A synopsis of American fossil Brachiopoda : including bibliography and synonymy

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UNIVERSITY OF TORONTO
LIBRARY

purchased for the
Geology Collection

from the

VARSITY PALAEONTOLOGY

FUND

DEPAETMEIsTT OF THE INTERIOR

BULLETIN

OF THE

UNITED STATES

GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

iSTo. 87

WASHINGTON

GOVKKNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

1897

UmTED STATES GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

CHARLES D. WALCOTT, DIRECTOR

A SYNOPSIS

OF

AMERICAN FOSSIL BPwVCHIOPODA

INCLTTDIXG

BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SYNONYMY

BY

CHARLES SCHUCHER.T

WASHINGTON

GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE

180 7

xl B R

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MOV 16 1970

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CONTENTS.

Page.

Letter of transmittal 9

Preface 11

Cliapter I. Geologic development and geographic distribution of American

fossil Brachiopoda 13

Geologic development 13

Geographic distribution , 17

Table I Brachiopodgenera alphabetically arranged, their geologic dis-
tribution, and North American specific representation 18

Table II. North American Paleozoic representation of the orders, super-
families, and families, geologically arranged 25

Tables of North and South American species, geologically arranged 26

Table III. Cambrian Brachioi^oda 26

Table IV. Ordovician Brachiopoda '29

Table V. Silurian Brachiopoda 36

Table VI. Devonian Brachiopoda 43

Table VII. Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopoda 57

Table VIII. Mesozoic Brachiopoda 67

Table IX. Cenozoic and recent Brachioijoda 68

Table X. South American fossil Brachiopoda (;9

Chai^ter II. Brachiopod termiuologj^, applied to fossil forms 73

Chai)ter III. Biologic development of the Brachiopoda 78

Ordinal development 78

Atremata 78

Neotremata 7'J

Protremata 81

Telotremata 8.")

General development 88

Structural characters 90

The protegulum 90

The prodeltidium 91

Significance of the prodeltidium 93

Development of cardinal areas and articulation 97

Development and significance of the deltidium 98

Thechilidium 99

Origin and function of the spondylium 09

Crura and cruralium 102

Morphologic equivalents 102

Summary 102

Chapter IV. Morphology of the brachia, by Charles E. Beeeher 105

Classification of brachial structures 106

Leiolojjhus stage 107

Taxolophus stage 107

Trocholophus stage 107

Schizolophus stage 108

5

6 CONTENTS.

Chapter I\'. Morphology of the brachia, by Charles E. Beecher— Continued.

Classification of brachial structures — Continued. Page.

Ptycholophu.s sta^e 109

Zug(>l()i)bii8 and plectolopbus stages 109

Spiroloi)lui8 stage HO

References H-^

Chapter V. Classification of the lirachiopoda 113

Historical 113

Principles of classification 1 15

Classification and synonymy 118

Atreuiata 119

Telotremata 121

Neotremata 129

Protremata 131

Diagram illustrating geologic distribution of families 131

Synopsis of the divisions of Brachiopoda higher than genera 136

Chapter VI. Index and bibliography of American fossil Brachiopoda 138

ILLUSTRATIONS

Page.

Plate I. Diagram illustratiDg geologic diatributiou of families 134

Fig. 1. Diagram giving the geologic distribution of the brachiopod orders ... 96

2. Stages of growth of the lophophore iu Thecidea, Cistella, and Mega-

thyris 108

3. Stages of growth of the lophophore iu the Terebratellidne and Tere-

bratulidte 109

4. Metamorjihoses of the brachidium in Dielasma tiirgida 110

5. Early stages of the lophophore of Glottidia and adult brachia in

Liugula and Hemithyris 110

6. Metamorphoses of the brachidium of Zygospira and the brachidium

of Rhyuchospira 111

7

DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR

LETTER OF TRANSMITTAL.

United States National Museum,

Washington^ D. C, January 5, 1897.

SiE: I have the honor to traiisrait herewith the mauuscript of A
Synopsis of Americau Fossil Braehiopoda, including Bibliography and
Synonymy, which has been prepared out of oflflcial hours. It is pre-
sented with a view to its publication as a bulletin by the United States

Geological Survey.

Charles Schucheht.

Hon. Charles D. Walcott,

Director of the United iitates Geological Survey.

9

PREFACE

Probably no continent is more jiroductive of well-preserved Paleozoic
bracliiopods than Kortli America. Througbont the vast territory of the
United States which is drained by the Mississipi)i River the strata have
sufl'ered little change, and it is this region which has furnislied nearly
all the material, from the Middle Ordovician to the top of the Upper
Carboniferous. The numerous species of American Cambrian brachio-
pods which are found scattered along the margins of this great interior
plateau and throughout iSTew Brunswick have also aided largely in
determining the evolution of the class. To Mr, Walcott, Director of
the United States Geological Survey, much honor is due for making
clear the structure of brachiopods from this system.

The present synopsis was begun in Cincinnati eleven years ago,
while the writer was engaged in paleontologic work with Mr. E. O.
Ulrich. In 1887, when the list had increased to about 700 cards, the
position of assistant to Prof. James Hall was entered upon. A nearly
complete library of American paleontologic literature thus became avail-
able to the writer, and during the next two years the greater part
of his leisure was devoted to recording brachiopod literature. The
large private collection of brachiopods belonging to Professor Hall,
together with the many public and private collections then under inves-
tigation by Hall and Clarke, also afforded the writer abundant facilities
and a rare opportunity for the study of this class. Every occasion was
embraced to examine into the synonymy suggested by authors, and in
this work it is believed much has been attained. In addition to the
above collections and to the material in his own possession, the writer
has also studied the speciuiens belonging to this class in the American
Museum of oSTatural History, Yale University Museum, Cincinnati
Society of Natural History, and the United States National Museum.
In 1890 the i^resent catalogue comprised uj)ward of 3,o00 cards, ar-
ranged in boxes having a united length of about 4 feet. It now includes
nearly 10,000 references relating to North and South American fossil
brachiopods.

It is believed that with the exception of local faunal lists all the lit-
erature of North and South America pertaining to this subject is
recorded in the following synopsis. Much possible synonymy which
the writer could not satisfactorily determine is noted under "Observa-
tions." The complete known distribution of widely dispersed species

11

12 PREFACE.

is not always giveu, only tlie more important localities being cited. In
every case, however, the locality first mentioned is believed to be the
original one.

For the proper generic disposition of the species the work of Hall
and Clarke^ lias been closely followed, and the entire synopsis is
arranged alphabetically to facilitate easy finding. The geologic dis-
tribution of the genera is given at the end of Chapter I, and their sys-
tematic position in the classification in Chapter V. The evolution of
the lophophore, from the simple cresceutic condition with few tentacles
of theprotegulum to the most complex condition in the Terebratulacea,
described in Chapter IV, is wholly the work of Dr. Beecher. From the
development of this organ in recent species the peculiarly complicated
growth of the lophophore in the Spiriferacea is also explained. Some
of the embryonic brachial conditions are likewise i^idicated as proba-
bly existing in a mature condition in early Paleozoic genera.

The danger of neglecting young or small specimens of any organism
can not be too often impressed upon collectors. Often by means of such
fossils intricate problems in phylogeny or life history may be solved.
To have much value, however, young specimens must be very small,
and these can not be picked up in the field. Where brachiopods
abound, whether in clay or of a siliceous nature in limestone, material
should be collected in bulk and prepared later by washing or etching
with weak muriatic acid. This method of collecting generally results
in securing fossils that otherwise will not be observed.

To Dr. Charles E. Beecher, of Yale University Museum, the best
thanks of the writer are especially due for the continued interest taken
in this catalogue, as well as for valuable suggestions regarding classi-
fication ; and to Mr. Charles D. Walcott, Director of the United States
Geological Survey, for favors relating to the publication of the paper.

To the following gentlemen the grateful acknowledgments of the
writer are due for specimens or for suggestions in synonymy: Prof.
J. F. Whiteaves, Canadian Geological Survey; Prof. H. S. Williams,
Yale University, Director Charles D. Walcott, Dr.W.H.Dall,Dr.T. W.
Stanton, and Dr. George H. Girty, United States Geological Survey;
Prof. E. P. Whitfield, American Museum of Natural History; Prof.
N. H. Winchell, State geologist of Minnesota; Mr. E. O. Ulrich, Kew-
I)ort, Kentucky; Mr. S. A. Miller, Cincinnati, Ohio; Mr. R. R. Rowley,
Louisiana, Missouri, and Mr. D. K. Gregor, Fulton, Missouri; and to
Dr. C. Davies Sherborn, of the British Museum, for valuable sugges-
tions in bibliography.

C. S.

'Palaeontology of New York, Vol. VIII, 1892-95.

A SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA,
INCLUDING BIBLIOGRAPHY AND SYNONYMY.

By Charles Schuchert.

CHAPTER I.

GEOLOGIC PEVEIiOPMElS^T AIS^D GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBU-
Tio?f OF america:n^ FOSSIE BRACHIOPODA.

GEOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT.

Upward of 2,500 species of bracliiopods have been described or
identified from the sediments of the North and South American con-
tiuents and adjacent islands. Of these, 2,053 are recognized in this
catalogue, the other siiecies, about 20 per cent, being considered as
synonyms.

Little is known of the fossil forms from South America. Forty-eight
genera are represented by 159 species, ranging from the Cambrian
upward. Of these, 125 are from the Paleozoic and 34 from the Meso-
zoic. The Cambrian, Ordovician, and Jurassic brachiopods reqnire
further study, since authors have given little or no attention to their
internal characters, and also have too readily identified them with
well-known European species.

In North America there are 1,922 species, of which 1 ,859 are restricted
to the Paleozoic. In 1880 Zittel,^ on the basis of Bigsby's Thesaurus,
gave a total of 4,243 species of Paleozoic Brachiopoda. Since Bigsby's
compilation the total has probably been increased to 6,000 species,
about one-third of which occur in North America. On account of
their good preservation and great abundance, both in species and indi-
viduals, throughout the Paleozoic, the brachiopods in North America
are of particular value in stratigraphic and correlative geology.

In the Mesozoic there is a remarkable scarcity of brachiopods, since
but 49 species have been recorded, and many of these are rare. The
Cenozoic representation is even smaller, there being but 14 species.
This scarcity of post-Paleozoic brachiopods is very apparent in the
oldest system of the Mesozoic, the Triassic, from which but 11 species
have been described, whereas in the Carboniferous there are 478

iHandbuch der Palaeontolosie, Vol. I, 1880, pp. 709-710.

13

14 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. Ibuix. 87.

species. In marked contrast, also, is this lack of brachiopod conti-
nuity wlion compared with the Alpine Trias, from whicli llittner has
described .'iSO species; but nowhere else is this system known to have
so large a development. This evidence not only indicates a decadence
of the class during late Paleozoic, but epeirogenic movements as well
near the close of the American Carboniferous, for none of the 478
species of this sj'stem pass into the Trias.

With the Trias a new facies of brachiopod life is initiated; many of
the familiar types of Paleozoic shells had, at that time, long since
ceased to live or had ended in the Carboniferous or Permian. The
superfamilies Acrotretacea, Obolacea, and Pentameracea have died
out, while the Lingulacea, Discinacea, Craniacea, Strophomenacea, and
Spiriferacea are sparingly represented, and commonly by small species.
Before the close of the Jurassic system the Spiriferacea also disap-
peared, so that since the Cretaceous era the class is practically repre-
sented by rhynchonellas and terebratulas, with a few scattering species
of Lingula, Crania, and Discinisca.

In the American Jurassic there are but 13 species, and all are rare.
How remarkable is this representation when contrasted with the Jura
of Europe, where certain beds of the Lias, Dogger, and Malm terranes
contain millions of specimens of a few species belonging to the families
Terebratulidfe and Rhynchonellidai'.' The Cretaceous has 26 species,
also a meager representation, and yet " outside of Europe-, North America
is the most im])ortant for the occurrence of Cretaceous Brachiopoda."'^
The American Eocene has 9 species and the Neocene 5. The disparity
between the European and American Cenozoic brachiopod faunas is
partly due to the scarcity of marine deposits representing the different
horizons in America.

The geographic distribution of the 63 post-Paleozoic species shows
that 30 are found along the eastern and southern border of the United
States, 15 on the Pacific Coast, and 18 from the Arctic Circle south to
about the fortieth parallel and between the one hundredth and the one
hundred and twentieth meridians.

The Trias of eastern North America, with its unfavorable shore
deposits, has but one species, while the Cordilleran Sea^ to the east of
the Rocky Mountains has 7, and these were there followed by 5 other
species in the Jurassic system. A larger brachiopod fauna may have
existed in the deeper waters of the Atlantic Trias, but nothing of it is
known. In Cretaceous times conditions were again more fav^orable,
10 forms being recorded from the Atlantic border of North America, 10
from the Pacific, and 6 from the interior Cordilleran Sea. Toward the
close of the Cretaceous the Cordilleran Sea became more and more

iZittel, op. cit., p. 714.

Ubid., p.716.

^Fdrtlie area.s covered by this and the MissiRsippian .and Appalachian seaa, see Walcott's presi-
dentinl .address, Geologic time as indicated by the sedimentary rocks of North America; Proc. Am.
Assoc. Adv. Sci., Vol. XLII, 1893,

scHucHERT.] GEOLOGIC DEVELOPMENT. 15

unfit for marine life, and no bracliiopods are known from the Tertiary
deposits of this area. From the eastern i^ortli American Tertiary 9
species are known, but only 2 from tlie Pacific border. In recent times
conditions are apparently more favorable for the introduction and
existence of bracbiopods from other areas, as 14 species have been
dredged from the Atlantic and 24 from the Pacific continental plateaus
of North America.

The living forms are universally distributed in the seas of the world. Their range
in depth is no less extended. They occur in shallow waters, at low-water mark,
and varying degrees of depth, from 200 to 600 fathoms being tbe usual liaiit of tlie
majority of species. Several far-ranging abyssal species were dredged in from 1,000
to 2,000 fathoms. The delicate transparent shell of that interesting little Terebratu-
loid, Liothyrina Wyvillei Davidson, was actually obtained in a living condition by
the Challenger exjiedition from the enormous depth of 2,900 fathoms, or 3^ miles, at
the bottom of the South Atlantic Ocean.'

In the North American Cambrian there are IIG species described, a
far greater development than in any other countrj'. Davidson records
but 14 species in Great Britain, while Bigsby, in 18G8, gave the total
for this system as 126 for all countries. In the next, or Ordovician,
system the rapidity of brachiopod differentiation is remarkable. There
are 319 species known in North America, an increase nearly three
times that of the Cambrian. Bigsby's percentage of increase for this
system is even greater, since in 1868 he listed 556 Ordovician species,
which represent a growth of nearly four and one-half times that of his
Cambrian total of 126.

While there is much specific differentiation throughout the Ordovi-
cian, it is a notable fact that the essential types of bracliiopods of this
system are also found near its base in the Calciferous. In the Chazy,
or next younger horizon, the species are very much like those of the
Trenton, where this class has great and varied representation, which
is maintained to the end of the Ordovician. It is also true that the
species become more generalized structurally as the Cambrian is
approached, and most rapidly so toward the base of the Ordovician.

The evolution of the Cambrian bracbiopods is similar in its history
to that of the Ordovician, except that there the differentiation was
along more fundamental structural lines. In the following table it is
seen that the four orders of the class Brachiopoda began with the
Lower Cambrian, and that throughout this system differentiation was
mainly of family importance, since none of these divisions has many
genera or species. Where minor groups occur in quantity it is always
in the more primitive divisions, as in the Atremata. In none of the
other three orders is there a similar rapid differentiation in the
Cambrian.

'Agnes Crane, Geol. Mag., Dec. IV, Vol. II, 1895, p. 3 (extract).

16 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Table showing the differentiation of the Brachiopoda during Cambrian time.

Number

of
species.

Number

of
genera.

14

Number

of
families.

Atre-

raata

species.

Ne.otre-

mata

species.

Protre-

mata

species.

Telotre-

iiiafa
species.

Upper Cambrian . . .

51

8

30

4

17

Middle Cambrian...

39

12

5

19

16

4

Lower Cambrian . . .

31

12

7

17

5

8

2

The earliest deep-water deposits of the Silurian, the Clinton fornin
tiou, have a brachiopod fauna which is quite different from that of the
Ordovician. The Atremata, IS'eotremata, and Protremata are mucli
like those of the Ordovician, but the Spiriferacea of the Telotreniata,
the most characteristic brachiopods of the Silurian, have here attained
a great variety of forms, with varied brachydial structures. Through-
out the American Silurian the brachiopods show little structural differ-
entiation, but in the Lower Helderberg, at the base of the Devonian,
the spire- bearers are changing and assuming characters which are fully
developed in the higher Devonian. Here also occur the oldest loop-
bearers, or Terebratulacea, though the ontogeny of Zygospira seems to
show that this superfamily originated in the Ordovician.

In the Mississippian Sea deposition was apparently quite continuous
throughout Devonian and Carboniferous times, and not much inter-
rupted by earth movements. The faunas of these systems in this area
show no rapid evolution along any of the brachiopod phyla. The
species of the basal member of the Carboniferous, the Waverly or
Kinderhook, are not unlike those of the Chemung of the Upper
Devonian, nor is there any great faunal difference between the Kas-
kaskia of the Lower Carboniferous and the x)roductive Coal Measures
above.

From the foregoing rapid summary of the geologic history of Amer-
ican brachiopods, it follows that differentiation in the Paleozoic is most
rapid near the base of the older systems, and diminishes in force from
the older to the younger geologic divisions. While earth movements
in America were greater and more numerous during the early Paleozoic
than later in and just previous to the close of this time, yet the early
and rapid evolution of the class is probably due not only to the varying
conditions produced by these movements but also to the greater plas-
ticity of the class during the Cambrian and Ordovician eras.

There are 311 species in the American Silurian, increasing to 662 in
the Devonian, while the Carboniferous representation declines to 478
species. In 1880 Zittel gave a total of 1,366 species for the Devonian,
871 for the Carboniferous, and but 30 for the Permian. Waagen's
researches in the Permian of India, however, have increased this
representation considerably.

There is no more striking evidence than these figures needed to show

scHucHEET.] GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION. 17

the very rapid increase of tlie class during the Ordovician, its culmina-
tion in the Devonian era, and its rapid decline in the Carboniferous.

Of the 230 established Paleozoic genera, not fewer than 18G are rep-
resented in Korth America.

GEOGRAPHIC DISTRIBUTION.

The geographic distribution of North American Paleozoic brach-
iopods is extensive, since 30 per cent, or 537 species, had great areal or
horizontal dispersion. One hundred and seventeen species are found
in both the Mississippian and Cordilleran seas, and of these 36 are
also known to occur in foreign countries. The number of species com-
mon to North America and other continents, however, is 121.

When considered chronologically, it is observed that 20 per cent of
the Cambrian brachiopods have great geographic distribution, and that
this increases to 32 per cent in the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian,
and declines to 28 per cent in the Carboniferous. Greatest specific
dispersion, however, is most noticeable in the Devonian and Carbon-
iferous, where Atrypa reticularis, Leptiena rhomboidalis, Orthothetes
cremstriatus, Productus scmireticulatus, P. punctaius, RhyncJwneUa
plenrodon, Spirifer disjunctus, and S. striatus have almost world-wide
distribution and great vertical or chronologic range. Many similar
species common to America and several European countries could be
mentioned.

Specific distribution increases with ordinal rank. In the radical order
Atremata 25 per cent had dispersion, increasing to 27 per cent in the
Neotremata, and to 32 per cent in the Protremata and Telotremata.

From the above considerations it is evident that brachiopods, as a
rule, can not be of great value in correlating over wide areas minor
Devonian, but particularly Carboniferous, horizons. In the Cambrian,
Ordovician, and Silurian, however, these fossils are of great value for
strati graphic purposes. Since post-Paleozoic brachiopods are not com-
mon in America, they can have little stratigraphic value, but in the
Trias and Jura of Europe, where species and individuals are common,
reliance can be placed upon them, and they are there regarded as next
in importance to the Ammonoidea for correlation. When paleontology
shall have advanced sufficiently, so that extracontinental correlation
of Paleozoic formations can be taken up in detail, it Avill be seen that
brachiopods, because of their wide dispersion, abundance, and favora-
ble preservation, will be of great service in working out paths of
migration and intercommunicating oceanic basins.
Bull. 87 2

18

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

[nuLL. 87

Taklk I. — Brachiopod genera alphahetically arranged, their geologic distribution, an

North American specific rcpre«entation.

[In the column "Ordinal rank" A.,K., P., T. equal tlie first letters of Atroniata, Neotremata, Protr(
mata, and Telotremata, respectively. The geologic occurronce of non-American genera or llio (■arli(^
appearance or later continuance of American genera in other countriea is indicated by a black lin(
Small superior numerals indicate the number of species liaviiig distribution.]

Geiuis.

§
u

a
'3
o

T.
T.

N.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
P

a

3.2

a
g

\i

o

i

i3

'>
o

o

1

3

'S
0

>

0

Permian and Car-
■ boniferous.

'3

m
a

m

S

CO

£
0

i

Aoaml>oTifi "Wliit.fi

2

2

1

—

5
5

5'
5'

Acrotreta Xiitor<^a

AfTilliasia ^Kino*

A mlioprplin. "FTnll

i

52

2

_^_^

Amphiclinodonta Bitlner

AmpLigenia Hall

A rmiliitftrnplln "Ril"t.npr

1

1

4

4'

T

—

T.

1

A nflstropliifl, TTjill

P.

4

42

Ancistrocrania Dall

N".
T.
T

-

Anomartinella Eittiier

Anoplia Hall and Clarke

P.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
P.
T.
P.
T.
A.
T.
T.
P.
P.
T.
A.
T.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
T.
T.
T.
P.
N.

1

1
10

11
72

Anoplotheca Sandbero-er

32

Atliyris McCoy

1

29

20

4

1

3

10 =
31

93

115
1'

176

c=x„

(

Atrypa Dalman . .

1

Atrypina Hall and Clarke

AulacorLvnclius Dittmar

11

Aulacothyria Douville

1

Aulosteges Helmersen

___

3arrois8lla Hall and Clarko

1
1
1
12
3

11

1

Beachia Hall and Clarke

1 '

!

Beecheria Hall and Clarke

1

9 =

2

?1
2'

!Bilobites L-inniEus

1'

Bittnerula Hall and Clarke

—

Bot.sfordia Matthew

1

1

Bouchardia Davidson

Branconia Caegel

—

1

10
1
9
1

32

9'

1

Camarophorella Hall and Clarke. ..
Camarophoria Kin<T ...

1
83

1
11

20 1»

Camarospira Hall and Clarke

Camaroto'chia Hall and Clarke

1>

9S

42

Camerothyris Bittner

Capellinia Hall and Clarke

1

1

Cardinocrania "Waagen

....

...

SCHUCHEET.l

GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION OF GENERA.

19

Table I. — Brachiopod genera alpliabeticallii arranged, etc. — Continued.

Genus.

a
o

■ ^ • South American
\ J species.

O
't-t •

S 31

a-s

<q IB

u

1

a
.3

'sh

a

CS
O

o

1

p

'3
0
>■

p

Permian and Car-
boniferous.

d
•i-t

6

CD

S

3

g
0

£
0

§

T.
T.
T.
T.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
T.
T.
T.
T.
P.
P.
T.
P.
N.
T.
N.
N.
N.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T

3

32

1

10
1

72

11

3'

Charioiiclla Cillings -•

1

Chascothyris Holzapfel

' • i

2212
11

CJionetes Fischer de "Waldheim

13

47

52

22 '"

I

1

Chonopectus Hall and Clarke

Chonostrophia Hall and Clarke

Christiania Hall and Clarke

"l"

1
i

1 ■■

42

1

1

Cincta Quenstedt

........

Cistolla Gray

1

1

10

1
3

103

Clintonella Hall and Clarke

1

Clitambonites Pander

3>

Clorinda Barrande

5

52

Coenofbvris Douville

Concliidium Linnicus

20
1

183

?2

Conotreta TValcott

11

1

1

Cranopua Hall and Clarke

2

34

3

22
113

1'

i

n

93

n

91
?1

41

1 1 !

Craniella CEhlert

1

Craniscus Dall

Cruratula Bittner

1

—

Cryptacanthla White and St. John.
Cryptonella Hall

-

1
11

1

31

. . , -

1

95

Cry ptopora Jeffery s

1

Cyclorhiua Hall and Clarke

1

1

2

6

21

1'

Cyclospira Hall and Clarke T.

Cyrtia Dalman T.

Cyrtina Davidson T.

1'

?1
33
1'

2'
156

11
5

—

Dallina Beecher

T

Dalniauella Hall and Clarke

P.
P.
P.
P.
T

1

38

22 '»

42

11*

Davidsonella M. Cbalmas

^

Davidsonia Bouchard

Daviesiella Waagen

Dayia Davidson

2'

1

1

Delthyris Dalman T.

1

7
12

5*

"

P.
T.
P.
T.
T.
T.
A.
T.
T.
A.
P.
T.

122

"""■i'""T""'

Dicamara Hall and Clarke

1 1 ■■■

Dictvonclla Hall

5

5'

1 1

Dictyotbvris Douville

—

Dielasma King

2 ,

11

11

106

Dielasmina "Waagen

1

1

1

1

Dimerella Zittel

^—

Dinarella Bittner.

i

Dinobolua Hall

. . - . .

4
12

3'

128

1'

Di north is Hall and Clarke

Dioristella Bittner

1

^^^

20

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

[BULL. 87.

TAJiLE I. — Bravkiopod ycnera alphabeticalhj arranged, etc. — Continued.

Conns.

r- 1

a
a

'i

o

T.

N.
N.
N.
N.
T.
T.
T.
P.
A.
P.
P.
T.
P.
T.
P.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
A.
T.
A.
T.
T.
P.
T.
P.
N,,
P.
T.
T.
P.
T.
P.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.

T.
T.
T.
T.

a

o
'2 .

o
02

a

i

3

.S
V

1
o

i

3
a

'a
0

h

0 !^

"^ 5
fl 0

as

6

'u
H

6

1

ca

1

(S

0

.2
H

0

6
2

?i

?1

n

3

Discinisca Dall

92

Disciuolepis ATaa^'en -

1

Discinopsis Matthew

1

1

Discolia risclier ami (Ehlert

Disculina Deslongcbamps

Eatonia Hall

9
1

2

if

I

EiohwaMia Billing's

1

1
1

. - . .

i

Elkania Ford ,

1

Enjintiospben AA^hidborne

1 1

2

1

1'

Eiiicvrta DealonffchaiuDS

Etheridcrina CElilert

Eudcsia King

Eunietria Hall

4
4

4.

■

Eunella Hall and Clarke

43

Euractinella Bittner

Eimbriotliyris Beslongcbamps

Erenulina Dall

Frieleia Dall

Glassia Davidson . . .

1

1

■■

1

Glassina Hall and Clarke

I

Glossina IPbilliDs

2

13

51

3.

41

'

Glottidia Dall -. .

L...

GruncTraldtia Tscbernyscbew

Gwynia King

"

Gypidula Hall

1

14

1
12

0

8^

Harttina Hall and Clarke

1

Hebertella Hall and Clarke

106

2

Helmersenia Pander

Hemipronites Pander

Hemipty cbina TV^aagen . . .

1

Hemitbyris d'Orbigny

Heterortbis Hall and Clarke , .

1

1
1

2
1
3
4
2

1

1

1

ELindella Davidson

2'

Hipparionyx Vanuxeni

1'

Homceospira Hall and Clarke

Hustedia Hall and Clarke

3

4'

Hyattella Hall and Clarke

2'

—

Hypotbyris King

3
8

32

Ipbidea ISillin'^s

8S

Ismenia Kin"" . .

—

Juvavella Bittner

Karpinskya Tscheruyscliew

■■^^

....

....

SCHUCHERT.]

GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION OP GENERA.

21

Table I. — Bracliiopod (jenera alphaheticaUij arranged, e/c— Continiied.

Geuus.

1

a
a

o

U .

a. 2

o

.2

II

f

'u
.a

i

1
3

Devonian.

Permian and Car-
boniferous.

j6

CO

6

'ax

tn

g
P

t-5

02

g
0

u
H

a

Kay serella Hall and Clarke

Kayseria Davidson

p.

T

T

2

•—

0

T.
T.
T.
T.
P.
P.
T.
A.
T.
P.
P.
P.
A.
A.
N.
A.
A.
A.
A.
N.
A.
A.
N.
T.
T.
P.
T.
P.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
P.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
N.
T.
A.
T.
P.
N.

'

Kntor^^ina ]3illin<^s

1

1

Tjafniieiis Dall ..........

1

18

3
2

15'

22

3'

3

1

liepttcna Dalnian

32

11

Tjf^nta'niaca Kfieclier ...........

**

2 '
43

Leptobolus Hall

11

4

1

102

2

21
9
4
1
3
4

Ijindstrcemella Hall and Clarke. ..

1

28 =

Ijin^'iila Bru^'iere ..............

?7

192
93

36 '3
2'
3

1

12 »

172

1

32

?1'

I-iingulcpis Hall

L<in""ulodiscina Whitfield

1

31

.

Ijino"ulobolus Matthew

1

42

Lingulops Hall

2

1

Ijissopleura AVhitfield

1

1

Lyra Cumberland

— -.

Tvyttonia Waagen

Macandrewia Kin "■

1

1

MartiniaMcCov

10

7'

32

?
t

Martinionfiis AVaa^Tpn

Meekella White and St. John

4
2

41

2

Mcgathyris d'Orbigny »

Megerlina Deslongchamps

]

Merista Suess

1

3

21

3

3
20'

Meristella Hall

1

Meristina Hall .

32

Metaplasia Hall and Clarke

2

2'

1

Microthyris DeslongcbaniX)s . . -

MbimbiQ Tlnrrnnrlp

1

1

Monobolina Salter

22

SYNOPSIS OF AIVfERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA.

[UDI.L. 87.

Taulk I. — Brachiopod iienira alphaheUcally arranged, etc. — Continued.

Genus.

p

2

a

a

'i

o

A.
T.
A.
T.
P.
T.
T.
T.
T.
A.
A.
P.
X.
N.
T.
P.
P.
T.
T.
P.
P.
P.
P.
P.
T.
A.
T.
T.
P.
P.
T.
T.
N.
P.
T.
P.
P.
P.
T.
T.
P.
T.
P.
P.
P.
P.
T.
T.
N.
P.

a

a
eg

North American
species.

d
.2

a

8

d

O

u
O

d

.2
'E

9*

Permian and Car-
boniferous.

6

OS

3
0

<u

1

0

0
H

4d
n

V

Monomorella Billings

9

MuLlfeldtia Bayle

Is oobolus AVaagen

!

Newbcrria Hall

4

4

Nietliugia Hall and Clarke

Norella liittner

—

Nototbyris "Waagen

Niicleatula Bittner

1

Nucleospira Hall

7

12

2

2'

43

1

Obolella Billings

124
2

2

___!._

Obelus Eiohwald

::::::i::j:"'

Oldhamina AVaagen

. - - .

1

Orbicella d'Orbigny

1

Orbiculoidea d'Orbigny

2
6

40
1
1

48

1'

5

16 =
1

18«

1 .

Ori.skania Hall and Clarke

Ortbidium Hall and Clarke

" * ' * '

C

1
23 «

Ortbis Palman

161

2

1

Orthoidea Friren

—

Ortborbyncbula Hall and Clarke. . .

2
1

1

2

21

1'

Ortbostropliia Hall

01
41

i

Ortbotbetes Fiscber do AValdbeim - .

125

6 =

Orthoticbia Hall and Clarke

Ortbotropbia Hall and Clarke

Parastropbia Hall and Clarke

1

10

2

1

1
5

52

Parazvga Hall aud Clarke

2'

Paterula Barrande

1

Penlactinella Bittner

Pentagonia Cozzens

1
9

7

1'
8 =

Pentamerella Hall

1
74

Pentamerns Sowerby

..

Peregriuclla ffiblert

—

Pexidella Bittner

Pholidops Hall.....

17
1

41

32

10
1'

Pbolidostropbia Hall and Clarke. . .
Platidia Costa

1

Platystropbia King

1

6

8

11

C
3'

102

1
Gi

Plectambonites Pander

I

Plectortbis Hall and Clarke

1

Plesiotbyris Douville ...

Plicigera Bittner

Poly toecbia Hall and Clarke

Pomatospirclla Bittner

1 1

1

1

—

Porambonitcs Pander

1

■

Probosnidella CEblert

1
16

1
32

87

1

65
872'

Productella Hall

283

Productus SoTcerby

Propygope Bittner

—

Protorbvncba Hall and Clarke

3

2

11

I

Pseudocrania McCoy

Pteropbloios Giimbel

SCHUCHEET.]

GEOLOGIC DISTRIBUTION OF GENERA.

23

Tablk I. — Brachiopod yenera alpTiabeticalhj arranged, etc. — Continued.

Genus.

ca

a

tt
O

T.

T.
T.

r.

T.
T.
T.
T.
A.
P.

T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
P.
N.
T.
T.
P.
N.
A.
N.
P.
P.
N.
T.

T.
N.
A.

T.

T.

T.
A.

P.

P.

P.

T.

P.

P.

P.

P.

T.

P.

T.

T.

'. • South American
I '. species.

a

ca
o

o
"A

1

a

.a
a

d

v

o

o

1
1

a
s

CO

d
'S

p

(0

p

IS

u

•So
P-i

*C0

CD

H

i
1

0

'm

g

0

g

0

ID
H

1

Ptychospira Hall and Clarke

1
12

1
93

32

i

!

:

Eaflnesquiua Hall and Clarke

1
1

21
9

22
G

20 "i

i

?1'

92

10'
2

1

T?ptimliiria ATrTyOv ..._....-....

2'

IQi

n

i

?1

?

■Rliinnholiis H.1II

3

U

2
44

104

2

82

22 "

242
331

135

32 3

Rhynchonella Fischer do "^ald-
hcim ....-....._---.-.-..

8 =

3

2

3

1

Ehyuchonellina Gemmellaro

1

11

■

TJIivTiphoT'iTiH, CKhlftrt, ........

,

10
8
1

31
1'

5'

1

2

1

7^

Tiii^lithnfpn in ICavaer .........

Kcemerella Hall and Clarke

Komingcrina Hall and Clarke

Sniili tni'ii'l in W'liit field

1

1

2

23
4
1

1
1

11

1'

2 1

5
4
1
5

13
5
1

16

2

1

177

19

2'
4

1

11
2

Scliizopholia "\\'aagen

3'

1
1>

96

3'

42

1

le-i

1

2"

15'

92 32

70 m
15'

4

= :

Spondylobolus McCoy

1

1
1
1

1

2
17

1
12
58
47
16

1'

2

n

16 3

11
52

46"
2

12 s

7

12 2

13

42

31"

1

^trnnVi an p1 1 n. fTn 11

l~~

Syntrophia Hall and Clarke

i

7
9

61

1

92

Terebratalia Beecher

....

!....

....L..

^^

24

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA. |bull. 87.

Tai'.i-e I. — lirachiopod (jenera alphabetically arranged, etc — Coutinued.

Genus.

a

(.<

o

■c .

"5

a

a
^c

'f-t .

^ tn

0.S
<^

5

22

6

n

.2

'>

o

o

P
ta

'S

=1

a

1

>

Permian and Car-
boniferous.

d

•r-t

S

T

• to
3
0
a>
0

0

5

2
4

1

(S

H

T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
P.
P.
P.
T.
T.
A.
A.
T.
N.
N.
T.
T.
T.
A.
P.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
N.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.
T.

20

3"

10

3

2
2

Tcrobratulina d'Orbigny

Totractinolla Bittnor

_

Tliecitlella M. Chalmas -.

?

"""

^^

TliPoosDira Ziif'Tiievor

-^ —

Xlivaanotos IMirlvwitz

2

1

14
1

12
3

1

1^2

Tromatoboliis Matthew. -

1

Trematospira Hall

1

11'
3

Trigeiia (Bayle) Hall and Clarke..
Trigonoscmus Ivoenig

Trimerella Billings. -- -.

5

7
2

5

53
2

Triplecia Hall

Tropicl oleptus Hall

2 1

Uncinella Waagen

— .^

Unciuulu.s Bayle

8

11

73

Uncites Defranco

Vernouilia Hall and Clarte

-

VitulinaHall

1

1 1

Volborthia von Miiller

TVhitfieldella Hall and Clarke

13
4

11 <=
42

•>
1

Wilsonia Kayser

Zeilleria Baylo

—

Zellania Moore

__

Zngmeveria Waagen

_^.

14

10 6

3

1

Total

151

1,894

103

311 !320

655

482 MO i fl

22

9

S'>

scHucHERT.] REPRESENTATION OF THE ORDERS AND FAMILIES.

25

Table II. — North American Paleozoic representation of the orders, snperfamilies, and

families, geologicallij arranged.

Order, superfamily, and family.

Order Atremata '.

Superf. Obolacea

Fam. Paterinidfe

Obolida*

TriinerellidfB

Super!'. Lingulacea

Fam . LingulellidiR

Lingnlidse

Lingulasmatidse .

Order Neotremata

Superf. Discinacea

Fam. TrematidfB

Discinidse

Acrotretidae

Siphonotretidse .

Superf. Craniaeea

Fam . CraniidsB

Order Protremata

Superf. Thecacea

Fam. Kutorginida?

Eichwaldiidse . . .
Billingsellidie . . .
StrophomenidcB .

Productidffi

Orthidie

Superf. Trullacea

Fam. Clitambonitidae .
SyntropliiidPB ...
Porambonitidse . .

Pentameridae

Order Telotremata

Superf. Ilostracea

Fam. Protorhynchidse
RbynchonellldsB .

Superf. Terebratulacoa

Fam. Centronellidffl ...
TerobratulidoB ..
Tropidoleptiidfe .

Superf. Spiriferacea

Fam. AtrypidsB

Spiriferidae

AthyridiB ,

o
u m

ii

'A

196

43

8

17

20

153

35

113

5

153

99

24

50

16

7

5-t

54

735

608

1

6

12

211

186

192

127

9

7

24

87

762

197

3

194

79

30

47

2

480

45

278

163

o

s

3

bli

19
9
1
4
4
10
4
4
2
21
18
4
5
5
3
3
3

02

45

1

2

1

19

9

13

17

3

1

3

10

70

14

1

13

19

8

10

1

43

8

11

24

^ o

57
22
82
16 ■>

35

286
7

20
19

1
155

1

1

1
22
16

1

■^ a;

o

00
6

3

3'
54
93

4114

4'
44
30
17'
03
1>
0"
14
U*
173
1.52

1

2
65"

0

84 3^

6

21

03

6'

1

14 <

20
18
1'
17 10

31

17

30

5.W.S

"."2 3
c " -

a s

178
14

13'
1

21
8
2
6'

30
11
29 5

13
133
101
96

5>

1
48'"

5'
37'
65

1

10 3
54 '2
109
37

37 '2
1

71
14'
24 '3
33"*

42
20
2'
18^

22
22 ^

210
185

23 5
369
94

94 28

50
265
22 "
2'

225
18

138 «
69"

21

21

26
22
3'
198

4
4'
179
169

77 3'

268

60 24

125 4s

48'"

18'

25

10

2'

103

269.
49

49 »
30
42

26'

190
146
11535

ei'-i

26

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

[BULL. 87.

TABLES OF ITORTH Al^T) SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES
GEOLOGICALLY ARRANGED.

Table III, Cambkian. — Table IV, Ordovician. — Table V, Silurian. — Table ^T,
Devonian. — Table VII, Carbonikekous and Permian. — Table VIII, MEsf)-
zoic. — Table IX, Cknozoic and Recent. — Table X, South Amekica_n Fos.sil

BRACHIOPODA.

Table III. — Cambrian Brachiopoda.
[Species preceded by an asterisk (~) are found in the Ordovician also.]

Species.

Acrothele ( ?) dichotoma Walcott

Acrothele matthewi ( Hartt )

Acrothele mattheTvi costata Matthew

Acrothele matthewi lata Matthew

Acrothele matthewi prima Matthew

Acrothele subsidua ("White)

Acrotreta balleyi Matthew

Acrotreta gemma Billings

Acrotreta gemma depressa "Walcott

Acrotreta gemmula Matthew

Acrotreta microscopica (Shumard)

Billingsella alberta ( "Walcott)

BillingseUa billingsi (Hartt)

Billingsella coloradoensis (Shumard)

Billingsella festinata (Billings)

Billingsella latourensis (Matthew)

Billingsella orientalis ( Whitfield)

Billingsella quacoensis (Matthew)

Billingsella transversa ("Walcott)

Billingsella whitfieldi ("Walcott)

Botsfordia pulchra Matthew

Crania (?) tolumbiana "Walcott

Dalmanella melita (Hall and "Whitfield)

Discina ( ?) inutilis Hall

Discinopsis gulielmi Matthew

Elkania desiderata (Billings)

Iphidea bella Billings

Iphidea labradorica (Billings)

Iphidea labradorica swantonensis ("Walcott).

Iphidea ornatella Hall and Clarke

Iphidea pannula ("White)

Iphidea prospectensis ("Walcott)

Iphidea sculptilis (Meek)

Iphidea stissingensis (D wight)

Kutorgina cingulata Billings

Kutorgina ( 1) pterineoides Matthew

Lingula ( ?) calumet X. H. "Winchell

Lingula ( ?) elliptica Emmons

Lingula ( ?) manticula "White

Lingula ( .') mosia Hall

Lingula ( ?) murrayi Billings

*Lingula quebecensis Billings

Lingula ( ?) striata Emmons

Lingulella ampla Owen

Lingulella aurora Hall

Lower
Cam-
brian.

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

Middle
Cam-
brian.

X?

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

Upper
Cam-
brian.

X
X

X
X
X
X

scHucHERT.] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Table III. — Cambrian Braclnopoda — Continued.

27

Species.

LiBgulella (?) billingsana (Whiteaves) ...

Lingulella ( ?) cselata (Hall)

Lin gulella dawsoni Matthew

Lingulella ella (Hall and Whitfield)

Lingulella granvillenais "Walcott

Lingulella (?) inflata Matthew

Lingulella (?) inflata ovalis Matthew

*LingulelIa Irene (Billings)

Lingulella lie vis Matthew

Lingulella lamborni Meek

Lingulella linguloldes Matthew

Lingulella niacconelli Walcott

Lingulella martinensis Matthew

*Lingulella minuta Hall and Whitfield . . .

Lingulella radula Matthew

Lingulella starri Matthew

Lingulella starri minor Matthew

Lingulella stoneana Whitfield

Lingulella winona Hall

Lingulepis acuminata (Conrad)

Lingulepis acutangula (Roemer)

Lingulepis cuneolus Whitfield

*Lingnlepis (?) maera Hall and Whitfield .

Lingulepis matinalis Hall

Liuguleiiis pinnifonnia Owen

Lingulepis prima (Hall)

Lingulepis primieformis Whitfield

Linnarsonia belti Davidson ?

Linuarsonia niisera (Billings)

Linnarsonia prctiosa (Billings)

Linnarsonia sagittalis taconica Walcott ..

Linuarscnia transversa (Hartt)

Obolella atlantica Walcott

Obolella cbromatica Billings

Obolella circe Billings

Obolella crassa (Hall)

*Obolella (?) discoidea Hall and Whitfield .

Obolella gemma Billings

Obolella ( ?) gemmula Matthew

*Obolclla (?) ida Billings

Obolella minuta (Hall and Whitfield)

Obolella nana Meek and Hayden

Obolella nitida Ford

Obolella pectenoides Whitfield

Obolella polita Hall

Obolus ( ?) major Matthew

Obolus ( ?) murray i Billings

Obolus pristinus Matthew

Obolus pulcher Matthew

Obolus refulgens Matthew

Orbicula ( ?) excentrica Emmons

Orthis ( ?) apicalis Billings

Orthis ( ?) eurekensis Walcott

Orthis ( ?) highlandensis Walcott

Lower
Cam-
brian.

X
X

Middle
Cam-
brian.

X
X
X
X

X?

X
X

X
X

X
X

X

X
X

X
X

X?
X

Upper
Cam-
brian.

28

SYNOPSIS OF AMEKICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA.
Table III. — Camhrian Brachiopoda — C'outiuucd.

[nuLL. 87.

Species.

Lower
Cam-
brian.

Middle
Cani-
briiiD.

Ortliis ( ?) lenticularis "W.ihlenberg

Orthis ( ?) leuticularis atrypoides Matthew

Orthis ( ?) lenticularis lyucioidos M.atthew

Orthis ( !) lenticularis strophonicnoidcs Matthew

Orthis ( ?) reninichia N. II. "Wincholl

Orthis ( ?) salemensis "Walcott

Orthis (?) sandbergm.H. Wiuchell ..

Orthisina (?) johannensis Matthew

Protorhyncha ( ?) antiquata (Billings)

Protorhj'ncha ( ?) minor (Walcott)

Syntrophia araclino (Billings)

Syntrophia arethusa (Billings)

Syntrophia ( ?) armanda (Billings)

Syntrophia barabuonsis (A. Winchell)

Syntrophia calcifera (Billings)

Sj'ntrophia primordialis (Whitfield) ■

Treniatobolus insignia Matthew

Number of Cambrian species, 116.

Number of species in each division

Number of species common to the Lower and the other divisions of the

Cambrian

Number of species common to the Middle and the other divisions of

the Cambrian

Number of species common to the Cambrian and Ordovician system, G.
Number of species passing from each division into the Ordovician. . .

31

39

Upper
Cam-
brian.

X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X

51

1

1

G

SCHUCHERT.J

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

29

Table IV. — Ordovician Bracliiopoda.

[Bi:=Bir(lseye; BR=:Black Kiver; Ci ^^ Cincinnati and Lorraine ; EO = Eoordo^'lcian; MO = Mcso-
ordovician; NO^Neoordovician; T-^ Trenton; TJ^=IItica. Species preceded by an asterisk (*) are
found in the Silurian also; by an obelisk (t), in the Cambrian.]

Species.

Billingsella ( ?) grandieva (Billings)

Billingsella ( ?) primordialis (Whitfield)

Camarella ambigua (Hall)

Camarella breviplicata Billings

Camarella ( ?) costata Billings

Camarella longirostrum Billings

Camarella pandeii Billings

Camarella ijarva Billings

Camarella polita Billings

Camarella varians Billings

Camarella volborthi Billings

Camarotcechia plena Hall

Catazyga erratica Hall

Catazyga headi (Billings)

Clitambonites ( ?) borealis (Castelnau)

Clitambonites diversa (Shaler)

Clitambonites diversa altissima Winchell and Schuchert.

Clitambonites plana retroflexa de Vemenil

Conotreta rusti Walcott

Crania albersi Miller and Faber

Crania ( ?) deformis (Hall)

Crania dyeri Miller

Crania granulosa N. H. Winchell

Crania laelia Hall

Crania ( ?) reversa Sardeson

Crania scabiosa HaU

Crania setigera Hall

Crania socialis Ulrich

Crania trentonensis Hall

Craniella ( ?) vilrichi Hall and Clarke

Cyclospira bisulcata (Emmons)

Dalmanella arucena N. H. "Winchell

Dalmanella bellula (James) Meek sp

Dalmanella crispata (Emmons)

DalmaneUa electra (Billings)

Dalmanella electra major Matthew

Dalmanella electra Isevis Matthew.

Dalmanella ( ?) evadne (Billings)

Dalmanella hamburgensis ("Walcott)

Dalmanella macleodi (Whitfield) , .

Dalmanella ( ?) plicifera (Hall)

Dalmanella pogonipensis (Hall and Whitfield)

Dalmanella stonensis (Saftbrd)

Dalmanella subajquata (Conrad)

Dalmanella subsequata circiilaris N. H. Winchell

Dalmanella subiequata conradi K. H. Winchell

Dalmanella subaequata gibbosa Billings

Dalmanella subseqnata perveta (Conrad)

Dalmanella tersus (Sardeson)

Eoordovician.

Calcifer-
ous.

X

X

X

X

X
X
X

X?

Chazy.

X

X

X
X
X
X

Mesoordo-
vician.

Trenton,

Black River,

Birdseye.

Neoordo-
viciau.

Cincin-
nati,
Utica.

T

BR

BR

T
T
T

T

T
T
T
T

T
T
T
T
BR, T
T

Ci
U, Ci

Ci

U
G

U,Ci

U, Ci
Ci
U

Ci
Ci

Ci

30 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA. [bull. 87,

Tahi.e IV. — Ordovician Brachiopoda — Continued.

Species.

Dalnianella testudinaria (Dalman)

Dalnianella testudinaria emacerata Hall

Dalmanella testudinaria meeki (Miller)

Dalmanella testudinaria multi.secta (Tames) Meek sp.

Dinobolus canadensis ( Billings;

Dinobolns magniflcus (Billings)

Dinobolus ( .') parvus "Whitfield

Dinorthis deflecta Conrad

Dinorthis fontinalis (TThite)

Dinorthis iphigenia (Billings)

Dinorthis meedsi Winchell and Schuchert

Dinorthis meedsi germana "Winchell and Schuchert. . .

Dinorthis pectinella (Emmons)

Dinorthis pectinella sweeneji N. H. "Wiuchell

Dinorthis platys (Billings)

Dinorthis porcata (McCoy)

Dinorthis proavita "Winchell aud Schuchert

Dinorthis retrorsa (Salter)

Dinorthis subquadrata Hall

Discina ( .') sublamellosa TJlrich

Eichwaldia subtrigonalis Billings

Elkania ambigua ("Wiilcott)

Glassia romingeri Hall and Clarke

Glossina crassa (Hall)

Glossina cyaue (Billings)

Glossina detlecta "Winchell and Schuchert .-

Glossina hurlbuti N. H. "Winchell

Glossina trentonensis (Conrad)

Hebertella battis (Billings)

Hebertella bellarugosa (Conrad)

Hebertella borealis (Billings)

Hebertella imperator (Billings)

Hebertella insculpta Hall

Hebertella lonensis ("Walcott)

Hebertella niaria (Billings)

Hebertella occidentalis Hall

Hebertella occidentalis sinuata Hall

Heterorthis cly tie Hall

Leptsena charlottie "Winchell and Schuchert

*Leptcena rhomboidalis ("Wilckens)

Leptsena unicostata Meek and "Worthen

Leptella sordida (Billings)

Leptella decipiens (Billings)

Leptobolus grandis Matthew

Leptobolus insignis Hall

Leptobolus lepis Hall

Leptobolus occidentalis Hall

Lisgula iequalis Hall

Lingula belli Billings

Lingula beltrami "Winchell and S;huchert

Lingula bisulcata TTlrich

Lingula briseis BiUinga

Eoordovician.

Calcifer-
ous.

Chazy.

Mesoordo- Neooido-
vician. I viciau.

Trenton, Cincin-
Black River, ' nati,
Birdseve. Utica.

Bi, BR, T

X

X

X

X
X
X

BR, T

BR, T

T

T

T
T
T
T
T

T

T

T
T

T
T
T

T
BR,T

T
T
T

TJ.Ci
IT
Ci
U

Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci

Ci

U

Ci

Ci
Ci
Ci

U,Ci
Ci

U
U

u

Ci
TJ

scHucHERT.] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Tablk IV. — Ordovician Brachiopoda — Continued.

31

Species.

Lingula ( ?) canadensis Billings

Liiigula cincinuatieusis Hall and "Whitfield

Lingula clathrata Wincbell and Schuchert

Lingula cobourgensis Billings

Lingula covingtonensis Hall and Whitfield

Lingula curta Conrad

Lingula ( ?) dolata Sardeson

Lingula elderi "Whitfield

Lingula elongata Hall

Lingula eva Billings

Lingula forbesi Billings

Lingula bowleyi Matthew

Lingula buronensis Billings

Lingula iolo Billings

Lingula iowensis Owen

Lingula iris Billings

Lingula kiugstonensis Billings

Lingula lyelli Billings

Lingula mantelli Billings

Lingula modesta Ulrich

Lingula morsii N. H. "Wincbell

Lingula nynipha Billings

Lingula obtusa Hall

Lingula pajjillosa Emmons

Lingula perryi Billings

Lingula iibilomela Billiugs

Lingula progne Billings

t Lingula quebecensis Billings

Lingula rectilateralis Emmons

Lingula riciniformis Hall

Lingula riciniformis galenensis "Winchell and Schuchert

Lingula vanborni Miller

Lingula whitfieldi Ulrich

Liugnlasma galenensis "Winchell and Schuchert

Liugulasma schucherti Ulrich

Lingulella (?) cuneata Matthew

ILingulella Irene (Billings)

ILingulolla minuta Hall and "Whitfield

Lingulella roberti Matthew

Lingulella selwyni Matthew....*

tLingulopis ( ?) maera Hall and "Whitfield

Lingulobolus affinis Billings

Lingulobolus affinis cuneata Matthew

Lingulops norwoodi (James)

Lingulops whitfieldi Hall

lObolella ( ?) discoidea Hall and "Whitfield

iObolella (?) ida Billings

Orbiculoidea lamellosa Hall

Orbiculoidea tenuistriata (Ulrich)

Ortbidium gemmicula (Billings)

Orthis ( ?) acuminata Billings

Orthis carausii Salter

Eoordovician .

Calcifer-
ous.

Mesoordo-
vician.

Trenton,
Chazy. Black Eiver,
Birdseye.

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X?

T
T
T
T

Neoordo-
vician.

Cincin-
nati,
Utica.

T

T

BR

BK

T

T

T
T
T
T
T
T
T

T

T

Ci
Ci

U

Ci

Ci

U.Ci

U

c,

L

Ci

Ci
Ci

Ci

U

Ci
U

32

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

[bull. 87.

Table I^'. — Ordonvian Brachiopoda — Contiuued.

Species.

Orthis ( '.) centrilineata Hall

Orthis corjnna Billings

OrtliiH rnstali.s Hall

Orthis ( .') delicatula Billiugs

OrtLis ( ?) desmoplenra Meek

Orthis ( ?) eudocia Billings

Orthis euryoue Billings

Orthis hippolyte Billings

Orthis (?)holstoni (Safford) Hall

Orthis ( ?) leiitoenoides Emmons

Orthis inenapise Hicks

Orthis ( ■) minna Billings

Orthis ( .') morrowensis James :

Orthis (?) mycale Billings

Orthis pandcriana Hall

Orthi.s ( ?) pigra Billings

Orthis ( ?) porcia Billings

Orthis ( ?) pumila tjlrich

Orthis ( ?) saflbrdi Hall and Clarke

Orthis (?) sola Billings

Orthis tricenaria Conrad

Orthis ( ?) tritonia Billings

Orthorh ynchula linneyi (James)

Parastrophia divergens Hall and Clarke

Parastrophia hemiplicata Hall

Parastrophia hemii)licata rotunda (Wiuchell and Schuch-

ert )

Parastrophia obscura (Hall and "Whitfield)

Parastrophia scofieldi (Winchell and Schuchert)

Paterula amii Schuchert

Pholidops cincinuatiensis Hall

Pholidops subtruncata Hall

Pholidops trentonensis Hall

Pholidops trentonensis minor Winchell and Schuchert

Platystrophia acuminata James

Platystrophia acutilirata (Conrad)

* Platystrophia biforata (Schlotheim)

Platystrophia crassa (James)

Platystrophia laticostata Meek

Platystrophia lynx (Eich'svald)

Plectambonites gibbosa Winchell and Schuchert

Plectambonites plicatella (Ulrich)

* Plectambonites sericea (Sowerby)

Plectorthis aequivalvis Hall

Plectorthis dichotoma Hall

Plectorthis ella Hall

Plectorthis flssicosta Hall

Plectorthis jamesi HaU

Plectorthis kankakeusis (McChesney)

Plectorthis plicatella Hall

Plectorthis sectostriata (Ulrich)

Plectorthis triplicatella (Meek)

Eoordoviciaii

Calcil'er-
ous.

X?

X

X

X

X

Chazy.

Mfisoordo- '
vician.

Trenton,

Black River,

Birdseye.

Nooordo-
vioian.

Cincin-
nati,
Utica.

Ci

X

X

X

x

T
T

X
X

T

T

T
T

BE, T

BR, T

Ci

Ci

Ci
Ci

Ci
Ci

Ci
Ci
, Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci

U
I'.Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
U,Ci
Ci
Ci

SCHUCHEET.]

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

33

Table IV. — Ordovician Brackiopoda — Continued.

Species.

Plectorthis whitfleldi (N. H . Winchell)

Polytoechia apicalis (Whitfield)

Protorhynoha dubia Hall

Kalinesquina alternata (Conrad) Emmons

Eafinesquina alternata alternistriata Hall

Eafinesqiiina alternata fracta (Meek)

Raflnesquina alternata loxorhy tis (Meek)

Kafinesquina alternata nasuta (Conrad) . . .?

Eafinesquina (?) atava (Matthew)

* Raflnesquina ceres (Billings)

Kafinesquina deltoidea (Conrad)

Raflnesquina fasciata Hall

Raflnesquina imbrex (Pander)

Raflnesquina iucrassata (Hall)

Raflnesquina kingi ( Whitfleld)

Raflnesquina lata "Whiteaves

Raflnesquina mesacosta (Sbumard)

Raflnesquina minnesotensis (N. H. Winchell)

Raflnesquina minnesotensis inquassa (Sardeson)

Raflnesquina nitens (Billings)

Raflnesquina squamula (James)

Raflnesquina tennilineata (Conrad)

Raflnesquina ulrichi (James)

Retzia ( ?) granulifera (Meek)

Rliynchonella (?) acutirostris Hall

Rhynchonella (?) anticostiensis Billings ■..

Rhynchonella ( ?) corinthia Billings

* Rhynchonella ( ?) janea Billings

Rhynchonella ( ?) ueenah AVhitfleld

Rhynchonella ( ?) orientalis Billings

Rhynchonella ( ?) sordida Hall

Rhynchonella (?) subtrigonalis Hall.

Rhynchotrema ainslaai (N. H. Winchell)

Rhj nchotrema capax (Conrad)

Rhynchotrema dontata (Hall)

Rhynchotrema injequivalvis (Castelnaii)

Rhynchotrema insequivalvis laticostata Winchell

Schuchert ^

Rhynchotrema ottawaensis (Billings)

Rhynchotrema ])erlamellosa (Whitfleld)

Scenidium anthoneusia Sardeson

Scenidium ( ?) merope (Billings)

Schizambon (?) dodgii Winchell and Schuchert

Schizambon ( ?) fissus canadensis Ami

Schizambon ( ?) lockii Winchell and Schuchert

Schizambon typicalis Walcott

Schizocrania fllosa Hall

Schizocrania (?) rudis Hall

Schizocrania schucherti Hall and Clarke

Schizotreta conica (Dwight)

Schizotreta minutula Winchell and Schuchert

Schizotreta ovalis Hall and Clarke

Bull. 87 3

and

Eoordovician.

Calcifer-
ous.

Chazy.

Mesoordo-
vician.

Trenton,

Black River,

Birdseye.

Neoordo-

BR.T

T

BR

T?

T

T

T
T

T
T

T
T

T
T
T

T
T
T
T

T

Cincin-
nati,
Utica.

Ci

U,Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci

Ci

Ci
U

Ci

Ci
Ci

Ci

U.Ci

U
Ci

Ci

Ci

Ci

Ci
Ci

Ci
Ci

U
Ci

U,Ci

Ci

34

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Table IY. — Ordovician Brachiopoda — Continued.

Species.

Schizotreta pelopea (Billings)

Siplionotreta ( ?) micula McCoy

Sipliouotreta (?) niinnesofensis Hall and Clarke

Sphii>rol)olus spissus BilliDgs

Stropliomena approximata (James)

Strophoinena ( ?) arethusa Billings

Stropliomena billingsi Winchell antl Schuchert

Strophomena cardiuale (Whitfield)

Stropliomena conradi Hall ,

Strophomena ( ?) declivis James

Strophomena emaciata "Winchell and Schuchert

Strophomena fluctuosa Billings

Strophomena hallii Miller

Strophomena hecuba Billings

Strophomena ( ?) imbecilis Billings

Strophomena incurvata (Shepard)

Strophomena Isevia Emmons

Strophomena ( ?) minor (Walcott)

•Strophomena neglecta (James)

Strophomena neglecta acuta "Winchell and Schuchert

Strophomena nutans Meek

Strophomena planoconvexa Hall

Strophomena planodorsata "Winchell and Schuchert..

Strophomena rugosa (Raflnesque) Blainville

Strophomena rugosa Hubtenta Hall ,

Strophomena scofieldi Winchell and Schuchert . . .■

Strophomena septata Winchell and Schuchert

Strophomena sinuata Meek

Strophomena sulcata ( Verneuil)

Strojihomena thalia Billings

Strophomena trentonensis Winchell and Schuchert ..

Strophomena trilobata (Owen)

Strophomena vetusta James

Strophomena winchelli Hall

Strophomena wisconsinensis Whitfield

Syntrophia lateralis ( Whitfield)

Trematis crassipuncta Ulrich

Trematis ( ?) dyeri Miller

Trematis f ragilis Ulrich

Trematis huronensis Billings

Trematis millepunctata Hall

Trematis montrealensis Billings

Trematis oblata Ulrich

Trematis ottawaensis Billings

Trematis punctostriata Hall

Trematis ( ?) pustulosa Hall

Trematis qnincnncialis Miller and Dyer

Trematis reticularis Miller

Trematis terminalis Emmons

Trematis umbonata Ulrich

Triplecia cuspidata Hall

Triplecia extans (Emmons)

Eoordovician.

Calcifer-
ous.

Chazv.

Mesoordo- ] Keoordo-
viciau I vician.

Trenton, Cincin-
BlackRiver, nati,
Birdseyc. Utica.

T

T
Bi

T
T

T
T
T

T
BR

T
T

Ci

Ci

Ci

Ci

Ci
Ci

Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci

Ci
Ci

Ci

Ci

Ci
Ci

U,Ci

U.Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci
Ci

Ci

scHucHEET.] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Table IV, — Ordovician Brachiopoda — Continued.

35

Species.

Triplecia nucleus Hall

Triplocia (?) radiata "Whitlield

Triplecia ulrichi Winchell and Schuchert

Zy gospira cincinuatiensis Meek

Zygospira concentrica Ulrich

Zygospira defleeta (Hall)

Zygospira exigua (Hall)

Zygospira kentuckiensis James

Zygospira modesta Hall

Zygospira nicoletti "Winchell and Schuchert

Zygospira putilla Hall and Clarke

Zygospira recurvirostra (Hall)

Zygospira safford i Winchell and Schuchert

Number of Ordovician species, 319.

Number of species in each division

Number of species common to the Calciferous and the other

divisions

Number of species common to the Chazy and the other

divisions

Number of sj)ecies common to the Trenton and the other

divisions

Number of species common to the Cincinnati and the other

divisions

Species common to the Ordovician and Silurian systems, 5.
Number of species passing from each division into the

Silurian

Eoordovician.

Calcifer-
ous.

Chazy.

63

Mesoordo-
vician.

Trenton,

Black River,

Birdseye.

26

T
T

T
T

Neoordo-
vician.

128

27

Cincin-
nati,
Utica.

Ci
Ci
Ci

Ci

U,Ci

Ci

136

27

36

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA.

[BULL. 87.

Tablk V, — Silurian Brachiopoda.

[A = Antiroati ; Ar=Ari8aiK; Cl-r^Clintou ; Gu = Gnelph ; MS — Mososilnrian ; N — Niagara;
if S — Neosilurian ; To = Tentaculite and Coralline; W := Watorlimo. Speiues preceded Cyan
asterisk (*) are found in the Devonian also ; by an obelisk (t), in the Ordovician.]

Species.

Anastrophia brevirostris (Sowerby) Hall...

Anastropliia internascens Hall

Anaatiophia interplicata (Hall)

Anoplotheca hemispherica (Sowerby)

Anoplotheca planoconvexa (Hall)

Anoplotheca ijlicatnia (Hall)

Athyris ( ?) solitaria Billings

Athyris ( ?) tumidula Billings

Athyris ( ?) turgida Sbaler

Atry pa ( ?) gibbosa Hall

Atrypa ( ?) lara (Billings)

Atrypa laticomigata Foerste

Atrypa marginalis (Dahnan)

Atrypa nodostriata Hall

Atrypa phoca (Salter)

*Atrypa reticularis (Linnseus) 7. . .

Atrypa reticularis niagarensis Nettolroth .

Atrypa rugosa Hall

Atrypina clintoni Hall and Clarke

Atrypina disparilis Hall

Atrypina intermedia Hall

Billingsella ( ?) laurentina (Billings)

Bilobites acutilobus (Ringueberg)

Bilobites bilobus (Linnaeus)

Camarella lenticularis Billings

Camarotccchia ( ?) acinus Hall

Camarotoechia (?) acinus convexa (Foerste).

Caniarotcechia sequiradiata Hall

Camarotoechia fringilla Billings

Camarotfpchia glacialis Billings

CamarotcEchia ( ?) indianensis Hall

Camarotoechia ( ?) neglecta Hall

Camarotctchia ( ?) obtusiplicata Hall

Camarota-chia (?) whitii Hall

Capellinia mira Hall and Clarke

Chonetes comuta Hall

Chouetes nova-scotica Hall

Chonetes striatella (Dalman)

Chonetes tenuistriata Hall

Chonetes undulataHall

Clintonellavagabunda Hall and Clarke

Clorinda arcuosa (McChesney)

Clorinda areyi (Hall and Clarke)

Clorinda barrandii (Billings)

Clorinda fornicata (Hall)

Clorinda ventricosa (Hall)

Conchidium biloculare Linnfeus

Conchidinm colletti Miller

Conchidium crassiradiatum (McChesney) . . ,

Eo-
silurian.

Medina.

Mesosiluriaii.

Anti-

costi,

Clinton.

CI
CI
CI
A
A
A
CI
A
CI

CI

CI, A

CI

CI
CI
A
A

CI

CI

CI

CI
A
CI

Guelph,
Ari.saig,
Niagara.

N
N
N

Neosi-
lurian.

Tentac-
ulite,

Water-
lime.

N

N

MS

N
N

N

N
Ar

N
N

N

N
K
N
N
N

Ar, N

N?
Ar

N

N

N

N

MS

N

scHUCHERT.] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Table Y. — Silurian Brachiopoda — Continued.

37

Species.

Concliidium crassiplicum Hall and Clarke

Conchidium decussatiim (Wliiteaves)

Couchidium cxponeus Hall and Clarke

Concliidium georgiae Hall and Clarke

Concliidium greenii Hall and Clarke

Concliidium knappi (Hall and Whitfield)

Conchidium laqueatum (Conrad)

Conchidium littoni (Hall)

Conchidium multicostatum (Hall)

Conchidium nysius (Hall aud Whitfield)

Conchidium ohsoletum Hall and Clarke

Conchidium occidentalo Hall

Conchidium scoparium Hall and Clarke

Conchidium tenuicostatum (Hall and Whitfield) -

Conchidium unguiforme (Ulrich)

Crania acadiensia Hall

Crania anna Spencer

Crania dentata Ringueberg

Crania dubia Foerste

Crania gracilis Eingueberg

Crania setifera Hall

Crania siluriana Hall

Crania Kjiinigera Hall

Crauiclla ( ?) clintonensia Foerste

Cyclospira ( ?) sparsiplica Foerste

Cyrtia exporrecta (Wahlenberg)...

Cyrtia meta Hall

Cyrtia myrtia Billings

Cyrtina pyrauiidalis (Hall)

Dalmanella arcuaria Hall aud Clarke

Dalmanella elegantnla (Dalman)

Dalmanella elegantula jiarva (Foerste)

Dalmanella parva do Verneuil

Delthyria (?) rugicosta (Hall)

Delthyris sulcata Hisinger

Dictyonella anticostionsis Billings

Dictyonella concinna Hall

Dictyonella coraliifera Hall

Dictyouella gibbosa Hall

Dictyonella reticulata Hall

Dinobolus conradi Hall

Glossina perovata ( Hall)

Gypidula coppingeri (Etheridge)

Oypidula globosa (Nettelroth)

Gypidula knotti (Kettelroth)

Gypidula nucloa (Hall aud Whitfield)

Gyjiidula roemeri Hall and Clarke

Gypidula uniplicata (Nettelroth)

Hebertella daytonensis (Foerste)

Hebertella fausta (Foerste)

Hindella prinstana (Billings)

Hindella umbonata (Billings)

Eo-
sUurian.

Medina.

ilesosilurian.

Anti-

costi,

Clinton.

CI

CI

CI
CI

CI
A

CI
CI
A

CI

CI

CI

CI

A
A

!

Koosi-
lurian.

Guelph,
Arisaig,
Niagara.

N
K
K

N
N
N
N

N

Gu

Gu

Ar

N

N

N
X

N,

N
N

N
N
N
N

Ar

N

N
N

N

MS

Tentac-
ulite,

"Water-
lime.

38 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Tahle Y. — Silurian Brachiopoda — Continued.

Species.

Homoeospira aprinifonni.s Hall

Homcpospira e vax Hall

HouKKospira sobrina (Beecber and Clarke) ..

Hyattella congesta (Conrad)

Hyatella junia (Billings)

1 * Leptaena rboniboidalis ("Wilckens)

Lingulaacutirostra Hall

Liugula bicarinata Ringueberg

Lingula clintoni Vanuxem

Lingula cuneata Conrad

Lingula gibbosa Hall

Lingula ingens Spencer

Lingula insularis Billings

Lingula lamellata Hall

Lingula linguata Hall and Clarke

Lingula oblata HaU

Lingula subelliptica d'Orbign j-

Lingula taeniola Hall and Clarke

Lingulops granti Hall and Clarke

Meristina maria Hall

Meristina rectirostra Hall

Meristina trisinuata (McCbesney)

Mimulus waldronensis (Miller and Dyer) . . . .

Monomorella egani Hall and Clarke

Mononiorella greenii Hall and Clarke

Monomorella kingi Hall and Clarke

Monomorella newberryi Hall and "Whitfield.

Monomorella orbicularis Billings

Mouomorella ortoni Hall and Clarke

Monomorella ovata Whiteaves

Monomorella ovata lata "Whiteaves

Monomorella prisca Billings

* Nucleospira elegans Hall

Nucleospira pisiformis Hall

Nucleosplra rotundata Whitfield

Orbiculoidea numulus Hall and Clarke

Orbiculoidea parmulata Hall

Orbiculoidea subplana (Hall)

Orbiculoidea vanuxemi (Hall)

Ortbis benedicti Miller

Orthia davidsoni de Verneuil

Orthis (?) fis8iplica Roemer

Ortbis flabellites (Hall) Foerste

Orthis flabellites spania Hall and Clarke

Ortbis (
Ortbis (
Orthis (
Orthis (
Ortbis (
Ortbis (
Ortbis (
Orthis (

Eo-
silurian.

Mesosilurian.

Medina.

Anti-

costi,

Clinton.

X I.

