THE SWISS
IN THE
UNITED STATES
"L I B RARY
OF THE
UN IVLR.SITY
Of ILLINOIS
325.2494
5w6s
llllnoli Historical Survcf
Digitized by the Internet Archive
in 2012 with funding from
University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign
http://www.archive.org/details/swissinunitedstaOOswis
THE SWISS IN THE
UNITED STATES
A Compilation
Prepared for the Swiss-American
Historical Society
as the
Second Volume
of its Publications
By
John Paul von Grueningen
Editor
SWISS-AMERICAN HISTORICAL SOCIETY
MADISON, WISCONSIN
1940
Copyright 1940
Swiss-American Historical Society
j
3 310.
BOARD OF DIRECTORS
Emil John Schaefer, President
3216 Thorpe St., Madison, Wis.
Prof. J. P. von Grueningen, Vice-President
2025 Madison St., Madison, Wis.
Robert M. Rieser, Recording-Secretary
1 W. Main St., Madison, Wis.
Jacob Kruesi, Corresponding-Secretary
140 Kenilworth Ave., Villa Park, 111.
Rev. Theodore P. Bolliger, Treasurer
1918 W. Lawn Ave., Madison, Wis.
August Ruedy, Secretary Research Committee
9808 Harvard Ave., S. E., Cleveland, Ohio
Franz X. Amrein New York, N. Y.
Albert Bartholdi Passaic, N. J.
Dr. R. C Buerki Madison, Wis.
Paul O. Brandenberger Portland, Oregon
Mrs. J. Holinger Chicago, 111.
Prof. Ernest Howald Woodhaven, L. I., N. Y.
John D. Hutter San Francisco, Cal.
Prof. E. A. Kubler Charleston, S. C
tCAPT. C. Theo. Schwegler Oakland, Cal.
EDITORIAL COMMITTEE
Emil J. Schaefer, Chairman Madison, Wis.
Prof. J. P. von Grueningen, Editor Madison, Wis.
Rev. Theodore P. Bolligeri Madison, Wis.
August Ruedy Cleveland, Ohio
Prof. Alfred Senn Bala-Cynwyd, Penna.
4
t Deceased.
[3]
I i 55383
A Swiss Evening Song
Softly from mountain and vale
Steal the last sunbeams so pale;
Over the meadows entrancing
Shadows are slowly advancing;
Rosy the mountain tops grow.
Oh, how the glaciers do glow!
Silently yielding to night,
Fades the last range from our sight ;
Over the vapors endearing,
Twinkles a starlet so cheering;
Greetings bright starlet of love,
Tell me how fares it above ?
"Greetings from heavenly skies,"
Now the fair starlet replies,
"Does not the Father sustain us,
Lovingly watch and maintain us?
I shall not fall from his light."
Starlet, dear starlet, good night.
— Translated by the Editor.
[4]
Sueget, t)o Serge ♦ ♦ ♦
Sueget, t>o 93erge unb £ctl
gliefjt fd)o ber ©utmeftrc$t,
Sueget uf ?tuen unb SWatte
SBadjfe bte bunfele ©dfjatte,
3y©unn uf be 93erge erftof)t,
O tote finb b' ©letter fo rot!
©till a be 93erge totrb'3 Sftadfjt,
2lber ber -gerrgott, bet toad)t;
©fefmber felb ©ternli bort ©d^ine?
©ternli, tote btfdfj bu fo frine!
©fefmber am 9?abel bort ftol)f 3?
©ternlt, ©ott griieft hi, tote govt's?
Sofet, e3 fett t$: „@ar guet;
§et mi nit ©ott t ber §uet?
grtlt, ber S3ater t)on alle
?of)t mi gtoiift tocrtjrli nit falle,
SSater im £>immel, ba toadfjt."
©ternli, liebS ©ternli, guet Sftadjt!
— g, §uber
[5]
FOREWORD
UNDER the auspices of the Swiss-American Historical
Society there was published in 1932 a volume entitled
Prominent Americans of Swiss Origin, containing seventy-two
encyclopaedic biographies.1 The compilation was announced
as the first of a series to be devoted to "historical and biograph-
ical information about Swiss settlers in the United States."
Since then numerous additional biographies of Swiss settlers
and their offspring have been prepared for publication. How-
ever, it seems to be desirable, pending their appearance in
print, to issue without further delay the present second volume
of other material.
With reference to its contents the following should be
stated: The statistical survey based on government census
reports was originally prepared by Mr. August Ruedy of
Cleveland, Ohio, and later extended and checked by the editor.
1The table of contents of the book, published by James T. White & Co.,
New York, reads as follows: Pioneers — The Ancestry of President Hoover, Jean
Jacques Dufour, Christopher de Graff enried, Charles Gratiot Sr., Henry Gratiot,
George H. Hermann, Jacob Nageli, Alexander Negley, Jacob Negley, James
Scott Negley, Jean Pierre Purry, John August Sutter, Emanuel Zimmermann
(Carpenter) ; Theologians — John Martin Henni, Martin Kuendig, Philip Schaff,
Michael Schlatter, John Joachim Zubly; Soldiers — Henry Louis Bouquet, August
Louis Chetlain, Edward Walter Eberle, Charles Gratiot Jr., Hermann Lieb, Felix
Kirk Zollicoffer; Statesmen — Albert Gallatin, James William Good, Emanuel
Lorenz Philipp, Henry Wisner, William Wirt; Physicians and Surgeons — Henry
Banga, Henry Detwiller, Samuel Nickles, Albert J. Ochsner, Nicholas Senn,
Martin Stamm, Adelrich Steinach; Industrialists, Merchants, Bankers — Gustav
Baumann, Nicholas Gerber, Jacob Karlen, Gottlieb Beller, Leon de Montreux
Chevalley, The Delmonicos, Henry Clay Frick, Jacques Huber, Adrian George
Iselin, John Luchsinger, Jacob Manz, John B. Meyenberg, Henry Rosenberg,
Robert J. F. Schwarzenbach, Peter Staub, Jacob Weidmann, Albert Charles
Wittnauer; Scientists, Journalists, Engineers — Alexander Agassiz, Jean Louis
Rodolphe Agassiz, Adolph Francis A. Bandelier, Jacob Boll, C. Hermann Boppe,
Florian Cajori, John Friedrich, Albert Samuel Gatschet, Arnold Henri Guyot,
William Nicholas Hailmann, Hermann Kruesi, Samuel Stehman Haldeman,
Ferdinand Rudolph Hassler, Fridolin Joseph Heer, Julius Hurter, John Heinrich
Kruesi, Leo Lesquereux, John Ulric Nef, Carl Gutherz.
[7]
An attempt is here made to set forth in accurate numerical
and geographical perspective what may be called the entire
spread of the Swiss element in the United States. The data
includes numerous tables showing native Swiss population by
states and counties after 1870, thus revealing an authentic
picture of recent Swiss immigration and settlement.
Interesting is the fact that California registered the largest
native Swiss population by states in the census of 1930. This
circumstance is due in part to a considerable emigration from
Ticino (or Tessin) directly to the Pacific coast and in part to the
westward movement of settlers from eastern states. It should
be said, however, that although California leads in the
enumeration by states, actually the largest geographical popula-
tion center of native Swiss is the metropolitan area in and
about New York City, which includes a contiguous but
separately enumerated section of New Jersey. In view of
these circumstances — together with the fact that both Califor-
nia and New York at their expositions of last year and this
have been and are commemorating significant historic events —
the present volume in a number of its chapters takes special
cognizance of these two now so prominent states. On the one
hand, it is a century and a year ago since Johann August
Sutter, on August 16, 1839, founded his fateful empire, New
Helvetia, in the Sacramento valley; on the other, it is just
fifty-one years ago that Adelrich Steinach set down a wealth
of names and identifications reflecting considerable Swiss
activity in New York and elsewhere.
The selected passages from the hitherto untranslated diary
of the young adventurer, Heinrich Lienhard, who so vividly
recorded the thrilling details of that hazardous migration of a
party of Swiss to Sutter's Fort in New Helvetia in 1846, were
translated in part by Captain C. Theo. Schwegler of Oakland,
California, author of the Kyburz biography, and in part by
the editor. The substance of the chapter entitled "The Italian
Swiss in California," was kindly furnished by Mr. Clay
Pedrazzini, publisher of the Italian-Swiss journal La Colonia
Svizzera of San Francisco. Of interest not only in Greater New
[8]
York but in many sections which have been the goal of migra-
tions from there, should be the chapter devoted to Steinach's
recordings of names for the states of New York and New
Jersey. Despite all their typographical inaccuracies and other
shortcomings,2 they remain the source of information which
no doubt many descendants in all parts of the country will
read with gratification today.
The closing chapter invites attention to the spiritual con-
tributions made by some native Swiss, including both Catholic
and Protestant missionaries to American Indian tribes.
The editor herewith gratefully acknowledges the help and
collaboration of his associates on the Editorial Committee, as
well as the cooperation of numerous correspondents and those
present and former directors who through their encouragement
and support helped materially to lighten his work. He wishes
to thank, moreover, his colleague at Wisconsin, the historian,
Professor Chester V. Easom, who carefully read parts of the
manuscript and offered constructive suggestions, and Professor
Edwin Gudde of California for the Revere illustration of Sut-
ter's Fort and the Street View of Coloma; furthermore, Fr.
Andrew Kolbeck, O.S.B., of St. Anthony, North Dakota, who
kindly checked the material concerning Bishop Marty and
made available the illustrations from The Bulletin of the Dio-
cese of Fargo; and lastly, Superintendent Benjamin Stucki of
the Winnebago Indian School at Neillsville, Wisconsin, for
his courtesy in granting the editor access to his files at the mis-
sion school and for providing the illustrations for the last part
of the sixth chapter.
As this volume goes to press word is received of the death
of our indefatigable and helpful collaborator and member of
the Board of Directors, Capt. C. Theo. Schwegler. The map
of The Hastings Cut-Off on page 73, submitted by Captain
Schwegler shortly before his death, is his last contribution
to this volume. Only the names of the states and the designa-
tion of the Hastings' Cut-off were added by the editor.
2 See Introduction to the first volume published by the Society: Prominent
Americans of Swiss Origin.
[9]
A brief account of the founding of the Swiss-American
Historical Society appeared in the first volume. An invitation
to communicate with the Editorial Committee or members of
the Board of Directors, is extended to every one who may be in
possession of records or authentic information which may lead
to further studies of interest to the Society.
J. P. v. G.
[10]
CONTENTS
PAGE
Foreword 1
CHAPTER I
A Statistical Survey of Swiss Immigration
Registration of native-born Swiss beginning in 1870 — As compared
with total population by decades — Swiss enumerations in twelve dif-
ferent states — Survey of all states in 20-year periods — Types of immi-
gration— Decline of native Swiss population 15
CHAPTER II
An Early Migration to New Helvetia
The diary of Heinrich Lienhard — Its table of contents — The journey
across the prairies — The "Hastings Cut-Off" — Crossing the Great Salt
Desert — At the Sierras ahead of the Donner party — Arrival at Sutter's
Fort — The portrayal of Sutter — Military service — Sutter's empire —
Discovery of gold — The transformation of 1849 71
CHAPTER III
Kyburz of Kyburz
Eldorado today — The village of Kyburz — Samuel Kyburz in New
Helvetia — The migration of 1846 — Kyburz as Sutter's right-hand man
— Selecting the mill site at Coloma — The Kyburz family — The Swiss
element in New Helvetia 88
CHAPTER IV
The Italian Swiss in California
First records — Arrivals via Panama — Immigration up to 1880 —
Italian Swiss in San Francisco — Development of dairying — San Luis
Obispo — Napa — Sonoma — Descendants in various parts of the state —
The Swiss-American club of Monterey — Relief and benevolent
societies 93
[ii]
CHAPTER V
PAGE
Steinach's Lists of Swiss Settlers in New York and
New Jersey
The nature of Steinach's compilations — Records for New York and
New Jersey — Swiss industry and social life reflected — Lists for New
York City — Brooklyn — College Point — Rochester — Buffalo — Syracuse —
Utica — Troy — Albany — Amsterdam — New Jersey 102
CHAPTER VI
Swiss Spiritual Leadership
Switzerland's less tangible gifts to America — The founding of con-
gregations and denominational colleges — The Gospel in Menominee
Indian — The ministry of Bishop Martin Marty and of Rev. Jacob Stucki
among American Indians — The Gospel in Winnebago Indian — Some
evidences of the transplanting of Swiss culture 129
Index 139
[12]
ILLUSTRATIONS
PAGE
The Title Page of Lienhard's California 72
An Old Engraving of Sutter's Fort 78
Heinrich Lienhard . 82
Sutter's Fort — New Helvetia 88
Coloma — Street View 92
St. Michael's Indian Mission, Fort Totten, N. D. __ 124
Bishop Marty, Vicar Apostolic of the Dakotas 126
Indian Boys at the Sisters' School, Fort Totten,
N. D 128
Rev. Jacob Stucki and His Assistant, John Stacy ___ 130
Winnebago Indian Camp Scenes 132
The Winnebago Indian School at Neillsville, Wis. 136
[13]
MAPS
PAGE
Native Swiss Population in the United States
in 1930 16
State Totals in 1930 18
State Maps Showing Swiss Belts and Centers
Ohio 22
Illinois 25
New York 27
Missouri 29
Wisconsin 33
Pennsylvania 35
Indiana 38
Iowa 41
California 43
Minnesota 46
Michigan 48
New Jersey 50
Captain Schwegler's Map of the Hastings' Cut-Off 73
[14]
CHAPTER I
A STATISTICAL SURVEY OF SWISS IMMIGRATION
I INDISPENSABLE for an adequate understanding of the
history of the Swiss and their descendants in the United
States, is authentic information concerning the extent and the
goals of the various waves of immigration. Although Swiss
colonization in America began in the second half of the
seventeenth century, the scope of the present survey is restricted
to the period after 1850, when the national origin of immi-
grants was first taken into account in the census reports. Early
enumerations offered little more than a "count of the
population by sex and color."
When census enumeration of foreign-born inhabitants
began in 1850, the number of native Swiss in the United States
was but 13,358. Classifications were at first indicated only by
territories and states. Tabulations of joreign-born citizens by
cities and counties did not appear before the census of 1870.
Hence, the following tables for counties necessarily begin with
that year.
Figures showing the number of native Swiss in the United
States as compared with the total population from 1850 to
1930.
Native Swiss Continental United States
1850 13,358 1850 23,191,876
1860 53,327 I860 31,443,321
1870 75,145 1870 38,558,371
1880 88,621 1880 50,155,783
1890 104,069 1890 62,947,714
1900 115,593 1900 75,994,575
1910 124,848 1910 91,972,266
1920 118,659 1920 105,710,620
1930 113,010 1930 122,775,046
[15]
[16]
In I860, 53,327 residents of Swiss birth were recorded. The
figure reveals the extent of the immigration in the fifties, when
the central and far-western states were rapidly being settled.
Subsequently, Swiss immigrants increased steadily until 1910.
In 1920 a decrease had set in.
The following is a tabulation showing the number of Swiss
in the states in which at least 2,000 were settled in 1870,
according to the census reports from 1870 to 1930.
States 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
Ohio 12,727 11,989 11,070 12,007 10,988 9,656 7,624
Illinois 8,980 8,881 8,115 9,033 8,660 7,837 7,315
New York 7,911 10,721 11,557 13,678 16,312 15,053 16,571
Missouri 6,597 6,064 6,765 6,819 6,141 4,934 3,578
Wisconsin 6,069 6,283 7,181 7,666 8,036 7,797 7,669
Pennsylvania 5,765 6,343 6,149 6,707 7,484 6,875 5,649
Indiana 4,287 3,695 3,478 3,472 2,765 2,334 1,624
Iowa 3,937 4,587 4,310 4,342 3,675 2,871 2,096
California 2,927 5,308 9,743 10,974 14,520 16,097 20,063
Minnesota 2,162 2,828 3,745 3,258 2,992 2,720 2,041
Michigan 2,116 2,474 2,562 2,617 2,780 2,755 2,834
New Jersey 2,061 3,040 4,158 6,570 7,548 8,165 8,765
States having more than 1,000 in representative years:
In 1870: Kansas, 1,328; Kentucky, 1,147.
In 1890: Kansas, 3,820; Nebraska, 2,542; Oregon, 2,083; Kentucky,
1,892; Utah, 1,336; Washington 1,324; Colorado, 1,225; Mas-
sachusetts, 1,052; Tennessee, 1,027.
In 1920: Oregon, 4,166; Washington, 3,671; Kansas, 2,238; Con-
necticut, 1,863; Nebraska, 1,808; Texas, 1,590; Utah, 1,566;
Colorado, 1,510; Massachusetts, 1,368; Idaho, 1,347; Kentucky,
1,315; Montana, 1,151.
In 1930: Oregon, 4,034; Washington, 3,578; Connecticut, 1,774;
Kansas, 1,594; Utah, 1,419; Texas, 1,410; Nebraska, 1,364;
Massachusetts, 1,272; Colorado, 1,202; Idaho, 1,038.
It is apparent that before 1870 many Swiss immigrants
headed for the farms of Ohio, Illinois, New York, Missouri,
Wisconsin, and Pennsylvania — the only states having more
than 5,000. On the other hand the attraction of the cities was
also considerable. In Ohio, for example, about 3,700 of the
12,000 Swiss were found in or near the cities of Cincinnati,
Cleveland, Columbus, Toledo and Canton. In New York
4,600 of the 7,900 Swiss enumerated in 1870 were in or near
[17]
[18]
Buffalo, Brooklyn, Rochester, New York, and Syracuse. In
Missouri 3,200 of a total of 6,500 were in St. Louis. In
Illinois 1,400 of 8,900 lived in Chicago; however, there were
more Swiss in Madison County (Highland) in 1870 than in
Cook County (Chicago) ; similarly, in Indiana there were
almost twice as many Swiss in Tell City as in the city of In-
dianapolis. In Wisconsin in 1870 only 440 of 6,000 Swiss
were found in Milwaukee. In California 775 of 2,900 lived in
San Francisco. It is not possible to determine the number of
prospective farmers employed or detained temporarily in the
larger cities. About 1870 the number may have been compara-
tively large. In that year St. Louis, a hub town for land
seekers, had attracted 3,200 native Swiss, whereas New York
and Brooklyn together had but a total of 2,922. Early German
and Swiss immigrants in St. Louis included large numbers of
land seekers, many of whom came by way of New Orleans
and the Mississippi,1 later finding employment in the city.
In Ohio Swiss dairy farmers and cheese makers settled in at
least a dozen counties in the northern and central parts of the
state. In the period from 1850 to 1900, the middle- western
states of Ohio, Illinois, Missouri, Wisconsin, Indiana, Minne-
sota, and Michigan continuously attracted Swiss farmers ; while
New York, Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and the New England
states even then gave employment to a moderately large
number of mechanics, artisans, factory workers, and common
laborers.2 Many of the farmers, dairymen, and laborers, espe-
cially before 1890, preferred to settle in rural communities of
their own; then, after the great industrial development and
the expansion of large cities in all parts of the country, thou-
sands of Swiss who had migrated from the rural sections, as
well as new immigrants, formed colonies in the urban and
industrial centers.
1 It was this route which was advocated by Dr. Casper Koepfli of Highland,
who, in 1831, had found the overland journey from New York prohibitively
expensive and tedious.
3 In the decade following 1880, for example, several thousand Swiss, mostly
from Appenzell and St. Gall, settled in Hudson County, New Jersey, opposite
New York, where they found employment in the silk and embroidery industries
previously introduced there by Swiss manufacturers.
[19]
The flux of Swiss migration to the Pacific Coast states be-
comes phenomenal after 1890. In California, for example, the
native Swiss population rose from 2,927 in 1870 to 20,063 in
1930. In Washington and in Oregon also there are striking
increases.
The tables are given in descending numerical order by states
as of 1870 and in alphabetical order by pertinent counties;
exception is made in instances of geographical grouping, such
as Massachusetts and Connecticut, Oregon and Washington,
Georgia and Florida. In some few reports figures were not
available for every county mentioned, owing either to incom-
plete enumeration, or to the reorganization of old and the
establishing of new counties. In such cases an asterisk is
inserted.
Ohio
The following table gives the number of native Swiss in
those twenty-four of the 88 counties of Ohio which have 100
or more in any of the reports before 1920.
Ohio Counties 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
Allen (Lima) 280 306 303 246 211 171 112
Columbiana 196 56 336 286 250 193 153
Cuyahoga (Cleve-
land) 916 935 1,122 1,592 1,574 1,549 1,363
Erie (Sandusky) __ 238 250 106 153 117 90 42
Fairfield 180 114 59 53 40 23 15
Franklin (Co-
lumbus) 282 284 299 417 380 389 331
Fulton 458 312 228 255 254 161 85
Hamilton (Cincin-
nati) 1,300 1,029 726 827 856 735 574
Hardin 365 325 236 225 169 128 63
Holmes 333 350 285 251 155 94 74
Lucas (Toledo) ___ 608 923 834 936 927 881 645
Monroe 814 585 371 327 212 126 60
Montgomery (Day-
ton) 159 215 168 194 172 180 143
Putnam 100 152 173 144 131 86 48
Richland (Mans-
field) 151 153 97 156 136 115 94
Sandusky 211 205 69 110 83 73 45
Seneca 281 203 120 99 101 71 43
Shelby 135 39 21 18 17 13 4
Stark (Canton) ___ 793 881 1,253 1,167 1,174 1,070 896
Summit (Akron) __ 188 201 275 381 389 527 409
Tuscarawas 1,475 1,113 1,004 854 704 495 451
Wayne 761 758 647 682 569 454 338
[20]
Ohio Counties 1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
Wood 176 181 234 203 135 91 78
Wyandot 197 157 142 118 89 64 44
All other 2,130 2,262 1,963 2,313 2,143 1,877 1,514
Totals 12,727 11,989 11,070 12,007 10,988 9,656 7,624
Counties which rose to 50 or more:
In 1920: Adams, 171; Ashtabula, 57; Belmont, 61; Butler, 112;
Clark, 62; Crawford, 69; Defiance, 51; Hancock, 82; Lorain,
180; Mahoning, 342; Medina, 57; Portage, 66.
In 1930: Lorain, 177; Mahoning, 299.
In 1870 Hamilton county (with the city of Cincinnati) was
the most populous with 1,300 Swiss; however, the number in
the almost entirely rural county of Tuscarawas exceeded
Hamilton by 175.
A Swiss belt extends through northern and central Ohio
beginning with Columbiana, thirty miles northwest of Pitts-
burgh, thence following the Tuscarawas and Cuyahoga river
valleys over Tuscarawas, Stark, Summit, and Cuyahoga coun-
ties, thence westward through Holmes, Wayne, Richland, Erie,
Sandusky, Wood, Lucas, and Fulton; and south-westward
through Seneca, Wyandot, Hardin, Allen, and Shelby. Roughly
paralleling it in the south is a less pronounced secondary line
extending westward from Monroe on the Ohio river (thirty
miles below Wheeling) to Fairfield and Franklin (Columbus),
and southwestward to Hamilton.
The townships of Switzerland and Ohio in Monroe county
were settled as early as 1819 by Bernese Mennonites; others of
the same faith early settled in Wayne, Holmes, Allen and Put-
nam counties. In 1930 only sixty Swiss were recorded in
Monroe county. American-born descendants of the second,
third, and fourth generations are, of course, to be found there
in considerable numbers.
With the turn of the century Tuscarawas county lost its
preeminence to the adjacent Stark County on its north border.
The cities of Canton, Alliance, and Massillon, with their com-
paratively large Swiss populations, were evidently the goal of
migrations from the farms or directly from Switzerland. At
the same time a considerable number of Swiss farmers, dairy-
[21]
OHIO
(Censu9 of 1930)
i
L_
-J •
J* / ,OTT»W» \ A / I ,
• / VJ^ ym icuuw i
r • i-iT «.^H
. (as— | • | •J | ;• r^-(
• i (_ _J I5*55"! L * I J \
i
J
'-1
Explanation:
- 500 native Swiss
• — 50 " "
(For treatment of frac-
tional remainders eee
New York.)
[22]
men, and cheese makers settled in the rural sections of Stark
County.
Perhaps it is safe to state that about two-thirds of the Swiss
in Ohio in 1870 were farmers, dairymen, and country business
men, while the remainder were settled in the cities; in 1920
the ratio is reversed. Of the numerous descendants, especially
of the Swiss farmers who in 1840 settled in Tuscarawas, Stark,
Holmes, and Wayne counties, there are today many who still
remain partly Swiss in their language, customs, and habits.
Up to 1880 Ohio had a larger Swiss population than any
other state in the Union. Since then both New York and
California have surpassed it. Notable is the uniform distribu-
tion in Ohio. In the census of 1910, for instance, only two of
its eighty-eight counties reported no Swiss.
Illinois
Census figures for thirty-five of 102 counties, in five different
enumerations:
Illinois Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Adams (Quincy) 149 103 100 48 26
Bond 336 305 174 64 30
Bureau 57 65 35 18 9
Calhoun 86 80 50 13 9
Christian 40 63 45 27 13
Clinton 244 262 141 35 18
Cook (Chicago) 1,435 1,728 2,446 3,877 4,228
Du Page 118 49 56 76 122
Fayette (Vandalia) 107 112 78 38 25
Hancock 291 153 99 26 18
Iroquois 35 80 100 100 75
Jersey 66 56 45 15 5
Jo Daviess (Galena) 280 152 68 65 54
Kane (Elgin, Aurora) 115 119 260 305 299
Kankakee 88 57 65 70 59
Lake 13 17 22 91 115
La Salle 145 133 94 55 40
Lee 26 23 80 77 71
Livingston 175 328 282 202 137
Logan 17 0 16 8 6
McLean (Bloomington) 153 143 197 106 70
[23]
Illinois Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Macoupin 74 68 89 52 43
Madison (Highland) 1,502 1,405 955 372 187
Marion 54 59 48 24 8
Monroe 92 108 17 14 8
Montgomery 46 71 48 28 20
Peoria 306 301 262 387 305
Randolph 122 46 41 23 16
Rock Island 216 156 115 119 90
St. Clair 450 427 197 168 103
Sangamon (Springfield) 67 150 92 58 43
Stephenson (Freeport) 37 89 63 158 234
Tazewell 282 192 181 185 138
Will (Joliet) 256 212 172 124 76
Woodford 230 226 207 112 103
All other 1,270 1,343 1,175 697 512
Totals 8,980 8,881 8,115 7,837 7,315
In 1930 almost two-thirds of the 7,315 Swiss in Illinois lived
in Chicago and adjacent areas. Of the 8,980 enumerated in
1870, however, only one in six lived in that metropolis. Here,
as in Ohio, the shifting of the population centers from the
agricultural to the urban sections is clear. A considerable
Swiss element is consistently maintained in the rural counties
of Peoria, Tazewell, and Woodford for which the city of
Peoria is the metropolis.
Particularly noticeable is the gradual decline in Madi-
son county, where New Switzerland — later Highland — was
founded by the Koepflis and Suppigers in 1831-32. In 1870,
when Madison county exceeded Cook county in Swiss popula-
tion, Highland was the largest rural Swiss colony in the
United States. The general settlement pattern for the state was
fixed in 1870 and suffered no essential change later. There are
three clusters of counties that may be termed immigration
centers: (l) Madison, Bond, Fayette, Marion, Clinton, St.
Clair, Monroe, and Randolph, all within fifty miles of St. Louis,
(2) Peoria, Tazewell, Woodford, McLean, and Livingston in
the Peoria-Bloomington center of the state, (3) Cook, Lake,
Kane, Du Page, and Will in the Chicago area. Then there are
the scattered counties along the Mississippi: Hancock and
[24]
ILLINOIS
(Census of 1930)
i ,o(u.c n — i t i .
Explanation:
• — 1000 native
• — 50 ■ "
(For treatment of
fractional remainders
see New York,)
[25]
Adams in the west, Rock Island and Jo Daviess, opposite the
Iowa settlements, in the northwest, and Grundy between Chi-
cago and Peoria, where there was once a New Aargau, now
known as Centerville.
New York
New York, as the main port of entry for European immi-
grants, always received and held a comparatively large num-
ber of newcomers from Switzerland. In fact, the Swiss in that
city and its suburbs have as a rule constituted about one-half
of the total Swiss population of New York state.
The spread of Swiss immigration in twenty-one of the sixty-
one New York counties is seen in the following table based
on four representative enumerations.
New York Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Albany (Albany) 116 87 110 120
Bronx (New York City) * * 1,255 1,561
Chautauqua 110 77 81 70
Dutchess 45 50 113 142
Erie (Buffalo) 798 646 787 678
Kings (Brooklyn) 744 1,492 1,765 1,492
Lewis 187 280 127 99
Monroe (Rochester) 655 643 584 537
Nassau (Long Island) * * 289 671
New York (New York City) 2,178 4,953 4,802 4,234
Oneida 397 483 552 542
Onondago (Syracuse) 318 347 408 441
Orange 77 123 124 151
Queens (Long Island) 256 421 1,172 2,328
Rensselaer 106 91 83 85
Richmond 68 139 239 280
Schenectady 24 44 162 158
Suffolk (Long Island) 28 130 299 398
Sullivan 388 154 81 70
Wayne 103 43 35 31
Westchester 318 303 583 1,005
All other 995 1,051 25 1,478
Totals 7,911 11,557 13,676 16,571
* No report.
[26]
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[27]
It will be seen that Greater New York in 1930 claimed 68
per cent of the state's native Swiss.
In New York state, it is noticeable, that the Swiss settled
mainly in urban centers. Oneida in the central part of the
state, where Swiss dairy farmers arrived in the fifties, is the
only county which maintained appreciable numbers after 1870.
Missouri
Most of the native Swiss in Missouri were from the first
concentrated in and about St. Louis. Its accessibility by way of
New Orleans and the Mississippi attracted thousands of Ger-
mans and Swiss in the thirties and forties before overland
transportation was practicable. Immigration to Missouri was
also stimulated by the founding in 1831 of the Swiss colony,
New Switzerland — later Highland — thirty miles east of St.
Louis, in southern Illinois.
With the exception of a few agricultural colonies: Mont-
rose in Henry county, the town of Swiss in Gasconade county,
New Conception in Nodaway county, and later a few scattered
settlements in Andrew, Barry, and Green counties, no larger
Swiss settlements were established in the rural districts of
Missouri. Kansas City and St. Joseph give evidence of Swiss
colonies in 1870.
The following tabulation includes figures for twenty-seven
of Missouri's 115 counties in five different enumerations.
Missouri Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Andrew 180 168 280 146 120
Barry 1 7 131 18 10
Bates 21 84 53 35 24
Buchanan (St. Joseph) 303 295 418 297 220
Callaway 27 40 51 34 25
Cape Girardeau 67 46 37 13 5
Chariton 86 56 50 19 5
Cole 125 130 93 52 32
Cooper 53 58 100 35 33
Franklin 203 172 137 44 30
Gasconade 328 265 210 72 55
[28]
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jl
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L JL _ i L JL JL lj _ 1. ILL J _ J.. J J
[29]
Missouri Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Greene 17 28 165 82 51
Henry 59 71 86 46 33
Holt 43 51 57 33 23
Jackson (Kansas City) 197 142 365 382 330
Jefferson 141 118 131 61 41
Marion 47 53 43 19 9
Moniteau 103 176 417 187 129
Montgomery 72 51 27 0 13
Nodaway 32 74 97 61 44
Osage 103 105 35 23 16
Pettis 69 61 76 31 22
Phelps 37 37 155 69 45
Schuyler 50 36 12 4 1
St. Charles 65 72 31 29 20
St. Francois 72 52 53 27 16
St. Louis (St. Louis) 3,265 2,566 2,383 2,402 1,768
All Other 831 1,050 1,072 713 458
Totals 6,597 6,064 6,765 4,934 3,578
The peak for Missouri was 6,765, reached in the census of
1890. In 1930 the number had diminished to 3,578. The coun-
ties of St. Charles, Montgomery, Gasconade, Franklin, Jeffer-
son, and St. Francois are within a radius of about fifty miles
from St. Louis. Phelps, Osage, Callaway, Cole, Moniteau,
Cooper and Pettis are in the central part of the state. Nodaway,
Holt, Andrew, Buchanan, and Jackson are in the northwest,
the last named being on the Missouri River near St. Joseph
and Kansas City. Greene and Barry are in the extreme south-
west, near the Ozarks.
It will be seen that in 1870 St. Louis had more native Swiss
than New York City and Brooklyn combined; together with
its neighboring counties St. Louis accounted for three-fifths of
those reported for the state. In 1930, the larger Swiss centers
of the state were St. Louis, St. Joseph, and Kansas City. Only
Andrew and Moniteau counties registered more than 100. A
comparison of the population in these three urban centers with
that in the rural areas seems to indicate that but one-third had
settled on Missouri farms.
[30]
Wisconsin
Swiss settlement in Wisconsin really began in 1845, with
the founding of New Glarus, in Green County; to be sure,
individual Swiss pioneers had ventured into various parts of
the state previously. A number of migrations quite independent
of the one frdln Glarus soon followed. Thus in 1847 a group
of farmers from the canton of St. Gall settled in Fond du Lac
county, on the southwest shore of Lake Winnebago. The influx
there continued up to 1865 when settlements are found to
extend to the east and to the south into Washington county.
Another early agricultural settlement was made in Sauk
county, northwest of Madison, the state capital. Even today
its townships of Troy, Honey Creek, and Prairie du Sac con-
tain a considerable Swiss population. The first settlers were
mainly from the cantons of the Grisons, Zurich, and Berne. An
area stretching along the Mississippi river in Buffalo county,
containing the towns of Tell, Alma, and Fountain City was
settled by Swiss farmers in the fifties.
With the exception of California, Wisconsin has a higher
percentage of Swiss than any other state in the Union. The
migration headed chiefly for farms and smaller towns.
Although Milwaukee, the metropolis of the state, has had a
rather sizable Swiss colony for the last fifty or sixty years,
it has never held more than a small part of the total number
of Swiss in the state. Even in 1930 when there were 1,400
native Swiss in Milwaukee, Green county alone recorded 1,700
of the 7,600 in Wisconsin.
