National Museums Musées nationaux
of Canada du Canada
National Museum Musée national
of Natural Sciences des sciences naturelles
SYLLOGEUS is a publication of the National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of
Canada, designed to permit the rapid dissemination of information pertaining to those
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Natural Sciences, Ottawa, Canada. K1A OM8
La collection SYLLOGEUS, publiée par le Musée national des sciences naturelles, Musées
nationaux du Canada, a pour but de diffuser rapidement le résultat des travaux dans les
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Les articles sont publiés en français, en anglais ou dans les deux langues, et ils paraissent
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numéro, au Musée national des sciences naturelles, Ottawa, Canada. K1A OM8
Syllogeus Series No. 52 Serie Syllogeus No. 52
(c) National Museums of Canada 1984 (c) Musées nationaux du Canada 1984
Printed in Canada Imprimé au Canada
ISSN 0704-576X
A distributional atlas of records of the marine
fishes of Arctic Canada in the National Museums
of Canada and Arctic Biological Station
by
J. G. Hunter
and Shirley T. Leach
Arctic Biological Station,
Fisheries and Oceans Canada,
555 boul. Saint-Pierre,
Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, Québec H9X 3R4
Don E. McAllister
and
Michéle Bélanger Steigerwald
Ichthyology Section
National Museum of Natural Sciences
Ottawa, Ontario K1A OM8
Syllogeus No. 52
National Museum of Natural Sciences Musée national des sciences naturelles
National Museums of Canada Les Musées nationaux du Canada
Ottawa, 1984
ABSTRACT
Spot distribution maps are provided for species of fishes in the marine waters of Arctic
Canada between Alaska and Labrador, James Bay and the North geographic pole, as well as
freshwater records from the Canadian Arctic Archipelago. Only records from the Arctic
Biological Station (Fisheries and Oceans Canada), and the National Museum of Natural
Sciences, National Museums of Canada are included; literature records are excluded. A number
of range extensions are mapped. Only 85 of the 137 species known from Arctic Canada are
represented in our records/collections and are mapped.
Gaps in our knowledge of distribution of our Arctic fish resources are pointed out.
Recommendations are made for further exploration so that these resources may be better
appreciated, developed and protected. At present we must rely on sparse Russian, American
and Danish investigations for our knowledge of deepwater and offshore fishes in the Canadian
Sector of the Arctic.
Key words: Arctic Canada, marine fishes, freshwater fishes, distribution, maps, Arctic
Archipelago, Arctic Ocean, Hudson Bay, Beaufort Sea.
L'aire de répartition des poissons des eaux marines de l'Arctique canadien entre l'Alaska
et le Labrador, la baie James et le Pôle Nord géographique, a été cartographiée dans cet
ouvrage à l'aide de points de référence. Apparaissent aussi des renseignements provenant des
eaux douces de l'Archipel arctique canadien. Seules les données détenues par la station
biologique arctique, Pêcheries et Océans Canada, et par le Musée national des sciences
naturelles, Musées nationaux du Canada, sont fournies. Les stations provenant de la
littérature sont excluses. On a cartographié quelques extensions d'aire. Des 137 espèces
rapportées dans l'Artique canadien, seulement 85 sont représentées dans nos collections et
ces 85 espèces sont cartographiées.
On dénote des lacunes dans la distribution des poissons arctiques et on recommande une
exploration plus poussée afin que ces animaux soient mieux appréciés, aménagés et protégés.
Nos connaissances actuelles des poissons des eaux profondes et pélagiques de l'Arctique
canadien se limitent à quelques relevés russes, américains et danois.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Among numerous Arctic Biological Station employees who collected valuable specimens and
data in the field, often under difficult weather and insect conditions, we venture to single
out: Ingram G. Gidney, Joseph Bray, Jean Boulva, Margaret Breton Jones, Gus Bruinsma, and
Alphonse Voudrach. At the National Museum of Natural Sciences the late Stanley W. Gorhan,
Thomas A. Willock, Jennifer A. Lewis, and Jadwiga A. Frank catalogued fishes by hand or
computer, often when the air in the Beamish warehouse was green with formalin fumes, enabling
retrieval of Arctic data for this paper, and S.D. MacDonald collected valuable specimens from
unexplored regions. Mary Hunter typed the pentultimate draft of the manuscript. Judy
L. Camus proofread the text.
To these persons and to those who are unnamed here but recorded in our permanent field
and laboratory records, we express our deepest thanks.