) glypta Hall and Clarke

) missouriensis Shumard

) nisis Hall and "Whitfield

) punctostriata Hall

) rugiplicata Hall and "Whitfield.

) ruida Billings

) subnodosa Hall

) tenuidens Hall

CI
A
CI
CI

CI

CI
CI
CI
CI

CI

CI

N
N
N

N

N

N
N

N

K

N

K

N

Gu

K"

Gu

Gu

Gu

N

N

Ar
Ar

N
N
N

N

N

N ?

N

N
N

N

Neosi-
luriau.

JNiagara. j.^^^

scHUCHERT.] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Table V. — Silurian Brachiopoda — Continued.

39

Species.

Orthis ( ?) trinucleus Hall

Orthostrophia ( ?) fasciata Hall

Orthothetes hydraiilicum (Whitfield)

Orthothetes interstriata (Hall)

* Orthothetes subplana (Conrad)

Orthothetes tenuis Hall

Orthotropia dolomitica Hall and Clarke

Parastrophia greenii Hall and Clarke

Paras trophia latiplicata Hall and Clarke

Parastrophia niultiplicata Hall and Clarke

Parastrophia opa (Billings)

Parastrophia reversa (Billings)

Pentamerella (?) compressa Ringueberg

Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby

Pentamerus oblongxis cylindricus (Hall and Whitfield).

Pentamerus oblongus maquoketa Hall and Clarke

Pentamerus oblongus subrectus Hall and Clarke

Pentamerus ovalis Hall

Pentamerus pesovis Whitfield

Pholidops ovalis Hall ^

Pholidops squamiformis Hall

t Platystrophia biforata (Schlotheim)

Plectambonites glabra Shaler

Plectambonites producta Hall and Clarke

tPlectambonites sericea (Sowerby)

Plectambonites transversalis (Wahlenberg)

Plectambonites transversalis alabamensis Foerste

Plectambonites transversalis prolongata Foerste

tKafinesquina ceres (Billings)

Ratinesquina ( ?) obscura (Hall and Clarke)

Reticularia bicostata (Vanuxem)

Reticularia bicostata petila (Hall)

Rhinobolus davidsoni Hall and Clarke

Rhinobolus galtensis (Billings)

Rhipidomella circula Hall

Rhipidomella hybrida (Sowerby)

Rhipidomella media (Shaler)

Rhipidomella rhynchonelliformis (Shaler)

Rhipidomella subcircula (Simpson)

Rhipidomella ubera (Billings)

Rhynchonella ( ?) argentea Billings

Rhynchonella (?) bellaforma Nettelroth

Rhynchonella ( ?) bidens Hall

Rhynchonella ( ?) bidentata (Hisinger)

Rhynchonella (?) colletti Miller

Rhynchonella ( ?) decemplicata Sowerby

Rhynchonella ( ?) emacerata Hall

Rhynchonella ( ?) eva Billings

Rhynchonella ( ?) hydraulica Whitfield

t Rhynchonella (?) janea Billings

Rhynchonella ( ?) Iwvis Simpson

Rhynchonella ( ?) lamellata Hall

Eo-
Silurian.

Medina.

Mesosilurian.

Anti-

costi,

Clinton.

CI

A
A

CI

CI

CI
A

CI
CI
CI
CI
A
CI

CI

A
A
CI
A
A

CI

CI
CI
A

A

CI

Guelpli,
Arisaig,
Niagara.

N
N
N
N
N
N

N

N

N

N

N
Gu

N

Neosi-
lurian.

Tentac-
ulite,

Water-
lime.

N

N"

Ar

W
Te

W

W

To

40

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA.

[BULL. 87.

Table V . — Silurian BracMopoda — Continued .

Species.

Kliynchonella ( ?) nucula (So werby)

Khyiichonella ( ?) nutrix Billings

Kliynchonella ( ?) pisa Hall and Wliitiield . . .

Kliynilionella ( .') plicata Hall

Rhynchonella ( ?) plicatella (LinniBu.s)

Rhynchonella ( ?) pyrrha Billing.^

Rbyuchonella ( ?) robusta Hall

KhynoLonella ( ?) rugsecosta Nettelroth .'.

Rbynchonella ( ?) tennesseensis Roemer

Rhynchonella (?) vicina Billings

Rhynchospira ( ?) acadia?, (Hall)

Rhynchospira ( ?) helena (Nettelroth)

Rhynchospira ( ?) sinuata Hall -■- ..

Rhyuchotreta cuneata americana Hall

Scenidium pyramidale Hall

Schizophoria senecta Hall and Clarke

Schizotreta tenuilamellata Hall

Spirifor asperatus Ringueberg

Spirifer crispatus Hall and Clarke

Spirifer crispua (Hisinger)

Spirifer crispus simplex Hall

Spirifer dubius Nettelroth

Spirifer eudorus Hall

Spirifer foggi Nettelroth

Spirifer gibbosus Hall

Spirifer niagarensis (Conrad)

Spirifer niagarensis oligoptychus Roemer . . .

Spirifer nobilis Barrande

Spirifer radiatus Sowerby

Spirifer rostellum Hall and "Whitfield

Spirifer similior Winchell and Marey

Spirifer subsulcatus Hall

Spirifer vanuxemi Hall

Streptis grayi Davidson

Stricklandinia anticostiensis Billings

Stricklandinia billingsana Dawson

Stricklandinia brevis Billings

Stricklandinia canadensis Billings

Stricklandinia castellana "White

Stricklandinia chapmani Hall and Clarke . ..

Stricklandinia davidsoni Billings

Stricklandinia deformis Meek and "Worthen.

Stricklandinia gaspensia Billings

Stricklandinia lens (Sowerby)

Stricklandinia lirata Billings

Stricklandinia (?) louisvillensis Nettelroth..

Stricklandinia melissa Billings

Stricklandinia multilirata "Whitfield

Stricklandinia salteri Billings

Stricklandinia triplesiana Foerste

Stropheodonta acanthoptera ( Whiteaves)

Stropheodonta corrngata Conrad

Eo-
sllurian.

Meaosilurian.

Medina.

Anti-

costi,

Clinton.

I

Guelph,
Arisaig,
Niagara.

A

A

CI

CI

CI

A

CI

A
CI

CI

N

N

N

N
N

Ar

N

Ar

N

N

Neosi-
liirian.

N

N

N

N

N?

N
"N

N

N

N

N

N

N

N
Ar

Ar

N
N

N

N

N?

N

Gu

N?

Tentac-
ulito,

Water-
lime.

Te

Te

SCHUCHERT.]

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

41

Table V. — Silurian Brachiopoda — Continued.

Species.

Stropheodonta corrugata pluristriataFoerste. . .

Stropheodonta ( ?) geniculata (Shaler)

Stropheodonta ( ?) gilpeni (Dawson)

Stropheodonta leda (Billings)

Stropheodonta macra (Winchell and Marcy)

Stropheodonta nearpassi Barrett

Stropheodonta prisca Hall

Stropheodonta profunda Hall

Stropheodonta textilis Hall

Stropheodonta ( ?) ventricosa (Shaler)

Strophomena ( ?) alterniradiata Shaler

Strophomena ( ?) antiquata Sowerby

Strophomena ( ?) arcuata Shaler

Strophomena ( ?) bipartita Hall

Strophomena ( .' ) doneti Salter

Strophomena ( ?) eliptica Conrad

Strophomena (?) juIia Billings

Strophomena ( ?) modesta Conrad

Strophomena ( ?) orthididea Hall

Strophomena philomela Billings

Strophomena ( ?) reticulata Shaler

Strophomena ( ?) semiovalis Shaler

Strophomena ( ?) siluriana Davidson

Strophonella costatula Hall and Clarke

Strophonella (?) patenta Hall

Strophonella semiplicat a Hall

Strophonella striata Hall

Trematospira camura Hall

Trimerella acuminata Billings

Trimerella biilingsi Dall

Trimerella dalli Davidson and King

Trimerella grandis Billings

Trimerella ohioensis Meek

Triplecia niagarensis Hall and Clarke

Triplecia ortoni Meek

TTncinulus stricklandi (Sowerby)

Whitlieldella billingsana (Meek and "Worthen)

Whitfieldella cylindrica Hall

AVhitfieldella hyalo (Billings)

Whittieldella intermedia (Hall)

Whitfleldella ( ?) julia (Billings)

Whitfieldella ( ?) naviformis (Hall)

Whitfieldell. nitida Hall

Whitfleldella nitidaoblata Hall

Whitfieldella ( ?) nncleolata (Hall)

Whitfieldella oblata ( Hall)

Whitfieldella sulcata ( Vanuxem)

Wilsonia kokonioensis (Miller)

* Wilsonia safibrdi Hall

Wilsonia safibrdi depressa Nettelroth

Wilsonia wilsoni (Sowerby)

Zygospira (?) mica (Billings)

Eo-
silurian.

Medina.

Mesosilurian.

Anti-

costi,

Clinton.

X

CI
A

CI

CI

Guelph ,
Arisaig,
Niagara.

A
A
A
A

A

CI?
CI
A

CI

CI

CI

CI
A
CI

Neosi-
lurian.

Tentac-
ulite.

Water-
lime.

Ar

N

N

MS

N

N

N
Gu
Gu
Gu
Gu
N
X

Gu

N
N

N
N

N

To

Te

To

Te

W
W

42

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.
Table Y. — Silitiian Bracliiopoda — Coutinued.

[BULL. 87.

Species.

Zygospira ( ?) minima Hall

Zygospira ( ?) paupera Billings

Number of Silnrian species, 311.

Number of species in each division

Number of species common to the Medina and the other
divisions

Number of species common to the Clinton and the other
divisions

Number of species common to the Niagara and the other
divisions

Number of species common to the Neosilurian and the other
divisions

Species common to the Silurian and Devonian systems, 5.

Number of species passing from each division into the De-
vonian

Eo-
silurian.

Mesosilurian.

Medina.

Anti-

costi,

Clinton.

116

19

Guelph,
Arisaig,
Niagara.

N

195

0

19

Neosi-
lurian.

Tentac-
ulito.

Water-
lime.

17
0
0
2

SCHUCHEET.]

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

43

Table VI. — Devonian Brachiopoda.

[C = Chemung; Co — Corniferoua ; ED = Eodevonian ; G = Genesee; H — Hamilton; Hu— Huron;
I=Itliaca; M=Marcellus; MD=Me8odevonian; ND — Neodevonian; P = Portag6; S = Scboliarie;
Tu = Tiillj'. Species preceded by an asteriak (*) are found in tlie Carboniferous also; by an obelisk
(f), in the Silurian.]

Eodevonian. : Mesodevonian.

Species.

Amboccelia flmbrlata Claypole

Amboca?lia gregaria Hall

Amboccelia priBumbona Hall

Amboccelia spinosa Hall and Clarke

Amboccelia umbonata (Conrad)

Amphigenia curta (Meek and Worthen)

Amphigenia elongata ( Vanuxem)

Amphigenia elongata subtrigonalis Hall

Amphigenia elongata undulata Hall

Anastrophia verneuili (Hall) ■

Aiioplia niicleata Hall

Anoplotheca acutiplicata (Conrad)

Anoplotheca Camilla (Hall)

Anoplotheca concava (Hall)

Anoplotheca dichotoma (Hall)

Anoplotheca flmbriata (Hall)

Anoplotheca flabellites (Conrad)

Anoplotheca infrequens ( Walcott)

A thyris angelica Hall

Athyris angelica occidentalis "Whiteavea

Athyris brittsi Miller

Athyris cora Hall

Athyris fultonensis (Swallow)

Athyris minutissima "Webster

Athyris ( ?) ottervillensis Miller

A thyris parvula Wbite.ave8

A thyris polita Hall

Athyris spiriferoides (Eaton)

Atrypa desquamata Sowerby

Atrypa ellipsoidea Nettelroth

Atrypa hystrix Hall

Atrypa hystrix elongata Webster

Atrypa hystrix occidentalis Hall

Atrypa hystrix planosulrata Webster

Atrypa missourlensis Miller

Atrypa pseudomarginalis Hall

t Atrypa reticularis (Linnteus)

Atrypa reticularis impressa Hall

Atrypa reticularis nuntia Hall and Whitfield

Atrypa reticularis ventricosa Hall and Whitfield.

Atrypa spinosa Hall

Atrypina imbricata Hall

Barroisella subspatulata (Meek and Worthen)

Beachia snessana Hall

Bilobitea varicus (Conrad)

Caniarophoria rhomboidalis Hall and Clarke

Camarospira eucharis Hall

Camarotoechia barrandi Hall

Lower
Hel-
der-
berg.

I Scho-
Oris- ! harie,
kany. Cornif-

j erous-

ED

X
X

X
X

X

X
X
X

Co

Co
Co
Co

Co
Co
Co

Tally,
Hamil-
ton,
Marcel-
lus.

Neodevonian.

H
H

M,H

M

Co

Co

Co

Co

S

Co, S

S

H

MD

H

H

MD
H

Port-
age,
Huron,
Gene-
see.

G

Che-
mung,
Ithaca.

I,C

ND

H
H

MD

MD

H, Tu

Co

Co
Co

H
H
H

G

C?

C
C

I,C

44

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Table YI. — Devonian Braolnopoda — Continued.

Species.

Caniarotoechia billingsi Hall

CaiuarotcecLia carica Hall

Camarotccchia Carolina Hall

Caraarotcechia congregata (Conrad)

*Camarotcechia contracta Hall

Caraarotcechia contracta saxatilis Hall

Camarotcechia dotis Hall

CamarotcBchia duplicata Hall

Caniarotoechia endlichi (Meek). ? Devonian.

Camarotcechia eximia Hall

Camarotcechia hor.sfordi Hall

Camarotcechia orbicularis Hall

Camaiotoechia pleiopleura (Conrad)

Camarotcechia prolifica Hall

* Camarotcechia sappho Hall

Camarotcechia speciosa Hall

Camarotcechia stephani Hall

Camarotcechia tethya (Billings)

Camarotcechia ventricosa Hall

Centronella alveata Hall

Centronella glansfagea Hall

Centronella glaucia Hall

Centronella impressa Hall

Centronella ( ?) navicella (Hall)

Centronella ovata Hall

Centronella tnmida Billings

Charlonella scitula Hall

Chonetes acutiradiata Hall

Chonetes antiope Billings

Chonetes arcuata Hall

Chonetes canadensis Billings

Chonetes coronata (Conrad)

Chonetes emmetensis A. "Winchell

Chonetes filistriata "Walcott

Chonetes hemispherica Hall

Chonetes koninckiana Norwood and Pratten .

Chonetes lepida Hall

Chonetes lineata ((Jonrad)

* Chonetes logani aurora Hall

Chonetes manitobensis Whiteaves

Chonetes melonica Billings

Chonetes mucronata Hall

Chonetes punctata Simpson

Chonetes pusiUa Hall

Chonetes scitula Hall

* Chonetes sotigera (Hall)

Chonetes subquadrata Nettelroth

Chonetes vicina (Caatelnau)

Chonetes yandellana Hall

Chonostrophia complanata Hall

Chonostrophia dawsoui (Billings)

Eodevonian.

Lower
n el-
der-
berg.

Oris-
kaiiy.

Mesodevoaian .

Scho-
harie,
Corn if-
erous.

Tally,
Hamil-
ton,
Marcel
lus.

Co

Co

X?

X?

ED

X
X

X

X?

H

H

H
M,H

M,H

M,H
M,H

Co

Co
Co

H
H

Co
Co
Co
Co

Co

H
H

Co

Co

' MD
M,H
M
Tu

Co

M,H

Co

H

M, H

M, H

H

H

Neodevonian.

die-

Port-

age,
Huron, : iiiung,
Geue- Ithaca,
see.

G

I,C

C

G,P

P
G

C
C

I, C

ND

I,C
C

6CHCCHEET.]

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

45

Table VI. — Devonian Brachiopoda — Continued.

Species .

Chonostrophia helderbergise Hall

Chonostrophia reversa ("Whitfield)

Cliristiania subquadrata Hall

Conchidium knighti Nettelroth

Conchidium ( ?) salienense (Swallow)

Cranaena iowensis (Calvin)

Cranasna romingeri Hall

Crania agariciiia Hall and Clarke

Crania aurora Hall

Crania bella Billings

Crania centralis Hall

Crania crenistriata Hall

Crania famelica Hall and Whitfield

Crania favincola Hall and Clarke

Crania granosa Hall and Clarke

Crania greenii Miller

Crania leoni Hall

Crania pulchella Hall and Clarke

Crania sheldoui White

Craniella hamiltonii© Hall

Cryptonella ( ?) circula Walcott. Devonian.

* Cryptonella ( ?) endora Hall

Cryptonella ( ?) eximia Hall

Cryptonella iphis Hall

Cryptonella lens Hall

Cryptonella ovalis Miller -

Cryptonella pinonensis Walcott

Cryptonella planirostra Hall

Cryptonella rectirostra Hall

Cy clorliina nobilis Hall

Cyrtia cyrtinaformis Hall and Whitfield

Cyrtia norwoodi (Meek)

Cyrtina affinis Billings

Cyrtina billingsi Meek

Cyrtina biplicata Hall

Cyrtina crassaHall

Cyrtina curvilineata White

Cyrtina dalmani Hall

Cyrtina davidsoni Walcott

Cyrtina hamiltonensis Hall

Cyrtina hamiltonensis recta Hall

Cyrtina missouriensis (Swallow)

Cyrtina ( ? ) occidentalis (Swallow)

Cyrtina rostrata (Hall)

Cyrtina tiquetra (Hall)

Cyrtina umbonata (Hall)

Cyrtina umbonata alpenensis Hall and Clarke.

Dalmanella concinna (Hall)

Dalmauella devonica (Walcott)

Dalmanella infera (Calvin)

Dalmanella lenticularis ( Vanuxem)

Eodevonian.

Lower
Hel-
der-
berg,

Oris-
kiiny.

X?

X

ED

Mesodevonian.

Scho-
harie,
Cornif-
erous.

Co

Co?

Tullt,
Hamil-
ton,
Marcel-
lus.

H?
MD
H

Co

Co

H

H

MD

H

H
M, H

Co
Co

H

M,H
H
H

MD

H

Co
Co

Co

Co

Keodevonian.

Port-
age,
Huron,
Gene-
see.

H

MD
H
H
H
H

Co

H
H
H

Che-
mung,
Ithaca.

I,C

ND

ND
I

C

46

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

[BULL. 87.

Table YI. — Devonian Brachiopoda — Contiuued.

Eodevonian.

Mesodevonian. Neodevonian.

•

Species.

Lower
Hel-
der-
berg.

Oris-
kanj'.

Scho-
harie,
Cornif-
erous.

Tully. 1 Port-
Hamil- age,

ton, Huron,
Marcel- Gene-

lus. see.

C he-
lming,
Ithaca.

Dalmanella lepida Hall

H

Dalmanella perelegans Hall

X X X X

X
X

Dalmauolla plaiioconvexa Hall

.. 1

Dalmanella quadrans Hall

i

Dalmanella subcarinata Hall

I ' '"'

Dalmanella superstes Hall and Clarke

1

c

Dalmanella tenuilineata Hall

c.

Delthyris consobrina (d'Orbigny)

H

Delthyria mesacostalis Hall

I C

Delthyris perlamellosa (Hall)

X

Delth vris raricosta Conrad

Co

Delthvris aciilDtilis Hall ----

H

Dielasma calvini Hall and Whitfield

c

H

Eatouia coulteri Miller and Giirley

X

T^jitoTiia ftminens Hall

X

X

j

T^fltftTiia medialis fVanuxem) --

X
X
X

1
1

X

1

T'.itfinifl fiiTiiiata Hall . ............................

X

Inlflfntiin ( '^ variabilis Whiteaves

H

Kaiftnia 'whittieldi Hall .......

X

"F.Tinftna liarnionia Hall ...... ....'.........'......'....

Co

^^'^^7^p^l'^ llTirlcliPTli Hall ........ ......................

M H

"Fnnplln «?iTrmln,tnr Hall ..............o............

H

Co

riln<i«iitia Ipia.na, /Hall^ ...........................

H

rMnflainn cmat-irma, /Hall^ . ....................

X

H
MD

X

frvnidnia lapA^'insciila Hall . ........................

MD

fi-vriifliila lot is ^ Waloott)

ND

MD

X

H
H

Gypidula subglobosa (Meek and Worthen)

X

MD

Tu

MD

M

TTvnnthvrifl r.iiboidfts f Sowerbv^ .....................

TUcnfttbvri** pmrnfiTisi f Hall and "W^hitfield) ......

-

1

1

0

Tiftiorb vTif'hiis liRrate Clarlte . ................

G

c

H
M,H

Tjftiorbvnrbus lo.slpvi Hall and Clarke ...

ND

Tjeinrbvnrbnfl limitarp ^T^aniixpin^

M

Leiorhynchus mesacostale Hall

,,,...,,

P

i,c

SCHUCHERT.]

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

47

Table YI. — Devonian Brachiopoda — Continued.

Ei)devonian.

Mesodevonian.

Species.

Leiorliy nclius mysia Hall

Leiorbyuchus nevadense Walcott

Leiorbyncliiis quadricostatum (Yanuxem)..

Leiorhyncliusrobustum Hall and Clarke

Leiorbynchu8sesquiplicatum A. Wincbell .

Leiorbyncb lis sinuatum Hall

1*Leptienarhomboidalis (Wilckens)

LeptEena rbomboidalis ventricosa Hall

Leptsenisca adnascens Hall and Clarke

Leptienisca concava Hall

Lepta;nisca tangens Hal!

Lindstroemellaaspidiuiii Hall

Lingula albapinensls "Walcott

Lingula arterais Billings

Lingula centrilineata Hall

Lingula ceryx Hall

Lingula complanata "Williams

Lingula compta Hall and Clarke

Lingula concentrica Conrad

*Lingiila cuyaboga Hall

Lingula delia Hall

Lingula densa Hall ,

Lingula desiderata Hall

Lingula ligea Hall

Lingula ligea nevadensis "Walcott

Lingula lonensia "Walcott

Lingula lucretia Billings

Lingula niaida Hall

Lingula manni Hall

Lingula minuta Meek

Lingula nuda Hall

Lingula perlataHall

liingula punctata Hall

Lingula rectilatera Hall

Lingula scutella Hall and Clarke

Lingula spatbata Hall

Lingula spatulata Vanuxem

Lingula tbedfordensis "Wbiteaves

Lingula triquetra Clarke ,

Lingula whitii "Walcott

Lingulella ( ?) paliformis Hall

Lingulodiscina exilis (Hall)

Lissopleura iequivalvis (Hall)

Martinia atbyroides A. Wincbell ,

Martinia glancerasi (White)

Martinia ( ?) insolita A. Wincbell

Martinia niaia (Billings)

Martinia meristoides Meek

Martinia sublineata Meek ,

Martinia suburabona (Hall) ,

Megalanteris condoui (McCbesney )

Lover
Hel-
der-
berg.

X
X
X

X

Oris-
kany.

Scbo-
barie.
Cornif-
erous.

Tully,
Hamil-
ton,
Marcel-
lus.

M

MD

M

Neodevouian.

X

X

Co

X?

ED
ED

X?

H
H

Co?

Co

I

Co

ED

Co

H
H

H
H

H

H
H

H

H

H

H
M

H
H

H

H

M,H

Port

age,

Huron,

Gene-
see.

G

Che-
mung,
Itbaca.

C
C

P

Hu

ND

I
C

I

48

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

[BULL. 87.

Table VI. — Devonian BracMopoda — Continued.

Eodevonian.

Mesodevonian.

Neodevonian.

Species.

Lower
Hel-
der-

berg.

Oris-
kany.

Scho-
harie,
Cornit-
erous.

Tally,
Hiimil-

ton,
Marcel-

lU8.

Port-
age,
Huron,
Gene-
see.

Che-
mung,
Ithaca.

X

Meristii eloiigata Hall

X
X
X
X

IVIerista tennesaeenaia Hall

Merista tvpa Hall

Meristella arcuata Hall

Meristella barrisi Hall

1

M,H

Meriatella bella (Hall)

X
X

1

Meristella (.') blancha (Billin°'s) . .

Meristella clusia (Billings)

Co
Co

Meristellfl ilnria Hall .

H

""

Meristella ( ?) liouo'litoni (A. Winchell)

Hu

Meristella laevis ( Vanuxem)

X

Mftristfilln lnt!i. TTjill

X

Meristella lens (A. "Winchell) . , . ..

H

Meristella lenta Hall

X

ATpristplIfl, mppVi TTall

.......

X

Meri-stella meta Hall

H

Meristella nasuta (Conrad)

Co

X

Meristella rostrata Hall . .

H

Meristella subqn.adrata (Hall)

X

Meristella ■wulcotti Hall and Clarke

X

Arptnpla.qiii, di'spnrili-H (Hall)

Co

Mptnplnsin pYYiHntn (Hall)

X

Newberria claypoli Hall

H

MD

H

H

^ewberria johannis Hall

,

Ve wberria Isevis (Meek)

Vewberria missouriensi.s Hall

^ucleospira concentrica Hall

X

^ueleospira concinna Hall

Co

H

INucleospiraelegana Hall

X
X

Nucleospira ventricosa Hall

1

OrbicTiloidea alleghania (Hall)

1

c

Orbiculoidea ampla Hall

X

Orbiculoidea conradi (Hall)

X
X

Orbiculoidea discus Hall

Orbiculoidea doria (Hall)

H

Orbiculoidea elmira (Hall)

c

Orbiculoidea humilis (Hall)

M,H

Orbiculoidea jervensi's (Barrett)

X

Orbiculoidea lodensia (Vanuxem)

G

Orbiculoidea lodensis media Hall

M,H

H

M,H

c

Orbiculoidea marginalia (Whitfield) ....

Orbiculoidea minuta Hall

Orbiculoidea neglecta (Hall)

c

Orbiculoidea randalli Hall

H

H

Tu

Orbiculoidea seneca (Hall)

Orbiculoidea tullia (Hall) . ....

Oriskania navicella Hall and Clarke

X

Ortbis ( 0 eryua Hall

Co

SCHUCHEET.]

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

49

Table VI. — Devonian BracMopoda — Continued.

Species.

Orthis ( ?) tenuistriata Hall

Oitbostrophia atrophomenoldes Hall

Orthothetes auomala (A. "Winchell)

Ortliotlietes bellulus Clarke , .

Orthothetes chemungensis (Conrad)

Orthothetes chemungensis arctostriata Hall . .

Orthothetes chemungensis perversus Hall

Orthothetes deformis Hall

Orthothetes deformis sinuata Hall .and Clarke.

Orthothetes flabelluni (Whitfield)

Orthothetes pandora (Billings)

Orthothetes prava Hall

lOrthothetes subplana (Conrad)

Orthothetes woolworthana Hall

Parazyga deweyi Hall

Parazj-ga hirsuta Hall

Pentagonia unisulcata (Conrad)

Pentamerella arata (Conrad)

Pentanierella borealis (Meek)

Pentamerella dubia Hall

Pentamerella Intralineata (A. Winchell)

Pentamerella micula Hall

Pentamerella obsolescens Hall

Pentamerella pavillionensis Hall

Pentamerella thusnelda Nettelroth

Pholidops arenaria Hall

Pholidops areolata Hall

Pholidops bellula Walcott

Pholidops calceola Hall and Clarke

Pholidops greenii Miller and Gurley

Pholidops hamiltonia; Hall

Pholidops lepis Hall and Clarke

Pholidops oblata Hall

Pholidops ovata Hall :

Pholidops patina Hall and Clarke

Pholidops qu.adrangularis Walcott

Pholidops terminalis Hall

Pholidostrophia iowensis (Owen)

Plectorthis ( ?) aurelia (Billings)

Productella arctirostrata Hall

Prodnctella bial veata Hall

Productella boydi Hall

Prodnctella costatula Hall

Productella costatula strigata Hall

Productella dumosa Hall

Productella eriensis Nicholson

Productella exanthemata H.1II

Productella halLana Walcott

Productella hirsuta Hall

Productella hirsuta reotispina Hall

Productella hirsutiformo ( W.alcott)

Bull. 87 4

Eodevonian.

Lower
Hel-
dcr-
berg

X
X

X
X
X

Oris-
kany.

Mesodevonian.

Scho-
harie,
Cornif-
erous.

Co

Co
Co

ED

ED

X

Co
Co
Co

Co

Co

Co

Co

Co

Co
Co

TuUy,
Hamil-
ton,
Marcel
lus.

H

M

M, H
H

M

H
H

H

H?

H

H?

H?

H

H
H

H
H

Neodevonian.

Port-
age,
Huron.
Gene-
see.

Che-
mung,
Ithaca.

ND?

C
C

c
c
c

ND

c

c

ND

50

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.
Table YI. — Devonian Brachiojmda — Continued.

Eodevonian.

Mesodevonian.

Neodevonian.

Species.

Lower
Hel-
der-
berg.

Oris-
kany.

Scho-
harie,
Cornif-
erous.

Tully,
Hamil-

tou,
Marcel-

IU3.

Port-
age,
Huron,
Gene-
see.

Che-
mung,
Ithaca.

Trn(lnpt.pnn ladirvmoflfl, ^Oonrflfl^

0

C

C

!

H
H
H

1

T*rn*liiptflln nnvippll.i TTnll

i

Co

1

c

H
H

c

Co

P

I, c

Co

M,H

c

MD
H

Productella tullia Hall

P

I

PiiP'Tiax TiiKmim altns ^D-ilvin^

KD

X

X
X

Tifiissfiljpria pnmliorlaTidifp TTa.lI

T^PTissflflprifi, plliTifipa TTall

X

X
X

TiPTisaelrPria* miitaViilis Hall

X

Tifinssfilflpria ovoidpa (Eaton t

X
X

TJpTm^plflpria, ovalnin TTall and fMartfi

H

M,H

H

Reticularia fimbriata (Conrad)

X

Co

I

liet.iciilaria frantlini (jST<*Gk)

Tipfi fill! aria knmii^iaiin. (N^pttplroth^

Co

P

I

X

X

Tieticularianevadensis f^V^alcott) .

KD

Itetlciilaria C^) nvmnha (^Billincrs^

X

!Rptipiilaria "nriprnatnra /TTalli

.

c

H

Ketzia ('^ ) DolvDleura A. "W^inchell

P

Retzia ( ' ) subo-lobosa Hall

S

s

Rliipidomella alsa Hall

lihiDidornella assimilis Hall

X

Co

X

H
M,H

liliiDidornGlla cvclaa TTall

Ktiiuidoiiiclla dispus Hall

X
X

TiliiTiidoniella eminens Hall

lihiDidoniella froodwiui f^pttplrntlii

H

H
H

Co

Itiiipidomella lucia Billings

X

!

SCHUCHEET.]

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

51

Table VI. — Devonian Brachiopoda — Continued.

Eodevonian.

Mesodevonian.

If eodevonian.

Species.

Lower
Hel-
der-
berg.

Oris-
kany.

Scho-
harie,
Cornif-
erous.

Tully,
Hamil-
ton,
Marcel-
lus.

Port-
age,
Huron,
Gene-
see.

Che-
mung,
Ithaca.

RhiDidomella ( ' \ mitis ( Hall )

S

iihiDidomella luiisculoaa Sa.ll ........................

X

lihiniflonifilla olila^toi Hall

X
X

TihifiiflornGlla ol)la,tai ©marffinata Sail ...............

K,liiniflomplla "neloris Hall

s

Tihinidomella T>eneloDe Hall

H

Rhipidomella pennsylvanica (Simpson)

c

Ehipidomella semele Hall '

Co

Khipidomella soli taria Hall

H
H

* Rhii)idomella thiemii (White)

c

Khipidomella tubulostriata Hall

X

Khipidomella vanuxemi Hall

Co

M,K

Khyncbonella acutiplicata Hall

X

Khynchonella allegania Williams

c

Khynchonella altiplicata Hall ... . -

X

Khynchonella ambigua Calvin

MD

Khynchonella aspasia Billings

X
X

Khynchonella bialveata Hall

Kh vnchonella dry ope Billings

X

Khynchonella eminens Hall

X

Kb vnchonella excellens Billings

X
X

Khynchonella fitchana Hall

Kh jnchonella gainesi Nettelrolh

H

Khynchonella huronensis A. Winchell

Hu
Hu

Khynchonella huronensis precipua A. Winchell

Khynchonella inasquiplicata Hall

Co

Khynchonella inutilis Hall

X

Khynchonella louisvillensis Nettelroth

Co

Khynchonella niainensis Billings

X

•

Khynchonella luedea Billings

Co

Khynchonella multiatriata Hall

X

X

ED

Khynchonella oblata Hall

Khynchonella occidens Walcott

Khynchonella planocon vexa Hall

X

Khynchonella principalis Hall

X
X

Khynchonella ramsayi Hall

Khynchonella raricosta Whitfield

Co
Co

Khynchonella royana Hall

Khynchonella rudis Hall

X
X

Khynchonella semiplicata (Conrad)

Khynchonella septata Hall

X

Khynchonella subacuminata Webster

c

Khynchonella sulcoplicata Hall

X

Khynchonella tenuistriata Nettelroth

Co

•

Khynchonella transversa Hall

X

Khynchonella warrenensis Swallow

ED

Rhynchospira electra Billings

X

i

Rhynchospira ( ? ) eugenia Billings

Co'

i

Rhynchospira formosa Hall

X
X

1

Rhynchospira globosa Hall

1

52 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOifSIL BRACIIIOrODA. (bull. 87.

Table VI. — Devonian BracHopoda — Coutiuued.

Species.

Rhynchospira rectirostra Hall

Khynchotrema formosa (Hall)

Roemerella grandis Vanuxem

Scenidium insignis Hall

Schizobolus concentricns (Vanuxem)

Schizocrania ( ? ) helderbergia Hall

Schizocrania superincreta Barrett

Schizophoria carinata Hall

Schizopboria macfarlanii (Meek)

Scbizophoria manitobensis Whiteaves

Schizophoria mnltistriata Hall

Schizophoria ( ? ) peduncularis Hall

Schizopboria propinqua Hall

Schizophoria striatula (Schlotheim)

Schizophoria tioga Hall

Schizophoria tulliensis (Vanuxem)

Selenella gracilis Hall and Clarke

Seminula ( ? ) rogersi Hall and Clarke

Spirifer acanthopterus (Conrad)

Spirifer acvuninatus (Conrad)

Spirifer alseformis de Verneuil

Spirifer aldrichi Etheridge. Devonian.

Spirifer amarus Swallow

Spirifer angustus Hall

Spirifer annte Swallow

Spirifer arcticus Haughton. Devonian.

Spirifer arctisegmentus Hall

Spirifer arenosus Conrad

Spirifer asper Hall

Spirifer audaculus (Conrad)

Spirifer audaculus macronotus Hall

Spirifer belphegor Clarke

Spirifer bidorsalis A. Winchell

Spirifer billingsanus Miller

Spirifer bimesialis Hall

Spirifer byrnesi Nettelroth

Spirifer concinnus.Hall

Spirifer censors A. Winchell

Spirifer corticosus HaU

Spirifer ( ? ) costalis Castelnau

Spirifer cumberlandise Hall

Spirifer cyclopterus Hall

Spirifer davisi Nettelroth

Spirifer disjunctus Sowerby

Spirifer disjunctus occidentalis Whiteaves . .
Spirifer disjunctus sulcifer Hall and Clarke.

Spirifer divaricatus Hall

Spirifer duodenarius HaU

Spirifer dupliplicatus (Conrad)

Spirifer engelmanni Meek

Spirifer euruteines Owen

Eodevonian.

Lower
Hol-
der-
berg.

X
X

X
X

Oris-
kany.

Mesodevonian.

Scho-
harie,
Cornif-
erous.

Tully,
Hamil-
ton,
Marcel-
lus.

Co

Co
Co

Co
Co

H

Neodevonian.

Port-
age,
Huron,
Gene-

MD

MD

Tu

H
H

Co
Co

X
X

H
H
H

H

M,H

H

Co?

H

H

H
H

Co
Co

H

H
MD

H

G

Che-
mung,
Ithaca.

C

ND
ND

KD

G

ND

C

ND

C

SCHUCHEET.]

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

53

Table VI. — Devonian Brachiopoda — Continued.

Species.

Spirifei- fllicostus A. Wincliell

Splrifer formosus Hall

Spirifer fornacnlus Hall

Spirifer fornax Hall

Spirifer gaspensis Billings

Spirifer granulosus (Conrad)

Spirifer gregarius Hall

Spirifer grieri Hall

Spirifer hemicyclus Meek and Worthen ....

Spirifer liobbsi Xettelroth

Spirifer hungerfordi Hall

Spirifer huronensis A. "Wiuchell

Spirifer intermedins Hall

Spirifer inutilis Hall

Spirifer iowensis Owen

Spirifer kennicotti Meek

Spirifer macbridii Calvin

Spirifer macconathii Kettelroth

Spirifer macrus Hall

Spirifer macropleurus (Conrad)

Spirifer macrothyris Hall

Spirifer manni Hall

Spirifer marcyi Hall

Spirifer mesastrialis Hall

Spirifer multicostatus Castelnau

Spirifer murcliisoui Castelnau

Spirifer nictavensis Dawson

Spirifer octocostatus Hall

Spirifer orestes Hall aud Wbitfield

Spirifer paradoxus (ScLlothoim)

Spirifer i^ennatus (At water)

Spirifer pennatus posterns Hall and Clarke

Spirifer pennatus tuUiensis "Williams

Spirifer perextensus Meek and Worthen . . .

Spirifer perteuuis Hall

Spirifer pharovicinus A. "Wincbell

Spirifer piuonensis Meek

Spirifer pluto Clarke

Spirifer rectiplicatus (Conrad)

Spirifer saffordi Hall ,

Spirifer segmentus Hall

Spirifer strigosus Meek. Devonian.

* Spirifer subattenuatus Hall

Spirifer subdccussatus Whiteaves

Spirifer submucronatus Hall

Spirifer substrigosus Webster

Spirifer subvarieosus Hall and Whitfield. . .

Spirifer tenuis Hall

Spirifer tenuistriatus Hall ,

Spirifer tribulis Hall

Spirifer tullius Hall

Eodevonian.

Lower
Hel-
der-
berg.

Oris-
kany.

Mesodevonian.

Scbo-
barie,
Cornif-
erous.

X
X

ED

X?

Co
Co

Co

Co
Co

Co?

Co

Co

Co

Tully,
Hamil-
ton,
Marcel-
lus.

H
H
H
H

H

MD
MD

Keodevonian.

Port-
age,
Huron,
Gene-
see.

Cbe-
mung,
Ithaca.

ND

ND

I,C

M,H

Tu

H

MD

H?
H

I
C

Hu
G

ND

54

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

[BULL. 87.

Tabi.k VI. — Devonian Bracliiopoda — Continued.

Species.

Eodevonian.

Lower
Hol-
der-
berg.

Spirifer urbanus Calvin

Spirifer varicosus Hall

Spirifer ATliitneyi Hall

Spirifer -willianisi Hall and Clarke

Spirifer wortlienanus Schuchert

Spirifer ■wortbeni Hall

Stringocephalus burtini Defrance

Strophalosia bystrictila Hall

Stroplialosia mnricata Hull

Strophalosia radicans (A. Wincbell)

Stropbalosia rockfordensis Hall

Strophalosia tnmcata ( Hall)

Stropheodonta alveata Hall

Stropheodonta arcuata Hall

Stropheodonta beckii Hall

Stropheodonta blainvillii (Billings)

Stropheodonta callawayensis Swallow

Stropheodonta callosa Hall

Stropheodonta calviui Miller

Stropheodonta canace Hall and Whitfield

Stropheodonta cincta A. "Winchell

Stropheodonta concava Hall

Stropheodonta (?) costata Owen

Stropheodonta crebristriata Hall

Stropheodonta demissa (Conrad)

Stropheodonta demissa imitata A. "Winchell.

Stropheodonta erratica A. Winchell

Stropheodonta fleldeni Etheridge

Stropheodonta galatea (Billings)

Stropheodonta bemispherica Hall

Stropheodonta infequiradiata Hall

Stropheodonta inajquistriata (Conrad)

Stropheodonta indenta (Conrad)

Stropheodonta interstrialis (Phillips)

Stropheodonta interstrialis (Vanuxem)

Stropheodonta iowensis Owen

Stropheodonta irene (Billings)

Stropheodonta jnnia Hall

Stropheodonta kemperi Swallow

Stropheodonta lincklffiui Hall

Stropheodonta macrostriata (Walcott)

Stropheodonta magnifica Hall

Stropheodonta magniventra Hall

Stropheodonta mucronata (Conrad)

Stropheodonta navalis Swallow

Stropheodonta navalis boonensis Swallow . . .

Stropheodonta parva Owen

Stropheodonta parva Hall

Stropheodonta patersoni Hall

Stropheodonta perplana (Conrad)

Stropheodonta perplana nervosa Hall

Oris,
kany.

Mcsodevonian. Neodevonian

Scho-
harie,
Cornif-
erous.

Co

Co

ED

Tully,
Hamil-
ton,
Marcel
lus.

Port-
age, I Che-
Huron, mung,

Gene- Ithaca,
see.

H

H
MD

H

M,H

Co

Co

Co

ED
ED

Co
Co
Co

ED

X
X

Co

H

H

H
H

MD
H

H

M,H

MD

H
H

H
H
H

Co
Co
Co

H

C
C

C

c

c

I

c
c

ND

I
ND?

I,C

I

scHucHEET.] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Table VI. — Devonian Brachiopoda — Continued.

55

Eodevonian.

Mesodevonian.

Jfeodevonian.

Species.

Lower
Hel-
der-
berg.

Oris-
kany.

Scho-
harie,
Cornif-
erous.

Tully,
Hamil-
ton,
Marcel-
lus.

Port-

„age,
Huron,
Gene-
see.

Che-
mung,
Ithaca.

Tu

Stropheodonta planulata Hall

X

StroDheodonta Dlicata Hall . ... . ........... .

H

Stronheodonta tullia fBillincrs^

Co

Stropheodonta Tariabilis Calvin

c

Stropheodonta varistriata (T'onrad)

X
X

Stropheodonta varistriata arata Hall

Stropheodonta vascularia Hall

X

Stropliomena ( ?) elongata Conrad

X

Strophomena ( ?) gibbosa Conrad ..

Co
Co

Strophonella ampla Hall

Strophouella cfclata Hall

c

Strophonella cavumbona Hall

X

Strophonella ( .') conradi Hall

X

i

H

Strophonella genicnlata ( Hall)

X

........

Strophonella headleyana Hall

X
X
X
X

Strophonella leavcnworthana Hall

1

Strophonella punctulifera (Conrad)

Strophonella ( ?) radiata ( Vanuxem)

Strophonella reversa Hall

C

Strophonella schohariensis Castelnau

Co?

Terebratula elia Hall

MD

Co

H
H

Terebratula traversensis A . AVinchell . . . .

Trematospira costata Hall

X
X
X

Trematospira dubia (Billings)

Trematospira equistriata Hall and Clarke

Trematospira gibbosa Hall

H

Trematospira hippoljto (Billings)

X

Trematospira ( .') liniuscula A. Winchell

H

Trematospira maria (Billings) ..

X
X

X
X

X

Trematospira multistriata Hall

X

Trematospira perforata Hall

Trematospira simplex Hall

Trematospira tennesseensis Hall and Clarke

Trigeria gaudr yi Q5hlert

X

Trigeria ( ?) lepida Hall

H

Trigeria ( ?) portlandica (Billings)

X

Tropidoleptus carinatus (Conrad)

M,H
H

Tropidoleptiis occidens Hall :

Vncinalns abruptus (Hall)

X
X
X
X
X
X
X

TTncinulus campbellanus (Hall)

Uncinulns mutabilis Hall

Uncinulus nobilis (Hall)

Uncinulus uucleolata (Hall)

TJncinulus pyramidatus (Hall)

Uncinulus vellicata Hall

Vitulina pustulosa Hall

H

"Whitfieldella ( ?) bisulcata ( Yanuxeni)

X

56

SYNOrSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.
Tablk VI. — Devonian Brachiopoda — Continued.

[liuu>. 87.

Eodevonian.

Species.

Wliitfieldella (?) harpalyce (Billings)

Zygospira ( ?) subconcava Meek and Worthen

Number of Devonian species, 663.

Number of species in each division

Number of species common to the Lower Helderberg

and the other divisions

Number of species common to the Oriskany and the

other divisions

Number of species common to the Corniferous and

the other divisions ■

Number of species common to the Hamilton and the

other divisions

Number of species common to the Genesee-Portage

and the other divisions

Nvimber of species common to the Chemung and the

other divisions

Species common to the Devonian and Carboniferous

.systems, 11.
Number of species passing from each division into

the Carboniferous

Lower
Hel-
der-
berg

Oris-
kany.

X
X

129

Mesodevonian.

Scho-
harie,
Cornif-
erous.

104

15
7

128

15

Tully,
Hamil-
ton,
Marcel-
lus.

Neodevonian.

Port-
age,
Huron,
Gene-
see.

238

27

27

12

Che-
iimng,
Ithaca.

41
1

12

117
2
3
7
22
17

10

SCHUCHEET.]

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

57

Table VII. — Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopoda.

[B = Burlington ; EC ^^ Eocarboniferous ; Kr= Keokuk; Ka =t Kaskaskia ; SL = St. Louis. Species
preceded by an obelisk (t) are found in the Devonian also.]

Eocarboniferous.

Meso-
carbon-
iferous.

Neo-
carbon-
iferous.

Species.

Kinder-
hook.

Keo-
kuk,
Bur-
lington.

Kaskas-

kia,
St. Louis.

Coal
Meas-
ures.

Per-
mian.

A pamboTia oflRffftnaia f Swallow^ ......

X

B

X
- - -.

X

X

Athyris biloba (A. Winchell)

X

X

Athvris flenaa; Hall aud Clarke

SL

X

B

B

1

Athvria intervarica McChesnev

Athyris ( ?) jacksoni (Swallow)

X

X

X

EC

X

K

Athvris miasourienais (A. TV^inchell^

Athvrifl monticola ( \Vhit6) ...

Ka

Athyris (^) perinflata McChesney

K

Athyris prouti (Swallow) .

X

Athyris nltravarica McChesney

K

Aulacorhynchus millipunctata (Meek and Worthen)

X

X

Beecheria davidsoni Hall and Clarke

Camarophorella lenticularis (White aud Whitfield)

B

Camarophoria ( ?) bisulcata Shumard

X

B

Camarophoria explanata (McChesney)

Ka

Camarophoria occidentalis Miller

B

K

Camarophoria ringens (Swallow)

Camarophoria subcuneata Hall

SL

Camarophoria subtrigona Meek and Worthen

K

EC

Camarophoria (?) wortheui (Hall)

SL

ICamarotcechia contraota Hall

X
X
X

Camarotoechia sagerana (A. Winchell)

ICamarotcechia sappho Hall

Centronella (?)allii A. Winchell

Centronella ( ?) crassicardinalis Whitfield

SL

Centronella ( ?) flora A. Winchell

X
X

Chonetes geniculata White

Chonetes glabra Geinitz

X
X

Chonetes granulifera Owen

X

Chonetes illinoiensis Worthen

B
B
B

Chonetes logani Norwood and Pratten .

X

tChonetes logani aurora Hall

Chonetes loganensis Hall and Whitfield

X

Chonetes mesolobus Norwood and Pratten

X
X

Chonetes michigancDsis Stevens .--.-- . -. ......

Chonetes niulticosta A. Winchell

X

X

B

Chonetes ornata Shumard

58

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL 15KACHI0P0DA.

[BDIX. 87.

Table VII, — Carboniferoua and Permian Brachiopoda — Continued.

Species.

Chonetes parva Shumard

Chonetes permiana Shumard

Chonetes planumbona Meek and Worthen —

Chonetes platynotus "White

Chonetes piilchella A. Winchell

tChonetes setigera (Hall)

Chonetes shumardiana de Koninck

Chonetes tumida Herrick ,

Chonetes variolata d'Orbigny

Chonetes verneuiliana Norwood and Pratten .

Chonetes vorneuiliana utahensis Meek

Chonopectus fischeri (Norwood and Pratten)

Cleiothyris clintouensis (Swallow)

Cleioth yris crassicardinalis (White)

Cleiothyris hirsnta (Hall)

CleiothjTis missouriensis (Swallow) ,

Cleiothyris obmaxima (McChesney)

Cleiothyris obvia (McChesney)

Cleiothyris orbicularis (McChesney) ,

Cleiothyris reflexa (Swallow)

Cleiothyris roissyi (L'EveiUe)

Cleiothyris squamosa (Worthen) ,

Crania chesterensis MiUer and Gurley

Crania ItBvis Keyes

Crania modesta White and St. John

Crania (?) permiana Shumard

Crania reposita White

Crania rowleyi Gurley

Cryptacanthja compacta White and St. John ,

t Cryptonella ( ?) eudora Hall

Cryptonella ( ?) inconstans (Herrick)

Cryptonella subeUiptica Hall and Clarke

Cryptonella alta Hall

Cy rtina acutirostris (Shumard)

Cyrtina burlingtonensis (Rowley)

Cyrtina lachrymosa Hall and Clarke

Cyrtina neogenes Hall and Clarke

Cyrtina triplicata Simpson

I»erbya affinis Hall and Clarke

Derbya bennetti Hall and Clarke

Derbya biloba Hall

Derbya broadheadi Hall and Clarke

Derbya ( ?) costatula Hall and Clarke

Derbya crassa (Meek and Hayden)

Derbya cymbula Hall and Clarke

Derbya kaskaskiensis (McChesney)

Derbya kookuk Hall

Derbya pratteni (McChesney)

Derbya robusta (Hall)

Derbya ruginosa Hall and Clarke

Eocarboniferous.

Kinder-
hook.

Keo-
kuk,
Bur-
lington,

X
X

X
X

X
X
X

Kaskas-

kia,
St. Louis.

K

Meso- I Neo-
carbon- \ carbon-
il'erous. iferous.

Coal
Meas-
ures.

K

B

Ka

SL, Ka

K

B

B

Ka

SL

SL, Ka

SL

Ka

B

K

Ka

Ka

K

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X

x

X
X

X

X

Per-
mian.

SCHUCHERT.]

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

59

Tablk VII. — Carioniferous and Permian Brachiopoda — Continued.

Ei'carboniferous.

Meso-
carboa-
iferous.

Keo-
carbon-
iferous.

Species.

Kinder-i ku^ ^askas-

^'"'^- li^Vn St.Louis.
lington.:

1 1

Coal

Meas-
ures.

Per-
mian.

X

X

Diplasma fnmrin'sa Hall ...

SL

1^

1

Diplasnia oliovatn iTall and Clarto ......

X?

X

1

i

E

X

Dielasma alniniardana IVTiller . . . ...... .

1

Ka
Ka

1

Enteletes hemiDlicata Hall

X : X

Eumetria f ^) altirofltrisf Whiter ..

X

SL, Ka

^.UUBLIlJ,lIl<ilL>HOIlUIIld,IU;

Eumetria niaroyi coatata Hall

Ka

Eiinietria "wooateri f W^hite^

XI 1

X

Glossina nebraskeBsis (Meeli)

X

Glossina sedaliensia fMiller^

X
X

.. .

X
X
X
X

Hustedia ( ^) meekana (Shumard)

Hnstf»dia, mnrinnni /Arnrp.r»ii^

Hustedia ( ?) papillata (Sliuiuard)

Hustedia ( ?) triangularis (Miller)

X

Leiorh ynchus boonense (Shumard)

15

Leiorhynclius ne wberryi Hall

X
X

tLeptasna rhomboidalis (Wilckens) .

Lingula atra Herrick

X

Liingula carbonaria Shumard

v;

Lingula erawfordavillensis Gurley

K

1 Lingula cuvahoga Hall -

X

X

X

Lingula gorbyi Miller

i

Lingula halli "White

B

t

Lingula indianensis Miller and Gurlev

1

Lingula meeki Herrick.

X

X
X

Lingula melie Hall. ..

Lingula membranacea A. Winchell

Linirula mvtiloide.s Sowerbv

X

Lingula paracletus Hall and Clarke

X

Lingula parrishi Miller

X
X
X

Lingula tight i Herrick

Lingula umbonata Cox ...

Lingula varaoviense Wo^'then

SL

Lingulodiscina ( ?) connata Walcott

EC

Lingulodiscina newberryi Hall

X
X

j

Lingulodiscina pleurites (Meek) '

j

Martinia glabra (Martin) .

X '

Ka

Martinia laevigata (Swallow)

K

60

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

[hull. 87.

Table VII. — Carhoitiferous and Permian Brachiopoda — Continued.

Eocarboniferous.

Meso-
carbon-
iferous.

Neo-
carbon-
iferous.

Species.

Kinder-
hook.

Keo-
kuk,
Bur-
lington.

Kaskas-

kia,
St. Louis.

Coal
Mea.s-
uros.

Per-
mian.

Meekella occidentalis (Newli)erry)

X X X X

Meekella ( ?) occidentalis (Swallow)

Meekella pyramidalis (Newberry)

Meekella striatocostala (Cox) -.

1

X

Meristella ( ?) incerta Simpson

X
X

X

Nucleospira barrisi "White

Orbiculoidea ( ?) capax (White)

Orbiculoidea capuliformis (McChesnev)

X
X

1

Orbiculoidea calialieri (A. AViiichell)

X
X

Orbiculoidea hertzeri Hall and Clarke

Orbiculoidea keokuk (Gurley)

K

Orbiculoidea illinoiensis (Miller and Gurley)

X

Orbiculoidea niagnilica Herrick

X

Orbiculoidea manhattenensis (Meek and Hayden)

X
X
X
X

Orbiculoidea missouriensis (Shumard)

Orbiculoidea ( ^) niunda (Miller and Gurley)

Orbiculoidea nitida (Phillips)

Orbiculoidea patellari.s (A. "Winchell)

X
EC

X

Orbiculoidea saffordi ( A.. Winchell)

Orbiculoidea sampsoni (Miller)

Orbiculoidea subtrigonalis (McChesney)

X
X
X

Orbiculoidea tenuiliueata (Meek and Hayden)

Orbiculoidea utahensis (Meek)

Orbiculoidea varsovien.si8 ( Worthen)

K

Orthis ( ?) flava A. Winchell

X

Orthothetes crenistrius (Phillips)

EC

Orthothetes desideratus Hall and Clarke

X
X
X
X

Orthothetes inrequalia (Hall)

Orthothetes inflatus ( White and Whitfield)

Orthothetes lens (White) »

EC

Proboscidella ( ?) clava (Norwood and Pratten)

X

Productella arcuata Hall

X X X X X X

Productella concentrica (Hall)

.

t Productella lachrymosa stigmata Hall

Productella pyxidata Hall

Productella shumardana Hall

t Productella speciosaHall

Productns alternatus "Norwood and Pratten

K

Productus altonensis Norwood and Pratten

SL

X

Productus bisinuatus Hall . ---

SL

Productus blairi Miller

X

Productus boliviensis d'Orbigny

X
X
X
X

Productus boonensis Swallow

Productus boonensis elevata Swallow

Productus buchiauus de Koninck

Productus burlingtonensis Hall

B

Productus carbonarius de !Koninck. Carboniferous.

SCHUCHERT.]

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

61

Table VII. — Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopoda — Continued.

Species.

ProducUis confragosus Conrad

Productus cooperensis Swallow

Productua cora d'Orbigny

Productus cora mogoyoni Maroon

Productus coraeformis Swallow

Productus costatoides Swallow

Productus costatus de Koninck

Productus curtirostratus A. Winchell

Productus delawari Marcou

Productus depressus Swallow

Productus dolorosus A. Wiuchell

Productus duplicostatus A. 'Winchell

Productus fasciculatus McCheaney

Productus fentonensis Swallow

Productus flmbriatus Sowerby

Productus flexistrius McCoy

Productus giganteus (Martin)

Productus gracilis A. Winchell

Productvis gradatus Swallow

Productus granulosus Phillips

Productus hepar Morton

Productus hildrethanus Norwood and Pratten . . .

Productus indianensis Hall

Productus inflatus McChesney

Productus ivesi Newberry

Productus Ifevicostus "White

Productus laaallensis "Worthen

Productus latissimus Sowerby

Productus leuchtenbergensis de Koninck

Productus longispinus Sowerby ?

Productus longus Meek. Carboniferous.

Productus magnicostatus Swallow

Productus magnus Meek and "Worthen

Productus margaritaceus Phillips

Productus marginicinctus Prout

Productus mesialis Hall ■

Productus mesolobus Phillips. Carboniferous.

Productus mexicanus Shuniard

Productus morbillianus A. 'Winchell

Productus multistriatus Meek. Carboniferous.

Productus iiiuricatus Norwood and Pratten

Productus nanus Meek and Worthen

Productus nebrascensis Owen

Productua novadensis Meek

Productus newberryi Hall

Productus newberryi annosus Herrick ,

Productus nodocostatus Herrick

Productus nodosus Newberry

Productus norwoodi Swallow

Productus occidentalis Newberry

Eocarboniferous .

I Keo-
Kinder-[ kuk,
hook. Bur-
lington.

X
X

X

X
X

EC
K

K

Kaskas-

kia,
St. Louis.

SL

Ka

SL.»
Ka
EC

K
K

SL

K

K

B

SL

Meso-
carbon-
iferous.

Coal
Meas-
ures.

X
X

X

X

Neo-
carbon-
iferous.

X?

X
X

X
X

X
X?
X?
X

X

X

X
X
X
X

X
X
X

Per-
mian.

X

62 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bill. 87.

Table VII. — Carhoniferoua and Permian Brachiopoda — Continued.

Species.

Kinder-
hook.

Productus ovatus Hall

Productus parvulns A. AVinchell

Productus parvus Meek and "Worthen

Productus pertenuis Meek

Productus phillipsi Norwood and Pratten. Carboniferous.

Productus pileolus Shumard

Productus pocillum Morton

Productus popii Shumard

Productus punctatus (Martin)

Productus pustulosus Phillips

Productus raricostatus Herrick

Productus rushvillensis Herrick

Productus scabriculus (Martin)

Productus scitulus Meek and "Worthen

Productus 8eniireticulatu.s (Martin) ,

Productus semireticulatus kansasensis Swallow

Productus semistriatus Meek

Productus subhorridus Meek. Carboniferous.

Productus swallovi Beecher

Productus symmetricus McChesney

Productus tenuicostatus Hall

Productus undiferus de Koninck

Productus viniinalis "White

Productus wortheni Hall

Productus weyprechti Toula

Ptychospira sexplicata "White and "Whitfield

Pugnax dawsonianus (Davidson)

Pugnax globulina (Davidson)

Pugnax grosvenori Hall

Pugnax mutatus Hall

Pugnax ottumwa ("White)

Pugnax pugnus missouriensis ( Shumard)

Pugnax rockymontanus (Marcou)

Pugnax striatocostatus (Meek and "Worthen)

Pugnax swallovanus (Shumard)

Pugnax Utah (Marcou)

Reticularia cooperensis (Swallow)

Eeticularia guadalupensis (Shumard)

Reticularia perplexa (McChesney)

Eeticularia perplexa striatolineata (Swallow)

Eeticularia pseudolineata (Hall)

Eeticularia setigera (Hall)

Eeticularia ( ? ) temeraria (Miller)

Eeticularia tenuispinata (Herrick)

Eeticularia translata (Swallow)

Eetzia ( ? ) circularis Miller

Eetzia ( ? ) plicata Miller

Eetzia ( ? ) popeana Swallow

Ehipirtomella biirlingtonensis Hall

Ehipidomella clarkensis (Swallow)

Eocarboniferous.

Meso-
carbon-
iferous.

X

X

Keo-
kuk,
Bur-
lington.

K

X

B

K

K

Kaskas-

kia,
St. Louis.

SL

Coal
Meas-
ures.

Ka

EC
SL
SL

Ka

SL

SL
SL
SL

B, K

B

X
X
X

B
K

Ka

Ka

X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X

Neo-
carbon-
iferous.

Per-
mian.

SCHUCHERT.]

TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

63

Table YII. — Carboniferous and Permian Brachiopoda — Continued.

Eocarboniferous.

Meso-
carbon-
iferoua.

Neo-
carbon-
iferoua.

Species.

Kinder-
hook.

Keo-
kuk,
Bur-
lington.

Kaskas-

kia,
St. Louis.

Coal
Meas-
ures.

Per-
mian".

HbiDidomella dalvana /Millpr^

B

Rhlpidomella dubia Hall

SL

X

X

X
X

Rhipidomella nevadensis (Meek). Carboniferous.

Ehipidomella oweni Hall and Clarke

Ehipidomella jjecosi (Marcou)

X

Khipidomella subelliptica (White and Whitfield)

1 Rhipidomella thiemii (White)

X
X
X

Rliynchonella acadiensis Davidson

X
X

Rhynchonella algeri McChesnev

Rhynchonella arctirostrata Swallow

SL

X
X

1

Rhynchonella carbonaria McChesney

1

X

X

1

Rhynchonella eurekensis Walcott

EC

Rhynchonella evangelina Hartt ..-..

X

X

Rhynchonella guadalupe Shumard

Rhynchonella lieteroijsis A. Winchell

X
X

!

Rhynchonella hubbardi A. Winchell

Rhyuchonella ida Hartt

X
X
X

Rhynchonella illinoisensis Worthen

Rhynchonella indentata Shumard

Rhynchonella macra Hall

SL

Rhynchonella medialis Simpson

Rhynchonella nietalliea White .

X

1

X

Rhynchonella micropleura A. Winchell

X
X
X

1

Rhynchonella obsolescens Hall

Rhynchonella opposita White and Whitfield

Rhynchonella perrostellata Swallow

SL

Rhynchonella persinuata A. Winchell

Rhynchonella pleurodon ( Phillips)

X

X

Rhynchonella ricinula Hall

SL

Rhynchonella striata Simpson

X
X
X

Rhynchonella subcircularis A. Winchell

Rhynchonella tetraptyx A. Winchell

Rhynchonella texana Shumard

X

Rhynchonella tuta Miller

B

Rhynchonella unica A. Winchell

X
X
X
X
X
X

Rhynchonella whitii A. Winchell

Rhynchopora pustulosa (White)

Rhynchospira ( ?) ashlandensis Herrick

Rhynchospira scansa Hall and Clarke

Eomingerina julia (A. Winchell)

Schizophoria resupinata (Martin)

EC

Schizophoria resupinoides (Cox)

V

Schizophoria swallovi Hall

B

64 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. L bull. 87.

Table YII. — Cdrhomftroiix and Permian Jirdcliiopoda — Continued.

Species.

Setniiuila argentea (.Shepard)

Semiuiila caput-serpenti-s (Swallow)

Seminwla charitonensis (Swallow)

Semiunla claytoni (Hall and Whitfield)

Soniiuula dawsoui Hall and Clarke

Semiunla formosa (Swallow)

Seminula hawni (Swallow)

Seniinula niaconensis (Swallow)

Seminula parva (Swallow)

Seminula persinuata (Meek). Carboniferous.

SeminiTla ( ?) plattensis (Swallow)

Seminula singletonii (Swallow)

Seminula subquadrata (Hall)

Seminula trinuclea Hall

Seminula •wasatchensis (White)

Spirifer acuticostatus de Koninck

Sjurifer agelaius Meek

Spirifer albapinensis Hall and "Whitfield

Spirifer anuectans Waleott

Spirifer biplicatus Hall

Spirifer boonensis Swallow

Spirifer cameratus Morton

Spirifer cameratus percrassus Swallow ,

Spirifer centronatus A. Winchell

Spirifer clavatulus McChesney

Spirifer deltoideus Herrick

Spirifer desideratus Waleott ,

Spirifer duplieostus Phillips. Carboniferous.
Spirifer fastigatus Morton. Carboniferous.

Spirifer ( ?) flmbriatus Morton

Spirifer forbesi Norwood and Pratten

Spirifer fultonensia Worthen

Spirifer grimesi Hall

Spiri fer imbrex Hall

Spirifer incertus Hall

Spirifer increbescens Hall

Spirifer increbescens americanus Swallow

Spirifer increbescens transversalia Hall

Spirifer kelloggi Swallow

Spirifer keokuk Hall

Spirifer keokuk sbelbyensis Swallow

Spirifer lateralis Hall

Spirifer latior Swallow

Spirifer leidyi Norwood and Pratten

Spirifer leidyi chesterensis Swallow

Spirifer leidyi merimacensis Swallow

Spirifer littoni Swallow

Spirifer logani Hall

Spirifer marcoui Waagen

Spirifer marionensis Shumard

Eocarboniferous.

Meso-
carbon-
iferous.

Kinder-
hook.

Keo-
kuk,
Bur-
lington.

K

Kaskaa- Coal
kia, j Meas-
St. Louis, urea.

EC

EC

B

EC

B

B
B
B

K
K

Xa
SL

Ka
Ka
Ka

SL
SL

SL
Ka

SL
SL

X

X
X

X

X

X
X

X

X

Neo-
carbon -
iferoua.

X
X
X

X

Per-
mian.

scHUCHEET] TABLES OF NORTH AMEEICAN SPECIES. 65

Table VII. — Carhoniferous and Permian Bravhiopoda — Continued.

Species.

Spirifer meeki Swallow

Spirifer mexicauus Shumard

Si>irifor missouriensis Swallow

Spirifer mortonanus lliller

Spirifer mundulus Rowley

Spirifer mysticensis Meek ,

Spirifer neglectus Hall

Spirifer newberryi Hall

Spirifer novamex-ieanus Miller

Spirifer oregonensis Shumard

Spirifer osagensis Swallow

Spirifer ovalis Phillips. Carboniferous.

Spirifer peculiaris Shumard

Sjiirifer rockymontanus Marcou

Spirifer rostellatua Hall

Spirifer rostratus Morton

Spirifer scobina Meek. Carboniferous.

Spirifer sillanus A. "Winchell

Spirifer striatiformis Meek ,

Spirifer strlatus (Martin)

Spirifer subfequalis Hall

t Spirifer subattenuatus Hall

Spirifer subeardiformi.s Hall

Spirifer suborbicularis Hall

Spirifer subrotundatu.9 Hall

Spirifer sulciferus Shumard

Spirifer taneyensis Swallow

Spirifer tenuicostatus Hall

Spirifer tenuimarginatus Hall

Spirifer texauus Meek

Spirifer trigonalis Martin

Spirifer vernonensis Swallow

Spirifer vernonensis ozarkensis Swallow. ..

Spirifer waverlyensis A. Winchell

Spirifer winchelli Herrick

Spiriferina aciculjfera Rowley

Spiriferina billingsi Shumard

Spiriferina binacuta A. Winchell

Spiriferina clarksvillensis A. Winchell

Spiriferina cristata (Schlotheim)

Spiriferina depressa Herrick

Spiriferina gonionota Meek

Spiriferina norwoodana (Hall)

Spiriferina octoidicata (Sowerby)

Spiriferina pulchra Meek

Spiriferina solidirostris White

Spiriferina spinosa (Norwood and Pratten)

Spiriferina subelliptica (McChesney)

Spiriferina subtexta White

Spiriferina transversa (McChesney)

Bull. 87 5

Eocarboniferous.

Kinder
hook.

X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

Keo- j
kuk, 1
Bur-
lington.

Kaskas-

kia,
St. Louis.

K

B

EC

K

K

K

B

K
B

Meso- Neo-
carbon- carbon-
iferous, iferous.

Coal
Meas-
ures.

Per-
mian.

SL

SL

SL

EC

X

SL

Ea

Ka

X
X

QQ SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [dull. 87.

Table VII. — Carhoniferoua and Permian Brachiopoda — Coutinned.

Eocarboniferous.

Meso-
carboii-

iferou.>4.

Neo-
farbon-
iferous.

Species.

1 Keo-
Kinder ; kuk,
hook. ' Bur-
lington.

Kaskas-

kia,
St. Louis.

Coal

Meas-
ures.

Per-
mian.

Streptorhynchua ( ?) miiltistriata Meek and Haytleii

!

X

Streptorbj'iichus ulrichi Hall and Clarke

Ka

S trick land in i a ( ?) subquadrata Herrick

!

X

Strophalosia beecberi Eowley

X

Stropbalosia cj'^mbula Hall and Clarke

K

StTopbalosia ( ?) guadalupensia (Sbumard)

X

Stropbalosia keokuk Iloecber

K

Stropbalosia nximniulina A. ^Vincbell

X
X

Stropbalosia scintilla Beecber

Stropbalosia spondvliforinis ( W^bite and St. Jobn)

X

Stropbomeua ( 1} nassiila Conrad. Carboniferoua.

X

x

X
X

B

Syrin<Totbyris extenuata (Hail)

Syringotbyris gigas (Troost), Lower Carboniferous.

Syringotbyris ( ?) plena (Hall)

B

Syringotbyris randalli Simpson

X
X

i

K

1

1

Terebratula bisacnla McChesney

Ka
SL

Terebratula brevilobata Swallow

Terebratula inornata McCbesney -

K

SL

X

X

X ?

Terebratula lapillus Morton

Terebratula mexicana Hall ■

Terebratula perintiata Sbumard

1

X

Terebratula subretzial'orma McCbesney

Ka
Ka

Terebratula utab Hall and Wbitfield

X

Torynifer criticus Hall and Clarke ..-*-.

SL

1

Number of Carboniferous species, 478,

!N^umber of species in eacb division

156 ■ Q2

71 ■ 1.58

9

Number of species common to tbe Kinderbook and the
other divisions .

1
9 ' (1

0

0

Number of species common to tbe Burlington-Xeokuk

9
0
0

0

5
1

5

4 I

Number of species common to tbe St. Louis-Kaskaskia

5 1

Number of species common to the Coal Measures and the
other divisions .,

5
1

9

Number of species common to the Permian and the other
divisions -

9

No species pass from the Carboniferous into the Mesozoic.

scHucHERT.] TABLES OF NORTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Table VIII. — Mesosoic Brachiopoda.

67

Species.

Cistella beecheri Clark

Cistella plicatilis Clark I....

Discina ( ?) pileolus Wbiteaves

Discina ( ?) semipolita Whiteaves

Discina (?) YancouYerensis Whiteaves

Kingena leonensis (Conrad)

Kiiigena wacoensis (Roemer)

Lingiila brevirostris Meek and Hayden

Lingula nitida Meek and Hayden

Lingula sbumardi Cragin

Lingula subspatulata Hall and Meek

Rhynchonella lequiplicata Gabb

Kby nchonella gnatbopbora Meek

Rbynchonella balli Gabb

Rhynchonella lacuuosa (Schlotheim)

Rhynchonella lacunosa arolica Oppel

Rhynchojiolla lingulata Gabb

Rhynchonella maudensis "Whiteaves

Rhynchonella myrina Hall and Whitfield

Rhynchonella plicatilis (Sowerby)

Rhynchonella schucberti Stanton

Rhynchonella tayloriana Lea. Habana, Cuba . .