Figures for 1880, unfortunately, could not be obtained. The
largest total number 7,797, was reached in 1920. In 1930
there is a slight decrease. Four enumerations in thirty-two of
seventy-one counties follow:
Wisconsin Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Barron 14 47 138 132
Buffalo 941 680 283 124
Chippewa 35 130 134 98
Clark 1 20 124 121
Columbia 67 82 55 49
Dane (Madison) 216 265 481 666
[31]
Wisconsin Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Dodge 97 86 175 259
Dunn 44 68 103 72
Eau Claire 39 103 81 58
Fond du Lac 193 103 107 86
Grant 118 60 45 44
Green 1,246 1,866 1,724 1,703
Iowa 31 45 195 206
Jefferson 144 40 41 40
La Crosse 271 294 154 103
Lafayette 21 58 346 366
Manitowoc 153 64 32 28
Marathon 3 105 162 116
Milwaukee 447 764 1,122 1,414
Monroe 43 35 60 46
Outagamie 54 76 49 35
Pierce 76 103 46 35
Racine 67 60 60 41
Rock 59 74 214 244
Sauk 601 346 164 88
Sheboygan 99 64 79 72
Taylor * 129 112 85
Walworth 40 53 59 50
Washington 79 86 89 78
Waukesha 96 100 115 101
Winnebago 300 274 193 175
Wood 23 154 163 135
All other 551 747 892 799
Totals 6,069 7,181 7,797 7,669
* No report.
All but Milwaukee are primarily farming counties, and
even in the county of Milwaukee farms are to be found. Green
county, with its towns of New Glarus and Monroe, claims the
largest number. The four contiguous counties — Dane, Rock,
Iowa, and Lafayette — have had a perceptible increase in the
last two or three decades. These five counties represent an
area in southwestern Wisconsin which may be designated as
the largest center of Swiss agriculture and dairy farming in
the United States; the region has been facetiously nicknamed
"Swissconsin."
[32]
WI3C0H8IH
(Census of 1930)
Explanation:
# — 1000 native Swiss
• — 100 "
- — (For treatment of frac-
tional remainders see
New York.)
[33]
Next in importance is the Swiss farming district in Buffalo
county, which had little short of 1,000 Swiss in 1870. How-
ever, for want of good opportunity for further expansion, there
followed a steady decline in every subsequent census. In 1930
but 124 native Swiss were recorded in that county. Much the
same may be said of the third important Swiss agricultural
colony, Sauk county. In 1870 it had 601 native Swiss, but by
1930 the number had dwindled to less than 90. In Green
county the decline has been relatively slight, owing to the con-
tinued immigration occasioned largely by the specialized de-
velopment of the cheese and dairy industry of that section of
the state. Lincoln county had 81 in 1930.
Six counties: Dane, Dodge, Iowa, Lafayette, Milwaukee,
and Rock show an actual increase. The cities of Madison (in
Dane county) and of Milwaukee have attracted a considerable
proportion. The new wave of Swiss immigration to the south-
ern part of the state during the last twenty-five years is
responsible for the fact that Wisconsin a decade ago ranked
fourth in native Swiss population among the states of the
Union.
Pennsylvania
To Pennsylvania belongs the honor of being the first state
actually to turn over its lands to Swiss settlement in America.
It was in the fall of 1710, that the first Swiss settlers, a group
of ten families of Mennonites, were granted lands for new
homes there. True, some of the de Graffenried colonists had
landed in North Carolina in the course of the preceding sum-
mer; but they were bolters ahead of the officially stipulated
date for opening that territory to the colonists. De Graffen-
ried himself, who founded New Bern, did not officially take
possession until 1711, the date agreed upon with the settlers.
Once the first Swiss nucleus of Mennonites had been estab-
lished in Pennsylvania, other emigrants of the same religious
faith soon followed. Most of them were from the cantons of
Zurich and Berne, where they had been persecuted. Many had
settled first in Alsace along the Rhine, in the Palatinate, and in
[34]
[35]
Holland, finally deciding to venture the long journey across
the sea to Pennsylvania.
Census figures for twenty-four of forty-nine Pennsylvania
counties in four representative enumerations:
Pennsylvania Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Allegheny (Pittsburgh) 1,588 1,454 1,523 1,229
Beaver 79 105 92 62
Berks (Reading) 95 55 72 81
Bucks 35 35 90 87
Butler 49 139 28 28
Clinton 189 154 73 40
Columbia 10 4 9 9
Delaware 6 59 160 172
Elk 16 243 230 161
Erie (Erie) 179 137 193 156
Fayette 13 68 64 31
Lackawanna (Scranton) * 440 369 288
Lancaster 248 68 142 147
Lehigh (Allentown) 96 47 180 156
Luzerne (Wilkes-Barre) 348 91 123 96
Montgomery 49 63 175 214
Northampton (Easton) 74 42 86 85
Philadelphia 1,791 1,710 1,889 1,487
Potter . 9 76 57 34
Schuylkill 84 53 29 19
Tioga 32 98 64 71
Warren 18 300 220 190
Washington 8 28 47 36
Westmoreland 32 85 124 106
All other 717 680 836 664
Totals 5,765 6,149 6,875 5,649
* No report.
The table reflects to what extent Philadelphia and Pitts-
burgh are Swiss population centers, as well as the attraction of
the anthracite coal belt in Lackawanna (Scranton) and Luzerne
(Wilkes-Barre) counties, and the purely rural counties of Elk
and Warren in the northwest. Few of the later immigrants
settled on farms, for the state had become industrialized, and
good farm land could no longer be bought at a reasonable price.
[36]
Indiana
In Indiana the Swiss population attained its maximum, 4,287,
in 1870; each succeeding census shows a steady decline. In
1930 only 1,624 were recorded in the state. Twenty-three of
the ninety-two counties in five enumerations report as follows:
Indiana Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Adams (Berne) 359 413 726 303 230
Allen (Ft. Wayne) 311 306 281 274 189
Clark 130 97 72 34 26
DeKalb 74 61 43 26 16
Elkhart 109 100 116 89 75
Floyd 139 82 54 57 42
Huntington 76 67 35 17 10
La Porte 78 62 57 45 49
Lake (Gary) 27 27 111 127 101
Marion (Indianapolis) 243 284 269 267 187
Marshall 97 77 55 52 30
Noble 67 52 72 20 12
Perry (Tell City) 474 245 229 62 28
Ripley 80 54 46 22 9
St. Joseph (South Bend) 79 70 70 95 87
Spencer 103 72 55 14 10
Switzerland (Vevay) 55 29 20 0 0
Tippecanoe 45 41 51 33 18
Vanderburg 157 238 122 105 54
Vigo 64 68 56 50 35
Wabash 42 61 47 35 20
Wells 151 142 131 76 50
Whitley 124 88 66 22 13
All other 1,203 959 694 509 333
Total 4,287 3,695 3,478 2,334 1,624
There were a number of cities containing a nucleus of Swiss
settlers in Indiana in 1870, among them: Evansville, Fort
Wayne, Terre Haute, South Bend, New Albany, and the state
capital, Indianapolis.
The state has two outstanding Swiss colonies: Tell City on
the Ohio river some forty miles east of Evansville, and Berne
in Adams county about thirty miles south of Fort Wayne,
both founded in the fifties, the former by both Swiss and
[37]
INDIANA
(Census -of 1930)
Explanation:
Each dot representi
50 native Swiss.
(For treatment of
fractional remainders
see New York.)
[38]
Germans, the latter by Bernese Mennonites. Tell City has
declined in a manner similar to that of Highland, Illinois. Until
1880 it had been the banner Swiss settlement in Indiana, but
was then replaced by Berne. In 1930 Berne still had 230
native Swiss, whereas Tell City had less than 30. In Marshall
county, not far from South Bend, Swiss farmers early settled
in and about the town of Bremen, while in Switzerland county,
Vevay, the first Swiss colony in the state, was founded as early
as 1803. In Spencer and Du Bois counties there were a num-
ber of early settlements at Mariah Hill, Ferdinand, Jasper, and
the monastery of St. Meinrad, founded by the abbot of
Einsiedeln.
Iowa
In the first census of 1850 Iowa had a total population of
192,214 inhabitants; in 1930 it had 2,470,939. The Swiss
population, specified here in twenty-five of the state's ninety-
nine counties in four enumerations, is only one-tenth of one
per cent.
Iowa Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Allamakee 150 48 30 18
Black Hawk 43 52 37 35
Clayton 354 218 110 74
Crawford 23 33 51 47
Davis 62 91 55 32
Delaware 0 67 88 68
Des Moines 144 108 87 65
Dubuque (Dubuque) 640 596 308 216
Fayette 196 258 144 105
Henry 24 50 57 38
Howard 17 66 57 40
Humboldt 15 62 48 41
Iowa 137 140 91 77
Johnson 126 77 41 38
Jones 163 242 177 100
Kossuth 10 69 40 32
Linn 43 82 88 75
Marshall 11 53 33 27
Muscatine 187 115 63 53
Plymouth 0 179 63 37
[39]
Iowa Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Polk (Des Moines) 119 115 101 89
Pottawattomie 70 80 48 29
Scott (Davenport) 261 139 113 104
Webster 14 69 31 21
Woodbury 25 81 74 66
All other 1,103 1,220 936 569
Totals 3,937 4,310 2,871 2,096
It will be noticed that Dubuque county on the Mississippi
river in the northeastern part of the state led in every census
from 1870 to 1930, the adjacent and neighboring counties of
Clayton, Jones, and Fayette also maintaining a lead over most
of the others. Aside from the Swiss in the city of Dubuque,
most of those in the counties listed are apparently farmers.
Allamakee, Scott, Muscatine, and Des Moines counties are
also on the Mississippi. Pottawattomie and Woodbury on the
Missouri, and Plymouth on the Big Sioux are on the western
edge of the state. Humboldt, Webster, Polk, Marshall, Iowa,
Linn, Johnson, Washington, and Henry are in the central or
southeastern part in the Iowa and the Des Moines river valleys.
On the whole, the Swiss element is fairly evenly distributed
throughout the state, which isy agriculturally, one of the richest
in the country. There is hardly a county which does not contain
some Swiss. In 1870 there were 11 counties with 100 or more.
Dubuque, an early commercial point in the state, and its
hinterland in Clayton, Fayette, Jones, and Delaware counties,
represents the most compact section of Swiss settlement. Here
many emigrants from St. Gall and the Grisons settled in the
forties and early fifties. Similarly, in southwestern Des Moines
county there are to be noted early settlements, including Des
Moines, the state capital.
As in many other western states — there are in Iowa a num-
ber of settlements of Swiss Mennonites, such as Sharon Spring
and Sharon Center. Some of the adherents of this faith
came from southeastern Pennsylvania, others, directly from
Switzerland.
[40]
[41]
California
Owing in part to the emigration of large numbers of Italian
Swiss from the canton of Ticino and in part to other migrations,
including those from eastern states, California today has a
larger Swiss population than any other state in the Union. In
1920 it outstripped New York by 1,000; in 1930 it had in-
creased its lead to 3,500. California then had 20,063 as
compared with 16,571 in New York.
For a century, California has steadily and increasingly at-
tracted Swiss immigrants. It was in 1839 that John A. Sutter
first settled near Sacramento to found his New Helvetia. The
historic migration of other Swiss to Sutter's Fort in the decade
before the discovery of gold is noted elsewhere in this volume.
Almost three thousand settled in California between 1848 and
1870; the census of 1870 accounts for 2,927. Twenty years
later there were 9,743; in 1910 there were 14,520; in 1920,
16,097; and in 1930, 20,063 or almost seven times the num-
ber given in the census of 1870.
In California the German, French, and Italian elements of
Switzerland are all strongly represented. The Ticinese Swiss
form a considerable colony, particularly in San Francisco and
its neighboring territory. Many are settled in various agricul-
tural, grape, and fruit growing areas. French-speaking Swiss
have long been at San Francisco and Los Angeles. German-
Swiss are distributed throughout the state. There are 58 coun-
ties, 40 of which are tabulated below. It may be noted that
San Mateo, Santa Clara, Alameda, Contra Costa, Solano, Napa,
Sonoma, and Marin cluster about the San Francisco and San
Pablo Bays. The counties of Santa Clara, Stanislaus, San
Joaquin, and Sacramento are within a radius of 70 miles from
the city of San Francisco. Together with that city, these twelve
counties, in 1930, contained 9,710 Swiss, a little less than half
of the total for the state. In the extreme north are the counties
of Del Norte, Siskiyou, Lassen, and Humboldt. Somewhat
farther south are the inland counties of Plumas, Butte, Sutter,
Yuba, Nevada, Placer, and Mendocino on the coast. In the
southern part of the state, where Los Angeles is the metropolis,
[42]
CALIFORNIA
(Census of 1930)
Explanation:
9 — 1000 native Swiss
• — 100 ■ ■
(For treatment of fractional
remainders eee New York.)
[43]
the counties of Los Angeles, Ventura, Santa Barbara, San Luis
Obispo, Kern, San Bernardino, Orange, Riverside, San Diego,
and Imperial, are the home of many Swiss.
Figures for forty of fifty-eight counties:
California Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Alameda (Oakland) 70 408 1,135 1,318
Amador 81 87 56 44
Calaveras 79 86 43 31
Contra Costa 15 71 256 229
Del Norte 3 81 75 72
El Dorado 188 245 125 80
Fresno 5 90 290 277
Humboldt 15 300 513 550
Imperial * * 245 431
Kern 10 80 188 191
Lassen 2 41 60 53
Los Angeles 44 439 2,001 3,747
Marin 361 662 471 544
Mendocino 21 77 155 115
Merced 40 37 149 151
Monterey 46 433 652 1,207
Napa 48 454 357 329
Nevada 66 95 54 36
Orange * 30 108 155
Placer 76 96 68 66
Plumas 56 150 89 119
Riverside * * 88 130
Sacramento 131 347 593 665
San Benito * 97 102 101
San Bernardino 3 78 153 282
San Diego 5 161 300 376
San Francisco 775 1,696 2,806 3,120
San Joaquin 70 172 419 602
San Luis Obispo 12 517 511 454
San Mateo 22 274 323 541
Santa Barbara 6 294 402 471
Santa Clara (San Jose) 133 412 641 671
Santa Cruz 84 216 142 161
Siskiyou 66 64 100 157
Solano 21 164 200 195
Sonoma . 125 779 879 843
Stanislaus 5 20 405 492
Sutter 11 9 90 109
[44]
California Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Tulare 21 72 128 112
Yolo 52 44 122 184
All other 205 365 603 657
Totals 2,927 9,743 16,097 20,063
* No report.
Contributing some 20,000 of its native sons and daughters to
a single state in the American republic, is no mean distinction
for so small a country as the republic of Switzerland.
Minnesota
In the first United States census Minnesota was shown to
have a population of 6,077; twenty years later in 1870 the num-
ber had increased to 493,706; in 1890 it was 1,301,826; and
in 1930, 2,563,953. The Swiss population since 1870 has been
between 2,000 and 3,000.
1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
2,162 2,828 3,745 2,720 2,041
In 1930 only two of the 86 counties of the state had as many
as 100 native Swiss. Almost half the entire number for the
state were living in the Twin Cities. Tables for eighteen
counties:
Minnesota Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Blue Earth 64 83 50 28
Brown 74 74 42 19
Carver 131 93 23 10
Dakota 44 77 52 51
Dodge 178 274 119 82
Goodhue 96 55 47 40
Hennepin (Minneapolis) 186 563 417 357
Houston 57 39 27 13
Isanti 10 355 9 5
Le Sueur 103 101 31 14
Olmsted 59 43 48 37
Ramsey (St. Paul) 100 614 597 526
Redwood 6 44 54 44
St. Louis (Duluth) 24 39 98 86
[45]
Explanation:
0— 500 native S>7lee
• — 50
(For treatment of frac-
tional remainders see
New York. )
I I. I L L
[46]
Minnesota Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Stearns 121 92 65 43
Wabasha 167 129 63 37
Washington 215 136 76 39
Winona 121 121 52 41
All other 397 813 850 569
Totals 2,162 3,745 2,720 2,041
St. Louis County is on the Canadian border; all the others
are in the more fertile southern half of the state. Washington,
Carver, and Dakota are near the cities of St. Paul and Min-
neapolis. Isanti is some thirty miles north. Houston, Winona,
Olmsted, Wabasha, Dodge, Goodhue and Le Sueur are in the
southeast. Blue Earth, Brown, and Redwood are on the south
banks of the Minnesota in the south central and southwestern
part of the state.
Inexplicable is the figure 355 in 1890 for Isanti county,
which has practically no Swiss before and after that date. As
no other record of Swiss settlement in the agricultural area
so near to Minneapolis seems to exist, the possibility of an
error in the census tabulation is suggested.
It will be noted that in 1870 Minnesota had nine counties
with 100 or more native Swiss.
Michigan
Michigan has not drawn as many Swiss immigrants as have
its neighbors to the south and west. The largest settlement has
always been in Detroit. Rural colonies, however, have been
developed in numerous agricultural areas; to be noted are
Berne, Huron county; Luzerne, Oscoda county; and Appenzell,
Crawford county.
In no other state have distribution figures maintained them-
selves so uniformly as in Michigan. Since 1870 each census has
shown a slight increase for the state, but the totals have always
remained between two and three thousand:
1870
1880
1890
1900
1910
1920
1930
2,116
2,474
2,526
2,617
2,780
2,755
2,834
[47]
Explanation:
• — 1000 native Swiss.
• — 50 " n
(For treatment of fraotional
remainders see New York.)
[48]
The total population of the state was 1,184,059 in 1870,
and 4,842,325 in 1930; by way of comparison thus the Swiss
element constitutes but a small and declining percentage.
Reports from eighteen of Michigan's eighty-three counties:
Michigan Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Allegan 74 63 35 23
Antrim 71 196 74 41
Bay (Bay City) 48 85 58 58
Berrien 54 52 61 71
Calhoun 44 38 46 46
Genesee (Flint) 26 15 38 77
Houghton 112 79 68 36
Isabella 18 51 33 19
Kent (Grand Rapids) 39 186 171 146
Lenawee 48 40 43 35
Monroe 99 41 34 31
Oakland 31 59 58 114
Saginaw 101 103 77 76
St. Clair 112 72 30 17
St. Joseph 54 40 30 22
Shiawassee 44 33 33 24
Washtenaw 52 35 30 26
Wayne (Detroit) 531 468 994 1,253
All other 549 871 842 719
Totals 2,116 2,526 2,755 2,834
New Jersey
The most populous section of the predominantly industrial
state of New Jersey, is a block of contiguous counties including
Hudson, Essex, Bergen, Passaic, and Union, in the northeast,
immediately west and north of New York City. This region is,
so to speak, the workshop of the great metropolis and the
residence of thousands of its businessmen and workers.
The increase of the Swiss population in New Jersey is clearly
the result of the industrial and commercial expansion within
the state during the last sixty or seventy years. Before 1870
comparatively few Swiss had settled there. Then, however,
hundreds migrated to several of its smaller towns: Guttenberg,
Union Hill, West Hoboken, Weehawken — all in Hudson
[49]
NEW JERSEY
(Census of 1930)
Explanation:
A — 100Q native Swiss
7 — 100
(For treatment of fractional
remainders see New York.)
[50]
county, where (as well as in Pater son and Passaic) silk and em-
broidery manufactories were inviting skilled workmen from
Appenzell, St. Gall, and Zurich. The increase in the number
of native Swiss has been from 2,061 in 1870 to 8,765 in 1930.
The following tabulation indicates their distribution in
fourteen of the twenty-one counties in which they are most
numerous.
New Jersey Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Atlantic (Atlantic City) 33 89 125 157 160
Bergen (Hackensack) 92 124 134 784 1,486
Burlington (Mount Holly) ___ 21 32 31 65 67
Camden 37 73 87 165 215
Essex (Newark) 660 753 625 1,027 1,056
Hudson (Hoboken, Jersey City) 549 844 1,448 2,921 2,648
Mercer 41 48 53 103 115
Middlesex 57 68 124 204 237
Monmouth 29 29 93 104 138
Morris 22 32 58 175 250
Passaic (Paterson) 187 632 991 1,819 1,499
Somerset 23 52 43 67 109
Union (Elizabeth) 232 140 242 355 457
All other 78 124 104 219 328
Totals 2,061 3,040 4,158 8,165 8,765
Hudson county, as the figures show, has the largest Swiss
settlement in the state. Its towns, Jersey City, Hoboken, and
Union City were long reputed to be the Swiss embroidery
center of the United States.
The only other larger Swiss colony in New Jersey is in
Passaic county, where many years ago Swiss introduced and
developed the silk industry in the towns of Paterson and Pas-
saic. In the census of 1920, it will be noted the county had
1,819 Swiss; a decade later, the number had dropped to 1,419.
Although fifty or sixty years ago, the heart of Swiss life in
New Jersey was to be found in Newark and Paterson, today
it is to be sought rather in Hudson county. With Newark and
Paterson still important rivals, though outnumbered, the state
of New Jersey maintains its position as one of the foremost
Swiss centers in the United States.
[51]
Massachusetts and Connecticut
With the completion of the twelve most important states
for our purposes, it may not be amiss to consider at this point,
instead of proceeding in strict numerical order, those two New
England states which absorbed most of that comparatively
small part of Swiss immigration which pressed into this in-
dustrial section. Obviously, there was no great incentive here
for the farmers of the nineteenth century. The figures for the
twentieth century correlate with the upward curve for industrial
centers elsewhere. There are but fourteen counties in the
former and eight in the latter state, all of which are given here.
Massachusetts Counties 1870 1890 1920* 1930
Barnstable 0 2 8
Berkshire 87 99 149
Bristol 10 33 75
Dukes 0 0 1
Essex 8 59 59
Franklin 10 29 23
Hampden (Springfield) 33 69 117
Hampshire 27 34 62
Middlesex (Boston) 67 160 234
Nantucket 0 0 2
Norfolk 27 64 126
Plymouth 2 22 25
Suffolk (Brookline) 203 444 317
Worcester 17 37 74
Totals 491 1,050 1,272
* No report.
Connecticut Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Fairfield (Bridgeport) 84 231 393 454
Hartford (Hartford) 103 127 315 280
Litchfield 36 134 363 337
Middlesex 24 25 65 53
New Haven (New Haven) 140 315 485 400
New London 48 76 49 64
Tolland 44 74 162 165
Windham 13 16 31 21
Totals 492 998 1,863 1,774
[52]
Kansas and Nebraska
Kansas and Nebraska are in the main agricultural states
with many features in common; however, the former has ab-
sorbed more Swiss than the latter, owing perhaps to its earlier
settlement. The census of I860 gave Kansas a total popula-
tion of 107,206 over against 28,841 for Nebraska. The last
census showed 1,880,999 for the former and 1,377,963 for
the latter.
Enumeration of Swiss by decades:
1870 1880 1890 1900 1910 1920 1930
Kansas 1,328 2,668 3,820 3,337 2,853 2,238 1,594
Nebraska 598 1,203 1,711 * * 1,690 1,410
Here too a gradual rise until 1890 is followed by a recession
up to 1930.
Five enumerations in twenty- five of the 105 counties of
Kansas:
Kansas Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Atchison 106 94 50 38 34
Brown 52 98 111 75 73
Butler 3 20 135 87 45
Clay 44 125 101 62 34
Coffey 1 55 50 18 15
Dickinson 108 261 358 156 108
Doniphan 94 87 78 34 28
Douglas 67 58 55 21 15
Geary * * 93 55 49
Greenwood 5 43 102 53 35
Jefferson 72 34 53 16 9
Johnson 54 30 27 36 34
Leavenworth 136 114 135 59 41
Lyon 19 70 40 33 26
Marshall 12 49 189 77 58
Nemaha 83 165 276 164 101
Osborne 0 61 72 25 19
Pottawatomie 17 85 74 43 34
Riley 43 56 48 41 22
Saline 17 39 56 34 24
Sedgwick 5 39 90 74 51
Shawnee 31 28 52 65 59
Wabaunsee 32 27 68 18 11
[53]
Kansas Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Washington 19 47 142 56 51
Wyandotte 19 54 122 131 87
All other 289 829 1,242 767 533
Totals 1,328 2,668 3,820 2,238 1,594
* No report.
In the earlier period of settlement Leavenworth, Dickinson,
Atchison, Doniphan, Nemaha, Jefferson, Douglas, Johnson,
and Brown led in Swiss population in the order given. With
the exception of Dickinson a little to the west, these counties
are located in the extreme northeast. Dickinson, Doniphan,
and Nemaha are almost entirely agricultural with some small
Swiss colonies of farmers, stock raisers, and dairymen.
Other counties in the northeast into which there was later
an appreciable immigration are: Washington and Marshall
along the Nebraska border, Shawnee, Wabaunsee, Geary, and
Saline mostly on the south banks of the Kansas river, and
Pottawatomie, Riley, and Clay, contiguous counties north of
the river. Greenwood, Coffey, Butler, and Sedgwick form a belt
in the southeast. In the northwestern part of the state are
Osborne and Rooks, in the latter of which is Zurich with its
small colony of Swiss farmers. Kansas City, Kansas, a suburb
of Kansas City, Missouri, is situated in Wyandotte county.
Early Swiss agricultural colonies in Dickinson are: New
Berne, New Basel, and Enterprise. Bernese farmers took up
land in Marshall and Nemaha counties, naming their post-
office Berne. In the latter county there were also immigrants
from Zurich. Although Swiss may be found in every part of
the state, they are more numerous in the fertile eastern half,
where many of them have become prosperous.
Four enumerations in eleven of Nebraska's ninety- three
counties:
Nebraska Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Buffalo 0 56 27 18
Cass 27 73 37 24
Dodge 16 56 39 16
Douglas (Omaha) 56 267 241 161
[54]
Nebraska Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Lancaster (Lincoln) 12 75 89 71
Pawnee 40 75 47 35
Platte (Columbus) 156 397 231 206
Polk 0 52 35 28
Richardson 71 189 74 60
Sheridan * 105 68 57
Webster 0 90 31 17
All other 215 1,107 889 671
Totals 593 2,542 1,808 1,364
* No report.
In Nebraska the Swiss population is largely confined to three
counties: Douglas, Platte, and Richardson. The first two con-
tain the cities of Omaha and Columbus, respectively, while the
last is the extreme southeastern county of the state, opposite
Holt county, Missouri, where Swiss settlements have been
noted. Buffalo county is in the south central section of the
state, on the Platte river. Cass and Dodge are some thirty
miles from the city of Omaha. Webster county is in the south
central part of the state. Polk is south of Platte, opposite
Columbus. Sheridan is in the panhandle in the sandy northwest.
(It may be noted that it was Jules Ami Sandoz, a French-Swiss
from Neuchatel who was largely responsible for Swiss settle-
ment in Sheridan county. He is the "old Jules" of the well-
known prize biography written by his daughter, Marie.) Platte
county was settled in the sixties and seventies by Swiss pioneers
who founded the colony of Gruetli, near Columbus. The city
of Omaha was the destination of many Swiss from the very
beginning, while the town of Humboldt, in Richardson county
has a colony of native Swiss farmers. A sharp decline is evident
in the census of 1930.
Kentucky and Tennessee
Kentucky contains only two or three counties with a Swiss
population exceeding 100. Louisville, in Jefferson county, has
had a moderately large Swiss element for over eighty years.
Campbell and Kenton counties, containing respectively the
[55]
cities of Newport and Covington, opposite Cincinnati, formerly
had a considerable Swiss element. In the early eighties the
flourishing towns of Bernstadt and East Bernstadt were
founded in Laurel county. In Lincoln county, forty miles north-
west of Laurel, Swiss colonists founded Gruenheim, Crab
Orchard, Lutherheim, and Highland.
Five enumerations in six of Kentucky's 120 counties:
Kentucky Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Campbell (Newport) 106 189 60 83 55
Daviess 32 61 46 19 10
Jefferson (Louisville) 697 581 768 798 581
Kenton 68 69 43 60 37
Laurel 0 0 563 103 56
Lincoln 10 3 118 52 41
All other 235 227 294 200 135
Totals 1,147 1,130 1,892 1,315 915
Tennessee, like Kentucky, has comparatively few Swiss
settlers. They are to be found in several city counties and in
one distinctly agricultural settlement: Gruetli, Grundy county,
about thirty-five miles northwest of Chattanooga. Gruetli was
founded in the early fifties and flourished for some thirty years.
In 1880 it was the largest Swiss center in Tennessee, outnum-
bering even those of Memphis, Knoxville, and Nashville. By
1920, however, there were less than 50 in Grundy county, and
by 1930, only thirty-five.
In Franklin county, Tennessee southwest of Grundy, Swiss
settled at Belvidere, Dercherd, and at Winchester, the county
seat. In Morgan county, Wartburg, which had been founded
in the fifties by arrivals from Germany, attracted emigrants
from the Grisons and St. Gall. It is about forty-five miles west
of Knoxville and is now the county seat. Although no Swiss
have been recorded there since the census of 1880, there are
numerous descendants of the original settlers in this section. In
Dyer county, on the Mississippi river, Bernese families founded
Newbern.
Swiss population in Tennessee in seven of eighty-one
counties:
[56]
Tennessee Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Davidson (Nashville) 151 203 225 135 100
Franklin 40 152 133 46 32
Grundy 142 227 140 55 35
Hamilton 16 38 58 44 38
Knox (Knoxville) 123 136 208 106 76
Lewis 0 0 0 53 26
Shelby (Memphis) 184 92 113 76 55
All others 144 178 150 101 81
Totals 800 1,026 1,027 616 443
In Hamblen county, forty miles northeast of Knoxville, fifty-
five Swiss were recorded in 1920 but none in 1930.
Georgia and Florida
Georgia and Florida are perhaps typical for that part of the
South which numbers comparatively few Swiss. Figures for
Florida in the nineteenth century are not available. The rise in
the last decade probably indicates little more than the fact that
among the Swiss, too, there is a certain percentage of settled
tourists. The number of individual adventurers, home seekers,
and explorers who went directly to Georgia or Florida in the
hope of finding a new land of promise is probably very small.
Four enumerations in nine of the 148 counties of Georgia:
Georgia Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Bibb 5 11 1 0
Chatham 23 12 22 18
Dade 0 7 0 0
Dekalb 0 9 10 7
Fulton (Atlanta) 13 49 50 38
Habersham 0 37 13 8
Muscogee 11 5 2 2
Richmond 3 12 10 8
Thomas 15 2 5 2
All other 30 34 48 31
Totals 103 178 161 114
[57]
Three enumerations in eight of Florida's fifty counties:
Florida Counties 1910 1920 1930
Dade (Miami) 7 38 76
Duval (Jacksonville) 11 37 49
Hillsboro 40 52 70
Orange 10 7 23
Palm Beach 6 40 30
Pinellas * 26 46
St. John 6 10 7
Volusia 9 13 24
All other 57 124 175
Totals 146 357 500
* No report.
Texas
In 1850, Texas had a population of 212,592; in 1880 it had
1,591,749; in 1930, 5,824,715. Compared with these totals, the
numbers below must seem insignificant. It is interesting to
note that there were Swiss settlers in Texas before its admission
to the Union. A number of families including the Amslers and
the Hermanns had settled there in the thirties, while others,
such as the Hoeslys and Rosenbergs arrived in the forties.
Totals for ten counties of 251 in Texas:
Texas Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Austin 59 132 16 15
Bexar (San Antonio) 83 166 173 136
Dallas (Dallas) 0* 192 203 183
Galveston 78 61 58 52
Harris (Houston) 29 57 133 167
McLennan (Waco) 5 44 59 27
Tarrant 6 35 49 41
Travis (Austin) 32 69 67 54
Washington 27 56 14 7
Williamson 0 62 110 75
All other 279 837 808 653
Totals 598 1,711 1,690 1,410
During the late fifties many Swiss settled in the city of
Dallas. Some of them had been members of Re-Union, the
nearby French Socialist colony organized by Victor Considerant,
* Error in classification? See Introduction to Prominent Americans, p. v.
[58]
which had experienced an early collapse. More came in 1868
and in 1872 when John Meisterhans brought forty persons.
Seguin and New Braunfels, in Guadaloupe and Comal coun-
ties respectively, had small Swiss settlements, as did the town
of Brenham, in Washington, and the city of Austin, in Travis
county. Fayette, which borders Washington in the west, had
109 in 1890; by 1920, however, the number had dwindled
to seven.
Utah
First settled by Mormons in 1846, Utah, when organized as
a territory in 1850, had a population of 11,380. This number
rose, after the admission of the territory to statehood in 1896
to a total of 276,749 in 1900 and 507,847 in 1930. Its Swiss
element numbered 1,500 in 1920.
Nine counties of twenty-seven in six enumerations:
Utah Counties 1870 1880 1890 1900 1920 1930
Box Elder 15 15 48 35 42 33
Cache 127 208 307 338 358 328
Salt Lake (Salt Lake City) 84 221 369 486 721 708
San Pete 41 68 85 80 45 27
Sevier 0 56 37 28 22 15
Utah 46 88 75 82 72 62
Wasatch 37 101 117 139 74 51
Washington 85 137 133 92 50 28
Weber 12 24 28 20 51 53
All other 52 122 137 609 151 114
Totals 509 1,040 1,336 1,469 1,586 1,419
With the exception of Washington in the extreme south-
western corner of the state, all the above named counties are
in the central or north central part of the state near Salt Lake
City. This section is, on the whole, mountainous with rich
fertile valleys, extending east and south of Great Salt Lake.
Oregon and Washington
These two coastal states north of California were not settled
until the Pacific railroads were built. In 1850 Oregon had a
population of only 13,294, while in I860 the population of
[59}
Washington was but 11,594. However, by 1930 that of
Oregon had increased to 952,691 and that of Washington had
reached 1,561,967.
Undoubtedly, there were few Swiss in Oregon before 1850
when some prospectors for gold had strayed north of Cali-
fornia; but when Portland was being settled in the early
fifties, German and Swiss immigrants arrived in larger num-
bers. In 1857 a number of Swiss, mainly Mennonites from
Berne, founded colonies at Cedar Mills, Bethany, and West
Union in Washington county. In 1885 Neu-Engelberg, a
settlement of Benedictine monks, was built up under the
leadership of Bishop Frowin Conrad. Later Mount Angel Col-
lege was founded by Fr. Adelhelm Odermatt, native of Unter-
walden. The brothers of the order came from the historic
original cantons, Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden. Their success
in agriculture induced many farmers from these cantons to
settle in the neighborhood. In so far as proportion to total
population is concerned, Swiss immigration in Oregon and
Washington is comparable to that of Wisconsin.
