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National Museums Musées nationaux 
of Canada du Canada 


National Museum Musée national 
of Natural Sciences des sciences naturelles 


SYLLOGEUS is a publication of the National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of 
Canada, designed to permit the rapid dissemination of information pertaining to those 
scientific disciplines and educational functions for which the National Museum of Natural 
Sciences is responsible. In the interests of making information available quickly, normal 


publishing procedures have been abbreviated. 


Articles are published in English, in French, or in both languages, and the issues appear at 
irregular intervals. A complete list of the titles issued since the beginning of the series 
(1972) and individual copies of this number are available by mail from the National Museum of 


Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Canada. K1A OM8 


La collection SYLLOGEUS, publiée par le Musée national des sciences naturelles, Musées 
nationaux du Canada, a pour but de diffuser rapidement le résultat des travaux dans les 
domaines scientifique et @ducatif qui sont sous la direction du Musée national des sciences 
naturelles. Pour assurer la prompte distribution de cette publication, on a abregé les 


étapes de la rédaction. 


Les articles sont publiés en français, en anglais ou dans les deux langues, et ils paraissent 
irréguliérement. On peut obtenir par commande postale la liste des titres de tous les 
articles publiés depuis le début de la collection (1972) et des copies individuelles de ce 


numéro, au Musée national des sciences naturelles, Ottawa, Canada. K1A OM8 


Syllogeus Series No. 52 Serie Syllogeus No. 52 
(c) National Museums of Canada 1984 (c) Musées nationaux du Canada 1984 
Printed in Canada Imprimé au Canada 


ISSN 0704-576X 


A distributional atlas of records of the marine 
fishes of Arctic Canada in the National Museums 


of Canada and Arctic Biological Station 


by 
J. G. Hunter 


and Shirley T. Leach 


Arctic Biological Station, 
Fisheries and Oceans Canada, 
555 boul. Saint-Pierre, 


Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3R4 


Don E. McAllister 


and 


Michéle Bélanger Steigerwald 


Ichthyology Section 


National Museum of Natural Sciences 


Ottawa, Ontario K1A OM8 


Syllogeus No. 52 


National Museum of Natural Sciences Musée national des sciences naturelles 


National Museums of Canada Les Musées nationaux du Canada 


Ottawa, 1984 


ABSTRACT 


Spot distribution maps are provided for species of fishes in the marine waters of Arctic 
Canada between Alaska and Labrador, James Bay and the North geographic pole, as well as 
freshwater records from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Only records from the Arctic 
Biological Station (Fisheries and Oceans Canada), and the National Museum of Natural 
Sciences, National Museums of Canada are included; literature records are excluded. A number 
of range extensions are mapped. Only 85 of the 137 species known from Arctic Canada are 
represented in our records/collections and are mapped. 

Gaps in our knowledge of distribution of our Arctic fish resources are pointed out. 
Recommendations are made for further exploration so that these resources may be better 
appreciated, developed and protected. At present we must rely on sparse Russian, American 
and Danish investigations for our knowledge of deepwater and offshore fishes in the Canadian 
Sector of the Arctic. 

Key words: Arctic Canada, marine fishes, freshwater fishes, distribution, maps, Arctic 


Archipelago, Arctic Ocean, Hudson Bay, Beaufort Sea. 


L'aire de répartition des poissons des eaux marines de l'Arctique canadien entre l'Alaska 
et le Labrador, la baie James et le Pôle Nord géographique, a été cartographiée dans cet 
ouvrage à l'aide de points de référence. Apparaissent aussi des renseignements provenant des 
eaux douces de l'Archipel arctique canadien. Seules les données détenues par la station 
biologique arctique, Pêcheries et Océans Canada, et par le Musée national des sciences 
naturelles, Musées nationaux du Canada, sont fournies. Les stations provenant de la 
littérature sont excluses. On a cartographié quelques extensions d'aire. Des 137 espèces 
rapportées dans l'Artique canadien, seulement 85 sont représentées dans nos collections et 
ces 85 espèces sont cartographiées. 