Rhynchonella wbitneyi Gabb

Spiriferina ( ?) alia Hall and Whitfield

Spiriferina borealis Whiteaves

Spiriferina homfrayi (Gabb)

Spiriferina obtuaa (Gabb)

Terebratella californica Stanton

Terebratella ( ?) dnbitanda (Cooper)

Terebratella ( ?) imbricata (Cooper)

Terebratella obesa Gabb

Terebratella plicata (Say)

Terebratella vanuxemi Lyell and Forbes

Terebratula augusta Hall and Whitfield

Terebratula dorenbergi Felix. Mexico

Terebratula harlani Morton

Terebratula helena Whitfield

Terebratula humboltensis Gabb

Terebratula liardensis Whiteaves

Terebratula poeyana Lea. Habana, Cuba

Terebratula repellini d'Orbigny. Mexico

Terebratula robusta Whiteaves

Terebratula semisimplex White

Terebratula cfr. zieteni Loriol. Mexico

Terebratuliua atlantica (Morton)

Terebratulina filosa Conrad

Terebratuliua floridana (Morton)

Terebratulina guadalupa^ (Roemer)

Waldheimia (?) catorcensis Aguilera. Mexico.

Number of Mesozoic species, 49.

Number of species in each system

Triassic. Jurassic

X
X
X
X

Lower
Creta-
ceous.

X
X

X ?

11

X
X

X ?

X

X ?

13

Upper
Creta-
ceous.

X
X

X ?
X ?

X
X

X ?

X ?
X

X
X ?
X ?
X
X
X

X
X

X

X ?

X

X

22

' ^.'ZT.'T

68 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Table IX. — Cenozolc and liecent Brachiopoda.

Species.

Discinisca lugubris (Conrad)

Biacinisca multilineata (Conriid)

Heniithyris psittacea (Cliemuitz)

Khj-uchonella wiliningtoncnsis (Lyell and Sowerby).

Terebratula canipes Ravenel

Terebratula carneoideaGuppy. Trinidad

Terebratula deiuissiroatra Conrad

Terebratula lecta Guppy. Trinidad

Terebratula nitens (Conrad)

Terebratula trinitatensis Guppy. Trinidad

Terebratulina gracilis ( Schlotheim)

Terebratulina lacbryma (Morton)

Terebratulina tejonensis Stanton

"Waldheimia kennedyi Ball

Number of species in each division

Atretia gnomon Jelfrys

Cistella cistellula ( "Wood)

Dallina floridana (Pourtales)

Discinisca atlantica (King)

Discinisca cumingi (Broderip)

Frieleia halli Dall

Glottidia albida (Hinds)

Glottidia antillarum (Keeve)

Glottidia audebarti (Broderip)

Glottidia palmeri Dall

Hemithyris craneana Dall

Hemithyris psittacea (Chemnitz)

Kraussina pisum (Lamarck)

Lacqueus californicus (Koch)

Lacqueus jeffreysi Dall

Lacqueus vancouverensi^ Davidson

Liothyrina bartletti (Dall)

Liothyrina clarkeana Dall

Macandrevia americanum Dall

Macandrevia craniella Dall

Macandrevia cranium (Miiller)

Macandrevia diamantina Dall

Magasella aleutica Dall

Magasella labradorensis (Sowerby)

Magasella radiata Dall

Platidia anomioides ( Phillippi)

Terebratalia obsoleta Dall

Terebratalia occidentalis Dall

Terebratalia transversa (Sowerby )

Terebratella frielii Davidson

Terebratella pulvinata (Gould)

Terebratella spitz bergensis Davidson . .

Terebratulina caput-serpentis (Linne)

Terebratulina kiiensis Dall and Pillsbry

Terebratulina murray i ])avidson

Terebratulina septentrionalis Couthouy

Number of species in each ocean

CENOZOIC.

.Eocene.

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

Neocene.

X
X
X

KECENT.

North North
and Cen- 1 and Cen-
tral I Iral
American American
Atlantic. Pacific.

X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

15

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X

X
X
X

X
X

24

SCHUCHERT.J

TABLE OF SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

69

Table X. — South American fossil Brachiopoda.

[J := Jurassic. Species preceded by an asterisk (*) are found in North America also.]

Species.

* Amboccelia plauoconvexa (Shumard)

* Ampliigenia elongata (Vanuxem)

A nabia jjaraia Clarke

* Anoplotheca flabellites (Conrad)

* Camarotcechia dotis Hall

Centronella ( ?) arcii A. Ulrich

Ceutronella (?) silvetii A. Ulrich

Chonetes amazonica Derby

Chonetes ( ?) arcii A. Ulrich

Chonetes comstockii Rathbun

Chonetes curuaenKis Rathbun

Chonetes falklandica (Morris and Sharpe) .
Chonetes freitassii Rathbun

* Chonetes glabra Geinitz

* Chonetes granulifera Owen

Chonetes herbert-smithi Rathbun

Chonetes onettiana Rathbun

Chonetes rucki A. Ulricli

(Jhonetes stiibeli A. Ulrich

* Chonetes variolata d'Orbigny

'■■ Chonostrophia complanata Hall ?

* Cleiothyris rois.sy i (L'Eville)

Clitambonites adscendens (Pander ?)

Cyrtina ( ?) curupira Rathbun

Dalraanella (?) nettoaua (Rathbun)

Derbya correanus (Derby)

Dielasma hochstetteri (Toula)

Dielasma itaitubensis (Derby)

Enteletes andii (d'Orbigny)

Enteletes gaudryi (d'Orbigny)

Glossina dubia (d'Orbigny)

* Glossina trentonensis (Conrad ?)

Harttina coutinhoana (Derby)

* Hustedia mormon i (Marcon)

Leptaina ( ?) stelzneri Kayser

Lingula coheni A. Ulrich

Lingula ererensis Rathbun

Lingula gracana Rathbun

Lingula metensis Terquem

Lingula munsteri d'Orbigny

Lingula plagemanni Moricke

Lingula rodriguezii Ratlibun

'* Lingula spatulata Vanuxem

Lingula stautouiaua Rathbun

Liiiijula submarginata d'Orbigny

Lingula truncata Sowerby

Meristella riskowyi A. Ulrich

Notothyris ( I) smithii Derby

Orbiculoidea baini Morris and Sharpe

* Orbiculoidea lodensis (Vanuxem)

.1
I

o
O

X

X

a
"3

o

>

<B

o

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X

X

X

X
X
X

X
X
X

X
X
X
X

i

o

08

2 =s

X

X

X
X
X
X
X

X

X

o
o

O

J
J

70 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Table X. — Soiiih American fossil Brachiopoda — Continued.

Species.

Orthis buchi d'Orbigny

Orthis calligramma (Davidson) Kayser

Orthis concinna Morris and Sharpe

Orthis disparilis Kayser

Orthis humboldti d'Orbigny

Orthis (?) laticostata d'Orbigny

Orthis lenticularis Wahlenberg ?

Orthis obtusa Pander

Orthis ( ?) pectinata d'Orbigny

Orthis saltensis Kayser

Orthis ( ?) sulivanti Morris and Sharpe

Orthis ( ?) tenuis Morris and Sharpe

Orthis vespertilio Sowerby

Orthothetes agassizi (Rathbun)

Orthothetes tapajotensis (Derby)

Orthotichia morganiana (Dei'by)

* Plectambonites sericea (Sowerby)

Productella msecuruensis Rathbun

Productus batesianus Derby

* Productus boli viensis d'Orbigny

Productus capacii d'Orbigny

Productus chandlessii Derby

Productus clarkianus Derby

* Productus cora d'Orbigny

♦Productus costatus (Sowerby) de Koninct.
Productus humboldti d'Orbigny

* Productu 8 longispinus Sowerby ?

Productus papilio Gabb

Productus peruvianus d'Orbigny

Productus reticulatus Gabb

Productus rhomianus Derby

* Productus semireticuiatus (Martin)

Productus villiersi d'Orbigny

Productus wallacianus Derby

*Reticularia perplexa (McChesney)

Retzia ( ?) jamesiana Rathbun

Rhipidomella hartti (Rathbun)

Rhipidoiuella inca (d'Orbigny)

Rhipidomella penniana Derby

Rhynchonella ffinigma (d'Orbigny)

Rhynchonella anduin Gottsche

Rhynchonella antisiensis (d'Orbigny)

Rhynchonella antonii Gabb

Rhynchonella belemnitica Quenstedt

Rhynchonella caracolensis Gottsche

Rhynchonella ererensls Rathbun

Rhynchonella manflasensis Moricke

Rhynchonella pipira Derby

* Rhynchonella pleurodon (Phillips)

Rhynchonella plicatissima Quenstedt

Rhynchonella subtetraeda (Conrad)

•a

i

>
o

O

m

a

3

0

h

a

•a

§
>

1

a

H

"

2 c3
1-5

X
X
X

X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

}<

X

X

a

o

-^
n

o

H

J
J

X?

J
J

.1 X?

scHucHERT.] TABLE OF SOUTH AMERICAN SPECIES.

Table X. — South American fossil Brachiojpoda — Continued.

71

Species.

KhynchoncUa tetraeda (Sowerby)

Ehynchonella triplicata Quensterit

ScapMoccelia boliviensis Whitfield

Schizophoria cora (d'Orbigny)

*Seminula argentea (Shepatd)

Seminula titicacensis (Gabb)

Spirifer autarcticus Morris and Sharpe

Spirifer buarquianus Kathbun

Spirifer boliviensis d'Orbigny

Spirifer chuquiscus Ulrich

Spirifer condor d'Orbigny

* Spirifer duodenarius Hall

Spirifer elizae Itathbuu

Spirifer hartti Rathbim

Spirifer hawkinsi Morris and Sharpe

Spirifer majciiruensis Kathbun

* Spirifer murchisoni Castelnau

Spirifer orbiguii Morris and Sharpe

Spirifer i)edroanus Kathbun

Spirifer pentlandi d'Orbigny

Spirifer qniohuus d'Orbigny

* Spirifer rockymontanus Marcou

Spirifer valenteanus Eathbun

Siiirifer vogeli von Ammon

*Spiriferina cristata (Sehlotheim)

Spiriferina cfr. miiustori Davidson

Spiriferina rostrata Sehlotheim

* Spiriferina spinosa (Norwood and Pratten).

Spirigerella derbyi Waagen

Streptorhynchus liallianus Derby

Strophalosia cornelliana Derby

*Stropheodonta perplana (Conrad)

Strophoiuena ( ?) talacastrensis Kayser

Terebratulabicanaliculata Sehlotheim

Terebratula chilensis d'Orbigny

Terebratiila copiapensia Morieke

Terebratula derbyana Kathbun

Terebratula domeykana Bayle and Coquand.

Terebratula emarginata Sowerby

Terebratula ficoides Bayle and Coquand

Terebratula gottschii Steinman

Terebratula hohmanni Morieke

Terebratula ignaciana d'Orbigny

Terebratula lacunosa Sehlotheim

Terebratula meridionalis Conrad

Terebratula patagonica Sowerby

Terebratula perforata Piette

Terebratula perovalis Sowerby

Terebratula punctata Sowerby

Terebratula raimondiana Gabb

Terebratula subexcavata Conrad

'u
I

o

I — I
m

o
>

p

X
X
X
X

X
X
X
X
X
X
X
X

a
o

X:

o

an 09

X

X

X

X
X

X

X
X
X
X

J-
J

J
J

J
J
J
J
J
J
J

J
J
J

X?

X

^<!«<«.-*e^

«»;, ^^l«»*J •«»». "V*?*;

6f

• - ^

i>'

i-

Jfc.T.

*^--

- •^#^»4*-j*4^j<-

-<»

■A

74 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA, [bull. 87.

J^cJihi/rium (Hall and Clarke). — The triangular aperture transecting
medially the cardinal area, or the posterior surface from the apex to the
l)osterior margin of the ventral valve, through some portion of which
the pedicle passes. It has also been termed the fissure or foramen.
The delthyrium may or may not be closed by a deltidium or deltidial
plates.

Deltidium. — A plate of one piece which grows over the delthyrium
of many Protremata and some ^Neotremata. In the early larval stage
of Thecidium this idate begins as a secretion from the dorsal side of
the body segment, and becomes anchylosed to the ventral valve in the
phylembronic stage, subsequent additions being secreted by the body
wall and j)edicle. The convex or concave central portion of the ventral
cardinal area in some Atremata is not homologous with the deltidium.
It is but a part of the area, and does not have its origin in the prodel-
tidium, as in Thecidium.

Deltidial plates. — Two plates growing medially from the walls of the
delthyrium after neanic growth. These usually unite medially, and
close the delthyrium more or less completely. They are restricted to
the Telotremata, and are secreted by extensions of the ventral mantle
lobe. Hall and Clarke introduced the terms deltarium and deltaria for
the same plates, and for the coalesced condition of the deltaria, Bronn's
l^seudodeUidium.

Dental plates. — Vertical plates supporting the teeth of the ventral
valve.

Dental soelcets. — Excavations in the dorsal cardinal margin in which
the teeth of the ventral valve articulate. The inner wall of the socket
is elevated and forms the base of the crural plate.

Diduetor muscles. — In the Protremata and Telotremata the principal
pair of diduetor muscles has the larger end attached to the ventral
valve near the anterior edge of the visceral area, while the other end
has its insertion on the anterior portion of the cardinal process. There
is another pair of small accessory diduetor muscles, but these are sel-
dom shown in fossil shells. By contraction these muscles open the
valves.

Dorsal valve. — •Usually the smaller and imj^erforate valve and the
one to which the brachia arc always attached. Brachial, licemal, socket,
and entering valves are other terms more rarely employed.

Dphehie (Hyatt, emend. Bather and Buckman). — Designating the
mature shell.

Foramen. — A small circular passage through the deltidium or del-
tidial plates, either below or at the apex of the ventral valve. Some-
times the foramen encroaches by abrasion upon the umbo of the ventral
valve.

Genital markings. — Radial markings or pits within the posterior
portion of the visceral space, indicating the position and extent of the
genitalia.

scHucHEET.] BRACHIOPOD TERMINOLOGY. 75

Oerontic (Hyatt, emend. Bather andBuckman). — Desig'natingold age.
It is indicated in the ontogeny of many species of brachiopods by ex-
treme thickness of the valves, obesity, or by numerous, crowded growth
hnes near the anterior margin, a condition which sometimes produces
truncation and absence of strife at the margin.

Hinge line. — The line along which articulation takes place.

Jugum (Hall and Clarke). — The transverse band and its accessory
processes uniting the spiralia. When this band is medially incomplete
the parts are termed J ugal processes.

Lateral areas. — That portion of the shell on each side of the ventral
axis.

Listrium (Hall and Clarke). — In some ITeotremata a plate closing the
progressive track of the pedicle opening or pedicle cleft, posterior to
the apex of the ventral valve.

Longitudinal axis. — A median line through the shell from the beak
to the opposite margin.

Loop. — The calcareous brachial supports of the Terebratulacea. It
is usually composed of descending and ascending lamelLe, united by a
transverse band.

Median septum. — An internal vertical plate commonly developed
along the vertical axis and between the muscles of the ventral valve.
Sometimes there is also a dorsal median septum. Lateral septa are
rarely developed.

Neanic (Hyatt, emend. Bather and Buckman). — Designating youth-
fulness, or the stage in whicli specific characters begin to develop.

Nepionic (Hyatt). — Designating the smooth-shell stage succeeding the
protegulum.

Pallial sinuses. — Two convergent or divergent iirimary sinuses of tlie
circulatory system, traversing the mantle and originating in the poste-
rior medial region. They usually have numerous secondary branches,
and botli often leave im])ressions in the sliell.

Pedicle. — The flexible muscular organ of the ventral valve by means
of which brachiopods may be attached to extraneous objects.

Pedicle muscles. — In the Protremata and Telotremata one pair origi-
nates on the ventral valve at points just outside and behind the diduc-
tors and another on the dorsal valve behind the posterior adductors,
while the opposite ends of both are attached to the pedicle. Besides
these, there is an unpaired mu.scle lying at tlie base of the pedicle,
attaching it closely to the ventral valve.

Platform. — See Spondylinm.

Posterior region. — That portion of the shell back of the transverse
axis and toward the beak, or apex.

Primary lamella'. — The primary descending bands of the spiralia, the
posterior ends being attached to the crura.

Prodeltidium (Hall and Clarke restricted). — Tlie third shell plate
developed in the earlier embryonic growth of species of Atremata,

76 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACIIIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Neotreniata, and Piotreniata, and subsequently becoming more or less
firmly attached to either the dorsal (Atremata) or ventral valve.

Protef/ulum ( Beecher). — The initial shell of brachiopods. It is smooth
and of microscopic size, in outline bein,n- semicircular or arcuate, and
without cardinal areas.

Protractor muscles. — In the Lingulacea one pair has the ventral ends
fastened at the anterior extremity of the visceral area, extending back-
ward and inserted near the lateral margin of the dorsal valve, outside
the rotators. A second ])air originates just behind the adductors of
the ventral valve, and is inserted posterior to the first pair. These
muscles draw the dorsal valve forward. They are apparently present
in the Obolidie and Trimcrellid;e, but their position is different.

Pseudodeltiduim. — Properly this term applies only to the united con-
dition of the deltidid plates in the Protremata and Telotremata. It
is provisionally applied to the concave or convex medial portion of the
cardinal areas in Atremata and Protremata.

Retractor muscles. — In the Atremata these extend from the outer
lateral margins of the visceral area in the ventral valve to its anterior
extremity in the dorsal valve, and serve to readjust the dorsal shell.

Rotator muscles. — In Lingulacea these are situated posteriorly just in
advance of the umbonal muscle, two on one side and one on the other.
By their contraction the dorsal valve turns alternately first in one
direction and then in the other.

Septal 2)lates. — Plates supporting the crural processes, also known as
crural 2^1 tttes.

Spondylium. — A plate in the Pentameracea, formed by the union of
converging dental plates, to the upper surface of which are attached
the adductor, diductor, and pedicle muscles. The spondylium may
rest upon the ventral valve or may be supported by a median septum.
This plate is rarely present in the Telotremata, but more commonly
in the Atremata, where it is known as the platform. There is some-
times developed in the dorsal valve a plate similar in appearance to
the spondylium, but different in origin, and known as the cruralium.

Spiralia (Beecher). — The calcareous sjiiral brachial supports in the
Spiriferacea. A connecting jugum may be present or absent.

Syrinx. — A tubular structure developed in the delthyrium of some
Spiriferacea, opening ventrally and partially inclosing the pedicle.

Teeth. — Two j^rocesses of the ventral valve of articulate brachiopods,
serving for articulation.

Transverse axis. — A line through the shell from right to left, midway
between the beak and anterior margin.

Umbo. — The elevated or i^rominent portion of the valve anterior to
the apex.

Umbonal muscle. — A single muscle situated in the umbonal region of
most Atremata. By its contraction the valves are opened anteriorly.
In Obolus this muscle divides toward the ventral valve.

scHucHERT.] BRACHIOPOD TERMINOLOGY. 77

Umbonal slopes. — The inclined surfaces about the umbo and opposite
the cardinal slopes.

Ventral valve. — The valve situated on the ventral side of the animal,
and having in youth or maturity a delthyrium or pedicle opening
throngh which the pedicle is protruded, except in Iphidea, Obolella,
Lingula, etc., where the pedicle x)rotrudes between the valves. When
the shell is cemented to foreign bodies it is always by the ventral
valve. It is usually the larger and deeper of the two valves. Pedicle,
larger, dental, neural, and receiving valves are synonymous terms.

G HAP TEE III.
BlOXiOGIC DEI ELOPMEIS^T OF THE BRACHIOPODA.

ORDINAL DEVELOPMENT.
ATREMATA.

This order, which begau iu the Lower Cambrian, is represeuted by
199 species, or over 10 per cent of American Paleozoic brachiopods.
Its greatest representation, both in species and genera, was during the
Cambrian and Ordovician eras. A very marked decline set in during
the Silurian and Devonian, with almost extinction in the Carbonifer-
ous, where only Lingula and its subgenus Glossina occur.

The terminal families Trimerellidie and Linguhdic contain species
which attain the greatest individual growth. Lingulidie has the long-
est phylogenetic history. It is the last important and most specialized
family of the Atremata, and manifests the greatest persistency and
specific differentiation. Lingula, the essential genus of the family, lived
at least from the Ordovician system through all succeeding time, and
is represented in modern seas. During this enormous period the only
change observable is that iu the ancient forms the viscera occujjied a
little more and the brachia somewhat less space.

In the more primitive types of Atremata, Obolacea, the shell is usu-
ally much thicker and less chitinous than in the higher or derived
families, Liugulacea. The shell is thickest in the Trimerellidaj and
thinnest in the Lingulida'. From their mode of occurrence in rocks it
seems probable that Paterinidte, Obolida', and Trimerellida- (=Obola-
cea) never lived in the mud or sand of the sea bottom, as did Lingulidoe,
Lingulasmatid*, and probably Lingulellidie ( = Lingulacea).' The obol-
oids in all probability had short pedicles, while the liuguloids have
very long pedicles. The long, flexible, tubular pedicle of Lingula,
associated with the buried habit of the animal, api)arently explains

'Since all the species of Obolacea are known only as fossils, it may seem hazardous to ascribe to
them a mode of living different from that of Lingula. These shells had short peduncles, are round
or oval, sometimes very gibbous, alwajs comparatively thick shelled, and not decidedly phosphatic.
The writer has never observed any species of this superfamily in situ transverse to sedimentation, or
in other words "on edge." In the Lingulacea the peduncle is very long, and the shells are elongate
quadrangular, triangular, spatulate, or acuminate, and, as a rule, are decidedlj' thin and phosphatic.
Kecent Lingulas all live partially buried in the sea bottom, and not infrequently fossil species are
found in situ, on edge, with their apices downward. Lingulops and Lingulasma also have been
observed situated on edge. The round, thick shells of Obolacea are stronglv contrasted with the
elongate thin shells of Lingulacea. These peculiarities are in all probability due to mechanical
causes. The Linguloids, with their long, powerful, and flexible peduncles, are buried in the sedi-
ments, while the posteriorly pointed shell is an adaptation to the same end, caused by the frequent
peduncular pulling on that part of the valves.

78

scHucHERT.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE NEOTREMATA. 79

the cause for the thinness of the shell and the long-, narrow, attenuated
form of its valves.

The ontogeny of Obolella and Lingula shows tbafc one branch devel-
oped directly from the Pateriuidie to Obolid.v. and Trimerellidae, while
another branch began in the Obolid;e. The derived branch continued
to diverge by changing the thick round shells of the radical stock into
thin spatulate or elongate subquadrate valves, first in the Lingulellidae
and culminating in the Lingulidte. The latter family then gave rise to
Liugulasuiatid*, which, in accordance with the law of morphologic
equivalents, developed some of the internal diagnostic characters of the
terminal family of the first phylum in the ijlatform of the Trimerellidse.

Hall and Clarke refer the genera of Lingulasmatidte to Trimerellidte,
and thus the latter family, as understood by them, embraces two stocks
having widely separated origins. This is peculiar, since they clearly
understand the independent origin of these stocks, as will be seen by
the following quotation, but more particularly by their diagram.^

There is no single feature in the entire group of the edentulous braohiopods so
striking as the great platforms in Trimerella and its allies, and it is rarely that so
beautiful and well established an illustration of the attainment of such a remark-
able resultant along two distinct lines of development can be presented.

The writer holds that a natural family can have but one stock, a stock
can have but one origin.

Nonfunctional articular processes are developed in this order in a
number of genera and at various times. Such are slightly developed
in Trimerella and Monomorella, and more strongly in Tomasina, Bar-
roisella, and Spondylobolus. In the Keotremata, articulation is also
approached in Trematobolus, and in Crania a false hinge is sometimes
developed in Ordoviciau species. A cardinal process so characteristic
of the Protremata and Telotremata is faintly developed in Neobolus,
Lakmina, and Trimerella of the Atremata.

NEOTREMATA.

The order ISTeotremata begins in the Lower Cambrian, and is repre-
sented by 156 species, or over 8 per cent of the brachiopods of the
American Paleozoic. It has considerably fewer species than the Atre-
mata, and exhibits a lack of specific differentiation, such as form and
surface ornamentation. This probably is largely due to the fact that
the pedicle is very short, or even obsolete, in this order, and that the
pedicle foramen is subcentral, producing in the Trematid* and Cra-
niidfe more or less of a parasitic growth, while in the families Discinida)
and Acrotretidai the great majority of species are circular or oval, with
more or less cone-shaped shells.

As in the Atremata, great tenacity of life is also manifested in this
order, since its two essential families, Uiscinidse and Craniidie, have
representatives throughout all time since the Ordovician system.

' Palaeontology of N^ew York, Vol. VIII, Part I, 1892, p. 165.

80 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL HRACIIIOPODA. I bull. 87.

Greatest represeiitatiou in both genera and species was during the
Ordovician, after which generic diftercutiation was practically restricted
to the DisciuidiC and Craniidic. Crania persisted tliroughont the post-
Ordovician, and for longevity equals the atrematous genus Lingula.

The percentage of widely dispersed species is about the same as in
the Atremata, and likewise is greatest in those families with the longest
phylogenetic history, as Acrotretidic, Discinida?, and Craniidie.

Development was along two lines. In one a broad fissure (the most
primitive condition of the pedicle opening in this order) is retained as
a mature character (Trematida^,). Later geologically, and at the matu-
rity of the individual in derived forms, the fissure is gradually closed
posteriorly, leaving a long, narrow slit, at one end of which the pedicle
emerges (Discinida^). The other line ( Acrotretacea) probably developed
and inherited holoperipheral growth in the ventral valve, very rapidly
producing a small subcentral circular foramen, since this feature is
already well developed in the Lower Cambrian Acrotretidu^, and in
advance of the greatest development of the Discinid*. It is probably
this second branch that gave origin to the degraded family Craniidie.
The protegulum in the dorsal valve of Acrotretacea is probably alwaj'S
marginal, whereas in the Discinacea it is always more or less central.

It is remarkable that Crania, so unlike other living brachiopods
and occurring abundantly in the seas of to-day, has never been com-
pletely studied developmen tally or ontogenetically. The taxonomic
position of the Craniid.e is therefore not actually determined, and Hall
and Clarke incline to follow Waagen in regarding the Craniacea as
equivalent in rank to the Atremata and Neotremata. These authors
write : '

It is nevertheless to be observed that no trace of a former pedicle-slit incision or
perforation is found on mature or immature shells, and it would be difficult to com-
prehend in what manner such an essential modification of the shell could be wholly
concealed by later growth. Were the pedicle marginal in primitive growth stages,
and subsequently atrophied, the obliteration of the marginal opening by later
resorption and growth would be a readily intelligible process. There is, hence, in
this default of evidence, a good reason to donbt the close affinities of Crania and
Pholidops to the Diacaulia [= Neotremata]. Present knowledge would seem to
indicate that they were primarily of the type of the Mesocaulia [= Atremata], and
that their resemblance to the Diacaulia is wholly of secondary growth. Waagen's
term for this group, Gastropegmata (or Craniacea), may therefore prove to be
equivalent to each of these other two divisions.

Brachiopod embryology demands a ])edicle in the early stages of
Crania. The ventral valve carries the pedicle, and it is always this
valve which is attached by cementation or otherwise. The writer has
observed in Yale University Museum a specimen of Pholidops ovata with
a cicatrix of attachment, around which point growth is holoperipheral,
as in all Neotremata. Specimens of Pholidops are sometimes pre-
served with both valves in position and delicately attached to Bryozoa^

' Palaeontology of New York, Vol. VIII, Part n, 1895, p. 325.

scHucHEET.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROTREMATA. 81

from the Falls of the Ohio, These are believed to be actual and not
chance attachments. In Crania cementation occurs very early and is
complete, causing all obliteration of the iirotegulum and subsequent
stages of growth in the ventral shell. That cementation does obliterate
nearly all the younger characters is also shown in the remarkable gen-
era Richthofenia and Ostrea. On the interior of Pholidops and Crania
the four large muscular scars, which are more those of the ISTeotremata
than of the Atremata, are arranged medially, in the center of which,
probably, was the pedicle opening. Some proof of this is seen in the ex-
cavated, posteriorly terminating muscular pit of Crania {(/nabergensis,
which, if carried through the valve, will make the pedicle opening
snbcentral and surrounded by shell deposit. If an Acrotreta, Linnars-
sonia, or Conotreta became cemented, there would result practically a
Crania, In no atrematous brachiopod is there the slightest indication
of cementation, but where shell fixation does occur it is always (ex-
cepting in Zugmeyeria and Thecocyrtella) in such as have the pedicle
very early surrounded by shell matter, as in the Stroj)homenid;t and
Productidie, For these reasons the characters of Craniacea seem
more in accord with the Neotremata than with the Atremata. The
characters of Craniacea are certainly not of ordinal importance, and
possibly not even of superfamily value.

In the development of its pedicle foramen the family Siphonotretidae
is unlike any other of this order. During neanic growth the pedicle
opening was posterior to the protegulum, but later it gradually moves
anteriorly through the shell by resorption, producing a narrow slit
similar in appearance to that of the Discinidie, A pedicle foramen of
the same nature is also developed in Eichwaldia and Dictyonella of
the Protremata. As yet no explanation has been given as to the
causes producing this aberrant development. The writer suggests
that since these animals had delicate peduncles, with the shell elon-
gate oval and sometimes cone-shaped in form, they probably stood
nearly upright on their pedicles in early growth. Shell accretion
being more rapid anteriorly, with the ventral side of the animal the
larger and heavier, a tendency Avas initiated for the shell to lean
against the ventral side of the j)eduncle. This pressure would ijroduce
resori)tion of the ventral shell anterior to the pedicle, and eventually,
this tendency becoming hereditary, the ventral valve would lie nearly
flat, with the pedicle emerging at*a great angle subcentrally.

PR0TRE3IATA.

This order is represented by 738 species, or nearly 40 per cent of
American Paleozoic brachiopods, and is eminently characteristic of the
post-Cambrian Paleozoic systems. Like the Atremata and Neotre-
mata, it is represented in the Lower Cambrian. It was not, however,
until Ordovician times that the Protremata attained very rapid evolu-
tion. In the Cambrian there are but -i genera and 22 species, while in
Bull. 87 6

82 SYNOJ'SIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

the Ordovician there are 20 genera and 173 .si)ecies, a specific, increase
of more than seven and one-lialf times the nnniber in the Canil^rian.
Greatest generic dillcrentiation occnrred dnring the Silurian, wliere 'SO
genera appear. Then began a steady decline, with extinction in the
Carboniferous of North America. In tlie Triassic of Europe this order
is sparingly represented by small species, and is there essentially
restricted to the family Thecidiidtc, which continues to have living
representatives in the Mediterranean Sea.

The widely distributed species gradually increase in percentage from
14 in the Cambrian to 3G in the Carboniferous, and are most marked
in the family Productidte. This family is one of the last of the order
to originate.

The largest of all brachiopods occur in this order, in the families
Pentameridfe and Productidie, exceeding the Spiriferid* of the Telo-
tremata. In the former family greatest size is attained in the Silurian
during the acme of the order, and in the Productida^ in the Carbonif-
erous system. Productus giganteus of the Lower Carboniferous is the
giant of all brachiopods, attaining a diameter of nearly 1 foot. In
both these families the earliest species are sumll, but certain groups
gradually attain larger and larger size with geologic time. Upon the
appearance of the giants, vitality of the families, as exemplified in
specific differentiation and robustness of individuals, is at its highest.
After this these families rapidly decline, and the species dwarf far
more rapidly than they developed to the climax.

In the Protremata, as in the two previous orders, greatest specific
differentiation does not occur in the radical families, but in those of
later development. The Kutorginida', Clitambonitidie, and Billingsell-
idse are the radical and, geologically, the oldest families of the Pro-
tremata. These are best but sparingly developed in the Cambrian,
whereas the younger families, Pentameridas Strophomenidse, Produc-
tidie, and Orthidic, contain over 95 per cent of the species and nearly
90 per cent of the genera. Orthidte and Strophomenidte, beginning
in the Cambrian, are best developed in the Ordovician and Silurian
systems, respectively; while Productid*, originating in the Silurian,
attained a climax in the Carboniferous. The latter family was one of
the last of the Protremata to originate and has the shortest geologic
history and least generic differentiation, yet many of its species have
greater geographic dispersion.

The Protremata are clearly divisible into two phyla, Strophomenacea
and Pentameracea. The former superfamily has the greater number of
species, and is characterized by the nondevelopment of a spondylium or
cruralium. The Pentameracea has, in addition to the deltidium, an inter-
nal spoon-shaped plate, or spondylium, serving for the attachment of
muscles, and a discrete or united cruralium. The superfamily Stropho-
menacea in North America has (308 species, and represents the most
primitive phylum, since it is far better developed in the Cambrian than

scHucHEET.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE PROTREMATA. 83

is the Pentameracea, and has almost without exception a straight cardi-
nal area. The Pentameracea has 127 species, and its earliest forms also
have straight hinge-lines in the 16 species of the families Clitambon-
itidfe and Syntrophiidse ; but the rostrate family Pentameridte, which
attained maximum development in the Silurian, has 87 species. The
Strophomenacea has living species, while the Pentameracea disappeared
with the Permian. The cause for the rapid extinction of the latter is
probably due to the high degree of specialization expressed by the
spondylium.

Two well-marked types of shell form are developed in this order. By
far the most prominent is the grouj) which includes the long-hinge fami-
lies Kutorginidte, Clitambonitida?, Billingsellidse, Strophomenidie, Pro-
ductidse, Thecidiidoe, and Orthidfe. The other group, represented by
Pentameridfe, is largely rostrate in form, but occasionally also develops
a straight hinge line. This, however, is never so prominent as in the
former group. In the Telotremata the general form is rostrate, but
very notable exceptions are present in the families Spiriferidcie and
Terebratellidte, and occasionally in the Rhynchonellid?e and Athyridfe.
The form of the shell, however, has no great taxonomic value, and can
not be accorded more than generic rank. The predominating type of
shell form within an order probably has phyletic value, since the oldest
protrematous shells are long-hinged, while the telotrematous shells are
usually rostrate. IS^evertheless, as indicated above, in the derived forms
of both orders there are notable exceptions, and these changes are
probably always induced by shortening or lengthening of the peduncles.
Since Orthorhynchula has a well- developed cardinal area, it is not in
itself '^evidence of the first significance as indicating the source from
which the extensive group of the Rhynchonellas originated." ^ The
oldest rhynchonelloids are rostrate shells {Protorhyncha^. minor and
P. famhif/ua of the Lower Cambrian), and the ontogeny of several spe-
cies of Ehynchonella and of Zygospira has not revealed a long-hinged
stage with cardinal areas. There is, therefore, no conclusive proof for the
deduction of Hall and Clarke, ''that some of the Rhynchonellidje, early
in their [geologic] history, occasionally retain a well-defined cardinal
area, and that, in default of other evidence, the presence of this char-
acter may be regarded as indicative of the common origin of Orthis,
the Strophomenidte, and the Rhynchonellas."^

In this order far more than in any other is found the closure of the
l)edicle passage and atrophy of the pedicle, together with peculiar
special adaptations which entirely or partially replace the functions
of the pedicle. In the family Productidse the ventral shell develops
more or less abundant tubular spines, either along the cardinal line or
over the entire valve. These are always most abundant in, or are

'Palaeontology of KewTork, Vol. VIII, Part II. 1895, p. 336.

'Ibid., p. 342. For further remarks bearing on this subject, see pages 93-95 on the significance of the
prodeltidium.

84 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL 15RACHI0P0DA. [dull. 87.

restricted to, the posterior region. The functions of the spines are to
hold the animal to its place of habitation, for tliere is no apparent
pedicle opening" in these shells when mature. In others of the same
family the ventral apex is cemented to extraneous objects (Stropha-
losia), and in still others the spines clasp the object of support when
small {Strophalosiagoldfiissi and Etheridgina). In the Strophomenidae
the older species all seem to have functional pedicles throughout life,
but in the Devonian, forms occur in which the apex is cemented to
foreign objects (Lepta^nisca). Some of the Middle and Upper Devo
nian Stropheodoutas show no trace of a pedicle opening when adult.
In the Carboniferous cementation is far more common, and occurs in
Derbya and Streptorhynchus; and when taken in connection with
Strophalosia, Chonostrophia, Anlosteges, and Eichthofenia, it is seen
that nearly all the contemporaneous species of this order have devel-
oped other methods for fixation than the normal one. In Eichthofenia
calcareous cementation is complete, and the modifications resulting
therefrom have so changed the shell that the lower or fixed valve is
ver}^ suggestive of a cyathophylloid coral, not only in form but even
in shell structure.

The chief cause for atrophy of the pedicle lies not only in the fact
that this organ, in all long-hinged brachiopods, is short, but more par-
ticularly in the fact that throughout this order, and in the Acrotretacea
of the jSTeotremata, the young shells always have the pedicle completely
surrounded by shell, and thus to a great extent limit its growth. Even
among the Orthidse, where the species geologically older often have
thick pedicles, which is indicated by the large open delthyrium, they
gradually diminish in size throughout the Paleozoic. In the Stropho-
menidiB the pedicle is never a thick organ, and shortly after this
family gives rise to the Productidee, in Chonetes, the first appearance
of cementation takes place. This mode of attachment constantly
increases in the different phyla to the end of the family histories. In
the Productidae the early inheritance of a weak pedicle soon leads to
its complete loss by the additional fixation developed. This additional
fixation has its first appearance in the cardinal spines of Chonetes,
which are periodically developed by mantle extensions. The degen-
eracy of the pedicle, once well established, is inherited at earlier and
earlier periods by acceleration. The spines become more numerous,
and are finally developed over the entire ventral valve. In the dorsal
valve, the spines are never so long as in the ventral valve, and often
are not developed at all, but are replaced by numerous concentric over-
lapping lamellse. As the spines begin to develop more numerously and
longer, the ventral valve attains more convexity, with a strongly
incurved beak and the complete loss of a pedicle opening. Productus,
therefore, does not stand erect on the cardinal areas, as in Chonetes,
but lies on the ventral shell, anchored by the numerous spines. The
spines are of the same nature as the shells, and never flexible. When

scHucHERT.] DEVELOPMENT OF THE TELOTREMATA. 85

they came in contact with hard objects during their growth, they
followed along or clasped the object of support.

The sleuder shell-incased pedicle of the Strophomenacea probably
leads to the growth of long, straight hinges for additional sui^port,
further weakening the pedicle and necessitating accessory fixation in
four of its families, and finally occasioning in many species complete
loss of this organ at the maturity of the individual. With the excep-
tion of the Thecidiidai, the order Protremata has become nearly extinct
since the Jurassic era.

TELOTREMATA.

This order, though but 2 Cambrian and 20 Ordovician forms are
known, is represented by 766 species, or about 41 per cent of all
American Paleozoic brachiopods. It is as well developed specifically
as the Protremata, and exhibits a far greater variety of structures.
Telotremata was probably the last order to originate, and has the
greatest number and variety of living species. Its highest develop-
ment is in the Devonian, where 369 species in 50 genera occur, while
109 species are known from the Silurian, a growth more than five times
greater than that of the Ordovician system. Here, too, as in the
Protremata, considerable time was consumed in establishing a few
primitive characters, and these are no sooner obtained than an almost
sudden development of great specific and generic differentiation takes
place.

It is highly probable that no telotrematous Paleozoic genus continued
to live through half the geologic time that Lingula and Crania did.
Ehynchonella, a primitive genus of this order, is often said to have
continued since the Ordovician, and Terebratula since the Devonian,
era. This is now very doubtful, since Hall and Clarke have demon-
strated that in all of the Paleozoic forms of these genera where it has
been possible to examine their interiors none belong to Ehynchonella
or Terebratula. In this catalogue both genera are recognized as occur-
ring in the Paleozoic, but this is due to the fact that the internal
structure of those species is not known.

Telotremata has three distinct types of brachial supports, which
readily serve to differentiate 3 superfamilies. The simplest, Phyncho-
nellacea, has but crura, and is represented in the American Paleozoic
by 14 genera and 202 species, of which GG are widely distributed. The
superfamily Terebratulacea, having more or less simple V or W shaped
brachial supports, is present with 19 genera and 78 species, of which
23 are widely distributed. In the structurally more complex super-
family Spiriferacea, having spiral brachial supports, there are 41 genera
and 466 species, and of these 161 become widely distributed. This again
confirms the previously noted fact that the groups latest developed
have the greatest generic and specific differentiation. In Spiriferacea
this likewise occurred in the family Athyridse.

8G SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

If the percentage of widely distributed species witliiii a siii)erfiimily
is a criterion of its vitality, it will be seen that the liyiichonellacea
begin in the Ordovician Avith 50 per cent and decline to 23 per cent in
the Carboniferous. The JSpiriferacea, also beginning in the Ordovician,
have 50 per cent of their species widely distributed, becoming reduced
to 20 per cent in the Carboniferous. On the other hand, the Tere-
bratulacea were not widely dispersed in the Silurian, whereas in the
Devonian their distribution reached nearly 30, increasing to 34 percent
in the Carboniferous. Since no statistics of the European Mesozoic
and Cenozoic species of this nature are available, the writer can not
determine whether or not the Ehynchonellacea continue to decline with
such rapidity. It is known, however, that this superfamily has declined
considerably in the Cenozoic and late Mesozoic. After the Triassic the
Spiriferacea are essentially represented by Spiriferina, yet it too died
out with the Jurassic, while the Terebratulacea, which manifested pro-
gressively greater vitality during the Paleozoic, are believed to have
continued so nearly throughout the Mesozoic into late Cretaceous time.
Since then, however, they have also declined.

In the ontogeny of Dielasma and Zygospira — loop-bearing and spire-
bearing genera respectively — Dr. Beecher and the writer have shown
that the Terebratulacea may not have been the last superfamily to
dev^elop, as was formerly supposed, and that it may have given rise,
during early Ordovician times, to the spire-bearing sux)erfamily Spirifer-
acea. The Terebratulacea probably originated in the Ehynchonellacea,
though no loop-bearing si)ecies are known until the spire-bearing forms
are well advanced, or until early in the Devonian system. While some
of the largest species of Terebratulacea are found in the Devonian of
America and Europe, yet throughout the Paleozoic this superfamily is
not a conspicuous one. In the Jurassic and Cretaceous systems of
Euroj)e, however, great specific differentiation and abundant indi-
vidual development took place. There is but 1 species of this super-
family in the American Silurian, while the Devonian has 50 species in
15 genera, an increase fifty times greater than that of the Silurian. In
the Carboniferous a sharp decline set in, and the superfamily is reduced
to 30 species and 8 genera.

These facts suggest that either the superfamily Terebratulacea did
not originate in American seas or — which seems less probable — that
diminutive species occur whose interior characters have escaped detec-
tion. Further, since the earliest American i)rimitive genera, Kens-
seljeria and Trigeria of the Lower Devonian, have very large species,
neither these nor Centronella can be the earliest adult representatives
of this superfamily. When quite young, Zygospira, also, has a "cen-
troiiella-like loop," and it is possible that the primitive Terebratulacea
had their origin before the earliest appearance of Zygospira, or during
the earliest part of the middle Ordovician era.

The great majority of telotrematous genera are rostrate in form, but

scHrcHERT] DEVELOPMENT OP THE TELOTREMATA. 87

at different times aud in separate phyla straight cardinal areas are
more or less well developed. In America, the oldest jnembers of this
order {Protorhj/nchaf minor and P.f amhigua, members of the family
Rhynchonellid.e) occur in the Lower Cambi-ian. In these species, and
in the great majority of this family, there is no cardinal area; but
occasionally this character is present, the earliest conspicuous example
being the Ordoviciau genus Orthorhynchula. Among the Paleozoic
Terebratulacea cardinal areas are seldom developed. A conspicuous
exception, however, occurs in Tropidoleptus. But in the Mesozoic
and Ceneozoic, in the family Terebratellidte, cardinal areas are very
often present, and in living forms are accompanied by a short pedicle.
It is, moreover, in the Spiriferacea, the youngest superfamily of the
Telotremata to originate, that the greatest development of cardinal
areas takes place. The oldest genera of the Spiriferacea are all ros-
trate, as in the Ordoviciau Zygospira, Catazyga, and Cyclospira. In
the Silurian the Spiriferidie tend to develoi) rapidly long, straight, and
wide cardinal areas, attaining greatest development in the Devonian
and early Carboniferous. This excessive development of cardinal
areas is no doubt due to the shortening and decline of the pedicle,
since in the Triassic system forms occur in which cementation is com-
plete (Zugmeyeria and Thecocyrtella). Cardinal areas are also devel-
oped in other families of the Spiriferacea, but in no case can such be
traced to Ordoviciau long-hinged ancestors.

In this order, more than in the Protremata, internal specialization of
the brachia has progressed from a simple to a highly complex condi-
tion, hi the Protremata, in its latest developed superfamily, Penta-
meracea, crura are a,lso ])resent, of the same phase of development
attained by the Ilhynchonellacea, the most primitive superfamily of
the Telotremata. In this order, however, there are, with but few
exceptions, no internal special structures, as spondylia. The si)ecial-
ization in the Telotremata is expressed in the progressive complica-
tion of the calcareous brachial supi^orts. In the most primitive spe-
cies of the lihynchonellacea no crura are present (Protorhyncha), but
in all later forms these appendages are well developed, and finally in
the Trias and Jura attain very great length in Ehynchonellina. In
the next more complicated superfamily, Terebratulacea, the crura in the
primitive members have united anteriorly, thus forming the simple
unchanging loop of Centronella aud Rensselferia, which is also known
to occur in the very young of some species of the highest sui)erfamily,
the Spirileracea. The geological history of the loop has shown that
the brachia have been constantly changing, causing more or less com-
lilete resorption of the hard ])arts and adaptation to later requirements.
The progressive development of the loop is also repeated ontogenetic-
ally and more or less fully in living terebratuloids.

In Zygospira, the oldest known genus of the suborder Spiriferacea,
the primitive loop of Centronella is reproduced in the earliest phase in

88 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

the development of its brachidiiini. This is partiiilly resorbed and
ehan^yed in form, and to it is tlien added hiterally the two spirals and
medially the simple or, in the higher forms, the complex processes, or
jugnm. The vohitions of the spirals in the oldest genera geologically
are very few, but subsecjuentl}^ they become more numerous, and attain
their maximum in the long-hinged Devonian and Carboniferous spirifers,
where 35 volutions have been observed, with 24 in Atrypa.

The form of tlie paired spirals varies but little except under the ueeeasity of con-
formiu":; to the interior cavity of the valves. Their iuclination and direction is a
feature of much vsiguificance ^vhen considered with reference to tlie development of
the entire shell. It is the loop, or to employ a term more appropriate in view of the
homologies of the spire-bearing and loop-bearing shells, the jugnm, however, which
is subject to the most frequent variations in form, and Avhich serves as the generic
index. When the spirals are directed outward toward the lateral margins of the
valves, the jugum seems to be much more variable than in shells where the spirals
are introverted or take some intermediate position. In the latter there is a much
greater variation in the position of the loop upon the primary lamelhe than occurs
in the former. '

GENERAL DEVELOPMENT.

In the preceding images it is shown that the four types of pedicle
openings which serve as the i^rime characters in distinguishing the
four orders, Atremata, !Neotremata, Protremata, and Telotremata, are
present in the oldest division of the Cambrian, the Olenellus zone.
From the pre-Cambriau sedimentary rocks, or Algonkian system, prac-
tically no fossils are known, though there is evidence in them that
life existed. The fact that the Olenellus zone has a varied marine
fauna alone indicates that the sea during Algonkian times must have
swarmed with living things. When the enormous time represented by
the great thickness of Xorth American pre-Cambrian sediments is
considered, or that of Bohemia, it is evident that ample time elapsed
ior life to attain the degree of complexity manifested in the basal Cam-
brian zone. Kayser says that this i^re-Cambriau time was '' probably
so long that the beginning of the Cambrian period may be considered
as comparatively a recent event."- Van Hise, in writing on the same
subject, says:^

If geological history were to be divided into three approximately equal divisions,
these divisions would not imjjrobably be the time of the Archean, the time of the
clastic series between the Archean and the Cambrian, and the time of Cambrian and
post-Cambrian. In this connection it is well to recall that many years ago Log;ni
suggested that the thickness of the Laureutian and Huronian may surpass that of
all succeeding formations, and that the appearance of the so-called Primordial
fauna may be considered as a comparatively modern event.

In the Lower Cambrian there are not many species of brachiopods,
nor is the specific differentiation in any order very varied, indicating

I Hall auil Clarke, Pala'ontology of Kew York, Vol. Vni, Part II, 1895, p. 343.

'' Text-Book of Comiiarative Geology, 3893, p. 13.

=* Sixteenth Anu. Eept. TT. S. Geol. Survey, Part I, liS'JO, p. 7G0.

SCHUCHEET.

GENERAL DEVELOPMENT. 89

either tliat evolution in pre-Cambrian eras was much slower than sub-
sequently or that the class had its origin late in the Algonkian. Cam-
brian brachiopods usually differ fundamentally from one another, and
do not appear to have been persistent, as but 4 of the 22 genera pass
into the Ordovician. Differentiation also apj)ears to have been slow
during the Lower and Middle Cambrian, but toward the close of this
system species begin to be more numerous and varied. In Middle Ordo-
vician times all the orders and superfamilies are well established
except Terebrat^^lacea. The zenith of the class was attained in the
Silurian and Devonian eras, but decline began during late Devonian,
and steadily continued to the close of the Paleozoic. But 7 of the Car-
boniferous genera are known to have survived the break between the
Paleozoic and Mesozoic. During the latter time the spire-bearing
brachiopods pass out of existence, while the great Paleozoic super-
family iStrophomenacea is represented by a few small species of the
Thecidiid;e, which continue to be represented up to the present time.
After the Cretaceous system the orders Atremata, Neotremata, and
Protremata are represented only by Lingula, Discina, Discinisca,
Crania, and Thecidium. The Terebratulidie may have had their incep-
tion below the middle of the Ordovician, but are not a pronounced
Paleozoic group. However, in the Jurassic and Cretaceous systems
the rocks abound with the shells of this family, and from that time on
they are the chief representatives of the class. Lingula and Crania
are present in the Ordovician, and, as far as can be determined, have
persisted to the present time.

Of the 49 families and subfamilies constituting the class, 43 became
differentiated in the Paleozoic, and of these 30 disappeared with it,
while but 13 continued from the Paleozoic into the Mesozoic. Of Paleo-
zoic families, 0 are represented by living species, viz, Lingulidfe, Dis
cinidu', Craniidiie, Thecidiidie, Ehynchonellida?, and Terebratulidte.

Of the 327 genera now in use, 227 had their origin in Paleozoic seas,
or nearly 70 per cent of the entire class, and of this great number but
8 are positively known to pass into the Mesozoic, viz, Lingula, Orbicu-
loidea. Crania, Rhynchonella, Spiriferina, Athyris, Terebratula, and
Hemiptychina. Besides these, Streptorhynchus, Cyrtina, Retzia, Mar-
tinia, and Martiniopsis, are mentioned as occurring in the Triassic, but
these sj)ecies probably in great part belong to other genera.

The Atremata, which contains the oldest and the simplest forms
structurally, is represented by 29 genera, while the Neotremata and
Protremata have 30 and 89, respectively. Telotremata is the last
order to appear, and has by far the greatest number of genera, 179.

The chronogenetic history of brachiopods shows that the four orders
begin with smooth shells, and that subsequently various kinds of sur-
face ornamentation are developed or disappear with varying degrees of
rapidity. The ontogeny of strongly plicated and lamellose shells, wher-
ever observed, begins with smooth shells. All new surface characters

90 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bulls?.

are first introduced during adolescent growth or senility, and these
by the law of acceleration appear earlier and earlier in later spe
cies. In the Lower Cambrian there are species of Billingsella witli a
few broad undulations in the shell, but in the Middle Cambrian tlie
plications are pronounced and cover half or more than half the anterior
portion of the valves, while in the Upper Cambrian these folds ai)pear
upon the umbones. In the oldest rostrate pentanieroids the shells are
either smooth or have a few folds (Camarella), which beconn^ more dis
tinct in Parastrophia, and culminate in numerous sharp plications in
Auastrophia. The rhynchonelloids, beginning in Protorthis of the
Lower Cambrian as smooth shells, gradually become more and more
plicated in the Silurian and Devonian, yet in the Triassic many species
again appear nearly smooth.

STRUCTURAL CHARACTERS.
THE PROTEGULUM.

The order Atremata is the radical brachiopodous stock, which early
in its history gave origin more or less directly to the other three orders
of brachiopods. Beecher has observed : '

That all brachiopods, so far as studied by the writer, have a common form of
embryonic shell, which may be termed the proteguhim. The protegulum is semi-
circular or semielliptical in outline, with a straight or arcnate hinge line, and
no hinge area. A slight posterior gaping is produced by the ventral valve being
usuallj'^ more convex than the brachial. The modifications noted are apparently due
to accelerated growth, by which characters primarily nealogic [=neanic] become so
advanced in the devolopment of the individual as to bo impressed finally upon the
embryonic shell. This feature is well shown in the development of Orbiculoidea
and Uiscinisca.

As the protegulum has been observed in about 40 geuera, representing nearly all
the leading families of the class, its general presence may be safelj' assumed. [In
structure it is corneous and imperforate and varies in size from 0.0.5 to 0.60mm.
The] prototype preserving throughout its de\elopment the main features of the
protegulum, and showing no separate or distinct stages of growth [is found in the
Lower Cambrian genus Pateriua]. The resemblance of this form to the protegulum
of other brachiopods is very marked and significant, as it represents a mature type
having only the common embryonal features of other geuera.

Since the above was written Mr. C. D. Walcott has shown that the
type species of Paterina has a well-developed cardinal area, and that it
is synonymous with Iphidea.^ The latter, however, is generally assumed
to have an af)ical pedicle opening as in the Acrotretidiie. This is now
known not to be the case. The supposed perforation is but a slight
depression or short groove in the apex of the ventral valve, and does
not pass through the shell. Ijihidea is therefore in harmony with
Paterina, since both have more or less well-developed cardinal areas.
The theoretical Paterina or prototype of the protegulum is^therelbre

> Am. .Jour. Sci., April. 1891, 3(1 series, Vol. XLI, pp. 344-346.
2Proc. U. S. Nat. Mua., Vol, XIX, 1897, pp. 707-713.

srHucHERT.] THE PRODELTIDIUM. 91

_not yet kuown. It is evident, however, from the material Mr. Walcott
possesses, that Iphidea-like forms will be discovered in which the car-
dinal area is undeveloped and in harmony with the protegulum. It is
in this sense that the terms Paterina and paterina stage are used
throughout this work.

THE PRODELTIDIUM.

The term prodeltidium is applied by Hall and Clarke to the third
shell plate originating on the dorsal side of the body wall in the
cephalula stage of Tltecidium mediterraneum, the only living species of
Protremata. This plate, however, is not restricted to that order, but
has been observed bj^ authors as also occurring in the Atremata and
Neotremata. The term prodeltidium is here applied to this embryonic
plate wherever it occurs unmodified.

Beecher has shown that the prodeltidium in the Protremata is the
first cause for the development of the deltidium so characteristic
of this order. That tliis plate is also present in the Neotremata is
apparent from the description of a brachiopod larva of Discina ( =
Discinisca) given by Fritz Mueller. These larvai were captured in
abundance off Desterro or Santa Cathrina, Brazil, but Mueller was not
so successful as Kovalevsky and otliers in securing the earlier larval
stages of other genera developing in the brood pouch, and therefore
nothing is known as to the place of origin of the prodeltidium in Neo-.
tremata. Since, however, the prodeltidium is also present in young
Lingula of the order Atremata, where it is wholly attached to the inte-
rior of the dorsal shell, it appears safe to assume that this plate inva-
riably develops on the dorsal side of the thoracic segment of embryonic
brachiopods, and later becomes attached either to the dorsal (Atremata)
or ventral valve (Neotremata and Protremata), except where, as in the
Telotremata, it does not occur.

Before taking up the phylogenetic significance of the prodeltidium,
it will be advisable to state what is known of this plate in the Atre-
mata and Neofremata. Since it was first discovered bj^ Fritz Mueller
in the Neotremata, where also it is best developed, and subsequently
was homologized by Brooks with a similar plate in Glottidia, it will
here be given first consideration. Mueller writes:'

Mit ibrem Hiuterraude dem ausgebucbteteu Hinterrande deuHBauchsliale anliegeud,
gewahrt man zwiscben den Scbalen eine queroraJe Platte, 0.06 mm. laiig, 0.11 bieit,
mit diinklerem, oft braunriitblich gefitrbtem, riiigfJirmigeii Raudo. Sie baftefc an
der Baucbscbale, deren Bewegungen sie folgt, und steht mit der Riickenscbale nur
durch Muskeln in Verbindung.

There is, then, in this Discinisca, a transversely oval plate somewhat
loosely attached to the ventral shell near its i^osterior margin, the
movements of which it follows. Mueller adds:'^

Die querovale Platte tritt untir de^bis zum Vorderrande der Riickenscbale vorge-
scbobenen Baucbscbale vor, beginnt sicb nacb binten zu verlangereu uud ein
faseriges Anselien zu zeigen (Stiel?); sie folgt, nacb wie vor, den Bewegungen der
Baucbscbale.

' Archiv Anat., Physiol., 1860, p. 74. = Ibid., p. 78.

92 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. IudluS?.

Since in this stage of Discinisca there is no i)e(li('le present, Mueller
apparently was disposed to regard the prodeltidinm as the equivalent
of the pedicle. That this is an erroneous interpretation seems certain,
for in his second paper he states: '

Die bis dahiu zwischen den Schalen verborgene qiierovale Platte (der Stiel) tritt
hervor, indem sie sich Avie es sclieint, iim dem ausjjebnchteu Hiiiterrande des Bauch-
scbale vollstiindig herumdreht uiid so ihr vorderer Raud zum binteren wird.

In Glottidia the pedicle does not appear until sometinae after the
prodeltidinm is developed, and it seems reasonable to assume from the
description of Mueller that, on the development of the pedicle, the
prodeltidinm is pushed and turned backward, and between this and
the notched ventral margin the pedicle passes. The pedicle opening at
this stage is therefore surrounded by shell matter, anteriorly by the
protegulum and posteriorly by the prodeltidinm, characters duplicated
in Thecidium. In the latter genus the prodeltidinm develops into the
deltidium, whereas, according to Mueller, this i^late subsequently dis-
appears in Discinisca. Brooks, also, is not disposed to accept Mueller's
interpretation of this plate as the pedicle, since he writes : ^

If it is the same [the transversely oval plate of Discinisca and the dorsal semicir-
cular plate of Glottidia], Mueller is certainly in error in his suggestion that it is the
peduncle, for there is no connection between the two structures.

In Glottidia' pyramidata, Brooks has shown that the prodeltidinm is
also present, yet here it does not become attached to the ventral shell,
but is firmly fastened to the dorsal valve, and this apparently was
consummated in the paternia stage. Brooks writes :

I was not able to learn anything of the significance of the semicircular plate
shown in figures 1 and 3. It is found onlj'^ in the dorsal valve, and is either a mark
upon its inner surface or a plate between the body and the valve. According to
Fritz Mueller, the Brachiopod Jarva studied by him possessed a similar structure.
* * * The embrj'O of Lingula is so small and thin that if this were a separate
plate, it would be rather dififlcult to prove without seeing it move, or find it bent
outward. In the absence of such evidence, we seem warranted in concluding that it
is a similar structure to the movable plates of Mueller's larva, although, in Lingula
at least, it is in connection with the dorsal, not the ventral valve.

No one has yet mentioned the presence of the prodeltidinm in living
Telotremata, and it may prove to be absent in this order, as it is not
developed in the three species carefully studied by Morse, Kovalevesky,
and Shipley.

Recapitulation. — The prodeltidinm is present in Atremata, Neotre-
mata, and Protremata. In the embryonic brachiopods developing this
plate it is first found on the dorsal side of the body wall, and later is
anchylosed to the ventral shell in Protremata (Thecidium). In the
Neotremata, the earliest embryonic stages of which are not known, it
is found completely developed and loosely attached to the ventral shell,
anterior to the posterior margin. It subsequently turns backward to

' Archiv fvir Naturgesch., 1861, p. 54.

* Chesapeake Zoological Laboratory, session of 1878; Johns Hopkins University, 1879.

SGHUCHERT.] THE PRODELTIDIUM. 93

tbe posterior margin of tlie same valve, and the pedicle is believed to
emerge between tbe plate and the valve (Disciuisca). The prodeltidinm
is therefore alike in final position in the Neotremata and Protremata.
In the Atremata this plate is either attached by its entire surface or by
the posterior margin only to the dorsal shell, as in Glottidia, where the
earliest embryonic stages are also unknown. The prodeltidinm is like-
wise dorsal in the cephalula stage of Thecidium (Protremata), but sub-
sequently is attached to the ventral shell, yet in reality remains dorsal
to the animal. In Glottidia (Atremata) this i)late remains attached to
the dorsal valve, and in nowise affects the pedicle opening, as in the
Neotremata and Protremata. In the Telotremata the prodeltidinm has
not been observed, nor has any fossil species in this order shown the
least trace of a deltidium, and wherever the delthyrium is closed it is
always by iilates growing medially from its walls, secreted by the
mantle and never by the peduncle. Therefore, when the prodeltidinm
remains stationary or with the dorsal valve, it is not known that this
plate affects the original pedicle opening (Atremata and Telotremata),
but when subsequently attached to the ventral valve and i^artly sur-
rounds the pedicle with shell matter, it comj)letely modifies the primi-
tive pedicle opening by restricting it to the ventral shell (Xeotremata
and Protremata). In the derived or later-appearing families of the Neo-
tremata and Protremata the effects of foraminal modification initiated
by the prodeltidinm may be wdiolly lost, as in Craniidae and Orthiidfe.

SIGNIFICANCE OF THE PRODELTIDIUM.

The deltidium is the chief character of ordinal importance in the Pro-
tremata, and since this plate is attached to the ventral valve, yet
originates in the dorsal prodeltidinm, it seems reasonable to assume
that if similar developmental conditions are found in other orders such
orders would possess closer phylogenetic relationship than those having
differing conditions. It has been shown that the prodeltidinm is also
attached to the ventral valve in the JSTeotremata, and so far both orders
show relationship in their earliest embryonic growth. Beecher has
shown that the protegulum or initial shell of the Protremata is discin-
oid in form and more like that of the ]S"eotremata than that of the
Atremata or Telotremata. He writes: ^

Disciuisca shows a subcircular ventral protegulum with a pedicle notch, and the
evidence of any hinge in the dorsal protegulum is very slight. The disciuoid char-
acter appearing in the second and third nepionic stage of the Paleozoic Orbiculoidea
has become so accelerated in Neozoic and recent Disciuisca as to produce a discinoid
protegulum.

The strophomenoid shells usually retain a normal protegulum in the dorsal valve,
but from the acceleration of the discinoid stage in the ventral valve the protegulum,
has an abbreviate hinge and arcuate hinge line. (P. 346.)

The nepionic stage of Lepta>na rhomboidaUs is represented by a shell without radii,
having a comparatively large pedicle opening in the ventral valve and a large deltid-
ium. The hinge is not well defined and the shell is discinoid in form. * * *

•Am. Jour. Soi., 3(1 series, Vol. XLI, 189t, p. 346; Vol. XLIV, ] 892, pp. 150-151.

94 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA. [nnxST.

The {'xtenial characters as ex])re88eil by both valves are niaiiifestly nearer to Kntor-
giua than to any telotremate geuus. » * * It should bo noted, however, that the
young of ChoueteSjProductus, Stropheodonta, Orthothetes, Leptiena, Plectambonitcs,
and Strojihomcna, all have little or no indication of a straight hinge line, and that
the extension of this member takes place during later nealogic and ephcljolic growth.
(Pp. 150-151.)

By far the greatest number of Neotremata occurring in the Lower
Cambrian are species of the family Acrotreticbe. To the writer it has
always seemed strange to suppose that this family has been derived
through the Trematidfe, but the above interpretation of the prodeltid
ium in Discinisca indicates that the turning of this j)]ate i^osterior to
the j)edicle at once led to holoperipheral growth in some of these early
forms. In some species of the Acrotretida> there is a true deitidium.
In Acrothele the cardinal area is flat, Avithout any trace of a deitid-
ium, whereas in Acrotreta and Conotreta, which have high cardinal
areas, there is a narrow concave depression bisecting it. These del-
tidia, whether convex or concave, are in all probability initiated by the
prodeltidium, as in the Protremata. In the family Trematidje there
appears to be nothing homologous with the deitidium, since the plates
situated in the apex of the wide triangular fissure of Schizocrauia and
Lingulodiscina seem to be formed anterior to the pedicle and subse-
quent to its movement posteriorly with growth, and not posterior to
the pedicle, as in the Acrotretidse. These plates in the Trematidie
should i^robably be homologized with the listrium of the Discinidie.

The complete harmony of the muscular system in the Protremata
and Telotremata is no evidence in itself that the latter were derived
from the former. The occurrence at the base of the Cambrian of very
primitive species of the four brachiopod orders is proof that diver-
gence took place very early in the history of the class, and while there
is little knowledge of the muscles in either Iphidea, Kutorgiua, or Pro-
torhyncha (P. f minor and P. f ambign a), the earliest genera of Atremata,
Protremata, and Telotremata, respectively, there is some evidence for
supposing them to be as in the type embryo stage of living species.
The high degree of specialization attained by Lingula (Atremata), as
exem[)lified by the burrowing habit, long peduncle, and absence of valve
articulation, is the cause for their complex muscular system, while the
development of a functional hinge in the Protremata and Telotremata
has led to the retention of very primitive conditions or to the simiiliti-
cation and harmony of the muscles throughout these two orders.

The presence of a terminal intestinal opening in the living species of
the Atremata and ISTeotremata and its general absence in those of the
Protremata and Telotremata is no longer held to have phylogenetic
significance, as many of the Paleozoic species of the two latter orders
afford good evidence of such having been present in the median line as
in living Crania.^

1 See p. 113.

SCHUCHERT.]

ORDINAL CHARACTERS.

95

The known protegula, or initial shells, of the Neotiemata and Pro-
tremata have been shown to be harmonious, and to diflter from the
normal unmodified protegula of the Atremata and Telotremata. The
paterina stage in the two last-named orders is followed by the "obo-
lella stage" in the highest families of the Atremata (Lingulellidte and
Lingulid*), and probably throughout the Telotremata, since it has
been observed in a number of Ordovician and Silurian Rhynchonell-
acea, Spiriferacea, and recent Terebratulinas.' In the Neotremata
and Protremata the paterina stage is not followed by the obolella stage,
but usually by holoperipheral growth, except where the pedicle slit
remains for a time wholly uninclosed by shell matter."

In tabulated form the above-presented facts apjiear thus :

Table of fundamental bracliiopod cJtaracters ordinally arranged.

Character.

Atremata.

Telotremata.

Neotremata.

Protremata.

1. Prodeltidium in

With dorsal valve .

Absent

With ventral

With ventral

type embryo.

valve.

valve.

2 Prodeltidium af-

l^one

U"one

Modified in prim-
itive forms.

Modified through-
out.

fecting pedicle

opening.

3. Deltidium present

None

Present in primi-
tive forms.

out.

4. Protegulum

5. Obolella .stage

Present

Present

Absent

Absent.

In many early ge-
ologic species.

Present in pentam-
eroids.

7. Chemical nature

Phosphatic and

Calcareous

Phosphatic and

Calcareous.

of shell.

calcareous.

calcareous.

8. Cardinal area

Present, but usu-

Not generally

Present in primi-

Generally present.

ally small.

present.

tive forms only.

9. Similarity of

Very much alike. .

Unlike.

Very unlike.

UnUke.

valves.

10. Articulation

Often present, not
functional.

Functional

Rarely present,
not functional.

Functional.

11. Nature and func-

Affixing and bur-

Generally present,

Generally pres-

Affixing or obso-

tion of pedicle..

rowing.

affixing; shell

ent, affixing;

lete ; cementa-

rarely cemented.

cemen tation

tion oranchoring

,

complete.

S])ine8 present.

12. Bracliia, with or

Without

With or without..

Without.

With or without.

without inter-

nal skeleton.

It now appears evident that the two great divisions of brachiopods
heretofore based on the presence or absence of functional articulation
have no phylogenetic significance, and as they "do not appear to have
a primary developmental basis in nature, * * * they fail to ex-
press the true relationships of the various groups included in thera."^

'See papers by Beecher and Clarke, Brooks, Morse, Beecher and Schuchert, and Winchell and
Schuchert.
2 See Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, Vol. XLIV, 1891, pp. 150-151.
^Beecher, Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, Vol. XLI,1891, p. 353 ; also see Vol. XLIV, 1892.

96

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

[ BULL. 87.

Articulation was developed aloug two independeut lines, and therefore
the terms Lyopouiata and Arthropomata have no phylogenetic signifi-
cance. The presence or absence of articulating processes Avas at one
time considered a fixed line, on either side of whicli all brachiopods
could be arranged," but now articulation is known to be nearly functional
in several lyopomatous genera, as in Spondylobolus, Trimerella, Mono-
morella, Tomasina, Barroisella, of the Atremata, and in Trematobolus
of the Neotremata. Among the Arthropomata, articulation is hardly
functional in Kutorgina, Schizopholis, Eichwaldia, and Dictyonella.
However, it appears probable that two su])erorders exist, each having
two orders. Atremata and Telotremata are the more primitive groups,
and agree in the following fundamental characters: Prodeltidium
attached to the dorsal valve or absent; pedicle opening primarily
unmodified, and generally closed later by calcareous plates secreted
by the ventral mantle extensions; presence of a functional pedicle
throughout the life of the individual (excei)t in Thecospira, Thecocyr-

Algonkian

Paleozoic

Afesozoic

. Cenozoic

Recent

4

NFTiirfmrifr^

\

7~P /n fCf fUritrl

Tig. 1.— Diagram giving the geological distribution of brachiopod orders.

tella, and Bittnerula); general presence of the "obolella stage" in the
ontogeny of atremate and telotremate species, and the development of
complicated calcareous brachial sujiports in the derived order. The
Neotremata and Protremata agree in having the prodeltidium attached
to the ventral valve with comjilete nepionic modification of the pedicle
opening; delthyrium often closed by a single plate secreted by the
Ijedicle and never by mantle extensions; the pedicle is very often lost
before maturity is attained, along with the development of new anchor-
ing adaptations; absence of the "obolella stage" and complicated cal-
carious brachial supports.

Owen's superorders Lyopomata and Arthropomata have no basis in
nature, and should be dropped. It is to be hoped that students will
determine the complete embryology of Lingula, Discinisca, Crania,
Rhynchonella, and Terebratulina, for until more of the ontogeny of some
species of these genera is known, no satisfactory relationship whicli the
orders bear to one another can be established. However, it appears
probable that Atremata and Telotremata have superordinal relationship

scfiuCiBERT.] CARDINAL AREAS AND ARTICULATION. 97

differing from tLat of the Neotremata and Protremata. If the charac-
ters above pointed out are of superordinal vakie, it will be convenient
to refer to these divisions as Homocaulia and Idiocaulia, respectively.^

DEVELOPMENT OF CARDINAL AREAS AND ARTICULATION.