Census figures for Oregon, giving thirteen of thirty-four
counties:
Oregon Counties 1870 1880 1890 1920 1930
Clackamas (Oregon City) 16 83 188 367 341
Columbia 1 3 37 72 100
Coos 1 4 13 64 52
Lane 5 20 52 62 60
Linn 1 11 39 70 56
Marion 19 108 345 390 364
Multnomah (Portland) 23 152 788 1,756 1,725
Polk 3 12 25 39 63
Tillamook 0 4 31 255 273
Umatilla 0 7 36 49 38
Wasco 9 29 40 57 50
Washington 15 185 217 477 439
Yamhill 8 13 35 82 57
All other 59 99 237 426 416
Totals 160 730 2,083 4,166 4,034
[60]
There is a steady growth in the years from 1870 to 1920 —
particularly in Multnomah, Washington, Marion, Clackamas,
and Tillamook; all show a drop in 1930. The largest body of
Swiss immigrants are thus to be found in the counties of which
the city of Portland is the geographical center. Dairying,
gardening, and truck farming are the main occupations of the
Swiss in the rural areas. Here as elsewhere the figures for the
metropolis are conspicuously high.
In Washington state there were no Swiss colonies before
1870.
Enumerations for seventeen of thirty-nine counties:
Washington Counties 1870 1890 1920 1930
Clarke 16 120 186 234
Cowlitz 0 19 42 59
Jefferson 1 34 18 20
King (Seattle) 1 190 815 913
Kitsap 0 9 78 52
Lewis 3 64 165 149
Pacific 8 42 133 113
Pierce (Tacoma) 0 232 619 678
Skagit * 26 80 70
Snohomish 2 12 181 145
Spokane (Spokane) * 161 325 251
Stevens 3 10 104 88
Thurston (Olympia) 4 18 57 57
Walla Walla 3 51 63 60
Whatcom 0 60 152 128
Whitman * 96 108 87
Yakima 1 18 86 85
Allother 8 180 459 389
Totals 50 1,324 3,671 3,578
* No report.
The western parts of Oregon and Washington, because of
their topography, climate, and fertility, have been found espe-
cially desirable by Swiss farmers, dairymen, and fruit growers,
while its larger cities have given employment to a correspond-
ingly large number of skilled and other industrial laborers.
Settlements in the central and eastern sections of these states
are sparse.
[61]
Colorado
Accurate statistics on Swiss immigration by counties in the
Rocky Mountain states are not always available; in instances
new counties were organized upon the comparatively recent
admission of some of the western territories into statehood. In
some of the early enumerations persons were not always
properly classified according to nationality by counties. It is
safe to assume that before 1870 Swiss settlers in the Rocky
Mountain states were numerically negligible. In I860 Colorado
territory had a population of 34,277; it was admitted to the
Union in 1874 and in the census of 1880 registered a population
of 194,327. In 1930 it reported 1,035,791.
Figures for twelve Colorado counties having a noticeable
Swiss element among the sixty-two of that state:
Colorado Counties 1870 1880 1890 1900 1920 1930
Arapahoe (Denver) 39 152 516 523 41 54
Boulder 13 30 30 49 45 27
Clear Creek 6 32 20 23 14 4
Denver (Denver) * * * * 509 437
El Paso (Colorado
Springs) 0 3 25 66 70 55
Gunnison * 26 27 42 32 27
Jefferson 18 20 38 37 54 63
Lake (Leadville) 6 73 47 73 28 14
Larimer 0 15 30 27 17 23
Pueblo 9 5 61 54 69 43
Teller (Cripple Creek) * * * 69 17 5
Weld (Greely) 4 8 22 34 47 29
All other 47 187 439 482 587 410
Totals 140 551 1,255 1,479 1,510 1,202
* No report.
Before the census of 1930, the city of Denver was a part of
Arapahoe county, then the present county of Denver was
created from territory ceded by Adams and Arapahoe counties.
In 1930, Adams county had 85 Swiss. More than one-third of
the Swiss of Colorado are resident in Denver or its vicinity.
With the exception of Lake and Gunnison to the southwest,
[62]
all counties listed above are within a radius of fifty miles from
Denver. A few Swiss, however, found their way into every
county, some no doubt from the adjacent panhandle of
Nebraska.
Montana
The first census taken in Montana was that of 1870. There
were 20,595 inhabitants. In 1920 the state reached a high of
548,889, which number in the course of a decade dropped
slightly to 537,606, according to the census of 1930. This cir-
cumstance reflects in part, the influx, check, and exodus of a
portion of that mobile population which was attracted by the
mining and smelting industries as well as by grants, farming,
and sundry prospects of ready fortune. The enumeration of
native Swiss by counties is fragmentary before 1920. In 1870,
97 persons are so entered. In 1900, 796, in 1920, 1,151, and
ten years later only 901.
Reports for thirteen of forty counties:
Montana Counties 1870 1920 1930
Beaverhead * 43 21
Cascade (Great Falls) * 100 65
Custer * 30 28
Deer Lodge 17 39 45
Fergus (Lewiston) * 106 54
Flathead * 45 37
Gallatin 6 46 42
Jefferson __ 6 47 35
Lewis & Clarke 18 55 45
Missoula 15 63 57
Ravalli * 26 32
Silver Bow (Butte) * 171 128
Yellowstone * 56 44
All other 35 324 268
Totals 97 1,151 901
* No report.
Beaverhead, Silver Bow, Gallatin, Deer Lodge, Jefferson,
and Ravalli in the southwest are important mining counties.
The same is true of Lewis and Clarke, Cascade, and Missoula
[63]
counties in the central west and of Flathead in the northwest.
On the other hand, Custer, Fergus, and Yellowstone — in the
eastern, central, and southern parts, respectively — are agricul-
tural. The tabulation for Montana reveals the interesting fact
that in recent decades the migration of Swiss to farms has
continued despite the lure of the mining towns.
Arizona, Idaho, Nevada, New Mexico and Wyoming
These five mountain and desert states are sparsely settled
and account for but few Swiss. Census figures by counties are
incomplete.
The total Swiss population of these five states is indicated in
the following tabulation according to the census years specified:
1870 1880 1890 1900 1920 1930
Arizona 23 117 144 199 293 279
Idaho 52 225 528 1,017 1,347 1,038
Nevada 247 709 429 344 378 387
New Mexico 42 54 122 123 148 117
Wyoming 60 49 106 199 302 250
Arizona
The first census was taken in Arizona territory in 1870,
when it had a population of 9,658; in 1930 the increase had
reached 435,573, of which number only 279 were Swiss. Five
of fourteen counties have the following distribution:
Arizona Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930
Cochise * 35 38 42 38
Gila * 3 15 22 14
Maricopa (Phoenix) * 18 35 101 116
Pima 9 18 15 16 17
Yavapai 12 36 50 58 51
All other 2 34 46 54 43
Totals 23 144 199 293 279
* No report.
It is the city of Phoenix which evidently explains the one
conspicuously larger number and the only one which shows an
increase rather than a decline.
[64]
Idaho
Distribution of Swiss in ten of the thirty-three counties of
Idaho:
Idaho Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930
Ada 8 26 0 82 79
Bannock * * 78 75 45
Bear Lake * 249 362 265 167
Bingham * 88 0 23 20
Fremont * * 15 32 31
Idaho 3 3 0 61 46
Kootenai * 48 65 46 35
Madison * * 0 114 67
Oneida 9 23 45 36 20
Shoshone 2 25 61 59 58
All other 30 66 401 554 470
Totals 52 528 1,017 1,347 1,038
*-No report.
In 1930 there were 42 Swiss reported in Canyon county,
which in 1920 had 38. In 1920 Bonneville had 47; Franklin
and Latah each had 49. Idaho itself had a population of but
14,999 in 1870. In 1930 the total had increased to 445,032.
Notable is the enrollment of Swiss in Bear Lake county with
its towns of Bern and Geneva. In 1890 it had more Swiss
than the entire state had in 1880. Up to 1930 it led all other
counties. Of interest also is the fact that in Lincoln county,
Wyoming, which abuts Bear Lake in the east, there were 58
Swiss, indicating an apparent connection between these two
counties in 1920.
Nevada
The Swiss in seven of sixteen Nevada counties:
Nevada Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930
Douglas 2 39 32 25 32
Elko 15 35 27 25 15
Lyon 27 11 11 40 45
Ormsby 24 64 34 18 12
Storey 82 53 34 12 3
[65]
Nevada Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930
Washoe (Reno) 22 55 88 107 142
White Pine 38 6 9 15 22
All other 37 166 109 136 116
Totals 247 429 344 378 387
Nevada territory had a population of but 6,857 in I860.
The state of Nevada in 1870 recorded 42,491; following some
fluctuations, its population rose to 91,508 in 1930, over half of
which is in three counties: Washoe (Reno), in the northwest,
White Pine and Elko in the northeast. The figures for the Swiss
in Reno seem to correlate normally with the distribution trend
of the rest of the population of the state.
New Mexico
Enumerations of native Swiss in six of New Mexico's
fourteen counties:
New Mexico Counties 1870 1890 1900 1920 1930
Bernalillo 0 25 17 24 23
Chaves * * 17 19 18
Eddy * * 27 21 10
Grant 6 14 12 16 4
Santa Fe 5 14 8 5 10
Socorro 8 23 10 7 3
All other 23 46 32 56 49
Totals 42 122 123 148 117
* No report.
In 1850 the population of New Mexico territory was 61,547
including many persons who had been citizens of Old Mexico
before the annexation of the territory by the United States.
The population of the state of New Mexico, admitted to the
Union in 1912, according to the census of 1930 was 423,317.
The highest number of Swiss reported for any county in New
Mexico is 27.
Wyoming
For Wyoming the census of 1870 recorded a population of
9,118; that of 1930, 225,565. In 1870 only sixty Swiss were
resident in the territory; Laramie had 26; Albany, 16; Sweet-
[66}
water, 8; Carbon, 7; and Uintah, 3. Population figures indicat-
ing Swiss settlement between 1870 and 1920 are not available.
In 1920 and 1930 Swiss were resident in the following twelve
counties of Wyoming's twenty- two:
Wyoming Counties 1870 1920 1930
Albany 16 13 6
Big Horn * 29 21
Carbon 7 11 13
Fremont * 24 16
Goshen * 10 9
Laramie 26 24 19
Lincoln * 58 42
Natrona * 20 15
Niobrara * 24 14
Sheridan * 15 11
Sweetwater 8*9
Uintah 3*2
All other 74 73
Totals 60 302 250
* No report.
A portion of the Swiss migrations to Wyoming is apparently
an overflow of the stream to neighboring states. Big Horn and
Sheridan counties are on the Montana state line, the latter
touching corners with Custer County, Montana, where Swiss
settlers are recorded. Niobrara, Goshen, and Laramie are not
far from the Nebraska settlements along both the Niobrara
and Platte river valleys. Albany and Carbon are but a little
farther west on the Colorado state line. Possibly some moved
from Sheridan and other counties of northwestern Nebraska
to Wyoming. Lincoln county lies between Fremont county in
the west central part of Wyoming and the state of Idaho with
its Swiss settlements in the extreme southeastern corner.
Omitted Tabulations
The states for which no tabulations have been given are
those in which the Swiss element is less pronounced or quite
negligible; they are: Maine, New Hampshire, Vermont, and
[67]
Rhode Island of the New England group; Delaware, Mary-
land, Virginia, West Virginia, and the Carolinas of the Atlantic
group; Alabama, Mississippi, and Louisiana at the Gulf;
Arkansas and Oklahoma in the middle and southwest and the
Dakotas in the north. In instances counties which were omitted
above may be found to have more Swiss than some counties
of the sparsely settled western states, which were included
because their very remoteness seemed to invite the interest of
the reader in the degree of Swiss penetration there. Every
state at some time or other registered native born Swiss in-
habitants, as the following table giving totals at thirty-year
intervals proves.
A survey of states and territories giving enumerations of
native Swiss at thirty-year intervals:
State 1870 1900 1930
Alabama 168 200 150
Arizona 23* 199 279
Arkansas 104 679 518
California 2,927 10,974 20,063
Colorado 140* 1,479 1,202
Connecticut 492 1,499 1,774
Delaware 33 59 75
Dist. of Columbia 175* 244 360
Florida 14 113 500
Georgia 103 180 114
Idaho 52* 1,017 1,038
Illinois 8,980 9,033 7,315
Indian Territory 63
Indiana 4,287 3,472 1,624
Iowa 3,937 4,342 2,096
Kansas 1,328 3,337 1,594
Kentucky 1,147 1,929 915
Louisiana 873 523 260
Maine 9 45 51
Maryland 297 320 497
Massachusetts 491 1,277 1,272
Michigan 2,116 2,617 2,834
Minnesota 2,162 3,258 2,041
Mississippi 266 83 53
Missouri 6,597 6,819 3,578
Montana 97* 796 901
Nebraska 593 2,340 1,364
[68]
State m 1870 1900 1930
Nevada 247 344 387
New Hampshire 11 96 82
New Jersey 2,061 6,570 8,765
New Mexico 42* 123 117
New York 7,911 13,678 16,571
N. Carolina 80 77 87
N. Dakota 33" 374 369
Ohio 12,727 12,007 7,624
Oklahoma 361 493
Oregon 160 2,677 4,034
Pennsylvania 5,765 6,707 5,649
Rhode Island 74 166 204
S. Carolina 45 36 26
S. Dakota __" 585 618
Tennessee 800 1,004 443
Texas 598 1,709 1,410
Utah 509* 1,469 1,419
Vermont 19 98 158
Virginia 148 229 191
Washington 50* 1,825 3,578
West Virginia 325 696 398
Wisconsin 6,069 7,666 7,669
Wyoming 60* 199 250
Totals 75,145 115,593 113,010
* territory.
" N. and S. Dakota computed together.
In their entirety, beyond any doubt, the figures support the
generally accepted assumption that successive waves of immi-
gration brought two important groups of workers and builders:
(1) chiefly in the nineteenth century, a large body of farmers
and homemakers, who, in the main, took part in developing
our rural communities, and (2) toward the close of the nine-
teenth and in the twentieth century, a significant army of
technicians, factory workers, and specialists, who were drawn
to the centers of industry and business. The first group, to be
sure, did not always "stay put"; in the main, however, the
farmers and small tradesmen who came in the second half
of the nineteenth century brought considerable stability to our
rural communities, where they maintained their homesteads,
[69]
shops, or business ventures for several generations to the
present day. During the formative periods of our communi-
ties there was considerable settlement by homogeneous na-
tionals who invited others of their group. To what extent
this is true of the Swiss here enumerated is readily apparent.
The census figures are everywhere significantly high for the
years 1890-1920.
With the death of the older immigrants and the omission
from the Swiss columns in the census reports of their American
born children, a phenomenal decline in the twentieth century
was of course due, as it could be only in part offset by new im-
migration. Thus the figures for 1930 show the greatest decline
of native Swiss population in the rural communities of prac-
tically all sections. On the other hand, there is in 1930, a
pronounced high ratio of native born Swiss in practically every
county listed in which there is a larger city. This circumstance
reflects not only the general industrial trend of the twentieth
century but also the more recent influx of specialists of superior
training received in Switzerland. With the vanishing of avail-
able lands, immigration to the farms has practically ceased.
Even in the agricultural areas where occasional farm hands
still arrive from Switzerland, there have been developed today
highly specialized processes in the preparation and marketing
of dairy and other farm products, calling for expertness and
skill, which in instances only native Swiss possess. In southern
Wisconsin, for instance, where there has been a new wave of
Swiss immigration to the so-called "strictly" agricultural coun-
ties, cheese makers, (and there is one for every 10 to 20
farmers) are practically without exception native Swiss. Thus
rural and urban industries now draw types of workers includ-
ing chemists, electro-technicians, engineers, makers of precision
instruments and machinists possessing a high degree of talent,
specialization, or managerial skill of the kind Switzerland has
for some time been developing in its economic trend toward
higher quality.
[70]
CHAPTER II
AN EARLY MIGRATION TO NEW HELVETIA
WHEN in 1846 at the age of twenty-four Heinrich Lien-
hard set out on his adventurous journey to Sutter's Fort,
he opened a diary into which he made entries with more or
less regularity throughout that historic period in which he
came to be the partner and trusted friend of John Augustus
Sutter, founder of New Helvetia.1 Unfortunately, a portion of
this diary was later destroyed. However, in 1870 Lienhard
completed an autobiography of some 1000 folios based in part
on the remaining records and in part on his memory, excerpts
from which were published in the German language in Zurich
in 1898. They contain two vivid portrayals: one, a panorama
of a band of sturdy pioneers westward bound in the spring of
1846; and the other, a close-up of the founder and "king" of
1 A brief biography of Sutter, in whose colorful career there has been so much
interest of late, appears in Prominent Americans of Swiss Origin, pp. 36-42.
An excellent survey of German Sutter literature up to 1935 was prepared for
the Monatshefte fur Deutschen Unterricht (27: 121-129) by Director E. A.
Kubler of the Swiss- American Historical Society. In 1925 the French-Swiss
writer Blaise Cendrars published his more or less fictitious L'Or, Merveilleuse
histoire du general J. A. Suter, known in English translation under the title
Sutter's Gold. Stephan Zweig's essay Die Entdeckung Eldorados, which appeared
in 1927, is largely based on Cendrars. Other popular Sutter literature includes
Casar von Arx Die Geschichte vom General Johann August Sutter, Bruno Frank
Der General und das Gold, and sundry items in newspapers and magazines.
To correct many miitaken notions which had gained currency, investigators con-
tributed a number of more exhaustive studies. Among them are Julian Dana's
Sutter of California, Al'b pp., 1934, and Edwin Gudde's 244-page volume,
Sutter's own Story, The Life of General John Augustus Sutter and the History
of New Helvetia in the Sacramento Valley, 1936. Gudde rewrites the whole
narrative on the basis of the reminiscences of Sutter, as depicted to H. H.
Bancroft in 1876, and other sources, including the New Helvetia Diary kept
at Fort Sutter in the forties, and the General's own notes of 1856. More re-
cently the noted work of James Peter Zollinger, Johann August Sutter — der
Konig von Neu Helvetien, Zurich, 1938, aroused considerable attention. It has
now become popular in three languages including the English. Some readers
may be familiar with the chapters recently reprinted in the Amerikanische
Schweizer Zeitung.
[71]
New Helvetia, from the time it was a Mexican outpost under
Governor Alvarado to the period when California was the
center of world interest and the stage for that drama of world
ruthlessness and greed known as the gold rush.
It was Lienhard who in 1850 brought Sutter's wife and
children from Switzerland to Sacramento. His career, especially
in the years immediately preceding this date, is of considerable
interest. Furthermore there is apparently no other existing
record describing the line of travel followed by the intrepid emi-
grants who left Independence, Missouri, for California in 1846,
two years before the discovery of gold in Sutter's mill race.
The route described by John C. Fremont is via Oregon. Lien-
hard's party was one of the first to cross with wagons, taking
the then unknown "Hastings' Cut-off", reaching Great Salt
Lake where Ogden now stands, under the personal direction of
Captain Hastings. Courageously traversing unexplored waste
lands, mountain ranges, and the Great Salt desert, the small
group, which included among other Swiss the Samuel Kyburz
family, reached the High Sierras shortly before the arrival of
the ill-fated Donner party. Immediately effecting the passage
over the summit, Lienhard's unit escaped the doom of those
who came later and were hopelessly trapped by that disastrous
snowfall which brought death by exposure and starvation to
forty-two emigrants, and unspeakable horrors to those who
survived by practicing cannibalism.
The recordings in Lienhard's 318 page volume invite interest
moreover, because they deal with a time when important migra-
tions were going on. A bit of evidence in this connection is
reflected incidentally in a letter written by Mrs. George Don-
ner, June 16, 1846, and published in the Springfield Journal,
(Illinois) July 30. She says that a party from Oregon "going
to the states" reported counting 478 emigrant wagons before
meeting their own train of "over 40 wagons" at the South Fork
of the Nebraska.2 It was in the same year that the Mormon
exodus from Nauvoo, Illinois, took place.
The complete title of Lienhard's book in English translation
reads: California immediately before and after the discovery of
2McGlashan, C. F. History of the Donner Party, Sacramento, 1902.
[72]
|attfofitiett
immtttcllmr unr unit nndj trrr WDrdiiing &fs®<>l&f<5.
fllUrt bus Den fetal ks iicimidi Cienljoil
von Siiten, Kanton (Slarus.
in
^taut>oo, ^ord am evik a.
■fin i3eitrag sur 3ubildumsf<?ter fcer (Solfcent&ecfung unfc 5ur
+ ©a$Drwfl tjettfoien. ■*—*-
1898
$afi <Sc Seer, §iirtd?.
The Title Page of Lienhard's California.
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
[73]
gold. Pictures from the life of Heinrich Lienhard of Bilten,
Canton Glarus, now residing in Nauvoo, North America. A
contribution to the anniversary of the discovery of gold and to
the cultural history of California. Reprinting prohibited. 1898.
Fasi & Beer, Zurich. As the chapter headings are in themselves
full statements, in instances summarizing the contents, they are
deserving of translation in full.
Table of Contents: I. I resolve to equip myself for a six months'
journey by means of oxen, from St. Louis through the wilderness, for-
ests primeval, dangerous Indian territories, over the Rocky Mountains
to California.
II. Beginning of the Journey; main assembly of the emigrants at
Indian Creek.
HI. Departure of the entire emigrant train of twenty-six wagons.
Journey to Fort Laramie.
IV. From Fort Laramie to Fort Bridger.
V. From Fort Bridger to the last fresh-water spring.
VI. From the last fresh-water spring to the first one beyond the
Desert of Salt and Sand. The three hardest days of the entire
trip.
VII. A merry encampment at the first fresh- water spring beyond the
Salt Desert and continuation of the journey to the hotsprings.
A dangerous affair because of Indian attacks. They steal five
of our oxen.
VIII. From the hotsprings to the crossing of the Sierra Nevada.
Fate of earlier emigrants.
IX. Crossing the summit and journey to the settlements.
X. Sutter's Fort or New Helvetia. I meet Sutter. His earlier life.
I volunteer for Mexican service.3
XI. My experiences as a volunteer. Three days on board the battle-
ship. Trip to San Jose.
XII. Journey of the volunteers to Monterey, where I am left behind
in the hospital because of illness. The cat-o' -nine-tails.4
XIII. Discharge of the volunteers. Return trip to Sutter's Fort.
XIV. Employment in Sutter's prospective horticultural garden in
Minal. Intercourse with Indians and their mode of living. I
start a prairie fire.
3 The original reads: Ich werde Freiwilliger im Dienste Mexikos. The Fore-
word says: in der mexikanischen Armee. From the content of Chapter X,
however, it is clear the army represents "Unkel (sic) Sam, in dessen Dienste wir
uns batten anwerben lassen."
4 Lienhard calls the flogging lash a cat-o' -twelve- tails.
[74]
XV. The Indians steal my belongings. I wound one of them. The
Indians on the warpath to capture women.
XVI. Opinions, customs, and practices of the first settlers. Experi-
ences in Minal. Card oracle of two lovers.
XVII. My stay at Sutter's Fort. As overseer and door tender, I get
to know Sutter's character.
XVIII. Causes of Sutter's economic difficulties. The discovery of gold.
XIX. I try placer mining. My experiences in the mines. Corruption
at every turn.
XX. In lieu of money, I get from Sutter his herd of sheep. Mis-
fortune and trials of patience. Trade with the Indians. Thiev-
ery and murder. An expedition of vengeance on the part of
the Whites against the Indians. Interment (cremation) of
Chief Koenoek. Nightly lamentations of mourning.
XXI. Captain Sutter's son makes me an offer to get his mother,
sister, and brother from Switzerland. My departure for
Switzerland.
XXII. My voyage from Acapulco to Panama. Trip through the
primeval forest. Voyage in canoes on the Chagres River. Ex-
tortion by the ship's purser. Dangerous two-faced coachmen.
XXIII. Arrival with Sutter's family in San Francisco. Trip to Sacra-
mento. Changed conditions within eight months. Sutter can-
not pay me.
XXIV. Jolly life in Eliza City. Elopement of a girl.
XXV. I finally get my money. High lawyer's fee. I leave California
forever.
At Highland (New Switzerland), Illinois, Lienhard and
four other young unmarried men of Swiss and German extrac-
tion entered into a partnership for the journey to New Hel-
vetia, California. Proceeding to St. Louis, they purchased a
wagon and two teams of oxen which they shipped on the
river steamer John Gollang up the Missouri to Independence,
where they disembarked on April 26, 1846. The three Swiss,
Lienhard, Thomann, and Rippstein, here met a fourth, Samuel
Kyburz (Lienhard spells it Kiburz), accompanied by his
"American wife" and two children as well as her father and
his two sons, John and Samuel Barben,5 who all agree to join
the party. After further preparations they set out two days
6 The name Barben is Swiss and can be found in early parish records of
Saanen in the Bernese highland. What Lienhard no doubt wishes to convey
here is that Barben's daughter was a native-born American.
[75]
later, taking the usual route to Indian Creek, their first camp
site, where they were joined by Peter Weimer, later often men-
tioned by Captain Sutter, together with his wife and children.
At Indian Creek, a general point of assembly for California-
bound emigrants, a larger caravan heading for Fort Laramie
was soon organized. Upon electing a captain and determining
upon a rotation for guard duty, regulations were drawn up for
the twenty-six wagons that now made up the train. Says Lien-
hard, "The wagon which headed the train on any given day
was required to be the last in the order of arrangement on the
following day, so that in twenty-six days each of the twenty-
six wagons would only once have to lead or trail behind. In
the evening after a camp site had been chosen, the first thirteen
wagons were placed in the form of a semicircle, usually on
the right-hand side of the line of march, while the remaining
thirteen wagons completed the circle on the other side, leaving
a ten-to-fifteen-foot opening both in front and in the rear. In
this manner we obtained inside our line of wagons a fairly
spacious open center into which we could drive and hitch up
our cattle in the morning. In case of annoyance by the Indians
this space would serve as a place of assembly and defense."
On the first day of the journey, May 12, 1846, Lienhard
started "a sort of journal," of which later, however, some parts
were lost, so that it became necessary for him to rewrite ma-
terial at a later date when he could not vouch for accuracy in
the sequence of events described.
His immediate party now had three yoke of oxen and some
cows that were soon to calve and freshen. The train then meets
Indians, first the Shawnees and Delawares, who are friendly,
and later a party of 150 Pawnees returning from a hunting
expedition and armed with bows and arrows. There are no
hostilities. The rate of progress is about fifteen miles per day.
They are ferried across the Kansas in a flat-boat, proceed in a
northwesterly direction through Kansas, then ford the Little
Blue river, continuing to the northwest until they reach the
south bank of the Platte. Six miles above the confluence of the
Platte and the South Fork they ford the South Fork and fol-
low the North Platte to Fort Laramie and onward, continuing
[76]
to the Sweetwater river and across the Great Divide to the
Green river via the trail to Fort Bridger.
Here, while other companies departed via the old Fort Hall
road, they and some other companions allowed themselves to
be persuaded by one Captain L. W. Hastings to follow under
his direction a new, supposedly shorter route to the south of
Great Salt Lake, thereby bringing upon themselves untold
hardships and delays that all but proved disastrous. Upon
leaving Fort Bridger, the several companies which made up the
larger emigrant train soon found themselves confronted by the
unexpected necessity of blazing trails and of crossing, first,
the dreaded salt desert, and then, with super-human effort in
fear of an impending storm, the High Sierras.
In his History of the Donner Party, McGlashan accuses
Bridger and Vasques, who had charge of the fort, of having a
direct interest in the Hastings' Cut-off, as they furnished emi-
grants with supplies and had employed Hastings "to pilot the
first company over the road to Salt Lake." Crossing the Bear
river, Hastings led his followers into a narrow canyon, evi-
dently the Echo. Here they struggled for days, cutting twelve
miles of wagon road through a dense growth of trees and
underbrush. This canyon was found to open into the Weber
river valley. A few miles farther on it was noted that this
valley narrows to an impassable gorge five miles in length.
The emigrants now had to prepare a trail over forbidding
rocks and here and there were forced to hoist their wagons over
spurs and boulders.
Emerging from these rough stretches, the companies pres-
ently came upon a great expanse of water, which in its crystal
clear appearance presented a most attractive and welcome
spectacle. It was Great Salt Lake the eastern and southern end
of which they skirted to continue their journey across almost
one-hundred miles of the dreaded desert.
From the edge of the desert they traveled in a southwesterly
direction over various passes and valleys, in the Toano range
and Ruby mountains, one of them with innumerable springs.
Following the South Fork of the Humbolt to its sink, they
[77]
crossed over to the Truckee, which they ascended, crossed, and
recrossed twenty-seven times to the foothills of the Sierra
Nevada. The ascent to the summit was difficult. Near the top
they overtook another company which by means of twenty
yoke of oxen was pulling its wagons over, one at a time. As
Lienhard's group of eleven men with nine yoke of oxen were
unable to move their wagons across, they unloaded everything
and carried over their goods piece by piece. On the fifth of
October the first snow fell. In feverish haste they moved on,
thus escaping in the nick of time the snow blockade which a
few days later sealed the fate of the Donner party. Once safely
across the Sierras, the Lienhard party made its way via Bear
valley to Sutter's Fort in New Helvetia.
The story is an enduring monument to the men and women
who with dauntless courage, unbelievable perseverance, and
marvelous resourcefulness, set out on their perilous journey in
the spring of 1846 with the avowed purpose of extending the
frontier and fashioning new homes out of the raw materials
offered by nature. For gold had not been discovered, and
California had not yet become the great magnet which was
to draw men from all nations in the spring of 1848.
The rest of the story pertaining to that focal period in the
history of California, that is to say, from the autumn of 1848
to the summer of 1850, merits attention because it is in fact
historical source material. Lienhard's personal contact with
Sutter, whose confidence he enjoyed, enabled him to paint what
is in all probability a faithful likeness of that most interesting
and colorful personality.
The appointment of Lienhard to the responsible position of
overseer at Sutter's Fort was delayed by his enlistment in the
army, for a fellow emigrant, desirous of having a small debt
paid up as soon as possible, had urged this step with its promise
of ready cash for the debtor, who quickly seized the oppor-
tunity not surmising Sutter's intention. However, his term of
service was cut short, owing to illness. In recording his experi-
ence and impressions, the writer adds revealing bits of descrip-
tion of San Francisco, San Jose, and Monterey, reflecting not
[78]
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
only conditions as he found them but, at times, the character
of the man as well.6
Upon his return to Sutter's Fort, he found the position previ-
ously offered him filled by Kyburz; but Sutter had other plans
for utilizing the services of his unemployed countryman. It
will be remembered that Sutter had been granted liberal land
rights in the Sacramento valley by Juan Bautista Alvarado,
Governor of California, when in 1839 the bold adventurer had
appeared before this magistrate at Monterey. Provided by the
Mexican government with some cannons and muskets, Captain
Sutter promptly erected a fort and succeeded in establishing
himself on the Sacramento river about half a mile below the
confluence of the American and the Sacramento rivers. There
with the help of a few white men and a large number of
Indians he had brought much of the surrounding land under
his control and was developing extensive projects for its
cultivation. His wise Indian policy contributed greatly to his
success.7 The rich bottom lands of the American river were
yielding great wheat harvests, and now a newly established
horticultural project on the Yuba river at Minal was to produce
fruit and vegetables. It was to the position of manager of this
project that Sutter assigned Lienhard, whose general good
judgment coupled with a practical knowledge of gardening
seemed to qualify him for the place. With equipment entirely
inadequate for the purpose, conditions were very unpromising.
Lienhard' s few white co-workers soon became discouraged and
left; consequently ere long he found himself alone with the
Indians in his employ.
During this time he came in intimate contact with the Indians
and learned to understand and value them. From this close
"When asked to accompany six raiders dispatched to procure horses and
equipment from neighboring ranches, Lienhard is scorned for asking whether
money would be provided for indemnifying the ranchers' losses. His indignant
reply is, "Nun dann mache ich nicht mit, denn ich habe mich nicht anwerben
lassen, um zu stehlen." p. 136.
7 "He taught the Indians not only how to behave in the white man's land, but
also how to make an honest living there and through a real industrial training
to better their economic welfare and that of their dependents and to add to their
self-respect thereby." Clarence J. Du Four, John A. Sutter, His Career in Cali-
fornia before the American Conquest.
[79]
association and appreciation there developed some interesting
observations. He overhears some young Indians who voice
most interesting understanding and penetrating criticism of the
Whites. The Indians of the Sacramento and Feather river val-
leys he describes, physically, finding them of fine build and well
proportioned but noting that the arm muscles of the men are
seldom well developed because of the lack of that strenuous
labor which their women folk carry on — such as grinding the
acorns into meal between heavy stones and carrying the heavier
burdens. The men who busy themselves with fishing and catch-
ing ducks, geese, and other birds, dislike even to hunt, though
California with its abundance of wild animals was then a para-
dise for hunters. Geese and ducks he says were decoyed into
convenient sloughs where nets were ingeniously spread out and
so arranged that they could be drawn to trap birds feeding
close at hand in great numbers. Thus they were bagged by the
thousands. But there was no waste of game. What was not
immediately consumed was preserved by smoking for a future
time of need. In summer innumerable grasshoppers "of the
large variety called locusts" were adroitly caught. Funnel
shaped holes into which they could be driven or brushed were
constructed in such a trap-like manner that escape was im-
possible. The catch was removed in covered baskets to be
roasted in hot ashes and thereby transformed into what was,
to an Indian at least, a delicious morsel.
There were to be found in this region two types of Indian
houses, a very substantial winter dwelling and a more lightly
built summer house. The former was constructed in the fol-
lowing manner: in the center of an excavation three or four
feet deep, a number of posts were set up. Around the outer
edge pliable rods were fastened and bent over so as to rest on
the tops of the posts, where they were affixed by means of a
tough plant fiber. More flexible rods were then placed across
the top and fastened to those underneath, and the interwoven
framework was covered with a layer of clay generously applied
both inside and outside and smoothed off. Usually a hole was
left in the roof to allow smoke to escape, and in the front
there was an opening for entering. The house furnishings con-
[80]
sisted of a number of baskets and some beds attached to the
wall. The summer house was similarly constructed but less
substantially so, as it was covered only with reed grass. Unlike
the winter dwelling, the summer house was placed on top of
the ground.
