  cm.  long)  points  north; 

meter  stick  in  background 25 

9.  Pit  House  E;  showing  pits,  post-holes,  and  eastern  lateral  entrance. 

Arrow  (50  cm.  long)  points  north;  meter  stick  in  background   ...     27 

10.  Pit  House  F;  showing  pits,  post-holes,  eastern  lateral  entrance,  and 

mortar  and  metate  in  situ.  Arrow  (50  cm.  long)  points  north. 
Meter  stick  in  background 29 

11.  Pit  House  G;  showing  pits  and  post-holes.    Arrow  (50  cm.  long)  points 

north;  meter  stick  in  background 31 

12.  Surface  Room  1 ;  showing  pits  and  post-holes.    Arrow  (50  cm.  long)  points 

north;  meter  stick  in  background 33 

13.  Manos.    Upper  left,  turtleback  type;  upper  right,  pebble  type;  middle 

right,  disk  type;  lower  left,  oblong  type;  lower  right,  wedge- 
shaped  type.    Scale  1:3 39 

14.  Rubbing  stones.    Left  column,  oval  or  roundish  in  outline;  right  column, 

rectangular  with  slightly  rounded  ends.    Scale  1:2      41 

15.  Metates,  slab  type.    Scale  1:4 43 

16.  Metates,  slab  type.    Scale  1:5 44 

17.  Metates,  basin  type.    Scale  1:3 45 

18.  Metates,  trough  type.    Scale  1:5 46 

19.  Metates,  basin  type,  with  secondary  depression.     Scale  1:5 47 

20.  Mortar,  boulder  type.    Scale  1:4 49 

21.  Mortars,  pebble  type;  center,  stone  bowl.    Scale  1:4 50 

22.  Upper  left,  pitted  pebble;  upper  right,  pebble  mortar;  remainder,  stone 

bowls.    Scale  1:4 51 

23.  Pestles.     Upper  row,  angular  and  cylindrical  types  (second  from  left, 

cylindrical  type);  lower  row,  multifaced  type.    Scale  1:4 53 

24.  Upper  two  rows,  hammer  stones;  lowest  row,  choppers.    Scale  3:8    ...  55 

25.  Mauls.    Scale  3:10 57 

26.  Polishing  stones.    Scale  3:8 59 

27.  Paint  grinding  stones.    Scale  1:2 61 

5 


6  List  of  Illustrations 

PAGE 

28.  Upper  left,  cylinder;  upper  and  lower  right,  abrading  stones;  center,  disk; 

lower  left,  ball.    Scale  7:8 63 

29.  Projectile  points.     Upper  row,  notched,  expanding  stem;  middle  row, 

leaf-shaped;  lower  row,  notched,  straight  stem.    Scale  1:1     ....     65 

30.  Knives  and  scrapers.    Upper  and  middle  left,  core  implements;  upper  and 

middle  center,  longitudinal  flakes;  right  column,  notched  blades; 
lower  left,  scraper;  lower  center,  fragment  of  oblong  type.  Scale  6:7  .      67 

31.  Ornaments.     Upper  left,  disk  bead  and  dice;  upper  center,  turquoise 

pendants;  upper  right,  tubular  bone  beads  and  stone  bird-effigy; 
lower  two  rows,  shell  bracelets.     Scale  2:3 69 

32.  Bone  tools.     Upper  left,  first  two,  awls,  type  c;  upper  right,  last  four, 

awls,  type  a;  lower  left,  first  three,  pins;  lower  center,  awl,  type  b; 
lower  row,  fifth  object,  needle;  lower  row,  last  two,  awls,  type  d. 
Scale  1:2 71 

33.  Antler  tools.     Left,  fiaker;  right,  polishers.     Scale  1:1 73 

34.  Miscellaneous  objects.    First  and  second  columns,  worked  sherds;  third 

column,  pipes;  fourth  column,  miniature  vessels.     Scale  1:2    ..    .      75 

35.  Upper  left,  Unpolished  Brown,  globular  jar;  remainder.  Alma  Plain, 

globular  jar,  bowl,  and  wide-mouth  jar.     Scale  1:2 79 

36.  Polished  Red  narrow-mouth  jar.    Scale  1:3      81 

37.  Left,  Alma  Scored  wide-mouth  jar;  right,  x\lma  Plain  wide-mouth  jar. 

Scale  1:3 82 

38.  Three  Circle  Red-on-White  bowl.    Scale  1:2 83 

39.  Postulated  method  of  pit-house  construction,  showing  roof  supports  and 

layers  of  brush  and  adobe  on  roof  and  walls 86 

40.  Flexed   burial,  in   pit   1,  Pit   House  B.    Young  adult   female.    Shell 

bracelets  on  left  arm  (see  Fig.  31).  Arrow  (30  cm.  long)  points 
north 89 

41.  Flexed  burial,  in  fill.  Pit  House  C.    Adult  male.    Arrow  (30  cm.  long) 

points  north 90 

42.  Flexed  burial,  in  pit  2,  Pit  Houses  D  and  D-1.     Pit  antedates  both 

houses.    Arrow  (30  cm.  long)  points  north 92 


MAPS  PACING 

PAGE 

1.  Map  showing  location  of  SU  site 1 

2.  Topographic  map  of  SU  site.  New  Mexico 8 

3.  Enlarged  drawing  of  rectangle  outlined  on  Map  2,  showing  excavated 

area 10 

4.  Ground  plan  and  sections  of  Pit  House  A 16 

5.  Ground  plan  and  sections  of  Pit  House  B 18 

6.  Ground  plan  and  sections  of  Pit  House  C 20 

7.  Ground  plan  and  sections  of  Pit  Houses  D  and  D-1 22 

8.  Ground  plan  and  sections  of  Pit  House  E 26 

9.  Ground  plan  and  sections  of  Pit  House  F 28 

10.  Ground  plan  and  sections  of  Pit  House  G 30 

11.  Ground  plan  and  sections  of  Surface  House  1 32 


PREFACE 

During  the  summer  of  1939,  research  was  carried  on  by  the  Field 
Museum  Archaeological  Expedition  to  New  Mexico  in  the  Apache 
National  Forest,  about  seven  miles  west  of  Reserve,  in  western 
central  New  Mexico  (Township  7  S.,  Range  20  W.,  N.M.P.M., 
Catron  County).  This  expedition,  under  my  leadership,  excavated 
part  of  an  early-type  Mogollon  village,  named  "SU"  after  a  near-by 
canyon  and  ranch  ("SU"  is  also  a  local  brand  mark). 

It  gives  me  the  greatest  of  pleasure  to  be  able  to  state  that  the 
results  of  our  work  more  than  exceeded  our  expectations.  This 
has  brought  much  satisfaction  to  me  and  to  Mr.  Stanley  Field, 
who  again  most  generously  financed  and  thus  made  possible  our 
whole  season's  work.  Mr.  Field,  President  of  Field  Museum  and 
staunch  supporter  of  its  many  activities,  has  been  an  invaluable 
friend  in  our  work  in  the  Southwest,  and  his  sincere  interest  and 
enthusiasm  have  added  impetus  to  our  work. 

To  Mr.  Clifford  C.  Gregg,  Director  of  the  Museum,  I  owe  a 
lasting  debt.  In  the  tedious  work  of  organizing  and  preparing 
for  our  expedition,  he  helped  in  every  way  possible.  And  during  the 
summer,  when  help  was  most  needed,  his  support  was  always  present. 

My  staff  of  assistants,  without  whose  constant  aid  the  expedi- 
tion would  have  been  less  successful,  was  made  up  of  the  following: 

Joe  Weckler,  who  designed  and  helped  build  our  camp,  was  in 
charge  of  cartography  and  excavations. 

John  Rinaldo,  Associate  in  Southwestern  Archaeology  at  Field 
Museum,  washed,  classified,  and  catalogued  all  pottery  and  stone 
and  bone  artifacts.    His  reports  appear  in  this  volume. 

Marjorie  Kelly,  Associate  in  Southwestern  Archaeology,  was 
entrusted  with  the  care  of  and  notes  on  the  twenty-six  burials 
which  were  found.  Before  writing  the  brief  report,  which  is  in- 
cluded herein  as  an  appendix,  she  held  conferences  with  Mr.  Georg 
Neumann  of  the  University  of  Michigan,  Dr.  W.  M.  Krogman, 
of  the  University  of  Chicago,  and  Dr.  Wilfrid  D.  Hambly  and 
Dr.  Henry  Field  of  the  Field  Museum  staff,  in  order  to  check  her 
work,  observations,  and  conclusions. 

Robert  Yule,  Assistant  in  the  Department  of  Anthropology 
at  Field  Museum,  secured  the  extraordinarily  good  photographs 
used  as  illustrations  in  this  report.  The  pictures  of  pit  houses  were 
taken  with  a  wide-angle  lens  with  an  Eastman  5x7  view  camera 


8  Preface 

from  a  specially  built  twenty-foot  tower.  All  negatives  were  de- 
veloped immediately  in  the  camp  dark  room  and,  when  dry,  filed 
in  standard  5x7  envelopes,  numbered,  and  fully  catalogued  in 
the  field. 

Frances  Weckler  was  an  invaluable  assistant,  who  acted  as  my 
secretary  and  stenographer. 

Towards  the  close  of  the  summer,  Mr.  Alexander  Spoehr,  now 
Assistant  Curator  of  North  American  Archaeology  and  Ethnology 
at  Field  Museum,  joined  the  expedition,  supervised  the  back- 
filling, and  helped  close  camp. 

In  the  fall  of  1938,  I  visited  Gila  Pueblo  for  the  purpose  of  keep- 
ing abreast  of  the  work  done  by  its  staff  and  of  obtaining  counsel 
on  the  choice  of  new  sites  for  study.  The  magnificent  sherd  collec- 
tions, survey  maps,  and  notes  were  all  made  freely  available  to  me. 
Over  the  sherd  boards  showing  only  plain  wares  from  the  Mogollon 
area  many  conferences  were  held.  I  am  extremely  grateful  for 
all  the  help,  suggestions,  courtesies,  and  hospitality  which  I  received 
there  in  abundance.  Nowhere  else  could  I  have  found  the  extensive 
collections  of  sherds  of  the  type  in  which  I  was  interested. 

Mr.  Harold  S.  Gladwin,  Director  of  Gila  Pueblo,  very  kindly 
offered  to  study  all  specimens  of  wood  that  we  might  obtain  during 
the  summer.  We  sent  more  than  one  hundred  samples  to  him  at 
his  Santa  Barbara  Laboratory.  Unfortunately,  this  wood  turned 
out  to  be  juniper  and  cannot  be  dated  by  present  techniques.  How- 
ever, I  am  very  grateful  for  Mr.  Gladwin's  careful  work. 

I  would  not  be  content  unless  I  thanked  Mrs.  Crackel,  her 
daughter,  Betty,  and  her  son,  Danny.  Mrs.  Crackel  fed  our  guests, 
furnished  us  with  free  water,  and  permitted  us  to  use  her  telephone. 

Mr.  Benton  S.  Rogers,  ranger  of  the  Hood  Ranger  Station  of 
the  Apache  National  Forest,  and  Messrs.  Ewing  and  Stuart,  his 
immediate  superiors  of  the  Springerville,  Arizona,  office,  were  unfail- 
ingly kind,  courteous,  and  helpful  to  us.  Our  excavations  were  carried 
on  under  a  permit  granted  the  Museum  by  the  Department  of 
Agriculture,  Forest  Service.  Mr.  Rogers  and  Mr.  Stuart  inspected 
our  digging  and  our  back-filling  work  and  expressed  their  satisfaction 
with  our  job.    I  am  grateful  for  their  help  and  co-operation. 

I  wish  especially  to  mention  with  gratitude  the  loyal  services 
of  Miss  Lillie  Wayman,  cook,  and  of  Messrs.  Hugh  Pigg,  Luke 
Lancaster,  Charles  Phinny,  Eduardo  Naranjo,  and  Luis  Martinez. 

Paul  S.  Martin 


Mai-  2.  TOPOGRAPHIC   MAP  OF  SU  SITE,  NEW   MEXICO 


THE  SU  SITE 

I.   INTRODUCTION 

Up  to  fifteen  or  twenty  years  ago,  archaeologists  generally 
assumed  that  the  ancient  culture  of  the  vast  Southwest  was  of  one 
origin  and  was  fairly  uniform  throughout.  This  culture  was  known 
as  "Puebloan."  Peculiarities,  specialties,  and  divergences  were 
all  attributed  to  local  variations  and  to  chronological  differences. 
Pottery  which  differed  from  the  orthodox  Gray  ware  and  Black-on- 
White  wares,  and  architecture  that  varied  from  the  standard  Ana- 
sazi  (Basket  Maker  Puebloid)  culture,  were  called  "peripheral," 
"special  developments,"  or  "aberrations." 

It  is  now  known  that  this  assumption  was  incorrect.  Kidder 
suspected  (1924,  p.  105)  and  Kroeber  (1928,  pp.  378  380)  suggested 
that  the  ancient  culture  of  southern  Arizona  did  not  conform  to 
the  well-known  late  Pueblo  trends  or  traits  (for  example:  Black-on- 
White,  corrugated  and  glazed  pottery;  altars,  kivas,  masks,  terraced 
houses  of  several  stories).  The  culture  of  southern  Arizona,  now 
known  as  the  Hohokam,  has  since  been  thoroughly  investigated 
and  well  described  by  Gila  Pueblo  (Gladwin,  Haury,  Sayles,  and 
Gladwin,  1937).  This  monograph  from  Gila  Pueblo  demonstrated 
that  this  culture  was  a  separate  complex  and  was  utterly  non- 
Puebloan  in  origin  and  in  character.  The  studies  carried  on  by 
Gila  Pueblo  also  indicated  that  the  beginnings  of  Hohokam  culture 
were  earlier  than  those  of  the  Anasazi  (Basket  Maker  Pueblo) 
and  that  in  the  thirteenth  or  foftrteenth  .q^fur^. Puebloan  people 
peacefully  moved  in  and  lived  side  by  side  with  the  Hohokam. 