The earliest suggestion of cardinal areas occurs in Iphidea of the
Atremata and in the Acrotretidic of the Keotremata. In none of these
forms, however, is there a true cardinal area comparable with those of
the Protremata and Telotremata, since it is not bisected by a delthy-
rium, nor are deltidial plates developed. A convex pseudodeltidium
is often present, but this feature is not homologous with the deltidium
of the higher forms. It is due to holoperipheral growth and interfer-
ence by the pedicle. In the dorsal valves of primitive genera in both
the Atremata and Keotremata growth is hemiperij)heral, but in the ven-
tral valve of Iphidea, the most primitive known genus of Atremata, and
in the Acrotretidae of the Neotremata, growth is holoperipheral.

The ontogeny of many species of Protremata shows that this order
had its origin in some atrematous ijaterina-like genus. This must have
occurred in pre-Cambrian times, since in the Lower Cambrian there are
several species of Billingsella, a highly developed j^rotrematous genus
when compared with the theoretical Paterina. Kutor(/ina cinf/idafa
Walcott, also of the Lower Cambrian, is a more primitive species than
any Billingsella, and it gives evidence as to the course of evolution from
the inarticulate paterina-like ancestor to this riulimentary, articulate,
long-hinged genus. K. cingulata in connection with the Indian genus
Schizopholis Waagen shows that the opening between the widely
gaping valves of Paterina-, which was entirely occupied by the pedicle,
was partially closed by a gradual thickening of the lateial walls, and
there was slowly developed a primitive, ventral, cardinal area. This
area and the articulatiug processes in K. cingulata are very rudimen-
tary, and are situated at the lateral extremity of the cardinal area;
thus this species still retains a very large open delthyrium, much as
in the theoretical Paterina. In Schizopholis this wide fissure is reduced
to a narrow triangular delthyrium by the development of a true car-
dinal area, and the articulating processes are now no longer at the
lateral extremities, as in Kutorgina, but are situated more medially.
Naturally, in the older Cambrian, complete articulation did not obtain,
as in post-Cambrian times. Some of the oldest protrematous species,
such as K. cingulata, Billingsella tvhitjieldi, and j)ossibly others, also
retain considerable phosphatic material in their shells, but in later and
more highly specialized species the shell is decidedly calcareous.

Some of the species of Iphidea have the ventral posterior region

'Ofios (homos), iSio? (itliog), and KauAd? (kanlos) r— stem or pedicle eomiiioii to both valves and pedicle
restricted to one valve, respectively. These characters may be retained throughout life or restricted to
the nepionic and neanic stages of growth.

Bull. 87 7

98 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA. IiirLi..87.

more drawn out beyond tlie dorsal posterior margin than others. If
this rostrate condition were carried a little farther and the psendodel-
tidium reaorbed, there would practically result atelotrcuiate shell dupli-
cated by the neanic condition of many rostrate Telotremata. The
articulation would at lirst be nearly obsolete and situated extremely
lateral, as in the Protrenuita, but as the cardinal area became greater
the teeth would attain a more medial position. While there uro. no
known genera to fill in the gap between the theoretical Paterina and
Protorhyucha (P. minor and P. amhlgua), yet the hiatus between the
Atremata and Telotremata is not greater than between theoretical
Paterina and Kutorgina, or between the Atremata and Protremata.

DEVELOPMENT AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE DELTIDIUM.

The most characteristic mature feature of ordinal importance which
distinguishes Protremata from the other three orders is found in the
plate that more or less completely covers the delthyrium. However, in
two of the families of this order, Pentameridte and Orthida', this plate
is generally Avauting in the mature individual, since here it usually
develops only during early growth, and later is lost by abrasion or
hidden beneath the incurved beak. Again, in the Acrotretidie of the
Neotremata, and in Iphidea of the Atremata, a deltidium-like plate is
also often developed, but as these shells are strongly x)hosphatic it is
not difficult to distinguish the ordinal position of any shells with a true
deltidium. In Lacazella mediterranean the only living species of Pro-
tremata, this plate has its origin in the cephalula stage along with the
rudiments of the dorsal and ventral valves, when the embryo is yet free
and swimming about by the aid of cilia. The dorsal shell and the pro-
deltidium appear first, and are secreted by the rudimentary dorsal
mantle and the dorsal surface of the body, which subsequently becomes
the pedicle. The ventral shell appears last, and is then widely sepa-
rated from the dorsal valve. Between the two valves is the thick and
short pedicle, on the dorsal surface of which still remains the third
plate, or prodeltidium. Subsequently the latter is anchylosed to the
posterior margin of the ventral valve. The prodeltidium is also known
in the Atremata and Neotremata, yet in the Telotremata this embryonic
third plate does not exist, but a covering to the delthyrium is developed
sometime after the animal has become attached. In its origin this cov-
ering is wholly different from the deltidium of the Protremata, which has
its beginning in the prodeltidium and grows down from the shell apex
over the delthyrium, while the deltidial plates of Telotremata grow
out medially from the walls of the delthyrium. The deltidial plates are
secreted by extensions of the ventral mantle, and at no period of devel-
opment has the pedicle any share in their formation. It is not always
easy to distinguish mature protrematous and telotrematous shells on
the basis of these characters alone, but the young of both orders are

scHucHEET.] CHILIDIUM AND SPONDYLIUM. 99

easily classified, by the covered or opeu deltliyria, respectively. In some
of the Telotremata, toward maturity the deltidial plates anchylose
medially i^osterior to the j)edicle, or they may surround the pedicle,
thus resembliug' the deltidium, but, siuce their origin is quite different,
they are termed "pseudodeltidia." Such pseudodeltidia in Oyrtia,
Oyrtiua, and some spirifers resemble the deltidium of Olitambonites.
Even the median line of anchylosis is often obliterated by the contin-
uous secretion of the completely uuited prolongations of the veutral
mantle lobe. In the Pentamerida' the deltidium is geuerally absent, as
in the OrtbidiC, but in Pentamerus and Conchidium it is often retained
as a thin, fragile, concave plate. This reversal in form from the gen-
erally prevalent, convex, or flat deltidium may be due to the rostrate
and arched ventral umbones so common in these genera. In the aber-
rant rostrate genus Dictyonella, which has an arched ventral umbone,
a concave i)late is also present, between which and the sliell the pedicle
l)asses and emerges u^ion the umbone, as in the Siphonotrctid;e. It is
not certainly known that this plate in Dictyonella is a deltidium, but its
form and position in the rostral cavity are very suggestive of that
organ in Pentamerus and Conchidium. The peculiar umbonal pedicle
oi)ening in Dictyonella also finds its equivalent in Lepttena.

THE CHILIDIUM.

The chilidium is a convex plate often covering the cardinal process
of the dorsal valve in the Protremata. It is particularly well devel-
oped in the families Clitambonitidai and Strophomenida% and is not to
be confounded with the deltidium, since it first makes its appearance
not earlier than neanic growth, and apparently is a secretion of the
dorsal mantle lobe. The origin of the chilidium and of the deltidium
is therefore wholly different, and both have very dissimilar jihyletic
significance.

ORIGIN AND FUNCTION OF THE SPONDYLIUM.

The spondylium is an internal ventral plate traversing the posterior
portion of the animal. The upper surface of this plate is usually trans-
versely marked by strite, which, in the Peutameracea have three distinct
curvatures in passing over it.

Since their position and tlie area occu]iied agree Tvitli the muscuhir scars of this
valve in Orthis, they are here regarded as houiologous with the adductors, diductors,
and adjusters of that genus. In LingnJasma, Lbujuiops and the trLuierellids the mus-
cular scars are not found in front nor underneath, but on the "platform" of those
genera. The jjlatform, therefore, is homologous with the spondylium of ClUamhon-
ites and Pentamerus. * * - The portion of the valve immediately beneath the
spondylium, and occasionally the sides of the septum, are strongly marked by the
genital sinuses. Since there is no space posterior to these markings for the attach-
ment of the muscles, this clearly indicates that they were situated on the ujiper
surface of the spondylium.'

'"Wincliell and Schuchert, Final Kept. Minn. Geol. Survey, A'ol. Ill, Part I, June, 189i!, p. 378.

100 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

The spondylium is developed as the "platform" in Liiigulasmatidfe
aud TrimerellidiP of the Atremata; as a "spoudylium" in Pentamera-
cea of tlie Protreniata, and in Cyrtina, Caniei'ospira, Merista, and
Dicaiuara, of the Telotreinata. In the Atremata and Telotremata,
spondylia-bearing species are not numerous, but the individuals are
usually abundant, often of large size, and generally are of short geo-
logic duration.

The development of the sjjondylium or its morphologic equivalent
probably had its origin in an excessive deposit of testaceous matter
about the bases of the jDowerful adductors, diductors, and pedicle
muscles. GroAvth of the individual necessitates the progressive ante-
rior movement of the muscles, and when these are large there is but
little or no space left between or outside of them for the viscera and
genitalia, which are therefore crowded farther and farther anteriorly.
This condition naturally produces constant i^ressure of the genitalia
against the anterior base of the forming spondylium, and since pres-
sure causes resorption or diverts testaceous dei)osition, it follows that
these organs will gradually produce cavities for their relief beneath
this plate. In the older species of the Trimerellidte and in all of the
Lingulasmatidie displacement of the genitalia does not appear to have
been excessive, as the platforms are but slightly excavated. However,
in the terminal genus Trimerella the genitalia chambers are very deep,
and these are present in both valves. Throughout the Pentameracea
the spondylium is a thin, freely terminating or medially supported
plate, and never solid as in the older species of the TrimerellidiTe. It
is likewise thin and excavated in the order Telotremata.

Hall and Clarke advance quite a different explanation as to the
origin of the spondylium. They write : ^

The spondylium is an area of muscular implantation. In its early or incipient con-
dition it is evident that it originates from the convergence and coalescence of the
dental lamell?e, and forms a receptacle for the proximal portion of the pedicle, and
for the capsular or pedicle muscles. * * * Considering this structure in its
incipent condition, where, as in Orihis, it is represented only by the convergent den-
tal plates which usually iinite ^Yith, or rest upon the bottom of the valve, and
inclose only the base of the pedicle and its muscles, it will he evident that the plate
is actually but a modification of the original pedicle-sheath. It is evidently the
inner moiety of this sheath surrounding the pedicle, whicli hats become involved or
inclosed by the growth of the pedicle-valve, and further modified by the develop-
ment of articulating processes where it comes in contact with the brachial valve
It therefore follows, as a natural inference, that wherever the spondylium is pres.
ent, whether in the incipient condition or in the more advanced stage of develoi)-
ment in which it supports all the muscles of the valve, it is, or, at some period of
growth, has been accompanied by the external portion of the sheath, which is termed
the deltidinm. Thus the spondylium appears to be but the complement of the del-
tidium, or the original plate formed upon the body of the embryo, and that portion
of the adult shell to which the term deltidium has been applied, is the other part of
the original or primitive deltidial plate or pedicle-sheath.

> Palseontology of New Tork, Vol. VIII, Part II, 1895, p. 332.

scHucHEET.] THE SPONDYLIUM. 101

The writer also previously entertained this view, but when it became
known that s])on(lylia are developed where no dental lanielhe exist, as
in the Lingulasmatidte and Trimerellidte of the Atremata; that spon-
dylia are never present in the Neotremata, where a pedicle-sheath
is sometimes well developed, as in the Acrotretidie; and finally, that
a si)ondylium is even present where no deltidium ever existed, as in
the two first-mentioned families, and in Oyrtina, Oamerospira, Merista,
and Dicamara of the Telotreinata, such an explanation became unten-
able. The fact that solid or excavated spondylia exist in three orders,
two of which never developed a pedicle-sheath (Atremata and Telotre-
mata), and one had no dental lamelhe (Atremata), is good evidence that
the jirodeltidium i)rimarily had nothing to do with the development of
spondylia. Further, no spondylia are developed in the Cambrian until
long after the deltidium was well established, and therefore the spon-
dylium can not be "but a modification of the original xjedicle-sheath."
However, it is very probable that when the dental lamelhe in the Pro-
tremata became sufficiently wide to Join the ventral shell, crowding all
the muscles of this valve into a small area, these took advantage of the
inner sides of the dental lamelhe for insertion, and thus a continuous
layer of testaceous matter was deposited within the rostral cavity.
With growth, the muscles move forward and press against the genitalia,
which causes resori^tion or nondeposition for their relief. Xo spondylia
appear before the Upper (/'ambrian, and here also are the first com-
pletely developed dental lamellte. The so-called Lower Cambrian
camarellas have no comi>letely developed dental lamelhe, and are
related to the rhynchonelloid genus Protorhyncha, and to Protorthis
billiuffsi, which also has no spondylinm.' Therefore, the further conclu-
sion of Hall and Clarke can not be accepted, that, "where the teeth
are wholly without dental lamelhe, or where such lamella' do not extend
to the bottom of the valve, it seems necessary to regard them as
instances of degeneracy or resorption of the primitive spondylinm."^

It seems clear to the writer that since the "shoe-lifter" j)late, or
spondylinm, in Merista and Dicamara is for nuiscular insertion, this
plate in the ventral valve of these genera is the morphic equivalent of
the spondylinm in the Pentameracea, and that the dorsal muscular
plate in Dicamara is the equivalent of the cruralinm, and can not "be
interpreted as an entirely different structure from the spondylinm."-'
It is true that the siwndylia of these genera are not exactly like those
of the Pentameracea, but since this plate in the Atremata is not formed
by the union of dental lamella', as these do not exist in this order, there
is no reason for rejecting the terminology for these plates in Merista
and Dicamara.

> Oamarella minor and O. antiqua are more closely related to Protorhynclia than to any other genus.
Of Orthis billingsi, the typo of Protorthis, very good casts of specimens in the Cornell University
Museum are in the National Musinim, which show that this genus also has no spondylium, and that its
characters are those of Billingselhi.

= Hall and Clarke, ihid., p. 333.

sibid,, p.335.

102 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [nuu.87.

CRURA AND CRURALIUM.

Calcareous processes for tlie support of the bracliia are also devel-
oped in the l*rotremata, in the siiperfainily Peutameracea, but never
to the same degree attained by the Spiriferacea or Terebratulacea of
the Telotremata. In the Protremata these supports are first developed
in the Syntrophiida', and attain their greatest length in the Penta-
meridip. Since the two parts often unite medially, forming a plate for
muscular insertion either resting upon the valve or supported by a
septum, this has been termed a cruralium by Hall and Clarke, to distin-
guish it from the spondylium of the ventral valve. When the parts
remain separate, aud are therefore not for muscular insertion, they are
homologous with and the equivalent of the crura in the Ehynchonellid?e.
The crura of the Peutameracea aud JRhynchonellacea arise independ-
ently, aud are therefore morphologic equivalents.

MORPHOLOGIC EQUIVALENTS.

Because of the presence of similar or identical morphological struc-
tures iu different groups of mature brachiopods, it is unsafe, on the
basis of these alone, to suppose such to have close relationship. The
spondylium has been shown to originate independently in three orders:
Atremata, Protremata, and Telotremata. Identical mature loops have
resulted in different ways in two stocks of the same family, one boreal
(Dallin.ne) and the other austral (Magellauin.T). Flat and more or less
wide cardinal areas develop independently of one another in Protre-
mata and Telotremata (Spiriferacea). Cementation of valves takes
place at different and widely separated geologic epochs in Neotremata,
Protremata, and Telotremata, and shell plications arise from smooth
stocks in Pentameracea, Ehynchonellacea, Spiriferacea, and Terebra-
tulacea. Natural phylogenies can only be established upon ontogenies
checked by chronogenesis or geologic succession.

SUMMARY.

In North America there are 1,859 Paleozoic, 49 Mesozoic, and 11
Cenozoic species of fossil Brachiopoda. There are 110 species in the
Cambrian, 319 in the Ordovician, 311 in the Silurian, 663 in the Devo-
luan, and 478 in the Carboniferous.

The remarkable scarcity of post-Paleozoic species in America is
supposed to be due not so much to the general decline of the class as
to great orograiihic movements during the close of the Paleozoic, which
produced complete barriers against the introduction of species from
other areas.

Specific differentiation was most rapid in the Ordovician, having
exceeded the Cambrian representation more than three times.

Thirty per cent of all American Paleozoic species had wide geo-
grapliic distribution, which is most j)ronounced in the Devonian and

scHurnKRT.l SUMMARY OP BIOLOGIC CHARACTERS. 103

Carboniferous systems. One hundred and twenty-one American spe-
cies are also found on other continents.

Widely dispersed species are least common in the most primitive
order, Atremata, and greatest in the highest orders, Protremata and
Telotremata. The diflterence, however, is but 7 per cent.

The order Atremata is represented by 199 species, or over 10 i)er
cent of the American Paleozoic representation. In the TSTeotremata it
is 15(1, or over 8 per cent. The Protremata have 738 species, or nearly
40 i^er cent; And the Telotremata 766 species, or about 41 per cent.

The order Atremata is best developed in species and genera in the
Cambrian and Ordovician systems; the ISTeotremata in tlieOrdovician;
the Protremata in the Ordovician, Silurian, and Devonian; and the
Teh)tremata in the Devonian. The climax of differentiation is there-
fore chronologically related to phylogenetic or sequential origiu.
■ Since the four orders of Brachiopoda are present in the Lower Cam-
brian, ordinal differentiation must have taken place in pre-Cambrian
times. The two more primitive orders, Atremata and Neotrematti.,
have in Lingula and Crania, respectively, genera with longest life
histories. This probably is due not so much to their primitive struc-
tures as to their modes of living.

The last order to originate, Telotremata, has the greatest number of
generic and superfamily characters, and probably also of sjiecies.

The last sui^erfamily to appear, Spiriferacea, manifests most rapid
evolution and is the second one to die out, being preceded by the Pen-
tameracea. These two superfamilies are the most highly speciali;ced in
the orders to which they belong, and their great specialization may be
the cause of their early disappearance.

The trunk families of later origin throughout the class manifest the
greatest specific and generic differentiation and the widest specific dis-
persion, and have species of the largest size and often of longer geologic
persistence. •

The oldest or most primitive families nearly always have short geo-
logic duration (except Ehynchonellidjv) and the least generic and spe-
cific differentiation, and commonly the individuals are of small size.

The largest of all brachiopods occur in the families Peutameridpe,
Productid;e, and Spiriferidte, at a time when the class was at the height
of differentiation.

Large specific size is probably often gradually attained in genetic
lines, and is due to favorable food conditions. The gigantic brachio-
pods always occur in the later-developed trunk families, and just before
their decline in differentiation.

But 8 genera are known to pass from the Paleozoic to the Mesozoic.
There are in all 327 brachiopod genera, 227 of which are Paleozoic.
The Atremata have 29 genera, the E'eotremata 30, the Protremata 89,
and the Telotremata 179.

All brachiopods begin with smooth shells and protegula.

104 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOrODA. [nni.i,.87.

The prodeltidium, or third embryoni(5 shell plate, is known in the
Atrematii, Neotremata, and Protreniata. I n the Atremata this becomes
attached to the dorsal valve, while in the Telotremata it is a])parcntly
not developed at all. In the Protremata it becomes attached to the
ventral valve, as in Neotreniata. In the two last-named orders it modi-
fies the pedicle oj)ening. For this and other ontogentic and morphologic
characters, Owen's terms Lyopomata and Arthropomata are abandoned.
The Atremata and Telotremata are provisionally arranged under the
snperordinal term Homocaulia, and the Neotremata and' Protremata
nnder IdioeanUa.

Morphologic equivalents, or similar structural features, are devel-
oped independently, as follows: A spondylium in Obolacea, Lingulacea,
Pentameracea, and rarely in Spiriferacea ; crural processes in Pentam-
eracea and Rhynchonellacea; functional articulation in Protremata
and Telotremata; straight, more or less long, cardinal areas from ros-
trate forms in Rhynchonellacea, Spiriferacea, and Terebratulacea;
rostrate shells from long cardinal areas in Pentameracea, and loss of
pedicle and ventral shell cementation in Craniacea, Strophomenacea,
and Si)iriferacea.

CHAPTER IV.

MORPHOIiOGY OF THE BRACHIA.

By Charles E. Beecher.i

The diagnostic value of the brachidiiim, or calcareous arm sujtports,
of brachiopods has long been recognized, and forms one of the chief
characters for generic and family subdivision among the Terebratulacea
and Spiriferacea. This character fails in all other brachiopods, which
have simply fleshy arms, unsupported by calcareous skeletons. There
is, however, generally the most obvious analogy and intimate relation-
ship between the arms themselves and the brachidium, so that when-
ever either structure can be ascertained it furnishes important data
aiding in the determination of the systematic position of any genus
within a family or order.

The growth of the arms, or lophophore, in recent genera may be
divided into distinct stages, which often have a direct correlation with
other important features of the shell. In many cases it is also possible
to infer the form and arrangement of the brachia in fossil genera from
markings on the interior of the valves and from the calcareous arm
supports, and thus to obtain the chronogenetic as weU as the morpho-
genetic history of these organs.

The most detailed accounts of arm development are given by Brooks^
for Glottidia, l)y Morse" for Terebratulina, and by Kovalevski^" for
Cistella and Thecidea. These results, combined with original observa-
tions by the Avriter'^ and occasional descriptions of arm structure by
Davidson^ and other authors, are sufficient to include and properly
interpret all the leading varieties of structure.

As shown by Brooks,-^ the tentacles, or cirri, in Glottidia originate
on the dorsal side of the oral disk. They grow in pairs, one on each
side of a central lobe. New tentacles are added between the first pair
formed and the median lobe. Thus the cirri farthest removed from
the median lobe are the oldest. Tentacles are added rapidly until the
first arc is extended to a semicircle, and then progressively the whole
disk becomes surrounded by a circle of these organs. The further
introduction of cirri can only take place by the enlargement of the
oral disk or through the deformation of the circle by lobes, loops, or
extensions. In Glottidia, Lingula, Discinisca, Crania, and Ilhyiicho-
nella the two points of tentacular increase, originally together aud on

iThe references to the literature will be found at the end of this chapter.

105

106 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [iutu..87.

opposite sides of a median lobe, or tentacle, gradually separate, aud tlie
further ninltiplicatiou of teutacles results in strap-shaped extensions
ou each side, which linally assume a coiled form, due to the limited
space in which they grow. Therefore the arms iu adult individuals of
these genera have a single cirrated edge, extending from their free
extremities to the sides of the oral disk, and, continuing posteriorly,
unite ou the ventral side of the disk behind the mouth. Each cirrated
edge in the adult lophophore apparently has two approximate rows of
alternating cirri (Hancock''), bat as they were originally a single row
in early stages, this appearance is evidently the result of a crowding of
the cirri or a crumpling of the edge.

Kovalevski ^^ has shown that in Cistella the tentacles also originate
in pairs on each side of the dorso-median line, without a central tenta-
cle or lobe. The same mode of increase has been shown by the writer^
to be present in Magellan ia and Terebratalia. In young stages of
Cistella, Terebratuliua, Magellauia, and other terebratuloid genera, as
well as in Thecidea, after the circlet of tentacles is complete the two
points at which new ones are added do not separate, but remain close
together throughout the life of the animal. In this case the cirrated
margin is lengthened by means of lobation and looping, and often by
the final growth of a single, median, coiled arm, cirrated on both mar-
gins. Gwynia illustrates the comi^leted circle of tentacles about the
mouth. Adult Cistella shows an advance in having the anterior mar-
gin of the lophophore introverted, making it bilobed. Megathjais
is slightly more complicated by two additional lobes. This simple
method of increase is further elaborated in the Thecidiidre. In the
higher genera, especially among the Terebratulida^, the maximum is
reached by means of a median, uni)aired, coiled arm, as in Magellauia
aud Terebratuliua.

The development of the different types and varieties of arm structure
is presented in the accompanying figures (figs. 2-G), which are necessar-
ily somewhat diagrammatic in order to show the features clearly, but
the essential structure can readily be verified from consultation of the
works cited or from a study of actual specimens. In the case of fossil
forms, such as Dielasma, the Atrypida?, and Athyrida?, the brachial
supports have sufficient analogy with the arm structures of Terebratu-
liua and Khyuchonella to warrant their interpretation as given. Also
the spiral impressions on the valves of Davidsonia, and those occa-
sionally present in Leptfena and Productus, clearly point to the posses-
sion of coiled arms by these genera.

CLASSIFICATION OF BRACHIAL STRUCTURES.

From what has already been shown it is seen that the various types
of lophophores admit of a simple classification into stages and groups.
It is proposed to give to these distinctive names, which may be used with
facility iu making comparisons and correlations. They may be found

scHUCHERT.] CLASSIFICATION OF BRACHIAL STRUCTURES. 107

useful, also, in designating tlie kind of bracliial complexity attained
in any genus the arm structure of which can be determined, thus help-
ing to fix its place in a genetic scale. It should be emphasized, how-
ever, that the form and complexity of the cirrated margin of the lopho-
phore can have a taxonomic value only within comparatively narrow
limits. This at once becomes evident when the arms of Lingula, Dis-
cinisca. Crania, Ehynchonella, and all the Spiriferacea are considered.
Each has spiral arms, Avhich were probably developed through similar
changes of form, and yet each is genetically distinct, as shown by all
the other leading characters. But when this classification of arm
structures is applied within a family or genus, or even when made
the basis of comparison among some closely related families, it is some-
times possible to reach very satisfactory conclusions relating to the
systematic position of various forms.

LEIOLOPHUS STAGE.

It is hardly necessary to direct attention to the embryonic brachial
structure before the growth of any of the tentacles, or cirri, on the edge
of the lophophore, while the animal is in the typeinbrj^onic stage. For
the sake of designating all the stages, this may be called the leiolophns
stage, though it has no special significance beyond indicating the
beginning of the lophophore.

TAXOLOPHUS STAGE.

The first stage in which a true brachial structure is manifest is an early
larval form, often the protegulum stage, when the tentacular portion
of the lophophore is a simple arc, or crescent. This may be called the
taxoJophiis. The tentacles are few in number, and increase takes place
on each side of the median line, dorsally, in front of the mouth. In
figs. 2tt, e, 3a, /, 5a this character is clearly shown. The tentacles at the
ends of the arc are the oldest, and new ones are being formed in the
middle portion. In Thecidea, Cistella, and Magellania the tentacles of
the taxolophus are centripetal, due to the edge of the lophoj^hore being
near the margin of the shell; while in Terebratulina, Discinisca, and
Lingula they are centrifugal, due to the smaller and central lophophore.

So far as known, there is no adult living form which has the taxolo-
phian brachial structure. It may have been present in adult Iphidea
of the Cambrian.

TROOHOLOPHUS STAGE.

By the continual addition of new cirri and the pushing back of the
old ones, the fringed margin of the lophophore passes from a crescentic
to a circular form, thus making a complete ring about the mouth. This
may be termed the irocJiolophus stage. It appears in the late larval and
early adolescent stages of Thecidea (fig. 2?>), Cistella (fig. 2/), Magella-
niaand Terebratalia (fig. o/>), Terebratulina (fig. ^g), Glottidia (fig, T)^),

108

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

[bull. 87.

\J^ %^ Taxolophus.

and Discinisca, and, like the former stages, is undoubtedly common to
all bia('bio])od8, except, perhaps, Ipbidea.

Gwj-nia is an adult living rei)resentative of this stage, an<l never
develops any higher type of brachial structure. Dyscolia also belongs
here, since it has a discoid loi)hophoro surrounded by a marginal fringe
of tentacles (Fischer and (Ehlert"). It is possibly a little more
advanced than (hvynia, as it has a slight median anterior notch, sug-
gesting the beginning of the bilobed structure of the next higher type.

The absence of septum, hinge-plate, and dental plates are other
primitive characters belonging to Dyscolia.

SCHIZOLOPHUS STAGE.

After the comi)letion of the trocholophus stage in all brachiopods,
except such simple forms as Gwynia and Discolia, no further increase

in the cirrated edge of
the lophophore can occur
without some deformation
of the circle. This is lirst
accomplished by an intro-
•versiou of the anterior
median edge, thus divid-
ing the lophophore into
two lobes, and suggesting
the name schLoIophus for
this type. (See figs. 2c, g,
3e,h,5c.)

Several brachiopods re-
tain the schizolophian
brachia as an adult char-
acter. Of these, Cistella
is perhaps the best exam-
ple, as it agrees exactly
with an early stage of arm
structure among the Tere-
bratellida^,whichhas been
called the cistelliform
stage (fig. 3c). Terebratulina (fig. 3/i), Glottidia (fig. 5c), and other
higher forms, also have corresponding schizolophian stages, but are
without the median sei^tum. Lacazella mediierranea presents a similar
larval structure, and in L. harretti it is retained to maturity. The fos-
sil genera Davidsonella and Thecidella of the Thecidiidie, and Zellania
of the Terebratellidse, never developed beyond the schizolophus stage,
and they must therefore be considered as quite primitive genera in their
respective families.

From this point the further development and complication of arm
structure proceeds in three distinct diverging lines, producing the

Trocholophus.

Scliiz()lo]dius.

Ptycholophus.

Fig. 2. — Stages of growth of the lophophore in Thecidea,
Cistella, and Megathyris. a, 6, c, d, stages in the growth of the
lophophore in Thecidea (Lacazella) mediterranean eul. (a-c after
Kovalevski, d, after LacazeDuthiers). c, /, early stages of
lophophoreof Cistella neapolitana, eul. (after Kovalevski). <j,
adult lophophore of Cistella (0. cittellvla), enl. (after David-
son), h, labial appendages of Megathyris decollata, enl. (after
Davidson).

scHucHERT] CLASSIFICATION OF BRACHIAL STRUCTURES.

109

three characteristic types of brachia of all the higher brachiopods. as
exemplified in Thecidea, Terebratuliaa, and Rhyuchouella.

PTYCHOLOPHUS STAGE.

The simplest of the types of brachia just cited is developed out of
the schizolophus by the additional lobatiou, or looping, of the primary
lobes, making a structure which may be called the pfycholophus.
Megathyris and Lacazella mediterranea both have 4 lobes (fig. 2d, h);
Thecidea radiata has 6 ; T. ver-

f

Taxoloplius.

Trocholo])hus.

Schizolophus.

Zugolophus.

micularis and EudeseUa may-
ale, 8; E. digitata, 10; Ptero-
phloios and Oldhamina, about
20. Lobation in some (Theci-
dea) is produced by the forking
orbranching of the median sep-
tum; in others (Pterophloios)
the septum remains simple
while the lateral borders of
the lophophore are lobed.

ZUaOLOPHUS AND PLECTOLO-
PHUS STAGES.

All the higher Terebratu-
lacea reach the final growth of
the lophophore through an in-
termediate stage which from its
form may be called the Zugolo-
plms — fig. M, i. EucalaJiis
and Platidia (?Tropidoleptus)
are apparently adult represen-
tatives of this sfage, while
Kraussina and probably Bou-
chardia are slightly more ad-
vanced by the growth of a short
median, coiled arm, and lead to
the next highest, or jilectolo-
phus, stage, in which there is a well-developed spiral arm with a
fringe of cirri on each edge — fig. 3e, /.

A long loop pointed in front like Kensselseria and Ceutronella could
not have supported a median arm, as the pallial cavity is thus fully
occupied, and the development of the brachidium in the Terebratellida)
shows that the central space between the branches of the loop is to
accommodate such an organ. The same is doubtless true of Dielasma,
which first has a Centronella-like loop, and through the subsequent
resorption of the anterior portion the ascending branches are formed

Plectolophus.

Fid. 3.— Stages of growth of the lophophore in the
Terebratellidas and Terebratnlid:i'. a, &, c, d, e, five
stages in the development of the lophophore in the
TerebratellidcB. a-d, TerebrataUa obsoleta, eul. (after
Beecher^). e, Magellania kergnelenensis, nat. size (after
Davidson'). /, i;, /;, i,j, development of lophophore in
the Torebratulidae. /-i, early stages in TerehratuUna
septentrionalis, enl. (after Morse ") . j, adult Terehratu-
Una cancellata (after Davidson ').

110

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL URACHIOPODA.

llULL. 87.

a, i> c

Fig. 4. — Metamorphoses oC tlui brachidiiiiu iu Diclaiiaa lurijida,t>uL
(after Beecher ami Schuchert).

and space allowed for the median arm — lig. 4ia^d. In a 8[)ire-beariug
genus like Zygospira this is more obvious, for here the transverse pro-
cess or jugum is clear-
ly the result of the
growth and resorp-
tion of the centronel-
liform loop to admit
the spiral! a.

The calcareous loop in Terebratuliua and Liotliyrina is only a posterior
basal supjjort, and does not repeat the outline of the cirrated margin of
the lophophore, exclusive of the arm. Therefore it is impossible in
these and closely allied genera to infer the stage of development of the
lophophore from the loop alone. Dyscolia is an excellent example, since
the loop is the same as in Terebratuliua 5
but the lophophores are quite distinct iu
each, the former being of the trocholophus
type and the latter belonging to the plec-
tolophus.

SPIROLOPHUS STAGE.

Taxolophus.

The last type to be noticed is the one iu
which there are two separate coiled arms,
each with a row of cirri on one edge only —
fig. 5d, e. It embraces the greater part of
the families of brachiopods in the orders
Telotremata and Protremata, and includes
all the living species in the orders Atre-
mata and Keotremata.

In the early stages of development of
the spiral lophophore there is an agreement
with the early stages of the families already
noticed, and the taxolophus, trocholophus,
and schizolophus stages may be deter-
mined— fig. 5a, b, c. The separation and
growth of the spiral arms seem to be due to
the widening or expansion of the median

Trocholophus.

Schizolophus.

Spirolophus.

Fig. 5. — Early stages of lophophore of

and Hemithjris. a, b, c, early stages of
lophophore of Glottidia audebarti, oiil.
(after Brooks), d, adult brachia In Lin-
gula (after Woodward) . e, adult brachia
iu Hemithyris psittacea (after Hancock).

lobe or tentacle, on each side of which is Glottidia and adult bracWa in Lingula

the formative tissue for new cirri. This
is very apparent in the young Discinisca
described by Muller,'^ and the Glottidia
described by Brooks.'*

The brachidium in Zygospira passes, through a series of changes
which have been described in detail elsewhere.^ These metamorphoses
are of great assistance iu understanding the development and com-
parative morphology of this feature in other groups of the Spiriferacea.
The earliest stage observed (tig. Ga) has the form of a simple terebratu-
loid loop, which, from its resemblance to Centronella, was called the

SCHUCHERT.]

SPIROLOPHUS STAGE.

Ill

ceutronelUrorm stage. Since approximately this form of bracliidium
is also characteristic of the young- of recent terebraluloids, it may be
taken in Zygospira as indicative of the trocholophns stage of brachial
development. Witli this as a starting point for comparison, the further
correlation of the succeeding stages is very simple.

The first resorption of the end of the loop in Zygospira produced a
sehizolophus condition, and further resorption carried the brachidium
to a stage closely resembling Dielasma (fig. 6^). The dielasmatiforra
stage has already been explained as due to the requirements of space
for the growth of the coiled brachia, Next, the initial calcification of
the spiral arms resulted in the extension of the descending branches
beyond the jugum (fig. Go), and, lastly, complete calcification manifests
the si)irolophns structure and produced the characteristic brachidium
of the Spiriferacea.

The Atrypidte and the Athyrid;ie seem to stand to each other in the
same relation as the Terebratel-
lidiB and Terebratulida?. In the
firstthe descending branches are
widely separated and follow the
edges of the valves ; in the sec-
ond the descending branches are
close together. This difference
in the Si^iriferacea produces the
converging cones of the Atryp-
idai (figi Qd) and the diverging
cones of the Athyrid*, Spirifer-
id*, Eetziidai (fig. Ge), etc.

It seems doubtful whether the
fleshy portions of the brachia in
the Meristellida^ and Athyrida:'
possessed additional characters
expressing the complexity and elaboration reached by the jugal proc-
esses, even when the lamelliB were dui^licated, as in Koninckina and
Kayseria.

From the above descriptions and illustrations it appears that the
mode of growth of the cirrated lophophore, or brachia, is alike in the
larval stages of all brachiopods. They first develop tentacles in j)airs
on each side of the median line in front of the mouth (taxolophus
stage). New tentacles are continually added at the same points, until,
by pushing back the older ones, they form a complete circle about the
mouth (trocholophus stage), later becoming introverted in front (sehizo-
lophus stage). From this common and simple structure all the higher
types of brachial complication are developed through one of two
methods: (1) The growing points of the lophophore, or points at
which new tentacles are formed, remain in Juxtaposition; or (2) they
separate. Complexity in the first is produced {a) by lobation, as in

I'm. 6. — Metamorphoses of brachidium of Zygo-
spira and adult bracliidium of Ehi,iichospira. a, b, c,
d, metamorphoses of brachidium of Zygospira recur-
virostra, eul. (after Beecher and Schuchert). e, Bra-
chidium of lihynchospira evax (after Beecher and
Clarke).

112 SYNOrSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL HRACHIOPODA. [bull. 8?.

Megatliyris, Endesella, Pteropbloios/riiecideii, etc. (ptyclioloplius type),
and (h) by looping (/ug,olox)bus) iind tlie growth of a median, unpaired
coiled arm (plcctolophus), as in Magellania, Terebratulina, etc.; in the
second (c) by the growth of two, separate, coiled extensions or arms,
one on each side of the median line (spirolophus), as in Lingula,
Crania, Discinisca, Ehynchonella, Lepttena, Davidsonia, Spirifer, Athy-
ris, Atrypa, etc.

REFERENCES.

1. Beecher, C. E., 1893: Revision of the families of loop-bearing Brachiopoda.
Trans. Conn. Acad., Vol. IX.

2. Beecher, C. E., 1893: The development of Terehratalia ohaoleia Dall. Trans.
Conn. Acad., Vol. IX.

3. Beecher, C. E., and J. M. Clarke, 1889: The development of some Silurian
Brachiopoda. Mem. N. Y. State Museum, Vol. I, No. 1.

4. Beecher, C. E., and Charles Schuchert, 1893: Development of the brachial sup-
ports in Dielasma and Zygospira. Proc. Biological Soc. Washington, Vol. VIII.

5. Brooks, "W. K., 1879: The development of Ijingula and the systematic position
of the Brachiopoda. Johns Hopkins Univ., Chesapeake Zool. Lab.

6. Davidson, T., 1851-1885 : A monograph of the Britishfossil Brachiopoda. Pal. Soc.

7. Davidson, T., 1886-1888: A monograph of recent Brachiopoda. Trans. Linn.
Soc, London, Vol. IV.

8. Fischer P., and D.-P. OShlert, 1892: Resultats des campagnes scientifiques
accomplies sur son yacht par Albert 1"', Prince Souverain de Monaco. Fs. Ill,
Brachiopodes de I'Atlantique Nord.

9. Hancock, A., 1858: On the organization of the Brachiopoda. Phil. Trans.,
Vol. CXLVIII.

10. Kovalevski, A. 0., 1874: Observations on the development of Brachiopoda.
Proc. Imj). Soc. Amateur Naturalists, etc., held at the University of Moscow, llth
year. Vol. XIV.

11. Morse, E. S., 1873: On the early stages of TerehratuUna septentrionaUs (Cou-
thouy). Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., Vol. II.

12. Miiller, F., 1860: Beschreibung einer Brachiopodenlarve. Archiv Anat.
Physiol., Jahrg. 1860.

CHAPTEE Y.

CT^ASSIFICATIOK OF THE BKACHIOPODA.

HISTORICAL.

Fabiiis Columna, in 1616, and Martin Lister, in 1678. were the first
to describe bracliiopods, calling them Conehce anomia'. Cxruudler, in
1774, was, however, the first to give a good ilhistration of a brachiopod
in TerebratulinacapHt-serpentis. In 1818 Lamarck recognized 5 genera,
including the operculate coral Calceola. Other genera were added by
Sowerby, Dalman, and Defrance, from 1820 to 1830, and in the early
forties abont 1,500 species had been defined. In 1819 King recognized
40 genera in 16 families, and Bronu, in 1862, knew nearly 2,000 siiecies
and 51 genera. At i)resent there are probably no fewer than 6,000
species known in 321 genera, grouped in 31 families, 9 snperfamiles, 4
orders, and 2 snperorders.

Since 1858 the class Brachiopoda has been divided by nearly all sys-
tematists into two orders, based on the presence or absence of articu-
lating processes. These two divisions were recognized by Deshayes as
early as 1835, but not until twenty-three years later were the names
Lyopomata and Arthropomata given to them by Owen. These terms
have been generally adopted by authors, though some i^refer Inarticu-
lata and Articulata of Huxley, or Bronn's Ecardines and Testicardines.
Bronn, in 1862, and King, in 1873, while retaining these divisions, con-
sidered the presence or absence of an anal opening more important
than articulation, and accordingly proposed the terms Pleuropygia and
Apygia, and Trententerata and Clistenterata, respectively. In many
Paleozoic genera of Clistenterata it has been shown that an anal open-
ing was also present, and therefore the absence or presence of this
organ is not of superordinal value, Beecher writes:'

The dorsal beaks of Amphigenia, Athyris, Cleiothyris, Atrypa, and Rliyncbonella
are usually uotched or perforate. The perforation comes from the uuion of the crural
plates above the lloor of the beak leaving a passage through to the apex. A similar
opening occurs between the cardinal processes in Strophomena, Stropheodonta, and
alliedgenera, and the chilidiura may also be furrowed, as in Leptwua rhomhoidaUs. This
character is evidently in no way connected with the pedicle opening, but points to
the existence, in the early articulate genera, of an anal opening dorsal to the axial
line, as in the recent Crania. This dorsal foramen was described and figured by King

'Am. Jour. Sci., 3d series, Vol. XLIV, 1892, p. 147. See also King, A Monograph of the Permian
Fossils of Ent;lan<l, 1850; and ffihlert, Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, Appendice, 1887.

Bull. 87 8 113

114 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL URAOHIOPODA. [iiru-.R?.

in 1850, Hall in 1860, and by several authors since, and has commonly been termed a
visceral foramen, (l^hlert snggests that it was probably occupied by IIks terminal
portion of the intestine. The persistence of the foramen seems to indicate an anal
opening.

Hall and Clarke state:'

It has become evident, from a study of the hinge plate, that the so-called visceral
foramen -which perforates it, and which is often present in Athyris, llensselM-ria,
Cryptonella, etc., is a remnant of this aperture, the remainder of tlie median open-
ing having become filled by a testaceous secretion. There is every reason to believe
that the visceral foramen was actually traversed by the lower alimentaiy canal, and
if this were true, then the deep and narrow median chamber bounded by the crural
plates must also have inclosed the terminal portion of the intestine.

Ill 1834 You Bucb also divided the class into two sections, founded on
the mode of attacliraeut. The first section contained all brachiopods
fixed by a pedicle to foreign bodies, while the second was restricted to
those forms in which there is no pedicle at maturity, the entire lower
or ventral valve being cemented to other objects, as in Crania. The
first section was again divided into three groups, on the basis of the
pedicle: (a) Pedicle emerging from between the valves, as in Lingula;
(h) ventral vahe perforated for the protrusion of tlie pedicle; and (c)
uucemented shells without a pedicle opening. The third group, how-
ever, is identical with ?>, since Leptsena, Productus, and Strophomena,
genera referred to section c, do possess a pedicle opening. While this
classification lacks a complete understanding of the features in question,
it is remarkable that Von Buch nearly sixty years ago, and Deslong-
champs twenty-eight years later, recognized some of the principles upon
which the classification of the Brachiopoda is now established, viz, the
nature of the pedicle opening.

Up to 184G the general external features of brachiopods served the
majority of authors as the essential basis for generic difterentiation.
In that year, however, King pointed out that more fundamental and
constant characters exist in the interior of the shell, a fact which soon
came to be generally recognized, mainly througli the ^'oluminous
writings of Thomas Davidson.

In 1848 Gray, probably stimulated by King's paper, divided the
Brachiopoda into two subclasses, Ancylopoda and Ilelictopoda.
These divisions rest entirely on the basis of the structure and the pres-
ence or absence of calcareous supports. The Ancylopoda are distin-
guished in having the "oral arms recurved and aftixed to fixed
appendages on the disk of the ventral [dorsal] valve,'' while in llelic
topoda "they are regularly spirally twisted when at rest.'' The
brachia, however, in all recent species, are recurved and more or less
spirally enrolled, except in some gerontic forms of loo]vbearing genera,
as Cistella and Gwynia. Therefore Ilelictopoda, as far as the brachial
structure is concerned, will also include the Ancylopoda. In fact,
to the former Gray referred only the terebratuloids, if Thecidia is

'Pal.-pontdlouy of New York, A'ol. VIIT, Part II, 1895, p. 334.

scHucHERT.] PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION. 115

excluded, while the Ancylopoda contained all other brachiopods, both
articulate and inarticulate forms. These subclasses are further
divided, on the basis of the brachia, into four orders : Ancylobrachia,
Cryptobrachia, Sclerobrachia, and Sarcicobrachia. Of these the first
only has value as a superfamily, since it includes the "loop-bearing"
genera, or Terebratulacea. The other orders have so heterogeneous an
assemblage of forms as to be of no permanent value.

Beyond the introduction of new fauiilies, no further attempt was
made by writers to divide the Brachiopoda into other orders than
Lyopomata and Arthropomata until 1883, when Waagen published his
great work on the fossils of this class from the Salt Rauge group of
India. He found it "absolutely necessary" to further divide the
Lyopomata and Arthropomata into seven suborders. The basis for
these suborders has no underlying principle of general application, yet
the majority of the divisions are of permanent value, for each contains
an assemblage of characters not to be found in any of the others.
Waagen's genealogy of the Arthropomata, with Orthis as the proto-
type, falls at once to the ground, since the comprehensive studies of
the genus Orthis by Hall and Clarke have shown that it is questionable
"whether any of these primordial forms can be included under Orthis
according to the strict definition of the term or even under any of the
subdivisions"' proposed by them. There are, however, a few species
in the Upper Cambrian which seem to agree with such dalmanellas as
0. sub(eqiiataj but these originated long after many undoubted Pro-
tremata and Telotremata had lived in the Lower and Middle Cambrian.
Lingula, on the other hand, was usually regarded as the prototype of
all brachiopods, but this is also imjiossible, since a number of inarticu-
late genera flourished for ages before Lingula was developed.

PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION.

No classification can be natural and permanent unless based on the
history of the class (chronogenesis) and the ontogeny of the individ-
ual. However, as long as the structure of the early Paleozoic genera
of Brachiopoda remained practically unknown and the ontogeny
untouched, nothing of a permanent nature could be attempted. In the
recent volumes by Hall and Clarke many of these early genera are
clearly defined, so that their structures and geologic sequence are now
far more accurately known. The ontogenetic study of Paleozoic species
was initiated in 1891 by Beecher and Clarke, and was continued by
Beecher and Schuchert. These results, combined with those derived
from the development of some recent species, and published by Kova-
levsky, Morse, Shipley, Brooks, Beecher, and others, confirm the con-
clusions reached through chronogenesis. Moreover, the application by
Beecher of the law of morphogenesis, as defined by Hyatt, and the

1 Palaeontology of New York, Vol. VHI, Part I, 1892, p. 218.

116 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRAOHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

recognition and establisbniont of certain Driinary characters have
resnlted in the discovery of a fundamental structure of general appli-
cation for the classification of these organisms. It has for its basis
the nature of the pedicle opening and the stages of shell growth. On
these characters Beecher has divided the class into four orders — the
Atremata, Xeotremata, Protrenuita, and Telotremata.^

Hall and Clarke'^ reject Beecher's ordinal terms Atremata and Neo-
tremata for the subordinal names Mesokaulia and Daikaulia of Waagen,
on the ground of i;)riority, and because the latter terms are " an admira-
able expression of the significance of the pedicle i)assage." If some of
Waagen's subordinal terms are elevated to ordinal rank and amended
by Hall and Clarke, then these terms are no longer Waageu's, but
should be credited to Hall and Clarke. Such being the case, the law
of priority demands the retention of Beecher's terms, as they do not
conflict with those of Waagen but with the secondary definition and
rank accorded them by Hall and Clarke.

On the other hand, Dall claims^ that ^'namesof higher rank than gen-
era are not subject to the rule of strict priority, on account of the mutabil-
ity of their limits." Again, if Waageu's subordinal terms (and there
are seven of them) are to be elevated to ordinal rank — i. e., if the
characters upon which they are established are ordinal characters —
then all should be elevated alike in rank. Besides the two mentioned
above, Hall and Clarke accept also Casteropegmata and Helicopegmata.
The latter, however, they retain as suborders, and would do likewise
with Kampylopegmata if Gray's term Ancylobrachia of earlier date
did not cover the same grouj) of brachiopods; while Gasteropegmata,
having certainly no greater value than a superfamily, is elevated to an
order. Again, they accept Beecher's Protremata, when Waageu's sub-
order Aphaneropegmata could as well be raised to ordinal rank and
adapted so as to include the former, since Waagen based the latter
upon families having the diagnostic character of the Protremata,
namely, the well-developed deltidium. However, a far more important
reason why Waageu's terms should not be elevated to ordinal rank
and made to displace Beecher's names is that the latter clearly under-
stood the value of the different ordinal characters and defined them
excellently, which definitions are accepted by Hall and Clarke. He
pointed out the most primitive shelled condition in the protegulum, and
found this first shell-growth stage in all the important families in the
class. He observed that not the mere pedicle slit of the Daikaulia is
the ordinal character for ]Sreotrem«> ta, but the way in which growth pro-
ceeds to form this derived pedicle slit from the open pedicle notch of
primitive forms. He was the first to interpret the true morphologic

^Development of the Brachipoda, Part I, Am. Jour. Sci., 3^ series, Vol. XLI, 1891 ; Part II, ibid..
Vol. XLIV, 1892.
2 Paleontology of Xew York, Vol. VIII, Part II, summary, 1895.
3 Trans. Wagner Tree Institute of Science, Phila., Vol. Ill, Part III, 1895, p. 565, Rule XII.

scHucHERT.] PRINCIPLES OF CLASSIFICATION. 117

meaning of the deltidium and deltidial plates, and subsequently, from
the works of otliers, chiefly Kovalevsky, was able to demonstrate the
great morphologic significance of the deltidium. Without any injus-
tice to the monumental work of Waagen — and there is no more careful
work on the Brachiopoda — it can safely be asked, Were Waagen's
suborders based on a fundamental morphologic character of general
importance throughout or on ontogeny? Mesokaulia and Daikaulia
are the only two of the seven suborders having, as now understood,
the required ordinal characters, and these divisions were established
by Waagen on the form, general expression, and the i)osition of the
pedicle, and not on the morphologic development of the pedicle open-
ing. Four of the other five suborders are based on superfamily and
the fifth on family characters. Five of Waagen's seven suborders,
therefore, are here retained as superfamilies, and practically in the
sense of their author.

Since orders are established on the nature of the pedicle opening,
persistent internal characters of the shell are, as a rule, used for
superfamily purposes. Such are the absence or presence of a spon-
dylium (Strophomenacea andPentameracea, resi^ectively); the absence
or i)resence of calcareous brachial supports, and their nature (crura
only in the Rhynchonellacea, loop in the Terebratulacea, and spirals in
the Spiriferacea).

Families* within the sui)erfamilies are based upon a combination of
external and internal generic characters common to many genera, or
even to one genus. Such characters are: Outer form; nature and posi-
tion of muscles (ObolidiTe, Lingulida^, etc.); internal plates (Trimerell-
idie, Lingulasmatid;Te, PentameridjE) ; peculiarities of the cardinal
process (Orthidic, Strophomenidie) ; imperfection or perfection or per-
sistent peculiarities of ordinal and superfamily characters (Orthidse,
Trematida', Discinidap, Siphonotretida?, etc.); simplicity or comi^lexity
of the jugum (Hindellina', Diplospirina^, etc.); and occasionally the
nature of the shell structure (Rhynchospirina;). When families are
large it is not rare to find groups of genera having a common origin
which have characters in common but not differentiated sufficiently
to introduce new characters of family importance. In such cases it
is advisable to divide the family into subfamilies, which facilitates
systematic review and discussion. Such is the case in the large fam-
ilies Strophomenida^, Terebratulidai, Terebratellida;, Spiriferida?, and
Athyridie.

No division, however, has any value unless the group contains forms
of but one phylum. A phylum, or line of descent, can not originate
twice. It happens, however, that the same or nearly the same combi-
nation of mature characters is developed along different phyla. When
this occurs the ontogeny will show it. It is therefore not correct to
group these different stocks as belonging to one family. For instance,

118 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [nrLL.87.

tlie Tiiinevellidii' and Lingulasmatidie liave family structures in com-
111011 and were referred to the same family. Ontogeny and cbronogeiie-
sis, however, show that the former family originated directly in the
Obolidu", while the latter was not evolved from the linguloid i)hyluin
until the ObolidM' had given origin to the Lingulellida^ and the Lingu
lidii'. Again, the family Terebratellidie, i^robably during early Mesozoic
times, divided, one stock drifting into boreal and another into austral
regions. These two stocks agree in the earliest shelled condition and
at maturity, but between these two stages of growth the austral grou])
(MagellaniiKc) passes through a series of loop metamorphoses difl'ereut
from that through which the boreal group (Dalliiue) passes. Therefore
it is unnatural to include botli in one subfamily, as was formerly done.
It was by the application of the above-mentioned principles that the
writer, in 1893, arranged all brachiopod genera under the four orders
instituted by Beecher. Since then this subject has received consider-
able attention, and the many Cambrian brachiopods brought together
by Walcott have been examined as to their generic structures. These
studies have led to some changes in the classification which follows,
the most important being that the order Telotreraata could not have
originated in the Pentameriida;, since no Pentameracea are known in
the Cambrian until long after that order had representation. The
divisions Lyoponiata and Arthropomata, introduced by Deshayes and
Owen, have been abandoned for reasons given in previous j?ages.

CLASSIFICATION AND SYNONYMY.'

Class BRACHIOPODA Cuvier, 1802; Dum^ril, 1

Spirobrancliiophora Gray, 1821; Palliobranchiata Blaiuville, 1824; Branohiopoda
Kisso, 1826(uot Latreille); Bracliiopodida^ Broderip, 1839; Brancliionopoda Agassiz,
1847 ; Brachionocephala Bronn, 186- ; Spirobrauchia Bronu, 1862 ; Braiichionobranchia
Paetel, 1875.

Bivalved Molluscoidea with inequivalved, equilateral shells attached
to extraneous objects by a posterior prolongation of the body, or pedi-
cle, (1) throughout, (2) during a portion of life, or (3) cemented ventrally.
Valves ventral and dorsal. In composition, phosphatic or calcareous,
or both. Animal consisting of two pallial membranes intimately re-
lated to the shell. Within the mantle cavity at the sides of the mouth
are inserted the two, more or less long, oral, usually spirally enrolled,
cirrated brachia, which are variously modified, and are supported in
the two terminal superfamilies by an internal calcareous skeleton, or
brachidium, attached to the dorsal valve. Anus present or absent.
Central nervous system consisting of an oesophageal ring, with weakly

' AH iianu's in small type an<l indentetl are syuonyiiis of iho term in larger type immediately pre-
ceding.

scHucHERT] CLASSIFICATION OF ATREMATA. 119

developed braiu and infratesopbageal ganglionic swellings. Blood-
vascnlar system probably present, with the sinuses developed into vas-
cular dilatations at the back of the stomach and elsewhere. Sexes
separate. Exclusively inhabitants of the sea. The class is present
in the Lower Cambrian, attained maximum development in the Silu-
lian and Devonian, and is represented by about 140 living species.
During this time, probably upward of G,OU() fossil and recent species
have been developed, and these are distributed in 328 genera, grouped
in 31 families, 10 superfaniilies, and 4 orders.

Order ATREMATA Beecher, 1891.i

Mesokaulia, or Lingulacea (partim) Waagen, 1885.

Inarticulate Brachiopoda with the pedicle emerging freely between
the two valves, the opening being more or less shared by both. Growth
taking place mainly around the anterior and lateral margins, never
inclosing or surrounding the pedicle. Aperture unmodified. Prodel-
tidium attached to dorsal valve.

Superfamily OBOLACEA Schuchert, ISOG.^

Rounded or semicircular and more or less lens-shaped, thick-shelled,
primitive Atremata, tixed by a short pedicle throughout life to extra-
neous objects.

1.^ Family PATERINID.E Schuchert, 1893 (emend.).^

Obolacea with the dorsal valve semicircular and the ventral sub-
circular in outline. Posterior region more or less closed by cardinal
areas.

Iphidea Billings, 1872.
Paterina Beecher, 1891.

Volborthia von Moller, 1873.

2. Family OBOLID^E King, 1846.
Obolinaj Gill, 1871.

Thick-shelled Obolacea of nearly circular or ovoid outline, biconvex,
usually smooth, with rudimentary cardinal areas traversed by shallow

' Siuce ill tliis classiflcatioii no superoidiiial terms are for the present adopted, it will be well fo give
here all such terms used by authors and others which are of lower rank and not readilj' referred as
synonyms to their proper places :

Ancylobracbia Ancylopoda, Helictopoda, Sarcicobrachia Gray, 1848; Lyopomata and Arthropo-
luata Owen, 1858; Pleuropygla, Sarcicobranchiona, Sclerobranchiona Bronn, 1862; Articnlata and
Inarticulata Huxley, 1864; Clistenterata and Tretenterata King, 1873.

'Text book of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastman, 1896, p. 305. Also see page 78 of this bulletin.

3 The numbers and letters before a family or subfamily term indicate the phyletic relations which
these have to one another within a superfamilj*. The phylogeny of the families, however, is more
clearly represented in the diagram on PI. I, facing p. TM.

•Kecent discoveries have shown that Iphidea has no pedicle opening, and should include forms
referred to Paterina. Therefore this family is of doubtful value, and is provisionally retained for the
reception of genera more primitive in structure than those of the Obolidae.

120

SYNOl'SIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIlorODA. [bull. 87.

l)etlic']e grooves. Muscular scars distinct, consistiug of two pairs of
adductors and three of sliders, or adjustors.

Obolella Billings, 1861. Acritis Volborth, 1809.

Dicellomus Hall, 1871. Scbmidtia Volbortbjl809(not Bals-

Elkania Ford, 188G. ^I'iv., 1863).

Billinjrsia Ford, 1886. Tliysanotos Mickwitz, 1896.

Feobolus Waagen, 1885. Leptembolon Mickwitz, 1896.

Botsfordia Mattbew, 1893.
?Spondylobolus McCoy, 1852.
Obolus Eicbwald, 1829.

Ungiila Pautler, 1830.
Ungulites Bronn, 1848.
Anlontreta Kntorga, 1848.
Eiiobohis Miekwitz, 1896.

3. Family TRIMERELLID.E Davidson and King, 1874.

Large, tbick-sbelled, inequivalved Obolacea, with the ventral cardi
nal area usually very prominent, triangular, and transversely striated.
Adjustors and anterior adductor muscles elevated upon solid or deeply
excavated platforms, or spondylia.

?LakminaCEblert, 1887.

Daviclsonella Waagen, 1885 (not Mu-
nier-Chalmas, 1880).

Lingulobolus Mattbew, 1896.
SpbiProbolus Mattbew, 1896.
Dinobolus Hall, 1871.

ConradiaHall, MS., 1862.
Obolellina Billings, 1871.
Ungulites Quenstedt, 1871(^n()t Bronn,

1848).

Monomorella Billings, 1871.
Trimerella Billings, 1862.

Gotlandia Dall, 1870.

Rbinobolus Hall, 1874.

Superfamily LINGULACEA Waagen, 1885 ( restricted ).i

Elongate, tbin-shelled, burrowing, derived Atremata, with a more or
less long, worm-like, tubular, flexible pedicle.

1. Family LINGTJLELLTD.E Scbucbert, 1893.

Spatulate, inequivalved Lingulacea, structurally intermediate between
the Obolidse and Lingulid;^.

Lingulella Salter, 1866.
Lingulepis Hall, 1863.
Leptobolus Hall, 1871.

!Paterula Barrande, 1879.

Cyclus Barrande, 1879.
?Mickwitzia Schmidt, 1888.

' Waagen'a term Mesokaulia, or Lingulacea, is based upon the families Obolidse, Trimerellida', and
Lingiil'dic. Since this term has value, and to avoid jiroposing another, Lingulacea is here restricted
to the latter family and two others recently proposed. AVaagen in using this term gave a dual series ;
the second one is here adopted to conform in euphony with other superfamily terms.

SCHUCHERT.]

CLASSIFICATION OF TELOTREMATA.

121

2. Family LINGULID^ Gray, 1840.
Lingulidiii Gill, 1871.

Attenuate, subquadrate or spatulate, almost equivalved Liugulacea,
derived through Liugulellidie, with a more or less long', tubular, flexible
])edicle. Muscles highly differeutiated aud consisting of six pairs, two
of adductors, and four of sliders, or adjustors.

Lingula Bruguiere, 1792.

Pharetra Bolton, 1798.
Liugularius Diimeril, 1806.

Glossina Phillips, 1848.

Dignomia Hall, 1871.
Glottidia Dall, 1870.
Barroisella Hall and Clarke, 1892.
Tomasina Hall aud Clarke, 1892.

3. Family LIII^GUL AS MATID^E Winchell and Schuchert, 1893.

Platform-beariug Liugulacea derived through Lingulidte.

Liuguloi^s Hall, 1871. Lingulasma Ulrich, 1889.

Lingulelasma Miller, 1889.

Order TELOTREMATA Beecher, 1891.

Sclerobrachia Gray, 1848; Kampylopegmata (partim) Waagen, 1883; Pegmatobran-

chiata (partim) Neumayr, 1883.

Articulate Brachiopoda, with the pedicle opening shared by both
valves ill uepiouic aud early ueauic stages, usually confined to one
valve in later stages, and becoming more or less modified by deltidial
plates in ephebic stages. Brachia supported by calcareous crura,
loops, or spiralia. Prodeltidium absent.

Superfamily RHYNCHONELLACEA Schuchert, 1896.'

Rostracea Schuchert, 1893 ; Ancistropegmata (partim) Zittel, 1895.
Rostrate, primitive Telotremata, with or without crura.

1. Family PROTORHYNCHID.E Schuchert, 1896.'
Primitive Rhynchouellacea, without deltidial i)lates or crura.
Protorhyncha Hall and Clarke, 1893.

2. Family RHYNCHONELLID^E Gray, 1848.

Hypothyrida- (partim) King, 1850; Rhynchonellin;e Gill, 1871; Waagen, 1883.

Rhynchouellacea with more or less long crura.

' Text-book of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastman, 1896, p. 323.

122

SYNOPSIS OF AMEHICAN FOSSIL BRAOHIOPODA.

[lU-Li,. 87.

Orthoihyiicluilii Ihill and Clarke,

ISO.?.
Kliyiu'liotienia I lull, 1860.

Stcuochisiiiiil'oiirad, 1839; Hull, 18(57.
Ehyuchotreta Hall, 1879.
Cauiarotiecliia llall aud (3larke,
1803.
riethorhynchiis Hall and Clarke,
1893.
Leioihynchus llall, 1800.
Wilsouia Kayser, 1871.

T'nciiinlin.a Bayle, 1878.
Uiicinulufs Bayle, 1878.
Hypolhyri-s King, 1840 (not Phil-
lips, 1841).
Piigiiax llall and Clarke, 1893.
Eatonia Hall, 1857.
Cyclorliiua Hall aud Clarke, 1893.
Khyebopora King, 1856.

Rbyiicho2)oriua Qilhlert, 1887.

Terebratnl()i(l<'a Waagen, 18s;!.
Kbynclionella Mslierde Waldheim,
1800.

Oxyrbyucbus l^lbwyd, 1699 (not Aris-
totle).

Kliyujjonella Bronn, 1849.

Bicornes Queustcdt, 18."1.

Rbynobonellopsis Bose, 1891.
llalorella Bittner, 1890.
Aiistriella Bittner, 1800.
Norella Bittner, 1S!)0.
Peregrinella (Ehlert, 1887.
Ivhynchonellina Ceuimelaro, 1871.
Dimerella Zittel, 1870.
Acautliothyris d'Orbigny, 1850.
Hemitliyris d'Orbigny, 1847.
Frieleia Dall, 1805.
Cryptopora Jeffreys, 1809.

Atretia Jeflreys, 1876.

Neatretia CEhlert, 1891.

Superfaiuily TEREBRATULACEA Waagen, 1883 (restricted). ^

Ancylopoda, Cryptubracbia, and Ancylobracbia (partim) Gray, 1848; Kampylopeg-
mata Waageu, 1883; Ancylopegmata Zittel, 1895.

Derived Telotreniata with the l)rachia SLipi)orted by calcareous,
primitive, or metamorphosed loops.

Section A. TEBEBEATULA.

Terebratulacea with the loops unsupported by a median dorsal
septum at any stage of growth. Brachial cirri directed outward in
larval stages.

1. Family CENTKONELLID.F: Hall and Chirke, 1895.^

Centronellinie Waagen, 1882; Beecber, 1893; Kensselajridiii Hall aud Clarke, 1895.

Terebratulas with the loop developing direct aud composed of two
descending lamelhe, uniting in the median line and forming a broad,
arched j)late.

'Terebratulacea Waagen is used here in preference to Ancylobracbia Gray, in violation of tbo law
of priority, for the aako of euplionj.

2 Since Beecber'n " Itevision of tlio families of lo(>i>beariug I'rachiopoda " (Trans. Conn. Acad.,
Vol. IX, 1893), it lias been sbown by ]5eecb(^r and Schucbert (Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, Vol. VIII,
1893) that the loop in the family Terebratulidie, as limited in the former paper, does in part pasa
througli a abort .series of metamorphoses. This necessitates tbo removal of CentronellinfB from the
family Terebratulidie, since its loops remain essentially without change throughout growth.

SCHUCHERT.]

CLASSIFICATION OF TELOTREMATA.

123

EeDSselcieiia Hall, 1850.
Benchia Hall and Clarke, 1893.
Newberria Hall, 1891.
Rensselandia Hall, 1867.

Oiiskauia Hall and Clarke, 1893.
Trigeria (Bayle, 1875?) Hall and

Clarke, 1893.
fScaphioctPlia Whitfield, 1891.
Ceiitronella Billings, 1859.

Cryptonella Hall, 1863 (not 1861 and
1867).

Chascothyris Holzapfel, 1895.
Selenella Hall and Clarke, 1803.
Romingerina Hall and Clarke,

1893.
Juvavella Bittner, 1888.
Jiivavellina Bittner, 189(5.
Nucleatula (Zugmayer) Bittner,

1890.
Dinarella Bittner, 1892.
?Lissopleura Whitfield, 189G.

2. Family TEEEBEATULID^ Gray, 1840.

Terebratulas developing originally a Centronella-like loop, and thence
by a short series of metamorphoses resulting at maturity in a free loop
of varying form.

Subfamily STRiNGOCEPHALlNiE Dall, 1870.

StrinirocephalidtP King, 1850; Davidson, 1853.

TerebratulidiT" with a "long loop, following the margin of the dorsal
valve, not recurved in front. Probably no median coiled arm"
(Beecher).'

Stringocephalus Defrance, 1827.

2a. Subfamily MEGALANTERiNiE Waagen, 1882.

Terebratulidic with a long loop having ascending branches.

Megalanteris CEhlert, 1887.

Megantcris Suess, 1855.
?Cryptacanthia White and St.
John, 18G8.

Cryptonella Hall (1861 ?), 18G7.
Harttina Hall and Clarke, 1803.

2a'. Subfamily Terebratulin^ Dall, 1870.

Terebratulidne with a short loop. "A median unpaired coiled arm
exists in recent genera" (Beecher).

Eunella Hall and Clarke, 1893.
Crantena Hall and Clarke, 1893.
Dielasma King, 1859.

Epitliyris King, 1850 (not Phillips,

1841).
Seminnla McCoy, 1855 (not 1844).

Dielasmina Waagen, 1882.
Kotothyris Waagen, 1882.
Zugmoyeria Waagen, 1882.
Dictyothyris Douville, 1880.
Glossothyris Douville, 1880.
Pygope Link, 1830.

'The ontogenetic liistory of Stringocepbalus is not known. Its mature loop, however, is so
ditferent from that of the CentronellidiB that it appears probable that this appendage passed through
a short series of changes, and therefore the reference of this subfamily to the Tarebratulidaj.

124 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL KRACIilOPODA. (hill. 87.

Beeclieria llall and Clarke, 1893. Propygope Bittuer, 1890.

Liothyiina CELlert, 1887.

lOpitliyris Deslongcbainps, 1862 (not

King, 1848),
Gryphus Megerle, 1811 (not Brisson,

1760).
Liothyris Douville, 1880 (not Coniad,
1875).
Terebratuliua d'(~rbigny, 1847.
IDisculiua DesloDgchamps, 1884.

Ueiuiptycbiiia Waageii, 1882.
Rliu'tina Waageii, 1882.
Terebratula Klein, 1753.

Terebratula Llhwyd, 1699.

Saeculus Llhwyd, 1699.

Lanipas ^rensolien, 1787.

Terel)ratnlanns Dnmeril, 1806.

Nucleata Qneustedt, 1871 .

Muscnlus Quenstedt, 1871 (not Klein,
1753).

Dipbyites Scbroter, 1799.

Pngites de Hann, 1833.

Antinomia Catnllo, 1850.

2a^. Subfamily DiscoliiNvE Beecber, 1893.

Discollidae Fiscbei- and Qilblert, 1892.

Terebratulida? with the "loop short and contiuiious with the cirrated
edge of the lophophore. No coiled median arm'' (Beecher).

Discolia Fischer and (Ehlert, 1890. fAgulhasia King, 1871.
Euealathis Fischer and Q^hlert,
1890. I

Section B. TEREBBATELLA.

Terebratulacea with the loop supported by a median dorsal septum
throughout life, or only in the younger stages. Brachial cirri directed
inward during larval stages. This section has two phyla having a com-
mon origin now geographically separated in two provinces, one austral,
the other boreal.

1. Family TEREBEATELLID^ King, 1850 (emend Beecher, 1893).
Waldheimida' Douville, 1880; Waldbeimiiu;i' Waagen, 1882.

Terebratulacea with the "loop in the higher genera composed of two
primary and two secondary lamelhv, passing through a series of distinct
metamorphoses while attached to a dorsal septum" (Beecher).

1. Subfamily Tropidoleptiin^e Schuchert, 1896. '

Terebratellidiv with the loop consisting of two slender descending
branches, uniting with a high, vertical septum. Apparently the
ancestral stock for the Terebratellida^.

Tropidoleptus Hall, 1859.

» Test-book of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastmau, 1896, p. 330.

