Syllabus of illustrated lecture on tobacco growing

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1040

. / gen. DEPARTMENT OFC AGRTE 0 Bt URE:
Ey et Q_ OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS—FARMERS’ INSTITUTE TE LECTURE 9...

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Issued November 6, 1907.
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A. C. TRUE, Director.

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Ai Section of Illustrations, Ps oe

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SYLLABUS

OF

oe ILLUSTRATED L

ON

TOBACCO GROWING.
SIOFR BD PIFLE

fA

i | BY

J. N. HARPER, M. Aer.,
Director Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson College, S. C.

————

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WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE,
1907.

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1040 Issued November 6, 1907.

fee ee PARK TMENT OF AGRICULTURE.

OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS—FARMERS’ INSTITUTE LECTURE 9.
A. C. TRUE, Director.

SYLLABUS
of
ILLUSTRATED LECTURE
ON

TOBACCO GROWING.

BY

J. N. HARPER, M. Aer.,

Director Agricultural Experiment Station, Clemson College, S. C.

“WASHINGTON:
GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE.
1907.

PREFATORY NOTE.

This syllabus of a lecture upon Tobacco Growing by J. N. Harper,
M. Agr., Director of the South Carolina Agricultural Experiment
Station, Clemson College, S.C., is accompanied by 46 lantern slides
illustrating the topic. The syllabus and views have been prepared
for the purpose of aiding farmers’ institute lecturers in their presen-
tation of this subject before institute audiences.

The numbers in the margins of the pages of the syllabus refer to
similar numbers on the lantern slides and to their legends as given
in the Appendix. Those in the body of the text refer to the list of
authorities and references at the end of the bulletin.

In order that those using the lecture may have opportunity to
fully acquaint themselves with the subject, references to its recent
literature are given in the Appendix. 7

| JOHN HAMILTON,
Farmers’ Institute Specialist.
Recommended for publication.
A. C. Truex, Director.

Publication authorized.
JaMEsS Wixson, Secretary of Agriculture.

WasuHineTon, D.C., July 10, 1907.
(3)

TOBACCO GROWING.

By J. N. Harper, M. Agr.

INTRODUCTION.

Tobacco was first cultivated m America. The early
explorers of this continent found the natives making use of
tobacco for smoking, chewing, and medicinal purposes.
Tobacco was cultivated by the first colonists in colonial Vir-
ginia, and as early as 1619 20,000 pounds of tobacco were
shipped to England from this colony. (Ref. 1, p. 5.) Its
consumption rapidly increased after this time, so that within
a few years it became the leading export of Virginia and was
one of the main sources of revenue for the people.

In 1731 the provinces of Virginia and Maryland exported
$1,875,000 worth of tobacco. (Ref. 1, p. 6.) Kentucky
early became a leading tobacco State, and that Common-
wealth now produces one-third of the entire yield of the prod-
uct in the United States. Tobacco is now being grown in 25
States of the Union, 776,000 acres being devoted to this crop.
More than 633,000,000 pounds were produced in the United
States in 1905, the farm value of this crop beg $53,500,000.
Umehe2.p. 717.)

VARIETIES.

Tobacco belongs to the Solanacez family, which includes,
among other plants, Irish potatoes, tomatoes, red peppers, and
jimson weeds. There are more than one hundred varieties of
tobacco in cultivation. The leading varieties grown in
America are the White Burley, Zimmer Spanish, Cuban,
Orinoco, Connecticut Seed Leaf, Yellow Pryor, Havana Seed
Leaf, and Sumatra Seed Leaf. (Ref. 3, p. 12.)