But  soon  after  the  Hohokam  culture  was  delineated,  a  third 
and  also  separate  cultural  entity  in  the  Southwest  was  outlined 
by  Gladwin  (1934,  pp.  5  and  30),  namely,  the  Mogollon  Root.  Later, 
Gladwin  (1935,  pp.  221  227)  stated  more  explicitly  what  he  knew 
and  thought  about  the  Mogollon  culture.  It  is  true  that  Bradfield 
suspected  that  there  was  an  earlier  stage  of  pottery-making  under- 
lying his  materials,  and  he  had  worked  out  a  developmental  sequence, 
although  this  unfortunately  was  not  published.  I  have  never  seen 
Bradfield's  material,  but  judging  from  his  report  on  Cameron  Creek 
(1931)  I  think  that  his  earliest  phase  at  Cameron  Creek  was  probably 
what  Haury  (1936a,  p.  3)  later  called  the  San  Francisco  phase.  Hough 
(1923,  p.  8)  also  believed  that  the  Mimbres  material  may  have  had 


10  The  SU  Site:  Western  New  Mexico 

earlier  antecedents  and  that  it  was  not  strongly  affiliated  with  the 
Pueblo  culture.  Cosgrove  (1932,  p.  112)  realized  that  the  origins  of 
the  Mimbres  culture  were  unknown,  although  Kidder  in  the  same 
report  (Cosgrove,  1932,  p.  xix)  implied  that  from  the  point  of  view 
of  the  San  Juan  nucleus,  the  Mimbres  culture  was  peripheral.  Kid- 
der's point  of  view  was  not  unreasonable  at  that  time,  because  only 
late  Mimbres  sites  had  been  reported  upon.  We  now  know  that  the 
Mogollon  roots  of  the  Mimbres  culture  were  probably  not  connected 
with  those  of  the  Anasazi. 

After  Gladwin's  published  remarks  about  the  Mogollon  culture, 
the  next  report  on  this  subject  to  appear  was  by  Haury  (1936a,  b). 
Haury  names  and  defines  three  distinct  Non-Puebloan  phases 
which  were  earlier  than  the  so-called  classic  Mimbres  phase.  Some 
questioned  his  evidence  and  his  conclusions;  I  felt  that  his  state- 
ments were  sound  and  his  speculations  good.  Haury,  with  his 
archaeological  evidence,  was  able  to  back  up  the  earlier  published 
statements  of  Gladwin  (1934  and  1935,  loc.  cit.).  Haury 's  main 
points  were  that  the  early  stages  of  the  culture  called  Mogollon 
were  neither  Anasazi  (Basket  Maker)  nor  Hohokam,  as  then  de- 
fined; that  the  separateness  of  the  Mogollon  culture  could  not  be 
denied;  and  that  the  mixture  of  Anasazi  and  Hohokam  traits  (about 
A.D.  900)  with  the  original  Mogollon  traits  produced  what  has  long 
been  known  as  the  Mimbres  Classic  phase.  Several  authorities  have 
doubted  the  validity  of  both  of  these  statements,  and  Nesbitt  (1938, 
pp.  8  and  132)  stated  that  the  Mogollon  culture,  as  currently  known, 
did  not  represent  a  new  basic  pattern.  Since  then,  Nesbitt  has 
modified  his  point  of  view  concerning  the  separateness  of  the  Mo- 
gollon culture,  on  the  basis  of  his  own,  Haury's,  and  our  recent  work. 

Thus  far,  I  have  presented  the  history  of  the  Mogollon  problem 
up  to  the  autumn  of  1938.  At  that  time,  I  had  finished  for  Field 
Museum  ten  years  of  research  in  all  the  known  periods  of  the  Ana- 
sazi culture  in  southwestern  Colorado  (Martin,  1936,  1938,  1939). 
We  had  found  a  polished  Red-on-Orange  pottery  which  had  pre- 
viously been  found  by  Morris  (1939,  pp.  156,  161,  270-272),  and 
by  Brew  (Martin,  1939,  pp.  487-492)  and  others.  Brew  named 
this  ware  Abajo  Red-on-Orange.  The  origin  of  this  pottery,  which 
is  atypical  of  Basket  Maker  wares,  has  been  guessed  at.  Some 
thought  it  was  an  independent  invention  and  local  development 
of  the  Basket  Maker  people.  I  concurred  in  this  conjecture  at  one 
time.  But  the  more  Rinaldo  and  I  studied  this  red  ware  the  more 
we  felt  inclined  to  agree  with  the  verbal  suggestion  made  by  Dr. 


PiTHOUSE    I 


C       pit 

n      grinding 
^    unescovot 
hmit 

0       oms    StOK 


0  mtttt 


a«i5  slokes  (in'erval  =iomeler5) 


Map  a.  ENLARGED  DRAWING  OF  RECTANGLE  OUTLINED  ON  MAP  2  SHOWING  EXCAVATED  AREA 


Introduction  11 

Emil  Haury— that  Abajo  Red-on-Orange  pottery  was  somehow 
tied  up  with  Red-on-Brown  Mogollon  pottery.  This  possibiHty 
looked  even  better  after  we  found  in  the  Field  Museum  collections 
an  Abajo  Red-on-Orange  bowl  from  a  ruin  just  a  few  miles  west 
of  Zuiii,  which  lies  between  the  Mogollon  country  and  southwestern 
Colorado,  where  we  had  worked.  Furthermore,  the  sherds  of  Mo- 
gollon pottery  which  had  turned  up  in  our  excavations  in  the 
Ackmen-Lowry  area  interested  me. 

The  idea  of  starting  work  in  a  little-known  culture  (Mogollon) 
and  in  a  new  region  fascinated  me.  I  felt  I  had  worked  long  enough 
in  one  area  on  one  set  of  problems  and  I  did  not  want  to  become  a 
slave  of  the  Anasazi  culture.  Further,  I  wanted  to  study  new 
problems  so  that  I  would  have  a  better  perspective  of  the  Southwest 
as  a  whole.  Then,  too,  if  the  Mogollon  culture  were  merely  a  peri- 
pheral development  of  the  Anasazi,  I  thought  that  I  would  recognize 
the  Anasazi  elements  very  quickly  and  perhaps  be  of  some  help  in 
settling  the  struggle  between  those  who  were  in  favor  of  setting  up 
the  Mogollon  culture  as  a  new  and  separate  cultural  root  or  division 
and  those  who  were  against  this  idea. 

In  addition  to  the  desire  to  search  for  the  possible  origin  of 
Abajo  Red-on-Orange  pottery,  to  investigate  the  major  charac- 
teristics of  the  Mogollones,  and  to  find  out  if  the  Mogollon  culture 
was  a  peripheral  satellite  thrown  out  from  the  San  Juan  "nucleus," 
other  considerations  were  important. 

We  felt  that  we  could  obtain  a  much  better  idea  of  the  Mogollon 
culture,  its  beginnings  and  affiliations,  if  any,  by  digging  several 
small  sites  which  yielded  supJ[a<oe  ^sherds  orJ|',p|. plain,  undecorated 
wares.  It  seemed  safe  to  assume  that  if  the  ^logollon  culture  had 
had  a  more  or  less  independent  development,  the  earliest  pottery 
would  be  unpainted,  plain  wares. 

With  this  thought  in  mind,  I  went  to  Gila  Pueblo  in  liie  fall  t)f 
1938  to  look  over  the  Mogollon  and  related  sherds  collected  by  the 
various  archaeological  surveys  of  the  Pueblo.  After  considerable 
study,  I  selected  for  excavation  in  the  following  summer  two  or 
three  sites  which,  according  to  the  survey  notes,  were  small  and 
probably  early  and  unmixed  (because  they  yielded  surface  sherds 
only  of  brown  and  red  plain  wares).  These  sites  were  situated 
about  seven  miles  west  of  Reserve,  New  Mexico.  I  finally  chose 
one  which  seemed  the  most  interesting  and  I  named  it  the  SU  site, 
because  it  is  near  the  SU  canyon  and  ranch.  SU  is  also  a  local 
brand  mark. 


12  The  SU  Site:  Western  New  Mexico 

The  results  of  the  co-operation  and  conversations  on  mutual 
problems  between  the  staff  of  Gila  Pueblo,  Dr.  Emil  W.  Haury, 
Chairman  of  the  Department  of  Anthropology  of  the  University 
of  Arizona,  and  myself  were  beneficial;  and  the  results  of  our  "dig" 
— the  SU  site — were  successful. 

Furthermore,  in  addition  to  the  pressing  and  interesting  prob- 
lems which  I  have  discussed,  two  others  arose  during  the  summer: 

(1)  If  the  Mogollon  culture  could  be  given  the  status  of  an 
independent  complex,  when  did  the  Basket  Maker-Pueblo  traits 
(which  everyone  recognized  in  late  Mogollon-Mimbres  periods) 
filter  into  the  Mogollon  stronghold? 

(2)  When  did  the  Mogollon  culture  start?  Was  it  earlier  or 
later  than  the  Hohokam  or  the  Anasazi  cultures?  If  earlier,  what 
contributions  did  Mogollon  make  to  their  development? 

The  importance  of  our  moving  into  the  Mogollon  country  was 
partly  gauged  by  the  host  of  new  problems  which  unfolded,  and 
the  new  vistas  which  opened  up. 


II.   DESCRIPTION  OF  ARCHITECTURAL  DETAILS 

PIT  HOUSE  A,  SITE  1 
(Figs.  1-3  and  Map  4) 

Shape. — Kidney-shaped;  greatest  diameter,  10.4  meters. 

Walls  of  native,  gravelly  earth;  plaster  found  only  on  north  side  of  lateral 
entrance. 

Floor  of  smoothed  adobe;  depth  below  old  ground  level,  56  cm.  to  84  cm. 

Firepit  circular,  sides  lined  with  small  stones;  little  ash  found. 

Deflector. — None. 

Lateral  Entrance  on  east  side;  very  short  floor  (88  cm.  long)  rises  sharply 
towards  east. 

Pits. — Three  in  number;  one  (gourd-shaped)  directly  south  of  firepit;  one 
in  southwest  quadrant;  and  one  in  northwest  quadrant.    These  contained  nothing. 

Burials. — None  found. 

Post-holes  five  in  number.  Four  in  uneven  row  in  front  of  entrance;  one  in 
corner  of  largest  storage  pit;  diameters  range  from  12  cm.  to  28  cm.;  depths  all 
about  12  cm.  One  large  post-hole  north  of  firepit;  diameters,  45  cm.  and  55  cm.; 
depth  30  cm.    None  found  on  old  ground  level  outside  pit  house. 

Grooves  (log-shaped). — Five  in  number,  placed  in  outer  zone,  next  to  wall; 
more  or  less  evenly  spaced;  the  one  on  the  east  side  and  the  one  on  the  west  side 
doubly  wide.  No  logs  found  in  any  of  these  troughs;  but  in  similar  grooves  at 
Forestdale  ruin  (1939),  Arizona,  Dr.  E.  W.  Haury  found  rotted  logs  lying  hori- 
zontally (verbal  statement  to  me).  Since  there  were  not  enough  post-holes  to 
support  a  roof,  it  is  probable  that  these  grooves  formerly  contained  horizontal 
logs  on  which  upright  posts  stood. 

Roof. — Exact  character  unknown.    See  remarks  under  Grooves. 

Pottery. — Only  types  found:  Alma  Plain,  Unpolished  Brown,  and  Polished 
Red. 

Phase. — Pre-Georgetown . 

General  Comments. — This  pit  house,  the  largest  one  excavated,  did  not  burn. 


14 


/ 


3 


J3 
Q. 


<u 

> 

o 
o 

& 

o. 

J=l  . 
M-O 

bfiC 
O  3 
—  O 

j_r  •-' 

§-^ 

tn  '^ 

.   CO 

^  fe 

C  m 
<D  c 
O    C 

C  •- 
■-J3 


.5   60 


Co 

K  o 


15 


16 


SECTION   00' 


/aVv^ 


d 

fir.p.l 

( 

floor 

h 

trough 

• 

pottholt 

■ 

humul 

an 

undltturbad    cloy 

ES 

Plbblt  ond  bouldtr   loy 

SECTION    A4 


SECTION    BB' 


vryr/h 


SECTION    00 


J^Vm^ 


Map  4.  GROUND  PLAN  AND  SECTIONS  OF  PIT  HOUSE  A 


be 


a 

43 


o 


9 
O 


17 


PIT  HOUSE  B,  SITE  1 
(Fig.  4  and  Map  5) 

Shape. — More  or  less  round;  greatest  diameter,  5.55  meters. 

Walls  of  native,  gravelly  earth. 

Floor  of  smoothed  adobe;  depth  below  old  ground  level,  25  cm. 

Firepit. — Gourd-shaped?    A  few  ashes  found  in  eastern  portion  of  pit. 

Deflector. — None. 

Lateral  Entrance. — On  east  side;  2.8  meters  long;  width  approximately 
1  meter;  floor  rises  gradually  towards  east. 

Pits. — Five  in  floor;  depths  range  from  20  cm.  to  60  cm.;  diameters  range 
from  60  cm.  to  1.45  meters;  one  pit  in  northwest  quadrant  and  one  in  southwest 
quadrant  possibly  contemporaneous  with  house  (i.e.  in  use  when  house  was  occu- 
pied), remaining  pits  probably  dug  through  fill  after  house  was  deserted.  Three 
pits  contained  burials. 

Burials. — Five  in  number:  one  in  pit  1,  two  in  pit  2,  one  in  pit  3,  and  one 
lying  on  the  ground  west  of  the  firepit.  Burial  No.  3  in  pit  1  had  four  shell  brace- 
lets on  left  arm;  burial  No.  4  in  pit  2  had  obsidian  projectile  point  on  pelvis.  All 
burials  placed  after  house  was  abandoned.    Fill  over  burials  very  soft. 

Post-holes. — Six  in  number.  Depths  range  from  17  cm.  to  32  cm.;  diameters, 
from  17  cm.  to  27  cm.    None  found  on  old  ground  level  outside  pit  house. 

Roof. — Exact  character  unknown. 

Pottery. — Alma  Plain,  Unpolished  Brown,  and  Polished  Red. 

Phase. — Pre-Georgetown . 

General  Comments. — Pit  House  B  did  not  burn. 


18 


ON  cc' 


77////// 


Map  5.  GROUND  PLAN     AND  SECTIONS  OF  PIT  HOUSE  B 


PQ 


c 

CL,   O 


19 


PIT  HOUSE  C,  SITE  1 
(Fig.  5  and  Map  6) 

Shape. — Pear-shaped;  greatest  diameter  (north-south),  7.75  meters. 