SCHUCHEKT.J

CLASSIFICATION OF TELOTKEMATA,

125

la. Subfamily Megathyein^ Dall, 1870 (emend Beecher, 1893).

ArgiopidiK Kiug, 1850; Megathyridte OLhlert, 1887 ; ArgiopitUf Davidson, 1884; Argi-

opinie Davidson, 1887.

TerebratellidfE in which the "loop is composed of descending brandies
only, passing- in the highest genus through stages correlative with
Gwynia, Cistella, and Megatbyris. The lower genera do not complete
the series" (Beecher). The original stock for the two following sub-
families:

Megathyris d'Orbigny, 1847.

Argiope Deslougchanips, 1842 (not
Savigny and Audouin, 1827).

Zellania IVIoore, 1854.

Gwynia King, 1859.
Cistella Gray, 1850.

la*. Subfamily Dallin^e Beecher, 1893.'
PlatidiiusB Dall, 1870.

Terebratellidne with the " loop composed of descending and ascend-
ing lamellae, passing in the highest genera through metamorphoses
comparable to the adult structure of Platidia, Ismeuia, Miihlfeldtia,
Terebratalia, and Dallina. The lower genera, therefore, do not pro-
gress to the final stages" (Beecher). Keceut genera restricted to
boreal seas.

Dallina Beecher, 1893.
Macandrevia King, 1859.
Terebratalia Beecher, 1893.
Lacqueus Dall, 1870.

Frenula Dall, 1871.
Frenulina Dall, 1895.
Miihlfeldtia Bayle, 1880.

Megerlia King, 1850 (not Robineau
Desvoidy, 1830).

Platidia Costa, 1852.

Morrlsia Davidson, 1852.
Ismenia King, 1850 (not Dall,

1871).
Kingena Davidson, 1852.

Kingia ScLoenbach, 1867.

Trigonosemus Koenig, 1825.

Fissurirostra d'Orbigny, 1847.

Fissirostra d'Orbigny, 1847.

Dolthyridea King, 1850.
Lyra Cumberland, 1816.

Terebrirostra d'Orbigny, 1847.

Eudesia King, 1850.

Orthotoma Quenstedt, 1871.
Trigonella Quenstedt, 1871.
Flabellothyris Deslongchamps, 1884.

Zeilleria Bayle, 1878.
Fimbriothyris Deslongchamps,
1884.

Microthyris Deslongchamps, 1884.

Oruithella Deslongchamps, 1884.
Aulacothyris Douvill^, 1880.
Camerothyris Bittner, 1890.
Epicyrta Deslongchamps, 1884.
Ciucta Quenstedt, 1871. //
Antiptychina Zittel, 1883.
Plesiothyris Douville, 1880.
^Hynniphoria Suess, 1858.
Wruratula Bittner, 1890.
?Orthoidea Friren, 1875.

1 Since many of the fossil genera here referred to this family have not been studied in the light of
Beecher's and CEhlert's recent researches, it is not known that all belong to this boreal stock.

126

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

[bii.i.. 87.

la''. Subfamily Magellanin^e Beecber, 1893.

Waldlieimiche (paitiiii) Donvillo, 1880; Tcrebratelliu;i^ and Ma,<xasina> Davidson,
1887; Ma<^asida> (i)ar(im) d'Orbij^ny, 1847; King, 1850; Rliyutliorida'- (partial)
Kiug, 1850; MiihlfekUiua' n:hlerf,, 1887; Kianssiniiia' Dall, 1«70; Kranssidie
Davidson, 1870.

Teiebratellidie with tbe " loop composed of descending and ascend-
iug- brandies, passiiij;- in the higher genera through nietamori>hoses
comparable to the adult structure of Bouchardia, Magas, IVIagasella,
Terebratella, and Magellania. The lower genera become adult before
reaching the terminal stages" (Beecher). Recent genera are restri ted
to austral seas.

Magellania Bayle, 1880.

Waldlieimia Kiug, 18o0 (not Brulle,

1846).
Neothyris Douvi]l(<, 1880.
Terebratella d'Orbigny 1847.

Delthyris Mcnke, 1830 (not Dalman,

1828).
Ismenia King, 1850 (not Dall, 1870).
Waltouia Davidson, 1850.

Magasella Dall, 1870.
Ehyuchoriua (Ehlert, 1887.

Magas Sowerby, 181G.
Megerlina Deslongchamps, 1884.
Bouchardia Davidson, 1840.

Pachyrhynchns King, 1850.
Kraussina Davidson, 1859.

Kraussia Davidson, 1852 (not Dana,
1852).
Coeuothyris Douville, 1880.
Mannia Dewalque, 1874.
1 Rhyuchora Dalman, 1828.

Superfamily SPIRIFERACEA Waagen, 1883.
Helicopegmata Waagen, 1883.

Telotremata with the adult brachia supported by calcareous spiral
lamelke or spiralia.

1. Family ATRYPID^ Gill, 1871.

Atrypidaj Dall, 1877.

Spiriferacea with the crura directly continuous with the primary
lamelhv, which diverge widely and have the spiral cones between them.
Jugum simple, complete or incomplete.

la. Subfamily Zygospirin^ Waagen, 1883.

Anazygidte Davidson, 1884; Zygospiridse Hall and Clarke, 1895.

Atrypidse with a simple jugum either posteriorly or anteriorly
directed. Spiralia with their apices toward the median dorsal region.

Zygospira Hall, 18G2.

Stenocisma Hall, 1864 (not Conrad,

1839; Hall, 1867).
Auazyga Davidson, 1882.
Ortlionom;pa Hall, 1858.
Hallina Winchell and Schuchert,

1892.
Protozyga Hall and Clarke, 1893.

Catazj'ga Hall and Clarke, 1893.
Atrypina Hall and Clarke, 1893.
Glassia Davidson, 1882.
?CliutonellaHall and Clarke, 1893.

w- >

scHucHEET] CLASSIFICATION OF TELOTREMATA. 127

Subfamily Davin^ Waageu, 18S3.

AtrypidfB with tlie juAU"^ drawn out posteriorly iuto a simple short
process. Spiralia laterally directed.

Dayia Davidson, 1882.

la". Subfamily Atrypin.15 Waagen, 1883.

Atrypidne with the jugum situated extremely posterior, complete in
young stages, but at maturity discontinuous. Spiralia dorso-medially
directed.

Atrypa Dalman, 1828. 1 Gruenewaldtia Tschernyschew,

Cleiotliyris Phillips, 1841 (not King, -| gt^rj

c^^^^^'. .,r.,- -.o-, I ?KarpinskyaTschernyschew,18S5.

Spingenna fVOrbigny, 18/4. I '^

2. Family SPIRIFERID^ King, 1846 (emend Davidson).

Martin i in iP ami Reticulariina^ Waageu, 1883; Spiriferinidie Davidson, 1884.

Spiriferacea with the crura directly continuous with the bases of the
primary lamella^, which are situated between the laterally directed
spiralia. Jugum simple, complete or incomplete.

2a. Subfamily Suessiinje Waagen, 1883.

Spiriferidu' with the jugum continuous and more or less V-shaped.
Shell structure punctate.

Spiriferiua d'Orbiguy, 1817.
Suessia Deslongchamps, 1854.

Oyrtina Davidson, 1858.
Theocyrtella Bittner, 1892.

Cyrtotheca Bittner, 1890 (not Salter).

Subfamily TJNCiTiNiE Waagen, 1883.

Spiriferida' ( f) with the jugum as in Suessiina?. Just within the
posterior margin of the dorsal valve are pouch-like plates. Deltidiiil
plates united, deeply concave. Subfamily anomalous.

Uncites Defrance, 1825. | ?Uncinella Waagen, 1883.

2b. Subfamily Trigonotretin^ Schuchert, 1803.

Delthyrin.i' (partim) Waagen, 1883.

Spiriferida' with the jugum at maturity discontinuous, rei)resented
by two short jugal jjrocesses, one attached to each primary lamella.

? Cyclospira Hall and Clarke, 1893. Syringothyris AVinchell, 1803.
Spirifer Sowerby, 1815. * Spinier Meek ami Hayden, 1864.

Choristites Fisher deWaldheim, 1825. Deltliyris Dalman, 1828.

TrigonotretaKoeiiig, 1825; Meek and Martiuia McOoy, 1844.
Hayden, 1864.

Spiriferns Blaiuville, 1827.
Spirifera J. de C. Sowerby, 1835.
Brachythyris McCoy, 1844.
Fusella McCoy, 1844.
Hysterolithns Queustedt, 1871.

Oyrtia Dalmiin, 1828.

Martiniopsis Waagen, 1883.
Mentzelia Quenstedt, 1871.
Ambocoelia Hall, 18G0.
IJeticularia McCoy, 1844.
\'erneuilia Hall and Clarke, 1893.
1 Metaplasia Hall and Clarke, 1893.

128

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

1 HULL. 87.

3. Family ATHYia])yE Tliillips, 1841.

NucIeo8piri(l;e Davidson, 1882; Kouinckinidae Davidson, 1853.

Spiriferacoa with the bases of the primary lamelhe situated between
the spiralia, aud sluirply recurved dorsally at their junction with tlie
crurn. Si)iralia more or less laterally directed. Jugum complete,
V-shaped, with the apex drawn out into a simple, bifurcated, or other-
wise modified process.

3a. Subfamily RHYNCHOSPiRiNiE Schuchert, 1894.
RetziiniB Waagen, 1883; Retziida' aud RhyuchospiridfB Hall aud Clarke, 1895.

Athyrida; with the single process of the jugum commonly recurved,
but sometimes bifurcated. Shell structure distinctly punctate.

Homceospira Hall and Clarke, 1893. ^ Parazyga Hall and Clarke, 1893.

Rhynchospira Hall, 1859.
Ptychospira Hall and Clarke, 1893.
Eumetria Hall, 1864.
Trematospira Hall, 1857.

Acambona White, 1862.
Hustedia Hall and Clarke, 1893.
Retzia King, 1850.
Trigeria Bayle, 1878.

3*. Subfamily Hindellin^ Schuchert, 1894,

CoelospiridiB aud Nncleospiridie Hall aud Clarke, 1895.

Athyrid* in which the jugum has a single i^rocess which may be sim-
ple, or it articulates in a ventral sejital socket, and sometimes (rarely)
is sharply recurved terminally. Shell structure impunctate,

I Anoplotheca Sandberger, 1856.
Bifida Davidson, 1882.
Ccelospira Hall, 1863.

r Hindella Davidson, 1882.

' Whitfleldella Hall and Clarke,

( 1893.

Meristina Davidsou, 1882 (not Hall
1867).
Nucleospira Hall, 1858.
Hyattella Hall and Clarke, 1893.

Leptocffilia Hall, 1857, 1859.
Yitulina Hall, 1860.
lAnabia Clarke, 1893.

3^. Subfamily Athyrin^ Waagen, 1883.

Athyridiie in which the single ])rocess of the jugum bifurcates. The
branches may or may not terminate between the first and second
volutions of the spiralia.

Cleiothyris King, 1840 (not Phil-
lips, 1841).
Seminula McCoy, 1844.
Spirigerella Waagen, 1883.
Anomactinella Bittner, 1800.
Pomatospirella Bittner, 1892.
Amphitomella Bittner, 1890.
Tetractinella Bittner, 1890.

Plicigera Bittner, 1890.

Pentactinella Bittner, 1890.

Meristina Hall, 1867.

Athyris Davidsou, 1853 (uot McCoy,

1844).
Whitfieldia Davidsou, 1882.

Glassina Hall and Clarke, 1893.
Athyris McCoy, 1844.

Spirigera d'Orbiguy, 1847.
Eutbyris Queustedt, 1871.

Aciinoconchus McCoy, 1844.
Toryuifer Hall and Clarke, 1895.

SCHUCHEET.

CLASSIFICATION OF NEOTREMATA.

129

3". Subfamily Diplosptrin^ Schuchert, 1894.

AthyridfB (partim) Hall and Clarke, 1895.

Atbyridiie with the jugal bifurcations very long, lying between the
volutions of the spiralia, and continuing with these to their outer ends.
Sometimes there is an additional jugal process which articulates with
the ventral valve, or recurves and joins the jugum.

Kayseria Davidson, 1882.
Diplospirella Bittner, 1890.
Euractinella Bittner, 1890.

Pesidella Bittner, 1890.
Anisactinella Bittner, 1890.
? Didymospira Salomon.

3^^ Subfamily Koninkinin^ Waagen, 1883.

Koninckinidae Davidson, 1853; Amphicliuinie Waagen, 1883; Diplospidse and
Diplospirid* Miinier-Chalmas, 1880.

Athyridie with jugum and spiralia essentially as in Diplospiridai.
The spiralia in Koninckinina3, however, are not laterally directed as in
the former group, but point ventrally, this being due to the concave
form of the dorsal shell.

Koninckina Suess, 1853.
Amphiclina Laube, 18G5.
Koninckella M.-Chalmas, 1880.

Koniuckodonta Bittner, 1893.
^Thecospira Zugmeyer, 1880.
?Amphiclinodonta Bittner, 1890.

3^^ Subfamily Mertstellin^ Waagen, 1883.

Meristellidie Hall and Clarke, 1895.

Athyridiie in which the jugal bifurcations do not enter the spiralia,
but recurve and join near their origin.

Meristella Hall, 1860.
Charionella Billings, 1861.
fPentagonia Cozzens, 1846.

Gonioccelia Hall, 1861.
Dicamara Hall and Clarke, 1893.

Merista Suess, 1851.

Caniarium Hall, 1859.
Dioristella Bittner, 1890.
?Oamarospira Hall and Clarke,
1893.

Order NEOTREMATA Beecher, 1891.

Circular or oval, more or less cone shaped, inarticulate Brachiopoda,
with the pedicle opening restricted throughont life to the ventral valve.
Pedicle aperture modified by a deltidium or listrium. Prodeltidium
attached to the ventral valve.

Superfamily ACROTRETACEA Schuchert, 1890.i

Daikaiilia (partim) Waagen, 1885; Diacaulia Hall and Clarke, 1895.

Neotremata with phosphatic shells and a more or less well-developed
pseudodeltidium. Dorsal protegulum marginal.

' Text-book of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastman, 1896, p. 308.

Bull. 87 9

130

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA.

[lui.L. 87.

1. Family AOROTRETID^ Scliuchert, 1803.
Acrotretiicea witli the pedicle openinji jmsterior to the proteguluiu.

Acrothele TJiiuarsson, 1870.
Liiiiuirssouia Walcott, 1885.
Discinopsis (Mattliew) Hall and

Clarke, 1892.
Acrotreta Kutorga, 1848.

Uouotreta Walcott, 1880.
?Mesotreta Kntorga, 1848.
fOrbicella d'Orbigny, 1849.

Keysorlingia Pander, 1K61.
MIeliiiersenia Pander, 1801.

2. Family SIPHOKOTKETID.F: Kntorga, 1848.

Acrotretacea AAnth the pedicle opening passing by resorption anteri
orly through the protegulnm and the umbo of the shell.

Yorkia Walcott, 1897.
Trematobolus Matthew, 1893,
Siphonotreta de Verneuil, 1845.

Protosiphon Matthew, 1897

Schizambon Walcott, 1884.

Scbizamboiiia ffihlert, 1887.

Snperfamily DISCINACEA Waagen, 1885.
Daikaulia (jiartiiu) W:iaj;t'n, 1885; Diacaulia (partim) Hall and Clarke, 1895.

Neotremata with phos[)hatic shells, alistrium, but with no deltidium.
Dorsal protegnlum usually subcentral.

1. Family TREMATIDiE Schuchert, 1893.

Primitive Discinacea, in which the posterior margin of the ventral
valve has a triangular pedicle notch throughont life. A listrium is usu-
ally present.

Discinolepis Waagen, 1885.
Trematis Sharpe, 1847.

Orbicella Hall and Whitfield, 1875
(not d'Orhiguy, 1849).
Schizocrania Hall and Whittield,
1875.

Schizobolus Ulrich, 188(i.
Liugulodiscina Whittield, 1890.
CElilprtella Hall and Clarke, 1890.
? Monobolina Salter, 1805.

2. Family BISCIKIDyE Gray, 1840.

Orbiculidrt- McCoy, 1844.

Derived Discinacea with an oi)en pedicle notch in early life in the
posterior margin of the ventral valve, which is closed posteriorly dur
ing neanic growth, leaving a more or less long, narrow slit partially
closed by the listrium.

Orbiculoidea d'Orbigny, 1847.
Schizotreta Kutorga, 1848.
Lindstrcemella Hall and Clarke,

1890.
Ra*merella Hall and Clarke, 1890.

Discina Lamarck, 1819.

Orbicula Sowerby, 1830 (not Ciivier,
1798).

Discinisca Dall, 1871.

scHucHKKT.] CLASiSIFICATION OF PROTREMATA. 131

Supeiiiimily CRANIACEA Waagen, 1885.'
Gasteropegmata Waagen, 1885.

Cemeuted calcareous Neotremata without pedicle or aual opeuiugs

at maturity.

Family CRAN^D^E King, 1846.

OrbiculiP Deshayes, 18.30; Cianiadie Gray, 1810.

Craiiiacea with the pedicle functioual probably ouly during nepionic
growth. -

Crania lietzius, 1781.

Numuiulus Stoeboeus, 1732.

Ostracites Beuth, 1776.

Criopiis Poll, 17U1.

Criopoderuiii Poli, 1795.

Orbicula Cuvier, 1798 (not Sowerby,

1830).
Orbicularius Dumeril, 1806.
Craniolitos Schlotheim, 1820.
Discina Turtou, 1832 (not Lamarck,

1819). AA6tA^^^ n

Criopolisderiiia Aj;'.ta»iH, 18*<f.

Craniella (Ehlert, 1888.
Cardinocrauia Waagen, 1885. ^
Ancistrocrania Dall, 1877.

Cranopsis Dull, 1871 (not A. Adams).
Craniscus Dall, 1871.

Siphouaria Queustedt, 1851 (not
Sowerby).

Pholidops Hall, 1800.

Craniops Hall, 18.59.
Pseudocrania McCoy, 1851.
Palajocrania Quoiiatodt, 1871.

Chonioi)ora .Schauioth, 1854.

Order PROTREMATA Beecher, 1891.

Derived, articulate Brachiopoda, with tlie pedicle opening restricted
to the ventral valve throughout life or during early growth. Prodel-
tidiuni originating on the dorsal side of the body wall in the cephalula
stage, and later anchylosed to the ventral shell, thus initiating the
development of a deltidium. Pedicle aperture moditied by the delti-
dium. Brachia unsupported by a calcareous skeleton except in the
Pentameracea where there are crura.

Superfamily STROPHOMENACEA Schuchert, 1896. ^

Lineicardiues (partim) and Denticardines (partim) Broun, 1862; Apbaneropegniata
(partim), Prodnctarea, Coralliopsida, and Kampylopegmata (partim) Waagen, 1883;
Eleutheiobranchlata (partim) Neumayr, 1883; Cryptobracbia (partim) Gray, 1848;
Tbecacea Scbiicbert, 1893.

Primitive Protremata without spondylia and cruralia.

Family KUTORGINID^ Schuchert, 1893.

Primitive Strophomenacea with incipient cardinal areas, great del-
thyrial opening, and very rudimentary articulating processes and
deltidium.

Kutorgina Billings, 1861 (emend ?Schizopholis Waagen, 1885.
Walcott).

'The writer believes that when the young growth stages of Crania are studied it will be shown
that the Craniacea have the superfamily characters of Acrotretacea rather than those of Discinacea.
^Text-book of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eaatman, 1896, p. 312.

132 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

! Family EICHWALDllD.E Schucliert, 1893.i

Primitive or aberrant, rostrate Strophoiuenacea, with narrow lateral
grooves and ridges for articulation. Deltbyriuni closed by a concave
plate ( ^deltidium). Pedicle emerging through the ventral umbone and
moving with growth anteriorly by resorption through the shell, as in
Siphouotretida?.

Eichwaldia Billings, 1858. | Dictyonella Hall, 1867.

1. Family BILLHSTGSELLIU.E Schuchert, 1893.

Strophomenacea with well-developed cardinal areas and deltidium.
Cardinal process obsolete or very rudimentary. Articulation fairly well
developed.

Billingsella Hall and Clarke, 1892.
Protorthis Hall and Clarke, 1892.

2. Family STROPHOMENIDJ3 King, 1846.

Strophomenacea with well-developed cardinal areas, deltidium, chi-
lidium, cardinal and articulating processes.

2a. Subfamily Rafinbsquinin^ Schuchert, 1893.

Leptsenacea Brauu, 1840; Orthisid* (partim) d'Orbiguy, 1847; Davidsonidje King,
1850; Davidsoniniu Gill, 1871; Strophomeninai (partim) Gill, 1871; Waagen, 1884;
Cadomellinse Munier-Chalmas, 1887 ; Leptaenidie Hall and Clarke, 1895.

Strophomenoids with ventral valve convex and dorsal concave, except
in Strophonella. The relative form of the valves is the reverse of the
Orthothetinse.

Kaflnesquina Hall and Clarke, ' Pholidostrophia Hall and Clarke,

1892.
Leptsena Dalman, 1828.

Leptagonia McCoy, 1844.
Strophomena Meek, 1873 (not Blain-

ville, 1825).
Plectambonites (Ehlevt, 1887 (not
Pander, 1830).
Stropheodonta Hall, 1852.
Brachyprion Shaler, 1865.
Douvillina CEhlert, 1887.
Leptostrophia Hall and Clarke,
1892.

'In 1893 the writer referred this family with doubt to the Rhynchonellacea. The absence of crural
plates in Eichwaldia forbids that disposition. If the concave plate closing the umbonal pedicle
passage is a deltidium, there can be no doubt that this family belongs to the Protremata. Students
should search for the very young of Eichwaldia or Dictyonella, since it is through ontogeny alone
that the true systematic position of this family will be determined.

1892.
Strophonella Hall, 1879.

Amphistrophia Hall and Clarke, 1892.
Cadomella M.-Chalmas, 1887.
Leptella Hall and Clarke, 1892.
Plectambonites Pander, 1830.

Leptiena Davidson, 1853; QElilert,
1877 (not Dalman, 1828).
Leptaenisca Beecher, 1890.
Christiaiiia Hall and Clarke, 1892.
Davidsonia Bouchard, 1847.

SCHUCHERT.l

CLASSIFICATION OF PROTREMATA.

133

2^ Subfamily Orthothetin^ Waagen, 1884.

Strophoineuinae (partim) Waagen, 1884.

Strophomeuoids with the vertral valve convex during early growth,
becoming subsequently concave.

? Orthidium Hall and Clarke, 1892. Streptorhynchus King, 1850.
Strophomena Blainville, 1825. j Derby a Waagen, 1884.

Heinipronites Meek, 1872 (not Pan- Kayserella Hall and Clarke, 1892.
der, 1830). Meekella White and St. John, 1870.

Orthothetes Fischer de Waldheim, j^^^^i^^i^ Hall, 1859.
^'^^i- Dicraniscus Meek, 1872.

Orthis King, 1850 (not Dalraan, 1828). Mimulus Barrande, 1879.
Hipparionyx Vanuxem, 1842. ; g^reptis Davidson, 1881.

3. Family THECTDIID.E Gray, 1840.

Cemented Strophonieuacea in which the interior of the shell is
impressed with variously indented brachial furrows.

3=^, Subfamily LYTTONiiNyE Waagen, 1883.
Thecidiidse with the brachial markings common to both valves.

Lyttonia Waagen, 1883.
Leptodus Kayser, 1882.

Oldhamina Waagen, 1883.

3\ Subfamily Thecidiin^ Dall, 1870.
Thecidiidte with the brachial markings restricted to the dorsal valve.

Thecidia Defrance, 1822.
Thecidiiuu Sowerby, 1824.
Lacazella M.-Chalmas, 1880.
Thecidiopsis M.-Chalmas, 1887.
Thecidella M.-Chabnas, 1887.

Eudesella M. Chalmas, 1880.
Pteropbloios Giimbel, 1861.

Bactryninm Emmerich, 1855.

(In error. Not Bactrillium He«r. )

Davidsonella M. Chalmas, 1880.

2a^ Family PRODTCTID^ Gray, 1840.
Prodnctina Giebel, 1846.
Strophomenacea with hollow anchoring spines.

2a"''. Subfamily ChonetinyE Waagen, 1884.

Cliouetida? Bronn, 1862; Hall and Clarke, 1895.

Productidie with the anchoring spines restricted to the ventral
cardinal margin.

Chonetes Fischer de Waldheim, Chonostrophia Hall and Clarke,

1837.
LeptiBna McCoy, 1844 (not Dalman,
1828).
Anoplia Hall and Clarke, 1892.
Chonetella Waagen, 1884.

1892.
Chonetina Krotow, 1888.

Chonetella Krotow, 1884 (not
Waagen, 1884).

134

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL UKACHIOPODA. liiiu..87.

2ii"'^'. Subfamily l*RODUC'TiNyi5 Waagen, 1884.

Prochictidu' with the anchoring si)ines more or less abundant over
the ventral valve and sometimes also over the dorsal valve.

Daviesiella Waagen, 1884.
Productelhi Hall, 18G7,
Productus Sowerby, 1812.

I'yxis Chemnitz, 1781.

Producta G. B. Sowerby, 1825.

Arbnsculites Murray, 1831.

Protouia Liuck, 1830 (not
iiesque).

Marjiiiiifera Waagen, 1884.
Proboscidella (Ehlert, 1887.

Raii-

Etheridgina a^hlert, 1887.
Chonopectus Hall and Clarke,

18i)2.
Strophalosia King, 1844.

Orthothrix Geinitz, 1847.

LeptiiMialosia Kiug, 1845.
Aulosteges von Helmersen, 1847.
?Aulacorhynohus Dittmar, 1871.

Isoyramiua Meek and Wortben, 1873.

2a'^^ Family RICHTHOFENID^. Waagen, 1885.
Strophomenacea jtrobably derived through the Productida', and
remarkably modi tied by ventral cementation. The form of the shell
is that of cyathophylloid corals with an operculiform dorsal valve
Shell structure cystose.
Richthofeuia Kayser, 1881.

la. Family OKTHID^ Woodward, 1852.

Ortbisidit (partiiii) d'Orbigny, 1847; Ortbina' and Eutelotina- Waagen, 1884.

Strophomenacea usually with large open delthyria; deltidium only
developed in younger growth stages.
Orthis Dalman, 1828.

\

Orthambonites Pander, 1830.

Plectorthis Hall and Clarke,
1892.

( HebertellaHall and Clarke, 1892.
/^Schizophoria King, 1850.
j Orthotichia Hall, 1892.
Enteletes Fischer de Waldheim,
1830.

Syntrielasnia Meek, 1865.
Platystrophia King, 1850.
Orthotropia Hall and Clarke, 1895.

I

Dinorthis Hall and Clarke, 1892.

Phfsiomys Hall and Clarke, 1892,
Orthostrophia Hall, 1883.
Dalmanella Hall and Clarke,
1892.

< Heterorthis Hall and Clarke,
1892.
Bilobites Linnc, 1775.
Dicd'losia King, 1850.
Rhipidomella CKhlert, 1890.

Kbipidomys (l^blert, 1887 (not Wag-
ner).

Superfamily PENTAMERACEA Schuchert, 1896.'

Trnllacea Scbncbert, 1893; Ancistropegniata (partini) Zittel, 1895; Apbaneropeg
mata (partim) and Productacea (partim) Waagen, 1883; Eleutberobraucbiata
(partim) Neumayr, 1883.

Derived Protremata with spondylia to which are attached the adduc-
tor, diductor, and ventral pedicle muscles. Commonly cruralia are
present.

1. Family CLITAMBONITID^ Winchell and Schuchert, 1893.

Ortbisidie (partim) d'Orbigny, 1849; Orthisin.-i' AVaagen, 1884.

Primitive Pentameracea with long, straight cardinal areas and a
well developed deltidium. No cruralium.

' Textbook of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastman, 1896, p. 320.

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SCHUrHERT

CLASSIFICATION OP PUOTKEMATA.

135

Clitaiiibonites Pander, 1830.
I'roiiites Pander, 1830.
Gouambonites Pander, 1830.
Orthisina d'Orbiguy, 1847.

I'olytoechia Hall and Clarke, 1892,
Heuiiprouites Pander, 1830.
Sceuidium Hall, 1860.

Mystrophora Kayser, 1871.

2. Family SYNTKOPHIID^ Schncbert, 1896.i
StricklandiniidiH (partim) Hall and Clarke, 189.5.

Primitive Peutameracea with long, straight cardinal areas, deltidia,
and cruralia.

Syntrophia Hall and Clarke, 1892-93.

2a. Family POPAMBONITID.E Davidson, 1853.'

Porambonitin;!' Gill, 1871; PorainbonitidiB (partim) Ncetling, 1883; Camarellid;e

(partim) Hall and Clarke, 1895.

Peutameracea intermediate in structure between the Syntrophiidie
and Pentamerida>, in that the deltidium and the straight cardinal
areas of the former family tend to obsolescence, particularly the del-
tidium. The Porambonitidic approach the latter family in tending to
develop a rostrate shell. Cruralium present.

Branconia Gagel, 1890.
Porambonites Pander, 1830.

Priarabonites Agassiz, 1847.

Isorhynchus King, 18r)0.
NijBtlingia Hall and Clarke, 1893,
°?Lycophoria Lahusen, 1885,

Camarella Billings, 1859 (emend

Hall and Clarke, 1893),
Piirastroi)hia Hall and Clarke,

1893.
Anastropliia Hall, 1807.

Brachymerus Shaler, 1865 (not De-
jean, 1834).

2b. Family PENTAMEKID.E McCoy, 1844.

Hypothyridie (partim) King, 1850; Pentamerid;^ Hall, 1867; Cameioplioriinie
Waageu, 1883; I'entamerina' Gill, 1871; Waagen, 1883; Porambonitida' (partim)
Noetling, 1883; Stcnochismatinic and Conchidiinfe ffihlert, 1887; Camarellidie
(partim), Stricklandiniidw (partim), and Ampliigenidt-e Hall and Clarke, 1895.

Rostrate Peutameracea rarely with straight cardinal areas. Del-
tidium commonly absent, but sometimes present as a concave ])late,
being the reverse of the ordinary form of the deltidium and due to the
incurved beaks. Cruralium present.

iStricklandinia Billings, 1863.

Stricklandia Billings, 1859.
Pen tamer US Sowerby, J 813.

I'entastcro Bhuuville, 1824.
Capellinia Hall and Clarke, 1893.
Pentamerella Hall, 1867.
Gypidula Hall, 1867.

Sieberella (Ehlert, 1887.
Camarophorella Hall and Clarke,

1893.
Amphigenia Hall, 1867.

Conchidium Linne, 1753.

Antirhynchonclla Qiienstedt, 1871.

Zdimir Itarrnndr, 1879.

Gypidia Dalman, ISL'8.
Clorinda Barrande, 1879.

Barrandella Hall and Clarke, 1893.
Euantiosphen Widborne (Holzap-

fel), 1893.
Camarophoria King, 1846.

StenocbismaDall, 1877; (Eblert, 1887
(not Conrad, 1839).

I Text book of Paleontology, by Zittel and Eastman, 1896, p. 320.

-Siuce Hall and Clarke's family Caniarellida) (1895), after removing Camarophoria and Caraaro-
pliorella, is based upon the same family characters as those of the Porambonitidie (1853), as Poram-
bonites 18 now interpreted, Davidson's family is retained on the ground of priority.

13G

SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA.

[bull. 87.

Si/nopsis of the divisio7i8 of Brackiopoda higher than genera.

Superorders.

Orders.

Pedicle common
to both valves
throughout
life or Duly
in y outhf ul
growth. (Ho-
mocaulia.)

Pedicle opening
common to
both valves
throughout
life. No del-
tidial i)lates.
Inarticulate.
(Atremata.)

Pedicle opening
common to
both valves
only in youth-
ful growth.
D e 1 1 i d i a 1
plates usually
present. (Te-
lotremata.)

Supe r/a rnilies.

Shells rounded.
Pedicle short.
Animal not
burrowing.
(Obolacea.)

Shells elongate.
Pedicle long.
Animal bur-
rowing. (Lin-
gulacea. )

Brachia sup-
ported by
crura. (Ros-
tracea.)

Bracbia suj)
ported by
loops. (Tere-
bratulacea.)

Brachia sup-
ported by spi-
ralia. (Spiri-
feracea.)

FaTnilies.

Valves semicircular; pedi-
cle opening more or less
large :

Valves rounded, posteri-
orly acuminate; pedicle
opening small

Valves round or oval, thick,
with solid or excavated
platforms ;

Shells thin, elongate, with
oboloid interiors

Shells thin, elongate, with
muscular system highly
specialized

Shells elongate, with solid
platforms :

Shells primitive. Ko del-
tidial plates ; articula-
tion rudimentary

Articulation and deltidial
plates well developed

Loops free, developing di-
rect ; no metamorphoses ;

Loops free, developing in-
direct

Loops attached to a me-
dian septum; developing
indirect ;

Crura directly continuous
with bases of primary
lamellae between which
are the spiralia

Crura directly continuous
with bases of primary
lamellae which are be-
tween the spiralia

Bases of primary lamellfe
between the spiralia, and
sharply reciirving dor-
sally at their junction
with the crura

Paterinidaj.

= Obolidae.

Trimerellidie.
Lingulellidae.

LingulidaB.
Lingulasmatidae.

Protorhyucliid;!'.
Ehynchonellidie.
Centronellidaj.
Terebratulidae.

Terebratellidae.
= Atrypidae.
= Spiriferidse.

=: AthyridsB.

SCHUCHERT.]

KEY TO BRACHIOPOD FAMILIES.

Superorders.

Synopsis of the divisions of Bracliiopoda higher than genera — Coutinned

ir/Jflrs Orders. fiii/ne.r families. Families.

137

Pediclo reBtrict-
ed to ventral
Yiilve through-
out life or onlj'
iu youthful
growth. (Idi-
oraulia.)

Pedicle restrict-
ed to ren-
tral valvo
throughout
life. Inartic-
ulate. (Neo-
tremata.)

Superfamilies.

Pedicle aper-
ture modified
hy a deltidi- ■
um. (Acro-
tretacea.)

Pedicle slit
modified hy
a list rium.
(Discinacea. )

Pedicle sup-
pressed. (Cra-
uiacea.)

Pedicle restrict-
ed to ven-
tral valve
throughout
or a portion
of life. Artic-
ulate. (Pro-
tremata. )

' Shells without
spondyliaand
cruralia.<J
(Strophomen-
acea.)

Shells with
spondyliaand
cruralia.{
(Peutamera
cea.)

Families.

Pedicle opening small, cir-
cular, posterior to pro-
teg iilum

Pedicle fissure narrow,
elongate, anterior to pro-
tegulum

Pedicle fissure marginal,
open posteriorly

Pedicle fissure narrow,
elongate, closed posteri-
orly

Shells partially or com
pletely cemented to for
eigu hodies

Pedicle opening large ; del-
tidium and articulation
incipient. No crural
process =

Rostrate, aberrant Stro-
phomenacea

Cardinal areas and deltid-
iuui well developed. No
cardinal process

Cardinal areas, deltidium,
chilidium, and cardinal
process well developed :

StrophomenidiB with im-
pressed brachial furrows

Valves more or loss cov-
ered with hollow, anchor-
ing spines

Cone-shaped productoids
completely modified by
cementation

Delthyrium usually large,
open; deltidium devel-
oped only in early
growth

Large, straight cardinal
areas with prominent
deltidium. No cruralia :

Straight cardinal areas,
prominent deltidium,
and short cruralia

Shells intermediate in
structure between Syn-
trophiidie and Penta-
meridiB

Shells rostrate, commonly
without deltidium. Cru-
ralia well developed

Acrotretidie.

Siphonotretidae .
r= Trematidse.

= Discinidse.

^ Craniidae.

Kutorginidae.
EichwaldiidsB. ,

= Billingsellidis.

Strophomenidse.
Thecidiidse.

= Productidse.

Richthofenidae.

Orthidae.

Clitambonitidae.

Syntrophiidse.

Porambonitidae.
= Pentameridae.

C H A P T ]^] R VI.

INDEX AND BIBI.IOGRAPHY OF AMERICAN FOSSIt.

BRACHIOPODA.

ACAMBONA White. Genotype A. prima White.

Acauiboua VVbitt-, I'roc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. L'7, tij^s. 1, 2.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 18<J3, p. 119; —Thirteenth Ann. Kep. N. Y.
State Geologist, 1895, p. 797.

Acambona osagensis (Swallow). Chouteau (L. Garb.).

Ketzia osagensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 653.
Acambona? osagensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, I't. II, 1893, p. 120,

pi. 51, tigs. 38, 39.
Retzia? osagensis Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 94.
Loc. Cooper and Bentou counties, Missouri.

Acambona prima White. Burlington (L. Garb.).

Acambona prima White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 27, tigs. 1,2.^

Hall and Clarke, Pal. Ne-nr York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 119, pi. 51, figs. 10, 41.
Eumetria prima Miller, North American Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 346.
Log. Burlington, Iowa.
Obs. It is probable that this species is identical with A. osagensis.

ACROTHELE Linnarsson. Genotype A. coiiacea Liunarsson.

Acrothele Linnarsson, Bihang till Kgl. Svenska Voteus.-Akad. Handl., Ill,

1876, p. 20.— VValcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 107.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 98, 167 ;— Eleventh Ann. Kep.

N. Y. State Geologist, 1892, p. 249.

Acrothele bellula Walcott, Middle Cambrian.

Acrothele bellula Walcott, Proc. II. S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 716, pi. 60,

figs. 4-4e.
Loc. Cowans Creek, Cherokee County, Alabama.

Acrothele decipiens Walcott. Lower Cambrian.

Acrothele decipiens Walcott, Proc. U. S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 716, pi. 60,

fig. 2.
Loc. Near Stoner's, York County, Pennsylvania.

Acrothele (?) dichotoma Walcott. Lower Cambrian.

Acrothele? dichtoma Walcott, Mon. IJ. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 14, pi. 9,

fig. 11 ;— Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 107.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Acrothele matthewi (Ilartt). Middle Cambrian.

Lingula matthewi Hartt, Dawson's Acadian Geology, 2d ed., 1868, p. 644,

fig. 221;— Ibidem, 3d ed., 1874, p. 644, fig. 221.
Acrothele matthewi Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 39, pi. 5,
fig. 15.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 99, pi. 3, fig. 29.—
Matthew, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 128, pi. 5, figs. 6, 7, 8.
Loc. Portland, New Brunswick; Manuels Brook, Conception Bay, Newfound-
laud.
138

scHccHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY, 139

Acrothele matthewi costata Matthew. '?Midclle Cambrian.

Acrotbelo matthewi var. costata Matthew, Traus. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIY, 1895,

p. 128, pi. 5, fig. 9.
Loc. Hanford Brook, New Bruuswick.

Acrothele matthewi lata Matthew. Middle Cambrian.

Acrotbelo matthewi var. lata Matthew, Trans. Royal Sof. Canada, III, 1886, p. 41,
pi. 5, fig. 17.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 3,
figs. 26-28.

Loc. Portland, New Brunswick.

Acrothele matthewi prima Matthew. Middle Cambrian.

Acrothele matthewi var. prima Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p.

41, pi. 5, fig. 16.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 3,

fig. 25.
Loc. Hanford Brook, New Brunswick.

Acrothele suhsidua (White). Lower and Middle Cambrian.

Acrotretaf subsidua White, Wheeler's Geogr. Geol. P2xpl. and Surv. west 100
Merid., Prelim. Rep., 1874, p. 6;— Ibidem, Final Rep., IV, 1875, p. 34, pi. 1,
fig. 3.

-AfTothele subsidua White, Proc. IT. S. National Mus., Ill, 1880, p. 47.— Walcott,
Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 108, pi. 9, fig. 4;— Tenth. Ann. Rep.
U.S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 608, pi. 70, fig. 1.— Beecher, American .Tour. Sci.,
XLI, 1891, p. 357, pi. 17, fig. 12.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.
I, 1892, p. 100, pi. 3, figs. 30, 31.

Loc. Antelope Spring, Utah ; Pioche, Nevada.

ACROTRETA Kutorga. Genotype A. subconica Kntorga.

Acrotreta Kutorga, Verhand. Kais. Min. Gessel. zu St. Petersburg, 1848, p.
275.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 16.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 101, 166;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y.
State Geologist, 1892, p. 250.

Acrotreta attenuata Meek = A. gemma.

Acrotreta haileyi Matthew. Middle and Upper Cambrian.

Acrotreta baileyi Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 36, pi. 5,
iig. 13.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 102, pi. 3,
figs. 32-34.— Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 43, pi. 12, lig. 7d.

Loc. Hanford Brook and Long Reach, New Brunswick.

Acrotreta gemma Billings. Lower to Upper Cambrian.

Acrotreta geu.nia Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 216, fig. 201. — Walcott, Mon.
U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, ]>. 17, pi. 1, fig. 1; pi. 9, fig. 9;— Bull. U. S.
Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 98, pi. 8, tig. 1;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey, 1891, p. 608, pi. 67, fig. 5.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,
1892, p. 102, figs. 55-57.— Matthew, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 126.

Acrotreta subconica Meek, Hayden's Sixth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr.,
1873, p. 463.

Acrotreta attenuata Meek, Ibidem, 1873, p. 463.

Acrotreta pyxidicula White, Wheeler's (ieogr. Geol. P^xpl. and Survey west 100
Merid., Prelim. Rep., 1874, p. 9;— Ibidem, Final Rep., IV, 1875, p. 53, i)l. 3,
fig. 3.

Loc. Near Portland Creek, Newfoundland; Eureka and White Pine mining dis-
tricts, Nevada.

Acrotreta gemma depressa Walcott. Middle Cambrian.

Acrotreta gemma var. depressa Walcott, Proc. U. S. National Mus., XI, 1888, p. 441.
Loc. Mount Stephen, British Columbia.

140 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bill. 87.

Acrotreta gemmula Mattliew. Middle Cainbrijin.

Acrotietii goniiuula Matthew, Traus. Koyal Soc. Canada, X, 1894, j). 87, ])1. 16,

fig. 2;— Trans. N. Y. Acad. 8ci., XIV, 1895, p. 12li, pi. 5, lig. o.
Loc. St. Martins, New Brunswick.

Acrotreta j>ulielini jVIattlie\v = l)iscinopsis gulielmi.

Acrotreta microscopica (Shuinard). Middle Cambrian.

Discina microscopica Sbumard, American Jour. Sci., XXXII, 2d ser., 1861, p. 221.
loc. Occurs abundantly in Burnett and Llano counties, Texas.

Acrotreta pyxidicula White=Acrotreta gemma.
Acrotreta subcouica Meek (nou Kutorga)= Acrotreta gemma.
Acrotreta (!) subsidua White =Acrothele subsidua.
uEgilops Hall. A genus of pelecypods.

AMBOC(ELIA Hall. Genotype Orthis umbonata Conrad.

AmboccBlia Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 71. figs.
1-3; p. 72, figs. 4-6. — Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri. Smithsonian
Cont. to Knowl., 172, 1864, p. 20.— Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, IV, 1867, p. 258—
Davidson, Suppl. British Sil. Brach., Palipontographical Soc, 1882, p. 131. —
Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.
85.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 54 ;— Thirteenth
Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 761.

Ambocoelia fimbriata Claypole. Portage (Dev.).

Amboccelia fimbriata Claypole, Proc. American Phil. Soc, XXI, 1883, p. 232.
Loc. Perry County, Pennsylvania.

Amboccelia gemmula McChesney=Amboc<Elia jilanoconvexa.

Ambocoelia gregaria Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Orthis uuguiculus Hall (non Phillips), Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Diet., 1843,
p. 267, fig. 5.

Amboccelia gregaria Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.
81;— Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, p. 186.— Williams, Bull. U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey, 8, 1884, p. 11.

Amboccelia umbonata var. gregaria Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 261, pi. 44,
figs. 19-25.

Loc. New York; Pennsylvania, and Virginia.

Obs. See Martinia subumbona.

Ambocoelia minuta White. Kinderliook (L. Carb.).

Ambocttdia (Spiriferf) minuta White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862,

p. 26.
Loc. Hamburg, Illinois, and Hannibal, Missouri.

Amboccelia planoconvexa (Shumard). U])per Carboniferous.

Spirifer planoconvexa Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 202. — Geinitz, Car-
bon u. Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 42, pi. 3, figs. 10-18.

Amboccelia gemmula McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 41 ; — Ibidem, 1865,
pi. 1, fig. 3.

Spirifer (Martinia) planoconvexa Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smith-
sonian Cont. to Knowl., 172, Pt. I, 1864, p. 20, figs. a-e. — Meek, Final Rep.
U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 184, pi. 4, fig. 4; pi. 8, fig. 2.

Martinia planoconvexa McChesney, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, 1868, p. 34, pi. 1,
fig. 3.

scHucHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 141

Amboccelia planoconvexa (Shumard) — Continued.

Spirifera (Martinia) planoconvexa Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 19, pi. 8,
figs. 12, 16, 18; pi. 9, fig. 7.— White, Wheeler's Geogr. Geol. Expl. and Suivey
west 100 Merid., IV, 1875, p. 135, pi. 10, fig. 3 ;— Thirteenth Eep. Indiana State
Geol., 1884, p, 134, pi. 32, figs. 23, 24.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887,
p. 46, pi. 1, fig. 12. — Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 85.

Amboccelia planoconvexa Hall and Clarke, Pal. Nevv York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 56,

pi. 39, figs. 10-15.
Loc. Missouri; Iowa; Illinois; Ohio; Indiana; Kansas; Nebraska; New Mexico;

Elko Mountain, Nevada; Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil.

Amboccelia prseumbona Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Orthis prseumbona Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 167.
AmboccBlia prseumbona Hall, Thirteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1860, p. 71; — Pal. New

York, IV, 1867, p. 262, pi. 44, figs. 1-6.
Loc. Seneca, Cayuga, and Canandaigua lakes, New York.

Amboccelia spinosa Hall and Clarke. Hamilton (Dev.).

Amboccelia spinosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 56,
363, pi. 39, figs. 16-18.— Clarke, Thirteenth Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Geologist,
1895, p. 177, pi. 4, figs. 6-8.
Loc. Livingston County, New York.

Amboccelia subumbona Hall=Martinia subumbona.

Amboccelia umbonata (Conrad). Marcellus-Chemung (Dev.).

Orthis umbonata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 264,
pi. 14, fig. 4.— Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 167,
figs. 1-3.

Orthis nucleus Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 180, fig. 8.

Ambocadia umbonata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860,
p. 71 ;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 259, pi. 44, figs. 7-18.— Nettelroth, Ken-
tucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 86, pi. 17, figs. 25,
26.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pi. 29, fig. 17; pi.
39, figs. 4-9.

Martinia umbonata Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 20, fig. 3.

Loc. New York; Pennsylvania; Falls of Ohio.

Amboccelia umbonata gregaria Hall = Amboccelia gregaria.

AMPHIGENIA Hall. Genotype Pentamerus elougatus Vanuxem.

Amphigenia Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 163;—

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 374, 382.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,

VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 252;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895^

p. 848.

Amphigenia curta (Meek and Worthen). Oriskany (Dev.).

Stricklandiuia elongata var. curta Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III,

1868, p. 402, pi. 8, fig. 1 ; pi. 9, fig. 5.—? Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

?t. II, 1893, p. 254.
Loc. Union County, Illinois.

Amphigenia elongata (Yanuxem). Oriskany and Up. Helderberg (Dev.).

Pentamerus elongatus Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 132,
tig. 1. — Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, Tables of Organic Remains.

Meganteris elongatus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 123,
figs. 1, 2.

Rensselicria elongata Hall, Twelfth Rep. Ibidem, 1859, p. 38;— Pal. New York,
III, 1859, p. 453.

Stricklandia elongata Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 267, figs. 91, 92.

142 SYNOIVSIS OF AMKKICAN FOSSIL liRACHIOFODA. [iuu.,«7.

Amphigenia elongata (Vaiiuxem) — Coutiiined.

SUi(Ul:iii(lini;i eloiif^ata Billiufrs, Geol. Caiiiula, 1863, p. 371, lij;. 3!»0.

Aiui)hifj;cnia. elougata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 18fi7, p. 383, j)!. 58A, lij^s. 21-24;
pi. 5!), tigs. 1-11.— Billings, Ciiiiadiaii Nat. Geol., n. ser., VII., 1871, j). 240.—
Kathbuii, Proc. Bo.stou Soc. Nat. Hist., XX. 1879, p. 34.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 253, pi. 73, figs. 16-20; pi. 71, ligs. 1-9;
pi. 76, fig. 9.

Loc. New York ; Michigau ; Cayuga, Ontario ; Rio Maecurii and Kio Curua, Brazil.

Amphigenia elongata subtrigonalis Hall. Up. Helderberg (Dev.).

Megauteriasubtrigoualis Hall, Tenth Kep.N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 18.57, p. 123.
Amphigenia elongata var. subtrigonalis Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, IV, 1867, p. 384.
Loc. Erie County, New York.

Amphigenia elongata undulata Hall. Ui). Helderberg (Dev.).

Amphigenia elongata var. undulata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 384, pi.

58 A, iigs. 25-27.
Loc. Mackinac, Michigan.
AMPHISTROPHIA Hall and Clarke. Oeiiotype Strophoiiella striata

Hall.

Amphistrophia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 292; —

Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 283.
Obs. Proposed as a subgenus of Strophonella.

ANABAIA Clarke. Genotype A. i)araia Clarke.

Auabaia Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 11,1893, p. 141.— Hair and Clarke,
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 805.

Anabaia paraia Clarke. Silurian.

Anabaia paraia Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 141, ligs. 124-127.
Loc. Rio Trombetas, Province of Para, Brazil.

ANASTROPHIA Ihill. Genotype Pentanierus verneuili Hall.

Brachynicrus Shaler (non Dej., 1834), Bull. Mns. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 69.

Anastrophia Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 163;— Pal.
New Y'ork, IV, 1867, p. 374.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Ken-
tucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 47.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,
1893, p. 224;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 839.

Anastrophia brevirostris (Sowerby!) Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Terebratula brevirostris Sowerby, Murchison's Sil. System, 1839, p. 631, pi. 13,

fig. 15.
Atrypa brevirostris? Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 278, pi. 58, fig. 1.
Pentamerua brevirostris Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 77.
Rhyuchouella brevirostris Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 315, fig. 324.
Loc. Lockport, New York.
Ois. Compare with Anastrophia interplicata. If a pentameroid, this species is

probably identical with Anastrophia interplicata Hall.

Anastrophia hemiplicata W. and S. = Parastrophia hemiplicata.

Anastrophia internascens Hall. Niagara (Sil,).

Anastrophia verneuili Hall (non Hall, 18.59), Twenty -eighth Rep. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., Doc. ed., 1876, pi. 26, figs. 41-49.

Anastrophia internascens Hall, Ibidem, 1879, p. 168, pi. 26, figs. 41-49; — Eleventh
Rep, State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 311, pi. 26, figs. 41-49.— Nettelroth, Kentucky
Fossil Shells. Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 47, pi. 32, figs. 17-20.—
Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., 1, 1889, p. 32, pi. 3, figs. 14-16.—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 224, pi. 63, fig. 30.

Loc. Waldron, Indiana ; Louisville, Kentucky ; Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

SCHUCHERT.

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 143

Anastrophia interplicata (Hall). Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa iutorplicata Hall, Pal. New York, II, l«52, p. 275. pi. 57, fig. 2.
Pentameriis iuterplicatus Hall, Twelfth Kep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 77.
Anastrophia interplicata Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 104. — Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 224.
Loc. Lockport, New York; Lonisville, Kentucky ; Wisconsin.
Obn. See A. hrevirostris.

Anastrophia reversa Miller =Parastropbia reversa.
Aiia.stropliia scofieldi W. and S.=Parastrophia scofieldi.
Anastrophia verneuili Hall, 1876 (non 1859)= Anastrophia internascens.
Anastrophia verneuili (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Atrypa lacunosa Vanuxem (non Sowerby), Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p.
117, fig. 3, and p. 119.

Pentanieriis verneuili Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 104,
ligs. 1, 2;— Pal. New York, III, 18.59, p. 260, pi. 48, fig. 1.— Billings, Geol. Can-
ada, 1863, p. 957, fig. 453.

Anastrophia verneuili Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, ]>. 334. — Hall and

- Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 224, pi. 63, figs. 31-38 ; i)l. 84, figs.
43,44.

Loc. Eastern New York; Perry County, Tennessee; Peterraann Fiord, Greenland.

Anazyga recurvirostra Davidson =Zygospira recurviiostris.
ANOPLIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Lepttena nucleata Hall.

Anoplia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 309;— Eleventh
Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 293.

Anoplia nucleata Hall. Oriskany and Corniferous (Dev.).

Lept«na nucleata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 18.57, ]>. 47.
Lepticna? nucleata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 419, pi. 94, fig. 1.— Meek

and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 393, pi. 8, fig. 8.
Anoplia nucleata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 309, pi.

15A, figs. 17, 18; pi. 20, figs. 14-17.
Loc. Albany County, New York; Alexander County, Illinois; Cayuga, Ontario.
Obs. It is probable that Productella nucleata Nicholson is a synonym of this

species.

ANOPLOTHECA Sandberger (emend Hall and Clarke). Genotype Pro-
ductius lamellosus Sandberger=Terebratula venusta Schnnr,

Anoplotheca F. Sandberger, Sitzb. d. k. k. Akad. d. Wisseus., math -naturw.
Classe, XVI, 18.53, p. 5 ; XVIII, p. 102.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,
Pt. II, 1893, p. 129, figs. 113-121.

Leptocddia Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. N:it. Hist., 1857, p. 108;— Twelfth
Rep., Ibidem, 1859, p. 32, figs. 1, 2, 4;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 447.—
Billings, Canadian .Tour., VI, 1861, p. 351.— Hall, American .lonr. Sci.,
XXX \'I, 1863, p. 14. — Rominger, American Jour. Sci., XXXV, 1863, p. 84. —
Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 365. -Dall, American .Jour. Conch., VII,
1871, p. 60. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur-
vey, 1889, p. 151.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 136.

Crolospira Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 59;— Trans.
Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 146;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 328.— Hiill
. and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 134, figs. 122, 123.

Bifida Davidscm, Supplement to British Dev. Brach., PaLTontographical Soc,
1882, p. 27.

Anoplotheca, Coelospira, and Leptocrelia Hall and Clarke, Thirteenth Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, pp. 801-803.

144 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

ANOPLOTHECA Sandberger (emend Hall) — Continued.

Obs, Hall ami Clarke hav^e sliowu that Auoplotheca aud Bilida are synonyraoiia
teruia and that Ccidospira is .also structurally identical. The latter name,
however, they retain as a subgenus, of Anoplotheca. While the brachydium
is not yet fully known in Leptocudia, all its other characters are the same
as those of C(Hlospira. Under these circumstances it appears best, for the
l)resent at least, to refer all American species of Leptoccnlla and Cddospira
to Anoplotheca.
Anoplotheca acutiplicata (Conrad). Corniferon.s (Dev.).

Atrypa acutiplicata Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1841, j). 54. —
Hall, Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, pi. U, fig. 17.

LeptoctPlia acutiplicata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 18G7, p. 365, pi. 67, figs. 30-39.

Cffilospira acutiplicata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 136, pi. 53,
figs. 32-39.

Loc. Waterville, Cassville, I^ast Victor, etc.. New York.

Anoplotheca Camilla (Hall). Oriskany aud Up. Helderberg (Dev.).

Coelospira concava Hall (non Hall 1863), Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 329.
Coelospira Camilla Hall, Ibidem, 1867, pi. 52, figs. 13-19;— Twentieth Rep. N. Y.

State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 168.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. II, 1893, p. 136, pi. 53, figs. 24-31.
Loc. Caledonia, New York; county of Haldimand, Ontario.

Anoplotheca concava (Hall). Lower Helderbers: (Dev.).

Leptocadia concava Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 107; —
Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 245, pi. 38, figs. 1-7.— Billings. Canadian Jour.,
VI, 1861, p. 352, fig. 127 ;— Geology Canada, 1863, p. 369, iig. 383 ; p. 957, fig. 451.

Coelospira concava Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 60; —
Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 146. — Meek, American Jour. Sci., 2d
ser., XL, 1865, p. 33.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.
134, figs. 122,123; pi. 53, figs. 20-23.

Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York ; Kennedy Channel, Arctic region.

Anoplotheca dichotoma (Hall). Oriskany (Dev.).

Leptocadia dichotoma Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 452, pi. 103 B, figs. 3.—

Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 137.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.
Oft.s. Possibly the young of Anoplotheca flabellites.

Anoplotheca fimhriata (Hall). Oriskany (Dev.).

Leptocffilia fimbriata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 33,
fig. 3;_Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 450, pi. 103B, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke,
Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 137, pi. 53, figs. 47-52, 54, 55.

Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Anoplotheca flabellites (Conrad). Oriskany and Corniferous (Dev.).

Atrypa flabellites Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1841, p. 55.

Atrypa palmata Morris and Sliarpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. See. London, II, 1846,
p. 276, pi. 10, fig. 5.

Orthis palmata Sharpe and Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, 2d ser., VII, 1856,
p. 207, pi. 26, figs. 7-10.

Leptocadia propria Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 108.

Leptocn-dia flabellites Hall, TM'elfth Rep. Ibidem, 1859, p. 33, figs. 1, 2, 4;— Pal.
New York, III, 1859, p. 449, pi. 103B, fig. 1; pi. 106, fig. 1.— Billings, Cana-
dian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 351, fig. 126;— Geology Canada, 1863, p. 369, fig.
382.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 397, pi. 8, fig.
3.— Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 42, pi. 3, figs. 5, 6.— Steiumann, American
Naturalist, XXV, 1891, p. 856.— A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband,

scHUCHKRT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 145

Anoplotheca flabellites (Conrad) — Contiuued.

VIII, 1892, p. 60, pi. 4, tigs. 9, 10-13.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 137, pi. 53, figs. 40-46, 53.— Von Amnion, Zeits. Gesells.
fiir Erdk., Berlin, XXVIII, 1893, p. 363, fig. 7.

Orthis aymara Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XVII, 1861, j). 68, pi. 4,
fig. 14.

Orthis palmata Sharpe and Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, 2d ser., VII, 1856,
1). 207, pi. 26, figs. 7-10.

Loc. Schoharie, etc., New York; county of Haldimand, Ontario; Gasp^; Cum-
berland, Maryland; Union County, Illinois; Bolivia; Tanquarassu, Matto
Grosso, Brazil ; Falkland Islands ; South Africa.

Anoplotheca hemispherica (Sowerby). Clinton (Sil.).

Atrypa hemispherica Sowerby, Murchison's Silurian System, 1839, p. 639, pi. 20,

fig. 7.— Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 74, pi. 23, tig. 10.— Billings, Geology

Canada, 1863, p. 318, fig. 337.
Atrypa hemisphericaf Hall, Geology, N. Y. ; Eep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 73, fig. 4.
Leptocoelia hemispherica Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 77. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey,

1889, p. 152, pi. 32, figs. 21-23, 36-39.— Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

XXIV, 1890, p. 325, pi. 6, figs. 18, 19.
Atrypa tlabella Shaler, Bull. Mua. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 68.
Coelospira? hemispherica Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

136, pi. 82, figs. 1-4 ( ? pi. 52, fig. 16).
Loc. England; Rochester, Sodus, and Walcott, New York; Louisville, Kentucky;

Cumberland Gaj), Tennessee; Ringgold, Georgia; Collinsville, Alabama;

Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami) ; Anticosti. <

Anoplotheca infrequens (Walcott). Lower and Upper Devonian.

Trematospira infrequens Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 151,

pL4, fig.3.
Loc. Lone Mountain, Nevada.
Ohs. The exterior is like that of A. flabellites.

Anoplotheca planoconvexa (Hall). Clinton (Sil.).

Atrypa planoconvexa Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 75, pi. 23, fig. 11.— Bil-
lings, Geology Canada, 1863, p. 318, fig. 336.

Leptocoelia planoconvexa Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,
p. 78. — Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Jour., n. ser., XIV, 1874, p. 144.

Ccelospira ?planoconvexa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,
p. 136, pi. 52, fig. 15; pi. 53, figs. 11-16.

hoc. Flamborough Head, Ontario; Niagara of Wisconsin (Whitfield).

Anoplotheca plicatula (Hall). Clinton (Sil.).

Atrypa plicatula Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 71, fig. 4;— Pal.

New York, II, 1852, p. 74, pi. 23, fig. 9.

Leptocoelia? plicatula Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 78.
Rhynchonella plicata Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 369.

Coelospira? plicatula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 136,

pi. .52, figs. 12-14 ; pi. 82, fig. 5.

Loc. Reynales Basin, New York; Niagara of Wisconsin (Whitfield).

ATHYRIS McCoy (emend Hall and Clarke).

Genotype Terebratula concentrica von Bucli.

Athyris McCoy, Carb. Fossils Ireland, 1844, pp. 128, 146.— Hall, Thirteenth Rep.
N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 73.— Billings, Canadian Jour., V, 1860,
Bull. 87 10

146 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

ATHYRIS McCoy (emend TTall and Clarke)— Continued.

p. 27:^;— Ibidem, VI, 1861, p. 138;— Pal. Fossils, 1, 1862, p. 144.— Hall, 'i'wen-
tieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 18()7, pp. 152, 258;— Pal. Now York,
IV, 1867, p. 282.— Billin<;-8, Americau Jour. Sci., XLIV, 1867, p. 48.— llorrick.
Bull. Denisoii Univ., IV, 1888, p. 14.— Nettelrotb, Kentucky Fossil Sbclls,
Mom. Kentucky (icol. Survey, 1889, p. 87.— Mall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. II, 189.3. p. 83, fig. 57 on p. 86;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State
Geologist, 1895, j). 777.

Spirigera d'Orbiguy, Paris Acad. Sci., Comptes Rcndus, XXV, 1847, p. 268.

Eutliyris Quenstodt, Petrofactenkunde Deutschlands, 1871, p. 442.

Atliyris ainerieana Swallow = Cleiothyris roissyi.

Athyris angelica Hall. Cbeinung (Dev.).

Atbyris angelica Hall, Fourteenth Rep. N. Y'. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 99;—
Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, pi. 3, figs. 10-13, 24;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867,
p. 292, pi. 47, figs. 9-20.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. (ieol. Survey, VIII, 1884,
p. 148.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 90, pi. 45,
figs. 26-30.

Loc. Pliillipsburg, Rockville, etc., New York; Meadville, Pennsylvania; Eureka
district, Nevada.

Athyris angelica occidentalis Whiteaves. Hamilton (Dev.).

Athyria angelica occidentalis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 227,

pi. 32, fig. 3.
Loc. Athabasca River, Canada.

Atliyris aslilaudensis Herrick=A. lamellosa.

Athyris biloba (A. Winchell). Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

Spirigera biloba A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 118.
Loc. Rockford, Indiana.

Obs. This species is not well established and is based npou a single ventral
valve.

Athyris blancha Billings=Meristella blanclia.
Atliyris borealis I)illings=Catazyga erratica.

Athyris brittsi Miller. Middle Devonian.

Athyris brittsi Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 314,

pi. 9, figs. 16-18.
Loc. Near Otterville, Missouri.
06s. Probably the same as A. spiriferoides.

Athyiis caputserjientis Swallow=Seininnla capntserpentis.

Athyris charitonensis Swallow=Seminnla charitonensis.

Athyris chloe ]jillings=Parazyga hirsnta.

Athyris clara I»illings=Meristella nasuta.

Athyris claytoni Swallow = Seniiuula claytoni.

Athyris clintonensis Swallow=Cleiothyris clintonensis.

Athyris clusia Billings = Meristella clusin.

Athyris concentrica Billings (non von Bach) = A. spiriferoides.

Athyris congesta Conrad=Hyatella congesta.

Athyris cora Hall. Hamilton and Chemung ? (Dev.).

Athyris cora Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 94; —

Fifteenth Rej). Ibidem, 1862, pi. 3, figs. 15, 16;— Pal. NewY'ork, IV, 1867, p.

291, pi. 47, figs. 1-7.— Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 90, pi.

45, figs. 6-10.

Loc. Delphi, New York.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 147

Athyris (?) corpulenta (A. Winchell). Kiuderhook (L. Carb.).

Spiiigera corpuleuta A. Wiuchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 6.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Atbyris crassicardinalis White =Cleiothyris crassicardinalis.
Atliyris crassirostra Billings =Whitlieldella cyliudrica.
Atbyris cyliudrica Billings =Wliitfieldella cyliudrica.

Athyris densa Hall and Clarke. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Atbyris deasa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 364, pi. 46,

figs. 6-12.
Loc. Washington County, Indiana; Colesburg, Kentucky.
Ohs. Compare with Centronella (?) crassicardinalis.

Atbyris differeutis McCbesney=SeraiiiuIa argeutea.
Atbyris eborea A. Winchell = A. vittata.
Atbyris euzona Swallo.w=Semiuula formosa.
Atbyris(?) formosa Swallow = Semiuula formosa.

Athyris fultonensis (Swallow). Corniferous and Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirigera fultonensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci,, I, July or August, 1860,

' p. 650.

Spirigera minima Swallow, Ibidem, 1860, p. 649.

Athyris vittata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 89;—
Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 289, pi. 46, figs. 1-4.— White, Second Ann. Rep.
Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 502, pi. 4, figs. 8, 9; — Tenth
Rej). State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 134, pi. 4, figs. 8, 9. — Nettelroth, Kentucky
Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 87, pi. 16, figs. 25-32.—
Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 228. — Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 90, figs. 62, 63; pi. 45, figs. 1-5.— Keyes, Geol.
Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 90, pi. 41, fig. 1.

Spirigera eborea A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 94.

Loc. Callaway County, Missouri; Iowa City and New Buffalo, Iowa; Falls of
Ohio; Alpena, Michigan ; Lake Winnipegosis, Manitoba.

Ohs. Specimens of S. fultonensis Swallow and S. eborea Winchell in the writer's
collection prove to be the same as A. vittata Hall.

Athyris hannibalensis (Swallow). Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Sj)irigera hannibalensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 649.
Athyris hannibalensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 90,

pi. 46, figs. 13-15. — Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 90, pi. 40, fig. 9.
Loc. Clarksville, Hannibal, etc., Missouri; Sciotoville, Ohio.
Ohs. Meek was inclined to regard this species the same as A. lamellosa. It is,

however, distinct. See A. missouriensis.

Atbyris barpalyce Billiugs=Wbitfieldella harpalyce.

Atbyris bawui Swallow=Semiuula bawui.

Athyris headi Billiugs=Catazyga headi.

Atbyris headi auticostiensis Billings = Catazyga erratica.

Atliyris headi borealis Billings =Catazyga erratica.

Atbyris hirsuta Hall=Cleiothyris hirsuta.

Athyris incrassata Hall. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Athyris incrassata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 18.58, p. 600, pi. 12, fig.

6.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 90, pi. 46, fig. 21;

pi. 83, fig. 39.
Athyris iucrassatus Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 91, px. 41, fig, 10.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Quincy, Illinois; Hannibal, Missouri.

148 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Atliyris iutermedia Nicholson =Whittieldella intermedia.

Athyris intervarica McChesney. Burlington (L. Oarb.).

Athyris iutervarica McCliesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1861, ]>. 78.
Lov. Burliugtoii, Iowa.
Ohs. May be the same as A. lamellosa L'Eveill6.

Athyris (?) jacksoni (Swallow). Upper Coal Measures.

Spirigera Jackson i Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 651.
Loc. Cass County, Missouri.

Athyris julia Billings =Whitfieldella julia.
Athyris junia Billings=Hyattella junia.

Athyris lamellosa (L'Eveille). Waverly-Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Spirifer lainellosus L'Eveille, M(5m. Soc. Geol. de France, II, 1835, p. 39, tigs.

21-23.
Athyris lamellosa Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 283, pi, 14, iig. 6.— Herrick, Bull
Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 49, pi. 2, fig. 7.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, rt. II, 1893, p. 90, pi. 46, figs. 16-20.
Athyris ashlandensis Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 24, pi. 3, fig. 6; —

Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 23, fig. 10.
Loc. Europe ; Sciotoville, and Licking County, Ohio ; Lebauou, Kentucky ; Craw-

lordsville, Indiana; New Mexico.
Ohs. See A. intervarica McChesney.
Athyris lara Billings=Atrypa lara.
Athyris maconensis Swallow=Seniinula niaconensis.
Athyris maia Billings =Martinia inaia.
Athyris minima Swallow=A. fultonensis.

Athyris minutissima Webster. Chemung (Dev.).

Athyris minutissima Webster, American Nat., XXII, 1888, p. 1015.
Loc. Near Rockford, Iowa. .

Athyris missonriensis Swallow =Cleiothyris raissouriensis.

Athyris missouriensis (A. Winchell). Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Spirigera missouriensis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865,

p. 117.
Loc. Louisiana, Missouri; Medina County, Ohio.
Ohs. Should be compared with A. hannibalensis.

Athyris monticola (White). Lower Carboniferous.

Spirigera monticola White, Wheeler's Geogr. Geol. Expl. and Survey west 100
Merid., Prel. Rep., 1874, p. 16;— Final Rep. Ibidem, IV, 1875, p. 91, pi. 5,

fig. 11.
Loc. Mountain Spring, Nevada.

Athyris naviformis Billings =Whitfieldella naviformis.
Athyris nitida Billings =Whitfieldella uitida.
Athyris obmaxima McChesney=Cleiothyris obma'xima.
Athyris obvia McChesney=Cleiothyris obvia.

Athyris ohioensis (A. Winchell). Waveiiy (L. Carb.).

Spirigera ohioensis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 118.

Athyris ohioensis Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 49, pi. 2, fig. 1.

Loc. Akrou and Sciotoville, Ohio.
Athyris orbicularis McChesney =01eiothyris orbicularis.

scHUCHERT.l INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 149

Athjrris (?) ottervillensis Miller. Middle Devonian.

Athyris ottervillensis Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894,

p. 314, pi. 9, figs. 14, 15.
Loc. Near Otterville, Missouri.

Athyris papilioniformis McChesney. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Athyris spiriferoides McChesney (non Eaton, 1831), Descriptions New Pal. Foss.,

1860, p. 46.
Athyris? papilioniformis McChesney, Ibidem. 186.5, pi. 6, fig. 4; — Trans. Chicago

Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 33, pi. 6, fig. 4.
Loc. Fountain Bluff, Illinois.
Athyris parvirostris Meek and Wortheu=Cleiothyris roissyi.

Athyris parvula Whiteaves. Hamilton (Dev.).

Athyris parvula Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 228, pi. 32, figs. 4, 5.

Loc. Athabasca River, Canada.
Athyris pectinifera? Swallow (non Sowerby)=Cleiothyris roissyi.

Athyris (?) perinflata McChesney. Keokuk (L. Garb.).

Athyris perinflata McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1861, p. 81.

Loc. Nauvoo, Illinois.
Athyris persiuuata Meek = Seminu]a pcrsiuuata.
Athyris plauosulcata American authors (non Phillips) =01eiothyris

roissyi.
Athyris jilattensis Swallow = Semiuula plattensis.