On dénote des lacunes dans la distribution des poissons arctiques et on recommande une 
exploration plus poussée afin que ces animaux soient mieux appréciés, aménagés et protégés. 
Nos connaissances actuelles des poissons des eaux profondes et pélagiques de l'Arctique 


canadien se limitent à quelques relevés russes, américains et danois. 


ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS 


Among numerous Arctic Biological Station employees who collected valuable specimens and 
data in the field, often under difficult weather and insect conditions, we venture to single 
out: Ingram G. Gidney, Joseph Bray, Jean Boulva, Margaret Breton Jones, Gus Bruinsma, and 
Alphonse Voudrach. At the National Museum of Natural Sciences the late Stanley W. Gorhan, 
Thomas A. Willock, Jennifer A. Lewis, and Jadwiga A. Frank catalogued fishes by hand or 
computer, often when the air in the Beamish warehouse was green with formalin fumes, enabling 
retrieval of Arctic data for this paper, and S.D. MacDonald collected valuable specimens from 
unexplored regions. Mary Hunter typed the pentultimate draft of the manuscript. Judy 
L. Camus proofread the text. 

To these persons and to those who are unnamed here but recorded in our permanent field 


and laboratory records, we express our deepest thanks. 


INUKTITUT ABSTRACT 


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CONTENTS 


ABSTRACT, 2 
RÉSUMÉ, 3 
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, 4 
INUKTITUT ABSTRACT, 5 
INTRODUCTION, 7 
Area Covered, 7 
Basis of Records, 7 
Methods, 8 
Classification, 8 
Sampling, 9 
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESOURCE EXPLORATION, 9 
MAPS, 11 


LITERATURE CITED, 35 


INTRODUCTION 


The purpose of this atlas is to make available distribution records of marine fishes in 
Arctic Canada. The atlas summarizes collection records from field work carried out since 
1947 by members of the Arctic Biological Station and the National Museums of Canada, as well 
as prior collections in the Museum back to 1875. Together these represent some 3000 records 
and 85 species. Our resources do not permit us to map records from the Arctic literature in 
our bibliography of some 990 references (Robinson, McAllister and Steigerwald MS). 

Frequent requests for our data lead us to publish these maps in advance of publication of 
planned detailed systematic and life history studies. The maps also make available a number 
of range extensions. We hope these maps will be useful to the Inuit and Dene peoples, 


resource developers, scientists, anglers, and naturalists. 


Area Covered 


The geographic area covered is shown in Fig. 1. This includes the Canadian sector of the 
Arctic from the Alaska-Yukon boundary north to the North geographic pole, south along 
60 degrees west longitude to opposite Cape Union, Ellesmere Island, then along the mid-point 
between Canada's eastern Arctic and Greenland to 60 degrees north latitude, west to the 
northern tip of Labrador and along the coasts of Ungava Bay, Hudson Strait and Bay and the 
mainland Arctic coast to the Alaskan border. Collections of fishes occurring in the marine 
and brackish waters above about 10 to 13 parts per thousand salinity are included. In 
addition we include those records of fishes in the freshwaters of the Arctic Archipelago as 
most are tolerant of brackish if not salt water and the maps of freshwater fish distribution 


in Lee et al. (1980) omitted the northernmost Arctic Archipelago. 


Basis of Records 


Two types of records are included. Firstly, field records of the Arctic Biological 
Station are shown on the species maps (Pl. 1 to 21) by solid triangles. The distribution of 
Arctic Biological Station records for all species is shown on Fig. 2. Many of these fishes 
were sampled primarily for life history data. Not all personnel were expert in fish 
identification and records involving taxonomically difficult groups should be regarded as 


tentative until verified. 


The second type of record is based on specimens deposited in the National Museum of 
Natural Sciences, Ottawa (Fig. 3). These consist of specimens collected by the Arctic 
Biological Station, the National Museum of Natural Sciences, and other individuals and 
agencies. Museum records are shown on the species maps by solid circles. Taxonomic 
revisions of a number of Arctic families and genera are still wanting or under way, so some 
museum identifications cannot be taken as certain. Questionable identifications based on 


young specimens and poorly preserved material have been shown to genus only or omitted. 