INUKTITUT ABSTRACT
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CONTENTS
ABSTRACT, 2
RÉSUMÉ, 3
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS, 4
INUKTITUT ABSTRACT, 5
INTRODUCTION, 7
Area Covered, 7
Basis of Records, 7
Methods, 8
Classification, 8
Sampling, 9
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESOURCE EXPLORATION, 9
MAPS, 11
LITERATURE CITED, 35
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this atlas is to make available distribution records of marine fishes in
Arctic Canada. The atlas summarizes collection records from field work carried out since
1947 by members of the Arctic Biological Station and the National Museums of Canada, as well
as prior collections in the Museum back to 1875. Together these represent some 3000 records
and 85 species. Our resources do not permit us to map records from the Arctic literature in
our bibliography of some 990 references (Robinson, McAllister and Steigerwald MS).
Frequent requests for our data lead us to publish these maps in advance of publication of
planned detailed systematic and life history studies. The maps also make available a number
of range extensions. We hope these maps will be useful to the Inuit and Dene peoples,
resource developers, scientists, anglers, and naturalists.
Area Covered
The geographic area covered is shown in Fig. 1. This includes the Canadian sector of the
Arctic from the Alaska-Yukon boundary north to the North geographic pole, south along
60 degrees west longitude to opposite Cape Union, Ellesmere Island, then along the mid-point
between Canada's eastern Arctic and Greenland to 60 degrees north latitude, west to the
northern tip of Labrador and along the coasts of Ungava Bay, Hudson Strait and Bay and the
mainland Arctic coast to the Alaskan border. Collections of fishes occurring in the marine
and brackish waters above about 10 to 13 parts per thousand salinity are included. In
addition we include those records of fishes in the freshwaters of the Arctic Archipelago as
most are tolerant of brackish if not salt water and the maps of freshwater fish distribution
in Lee et al. (1980) omitted the northernmost Arctic Archipelago.
Basis of Records
Two types of records are included. Firstly, field records of the Arctic Biological
Station are shown on the species maps (Pl. 1 to 21) by solid triangles. The distribution of
Arctic Biological Station records for all species is shown on Fig. 2. Many of these fishes
were sampled primarily for life history data. Not all personnel were expert in fish
identification and records involving taxonomically difficult groups should be regarded as
tentative until verified.
The second type of record is based on specimens deposited in the National Museum of
Natural Sciences, Ottawa (Fig. 3). These consist of specimens collected by the Arctic
Biological Station, the National Museum of Natural Sciences, and other individuals and
agencies. Museum records are shown on the species maps by solid circles. Taxonomic
revisions of a number of Arctic families and genera are still wanting or under way, so some
museum identifications cannot be taken as certain. Questionable identifications based on
young specimens and poorly preserved material have been shown to genus only or omitted.
Methods
Records, stored on disks in the IKTHOS mini-computer system (McAllister, Murphy, and
Morrison, 1978), were plotted on base maps using the computer's plotter. Lettraset symbols
were then placed over those plotted by the computer to increase legibility. The symbols may
in some cases represent several samples taken at a single locality or within a few kilometres
of one another. Note that the diameter of the circle (used for Museum records) and the side
of the triangle (Arctic Biological Station records) is about 80 kilometres. Plates 1 to 21
show the distribution of species from the Station and Museum records.
Collections catalogued since 1979 were not yet computerized when our plates were
prepared. Enquiries for documentation of any museum record should be directed to the third
author at the National Museum of Natural Sciences. Data will be retrieved by computer free
of charge for small requests, but a charge may be levied for time consuming requests.