Walls  of  native,  gravelly  earth;  no  plaster  found. 

Floor  of  smoothed  adobe  and  gravel;  depth  below  old  ground  level,  40  cm. 

Firepit{1). — Shallow  depression  in  middle  of  house  might  be  firepit. 

Deflector. — None. 

Lateral  Entrance  on  east  side;  width  at  east  end,  1.7  meters;  length,  2.15 
meters;  floor  gradually  rises  towards  east. 

Pits. — Twelve  in  number;  two  pits  contained  burials.  Shape  of  pits,  round; 
walls,  vertical.  It  is  possible  that  all  these  pits  existed  while  the  house  was  occupied. 

Post-holes. — Nineteen  found  in  main  portion  of  house;  nine,  in  entrance-way. 
Diameters  ranged  from  10  cm.  to  36  cm.;  depths  ranged  from  10  cm.  to  48  cm. 
None  found  on  old  ground  level  outside  of  pit  house. 

Roofs. — Exact  character  unknown. 

Pottery. — Alma  Plain,  Unpolished  Brown,  and  Polished  Red. 

Phase. — Pre-Geor  getown . 

General  Comments. — Pit  House  C  did  not  burn. 


20 


c  pit 

d  firepit 

f  floor 

k  boulder 

•  pesthole 
humus 

U7)i  undisturbed    cloy 


S  ECTION    A  A 


SECTION    BB' 


Map  6.  GROUND  PLAN  AND  SECTIONS  OF  PIT  HOUSE  C 


*< 


CO 

<"  5 

==  £ 

.  -  S3 


21 


PIT  HOUSES  D  AND  D-1 
(Figs.  6-8  and  Map  7) 

Shape. — Round;  greatest  diameter  (northeast-southwest),  8.25  meters. 

Walls  of  native  gravelly  earth;  no  plaster  found. 

Floors  of  smoothed  adobe  in  south  half  and  gravel  in  north  half;  depth 
below  old  ground  level,  32  cm.  to  50  cm. 

Firepit. — Not  definitely  located. 

Deflector. — None. 

Lateral  Entrance. — On  east  side;  consists  of  narrow  passageway  leading  into 
round  antechamber.  Passageway,  2  meters  wide;  diameter  of  antechamber,  5.6 
meters  north  and  south  and  4.1  meters  east  and  west. 

Pits. — Twelve  in  number;  diameters  range  from  45  cm.  to  1.6  meters;  depths, 
from  16  cm.  to  50  cm.    Four  of  these  pits  contained  burials. 

Burials. — Five  in  number;  one  each  in  pits  1,  2,  3,  and  4;  one  on  floor  in  ante- 
chamber. With  burial  No.  22  in  pit  3  were  a  bone  bead,  a  stone  pipe,  and  a  bone 
awl;  with  infant  burial  No.  25  in  pit  4  were  19  turquoise  beads. 

Post-holes. — Seventeen  in  number;  diameters  ranged  from  16  cm.  to  65  cm.; 
depths,  from  9  cm.  to  48  cm.  (some  of  these  post-holes  may  have  belonged  to 
earlier  Pit  House  D-1). 

Roof. — Exact  character  unknown. 

Pottery. — Unpolished  Brown,  Polished  Red,  Alma  Plain,  Three  Circle  Red-on- 
White,  Forestdale  Smudged,  Alma  Scored,  Alma  Neck  Banded.  (Note:  these 
pottery  types  are  later  and  correspond  to  what  Haury  and  Nesbitt  have  reported.) 

Phases. — Late  Three  Circle  and  Pre-Georgetown? 

General  Comments. — Pit  House  D  burned.  On  the  ground  plan  it  is  evident 
that  we  found  one  house  inside  another.  The  smaller,  earlier  one  has  been  called 
D-1.  It  is  certain  that  Pit  House  D-1  is  the  earlier  one  because  the  floor  of  the 
larger,  later  pit  house  partly  covered  the  smaller  house  and  also  partly  covered 
pit  2.  It  should  be  noted  that  pit  2  certainly  belongs  to  the  earlier  pit  house  or 
perhaps  antedated  it.  That  would  also  apply  to  burial  No.  24  found  in  pit  2. 
Pit  House  D-1  had  a  short,  eastern  entrance-way.  Beyond  stating  that  and  noting 
that  Pit  House  D-1  was  approximately  6  meters  in  diameter  it  is  impossible  to 
say  more  because  many  of  the  earlier  features  (post-holes,  pits,  firepits)  were 
destroyed  by  the  later  occupants  or  covered  by  their  floor. 


22 


M, 


SECT  ION    A  A 


Map  7.  GROUND  PLAN  AND  SECTIONS  OP  PIT  HOUSES  D  AND  D-  1 


m  f 
tJ    •- 

"£  c 

-o.S 
c  o 

CO   2? 

.tJE 

a  o 


—  o 

C   I- 


^  o 

01    01 
C    O 

•^  is 

y^  C 

.-H     O) 


a  - 

fc.2 

O)   jj 

.  o 
•r  X 
c  ^ 

3   O) 

-Se 

c«  O 

r.    0) 


I-H      Ol 


0) 

.SE 


23 


5~ 


^M 

SS 

^^H 

o  a 

^H 

-f  2 

-tJ   -M 

^^H 

M    C 

^^H 

O  a; 

^B 

"^^ 

^rj 

'^S 

F^f 

+j  ca 

B^l 

C     « 

^HH 

rt  SR 

^^ 

^BB 

2'2 

■^H 

rt-^ 

"^H 

rC-ti. 

^^1 

C  en 

^H 

—  O 

.^J^ 

t,  a 

T 

<D      « 

-k-i  +J 

_x 

-3  a 

"3?^ 

>>  a> 

ki^ 

Pr^ 

W)  >- 

3  <= 

•  • 

-o-S 

M_r 

-UTJ     . 

fl   Mg 

'^^ 

iss 

y 

ckg: 
Inf 
bac 

X!    ..S 

CO 

C  a>^ 

1— 1    M    o 

.§-^ 

?^  ^ 

W    Q    O) 

^-§6 

otJ  •- 

X   0)^ 

0)  +J'7j 

1 

>.T3   o 

^  a;  c 

^2  +^ 

5.^  a 

■^^3  -^ 

-  ^  bfi 

"T-Xc 

and 
rsti 
cm. 

■ 

Houses 
(with  m 
Arrow 

^^B 

+j  -ij 

I^B 

^H 

^B 

t^^S 

Hfl 

•    .  ta 

^s 

O   OJ-G 

"MO 

Hj 

fo  3  a* 

24 


pL, 


25 


PIT  HOUSE  E,  SITE  1 
(Fig.  9  and  Map  8) 

Shape. — Roundish;  greatest  diameter,  9.28  meters. 

Walls  of  native,  gravelly  earth;  no  plaster  found. 

Floor  of  smoothed  adobe  and  gypsum;  depth  below  old  ground  level,  1  meter. 

Firepit. — Oval  in  shape;  lined  with  burned  rocks  and  native  clay. 

Deflector. — None. 

Lateral  Entrance  on  east  side;  length,  2.8  meters;  width  at  east  end,  1.4  meters; 
floor  slopes  gradually  upwards  toward  east  end. 

Pits. — Seven  in  number;  diameters  range  from  54  cm.  to  1.55  meters;  depths 
range  from  15  cm.  to  1  meter;  largest  pit  in  southwest  quadrant,  lined  with  gravel. 

Burials. — None  found. 

Post-holes. — Ten  found;  diameters  ranged  from  7  cm.  to  35  cm.;  depths  ranged 
from  6  cm.  to  37  cm. 

Roof. — Exact  character  unknown. 

Pottery. — Alma  Plain,  Unpolished  Brown,  and  Polished  Red. 

Phase. — Pre-Georgetown. 

General  Comments. — Pit  House  E  did  not  burn. 


26 


w 

SECTION    AA' 

f 

___jfl 

/  / 

I 

/  / 

7} 

\ 

c 

r 

WM 

fk 

W/M 

wmm//, 

^ 

/  / , 

1 

IIL 


SECTION    CC 


1 

SECTION     BB' 

7 

\ 

f                                                             f 

wm/f 

\      ^ 

y/////7J7/7j/7//7// 

{    c     Y/, 

////////////m^ 

{ 

'  n  n  I  n  n  I  /  / 

Map  8.  GROUND  PLAN  AND  SECTIONS  OF  PIT  HOUSE  E 


H 


cue 


27 


PIT  HOUSE  F,  SITE  1 
(Fig.  10  and  Map  9) 

Shape. — Roundish;  greatest  diameter  (north  to  south),  6.24  meters. 

Walls  of  native,  gravelly  earth;  no  plaster  found. 

Floors  of  smoothed,  gravelly  adobe;  depth  below  ground  level,  about  40  cm. 

Firepit. — Round;  slight  trace  of  ashes. 

Deflector. — None. 

Lateral  Entrance  on  east  side;  shaped  like  a  Gothic  arch;  greatest  width,  2.2 
meters.    Floor  rises  gradually  toward  the  east. 

Pits. — Four  in  number;  diameters  range  from  47  cm.  to  1.32  meters;  depths 
range  from  15  cm.  to  1.44  meters.  Bottom  of  largest  pit  in  southwest  quadrant 
(the  deepest  one)  lined  with  slabs;  under  the  slabs,  2  inches  of  ashes.  On  the 
slabs  two  small  pots,  one  basin-shaped  metate,  a  clay  pipe,  and  burned  animal 
bones  found.    Stone  figurine  found  in  pit  D. 

Burials. — None  found. 

Post-holes. — Ten  in  number;  diameters  range  from  14  cm.  to  34  cm.;  depths, 
from  14  cm.  to  53  cm. 

Roof. — Exact  character  unknown. 

Pottery. — Alma  Plain,  Unpolished  Brown,  and  Polished  Red. 

Phase. — Pre-Georgetown. 

General  Comments. — Pit  House  F  burned. 


28 


M  ETERS 


•  posthole 

•  doubtful    posthole 
Dm)  humus 

T771  undisturbed    cloy 


SECTION    /I  /I' 


MAf  9.  GROUND  PLAN  AND  SECTIONS  OF  PIT  HOUSE  I- 


\v.u»w^ 


3 
O 

K 


29 


PIT  HOUSE  G,  SITE  1 
(Fig.  11  and  Map  10) 

Shape. — Roundish;  greatest  diameter,  7  meters. 

Walls. — Of  native,  gravelly  earth;  no  plaster  found. 

Floor  of  smoothed  adobe;  depth  below  old  ground  level. 

Firepit. — None  located. 

Deflector. — None. 

Lateral  Entrance  not  found,  although  two  entire  days  were  devoted  to  search- 
ing for  it;  possibly  one  on  north  side. 

Pits. — Eight  in  number;  diameters  range  from  56  cm.  to  1.43  meters;  depths, 
from  10  cm.  to  78  cm. 

Pot-rests. — Five  found. 

Burials. — None  found. 

Post-holes. — Eight  in  number;  diameters  range  from  8  cm.  to  33  cm.;  depths, 
from  7  cm.  to  40  cm. 

Roof. — Exact  character  unknown. 

Pottery. — Alma  Plain,  Unpolished  Brown,  and  Polished  Red. 

Niches. — One  found  in  northeast  quadrant,  running  north  into  wall;   12  cm. 
below  floor  level;  22  cm.  in  width;  30  cm.  high. 

Phase. — Pre-Georgetown . 

General  Comments. — Pit  House  G  burned. 


30 


c  p.t 

e  potrest 

f  floor 

q  niche 

•  posthol* 

•  doubtful    posthole 


■  '"-.•.•/.  gr.ow*!".  •.Voreo 


Map  10.  GROUND  PL 


f  floor 

g  niche 

•  posthole 

•  doubtful   posthol< 


f773     undisturbtd    cloy 

limit*  of  e«cava«oo 

possible   form  of  house 

bottom  of  bell-sliaped   pit 


SECTION    AA' 


TTT7 


% 

f 

SECTION    BB' 
f                                                          ' 

f 

•              (FTTi 

J 

ml 

Wm// 

W//k 

v///hnrTJ///. 

'r% 

1 

V7///  /T// 

Map  10.  GROUND  PLAN  AND  SECTIONS  OF  PIT  HOUSE  G 


« 


• 


^  J 


c 

3 
O 


W-«- 


o 


K 


31 


SURFACE  ROOM  1,  SITE  1 
(Fig.  12  and  Map  11) 

Shape. — Roundish;  greatest  diameter,  5.46  meters. 

Walls. — Of  native,  gravelly  earth;  no  plaster  found. 

Floor. — Of  smoothed  adobe  and  gravel.  Depth  below  old  ground  level  on 
south  side,  36  cm.;  on  east  side,  flush  with  old  ground  level. 

Fire  pit. — Round;  greatest  diameter,  1  meter;  depth,  18  cm.;  coping  of  large 
stones  set  around  periphery. 

Deflector. — None. 

Lateral  Entrance. — None. 

Pits. — Two  in  number;  diameters  range  from  64  cm.  to  1  meter;  depths, 
from  32  cm.  to  50  cm. 

Burials. — None  found. 

Post-holes. — Fourteen  in  number;  diameters  range  from  10  cm.  to  27  cm.; 
depths,  from  6  cm.  to  35  cm.  Post-holes  1  and  2  set  at  an  angle  of  70°  so  as  to 
tilt  inward. 

Roof. — Exact  character  unknown. 

Pottery. — Alma  Plain,  Unpolished  Brown,  and  Polished  Red. 

Phase. — Pre-Georgetown . 

General  Comments. — This  room  burned,  and  was  the  only  one  which  could 
not  truly  be  called  a  pit  house.  Although  the  entire  floor  was  not  depressed  as 
in  the  case  of  the  pit  houses,  this  house  contained  most  of  the  features  found  in 
a  typical  pit  house. 