(5)

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11
12

1

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3

6
SELECTION FOR SEED.

No plant responds so readily to careful selection as does the
tobacco plant. It is a plant that crosses readily, and to
improve the seed it is necessary to place a sack over the flowers
before the pistil is ready to receive the pollen, thus preventing
insects from bringing pollen from undesirable plants and cross-
ing. (Ref. 4, p. 19.) The first step in saving seed is to
select the type of tobacco that one wishes to grow. It is easy
to pick out a desirable tobacco plant, because all of its charac-
teristics are before the eye. If one is breeding for a long leaf,
a broad leaf, or a narrow leaf, ora plant that holds its leaves up
well, or one that has long internodes, or short internodes, or
one that has pointed leaves or round leaves, or one that has
fine veins or coarse veins, or one that has width between veins,
he can readily do so by selecting his plant and protecting its
pistil from cross-pollination. All lateral flowers should be
pulled off, leaving only a few at the top. A few days before
the pollen is ripe a sack should be placed over the flowers in
order to prevent any possible cross-fertilization. (Ref. 5, p.
12.) If one wishes to cross or hybridize with some other plant,
he can do so by taking the stamens out before the pollen is ripe
and the day after applying to the flower from which the stamens
were removed the pollen from another plant by means of a
camel’s-hair brush. All small leaves, suckers, and lateral
branches immediately below the seed head proper should be
carefully removed and the mouth of the bag tied around the
stalk just under the lowest remaining branches. (Ref. 6, p.
229.) Many of the improved varieties of tobacco have been
brought about by crossing standard varieties, and many of
the standard varieties of tobacco, such as the White Burley,
have been improved by careful selection and preventing cross-
pollination with undesirable plants.

THE PLANT BED.

It is-necessary to thoroughly prepare the soil in making
preparation for a seed bed for young tobacco plants. The
bed should be located in some well-protected place and should
have a southern exposure so as to obtain as much heat from
the sun as possible. The bed should be burned thoroughly
to destroy all weed seed and insect eggs, and this will also put
the soil in good physical condition. (Ref. 14, p. 7.) The bed
should be protected by being surrounded by boards and the
upper side should be ditched to prevent water from flooding
it. The bed should also be protected in the early spring by

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cotton canvas. The seed should be sown after the bed has
been burned and plowed and thoroughly raked and has been
rid of all stones and trash. The seed should be sown at the
rate of 1 thimbleful to every 36 square feet. Before sowing
the seed, the light ones should be separated from the
heavy ones and only the heavy ones should be sown. This
can be done by a recently invented apparatus which blows
the light or chaffy ones out from the heavy ones. It has been
proved that the plants grown from light seed produce not only
a very small yield, but tobacco of inferior quality. (Ref. 7,
p- 2.) Before sowing, the seed should be mixed with a good
quantity of corn meal. This will dilute the seed to such an
extent that it will be possible to sow them evenly and not too
great a quantity to the bed. Four seeds to every square
inch is sufficient. The seed should be tested for their ger-
minating powers before sowing. This is done by placing a
definite number of seeds, say 100, on a moist piece of blotting
paper in a broad glass jar arid keeping moist in a dark, warm
place. In a few days all good seed will germinate. The seed
should be sown early in the spring and raked in.

TRANSPLANTING.

The young tobacco plants should be heavily fertilized with
nitrates and potash salts, and should be transplanted when
the leaves are a little larger than a silver dollar. The earlier

the tobacco is set out the better the quality and the greater ~

the yield. Transplanting is usually done by hand, and when
thus transplanted the setter should be careful that the hole
is made deep enough to allow the roots of the plantlet to be
perfectly straight down, otherwise a disease will set up that
will greatly injure the plant. Machines are now being used
to a considerable extent, and with their aid tobacco can be
set out in dry weather and a good stand obtained. It is nec-
essary to water the young plants when they are set out during
dry weather.

_ SOIL.

No plant is so affected by different types of soils as is the
tobacco plant. The variety of the tobacco grown in a given
locality depends upon the type of soilin that locality. (Ref. 16,
pp. 8 to 18.) The texture of the soil seems to influence the
character and quality of the tobacco more than does its chem-
ical composition. Under given climatic conditions the class
and type of tobacco depend upon the character of the soil

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14

15

16

18

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20

©

‘1 8

upon which it is grown, especially on the physical properties,
while the grade is dependent largely upon the cultivation
and curing of the crop. (Ref. 17, p. 14.) If the texture
of the soil is known, it is possible to say what type of
tobacco is suited for that soil. Before the tobacco is set out
the soil should be thoroughly prepared by deep plowing, roll-
ing, and harrowing and the rows should be laid off at a uniform
distance with a marker. If sod land is to be planted in tobacco
it should be plowed early in the spring to give the sod time to
thoroughly rot.