Stations made and hydrographic data collected during fisheries investigations by the
Arctic Biological Station from 1947 to 1979 inclusive may be consulted in J.G. Hunter and
S.T. Leach (1983a,b). The number of Canadian marine fish collections and specimens for each
species deposited in the National Museum of Natural Sciences are listed in Steigerwald and
McAllister (1982).
Classification
Classification of fishes, Inuktitut names, French and English vernacular names, and
scientific names, may be found in McAllister, Hunter and Legendre (MS) and McAllister (MS).
Literature on marine fishes of Arctic Canada is summarized in Robinson, McAllister and
Bélanger Steigerwald (MS).
Sampling
Our two deepest collections were taken at 570 and 340 m, but most were shallower than
50 m. The majority of littoral and sublittoral collections were taken by seine and gill net,
those in deeper water principally by otter trawls. Specimens were also occasionally
collected by midwater trawling, jigging, angling, long lining, scuba diving, dipnetting, by
hand, and other techniques.
The majority of collections were made in July and August, during the summer open water
period. Very few collections were made during winter months, and only a few in spring and
fall.
RECOMMENDATIONS FOR FUTURE RESOURCE EXPLORATION
Figures 2 and 3 show that sampling in the Arctic waters, with the exception of a few
specific shallow inshore regions, has been light, although the large spots and scale of the
map exaggerate the apparent extent of sampling. A number of important geographic,
bathymetric and ecological zones have either been poorly sampled or not at all. The offshore
fishes of the Canadian Basin of the Arctic Ocean are better explored by the Russians and
Americans, and Baffin Bay and Davis Strait by the Danes, than by Canadians. However, a few
benthic collections have been made by the Biological Station in Newfoundland and recently
surface collections of small and larval fishes have been made by contract employees of oil
companies interested in offshore oil drilling in Davis Strait.
The fauna of the offshore waters of Canada's inland sea, Hudson Bay, is almost entirely
unrepresented in Canada's museums and only one or two brief reports in the 1930s deals with
offshore fishes in the middle of the bay.
South of Barrow Strait the fauna of the waters of the central Arctic Archipelago is
little explored. A few collections from shallow areas are the only representation of the
entire fauna of these unexplored regions. The fishes of our northernmost islands, the Queen
Elizabeth Islands, are less well known than those of McMurdo Sound in Antarctica.
The North Canadian Basin lies in the Canadian sector of the Arctic between the North Pole
and Lomonosov Ridge, the Yukon Territory and the Arctic Archipelago. This includes depths of
over 4 kilometres, and seamonts rising over 1.5 kilometres from the abyssal plain. The fauna
of this region is virtually unknown from Canadian studies but has been touched upon by
Russian and American investigators working from drifting ice islands.
Most of our knowledge of Arctic fishes is drawn from studies in June, July and August.
Thus important segments of life cycles are unknown. The establishment of a permanent Arctic
marine biological station in the High Arctic might provide many valuable returns. An
adequate baseline Arctic marine exploration program with modern equipment for deep and
midwater sampling would enormously enhance our knowledge of the under-ice world. At the same
time it would offer the opportunity for the participation and training of Inuit students.
The increased knowledge from undersea exploration of our little-known sovereign Arctic
regions would enable us to develop, protect and appreciate our unknown Arctic marine
resources.
10
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34
LITERATURE CITED
Hunter, J.G. and S.T. Leach. 1983a. Station lists of fisheries investigations carried out by
the Arctic Biological Station during the years 1947 to 1979. Canadian Data Report of
Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences (413):1-220.
and 1983b. Hydrographic data collected during fisheries activities
of the Arctic Biological Station, 1960 to 1979. Canadian Data Report of Fisheries and
Aquatic Sciences (414):1-87.
Lee, D.S., C.R. Gilbert, C.H. Hocutt, R.E. Jenkins, D.E. McAllister, and J.R. Stauffer, Jr.
1980. Atlas of North American freshwater fishes. North Carolina State Museum of Natural
History, Raleigh. 854 pp.
McAllister, D.E. MS. A list of the fishes of Canada. 400 pp.