Athyris polita Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Atrypa polita Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, Tables of Organic

Remains, 65, fig. 5.
Athyris ? polita Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 293, pi. 47, figs. 21-33.
Athyris polita Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 46, figs. 1-5
Loc. Jasper, Randolph, and Albion, New York.

Athyris'prinstana Billing*s=Hindella prinstana.

Athyris prouti (Swallow). Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Spirigera prouti Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 649.

Athyris prouti Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 91.

Loc. St. Louis County, etc., Missouri.
Athyris reflexa Swallow=Cleiothyris reflexa.
Athyris roissyi =Cleiothyris roissyi.
Athyris singietoni Swallow = Seminula singletoni.

Athyris (?) solitaria Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Athyris solitaria Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 48.
Loc. Anticosti.

Athyris spiriferoides McChesney (non Eaton) = A. papilioniformis.

Athyris spiriferoides (Eaton). Corniferous and Hamilton (Dev.).

Terebratula spiriferoides Eaton, American Jour. Sci., XXI, 1831, p. 137; — Geo-
logical Text-book, 1832, p. 46.

Atrypa conceutrica Conrad (non von Buch), Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York,
1838, p. 111.— Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist, 1843, p. 198, fig. 5.

Spirifera spiriferoides Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 153,
figs. 1, 2. — Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 828, fig. 667.

Athyris spiriferoides Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860,
p. 93, figs. 1-4 ;— Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, p. 180, figs. 1-4;— Pal. New
York, IV, 1867, p. 285, pi. 46, figs. 5-31.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 89, ligs. 60, 61; pi. 45, figs. 11-27.

150 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL HKACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Athyris spiriferoides (Eaton)— Continued.

Athyris coneontrica IJilliiigs, C.'madian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 145, figs. 54-57; — Cieol.

Canada, 1863, p. 373, iig. 399; p. 385, fig. 421.
Jah'. Now York ; Pennsj Ivania ; Maryland ; Virginia ; Cayuga and Widder, Canada.

Atliyris squamosa Wortlien=Cleiothyris squamosa.
Athyris sublamellosa Hall=Cleiotliyri8 roissyi.
Atbyris subquadrata PIall = Seminula sub(|uadiata.
Athyris subtilita Hall = Seminula argentea.
Athyris trinucleus Hall = Seminula trinucleus.
Athyris trisinuatus McChesney=Meristina trisiuuata.
Athyris tumida Eoemer=Meristiiia tumida.

Athyris (?) tumidula liillings. Anticosti (Si!.).

Athyris tnmiduLi liillings. Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 47.
Loc. Anticosti.
Ohs. Probably a species of Whitfieldella.

Athyris (?) turgida Shaler. Anticosti (Sil.).

Athyris turgida Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 69. — Miller, N. Ameri-
can Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 335.
Loc. Anticosti.

Athyris ultra varica McChesney. Keokulv (L. Carb.).

Athyris ultravarica McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Fossils, 1861, p. 79.

Loc. Keokuk, Iowa.
Athyris umbonata Billings =Hindella umbonata.
Athyris unisulcata 13illinji8 = Pentagonia nnisulcata.
Athyris vittata Hall=A. fultonensis.

ATRYPA Balman. Genotype Anomia reticularis Liniifeus.

Atrypa Dalinan, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., f.ir 1827, 1828, p. 102.—
Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 134; — Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p.
264.— Whitfield, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 141, pi.
1.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 312.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil
Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 88.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
Y'ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 163;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geolo-
gist, 1895, p. 818.

Atrypa tequiradiata Conrad = Ren ssel.Tria requiradiata.

Atrypa acutiplicata Conrad =:Anoplotheca acutiplicafa.

Atrypa acutirostrum Hall = Rhynchonella acutirostiis.

Atrypa affinis Vanuxem = A. reticularis.

Atrypa altilis Hall = Camarotoechia plena.

Atrypa ambigua Hall = Camarella ambigua.

Atrypa aprinis Hall = IIom(Pospira ai)riiiiformis.

Atrypa arata Conrad=Pentamerella arata.

Atrypa aspera American authors=A. spinosa,

Atrypa aspera occidentalis Hall = A. hystrix occidentalis.

Atrj'pa bidens Hall = RhynchonelIa bidens.

Atrypa bidentata Hnll=Rhynchonella bidentata

Atrypa bisulcata Hall (non Vanuxem)=Cyclos])ira bisulcata.

Atrypa bisulcata Vanuxem (non Hall) = Whitfieldella bisulcata.

Atrypa brevirostria Hall=Anastrophia brevirostris.

SCHUCHEET.

INDEX AND BIHLIOGRAl'HY. 151

Atryi)ii calviui ]Srettelioth = A. nigosa.

Atrypa caraura E[all=Trematospiia cauuira.

Atrypa eapax Conrad =Rhyuchotrenia capax.

Atrypa chemungeusis Conrad=A. reticularis.

Atrypa circulus Hall=Parastropliia hemiplicata.

Atrypa com is Owen=Gypidula comis.

Atrypa coiiceutrica Conrad, and Hall = Atliyris spiriferoides.

Atrypa concinua Hall=Nucleospira conciuna.

Atryi)a congesta Conrad=Hyattella congesta.

Atrypa congregata Conrad=Camarot(Bchia cougregata.

Atrypa contracta Hall=Camarotcecliia contracta.

Atrypa corallifera Hall=Dictyonella corallil'era.

Atrypa crassirostrum Hall=Whitfie]della cylindrica.

Atrypa cuboides Vanuxeui, and Ilall^IIypotliyris cuboides.

Atryi)a cuneata Hall = Kbynchotretra cuneata americana.

Atrypa cuspidata Hall=Triplecia cuspidata.

Atrypa cybndrica Hall=Whittieldella cylindrica.

Atrypa detlecta Hall=Zygospira detlecta.

Atrypa dentata Hall=Rbynch()trema dentata.

Atrypa desquamata Sowerby. Middle Devonian.

Atrypa desciuamata .Sowerby, Trans. Geol. Soc, 2d ser., V, 1840, pi. 50, ligs.

19, 20.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1.S84, p. 150, pi. 14, fig. 4.
Loc. Europe; Petoskey, Michigan; Eureka district, Nevada.

Atrypa disparilis nall=Atrypina disparilis.
Atrypa dnbia Hall^Protorhyncha dubia.
Atrypa duinosa Hall = A. spinosa.
Atrypa dnplicata IIall=Caniarottechia duplicata.

Atrypa ellipsoidea ISTettelrotli. Cornifeions (Dev.).

Atrypa ellipsoidea Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil .Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.

Survey, 1889, p. 90.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Atrypa elongata Conrad=Renssel;eria ovoides.

Atiypa euuicerata IIall = Itliyn(;honella eniacerata.

Atrypa c(i[uira(liata IIall = Caniarot(t'cliia eipiiradiata.

Atrypa exigua lIall=Zygospira exigiia.

Atryi)a eximia I:iall=Caniarot(Ecbia exiinia.

Atrypa extans Eninions=TripIecia extans.

Atrypa flabella Sbalcr=Anoplotbeca bemi.spberica.

Atrypa fiabellites Coiirad=Anoplotbeca tlabcllite.s.

Atrypa galeatus Dalmau=Gypidula galeata.

Atrypa(?) gibbosa Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Atrypa gibbosa Hall, I'al. New York, II, 18.52, p. 79, pi. 20, lig. 10.
Loc. Clinton, New York.

Atrypa globnliformis yanuxein = Leiorbyii(!bus globuliforme.
Atrypa bemiplicata Hall^Parastropbia bemiplicata,.
Atrypa bemispberica Sowerby=Anoplotbeca bemisi>berica.
Atrypa birsuta Hall=Parazyga birsuta.

152 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. I lull. 87.

Atrypa hystrix ITall. Cheiuuni;' (Dev.).

Atrypa hystrix Hall, (ieolo-y N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth DLst., 1843, p. 271, li^^ 2.— Rog-
ers, Geol. l\-nusylvaiiia, II, Ft. II, 1858, p. 829, fig 681.— Hall, I'al. Now
York, IV, 1867, p. 326, pi. 53A, figs. 15-17.— Whitlield, Geol. Wiscousin, IV,
1882, p. 333, pi. 26, fig. 5.— Hall aucl Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,
1895, pi. 55, fig. 23.

Loc. Steuben County, New York; Pennsylvania; Rocklord, Iowa; Milwaukee,
Wisconsin.

Ohs. See A. spinosa.

Atrypa hystrix elongata Webster. Chemuug (Dev.).

Atryjia Iiystrix var. elongata Webster, American Nat., XXII, 1888, p. 1104.
Loc. Near Rocklord, Iowa.

Atrypa hystrix occidentalis Hall. Middle Devonian.

Atrypa aspera A'ar. oci-identalis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 515,

pi. 6, fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 55, figs.

18-20.
Atrypa aspera Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 403, pi. 13,

fig. 7.
Loc. Independence, Davenport, etc., Iowa; Rock Island, Illinois.
Obs. This variety is probably more closely related to A. hystrix than to A. aspera.

Atrypa hystrix planosulcata Webster. Chemung' (Dev.).

Atrypa hystrix var. planosulcata Webster, American Nat., XXII, 1888, p. 1104.
Loc. Near Rockford, Iowa.

Atrypa imbricata Hall (non Sowerby)=A. uodostriata.
Atrypa impressa Hall=:A. reticularis imi^ressa.
Atrypa impressa Shaler (non Hall) = A. reticularis.
Atrypa increbescens Hall=Rliyucliotrema imequivalvis.
Atrypa intermedia Hall = Wliittieldella iutermedia.
Atrypa interplicata Hall=Auastropbia interplicata.
Atrypa Itevis Vauuxem=Meristella be vis.
Atrypa lacunosa Yauuxem = Anastrophia verueuili.
Atrypa lamellata Hall = Rbyuchonella lamellata.

Atrypa(?) lara (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.).

Athyris lara Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 47.

Atrypa lara Davidson, Snppl. British Sil. Brach., PaltBontographical Soc, 1882,
p. 121.

Loc. Anticosti.

Ohs. Said to have a true Atrypa loop and spires. The exterior is smooth. Prob-
ably the type of a new genus.

Atrypa laticorrugata Foerste. Clinton (Sil.).

Atrypa lati-corrugata Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 591, pi. 57A, fig. 16.
Loc. Dayton, Ohio.

Atrypa laticostata Hall (non Phillips) =Camarota!cbia contracta.
Atrypa lentiformis Vanuxem=A. reticularis.
Atrypa limitaris Hall=Leiorhyncbus limitare.

Atrypa (?) lingulata Kicollet. Lower Carboniferous.

Atrypa lingulata Nicollet, Rep. Hydrog. Basin Up. Miss. River, 1843, p. 167.
"Subfusiform; valves nearly ecjually convex; inferior valve with a longitudinal
sinus ; base ijrojecting in the middle, the margin of the projection truncated.
St. Louis, and also the bluff beneath Rockwell, Illinois."

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 153

Atrypa marginalis (Dalman). Niagara (Sil.).

Terebratula marginalis Dalmau, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Haudl., for 1827,
1828, p. 59, pi. 6, fig. 6.

Atrypa marginalis Roemer, Sil. Fauna west. Tennessee, 1860, p. 69, pi. 5, fig. 10. —
Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 46.— Hall and Whitfield,
Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 197.— Foerste,
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 314, pi. 6, figs. 8, 9;— Geol. Ohio,
VII, 1895, p. 591, pi. 25, figs. 6, 9; pi. 31, figs. 8, 9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 55, figs. 24, 25.

Trematospira matthewsoni McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1860, p.
71;— Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 32, pi. 7, fig. 3.

Atrypa nodostriata Foerste (non Hall), Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 90, pi,
^3, fig. 9.

Atrypa marginalis var. multistriata Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV,
1890, p. 316, pi. 6, fig. 8.

Loc. Europe ; Anticosti ; Dayton, Ohio ; Hanover, Indiana ; Louisville, Kentucky ;
Decatur County, Tennessee; Bridgeport, Illinois.

Atrypa masonii (Salter). Silurian.

Rhynchouellamasonii Salter, Sutherland's Jour. Voyage BafflusBay, etc., 11,1852,

p. ccxxi, pi. 5, fig. 5. — Etheridge, Quart. .Jour. Geol. Soc. Londou, XXXIV,

1878, p. 596.
Loc. Near Wellington Channel, Bessels Bay, lat. 81° 6'.

Atrypa inedialis Vanuxem=Eatouia medialis.

Atrypa mesacostalis Hall=LeiorliyDclius uiesacostale.

Atrypa missouriensis Miller. Middle Devonian.

Atrypa missouriensis Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894,

p. 315, pi. 9, figs. 19-21.
Loc. Near Otterville, Missouri.

Atrypa modesta Hall=Zygospira modesta.
Atrypa nasuta Conrad = Meristella nasuta.
Atrypa naviformis Hall=Whitfieldella naviformis.
Atrypa neglecta Hall=Camarotcecliia neglecta.
Atrypa nitida Hall=WhitlieIdella nitida.
Atrypa nitida oblata Hall=Wbitfieldella oblata.
Atrypa nodostriata Foerste (non Hall) = A. marginalis.

Atrypa nodostriata Hall. Clinton and Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa imbricata Hall (non Sowerby), Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843,
Tab. Organic Remains, 13, fig. 1.

Atrypa nodostriata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 272, pi. 56, fig. 2.— Hall and
Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 133, pi. 7, figs. 12-14.

Loc. Lockport, New York; Yellow Springs, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky; Wis-
consin.

Atrypa nucleolata Hall— Whittieldella nucleolata.

Atrypa nucleus Hall=Triplecia nucleus.

Atrypa nustella Oastelnau=Eatouia peculiaris.

Atrypa oblata Hall=Whitfieldella oblata.

Atrypa obtusiplicata Hall=Camarotoechia obtusiplicata.

Atrypa octocostata Conrad=Pentamerella arata.

Atrypa palmata Morris and Sliarpe=Auoplotlieca liabellites.

Atrypa peculiaris Conrad=Eatonia peculiaris.

154 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL 1311ACII10P0DA. | hull. 87.

Atrypa phoca (Salter). Silurian.

Kliyiuhoiiellii i)h()Cfi Salter, Suthcrlamrs Jour. Voyage liatUuB 15ay, etc., 11, 1852,

l>. cixxvi, |)1. 5, ligs. 1-3.
Atrypa pboca Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Gcol. Soc. Ijondon, XXXIV, 1878, p. .576.
Loc. Cnpe Riley, Cornwallis, Seal Islands, Bessels Bay, lat. 81"^ G', aud Dobbius

Hay, lat. 71) ' 11', Arctic America.

Atrypa planocoiivexa Hall=Aiioplothe('a plauoconvexa.
Atryi)a pleiopleura Ooiira(l=Cainarot(Kcliia pleio])leura.
Atrypa pleua IIall=CainarottBcbia plena.
Atrypa plicata nall = Kbyiichonella plicata.
Atrypa plicatella Hall=E.hyncliouella plicatella.
Atrypa plicatula Hall=Anoplotbeca plicatula.
Atrypa plicii'era Hall = Caniarotoechia i)lena.
Atrypa polita Hall=Atliyris polita.
Atrypa prisca Vanuxeui=A. reticularis.

Atrypa pseudomarginalis xlall. Up. Helderberg (Dev.).

Atrypa iJseudomarginaliH Hall, ThirteeutU Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1860, p. 84 ;— Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, p. 189;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867,

p. 327, pi 53, iigs. 1, 2.— Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, Vlll, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 55,

figs. 26, 27.

Loc. Schoharie, New York.

Atrypa (luadricostata Hall, 1843=Leiorhyucbus quadricostatuin.
Atrypa quadricostata Hall, 1852=:Hyattella congesta.
Atrypa rectiplicata Conrad =Spirifer rectiplicatus.
Atrypa recurvirostris Hall=Zygospira recurvirostris.

Atrypa reticularis (Liimteus). Silurian and Devonian.

Anomia reticularis Liuuc, Systema Natur*, ed. xii, I, 1767, p. 1132.

Atrypa chemungensis Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1812, p.
265.— Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Diyt., 1842, p. 182, iig. 4.

Hipparionyx consimilaris Vanuxeni, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p.
132, fig. 2.

Atrypa affinis Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 88, fig. 12.—
Hall, Ilndem, Rep. Fourth Dist , 1843, p. 88, fig. 12.

Atrypa prisca Vanuxem, (ieol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 139, fig. 5.—
Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 175, fig. 5 ; p. 198, fig. 4.— Owen, Geol.
Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, 1844, pi. 12, figs. 2, 10.— Billings, Canadian
Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 474, pi. 7, fig. 11.

Atrypa lentiformis Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep Third Dist., 1842, p. 163,
fig. 3; p. 164.— Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 215, fig. 3.

Strophomena ithac.cnsis ^'anuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p.
174, fig. 2. (On the authority of Professor Williams.)

Atrypa tribulis Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 271, fig. 3.

Terebratula prisca Castelnau, Essai Syst., Sil. l'Am6rique Septentrionale, 1843,
p. 40, pi. 13, fig. 8.

Terebratula reticularis Hall, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XX, 1849, p. 227.-
Yandell aud Shumard, Cont. Geol. Kentucky, 1847, p. 10.

Atrypa reticularis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 72, pi. 23, tig. 8; p. 270, pi.
55, fig. 5.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 137, pi. 2, fig. 10.— Hall,
Geol. Survey Iowa, II, 1858, p. 515;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 253, pi. 42,
fig. 1.— Roemer, Sil. Fauna west. Tennessee, 1860, p. 69, pi. 5, fig. 9.— Bil-
lings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 264, figs. 84-87;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 318,

SCHUCHERT.I

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 155

Atrypa reticularis (Linntens) — Continued.

fig. 335; p. 384, lig. 416.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 316, pi. 52, figa.
1-3, 7-12; pi. 53, figs. 3-19; pi. 53A, figs. 22, 23.— Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad.
Sci., I, 1868, p. 97, pi. 13, fig. 13.— Meek and Wortlien, Geol. Survey Illinois,
HI, 1868, p. 432, pi. 13, fig. 11.— Meek, Simpson's Rep. Expl. Great Basin
Terr. Utah, 1876, p. .347, pi. 1, fig. 6;— King's U. S. Geol. Survey Expl. 40th
Pari., IV, 1877, p. 38, pi. 1, fig. 7; pi. 3, fig. 6.— Etheridge, Quart. Jour.
Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 596.— Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. New
York State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 162, pi. 25, figs. 44-17.— White, Sec.
Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 502, pi. 5, figs. 7-9; —
Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 134, pi. 5, figs. 7-9;— Ibidem,
Eleventh Rep., 1882, p. 304, pi. 25, figs. 44-47.— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin,
IV, 1882, p. 333, pi. 26, fig. 6.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII,
1884, p. 150, pi. 14, fig. 6.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus.
Nat. Hist., 1, 1889, p. 51, pi. 4, figs. 12-20.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells,
Mem. Kentucky Survey, 1889, p. 91, pi. 14, figs. 12-23; pi. 15, fig. 1.— Foerste,
Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 314.— Whiteaves, Cont. Cana-
dian Pal., I, 1892, p. 289, pi. 37, fig. 8.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 165, fig. 153; pi. 55, figs. 1-17.— Herrick, Geol. Ohio,

' VII, 1895, pi. 20, fig. 7.

Atryi)a impressa Shaler (non Hall), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 68.

Loc. A characteristic fossil of the Silurian and Devonian throughout the world.

Atrypa reticularis impressa Hall. Schoharie grit (Dev.)-

Atrypa impressa Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 122,

figs. 1-7;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 315, pi. 51, figs. 1-9.
Loc. Schoharie, Clarksville, etc.. New York.

Atrypa reticularis niagarensis Nettelroth. Niagara (Sih).

Atrypa reticularis var. niagarensis Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem.

Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 92, pi. 32, figs. 5-S, 44-47.
Loc. Jellerson County, Kentucky ; Clarke County, Indiana.

Atrypa reticularis nuntia Hall and Whitfield. Hamilton (Dev.).

Atrypa reticularis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 316, pi. 51, figs. 10-24.
Atrypa reticularis var. nuntia Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. New

York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 199.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Atrypa reticularis ventrico^a Hall and Whitfield. Hamilton (Dev.).

Atrypa reticularis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 316, pi. 52, figs. 4-6.
Atrypa reticularis var. ventricosa Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rei>. New

York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 199.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Atrypa robusta Hall=Ehynchonella rolmsta.
Atrypa rostrata Hall=Meristel]a rostrata.

Atrypa rugosa Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa rugosa Hall, Pal. New York, II, 18.52, p. 271, pi. 56, fig. 1.— Hall and
Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 171.

Rhynchonella rugosa Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 315, fig. 321.

Atrypa calvini Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey,
1889, p. 89, pi. 32, figs. 64-66.

Loc. Lo^l;""rt, New York; Anticosti; Osgood, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky.
Atrypa scitnla Hall=Chainonella scitnla.
Atrypa semiplicata Conrad =Rhynchonella semiplicata.
Atrypa singularis Vanuxem = Eatonia singularis.

156 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. 1bdll.87.

Atrypa sordida ITall=E,byiu;lionella sordida.

Atrypa spinosa Hall. Corniferous-Cheinung (Dev.).

Atrypa spinosa Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 18-13, ]i. 200, ii^s.
1,2.— Whitfield, Ueol. Wiaconsin, IV, 1882, p. 333, pi. 26, figs. 7, 8.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 55, figa. 21, 22.
Atrypa duuiosa Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1813, p. 271, fig. 1.
Atrypa aspera Hall (non Schlotheim), Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat.
Hist., 1857, p. 168.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, 1858, Pt. II, p. 828, fig.
671.— Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 96, pi, 13, fig. 12.— Net-
telroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 88,
pi. 14, figs. 1-11.
Atrypa aspera vel aspera Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 322, pi. .53A, figs.

1-14, 18, 24, 25.
Atrypa aspera? Meek, Simpson's Rep. Expl. Great iiasin Terr. Utah, 1876, p.

348, pi. 1, fig. 2.
Atrypa reticularis var. aspera Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, pp-

229, 289.
Loc. New York ; Pennsylvania ; Maryland ; Virginia; Kentucky; Ohio; Illinois;
Iowa; Wisconsin; Ontario; Lockhart and Athabasca rivers, etc., Northwest
Territory, Canada.
Ohs. The Corniferous limestone specimens of A. spinosa are not always easily
distinguished from A. reticularis. The fewer plications of the former,
however, will usually distinguish it from the latter species. This tendency
to fewer plications is more marked in the Hamilton formation and attains
its climax in the Chemung, where the species is known as A. hystrix.
Atrypa subtrigonalis Hall = RUynchonella subtrigonalis.
Atrypa sulcata Vauuxem=Whitfieldella sulcata.
Atrypa teuuilineata Hall=Dalmaiiella teuuiliueata.
Atrypa tribulis Hall = A. reticularis.
Atrypa unguiformis Hall=Hipparionyx proximus.
Atrypa unisulcata Conrad=Peiitagoiiia unisulcata.
ATRYPINA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Leptoccelia imbricata Hall.

Atrypina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 161, fig. 152;—
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 815.

Atrypina clintoni Hall and Clarke. Clinton (Sil.).

Atrypina clintoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 162, pi.

53, figs. 7, 17-19; pi. 83, fig. 6.
Loc. Orleans County, New York.

Atrypina disparilis (Hall). Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa disparilis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 277, pi. 57, fig. 6.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 53, figs. 1-4.
Leptoccelia disparilis Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 77.
Trematospira ? disparilis Hall, Sixteenth Rep., Ibidem, 1863, p. 60; — Trans.

Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 146.
Ccelospira disparilis Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1879, p. 162, pi. 25, figs. 39-43;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882,

p. 363, pi. 25, figs. 39-43.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus.

Nat. Hist., I, 1889, p. 64, pi. 5, figs. 17-23.
Loc. Wolcott, New York ; Waldron, Indiana.
01)8. Davidson in 1882 regarded this species the same as Atrypa barrandei of

Europe.

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 157

Atrypina imbricata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Leptocalia imbricata Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 108;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 246, pi. 38, figs. 8-13.— Billings, Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 957, fig. 452.
Trematospira imbricata Hall, Sisteeuth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1863, p. 60;— Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 146.— Keyes, Geol. Survey

Missouri, V, 1895, p. 96.
Trematospira ? imbricata Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p.

381, pi. 7, fig. 2.
Atrypina imbricata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, yill, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 53,

figs. 5, 6, 8-10.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Perry County, Missouri.

Atrypina intermedia (Hall). Arisaig (Sil.).

Leptocadia intermedia Hall, Canadian Nat. Geol.,V, 1860, p. 147, fig. 5. — Daw-
son, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 598, fig. 202.
Loc. Arisaig, Nova Scotia.

Avicula desquamata Hall=Obolella crassa.

AULACORHYNCHUS Dittmar. Genotype A. pacliti Dittmar.

Aulacorhynchus Dittmar, Verhand. Kais. Mineral. Gessel. St. Petersburg, 2d
8er.,VII, 1871, p. 1, pi. 1, figs. 1-13.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, Vlll,
Pt. II, 1893, p. 311;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895,
p. 904.

Isogramma Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 568.

Aulacorhynclius millipunctatum (Meek and Worthen). Up. Coal Meas.
Chonetes? fmillipuuctata Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1870, p. 35;— Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 566, pi. 25, fig. 3.
Isogramma millipunctata Meek and Worthen, Ibidem, 1873, p. 568.
Aulacorhynchus millipunctatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,

1893, p. 312, pi. 83, figs. 14, 15.
Chonetes millipunctatus Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, p. 54.
Loc. Marion County, Illinois; Kansas City, Missouri.
Aulosteges gaadalupensis Shumard = Strophalosia guadalupensis.
Anlosteges spondyliformis White and St. John = Strophalosia spondy-

liforniis.
Barrandella Hall and Clarke =01orinda.

BAREOISELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Lingula snbspatulata

Meek and Wortheu (non Hall and Meek).
Barroisella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, Extract, VIII, Pt. I, 1890, p. 62;—
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 62, 64;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York
State Geologist, 1894, p. 230.

Barroisella subspatulata (Meek and Worthen). Black Slate (Dev.).

Lingula subspatulata Meek and Worthen (non Hall and Meek), Geol. Survey

Illinois, III, 1868, p. 437, pi. 13, fig. 1.
Lingula subspatulata? A. Winchell, Proc. American Phil. Soc, XII, 1870, p. 248.
Barroisella subspatulata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 63, pi. 2, figs. 14-16 and p. 164.
Loc. Jonesboro, Illinois ; Louisville and Lebanon, Kentucky ; Rockford, Indiana.

BEACHIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Meganteris suessana Hall.

Beachia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 260;— Thirteenth
Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 850.

158 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Beachia suessana Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Mogauteiis suess;iu;i Hull, Teutli liep. Now York State C;i)). Nat. Hint., 1857,

p. 100.
Renssela-riii suessana Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1S59, p. 455), ])1. 107, ligs. 1-15.
Beachia suessana Hall and (.'larke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 18!):^, p. 200, pi. 77,

ligs. 1-11.
Loc. Cumberlaud, Maryland; near Roudout, New York.

BEECHERIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype B. davidsoiii Hall and Clarke.

Boecberia Hall ujid Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 300;— Tliirteentli
Ann. Rep. New ^ork State Geologist, 1895, p. 866.

Beecheria davidsoni Hall aud Clarke. Upper Carboniferous.

Beecheria davidsoni Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 300,

iig. 224, pi. 79, ligs. 33-36.
l.oc. Windsor, Nova Scotia.

BILLINGSELLA Hall and Clarke.

Genotype Orthis pei)iiia. Hall = 0. coloradoensis Shuinard.

Billingsella and Protorthis Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,
pp. 230, 231 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 273.

Ohs. Protorthis was founded on Orthis billingsi Hartt, a species rarely found in
good preservation. The diagnostic character was sujijrosed to bo the pres-
ence of a rudimentary spoudylium aud the absence of a deltidium. In the
National Museum collection, however, there are two artificial casts of the
ventral valve made from Hartt's original specimens and other material
collected by Mr. Walcott, showing O. billingsi to be without a spondylium.
The rostral plate is the deltidium distorted by pressure to which these
shells have been subjected. The only character of generic importance is
that the geologically older species of Billingsella have a more rudimentary
or nearly obsolete cardinal process than the type species. This difference,
however, hardly justifies the retention of Protorthis.

Billingsella alberta (Walcott). Middle Cambrian.

Orthisina alberta Walcott, Proc. U. S. National Mus., XI, 1888, \). 442.
Loc. Mount Stephan, British Columbia.

Billingsella billingsi (Hartt). Middle Cambrian.

Orthis billingsi Hartt, Dawson's Acadian Geology, 2d ed., 1868, p. 644, fig. 223.—

Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 10, 1884, p. 17, ])1. 1, fig. 1.— Matthew,

Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 43.
Orthis? billingsi Matthew, Ibidem, VIII, 1891, p. 131.
Protorthis billingsi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, j)]). 219,

232, pi. 7A, figs. 14-20.
Loc. St. John, New Brunswick.

Billingsella coloradoensis (Shumard). Ul)per Cambrian.

Orthis coloradoensis Shuniard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, ]>. 627.

Orthis pepiua Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 134,
pi. 6, figs. 23-27;— Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 113.— Whitfield,
Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 170, pi. 1, figs. 4,5.

Orthis? (Orthisina?) pepina Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State (ieologist,
1883, pi. 37, figs. 16-19.

Billingsella pepina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 230, pi.
7, figs. 16-19; pi. 7A, figs. 7-9.

Orthis (Billingsella) pepina Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., IV, 1896,
p. 96.

Loc. Burnett County, Texas ; Lake Pepin, Minnesota ; St. Croix River and Ber-
lin, Wisconsin.

scHucHERT] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 159

Billingsella festinata (Billings). Lower Cambrian.

Ortliisiua festinata Billiuga, Pal. Fossils, I, 1861, p. 10, figs. 11, 12;— Geol. Ver-
mont, II, 1861, p. 949, figs. 350-352;— American Jour. Sci.,2fl ser., XXXIII,
1862, p. 105;— Geology Canada, 1863, p. 284, fig. 289.— Walcott, Bull. U. S.
Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 120, pi. 7, fig. 7;— Tenth Ann. Rep. 11. S. Geol.
Survey, 1891, p. 613, pi. 72, fig. 7.

Billingsella festinata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 230,

Lnc. S wanton, Vermont; York, Pennsylvania.

Billingsella (?) grandaeva (Billings). Calciferous (Ord.).

Urthisina grand;Kva Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 349, fig. 1; —

Geology Canada, 1863, p. 113, fig. 21.
Billingsella? granda>va Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 231.
Lot-. Mingan Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Billingsella latourensis (Matthew). Middle Cambrian.

Kutorgina latourensis Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 42, pi, 5,

lig. 18.— Hall au^. Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 93, 95, 233,

pi. 4, figs. 18-20.

Loc. Portland, New Brunswick.

Billingsella (?) laurentina (Billings), Anticosti (Sil.).

Orthislanrentina Billings, Geol. Survey Canada; Rep. for 1856, 1857, p. 297;— Pal,

Fossils' I, 1862, p. 138, fig. 115.
Billingsella? laurentina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

194, 231, 238, pi. 7A, figs. 1-6.
Lo<\ Anlicosti.

Billingsella orientalis (Whitfield), Lower Cambrian.

Orthisina orientalis Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1884, p. 144,
pi. 14, lig. 6.— Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 120, pi. 7,
fig. 6;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 613, pi. 72, tig. 8.

Billingsella orientalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 230.

Loc. Georgia and Swanton, Vermont.

Billingsella (?) primordialis (Whitfield), Calciferous (Ord.),

Streptorhynchus? primordiale Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, 1886,

p. 301, pi. 24, fig. 7.
Billingsella f primordiale Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt, 1, 1892, p. 231.
Loc. Fort Cassin, Vermont.

Billingsella quacoensis (Matthew). Middle Cambrian.

Orthis quacoensis Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 43, pi. 5,

fig. 20.
Orthis? quacoensis Matthew, Ihidom, VIII, 1891, p, 131.
Protorthis quacoensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, j). 232,

pi. 7A, fig. 21.
Loc. Portland and St. Martins, New Brnn.swick.

Billingsella transversa (Walcott). Lower Cambrian.

Orthisina? transversa Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 121, pi.

7, fig. 5;— Tenth Ann. Rep. IT. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 613, pi. 72, fig. 9.
Billingsella transversa Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 230.
Loc. Georgia, Vermont.

Billingsella whitfieldi (Walcott). _ Lower Cambrian.

Kutorgina whitfieldi Walcott, Mon. IT. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 18, pi.

9, (ig. 4.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Billingsia Ford (non de Koninck, 187G) = Elkania.

160 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull.87.

BILOBITES Linii.npus. Genotype Anomia biloba LiniiiTus.

Bilobitos LinuaMis, Systenia Naturiu, od. Muller, VI, 1775, p. 325. — Hall, Hull.

Geol. Soc. America, I, 1X89, p. 21. — Beechor, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser.,

XLII, 1891, p. 51.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

204, 223 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 269.
Diomlosia King, Mon. Permian Fossils England, Pal. Soc, 18.50, p. 106.

Bilobites acutilobus (Kiugueberg). Niagara (Sil.).

Ortliis acutiloba Kiugueberg, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pliiladelpliia, 1888, i». 134,

pi. 7, fig. 5.
Bilobites acutilobns Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLII, 1891, p. 52, ])1.

1, iig. 1.
Loc. Lockport, New Y'ork.

Bilobites bilobus (Liiiiineus), Niagara (Sil.).

Anomia biloba Liuniv us, Systema Naturae, ed. XII, 1767, p. 11.54.
Delthyris sinnatus Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 105, fig. 8.
Spirifer bilobus Hall, American .Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XX, 1849, p. 228; — Pal. New

York, IV, 1852, p. 260, pi. 54, fig. 1.
Orthis biloba Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p.

85;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 286, pi. 27, fig. 16.
Bilobites bilobus Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLII, 1891, p. 52, pi. 1,

fig. 28.
Bilobites biloba Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 190, 204,

205, 223, pi. 5B, tigs. 11-14.

Loc. Lockport, New Y'ork ; AValdron, Indiana; Wisconsin.

Bilobites various (Conrad). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Delthyris bilobata Conrad (not Orthis bilobata Sowerby), Second Ann. Rep.

New York Geol. Survey, 1838, pp. 112, 118.
Delthyris varica Conrad, Jour Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 262,

pi. 14, fig. 20.
Orthis varica HaW, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 179, pi. 24, fig. 1.
Orthis (Diccelosia) varica Hall^ Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883,

pi. 35, figs. 38-42.
Bilobites various Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLII, 1891, p. 52, pi. 1,

figs. 3-27.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 204, 223,

pi. 5B, figs. 15-19.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Decatur County, Tennessee; St.

Blandine, New Brunswick.

BOTSFORDIA Matthew. Genotype Obolus pulcher Mattbew.

Obolus (Botsfordia) Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, VIII, 1891, p. 148; X,
p. 90.

Botsfordia pulchra Matthew. Middle Cambrian.

Obolus pulcher Matthevp^, Canadian Record of Science, III, 1889, p. 306; — Trans.

Royal Soc. Canada, VII, 1890, p. 151, pi. 8, figs. 1, 2.
Obolus (Botsfordia) pulcher Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. of Canada, A'^III, 1891,

p. 148.
Obolus? pulcher Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 81, 183,

pi. 4K, fig. 22.
Obolus (Botsfordia) pulchra Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1894, p.

90, pi. 16, fig. 3.
Botsfordia pulchra Matthew, Trans. New York Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 115, pi. 3.
Loc. Canton Island, Now Brunswick.

Brachymerus Shaler (non Dejean, 1834)=Anastrophia.
Brachyinerus reversus Shaler=Para.strophia reversa.

scHucHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 161

Bra cliy prion Shaler= Stroplieodonta.

Brachyprioii geniculatiim Shaler= Stroplieodonta geniciilata.

BracLyprion leda Slialer=Rafinesquina leda.

Bracbyprion ventricosum Slialer= Stroplieodonta ventricosa.

CAMARELLA Billings. Genotype C. volbortlii Billings.

Camarella Billings, Canarlian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 301 ;— Ibidem, VI, 1861, p.
316.— Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 122.— Nettelrotb, Ken-
tucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 48. — Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 219;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep.
New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 838.

Camarella ambigua (Hall). Trenton (Ord.).

Atrypa ambigua Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 143, pi. 33, figs. 8, 9.
Triplesia? ambigua Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 65.
Camarella ambigua Miller, American Pal. Foss., 1879, p. 107.
Loc. Middleville, New York.

Camarella antiquata Billings =Protorhyiiclia antiquata.

Camarella bisulcata Emmons=Cyclospira bisuleata.

Camarella bernensis Sardeson = Para8tropliia hemiplicata,

Camarella breviplicata Billings. Calciferons (Ord.).

Camarella breviplicata Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 304, fig. 295.
Loc. Stanbridge, Quebec, Canada.

Camarella calcifera Billings=Syntropliia calcifera.
Camarella circularis Miller =Parastropliia hemiplicata.

Camarella(?) costata Billings. Calciferons (Ord.).

Camarella? costata Joinings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 305, fig. 296.
Loc. Stanbridge, Quebec, Canada.

Camarella hemiplicata Billings=Parastrophia hemiplicata.

Camarella lenticularis Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Camarella lenticularis Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 45.
Loc. Anticosti.

Camarella longirostris Billings. Chazy (Ord.).

Camarella longirostra Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, ji. 302; p. 445,

fig. 23;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 127, fig. 53.
Loc. Mingen Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence.

Camarella minor Walcott =Protorhyncha minor.

Camarella ops Billings=Parastrophia ops.

Camarella owatonnensis Sardeson=Cyclospira bisnlcata.

Camarella panderi Billings. Black River (Ord.).

Camarella panderi Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 302; — Geol. Canada,
1863, p. 143, fig. 78.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,
p. 220, pi. 62, figs. 19-23.
Lyoc. Pauquettes Rapids, Canada; Curdsville, Kentucky.

Camarella parva Billings. Calciferons (Ord.).

Camarella parva Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 219.
Camarella parva? Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, XI, 1893, p. 103, pi. 7,

fig. 9.
Loc. Table Head and Portland Creek, Newfoundland; near St. John, New
Brunswick.

Bull. 87 11

162 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL liUACHIOPODA. (iu:ix.87.

Camarella polita Billinjifs. Calciferous (Ord.).

CaiiuuvUa polita Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 305, lig. 2!>7 on p. :>01.

Lor. .Stanbriduc, (.i)nebec, Canada.
Camarella reversa Billing-.s=Auastrophia reversa.

Camarella varians r.illiiigs. Calciferous-Chazy (Ord.).

Camarella varians Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 445, lig. 24;— Geol.

Canada, 18():i, p. 127, fig. 52;— Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 220.
Lor. Mingaii Islands, (Jnlf of St. Lawrence; Table Head and Portland Creek,

Newfoundland; Cliazj', New York.

Camarella volbortM Billings. Black Eiver (Ord.).

Camarella volborthi Hillings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 18.59, p. 301 ;— Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 143, fig. 77.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,

1893, p. 220, pi. 62, figs. 11-18; pl. 84, fig. 42.
Loc. Pauiiuettes Rapids, Ontario, Canada.

Camarium nall=Merista.
Camarinm elongatmn Hall=Merista typus.
Camarinin uieeki lIall=Meristella meeki.
Camarium princeps IIall = Meristella princeps.
Camarium ty]>us Hall = Merista typus.

CAMAROPHORELLA Hall and Clarke.

Genotype Pentamerus lenticularis White and Whitfield.
Camaropliorella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 215;—
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 838.

Camarophorella lenticularis (White and Whitfield).

Burlington (L. Carb.).
Pentamerus lenticularis White and Whitfield, .Tonr. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

VIII, 1862, p. 295.
Camarophorella lenticularis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, I't. II, 1893,

p. 21.5, pl. 62, iigs. 46-48.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

CAMAROPHOEIA King. Genotype Terebratula schlotheimi von Buch.

Camarophoria King, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVIII, 1846, p. 89;— Men. Permian
Foss. England, Pal. Soc, 1850, p. 113.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p.
435.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 212;— Thir-
teenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 837.

Stenochisma (Ehlert (non Conrad), Fischers Manuel Couchyliologie, 1887, p. 1309.

Camaroplioria(?) bisulcata Shumard. Upper Carboniferous.

Camaroplioria(?) bisulcata Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 296,

pl. 11, fig. 2.
Loc. Guadalupe Mountains of New Mexico and Texas.

Camarophoria caput-testudinis (White). Burlington (L. Carb.).

Rhyuchouolla caput-testudinis White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 23.
Camarophoria caput-testudinis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,

1893, p. 215.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.
Obs. Probably identical with C. ringens Swallow.

Camarophoria eucharis Hall=Camarospira eucharis.

Camarophoria explanata (MeChesney). Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Rhynchonella explanata MeChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1860, p. 50; —
Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, j). 30, pl. 6, fig. 7.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 163

Camarophoria explanata (McChesney) — Coutiiiued.

Pugnax explauatiis Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 60,

figs. 43-45.
Loc. Chester, Illinois; Princeton, Kentucky.
, Ohs, Specimens of this species in Mr. Ulrich's collection prove it to be a Cama-
rophoria.

Camarophoria giflbrdi Wortbeu=Euteletes hemiplicatus.
Camarophoria globulina Geiiiitz (non Phillips) = Pugnax utah,
Camarophoria globulina Davidson =Pugnax globulina.

Camarophoria occidentalis Miller. Burliug'ton (L. Carb.).

Camarophoria occidentalis Miller, .Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 1881, p.

8, pi. 7, fig. 7.
Loc. Lake Valley district, New Mexico.

Camarophoria osagensis Swallow — Pugnax utah.

Camarophoria ringens (Swallow). Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Rynchonella ringens Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 653. —

Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, X, 1895, p. 102.
Camarophoria ringens Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 189.3, p. 214.
Loc. Callaway County, Missouri.
06s. Compare with C. caput-tcstudinis and Rhynchonella striata. The writer

has seen specimens of R. riui;eiis from Callaway County, ^Missouri, Swallow's

original locality.

Camarophoria rhomboidalis Hall aud Clarke. Corniferous (Dev.).

Camarophoria rhomboidalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895,

p. 366, pi. 62, figs. 25-29.
Xoc. Cass County, Indiana.

Camarophoria subcuneata Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Rhynchonella subcuneata Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 11 ; — Geol.
Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 658, pi. 23, fig. 3.— Whitfield, Bull. American
Mils. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 51, pi. 6, figs. 47-49.— Hall, Twelfth Rep. State
Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 333, pi. 29, figs. 47-49.— Herrick, Bull. Denison I'niv.,
Ill, 1888, p. 39, pi. 7, fig. 23.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 189.5, p. 102.

Camarophoria subcuneata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pi.
62, figs. 34-37.

Loc. Spergen Hill aud Bloomington, Indiana. In the Waverly at Granville^
Ohio, according to Herrick.

Obn. See Rhynchonella arctirostrata.

Camarophoria subtrigona Meek and Worthen. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Rhyuchouella subtrigona Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadel-
phia, 1860, p. 451.— Keyes, Geol. Survey ^^lissouri, V, 1895, p. 102.

Rhynchonella parviui McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1861, p. 83; —
Ibidem, 186.5", pi. 6, fig. 2.

Camaro})horia subtrigona Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, TI, 1866, p.
251, pi. 18, fig. 7. — McChesi^oy, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 31, pi.
6, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke. Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 214, pi. 62,
figs. 38-43.

Camarophoria ringens Hall and Clarke (non Swallow), Ibidem, 1893, pi. 84, fig. 5.

Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Nauvoo aud Warsaw, Illinois.

Camarophoria swallovaua Shuraard=Pugnax swallovaua.
Camarophoria thera (Walcott). Lower Carboniferous.

Rhynchonella thera Walcott, Mou. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 223, pi. 7,

fig. 6.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

1G4 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL HRACHIOPODA. [bcll.87.

Camarophoria(l) wortheni (Hall). Warsaw (L. (Jarb.).

Kb.viK'lionella, wortluui Hall, Trans. Albany Instituto, IV, 1858, p. 11.
Ca,niai()plioria? wortheni Whitfield, Bull. American Mns. Nat. Hist., 1, 1882, p. 51,

pi. 6, figs. 35-39.— Hali, Twelfth Kep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 334, pi. 2i),

figs. 35-39.
Camarophoria wortheni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

p. 211.
Loc. Alton, Illinois.

CAMAROSPIRA Hall and Clarke.

Genotype Camarophoria eucliaris Hall.

Camaroapira Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 82;— Thir-
teenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 776.
Camarospira eucliaris Hall. , Corniferous (Dev.).

Camarophoria eucharia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 368, pi. 57, tigs. 40-45.

Camarospira eucharis Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 82, pi. 50,
figs. 46-52.

Loc. Ontario, Canada; Cass County, Indiana.

CAMAROTffiCHIA Hall and Clarke.

Genotype Atrypa congregata Conrad.

Camarotoechia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 189;—
Thirteenth Ann. Eep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 826.

Camarotoechia(?) acinus Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Rhynchonella acinus Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 215; — Twenty-
eighth Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist, 1879, p. 163, pi. 26, figs. 7-11;—
Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 306, pi. 26, figs. 7-11.— Nettelroth,
Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 73, pi. 26, figs.
6, 13, 14, and pi. 32, figs. 13-16.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State
Mus., I, 1889, p. 35, pi. 4, figs. 9-11.

Camarotffichia? acinus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 190.

Loc. Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kenti^cky.

Camarotcechia(?) acinus convexa (Foerste). Clinton (Sil.).

Rhynchonella acinus var. convexa Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV,

1890, p. 318, pi. 6, fig. 13;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 189-5, p. 593, pi. 31, fig. 13.
Loc. Hanover, Indiana.
Oamarotcecliia sequiradiata Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Atrypa equiradiata Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, II, 1852, p. 70, pi. 23, fig. 5.
Rhynchospira? equiradiata Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1859, p. 77.
Rhynchonella tequiradiata Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 367.
Camarotoechia iequiradiata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

p. 190.
Protorhyncha lequiradiata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 1895, pi. 56, figs. 7-9.
Loc. Oneida County, New Y'ork; Arisaig, Nova Scotia.

Camarotoechia (Plethorhyncha) harrandei Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Rhynchonella barrandi Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 82, figs. 1-3; p. 84, fig. 4;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 442, pi. 103, figs. 3-8.
Plethorhyncha barrandi Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 191.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York.
Camarotoechia billingsi Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Rhynchonella thalia Billings (non d'Orbigny, 1847), Canadian Jour., V, 1860, p.

272, figs. 23-25;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 370, fig. 386.
Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) billingsi Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 336, pL

54, figs. 9-13.

scHUCHERT] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 165

Camarotoechia Mlingsi Hall — (Continued.

Camarotcpchia billingsi Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 192, pi.

57, fig. 3.
Loc. New York; Columbus, Ohio; Ontario.

Camarotoechia carica Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) carica Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 344, pi. 54A,

iigs. 21-23.
Camarotcecbia carica Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, YIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 192.
Loc. Hamilton, Madison County, New York.

Camarotoechia Carolina Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) Carolina Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 337, pi.

' 34, figs. 14-19.
Rhynchonella Carolina Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 196, pi. 18, fig. 8.^Nettelroth,

Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 75, pi. 13, figs.

1-3, 34, 35.
Camarotoechia Carolina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

192, pi. 57, figs. 4-6.
Luc. Columbus and Sandusky, Ohio; Falls of Ohio.

Camarotoechia congregata (Conrad). Hamilton (Dev.).

Atrypa congregata Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. New York Geol. Survey, 1841, p. 55.
Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) congregata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 341,

pi. 54, figs. 44-59.
Camarotoechia congregata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 192,

pi. 57, figs. 15-27.
Loc. Fnltonham, Summit, Onondaga, and Tinkers Falls, New York.

Camarotoechia contracta Hall. Portage-Waverly (Dev.-L. Carb.).

Atrypa contracta Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, tab. 6G, figs.

2, 3.
Atrypa laticostata Hall (non Phillips), Ibidem, 1843, tab. 66, fig. 1.
Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) contracta Hall, Pal. New Y^ork, IV, 1867, p. 351. ])!.

' 55, figs. 26-39.
Rhynchonella contracta Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1887, p. 39, pi. 10,

" fig. 9;— Ibidem, IV, 1888, p. 23, pi. 11, fig. 21.
Camarotoechia contracta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

192, pi. 57, figs. 28-32, 49.
Loc. New York; Meadville and Bradford, Pennsylvania; Licking County, Ohio.

Camarotoechia contracta saxatilis (Hall). Hamilton (Dev.).

Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) saxatilis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 417, pi.

54A, figs. 44-51.
Loc. Rockford, Iowa.

Camarotoechia dotis Hall. Marcellus and Hamilton (Dev.).

Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) dotis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 344, pi. 54A,

figs. 11-20.— Rathbnn, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 246, pi. 8,

figs. 10, 12;— Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 33.
Camarota?chia dotis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 192,

pi. 57, figs. 40, 41.
Loc. Geneseo and Y'ork, New York; Columbus, Ohio; Rio Maecuru and R=o

Curua and Erere, Brazil.
Camarotoechia(?) duplicata Hall. Obemimg (Dev.).

Atrypa duplicata Hall, Geol. New York ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, tab. 67, fig. 2.
Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) duplicata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 3.50, pi.

55, figs. 17-25.

166 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BEACHIOPODA. [bill. 87.

CamarotoBchia ? duplicata Hall — Continued.

Rhynehonella dnplicata Walcott. Mon. V. S. Geol. Survey. VIII. 1884. p. 155,

pi. 14, tig. 8.
Camarottvchia ( f ) dnplicata Hall and Clarke. Pal. New York. VIII. Pt. II, 1JS93,

p. 192, pi. 57, tigs. 36-39.
io-'. New York; Eureka district, Nevada.

Camarotcechia , Plethorhyncha) endlichi (Meek). ? Devonian.

Ehyuchonella endlichi Meek. Bnll. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., 2d ser., 1, 1875.
p. 46.— \\Tiite, Twelfth Ann. Sep. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1883. p. 133, pi.
36, tig. 2 : pi. 33. tig. 4.

Loc. East of Animas Eiver. Colorado.

Ofe». This type of Rhynehonella occurs in eastern North America only in the
Lower Devonian. It therefore seems probable that Meek's provisional ref-
erence to the Devonian is nearer correct than White's to the Lower Carbon-
iferons.

Camarotoechia eximia Hall. Portage-Cheaiung (Dev.).

Atrypa eximia Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, tab. 66, tig. 4. —

Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II. Pt. U, 1858, p. 829. tig. 682.
Rhynehonella vStenocisma > eximia Hall. Pal. New Y'ork, IV, 1867. p. 348. pi. 55,

figs. 1^.— Kindle, BiiU. American Pal., 6, 1896. p. 36.
Camarota?chia eximia HaU and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VUI, Pt. II. 1893, p. 192,

pi. 57. figs. 44. 45.
Loc. Ithaca. New York : Pennsylvania.

Camarotcechia fringilla Billings). Anticosti (Sil.).

Rhynehonella firingiUa Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 141, fig. 118.
C'amaroliechia fringilla Hall and Clarke. Pal. New York. VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

19iJ. pi. 56, figs. 28-30.
Loc. Ajitieosti.

CamarotoBchia glacialis iBillings), Anticosti (Sil.).

Rhynehonella glacialis BUlings. Pal. Fossils, 1, 1862. p. 143. tig. 120.
Camarotcechia glacialis Hall and Clarke. Pal. New York. VIII, Pt. U, 1893. p. 190.
Loc. Anticosti.

Camarotcechia horsfordi Hall. Marcellus and Hamilton (Dev.).

Rhynehonella horsfordi Hall. Thirteenth Rep. New Y'ork State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1860.-P. 87.— Walcott. Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey. VIH, 1884. p. 152.pl. 14, fig.

3: pi. 1.5, fig. 6.
Rhynehonella i Stenocisma) horsfordi Hall. Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 339, pi. 54,

figs. 24-32.
Camarotcechia horsfordi, Hall and Clarke. Pal. New York. VIII. Pr. II. 1893, p.

192, pi. 57, figs. 7-9.
Loc. Moscow, York. Geneseo, and Avon, New York; Eureka district, Nevada.

Camarotcechia ? indianensis (HaU). Niagara (.Sil.).

Khynchouella indianensis HalL Trans. Albany Institute. IV. 1863, p. 215; —
Twenty-eighth Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 163, pi. 26,
figs. 12-22;— Eleventh Rep. State GeoL Indiana, 1882, p. 306, pi. 26, figs. 12-
22: pi. 27, figs. 4-6. — Nettelroth. Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky
Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 76, pi. 33. figs. 18-20.— Beecher and Clarke. Mem. New
York State Mus., I, 1889, p. 42, pi. 3. figs. 17-28.

Loc. Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky.

Camarotcechia marshallensis (A. Winehell). Marshall (L. Carb.).

Rhynehonella marshallensis A. Winchell. Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1862, p. 40s.— Herrick. Bnll. Denison Univ, III, 1888. p. 40; IV, p. 23;—
Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 23, fig. 14.

sTHrcHEKT.j INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 167

Camarotcecliia marsnallensis (A. Wiucbell) — Coutiiiued.

Camarot.Hchia marshallensis Hall and Clarke. Pal. >ew York. VIII. Pt. II, 1893,

p. 192.
Loc. Marshall, Michigan; Granville, etc., Ohio.

Camarotcec"nia(?) neglecta Hall. Clinton and yiagara (SiL).

Atrypa neglecta Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 70, pi. 23, fig. 4; p. 274. pi. 57,
fig. 1.— BiUings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 138. pi. 2, figs. 11. 12.

Khynchonella neglecta Hall, Twelfth Kep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,
p. 78.— BiUings, Geology Canada. 1863, p. 315. fig. 325.— Meek. Pal. Ohio,

I, 1873, p. 179, pi. 15, fig. 3.— Hall aud Whitfield, Ibidem, II, 1875, p. 134,
pi. 7, fig. 15.— Hall, Twenty-eighth Kep. New York State Mas. Nat. Hist.,
1879. p. 162, pi. 26, figs. 1-6; — Eleventh Eep. State Geol. Indiana. 1882, p.
3C».5, pi. 26, figs. 1-6: pi. 27. fig. 3. — Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York
State Miis., I, 1889. p. 37, pi. 4, figs. 3, 6-8.— Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 317, pi. 6, fig. 12.

Rhynfhouella neglecta var. scobina Meek, American Jonr. Sci.,3d ser.. IV, 1872,

p. 277.
Khynchonella scobina Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II. 1875, p. 116. — Foerste,

' Geol. Ohio, VII. 18P5, p. 592.
Camarotwchia .' neglecta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York. VIII, Pt. II, 1893. p. 190.
Loc. Keynales Basin, Lockport, etc.. New York; Hamilton, Ontario: Dayton
and Cedarville, Ohio; Hanover. Indiana: Wisconsin: Arisaig, Nova Scotia.

CamarotcEcMa obtusiplicata Hall. Niagara (SiL).

Atrypa obtusiplicata Hall, Pal. New York, II. 18-52. p. 279. pi. .58, fig. 2.
Khynchonella obtusiplicata Hall, Twellth Rep. New York .State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1859, p. 78.

Camarotcechia obtnsiplicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York. VIII. Pt. II. 1893,

p. 190.
Loc. Lockport. New York.

CamarotcBcMa orbicularis Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Khynchonella orbicnlaris Hall, Thirteenth Kep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1860, p. 88.

Khynchonella (Stenocisma) orbicularis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 353, pi.

55, figs. 40-46.
Camarotcechia orbicularis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII. Pt. II, 1893. p.

192, pi. 57, figs. 46-48, 50.
Zoc. 'Chautauqua County, New York: Meadville, Pennsylvania.

Camarotoechia plena Hall. Chazy (Orel.).

Atrypa plena Hall. Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 21. pi. 4 bis. fig. 7. — Billiugs,
Canadian Nat. Geol.. I, 1856, p. 207, figs. 17-19. — Rogers. Geol. Peuusylvauia,

II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 817, fig. .592.

Atrypa plicifera Hall, Pal. New York. I, 1847, p. 22, pi. 4 bis, fig. 8.

Atrypa altilis Hall. Ibidem, 1847, p. 23, pi. 4 bis. fig. 9.

Rhyuehonella plena, plicifera. and altilis Hall. Twelfth Rep. New York State

Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, pp. 65. 66.
Rhyuehonella plena Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol.. IV. 1859, p. 444, fig. 22; —

Geol. Cauadn, 1863. p. 126, tig. 50.
Camarotopchia plena and altilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,

1893. p. 190.
Loc. Chazy, New York; Montreal and Ottawa, Canada.

Camarotcechia fPlethorhyncha) pleiopleura fConrad^. Oriskany (Dev.).

Atrypa })leiopleura Conrad. Fifth Auu. Rep. Geol. Survey New York. 1841, p. 55.

Khynchonella pleiopleura Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.. 1857,

p. 86, figs. 1-4:— Pal. New York. III. 1859, p. 440, pi. 102, figs. 3, 4.— Billiugs,

Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 38, figs. 19, 20.

168 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL. hKACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Camarotoechia (Plethorhyncha) pleiopleura (Conrad) — Contimied.

J'letborliyiK'bii plioplcura, Hall aud Clarke, Tal. New York, VIII, I't. II, 1893,

p. lyi.

hoc. Albany and Schobarie couuties, New York; Indian Cove, Gasp*?.

Camarotoechia prolifica Plall. Marcellus and Hamilton (Dev.).

Kbyncboiiella (Stenocisma) prolifica Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 343, pi,

54A, lig.s. 1-10.
Rbyncbonella prolifica Tschernyachew, M6m. dii Comitd G^ol. St. Petersburg,

' III, 1887, p. 89, pi. 14, fig. 6.
Camarota>cbia prolifica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 192,

pi. 57, figs. 42, 43.
Log. Fultonbam and Cooperstown, New York; Russia,

Camarotoechia sageriana (A. Wincliell). Marshall (L. Carb.).

Rhyncbouella sageriana A. Wincbell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelpbia, 1862,

p. 407;— Ibidem, 1865, p. 122.— Herrick, Bull. Deuisou Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 39.
Camarotoicbia sageriana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

p. 192.
ioc. Marshall, Micbigan; Weymouth, Ashland, Sciotoville, and Nowark, Obio;

Hickman County, Tennessee.

Camarotoechia sappho Hall. Marcelliis-Waverly (Dev.-L. Oarb.).

Kbynchonella sappho Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1860, p. 87.— Herrick, Bull. Deuisou Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 40, pi. 5, fig. 1 ; pi. 7,

fig. 25 ;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 21, fig. 1.
Rbyncbonella (Steuocisma) sappho Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 340, pi. 54,

figs. 33-43; var. pi. 55, figs. 47-52.
Camarottcchia saftpbo Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

192, pi. 57, figs. 10-14.
Loc. Leroy, Geneseo, and York, New York; Licking County, Ohio.

Camarotoechia (Plethorhyncha) speciosa (Hall). Oriskaiiy (Dev.).

Rbyncbonella speciosa Hall, Teutb Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,
p. 81;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 444, pi. 103A, figs. 1-6.— Meek and
Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 394, pi. 8, fig. 9.

Rbynchotrema speciosa VVaagcn, Palajontologica ludica, Ser. XIII, 1, 1883, p. 411.

Plethorbyncba speciosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 191,
pi. .58, figs. 29-37.

Loc. Cumberland, Maryland; Jackson County, Illinois.

Camarotoechia stephani Hall. Portage and Chemung (Dev.).

Rbyncbonella (Steuocisma) stephani Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 349, pi.

55, figs. 9-16.
Camarotcecbia stephani Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

192;— Ibidem, 1895, pi. 57, figs. 33-35.
Loc. Ithaca and Phillipsburg, New York; Bradford, Pennsylvania.

Camarotoechia tethys (Billings). Corniferous (Dev.),

Rbyucbonellaf tethys Billings, Canadian Jour., V, 1860, p, 270, figs. 20-22.
Rbyncbonella tethys Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 370, fig. 387.— Walcott,

Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 152.— Nettehoth, Kentucky Fossil

Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 83, pi. 13, figs. 25-33; pi. 31,

figs. 22-25.
Rhynchonella (Stenocisma) tethys Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 335, pi. 54,

figs. 1-8.
Camarotcjecbia tethys Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 192,

pi. 57, figs. 1, 2.
Loc. County of Haldimand, Ontario; Stafford and Williamsville, New York;

Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio; Eureka district, Nevada.

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 169

Camarotoechia ventricosa Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Ehyuchouella ventricosa Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,
p. 78, figs. 1-6;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 238, pi. 43, fig. 1.

Camarotoechia ventricosa Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, YIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 191.

Wilsonia ventricosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 58,
figs. 13, U.

Loc. Schoharie, Carlisle, and Cherry Valley, New York.

Camarotoechia whitei Hall. ^ Niagara (Sil.).

Rhynchonella whitii Hall (non A. Winchell), Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863,

p. 216.
Rhynchonella whitii Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1879, p. 164, pi. 26, figs. 23-33;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p.

307, pi. 26, figs. 23-33.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus., I,

1889, p. 39, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2, 4, 5.
Rhynchonella whitiana Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 2d ed,, 1883, p. 297.
Camarotoechia? whitii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 190.
Loc. Waldron and Osgood, Indiana.
(3apulus lugnbris Conrad =Disciuisca lugubris.

CAPELLINIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype C. mira H, and C.

Capellinia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 248, pi. 70, figs.
6_14;_Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 847.

Capellinia mira Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Capellinia mira Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 249, pi.

70, figs. 6-14.
Loc. Vicinity of Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

CATAZYGA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Atliyris lieadi Billings.

Catazyga Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 1.57, fig. 151; —
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 803.

Catazyga erratica Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis? erratica Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 288, pi. 79, fig. 5.
Athyris headi var. anticostiensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 147, fig. 127.
Athyris headi var. borealis, Billings, Ibidem, 1862, p. 147, fig. 126.
Athyris borealis Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 212, fig. 216.
Athyris anticostiensis Billings, Ibidem, 1863, p. 212, fig. 215.
Zygospira anticostiensis Davidson, Suppl. British Sil. Brach., Palaontographical

Soc, 1882, p. 127.
Zygospira erratica Davidson, Ibidem, 1882, p. 126.
Orthis erratica, var. Keesow, Ueber Sil. n. Devon, geschiebe Westpreussens, 1884,

p. 246, pi. 2, fig. 10.
Catazyga headi vars. borealis and anticostiensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 54, figs. 27, 31-34.
Catazyga erratica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 158, pi.

54, figs. 17-23.
Loc. Oswego County, New York; River Saguenay, Lake St. .John, Canada;

Anticosti; "Wesenberg Schict," Prussia.

Catazyga headi (Billings). Lorraine (Ord.).

Athyris headi Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 147, fig. 125;— Geol. Canada, 1803,

p. 212, fig. 214.
Zygospira lieadi Hall, Tweuty-third Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872,

pi. 13, figs. 23-25 (extract pub. 1871).— Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 127, pi. 11,

fig. 1.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. .lour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 59.— Davidson, Suppl.

British Sil. Brach., Pahcontographical Soc, 1882, p. 125.
Glassia schuchertana Ulrich, American Geologist, I, 1888, p. 186.
Glassia headi Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 346.

170 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Catazyga headi (I'.illiiigs)— Continued.

Catazygii hnuU Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, \'1I1, Pt. H, 1893, i>. 158, lig.

151 ; 1)1. 54, figs. 21-20, 80.
Loc. St. Lawrence River, oppDsite Tlirei! Rivers; near St. Nicholas, St. Croix,

and Becancoiir River, Que1)ec, Canada; Waynesvillo, etc., Ohio; Richmond

and Versailles, Indiana. According to Mr. Ami, also in the Utica slate at

Ottawa, Canada.

Catazyga uphami ( Wiucliell and Schuchert). Trenton (Ord.).

Zygospira nphami Winchell and Schnchert. American Geol., IX, 1892, p. 291; —

Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, p. 4(58, pi. 34, tigs. 45-48.
Loc. Near Spring A'alley and Wykoff, Minnesota.

CENTRONELLA ISillings. Genotype Ehynchonella glansfagea Hall.

Centronella Billings, Canadian Nat Geol., IV, 1859, p. 131, figs. 1-5; — Canadian
Jour., VI, 1861, p. 271.— Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat.
Hist., 1863, p. 45, tigs. 13-17;— American .Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XXXV, 1863, ]>.
396.— Billings, Ibidem, XXXVI, 1863, p. 237.— Hall, Trans. Albany Institute,
IV, 1863, pp. 134, 148.— A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1865, p. 122.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 399.— Hall and Clarke,
Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 265;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New Y'ork State
Geologist, 1895, p. 853.
Centronella(?) allei A. Winchell. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Centronella allii A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 123.

Cryptonella? allei Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 290.

Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Hamburg, Illinois; Summit County, Ohio.

Centronella alveata Hall. Onondaga (Dev.).

Rhynchonella? alveata Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 124.
Centronella hecate Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, (May) 1861, p. 272, tig. 99;—

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 374, tig. 403.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 420,

pi. 61A, figs. 27-29.— Ibidem, YIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 79, fig. 15.
Centronella alveata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 401, pi. 61A, figs. 22-24.—

Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 268, pi. 79, tigs. 22-24.
Loc. New York; Cayuga, Ontario.
Obs. See C. impressa Hall.
Centronella anna Hartt=Harttina anna.

Centronella(?) arcei A. Ulricli. Devonian.

Centronella? arcei Ulrich, N. Yahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 53,

pi. 5, figs. 5-9.
Loc. Ida, and near Pulquina, Bolivia.

Centronella billingsiana Meek and Worthen=WliitfieldeUa billings-

iana.
Centronella(??) crassicardiualis Whitfield. Warsaw (L. Carb.).

Centronella crassicardiualis Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882,
p. 55, pi. 6, figs. 50-52.— Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, XXIX, 1883,
figs. 50-52.
Loc. Spergen Hill, Indiana.

06s. This species is not well established and is based upon a single ventral
valve. Compare with Athyris dcnsa.
Centronella(?) flora A. Winchell. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Centronella? flora A. AVinchell, Proc. American Phil. Soc., XII, 1870, p. 254.
Loc. Sciotoville, Ohio.

SCHUCHEKT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 171

Centronella glansfagea Hall. OriskauyCorniferous (Dev.).

Rhynchonella glansfagea Hall, Tentli Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

" 1857, p. 125, tigs. 1-6.
Centronelhi glausfagea Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 132, figs.

l_5;_Canacliau Jour., VI, 1861, p. 271, fig. 97;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 374,

fig. 405.— Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, pp.

45_47 ;_pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 399, pi. 61A, figs. 1-21, 25, 26.— NettelrotL,

Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Gsol. Survey, 1889. p. 153, pi. 31, tigs.

14-17.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 268, fig. 180;

180; pi. 79, figs. 1-14, 17, 21.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Cayuga, Ontario; Falls of

Ohio; Michigan.
Oba. In the American Museum of Natural History this species is labeled Atrypa

naviculoides Conrad. The writer has not been able to find this description.

It may he one of Conrad's manuscript names.

Centronella glaucia Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Centronella glaucia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 403, pi. 61A, figs. 39, 40.—

Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 269.
Log. Schoharie, New York.

Centronella liecate Billings =C. alveata.

Centronella impressa Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Centrouellaimpressa Hall, Fourteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., (July
or August) 1861, p. 102 ;— Fifteenth Rep., Ibidem, 1862, pi. 3, figs. 1-5.— Bil-
liags, Canadian Nat. Geol., VII, 1862, p. 392.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867,
p. 402, pi. 61A, figs. 30-38.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,
p. 269, pi. 79, figs. 16, 18-20.

Loc. Belloua, York, Pavilion, and Hamburg, New York.

Ohs. Billings says this species is the same as C. hecate (=:C. alveata).

Centronella Julia A. Wincliell=Roming:erina Julia.
Centronella margarida Derby =Trigeria margarida.

Centronella (?) navicella Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Terebratula navicella Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 391, pi. 60, figs. 38-44.

Centronella (f) navicella Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 79, figs.
40-42.

I^oc. Rockford, Iowa.
Centronella ovata Hall. UppeT^ Heklerberg (Dev.).

Centronella ovata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 419, pi. 61A, figs. 47-49.

Loc. Cayuga, Ontario.

CentronellaC?) silvetii A. Ulrich. Devonian.

Centronella silvetii A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892,

p. 51, pi. 4, figs.l5a-15d.
Loc. Chahuar.nni, Bolivia.

Centronella tumida Billings. Oriskany and Corniferous (Dev.).

Centronella tumida Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 272, fig. 98;— Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 374, fig. 404.
Loc. Cayuga and Port Colbourne, Ontario.

CHARIONELLA Billings. Genotype Atrypa scitula Hall.

Charionella Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, pp. 148, 271, figs. 101, 102.— Hall,

Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat Hist., 1863, p. 40;— American Jour.

Sci., n. ser., XXXV, 1863, p. 396.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. II, 1893, p. 78;— Thirteenth Rep New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 775.

172 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [buix.87.

Cliarioiiella circe lM]liiigs=C. scitula.
Cbarionella doris I>illings=Meristella doris.
Cliarionclla liyalc Billiiigs = Wliitrielde]la liyale.
Charionella rostrata Biiliiigs = ]\Ieiistella rostrata.

Cbarionella scitula Hall. Oorniferons (Dev.).

A tr,vi)a scitula Jlall, Geol. New York; Kcp. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 171, fig. 1.

Athyris? scitula Billings, Cauadian Jour., V, 1860, p. 278, figs. 35-38.

Cbarionella circe Billings, Ibidem, VI, 18lU, p. 'J73, fig. 100;— (iool. Canada, 1H83,
p. 371, fig. 400.

Meristella scitula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 302, pi. 47, figs. 34-38.

Meristella circe Miller, N. Aiuericiin Geol. Pal., 1889, v. 354.

Cbarionella scitula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VITI, Pt. II, 1893, p. 78,
pi. 42, figs. 17-19.

Loc. Williamsville and Clarence Hollow, New York; Columbus, Ohio (Whit-
field); county of Haldimand, Ontario.

CHONETES Fischer de Waldlieim. Genotype Ortliis striatella Dalman.
Cbouetes Fischer de Waldheim, Oryctograpbie dii Gouvernement dc Moscow,
Pt. II, 1837, p. 134.— Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 04.— Billings, Canadian
Jour., VI, 1861, p. 349. — Meek and Hayden, Pal. U^iper Missouri, Smithsonian
Conf. Knowl., 17J, 1864, p. ,'2.— Hall, Twentieth Rep. New York State
Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 242;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 115.— Waleott,
Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 122.— Nettelrofh, Kentucky Fossil
Sbells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1886, p. 66.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 303;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geolo-
gist, 1894, p. 292.

Chonetes acutiradiatus Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Strophomeua acutiradiata Hall, Geol. New York ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 171,

fig. 3.
Cbouetes acutiradiata Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 117;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 120, pi. 20, fig. 5;— Second Ann. Rep.

New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 47, fig. 8. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil

Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 66, pi. 18, figs. 18-20.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 16, fig. 8.
Loc. Williamsville, Stafford, etc.. New York; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio.

Chonetes amazonicus Derby. Upper Carboniferous.