Methods 


Records, stored on disks in the IKTHOS mini-computer system (McAllister, Murphy, and 
Morrison, 1978), were plotted on base maps using the computer's plotter. Lettraset symbols 
were then placed over those plotted by the computer to increase legibility. The symbols may 
in some cases represent several samples taken at a single locality or within a few kilometres 
of one another. Note that the diameter of the circle (used for Museum records) and the side 
of the triangle (Arctic Biological Station records) is about 80 kilometres. Plates 1 to 21 
show the distribution of species from the Station and Museum records. 

Collections catalogued since 1979 were not yet computerized when our plates were 
prepared. Enquiries for documentation of any museum record should be directed to the third 
author at the National Museum of Natural Sciences. Data will be retrieved by computer free 
of charge for small requests, but a charge may be levied for time consuming requests. 

Stations made and hydrographic data collected during fisheries investigations by the 
Arctic Biological Station from 1947 to 1979 inclusive may be consulted in J.G. Hunter and 
S.T. Leach (1983a,b). The number of Canadian marine fish collections and specimens for each 
species deposited in the National Museum of Natural Sciences are listed in Steigerwald and 


McAllister (1982). 


Classification 


Classification of fishes, Inuktitut names, French and English vernacular names, and 
scientific names, may be found in McAllister, Hunter and Legendre (MS) and McAllister (MS). 
Literature on marine fishes of Arctic Canada is summarized in Robinson, McAllister and 


Bélanger Steigerwald (MS). 


Sampling 


Our two deepest collections were taken at 570 and 340 m, but most were shallower than 
50 m. The majority of littoral and sublittoral collections were taken by seine and gill net, 
those in deeper water principally by otter trawls. Specimens were also occasionally 
collected by midwater trawling, jigging, angling, long lining, scuba diving, dipnetting, by 
hand, and other techniques. 

The majority of collections were made in July and August, during the summer open water 
period. Very few collections were made during winter months, and only a few in spring and 


fall. 


RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESOURCE EXPLORATION 


Figures 2 and 3 show that sampling in the Arctic waters, with the exception of a few 
specific shallow inshore regions, has been light, although the large spots and scale of the 
map exaggerate the apparent extent of sampling. A number of important geographic, 
bathymetric and ecological zones have either been poorly sampled or not at all. The offshore 
fishes of the Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean are better explored by the Russians and 
Americans, and Baffin Bay and Davis Strait by the Danes, than by Canadians. However, a few 
benthic collections have been made by the Biological Station in Newfoundland and recently 
surface collections of small and larval fishes have been made by contract employees of oil 
companies interested in offshore oil drilling in Davis Strait. 

The fauna of the offshore waters of Canada's inland sea, Hudson Bay, is almost entirely 
unrepresented in Canada's museums and only one or two brief reports in the 1930s deals with 
offshore fishes in the middle of the bay. 

South of Barrow Strait the fauna of the waters of the central Arctic Archipelago is 
little explored. A few collections from shallow areas are the only representation of the 
entire fauna of these unexplored regions. The fishes of our northernmost islands, the Queen 
Elizabeth Islands, are less well known than those of McMurdo Sound in Antarctica. 

The North Canadian Basin lies in the Canadian sector of the Arctic between the North Pole 
and Lomonosov Ridge, the Yukon Territory and the Arctic Archipelago. This includes depths of 
over 4 kilometres, and seamonts rising over 1.5 kilometres from the abyssal plain. The fauna 
of this region is virtually unknown from Canadian studies but has been touched upon by 


Russian and American investigators working from drifting ice islands. 


Most of our knowledge of Arctic fishes is drawn from studies in June, July and August. 
Thus important segments of life cycles are unknown. The establishment of a permanent Arctic 
marine biological station in the High Arctic might provide many valuable returns. An 
adequate baseline Arctic marine exploration program with modern equipment for deep and 
midwater sampling would enormously enhance our knowledge of the under-ice world. At the same 
time it would offer the opportunity for the participation and training of Inuit students. 

The increased knowledge from undersea exploration of our little-known sovereign Arctic 
regions would enable us to develop, protect and appreciate our unknown Arctic marine 


resources. 