FERTILIZING.

There is no plant that is so susceptible to fertilization as is
tobacco. Its quality is greatly affected by fertilizers. It is
a plant that requires large amounts of potassium and _ nitro-
gen. The potassium should be in the form of a sulphate,
as the chlorids are detrimental to its quality. Phosphorus
increases the yield on most types of soils but has no effect on
the quality of the tobacco. (Ref. 15, p. 140.) Tobacco can
not be grown for a number of years on the same soil, therefore
it must be in a system of rotation with other crops. In the
blue-grass region of Kentucky, where White Burley is grown
entirely, it enters a rotation with corn, wheat, clover, timothy,
and blue grass, the fields remaining in blue grass for a long
term of years. In other parts of the country where a number
of other varieties are grown it 1s rotated with corn, wheat, and
clover. Coarse and heavy manures are detrimental to the
quality of the tobacco unless they are well rotted. Tobacco
stems are an excellent fertilizer for tobacco, and as much as
1,500 to 2,000 pounds can be used to the acre.

CULTURE AND HARVESTING.

Tobacco should be planted in rows, varying from a distance
of 3 to 44 feet, depending upon the variety, and the distance
the plants are set in the row also depends upon the variety.
Some varieties, as the White Burley, are set 15 to 20 inches,
while others, as Yellow Pryor, are set 33 feet.

The cultivation should be clean and shallow. The plants
should be topped when they first begin to bloom. The num-
ber of leaves left varies from 16 to 24, depending upon
the variety. (Ref. 19, p. 11.) All suckers should be pulled
off before they get to be 6 inches long. Tobacco should
never be cut before it is thoroughly ripe. This is indi-
cated by the color of the tobacco. It begins to turn yellow
on ripening. The whole plants are either cut down with

a

small knives made for the purpose or the ripe leaves are
picked, leaving the others to ripen. The cigar-tobacco types
are primed, whereas the heavy tobaccos and White Burleys
are cut whole and placed on sticks. (Ref. 18, p. 28.) An
hour or so after tobacco has been cut and placed on sticks it
should be put on trestles in the field to prevent sunburn. — It is
best to leave on the trestles for a day or two before hauling
to barn. (Ref. 11, p. 107.) Tobacco that is placed on sticks
should always be hauled to the barn on tobacco frames rather
than in bulk on an open wagon body.

CURING.

There are many styles of houses used for tobacco, depend-
ing upon the method of curing. The flue-cured tobacco is
cured in a house that can be made almost air tight, with a
ventilator in the top which can be closed. The Virginia
Bright Leaf is cured in this way. The White Burley is cured
entirely without artificial heat, requiring from five to six weeks
in its curing. Barns in which tobacco is air cured should have
lateral, horizontal ventilators rather than perpendicular ones,
because the tobacco is not so liable to house burn. The flue-cured
tobacco requires only a few days for its curing. (Ref. 20, pp.
3 to 15). After tobacco has been thoroughiy cured, it should
be stripped and sorted into different grades, and after a cer-
tain time it should be put down in bulk for fermentation.
The fermenting of tobacco is an art and the process of fer-
mentation is due to enzyms rather than to bacteria as was
once thought. (Ref. 9, p. 21.) These enzymis are destroyed
when the temperature of the tobacco is raised above 152° F.
(Ref. 21, p. 26.) Before tobacco is placed in hogsheads, it
should be dried out and placed in case so that it will contain
about 11 per cent moisture. [ermentation takes place more
rapidly at a high temperature than at a low temperature.
The stripping, grading, and sorting should be done only by
an expert. The dark, heavy export tobaccos are cured in
close barns by an open fire under the tobacco and require
close attention during all of the stages of curing. It is possi-
ble to cure the tobacco a bright yellow or a dark mahogany
by simply varying the temperature and the humidity of the
atmosphere and length of time in curing.