Toward the close of the summer in 1847, Sutter released
Lienhard from his post to become a sort of supervisor and
right-hand man at the Fort. Lienhard's duties included locking
the gate at night and opening it in the morning, after which
he went to the office for the day's instructions from his chief.
Being also in charge of the workmen, Lienhard soon found
his responsibilities greatly multiplied, for Sutter was building
a cornmill on the American river and a sawmill at Coloma
about fifty miles away.
Besides Lienhard, Sutter, and Kyburz, two other Swiss were
then at the Fort, Schmidt and Huggenberger. In the winter of
1846-1847 there were only two women at the Fort: Mrs.
Kyburz and Mrs. Kaseburg, the latter a rescued member of the
Dormer party, joined in April by her husband, the last of the
wretched survivors.8 During this period of close association
with Sutter, Lienhard reports making the discovery, painful to
him, that Sutter frequently drank to excess and while intoxi-
cated often became the victim of designing flatterers who were
well aware of his weaknesses.
Primitive and effective methods entered into every phase of
the activities in the isolated Fort. Wheat was threshed by
placing layers of sheaves on the hard ground of an enclosure
into which wild horses would be driven. Baited by the wild
outcry of Indians stationed nearby, the frightened animals
would race about and thus force the grain from the straw.
Upon removal of the straw and wheat, fresh sheaves were
brought in, and the process was repeated. When the horses
showed signs of tiring others were substituted.
In reference to the discovery of gold, Lienhard's chief con-
tribution is his vivid description of the unexpected and decisive
s Upon hearing from his own lips the story of the much abused and despised
Kaseburg, suspected of robbery and murder as well as cannibalism, Lienhard
vindicates him in the belief that he did "absolutely nothing to warrant the loss
of respect for him on the part of his fellow men."
[81]
changes in men's thoughts and actions, hopes and goals, as they
were eagerly digging for wealth. Life at the mines he depicts
in rather dark and unpleasant hues. He sees with pain the
abandonment of good and virtuous habits and is shocked at
the turn and the curse of greed.
His story of the discovery of gold follows the order of events
as he noted them. Wittmer, a teamster employed at Sutter's
sawmill, one day exhibited a few yellow kernels he had picked
up at the mill and which he contended were gold. On Lien-
hard's suggestion, the kernels were taken for a testing to Tri-
field, a blacksmith at the Fort, who brought them to white
heat over his fire and then hammered the malleable substance
out to leaflike thinness, the first preliminary proof that it was
gold. The joyous outburst of the men communicated the news
to all in the Fort. But Wittmer, Lienhard adds, was only posing
as the discoverer, whereas the honor belonged to Marshall,
co-owner with Sutter of the sawmill at Coloma, and to Weimer
or "Weemer," a hired man. While inspecting the sluice-bed
after water had been allowed to pass through it, they noticed
sparkling yellow particles. Sutter at once had some of the
kernels sent to Monterey for examination. But before any
report could be received, the test had been made by the smith.
Gold he tells us was discovered on his birthday, January 19,
1848, but kept secret until Wittmer' s visit to the Fort on
February 8. As Trifield and Hudson yearned to see and
share in the new-found wealth, they hurriedly equipped them-
selves with provisions and the necessary implements and
hastened to Coloma. From this small beginning, as though
over night, a restless army of placer miners sprang up. Men
from far and near left their employment. Sailors deserted their
vessels in the Bay of San Francisco. Mechanics closed their
shops. Professional men terminated their careers. And all
headed for the foothills in quest of gold. Sutter's Fort stood
on the line of travel, so that it became a favorite assembling
place for departing and returning miners, where "gambling,
deception, robbery, carousing, and suicide" had become the
order of the day. Many successful miners stopped there, and
many in one way or another were parted from their easily
[82]
Heinrich Lienhard.
LIBRARY
UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
URBAMA
acquired gold. The timid and desperate loser sought to end
his life; the courageous and resolute returned to the mines and
applied himself with renewed efforts.
For months Lienhard wavered between continuing his attrac-
tive horticultural partnership with Sutter and going himself to
the mines, where it was reported gold was being found in great
quantity with incredible ease. An unexpected frost that killed
all his promising young plants nearly settled the matter for the
undecided horticulturist. But Sutter once again persuaded him
to carry on a while longer on the basis of a new agreement by
which Lienhard was no longer to be a partner but merely Sut-
ter's hired gardener, who was to be provided with all needed
supplies and to receive $900 at the end of a stipulated number
of months. The amount, Lienhard believes, seemed reasonable
in consideration of Sutter's possible returns at the mines and
his further enrichment by the appreciation in value of his ex-
tensive lands after the discovery of gold. But the party of the
first part was dilatory in forwarding the agreed garden equip-
ment, whereupon the gardener appeared at the Fort to deliver
an indignant protest climaxed with the accusation that the em-
ployer had broken the contract. But the King of New Helvetia
remained politely unperturbed. With fatherly kindness he
requested his most trusted hand to help himself to whatever
he needed, since he knew where everything was. In an instant
the wrath of the accuser was dispelled, who confesses he was
bound to like his employer and former partner as before.9
Among other visitors whom Lienhard was glad to greet at
the Fort was his old acquaintance, Charles Cleaveland, whom
he had met at Minal on the Yuba river, and whose life is so
intimately interwoven with the founding of Marysville and its
'This charming sidelight on Sutter's character deserves to be quoted in the
original: Ich begab mich daher personlich ins Fort and stieg ihm auf die Bude.
Trotz meiner Beschwerden, dass er auch den schriftlichen Vertrag nicht halte,
blieb Sutter gelassen und voll Hoflichkeit und Giite. Kommen Sie und suchen
Sie das ganze Fort aus, Sie wissen ja am besten, wo alles ist, nehmen Sie davon,
was Sie brauchen. Sie wissen ja, dass wir uns in einem neuen Land befinden, wo
man nicht alles so haben kann, wie man es sich wiinscht etc. Dies hatte er in so
vaterlicher Weise gesprochen und mich iiberhaupt so freundlich zu beruhigen
gewusst, dass mein ganzer Groll, mit welchem ich gekommen war, sich legte
und ich ihn wieder gern haben musste.
[83]
early history. It was he who first selected the site of Marys-
ville in anticipation of the present-day thriving rural center,
naming it in honor of his wife. Cleaveland, a cooper by trade,
was an ambitious young Frenchman, who had crossed the
Rockies and hired out to Cordua, a rancher on the Yuba, to
make barrels for packing salted beef. When gold was dis-
covered, Cleaveland for a time panned industriously. With
$1,500 in earnings and loans he went to San Francisco, where
he bought a supply of glass beads, knives, handkerchiefs,
tobacco, and other commodities with which he returned to the
mines to carry on a profitable business. A twenty-five-cent
knife sold for an ounce of gold — sixteen dollars; a handker-
chief might also bring in the same amount of gold.
Once Sutter had enlarged his field of activity to include
mining, he devoted to this enterprise the same degree of energy
and vigor he had bestowed on other undertakings. Thus the
horticultural project was soon abandoned and Lienhard was
sent to the mines. A new contractual relationship between the
principals replaced the old: Lienhard might take along as
many Indian boys as he pleased for whom Sutter would supply
provisions and tools in return for half of all the gold found.
In time Sutter's steadiness of purpose became impaired by his
growing habit of intemperance and his susceptibility to flattery,
which unscrupulous persons were quick to take advantage of.
Genial and generous, he unknowingly became the victim of
swindlers, who over glasses persuaded him to invest his
dwindling fortune in unwise and illusive ventures.
After Lienhard had by observation learned something of the
method of placer-mining, he began producing at the maximum
rate of an ounce of gold a day. Realizing that phenomenal re-
turns were to be had only in rare cases, he contented himself
with this moderate success and an incidental initial profit from
the sale of some watermelons he offered as a substitute for
drinking water. These melons Indian miners bought from him
for an ounce of gold apiece.
Lienhard observes with understanding the varied complexion
of the checkered community of the miners. All types of men
were thrown together there, and each enforced his rights with
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his own weapon, ignoring the law. Not infrequently, Sutter
would appear on the scene personally to inspect new locations
and to create good will among the miners who purchased sup-
plies from him. Repeatedly he directed and transported Lien-
hard and his helpers to promising new locations, knowledge of
which had somehow come to him. On one such occasion, we
are told, he confidentially disclosed to his trusted friend the
fact that he expected shortly to welcome his eldest son, August,
junior, and naturally desired to have as much gold as possible
on display to surprise and impress him on his arrival. There-
upon the amiable co-worker dutifully advanced one thousand
forty dollars, over the amount already due him, in return for
the promise that the sum would not be touched and could be
called for at the Fort any time. However, the pressure of
creditors soon made it impossible for Sutter to keep his
promise, and thus the amount could not be returned upon
request.
Finally, becoming discouraged over his meagre returns,
Lienhard decided to quit the mines and to return to Sutter's
Fort to collect his money. The creditor agreed to accept sheep
in lieu of money in payment of his claim and wages due. As
the flock numbered about 1,100 sheep priced at three dollars
a head, Lienhard now found himself owing his recent debtor
$900. As Sutter himself was planning on leaving the Fort for
a year, he gave his son unlimited authority in handling his busi-
ness, who made arrangements with Lienhard for liquidating his
indebtedness by March, 1849.
While Sutter was away, Lienhard was destined to have a
share in two far-reaching decisions. One day young Sutter
asked him what he thought of the suggestion of one Branon,
a former Mormon elder, not to found a city where Captain
Sutter had tentatively laid out Sutterville, since it would
require a canal a mile long to provide the proposed city with a
landing place, the construction of which at the rate of current
wages at sixteen dollars a day would be prohibitive. The young
man further confided that he was considering rather the plot-
ting of a city on the Sacramento river. Work could begin
immediately, as an engineer was then available. Upon Lien-
[85]
hard's approving reply, young Sutter began construction.
Thereupon Lienhard suggested the new city be named Sacra-
mento City rather than Sutterville, a suggestion which young
Sutter accepted. Lienhard later regretted giving the latter
advice, for it deprived Sutter of immortalizing his name at the
place of his greatest service to California and contributed
greatly to the ensuing sad break between father and son.
Lienhard herded his sheep until spring of 1849. Then he
sold half of the flock to a recently made acquaintance, a com-
patriot by the name of Diirr, and drove the rest to the mines,
where the hungry miners — especially the Indians — gladly
bought them at twelve dollars and more per head. With $6,000
safely tucked away, Lienhard returned to Sutter's Fort, where
a new commission awaited him.
The Captain and his son urgently requested him to journey
to Switzerland and to bring from there Mrs. Sutter and the
remaining members of the family. Young August protested
that he would prefer to go himself but feared to leave the
Fort, lest there would be nothing left for his mother upon his
return. Furthermore he knew that his father trusted no one
as he trusted Lienhard and would offer him $2,000 and
expenses for the service. Lienhard in view of what he might
make in the meantime if he remained in California, drove the
bargain to $4,000 for pay and $8,000 for expenses "also . . .
dies zusammen 12,000 Dollars," and set sail June 20, 1849 on
his six-to-seven-months trip. It was a hazardous voyage, as he
carried with him about $7,000 in cash and traveled across the
Isthmus of Panama, where he would be exposed to the dread
Chagres fever.
Fortune accompanied him, however, and at last on the 21st
of January, 1850, he returned to San Francisco with Mrs. Sut-
ter, a daughter, Eliza, and two sons, Alphonse and Emil. Other
immigrants in the group were a Mr. and Mrs. Kramer. The
party remained in San Francisco, while Lienhard went to
Sacramento City to report to Captain Sutter. As August, junior,
was not there at the time, the elder Sutter alone returned with
his envoy to the family at San Francisco, a circumstance that
brought about the subsequent ill-will of the son.
[86]
Surprising to Lienhard were the all but unbelievable trans-
formations that had gone on during his absence. The old San
Francisco had been destroyed by fire and new wooden struc-
tures were arising in place of the old. Everywhere there were
tremendous changes in value; the price of food and real estate
had risen markedly. The Sacramento had flooded its banks
and the water was but then receding after having wrought
great damage. Carcasses of horses and cattle were still in the
forks of trees where the water had swept them.
Among other things Lienhard learned that Sutter had in the
past months been campaigning for the governorship of Cali-
fornia. That was the last straw. Evidently the contrast of
the present with the past, or that of conditions as he found
them in California with those in Switzerland was too great
for him to endure; therefore, upon accomplishing his last
service for Sutter, he disposed of his property (some of
it to August, junior, who first defaulted in his payments and
later made settlement) and determined to leave California
forever. He returned to his fatherland, got married and bought
himself the estate in Kilchberg which later passed into the
hands of the poet Conrad Ferdinand Meyer. The memory of
the active and adventurous years he had spent in America, how-
ever, did not long permit his being contented with his quiet,
peaceful home in Switzerland. Presently he came back to
America, spending the remainder of his life in Nauvoo, Illinois,
where in time he was elected mayor and died in 1903 at the
age of eighty-one years.
Originally the account of his experiences was intended solely
for his family. Because of the general interest in the period
he portrays, the portions that are here reviewed were published
in Zurich in commemoration of the fiftieth anniversary of the
discovery of gold in California. It should be added that Lien-
hard, a keen observer of nature, noticed everywhere the pres-
ence of wild life. His notes may indeed be as invaluable to
students of records concerning flora and fauna, as they are
interesting to investigators of frontier types.
[87]
CHAPTER III
KYBURZ OF KYBURZ
COMING from Sacramento, the motorist of today speeds
eastward along the Lincoln highway, through the lowlands
flanked by blossoms and upwards along foothill orchards. In
the first hour he reaches Clarksville, passes Shingle Springs
and Placerville, which in the turbulent days was known as
Hangtown. To the left a road leads to nearby Coloma, where
gold was first discovered in 1848. From Placerville he may
follow the south fork of the American river for thirty miles
to stop at the village of Kyburz, a well-known summer resort.
Inquiry as to the name would reveal that an Albert Kyburz
was appointed postmaster there on January 13, 1911, and that
he was the third son of a pioneer family identified with these
parts, the parents and their six children now lying buried in
one or the other of the towns mentioned. It is the heart of a
beautiful land of Alpine character with peaks nearer at hand
up to 7,000 feet and others in the distance up to 10,000 feet,
a vast region carpeted by an almost unbroken sweep of pine
forest with little spots of shimmering mountain lakes and
threads of sparkling streams which grow into torrents in
ravines far below. This is Eldorado county, the land of gold
and pines, now memorializing a name indigenous to the ancient
canton of Aargau, Switzerland,1 from whence Samuel Kyburz
had migrated, settling in New Helvetia in 1846, at a time when
Captain Sutter was consolidating his first outpost of civiliza-
tion in the then interior wilderness. It was Kyburz who sub-
sequently became the faithful and trusted aid of the founder
of New Helvetia.
1 Godet und Tiirler, Hist, Biog. Lexikon der Schweiz. Neuchatel. 1927. See
Kyburz.
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j
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Born June 26, 1810, in Oberentfelden, in the canton of
Aargau, Switzerland, he was a son of Daniel and Maria Kyburz
nee Baumann. The family, consisting of father Daniel, a
widower, two sons and two daughters, departed from their home
for America, arriving in New York in September, 1833- The
events are recorded in the Kyburz family Bible. Seven years
later while farming in the township of Spring Prairie, Wal-
worth county, Wisconsin, Samuel was united in marriage with
Rebecca Sophie Barben, a native of Ohio, probably also of
Swiss descent. With his family he then moved to East Troy
of the same state, where there came to his notice the news of
the grand colonization on the Sacramento river in California
undertaken by a native Swiss, a certain Captain Sutter. Ameri-
can and Swiss journals, among them the German-American
newspapers of St. Louis, in glowing terms informed prospective
emigrants of the salubrious climate and of the marvelous
fertility of the soil of New Helvetia. This propaganda aug-
mented by Captain John C. Fremont's official reports of his
explorations in Oregon and California induced numerous
emigrants to migrate to the Pacific coast. The alluring pros-
pects of the far West also prevailed upon Samuel Kyburz to
undertake the hazardous journey across the endless prairies,
unknown deserts, and mountains.
Departing on April 2, 1846, with his wife and two chil-
dren, Samuel Elliot, aged four years, and Sarah, aged two years,
Kyburz joined the Lienhard group at Independence, Missouri,
on or soon after April 26. This town was then a small but
very busy frontier post for emigrants and traders to and from
Taos and Santa Fe in Mexico and points in Oregon. In May
1846, thousands of emigrants passed through Independence,
making needed purchases for their great overland journey
across prairies and mountains in their covered wagons. An
important function here was the organization of so-called emi-
gration companies and the selecting of competent leaders or
captains. A census of one of the companies shows that it con-
sisted of 119 men, 59 women, 110 children, 700 head of cattle,
and 150 horses. The journey from Independence to New Hel-
vetia via the Hastings Cut-off is described in detail by Heinrich
[89]
Lienhard, the subject of the preceding chapter. After a week's
travel the Lienhard-Kyburz party left the larger emigration
company of which they had been a part, to advance more
rapidly and independently through Kansas and Nebraska.
Upon reaching the upper North Platte and the Sweetwater
river on July 17, 1846, Kyburz appears as captain, a post he
seems to have held for the remainder of the journey.
The belief that Lienhard or Kyburz were members of the
Dormer or the Harlan parties is erroneous. Lienhard and
Kyburz encamped at Bear River on July 27; on August 2, they
reached the Weber river. The Donner party did not arrive
there until August 3. The Swiss and German party was thus
a day ahead of the Donner party; in fact it took Lienhard and
Kyburz but eleven days to travel from Fort Bridger to the shore
of Salt Lake, while the Donner party, which had avoided the
difficult stretch of Weber canyon, was twenty-seven days in
reaching the Lake. On August 15, Harlan and Peter Weimer
(Weemer or Wimmer) joined or caught up with Kyburz;
however, Lienhard inserts on that day's record that Harlan had
not been their captain. Harlan himself in his memoirs makes
no claim of any captaincy.
After a journey of four months and twenty-three days
Kyburz and his family, including also the father and two
brothers of Mrs. Kyburz, arrived hale and hearty at Sutter's
Fort, where they were received most cordially. Sutter, who
recognized in Kyburz a man of reliability and competence,
appointed him to the post of overseer of the fort. Equally wel-
come was Mrs. Kyburz, the first white woman at the fort, where
Sutter promptly erected a two-room addition to accommodate
the family.3 Upon entering his duties, Kyburz assumed all man-
ner of important functions. This is reflected in the diary which
Sutter kept for a number of years. Kyburz was majordomo and
had charge of the keys of the fort and as Sutter's adjutant
carried out the orders of the chief. He serves as building inspec-
tor and selector of building sites and of timber in the hills
8 In the state-owned "Sutter's Fort and Museum" these rooms are today
marked by a door plate reading, "Kyburz Rooms," and are used as the office of
the curator.
[90]
Samuel Kyburz.
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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
URBANA
needed for lumber; he is driver after strayed or stolen stock
and chief of expeditions to punish refractory Indians. He is
superintendent of the workers in the wheatlands and directs
the purchasing and exchanging of cattle. Acting also as cap-
tain or supercargo of shipping, he navigates the Sacramento,
the San Joaquin, and the Great Bay. It is a tradition in the
Kyburz family that it was he who first selected the site of the
now famous saw-mill at Coloma.4 At any rate it was Kyburz
and John Bidwell who prepared and witnessed the contract
between Sutter and Marshall for the erection of the mill where
gold was discovered in January, 1848, by Marshall.
On February 9, 1848, a son, who died in his infancy, was
born at Sutter's Fort to Samuel and Rebecca Sophia Kyburz
and was named John Augustus, evidently in honor of the cap-
tain. On May 22 of the same year Sutter entered the laconic
note in his journal: "Mr. Kyburz left my services and estab-
lished himself a boarding house in the vaquero home." Evi-
dently the discovery of gold had brought about conditions up-
setting old relationships forever. The rush was on, the world
had changed. Exactly what circumstances had impelled Kyburz
to enter the business he set up may never be known. Owing
to the then prevailing lawlessness in the community, the new
venture did not prosper. Later, upon losing his investments
and savings, Kyburz removed to San Francisco, where a child,
Maria, was born November 12, 1849. Thereafter he is to be
found in Sacramento, where the dates of the birth of two sons
are recorded, Albert B. on June 30, 1852, and John Daniel on
October 10, 1854.
After another attempt at managing a hotel and store, this
time at Whiterock, the Kyburz family settled at Clarksville,
where they engaged in stock raising and dairying. There
Kyburz held office as justice of the peace for many years until
his retirement. He died January 15, 1898, at Shingle Springs
and was buried at Folsom. In the Mountain Democrat of
Placerville he is celebrated as a "Pioneer of pioneers . . . who
4 Sutter later definitely says it was James W. Marshall who selected the site
but may err in this as in other statements he made later: examples are given by
Erwin Gudde in his Sutter's Own Story.
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brought with him to America the stalwart manhood and sturdy
virtues of his Alpine home."
Numerous descendants of Samuel Kyburz today live in
Eldorado county. One son, Samuel Elliott served in the Civil
War as corporal in the Second Regiment of Cavalry, California
Volunteers. He was born at East Troy, Wisconsin, January 27,
1842 and died at Shingle Springs, October 25, 1917. There
were five other children: Sarah (Sally whose married name
was Mrs. Kent), also born at East Troy, on March 10, 1844,
she died at Placerville, May 1935; John Augustus, born at
Sutter's Fort, February 9, 1848, where he died December 23,
the same year; Maria Elizabeth (Mrs. Edwin Ball) born
November 12, 1849, in Sacramento, date of death unknown;
Albert B. born at Sacramento June 30, 1852, died at Placer-
ville, December 7, 1936; and John Daniel born October 10,
1854, died at Clarksville.
In the century that has elapsed since Johann August Sutter
took possession with provisional title of the empire he named
New Helvetia, California has become the destination of an
ever swelling stream of Swiss immigration. The immigrant
population of the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys in 1846,
according to Lienhard's estimate did not exceed sixty males.
The Swiss arrivals before the close of the decade besides the
Kyburz family and their three relatives, the Barbens, who were
probably Swiss, include the following, mentioned by Lienhard:
Thomann, Rippstein, Schmidt from Appenzell, Huggenberger
from Aargau, Wittmer from Solothurn, "Herr Fahndrich von
Laufenberg" also from Aargau, David Engler from St. Gall,
"Berner Jakob," Diirr from Basel, "Baumeister Bader" from
Baselland, and the Kramers, who came with Sutter's family.
Other known contemporaries were J. J. Viojet, a surveyor, and
Brunner, who cared for the orphaned Donner children.
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UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS
URBANA
CHAPTER IV
THE ITALIAN SWISS OF CALIFORNIA
THE first record of immigration from the canton of Tessin
(or Ticino) to California dates from 1849, when a certain
Giannini and a Delmonico from Val Leventina joined the
colony of General Sutter at New Helvetia after a long and
perilous journey of seven months around Cape Horn. They dis-
embarked from the S. S. Brooklyn at San Francisco August 12,
1849. A month later another Italian Swiss, by the name of
Angelo Beffa, arrived in San Francisco, opened a liquor store
on Kearney street near Jackson, and painted on its door the
Swiss national emblem. Before the close of the year two more
Tessiners or Ticinese1 arrived: a Jelmini of Fiesse and a Monti
of Lorengo, both of whom had come from Peru.
On November 15, two other Ticinese, C. Scalmanini and
B. Frapolli, whose descendants are today living in California,
arrived from Algiers. They first went to the gold mines in
northern California but soon returned to San Francisco, where
they opened a boarding house at the Long Wharf, at the foot
of Commercial street, and soon became wealthy.
In December 1849 more immigrants arrived from Val
Leventina, who helped settle the first colony of Ticinese in
California. This group constitutes the original pioneers, whose
settlements contributed to the coming of many thousands of
their countrymen, to form what is today the largest Italian
Swiss colony in the world.
Very few Ticinese arrived in 1850. Cyrus Delmonico, a
nephew of the well-known Delmonicos of New York, in that
year opened a restaurant in San Francisco, which he sold in
1852 to Giocondo Giannini. Another immigrant, Giuseppe
1 Although the Italian plural form is Ticinesi, the regular invariable English
plural in — ese as in Japanese, Portuguese, Bernese, etc., is here preferred.
[93]
Gianella, also of Val Leventina, the same year opened an
earthenware and porcelain store in San Francisco, which how-
ever failed in 1886, with debts amounting to $800,000.
In 1851 there arrived from Ticino by way of the Isthmus
of Panama various groups of immigrants who went to the gold
mines in the north in the hope of becoming wealthy immedi-
ately; however, after working ceaselessly and suffering untold
hardships for several years, they abandoned their mining
claims and with better success dedicated themselves to farming.
In 1852 more immigrants from Ticino came to in California.
Among them the Sartoris from Giumaglio in Valle Maggia,
some of whose descendants are well-known doctors, bankers,
and dairy-men of California; the Stefanis, the Pedrinis, the
Bullettis, the Giandonis, and the Zocchis, all from Val Leven-
tina. From various townships in Valle Maggia came the fol-
lowing: Charles Martinoia (the family name is now Martin),
whose children and grandchildren are living in various parts
of the state; James Fiori, whose name was changed to Bloom,
and whose descendants are today engaged in dairying and
other enterprises in and about Petaluma; the Giacominis and
the De Martinis, who first worked on the dairy ranch of Mar-
shall Brothers on the coast and later took up dairying for
themselves; and John and Rocco Cheda, who in the same
industry in Marin county acquired fortunes and later returned
to Switzerland. Some of the children and grandchildren of
these pioneers are still settled in Marin and Sonoma counties.
Of the five Garzoli brothers, William, Peter, Clay, Frank, and
Basil, who settled in Chileno valley, Marin county, as dairy
men, two later returned to Switzerland. Children and grand-
children of those who remained occupy the old settlements and
other pieces of land acquired by them later.2
Between the years 1853 and 1854 many more immigrants
from the canton of Ticino arrived in California, still attracted
by the discovery of gold. Among those from Val Leventina
were the families: Juri, Croci, Dobbas, Giamboni, and Celio.
From the towns of Pedemonte came the families : Peri, Monotti,
2 The grandson of Clay Garzoli is the Clay Pedrazzini, president of the Swiss
Publishing company of California, mentioned in the Foreword.
[94]
Galgiani, Selma, Monaco, Pellandini, Cavalli, Maestretti, Ni-
chelini, and Leoni. The first Italian Swiss physician in San
Francisco was Dr. Anthony Rottanzi, from Val Leventina, who
arrived in 1855; his son was the late Dr. T. A. Rottanzi.
Many of the pioneers who bought lands in the forties and
fifties became quite wealthy. In 1856 Charles Martin and
Giuliano Moretti purchased a large scale dairy ranch in Chileno
valley, which was later divided by the descendants. The
brothers Matteo and Luigi Tomasini purchased extensive tracts
of land near Point Reyes on the coast, while Desiderio Garzoli
who settled near Bolinas, also on the coast, as well as Pietro
Maggetti, Louis Pedrazzini, S. Grandi, M. Berri, and many
others became land owners. Among the arrivals in San Fran-
cisco in 1855 are the families: Gendotti, among whose de-
scendants there are lawyers and real estate salesmen active
today; Mariani, merchant, whose sons and grandsons are still
established in various parts of California; Pioda, whose chil-
dren are engineers and businessmen in California;3 a certain
Berri, immigrant from Vogorno, who in 1856 sold, presumably
at a small profit, a piece of real property in San Francisco to
a buyer who shortly afterwards received $200,000 for it.
Between 100 and 200 immigrants continued to arrive in
California yearly from the canton of Ticino until I860; then
the immigration became much larger, particularly in the years
from 1864 to 1868 ; this was occasioned perhaps by the return
of several immigrants to Valle Maggia with considerable for-
tunes. The first to leave was Giuseppe Leoni, nicknamed
"Tengar", of Verscio, District of Locarno, who in 1856 took
to his home town several thousand dollars earned in the
gold mines.
In I860 a certain Giovanari of Intragna planted grape vines
in Napa Valley on land belonging to General Vallejo; these
vineyards were later acquired by Salmina, Gambetta, and
others, who cultivate them today.
In 1856 Louis Juri of Val Leventina had a dairy at the
Laguna near the Presidio in San Francisco. He paid $2,000
8 Among them is L. Pioda, attorney at Salinas, a nephew of Dr. Pioda, former
Swiss minister to the United States.
[95]
for ten cows; milk was selling at fifty cents per gallon. Many
Ticinese owned and operated restaurants in San Francisco,
among them: H. G. Giannini, manager of the Irving hotel in
1854; the Juri brothers, who in 1862 opened a restaurant on
Merchant Street, which enjoyed the reputation of being one of
the most popular in the city. Somewhat later Campi's restau-
rant was opened on Clay Street, and managed until the time
of the earthquake and fire by Natale Giamboni, who enjoyed
the title "King of Hosts". In 1864 Louis Baccala, who had re-
cently immigrated from Intragna, became co-owner of the well-
reputed Sorbier restaurant. Other Swiss restaurants were those
operated by Perini and Ferini, Sartori and Fantina, Frank
Guglielmetti, Cherubino Lombardi, Marco Vanoni, F. Berta,
and Giuseppe Galli, whose death occurred in 1938.
Italian Swiss boarding houses in San Francisco were rather
numerous. After Scalmanini and Frapolli, the next to open an
Italian Swiss boarding house was G. Giandoni, located on
Green street near Dupont. It was later sold to Carlo Antonio
Peverada. With Peverada was associated for some time a cer-
tain Zanoni, who later opened the Ticino hotel on Pacific street,
which years afterwards was acquired by Battista Morganti and
Lucia Brignoli, who had first gone to Australia from Canton
Tessin in search of fortune. About 1875 the William Tell
house, operated by Guglielmo Juri on Pacific street near
Kearny, was a popular rendezvous of the Ticinese. Then Carlo
Scheggia was operating the Federal hotel on Stockton street,
while Cherubino Lombardi managed the Saint Gothard hotel
on Broadway street. It and the Ticino hotel were the best
known boarding houses for Ticinese in California. Other
boarding houses were those of C. Magistra, B. Toroni, and
Mrs. Chiesa.
A directory of dealers, importers, merchants, and those in
other branches of commerce and trade in nineteenth century
San Francisco, would have to include many Ticinese. Men-
tioned here are: Charles Martin, head of the commission house
of Martin, Feusier & Co., in which firm Camillo Stefani and
N. Giacomini held interests; the general merchandise firm of
Stefani and Mariani (later G. D. Mariani) ; P. A. Giannini,
[96]
jeweler; Buletti and Selma, grocers; A. Pallenghi and F.
Maestretti, monuments; Rea Brothers, painters and decorators;
and Angelo Beretta, wholesale grocer, all of whom were in
business prior to 1870. Wine and liquor importers and dis-
tributors at various times included: Leon Selan, Giosue Rot-
tanzi, M. Gianettoni, A. Mona, Emilio Martinoni, L. Juri & Co.,
Carlo Sciaroni, Louis Gendotti, Frank Mazzi, A. Bonnetti, G. G.
Bontempi, G. Buzzini, G. Giannettoni, Bulotti & Perini.
In the various commission houses of San Francisco, so called
because they took butter, cheese, eggs, and cream from the
Italian-Swiss dairymen to be sold on the market for a com-
mission, were employed numerous Italian Swiss, among them:
Candido Righetti of Someo Valle Maggia, G. Bonaita of
Cerentino, and later on George F. Cavalli of Verscio, all work-
ing for Brigham, Whitney & Co., Wheaton and Luhrs was
represented for many years among the Italian Swiss by Capt.
Giuseppe Bontempi of Menzonio, Valle Maggia, and by
Gottardo Giubbini of Intragna.
Among the dairymen who came when lands were no longer
available in San Luis Obispo, Santa Barbara, and Sonoma
counties and who therefore settled in Humboldt county, were
the families: Moranda, Decarli, Genzoli, Calanchini, Minetta,
Bernardi, Martella, Tonini, Mazzetti, Spaletta, and Bognuda,
most of whom came from Val Verzasca and from around Bel-
linzona. Later on numerous immigrants from these localities
settled in Stanislaus, Santa Cruz, and Monterey counties,
particularly in Salinas valley. Some immigrants from Val
Leventina and Pedemonte settled in the vicinity of Stockton as
early as I860, while in 1863 some immigrants from Cevio,
including the families: Respini, Mattei, Gianoni, Filippini,
Scaroni, and Moretti settled on the coast north of the city of
Santa Cruz. Giuliano Moretti became the owner of 40,000
acres of land in that region and founded the town of Daven-
port. Today some 10,000 acres of this land are controlled by
the Coast Dairies and Land Company, which is owned by his
two sons, who returned to Switzerland, and the children of a
deceased daughter, one of whom, Ig. R. Respini, was president
of the Swiss club of Santa Cruz county. About 1880 there was
[97]
some immigration from the town of Moghegno, to Gonzales
and Soledad, Monterey county, today the most populous
Italian-Swiss colony of California. At the beginning of the
eighties hundreds of immigrants from Val Leventina settled in
the Sierra valley near the Nevada line. Among the pioneers
were the families: Trosi, Giudici, Defanti, Ramelli, Pedrini,
Lafranchini, and Galeppi.
Some of the most prominent and active leaders of the
Italian-Swiss colony of California during the period 1890 to
1910 were the following: the late P. Righetti, architect and
son of one of the Righettis who immigrated from Someo to
San Luis Obispo county and who was the first president of the
Swiss club of San Francisco; A. Monotti, native of Cavigliano
and an immigrant in 1880, who at his death in 1931 was the
president of the Swiss Relief society and of the Swiss Mutual
Benevolent society; F. J. Rea, sole member of the San Fran-
cisco board of supervisors not indicted for bribery in the
notorious graft scandal of 1906; Dr. Henry J. Sartori, son of
an immigrant from Giumaglio, former secretary of the Swiss
Publishing Company of California; Angelo Campana, an im-
migrant in 1890 from Val Colla, and former president of the
Loyal Elvezia Lodge and of the Swiss Sharpshooters ; George F.