Chonetes amazonica Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 41, pi. 6, figs. 3, 12,
19; pi. 9, figs. 8, 9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1832, pi. 15B,
fig. 13.

Loc. Itaituba, Brazil.

Chonetes antiope Billings. Lower Devonian.

Chonetes anitope Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 19.
Loc. Mount JoUi and Perc6, Nova Scotia.

Chonetes arcei A. Ulricb. Middle Devonian.

Chonetes arcei A. Ulrich, N. Jabrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband VIII, 1892, p. 77, pi.

4, figs. 35, 36.
Loc. Chabuarani, Ida, and Tarabuco, Bolivia.

Chonetes arcuatus Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Cbouetes arcuata Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.
116;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 119, pi. 20, fig. 7;— Second Ann. Rep. New
York State Geol., 1883, pi. 47, figs. 15, 35, 36.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 16, figs. 15, 35, 36.

Loc. Williamsville, Clarence Hollow, etc., New York; Columbus, Ohio.

SCHUCHERT. |

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 173

ChoiieteH armata Norwood and Pratten (nou Bouchard) =C. pusilu.s.
Chonetes canadensis Billings. Lower Devonian.

Chouetes cauiulensis Billin,i;8, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 17, fig. 7.

Loc. Perc^, Nova Scotia.
Olionetes complanata Hall = Chonostropliia comi^lanata.
Chonetes comstockei Bathbun. Middle Devonian.

Chonetes comstockii Ratlibuu, Bull. Buifalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 250, pi. 9,

figs. 5, 14, 18, 19, 31;— Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 18.
Loc. Province of Para, Brazil.

Chonetes cornutus (Hall). Clinton (Sil.).

Strophomena cornuta Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 73, fig. 3.
Chouetes cornuta de Koninck, Recher. Animaux Foss., Pt. I, 1847, p. 200, pi. 20,

fig. 3.— Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 64, pi. 21, fig. 10;— Second Ann.

Rep. New York State GeoL, 1883, pi. 47, fig. 1.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 16, fig. 1.
Loc. Wayne County, New Y''ork.

Chonetes coronatus (Conrad). ' Hamilton (Dev.).

strophomena carinata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIlI, 1842,
p. 257, pi. 14, fig. 13.

Strophomena syrtalis Conrad, Ibidem, 1842, p. 253, pi. 14, fig. 1.

Chonetes littoni Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III,
1854, p. 25, pi. 2, fig. 4.

Chonetes maclurea Norwood and Pratten, Ibidem, 1854, p. 28, pi. 2, fig. 8.

Chonetes tuomyi Norwood and Pratten, Ibidem, 1854, p. 28, pi. 2, fig. 9.

Chonetes martini Norwood and Pratten, Ibidem, 1854, p. 29, pi. 2, fig. 10.

Chonetes coronata Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.
146, figs. 1, 2;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 133, pi. 21, figs. 9-12.— Whitfield,
Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 327, pi. 25, fig. 16.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep.
New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 47, figs. 10, 11, 24, 26, 33, 39, 41, 43.-Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 16, figs. 10, 11, 24, 26, 33,
39, 41, 43.

Loc. NewY'ork; Pennsylvania; nearArkona, Ontario; Bakeoven, Illinois; Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin.

Ohs. In the Illinois State collection there are specimens of C. maclurea and C.
littoni which are not specifically distinct from C. coronatus Conrad. In the
American Museum of Natural History the writer has seen specimens of C.
tuomyi and C. martini labeled as varieties of C. coronatus.

Chonetes curuaensis Bathbun. Middle Devonian.

Chonetes curuaensis Rathbun, Proc, Boston Soc. Nat. Sci., XX, 1879, p. 21.
Loc. Province of Para, Brazil.

Chonetes dawsoui Billings=Chonostrophia dawsoni.

Chonetes detlecta Hall=C. vicinus.

Chonetes emmetensis A. Winchell. Hamilton (Dev.).

Chonetes emmetensis A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 92.
Loc. Grand Traverse Region, Michigan.

ChoneteS falklandicus Morris and Sharpe. Lower Devonian.

Chonetes falklandica Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, II,
1846, p. 274, pl. 10, fig. 4.— De Koninck, Recher. Animaux Foss., Pt. 1, 1847,
p. 204, pl. 20, fig. 4. — Von Ammon, Zeits. d. Gessels. fiir Erdk., Berlin,
XXVIII, 1893, p. 360, fig. 5.

Loc. Falkland Islands; Taquarassu, Matto Grosso, Brazil.

174 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL HRACHIOPODA. Ib.u.i,.87.

Chonetes filistriatus Walcott. • Tjower Devonian.

(.'houotes lilistriatii Walfott, Moii. I J. S. Gi-ol. Survey, VIII, 1881, p. 127, pi. 13,

li!>-. 15.
Iax-. I'hiieka cli.strict, Nevada.

Chonetes lisclieii Hall=Ohonoi)ectus tischeri.

Clumetes tlejiiingi Norwood and l*ratten=C. variolatus.

Chonetes freitassii Rathbun. Middle Devonian.

(Uioiietes species Kathbun, Hull. Butlalo Soe. Nut. Sci., I, 1871, p. 25;-!.
Cliouetes freitassii Katlibuu, Proe. Bostou Sou. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 18.
Loc. Province of Para, Brazil.

Chonetes geinitziana Waageii, and Miller=C. glaber.

Chonetes geniculatus White. Kinderhooli; (Ij. Oaib.).

Chonetes geuiculata White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 29. — A.

Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 116; — Proc. American

Phil. Soc, XI, 1870, p. 250.
Chonetes geniculatus Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 53, pi. 38, fig. 3.
Loc. Hamburg, Illinois; Clarksville, Missouri; Rockford, Indiana; Rockville,

Ohio.
Obs. Compare with C. ornatus Shumard.

Chonetes gibbosa Hall=C. viciuus.

Chonetes glabra Hall (non Geiuitz)=C. lineatus.

Chonetes glaber Geiiiitz. Upper Carboniferous.

Chonetes glabra Geinitz, Carbon u. Dyns in Nebraska, 1866, p. 60, jA. 4, tigs.

I.I-IS.— Toula, Sitzb. derKais. Akad. der Wissen8ch.,VVien, LIX, 1869, p. 10.—

Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 171, pi. 4; fig. 10; pi.

8, fig. 8.— Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., 1, 1874, p. 43, pi. 8, figs. 11, 14, 15, 19;—

Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1876, p. 280.
Chonetes geinitziana Waagen, Paheoutologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 621.
Chonetes laivis Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 229, pi. 12,

fig. 3; — Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 189'>, p. 55, pi. 37, fig. 5.
Chonetes geinitzianus Miller, N. A^merican Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 339.
Loc. Nebraska City, Nebraska; Kansas; Iowa; Illinois; Bomjardim and Itai-

tuba, Brazil; Yampopata and Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Chonetes granulifer Owen. Upper Carboniferous.

Chonetes granulifera Owen, Geol. Rep. Iowa, Wisconsin, Minnesota, 1852, p. 583,

pi. 5, fig. 12. — Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III,

1854, p. 24.— Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 170, pi.

4, fig. 9; pi. 6, fig. 10; pi. 8, fig. 7.— White, Wheeler's Geogr. Geol. Survey

west 100 Merid., 1875, p. 122, pi. 9, fig. 8.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V,

1895, p. 56.
Chonetes smithii Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, IIT,

1851, p. 24, pi.' 2, fig. 2.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873,

p. 570, pi. 25, fig. 11.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi.

15B, fig. 12.
Chonetes miicronata Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
" 1858, p. 262;— Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., 172,

1864, p. 22, pi. 1, tig. 5.— Geinitz, Carbon u. Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 58,

pi. 4, figs. 12-14.— Toula, Sitzungsb. der Kais. Akad. der Wissensch., Wein,

LIX, 1869, p. 10.
Chonetes granuliferus Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLI, 1891, p. 357,

pi. 17, fig. 15.
Loc. Mouth of Keg Creek, Iowa; Illinois; Kansas; Missouri; Alabama; Kaurab

Canyou, Arizona; Cochabamba, Bolivia.

SCHUCHERT.

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 175

Chonetes hemisphericus Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Cliouetes hemispherica Hall, Tenth Rep. Xew York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 116, figs. 1-3.— Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 349, figs. 121-123;

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 368, fig. 380.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 118,

pi. 20, fig. 6.— Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1873, p. 75.— Walcott, Mon.

U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 123.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,

VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 16, fig. 14.
Loc. Schoharie, etc., New York; Eureka district, Nevada; Ontario, Canada.

Chonetes herbert-smithi Ratlibuu. Middle Devonian.

Chonetes herbert-smithi (Hartt MS.) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I,

1874, p. 251, pi. 10, figs. 39-42, 44-47;— Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hi.st., XX,

1879, p. 20.
Loc. Province of Para, Brazil.

Chonetes illinoisensis Wortben. Burlington (L. Oarb.).

Chonetes logani Hall (non N. and P.), Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 598,

pi. 12, figs. 1, 2.
Chonetes illiiioiensis Worthen, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., 1, 1860, p. 571. — A.

Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 5;— Ibidem, 1865, p.

116.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868. p. 505, pi. 15, fig.

8.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 35, pi. 3, fig. 21.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Jersey County, Hliuois; Rockford, Indiana; Licking

County, Ohio.

Chonetes iowensis Owen=Pholido8tropbia io wen sis.

Chonetes koninckianus Norwood and Pratten. Middle Devonian.

chonetes koninckiana Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
III, 1854, p. 30, pi. 2, fig. 11.

Loc. Jonesboro, Union County, Illinois.

Clionetes Levis Keyes=:C. glaber Geinitz.
Chonetes laticosta Hall = C. niucronatus.

Chonetes lepidus Hall. Marcellus-Chemung (Dev.).

Chonetes lepida Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 148;—
Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 142, pi. 22, figs. 12, 13.— Clarke, Bull. IT. S. Geol.
Survey, 16, 1885, pp. 24, 32.
Log. Cayuga Lake, etc., New York; Meadville, Pennsylvania.

Chonetes lineatus (Conrad). Corniferons (Dev.).

Strophomea lineata Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York, 1839, i).

64.— Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Di.st., 1842, p. 139, fig. 6 (should

be 5a).— Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 175, iig. 8.
Chonetes glabra Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, \^. 117,

figs. 1-8.
Chonetes lineata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 121, pi. 20, fig. 3;— Second

Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 47, fig. 34.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.

New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 16, fig. 34.
Loc. Cayuga Lake, etc.. New York.

Chonetes littoni Norwood and Pratten=C. coronatus.
Chonetes logani Hall (non Nor. and Prat.)=C. illinoisensis.

Chonetes logaui Norwood and Pratten. Kinderhook-Burlington (L. Carb.).

Chonetes logani Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III,
1854, p. 30, pi. 2, fig. 12.— A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1865, p. 116.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pi. 22, figs. 23, 26-28;— Second
Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 47, fig. 25. — Herrick, Bull. Denison
Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 35, pi. 3, fig. 12; pi. 7, fig. 22.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 16, fig. 25.

Loe. Burlington, Iowa; Quii\(-y, Illinois; Licking County, Ohio.

176 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Chonetes logani aurora Hall. Tully-Burlington (Dev.-L. Carb.).

Chouetes logaui var. aurora Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, ji. 137, pi. 22, figs.
16-18;— Socoud Auu. Rep. Now York Stato (.ool., 1883, pi. 47, (igs. 9, IS.—
Whiteavea, Cent, to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, ]>. 215, pi. 29, fig. 2.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. Now York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 10, figs. 9, 18.

Chonetes aurora Williams, Bull. Gool. Soc. America, I, 1890, p. 191, jd. 12, ligs.
10, 11.

Loc. TuUy and Uerujter, New Y^ork; Athabasca, Mackenzie, and Red l>eer
rivers, Northwest Territory, Canada; Cuyahoga and Licking counties,
Ohio; Burlington, Iowa.

Chonetes loganensis Ilall and Whitfield. Kiuderhook (L. Carb.).

Chonetes loganensis Hall and Whitfield, King's Geol. Expl. 40th Paral., IV, 1877,
p. 253, pi. 4, fig. 9.

Loc. Logan Canyon, Wahsatch Range, Utah.
Chonetes inaclurea Norwood and Pratteii=C. coronatus.

Chonetes macrostriata Walcott=Stropheodouta uiacrostriata.

Chonetes manitobensis Whiteaves. Upper Devonian.

Chonetes manitobensis Whiteaves, Cont. to Canadiau Pal., I, 1892, p. 281, pi. 37,

figs. 1, 2.
Loc. Manitoba Island, Lake Manitoba, Canada.

Chonetes martini Norwood and Pratten=C. coronatus.

Chonetes melonicus Billings. Oriskany (Dev.).

Chonetes melonica Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 15, fig. 6.
Loc. Little Gasp6, Quebec, Canada.

Chonetes mesolobus Norwood and Pratten. Upper Carboniferous.

Chonetes mesoloba Nor. and Prat., Jour. Acad, Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854,
p. 27, pi. 2, fig. 7.— White, Wheeler's Geogr. Geol. Expl. Survey west 100
Merid., 1875, p. 123, pi. 9', fig. 7.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State
Geol., 1883, pi. 47, fig. 22.— Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888,
p. 228.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 16, fig. 22.
Loc. Belleville, Illinois; Charboniere, Missouri; Flint Ridge, Ohio ; New Mexico;
Arizona.
Chonetes michiganensis Stevens. Upper Carboniferous.

Chonetes michiganensis Stevens, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XXV, 1858, p. 263.
Loc. Battle Creek, Michigan.
Chonetes millipunctata Meek and Worthen=Aulacorhynchus nnlli-

punctatum.
Chonetes minima Hall (nou Sowerby) = C. undulatus.
Chonetes mucronata Meek and Haydeu (non Hall)=C. granulifer.

Chonetes mucronatus Hall. Oriskany-Hamilton (Dev.).

Strophomena mucronata Hall, Geol. New Y'^ork; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 180,

fig. 3.
Chonetes laticosta Hall, Tenth Rep. New Y'ork State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 119.— Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 20.
Chonetes mucronata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 124, pi. 20, fig. 1; pi. 21,

fig. 1.— Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1873, p. 74.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep.

New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 47, figs. 6, 7.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

Y^ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 16, figs. 6, 7.
Chonetes mucronata? Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 124.
Loc. New York; Cayuga, Ontario; Ga8p6; Eureka district, Nevada.
Oba. See C. stiibeli.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 177

Chonetes multicosta A. Wincliell. Kiiiderhook and Burliiigtoii (L. Carb.).
Chonetes multicosta A Wincliell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 5; —

Proc. American Phil. Soc, XII, 1870, p. 250.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Hickman and Maury counties, Tennessee.

Chonetes rauricata Hall=Strophalosia muricata.

Chouetes nana i^^or wood and Pratten (non de Verneuil)=G. yandellanus.

Chonetes novascoticus Hall. Arisaig and Niagara (Sil.).

Chonetes novascotica Hall, Canadian Nat. Geol., Y, 1860, p. 144, fig. 2.— Dawson,
Acadian Geol., 3d ed.. 1878, p. 595, fig. 199.— Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. New
York State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 155, pi. 22, figs. 11-14;— Eleventh Rep.
State Geol: Indiana, 1882, p. 293, pi. 22, figs. 11-14.

Loc. Arisaig, Nova Scotia; Waldrou, Indiana.

Chonetes onettianus Katbbun. Middle Devonian.

Chonetes onettiana Rathbun, Bull. Bufi'alo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 253, pi. 10,

figs. 43, 48.
Loc. Province of Para, Brazil.

Chonetes ornatus Shumard. Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Chonetes ornata Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 202, PI. C, fig. 1.— Keyes,

Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 53, pi. 38, fig. 2.
Loc. Louisiana and Hannibal, Missouri.
Ohs. See C. geniculatus White.

Chonetes parvus Shumard. Upper Carboniferous.

Chonetes parva Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 201.
Loc. Boone County, Missouri.
Ohs. Keyes says this species is a synonym for C. flemingi;=C. variolatus.

Chonetes permianus Shumard. Upper Carboniferous.

Chonetes permiana Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1859, p. 390.
Loc. Mouth of Delaware Creek, Texas.

Chonetes planumbonus Meek and Worthen. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Chonetes planumbona Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1860, p. 450;— Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 2i53, pi. 18, fig. 1.
Loc. Monroe County, Illinois; Crawfordsville, Indiana; Kings Mountain, Ken-
tucky.
Chonetes platynotus Whi<^e. Upper Carboniferous.

Chonetes platynota White, Wheeler's Geogr. Geol. Expl. Survey west 100 Merid.,

Prel. Rep., 1874, p. 19;— Ibidem, Final Rep., IV, 1875, p. 121, pi. 9, fig. 6.
Loc. Santa Fe, New Mexico; near Salt Lake, Utah.

Chonetes pulchellus A. Winchell. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Chonetes pulchella A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862,
p. 410;— Ibidem, 1865, p. 115;— Proc. American Phil. Soc, XII, 1870, p. 250.—
Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 37, pi. 3, fig. 14.

Loc. Moscow, Hillsdale County, Michigan; Trumbull, Summit, and Licking
counties, Ohio; Shafers, Pennsylvania; Hickmau County, Tennessee.

Chonetes punctatus Simpson. Lower Helderberg- (Dev.).

Chonetes punctata Simpson, Trans. American Phil. Soc, n. ser., XVI, 1889,

p. 438, fig. 3.
Loc. Hazardville, Carbon County, Pennsylvania.

Chonetes pusillus Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Chonetes armata Norwood and Pratten (non Bouchard), .Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci,
Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 28.
Bull. 87 12

178 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL URACHIOPODA. [boll. 87.

Chonetes piisillus Hall — Continued.

Cbouetes pusillii llall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.

149;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 128, pi. 21, lig. «.— Meek, Trans. Chicago

Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 93, pi. 13, iiix. 2.
Loc. IJakeoven, Illinois; Fort Ivesolution, Glrcat Slave Lake, British America.
Obs. In the Illinois State collection there is a si)ccimen of C. armatus N. and P.

with an old label attached. This specimen is identical with C. pnsillus Hall.

Chonetes reversa Whitfield =Chouostropliia reversa.

Chonetes rucki A. Ulrich. Middle Devonian.

Chonetes riicki A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 79,

pi. 5, tigs. 1, 2.
Loc. Chahuarani, Ida, and Tarabuco, Bolivia.

Chonetes sarcinulatus Norwood and Pratten.

chonetes sarcinulata Norwood and Pratten (non Schlotheim), Jour. Acad. Nat.
Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 28.

Ois. It is impossible to point out the American representative intended by these
authors for this species.
Chonetes scitulus Hall. Marcellus-Chemung (Dev.).

Chonetes scitula Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 147;—
Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 130, pi. 21, fig. 4;— Second Ann. Rep. New York
State Geol., 1883, pi. 47, figs. 3, 4, 27, 32, 40, 44.— Herrick, Bull. Denison
Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 36, pi. 1, fig. 4.— Whitfield, Annals New York Acad. Sci.,
V, 1891, p. 548, pi. 11, fig. 10.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,
1892, pi. 16, figs. 3, 4, 27, 32, 40, 44.— Whitfield, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 443,
pi. 7, fig. 10.— Kindle, Bull. American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 37.

Chonetes scitulus Beecher, American Jour. Sci., XLI, 1891, p. 357, pi. 17, fig. 14.

Loc. Moscow, Hamburg, etc.. New York; Meadville, Pennsylvania; Delaware
and Licking counties, Ohio.

Chonetes setigerus (Hall). Marcellus-Waverly (Dev.-L. Carb.).

Strophomena setigera Hall, Geol. New Y'ork; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 180,

fig. 2; p. 222, fig. 3.
Chonetes setigera de Koninck, Recher. Animaux Fobs., I, 1847, p. 215, pi. 20, fig.

7.— Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 150;— Pal.

New York, IV, 1867, p. 129, pi. 21, fig. 2; p. 142, pi. 22, figs. 1-5;— Second

Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 47, figs. 2, 5, 19.— Walcott, Mon.

U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 125.— Clarke, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 16,

1885, p. 24.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 16, figs.

2, 5, 19.
Chonetes setigera? A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 411.
Loc. New York; Meadville, Pennsylvania; Ohio; Union City, Branch County,

Michigan; Eureka district, Nevada.

Chonetes shumardianus de Koninck. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Chonetes shumardiana de Koninck, Recher. Animaux Fobs., Pt. I, 1847, p. 192,

pi. 20, fig. 1.— Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III,

1854, p. 24.
Loc. The Knobs, Jefferson County, Kentucky.

Chonetes smithii Norwood and Pratten =C. granulifer.

Chonetes striatellus (Dalraan). Silurian.

Orthis striatella Dalman, Kgl. Svens.Vetens.-Akad. Handl., 1828, p. Ill, pi. 1, fig. 5.
Chonetes striatella Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878,

p. 595.
Loc. Europe; Cape Louis Napoleon, lat. 79° 38'.

SCHUCHEET.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 179

Chonetes stiibeli A. Ulricli. Middle Devonian.

Chonetes stiibeli A. Ulrich, N. Jalirb. f. Mineral., Beilagebaud, VIII, 1892, p. 80,

pi. 5, figs. 3, 4.
Loc. Rio Sicasica, Bolivia.
Ols. Probably the same as C. mucronatus.

Chonetes subquadratus Nettelroth. Hamilton (Dev.).

Chonetes subciuadrata Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.

Survey, 1889, p. 67.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Chonetes tenuistriatus Hall. Arisaig (Sil.).

Chonetes tenuistriata Hall, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 145, tig. 3.— Dawson,

Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 596, fig. 200.
Loc. East River, Nova Scotia.

Chonetes tumidus Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Chonetes tumidus Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 36, pi. 2, fig. 21.
Loc. Moots Run, Licking County, Ohio.

Chonetes tuomyi Norwood and Pratten=C. coronatus.

Chonetes undulatus Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Chonetes minima Hall (non Sowerby), Twenty-eighth Rep. New York State

Mus. Nat. Hist., Doc. ed., 1876, pT. 22, fig. 15.
Chonetes undulata Hall, Ibidem, 1879, p. 155, pi. 22, fig. 15;— Eleventh Rep. State

Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 294, pi. 22, fig. 15.
Loc. Waldron, Indiana.

Chonetes variolatus (d'Orbigny). Upper Carboniferous.

Leptii'na variolata d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Am^rique Meridionale ; Pal^ontol-

ogie, 1842, p. 49.
Productus variolata d'Orbigny, Ibidem, 1842, pi. 4, figs. 10, 11.
Chonetes variolata de Koninck, Recher. Animaux Foss., Pt. 1, 1847, p. 206, pi. 20,

fig. 2.— Hall, Stansbury's Expl. Great Salt Lake, 1852, p. 410, pi. 3, fig. 1.—

Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia. Ill, 1854, p. 28.
Chonetes flemingi Norwood and Pratten, Ibidem, 1854, p. 26, pi. 2, fig. 5. —

Geinitz, Carbon u. Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 59.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.

New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 15B, fig. 11.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri,

V, 1895, p. 54, pi. 38, fig. 6.
Loc. Yarbichambi, Bolivia; Guernsey, etc., Ohio; Illinois; Missouri; Kansas;

Nebraska.
Ols. Compare with C. parvus.

Chonetes verneuilianus Norwood and Pratten. Upper Carboniferous.

Chonetes verneuiliana Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

III, 1854, p. 26, pi. 2, fig. 6.— Newberry, Ives' Rep. Colorado River of the

West, 1861, p. 128.— Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p.

170, pi. 1, fig. 10.— Hall, Second Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 47, figs.

20, 21.— White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 128, pi. 25, figs.

7, 8.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 16, figs. 20, 21.
Loc. Carboniere, Missouri; Indiana; Illinois; Missouri; Kansas; Nebraska;

banks of Colorado River.

Chonetes verneuilianus utahensis Meek. Upper Carboniferous.

Chonetes verneuiliana var. utahensis Meek, Simpson's Rep. Expl. Great Basin,

Ter. Utah, 1876, p. 348, pi. 2, fig. 2.
Loc. Near Humboldt Mountains, Utah.

180 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Chonetes vicinus (Castelnau). Hamilton (Dev.).

Lepta'na vicina Castelnaia, Systeme Sil. I'Amdrique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 39,
pi. 14, tig. 9.

Chonetes vicina de Koninck, Recher. Animanx Foss., Pt. I, 1847, i). 203.

Chonetes deriocta Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.
149;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 126, pi. 21, iigs. 7, 8;— Second Ann. Rep.
N. Y, State Geol., 1883, pi. 47, fig. 28.— Walcott, Mod. U. S. Geol. Survey,
VIII, 1884, p. 24, pi. 2, fig. 8.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,
1892. pi. 16, fig. 28.

Chonetes gibbosa Hall, Tenth Rep. New Y'ork State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 145.

Loc. Ontario County, New York ; Columbus, Ohio ; Wisconsin ; Eureka district,
Nevada.

Ohs. Castelnau's specimens are from "Ontario County, New York.'" His figures
are good and can not be compared with any other species than the well-
known C. deflectus Hall, a species occurring abundantly in Ontario County.

Chonetes yandellanus Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Chonetes nana de Koninck (non de Verneuil), Recher. Animanx Foss., Pt. 1, 1847,
p. 213. — Norwood and Pratten (non de Verneuil), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 28.

Chonetes yandellana Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.
118;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 123, pi. 20, fig. 4.— Nettelroth, Kentucky
Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 68, pi. 17, figs. 16-19;
pi. 31, figs. 20, 30.

Loc. Falls of Ohio; Columbus, Ohio.

CHONOPECTUS Hall and Clarke. Genotype Chonetes fischeri N. and P.
Chonopectus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 312;— Eleventh
Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 295.

Chonopectus fischeri (Norwood and Pratten).

Kinderhook and Burlington (L. Carb.).

Chonetes fischeri Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III,

1854, p. 25, pi. 2, fig. 3.— Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pf. II, 1858, p. 517, pi. 7,

fig. 1;— Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 47, figs. 17, 31.

Chonopectus fischeri Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 312,

pi. 15B, figs. 20-23; pi. 16, figs. 17, 31.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Warren, Pennsylvania.

CHONOSTROPHIA Hall and Clarke.

Genotype Chonetes reversa Whitfield.
Chonostrophia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 310;—
Eleventh Ann. Rep. New Y'ork State Geologist, 1894, p. 294.

Chonostrophia complanata Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Chonetes complanata Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.

56;— Pal. New Y'ork, III, 1859, p. 418, pi. 93, fig. 1 ;— Second Ann. Rep. New

York State Geol., 1883, pi. 47, figs. 13, 29.
Chonostrophia complanata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p.

311, pi. 16, figs. 13, 29.
fStrophomena sp. A, A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p.

70, pi. 14, fig. 24 (? 23).
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York ; Cayuga, Ontario ; Cumberland,

Maryland; f Bolivia.

Chonostrophia dawsoni (Billings). Lower Devonian.

Chonetes dawsoni Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 18, fig. 8.

Chonostrophia dawsoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 311.
Loc. Gasp^ and Perc6, Quebec, Canada.

SCHUCHERT.I

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 181

Chonostrophia nelderbergiae Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Chouostrophia helderbergia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

pp. 311, 353, pi. 15B, fig. 14.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Chonostrophia reversa (Whitfiold). Corniferous (Dev.).

Chonetes reversa Whittield, Annals New York Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 213; —

Ibidem, V, 1891, p. 549, pi. 11, figs. 8, 9;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 443, pi. 7,

figs. 8, 9.
Chonostrophia reversa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 311,

pi. 15B, figs. 15-19; — Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895,

p. 176, pi. 4, fig. 5.
Loc. Columbus and Delaware, Ohio; Union Springs, New York; Cayuga,

Ontario.

CHRISTIANIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Leptsena subquadrata Hall.
Christiania Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 298 ;— Eleventh
Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 290.

Christiania subquadrata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Lepta^na subquadrata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 46,

figs. 32, 33.
Christiania subquadrata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 298,

351, pi. 15, figs. 32, 33; pi. 15A, fig. 36; pi. 20, figs. 18-20.
Loc. Perry and Blount counties, Tennessee.

CISTELLA Gray. Genotype Terebratula cuneata Eisso.

Cistella Gray, Brit. Mus. Cat. Brach., p. 114. .

Cistella beecheri Clark. Upper Cretaceous.

Cistella beecheri Clark, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, XV, 121, 1896, p. 3.
Loc. Vincentown, New Jersey.

Cistella plicatilis Clark. Upper Cretaceous.

Cistella plicatilis Clark, Johns Hopkins Univ. Circ, XV, 121, 1896, p. 3.
Loc. Vincentown, New Jersey.

CLEIOTHYRIS King.
Genotype Atrypa pectinifera J. de C. Sowerby=Spirifer roissyi
L'EveilM=Atliyris roissyi of authors.

Cleiothyris King (non Phillips), Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc, 1850, p. 137. —
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 90;— Thirteenth Ann.
Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 779.

Cleiothyris clintonensis (Swallow). Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Spirigera clintonensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 89.
Loc. Chester, Illinois; St. Genevieve and Cooper counties, Missouri.
Ohs. Compare with C. roissyi. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for Seminula
subquadrata. However, this species does not appear to be a Seminula.

Cleiothyris crassicardinalis (White). Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

Athyris crassicardinalis White, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1860, p. 229.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Cleiothyris hirsuta Hall. St. Louis and Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Spirigera (Athyris) hirsuta Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, lY, 1858, }). 8.
Atliyrls hirsuta Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 49, pi. 6,

figs. 18-21.— Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 328, pi. 29, figs,

18-21.

182 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN I'OSSIL BKACHIOPODA. I hull. 87.

Cleiothyris hirsuta Hall — Coutiuuecl.

Cliothyris hirsuta Hall mid Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 189.5, ]>1. 46,

ligs. 25-28.
Loc. Spergen Hill, Indiana; Alton and Clioster, Illinois; Princeton, Kentucky;
Montana.
Cleiothyris missouriensis (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous.

Spirigera missouriensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1800, p. (550.
Loc. Montgomery and Chariton counties, Missouri.

Cleiothyris obmaxima (McChesuey), Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Athyris obmaxima McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1861, p. 80.
fSpirigera obmaxima White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west 100 Merid., IV, 1875,

p. 92, pi. 5, lig. 12.
Loc. Nauvoo and Warsaw, Illinois; Keokuk, Iowa; Mountain Spring, Nevada;

Ophir City, Utah.
Ola. The specimen figured by White may be Athyris incrassata Hall.

Cleiothyris obvia (McOhesuey). Kaskaskia (L. Carb).

Athyris obvia McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1861, p. 81.

Loc. Kaskaskia, Illinois.

Ohs. Probably a synonym for C. roissyi.

Cleiothyris orbicularis (McChesney). Upper Carboniferous.

Athyris orbicularis McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1860, p. 47.
Loc. "Extensively distributed in the Western States."

Ohs. Specimens of this species in the United States National Museum donated
by Professor Worthen show it to be a Cleiothyris.

Cleiothyris reflexa (Swallow).. Warsaw (L. Carb.).

Spirigera retiexa Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 88.
Loc. Barretts Station, St. Louis County, Missouri.
Ohs. Should be compared with C. roissyi. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for

Seminula trinuclea. Swallow's species, however, does not appear to be a

Seminula.

Cleiothyris roissyi (L'l^veille). Keokuk-Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Spirifer de roissyi L'£veill6, Memoires Soc. G6ol. de France, II, 1835, p. 39, pi. 2,

figs. 18-20.
Terebratula royssii Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 51, pi. 6, fig. 10.
Athyris sublamellosa Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 702, pi. 27,

fig. 1.— Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 10, pi. 2, figs. 9-12; pi. 3, figs.

15-21, 29; pi. 6, fig. 16; pi. 9, tigs. 5, 6.
Athyris parvirostris Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860,

p. 451.
Spirigera americana Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 89.
Spirigera pectinifera Swallow (nou Sowerby), Ibidem, 1863, p. 88.
Athyris planosulcata Geinitz (non Phillips), Carbon u. Dyas in Nebraska, 1866,

p. 42. — Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 254, pi. 18,

tig. 8.
Spirigera planosulcata? White, AVheeler's Rep. Geogr. Geol. Expl. Survey Avest

100 Merid., IV, 1875, p. 143, pi. 10, fig. 5.
Athyris planosulcata? Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari.,

IV, 1877, p. 257, pi. 4, figs. 10, 11.
?Athyri8 roissyi Meek, Ibidem, 1877, p. 82, pi. 9, fig. 3.

Athyris hirsuta Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 222, pi. 18, fig. 5.
Cliothyris roysii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 91, pi.

46, figs. 23, 24; pi. 84, fig. 32,

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 183

Cleiothyris roissyi (L'Eveille) — Contiuued.

Cliothyris sublamellosa Hall aud Clarke, Ibidem, 1893, p. 91.

Loc. Europe; Mississippi Valley; White Piue aud Eureka districts, Nevada;
Salt Lake City, etc., Utah; Lake Valley mining district, etc., New Mexico;
Lake County, Colorado; Guatemala; Bomjardiu and Itaituba, Brazil.

06s. American specimens usually referred to this species are constantly smaller
and are often without sinus or fold. If thet,e differences are regarded as of
sufficient importance to distinguish American specimens from typical C
roissyi then this species will he known as C. sublamellosa Hall. Of Spiri-
gera americaua Swallow, authentic specimens have been seen by the writer
in Professor Hall's collection. These are identical with Athyris subla-
mellosa.

Meek's Athyris roissyi (1877) will probably prove to be a new species of
Seminula.

See C. clintonensis, C. reflexa Swallow, and C. obvia McChesney.

Cleiothyris squamosa (Worthen). St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Athyris squamosa Wortheu, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, 1884, p. 24; —

Geol. Survey Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 103, pi. 11, fig. 2.
Loc. Monroe County, Illinois.

CLINTONELLA Hall and Clarke.

Genotype 0. vagabuuda Hall and Clarke.

Clintonella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 159;— Thir-
teenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 814.

Clintonella vagabunda Hall and Clarke. Clinton (Sil.).

Clintonella vagabunda Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 160,

pi. 52, figs. 1-11.
Loc. fOrleans County, New York.

CLITAMBONITES Pander. Genotype Pronites adscendeus Pander.

Klitambouites Pander, Beitrage zur Geognosie des Russischen Reiches, 1830,
p. 70, pi. 3, fig. 14; pi. 28, figs. 16, 17.

Clitambonites ffihlert, Fischer's Manuel do Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1289, fig.
1059.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 233.— Winchell
and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 377. — Hall and Clarke,
Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 274.

Clitambonites adscendens ( ? Pander). Ordovician.

Orthisina adscendeus (Pander) Kayser, Paleontographica, Suppl., Ill, 1876, p. 20,

pi. 2, figs. 9-11.
Loc. Europe; Juan Pobre and Laja, Cordillere San Juan, Argentine Republic.
Ohs. This identification is probably erroneous.

Clitambonites(?) borealis (Castelnau).

"Magnesian limestone "=? Galena (Ord.).
Terebratula borealis Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. I'Am^rique Septentrionale, 1843,

p. 40, pi. 14, fig. 14.
Terebratula turpis de Verneuil, Ibidem, 1843, p. 40, footnote.
Loc. "Magnesian limestone of Green Bay, Wisconsin."

Ohs. The figure is not satisfactory. The species seems to be related to C. diversus
Shaler.

Clitambonites diversus (Shaler). Trenton-Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthisina diversa Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 67.
Orthisina veneuili Billings (non Eichwald), Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866,

pp. 43, 74.
Hemipronites americanus Whitfield, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1877,
p. 72;— Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 243, pi. 10, figs. 15-17.

184 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL 15RACHI0P0DA. [bull. 87.

Clitambonites diversus (Slialer) — CoiitiniuHl.

Stivptoihymhus uiuorifauus ISliller, N. Anicricuu (ieul. J'al., 1889, i». 378.
Clitambonites aiiieiicanus Hall and Clarkn, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

]>. 239, pi. 15A, tigs. 1-8.
Clitambonites diversa Wiiicliell and Sclinchert, Minnesota Geol. Snrvey, HI,

1893, p. 378, pi. 30, liga. 11-17.- Wbitcaves, Pal. Fos., Ill, I't. Ill, 1897, p. Kid.
Loc. Auticosti; Cannon Falls, Keuyon, etc., Minnesota; Oshkosli, Wisconsin;

Ottawa and Lake \\'innipeg, Canada.
Ohft. See ('. borealis.

Clitambonites diversus altissimus Wiucbell aud Scbucbert. Trenton (Ord.).
Clitambonites americanus var. Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892,

pi. 15A, tigs. 7, 8.
Clitambonites diversa var. altissima \Vin«hell aud Schuchert, Minnesota Geol.

Survey, III, 1893, p. 381, jd. 30, iigs 18, 19.
Loc. Near Cannon Falls, Minnesota,

Clitambonites (?) johannensis Matthew. Upper Cambrian.

Ortbisina jobannensis Mattbew, Trans. Royal See. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 49, pi. 12,

tigs. 13a-13c. "

Loc. Near St. Jobn, New Brunswick.

Clitambonites planus retroflexus (de Verneuil). Lower Ordovician.

Gonambonites plana var. retroflexa de Verneuil, Beitrage zur Geognosie dee

Russiscben Reicbes, 1830, p. 77, pi. 25, figs. 1, 2.
Clitambonites (Gonambonites) plaua var. retroHexa Mattbew, Trans. Roy. Sor.

Canada, 2d ser., I, 1896, p. 266, pi. 2, iigs. la-lc.
Loc. Me. Feci, Cape Breton, Nova Scotia.

CLORINDA Barrande. Genotype C. armata Barrande.

Clorinda Barrande, Systi^me Silurien Bobenie, V, 1879.

Barrandella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 241, 243;—
Tbirteentb Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 844.

Clorinda arcuosa (McChesney). Niagara (Sil."i.

Pentamerus arcuosus McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1861, p. 87.
Loc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Clorinda areyi (Hall aud Clarke). Clinton (Sil.).

Barrandella areyi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 242,

368, pi. 71, figs. 14-16.
Loc. Rochester, New York.

Clorinda barrandei (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.).

Pentamerus barrandi Billings, Geol. Survey Canada; Rep. Progress for 1856,

1857, \K 296;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 316, fig. 327.
Barrandella barraudii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 243,

fig. 174 ; pi. 71, figs. 17-20.
Loc. Anticosti.

Clorinda fornicata (Hall). Clinton and Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus fornicatiis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 18.52, p. 81, pi. 24, fig. 7.
Pentamerus fornicatus var. Hall, Descrip. u. sp. Fossils, Waldron, Indiana, 1879,

]). 16;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 299, pi. 27, fig. 15;—

Trans. Albany Institute, X, 1883, p. 72.
Barrandella fornicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, I't. II, 1893, i).243,

pi. 70, figs. 11-13.
Loc. Lockport, New York ; W^aldron, Indiana; Wisconsiu.

scHrrHKET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 185

Clorinda ventricosa (Hall). Niagara (Sil.).

Pentainenis ventricosa Hall, Geo!. Survey Wisconsin ; Kcp. Progress, 1860, p. 2. —

Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 291, pi. 17, figs. 11-13.— Nettelroth,

Kentuckj' Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Survey, 1889, p. 64, pi. 33, figs. 12-14.
Pentamerus chicagoensis Winchell and Marcy, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., I,

1865, p. 94, pi. 2, fig. 11.— Hall, Twentieth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat.

Hist., 1868, p. 392.
Pentamerus (Pentamerella?) ventricosa Hall, Twentieth Rep. New York State

Cab. Nat. Hist., 1868, p. 374, pi. 13, figs. 18-21.
Pentamerus (Pentamerella) ventricosus Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875,

p. 138, pi. 7, figs. 7, 8.
Barraudella ventricosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

243, pi. 71, figs. 4-10; pi. 84, fig. 46.
Loc. Waukesha, Wisconsin ; Bridgeport, Illinois; Louisville, Kentucky; Ohio.

Coelospira Hall=Auoplotheca.

Coelosi3ira coucava Hall 1867 (not 1863)=Aiioplotheca Camilla.

Coelospira disparilis Hall=Atrypiua disparilis.

CONCHIDIUM Liniie. Genotype C. biloculare Linn^.

Couchidium Linu6, Museum Tessinianum, 1753, p. 90 ; — Systema Naturi«, ed, xi, II,

1760, p. 163.— CEhlert, Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1311.— Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 231;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep.

New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 842.
Helmiutholitus Linn6, Systema Natur*, ed. xii, IV, 1766, p. 163.
Pentamerus Sowerby (non Pentamera Dumeril, 1806), Mineral Conchology, I,

1813, p. 73.
Gypidia Dalman, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., for 1827, 1828, pp. 93, 100.
Pentamerus Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 269. — Hall, Twentieth Rep.

New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 163;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp.

369, 373. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey,

1889, p. 52.
Antirhynchonella Quenstedt, Petref. Deutschlands, Brach., 1871, p. 231.
Zdimir Barrande, Syst('me Silurieu Boheme, VI, 1881, p. 171.

Conchidium biloculare Linue. Silurian.

Couchidium biloculare Linnd, Systema Natura*, ed. xi, II, 1760, p. 163. — Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 233, pi. 6, figs. 11-14.
Pentamerus conchidium Emmerson, Geol. Frobisoher Bay; Nourses Narr. Hall's

Arctic Exped., 1879, p. 578.
Loc. Europe ; Rescue Harbor, Arctic America.

Conchidium coUetti (Miller). Waterlime (Sil.).

Petamerus colletti Miller, Seventeenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1891, p. 77, pi.

13, figs. 5, 6.
Conchidium colletti Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 235,

pi. 66, figs. 16, 17.
Loc. Kokomo, Indiana.
Ois. Compare with C. laqueatum Conrad.

Conchidium crassiplica Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Conchidium crassiplica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp.

235, 369, pi. 66, figs. 24, 25.
Loc. ?Near Louisville, Kentucky.

Conchidium crassiradiatum (McCbesiiey). Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus crassoradius McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1861, p. 87.
Loc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

186 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. |iull.87.

Conchidium decussatum (Whiteaves). Silurian.

Peutamerus dccussatius Whiteaves, Cauadian Kecord of Science, 1891, p. 295, pi.

3, iigs. 3, 4.— Calvin, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, XI, 1892, p.

164, pi. 11, figs. 1-3; pl. 12, 1ig. 2.
Conchidium docussatuni HaJl and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

235, pl. 65, iigs. 1, 2; ])1. 66, fig. 15.
Loe. Grand Kapids of the Saskatchewan, etc., Canada.

Conchidium exponeum Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil,).

Conchidium exponeus Hall and Clarke, Pal. Now York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 66,

figs. 6-9.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

Conchidium georgiae Hall and Clarke. Clinton (Sil.).

ConcMdium georgiie Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 369,

pl. 66, figs. 18, 19.
Loc. Trenton, Georgia.

Conchidium greenei Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Conchidium greeuii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 235,

368, pl. 66, figs. 20-22.
Loc. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Conchidium knappi (Hall and Whitfield). Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus knappi Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State

Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 184. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem.

Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 55, pl. 28, figs. 1-4.
Pentamerus ? knappi Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-seventh Rep. New York State

Cab. Nat. Hist., 1875, pl. 10, figs. 10-12.
Conchidium knappi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 235,

pl. 64, figs. 11-13.
, Loc. Louisville, Kentucky

Conchidium knighti (Nettelroth). ^Corniferous (Dev.).

Pentamerus knighti Nettelroth (nou Sowerby), Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem.

Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 57, pl. 29, figs. 1, 2, 17.
Conchidium nettelrothi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

p. 234, pl. 64, figs. 14-16.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.
Ohs. This species is very much like C. nysius and may be identical with it (Ami

says that C. knighti occurs in the Upper Silurian at Arisaig, Nova Scotia).

Conchidium laqueatum (Conrad). Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus laqueatus Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, 1855,

p. 441.
Pentamerus nobilis Emmons, Manual of Geol., 1860, p. 107, figure.
Conchidium laqueatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 232,

fig. 168; p. 234, pl. 65, figs. 3-9.
Loc. Delphi, Indiana.

Conchidium littoni Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus littoni Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 262.— Hall and Whitfield,
Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 186;— Twenty-
seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pl. 10, figs. 8, 9.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil
Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 58, pl. 27, figs. 12, 13.

Conchidium littoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pl. 64,
figs. 9, 10.

Loc. Hardin County, Tennessee ; Louisville, Kentucky.

scHtJCHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 187

Conchidium multicostatum Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus miilticostatiis Hall, Geol. Survey Wisconsin ; Rep. Progress, 1860,

p. 1 ;— Twentieth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 373, pi. 13,

figs. 22-24.
Conchldium multicostatum Hall and Clarke, Pal. New^ York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895,

pi. 64, fig. 6; pi. 66, fig. 10.
Loc. Wauwatosa and Waukesha, Wisconsin.

Couchidium nettelrothi Hall and Clarke=C. kuighti.

Conchidium nysius (Hall and Wliittield). Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus nysius var. crassicosta Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. New

York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 184; — Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem,

1875, pi. 10, figs, 4-7. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 60, pi. 28, figs. 5-8.
Pentamerus nysius var. tenuicostatus Nettelroth, Ibidcn, 1889, p. 60.
Couchidium nysius Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 235,

pi. 64, figs. 1, 8, 27.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.
Ohs. See C. tenuicostatum.

Conchidium obsoletum Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Couchidium obsoletum Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi.

67, figs. 8, 9.
Loc. Genoa, Ottawa County, Ohio.

ConcMdium occidentale Hall. Guelph (Sil.).

Pentamerus occidentalis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 341, pi. 79, figs. 1, 2.—
Billings,* Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 337, fig. 341. — Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario,
1875, p. 67, fig. 35.— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 314, pi. 17, fig. 10;
pi. 23, figs, 1, 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 239,

Conchidium( ?) occidentalis Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 1895, pi, 67, figs. 1-5.

Loc. Gault and Guelph, Ontario ; Point St. Vital, Lake Huron ; Williamstown,
Wisconsin.

Coiicliidium(?) salinense (Swallow). ''Base of Chemung-' (Dev.).

Pentamerus salinensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 652. —

Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, 'V, 1895, p. 104.
Loc. Moniteau County, Missouri.
Ohs. The geological horizon is probably Corniferous or Hamilton.

Conchidium scoparium H'«,ll and Clarke, Guelph (Sil.).

Conchidium scoparium Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt, II, 1895, pi.

67, figs. 6, 7.
Log. Durham, Ontario.

Conchidium tenuicostatum (Hall and Whitfield). Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus nysius var. tenuicosta Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. New
York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 184;— Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem,
1875, pi. 10, figs. 1-3.

Pentamerus complanatus Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky
Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 53, pi. 27, figs. 14-16.

Conchidium tenuicostatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,
p. 235, pi. 64, figs. 3-5,

Loc. Louisville, Kentucky,

Ohs. P. nysius is described as consisting of two varieties. If these varieties are
species, as pointed out by Nettelroth, then P. nysius will be based upon and
supplant variety crassicosta, while variety tenuicosta must be elevated to
specific rank. P. complanatus Nettelroth, therefore, becomes a synonym for
C. tenuicostatum, as both are established upon the same specimens.

188 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Conchidium iinguiforme (Ulricli). Niagara (Sil.).

Gyiudia imguiformis Ulrich, Contrib. Aiiiericiiii Pal., lX8t>, p. 2S, ]tl. 3, iig. 2.
Gypidiilii uugiiilbniiis Miller, N. American (icol. Pal., 1889, i>. 346.
Conchidiuin unguifoimis llall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, I't. II, 1893, p.

235, pi. m, iigs. 1-4.
Loc. Louisville, Keiitiu-ky.

CONOTRETA Walcott. Genotype O. rusti Walcott.

Coiiotreta Walcott, Proc. II. S. Nat. Mns., XII, 1890, p. 365 (extract 1889).—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 104, 167;— Eleventh
Ann. Kep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 250.

Conotreta rusti Walcott Trenton (Orel,),

Conotreta rusti Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1890, p. 365, figs. 1-4 (extract

1889).— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 104, pi. 4K,

figs. 16-21.
Loc. Trenton Falls, New York; Covington, Kentucky.

Conradia Hall and Clarke (uou Adams) = Dinobolus.

CRANiENA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Terebratula romingeri Hall.
Cranajna Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, A'^III, Pt. II, 1893, p. 297 ;— Thirteenth
Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 865.

Cranaena iowensis (Calvin), Middle Devonian.

Terebratula (Cryptouella) iowensis Calvin, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. Univ. Iowa,

I, 1890, p. 174, pi 3, fig. 4.
Cran^na iowensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, Pt. 11, 1893, p. 297, pi.

80, figs. 36-39; pi. 83, fig. 40.
Loc. Fayette, Iowa; Fulton, Missouri.

Cranaena romingeri Hall, Hamilton (Dev.).

Terebratula romingeri Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1863, p. 48, figs. 22, 23;— Pal, New York, IV, 1867, p. 389, pi. 60, figs. 17-25,

66, 67. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey,

1889, p. 155, pi. 16, figs. 20-22.
Cranfena romingeri Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 297,

fig. 215; pi. 80, figs. 13-19.
Loo. Thunder Bay, Michigan; Waterloo, Iowa; York and Hamburg, New York;

Clarke County, Indiana,

CRANIA Eetzius. Genotype Anomia craniolaris Linu^.

Crania Retzius, Schrift. Ges. Naturf. Freuude, Berlin, II, 1781, p. 72. — Dall, Bull,
Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1871, p. 27;— Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1877, p. 21.—
Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.
31.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 145, 169.— Wiuchell
and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 372. — Hall and Clarke,
Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p, 260.

Crania acadiensis Hall. Arisaig (Sil.).

Crania acadiensis Hall, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 144, fig 1. — Dawson,

Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p, 595, fig. 198.
Loc. East River, Nova Scotia.

Crania agaricina Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Crania agaricina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 180, pi.

4H, fig, 2,
Loc. Albany County, New York; Decatur County, Tennessee.

Crania albersi Miller and Faber. Utica (Ord.).

Crania albersi Miller and Faber, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat, Hist., XVII, 1894,

p. 154, pi. 8, figs. 17-19.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio. "

SCHITCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 189

Crania alternata James=C. scabiosa.

Crania anna Spencer. Niagara (Sil.).

Crania anua Spencer, Bull. Univ. Missouri, I, 1884, p. 57; — Trans. St. Louis

Acad. Sci., IV, 1886, p. 607, pi. 8, fig. 4.
Loc. Hamilton, Ontario.

Crania asperula James=C. scabiosa.

Crania aurora Hall. Scliobarie Grit (Dev.).

Crania aurora Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.

30;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 27, pi. 3, fig. 12.
Loc. Knox, Albany County, New York.

Crania bella Billings. No. 5 Gaspe Series (?Dev.).

Crania bella Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 15, fig. 5.
Loc. Cape Bon Ami, Ga8i)e, Canada.

Crania blairi Miller=C. rowleyi.

Crania bordeni Hall and Whitfield =C. slieldoni.

Crania carbonaria WliittieId=C. modesta.

Crania centralis Hall. Portage (Dev.).

Crania centralis Hall, Pal. New York, V, Pt. II, 1879, pi. 88, tig. 2.
Loc. Watkins, New York.

Crania chesterensis Miller and Gurley. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Crania chesterensis Miller and Gurley, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 12,

1897, p. 47, pi. 3, figs. 24-26.
Loc. Chester, Illinois.

Crania(?) columbiana Walcott. Middle Cambrian.

Crania! columbiana Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XI, 1888, p. 441.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 150.
Loc. Mount Stephan, British Columbia.
Ohs. Probably a species of Acrotreta.

Crania costata James =C. scabiosa.

Crania crenistriata Hall. Corniferous and Hamilton (Dev.).

Crania crenistria Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860,
p. 78, fig. 6, on p. 76;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 28, pi. 3, figs. 13-16.— Hall
and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4H, figs. 6-12.

Loc. Alexander, etc., New York; Columbus, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky;
Alpena, Michigan.

Ohs. See C. sheldoui White.

Crania(?) deformata (Hall). Chazy (Ord ).

Orbicula? deformata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 23, pi. 4 bis, fig. 10.
Crania? deformata Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 341.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 150.
Loc. Chazy, New York.
Ols. This species is not well established and had better be dropped since the

type specimen does not preserve the generic or specific characters.

Crania dentata Ringueberg. Niagara (Sil.).

Crania dentata Ringueberg, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., V, 1886, p. 16, pi. 2, fig. 6.

Loc, Lockport, New York.
? Crania dubia Foerste. Clinton (Sil.).

? Crania dubia Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 565, pi. 37, fig. 17.

Loc. Dayton, Ohio.

Oha. May not be a brachiopod.

190 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Crania dyeri Miller. Utica (Ord.).

Crania dyeri Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 13, fig. 3.
Loc. CinciiHiiiti, Ohio.

Crania famelica 11 all aiid Whitfield. Hamilton (Dev.).

Crania famelica Hall and Whitfield, Descriptions n. sp. Fossils, 1872, p. 17, pi.

II, li<?8. (5, 7 ;— Twenty-third Rep. Now York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873,
p. 236, pi. 11, ligs. 6, 7.

Loc. Cerro Gordo, Iowa ; Callaway County, Missouri.
Ois. Compare with Craniella hamiltoniaj Hall.

Crania favincola Hall and Clarke. Middle Devonian.

Crania favincola Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 180, pi. 4H,

fig. 33.
Loc. Crab Orchard, Kentucky.

Crania gracilis Eingueberg. Niagara (Sil.).

Crania gracilis Ringueberg, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci. V, 1886, p. 17, pi. 2, fig. 7.
Crania pannosa Ringueberg, Ibidem, 1886, p. 17, yA. 2, fig. 8.
Loc. Locki)ort, New York.

Ols. Species of Crania are very variable in shape, and since both forms are attached
to one Orthoceras, it is probable that but a single species is here represented.

Crania granosa Hall and Clarke. Hamilton (Dev.).

Crania granosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 180, pi. 4H,

figs. 19, 20.
Loc. Centerfield, New York.

Crania granulosa N. H. Winchell. Trenton (Ord.).

Crania granulosa N. H. Winchell, Eighth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey

Minnesota, 1880, p. 63.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey,

III, 1893, p. 373, pi. 29, figs. 34, 35.
Loc. Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Crania gregaria H all = Craniella baniiltoni;ie.

Crania greenei Miller. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Crania greenii Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 310,

pi. 9, fig. 7.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.
Ohs. Probably the same as Craniella hamiltoniie.

Crania halli Sardesou= Craniella ulricbi.

Crania bamiltonite Hall=Craniella bamiltonite.

Crania Iselia Hall. Utica and Lorraine (Ord.).

Crania lielia Hall, Descriptions n. sp. Crinoidea and other Fossils, 1866, p. 13; —

Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State Cab. N:it. Hist., 1872, p. 220, pi. 7, fig.

16.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 12.— Hall and Whitfield,

Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 75, pi. 1, fig. 16.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,

VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4H, fig. 1.
Loc. Cincinnati and Oxford, Ohio; Richmond, Indiana.

Crania Isevis Keyes. Cbouteau (L. Carb.).

Crania lajvis Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 40.
Loc. Louisiana, Missouri,
grania leoni Hall. Portage and Cbemung (Dev.).

Crania leoni Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 78,
figs. 7, 8 on p. 76;-PaI. New York, IV, 1867, p. 30, pi. 3, figs. 27-30, (?25, 26).—
Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4H, figs. 34, 35.
Loc. Leon, New York. Portage of Ontario County, New York (Clarke).

8CHUCHEET.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 191

Crania modesta White and St. John. Upper Carboniferous.

Crania modesta White and St. John, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, 1868, p. 118. —

White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 121, pi. 35, fig. 9; pi. 36,

iig. 5.

Crania carbonaria Whitfield, Annals New York Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 229;—
Ibidem, V, 1891, p. 599, pi. 15, figs. 11, 12;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 484, pi.
11, figs. 11, 12.

Loc. Fremont County, Iowa; Vermilion and Sullivan counties, Indiana; Carbon
Hill, Ohio; Manhattan, Kansas.

Crania multipunctata Miller=C. scabiosa.
Crania pannosa Eingueberg=C. gracilis.
Crania parallela Ulrich=C. scabiosa.
Crania percarinata U]rich=C. scabiosa.

Crania(? ) permiana Shumard. Upper Carboniferous.

Crania jjermiana Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1859, p. 395.
Log. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico.
0})8. Probably not a Crania.

Crania pulchella Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Crania pulchella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 180, pi.

4H, fig. 3.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Crania radicans A. Winchell=Strophalosia radicans.

Crania reposita White. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Crania reposita White, Proc. Boston Sec. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 30.

Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Crania reticularis Miller =Trematis reticularis.

Crania(?) reversa Sardeson. St. Peter (Ord.).

Crania(?) reversa Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., IV, 1896, p. 77, pi.
3, figs. 6, 7.

Loc. St. Paul, Minnesota.

Crania rowleyi Gurley. Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Crania rowleyi Gurley, New Carb. Fossils, 1, 1883, p. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.

New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4H, fig. 13.
Crania blairi Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 310,

pi. 9, figs. 5, 6.
Loc. Pike County and Sedalia, Missouri.

Crania scabiosa Hall. Utica and Lorraine (Ord.).

Crania scabiosa Hall, Descriptions u. sp. Crinoidea and other Foss., 1866, p. 13 ;—
Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 220, pi. 7, fig.
15.— Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 74, pi. 1, fig. 17.— Miller, Cin-
cinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 12.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 148, pi. 4H, figs. 23-28, 30, 31.

Crania multipunctata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 13, fig. 4.

Crania percarinata Ulrich, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1878, p. 98, pi. 4,
fig. 12.

Crania parallela Ulrich, Ibidem, 1878, p. 98, pi. 4, fig. 13.

Crania asperula James, The Paheontologist, 3, 1879, p. 22.

Crania costata James, Ibidem, 1879, p. 22.

Crania alternata James, Ibidem, 1879, p. 23.

Loc. Cincinnati, etc., Ohio; Indiana; Illinois; Wisconsin.

Ohs. Theshells of Crania are adapted to theobjects upon which they are cemented.

192 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Crania scabiosa Hall — Continued.

C. scabiosa has been found growing on Kafineaqnina, Strophoniena, Rhyn-
chonella, Pleurotomaria, and Monticulipora. In nearly all cases this species
partakes more or less of the ornamentation of its host. The variation pointed
out by authors is accidental and has no specilic value.

Crania setifera Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Crania setifera Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 209 (non Hall, 1866) ;—

Twenty-eighth Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., Doc. ed., 1876, pi. 21, figs.

8-10;— Ibidem, 1879, p. 148, pi. 21, figs. 8-10;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol.

Indiana, 1882, p. 283, pi. 21, figs. 8-10.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork,

YIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4H, fig. 18.
Loc. Waldron, Indiana.

Crania setigera Hall. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.).

Crania setigera Hall, Descriptions n. sp. Crinoidea and other Fossils, 1866, p.

12;— Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 220, pi. 7,

fig. 15.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4H, figs.

14-16.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 372,

pi. 29, figs. 32, 33.
Loc. Mineral Point and Beloit, Wisconsin; Decorah,.Iowa; Minneapolis, Cannon

Falls, etc., Minnesota; Wilmington, Illinois.

Crania sheldoni White. Hamilton (Dev.).

Crania sheldoni White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 29.

Crania bordeni Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. New Y'ork State Cab.
Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 187;— Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pi. 9, figs. 36,
37. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889,
p. 32, pi. 2, fig. 14.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pI.4H,
figs. 4, 5.

Loc. New Buft'alo and Iowa City, Iowa; Falls of Ohio.

Obs, This species may not be distinct from C. crenistria.

Crania siluriana Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Crania siluriana Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 208;— Twenty-eighth
Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 148, pi. 21, figs. 3-7 ;— Eleventh
Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 282, pi. 21, figs. 3-7.— Beecher and Clarke,
Mem. New York State Mus., I, 1889, p. 13, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2.

Loc. Waldron, Indiana.

Crania socialis Ulrich. Utica (Ord.).

Crania socialis Ulrich, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1878, p. 98, pi. 4, fig.

14.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4H, fig. 29.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Crania spinigera Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Crania spinigera Hall, Descriptions u. sp. Foss. Waldron, Indiana, 1879, p. 13; —
Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 283, pi. 27, fig. 1;— Trans. Albany
Institute, X, 1883, p. 69.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,
pi. 4H, fig. 17.

Loc. Waldron, Indiana.

Crania trentonensis Hall. Trenton (Ord.).

Crania trentonensis Hall, Descriptions n. sp. Crinoidea and other Fossils, 1866,
p. 12;— Twenty-fourth Rep. New Y'ork State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 219,
pi. 7, figs. 11, 12.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pI.4H,
figs. 21, 22. — Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p.
374, pi. 29, figs. 36, 37.
Loc. Middleville, New York; Cannon Falls, Minnesota; Janesville, Wisconsin;
Dixon, Illinois.

scHt'CHEBTl INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPJiy. 193

CRANIEILA CEhlert. Genotype C. meduanensis CEhlert.

Craniella CEhlert, Bull. Soc. l^:tu(les Scientif. d'Angers, 1888, p. 37.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Ft. 1, 1892, pp. 153, 170.— WinchellandScliuchert,

Miuuesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 374.— Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann.

Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 262.

Craniella(?) clintonensis Foerste. Clinton (Sil.).

Craniella? clintonensia Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 565, pi. 37, figs. 3a, 3b.
Loc. Todds Fork, Ohio.

Craniella hamiltoniae Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Crania hamiltoniie Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860,

p. 77, figs. 4, 5, on p. 76;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 27, pi. 3, figs. 17-23.—

Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 214.
fCrania haniiltonite? Herrick, Bull. Deuison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 31, pi. 12, fig. 10.
Crania gregaria Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.

31;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 29, pi. 3, fig. 24.
Craniella hamiltoniie Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 148,

153, pi. 41, figs. 3-16.
Loc. Cazenovia, Hamilton, etc.. New York; Hay and Athabasca rivers, Canada.

(Waverly group, Moote Run, Licking County, Ohio, according to Herrick.)
Ols. See Crania greenei Miller.

Craniella(?) ulrichi Hall an<l Clarke. Trenton (Ord.).

Craniella ulrichi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 153, 181,

pi. 4, figs. 1, 2.
Crania halli Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1892, p. 328, pi. 4,

figs. 8-10.
Craniella? ulrichi Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p.

375, pi. 29, figs. 38, 39.
Loc. Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Fountain, Minnesota.

Craniops Hall=Pholidop8.

CRYPTACANTHIA White and St. John.

Genotype Waldheimia? compacta White and St. John.

Cryptacanthia White and St. John, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, 1868, p. 119. —
Dall, American Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 114.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 300;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geol-
ogist, 1895, p. 867.

Cryptacanthia compacta White and St. John. Upper Carboniferous.

Waldheimia? (Cryptacanthia) compacta White and St. John, Trans. Chicago

Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 119, fig. 3.
Cryptacanthia compacta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

301, fig. 225.
Loc. Madison County, Missouri.

CRYPTONELLA Hall, 1867. Genotype Terebratula rectirostra Hall.

fCryptonella Hall, Fourteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, pp.
101, 102;— Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, p. 160, pi. 3, figs. 8, 9.— Billings,
Canadian Nat. Geol., VII, 1862, p. 392.— Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State
Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 43, figs. 1-7 on p. 42; — American Jour. Sci., 2d ser.,
XXXV, 1863, p. 396.— Billings, Ibidem, XXXVI, 1863, p. 238.— Hall, Trans.
Albany Institute, IV, 1863, pp. 132, 148.

Centronella (partim) A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 123.

Cryptonella Hall, Twentieth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 164 ;—
Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 392.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.
II, 1893, p. 286 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 860.

Ohs. This genus can not be considered as established before 1867.

Bull. 87 13

194 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACFIIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Cryptonellii calviiii Hall and Wbitlield = I)iclasiiia calvini.

Cryptonella(?) circiilus Walcott. Devonian.

Cryptoiiflhi? circula Walcott, Mou. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 1(;3, pi. 15,

■ fig. 2.
Loc. Lone Mount.iin, Nevada.
Obs. Additioual material shows that this species attained a length of 1 inch.

Cryptonella eudora Hall and Whitfield, 1873=Dielasma calvini.

Cryptonella(?) eudora Hall. Chemung- Waverly (Dev.-L. Carb.).

Cryptonella (Terebratula) eudora Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 398, pi. 61,

tigs. 31-41.
Cryptonella eudora Herrick, Bull. Deuison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 48, pi. 5, fig. 10; —

Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 21, lig. 10.
Loc. Ithaca, New York ; Licking County, Ohio.

Cryptonella(?) eximia Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Cryptonella eximia Hall, Fifteenth Rep. New I'ork State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862,
p. 160, pi. 3, tigs. 6, 7;— Sixteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1863, p. 43, tiga. 10, 11.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 80, figs. 11, 12.
Loc. Not given.

Cryptonella(?) inconstans (Herrick). Waverly (L. Carb.).

Terebratula? inconstans Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 24, pi. 3,

figs. 8, 9; pi. 11, fig. 18.
Cryptonella(?) inconstans Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pfc. II, 1895,

pi. 79, figs. 31, 32.
Terebratula inconstans Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 23, fig. 17.
Loc. Ashland County and Lodi, Ohio.

Cryptonella iowensis Calvin^Cranfena iowaeusis.

Cryptonella iphis Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Cryptonella ij.his Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, IV, 1867, p. 396, pi. 61, figs. 26-28.
Loc. Cayuga, Ontario.

Cryptonella lens Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Terebratula lens Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860,

p. 89;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 386, pi. 60, figs. 1-4.
Cryptonella lens Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. New Y^ork State Cab.

Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 199.
Loc. Clarence Hollow, New York; Falls of Ohio.

Cryptonella linckhieni Hall=EuuelIa lincklseni.

Cryptonella ovalis Miller. Hamilton (Dev.).

Cryptonella ovalis Miller, Seventeenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1891, p. 76, pi.

13, figs. 1, 2.
Loc. Bunker Hill, Indiana.

Cryptonella pinonensis Walcott. Upper Devonian.

Cryptonella pinonensis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 163, pi.

4, fig. 4.
Loc. Pinon Range, Nevada.

Cryptonella planirostris Hall. Marcellus, Hamilton (Dev.).

Terebratula planirostra Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1860, p. 89.

Cryptonella planirostra Hell, Fourteenth Rep. New Y'ork State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1861, p. 101 ;— Sixteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1863, p. 44;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867,
p. 395, pi. 61, figs. 9-27.— Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 287,
fig. 208 ; pi. 80, figs. 5-10.

Loc. Seneca and Canandaigua lakes, New Y^ork.

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 195

Cryptonella rectirostris Hall. Hamiltou (Dev.).

Te-rebratula rectirostra Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist,,

1860, p. 88.

Cryptonella rectirostra Hall, Fourteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1861, p. 101;— Sixteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1863, p. 44;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867,
p. 394, pi. 61, figs. 1-8.— Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 286,
pi. 80, figs. 1-4.

Loc. Bellona, York, Moscow, etc., New York; Falls of Ohio.

Cryptonella subelliptica Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Garb.).

Cryptonella subelliptica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi.

81, figs. 41-43.
Loc. Sciotoville, Ohio.

CYCLORHINA Hall aud Clarke. Genotype Rhyiicliospira nobilis Hall.
Cyclorhina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 206;— Thir-
teenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 830.

Cyclorhina nobilis Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Rhyuchospira nobilis Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1860, p. 83.
Rhyuchospira and Trematospira? nobilis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp.277,

412, pi. 63, figs. 33-36.
Retzia (Trematospira) nobilis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 116.
Cyclorhina nobilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 207,

pi. 61, figs. 1-12.
Loc. Darien, New York; Thedford, Ontario.

CYCLOSPIRA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Orthis bisulcata Emmons.
Cyclospira Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 146.— Winchell
and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 469.— Hall and Clarke,
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 808.

Cyclospira bisulcata (Emmons). Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis bisulcata Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 396, fig. 4.
Atrypa bisulcata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 139, pi. 33, fig. 3.
Genus? bisulcata Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 65.
Camarella bisulcata Miller, American Pal. Foss., 1877, p. 107.
Camarella owatonnensis Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1892, p.

328, pi. 4, figs. 1-3.
Cyclospira bisulcata? Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,

1893, p. 470, pi. 34, figs. 49-54.
Cyclospira bisulcata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 147,

figs. 133-136; pi. 54, figs. 38-40;— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897,

p. 180.
I^oc. Adams, Jefferson County, New York; Ottawa, Canada; Cannon Falls, etc.,

Minnesota; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Cyclospira(?) sparsiplica Foerste. Clinton (Sil.).

Cyclospira? sparsiplica Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 593, pi. 37A, fig. 18.
Loc. Dayton, Ohio.
Ohs. May be a species of Parastrophia or a rhynchonelloid.

CYRTIA Dalman, Genotype Anoniites exporrectus Wahlenberg.

Cyrtia Dalman, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. llandl., fur 1827, 1828, pp. 93, 97.—
Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 262.— Nettelrotli, Kentucky Fossil
Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 93.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 40;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geolq-
gist, 1895, p. 759.

Cyrtia acutirostris Sliumard=Cyrtina acutirostris,

196 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bpll.ST.

Cyrtia alta Hall. Waverly (L. Carb.).

SpirilVr alta Hall, Troc. American Phil. Soc, X, 1866, p. 246;— Pal. Now York,

IV, 1867, p. 248, pi. 43, figs. 1-7.
Syringothyris alta Scliucliert, Ninth Ann. Rep. Ncnv York State Geol., 1890, p. .3,5.
Cyrtia alta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 42, pi. 26, liga.

1-5; pi. 39, figs. 37, 38.
Loc. Meadville, Pennsylvania; Bedford, Ohio.

Cyrtia biplicata nall=Cyrtina biplicata.

Cyrtia curvilineata Wliite=Cyrtina curvilineata.

Cyrtia cyrtiniformis (Hall and Whitfield). Chemung (Dev.).

Spirifera cyrtinaformis Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-third Rep. New York State
Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 238, pi. 11, figs. 21-24;— Extract, 1872, p. 19, pi. 11,
figs. 21-24.— Whiteaves, Cont. to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 222.

Cyrtia cyrtiniformis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 42,
pi. 25, figs. 26-32.

Loc. Rockford, Iowa ; Hay River, Canada.

01)8. Compare with C. norwoodi Meek.

Cyrtia dalmani Hall=:Cyrtina dalmani.

Cyrtia exporrecta (Wahlenberg). Niagara (Sil.).

Anomitcs exporrectus Wahlenberg, Nova Acta Regias Soc. Scient. Upsal, VIII,

1821, p. 64.
Spirifera (Cyrtia) trapezoidalis Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. New

York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 183.
Cyrtia trapezoidalis Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pi.

9, figs. 19-21.
Cyrtia exporrecta Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur-
vey, 1889, p. 93, pi. 27, figs. 6-8, 20.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,
Pt. II, 1893, p. 42, pi. 28, figs. 1, 48, 49, 51.
Loc. Europe; Louisville, Kentucky.
Cyrtia exjwrrecta arrecta Hall and Whitfield=C. myrtea.
Cyrtia gigas Troost= Syringothyris gigas.
Cyrtia hamiltonensis Hall = Cyrtina hamiltonensis.

Cyrtia meta (Hall). Clinton and Niagara (Sil.).