32 


iA' 


SECTION     DO' 


'J 


SECTION      AA 


777777, 


SECTION     BB' 


miL 


77777777, 


SECTION     DO' 


Map  11.  GUOUND  PLAN  AND  SECTIONS  OF  SURFACE  HOUSE  1 


tf 


33 


III.   ARTIFACTS 

BY 

John  Rinaldo 

On  pages  38-76  the  details  of  the  artifacts  are  given  in  outline 
form.    For  convenience  the  artifacts  have  been  grouped  as  follows: 

Number 
Object  excavated 

Ground  and  Pecked  Stone 
Hand  stones 

Manos 63 

Rubbing  stones 36 

Milling  stones 

Metates 25 

Mortars 28 

Pestles 21 

Polishing  stones 29 

Hammer  stones 5 

Mauls 14 

Pitted  pebble 1 

Stone  bowls 6 

Paint  grinding  stones 6 

Abrading  stones 3 

Ball 1 

Cylinder 1 

*     Disk 1 

Chipped  Stone 

Projectile  points 30 

Knives 11 

Scrapers 3 

Choppers 5 

Crystals 3 

Pigments '.  •  4 

Pendants 20 

Shell 
Bracelets 5 

Bone 

Beads 3 

Dice 2 

Needle 1 

Awls 19 

Pins  or  skewers 3 

Antler 

Flakers 2 

Rubbers 4 

Clay 

Worked  sherds 37 

Pipes 7 

Jar  cover 1 

Total  artifacts 400 

34 


Artifacts  35 

From  the  evidence  afforded  by  the  number  of  implements  used 
in  an  agricultural  economy,  such  as  milling  stones,  in  comparison 
with  the  quantity  of  unworked  bone,  bone  implements,  projectile 
points,  and  other  implements  directly  related  to  a  hunting  economy, 
it  would  seem  that  the  people  who  inhabited  the  SU  site  had 
advanced  somewhat  beyond  the  stage  where  they  depended  entirely 
on  hunting  and  seed-gathering  for  their  livelihood.  Milling  stones 
and  hand  stones  were  found  in  sufficient  numbers  and  in  such  well- 
developed  types  that  it  is  evident  that  these  people  had  begun  to 
practice  agriculture;  and  this  fact  is  further  borne  out  by  the  dis- 
covery of  a  few  bits  of  charred  corn  in  the  dwellings.  However, 
the  majority  of  milling  stones  and  hand  stones  were  of  simple  types 
such  as  are  used  by  historic  seed-gathering  peoples,  and  the  quantity 
of  corn  recovered  was  so  small  as  to  indicate  that  the  Mogollon 
peoples  had  only  begun  to  practice  agriculture  at  this  stage. 

A  small  minority  of  the  metates  and  manos  were  worked  all 
over.  The  rest  were  unshaped  stones  which  could  be  differentiated 
from  other  stones  in  the  fill  only  by  faceted  surfaces,  pecking,  and 
other  marks  of  use.  The  majority  of  the  metates  were  of  the  slab 
and  basin  kinds  which  are  typologically  early  and  which  are  anal- 
ogous to  those  types  used  by  hunting  and  seed-gathering  peoples 
such  as  the  Mohave.  (Specimens  in  Field  Museum  collections.) 
Only  a  small  number  of  troughed  metates  were  found.  Most  of 
the  manos  from  the  SU  site  are  also  of  simple  types.  Those  manos 
belonging  to  the  turtleback  type  and  other  developed  types  are 
in  a  minority  when  compared  with  the  simple  oval  types.  Further- 
more, relatively  few  rubbing  stones  were  found  of  the  rectangular  type 
found  at  Mogollon  Village  (Mogollon  1:15;  Haury,  1936a,  pp.  34  35). 
Most  of  the  rubbing  stones  from  the  SU  site  are  simple,  oval,  utilized 
stones  differing  from  the  simple,  oval  manos  only  in  size. 

A  fairly  large  number  of  rough  stone  bowls  were  found.  None 
of  these  were  carved  with  any  kind  of  jiattern  and  few  were  finished 
on  the  exterior  as  are  those  from  the  Mogollon  Milage  site.  The 
number  of  these  exceeds  that  reported  from  any  other  known  Mo- 
gollon site  and  may  indicate  a  continuation  of  dependence  on  stone 
for  vessels  from  an  earlier  phase  which  was  without  pottery.  The 
number  of  mortars  and  pestles  compared  with  the  number  of  me- 
tates and  manos  furnishes  even  more  evidence  that  seed-gathering 
still  played  an  important  part  in  the  economy  of  these  peoples. 

A  few  objects  were  recovered  from  Pit  Houses  C,  D,  and  E 
which  possibly  might  be  considered  as  intrusive  from  the  Basket 


36  The  SU  Site  :  Western  New  Mexico 

Maker  horizon  inasmuch  as  they  are  characteristic  Basket  Maker 
artifacts  and  occur  only  in  single  instances  at  this  site.  These  are 
bone  dice,  a  bone  disk  bead,  a  stubby  metapodial  awl,  and  a  frag- 
ment of  a  bone  needle.  However,  with  the  accumulation  of  more 
evidence  from  early  sites,  all  these  may  prove  to  be  equally  charac- 
teristic of  Mogollon. 

As  might  be  expected,  certain  types  of  artifacts  which  were 
found  frequently  in  late  Mogollon  horizons  at  the  Mogollon  and 
Harris  villages,  appeared  relatively  infrequently  at  the  SU  site. 
For  example,  only  two  notched  bone  awls  and  none  of  the  short, 
broad,  diagonal-notched  projectile  points  were  found.  On  the 
other  hand,  the  scarcity  of  these  types  of  artifacts  might  be 
explained  as  a  local  peculiarity. 

It  is  interesting  to  note  that  the  only  shell  work  from  the  SU 
site  consisted  of  thin  shell  bracelets  which  could  have  come  in  only 
by  trade.  This  type  of  shell  bracelet  is  the  common  type  through- 
out the  early  stages  of  Mogollon.  I  cannot  explain  the  absence  of 
other  shell  work. 

The  pipes  recovered  are  also  of  interest  inasmuch  as  the  stone 
pipes  are  of  the  cylindrical,  or  tubular,  two-piece  variety,  consisting 
of  stone  bowl  and  bone  stem,  whereas  the  clay  pipes  are  of  the 
single-piece,  conical,  "cloud  blower"  type.  The  tubular  type  occurs 
most  frequently  in  Mogollon,  the  "cloud  blower"  type  most  fre- 
quently in  Basket  Maker-Pueblo;  it  is,  therefore,  possible  that  the 
clay  pipes  represent  the  diffusion  of  an  idea  from  the  Basket  Makers 
(Roberts,  1931,  p.  150). 

The  identification  of  materials  in  the  stone  objects  was  made 
by  Mr.  Sharat  K.  Roy,  Curator  of  Geology  at  Field  Museum.  The 
identification  of  the  unworked  bone  and  the  bone  used  in  the  bone 
implements  was  made  by  Mr.  Edmond  N.  Gueret,  Curator  of 
Anatomy  and  Osteology  at  Field  Museum. 


MANOS 

(Fig.  13) 

Manos  with  single  grinding  surfaces: 

(a)  Oblong,  surfaces  parallel,  grinding  surface  convex 14 

From  Pit  Houses  C,  D,  F,  and  Grinding  Bin 

Length:  maximum,  23  cm.;  minimum,  13.9  cm.;  average,  17  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  12.2  cm.;  minimum,  9  cm.;  average,  10  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  6.3  cm.;  minimum,  3  cm.;  average,  3.5  cm. 

(b)  Disk  type,  roundish  in  outline,  surfaces  parallel,  grinding  surface 

convex 6 

From  Pit  Houses  B,  C,  E,  and  Surface  House 
Length:  maximum,  13.2  cm.;  minimum,  9.6  cm.;  average,  11  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  11.3  cm.;  minimum,  9.2  cm.;  average,  10.5  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  7  cm.;  minimum,  3  cm.;  average,  5  cm. 

(c)  Pebble  type,  oval  in  outline,  surfaces  parallel,  grinding  surface  convex . .   14 
From  Pit  Houses  B,  D,  E,  F 

Length:  maximum,  17.6  cm.;  minimum,  10.7  cm.;  average,  14  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  14  cm.;  minimum,  7.5  cm.;  average,  11  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  9.8  cm.;  minimum,  3.7  cm.;  average,  6  cm. 

(d)  Oblong  with  rounded  ends,  surfaces  parallel;  grinding  surface  slightly 

convex 12 

From  Pit  Houses  C,  D,  E,  G 

Length:  maximum,  18.4  cm.;  minimum,  12.3  cm.;  average,  17  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  12.8  cm.;  minimum,  8.6  cm.;  average,  10  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  4  cm.;  minimum,  2.7  cm.;  average,  3.5  cm. 

(e)  Turtleback   type,   squarish  with   rounded   ends   in   outline,  surfaces 

parallel,  upper  surface  convex,  grinding  surface  convex  lengthwise, 
slightly  convex  crosswise 10 

From  Pit  Houses  C,  D,  E,  F,  G,  and  Surface  House 

Length:  maximum,  16  cm.;  minimum,  10.7  cm.;  average,  13  cm. 

Width:  maximum,  12.6  cm.;  minimum,  9  cm.;  average,  11  cm. 

Thickness:  maximum,  6.8  cm.;  minimum,  3.4  cm.;  average,  4.5  cm. 

(f)  Oblong  in  outline,  with  one  rounded  end  and  one  squarish  end,  wedge 

shape  in  cross  section,  grinding  surface  convex 1 

From  Pit  House  D 

Length,  12.9  cm.;  width,  9.2  cm.;  thickness,  4.1  cm. 

Manos  with  two  grinding  surfaces: 

(a)  Oval  to  roundish  in  outline,  tendency  to  wedge  shape  in  cross  section; 

surfaces  slightly  convex 4 

From  Pit  House  C 

Length:  maximum,  13.7  cm.;  minimum,  11.5  cm.;  average,  13  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  11.5  cm.;  minimum,  9.8  cm.;  average,  10  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  4.5  cm.;  minimum,  3.2  cm.;  average,  3.5  cm. 

(b)  Oblong  in  outline,  surfaces  parallel,  smooth,  flat 2 

From  Pit  House  G  and  Grinding  Bin 

Length,  20.5  cm.;  width,  10.5  cm.;  thickness,  3.5  cm. 
Length,  18  cm.;  width,  12.2  cm.;  thickness,  3  cm. 

Materials:  limestone,  granite,  quartzite,  trachyte 

Manos  with  one  edge  curved  inward  for  grip 2 

Manos  with  pit  in  upper  surface  for  finger  grip 5 

38 


Fig.  13.  Maiios.  Upper  left,  turtloback  type;  upper  right,  pebble  type; 
middle  right,  disk  type;  lower  left,  oblong  type;  lower  right,  wedge-shaped  type. 
Scale  1:3. 


39 


RUBBING  STONES 

(Fig.  14) 
Rubbing  stones  with  single  grinding  surfaces: 

(a)  Oval  or  roundish  in  outline,  surfaces  parallel;  grinding  surface  gen- 

erally flat 29 

From  Pit  Houses  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G,  and  Grinding  Bin 
Length:  maximum,  11.5  cm.;  minimum,  7.1  cm.;  average,  9  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  10.3  cm.;  minimum,  5.5  cm.;  average,  7.3  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  5.3  cm.;  minimum,  2.2  cm.;  average,  3  cm. 

(b)  Ball  shape,  with  one  surface  smooth  and  flat 1 

From  Trench  3 

Diameter,  6.2  cm.;  thickness,  5.5  cm. 

Rubbing  stones  with  two  grinding  surfaces: 

(a)  Rectangular,  with  ends  slightly  rounded  in  outline,  surfaces  parallel, 

smooth,  slightly  convex 6 

From  Pit  Houses  D,  F,  G 

Length:  maximum,  12  cm.;  minimum,  7  cm.;  average,  10  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  9.5  cm.;  minimum,  7.8  cm.;  average,  8  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  5.6  cm.;  minimum,  3  cm.;  average,  5  cm. 

Materials:  limestone,  sandstone,  quartzite,  trachyte 


40 


Fig.  14.    Rubbing  stones.     Left  column,  oval  or  roundish  in  outline;  right 
column,  rectangular  with  slightly  rounded  ends.    Scale  1:2. 


41 


METATES 
(Figs.  15-19) 

(a)  Slab  type,  large  slab,  generally  oblong  or  oval  in  outline  with  slightly 

concave,  smooth,  upper  surface;  bottom  and  sides  of  boulder  unworked; 

concavity  usually  less  than  1.5  cm.  deep 10 

From  Pit  Houses  C,  D,  G,  and  Grinding  Bin 
Length:  maximum,  80  cm.;  minimum,  25  cm.;  average,  40  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  45  cm.;  minimum,  20  cm.;  average,  23  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  18  cm.;  minimum,  4  cm.;  average,  7  cm. 

(b)  Basin  type,  irregularly  shaped  boulder  with  concave  upper  surface;  basin 

fills  all  of  upper  surface  and  is  about  3  cm.  deep 5 

From  Pit  Houses  B,  F,  and  Surface  House 
Length:  maximum,  47  cm.;  minimum,  27  cm.;  average,  37  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  35  cm.;  minimum,  23  cm.;  average,  27  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  18  cm.;  minimum,  8  cm.;  average,  10  cm. 

Cc)  Trough  type,  made  from  unshaped  blocks  of  stone,  trough  open  at  one 
end  only;  sides  of  trough  slightly  constricted  at  this  end;  trough  slopes 
up  steeply  at  other  end 8 

From  Pit  Houses  A,  D,  F,  G 

Length:  maximum,  52  cm.;  minimum,  38  cm.;  average,  46  cm. 

Width:  maximum,  42  cm.;  minimum,  27.5  cm.;  average,  8  cm. 

Thickness:  maximum,  18  cm.;  minimum,  8  cm.;  average,  15  cm. 

Length  of  trough:  maximum,  48  cm.;  minimum,  30  cm.;  average,  39  cm. 

Width  of  trough:  maximum,  28  cm.;  minimum,  14  cm.;  average,  21  cm. 

Depth  of  trough:  maximum,  12  cm.;  minimum,  1.5  cm.;  average,  8  cm. 

(d)  Basin  type  with  secondary  depression,  oval  slabs  with  basin  in  upper 

surface  and  conical  secondary  depression  in  center  of  basin 2 

From  Pit  House  G,  Trench  5 
Length,  42  cm.;  width,  30  cm.;  thickness,  14  cm. 
Length  of  basin,  30  cm.;  width,  18.5  cm.;  depth,  3  cm. 
Diameter  of  secondary  depression,  10  cm.;  depth,  3  cm. 
Materials:  granite,  trachyte 


42 


43 


44 


45 


46 


47 


MORTARS 

(Figs.  20-22) 

(a)  Boulder  type,  large,   roundish   or  rectangular,  unshaped  boulders  with 

conical-shaped  depression  pecked  in  center  of  flattish  face 4 

From  Pit  Houses  D,  F,  G 

Length:  maximum,  45  cm.;  minimum,  43  cm. 