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LITERATURE CITED 


Hunter, J.G. and S.T. Leach. 1983a. Station lists of fisheries investigations carried out by 
the Arctic Biological Station during the years 1947 to 1979. Canadian Data Report of 
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (413):1-220. 


and 1983b. Hydrographic data collected during fisheries activities 
of the Arctic Biological Station, 1960 to 1979. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and 
Aquatic Sciences (414):1-87. 


Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr. 
1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural 
History, Raleigh. 854 pp. 


McAllister, D.E. MS. A list of the fishes of Canada. 400 pp. 


McAllister, D.E., J.G. Hunter, and V. Legendre. MS. List of Inuktitut (Eskimo), French, 
English and scientific names of marine fishes of Arctic Canada. / Liste des noms 
inuktituts (esquimaux), français, anglais et scientifiques des poissons marins du Canada 
arctique. 106 pp. 


; R. Murphy, and J. Morrison. 1978. The compleat minicomputer cataloguing and 
research system. Curator 21(1):63-91. 


Robinson, K.E., D.E. McAllister and M. Bélanger Steigerwald. MS. Bibliography of the marine 
fishes of Arctic Canada. 90 pp. 


Steigerwald, Michéle Bélanger and D.E. McAllister. 1982. List of the Canadian marine fish 
species in the National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada. / Liste 
des espéces de poissons marins du Canada au Musée national des Sciences naturelles, 
Musées nationaux du Canada. Syllogeus (41):1-30. 


35 


RECENT SYLLOGEUS TITLES / TITRES RÉCENTS DANS LA COLLECTION SYLLOGEUS 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


No. 


39 


40 


41 


42 


43 


44 


45 


46 


47 


48 


49 


50 


51 


Russell, D.A. and G. Rice (ed.) (1982) 
K-TEC II: CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY EXTINCTIONS AND POSSIBLE TERRESTRIAL AND EXTRA- 
TERRESTRIAL CAUSES. 151 p. 


Fournier, Judith A. and Colin D. Levings (1982) 
POLYCHAETES RECORDED NEAR TWO PULP MILLS ON THE NORTH COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA: A 
PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL ACCOUNT. 91 p. 


Bélanger-Steigerwald, Michèle and/et Don E. McAllister (1982) 

LIST OF THE CANADIAN MARINE FISH SPECIES IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES, 
NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA / LISTE DES ESPECES DE POISSONS MARINS DU CANADA AU MUSEE 
NATIONAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES, MUSEES NATIONAUX DU CANADA. 30 P- 


Shih, Chang-tai, and/et Diana R. Laubitz (1983) 
SURVEY OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGISTS IN CANADA - 1982 / REPERTOIRE DES ZOOLOGISTES DES 
INVERTEBRES AU CANADA - 1982. 93 p. 


Ouellet, Henri et Michel Gosselin (1983) 
LES NOMS FRANÇAIS DES OISEAUX D'AMERIQUE DU NORD. 36 p. 


Faber, Daniel J., editor (1983) 
PROCEEDINGS OF 1981 WORKSHOP ON CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTIONS. 
196 p. 


Lanteigne, J. and D.E. McAllister (1983) 
THE PYGMY SMELT, OSMERUS SPECTRUM COPE, 1870, A FORGOTTEN SIBLING SPECIES OF 
EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN FISH. 32 p. 


Frank, Peter G. (1983) 
A CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SIPUNCULA FROM CANADIAN AND ADJACENT WATERS. 
47 p. 


Ireland, Robert R. and Linda M. Ley (in press) 
TYPE SPECIMENS OF BRYOPHYTES IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES, NATIONAL 
MUSEUMS OF CANADA. 


Bouchard, André, Denis Barabé, Madeleine Dumais, et/and Stuart Hay (1983) 
LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DU QUEBEC. / THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF QUEBEC. 
13 iD) pre 


Harington, C.R., editor (1983) 
CLIMATIC CHANGE IN CANADA 3. 343 p. 


Hinds, Harold R. (1983) 
THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARE DU NOUVEAU- 
BRUNSWICK. 38, 41 p.° 


Harington, C.R., editor (in press) 
CLIMATIC CHANGE IN CANADA 4. 


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