QUALITY.

The quality of the tobacco is judged largely by the burn-
ing qualities of the leaf, the elasticity, the flavor, the quality
and color of the stem, and the quality and color of the veins,

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24

29

30

9
oO

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10

the general texture and thickness of the leaf, the substance
and nature of the gum in the leaf, the quality of the leaf,
whether coarse, harsh, fine or silky, and toughness and behay-
ior when handled, color of the leaf, and the breadth of leaf,
and proportion of stem, and the length of leaf from point to
butt.

COMPOSITION.

The analysis of cured tobacco will vary considerably.
However, the analysis of the crude ash is not very variable.
Some tobaccos contain a large amount of nicotine, such as
the Perique, while other varieties contain only a small amount
of nicotine, as the Sumatra wrapper. (Ref. 8, pp. 359 and
360.)

SHADING.

Where the soil texture and other conditions are favorable
for the growth of tobacco, it can be grown successfully even
where the weather conditions are not favorable for it, by being
erown under canvas. Nearly all of the types of tobacco
grown in the United States have been experimented with by
this method. By growing tobacco under shade it will resist
a drought, the soil retains the moisture, a very much larger
vield is produced, the tobacco is of a finer quality, insect depre-
dations are prevented, considerable labor is saved in cultiva-
tion, and the phyiscal condition of the soil is greatly improved.
Sunburn, injury due to heavy wind storms and rains, and
injury from early and late frosts are also prevented. Unde-
sirable cross pollination is lessened to a certain extent, the
seasons are considerably prolonged, and few of the plants
have to be reset, while the southern varieties can be grown
farther north. (Ref. 22, p. 5.) It is questionable, however,
whether it pays because of the great expense.

DISEASES AND INSECTS.

Tobacco is subject to a number of diseases, among them
black spot, white rust, leaf blight, mildew and stem rot,
mosaic disease, and wilt; and there are parasitic plants, such
as broom rape, that do considerable damage. (Ref. 23, pp.
3 40,19;)

The wilt is a bacterial disease and can be detected by the
discolored vascular tissues of the stems. (Ref. 25, p. 91.)
Rotation is the only means to prevent it. Most of the fungus

.

Me

diseases can be prevented by clean cultivation, clean seed
bed, and some care taken in transplanting to discard all dis-
eased seedlings. Applications of solutions of formalin (14
pints formalin to 50 gallons of water) to plant beds to prevent
bed rot (Rhizoctonia) have given results that were beneficia!.
(Ref. 10, p. 1.) The mosaic disease is probably a purely
physiological one, caused by sudden changes in atmospheric
conditions and soil conditions. (Ref. 26, p. 9.) Tobacco
is attacked by a number of insects, chief among them are the
northern tobacco worm (Protoparce celeus) and the southern
tobacco worm (Protoparce carolina). Insect depredations are
prevented by use of Paris green spray (4 pound to 30 gallons
of water). (Ref. 28, p. 9, and Ref. 27, pp. 21 to 32.)

46

13.

APPENDIX.

LANTERN SLIDES.