Width:  maximum,  45  cm.;  minimum,  34  cm. 

Thickness:  maximum,  27  cm.;  minimum,  9  cm. 

Diameter  of  depression:  maximum,  17  cm.;  minimum,  10  cm. 

Depth  of  depression:  maximum,  7  cm.;  minimum,  1.5  cm. 

Materials:  granite,  trachyte 

(b)  Pebble  type,  large,  rough,  roundish  pebbles  with  deep,  cup-shaped  depression 

in  one  face,  depression  pecked;  pebble  unworked  except  for  depression ...   24 
From  Pit  Houses  A,  B,  D,  E,  F,  G 

Length:  maximum,  26.3  cm.;  minimum,  16  cm.;  average,  20  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  21.3  cm.;  minimum,  12  cm.;  average,  18  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  16  cm.;  minimum,  7.4  cm.;  average,  11  cm. 
Materials:  limestone,  tuff 

STONE  BOWLS 

(Figs.  21-22) 

Roundish  or  oval  pebbles  with  depression  in  one  face,  depth  of  depression 

variable,  generally  worked  all  over 6 

From  Pit  Houses  D,  E,  F 

Length:  maximum,  16  cm.;  minimum,  8  cm.;  average,  10  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  13  cm.;  minimum,  7  cm.;  average,  9  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  5  cm.;  minimum,  2.1  cm.;  average,  3.5  cm. 
Material:  tuff 

PITTED  PEBBLE 

(Fig.  22) 

Rough,  roundish  boulder  with  small,  pecked  depression  in  one  face 1 

From  Pit  House  D 

Length,  13.5  cm.;  width,  13.5  cm.;  thickness,  9.7  cm. 
Diameter  of  depression,  5  cm.;  depth,  2.5  cm. 
Material:  tuff 


48 


■>?^ 


Fig.  20.    Mortar,  boulder  type.    Scale  1:4. 


49 


Fig.  21.    Mortars,  pebble  type;  center,  stone  bowl.    Scale  1:4. 


50 


9 


Fig.  22.    Upper  left,  pitted  pebble;  upper  right,  pebble  mortar;  remainder, 
stone  bowls.    Scale  1:4. 


51 


PESTLES 
(Fig.  23) 

(a)  Multifaced  type,  roundish  pebbles  with  some  pecked  and  battered  flat 

surfaces 11 

From  Pit  Houses  B,  C,  E,  F,  G,  and  Grinding  Bin 
Length:  maximum,  12.6  cm.;  minimum,  7.7  cm.;  average,  10  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  11.8  cm.;  minimum,  7.5  cm.;  average,  9  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  9.6  cm.;  minimum,  6.4  cm.;  average,  9  cm. 

(b)  Angular  type,  handy,  long,  angular  stones,  not  especially  shaped  except 

at  one  end,  which  is  round  and  pecked 6 

From  Pit  Houses  D,  E,  F,  G 

Length:  maximum,  25.3  cm.;  minimum,  16.8  cm.;  average,  20  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  9.8  cm.;  minimum,  6.5  cm.;  average,  8.3  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  8.6  cm.;  minimum,  5  cm.;  average,  7  cm. 

(c)  Cylindrical  type,  long  roundish,  generally  cylindrical  stones,  with  pecked 

surfaces  and  ends 4 

From  Pit  House  F  and  Grinding  Bin 

Length:  maximum,  25.2  cm.;  minimum,  8.4  cm.;  average,  7  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  9.3  cm.;  minimum,  7  cm.;  average,  8  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  7  cm.;  minimum,  4.5  cm.;  average,  6  cm. 
Material:  trachyte 


52 


c 


€" 


a 


ci  S 


53 


HAMMER  STONES 
(Fig.  24) 

Irregularly  shaped,  battered  and  pitted  pebbles,  mostly  roundish  and  angular ...     5 

From  Pit  House  D 

Length:  maximum,  10.7  cm.;  minimum,  4.6  cm. 

Materials:  flint,  quartzite 

CHOPPERS 
(Fig.  24) 

Irregularly  shaped  pebbles,  crudely  chipped  and  battered,  plano-convex  in 

cross  section,  one  end  of  core  intact 5 

From  Pit  Houses  B,  C 

Length:  maximum,  13  cm.;  minimum,  6.6  cm. 

Material:  flint 


54 


Ik 


•* 


u 


B 

a 

CO 

2 

o 


.•■-1». 


a 


55 


MAULS 

(Fig.  25) 

(a)  Oval   roundish   pebbles  with   full   groove  around   middle,   two  laterally 

flattened 10 

From  Pit  Houses  A,  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G 

Length:  maximum,  15.3  cm.;  minimum,  12  cm.;  average,  12.5  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  12.1  cm.;  minimum,  7.5  cm.;  average,  9.5  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  8.6  cm.;  minimum,  5.9  cm.;  average,  7  cm. 

(b)  Oval  roundish  pebbles  with  three-quarters  groove  around  middle 2 

From  Pit  Houses  C,  D 

Length,  11.8  cm.;  width,  8.5  cm.;  thickness,  6.5  cm. 
Length,  11  cm.;  width,  7.5  cm.;  thickness,  7  cm. 

(c)  Oblong  in  outline  with  notched  sides,  otherwise  unshaped .  .  . 2 

From  Pit  House  B 

Length,  16.5  cm.;  width,  11.6  cm.;  thickness,  6.8  cm. 
Length,  8.6  cm.;  width,  7.9  cm.;  thickness,  3.9  cm. 
Materials:  limestone,  trachyte 


56 


Fig.  25.    Mauls.    Scale  3:10. 


57 


POLISHING  STONES 
(Fig.  26) 

Oval  or  roundish  polished  pebbles  with  smooth,  faceted  surfaces 13 

From  Pit  Houses  B,  C,  D,  E,  F,  G 

Length:  maximum,  8.8  cm.;  minimum,  4.6  cm. 

Materials:  quartzite,  trachyte,  limestone 


58 


^      HO 


C 


Fig.  26.    Polishing  stones.    Scale  3:8. 


59 


PAINT  GRINDING  STONES 

(Fig.  27) 

Oblong  stones  with  smooth,  slightly  concave  upper  surfaces  generally  showing 

traces  of  pigment,  surfaces  parallel 6 

From  Pit  Houses  A,  D,  E,  F 

Length:  maximum,  23  cm.;  minimum,  13.5  cm.;  average,  15.1  cm. 
Width:  maximum,  11.6  cm.;  minimum,  10.5  cm.;  average,  10.6  cm. 
Thickness:  maximum,  9.2  cm.;  minimum,  1.7  cm.;  average,  3  cm. 
Material:  trachyte 


60 


Fig.  27.    Paint  grinding  stones.    Scale  1:2. 


61 


ABRADING  STONES 

(Fig.  28) 

(a)  Oblong  pebble  with  rounded  ends,  upper  surface  concave,  lower  surface 

flattish 1 

From  Pit  House  G 

Length,  8.4  cm.;  width,  4  cm.;  thickness,  2.1  cm. 

Material:  limestone 

(b)  Roughly  triangular  stone  with  grooves  which  show  use  for  grinding 1 

From  Pit  House  E 

Length,  8  cm.;  width,  8  cm.;  thickness,  1.9  cm. 
Material:  sandstone 

STONE  BALLS 

(Fig.  28) 

Stone  spheroids,  possibly  natural  formations 2 

From  Pit  House  F 
Diameter,  4.2  cm. 
Material:  trachyte 

CYLINDER 
(Fig.  28) 

Cylindrical  stone,  one  end  roundish,  the  other  end  squarish,  possibly  a  pipe 
blank 1 

From  Pit  House  F 

Length,  8.4  cm.;  diameter,  3.6  cm. 

Material:  scoria 

DISKS 

(Fig.  28) 

(a)  Small  stone  disk  with  edges  ground  smooth 1 

From  Pit  House  B 

Diameter,  3.8  cm.;  thickness,  0.6  cm. 
Material:  fine-grained  sandstone 

(b)  Thin  stone  slab,  roughly  oval  in  outline,  surfaces  flattish,  edges  slightly 

rounded 1 

From  Pit  House  D 

Length,  21.2  cm.;  width,  17.5  cm.;  thickness,  2.3  cm. 

Material:  trachyte 


62 


I 


\ 


Fig.  28.    Upper  left,  cylinder;  upper  and  lower  right,  abrading  stones;  center, 
disk;  lower  left,  ball.    Scale  7:8. 


63 


PROJECTILE  POINTS 

(Fig.  29) 

(a)  Notched,  expanding  stem  narrower  than  shoulder,  base  slightly  rounded, 

or  straight,  rarely  rounded 10 

From  Pit  Houses  B,  C,  D,  F,  G,  and  Trenches  3,  5 

Length:  maximum,  5.3  cm.;  minimum,  2.7  cm.;  average,  4  cm. 

(b)  Notched,   with  straight  stem;   slender,   relatively  thin  specimens   with 

straight  edges 2 

From  Pit  Houses  D,  E 
Lengths:  3.2  cm.,  3.5  cm. 

(c)  Leaf-shaped,  with  straight  or  rounded  base 12 

From  Pit  Houses  B,  C,  D,  G,  Trench  3,  and  Grinding  Bin 

Length:  maximum,  4.9  cm.;  minimum,  2.8  cm.;  average,  4.2  cm. 

(d)  Projectile  point  tips,  mostly  with  convex  edges,  one  with  deeply  serrate 

edges 6 

From  Pit  Houses  A,  B,  C,  and  Surface  House 
Materials:  flint,  jasper,  chert,  quartz,  obsidian 


64 


-^s. 


Fig.  29.    Projectile  points.    Upper  row,  notched,  expanding  stem;  middle  row, 
leaf-shaped;  lower  row,  notched,  straight  stem.    Scale  1:1. 


65 


KNIVES 
(Fig.  30) 

(a)  Longitudinal    flakes,    oblong   in    outline,    with   secondary   retouch   along 

edges,  one  spoon-shaped  in  outline,  all  plano-convex  in  cross  section 4 

From  Pit  Houses  A,  B,  D,  and  Trench  3 
Lengths:  2.7  cm.,  3.2  cm.,  3.5  cm.,  3.6  cm. 

(b)  Core  implement,  leaf  shape  in  outline  with  rounded  base,  retouch  along 

edges,  percussion  chipping  on  surfaces,  made  from  small  core 2 

From  Pit  Houses  C,  E 
Lengths:  4.9  cm.,  5  cm. 

(c)  Finely  chipped,  notched  blades,  with  secondary  chipping  on  all  major 

surfaces,  expanding  stem  narrower  than  shoulder,  base  slightly  convex ...      2 
From  Pit  House  E 
Lengths:  7.4  cm.,  7.5  cm. 

(d)  Oblong  fragments  of  blades  with  secondary  chipping  on  all  surfaces 3 

From  Trenches  2,  3 

Lengths:  3  cm.,  3.4  cm.,  4  cm. 

Materials:  flint,  chert,  jasper,  chalcedony,  quartz,  obsidian 

SCRAPERS 

(Fig.  30) 

Flake  implements  with  percussion  chipping  on  surfaces  and  retouch  along 

one  edge 3 

From  Pit  Houses  B,  E,  F 
Lengths:  3.9  cm.,  5  cm.,  6.7  cm. 
Materials:  flint,  jasper,  quartzite 


66 


\>- 


^ 


/ 


J 


Fig.  30.  Knives  and  scrapers.  Upper  and  middle  left,  core  implements;  up- 
per and  middle  center,  longitudinal  flakes;  right  column,  notched  blades:  lower  left, 
scraper;  lower  center,  fragment  of  oblong  type.    Scale  6:7. 


67 


PENDANTS 
(Fig.  31) 

(a)  Zoomorphic  image,  carved  in  round,  wings  folded,  head  crested,  incisions 

on  wings  and  tail  to  represent  feathers,  hole  drilled  through  body  for 
suspension 1 

From  Pit  House  F 

Length:  5  cm.;  width,  2  cm.;  height,  2.5  cm. 

Material:  soapstone 

(b)  Tabular  pendants,  rectangular  in  outline,  perforated  near  one  end  or  in 

center,  hole  drilled  from  one  side 19 

From  Pit  House  D  and  Antechamber 
Length:  maximum,  1.3  cm.;  minimum,  7  mm. 
Width:  maximum,  1.3  cm.;  minimum,  5  mm. 
Material:  turquoise 

BRACELETS 

(Fig.  31) 

Thin  sections  of  shell 5 

From  Pit  Houses  B,  C,  with  burials 
Diameters:  6.5  cm.,  7.2  cm.,  8.2  cm. 

Material:  Petunculiis  giganteus  Reeve.     (Identified  by  Dr.  F.  Haas,  Curator  of 
Lower  Invertebrates  at  Field  Museum.) 

BEADS 
(Fig.  31) 

(a)  Disk  of  bone  perforated  through  center,  hole  drilled  from  one  side,  scratched 

across  one  surface,  other  surface  smooth 1 

From  Pit  House  E 
Diameter:  1.2  cm. 

(b)  Short  sections  of  hollow  shaft  of  long  bone,  ends  polished  smooth 2 

From  Pit  Houses  D,  E 

Lengths:  2  cm.,  3  cm. 
Diameters:  1.4  cm.,  9  mm. 

DICE 

(Fig.  31) 

Elliptical  slips  of  bone  with  scratches  across  one  surface,  the  other  surface 

smooth  and  polished 2 

From  Pit  House  E 
Lengths:  2.2  cm.,  2.6  cm. 
Widths:  1  cm.,  1.2  cm. 


68 


KiG.  81.  Ornaments.  Upper  left,  disk  bead  and  dice;  upper  center,  tur- 
quoise pendants;  upper  right,  tubular  bone  beads  and  stone  bird-efligy;  lower 
two  rows,  shell  bracelets.    Scale  2:3. 