Cavalli and Victor Rianda, both newspaper publishers; David
De Bernardi, an immigrant from Maggia, who opened a
wholesale importing house in San Francisco in 1864, which is
still operated by a descendant; State Senator E. B. Martinelli,
whose father had immigrated from Maggia; G. Giannini, who
came to San Francisco from his native Val Onsernone in 1890,
and at his death in 1931 was president of the United Swiss
Societies; C. E. Antognini, born at Lugano, who came to San
Francisco in 1890 where he was editor until his death in 1917,
of the newspaper, La Colonia Svizzera; V. Papina, another
editor of this publication who died in 1923; Victor Piezzi, born
at Giumaglio, who came to California in 1869, and is still at
the time of this writing living near Santa Rosa upon extensive
vineyards he planted and developed; Desiderio Garzoli, who
came from Maggia in the sixties, settled near Bolinas, Marin
county, where he acquired extensive land holdings and raised
[98]
a large family. He died in 1930. Mrs. Vittoria Mariani, now
well over eighty years old, "mother" to the Italian-Swiss
colony of San Francisco and honorary president of the
Ticino club.
In 1871 several immigrants from Valle Maggia, among them
Pietro Righetti, Roberto Righetti, Clemente Filipponi, and
Giacomo Moretti, went to San Luis Obispo in search of better
lands for pasturage at low prices. The entire sixty-mile length
of the Pacific coast between San Simeon and the county of
Santa Barbara they found wonderfully rich in pasturage where
barley grew wild. These lands, known as "Spanish grants",
were owned by a few Spanish families who had obtained title
to them from the government when California was ceded to
the United States. The owners had been cultivating only small
portions of the land, while their horses, cattle and sheep ran
wild in the rich meadows. As a rule the offers of the Italian-
Swiss dairymen desirous of buying or leasing portions were
gladly accepted. A migration of Italian Swiss to San Luis
Obispo county resulted. Among the first, arriving in 1872,
were: Battista Pezzoni, and J. Muscio of Someo; a year later
Antonio Tognazzini settled near Cayucos. The development
near San Simeon, Cambria, Cayucos, Morro Bay and San Luis
Obispo of a large and wealthy colony of Italian-Swiss dairymen
was phenomenal. The lands were fenced and cultivated, a net-
work of roads and wharves were constructed, so that by 1880
the romantic Pacific coast between Post Harford and San
Simeon had become all but unrecognizably transformed. In
that year more than 100 Italian-Swiss families were settled in
this area where the dairy industry was flourishing. Italian
Swiss purchased most of the real property in the locality, which
was steadily appreciating in value.
In addition to the above named pioneers the following also
acquired lands in San Luis Obispo county: Abramo Muscio,
P. A. Tognazzini, Peter Tognazzini, M. Righetti, B. Turri,
Sam Donati, Alex Tomasini, P. Bernardasci, William Danini,
G. Matasci, Storni and Biaggini, D. Perinoni, D. Filipponi,
B. C. Matasci, Placido Tartaglia, B. G. Tognazzi, D. Gamboni,
[99]
Antonio Lucchessa, G. Fiscalini, J. C. Ferrini, M. Tonini,
Louis Tomasini, G. Moretti, B. Miossi and John Scaroni.
When lands were no longer available near San Luis Obispo,
new arrivals settled in the adjacent Santa Barbara county, in
the valley of the Santa Maria, an area of some 500 square
miles, between the mountains of Nipomo and those of Point
Sal. The soil is very fertile, producing abundant grass, and
suitable for general farming. Some of the early buyers acquired
land at $15 and $25 per acre. It was not long before the entire
territory was settled by compatriots of the first arrivals.
Numerous Ticinese were also engaged in viticulture in vari-
ous sections of the state, particularly in the valleys of Napa and
Sonoma counties and in the vicinities of Stockton and San Jose.
Others were operators of wineries or dealers in the cities.
Among those who developed and cultivated vineyards were:
John Capella at Woodside ; Giosue Rottanzi, Perini and Papine
at Lawrence Station; Gottardo Bustelli at Livermore; Frank
Sciaroni, B. Salmina & Co., and Carlo Scheggia at St. Helena;
L. Juri & Co. at Napa; Bulotti and Bulotti at Sonoma; and
John Rea at Gilroy.
In 1897 there was founded in San Francisco the Swiss-
American Bank through the initiative of Henry Brunner and
Antonio Tognazzini, the latter an immigrant from Someo. The
San Francisco office was managed by members of the Tognaz-
zini family, one of whom, Tilden, is still vice-president. (The
bank, however, has now been acquired by the Anglo-California
National Bank) . At Petaluma it had a flourishing branch
which was managed by Rinaldo Righetti, who came from
Someo in 1902.
Descendants of the families here named are now settled in
various parts of California. A recent investigation to ascertain
types of participation in the professions and public offices on
the part of these descendants disclosed the following rep-
resentation in twenty-two California counties:4 bank directors
4 The counties are: Alameda, Humboldt, Imperial, Kern, Marin, Mendocino,
Monterey, Napa, Sacramento, San Francisco, San Joaquin, Santa Cruz, San Luis
Obispo, San Mateo, Santa Clara, Sierra, Solano, Sonoma, Tulare, Stanislaus, and
Ventura.
[100]
and officials, councilmen, dentists, doctors, high-school teachers,
a judge and a justice of the peace, lawyers, municipal com-
missioners, pharmacists, supervisors, and a veterinarian.
The largest Ticinese organization is the Swiss-American
club of Monterey county. With its membership of 1,500 it is
able to wield considerable political influence in the county.
The Swiss club of Stanislaus county, an old established organ-
ization of more than 500 members, is second in size and
significance. Others are the Swiss- American social club of
Santa Clara county, The Swiss club of Santa Cruz county, the
Sonoma-Marin Swiss club, the Italian-Swiss club of Greenfield,
the Monterey county Swiss rifle club, and the Italian-Swiss
club of Humboldt county.
The Swiss club of San Francisco has in its membership not
only Ticinese but German and French Swiss as well. In San
Francisco there are several other smaller clubs and societies,
such as the Swiss Sharpshooters, founded in 1863; the Loyal
Elvezia Lodge, organized in 1904; the Swiss Athletic club,
and the Ticino club.
The Italian-Swiss newspaper, La Colonia Svizzera, was
established in 1879. The present editor is L. Bottinelli of
Lugano.
The Swiss Relief Society, founded in 1886, and the Swiss
Benevolent society, organized in 1854, are the most important
charitable and benevolent organizations of the Swiss colony of
California, and their membership is made up largely of
Italian Swiss.
[101]
CHAPTER V
STEINACH'S LISTS OF SWISS SETTLERS
FIFTY years ago Swiss life in New York and its neighbor-
ing towns in New Jersey had reached a point of consider-
able activity. The civic and social consciousness of the Swiss
colonists is evident in the many organizations for cultural and
charitable, as well as explicitly political purposes, which had
thriven there for a generation and more. The year 1940
marks the fifty-first anniversary of the publication of a volume
in which there are preserved for posterity hundreds of names
of Swiss settlers at that time, not only in the neighborhood of
New York but also in various parts of the United States.1 In
fact Steinach devotes some fifteen pages to Swiss settlers in
the New England states, 168 pages to those in the Atlantic
and "Southern Inland" states (including Missouri), a dozen
to the Gulf states, 117 pages to the Middle Western states,
and fifty or so to the states of the "Prairies and Mountains"
including the Pacific.
The volume, which has not appeared in English translation,
must be comparatively unknown to the present generation. It
should be said that the author received the bulk of his informa-
tion from the various Swiss societies and from correspondents
and agents of the Amerikanische Schweizer Zeitung of New
York. The excerpts here presented are confined to the states
of New York and New Jersey, which together constituted the
most populous Swiss center in the United States as shown by
the census of 1890.
The names as Steinach records them are sometimes entered
in full, sometimes with or without the initials of given names.
1 Steinach, Adelrich, Geschicbte und Leben der Schweizer in den Vereinigten
Staaten, unter Mitwirkung des Nord-Amerikanischen Griitli-Bundes. Im
Selbstverlag des Verfassers, New York, 1889.
[102]
Occasionally there are identifications; frequently there are
names of business firms set down indiscriminately among lists
of personal names. To be sure this haphazard recording would
be of immeasurably greater value if it had been done with a
little more method and care; none the less, it is a gratifying
preservation of a wealth of names and a genuine reflection of
that veritable bee-hive of Swiss industry and social life which
played its small but by no means insignificant part in the
densest of American population centers. The extent to which
"mutual-aids", charitable groups, and privately supported
organizations for relief functioned is quite impressive. On
page after page there are enumerations of substantial dona-
tions by dozens of societies apparently vying with one another
in supporting needy individuals, worthy causes, and victims of
disaster at home and abroad.
As a rule Steinach does not attempt any deeper analysis and
offers no criticial evaluation: his job is putting on record what
he sees and knows and has at hand. Occasionally he rises to
some generalizations. He notes, for instance, that it is due to
American appreciation of advanced development of electro-
technics in Switzerland that so many Swiss technicians were
imported and given responsible positions here. Incidentally he
notes that Edison used a Swiss foreman. Numerous branch
factories of Swiss industries were established in New York
and New Jersey and manned by specialists trained at home.
There were makers of tools, hand and machine embroiderers,
makers of musical and precision instruments, chemists, machin-
ists, makers of artificial eyes, silk manufacturers, designers,
electricians, and other specialists including glass painters,
graphic and plastic artists, engineers, and architects.
In the following paragraphs the spelling and abbreviations
follow Steinach, except in cases of very obvious error such as
Bosshbrt for Bosshart. Apparent repetitions are as a rule not
deleted, for the inclusion of the names in certain lists and
variant spellings may be of some interest. Crauzat and Cranzat,
Hilfiker and Hilsiker are entered as Steinach spells the names.
[103]
New York
The first list of business and professional men of Swiss
origin in New York, recorded by Steinach reads: P. de Luce,
(for many years Swiss Consul), Lawrenz Delmonico, J. J.
Keller, Oskar Zollikoffer, August Richard, A. Iselin, A. Merian,
the Benziger Brothers, Brunner, Deppeler, Lienherr, Mouquin,
Mathey, Rothlisberger & Gerber, M. Gasser, J. Manz, M.
Schinz, and Jakob Schiess. Practicing physicians included:
D. Francis Staheli {sic), Hermann Boppart, Chr. Cavelti, Ad.
Steinach.
After the Crimean war, in 1856, a number of young Swiss
who had served in the English foreign legion came to the
United States; among them were: Von Arx, Trepp, Wirz,
Werner. Von Arx, an educated man, held a position on the
New Yorker Staats-Zeitung for some time. Trepp, who built
a theater and one of New York's hotels, fell in "one of the
battles in Virginia," in his regiment was an entire company of
Swiss sharpshooters. Another Swiss company was in the regi-
ment of Colonel Mosch. Army physicians from New York
were Dr. Staeheli {sic) , Dr. A. Steinach, and Dr. Tissot, all in
the 103rd regiment.
Charter members of the Swiss Aid Society, (Schweizerische
Hilfs-Gesellschaft) founded in 1832 and incorporated April
14, 1851 were Louis P. de Luce, August Gerber, Charles Pil-
lichodc, Henry C. de Rahm, Cesar A. Robert, Wilh. Merle,
Antoin Rossire, Samson Boiceau, J. G. Escher, A. Iselin, Paul
de Brez, J. J. Merian, Oscar (sic) Zollikoffer, John Syz, L.
Decoppet, E. Burkhard, Ferdinand Rusch. In the seventies the
names of E. Robert, H. Escher, H. Abegg, A. Rappart, E. de
Crauzat, C. A. Hubler, A. Engelhard, and W. P. Molo occur.
A list of committee members in 1886 contains the following
names of "prominent Swiss in New York": Henry Abegg, J.
Bertschmann, Consul; Alfred Merian, Ernst Keller, Alf. Von-
dermuhl, Henry Beguelin, Henry Escher, Wm. Piquet, W. C.
Molo, C. Altheer, Mrs. Henry Abegg, Rud. Raetzer, Etienne
Gillet, Mrs. Alfred Meriam, Mrs. Eugene Robert, Mrs. Alf.
Vondermuhl, E. Allisson, J. D. Brez, J. Bovey, H. J. Abegg,
[104]
Jas. Billwiller, Henry Brunner, Louis Benziger, J. Buzzini, W.
Calame, C. P. Dubois, Chas. C. Delmonico, H. E. Droz,
Geo. W. Dubois, L. F. Delisle, Emile Durr, Henry Engelhardt,
J. H. Escher, Henry Fatio, John Friederich, A. Fillippini, P. G.
Frauenfelder, F. Grosjean, Henry Ginnel, Chas. Glatz, A. Gor-
don, Chas. Gagnebin, John Gerber, H. L. Grandlienard,
John G. Gerber, Chas. Hirzel, Aug. Honriet, Adrian Herzog,
Adrian Iselin, Jr., Henry de Coppet, A. Jeannot, B. Kriisi,
Louis Linder, J. J. Merian, L. C. Lambelet, August Mathey,
Louis Mathey, Fritz Mathey, C. H. Meylan, Alf. W. Merian,
H. Monquin, P. A. Merian, J. G. Neeser, Louis Meystre, Rud.
Nageli, L. Perrelet, Chas. Perret, H. Pestalozzi, Alf. C. Pail-
lard, A. Rappard, August Richard, A. Reinhart, J. Eug. Robert,
J. Rosselli, Jules Racine, R. Strieker, J. J. Stapfer, C. Seitz,
Hermann Spahn, J. Simoni, J. C. Schlachter, H. Sallenbach,
E. Solari, E. Scheitlin, C. Schuhmacher, E. F. Stutzer, John
Zimmermann, Peter Schmid, Chas. Taller, H. De Val-
liere, C. Vicarino, A. Weber, W. A. de Wattewil, Chas.
Zimmermann, and Oscar Zollikoffer.
"Ladies: The wives of the aforementioned, then also Miss
Billon, Mrs. Bruck, Mrs. Biirgi, Mrs. Daniker, Mrs. Chadik-
Groschel, Mrs. Colin, Mrs. Aug. Cordier, Mrs. H. G. Eil-
hemius, H. Ginnel, Mrs. Greuter, Mrs. Guedin, Mrs. H. Hand-
richs, Mrs. Horstmann, Miss Huguenin, Mrs. P. Humbert,
Mrs. Jeanneret, Mrs. Lecoultre, Mrs. L'Eplattenier, Mrs.
L'Huilier, Mrs. Charles Perret, Miss Pilet, Mrs. Quinche, Mrs.
S. Rey, Mrs. Rob. Rothlisberger, Miss Jeanne Roulet, Mrs.
Adolph Rush, Mrs. August Saltzmann, Mrs. and Miss Schnitz-
pahn, Mrs. Siebenmann, Mrs. H. Weckherlin, Mrs. Wiske-
mann, Mrs. and Miss Zollikoffer."
In 1871 there was founded the "Swiss General Mutual and
Benevolent society," incorporated March 15, 1872, of which
the following were presidents, presumably in the order given:
W. P. Molo, Chas. Taller, F. Buxdorf, Louis F. Delisle, Leon
Perrelet, Frank Daulte, Th. Bluntschli, O. C. Hubler, G.
Schwarz, O. Weber, Frank S. Stoklin, Jacob Kopp, H. Wirz,
Otto Goldschmid. Officers in 1889 were: Ulrich Christen,
Gottlieb Kaiser, and Robert Fischer. Special recognition for
[105]
services is accorded: E. de Cranzat (sic), Aug. Cusa, Mathey
and Robert.
In 1869 (the order is Steinach's) the "Griitliverein" of New
York was founded by: Conrad Bryner, J. Miiller, Heinrich
Brandenberger, "three Bodmer brothers", "two Scharr bro-
thers", Fr. and Jacob Vetterli, C. Hosli, "and nine other Swiss".
In 1886 at the quincentenary of the Battle of Sempach J.
Friedrich, editor of the Schweizer Zeltung was the guest
speaker and J. Griininger arranged a tableaux representing por-
trayals by Vogel and Deschwanden. In 1889 the Verein had
152 members who kept a library of 300 volumes. Presidents
were: Conrad Bryner, Johann Hauser, B. Buxdorf, Conrad
Lohbauer, Jakob Fischer, and Franz Holer. Committee mem-
bers in 1888 were: Dr. Ad. Steinach, B. Teodor, and Jakob
Hanhart. Jakob Feierabend directed a number of men's
choruses. Honorable mention is given J. Nageli, A. Vonfelten,
M. Gasser, Chas. Gerber, G. Kupper, J. Schiess, F. Fischer,
Fried. Elsinger, Emil Walchli, J. Niedermann, Jos. Holer, and
Johann L. Delisle, Hermann Grob and Conrad Fatzer.
In 1849 the second Swiss Aid Society, "Helvetia Lodge
No. 1", was founded by J. Wartmann. Members listed are:
W. Hauenstein, J. Senn, Jakob Meyer, A. Thiirkauf, Krebs,
Schinz, Gasser, Deppeler, Jakob Feierabend, Bernh. Meyer,
G. Bosshard, John Hauser, C. Vonfelten. Members of Union
forces in the Civil War were: Captain J. Deppeler, G. Jannot,
G. Kupper, and Jos. Ricklin. Presidents mentioned are:
George Feldmann, Rudin, J. Wehrli, St. Hauenstein, G. Mul-
ler, A. Thiirkauf, J. Meyer, M. Krebs, Vonfelten, J. Fischer,
F. Holer, and G. Feldmann. A Miss Tanner embroidered a
flag which brought in $300 for charity.
In 1868 the society voted 1400 Francs for flood relief in
Switzerland, $200 for charity in Chicago, and $200 for the
Swiss Home.
In 1871 "Helvetia Lodge No. 2" was organized. Officers
were: August Egloff, president; Karl Hohmann, secretary; Rob
Fischer, treasurer. Two members who died in 1887 were
Strebel and Joh. Rohner.
[106]
A society of Tessiners founded in 1869 had the following
members: W. P. Molo, president, Joh. Simoni, Giovanni
Roselli, the Delmonico Brothers, "whose employees largely
belong to this society," and the members, Solari, Buzzini,
Cusa, and Barca, "to whose generous support this organization's
success is due."
At the first meeting of "Helvetia Lodge No. 217"
(A.O.U.W.) in 1887, there were present: Aug. Calame, Jean
Roth, Gust Chappuis, Fred Montandon, and "eleven others".
In other connections are recorded the names of George
Feldmann and Heinrich Schlatter, president and secretary of a
Swiss baker's club 1871-1880; Alb. Sellmann, president of a
union of 200 embroiderers, and the "factory of Sturzenegger
in Melrose." Furthermore, John Hauser, organizer of the
Dufour Gun club, of which J. Miiller and G. Schwarz were
captains and August Egloff and H. Hochuli, officers.
A Swiss Ladies Aid society founded in 1873 by "eighteen
Swiss women, among them: C. Bereuter, Marie Meier, A. Miil-
ler, Elis. Krebs, Anna Alder, R. Corrodi, L. Schinz," had
seventy-four members in 1888. Officers were: Mrs. C. Bereuter,
president; Mrs. A. Frechen, secretary; and Mrs. R. Fischer,
treasurer.
Founded in 1849, the Helvetia Rifle club, reorganized in
1853 with two-thirds of its members French-Swiss, reports the
following officers at the celebration of the twenty-ninth anni-
versary of its founding: Honorary President, Consul Bertsch-
mann; president of the day, Mattmann; president of the
club, E. Eggimann; treasurer, Alex Gordon; and members
Mattmann, Rothlisberger, Eggimann, "and the late Jak. Schiess,
Baumgartner, and Kubli", who are called "enthusiastic
promotors of the club," which contributed generously to the
Swiss Home and for fire relief in Meiringen.
A Swiss athletic club organized in 1871 was directed by
Heinrich Hof acker; the presidents named are: T. Chappuis,
L. Epplatinier, Th. Hintermann. The club's prize-winners were
Paul Feierabend, Gschwind, Colomb, and Rickenbach.
[107]
Anthony and Runk, owners of a riding academy, have gone
down in Steinach's history for providing horses free of charge
for the parade of the Swiss youth celebration in 1888.
The first Swiss male chorus, "Helvetia Mannerchor", of New
York, was organized in 1858 by J. Iselin, L. Hohl, Jordan,
Clemens, H. Egli, Dreyfuss, Keller, Adams, Kiinzli, Dr.
Steinach, Leuthy, Schlatter, Hindelang, Giirtler, Ziillig, Zell-
weger, "and a few others". Von Arx was the first director,
followed by R. Schmelz. Presidents were: Durr, Leuch,
A. Weber, A. Bryner; outstanding soloists E. Methfessel,
Burkhard, Hemmy; other members: Bosshard, Raetzer and
Garnjost.
The French-Swiss male chorus, "Helvetienne", was or-
ganized in 1877 by Jak. Jakard, Eug. Langetin, Louis F.
Delisle, Chs. Taller, Jean Rusterholz, Jules Kupfer, Bernard
Melijia, Fr. Schindler, Forni and A. Aubin. "The first year
Dupuis was director, since then Dr. E. Vicarino." Chas. Tal-
ler was the president since its inception. "The ladies: Taller,
E. and B. Schopper, and Calame", are named as donors of a
flag in 1888.
Other musical organizations recording names of members
are: 1) "Grutli Mannerchor", founded 1869. Its directors
were Geiger, Chas. Miiller, Sauer, Jacob Feierabend, Rob.
Gmiir, and J. Werschinger; presidents: Johann Hauser, R.
Schweizer, J. Zollinger, and A. Kaiser; and members H.
Hof acker, B. Teodor, Jak. Hanhard, and Oswald; 2) "Jura
Mannerchor" founded in 1869 with H. Florian Gschwind as
director; Fridolin Trumpi, Pletscher, W. Stamm, Kasp. Wild,
A. Walte, and H. Gassermann, presidents; and secretaries "for
many years", Christ Burkhardt, Fritz Schwarz and A. Nuss-
baumer; 3) "Mannerchor Santis", founded in 1881. Its presi-
dents were Charles Oswald, A. Reis, A. Meier, and Heinrich
Brunner. 4) "Winkelried Mannerchor" founded in 1887, with
Xaver Holer as president; A. Weiss, secretary; R. Gmiir, di-
rector; and Pastor Lang, guest speaker. 5) The mixed chorus,
"Alpina", founded in 1871. Joseph Gruber was president and
Karl Buol, Jakob Feierabend, Paul Pinkert, and Florian
[108]
Gschwind were directors. 6) The mixed chorus, "Helvetia",
founded in 1884, had J. Oehninger and J. Stahl as presidents.
A Swiss dramatic club, which was organized in 1887, in-
cluded among its members: Heinrich Hof acker, M. Meissner,
Mr. and Mrs. Thiele, Mr. and Mrs. Schweizer, Ehrsam, Ho-
nesta, Gremli, and Hofacker as stage manager. The acting
of Martha Hofacker, aged nine, taking the part of Walther
Tell, won for her a place on the stage of the Academy of Music.
A political club, organized in I860 by F. Buxtorf, "was dis-
solved after the election of A. Lincoln to the presidency of the
United States". Another, founded in 1876, which "the Ameri-
can, J. B. Hodgskin, strongly supported with words and a
check for $100, and which Prof. J. Ahrens gave the benefit of
his erudition and experience", elected C. A. Hubler, president;
J. Hauser, treasurer; Dr. A. Steinach, vice-president; and J.
Hippenmeier, secretary. The aim was to unite all Swiss voters
and "the better elements of the native and immigrated popula-
tion" to fight corruption and "the political rings, which are
ruining the country."
The "Societa Patriotica Liberale Ticinese" had as its presi-
dent B. Malijia. The officers of the "Club of former Tech-
nicians of Zurich" were Colonel Briistlein and A. Reiser of
New York and S. Heinzen of Boston.
Finally, and certainly in some respects, most significant, is
the Swiss social and literary society, "Schweizer Club", founded
by Rob. Strieker and Joh. Friedrich and others in 1884. It num-
bered among its members architects, engineers, army officers,
journalists, physicians, government officials, clergymen, educa-
tors, and other professional and business men. The founder
and chairman, Rob. Strieker, was an engineer. Many of the
names are familiar from the rosters of other societies. Those
recorded include: Colonel Briistlein of the Swiss army and
Major Brupacher; Abraham Speich, journalist; physicians:
Dr. von Wattenwyl, Dr. Tiegel, Dr. Stutzer, Dr. S. Fischer,
Dr. Salathe, and Dr. Aeschmann; Pastor B. Kriisi; Consul
Bertschmann; Vice-consul Roberts, Muhlemann and Oskar
Zollikofer^/Vj; Professors L. Perrelet and Lemp of Hartford,
Stager and Lador of Brooklyn, and A. Ziillig of Princeton;
[109]
hotel directors: Mouquin and the Delisle Brothers; importers:
Abegg, Daeniker, the Benziger Brothers, Bilwyler, Galle & Co.,
J. Gerber, J. Iselin, Iselin Neeser & Co., Alfr. Merian, A. Rap-
pard, Roethlisberger, and Simon. The Benziger Brothers and
Consul Korrodi of Philadelphia are celebrated for presenting
books to the library. The club was no doubt an influential one
in the city of New York and even beyond the confines of the
city. It published a monthly "Review" and sponsored popular
lectures.3
"Prominent officials, military personages, scholars, artists,
business- and tradesmen of New York" reads the heading of a
special section presenting a mass of names in these different
groups, sometimes without full identification, sometimes in
form of a kind of Who's Who.
Public officials: Louis P. de Luce (Swiss Consul 1844-74),
in New York since 1816, died in 1877 at the age of 84, and
was succeeded by Hr. Jak. Bertschmann; Vice-consul Adrian
Iselin, who was succeeded by J. C. Robert; M. L. Miihlemann,
assistant in the treasury department; J. Handrich, postal serv-
ice; Dr. A. Ruppaner, assistant commissioner; Jac. Koenig,
customs official; A. Girard, steamboat inspector; Dr. Theo.
Walser, harbor quarantine service; Fred R. Condert, attorney
at law; G. Washington Gastlin, police captain; Ernest Dreher,
school trustee; J. Naesch, fire department; Oskar Zollikoffer,
city councilman; Robert Strieker, public school architect; Chas.
Sporry and "the late" A. C. Hubler, notaries.
Soldiers: The list begins with Major John Andre, executed
as a spy in the Revolutionary war, and greatly honored by the
British with burial in Westminster abbey. His parents were
natives of Geneva. Civil-war soldiers of Swiss descent include:
Colonel J. A. Mosch, of the 83rd regiment of the New York
volunteers; Trepp, Zurfluh, Komli, Morelli, Gerber, who were
8Steinach gives the topics of some of these lectures: by the Rev. Mr. Kriisi,
"Jeremias Gotthelf", "Mirabeau", and "Ulrich Zwingli"; by Professor Lemp,
"iiber thierischen Magnetismus" ; by Dr. de Wattewyl, "uber den Mesmeris-
mus" ; by Doctor Tiegel, "fiber Infektions-Krankheiten" ; by Professor Lador,
"La Literature de la Suisse franchise" ; by C. L. Miihlemann, "Wie das Geld von
der V.-St.-Regierung gemacht wird" ; by Prof. L. A. Stager, "uber die Pflege
der Muttersprache" ; by J. Friedrich, "uber hervorragende Schweizer in Amer-
ica"; and by J. Ziillig, "uber die Faustsage".
[no]
all killed in action, and Captains Aeschmann and Fellmann,
who were wounded.
Clergymen: B. Kriisi, officer of the Swiss Aid society;
Pastor Lang in Melrose; Pastor Grandlienard of the French-
Swiss church ; Pastor Schlegel of the Avenue B and Fifth street
church; Pater Frey, St. Joseph's, who introduced the order of
Capuchins into America, and Pater Bonaventura, founder of
many Capuchin monasteries in America.
Physicians: Drs. Felix Nordemann; Christ Cavelti; Jakob
Fischer; E. Wyler; Wolfermann; J. Wattewyl, and Vicarino.
Two physicians Drs. Buscher and Tiegel returned to Switzer-
land.
Dentists: J. L. Miller and Robert Grob.
Lawyers: the Coudert Brothers and Charles Hassler.
Teachers in private and in public schools: Math. Nieder-
mann; Jakob Feierabend; Nothiger; Dr. Rudolph Hirzel; L.
Perrelet; E. de Crauzat (sic); C. A. Hubler; Heinrich Hof acker.
Journalists and literati: Adolf Ott; Jakob and John Feiera-
bend; J. J. Friedrich; Abraham Speich; Friih, who returned to
Switzerland, and Frank Daulte.
Publishers: Benziger Brothers, originally from Einsiedeln,
with offices in New York, Philadelphia, Cincinnati, and Chi-
cago, directed by Adelrich Benziger, who died 1878; Swiss
Publ. Co.: Konrad Bryner; Chr. Krebs & Co. Printers and
employees: Ehrsam; Stager; Burkhardt; Rusterholz.
Officials of the consulate: Dr. Pestalozzi; Farner; Kubli.
Musicians: Oskar Grisch, Emil Kuenzli, Pfannenschmidt,
Rosa Miiller, Chr. Emil Buol, director of an orchestra; Peter
Rotschi, A. von Arx, first director of the Swiss male chorus;
Col. Xaver Zeltner, R. Grmir, Dr. Vicarino.
Plastic and graphic artists : Johann Moser, sculptor ; Buss and
Grob, monuments and ornamental fire places; Madam Vouga,
painter of flowers; J. Gubser, immigrant from Solothurn;
Adolph Miiller, portrait painter; Vogeli, landscape painter;
Xaver Meyer, sceneries; Graf, embroidery designer; Bachmann,
photographer; Rud. Schweizer, glass painter.
cm]
Electro-technicians: Kriisi of Appenzell, foreman in Edison's
plant, and "others in the factories of New York and Menlo
Park, New Jersey."
Engineers and architects: Otto Griininger, Jos Eisenring,
Louis Dreyer. Griininger, a railroad and bridge builder in
America and Switzerland, constructed the Eigi railway on the
model of the White Mountain railroad.
Manufacturer of dentists' instruments, later associated with
Thomas Edison in Schenectady, Aug. C. Weber of Zurich.
Maker of artificial eyes, P. Gouglemann. Manufacturers of
musical instruments: Paillard & Co. and Theod. Hintermann.
Embroiderers: Jacob Schiess, J. Sturzenegger, J. Deppeler,
H. Roggwiller, Mrs. Schiess and Niederer.
Silk manufacturers: Jos. Deppeler; Kammerer, Joh. Schlat-
ter, Gust, and Gottlieb Brunner, Htirlimann, Alb. Thomann,
Heidenrich and Matter, Sam Bertschi.
Maker of textile machines: John Huber.
Importers of silk and textiles: C. Iselin, Neeser & Co., J.
Iselin, Escher, Abegg, Ruesch & Co., Merian. The "old veteran
Neukom" is an employee of Iselin's.
Importers of watches and clocks: Robert, Matthey.
Manufacturers and importers of cheese and dairy products:
Roethlisberger & Gerber, J. Gerber, Manz, Galle & Co.
Exchange brokers: A. Zwilchenbart & Co.; H. Georg Ehrat,
who returned to Switzerland; Arnold Imobersteg.
Owners or managers of hotels and restaurants: M. Gasser,
Spaus, Gustav Gasser, Edw. Pflugi, Mrs. Niedermann, M.
Schinz, Steinhausli, Jos. Keller, A. Stehli, Jacob Wahrenberger,
Jacob Niedermann, Ferd. Stossel & Hindelang, Mouquin,
Delisle, Weber & Engel, and the Delmonicos.
"With other firms" are: Ch. Aug. Weber, Rudin, Meyer &
Bryner brothers, manufacturers of shoe-maker's machinery.
Upon paying tribute to the practical sense of the American,
who knows how to value the Swiss-trained technician and has
enough foresight to place him to best advantage, Steinach cites
the following examples:
"Hoe's & Co. employs a number of Swiss as machinists:
Mathias Krebs, Gottlieb Miiller, and Jak, Kiindig; elsewhere
[112]
J. Christ, is similarly employed; Jos. Ungerer, is head chemist at
Colgates; and Lorenzo Hohl is foreman in a piano factory.
Jul. Wirz is the secretary of a German Baker's union."
At this point Steinach is constrained to put in a good word
for the Swiss tavern keepers, too. However, he apologizes for
not printing a complete directory of their places of business
"for want of space and also because we are not acquainted with
many of them". As to the rogues' gallery — he is openly de-
sirous of doing the gentlemen full justice. Devoting a para-
graph to the various crooks and criminals among his compa-
triots, he rejoices in the fact that there are so few. "Nur selten
wirft auch ein geflecktes Schaf einen Schatten auf die
Landsleute".
"In the state of New York", he continues, "we still find
large Swiss colonies in Brooklyn, College Point, Rochester,
Buffalo, Syracuse, Utica, Troy, and Salamanca, and individual
Swiss in almost all counties." Towns are then briefly described,
sometimes historic points of interest are summarized, followed
by an account of Swiss organizations and activities in the places
mentioned together with rosters of names.
Brooklyn
Formerly a separate municipality, now a borough of New
York, Brooklyn during the seventies and eighties was the home
of many prominent Swiss. Its oldest mutual-aid society was
the "Grutliverein", founded in 1867, and of which Joh. A.
Meier was president; Rudolph Briner, vice-president; Tobias
Wenzinger, secretary; and Joh. A. Voigt, treasurer.
The officers of the "Schweizerbund", founded in 1885,
were: Gottlieb Miiller, president; Hermann Thomann, vice-
president; Tobias Wenzinger, secretary; and Jakob Hofer,
treasurer.
Officers of the "Wilhelm Tell Mannerchor" were: Johann
Spiess, president; Rud. Ruckstuhl, secretary; A. Meier, treas-
urer; and J. W. Meyer, director. A speaker at one of the
banquets was A. Bryner.
The "Schweizer Mannerchor", organized in 1886, cultivated
the singing of Swiss folksongs and the production of works of
[113]
such Swiss composers as J. Heim, G. Weber, C. Attenhofer,
and Ph. Gaugler. The director was Ed. Haussener; president,
Eugen Schneider; vice-president, Heinrich Corrodi; secretary,
Johann Brodmann; and treasurer, Basil Hof.
A dramatic club, the "ABC Club", founded in 1886, made
no notation of its list of members.
Officers of the mixed chorus, "Alpenrosli", were: Jakob
Walter, president; Sophie Briitsch and Rob. Haussener,
secretaries; Josephine Kohl, treasurer; and Ed. Haussener,
director.
The "Schweizerischer Volksfestverein" listed as its officers:
Jos. Hauser, president; Joh. Miiller and J. Wetter, secretaries;
and Andreas Meier, treasurer.