McAllister, D.E., J.G. Hunter, and V. Legendre. MS. List of Inuktitut (Eskimo), French,
English and scientific names of marine fishes of Arctic Canada. / Liste des noms
inuktituts (esquimaux), français, anglais et scientifiques des poissons marins du Canada
arctique. 106 pp.
; R. Murphy, and J. Morrison. 1978. The compleat minicomputer cataloguing and
research system. Curator 21(1):63-91.
Robinson, K.E., D.E. McAllister and M. Bélanger Steigerwald. MS. Bibliography of the marine
fishes of Arctic Canada. 90 pp.
Steigerwald, Michéle Bélanger and D.E. McAllister. 1982. List of the Canadian marine fish
species in the National Museum of Natural Sciences, National Museums of Canada. / Liste
des espéces de poissons marins du Canada au Musée national des Sciences naturelles,
Musées nationaux du Canada. Syllogeus (41):1-30.
35
RECENT SYLLOGEUS TITLES / TITRES RÉCENTS DANS LA COLLECTION SYLLOGEUS
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
No.
39
40
41
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
Russell, D.A. and G. Rice (ed.) (1982)
K-TEC II: CRETACEOUS-TERTIARY EXTINCTIONS AND POSSIBLE TERRESTRIAL AND EXTRA-
TERRESTRIAL CAUSES. 151 p.
Fournier, Judith A. and Colin D. Levings (1982)
POLYCHAETES RECORDED NEAR TWO PULP MILLS ON THE NORTH COAST OF BRITISH COLUMBIA: A
PRELIMINARY TAXONOMIC AND ECOLOGICAL ACCOUNT. 91 p.
Bélanger-Steigerwald, Michèle and/et Don E. McAllister (1982)
LIST OF THE CANADIAN MARINE FISH SPECIES IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES,
NATIONAL MUSEUMS OF CANADA / LISTE DES ESPECES DE POISSONS MARINS DU CANADA AU MUSEE
NATIONAL DES SCIENCES NATURELLES, MUSEES NATIONAUX DU CANADA. 30 P-
Shih, Chang-tai, and/et Diana R. Laubitz (1983)
SURVEY OF INVERTEBRATE ZOOLOGISTS IN CANADA - 1982 / REPERTOIRE DES ZOOLOGISTES DES
INVERTEBRES AU CANADA - 1982. 93 p.
Ouellet, Henri et Michel Gosselin (1983)
LES NOMS FRANÇAIS DES OISEAUX D'AMERIQUE DU NORD. 36 p.
Faber, Daniel J., editor (1983)
PROCEEDINGS OF 1981 WORKSHOP ON CARE AND MAINTENANCE OF NATURAL HISTORY COLLECTIONS.
196 p.
Lanteigne, J. and D.E. McAllister (1983)
THE PYGMY SMELT, OSMERUS SPECTRUM COPE, 1870, A FORGOTTEN SIBLING SPECIES OF
EASTERN NORTH AMERICAN FISH. 32 p.
Frank, Peter G. (1983)
A CHECKLIST AND BIBLIOGRAPHY OF THE SIPUNCULA FROM CANADIAN AND ADJACENT WATERS.
47 p.
Ireland, Robert R. and Linda M. Ley (in press)
TYPE SPECIMENS OF BRYOPHYTES IN THE NATIONAL MUSEUM OF NATURAL SCIENCES, NATIONAL
MUSEUMS OF CANADA.
Bouchard, André, Denis Barabé, Madeleine Dumais, et/and Stuart Hay (1983)
LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARES DU QUEBEC. / THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF QUEBEC.
13 iD) pre
Harington, C.R., editor (1983)
CLIMATIC CHANGE IN CANADA 3. 343 p.
Hinds, Harold R. (1983)
THE RARE VASCULAR PLANTS OF NEW BRUNSWICK. / LES PLANTES VASCULAIRES RARE DU NOUVEAU-
BRUNSWICK. 38, 41 p.°
Harington, C.R., editor (in press)
CLIMATIC CHANGE IN CANADA 4.
OF SCIENCES LIBRARY
UN
3 1853 00040