69 


AWLS 

(Fig.  32) 

(a)  Head  of  bone  unworked  except  by  original  splitting,  other  end  ground 

and  polished  to  sharp  point,  two  with  side  notch,  remainder  without 9 

From  Pit  Houses  C,  D,  E 

Length:  maximum,  20.5  cm.;  minimum,  4.9  cm.;  average,  16  cm. 

Materials:  Odocoileus  hemionus  (mule  deer);  Cards? 

(b)  Head  of  bone  almost  wholly  removed,  other  end  ground  and  polished 

to  sharp  point,  made  from  split  bone 1 

From  Pit  House  C,  with  burial  13 
Length:  13  cm. 
Material:  Canis? 

(c)  Section  of  split  long  bone,  head  of  bone  wholly  removed,  other  end  ground 

and  polished  to  sharp  point,  two  with  blunt  end  cut  off  at  angle,  three 
with  squarish  blunt  end 5 

From  Pit  House  C  and  Trenches  3,  5 

Length:  maximum,  12.5  cm.;  minimum,  10  cm.;  average,  11  cm. 

(d)  Sharpened  bone  splinters 2 

From  Pit  House  C,  Trench  3 

Lengths:  6.8  cm.,  7.7  cm. 

PINS  OR  SKEWERS 

(Fig.  32) 

Split  long  bone,  carefully  worked,  head  wholly  removed,  worked  to  blunt 
rounded  end,  other  end  ground  and  polished  to  point,  roundish  in  cross 
section 4 

From  Pit  House  C 

Lengths:  20.7  cm.,  18.8  cm.,  12.1  cm.,  9  cm.  (fragment) 

NEEDLE 

(Fig.  32) 

Flattish  section  of  split  long  bone  with  eye  drilled  through  from  one  side; 

3  mm.  from  rounded  blunt  end,  other  end  broken 1 

From  Pit  House  C 
Length:  8.8  cm. 


70 


Fig.  32.  Bono  tools.  Upper  left,  first  two,  awls,  type  c;  upper  right,  la.st 
four,  awls,  type  a;  lower  left,  first  three,  pins;  lower  renter,  awl,  type  b;  lower  row, 
fifth  object,  needle;  lower  row,  last  two,  awls,  type  d.    Scale  1:2. 

71 


ANTLER  FLAKER 

(Fig.  33) 

Ends  of  antler  tines  which  show  use  as  flakers 2 

From  Pit  House  C 

Lengths:  5.2  cm.,  12.9  cm. 

Material:  Odocoileus  hemionus  (deer  antler) 

ANTLER  RUBBER  or  POLISHER 

(Fig.  33) 

Section  of  antler,  one  end  of  which  is  slightly  beveled  and  polished;  one  speci- 
men includes  basal  portion  and  burr 4 

From  Pit  Houses  C,  D,  G,  and  Surface  House 
Lengths:  7.3  cm.,  6  cm.,  5.6  cm.,  4.6  cm. 
Widths:  3.1  cm.,  2.8  cm.,  2.7  cm.,  2.3  cm. 
Material:  Odocoileus  hemionus  (deer  antler) 


72 


Fig.  33.    Antlor  tools.    Left,  fiaker;  right,  polishers.    Scale  1:1. 


WORKED  SHERDS 
(Fig.  34) 

(a)  Small  pottery  disks  with  edges  ground  smooth 25 

From  Pit  Houses  A,  C,  D,  E,  F,  and  Trenches  2,  6 

Diameter:  maximum,  4.5  cm.;  minimum,  2.7  cm.;  average,  3  cm. 
Materials:  Unpolished  Brown,  Polished  Red,  Alma  Plain 

(b)  Large  pottery  disks  with  edges  ground  smooth 3 

From  Pit  Houses  C,  D 

Diameters:  6.3  cm.,  6.6  cm.,  7.2  cm. 
Material:  Alma  Plain 

(c)  Pottery  disks  perforated  through  center,  edges  ground  smooth 5 

From  Pit  Houses  C,  D,  F,  G,  and  Trench  3 

Diameters:  3.7  cm.,  3.4  cm.,  4.1  cm.,  2.7  cm.,  3.7  cm. 
Material:  Polished  Red 

(d)  Irregularly  shaped  sherds  with  large  number  of  holes  drilled  through, 

possibly  from  bottom  of  colander 2 

From  Pit  House  D,  Trench  3 
Lengths:  5.7  cm.,  2.8  cm. 
Widths:  2.4  cm.,  4.4  cm. 
Material:  San  Francisco  Red 

(e)  Keystone-shaped  sherds  with  edges  ground  smooth,  possibly  scoops 2 

From  Pit  House  D 

Lengths:  8.3  cm.,  7.9  cm. 
Widths:  7.7  cm.,  6.2  cm. 
Material:  San  Francisco  Red 

PIPES 

(Fig.  34) 

(a)  "Cloud  Blower"  type,  conical  or  funnel  shape,  greatest  diameter  at  bowl 

end,  tapering  from  bowl  to  stem  end,  minute  hole  at  stem  end,  bowl 
and  stem  in  one  piece,  one  with  bowl  decorated  with  punctate  design 3 

From  Pit  Houses  C,  G,  F 

Lengths:  3.5  cm.,  4.5  cm.,  5.8  cm. 

Diameters:  2.6  cm.,  3.7  cm. 

Material:  Alma  Plain 

(b)  Cylindrical    or    tubular,   tapering   slightly   towards   bowl   end,    greatest 

diameter  about  seven-eighths  distance  from  stem  end 4 

From  Pit  Houses  C,  D,  E,  F 

Lengths:  7.7  cm.,  5.3  cm.,  3  cm.,  6.7  cm.  (broken) 
Diameters:  5.4  cm.,  5.3  cm.,  4.6  cm.,  2.3  cm. 
Material:  scoria,  rhyolite 

JAR  COVER 

(Not  illustrated) 

Lump  of  clay  which  has  been  pressed  into  jar  mouth,  mushroom  shape,  shows 

impression  of  jar  rim 1 

From  Surface  House 

Diameter,  10.6  cm.;  thickness,  4.5  cm. 

Material:  baked  clay 

74 


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75 


LOCATIONS  AND  ASSOCIATIONS  OF  ARTIFACTS 
BY  PIT  HOUSES 

Pit  House  A:  Metate,  pebble  mortar,  maul,  paint  grinding  stone,  projectile  point, 

knife,  worked  sherd. 
Pit  House  B:  Mano,  rubbing  stone,  metate,  pebble  mortar,  pestle,  chopper,  maul, 

polishing  stone,  disk,  projectile  point,  knife,  scraper,  bracelets. 
Pit  House  C:  Mano,  rubbing  stone,  metate,  pestle,  chopper,  mauls,  polishing 

stone,  projectile  point,  knife,  bracelet,  antler  flaker,  antler  rubber,  awls, 

pins,  needle,  worked  sherd,  pipe. 
Pit  House  D:  Mano,  rubbing  stone,  metate,  boulder  mortar,  pebble  mortar,  stone 

bowl,  pestle,  hammer  stone,  mauls,  polishing  stone,  paint  grinding  stone, 

projectile  points,  knife,  pendants,  beads,  antler  rubber,  awls,  worked  sherds, 

pipe. 
Pit  House  E:  Mano,  rubbing  stone,  metate,  pebble  mortar,  stone  bowl,  pestle, 

maul,  polishing  stone,  paint  grinding  stone,  abrading  stone,  projectile  point, 

knife,  scraper,  beads,  dice,  awl,  worked  sherds,  pipe. 
Pit  House  F:  Mano,  rubbing  stone,  metate,  boulder  mortar,  pebble  mortar,  stone 

bowl,  pestle,  maul,  polishing  stone,  paint  grinding  stone,  stone  ball,  cylinder, 

projectile  point,  scraper,  pendant,  worked  sherd,  pipe. 
Pit  House  G:   Mano,  rubbing  stone,  metate,  boulder  mortar,  pebble  mortar, 

pitted  pebble,  pestle,  maul,  polishing  stone,  abrading  stone,  projectile  point, 

antler  rubber,  worked  sherd,  pipe. 
Surface  House:  Mano,  metate,  projectile  point,  antler  rubber,  jar  cover. 

IDENTIFICATION  OF  UNWORKED  BONE 

Canis  latrans  (coyote)  Felis  sp.  (possibly  lynx) 

Canis  familiaris  (domestic  dog)  Thomomijs  sp.  (possibly  pocket  gopher) 

Odocoileiis  hemionus  (mule  deer)  Meleagris  gallopavo  (turkey) 

Odocoileus  virginianus  (white-tailed  deer)  Some  fragments,  possibly  sage  hen 
Ovis  catiadensis  (mountain  sheep) 


76 


GLOSSARY 

Abrading  stone.     A  grooved  stone  of  granular  texture,  probably  used  for  grinding 

arrow  and  atlatl-dart  shafts  smooth. 
Antler  flaker.    An  antler  tip  tool,  the  tip  of  which  shows  the  sort  of  bevel  and 

wear  that  results  from  chipping  flint. 
Antler  polisher.    A  section  of  antler,  one  end  of  which  has  been  rounded,  beveled, 

and  polished  by  use  in  polishing  hides. 
Awl.    A  bone  implement  with  a  fine  point,   usually  made  from  bird  or  animal 

long  bones. 
Bead.    A  small,  ornamental  object,  perforated  through  the  center  and  possibly 

strung  in  a  necklace. 
Boui  (stone).     A  small,  deeply  concave  stone  object,  characteristically  worked 

all  over. 
Bracelet.     A  ring  of  large  enough  diameter  to  be  slipped  over  the  hand  and  used 

as  an  arm,  or  wrist,  ornament. 
Chopper.    A  crudely  chipped  core  implement  with  a  sharp  edge  and  point,  shaped 

much  like  the  earlier  forms  of  European  coup-de-poing. 
Hammer  stone.     A  small,  rough,  rounded,  battered  pebble  which  shows  marks 

of  use. 
Mano.     The  upper  milling  stone  used  in  conjunction  with  the  metate.     It  has 

one  or  more  flat  or  slightly  curNang   grinding   surfaces,  with  a  minimum 

length  of  about  10  cm.  and  a  width  of  about  8  cm. 
Maul.     A  stone  implement  with  rounded  blunt  ends,  grooved  or  notched  for 

hafting  in  the  middle. 
Metate.     The  nether  milling  stone  used  in  conjunction  with  the  mano;  a  large 

slab  of  stone  with  a  troughed  or  shallow  basin,  grinding  surface  usually 

running  lengthwise  of  the  slab. 
Milling  stone.    Any  stone  implement  used  in  grinding  grain,  seeds,  nuts,  pigments, 

tempering  material  for  pottery,  etc. 
Mortar.     A  stone  with  a  concavity  large  enough  to  contain  the  material  to  be 

ground  and  which  shows  marks  of  use  in  conjunction  with  the  pestle. 
Paint  grinding  stone.    A  stone  about  the  size  and  shape  of  a  mano  with  a  slightly 

concave  upper  surface  which  usually  shows  signs  of  pigment. 
Pendant.    A  small,  perforated,  ornamental  object  to  be  worn  hanging  from  a  cord. 

The  perforation  is  usually  off  center. 
Pestle.    A  hand  stone  with  a  rounded  blunt  end,  the  upper  milling  stone  usually 

used  in  conjunction  with  the  mortar. 
Pin  {bone).    A  long,  straight,  slender,  pointed  object,  usually  round  or  oval  in 

cross  section. 
Pitted  pebble.    A  large,  roundish  pebble  with  a  small  depression  in  one  face. 
Rubbiyig  stone.    A  small  mano  usually  less  than  10  cm.  and  more  than  7  cm.  long. 


IV.   POTTERY 

BY 

John  Rinaldo 

Three  main  types  of  pottery  were  found  at  the  SU  site:  Alma 
Plain,  already  well-known  and  described,  and  two  new  types. 

I  have  not  assigned  permanent  names  to  these  new  types  because 
they  may  be  identical  with  types  first  found  but  not  yet  described 
by  the  staff  of  Gila  Pueblo.  It  is  contrary  to  the  dictates  of  com- 
mon sense  and  to  the  ethics  of  responsible  archaeologists  to  call  one 
pottery  type  by  two  different  names.  Therefore,  since  the  staff 
of  Gila  Pueblo  has  not  yet  made  public  its  names  and  descriptions  of 
these  types,  and  since  the  identity  of  these  types  has  not  been  estab- 
lished to  the  satisfaction  of  all  concerned,  we  have  decided  that  it  is 
better  temporarily  to  call  our  types  as  follows:  Unpolished  Brown 
Pottery  and  Polished  Red  Pottery.  Then,  when  the  identity  of  these 
types  has  been  either  established  or  disproved  and  more  complete 
descriptions  published,  we  shall  adopt  permanent  names.  When  I 
say  that  the  SU  pottery  is  "identical"  with  undescribed  types,  I  am 
basing  that  statement  on  the  careful  study  of  our  12,000  sherds  and 
on  direct  comparison  with  the  sherds  at  Gila  Pueblo.  The  accom- 
panying descriptions  are  only  of  the  pottery  found  at  SU  site  and 
should  not  be  construed  as  applying  to  the  pottery  at  Gila  Pueblo 
until  this  identity  has  been  established. 

Slightly  over  one-half  of  all  the  pottery  recovered  was  Alma 
Plain,  a  little  more  than  one-quarter  Unpolished  Brown,  and  the 
remainder  Polished  Red.  The  exact  percentages  may  be  learned 
by  consulting  the  table  on  page  84. 

The  color  standards  herein  used  are  from  Maerz  and  Paul  (1930). 

Unpolished  Brown 

(Temporary  Name) 
Paste: 

Color:  The  color  of  the  core,  when  not  uniform  throughout,  changes 
from  gray  to  brown  about  2  mm.  from  the  surface.  Typical  color  is 
Cork  (12B7);  the  range  is  through  the  browns  such  as  Beaver  (15A6) 
to  black. 

Inclusions:  Coarse,  rounded  and  angular  fragments  ranging  over  1  mm. 
in  diameter,  typically  white,  silver,  and  black.  The  white  fragments 
are  dull  and  opaque,  the  silver  and  black  highly  lustrous. 

Texture:     Granular  and  slightly  friable,  paste  heavily  tempered. 

Fracture:  Devious;  fragments  break  off  at  slight  angle  to  the  vessel's 
surface. 