Tobacco plant with flowers at proper stage of maturity for bagging.
From Maryland Sta. Bul. 103, Pl. I.
Broad Leaf White Burley tobacco.
From Kentucky Sta. Original.
Stand-up White Burley.
From Kentucky Sta. Original.
Tobacco flowers showing proper stage of maturity for bagging to prevent cross-
pollination.
From Yearbook of 1904 of U.S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry, Pl. LXIV, fig. 1.
Tobacco flowers at proper stage of maturity for using pollen from stamens in
cross-pollination.
From Kentucky Sta., Division of Entomology and Botany.
Tobacco flowers and seed pods.
From Kentucky Sta., Division of Entomology and Botany.
e
Florida Sumatra seed plant properly labeled, with flowers covered by bag.
From Yearbook of 1904 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry, Pl. LXIII, fig. 2.
The Connecticut Broad Leaf tobacco plant capped to protect from cross-fertili-
zation.
From Maryland Sta. Bul. 103, Pl. IT.
Type leaves of hybrid and parent types of tobacco. (1, Havana seed, female
parent; 2, hybrid; 3, Sumatra, male parent.)
From Yearbook of 1904 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry, Pl. LIX, fig. 2.
Rounded type of leaves of tobacco seedlings.
From Yearbook of 1904 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry, Pl. LX, fig. 1.
Pointed type of leaves of tobacco seedlings.
From Yearbook of 1904 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry, Pl. LX, fig. 2.
Variations in length of internodes of Connecticut-Cuban. tobacco plants.
From Yearbook of 1904 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry, Pl. LXII, fig. 2.
Tobacco seed beds showing method of construction and protection and young
plants ready for setting
From Connecticut Sta.
Apparatus for separating the heavy tobacco seeds from light ones.
From U.S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bul. 91, Pl. IV, fig. 1.
Setting out tobacco plants by hand.
From Connecticut Sta.
Setting out tobacco plants with machine. -
From Connecticut Sta.
The texture of the typical cigar tobacco land of Connecticut.
From U.S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Soils Bul. 11, Pl. IIT.

(12)

oS 300-28.

33 See
33 3$Z-36.

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13

The texture of the typical Bright tobacco land of Virginia and North Carolina.
From U.S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Soils Bul. 11, Pl. IX.

Dark fire-cured tobacco fertilized with 400 pounds of fertilizer, costing $5 per
acre and furnishing 12 pounds of ammonia, 36 pounds of phosphoric acid,
and 12 pounds of potash, gave a yield of 673 pounds of tobacco, which sold
for $45.50 gross.

From Yearbook of 1905 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Soils, Pl. VII.

Dark fire-cured tobacco fertilized with 850 pounds of home-mixed fertilizer,
costing $16.44 an acre and furnishing 734 pounds of ammonia, 57 pounds of
phosphoric acid, and 75 pounds of potash, yielding 883 pounds of tobacco,
which sold for $81.09 gross.

From Yearbook of 1905 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Soils, Pl. VIII.

On left; plat of New Hybrid of Connecticut and Seed Leaf by Cuban; yield,
1,715 pounds per acre; quality of filler, excellent.

On right; plat of Zimmer Spanish; yield, 1,455 pounds per acre; quality, me-
dium.

From Ohio Sta.

Plat of White Burley tobacco ready to cut.
From Kentucky Sta. Original.

Cuban and Sumatra tobacco grown under canvas and ready to prime.
- From Kentucky Sta. Original.
Tobacco being cut and placed on sticks preparatory to hauling to barn.
From Connecticut Sta.
Curing barn for dark fire-cured tobacco.
From Yearbook of 1905 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Soils, Pl. X, fig. 1.
Tobacco barn showing lateral perpendicular ventilators.
From U.S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Soils.

Tobacco barn showing method of hanging tobacco.
From U.S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Soils.

Tobacco barn showing lateral horizontal ventilators and top ventilators.
From Kentucky Sta. Original.
White Burley tobacco. (1, Flyer or trash; 2, Bright Leaf or Good Leaf; 3, Short
Red Leaf.)
From Yearbook of 1899 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Soils, Pl. XX XII.
Cigarette and manufacturing tobacco. (1, Dark Mahogany; 2, Light Mahogany;
3, Bright Lemon Yellow.)
From Yearbook of 1899 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Soils, Pl. XX XI.
Maryland Smoker, bright ‘‘Colory’’ Leaf.
From Yearbook of 1899 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Soils, Pl. X XIX.
Florida Cigar Filler, Cuban seed.
From Yearbook of 1899 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Soils, Pl. XXXV.
Field under canvas for growing of Sumatra Leaf.
From Connecticut Sta.
Field of White Burley tobacco growing under canvas.
From Kentucky Sta. Original.
Plants from diseased and resistant strains of Sumatra seed.
From Yearbook of 1904 of U. S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry, Pl. LXIII, fig. 1.
Portion of a tobacco field that is badly infested with wilt disease showing all
stages of the disease.
From North Carolina Sta. Bul. 188, fig. 4.