Other Swiss organizations included the French Swiss chorus,
"Les Amis reunis", and the "Wilhelm Tell Schiitzenkorps" a
gun club under Captain R. Wegener. Names of members are
not given.
Then there are entered: Heinrich Hanselmann of St. Gall,
supervisor of the sixteenth ward, whose four sons were all or-
dained into the priesthood; L. A. Staeger and "the French-
Swiss Lador", professors at Polytechnic Institute; C. Schlatter
and Max Schuler, practicing physicians ; N. Sprenger, veterinary
surgeon; J. Brandenberger of Zug, and Stampfli of Bern,
pharmacists; J. Frey, musician and composer of repute; Jean-
nout & Scheibler, manufacturers of watch cases; Fr. Ecaubert,
"an excellent physicist and mathematician and an expert in
the manufacture of scientific instruments"; Adolph Bryner, "a
manufacturer of music boxes and an expert watchmaker"; S.
Sporry, coppersmith; Wegmann and Jakob Hertlein, furniture
manufacturers; and J. Johann Keller, who had emigrated from
Basel in 1840 and had become head of Bnistlein, Koop, and
Co., importers of drugs. He was active in the Swiss aid-societies
and died in 1885.
Rev. John Meury, ordained into priesthood in Switzerland,
was converted to Protestantism and accepted the pastorate of
the German Reformed congregation at Melrose. In 1870 he
became pastor of the Presbyterian church at Hopkinson street,
Brooklyn, where he remained for many years and built up a
[114]
large congregation. University trained, a lover of music and
cultural refinements, the Rev. Mr. Meury, through his energetic
personality, exerted a strong influence in Brooklyn.
Other well-known Swiss of the period were: John Sutter,
Andreas Meyer, Hof & Murbach, J. J. Weber, Jac. Hofer, cap-
tain of a rifle company; Karl Frankhauser, Jos. Rickli of St.
Gall, Jos. Benziger of Einsiedeln, who died in 1888; and
Felix Jaeggi.
College Point
In this New York suburb, then of Queens county, there was
a colony of some 150 Swiss, who in 1885 organized a mixed
chorus which was directed by Albert Steinfeld. Other officers
were: Joh. Graflin, president; August Pfenninger, secretary;
and Gottlieb Platz, treasurer. Others named are: J. Oettiker;
Louis Winnistorf er ; Hiltikerfszc), and Simmen, a veterinary
surgeon. The silk manufacturers Funke & Staempfli employed
a large number of Swiss. In 1887 there was effected a further
expansion of the industry under the direction of Staempfli and
Felix Jaeggi.
Rochester
Rochester was a city of 90,000 inhabitants when Steinach
made his report. He estimates the size of the Swiss colony at
1,000. There were four major Swiss organizations: (1) The
"Schweizer-Verein," founded in 1861, which on the Fourth of
July, 1888, sponsored an elaborate pageant of Swiss heroes in
armor, horsemen and crossbowmen in parade, twenty-two girls
in costume representing the cantons, and tableaux commemo-
rating the five-hundredth anniversary of the battle of Nafels —
and incidentally the hundred-twelfth of American inde-
pendence; (2) The "Swiss Club," founded in 1885, which had
as its president Alois Wirth, and as secretary, Karl Meier. At
one of its festivities it invited the speakers: Dr. Richard
Bleuler, from Glarus, and Rudolph Holliger; (3) The
"Schweizer Mannerchor," founded in 1880 and directed by H.
Gaugler; and (4) the "Helvetia Mannerchor," also founded
in 1880, and directed by Gaugler. In 1885 the last two named
[115]
clubs were consolidated. The president was L. Bohrer, and the
secretary, Emil Hirt. In 1888 there was also formed a Swiss
rifle club.
Individuals identified are the following: In the postal serv-
ice: Johann Buchmuller and J. Sutter; members of the city
council as aldermen and supervisors: Louis Bohrer and
Samuel Dubelbeis; clergyman: the Rev. Mr. Oberholzer of St.
Gall at the Rodoman church; physician: Dr. Richard Blueler;
superintendent of the Cunningham Wagon Works: Samuel
Kiinzi; inn-keepers and miscellaneous tradesmen: Strucken,
builder; Spielmann, harness maker; and Hilsiker, baker.
Inns and Taverns: Christ. Galli, Jos. Kaufmann, Sam
Luscher, Dominik Oeschger, Christ. Gfeller, J. J. Jenni, Bohrer
and Stierlin.
In 1888 the death of three settlers who had come in the fifties
is recorded: M. Isermann and Johann Kohler from Berne, and
Caspar Suter from the canton of Aargau. Other deaths
were those of Anton Riiegg, St. Gall; Christ. Sutter, from
Solothurn, a veteran of the 140th New York infantry; Andreas
Huber, from Thurgau; and Math. Luchsinger, from Glarus.
Buffalo
In Buffalo, then a city of 157,000 inhabitants, there were
3,000 Swiss scattered over various parts of the city. There were
four Swiss organizations, two of which were mutual-aid socie-
ties, and two musical and social clubs. Stephan Reimann was
president, and U. Indermaur, secretary, of the "Schweizer
Unterstiitzungs Verein," which supported flood relief in Swit-
zerland in 1872, gave aid to victims of the Chicago fire, sup-
ported sufferers of the Memphis fever epidemic, and raised
funds for those stricken by disaster elsewhere. Members men-
tioned include: Johann Kiener and Johann Munger, the
founders; and M. Blend. Officers of the "Grutliverein" were:
Joh. Dubs, president, and H. Vaterlaus, secretary; those of the
"Gesangverein Helvetia" were: J. O. Meyer, president, and
Hegar, secretary. The president of the "Helvetia Mannerchor"
was J. Lutz; the secretary, Rebhuhn; and the director, F.
Federlein.
[116]
Mention is also made of the following: Jac. Matter, "for
sixteen years in the city comptroller's office"; J. J. Aeschbach,
from Basel, who died in 1887, clerk in the assessor's office and
the department of public charity; Wm. Gisel, from Schaff-
hausen, a member of the city council; Frank Spoerry, from
the canton of Aargau, who arrived in the fifties, and at his
death in 1887 was known as "Schweizer-Vater" and noted for
his benevolence; the brothers Jakob and Stephan Reimann also
of Aargau, the latter a superintendent of the building and
construction firm, Churchyard & Co.; John Wampfler, a
teacher; Eugene Schulthess, car inspector; Ulrich Indermaur
of St. Gall, superintendent of "a large painter's concern";
Fr. Sporri, brewer; John Kiener, Jos. Brunner, Felix Besancon,
Bach, Miihlebach, and Huber.4
Swiss families in the vicinity of Buffalo were: Mr. and Mrs.
John Schweigert, who had arrived from the canton of Thurgau
in 1885 and who celebrated their golden wedding anniversary
in 1884; Jacob Eberhardt, who died in 1888, an immigrant from
Freiburg; Dr. George Seiler, a practicing physician at Alma,
where there was a settlement of Swiss farmers; and George
Stoll, of Suspension Bridge, for many years the proprietor of
the Niagara House.
Syracuse
There were about 300 Swiss in Syracuse in 1889- The
benevolent society "Griitliverein" was organized in 1866. Its
officers were: Fr. Knobel, president; and Jos. Hefti, secretary.
Other names listed for Syracuse include: J. Kocher of Zurich,
designated as the owner of a wagon shop; Mich. Aner, super-
visor; and Jos. Wallier, who has "a prominent position" in
Onondago county, where 150 Swiss are reported to have settled.
In Jefferson county, some forty miles north of Syracuse, Swiss
are employed "in almost all cheese factories," among them
4 Names recorded elsewhere which might be added here are: the Bernhard
brothers, and John and Fred Huber. Among those who settled during the sev-
enties and eighties were: Jos. and John Biihlmann, Peter Egloff, Alois Eichhorn,
John Gisel, Henry Keller, Wm. Lutz, Conrad Mettauer, Chas. Schuerpf, John
Schlupp, Jos. Alois Vogt, John Meier, Mathias Spiegel, Xaver Schifferli, Henry
Keller, Benj. Steg, and Thos. Marrer.
[117]
John Schlaeppi with Baumert & Co. Another report states,
"Gerber in New York has seven cheese factories". The
cheesemakers of Jefferson county are from Simmenthal.
Utica
The first Swiss benevolent society of Utica, a town of 33,000
including but 300 Swiss, was founded in 1867. The officers
were: Peter Knutti, president; and Christian Miiller, secretary.
Other individuals mentioned are: Nikol. Sigrist, member of the
city council, and J. Werren, dairy farmer, who died in 1888 at
the age of 83 years.5
Troy
In this Mohawk Valley city, a Swiss benevolent society was
organized in 1870. Two of the charter members living in 1888
were Nik. Tschumi and Joh. Seeberger. Others not mentioned
by Steinach were: Gust Geiser, J. Christen, B. Lenzlinger, Jos.
Keel, Fritz Kohler, Louis Martin, Rud. Miiller, and Franz
Tobler.
Albany
There were but a few Swiss settlers in the state capital,
where, however, a Swiss society was organized as early as 1809.
Pioneers reported for Albany but not given by Steinach were:
Joh. Glass, Jac. Kuhn, Martin Kaelin, Frank Kilcher, Amanz
Wiggli, Rud. Schaffner, and Fritz Rauch.
Amsterdam
A number of Swiss settled in Amsterdam in the eighties. In
1892 they formed a benevolent society. Pioneers included:
Carl Biirki, Gottlieb Geiger, Nic. Kiinzli, Carl Bosshard,
Andrew Eschler, Peter Jud, and David Siegenthaler.
6 Names recorded elsewhere which might be added here are: Caspar Ammann,
Chris. Abbuehl, Jacob Eschler, John Frey, David Hiltbrand, Fritz Johr, John
Jonngen, Christian Klopfen, Christian Urfer, Xaver Wyss, and Ulrich Huggler.
[118]
Elsewhere in New York State
A Swiss social club existed in Salamanca, where the members
were mostly employed by the Salamanca Embroidery company.
In Elmira there were in the eighties about thirty or forty Swiss
families; among them, S. Frey, mentioned as director of a
tobacco company. Other settlers are: J. Feldmann, proprietor
of the Schuyler hotel in Richfield Springs; the brothers John
and Gottlieb Frey, owners of vineyards in Hammondsport ; Joh.
Huber, music director and superintendent of the county home
for the poor, who was robbed and murdered in 1885; Kornel
Uster, a noted painter, who died in 1885; Christian Klossner,
a Bernese, reported to have started the first cheese factory in
Highmarket, Lewis county, in the early sixties, and who died
in 1884 at 72; and Professor Ludwig of Bern, "an excellent
pulpit orator and linguist".
NEW JERSEY
Hudson County
Today Hudson county, in which Jersey City and Hoboken
are situated, contains the largest Swiss colony in the eastern
part of the United States. Fifty years ago there were Swiss
settlements in Guttenberg, Union Hill, West Hoboken, Hudson
City, Jersey City, and Greenville. Since then other towns, like
West New York and Weehawken, have grown up, while Union
Hill, West Hoboken, and Hudson City were consolidated to
form Union City.
Guttenberg
When Steinach made his compilation half a century ago the
town of Guttenberg opposite New York City had only about a
score of Swiss, some of them members of Swiss organizations
in the metropolis. Mention is made of: Fridolin Triimpi of
Glarus, owner of brass works; Heinrich Kiibeli, wood-carver;
H. Baumann, milk distributor; E. Eckert, owner of a furniture
store; and the Bernhard brothers, employed in a lumber mill,
one as foreman, the other as machinist.
[H9]
HOBOKEN
Union Hill, West Hoboken, and Hoboken, three contiguous
towns, contained many Swiss, both French and German, who
were employed in the local silk and embroidery factories. They
organized several clubs, among them a benevolent society, a
rifle club, and in May, 1887, a male chorus. Officers of the
latter club were: Johann Tobler, J. M. Ott, Erh. Schmidt, H.
Hauenstein, and Sebastian Locher. Officers of the rifle club
were: Captain J. Tobler and Jakob Aeschbach. Others who
receive mention are: Leo Borner, Emil Durr, and Eugen Baen-
ziger. Members of the "Swiss Harmony club" include:
"President Miiller, Secretary Kohler, and Director R. Gmiir".
The silk industry of West Hoboken was one of considerable
importance. In Union Hill the factory of Lukmayer and
Schafer was managed by a Swiss named Stapfer. In West
Hoboken the silk factory of Peter Freitag and Rob. Siegfried
was destroyed by fire, July 2, 1887. The firm of Schwarzen-
bach-Landis located in Thalwyl, Zurich, maintained a branch
in West Hoboken, the Schwarzenbach Silk Co., an affiliate of
the silk-importing firm Schwarzenbach, Huber, & Co., in New
York, whose managing director was Jul. Mahler. This firm
was the successor of E. Otz. Rob. Otz, architect, and Mahler,
both from the canton of Zurich, were killed in a building col-
lapse while supervising extended construction at the plant.
Then there are John Tobler, gunsmith; Jul. Abegg of Zurich,
who is an expert in the manufacturing of silk, and died in 1886;
Peter Schmied of Glarus, who is "a capable etcher"; "Nageli's
Hotel" in Hoboken "near the boat landings"; H. Zellweger's
Cassino; Leo Borner, and the inn-keepers of West Hoboken
and Union Hill: And. Dennler, Fr. Kienast, A. Loop, Jos.
Studli, Rud. Altorfer, Sim. von Bruns, J. Strasser, Fred. Lieber,
Joh. Immer.
Hudson City and Jersey City
A Swiss benevolent society, founded in Hudson City, March
19, 1887, elected J. Bar, president, and J. Gisling, secretary.
In Jersey City the names of Fried. Hauser, a building con-
[120]
tractor from Berne, member of the city council, and J. B.
Schmiedhauser, are deemed worthy of note.
Newark
In 1889 Newark had a population of 175,000 and a Swiss
colony of some 800. It had a "Grutliverein" founded in 1864,
and several musical societies. Among the names given by
Steinach were the following: Peter Blumer, Joh. Diirr, Ch.
Richiger, Emil Uebelmann, George Kagi, "Dirigent Berge" of
the Helvetia Mannerchor, Eduard Heer, the Rev. Mr. Girtan-
ner, H. Mantel, R. Nageli, Jak. Hunziker, Dr. Charles Zeh,
Dr. A. Herzog, Dr. Mager, and Dr. Max Tissot of Neuchatel,
practicing physicians; J. Widmer, owner and operator of a
machine shop; and Wyss & Sons, cutlery works, where several
hundred helpers were employed. There are Swiss jewelers,
watchmakers, workers in leather and silk, and dealers in liquor.
Ch. Richiger, formerly of Columbus, Ohio, in 1884 became
manager of a watch factory in Newark. Deaths reported for
1886 are those of: Joh. Hasler of Zurich, an officer in several
Swiss societies; Jos. Seiler, from Aargau, a machinist and
charter member of the "Griitliverein" and the male chorus;
Jos. Stocker, who had come to America in 1848 ; and Jak. Rodel,
a Civil- War veteran and resident of Newark for forty years.
Others who died in the following year, 1887, are: Nikol. Babi,
painter; Daniel Vetter of Zurich, and Jakob Ruschli of Canton
Basel.
Paterson
At the falls of the Passaic river the "Society for Establishing
Useful Manufactories" early encouraged the development of
industry. The first silk factory was established there by John
Ryle in 1840. When the reporter visited Paterson in 1855 he
found in the city of 16,000 only three Swiss: Tanner, a brewer;
Jos. Jackli of Lucerne, machinist; and Jos. Jost, a tinsmith. In
1889 Paterson had a population of 75,000 and a Swiss colony
of 2,500, the majority of whom were employed in the ninety-
three silk factories the city could then boast of. Members of
the Swiss mutual-aid society included: Jak. Horand, Joh. Sie-
[121]
grist, F. Jaggi, Jak. Walder, Birsfelden, Miesch, Scheibler,
Massmiinster, and Dr. Hengeler. In 1878 the society supported
compatriots during the yellow-fever epidemic in New Orleans.
Another benevolent society of the Swiss had among its
officers and members: Jak. Grieder, Arnold Renz, August
Rahm, Jak. Riischlin, W. Schmidt, and A. Seliner. A third, had
the following members and officers: Chr. Pfister, Emil
Tschopp, Jos. Meyer, and Arnold Fluhbacher. Three musical
organizations list: Jos Ruegg, J. Sigrist, Germain Wiestlisbach,
J. Koch, Heinrich Weiler, director; Miss Sprich, A. Strehli,
Jakob Steiner, Reinhard Opitz, J. Brauch, J. Gross, E. Kuhn,
F. Massminster, H. Streiff, Herr Weise, director; J. H. Weiler,
Phill. Rheiner, Miss Elise Kaufmann, Ernst Bartel, Miss Emma
Scheller, Rudolf Glaser, Jos. Sigrist, Albert Seliner, Michael
Saal, director; Jak. Walder, Albin Wietlisbach, Grossenbacher,
J. Grieber, Dietrich, Kunzli, Haberli, Zimmer, and Dr.
Henggeler from Zug.
Identifications and short biographical notes supplement the
lists as follows: Germain Wietlisbach from Aargau, an edu-
cated young man of literary ability, died at the age of twenty-
eight years in 1887. He was editor of the Wanderer am Passaic.
Albin Wietlisbach, brother of Germain, began manufacturing
silk thread and ribbons in 1879, and came to be one of the
members of the Neuburger Braid company. "Jakob Horand
and Son" from Basel, "in America since 1872", established a
silk ribbon factory. The company then specialized in moire
textiles. Friedrich Grossenbacher from Bern was manager of
a silk manufacturing concern in Centreville. Jakob Sigrist and
J. Misch held leading positions at Johnson, Cowdin and Co.,
silk factories. Jakob Weidmann was president of the Weidmann
Silk Dyeing Co., 'one of the largest establishments of its kind
in America." Johann Grisch began making silk handkerchiefs
in 1879. Jakob Walder of Zurich was employing a hundred
workmen in his factory for the production of textile equipment.
Joh. Straub established a similar manufactury in 1874.
In the trades and mercantile shops: Jos. Schadegg and Jak.
Vogel, meat cutters; Jos. Kunzi and Schropfer, grocers; Louis
Piguet, jeweler; M. Antoni, manager of a shoe shop; Arnold
[122]
Scherrer from St. Gall, founder of a number of Swiss societies,
and returned to Switzerland; Konrad Straub, Civil-War vet-
eran, manager of the St. Charles hotel and the hotel in the
Lackawanna railroad station; Johann Sutter from canton Basel,
silk weaver, who died in 1887; Peter Tanner, a Swiss war
veteran, who died in 1888; Jakob Giebel, "well-known
gardener", who died in 1888; and Jos. Savory, a dealer
in wines.
Elsewhere in the State
The compiler then informs his readers that in addition to
those mentioned, there are residing in the state of New Jersey
"many estimable Swiss" who "as professors or business people"
occupy positions of honor, for example: Emil Zahner, pharma-
cist in Arlington, and Merz of Sommerville, jeweler, both of
St. Gall; Arnold Guyot, the Princeton geologist,7 who died in
1884; Arnold Ziillig, professor of modern languages; and Seb.
Messmer of St. Gall, professor of theology at Seaton Hall
Seminary, Newark, who was later appointed archbishop of
Milwaukee.
Elizabeth, formerly called Elizabeth City, and Elizabeth Port,
was the home of many Swiss employed in the Singer sewing
machine plant. There were several Swiss societies. Among the
officers and members mentioned are: Heinrich Wethli, Robert
Naf, Elias Strieker, Nikol Suter, George Schottlin, H. Graber,
Mrs. C. Strieker, Mrs. Sutter, Mrs. Heim, Mrs. Dubs, Mrs.
Graber, and H. Graber, leader of a dramatic club. Then there
was the zither trio composed of Phill. Rheiner, Marks Schottlin,
and Rob. Naf; Johann Sutter, an immigrant in 1849, who died
in 1886, and Gottlieb Bachofen of Zurich.
Egg Harbor, a small community in Atlantic county in the
southern part of the state, where settlers were mainly engaged
in grape-growing, horticulture, and truck gardening for the
Philadelphia and New York markets, had among its 1,500
inhabitants in 1889 some 200 Swiss. A carpet factory also gave
employment. Swiss grape-growers were: Jak. Furrer, Joh.
Michel, Jak, Gysell, J. J. Fritschi, Jak. Henni, "J. Datwiller,
7 See Prominent Americans, p. 214.
[123]
Father & Son," Jakob Kanzing, Jak. Weber, Hermann Welti,
Gottlieb Durr, J. Naf, U. Geugis, J. Schadler, Joh. Kappeler,
A. Blattner, and A. Weber. Recipients of prizes at an agricul-
tural fair were: Jak. Furrer, Hanselmann, Schadegg, Bub,
Wiithrich, Bauer, and Wettstein.
Swiss societies were formed as early as 1874. Some officers
and members were: Jak. Datwiller, J. Gubler, Jak. Weber,
Jos. Kappeler, J. J. Fritschi, Dr. Elmer, and Dr. Kunz-Merian.
Greenville: A Bernese named Detwiler, who was the owner
of a fire- works factory employing a number of Swiss, and Jak.
Schauble, a cigar manufacturer, murdered in 1887, are the only
ones mentioned.
The section devoted to New Jersey is concluded with a
review of the rise of the silk industry under German and Swiss
leadership up to 1885. The material is based upon an article
that had appeared in the Amerikanische Schweizer Zeitung.
[124]
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CHAPTER VI
SWISS SPIRITUAL LEADERSHIP
AN ADEQUATE treatment of the less tangible spiritual and
- cultural gifts of Switzerland to America would have to
go far beyond the pale of this chapter. The influence of
Pestalozzi in American educational thought alone is worthy of
a major investigation. The curricular enrichment of our courses
of study through Swiss literature would lend itself to an im-
portant study. The place of Gottfried Keller in our schools is
in itself noteworthy. There are rich contributions in the arts
and scholarship. Swiss missionary activity and the part played
by the early organizers of congregations and denominational
colleges might constitute a separate chapter.
In the first volume of this series appear the biographies of
five theologians — John Martin Henni, Martin Kuendig, Philip
Schaff, Michael Schlatter, and John Joachim Zubly.1 Many
others could be mentioned. The presence and activity of native
Swiss clergymen in New York and New Jersey is noted by
Steinach who lists: the Rev. B. Kriisi, an officer in the Swiss aid-
society; Pastors Lang of Melrose, Grandlienard of the French-
Swiss church, Schlegel of Avenue B and Fifth street church,
Girtanner of Newark, N. J., where Messmer taught at Seaton
Hall, and Meury of Brooklyn. Fathers Frey and Bonaventura
introduced the order of Capuchins into America and founded
many monasteries. On the Pacific coast there is the Benedictine
settlement, Neu-Engelberg, (Mt. Angel) Oregon, established
under Bishop Frowin, and Mount Angel college founded by
Abbot Adelhelm Odermatt. A complete catalog of Swiss spir-
itual leadership in the nineteenth century would be rather ex-
tensive in the Catholic, Evangelical, and Reformed churches. In
xSee Prominent Americans, pp. 48-64.
[125]
some instances the memoirs of early pastors furnish interesting
source material. Thus, in the documents left by Rev. Oswald
Ragatz, an immigrant from the Grisons in 1841, who set-
tled in Sauk county, Wisconsin, we have "the only extended
record dealing with the Sauk Swiss known to exist".2
The first minister of the gospel sent to the German Reformed
settlement in Sheboygan county, Wisconsin, about the middle
of the forties was a young Swiss named C. Pluss, who had been
a pupil of De Wette in Basel.3 Before the middle of the next
decade there had arrived three pupils of Dr. Philip Schaff in
Mercersburg, Pennsylvania, among them Dr. J. J. Bossard, a
native Swiss, who became one of the founders of the Mission
House college and seminary near Plymouth, Wisconsin, where
he held an important professorship for many years. No less
than four hundred new congregations have been organized by
graduates of this seminary. The German Presbyterian congre-
gations and their schools were to a considerable extent sup-
ported and developed by Swiss who were familiar with the
presbyterial system at home. Thus in the Swiss center at
Dubuque, Iowa, Christian Loetscher was for many years an
elder and a director of the seminary, an institution now known
as the University of Dubuque. A son of Dr. Bossard became
dean and professor of theology at this seminary. Among other
religious and cultural leaders of Swiss origin were Archbishop
Messmer of Milwaukee, whose largeness of heart won the
plaudits of admirers regardless of creed; J. B. Singenberger,
the noted composer and reformer of church music; Dr. J. J.
Staub, late religious leader of Portland, Oregon, and finally a
goodly company of missionaries. Unique are the services of
Rev. Jacob Stucki, Father Antoine Marie Gachet, and Bishop
Martin Marty among native American Indian tribes.
It was in the late fifties of the last century that Gachet,
a member of the Capuchin branch of the Franciscan order, and
a native of Greyerz, was sent by his provincial supervisors "to
2 Ragatz, Lowell Joseph. Documents, Memoirs of a Sauk Swiss in the Wis-
consin Magazine of History, 19:182-227, Dec. 1935.
3 Praikschatis, Louis and Meier, Heinr. A. Das Missionshaus der Deutsch-
Reformierten Synode des Nordwestens und der Deutschen Synode des Ostens.
Cleveland, 1897.
[126]
Bishop Martin Marty, Vicar Apostolic of the Dakotas.
— Courtesy The Bulletin of the Diocese of Fargo.
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help two young secular priests of Switzerland, Rev. Gregory
Haas and Rev. John Frey, in their efforts to introduce the
Capuchin order in the United States."4 Born April 8, 1822, in
Freiburg, he was admitted to the Capuchin order in 1841 and
appointed guardian of the monastery of Freiburg. A well edu-
cated and highly cultured man who had been trained in Latin,
Greek, and Hebrew, Father Gachet also mastered several
modern languages, speaking English, French, German, and
Hindustani. In 1857 he arrived in the United States and two
years later was sent as missionary to the Menominee Indians
on the Keshena reservation, Wisconsin, in which state he is
remembered as founder of the monastery of Mount Calvary, as
translator of the Gospel into the Menominee Indian tongue,
and as author of a grammar of the Menominee Indian
language. In 1862 he returned to Switzerland to accompany
Mgr. Anastase Hartmann to India, where, upon the death of
Bishop Hartmann, he declined an appointment as bishop of
Patna-Bombay. Upon the advice of his physician he returned
to his native Switzerland, where he died November 1, 1890.
Among his works are contributions to the Revue de la Suisse
catholique, the Biography of Mgr. A. Hartmann, and Cinq ans
en Amerique et en Asie.
Another Catholic missionary to the American Indians was
Bishop Martin Marty, O. S. B., first Vicar Apostolic of Dakota,
to whose memory the faithful Indians at Yankton, South Da-
kota, erected a statue of heroic size. He was born January 12,
1834, in the canton of Schwyz, the son of a shoemaker and sa-
cristan of the local church. After studying at the Jesuit school at
Freiburg and at the Benedictine monastery at Einsiedeln, he
was admitted to the Order of St. Benedict on May 20, 1855.
His first appointment was to a professorship of rhetoric at
Einsiedeln, where he directed the school theater, a task for
which he possessed special talent and in which he attained
distinction.
In 1852, the Abbot of Einsiedeln delegated two missionaries
to North America for the purpose of establishing new settle-
4 See Gachet's "Journal of a Missionary among the Redskins" 1859 in the
Wisconsin Magazine of History, 18:66-76, Sept. 1934.
[127]
merits for his order. The first Benedictine monastery of the
Swiss-American congregation was founded two years later at
St. Meinrad, Indiana. An attempt was made to organize a
school, the development of which, however, was beset with
many difficulties, until the enthusiastic Marty in I860 devoted
his special attention to the enterprise. His ability and zeal were
soon recognized, and in consequence he was given charge of a
school in Terre Haute, which had to be abandoned a few years
later for lack of workers.
In 1865 St. Meinrad was organized as a priory with Father
Martin as its first prior. On September 30, 1870, Pope Pius IX
elevated the institution to an abbey, which then became the
mother-house of the Helveto-American congregation of Bene-
dictines under the leadership of Abbot Martin, who faced the
task of adapting the monastery to American conditions, super-
vised the construction of a number of new buildings, and be-
came instrumental in founding also the abbeys at Conception,
Missouri, and Subiaco, Arkansas, and several convents for
sisters.
Upon the establishment of the Indian bureau in Washington,
Abbot Martin turned his attention in 1876 to the safeguarding
of missionary interests in the Indian reservations. Accom-
panied by Father Chrysostom Foffa, O. S. B., and a lay brother,
he proceeded in the spring of that year to the Indian agency at
Standing Rock, Dakota. Shortly after his arrival came the news
of the massacre of Custer and his men and of the efforts then
made by the government to induce the Indians to settle on res-
ervations. Thereupon Abbot Martin undertook two journeys
fraught with great danger to the Indians in Montana and
Canada, to prevail upon Sitting Bull, Chief of the Dakota Sioux
Indians, to retire to the reservations assigned to them.
A series of tasks facing Marty and his missionaries included
the mastering of the language of the Indians, the training of
teachers, and the preparing of a grammar, dictionary, cate-
chism, and hymnal for use among the Indians. These books
were printed at St. Meinrad, while a school for Indian children
was opened at Standing Rock, whence new missionaries were
sent from the mother-house. In the course of three years the
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new mission had become firmly established. The service of
Martin was recognized when on September 22, 1879, Pope
Leo XIII appointed him Apostolic Vicar of Dakota and
Titular Bishop of Tiberias. A decade later he became first
bishop of Sioux Falls, South Dakota. Educational institutions,
agricultural and convent schools for Indian boys and girls were
established at Standing Rock, Fort Totten, and Devil's Lake.
Impairing his health by arduous and absorbing work and
privations, Bishop Martin died September 19, 1896. At a gen-
eral congress of Catholic Indians at Standing Rock on July 4,
1892, Indians of the Crow Creek tribe sang chants in Latin
and Indian school children recited English poetry. Bishop
Marty is also remembered as the author of the works: St.
Benedict and His Order, and The Catholic Church in the
United States of America.
The comparatively recent work of the Protestant Indian
missionary, educator, and Bible translator, Jacob Stucki (1857-
1930), sent by the Reformed Church to the Winnebago
Indians, affords a close-up picture of the life and work of a
missionary and Bible translator in many respects not unlike
some great prototypes, the details of whose trials and workaday
achievements are forever lost to our view. Among them might
be mentioned John Eliot, the Indian Apostle, who in 1663
translated the Bible into the primitive Algonquin tongue, the
linguistic treasures of which wrere thus preserved for the
scholarship of our day, which collected them in a great
Algonquin dictionary and grammar;5 or Bishop Ulfilas, who
in the fourth century devoted his life to missionary work among
the Goths and about 375 A. D. translated the Greek Bible into
the Gothic language, thus giving the world a priceless docu-
mentation of a significant language. Beside these two imposing
monuments Stucki's may well take an honorable place. The
details of his life known to us so well by their proximity in
time, must shed some light on parallel experiences of many
great, more remote predecessors. For forty-six years a mis-
sionary among the Wisconsin Winnebago Indians, who re-
6Cf. Trumbull, J. H. Bulletin 25. Bur. of Am. Ethnol. Washington.
[129]
f erred to him as "Angel White Man", Stucki, with the help
of his convert, John Stacy, translated into their primitive
language, the four Gospels, the Acts of the Apostles, the Book
of Genesis, and chapters of the Book of Exodus and of the
Psalms.6 He was the director of the Winnebago Indian school
opened in 1878 and now situated at Neillsville, Wisconsin.
Born January 23, 1857, at Diemtigen, Canton Berne, Swit-
zerland, Jacob Stucki spent his childhood in the Bernese high-
lands, where he early learned to know the rigors of Alpine
life and the pinch of poverty. On a duly signed official tran-
script of baptismal record made for the twelve-year-old boy,
presumably on the occasion of his entering a secondary school,
Sept. 6, 1869, is the brief but telling comment: We gen Armuth
ohne Stempel. A portrayal of some of his childhood experi-
ences is to be found in the brief biographical sketch by Cassel-
man.7 Mention is there made of the child's early passion to
emigrate to America for the purpose of fighting the Indians,
and his subsequent vision of working with them. Little is
known of his father. When Jacob was thirteen he was left quite
alone upon the death of his grandmother, with whom he had
been living while his mother was employed elsewhere. On
Good Friday, 1872, he was confirmed.
There were three men who at different stages in the young
man's life helped to shape his career by their unbounded confi-
dence in his ability and character. The first was his village
school-master, who in 1873 advanced a sufficient sum of money
to enable the sixteen-year-old boy to emigrate to America. The
passport is dated April 19, 1873. Full American citizenship
papers were granted the immigrant September 30, 1882. Soon
after his arrival at Toledo, Ohio, May 22, 1873, he was given
employment in a florist and nursery business owned and oper-
ated by a Mr. and Mrs. E. Suder, who later stated in a letter
that Jacob was the best helper they had ever had. The confi-
dence of the school-master who had advanced his fare was
vindicated when the young laborer made good his determina-
6 American Bible Society, New York, 1907.
7 Casselman, Arthur V. The Winnebago Finds a Friend. Heidelberg Press,
Philadelphia, 1932.
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tion to pay the debt out of his first savings. The second influ-
ence was that of Rev. Christopher Schiller, pastor of the First
Reformed church at Toledo, who recognized the talent and
devotion of the earnest youth and encouraged him to prepare
for the ministry. Accordingly, on September 4, 1877, Jacob was
matriculated as divinity student at the Mission House, Ply-
mouth, Wisconsin. The third influence was that of Rev. H.
Kurtz, professor of theology at the Mission House, a former
Roman Catholic priest and an excellently trained scholar and
composer. On one occasion he is said to have been rescued by
Wisconsin Indians in a blizzard, and in fulfillment of a vow
later became instrumental in establishing the Winnebago
Mission near Black River Falls, Wisconsin, under the auspices
of the Sheboygan classis.9 It was at this mission that Stucki
later completed forty-six years of hard, faithful and fruitful life.