78 


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79 


80  The  SU  Site:  Western  New  Mexico 

Surface  Features: 

Color:  Typical  color  Cork  (12B7),  range  to  lighter  browns  and  tans  and 
to  darker  browns  such  as  Beaver  (15A6),  also  to  gray  and  black.  Fire 
clouds  occur  frequently. 

Hardness:     3.5-4.5  (Mohs'  scale). 

Evenness:  Surfaces  are  not  slipped  or  polished,  but  they  are  smoothed 
and  the  coiling  lines  are  obliterated.  They  present  a  matte  surface 
through  which  the  tempering  material  protrudes.  Brush  and  scraping 
marks  show  frequently  on  the  interiors  of  jars  and  occasionally  on  the 
exteriors. 

Texture:     Slightly  granular,  uneven.    No  intentional  scoring  or  texturing. 

Lustre:     Dull. 

Slip:     None. 
Thickness  of  Vessel  Walls:    5  mm.  to  11  mm.,  average  7  mm. 

Forms:  Globular  jar  without  neck,  hemispherical  bowls,  wide-mouth  jars, 
ladles  (Fig.  35). 

Comparison:  Unpolished  Brown  differs  from  Alma  Plain  in  the  following 
characteristics:  it  is  unpolished,  is  tempered  with  coarser  material,  is 
provided  with  thicker  walls,  and  has  no  textured  variants. 

Alma  Plain 

This  type  has  already  been  described  in  great  detail  by  Haury 
(1936b,  p.  32)  and  others.  The  pottery  of  this  type  from  the 
SU  Canyon  site  corresponds  in  every  particular,  except  possibly 
form,  to  that  described.  Certain  forms  appear  more  frequently 
in  this  period  than  in  later  periods.  These  forms  are  globular  jars 
without  necks,  hemispherical  bowls,  narrow-mouth  jars  with  oral 
part  drawn  out  from  the  body,  and  wide-mouth  jars  with  flaring 
rims  (Fig.  35). 

Polished  Red 

(Temporary  Name) 
(Fig.  36) 
Paste: 

Color:  Typical  color  Army  Brown  (6A10),  or  a  brown  with  more  red  in 
it  (6Ali).  A  thin  gray  core  2  mm.  in  thickness,  changing  to  brown 
towards  the  surface,  was  found  in  about  one-third  of  the  sherds  examined. 

Inclusions:  Both  rounded  and  angular  fragments,  generally  opaque 
white  in  color,  but  there  are  also  some  silvery,  lustrous,  semi-trans- 
parent fragments. 

Texture:  Granular,  moderately  tempered  with  occasional  very  coarse 
fragments  more  than  1  mm.  in  diameter.  Most  of  the  inclusions  are 
smaller. 

Fracture:     Devious,  but  the  edges  are  not  friable. 

Surface  Features: 

Color:  Typical  color  rosy  red  (5H8,  7H8),  ranging  through  brownish  red 
(6110). 


Pottery 


81 


Hardness:     3.5  to  4.5  (Mohs'  scale). 

Evenness:     Occasional   slightly   undulating  surface,   but   dimpled   surface 

lacking.    Interior  surfaces  of  jars  show  scraping  marks. 
Texture:     Smooth,  polished. 
Lustre:     Medium  lustrous. 


Fig.  36.    Polished  Red  narrow-mouth  jar.    Scale  1:3. 

Slip:     A  thin  layer  of  clay  of  different  color  from  the  body  clay  is  apparent 

on  examination  with  a  ten-power  lens. 
Defects:     Abrasion  of  slip  quite  frequent. 
Thickness  of  Vessel  Walls:    4  mm.  to  9  mm.,  average  6  mm. 

Forms:  Shallow  bowls,  narrow-mouth  jars  with  oral  part  drawn  out  from 
the  body.    Lip  surfaces  rounded,  rims  direct. 

Comparison:  The  following  characteristics  of  Polished  Red  diflerentiate 
it  from  San  Francisco  Red:  lack  of  finger-denied  surfaces,  deeper  rose 
color,  rarity  of  marks  of  polishing  tool,  coarser  paste,  less  highly  polished 
and  less  lustrous  surface,  narrow-mouth  jar  form. 


.B 

03 

s 


t3 


82 


Pottery 
Miscellaneous  and  Later  Types 


83 


In  the  reoccupied  pit  house  (Pit  House  D),  sherds  and  portions 
of  vessels  of  three  other  pottery  types  were  found.  These  pottery 
types  are  transitional  variants  of  Three  Circle  Red-on-White,  Alma 
Scored,  and  Alma  Neck  Banded. 

A  half  bowl  and  twelve  other  sherds  of  Three  Circle  Red-on- 
White  were  found.     The  half  bowl  presents  a  quartered   design 


Fig.  38.    Three  Circle  Red-on-White  bowL    Scale  1:2. 

made  up  of  non-interlockinjz  scrolls  (Fig.  38).  The  colors  are  the  gray 
and  red  firing  variants  of  the  usual  colors.  The  design  and  colors  of 
these  sherds  indicate  that  they  were  made  in  a  transitional  period 
between  Three  Circle  Red-on-White  and  Mimbres  Rold-face  times 
when  curvilinear  designs  were  being  introduced,  but  before  the  inter- 
locking scroll  came  into  use,  and  when  the  Mogollon  people  were  still 
experimenting  at  producing  Black-on-White.     The  other  sherds  (all 


84 


The  SU  Site:  Western  New  Mexico 


from  one  jar),  also  show  a  curvilinear  design,  with  one  exception. 
This  sherd  shows  a  solid  element  with  a  serrate  edge.  The  color 
in  these  sherds  corresponds  more  closely  to  the  usual  Red-on-White. 

Half  of  a  wide-mouth  jar  of  Alma  Scored  and  half  a  jar  of  Alma 
Neck  Banded  were  also  recovered  from  this  same  pit  house. 

One  large  sherd  showing  a  basketry  impression  was  found  in 
Pit  House  E.  With  the  exception  of  this  basketry-impressed  sherd, 
all  sherds  which  did  not  fall  into  the  three  main  categories  were 
found  within  Pit  House  D.  No  other  painted,  scored,  or  decorated 
sherds  were  recovered  from  any  of  the  other  pit  houses,  the  surface 
house,  or  the  trenches.  All  of  the  sherds  from  these  locations  are 
plain  and  undecorated  and  fall  within  the  three  categories  of  those 
pottery  types  thought  to  be  basic  to  the  later  Mogollon  types. 


Table  1 

Alma  Plain  Unpolished  Brown       Polished  Red 

Trench                                             No.        Per  cent  No.  Per  cent  No.  Per  cent  Total 

1 78  64  33  27  11  9  122 

III 326  41  337  43  125  16  788 

IV 6  43  4  28.5  4  28.5  14 

V 82  74  17  15  12  11  111 

VI 4  44.5  5  55.5  9 

VII 54  43  57  45  15  12  126 

VIII 36  57  19  30  8  13  63 

IX 27  41  21  32  18  27  66 

Pit  House  A 

Fill 260  30.5  415  48.5  179  21  854 

Floor 20  10.5  132  68.5  40  21  192 

Pit  House  B 1087  68.5  162  10  339  21.5  1588 

Pit  House  C 

Fill 1063  65  222  13.5  349  21.5  1634 

Floor 183  70  22  8  58  22  263 

Pit  House  D 

Fill 431  55  244  31  111  14  786 

Floor 384  67.5  97  17  87  15.5  568 

Pit  House  E 

Fill 692  42.5  574  35  364  22.5  1630 

Floor 465  72  55  8.5  127  19.5  647 

Pit  House  F 

Fill 190  34  280  49.5  93  16.5  563 

Floor 97  43  83  37  46  20  226 

Pit  House  G 

Fill 430  43.5  310  31.5  246  25  986 

Floor 40  49  17  21  25  30  82 

Surface  Room 122  28  248  57  65  15  435 

Grand  total 6077  52  3354  28.5      2322  19.5  11,753 


V.   SUMMARY 

The  excavation  of  the  SU  site  (named  after  a  near-by  canyon 
and  ranch)  during  the  1939  field  season  revealed  seven  pit  houses, 
one  surface  house,  several  burials  located  outside  as  well  as  inside 
the  houses,  and  a  number  of  pits.  Numerous  bone  and  stone  arti- 
facts and  about  twelve  thousand  sherds  of  plain,  undecorated  pottery 
were  recovered. 

The  shapes  of  the  pit  houses  were  round  or  variations  of  round; 
none  were  square.  Every  house  (except  G)  was  provided  with  a 
side  entrance  on  the  east.  House  floors  consisted  generally  of  gravel 
and  adobe.  In  the  floors  of  all  houses  were  pits  of  various  shapes 
and  varying  depths.  In  these  pits  were  calcined  stones  and  bones. 
It  is  assumed  that  some  of  these  pits  were  used  for  cooking.  The 
lower  portions  of  the  walls  of  all  houses  were  of  native  earth.  A 
few  firepits  were  uncovered,  but  none  of  them  showed  much  use 
or  contained  much  ash.  Deflectors  of  any  sort,  such  as  are  found 
in  early  Anasazi  houses  and  later  kivas,  were  entirely  absent. 

The  arrangement  of  upright  roof  supports  of  the  pit  houses  did 
not  correspond  to  that  of  houses  of  later  periods,  so  far  as  is  now 
known.  The  main  posts  were  set  well  out  from  the  walls,  generally 
with  one  post  to  each  quadrant.  The  top  layers  of  the  roof,  as  shown 
by  burned  bits  of  adobe,  consisted  of  mud  and  branches.  In  Pit 
House  A,  the  upright  roof-supports  may  have  stood  on  horizontally 
laid  logs  placed  in  special  grooves  located  in  the  outer  zone. 

Two  new  types  of  pottery  were  recovered.  Temporarily  we  refer 
to  them  as  Unpolished  Brown  and  Polished  Red.  Unpolished  lirown 
is  a  thick,  undecorated,  coarse-textured  pottery  occurring  most  com- 
monly in  the  shapes  of  globular  jars  without  neck,  and  hemispherical 
bowls.  Polished  Red  is  also  an  undecorated  pottery  of  coarse  tex- 
ture. It  occurs  most  commonly  in  the  shapes  of  narrow-mouth 
jars  and  shallow  bowls.  These  vessel  shapes  (with  the  exception 
of  the  narrow-mouth  jars)  appear  to  be  the  prototypes  of  later 
Mogollon  pottery  shapes. 

It  is  certain  that  Three  Circle  Red-on-White,  Alma  Scored, 
and  Alma  Xeck  Banded  are  later  than  our  Unpolished  Brown  and 
Polished  Red  potteries.  This  was  proven  by  the  stratigraphic 
evidence  obtained  in  Pit  Houses  D  and  D-1. 

The  majority  of  bone  and  stone  artifacts  recovered  were  of 
simple,  unspecialized  types  such  as  basin  and  slab  metates,  simple 
oval  manos,  and  split  bone  awls. 

85 


86 


Summary  87 

The  other  types  of  artifacts  recovered  fall  into  two  groups. 
The  first  group  is  composed  of  such  types  as  the  notched  bone 
awls,  rectangular  rubbing  stones,  and  trough-type  metates,  examples 
of  which  are  found  in  greater  numbers  for  succeeding  periods.  The 
second  group  is  represented  by  a  few  singular  specimens,  such  as  the 
bone  dice,  bone  needle,  and  carved  stone  pendant.  On  the  whole  this 
latter  group  shows  greater  finish,  a  finer  degree  of  workmanship,  a  little 
more  care  in  shaping,  than  the  general  run  of  artifacts.  Objects 
that  show  modification  other  than  a  little  essential  shaping,  and 
abrasion  through  use  are  the  exception  rather  than  the  rule.  In  gen- 
eral, then,  the  material  culture  represented  is  relatively  crude  and 
shows  that  its  makers  were  inclined  to  use  the  shapes  of  stone  and 
bone  objects  that  they  found  at  hand. 

Twenty-six  burials  were  discovered:  five  outside  of  houses; 
nine  on  or  near  house  floors;  and  twelve  in  sub-floor  pits.  These 
burials  were  made  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  site,  but  some  of  them 
may  have  been  placed  shortly  after  the  houses  were  deserted.  The 
physical  type  appears  to  be  Puebloid  (see  Appendix). 

The  charred  wood  obtained  from  several  houses  was  sent  to 
Mr.  Harold  S.  Gladwin  for  examination  and  possible  dating.  Un- 
fortunately, all  the  wood  was  juniper,  a  type  which  does  not  lend 
itself  (at  present)  to  dendrochronological  techniques.  Therefore, 
no  dates  were  secured.  I  would  guess  that  the  SU  site  (except  Pit 
Houses  D  and  D-1)  would  belong  to  a  pre-Georgetown  phase  and 
would  date  at  about  a.d.  500  or  before.  How  much  earlier,  I  cannot 
at  i)resent  state. 

I  have  refrained  from  making  any  synthesis  or  reconstruction 
in  this  rei)ort  because  more  datii  must  be  obtained  before  the  aflilia- 
tions  and  history  of  the  SU  site  can  be  stated. 


APPENDIX:   REPORT  ON  THE  SKELETAL  MATERIAL 

BY 

Marjorie  Kelly 

Twenty-six  burials  were  uncovered  at  the  SU  site  during  the 
summer  of  1939.  Five  of  these  were  located  outside  the  pit  houses 
and  were  found  while  digging  the  test  trenches.  The  other  twenty- 
one  burials  were  located  in  the  houses,  twelve  in  the  large  pits  that 
had  previously  been  used  for  cooking  and  storage  purposes,  and 
nine  on  the  floor,  or  in  the  fill  only  two  or  three  inches  above  the 
floor.  All  were  surrounded  by  the  normal  fill  containing  charcoal 
and  miscellaneous  sherds.  Bracelets  were  found  on  two  of  the 
skeletons;  also  a  pipe  and  bone  awl  in  association  with  one  of  them. 
Small  turquoise  pendants  were  found  with  a  child  burial  in  the 
antechamber  of  the  reoccupied  pit  house  (Pit  House  D).  A  minia- 
ture clay  bowl  was  associated  with  another  burial  in  this  same  ante- 
chamber. No  objects  had  been  placed  with  the  remaining  skeletons. 
The  burials  were  flexed.  Those  in  the  pits  seem  to  have  been  placed 
leaning  against  the  wall  of  the  pit.  The  majority  of  those  on  the  floor, 
or  in  the  fill,  lay  on  their  backs.  There  was  apparently  no  customary 
direction  of  orientation. 