A healthy field near the diseased field showing no signs of the wilt.
From North Carolina Sta. Bul. 188, fig. 14.

AD,

14

Roots of tobacco plants showing healthy plants in center and others in various
stages of disease.

From North Carolina Sta. Bul. 188, fig. 9.
Roots of tobacco plants attacked by Thielavia.

From Ohio Sta.
Tobacco plant attacked by broom rape.

From Ohio Sta. Bul. 150, Pl. 1V.
Northern tobacco fly.

From Kentucky Sta., Division of Entomology and Botany, Bul. 66, fig. 4.
Southern tobacco fly.

From Kentucky Sta., Division of Entomology and Botany, Bul. 66, fig. 3.
Pupze of tobacco worms; upper, southern; lower, northern.

From Kentucky Sta., Division of Entomology and Botany, Bul. 66, fig. 2.
Southern tobacco worm infected with parasites.

From Kentucky Sta., Division of Entomology and Botany, Bul. 66, fig. 1.
Northern tobacco worm.

From Kentucky Sta., Division of Entomology and Botany, Bul. 66, fig. 1.

Southern tobacco worm moulting.
From Kentucky Sta., Division of Entomology and Botany, Bul. 66, fig. 1.

REFERENCES. :

. Tobacco Leaf. J.B. Killebrew & Herbert Myrick.
. U.S. Dept. Agr., Yearbook 1905.
. Varieties of Tobacco Seed Distributed in 1905-6 with Cultural Directions. U.S.

Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bul. 91.

. Tobacco Breeding. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry Bul. 96.
. The Selection of Tobacco Seed Plants. Connecticut Sta. Bul. 150.
. Methods of Tobacco Seed Selection. Maryland Sta. Bul. 103.

The Preparation of Tobacco Seed. Connecticut Sta. Bul. 148.

. Types of Tobacco and their Analyses. North Carolina Sta. Bul. 122.

. Cigar Leaf Tobacco. U.S. Dept. Agr., Report No. 59.

. Soil Treatment of Tobacco Plant Bed. Ohio Sta. Cir. 59.

. Burley Tobacco: Its Growing and Curing. U.S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas.

Bul. 99.

. Experiments with Fertilizers on Tobacco. Ohio Sta. Bul. 161.

. Field Experiments on Tobacco. Pennsylvania Sta. Bul. 49.

. The Culture of Tobacco. U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 82.

. The Culture and Handling of Tobacco. Maryland Sta. Bul. 67.

. Tobacco Soils. U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 83.

. Tobacco Soils of the United States. U.S. Dept. Agr., Division of Soils Bul. 11.

. Cultivation of Tobacco in Sumatra. U.S. Dept. of Agr.

. Tobacco Investigations in Porto Rico. Porto Rico Sta. Bul. 5.

. Methods of Curing Tobacco. U.S. Dept Agr., Farmers’ Bul. 60.

. Temperature Changes in Fermenting Piles of Cigar Leaf Tobacco. U.S. Dept.

Agr., Report No. 60.

. Growing Tobacco under Shade in Connecticut. Connecticut Sta. Bul. 137.

. Broom Rape of Hemp and Tobacco. Kentucky Sta. Bul. 24.

. Tobacco Diseases. Ohio Sta. Bul. 156.

. The Granville Tobacco Wilt. North Carolina Sta. Bul. 188.

. The Mosaic Diseases of Tobacco. U.S. Dept. Agr., Bureau of Plant Industry

Bul. 18.

. Tobacco. Kentucky Sta. Bul. 66.
. The Principal Insects Affecting the Tobacco Plant. U.S. Dept. Agr., Farmers’

Bul. 120.
(15)

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