The story of the Winnebagoes has been repeatedly told. The
tragedy of the outrages they suffered at the hands of the
unscrupulous Whites is as touching as that of the Incas or
anything in imaginative literature. The shameful consequences
of thirteen successive treaties, violated and broken at every
turn by the Whites, and the exploitation and gradual degrada-
tion of the tribe is briefly summarized by Bolliger.10 Exten-
sive ethnological researches have been conducted by the Win-
nebago authority, Paul Radin.11 The removal of the Winne-
bagoes from the Rock River valley, 1832-1833, is briefly told
by Louise P. Kellog.12 Casselman denounces the treaty of
1837 as one of "force, fraud, faithlessness, and hypocrisy."13
Under its terms the tribe lost all its possessions east of the
9 The term classis as employed in the Reformed church denotes a convocation
or body having judicatory authority lower than the synod.
10 Bolliger, Theodore P. The Wisconsin Winnebago Indians and the Mission
of The Reformed Church. Central Publishing House, Cleveland, 1922.
11 Radin, Paul. The Winnebago Tribe, 37th Annual Report of the Bureau of
American Ethnology 1915-16, Washington, 1923; The Influence of the Whites
on Winnebago Culture, in Wisconsin Historical Society Proceedings 1913;
Crashing Thunder (the autobiography of a Winnebago Peyote convert) ; Apple-
ton, 1926. Mr. Radin has also contributed numerous briefer articles on Winne-
bago mythology and tales; see Journal of American Folklore, 39:18; 44:143.
"Wisconsin Academy of Sciences, vol. 24, 1924.
18 Casselman, p. 21; Cf. P. V. Lawson, The Winnebago Tribe, Wisconsin
Archeologist, 1907, pp. 77-160.
[131]
Mississippi river. The treaties were brutally enforced; the
Winnebagoes were driven from Wisconsin and subsequently
crowded from reservation to reservation, until they had become
pitifully reduced by exposure, starvation, and disease. Many
"strays" ventured back to their beloved Wisconsin, but the gov-
ernment used cruel methods as late as 1873 to evict them.
Finally recognizing the futility of its policy and as a result of
considerable public indignation, the government in 1875 pro-
vided some aid for these unfortunate and homeless Indians in
a homestead law allowing them to take up land in units of
forty acres in Wisconsin.
In their utmost extremity, about 1875, the Winnebagoes
called a council of their old and young warriors. It is reported
that the former were ready to resort to war, but that the latter,
strange as it may seem, opposed the suggestion. Among other
things the question was naively raised: "What makes the
Whiteman so strong?" upon which Indian wisdom answered:
"It is what he knows that makes the Whiteman strong. If we
want to help our children, we must give them the Whiteman' s
learning. Only so can they stand side by side with the
Whiteman' s children and no longer be dogs."14
It was consequently decided by these Indians in council at
the end of their trail to build, not a palisade, but a school house,
and to employ a teacher. The building was duly erected of logs,
and an offering of moccasins, bead work, and trinkets was
raised and given as advance payment to a blacksmith's appren-
tice in Black River Falls, who offered to teach this broken rem-
nant of a great tribe the learning of the White man. One of
the children who attended the first school was John Stacy, who
later became Stucki's invaluable helper and today lives within
gunshot of the all but vanished little mound on which the
building stood. But the school was soon forced to close its
doors, for the teacher, versed in the ways of the White man,
had found it expedient to resign.
Now it was to this abandoned school that the Sheboygan
classis of the Reformed church in 1878, thanks to the interest
Casselman, p. 60.
[132]
Winnebago Indian Matron and Girls at Their Wigwam Camp Near
Black River Falls, Wisconsin.
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of Professor Kurtz, sent as missionary Rev. Jacob Hauser, to
whom Jacob Stucki came as an assistant in 1884. A year later
Stucki became the successor to Hauser and sole missionary and
teacher.
In an undated brochure15 Stucki succinctly describes the diffi-
culties faced by any would-be student of the Winnebago tongue,
and incidentally reveals his grasp of the problem of helping
the Indians to help themselves. His profound understanding
of Winnebago mentality and his knowledge of their habits
and customs supported his faith in their latent talents and
potential dependableness. But thirteen long years of trial
elapsed before he could win a single convert. That he did not
lose heart was owing to the fact that he was not so much con-
cerned with forms and conventions as with deeper spiritual
loyalties. To the carrying out of this hard and beautiful work,
he consecrated his life and talents, and with untiring energy,
he clung to his task.
The study of the language that culminated in the translation
of the Gospel proceeded systematically and intelligently. The
vocabularies which he laboriously wrote down and the slowly
evolved grammatical aids in his own hand are a testimony of
the fact. The translation itself is not a servile or lifeless ren-
dition of the original, but rather quite -unique in its appreciation
of the instinctive linguistic sense of Winnebago Indian. A
significant appraisal is voiced by the well-known linguist
Professor Alfred Senn, who investigated the Stacy-Stucki text
and the manuscripts available in Stucki' s personal library. He
says, "The Bible is the most frequently translated book of all
times. Not all of the 952 translations of one or more of its
books, however, are of the same quality. In many instances
the translators, regarding the text of the Holy Scriptures as
sacred did not dare to give a real translation, instead present-
ing a piece of writing that is generally called an 'interlinear
version' i.e. a translation word by word without regard for the
linguistic feeling. Jacob Stucki's translation certainly does not
belong to this group. It is undoubtedly one of the rare
15 Stucki, J. Die Winnebago Indianer, Ihre Religion, Sitten und Gebrduche.
Central Publishing House, Cleveland, O., n. d. (1895?)
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examples where a translator succeeded in rendering the Word
of God into the idiomatic expressions of a non-civilized tribe
and at the same time preserving the sincere tone of the original.
The few shortcomings that could not be avoided in a first
attempt, such as this was, help only to recognize the almost
insurmountable difficulties of the enterprise".
A few telling paragraphs in Stucki's brochure make clear
some of the obstacles the translator had to encounter as a be-
ginner, and perhaps for many years. He says, "The language
of the Winnebagoes is still quite undeveloped and therefore
extremely hard to learn. It is, as I have been told by members
of the Historical Society of Wisconsin, one of the most difficult
of Indian languages, so that even the Jesuits are said to have
given up learning it.
"There are three principal reasons why the learning of this
language is not easy. The first may be said to be an external
and accidental one and exists in the circumstance that the
Indians for the most part speak very softly, so that it requires
rather long continued practice to accustom the ear to the
sounds; then also in the circumstance that they slur many
syllables, rarely pronouncing words completely. The second
reason is that it is no written language, and that therefore there
are no aids whatsoever for learning it. The third reason and
at the same time the greatest is a grammatical one and exists
in the imperfection of the language itself. This imperfection
shows itself first of all in the paucity of vocabulary. For many
abstract ideas they have no words ; therefore such ideas must be
expressed by circumlocution. The personal pronoun in the
form of an independent word is almost entirely lacking; on
the other hand it is expressed by means of individual letters or
syllables compounded or divided as verbal prefixes, suffixes,
or infixes — all manner of circumstances in which the action is
performed, whether sitting, standing, or lying, whether by
means of falling, pushing, or striking etc., all this is expressed
in the verb, by means of one word. It is owing to this practice
that the words are so extremely long — for example, I shall give
you (a single object) : Hornikunkjanena, (more than one)
Wornikunkjanena. We shall give you several objects: Worni-
[134}
kunkjanihawina."16 It is perhaps more than a meaningless
accident that the first random example that so beautifully sug-
gested itself to the good missionary should voice the promise,
"I shall give you — we shall give you."
During the trying years when there were no signs of con-
verts, Stucki, who was an exceptionally gifted pulpit orator and
in every respect gave promise of becoming a most desirable
type of city pastor, repeatedly received invitations from churches
at an attractive increase in salary. "The greatest inducement
for accepting these calls to more favorable fields was the
prospect of easing the lot of his wife, who had given herself
almost to the limit of personal endurance to the service of the
Winnebago women.17 Once when he was on the point of
accepting a tempting offer elsewhere, it was his devoted wife,
nee Marie Reineck, who herself induced her husband not to
forsake the Indians whose faith in the tried White teacher and
his wife, the mission-mother, was just beginning to take root.
The missionary together with his wife and two small boys
remained at their post. With the birth of the third child the
tragedy of Rachel once more reenacted itself, and it became the
hard duty of the bereaved father to bury his faithful co-worker.
He named the child Benjamin and resolved to continue his
work. It is this Benjamin who is the subject of Casselman's
book, The Winnebago Finds a Friend, the present super-
intendent of the Winnebago Indian school at Neillsville. It
was through this death that the depth of the love and respect
of the Indians who had been so hesitant about becoming con-
verts made itself unmistakably clear. Day after day as the sad
tidings spread, there came from far and near silent Winne-
bago women with shawls over their heads to sit for hours
without uttering a word beside the body of the mission-mother
in the house of "waxopini" or "Angel Whiteman", as the mis-
sionary had come to be called. On the day of the funeral a
long procession of Winnebagoes followed the body seven
miles to Black River Falls for burial, where the villagers
marvelled at the strange sight. This was in 1894. Finally,
16 Ibid., p. 14.
" Casselman, p. 78.
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in 1897, four souls: David Decorah, King-of-Thunder, John
Stacy, and his wife asked to be baptized. After twenty years
of service in 1917 Stucki opened a free boarding school for
Indian children in connection with the Mission. Children from
the wide territory between the preaching stations of Green-
wood in the north, Mauston in the south, Wisconsin Rapids in
the east, and Trempealeau in the west came to the school.
In 1919 the Winnebago Mission and its property was trans-
ferred to the Board of Home Missions of the three western
German synods of the Reformed Church in the United States,
this Board having assumed the entire responsibility of support-
ing and directing the work among the Winnebagoes in
Wisconsin.
When Benjamin, the son of Missionary Jacob Stucki, re-
turned from the World War, he was appointed as teacher of
the school, with the father continuing in full charge of the
religious activities in the school, the community, and the
out-lying settlements. The requests for admission soon exceeded
the capacity of the school, so that the Board decided to erect
a new building at Neillsville. The first session at the new
location opened in 1921. In 1928 it was necessary to enlarge
the building.
Upon the death of Jacob Stucki, May 10, 1930, the same
Board elected his son, Benjamin, known as Mr. Ben in the
Indian congregation, as successor to the beloved missionary who
had served them so long. On July 27, 1930, the Sheboygan
classis ordained Benjamin into the ministry of this congrega-
tion, which now has a number of additional preaching stations
served by a staff of evangelist assistants.
Both the mission on the original site and the school at Neills-
ville have preserved unmistakable traces of Swiss traditions and
values. They are to be seen not only in such outward touches
as woodpiles of a certain neat form reminiscent of the Bernese
highlands; fence openings of the peculiar, zigzag, cattle-proof
type, that are common in Switzerland; the tender cultivation
in the fields about the mission of wild Alpine heather imported
by the elder Stucki from the land of his childhood because of
his sentiment for its flora ; or the pictures of Zwingli and Calvin
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on the walls; but also in such characteristics of deeper signifi-
cance as the unfailing spirit of service and thrift, a matter-of-
fact acceptance of the dignity of common labor in field and
kitchen that is suggestive of the household of Attinghausen in
Wilhelm Tell or of the world in which Ernst Zahn's Helden
des Alltags live and move.
According to a recent statement made by Superintendent
Stucki, more than half of the teachers and employees who have
served at the mission school have been of Swiss descent,
although there has been no preference in selection on the score
of national ancestry. It is simply an instance of natural
gravitation on the part of men and women of common ideals
born largely of common traditions.
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INDEX
ABC Club, Brooklyn, N. Y., 114.
Aargau, canton of, 26, 89, 92, 116, 117,
121, 122.
Abbuehl, Chris., 118.
Abegg, 110, 112; — H., 104; — H. J.,
104; — Henry, 104; — Henry (Mrs.),
104; —Jul., 120.
Adams, 108.
Aeschbach, J. J., 117; —Jakob, 120.
Aeschmann (Dr.), 109; — (Capt.), 111.
Agassiz, Alexander, 7; — Jean, L. R., 7.
Ahrens, J. (Prof.), 109.
Akron, Ohio, 20.
Alabama, 68.
Albany, N. Y., 26, 118.
Alder, Anna, 107.
Algonquin, 129.
Allentown, Pa., 36.
Alliance, Ohio, 21.
Allisson, E., 104.
"Alpenrosli" mixed chorus, Brooklyn,
N. Y., 114.
"Alpina" mixed chorus, New York, 108.
Altheer, C, 104.
Altorfer, Rud., 120.
Alvarado, Juan B., 72, 79.
American Indian tribes, 126.
American river, 79.
Amerikanische Schweizer Zeitung, 102,
106, 124.
Ammann, Caspar, 118.
Amsler family, Tex., 58.
Amsterdam, N. Y., 118.
Andre, John (Major), 110.
Aner, M., 117.
Angelo-California Nat. Bank, 100.
Anthony, 108.
Antognini, C. E., 98.
Antoni, M., 122.
Appenzell, canton of, 19, 112; — Michi-
gan, 47.
Architects, 112, 120.
Arizona, 64.
Arkansas, 68.
Arlington, N. J., 123.
Artificial eyes, maker of, 112.
Arx, von, 104, 108; —A., Ill; —
Casar, 71.
Atlanta, Ga., 57.
Atlantic City, N. J., 51.
Attenhofer, C, 114.
Aubin, A., 108.
Aurora, 111., 23.
Austin, Tex., 58.
B
Babi, Nikol, 121.
Baccala, Louis, 96.
Bach, 117.
Bachmann, 111.
Bachofen, Gottlieb, 123.
Bader (Baumeister), 92.
Baenziger, Eugen, 120.
Baliere, H., de, 105.
Ball, Edwin (Mrs.), 92.
Bancroft, H. H., 71.
Bandelier, Adolph F. A., 7.
Banga, Henry, 7.
Barben family, 75; — Rebecca Sophie,
89.
Barca, 107.
Barr, J., 120.
Bartel, Ernst, 122.
Basel, 92; canton of, 114, 121, 123.
Bauer, 124.
Baumann, H., 119; — Gustav, 7.
Baumert & Co., 118.
Baumgartner, 107.
Bay City, Mich., 49.
BefTa, Angelo, 93.
Beguelin, Henry, 104.
Beller, Gottlieb, 7.
Bellinzona, 97.
Benedictine, 125; — monastery, 127.
Benevolent society, Hoboken, N. J., 120.
Benziger, Adelrich, 111; — Brothers,
104, 110, 111; —Jos., 115; —Louis,
105.
[139]
Beretta, Angelo, 97.
Bereuter, C, 107; — C. (Mrs.), 107.
Berge (Dirigent), 111.
Bern, 114, 119, 122.
Bernardasci, P., 99.
Bernardi, 97; — David, de, 98.
Berne, canton of, 31, 34, 56, 60, 116,
119, 121.
Berne, Ind., 37; —Kan., 54; —Mich.,
47.
Berner, Jacob, 92.
Bernese, 124; — highlands, 136.
Bernhard Brothers, 117, 119.
Bernstadt, Ky., 56.
Berri, M., 95.
Berta, F., 96.
Bertschi, Sam, 112.
Bertschmann (Consul), 107, 109; —].,
104; — H. J., 110.
Besancon, Felix, 117.
Biaggini, 99.
Bible, 127, 129, 133.
Bidwell, John, 91.
Billon (Miss), 105.
Billwiller, Jas., 105.
Bilwyler, Galle & Co., 110.
Birsfelden, 122.
Black River Falls, Wis., 131, 132, 135.
Blattner, A., 124.
Blend, M., 116.
Bleuler, Richard (Dr.), 115.
Bloom, 94.
Bloomington, 111., 23.
Blueler, Richard (Dr.), 116.
Blumer, Peter, 121.
Bluntschli, Th., 105.
Board of Home Missions, Reformed
church, 136.
Bodmer Brothers, 106.
Bognuda, 97.
Bohrer, Louis, 116.
Boiceau, Samson, 104.
Boll, Jacob, 7.
Bolliger, T. P. (Rev.), 131.
Bonaita, G., 97.
Bonaventura (Fr.), Ill, 125.
Bonnetti, A., 98.
Bontempi, Giuseppi (Capt.), 97; —
G. G., 98.
Boppart, Hermann, 104.
Boppe, C. Hermann, 7.
Borner, Leo, 120.
Bosshard, 108; —Carl, 118; —Dr.,
126; — G., 106; —J. J., 126.
Boston, Mass., 52.
Bottinelli, L., 101.
Bouquet, Henry L., 7.
Bovey, J., 104.
Brandenberger, Heinrich, 106; — J., 114.
Branon, 85.
Brauch, J., 122.
Brewer, 117.
Brez, J. D., 104; —Paul, de, 104.
Bridgeport, Conn., 52.
Brigham, Whitney & Co., 97.
Brignoli, Lucia, 96.
Briner, Rudolph, 113.
Brodmann, Johann, 114.
Brookline, Mass., 52.
Brooklyn, N. Y., 19, 26, 113, 125.
Bruck (Mrs.), 105.
Brunner, 104; — Gottlieb, 112; — Gust.,
112; —Heinrich, 108; —Henry, 100,
105; —Jos., 117.
Bruns, Sim., von, 120.
Brupacher (Maj.), 109.
Brustlein, 114; —(Col.), 109.
Brutsch, Sophie, 114.
Bryner, 112; —A., 113; — Adolph, 114;
— Conrad, 106; — Konrad, 106.
Brynet, A., 108.
Bub, 124.
Buchmuller, Johann, 116.
Buffalo, N. Y., 19, 26, 113, 116.
Buhlemann, John, 117; — Jos., 117.
Bulletti, 94, 97.
Bulotti, 100; — & Perini, 98.
Buol, Chr. Emil, 111; —Karl, 108.
Biirgi (Mrs.), 105.
Burkhard, 108; — E., 104.
Burkhardt, 111; —Christ, 108.
Biirki, Carl, 118.
Buscher (Dr.), 111.
Buss, 111.
Bustelli, Gottardo, 100.
Butte, Mont., 63.
Buxdorf, B., 106; — F., 105.
Buxtorf, F., 109.
Buzzini, 107; — G., 98; —J., 105.
Cajori, Florian, 7.
Calame, Aug., 107; — W., 105.
Calanchini, 97.
California, 8, 17, 20, 23, 31, 42-45, 68,
71-87, 89, 99; —map of, 43.
Calvin, 136.
Cambria, 99-
Campana, Angelo, 98.
[140]
Campi, 96.
Canton, Ohio, 17, 20, 21.
Capella, John, 100.
Capuchin order, 111, 125, 129.
Carolinas, 68.
Carpet factory, 123.
Casselman, A. V., 131, 135.
Catholic church, 125.
Cavalli, 95; —George F., 97, 98.
Caveltti, Chr., 104; —Christ (Dr.), 111.
Cavigliano, 98.
Cayucos, Calif., 99.
Celio, 94.
Cendrars, Blaise, 71.
Centerville, 111., 26; — N. J., 122.
Cerentino, 97.
Cevio, 97.
Chadik-Groschel (Mrs.), 105.
Chappuis, Gust., 107; — T., 107.
Cheda, John, 94; — Rocco, 94.
Cheese industry, 19, 70, 112.
Chetlain, August L., 7.
Chevalley, Leon de Montreux, 7.
Chicago, 19, 23-26.
Chiesa (Mrs.), 96.
Christ, J., 113.
Christen, J., 118; — Ulrich, 105.
Churchyard & Co., 117.
Cincinnati, Ohio, 17, 20, 21, 56.
Civil-War veteran, 121, 123.
Cleaveland, Charles, 83, 84.
Clemens, 108.
Clergymen, 111, 114, 125-137.
Cleveland, Ohio, 17, 20.
Clocks, importers of, 112.
Club of Former Technicians of Zurich,
109.
Coast Dairies & Land Co., 97.
Colgates, head chemist, 113.
Colin (Mrs.), 105.
College Point, 113, 115.
Coloma, Calif., 9, 91, 92.
Colomb, 107.
Colorado, 17, 62-63, 68.
Columbus, Neb., 55; —Ohio, 17, 20.
Composers, 114.
Conception, Mo., 128.
Condert, Fred. R., 110.
Connecticut, 17, 52, 68.
Conrad, Frowin (Bishop), 60, 125.
Considerant, Victor, 58.
Coppersmith, 114.
Copper, Henry, de, 105.
Cordier, Aug. (Mrs.), 105.
Cordua, 84.
Corrodi, Heinrich, 114; — R., 107.
Coudert Brothers, 111.
Cowdin, 122.
Crab Orchard, Ky., 56.
Crauzat, E., de, 104, 106, 111.
Croci, 94.
Crow Indians, 129.
Cusa, 107; —Aug., 106.
Custer, massacre of, 128.
Cutlery, 121.
D
Daeniker, 110.
Dairy products, 112; see also Swiss
cheese making.
Dakota, 68, 127; — Sioux Indians. 128.
Dallas, Tex., 58.
Dana, Julian, 71.
Daniker (Mrs.), 105.
Danini, William, 99.
Datwiller, J., 123; — Jak., 124.
Daulte, Frank, 105, 111.
Davenport, la., 40.
Dayton, Ohio, 20.
Decarli, 97.
Decoppet, L., 104.
Decorah, David, 136.
Defanti, 98.
Delaware, 68.
Delisle, 112; — Brothers, 110; — Johann
L., 106; —Louis F., 105, 108.
Delmonico Brothers, 7, 107, 112; —
Chas. C, 105; —Cyrus, 93; — Law-
renz, 104.
Dennler, And., 120.
Denver, Colo., 62.
Deppeler, 104, 106; —J., 112; —J.
(Capt.), 106; —Jos., 112.
Des Moines, la., 40.
Deschwanden, 106.
Detroit, Mich., 49.
Detwiler, 124.
Detwiller, Henry, 7.
Devil's Lake, N. D., 129.
Diemtigen, Canton Berne, 130.
Dietrich, 122.
Director, tobacco company, 119.
District of Columbia, 68.
Dobbas, 94.
Donati, Sam., 99.
Donner, George (Mrs.), 72.
Donner party, 72, 81, 90.
Dreher, Ernest, 110.
Dreyer, Louis, 112.
Drevfuss, 108.
[141]
Droz, H. E., 105.
Dubelbeis, Samuel, 116.
Dubois, C. P., 105; —Geo. W., 105.
Dubs, Joh, 116; —(Mrs.), 123.
Dubuque, la., 39, 126.
Du Four, Clarence J., 79.
Dufour Gun club, 107 ; — Jean Jacques, 7.
Duluth, Minn., 45.
Dupuis, 108.
Durr, 108; — Emil, 120; — Emile, 105.
Diirr, 86, 92; —Gottlieb, 124; —Joh.,
121.
East Bernstadt, Ky., 56.
Easton, Pa., 36.
Eberhardt, Jacob, 117.
Eberle, Edward W., 7.
Ecaubert, Fr., 114.
Eckert, E., 119.
Edison, Thomas, 112.
Egg Harbor, N. J., 123.
Eggimann, E., 107.
Egli, H., 108.
Egloff, August, 106, 107; —Peter, 117.
Ehrat, H. Georg, 112.
Ehrsam, 109, 111.
Eichhorn, Alois, 117.
Eilhemius, H. G. (Mrs.), 105.
Einsiedeln, 115, 127.
Eisenring, Jos., 112.
Electro-technicians, 112.
Elgin, 111., 23.
Eliot, John, 129.
Elizabeth City, N. J., 51, 123.
Elizabeth Port, N. J., 123.
Elmer (Dr.), 124.
Elmira, N. Y., 119.
Elsinger, Fried., 106.
Embroiderers, 107, 112.
Embroidery designer, 111.
Engel, 112.
Engelhard, A., 104.
Engelhardt, Henry, 105.
Engineers, 112.
Engler, David, 92.
Enterprise, Kan., 54.
Epplatinier, L., 107.
Erie, Pa., 36.
Escher, 112; —Henry, 104; —J. G.
104; —J. H., 105.
Eschler, Andrew, 118; — Jacob, 118.
Etcher, 120.
Evangelical church, 125.
Exchange brokers, 112.
Fantina, 96.
Farner, 111.
Fatio, Henry, 105.
Fatzer, Conrad, 106.
Federlin, F., 116.
Feierabend, Jacob, 108; — Jakob, 106,
108, 111; —John, 111; —Paul, 107.
Feldmann, G., 106; — George, 106,
107; —J., 119.
Fellmann (Capt), 111.
Ferdinand, Ind., 39.
Ferini, 96.
Ferrini, J. C, 100.
Fiesse, 93.
Filippini, 97.
Filipponi, Clemente, 99; — D., 99.
Fillippini, A., 105.
Fiori, James, 94.
Fiscalini, G., 100.
Fischer, F., 106; — Jakob, 106; —Jakob
(Dr.), Ill; — R. (Mrs.), 107; —
Robert, 105, 106; — S. (Dr.), 109.
Flint, Mich., 49.
Florida, 57-58, 68.
Fluhbacher, Arnold, 122.
Foffa, Chrysostom (Fr.), 128.
Forni, 108.
Fort Bridger, Wyo., 73, 90.
Fort Hall Road, 73.
Fort Laramie, Wyo., 73, 76.
Fort Totten, N. D., 129.
Fort Wayne, Ind., 37.
Franciscan order, 126.
Frank, Bruno, 71.
Frankhauser, Karl, 115.
Frapolli, 96; — B., 93.
Frauenfelder, P. G., 105.
Frechen, A. (Mrs.), 107.
Freeport, 111., 24.
Freiburg, 127; — canton of, 117; — mon-
astery of, 127.
Freitag, Peter, 120.
Fremont, John C, 72, 89.
French-Swiss, 120; —chorus, 108, 114;
— church, 125.
Fresno, Calif., 44.
Frey (Fr.), Ill, 125, 127; —Gottlieb,
119; _j.? n4; —John, 118, 119;
— S., 119.
Frick, Henry C, 7.
Friederich, John, 105.
Friedrich, John, 7; —J. J., Ill; —
Joh., 109.
[142]
Fritschi, J. J., 123, 124.
Frowin, see Conrad.
Friih, 111.
Funke, 115.
Furniture manufacturers, 114.
Furrer, Jak., 123, 124.
Gachet, Antoine Marie (Fr.), 126.
Gagnebin, Chas., 105.
Galena, 111., 23.
Galeppi, 98.
Galgiani, 94.
Gallatin, Albert, 7.
Galle & Co., 110, 112.
Galli, Christ, 116; —Giuseppe, 96.
Gambetta, 95.
Gamboni, D., 99.
Garnjost, 108.
Gary, Ind., 37.
Garzoli, Basil, 94; —Clay, 94; — De-
siderio, 95, 98; — Frank, 94; — Pete,
94; —William, 94.
Gasser, 106; — Gustav, 112; — M., 104,
106, 112.
Gassermann, H., 108.
Gastlin, G. Washington, 110.
Gatschet, Albert S., 7.
Gaugler, 115; — H., 115; —Ph., 114.
Geiger, 108; —Gottlieb, 118.
Geiser, Gust., 118.
Gendotti, 95; — Louis, 98.
Genzoli, 97.
Georgia, 57-58, 68.
Gerber, 104, 110, 118; —August, 104;
—Chas., 106; —J., 110, 112; —
John, 105; —John G., 105; —Nicho-
las, 7.
German Presbyterian congregations, 126.
German Reformed settlement, 126.
German Swiss, 120.
German synods of the Reformed church,
136.
Gesangverein Helvetia, Buffalo, 116.
Geugis, U., 124.
Gfeller, Christ, 116.
Giacomini, 94 ; — N., 96.
Giamboni, 94 ; — Natale, 96.
Giandoni, 94; — G., 96.
Gianella, Giuseppe, 94.
Gianettoni, M., 98.
Giannettoni, G., 98.
Giannini, 93; — G., 98; — Giocondo,
93; —P. A., 96; — H. G., 96.
Gianoni, 97.
Giebel, Jakob, 123.
Gillet, Etienne, 104.
Ginnel, H., 105.
Giovanari, 95.
Girard, A., 110.
Girtanner (Rev.), 121.
Gisling, J., 120.
Giubbini, Gottardo, 97.
Giudici, 98.
Giumaglio, 94, 98.
Glarus, canton of, 115, 116, 119, 120.
Glaser, Rudolph, 122.
Glass, Joh., 118.
Glass-painting, 111.
Glatz, Chas., 105.
Gmiir, R., 108, 111, 120; —Rob., 108.
Goldschmid, Otto, 105.
Gonzales, Calif., 98.
Good, James W., 7.
Gordon, A., 105; —Alex, 107.
Gospel, see Bible.
Gouglemann, P., 112.
Graber, H, 123; —(Mrs.), 123.
Graf, 111.
Graffenried, Christopher de, 7, 34.
Graflin, Joh., 115.
Grand Rapids, Mich., 49.
Grandi, S., 95.
Grandlienard, H. L., 105; —Pastor, 111,
125.
Grape-growing, 98, 100, 123. .
Gratiot, Charles, 7; — Henry, 7.
Graubiinden, see Grisons.
Greenville, N. J., 119, 124.
Greenwood, Wis., 136.
Gremli, 109.
Greuter (Mrs.), 105.
Grieber, J., 122.
Grieder, Jak., 122.
Grisch, Johann, 122; — Oskar, 111.
Grisons, 31, 56, 126.
Grob, 111; — Hermann, 106; —Robert,
111.
Grocers, 122.
Grosjean, F., 105.
Gross, J., 122.
Grossenbacher, 122; — Friedrich, 122.
Gruber, Joseph, 108.
Gruenheim, Ky., 56.
Gruetli, Neb., 55.
Griininger, J., 106; —Otto, 112.
[143]
Griitli Mannerchor, New York, 108; —
verein, Buffalo, 116; — verein, Brook-
lyn, 113; — verein, New York, 106;
— verein, Newark, 121; — verein,
Syracuse, 117.
Gschwind, 107; — H. Florian, 108; —
Florian, 108.
Gubler, J., 124.
Gubser, J., 111.
Gudde, Edwin, 9, 71.
Guedin (Mrs.), 105.
Guglielmetti, Frank, 96.
Gulf states, 102.
Gurtler, 108.
Gutherz, Carl, 7.
Guttenberg, N. J., 49, 119.
Guyot, Arnold, 123; —A. H., 7.
Gysell, Jak., 123.
H
Haas, Gregory (Rev.), 127.
Haberli, 122.
Hackensack, N. J., 51.
Hailmann, William N., 7.
Haldeman, Samuel S., 7.
Hammondsport, N. Y., 119.
Handrich, J., 110.
Handrichs, H. (Mrs.), 105.
Hanhard, Jak., 108.
Hanhart, Jakob, 106.
Hanselmann, 124; — Heinrich, 114.
Harlan party, 90.
Hartmann, Anastase (Mgr.), 127.
Hasler, Joh., 121.
Hassler, Charles, 111 ; — Ferdinand R., 7.
Hastings, L. W. (Capt.), 77.
Hastings' Cut-off, 72, 77, 89.
Hauenstein, H., 120; —St., 106; — W.,
106.
Hauser, 133; —Fried., 120; —J., 109;
—Jacob (Rev.), 133; — Johann, 106,
108; —John, 106, 107; —Jos., 114.
Haussener, Ed., 114; —Rob., 114.
Heer, Eduard, 121; — Fridolin J., 7.
Hefti, Jos., 117.
Hegar, 116.
Heidenrich, 112.
Heim, J., 114; —(Mrs.), 123.
Heinzen, S., 109.
Helvetia Lodge, N. Y., No. 1, 106;
—No. 2, 106; —No. 217, 107.
Helvetia Mannerchor, N. Y., 108, 115;
—Buffalo, 116; —Newark, 121.
Helvetia mixed chorus, N. Y., 109.
Helvetia Rifle club, N. Y., 107.
Helvetienne, N. Y., 108.
Helveto— American congregation, 128.
Hemmy, 108.
Hengeler (Dr.), 122.
Henggeler (Dr.), 122.
Henni, Jak., 123; — John Martin, 7,
125.
Hermann family in Texas, 58 ; — George
H., 7.
Hertlein, Jakob, 114.
Herzog, A. (Dr.), 121; Adrian, 105.
Highland, 111., 19, 24, 28, 75; — Ky., 56.
Hilfiker, 115.
Hilsiker, 116.
Hiltbrand, David, 118.
Hindelang, 108, 112.
Hintermann, Th., 107; — Theod., 112.
Hippenmeier, J., 109.
Hirt, Emil, 116.
Hirzel, Chas., 105; —Rudolph (Dr.),
111.
Hoboken, N. J., 51, 119, 120.
Hochuli, H., 107.
Hodgskin, J. B., 109.
Hoe's & Co., 112.
Hoesley family in Texas, 55.
Hof, 115; —Basil, 114.
Hofacker, 109; — H., 108; —Heinrich,
108, 109, 111; —Martha, 109.
Hofer, Jac, 115; —Jakob, 113.
Hohl, L., 108; —Lorenzo, 113.
Hohmann, Karl, 106.
Holer, F., 106; —Franz, 106; —Jos.,
106; — Xaver, 108.
Holliger, Rudolph, 115.
Honesta, 109.
Honriet, Aug., 105.
Hoover, Herbert, ancestry of, 7.
Horand, Jak., 121; — and Son, 122.
Horstmann (Mrs.), 105.
Horticulture, 79, 123.
Hosli, C, 106.
Hotels, managers of, 112.
Houston, Tex., 58.
Huber, 117, 120; —Andreas, 116; —
F., 5; — Fred, 117; — Jacques, 7;
—Joh., 119; —John, 112, 117.
Hubler, A. C, 110; — C. A., 104, 109,
111; — O. C, 105.
Hudson City, 119, 120.
Huggenberger, 81, 92.
Huggler, Ulrich, 118.
[144]
Huguenin (Miss), 105.
Humbert, P. (Mrs.), 105.
Hunziker, Jak., 121.
Hurlimann, 112.
Hurter, Julius, 7.
Idaho, 17, 64, 65, 68.
Illinois, 17, 19, 68; —map of, 25.
Imobersteg, Arnold, 112.
Importers of silk and textiles, 112.
Independence, Mo., 89.
Indermaur, U., 116; — Ulrich, 117.
Indian boys, Ft. Tottem, N. D., 128.
Indian Territory, 68.
Indiana, 17, 37-39; — map of, 38.
Indianapolis, Ind., 37.
Intragna, 95, 97.
Iowa, 17, 39-41; — map of, 41.
Iselin's, 112; — A., 104; — Adrian, Jr.,
105; — Adrian, Vice-consul, 7, 110;
— C, 112; —J., 108, 110, 112; —
Neeser & Co., 110.