There  had  been  considerable  posthumous  shifting  of  the  bones, 
apparently  by  burrowing  animals,  and  in  several  instances  many 
parts  of  the  skeletons  were  missing  (Burial  Nos.  2,  7,  10,  16,  and  17). 
Their  location  in  pits  and  pit  houses  with  clay  and  gravel  floors 
and  walls  (which  readily  hold  the  frequent  rains  in  this  mountainous 
country)  only  served  to  increase  their  state  of  decay.  In  still  more 
instances  the  roots  of  trees  and  shrubs  hastened  their  destruction. 
These  combined  circumstances  made  the  skeletal  material  so  frag- 
mentary that  of  the  twenty-six  burials  uncovered  only  thirteen  were 
complete  enough  to  be  sent  back  to  the  Museum  laboratory  for  further 
study.  The  material  was  cleaned  and  mended  at  the  laboratory  but 
it  was  broken  in  too  many  pieces  to  allow  of  many  measurements. 
Consequently,  it  is  not  deemed  advisable  to  publish  a  complete  series 
of  measurements  and  observations  on  so  small  and  shattered  a  series 
of  crania.  A  more  complete  report  on  the  skeletal  material  will  be 
made  subsequent  to  further  excavations  at  the  SU  site  whereby  it 
is  hoped  that  the  series  may  be  supplemented. 

All  that  can  be  said  at  this  time  is  that  these  skulls  differ  markedly 
from  the  skull  from  the  Mogollon  Village  which  was  excavated  by 
Haury  and  described  by  Woodbury  (Haury,  1936a,  pp.  111-115). 


vr.-.v 


/ 


bo 


J3 
CO 


CQ 


o 


fi^ji: 


<^  '■.Jf"C 


o 
•c  c 

X  ^ 


^E 


89 


o 


|1h 


90 


Skeletal  Material 


91 


Woodbury  set  up  the  Mogollon  Village  skull  as  a  type  skull  and  on 
the  basis  of  similarities  with  historic  Caddo  and  Wichita  material 
postulated  a  Caddoan  type  for  the  inhabitants  of  the  Mogollon  and 
Harris  villages.  When  a  comparison  is  made  between  this  skull 
and  those  from  the  SU  site  it  is  at  once  apparent  that  there  is  very 
little  resemblance  either  morphologically  or  metrically  between 
them.  The  SU  skulls  are  brachycranial,  with  a  mean  cranial  index 
of  83.5  (taken  on  five  skulls),  are  hypsicranial,  and  conform  in 
these  features  as  well  as  in  facial  characters  to  skulls  of  the  Pueblo 
type.  Some  of  the  crania  exhibit  a  slight  amount  of  occipital  cradle- 
board  deformation.  Mr.  Georg  Neumann  of  the  Department  of 
Anthropology,  University  of  Michigan,  agrees  with  my  conclusions. 

I  wish  to  thank  Mr.  Neumann  and  Dr.  Wilton  Krogman  of  the 
University  of  Chicago  for  the  help  they  gave  me  while  I  was  working 
over  the  material. 


Table  2 

Skull 
No. 

Slx 

Age 
according 
to  sutures 

At'P 
according 
to  teeth 

('radlebourd 
deformation 

Warping 

due  to 

natural  causct 

!  Vault 

Parts  missing 

1 

d^ 

45- 

-47 

45-50 

Slight 

Slight 

High 

Basilar  and  facial 
bones 

2 

7 

Under  2 

7 

7 

7 

Fragmentary 

3 

9 

29- 

-35 

30 

7 

7 

7 

All  except  skull  cap 
and  mandible 

4 

cT 

47- 

-51 

50 

None 

None 

High 

All  except  skull  cap 

5 

& 

45-50 

All  except  skull  cap 

and  mandible 

6 

d" 

35- 

-41 

40 

Slight 

7 

All  except  skull  cap 

7 

& 

35- 

-40 

All  except  skull  cap 

8 

9 

29- 

-35 

30-35 

None 

Marked 

High 

Nasal  bone,  one-half 
of  mandible 

9 

d^ 

47- 

-51 

40 

Trace 

Little 

High 

Basilar  and  facial 
bones,  mandible 

12 

d' 

26- 

-35 

35 

None 

None 

High 

Basilar  bones 

14 

& 

51  + 

Ca.  50 

None 

Slight 

High 

Basilar  bones,  orbits, 
nasal  bone 

18 

cT 

Ca. 

,  35 

35-40 

Small 

None 

High 

Basilar     and     nasal 
bones 

24 

9 

35- 

-41 

35-40 

Trace 

None 

High 

Lower  facial  and 
nasal  bones 

fo 


_*    ^•s**^ 


92 


Skeletal  Material 


93 


Table  3 


Burial 

No.  Location 

1  Trench  I,  pit 

2  Trench  III,  refuse 

3  Pit  House  B,  pit 

4  Pit  House  B,  pit 

5  Pit  House  B,  pit 

6  Pit  House  B,  floor 

7  Pit  House  B,  pit 

8  Trench  V,  refuse 

9  Pit  House  C,  fill 

10  Trench  VIII,  pit 

11  Trench  VIII,  pit 

12  Pit  House  C,  fill 

13  Pit  House  C,  fill 

14  Pit  House  C,  fill 

15  Pit  House  C,  fill 

16  Pit  House  C,  floor 

17  Pit  House  C,  pit 

18  Pit  House  C,  pit 

19  Pit  House  C,  pit 

20  Pit  House  C,  pit 


Position 

Flexed 


Flexed 

W 

Ca.  30 

Tightly  flexed 

s 

Ca.  50 

Tightly  flexed 

NE 

Ca.  45 

Flexed 

ne 

Ca.  40 

e? 

Ca.  37 

Flexed 


Flexed 


Flexed 
Flexed 

Flexed 

Flexed 
Flexed 

7 

Flexed 
Flexed 


21  Pit  House  C,  post-hole  Flexed 

22  Antechamber— Pit 

House  D,  fill  Semi-flexed 


23     Antechamber — Pit 
House  D,  pit 


24  Pit  House  D,  pit 

25  Antechamber — Pit 
House  D,  pit 

26  Pit  House  C,  fill 


Flexed 

9 


W 


S 

N 

7 
NE 
NW 

? 


Ca.  45 


Skull  Associated 

facing  Age  artifacts 

SE        Ca.  47        Sherds,  flint 

chips 
NW       Infant        Turkey  bones, 
sherds 

4  shell  bracelets 
Sherds,  projec- 
tile point 
Sherds 
Sherds 
Sherds 
Sherds,  bone 
awl,  projectile 
point 

Sherds,    projec- 
tile point 
None 
Sherds 

Sherds,  crystal 
drill,  bone  awl 
Shell  bracelet, 
sherds 

Sherds,  bone  awl 
Sherds 
Sherds 
Sherds 
None 
Sherds 

Dog  skull,  2  pro- 
jectile points, 
bone  awl 
SE       Young        Sherds,  clay  pipe 


?  Adult 
W  Ca.  45 
E         Ca.  30 


Adult 

Ca.  50 

Adult 

Infant 

Adult 

Ca.  37 

Adult 

Adult 


Middle- 
aged 


W  Child 

E  Adult 

?  Infant 

?  Infant 


Bone  awl,  bone 
bead,  stone  pipe, 
sherds 
Sherds,  clay 
bowl  (miniature) 
Sherds 

18  turquoise 

beads 

None 


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1931.  Cameron  Creek  Village.    El  Palacio  Press.    Santa  Fe,  New  Mexico. 
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1937.  Handbook  of  Northern  Arizona  pottery  wares.  Museum  of  Northern 
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CosGROVE,  H.  S.  and  C.  B. 

1932.  The  Swarts  Ruin.  Papers,  Peabody  Museum  of  American  Archaeology 
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Gladwin,  Winifred  and  Harold  S. 

1934.  A  method  for  designation  of  cultures  and  their  variations.  Medallion 
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1936.  The  pottery  of  Pecos,  vol.  2.  The  glaze  paint,  culinary,  and  other  wares. 
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Maerz,  a.,  and  Paul,  M.  R. 

1930.     A  dictionary  of  color.     New  York. 
March,  B. 

1934.  Standards  of  pottery  description.  University  of  Michigan,  Museum  of 
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Martin,  Paul  S.,  Roys,  Lawrence,  and  von  Bonin,  Gerhardt 

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Martin,  Paul  S.,  and  Rinaldo,  John 

1939.  Modified  Basket  Maker  sites,  Ackmen-Lowry  area,  southwestern 
Colorado,  1938.  Field  Museum  of  Natural  History,  Anthropological  Series, 
vol.  23,  No.  3.    Chicago. 

Morris,  Earl  H.,  and  Shepard,  Anna  0. 

1939.  Archaeological  studies  in  the  La  Plata  District,  southwestern  Colorado 
and  northwestern  New  Mexico.  Carnegie  Institution  of  Washington, 
Washington,  D.C. 

Nesbitt,  p. 

1938.  Starkweather  Ruin.  Logan  Museum  Publications  in  Anthropology, 
Bulletin  No.  6.    Beloit,  Wisconsin. 

Roberts,  Frank  H.  H.,  Jr. 

1931.  Ruins  at  Kiatuthlanna,  eastern  Arizona.  Bulletin  100,  Bureau  of 
American  Ethnology'.    Washington,  D.C. 


INDEX 


Abajo  Red-on-Orange,  10-11 
Abrading  stones,  62,  77 
Ackmen-Lowry  area,  11 
Agriculture,  beginning  of,  35 
Alma  Plain,  80 
Anasazi,  9-11 

Antechamber-entryway,  22 
Artifacts,  34-77:  locations  and  associa- 
tion of,  76 
Awls,  36,  70,  77,  85,  87 

Balls,  stone,  62 

Basket  Makers,  9-12,  36 

Beads,  36,  68,  77_ 

Bone,  identification  of  unworked,  76; 

implements,  68-70 
Bowls,  stone,  35,  48,  77 
Bracelets,  36,  68,  77 
Bradfield,  W.,  9 
Brew,  J.  O.,  10 
Burials,  18,  20,  22,  87,  88-93;  associated 

artifacts,    88;    conclusions    about, 

88,  91;  location  of,  87,  88;  position 

of,  88 

Cameron  Creek,  9 

Chopper,  54,  77 

Chronology,  87 

Corn,  35 

Cosgrove,  H.  S.,  10 

Culture  periods,  Mimbres  phase,  9-10, 

12;  pre-Georgetown  phase,  87;  San 

Francisco  phase,  9 
Cylinders,  62 

Dates;  see  Chronology 
Dice,  36,  68,  87 
Disks,  stone,  62 

Firepits,  14,  18,  20,  22,  26,  28,  32,  85 
Flakers,  antler,  72,  77 
Floors,  14,  18,  20,  22,  26,  28,  30,  32,  85 
Forestdale  ruin  (1939),  14 

Gila  Pueblo,  9,  11,  12 
Gladwin,  H.  S.,  9-10,  87 
Glossary,  77 
Grooves  (log-shaped),  14,  85 

Hammer  stones,  54,  77 

Harris  village,  36 

Haury,  E.  W.,  9-12,  14,  35,  88 

Hohokam,  9-10 

Hough,  W.,  9 

Jar  cover,  74 

Kidder,  A.  V.,  9,  10 
Knives,  66 
Kroeber,  A,  L.,  9 


Lateral  entrance,  14,  18,  20,  22,  26,  28, 
30,  85 

Maerz,  A.,  and  Paul,  M.  R.,  78 

Manos,  35,  38,  77,  85,  87 

Mauls,  56,  77 

Metates,  35,  42,  77,  85,  87 

Milling  stones,  77 

Mimbres  phase;  see  Culture  periods 

MogoUon,  9-12,  36 

Mogollon  village  (1:15),  35,  36 

Mortars,  35,  48,  77 

Needle,  36,  70,  87 
Nesbitt,  P.,  10 
Neumann,  G.,  91 

Paint  grinding  stones,  60,  77 

Pendants,  68,  77,  87 

Pestles,  35,  52,  77 

Phases;  see  Culture  periods 

Pins,  70,  77 

Pipes,  36,  74 

Pit  House  A,  14 

Pit  House  B,  18 

Pit  House  C,  20,  35 

Pit  House  D,  22,  35 

Pit  House  D-1,  22 

Pit  House  E,  26,  35 

Pit  House  F,  28 

Pit  House  G,  30 

Pitted  pebble,  48,  77 

Pits,  14,  18,  20,  22,  26,  28,  30,  32,  85 

Polished  Red,  80-81,  85 

Polishing  stones,  58 

Polisher,  antler,  72,  77 

Post-holes,  14,  18,  19,  22,  26,  28,  30,  32, 
85 

Pottery,  78-84;  comparison  of  types, 
80,  81;  forms,  80,  81,  83,  85;  later 
types:  Three  Circle  Red-on- White, 
Alma  Scored,  Alma  Neck  Banded, 
83-85;  paste  of,  78,  80;  surface 
features  of,  80,  81;  thickness  of 
vessel  walls,  80,  81 

Pre-Georgetown  phase;  see  Culture 
periods 

Problems,  11-12 

Projectile  points,  36,  64 

Pueblo,  9-12,  36 

Reserve,  7,  11 
Roberts,  F.  H.  H.,  36 
Roofs,  14,  85 
Rubber,  antler,  72,  77 
Rubbing  stones,  35,  40,  77,  87 

San  Francisco  phase;  see  Culture  periods 
Sayles,  E.  B.,  9 


96 


Index 


97 


Scrapers,  66 

Shape  (pit  house),  14,  18,  20,  22,  26,  28, 

30,  32,  85 
Sherds,  worked,  74 
Skeletal  material,  report  on,  88 
Skewers,  70,  77 
Stone  implements,  34-68 
SU  Canyon,  New  Mexico,  7 
Surface  Room  1,  32 


Three  Circle  Red-on-White,  83,  84,  85 
Trends,  Pueblo,  9 

Unpolished  Brown,  78,  85 

Walls,  14,  18,  20,  22,  26,  28,  30,  32,  85 
Woodbury,  G.,  88,  91 

Zoomorphic  image,  68 


THE  LIBRARY  OF  THE 

JUL  19  1940 

UNIVERSITY  OF  ILLINOIS 


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