Isermann, M., 116.
Italian Swiss, 8, 93-101.
J
Jackli, Jos., 121.
Jacksonville, Fla., 58.
Jaeggi, Felix, 115.
Jaggi, F, 122.
Jakard, Jak., 108.
Jannot, G., 106.
Jasper, Ind., 39.
Jeanneret (Mrs.), 105.
Jeannot, A., 105.
Jeanout, 114.
Jelmini, 93.
Jenni, J. J., 116.
Jersey City, N. J., 51, 119, 120.
Jewelers, 112, 121, 122, 123.
Johr, Fritz, 118.
Johnson, Cowdin and Co., 122.
Joliet, 111., 24.
Jonngen, John, 118.
Jordan, 108.
Jost, Jos., 121.
Journalists, 111.
Jud, Peter, 118.
Jura Mannerchor, 108.
Juri, 94; — Brothers, 96; — Guglielmo,
96; — L. & Co., 98, 100; —Louis,
95.
K
Kaelin, Martin, 118.
Kagi, George, 121.
Kaiser, A., 108; —Gottlieb, 105.
Kammerer, 112.
Kansas, 17, 53-55, 68, 69.
Kansas City, Mo., 30.
Kanzig, Jakob, 124.
Kappeler, Joh., 124; —Jos., 124.
Karlen, Jacob, 7.
Kaseburg (Mrs.), 81.
Kaufmann, Elise, 122; — Jos., 116.
Keel, Jos., 118.
Keller, 108; —Ernst, 104; —Gottfried,
125; —Henry, 117; —J. J., 104; —
J. Johann, 114; —Jos., 112.
Kent (Mrs.), 92.
Kentucky, 17, 55-57.
Keshena reservation, Wis., 127.
Kiburz, see Kyburz.
Kienast, Fr., 120.
Kiener, Johann, 116; — John, 117.
Kilcher, Frank, 118.
King-of -Thunder, 136.
Klopfen, Christian, 118.
Klossner, Christian, 119.
Knobel, Fr., 117.
Knoxville, Tenn., 56, 57.
Knutti, Peter, 118.
Koch, J., 122.
Kocher, J., 117.
Koenig, Jac, 110.
Koepfli, Caspar, 19, 24.
Kohl, Josephine, 114.
Kohler, 120; —Fritz, 118; —Johann,
116.
Kolbeck, Andrew, contributor, 9.
Komli, 110.
Koop, 114.
Kopp, Jacob, 105.
Korrodi (Consul), 110.
Kramer, and — (Mrs.), 86, 92.
Krebs, 106; — Chr. & Co., Ill; — Elis.,
107; — M., 106; — Mathias, 112.
Kruesi, Hermann, 7 ; — John Heinrich, 7.
Krusi, 112; — B., 105, 111; — B.
(Rev.), 109, 125.
Kiibeli, Heinrich, 119.
Kubler, E. A., 71.
Kubli, 107, 111.
Kuendig, Martin, 7, 125.
Kuenzli, Emil, 111.
Kuhn, E., 122; —Jac, 118.
[145]
Kiindig, Jak., 112.
Kunz-Merian (Dr.), 124.
Kiinzi, Samuel, 116.
Kiinzli, 108, 122; —Jos., 122; — Nic,
118.
Kupfer, Jules, 108.
Kupper, G., 106.
Kurtz, H., 131; —(Prof.), 133.
Kyburz, 8, 75, 88-92; —Albert, 88; —
Albert B., 91, 92; — as captain, 90;
— Daniel, 89; — John Augustus, 91,
92; — John Daniel, 91, 92; — Maria,
89, 91, 92; —(Mrs.), 81; —Rebecca,
91; —Samuel, 72, 89, 91; —Sarah,
89, 92; — town of, 88.
La Colonia Svizzera, 8, 98, 101.
Lador, 114; —Prof., 109.
Lafranchini, 98.
Lambelet, L. C, 105.
Landis, 120.
Lang (Rev.), 108, 111, 125.
Langetin, Eug., 108.
Latin, 127.
Laufenberg (Fahndrich von), 92.
Leadville, Colo., 62.
Leather industry, 121.
Lecoultre (Mrs.), 105.
Lemp (Prof.), 109.
Lenzlinger, B., 118.
Leoni, Giuseppe, 95.
L'Eplattenier (Mrs.), 105.
Les Amis reunis, 114.
Lesquereux, Leo, 7.
Leuch, 108.
Leuthy, 108.
Lewiston, Mont., 63.
L'Huilier (Mrs.), 105.
Lieb, Hermann, 7.
Lieber, Fred., 120.
Lienhard, Heinrich, 71-87, 89, 92.
Lienherr, 104.
Lincoln, Abraham, 109.
Lincoln, Neb., 55.
Linder, Louis, 105.
Literati, 111.
Locarno, 95.
Locher, Sebastian, 120.
Loetscher, Christian, 126.
Lohbauer, Conrad, 106.
Lombardi, Cherubino, 96.
Long Island, N. Y., 26.
Loop, A., 120.
Lorengo, 93-
Los Angele-,. Calif., 42, 44.
Louisiana, 68.
Louisville, Ky., 56.
Loyal Elvezia Lodge, N. Y., 101;
and Swiss Sharpshooters, 98.
Luchsinger, Math., 111.
Luce, Louis P., de, 110; — P., 104.
Lucerne, canton of, 121.
Ludwig (Prof.), 119.
Lukmayer, 120.
Lumber mill, 119.
Luscher, Sam, 116.
Lutz, J., 116; — Wm., 117.
M
Machinists, 121.
Madison, Wis., 31.
Maestretti, 95 ; — F., 97.
Mager (Dr.), 121.
Maggetti, Pietro, 95.
Maggia, canton of Ticino, 98.
Magistra, C, 96.
Mahler, 120; —Jul., 120.
Maine, 67, 68.
Male chorus, Hoboken, N. J., 120.
Malijia, B., 109.
Mannerchor, Santis, New York, 108.
Mansfield, Ohio, 20.
Mantel, H., 121.
Manufacturer of music boxes, 114; — of
musical instruments, 112; — of watch
cases, 114.
Manz, 112; —J., 104; —Jacob, 7.
Maps, Calif., 43; Hastings' Cut-off, 73;
la., 41; 111., 25; Ind., 38; Mich., 48;
Minn., 46; Mo., 29; N. J., 50; N. Y.,
27; Ohio, 22; Pa., 35; U. S., 16, 18;
Wis., 33.
Mariah Hill, Ind., 39
Mariani, 95; — G. D., 96; Vittoria, 99.
Marrer, Thos., 117.
Marshall Brothers, 94; — James W., 91.
Martella, 97.
Martin, 94; — Charles, 95, 96; — Feu-
sier & Co., 96; — Louis, 118.
Martinelli, E. B., 98.
Martini, de, 94.
Martinoia, Charles, 94.
Marty, Martin (Bishop), 126, 127.
Maryland, 68.
Massachusetts, 17, 52, 68.
Massillon, Ohio, 21.
Massminster, F., 122.
[146]
Massmiinster, 122.
Matasci, B. C, 99.
Mathey, 104, 106; — August, 105; —
Fritz, 105; —Louis, 105.
Mattei, 97.
Matter, 112; — Jac, 117.
Matthey, 112.
Mattinoni, Emilio, 98.
Mattmann, 107.
Mauston, Wis., 136.
Mazzetti, 97.
Mazzi, Frank, 98.
Meier, A., 108, 113; —Andreas, 114;
— Joh. A., 113; —John, 117; —
Karl, 115; —Marie, 107.
Meiringen, fire relief, 107.
Meissner, M., 109.
Melijia, Bernard, 108.
Memphis, Tenn., 56, 57.
Mennonites, in Indiana, 39; — in Iowa,
40; — in Ohio, 21; — in Oregon, 60;
in Pennsylvania, 34.
Menominee Indians, 127.
Mercersburg, Pa., 126.
Meriam, Alfred (Mrs.), 104.
Merian, 112; —Alfred, 104, 105, 110;
—J. J., 104, 105; —P. A., 105.
Merle, Wilh., 104.
Merz, 123.
Messmer (Archbishop), 123, 126.
Methfessel, E., 108.
Mettauer, Conrad, 117.
Meury, John (Rev.), 114, 125.
Meyenberg, John B., 7.
Meyer, 112; — Andreas, 115; — Bernh.,
106; Conrad Ferdinand, 87; — J.,
106; —J. O., 116; —J. W., 113;
—Jakob, 106; —Jos., 122; — Xaver,
111.
Meylan, C. H., 105.
Meystre, Louis, 105.
Miami, Fla., 58.
Michel, Joh., 123.
Michigan, 17, 47-49; map of, 48.
Miesch, 122.
Miller, J. L., 111.
Milwaukee, Wis., 19, 32, 123.
Minetta, 97.
Minneapolis, Minn., 45.
Minnesota, 19, 45-47; map of, 46.
Miossi, B., 100.
Misch, J., 122.
Mission House college, Plymouth, Wis.,
126, 131.
Mississippi, 68, 69.
Missouri, 17, 19, 28, 68, 102; — map
of, 29.
Mixed Chorus, Alpina, N. Y., 108.
Moghegno, 98.
Moire textiles, 122.
Molo, W. C, 104; — W. P., 104, 105,
107.
Mona, A., 98.
Monaco, 95.
Monotti, 94; — A., 98.
Monquin, H., 105.
Montana, 17, 63-64, 68, 128.
Montandon, Fred, 107.
Monti, 93.
Moranda, 97.
Morelli, 110.
Moretti, 97; — G., 100; — Giacomo, 99;
— Giuliano, 95, 97.
Morganti, Battista, 96.
Mormon exodus, 72.
Morro Bay, Calif., 99.
Mosch, J. A. (Col.), 104, 110.
Moser, Johann, 111.
Mount Angel, Ore., 125; —college, 60,
125.
Mount Holly, N. J., 51.
Mountain Democrat, Calif., 91.
Mouquin, 104, 110, 112.
Muhlebach, 117.
Miihlemann, 109; — M. L., 110.
Miiller, 120; — Adolph, 107, 111; —
Chas., 108; —Christian, 118; — G.,
106; —Gottlieb, 112; —J., 106, 107;
—Joh., 114; —Rosa, 111; — Rud.,
118.
Munger, Johann, 116.
Murbach, 115.
Muscio, Abramo, 99; — J., 99.
N
Naesch, J., 110.
Naf, J., 124;— Rob., 123.
Nafels, anniversary of battle, 115.
Nageli's Hotel, 120.
Nageli, J., 106; —Jacob, 7; —Rud.,
105, 121.
Napa, 100.
Nashville, Tenn., 56, 57.
Nauvoo, 111., 72, 87.
Nebraska, 17, 53-55, 68.
Neeser, 110; — & Co., 112; —J. G.,
105.
Nef, John Ulric, 7.
Negley, Alexander, 7; — Jacob, 7; —
James Scott, 7.
[147]
Neillsville, Wis., 130, 135.
Neuburger Braid Company, 122.
Neuchatel, 55, 121.
Neu-Engelberg, see Mt. Angel.
Neukom, 112.
Nevada, 64, 65, 68.
New Aargau, 111., 26.
New Basel, Kan., 54.
New Bern, N. C, 34.
New Berne, Kan., 54.
New England States, 19, 52, 68, 102.
New Glarus, Wis., 31, 32.
New Hampshire, 67, 68.
New Haven, Conn., 52.
New Helvetia, Calif., 42, 78, 88, 89, 93 ;
— Lienhard's migration to, 71-87; —
commemoration, 8.
New Jersey, 8, 9, 17, 19, 49, 69, 102,
103, 119; —map of, 50.
New Mexico, 64, 66, 68.
New Orleans, La., port of entry, 19, 28.
New York, 9, 17, 19, 23, 26-28, 69,
102-104, 115; —map of, 27.
New York City, 8, 19, 26.
New Yorker Staats-Zeitung, 104.
Newark, N. J., 51, 121.
Newbern, Tenn., 56.
Newport, Ky., 56.
Nichelini, 95.
Nickles, Samuel, 7.
Niederer, 112.
Niedermann, J., 106; — Jacob, 112; —
Math., Ill; —Mrs., 112.
Nordemann, Felix (Dr.), 111.
North Carolina, 69.
North Dakota, 69-
Nothiger, 111.
Nussbaum, A., 108.
o
Oakland, Calif., 44.
Oberholzer (Rev.), 116.
Ochsner, Albert J. (Dr.), 7.
Odermatt, Adelhelm (Fr.), 60, 125.
Oehninger, J., 109.
Oeschger, Dominik, 116.
Oettiker, J., 115.
Officials of the Swiss consulate, 111.
Ogden, Utah, 72.
Ohio, 17, 19, 23, 69; —map of, 22; —
tables, 20, 21.
Oklahoma, 69.
Olympia, Wash., 61.
Omaha, Neb., 54.
Opitz, Reinhard, 122.
Order of St. Benedict, 127.
Oregon, 17, 20, 59, 60, 69, 89; —route,
72; — tables, 60.
Oregon City, Ore., 60.
Oswald, Charles, 108.
Ott, Adolf, 111;— J. M., 120.
Otz, E., 120; —Rob., 120.
Pacific Coast, Swiss migration to, 20.
Paillard, Alf. C, 105; — & Co., 112.
Pallenghi, A., 97.
Papina, V., 98.
Papine, 100.
Passaic, N. J., 51.
Paterson, N. J., 51, 121-123.
Pedrazzini, Clay, 94; — as contributor,
8 ; — Louis, 95.
Pedrini, 94, 98.
Pellandini, 95.
Pennsylvania, 17, 19, 34-36, 69; — map
of, 35.
Peri, 94.
Perini, 96, 98, 100.
Perinoni, D., 99.
Perrelet, L., 105, 111; — L. (Prof.),
109.
Perret, Chas., and — (Mrs.), 105.
Pestalozzi, 125; —Dr., Ill; — H., 105.
Peverada, Carlo Antonio, 96.
Pezzoni, Battista, 99.
Pfannenschmidt, 111.
Pfenninger, August, 115.
Pfister, Chr., 122.
Pflugi, Edw., 112.
Pharmacists, 114, 123.
Philadelphia, Pa., 123.
Philipp, Emanuel Lorenz, 7.
Phoenix, Ariz., 64.
Physicians, 7, 95, 109, 114, 117, 121,
124.
Piezzi, Victor, 98.
Piguet, Louis, 122.
Pilet (Miss), 105.
Pillichodc, Charles, 104.
Pinkert, Paul, 108.
Pioda (Dr.), 95; — L., 95.
Piquet, Wm, 104.
Pittsburgh, Pa., 36.
Plastic and graphic artists, 111.
Platz, Gottlieb, 115.
Pletscher, 108.
Pliiss, C, 126.
Plymouth, Wis., 126.
Polytechnic Institute, 114.
[148]
Portland, Ore., 60, 126.
Portrait painter, 111.
Princeton, N. J., 123.
Prominent Americans of Swiss Origin,
7, 9, 71, 125.
Public officials, N. Y., 1889, 110.
Purry, Jean Pierre, 7.
Q
Queens, N. Y., 115.
Quinche (Mrs.), 105.
Quinq', 111., 23.
R
Racine, Jules, 105.
Radin, Paul, 131.
Raetzer, 108; — Rud., 104.
Ragatz, Oswald (Rev.), 126.
Rahm, August, 122; — Henry C, de,
104.
Ramelli, 98.
Railroad and bridge builder, 112.
Rappard, A., 105, 110.
Rappart, A., 104.
Rauch, Fritz, 118.
Rea, F. J., 98; —John, 100.
Reading, Pa., 36.
Rebhuhn, 116.
Reformed church, 125, 126, 129.
Reimann, Jakob, 117; — Stephan, 116,
117.
Reineck, Maria, 135.
Reinhart, A., 105.
Reis, A., 108.
Reiser, A., 109.
Reno, Nev., 66.
Renz, Arnold, 122.
Respini, Ig. R., 97.
Restaurants, managers of, 112.
Re-Union, Tex., 58.
Rey, S. (Mrs.), 105.
Rheiner, Phill., 122, 123.
Rhode Island, 68.
Rianda, Victor, 98.
Richard, August, 104, 105.
Richfield Springs, N. Y., 119.
Richiger, Ch., 121.
Richtiger, Ch., 121.
Rickenbach, 107.
Rickli, Jos., 115.
Ricklin, Jos., 106.
Righetti, Candido, 97; — N., 99; —P.,
98; — Pietro, 99; — Rinaldo, 100; —
Roberto, 99.
Rigi, 112.
Rippstein, 75, 92.
Riverside, Calif., 44.
Robert, 106, 112; —Cesar A., 104; —
Robert E., 104; —Eugene (Mrs.),
104; —J. C, 110; —J. Eug., 105.
Roberts (Vice-consul), 109.
Rochester, N. Y., 19, 26, 113, 115.
Rocky Mountain States, 62.
Rodel, Jak., 121.
Roethlisberger, 110; — & Gerber, 112.
Roggiwiller, H., 112.
Rohner, Joh., 106.
Roselli, Giovanni, 107.
Rosenberg family in Texas, 58; —
Henry, 7.
Rosselli, J., 105.
Rossire, Antoin, 104.
Roth, Jean, 107.
Rothlisberger, 107; — & Gerber, 104;
—Rob. (Mrs.), 105.
Rotschi, Peter, 111.
Rottanzi, Anthony (Dr.), 95; — Giosue,
98, 100; — T. A., 95.
Roulet, Jeanne, 105.
Ruckstuhl, Rud., 113.
Rudin, 106, 112.
Riiegg, Anton, 116.
Ruegg, Jos., 122.
Ruesch & Co., 112.
Runk, 108.
Ruppaner, A. (Dr.), 110.
Rusch, Ferdinand, 104.
Ruschli, Jakob, 121.
Ruschlin, Jak., 122.
Rush, Adolph (Mrs.), 105.
Rusterholz, 111; — Jean, 108.
Ryle, John, 121.
Saal, Michael, 122.
Sacramento, Calif., 8, 44, 86; — river,
79.
St. Gall, 19, 31, 56, 92, 114-116, 117,
123.
Saint Gothard hotel, San Francisco, 96.
St. Joseph, Mo., 28.
St. Louis, Mo., 19, 28, 30.
St. Meinrad, Ind., 39, 128.
St. Michael's Indian Mission, illus., 124.
St. Paul, Minn., 45.
Salamanca, N. J., 113, 119.
Salathe (Dr.), 109.
Salinas valley, Calif., 97.
Sallenbach, H., 105.
[149]
Salmina, 95; — B. & Co., 100.
Salt Lake City, Utah, 59.
Saltzmann, August (Mrs.), 105.
San Antonio, Tex., 58.
San Bernardino, Calif., 44.
San Diego, Calif., 44.
San Francisco, Calif., 19, 42, 44, 86, 93,
95, 96, 101.
San Jose, Calif., 44, 100.
San Luis Obispo, Calif., 44, 97, 99.
San Simeon, Calif., 99.
Sandoz, Jules Ami, 55.
Sandusky, Ohio, 20.
Santa Barbara, Calif., 44, 97, 99.
Santa Cruz, Calif., 97.
Santa Maria, Calif., 100.
Sartori, 94, 96; —Henry J. (Dr.), 98.
Sauer, 108.
Sauk County, Wis., 126.
Savory, Jos., 123.
Scalmanini, 96; — C, 93.
Scaroni, 97.
Scaroni, John, 100.
Schadegg, 124; —Jos., 122.
Schadler, J., 124.
Schafer, 120.
Schaff, Philip, 7, 125, 126.
ScharThausen, 117.
Schaffner, Rud., 118.
Scharr Brothers, 106.
Schauble, 124.
Scheggia, Carlo, 96, 100.
Scheibler, 114, 122.
Scheitlin, E., 105.
Scheller, Emma, 122.
Scherrer, Arnold, 123.
Schiess, J., 106; —Jacob, 112; —Jakob,
104, 107; —(Mrs.), 112.
SchifTerli, Xaver, 117.
Schiller, Christopher (Rev.), 131.
Schindler, Fr., 108.
Schinz, 106; — L., 107; — M., 104, 112.
Schlachter, J. C, 105.
Schlaippi, John, 118.
Schlatter, 108; — C, 114; — Heinrich,
107; — Joh., 112; Michael, 7, 125.
Schlegel, 125; —(Rev.), 111.
Schlupp, John, 117.
Schmelz, R., 108.
Schmid, Peter, 105.
Schmidt, 81, 92; — Erh., 120; — W.,
122.
Schmied, Peter, 120.
Schmiedhauser, J. B., 121.
Schneider, Eugen, 114.
Schnitzpahn (Miss), 105; — (Mrs.),
105.
Schopper, B., 108; — E., 108.
Schottlin, George, 123; —Marks, 123.
Schropfer, 122.
Schuerpf, Chas., 117.
Schuhmacher, C, 105.
Schuler, Max, 114.
Schulthess, Eugene, 117.
Schwarz, Fritz, 108; — G., 105, 107.
Schwarzenbach, Huber & Co., 120; —
Landis, 120; —Silk Co., 120.
Schwarzenbach, Robert J. F., 7.
Schwegler, C. Theo., 8, 9, 73.
Schweigert, John, 117.
Schweizer Club, N. Y., 109.
Schweizer Mannerchor, Brooklyn, 113;
—Rochester, 115.
Schweizer (Mr.), 109; —(Mrs.), 109;
— R., 108; —Rud., 111.
Schweizer Unterstiitzungs Verein, Buf-
falo, N. Y., 116.
Schweizer-Verein, Rochester, N. Y., 115.
Schweizerbund, Brooklyn, N. Y., 113.
Schweizerische Hilfs-Gesellschaft, N. Y.,
104.
Schweizerischer Volksfestverein, Brook-
lyn, N. Y., 114.
Schwyz, canton of, 60, 127.
Sciaroni, Carlo, 98; —Frank, 100.
Scranton, Pa., 36.
Seaton Hall Seminary, Newark, 123.
Seattle, Wash., 61.
Seeberger, Joh., 118.
Seiler, George (Dr.), 117; —Jos., 121.
Seitz, C, 105.
Selan, Leon, 98.
Seliner, Albert, 122.
Sellmann, Alb., 107.
Selma, 95, 97.
Sempach, quincentenary celebration, 106.
Senn, Alfred, 133; —J., 106; —Nicho-
las, 7.
Sharon Center, la., 40.
Sharon Spring, la., 40.
Sheboygan classis, Wis., 132, 136.
Siebenmann (Mrs.), 105.
Siegenthaler, David, 118.
Siegfried, Rob., 120.
Siegrist, Joh., 121.
Sigrist, J., 122; —Jakob, 122; —Jos.,
122; — Nikol., 118.
Silk, industry, 121, 122, 124; —manu-
facturers, 112; — weaver, 123.
Simmen, 115.
[150]
Simon, 110.
Simoni, J., 105; — Joh., 107.
Singer sewing machine plant, 123.
Sioux Falls, S. D., 129.
Singenberger, J. B., 126.
Sitting Bull, 128.
Society for Establishing Useful Manu-
factories, 121.
Societa Patriotica Liber ale Ticinese, 109.
Solari, 107; — E., 105.
Soledad, Calif., 98.
Solothurn, canton of, 92, 111, 116.
Sommerville, N. J., 123.
Sonoma, Calif., 97, 100; Sonoma-Marin
Swiss club, Calif., 101.
Sorbier restaurant, San Francisco, 96.
South Bend, Ind., 37.
South Carolina, 69.
South Dakota, 69.
Southern Inland states, 102.
Spahn, Hermann, 105.
Spaletta, 97.
"Spanish grants", 99.
Spaus, 112.
Speich, Abraham, 109, 111.
Spiegel, Mathias, 117.
Spielmann, 116.
Spiesz, Johann, 113.
Spiritual Leadership, 125-137.
Spoerry, Frank, 117.
Spokane, Washington, 61.
Sporry, Chas., 110; — Fr., 117; — S.,
114.
Sprenger, N., 114.
Sprich (Miss), 122.
Springfield, 111., 24.
Springfield, Mass., 52.
Stacy, John, 130, 132, 136.
Staeger, L. A., 114.
Staeheli, Dr., 104.
Staempfli, 115.
Stager, 111; —Professor, 109.
Staheli, D. Francis, 104.
Stahl, J., 109.
Stamm, Martin, 7; — W., 108.
Stampfli, 114.
Standing Rock, Dakota, 128.
Stapfer, J. J., 105.
Statistical Survey of Swiss Immigration,
15-70.
Staub, J. J. (Dr.), 126; —Peter, 7.
Stefani, 94, 96; — Camillo, 96; —and
Mariani, 96.
Steg, Benj., 117.
Stehli, A., 112.
Steinach, Adelrich (Dr.), 7, 8, 102,
104, 106, 108, 109; — 's lists of
Swiss settlers, 102-124.
Steiner, Jakob, 122.
Steinfeld, Albert, 115.
Steinhausli, 112.
Stierlin, 116.
Stocker, Jos., 121.
Stockton, Calif., 97, 100.
Stoklin, Frank S., 105.
Stoll, George, 117.
Storni and Biaggini, 99.
Stossel, Ferd., 112.
Strasser, J., 120.
Straub, Joh., 122; — Konrad, 123.
Strebel, 106.
Strehli, A., 122.
Streiff, H., 122.
Strieker, C. (Mrs.), 123; — Elias, 123;
— R., 105; —Robert, 109, 110.
Strucken, 116.
Stucki, Benjamin, 9, 135; — Jacob
(Rev.), 126, 129, 130.
Studi, Jos., 120.
Sturzenegger, factory of, 107 ; — J., 112.
Stutzer, Dr., 109; — E. F., 105.
Subiaco, Ark., 128.
Suder, E., and — (Mrs.), 130.
Sulzbach, Jac, 115.
Suppiger, 24.
Suter, Caspar, 116; — Nikol, 123.
Sutter, Alphonse, 86; — August, Jr., 86,
87; —Christ, 116; —Eliza, 86; —
Emil, 86; — 's Fort, 8, 73; — General
Johann August, 7, 42, 68, 71, 89,
92; —John, 115, 123; —(Mrs.), 86,
123.
Sutterville, 85.
Swiss Aid Society, N. Y., 104, 106.
Swiss- American Bank, Calif., 100.
Swiss-American club of Monterey, Calif.,
101.
Swiss-American congregation, O. S. B.,
127.
Swiss-American social club, Santa Clara,
Calif., 101.
Swiss Athletic club, San Francisco, 101.
Swiss baker's club, N. Y., 1871-1880,
107.
Swiss Benevolent society, N. Y., 102;
—Troy, 118.
Swiss cheese making, 19, 70, 112.
Swiss club, N. Y., 115; —Santa Cruz,
Calif., 97, 101; —Stanislaus, Calif.,
101.
[151]
Swiss Colonization in America, begin-
ning of, 15.
Swiss dramatic club, N. Y., 109.
Swiss General Mutual and Benevolent
society, N. Y., 105.
Swiss Harmony club, Hoboken, N. J., 120.
Swiss Ladies Aid, N. Y., 107.
Swiss missionary activity, 125.
Swiss mutual-aid society, Paterson, N. J.,
121.
Swiss Mutual Benevolent Society, Calif.,
98.
Swiss in U. S. compared with total pop-
ulation, 15.
Swiss Publishing Company, N. Y., Ill ;
—Calif., 98.
Swiss rifle club, Rochester, N. Y., 116;
— Monterey, Calif., 101.
Swiss Sharpshooters, San Francisco, 101.
Swiss societies, N. J., 121, 123.
Swiss Relief Society, San Francisco, 102.
"Swissconsin", 32.
Syracuse, N. Y., 19, 113, 117.
Syz, John, 104.
Tacoma, Wash., 61.
Taller, Chas., 105, 108.
Tanner, 121;— (Miss), 106;— Peter, 123.
Tartaglia, Placido, 99.
Technicians, 112.
Tell City, Ind., 19.
Tell, William, House, San Francisco, 96.
Tell, Wilhelm Schutzenkorps, 114.
Tennessee, 17, 55-57, 69.
Teodor, B., 106, 108.
Terre Haute, Ind., 37, 128.
Tessin, see Ticino.
Tessiners, see Ticinese Swiss.
Texas, 17, 58-59, 69.
Thalwyl, 120.
Thiele, and —(Mrs.), 109.
Thomann, 75, 92; —Alb., 112; —Her-
mann, 113.
Thurgau, canton of, 116, 117.
Thurkauf, A., 106.
Ticinese Swiss, 42, 93-101 ; — in New
York, 107.
Ticino, canton of, 8, 42, 93, 95 ; —club,
99, 101 ; —hotel, 96.
Tiegel (Dr.), 109, 111.
Tilden, 100.
Tiscsot, Max (Dr.), 104, 121.
Tobler, Franz, 118; —J. (Capt.), 120;
— Johann, 120.
Tognazzi, B. G., 99.
Tognazzini, Antonio, 99, 100; — fam-
ily, 100; —P. A., 99.
Toledo, Ohio, 20, 130, 131.
Tomasini, Alex, 99; — Louis, 100; —
Luigi, 95; — Matteo, 95.
Tonini, 97; — M., 100.
Toroni, B., 96.
Tradesmen, 122.
Trepp, 104.
Trosi, 98.
Troy, 113, 118,
Triimpi, Fridolin, 108, 119.
Tschopp, Emil, 122.
Tschumi, Nik., 118.
Turri, B., 99.
U
Uebelmann, Emil, 121.
Ulfilas (Bishop), 129.
Ungerer, Jos., 113.
Union City, N. J., 119.
Union Hill, N. J., 119, 120.
University of Dubuque, la., 126.
Unterwalden, 60.
Urfer, Christian, 118.
Uri, 60.
Uster, Kornel, 119.
Utah, 17, 59.
Utica, N. Y., 113, 118.
Val Colla, 98.
Val Leventina, 93-95, 97, 98.
Val Onserone, 98.
Val Verzasca, 97.
Valle Maggia, 94, 95, 97-99.
Vandalia, 111., 23.
Vanoni, Marco, 96.
Vaterlaus, H., 116.
Vermont, 67, 68.
Verscio, 95, 97.
Vetter, Daniel, 121.
Vetterli, Fr., 106; —Jacob, 106.
Vevay, Ind., 37.
Vicarino, C, 105; —(Dr.), Ill
(Dr.), 108.
Viojet, J. J., 92.
Virginia, 68.
Viticulture, see Grape-growing.
Vogel, 106; — Jak., 122.
Vogeli, 111.
Vogorno, 95.
Vogt, Jos. Alois, 117.
Voigt, Joh. A., 113.
[152]
von Arx, see Arx.
Vondermiihl, Alf., 104; —(Mrs.), 104.
Vonfelten, A., 106; — C, 106.
Vouga (Madam), 111.
w
Waco, Tex., 58.
Wahrenberger, Jacob, 112.
Walchli, Emil, 106.
Walder, Jakob, 122.
Wallier, Jos., 117.
Walser, Theo. (Dr.), 110.
Walte, A., 108.
Walter, Jakob, 114.
Wampfler, John, 117.
Wanderer am Passaic, N. J., 122.
Wartmann, J., 106.
Washington, D. C, 68; — state of, 17,
20, 59-61, 69.
Watches, importers of, 112.
Watchmakers, 114, 121.
Wattenwyl, (Dr.), von, 109.
Wattewil, W. A., de, 105.
Weber, 112; —A., 105, 108, 124; —
Aug. C, 112; — Ch. Aug, 112; —
G, 114; —J. J, 115; — Jak, 124;
— O., 105.
Weckherlin, H. (Mrs.), 105.
Weehawken, N. J., 49.
Weemer, see Weimer.
Wegener, R. (Captain), 114.
Wegmann, 114.
Wehrli, J, 106.
Weidmann, Jacob, 7; — Jakob, 122; —
Silk Dyeing Co, 122.
Weiler, Heinrich, 122; —J. H, 122.
Weimer, 82 ; —Peter, 76, 90.
Weise (Director), 122.
Weiss, A, 108.
Welti, Hermann, 124.
Wenzinger, Tobias, 113.
Werner, 104.
Werren, J, 118.
Werschinger, J, 108.
West Hoboken, N. J, 49, 119, 120.
West Virginia, 69.
Wethli, Heinrich, 123.
Wette, De, 126.
Wetter, J, 114.
Wettstein, 124.
Wheaton and Luhrs, 97.
White Mountain railroad, 112.
Whitney, 97.
Widmer, J, 121.
Wietlisbach, Albin, 122 ; —Germain, 122.
Wiggli, Amanz, 118.
Wild, Kasp, 108.
Wilkes-Barre, Pa, 36.
Wimmer, see Weimer.
Winnebago Camp, Wis, 132; — Indians,
129; —Indian school, 130, 136; —
Mission, 136.
"Winkelried Mannerchor", N. Y, 108.
Winnistorfer, Louis, 115.
Wirt, William, 7.
Wirth, Alois, 115.
Wirz, 104; — H, 105; —Jul, 113.
Wisconsin, 17, 19, 31-34, 60, 69; —
map of, 33.
Wisconsin Rapids, 136.
Wiskemann (Mrs.), 105.
Wisner, Henry, 7.
Wittmer, 82, 92.
Wittnauer, Albert Charles, 7.
Wolfermann (Dr.), 111.
Wuthrich, 124.
Wyler, E. (Dr.), 111.
Wyoming, 64, 67, 68.
Wyss & Sons, 121.
Wyss, Xaver, 118.
Yankton, South Dakota, 127.
Zahner, Emil, 123.
Zanoni, 96.
Zeh, Charles (Dr.), 121.
Zellweger, 108; — H, 120.
Zeltner, Xaver (Col.), 111.
Zimmer, 122.
Zimmermann, Chas, 105; — (Carpen-
ter), Emanuel, 7; — John, 105.
Zocchi, 94.
ZollicofTer, Felix Kirk, 7.
Zollikofer, Oskar, 109.
ZollikofTer, Oscar, 104, 105; —(Miss),
105; —(Mrs.), 105; —Oskar, 104,
110.
Zollinger, J, 108; —James P, 71.
Zubly, John Joachim, 7, 125.
Zug, 122.
Zullig, 108; —A. (Prof.), 109; —Ar-
nold, 123.
Zurfluh, 110.
Zurich, 31, 34, 54, 71, 87, 112, 117,
120-123.
Zwilchenbart, A. & Co, 112.
Zwingli, 136.
[153]
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