Spirifer radiatus (pars) Hall, Pal. New York, II, 18.52, p. 66, pi. 22, figs. 2a-2c, 2t.
Spirifera meta Hall, Twentieth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 372,

pi. 13, figs. 12, 13.
Cyrtia radians Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 42, 362,

pi. 28, figs. 4, 5, 50, 52; pi. 39, fig. 33.
Loc. Lockport and Rochester, New Y^ork; Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Cyrtia missourieusis Swallow=Cyrtina missoiiriensis.

Cyrtia myrtia Billings. Anticosti and Niagara (Sil.).

Cyrtia myrtia Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 165, tig. 149. — Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 42.
Cyrtia trapezoidalis var. arrecta Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. New

York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 183.
Cyrtia exporrecta Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pi. 9,

figs. 22, 23.
Cyrtia exporrecta var. arrecta Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 94, pi. 27, fig. 21; pi. .34, fig. 35; pi. 37, figs. 60, 61.—

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 28, figs. 2, 3; pi. 39,

fig. 32.
Loc. Anticosti; Louisville, Kentucky.

scHDCHKRT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 197

Cyrtia nor woodi (Meek). Middle Devonian.

Spirifera norwoodi Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 186C, p. 308.
Spirifera utahensis Meek, note appended to extra copies of the above-cited

paper, I860; — Simpson's Kep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 345, pi.

1, fig. 4;— King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 39, pi. 3, fig. 1.
Loc. Buell Valley, Utah.
Ohs. Compare with C. crytiniformis Hall and Whitfield.

Oyrtia occideutalis Swallow=Cyrtiua occidentalis.

Cyrtia radians Hall and Clarke=C. meta.

Cyrtia rostrata Hall=Cyrtina rostrata.

Cyrtia trapezoidalis Hisiuger=C. exiwrrecta.

Cyrtia trapezoidalis arrecta Hall and Whitfield=C. myrtia.

Cyrtia triquetra Hall=Cyrtiua triquetra.

Cyrtia umbouata Hall=Cyrtina iimbonata.

CYRTINA Davidson. Genotype Cyrtia lieteroclita Defrance.

Cyrtina Davidson, Mon. British Garb. Brachiopoda, Pal. Soc, 1858, p. 66. — Hall,
Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 263 ;— Twentieth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat.
Hist., 1867, p. 251.— Herrick, Bull. Denuison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 14.— Nettelroth,
Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 95. — Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 43;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New
York State Geologist, 1895, p. 763.

Cyrtina acutirostris (Shumard). Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Cyrtia acutirostris Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 204, pi. C, fig. 3.
Cyrtina acutirostris Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 342, — Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 28, figs. 38-42, 44, 54.— Keyes

Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 89, pi. 39, fig. 10.
Loc. Hannibal and Louisiana, Missouri.

Cyrtina affinis Billings. Oriskany (Dev.)

Cyrtina dalmaui Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., VIII, 1863, p. 37.
Cyrtina affinis Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 49, pi. 3A, fig. 6.
Loc. Grand Greve, Gasp6.

Cyrtina billingsi Meek. Hamilton (Dev.).

Cyrtina billingsi Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 97, pi. 14, fig. 6. —

Whiteaves, Cont. to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 227.
Loc. Clearwater and Athabasca rivers, British America.

Cyrtina biplicata Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Cyrtia biplicata Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 165.
Cyrtina biplicata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 266, pi. 27, figs. 5-10.— Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 28, figs. 7-10.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, etc., New York; Michigan.

Cyrtina burlingtonensis Eowley. Burlingtou (L. Carb.).

Cyrtina burlingtonensis Rowley, American Geologist, XII, 1893, p. 308, pi. 14,

figs. 15-17.
Loc. Louisiana, Missouri.
Ohs. Compare with C. neogenes.

Cjrrtina crassa Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Cyrtina crassa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 267, pi. 27, figs. 11, 12.— Hall

and Whitfield, Twenty-seventh Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1875,

pi. 9, figs. 14-16. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.

Survey, 1889, p. 95, pi. 13, figs. 21-24.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. II, 1895, pi. 28, tigs. 13-15.
Loc, Vienna, New York; Falls of Ohio,

198 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACIIIOPODA. [bull.87.

Cyrtina(?) curupira Ixatlibuii. Middle Devonian.

Cyitina(?) curupira, liatbbuu, lUill. IJufifalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 212, pi. 10,

figs 1, G.
Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil.

Cyrtina curvilineata White. Hamilton (Dev.).

Cyrtia curvilineata White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 2.5.
Cyrtina curvilineata? Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 270, pi. 41, figs. 53-55.
Cyrtina curvilineata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 28, figs. 11, 12
Loc. Iowa City, Iowa.

Oyitina daliuani Billings (non Hall)=C. affinis.

Cyrtina dalmani (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Cyrtia dalmani Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 64;—
Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 206, pi. 24, fig. 1.

Cyrtina dalmani Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 383, pi.
7, fig. 3.

Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Perry County, Missouri; Deca-
tur Couutj', Tennessee; Dalhousie, New Brunswick.

Cyrtina davidsoni Walcott. Middle and Upper Devonian.

Cyrtina davidsoni Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 146, pi. 3,

fig. 2.
Loc. White Pine district, Nevada.

Cyrtina hamiltonensis Hall. Up. Helderberg, Ham., and Port. (Dev.).

Cyrtia hamiltonensis Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.
166.— Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 262, figs. 80-82;— C4eol. Canada,
1863, p. 384, fig. 415.

Cyrtina hamiltonensis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 268, pi. 27, figs. 1-4;
pi. 44, figs. 26-33, 38-52.— Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 99,
pi. 14, figs. 5, 7, 10.— Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1874, p. 83.— Walcott,
Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 147.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil
Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 96, pi. 13, figs. 4-12.— Whit-
eaves, Cont. to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, pp. 226, 288. — Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 28, figs. 23-33, 43, 45, 46, 53.— Kindle,
Bull. American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 35.

Cyrtina panda Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 100, pi. 14, fig. 8.

Loc. New York; Pennsylvania; Maryland; Cayuga and Thedford, Ontario ; Louis-
ville, Kentucky; Indeijendeuce, Iowa; Eureka district, Nevada; Mackenzie
and Athabasca rivers, and lakes Manitobaand Winnipegosis, British America.

Ohs. C. panda is a variation of this species with a higher ventral area.

Cyrtina hamiltonensis recta Hall. Hamilton and Chemung (Dev.).

Cyrtina hamiltonensis var. recta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, i). 270, pi. 44,
figs. 34-37. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur-
vey, 1889, p. 97, pi. 13, figs. 13-16.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,
Pt. II, 1895, pi. 28, figs. 21, 22.

Loc. Allegany County, New York; Falls of Ohio.

Cyrtina lachrymosa Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Cyrtina lachrymosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 46,

362, pi. 28, figs. 36, 37, 47.
Loc. Richfield, Ohio.

Cyrtina missouriensis (Swallow), Hamilton (Dev.).

Cyrtia missouriensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 647.
Cyrtina missouriensis Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 343.
Lqc. Callaway County, Missouri.
Ob%. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for C. umbonata.

SCHUCHERT.

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 199

Cyrtina neogenes Hall and Clarke. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Cyrtiiui iieogeues Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 84, fig. 41.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.
Ohs. Compare with C. Lurlingtonensis.

CyrtitiaC?) occidentalis (Swallow). Hamilton (Dev.).

Cyrtia occidentalis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 648.
Cyrtina f occidentalis Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, i^. 343.
Syriugothyris occidentalis Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1889, p. 86.
Loc. Callaway County, Missouri.

Ohs. This is probably a Spirifer with a high area as in 8. asperus, or it is a
Cyrtia.

Cyrtina panda Meek=C. hamiltonensis.

Cyrtina pyramidalis (Hall). ifiagara (Sil.).

Spirifer pyramidalis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 266, pi. 54, fig. 7.
Cyrtina pyramidalis Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 343.
Loc. Lewiston, New York.

Cyrtina rostrata Hall. Oriskany and Corniferous (Dev.).

Cyrtia rostrata Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 64; —

Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 429,- pi. 96, figs. 1-6; pi. 98, fig. 8.— Billings,

Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 263.
Cyrtina rostrata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 25, figs.

1-8 ; pi. 28, tig. 6.
Loc. Albany County, New York; Cumberland, Maryland; Cayuga, Ontario.

Cyrtina triplicata Simpson. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Cyrtina triplicata Simpson, Trans. American Phil. Soc, n. ser., XVI, 1889, p. 439,

fig. 4.
Loc, Warren, Pennsylvania.

Cyrtina triquetra (Hall). Hamilton (Dev.).

Cyrtia triquetra Hall, (4eol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 513.

Cyrtina triquetra Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 99. — Meek and
Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 436, pi. 13, fig. 4.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 28, figs. 14, 35.

Loc. Rock Island, Illinois.

Cyrtina umbonata (Hall). Hamilton (Dev.).

Cyrtia umbonata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 512, pi. 5, fig. 2.
Cyrtina umbonata Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 343. — Keyes, Geol.

Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 90.
Loc. Buffalo, Iowa; Rock Island, Illinois; Callaway County, Missouri.
Obs. See C. missouriensis.

Cyrtina umbonata alpenaensis Hall and Clarke. Hamilton (Dev.).

Cyrtina umbonata var. alpenensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,

1895, p. 362, pi. 28, figs. 16-20.
Loc. Alpena, Michigan.

DALMANELLA Hall and Clarke.

Genotype Orthis testudinaria Dalman.

Orthis (group of O. testudinaria) Hall, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1889, p. 21.

Dalmanella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 205, 223.—

Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 439. — Hall

and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 170.

200 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BUACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Dalmanella amoena N. H. Wincliell. Trenton (Ord.).

Oitliis auKi'ua Wincholl, Eiglith Ann. Rep. Uool. Nat. Hist. Survey Minnesota,

1880, 11. 65.
Ortliis (D.) ama>na Wincbell and Scliucbeit, Minnesota Geol. Snrve.v, III, 1893,

p. 453, pi. 33. ligs. 18-50.
J.oc. Sj)rinj;' A'alley, Minnesota.

Dalmanella arcuaria Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Dalmanella arcuaria Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 224,

341, pi. 5C, fi-is. 20, 21.
l.oc. Perry County, Tennessee.

Dalmanella bellula (Meek). Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis bellula (.James MS.) Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 103, pi. 8, tig. 5; Miller,

Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 31.
Dalmanella bellula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 224.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Dalmanella concinna Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis concinna Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 172, pi. 13, figs. 1-3.
Dalmanella concinna Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

207, 224.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Dalmanella crispata (Emmons). ' Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis crispata Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 404, fig. 5.
Dalmanella crispata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 224.
Loc. Lorraine, New York.

Dalmanella devonica (Walcott). Lower Devonian.

Skenidium devonicum Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, jj. 116, pi.

13, fig. 4.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.
Ohs. The type specimen has no spondylium and therefore is no Scenidium.

Dalmanella electra (Billings). Calciferous (Ord.).

Orthis electra Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 79, fig. 72; p. 217;— Geol. Canada,

1863, p. 231, fig. 246.
Orthis electra? White, Wheeler's Rep. Geol. Geogr. Expl. west 100 Merid., IV,

1875, p. 55.
Dalmanella electra Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 223.
Loc. Point Levis and St. John, Canada; Newfoundland; House Range, Utah.

Dalmanella electra major (Matthew). Calciferous (Ord.).

Orthis electra var. major Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canaida, X, 1893, p. 100,

pi. 7, fig. 3.
Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick.

Dalmanella electra Isevis (Matthew), Calciferous (Ord.).

Orthis electra var. Levis Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1893, p. 100.
Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick.

Dalmanella elegantula (Dalman). Clinton and Niagara (Sil.).

Orthis elegantula Dalman, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., fiir 1827, 1828,
p. 117, pi. 2, fig. 6.— Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 252, pi. 52, fig. 3.—
Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 136, pi. 2, fig. 5. — Roemer, Sil.
Fauna west. Tennessee, 1860, p. 62, pi. 5, fig. 7. — Billings, Geol. Canada,
1863, p. 312, fig. 320.— Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. New York State Mus. Nat.
Hist., 1879, p. 150, pi. 21, figs. 11-17 ;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana,
1882, p. 285, pi. 21, figs. 11-17;— Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883,

scHucHKET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 201

Dalmanella elegantula (Dalman) — Continued.

pi. 35, figs. 34-37.— Foerste, Bull. Denisou Uuiv., I, 1885, p. 84, pi. 13, fig.

1. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Keutucky Geol. Survey, 1889,

p. 37, pi. 32, figs. 52-57.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus.,

I, 1889, p. 14, pi. 1, figs. 3-12.— Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV,

1890, p. 307.
Ortbis canalis Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 105, fig. 6.
Orthis elegantula? Tar. Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 57, pi. 20, fig. 7.
Dalmanella elegantula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

207, 224, pi. 5C, figs. 15-19.
Orthis (Dalmanella) elegantula Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 581, pi. 25,

figs. 11, 17.
Loc. Europe; New York; Ohio; Indiana; Kentucky; Tennessee; Missouri;

Ontario and Nova Scotia, Canada; Collinsville, Alabama.

Dalmanella elegantula parva (Foerste). Clinton (Sil.).

Orthis elegantula var. parva Foerste, Bull. Denisou Univ., I, 1885, p. 85, pi. 13,

fig. 17.
Dalmanella elegantula var. parva Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y^ork, VIII, Pt. I,

1892, p. 224.
Loc. Dayton, Ohio.

Dalmanella(?) evadne (Billings). Calciferous (Ord.).

Orthis evadne Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 81, fig. 74; p. 79.— Whitfield, Bull.

American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1886, p. 300, pi. 24, fig. 8.
Dalmanella? evadne Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 223,

pi. 5B, figs. 25, 26.
Loc. Point Levis, Canada; Fort Cassin, Vermont.

Dalmanella hamburgensis (Walcott). Pogonip and Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis hamburgensis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 73, pi. 2,
fig. 5.

Orthis (Dalmanella) hamburgensis? Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol.
Survey, III, 1893, p. 440, pi. 33, tigs. 14-16.

Loc. Pogonip group. Eureka district, Nevada. In the Trenton at St. Paul, Can-
non Falls, etc., Minnesota; Highbridge, Kentucky.

Dalmanella infera (Calvin). Chemung (Dev.).

Orthis infera Calvin, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., IV, 1878, p. 728.
Dalmanella infera Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 224.
Loc. Independence, Iowa; Naples, New York.

Dalmanella lenticularis (Vanuxem). Corniferous (Dev.).

Orthis lenticularis Vanuxem (non Wahlenberg), Geol. New York; Rep. Third

Dist., 1842, p. 139, fig. 4.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 35, pi. 5, figs. 1, 2.
Orthis lenticularis and O. leutiformis Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist.,

1843, p. 175, fig. 4.
Orthis eboracensis Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 357.
Dalmanella lenticularis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

207, 224, pi. 5C, figs. 36-41.
Loc. Leroy, Caledonia, etc., New York.

Dalmanella lepida Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Orthis lepidus Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.

78;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 46, pi. 6, fig. 1.
Dalmanella lepida Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 207,224.
Loc. Ontario County, New York.

202 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [hlll.87.

Dalmanella macleodi (Wliit(ield). Calciferous (Ord.).

Orthis macleodi Whitfield, Bull. American Miis. Nat. Hist., II, 1889, p. 43, pi. 7,

figs. 1-4.
Dalmanella macleodi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, Till, Pt. I, 1892, p. 224.
Loc. Beekmantown, New York.

Dalmanella melita (Hall and Whitfield). Upper Cambrian.

LeptiEna melita Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Survey, 40th Pari., IV,

1877, p. 208, pi. 1, figs. 13, 14.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884,

p. 22.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.
Ois. This species is related to D. evadne (Billings).

Dalmanella(?) nettoana (Rathbun). Middle Devonian.

Orthis nettoana Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 247, pi. 10, tigs.

7, 10, 13;— Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 22.
Loc. Province of Para, Brazil.

Dalmanella parva (de Verneuil). Anticosti (Sil.).

Orthis parva (Pander) de Verneuil, Geology of Russia and the Ural Mountains,

184.5, p. 188, pi. 13, fig. 3.— Billings, Cat. Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 41.
Loc. Europe; Anticosti.

Dalmanella perelegans Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis perelegans Hall, Tenth Rep. New Y^ork State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 44,

fig. 1;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 171, pi. 13, figs. 4-12;— Second Ann. Rep.

New Y^ork State Geol., 1883, pi. 35, figs. 32, .33.
Dalmanella perelegans Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 207,

224, pi. 5C, figs. 34, 35.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York; Decatur County, Tennessee.

Dalmanella planiconvexa Hall. Lower Helderberg and Oriskany (Dev.).
Orthis planoconvexa Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 168, pi. 12, figs 1-6.
Dalmanella planoconvexa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

207, 224.
Loc. Albany County, New Y^ork ; Cumberland, Maryland.

Dalmanella(?) plicifera (Hall). Ohazy (Ord.).

Leptsena plicifera Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 19, pi. 4 bis, fig. 1.
Strojihomena plicifera Hall, Twelfth Rep. New Y'^ork State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 70.
Loc. Chazy, New York.

Dalmanella pogonipensis (Hall and Wliitfield). Pogonip (Ord.).

Orthis pogonipensis Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV,

1877, p. 232, pi. 1, figs. 9, 10.
Strophomena nemea H. and W., Ibidem, 1877, p. 233, pi. 1, fig. 15. — Walcott, Mon.

U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 71.
Loc. White Pine and Eureka districts, Nevada.
Ohs. These are shells of the D. perveta group. S. nemea is based on a dorsal

valve of O. pogonipensis.

Dalmanella quadrans Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis quadrans Hall, Pal. New York, III; Corrigenda in vol. with plates, 1861,

pi. 12, figs. 9-12.
Dalmanella quadrans Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 224.
Loc. Catskill and Schoharie, New York.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 203

Dalmanella stonensis (Saftbrd). Trenton (Ord.).

Ortliis stonensis Safford, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, p. 286.
Dalmanella stonensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 224,

pi. 5C, figs. 4, 5.
Loc. Near Nashville, Tennessee. '

Dalmanella subsequata (Conrad). Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis subffiquata Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, I, 1843, p. 333. —

Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 118, pi. 32, fig. 2;— Geol Wisconsin, I, 1862,

p. 42, figs. 1-3, and p. 436;— Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883,

pi. 34, figs. 19-24.
Orthis nilnneapolis N. H. Winchell, Eighth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey

Minnesota, 1880, p. 63.
Orthis perveta Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 34, figs.

17, 18(?16).
Dalmanella subiequata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, Pf. I, 1892, pp.

194, 207, 224, pi. 5C, figs. 6-11.
Dalmanella perveta Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 1892, p. 224, pi. 5C, figs. 13, 14.
Orthis (D.) subtequata Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,

1893, p. 446, pi. 33, figs. 30-36.
Loc. Mineral Point, Wisconsin ; Minneapolis, St. Paul, Cannon Falls, Fountain,

etc., Minnesota; Decorah and McGregor, Iowa; Auburn, Lincoln County,

Missouri; Montreal, Canada.

Dalmanella subsequata circularis N. H. Winchell. Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis circularis N. H. Winchell, Eighth Ann. Rep'. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Min-
nesota, 1880, p. 66.

Orthis (D.) suba^quata var circularis Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol.
Survey, III, 1893, p. 452, pi. 33, figs. 46, 47.

Loc. Minneapolis, Cannon Falls, etc., Minnesota; Highbridge, Kentucky; Leb-
anon, Tennessee.

Dalmanella subsequata conradi N. H. Winchell. Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis conradi N. H. Winchell, Eighth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Min-
nesota, 1880, p. 68.

Orthis (D.) subiequata var. conradi Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol.
Survey, III, 1893, p. 449, pi. 33, figs. 37-39.

Loc. Minneapolis, Minnesota; Decorah, Iowa; Janesville and Beloit, Wiscon-
sin; Montreal, Canada; ?Eureka district, Nevada.

Dalmanella subaequata gibbosa (Billings). Chazy-Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis gibbosa Billings, Geol. Survey Canada; Rep. Progress for 1856, 1857, p.
296;— Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 434.

Dalmanella gibbosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 224.

Orthis (D.) subiequata var. gibbosa Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol.
Survey, III, 1893, p. 451, pi. 33, figs. 43-45.

Loc. Near Ottawa and Bellville, Canada; Minneapolis, Cannon Falls, etc., Min-
nesota; Decorah, Iowa; Mineral Point, Wisconsin; in the Chazy, Island of
Montreal, and Pallideau Islands, Lake Huron.

Dalmanella subaequata pervetus (Conrad). Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis perveta Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, I, 1843, p. 333. —
Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 120, pi. 32, fig. 5.— Billings, Canadian Nat.
Geol., IV, 1859, p. 434, fig. 10.— Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 42, fig. 7.—
Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 130, fig. 57.

Orthis media N. H. Winchell, Eighth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Minne-
sota, 1880, p. 64.

204 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Dalmanella subaequata pervetus (Conrad) — Continued.

Orthis kussubai N. II. Winchell, Ibidem, 1880, p. Gf).

?Orthis pervota Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 72, pi. 11, fig. 3.

Dalmauella perveta Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 5C,

fig. 12.
Orthis (D.) 8uba>quata var. perveta Wincliell aud Schucbert, Minnesota Geol.

Survey, III, 1893, p. 450, pi. 33. figs. 40-42.
Loc. Mineral Point, Beloit, etc., Wisconsin; Miuueapolis, St. Paul, Cannon Falls,

etc., Minnesota; Decorab, Iowa; Dixon, Illinois; Tennessee.

Dalmanella subcarinata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Ortbis subcarinata Hall, Tenth Rep. New Y'ork State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 43,

figs. 1, 2;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 169, pi. 12, figs. 7, 8, 13-21 (not figs.

9-12 = D. quadrans). — Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868,

p. 373, pi. 7, fig. 6.— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 320, pi. 25, figs.

3, 4.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 35, figs. 23-31.
fOrtbis subcarinata Tscherueyschew, Fauna Untern Devon des Urals, M6m. Com.

G6ol., Russia, IV, 1885, p. 57, pi. 7, fig. 97.
Dalmanella subcarinata Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

207, 224, pi. 5C, tigs. 25-33.
Loc. Catskill, Schoharie, etc.. New York; Perry and Pike counties, Missouri;

Decatur County, Tennessee; Waubakee, Wisconsin; Arisaig, Nova Scotia

(Ami) ; Russia.

Dalmanella superstes Hall and Clarke. Chemung (Dev.).

Dalmanella superstes Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 207,

224, 342, pi. 5C, figs. 44-47.
Loc. Near Howard, Steuben County, New York.

Dalmanella tenuilineata (Hall). Chemung (Dev.).

Atrypa? teniiilineata Hall, Geol. New Y'ork; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 271,

fig. 4.
Orthis leonensis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 62, pi. 8, figs. 3-8.
Dalmanella leonensis Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 224, pi. 5C,

figs. 42, 43.
Loc. Leon, Conewango, etc.. New Y'ork.

Dalmanella tersa (Sardeson). Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis tersus Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1892, p. 331, pi. 5,

figs. 11-13;— American Geol., XIX, 1897, p. 100, pi. 5, figs. 8-13.
Loc. Wilmington, Illinois; Nye, Wisconsin.

Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalmau). Chazy-Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis testudinaria Dalman, Kongi. Svenska Vet.-Akad. HiindL, for 1827, 1828,
p. 115, 1)1. 2, fig. 4. — Conrad, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New Y'ork, 1839, p. 63. —
Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 117, pi. 32, fig. 1 ; p. 288, pi. 79, fig. 4.— Bil-
lings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 40, fig. 1. — Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania,
II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 818, fig. 601.— Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 165, fig.
144.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 20.— Whitfield, Geol.
Wisconsin, IV, 1882, ]>. 258, pi. 12, figs. 5-7.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New
York State Geol., 1883, pi. 34, figs. 1-4, 6-13.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey, VIII, 1884, p. 72, pi. 11, fig. 10.— Sardeson, American Geol., XIX, 1897,
p. 92.

Orthis striatula Emmons, Geol. New Y'ork; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 394, fig. 3.

Orthis testudinaria? Emmons, Ibidem, 1842, p. 404, fig. 4. — White, Wheeler's
Expl. Survey west 100 Merid., IV, 1875, p. 72.

Orthis dlsparilis Owen (non Conrad), Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota,
1852, pi. 2B, lig. 23 (see specimeus U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Fobs., 17887).

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 205

Dalmanella testudinaria (Dalman) — Continued.

Dalmanclhi. testndinaria Hall anil Clarke, Pal. Xew York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.
190, 206, 218, 224, pi. 5B, figs. 27-39.

Orthis rogata Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1892, p. 331, pi. 5,
figs. 1-4;— American Geol., XIX, 1897, p. 95, pi. 4, figs. 1-10.

Orthis (Dalmanella) testudinaria Winchell and Schucliert, Minnesota Geol. Sur-
vey, III, 1893, p. 441, pi. 33, figs. 17-22.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill,
1897, pp. 177, 241.

Loc. Europe; throughout the extent of the formations in America.

Dalmanella testudinaria emacerata Hall. Utica (Ord.).

Orthis emacerata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860,
p. 121;— Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, pi. 2, figs. 1-3.— Billings, Canadian
Nat. Geol., VII, 1862, p. 393.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875,
p. 24.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 34, figs. 14,
15.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 58.— Sardeson, American Geol.,
XIX, 1897, p. 102, pi. 5, figs. 14, 18, 28.

Orthis cyclus James, Cincinnati Quart. Joxir. Sci., I, 1874, p. 19.

Dalmanella emacerata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.
207, 224, pi. 5C, figs. 1, 2.

Orthis macrior Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1892, p. 330, pi. 5,
figs. 5-7.

Orthis (D.) testudinaria var. emacerata Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol.
Survey, III, 1893, p. 445, pi. 33, figs. 23, 24.

Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio; Spring Valley and Granger, Minnesota; Cape Girardeau,
Missouri; St. Croix, Quebec, Canada.
Dalmanella testudinaria futilis (Sardeson). Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis futilis Sardeson, American Geol., XIX, 1897, p. 104, pi. 5, figs. 25-27.
Loc. Near Granger and Wykoff, Minnesota.

Dalmanella testudinaria ignota (Sardeson). Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis ignota Sardeson, American Geol., XIX, 1897, p. 99, pi. 5, figs. 1-7.
Loc Near Spring Valley, Minnesota.

Dalmanella testudinaria meeki (Miller). Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis emacerata Meek (nou Hall), Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 109, pi. 8, figs. 1, 2
Orthis meeki Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour, Sci., II, 1875, p. 20.— Sardeson,

American Geol., XIX, 1897, p. 98, pi. 4, figs. 24-29.
Orthis jugosa James, The Paheontologist, 4, 1879, p. 31.
Dalmanella meeki Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 206,

224, pi. 5C, fig. 3.
Orthis corpulenta Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1892, p. 330,

pi. 5, figs. 8-10 ;— American Geol., XIX, 1897, p. 101, pi. 4, figs. 11-19.
Orthis (D.) testudinaria var. meeki Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol.

Survey, III, 1893, p. 445, pi. 33, figs. 25-29.
Loc. Oxford, etc., Ohio; Spring Valley, Minnesota.

Dalmanella testudinaria multisecta (Meek). Utica (Ord.).

Orthis emacerata var. multisecta (James MS.) Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 112,

pi. 8, fig. 3.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 22.
Orthis multisecta Sardeson, American Geol., XIX, 1897, p. 97, pi. 4, figs. 20-23.
Dalmanella muWisecta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

207, 224.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Dalmanella testudinaria porrecta (Sardeson). Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis porrecta Sardeson, American Geol., XIX, 1897, p. 104, pi. 5, figs. 19-24.
Loc. Near Granger, Minnesota.

206 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

DELTHYRIS Daliuau. Genotype Deltbyris elevata Dalinan.

Delthyris Dalman, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., filr 1827, 1828, pp. 93, 90.—
Dall. AuuTican ,Tonr. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 11(5.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, i>y>. 9 and ItJ under caption Seplati (iiou p. 19).

Spirilera "lamellosa" Hall, Ninth Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1890, !>. 11.

Ohs. Specimens of D. elevata examined by the writer show a distinct median
septum in the ventral valve.

Deltliyris acaiithoptera Coiirad=Spirifer acanthopterus.
Deltbyris acanthota Hall=Spirifer disjunctus.
Delthyris acuminata Conrad =Spirifer acuminatus.
Deltbyris acuminata Hall (non Conrad) =D. mesicostalis.
Deltbyris acutilirata Conrad =Platystropbia acutilirata.
Delthyris arenaria Vanuxem = Spirifer arenosus.
Deltbyris areuosa Conrad=Spirifer arenosus.
Delthyris audacula Conrad=Spirifer audaculus.
Deltbyris bialveata Conrad =Spirifer radiatus.
Deltbyris biloba Conrad =Bilobites various.
Deltbyris bracliynota HaIl=Platystropbia biforata.
Deltbyris chemungensis Conrad =Spirifer disjunctus.
Deltbyris congesta Hall=Spirifer granulosus.

Delthyris consobrina (d'Orbigny). Hamilton (Dev.).

Delthyris ziczac Hall (non Eoemer), Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1813,
p. 200, fig. 5.

Spirifera consobrina d'Orbigny, Prodrome Pal., I, 1850, p. 98. — Miller, N. Ameri-
can Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 372.

Spirifer clio Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 94.

Spirifera ziczac Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 222, pi. 35, figs. 15-23;— Second
Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 59, fig. 9; pi. 60, fig. 18.— Whit-
field, Annals New York Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 554, pi. 11, fig, 13; — Geol.
Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 448, pi. 7, fig. 13.

Spiriferina? ziczac Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 332, pi. 25, figs. 23, 24.

Spirifer cousobrinns Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 34,
figs. 9, 18; pi. 37, figs. 9, 10.

Loc. Moscow, York, Darien, etc.,' New York; Columbus, Ohio; Milwaukee, Wis-
consin; Louisville, Kentucky.

Deltbyris cuspidata Hall=Spirifer disjunctus.
Deltbyris decemplicatus Hall = D. sulcata.
Deltbyris disjuncta Han=Spirifer disjunctus.
Deltbyris duodenaria Hall = Spirifer duodenarius.
Deltbyris dui)licata Conrad = Spirifer duplicatus.
Deltbyris euruteines Owen=Si)irifer euruteines.
Deltbyris expansa Owen=Pterotbeca expansa, a Pteropod.
Deltbyris fimbriata Conrad =Eeticularia finibriata.
Deltbyris granulifera Hall = Spirifer granulosus.
Delthyris granulosa Conrad = Spirifer granulosus.
Deltbyris inermis Hall = Spirifer disjunctus.
Deltbyris Lrvis Hall=Reticularia Lvvis.
Deltbyris lynx Hall=Platystropbia lynx and biforata.
Delthyris macronota Hall = Spirifer macrouotus.

scHucHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLEOGKAPHY. 207

Delthyris macropleura Conrad = Spirifer macropleura.
Delthyris medialis Hall-=Spirifer audaculus.

Delthyris mesicostalis Hall. Ithaca and Chemung (Dev.).

Delthyris mesacostalis Hall, Geol. New York; Eep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 269,

fig. 9.
Delthyris acuminata Hall (uon Conrad), Ibidem, 1843, p. 270, fig. 5.
Spirifera mesacostalis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 240, pi. 40, figs. 1-3.
Spirifera mesacostalis? Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 59,

figs. 32-34.
Spirifera mesacostalis var. acuminata Hall, Ibidem, 1883, figs. 27-31.
Spirifer mesacostalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 34,

figs. 32-34.— Kindle, Bull. American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 35.
Loc. Ithaca, Philipsburg, Olean, etc., New York.

Delthyris mesastrialis Hall = Spirifer mesistrialis.

Delthyris mncronata Conrad = Spirifer pennatus.

Delthyris niagarensis Conrad = Spirifer niagaraensis.

Delthyris perlamellosa (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer perlamellosa Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.

57, figs, 1-5 on p. 58;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 201, pi. 26, figs. 1, 2.—

Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 957, tig. 455.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 35, figs. 7-13.
Delthyris macropleura Rogers (non Conrad), Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858,

p. 825, fig. 643.
Spirifera perlamellosa Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 384,

pi. 7, fig. 9.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 60,

figs. 5-13.
Spirifera perlamellosa? Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 77.
Loc. Schoharie, Carlisle, etc.. New York; Cumberland, Maryland; Pennsylvania;

Square Lake, Maine; Perry Couuty, Missouri; Decatur County, Tennessee.

Delthyris perlatus Conrad = Spirifer disjunctus.
Delthyris i^rolata Vanuxein = Spirifer disjunctus.
Delthyris prora Conrad = Spirifer acuminatus.
Delthyris radiatus Hall = Spirifer radiatus.

Delthyris raricosta Conrad. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Delthyris raricosta Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 262,

pi. 14, fig. 18.
Delthyris undulatus Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 132,

fig. 3.
Spirifer raricosta Billings, Canadian .lour., VI, 1861, p 258, figs. 71-73 on p. 259; —

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 372, fig. 392.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII,

1884, p. 135, pi. 4, fig. 2; pi. 14, fig. 12.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,

VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 35, figs. 5, 6, 14-17.
fSpirifer hesione Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 117, pi. 3,

fig. 17.
Spirifera raricosta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 192, pi. 27, figs. 30-34;

pi. 30, figs. 1-9.— Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1873, p. 82.— Billings, Pal.

Fossils, II, 1874, p. 47, pi. 3A, tig. 5. — Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York

State Geol., 1883, pi. 60, figs. 14-17.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells,

Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 128, pi. 17, figs. 38-42.
Loc. Schoharie, Caledonia, etc.. New York; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio;

Eureka district, Nevada; Port Colborne, Ontario; Square Lake, Maine;

Grand Greve, Gasp6.

208 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL liRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Delthyris rugatina Conrad^D. sulcata.

Delthyris(?) rugicosta (Hall). Arisaig (Sil.).

Spirifera rujja'costa Hall, Canadian Nat. Gcol., V, 1860, p. 145. — Dawson, Acadian

Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 596.
Loc. Arisaig, Nova Scotia.

Delthyris sculptilis Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Delthyris sculptilis Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fonrtli Dist., 1843, p. 202.
Spirifera sculptilis? Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 262, fig. 79.
Spirifera sculptilis Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 386, fig. 423.— Hall, Pal. New

York, IV, 1867, p. 221, pi. 35, figs. 10-14.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells,

Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 132, pi. 31, fig. 13.
Spirifer sculptilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 37,

fig. 8.
Loc. Ludlowville, York, etc.. New York; Monroe County, Pennsylvania; Bosan-

qnet, Ontario ; Falls of Ohio.

Delthyris sinnatus Hall=Bilobites bilobus.
Delthyris staminea Hall = Spirifer crispus.

Delthyris sulcata Hisinger. Niagara (Sil.).

Delthyris sulcata Hisinger, Petref. Suecica, 1837, p. 73, pi. 21, fig. 8.

Delthyris rugatina Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 261.

Delthyris decemplicatns Hall, Geol. New York ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 105,
fig. 4.

Spirifer sulcatus Hall, American Jour. Sci., XX, 1849, p. 228; — Pal. New York,
II, 1852, p. 261, pi. 54, fig. 2.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 137,
pi. 2, fig. 7.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 60,
figs. 1-4.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 35, figs. 1-4.

Loc. Europe; Lockport, Rochester, etc., New York; Hamilton, Ontario.

Ols. Davidson regards this species as synonymous with D. elevata Dalman, 1828.

Delthyris undnlatus Vanuxem=D. raricosta.
Delthyris varica Conrad =Bilobites varicus.
Delthyris ziczac Hall=D. consobrina.

DERBYA Waageu. Genotype Derbya regularis Waagen.

Derbyia Waagen, Pal?eontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, pp. 576, 591.
Derbya Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 261 ;— Eleventh
Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 286.

Derbya affinis Hall and Clarke. Upper Carboniferous.

Derbya affinis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 349, pi. IIB,

figs. 4, 5.
Loc. Near Kansas City, Missouri.

Derbya bennetti Hall and Clarke. Upper Carboniferous.

Derbya bennetti Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 263,348,

pi. IIA, figs. 34-39.
Loc. Near Kansas City, Missouri.

Derbya biloba Hall. Upper Carboniferous.

Streptorhynchus biloba Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi.

41, figs. 4, 5.
Derbya biloba Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 350, pi. 11,

figs. 4, 5.
Loc. Winterset, Iowa.

scHucHEiiT.i INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 209

Derbya broadheadi Hall aud Chiike. Upper Carboiiiloroas.

Derbya broadheadi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 263,

347, pi. IIA, ligs. 23,21.
Lot'. Near Kansas City, Missouri.

Derbya correanus (Derby). vJpj)er Carboniferous.

Streptorhyuchus correanus Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 32, pi. G, tig.

11; pi. 7, ligs. 1-4, 8, 10, 11-14, 17. — Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State

Geol., 1883,V- 41, ligs. 18-22.
Derbya correanus Waagen, Palicontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 592.
Derbya correana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 262, pi.

11, ligs. 18-22; pi. 20, ligs. 10, 11.
Loc. Itaituba, Brazil.

Derbya(?) costatula Hall and Clarke. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Derbya? costatula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 346, pi.

IIB, tigs. 16, 17.
Luc. Crittenden County, Kentucky.

Derbya crassa (Meek and Hayden). Upper Carboniferous.

Orthis arachnoides Roemer (non Phillips), Kreidebilduug Texas, 1852, p. 89, pi.

11, iig. 9. — Hall, Mexican Hound. Survey, 1857, pi. 20, lig. 3.
Orthisina crassa Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1858,

p. 261.
Orthis lasallensis McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Fossils, 1800, p. 32; —

Ibidem, 1865, pi. 1, lig. 6.
Orthis richmonda McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1860, p. 32; — Ibidem,

1865, pi. 1, iig. 5.
Hemipronites crassus Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian

Cont. Knowl., XIV, 172, 1864, p. 26, pi. 1, lig. 7.— Meek, Final Rep. U. S.

Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 174, pi. 5, tig. 10; pi. 8, tig. 1. — Meek and

Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 570, pi. 25, lig. 12.— Herrick,

Bull. Denisou Univ., II, 1887, p. 50, pi. 2, tig. 19.
Orthis creuistria Geinitz (non Phillips), Carbon u. Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 46,

pi. 3, tigs. 20, 21.
Hemipronites lasallensis McChesney, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 28,

pi. 1, lig. 6.
Hemipronites richmonda McChesney, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 28,

])1. 1, tig. 5.
Hemipronites creuistria White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west 100 Merid., IV,

187.", p. 124, pi. lOy lig. 9.
Stroptorhynchus richmoudi Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1883,

pi. 40, tigs. 10, 11.
Hemiiironites crassa White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, j). 129,

pi. 26, tigs. 4-11.
Derbyia crassa Waagen, Palu'outologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 592. — Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 262, pi. 10, ligs. 10, 11; pi.

IIA, tigs. 28-33; pi. IIB, tigs. 23, 24; pi. 20, tigs. 12, 13.— Smith, Proc. Ameri-
can Phil. Soc, XXXV, 1897, p. 28 (extract).
Streptorhyuchus creuistria Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadeljihia, 1888, p.

229;— Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 67, pi. 38, tig. 8.
Streptorhyuchus crassum Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 378.
fStreptorhynchus crassum Whittield, Annals New York Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p.

580, pi. 13, tigs. 11, 12;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1893, p. 468, pi. 9, tigs. 11, 12.
Loc. Leavenworth, Kansas; Nebraska City, Nebraska; Illiuois; Missouri; Tow;i;

Ohio; Arkansas; Utah; Nevada; northern New Mexico; San Saba Valley,

Texas.

Bull. 87 14

210 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BUACHIOPODA. [iull 87.

Derbya cymbula Hall uiul Clarke. Upper Carboiiilerous,

Deih.vii cviiibuhi Hall iiud Clarke, Pal. New York, Mil, Pt. 1, 18'Jl.', i>. 348, pi.

1115, iiys. 2, :i
Lor. Near Kau.sas City, Missouri.

Derbya kaskaskiaensis (McCbosney). Kaskaskia (L. Garb,).

Ortbis kaskaskioiisis McCliesiioy, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., IISW), p. ol.
Derbya kaskaskicnsis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pi.

IIB, ii!>-. C^.
Loc. Kaskaskia, Chester, aud Critteuduii, Illiuois.

Derbya keokiik Hall. Kuobstoiie- Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Ortbis creuistria Y'aiidell and Sbuniard, Cout. Geol. Kentucky, 1847, pp. 10, 21.
Ortbis keokuk Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. tUO, pi. 19, lig. 5.—

Reyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 63.
Streptorbyncbus keokuk Hall, Second Ann. I\e]>. New York State Geol., 1883, pi.

41, figs. 1-3.
Streptorbyncbus crenistria AValcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 279,

pi. 18, tig. 14.
Derbya keokuk Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 2G2, pi. 11,

ligs. 1-3.
Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Warsaw and Nauvoo, Illinois; New Providence, Indiana;

Clark County, Missouri ; Nevada.

Derbya pratteni (McCbesiiey). Upper Carboniferous.

Ortbis pratteni ^McC'besuuy, Descriptions New Pal. Fos.s., I860, p. 33.
Loc. Cbarbonier, Missouri.

Derbya robusta (Hall). Uj)per Carboniferous

Ortbis umbraculum? Owen (non Scblotb.), Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Min

nesota, 1852, pi. 5, lig. 11 (see specimens in U. S. Nat. Miis., Cat. Invert

Foss., 17945).
Ortbis robusta Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 185S, p. 743, ]il. 28, tig. 5.
Streptorbyncbus robusta Hall, Second Ann. Iiep. New York State Geol., 1883

pi. 40, iigs. 12-17.
Derbyia robusta Waagen, Pabeontologica Indica, Scr. XIII, 1, 18S4, p. 592. — Hal

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 262, pi. 10, figs. 12-17; pi

IIB, figs. 7, 8.
Loc. St. Clair County, Illinois.

Derbya ruginosa Hall and Clarke. Keokuk (L. Carb.)

Derbya ruginosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 346, pi

llA, tigs. 25-27.
Loc. New Providence, Indiana.

Dicellonius Hall=Obolella.
Dicelloinus crassa Hall = Obolella crassa.
Dicellonius polita Hall = ()bulella polita.
Dicctlosia Kiug=:Bilobite8,
Dicraniscus Meek = Triplecia.
Dicraiiiscus ortoiii Meek=Triplecia ortoui.

DICTYONELLA Hall. Genotype Kliyuchonella! reticulata Hall

Dictyonella Hall, Twentieth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 274

Eicbwaldia Hall, Ibidem, 1867, pp. 274-277, witb figs. — Dall, American Jour

Concb., VI, 1870, p. 98.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. il, 1893

p. 307 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New Y'ork State Geologist, 1895, p. 903.

scHUCHEET] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 211

Dictyonella anticostiensis (Billings). Aiiticosti (Sil.).

Eicliwaldia anticostieusis Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 10.
Loc. Anticosti.

Dictyonella concinna Hall. ^Niagara (Sil.).

Eichwaldia concinna Hall, Twentieth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867,

p. 278.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 83, fig. 5.
Loc. Perry and Decatur counties, Tennessee.

Dictyonella corallifera Hall. ' Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa corallifera Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 281, pi. 58, tig. 5.
Eichwaldia corallifera Hall, Twentieth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1867, p. 278.
Loc. Lockjiort and Rochester, New York.

Dictyonella gibbosa Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Eichwaldia gil)bosa Hall, Twentieth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867,
p. 278.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 83, figs. 6, 7.
Loc. Perry and Decatur counties, Tennessee.

Dictyonella reticulata Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Rhynchonellaf reticulata Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 217.

Eichwaldia reticulata Hall, Twentieth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
1867, pp. 275-277, figs. 1-7;— Twenty-eighth Rep. Ibidem, 1879, p. 169, pi. 26,
figs. 50-54 ;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 312.pl. 26, figs.
50-54. — Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 91, pi. 13, fig. 4. — Beecher
and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus., I, 1889, p. 31, pi. 3, figs. 11-13.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 308, figs. 229-235; pi. 83, figs.
8-13.— Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 594, iil. 25, fig. 4.

Loc. Waldron, Indiana; Dayton, Ohio; Wisconsin.

DIELASMA King. Genotype Terebratulites elougatus Schlotlieim.

Epithyris King (non Phillips), Mon. Permian Foss., Pal. Soc, 1850, p. 46. — Dall,

American Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 103.
Dielasma King, Proc. Dublin Univ. Zool. Bot. Assoc, I, 1859, p. 260. — Beecher

and Schuchert, Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII, 1893, pp. 71-82. — Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 293 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New

York State Geologist, 1895, p. 863.

Dielasma bovidens (Morton). Uf>per Carboniferous.

Terebratula bovidous Morton, American .Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1(S36, p. 1.50, pi. 2, fig.

4.— Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, Nebraska, 1872, p. 187, pi. 1, fig. 7;

pi. 2, fig. 4.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 572, pi. 25,

fig. 15.— White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 137, pi. 32, figs.

17-19.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 105.
Terebratula bovidens? Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 711. — McChes-

ney. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1869, p. 37, jil. 1, fig. 2.
Terebratula millipunctata Hall, Expl. Surveys R. R. Route Miss. River, Pacific

Ocean, III, 1856, p. 101, pi. 2, figs. 1, 2;— Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858,

p. 35. — Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 26. —

White and St. John, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 119.
Terebratula clongata Shumard (non Schlotheim), Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I,

1859, p. 392.
Terebratula geniculosa McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1861, p. 82; —

Ibidem, 1865, pi. 1, fig. 2.
Dielasma? l)ovideus White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west 100 Merid., Prel. Rep.,

1874, p. 21.

212 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Dielasma bovidens (Morton) — Continued.

Terebiiitula (Dielasma) bovideaa White, Ibidem, Final Rep., TV, 1875, ]i. 144,
pi. 11, fig. 10.

Terebiiitula hastata Walcott (iiou Sowerby), Mon. U. S. Geol. Survej', VIII,
1884, p. 224.— Smith, Proc. American Phil. Soc., XXXV, 18!»7, p. 30.

Dielasma bovidens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 295,
296, lig. 213; pi. 81, iigs. 29-35.

/yoc. Putnam Hill, Ohio ; Indiana; Illinois; ^Missouri; Iowa; Nebraska; Arkan-
sas; New Mexico; Eureka district, Nevada; Guadalupe Mountains, Texas.

Dielasma burlingtonense White. Kinderbook (L. Carb.).

Terebratula burlingtoueusa White, Jour. I'oston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1860,

p. 228.
Terebratula (Dielasma) burlingtonensis White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west

100 Merid., IV, 1875, p. 93.
Dielasma burlingtonensis Hall aud Clarke, I'al. New York, Xlll, Pt. II, 1893, p.

296, pi. 81, figs. 9-11.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Mountain Spring, Nevada.

Dielasma calvini (Hall aud Whittield). Chemung (Dev.).

Crpytouella eudora Hall aud Whitfield (non Hall, 1867), Twenty-third Rep. New

York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 225.
Cryptonella calvini Hall and Whitfield, Ibidem, 1873, p. 239.
?Cryptonella calvini Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 235.
Dielasma calvini Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 296, pi.

80, figs. 20-22.

Loc. Hackberry Grove, Iowa; Mackenzie aud Peace rivers, Canada.

Dielasma formosum Hall. Warsaw (L. Carb.).

Terebratula formosa Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 7. — Whitfield,
Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 55, pi. 6, figs. 59-64.— White,
Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 361, pi. 39, figs. 6-8.— Hall,
Twelfth Rep. Ibidem, 188.3, p. 337, pi. 29, figs. 59-64.

Dielasma formosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 296, pi.

81, figs. 12-26.

Loc. Bloomington aud Spergen Hill, Indiana; Alton and Warsaw, Illinois; Cald-
well County, Kentucky.

Dielasma gorbyi (Miller). Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Terebratula gorbyi Miller, Seventeenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1891, p. 77,

pi. 13, figs. 3, 4.
Loc. Edwardsville and Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Dielasma hochstetteri (Toula), Upper Carboniferous.

Terebratula hochstetteri Toula, Sitzb. der k. k. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wieu,

LIX, 1869, p. 1, pi. 1, fig. 1.— Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., 1, 1874, p. 63.
Loc. Near Cochabamba, Bolivia.
Obs. Probably synonymous with D. bovidens (Morton).

Dielasma itaitubaense (Derby). Upper Carbouiferous.

Terebratula itaitubensis Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 1, pi. 2, figs. 1,3,
8, 16; pi. 3, fig. 24; pi. 6, fig. 15.

Dielasma itaitulieusis Waagen, Pabeontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1882, ]».
348.— de Kouiuck, Annales du Musee Royal d'Histoire N^turelle de Belgique,
XIV, 1887, p. 26, pi. 5, figs. 1-10, 45, 50. *-

Loc. Beach at Itaituba, Brazil; Belgium.

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 213

Dielasma obovatum Hall and Clarke. Clipper Carboniferous.

Dielasma ohovata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 81,

figs. 38-40.
Loc. Kentucky.

Dielasma occidentale (Miller). Chouteau (L. Carb.).

'J'erebratula occidentalis Miller, Eighteentli Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana,

1894, p. 313, pi. 9, figs. 10-13.
Ta)c. St'dalia, Missouri.

Dielasina(?) rowleyi (Worthen), Burlington (L. Carb.).

Terebratula rowleyi Worthen, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, 1884, p. 23 ;—

(;eol. Survey Illinois, YIII, 1890, p. 102, pi. 11, fig. 6.— Keyes, Geol. Survey

Missouri, V, 1895, p. 105, pi. 40, fig. 15.
Dielasma rowleyi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 296,

pi. 81, figs. 27, 28.
Loc. Pike County, Missouri.

Dielasma sacculus (Martin). Upper Carboniferous.

Concbyliolitlius anomites sacculus Martin, Petref. Derbesiana, 180i), tab. 46,

figs. 1, 2.
Terebratula sacculus Dawson, Acadian Geol., 1855, p. 219, fig. 27. — Davidson,

Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863, p. 169, pi. 9, figs. 1-3. — Dawson,

Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 289, fig. 87.
Loc. Europe; Windsor, Nova Scotia.

Dielasma shumardianum (Miller). Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Terebratula arcuata Swallow (non Roemer, 1840), Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II,
1863, p. 83.— Meek, Sixth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1872, p. 470.

Terebratula shumardana Miller, American Pal. Foss., 2d ed., 1883, p. 299.

Loc. St. Genevieve County, Missouri; Chester, Illinois; near Yirginia City,
Montana.

Ohs. Regarded by Meek and White as probably synonymous with D. bovidens
(Morton).

Dielasma turgidum (Hall). Warsaw and St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Terebratula turgida Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, lY, 1858, p. 6. — Whitfield,

Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, jj. 54, pi. 6, figs. 53-58. — Hall, Twelfth

Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 336, pi. 29, figs. 53-58.— Whitfield, Annals

New York Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 586, pi. 13, figs. 21, 22;— Geol. Ohio. YII, 1895,

p. 473, pi. 9, figs. 21, 22.
Dielasma turgida Beecher and Schuchert, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, YIII,

1893, p. 73, pi. 10, figs. 1-6.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, Pt. II,

1893, p. 296, pi. 81, figs. 1-8.
Loc. Bloomington and Spergen Hill, Indiana; Crittenden County, Kentucky;

Maxville and Newtonville, Ohio; Alton and Warsaw, Illinois; Pella, Iowa;

Boonville, Missouri.

DIGNOMIA Hall, Genotype Lingula alveata Hall.

Dignouiia Hall, Notes on some New or Imperfectly Known Forms among the
Brach., 1872, p. 2, pi. 13, fig. 3;— Twenty-third Rep. New York State Cab.
Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 245, pi. 13, fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,
Pt. I, 1892, pp. 14, 163;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894,
p. 230.

Dignomia alveata Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Lingula alveata Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.
23;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 12, pi. 2, figs. 14, 15.

214 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull.87.

Dignomia alveata Hall — Continued.

Digiioniia alvoatii Hall, Notes on some New or Iini)erfootly Known ForniH among
the Brach., 1872, j). 2, jil. 11^, fig. 3; — Twenty-third Kej). New York State
Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, pi. 13, iig. 3.— Hall and Claike, Pal. New York, VIII,
Ft. I, 1892, p. 14, pi. 1, ligs. 24, 25.— Clarke, Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York
State Ceologist, 1895, p. 187, pi. 4, fig. 1.
Lor. Canand.iigiui Ijake, etc.. New York.

DINOBOLUS II all. Genotype Obolus conradi Hall.

Dinobolus Hall, Notes on some New or Imperfectly Known Forms among the
Brach., (March) 1871, p. 4;— Ibidem, 1872, p. 4 ;— Twenty-third Rep.
New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 247.— Hall and Whitfield, Pal.
Ohio, II, 1873, p. 130.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,
pp. 36, 4G, 164 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 237.

Obolellina Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., VI (December) 1871, p. 222;— Ibidem,
VI, 1872, p. 326, figs. 1, 2;— American Jonr. Sci., 3d ser.. Ill, 1872, p. 270.

Conradia Hall (non Adams), Twenty-third Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1873, p. 250. — Davidson and King, Quart. .Tour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX,

1871, p. 159.

Dinobolus canadaensis (Billings). Black Elver and Trenton (Ord.).

Obolus canadensis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., Ill, 1858, p. 441, fig. 20-23 (non
fig. 19 = D. maguificus) ; — Geol. Survey Canada; Rep. Prog, for 1857, 1858, p.
189, figs. 20-23 (non fig. 19) ;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 142, figs. 75.

Obolellina canadensis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., VI, 1871, p. 222; — Ibidem,

1872, p. 326, fig. 15; fig. 6, p. 329.

Dinobolus canadensis Davidson and King, Quart. .lour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX,

1874, p. 162, pi. 19, fig. 7.

Loc. Pauqnette Rapids, etc., Canada.

Dinobolus conradi Hall. Magara (Sil.).

Obolus conradi Hall, Twentietli Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1868, p.

368, pi. 13, figs. 1, 2.
Obolus (Trimerella ?) conradi Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868,

p. 351, pi. 5, fig. 7.
Trimerella conradi Dall, American Jour. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 83.
Dinobolus conradi Hall, Twenty-third Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1873, p. 247 (also extracts 1871, 1872). — Davidson and King, Quart. Jour.
Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 160, pi. 18, figs. 1-5.— Hall and Whitfield,
Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 130, pi. 7, figs. 3, 4.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 38, pi. 4B, figs. 13-24.

Loc. Port Byron, Illinois; Leclaire, Iowa; Racine and Grafton, Wisconsin;
Crawford, Ohio; England; Gotland.

Dinobolus magnificus (Billings). Black Eiver-Trenton (Ord.).

obolus canadensis Billings (partim), Geol. Surv. Canada, Rep. Prog, for 1857, 1858,
p. 189, fig. 19 (non 20-23) ;— Canadian Nat. Geol., Ill, 1858, p. 441, fig. 19 (non
figs. 20-23 = D. canadensis).

Obolellina maguificus Billings, Ibidem, n. ser., VI, 1872, p. 329, fig. 7.

Dinobolus magnilicus Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX,

1874, p. 164, pi. 19, fig. 8.— Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1875, p. 17, fig. 6.
Loc. Pauqnette Rapids, etc., Canada.

Dinobolus(?) parvus Whitfield. Galena (Ord.).

]»inobolusf parvus Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 347, pi. 27, figs.

8-10. — Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 356,

fig. 27.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. HI, 1897, ]>. 166.
Loc. Whitewater, Wisconsin; Wykoti', Minnesota ; Lake Winnipeg, Canada.

SrHUCHERT.

INDEX AND mBLIOGRAPHY. 215

DINORTHIS Hall and Clarke. Genotype Ortliis pectinella Emmons.

Dinortliis Hall and Clarke, Tal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 195, 222.— Win-
chell aud Scluicbert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 420.

Phesiomys Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, Pt. 1. 1892, p. 196.

Diuorthis and Pla\siomys Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State
Geologist, 1894, p. 26G.

Dinorthis deflecta (Conrad.) Trenton (Ord.).

Strophomeua deflecta Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat Sci. Philadelphia, I, 1843, p.

332.— Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cah. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 70.
Strophomena recta Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, I, 1843, p. 332.—

Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 70.
Leptu na deflecta Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 113, pi. 31B, fig. 5.
Leptai-na recta Hall, Ibidem, 1847, p. 113, pi. 31B, fig. 6.
Streptorhynchus rectus Miller, American Pal. Foss., 1877, p. 134.
Streptorliyncbus deflectum Miller, N. American Geol. aud Pal., 1889, p. 378.
Pl^.siwuiys deflecta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 197, 222,

pi. 5A, ligs. 28-34.
Phesiomys recta Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 1892, pp. 197, 222.

Phesiomys loricula Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 1892, pp. 197, 341, pi. 5A, figs. 31-34.
Orthis (Dinorthis) deflecta Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey,

III, 1893, p. 422, pi. 32, figs. 24-30.
Loc. Mineral Point, Beloit, Janesville, Wisconsin; Dixon, Illinois; Minneapolis,

St. Paul, etc., :\Iinuesota; McGregor, Iowa; central Tennessee; High-
' bridge, Kentucky.

Dinorthis fontinalis (White). Calciferons (Ord.).

Strophomena fontinalis White, Wheeler's Expl. aud Survey west 100th Merid.,

lY, 1875, p. 54, pi. 3, fig. 4;— Prelim. Kep., p. 10, 1874.
Loc. Fish Spring, House Range, Utah.
Ohs. Related to D. deflecta (Conrad).

Dinorthis iphigenia (Billings). Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis iphigeui:i Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1802, p. 133, pi. 110.

Phesiomys iphigfcuia Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222.

Loc. Ottawa, Canada.

Dinorthis meedsi Winchell and Schnchert. Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis meedsi Winchell and Schuchert, American (ieol., IX, April 1, 1892,

p. 289.
Ortliis miunosotcnsis Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, April 9,

1892, p. 332, pi. 5, figs. 14-17.
Orthis (Diuorthis) meedsi Winchell aud Schuchert, Miuuesota Geol. Survey,

III, 1893, p. 427, pi. 32, figs. 39-42.
L^ov. Cannon Falls, Kenyon, Preston, etc., Minnesota; Decorah and McGregor,

Iowa; Neeiiah and Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

Dinorthis meedsi germana Winchell and Schnchert. Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis meedsi var. germana Winchell and Schuchert, American Geol., IX, 1892,
p. 290.

Orthis (D.) meedsi var. germana Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Sur-
vey, III, 1893, p. 428, pi. 32, figs. 43-45.

Loc. Cannon Falls, Kenyon, and Fountain, Minnesota.

Dinorthis pectinella (Emmons). Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis pectinella Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 394, tig.

2— Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 123, pi. 32, fig. 10.— Billings, Canadian

Nat. Geol., I, 185G, p. 205, fig. 5 — Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II,

21 G SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Dinorthis pectiuella (Eninions) — Continued.

l.S5f<, p. SIS, iig. (;02.— Hillings, Geol. (';m:i(l:i, 1863, p. Ifi"), lig. 117.— I lall,
Sccoiul Ami Rep. New York State Geol., IS83, pi. 31, tig8.3!t,4().

Ortliis pectinella \ar. vsemiovalis Hall, I'al. New York, I, 1S17, i>. 121, pi. 32, iig-.
11.— INIillcr, N. Ameiican Oeol. TaL, 1889, p. 359.

Ortbis cbarlotta' N. H. Winchell, Eighth Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Minnesota,

1880, p. G7.

Dinorthis pectinella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York. VTII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 19,-), 222,

228, pi. 5, tigs. 27-33.
Orthis (Dinorthis) pectinella Winchell and Schiichcrt, Minnesota Geol. Survey,

III, 1893, p. 424, pi. 32, figs. 31-34.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. III. 1897,

p. 175.
Loc. Middleville, Trenton Falls, etc., New York; Pennsylvania; Mercer County,

Kentucky; Ontario, Canada; Decorah, Iowa; St. Paul, Minneapolis, and

Cannon Falls, JlinTiesota; Lake Winnipeg, Canada.

Dinorthis pectinella sweeneyi K. H. Winchell. Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis sweeneyi N. H. Winchell, Ninth Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey ^Minnesota,

1881, p. 117.

Dinorthis sweeneyi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIIT, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 19G,

222, 228, pi. 5, figs. 34-3r).
Orthis (Dinorthis) pectinella var. sweeneyi Wiuchell and Schuchert, Minnesota

Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 426, pi. 32, figs. 35-38.
Loc, St. Paul, Cannon Falls, etc., INIinnesota; Decorah and McGregor, Iowa.

Dinorthis platys (Billings). Ohazy (Ord.).

Orthis platys l^illings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 438, fig. 15; — Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 129, fig. 54.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York. VIII, Pt. I,

1892, p. 218.
Loc. Island of ^Montreal, Canada.

Dinorthis porcata (McCoy). Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis porcata McCoy, Silurian Foss. of Ireland, 1846. p. 32, pi. 3, fig. 14. — Hil-
lings, Pal. Fossils, 1, 186.', p. 135, iig. Ill ;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 312, fig. 319.

Orthis anticostiensis Shaler, Fossil Brachiopoda of the Ohio Valley, 1887, p. i9,
pi. 6.

Pl.-esiomys porcata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 197, 222,
pi. 5^, figs. 20, 21.

Loc. Ireland; Ottawa, Canada; Anticosti.

Dinorthis proavita Winchell and Schuchert. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis proavita Winchell and Schuchert, American Geol., IX, April 1, 1892, p. 29!).
Orthis petra- Sardesou, Hull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, April 9, 1892, p. 332,

pi. 5, figs. 18-21.
Orthis (Dinorthis) proavita Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey,

III, 1893, p. 431, pi. 32, figs. 51-57.— ? Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. III.

1897, p. 176.
Imc. Spring Valley, Minnesota; Wilmington, Illinois; Lake Winnipeg, Canada.

Dinorthis retrorsa (Salter). Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis retrorsa Salter, Mem. Geol. Survey Great Britain, II, 1858, p. 373, pi. 27,

figs. 3, 4.— Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 136, figs. 112, 113.— Meek, Pal.

Oliio, I, 1873. p. 92, pi. 11, fig. 7.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. .lour. Sci., II.

1875, p. 37.
Orthis carleyi Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cal). Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 120,

fig. in text;— Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol.,- 1883, pi. 34, figs. 28, 29.
Ortbis kennicotti McChesuey, New Pal. Fossils, 1861, p. 78.

scHuciiERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 217

Dinorthis retrorsa (Salter) — Continued.

I'Lesiomys retrorsa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VITI, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 197,

222, pi. 5 A, figs. 14-16.
Loc. England; Oxford, etc., Ohio; Ottawa, Canada.

Dinorthis subquadrata (Hall). Lorraine (Orel.),

Orthis sub(iuadrata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 126, pi. 32A, fig. 1;— Geol.
Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 54, ligs. 1, 2.— Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 94, pi. 9,
fig. 2. — Miller, Cincinnati Qnart. Jonr. Sci., II, 1875, p. 38. — White, Second
Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of .Statistics and GeoL, 1880, p. 484, pi. 1, figs.
3-5;— Tenth Rep. St.ate Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 116, pi. 1. figs. 3-5.— Shaler,
Foss. Brachiopoda of the Ohio ^'alley, 1887, p. 22, pi. 7. — Keyes, Geol. Sur-
vey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 60.

? Orthis subquadrata Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 165, fig. 146.

Phesiomys subquadrata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.
194, 196, 222, pi. 5A, figs. 17-19.

Orthis (Dinorthis) subquadrata Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Sur-
vey, III, 1893, p. 428, pi. 32, ligs. 46-50.— Whi leaves. Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill,
1897, p. 176.

Loc. Ohio Valley; Spring Valley, Minnesota ; Wilmington, Illinois; Warren and
.Teft'erson counties, Missouri; Lattners, Iowa; Iron Ridge, Wisconsin; Lake
Winnipeg, Canada; Anticosti.

Discina of autbors (uon Lamarck ) = Orbicnloidea.

Disciua acadica Hartt=Parmoi)liorella acadica, a ^cfistropod.

Discina allegliania Hall=Orl)iculoidea allegliania.

Discina ampla Hall ^ Orbicnloidea anipla.

Discina capax White —^ Orbiculoidea capax.

Discina capnliformis McChesney=^Orbiculoidea capnliformis.

Discina circe Billings = Orbicnloidea lainellosa.

Discina clara Spencer = Schizotreta tenuilaniellata.

Discina concordensis Sardeson =^ Schizotreta pelopea.

Discina connata Walcott=Lingulodiscina connata.

Discina conradi Hall=Orbiculoidea conradi.

Discina convexa Shumard = Orbiculoidea convexa.

Discina discus Hall = Orbiculoidea discus.

Discina doria Hall = Orbiculoidea doria.

Discina elniira Hall=Orbiculoidoa clinira.

Discina forbesi Ni;'holson=:r Schizotreta tenuilaniellata.

Discina gallaheri Winchell =Orbiculoidea gallaheri.

Discina grandis Yanuxem=li(rmerella grandis.

Discina grandis nall=OrbicuJ()i(lea ampla.

Discina luimilis irall=Orbicnloidea hnmilis.

?Discina inutilis Hall. Upper Cambrian.

Discina inutilis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.

130, pi. G, fig. 11 ;— Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 108.
Loc. Ma/.onianie. Wisconsin.
Ohft. Undeterminable.

Discina illiiioisensis Miller and GurIey=rOrbiculoidea illinoisensis.
Discina jervensis Barret=Orbiculoidea jervisensis.

218 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Disciiia keokuk (Tuiiey = Orbiculoi(lea keokiik.

Disciiia lodeusis lliill=Oii)i(',ul(>ideii lodieiisis.

Disciiia iiuignilica neriick = ()rbicul{)i(U'a inai;tiiti('a.

Disciiia niaiiliat tell sis ]\[eek and Haydeii = (>rl)i(;ul()i(loa man liattaiiensis.

Disciua inarj^iiialis Whittield = Oibicul()idea iiiarffiiialis.

Disciiia media ]Iall=()rbicnlnidea lodieiisis media.

Disciua meekaiia Wlutlield=()rbicnl()idea missourieusis.

Disciiia microscopica Sliamard=Acrotreta microscopica.

Disciua minuta nall = Oibiculoidea minuta.

Disciua missourieusis Sliiimard=Orbicul()idea missourieusis.

Disciua uiuuda ^liller and Gurley=Orbiculoidea muuda.

Disciua ueglecta Hall=Orbiculoidea ueglecta.

Disciua uewberryi Hall=Lingulodisciua uewberryi.

Disciua uitida Meek and Wortlieu = ()rbiculoidea missourieusis.

Disciua uitida =Orbiciiloidea uitida.

Disciua patellaris Wiuchell=Orbiculoidea patellaris.

Disciua pelopea Billiugs=Scliizotreta pelopea.

DiseinaC?) pileolus Whiteaves. ? Lower Cretaceous.

Disciua pileolus Whiteaves, Cont. Canadiau Pal., 1, 1889, p. 159, pi. 21, lig. 3.

Loc. Riuk Rapids ou Lewis River, British America.

Ohs. "Professor Hyatt thinks that the fossils from this locality are Jurassic''

(Stantou).

Disciua pleurites Meek=Lingulodiscina pleurites.
Disciua raudalli Hall=Orbicnloidea raudalli.
Disciua saffordi Wiucliell=Orbiculoidea saffordi.
Disciua saiupsoui Miller =Orbiculoidea sampsoni.

DiseinaC?) semipolita Whiteaves. Cretaceous.

Discina semipolita Whiteaves, Mesozoic Fossils, I, Geol. Survey Cauada, 1884,

p. 252, pi. 33, fig. 9.
Loc. Queen Charlotte Island.

Disciua seiieca Hall=Orbiculoidea seucca.

Disciua solitaria Eiugueberg=Schizotreta teuuilamellata.

?Discina sublamellosa Ulricb. Lorraine (Ord.).

Discina suhlamellosa Ulrich, Jour. Cincinnati, Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1878, p. 97, pi. 4,

fig. 11.— Miller, N. American Geol. PaL, 1889, p. 344.
Loc. Covington, Keutucky.
Ohs. Probably not a brachiopod.

Disciua subtrigonalis McChesuey =:Orbiculoidea siibtrigonalis.
Disciua teuuilamellata var. subplaua Hall=Orbiculoidea subplaua.
Disciua teuuiliueata IVEeek aud Haydeu=Orbiculoidea teuuiliueata.
Disciua teuuistriata Ulrich = Orbieuloidea teuuistriata.
Di.sciua trigoualis McChesuey=:Oibiculoidea subtrigonalis.
Disciua truucata Hall^Schizobolus couceutricus.
Disciua truucata Emiuous = ()rbiculoidea lamellosa.
Discina tullia Hall=Orbiculoidea tnllia.
Disciua utaheusis Meek=Orbiculoidea utaheusis.

scHucHEET] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 219

Discina(?) vancouverensis Whiteaves. Cretaceous.

Discina viiucouverensis Whiteaves, Mesozoic Fossils, I, Geol. Survey Canada,

1879, p. 177, pi. 20, iig. 6.
Loc. Admiriilty Island.

Discina vauuxemi Hall=Orbiculoidea vannxemi.

Discina varsoviensis Wortlien=Orbi(',uloiclea varsaviensis.

Disciiiella Hall = Operculum of Pteropod.

DISCINISCA Dall. Genotype Discina lamellosa Broderip.

Discinisca Dall. Bull. Mus. Comp. Zoology, III. 1871, p. 37.

Discinisca lugubris (Conrad). Miocene and Pliocene.

Capulus lugubris Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VII, 1834, p. 143.
Orbicula lugubris Conrad, Fossils Medial Tertiary For. U. S., 1845, p. 75, pi. 43,

fig. 2. — Tuomey and Holmes, Foss. South Carolina, 1855, p. 17, pi. 5, fig. 1. —

Dall, Republication of Conrad's Foss. Medial Tert. For. U. S., 1893, p. 101,

pi. 43, fig. 2.
Discina lugubris, Whitfield, Mon. IT. S. Geol. Survey, XXIV, 1894, p. 23, pi. 1, figs.

1-3.
Loc. St. Marys County, Maryland; Petersburg, Virginia; Peedee River, South

Carolina; Atlantic City, Sliiloh, and Bridgeton, New Jersey.
Ohs. Referred to Discinisca on authority of Dr. W. II. Dall.

Discinisca multilineata (Conrad). Miocene.

Orbicula multilineata Conrad, Fossils Medial Tertiary For. U. S., 1845, p. 75, pi.
43, fig. 3. — Tuomey and Holmes, Foss. South Carolina, 1855, p. 18, pi. 5, fig. 2. —
Dall, Republication of Conrad's Foss. Medial Tert. For. U. S., 1893, p. 101, pi.
43, fig. 3.

Loc. City Point, Virginia; Pedee River, South Carolina.

Ohs. Probably a less worn variety of D. lugubris (Dall).

DISCINOPSIS Matthew. Genotype Acrotreta? gulielmi Mattliew.

Disciuopsis (Matthew MS.) Hall and Clarice, Pal. New York, VllI, Pt. 1, 1892, pp.
105, 1G7;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 250.

Discinopsis gulielmi Matthew. Middle Cambrian.

Acrotreta? gulielmi Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 1886, p. 37, pi. 5, fig. 14.
Discinopsis gulielmi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 105,

pi. 3, figs. 20-24.
Loc. Portland, New Brunswick.

EATONIA Hall. Genotype Atrypa peculiaris Conrad.

Eatonia Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 90;— Twelfth
Rep. Ibidem, 1859, p. 35;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 432.— Billings, Proc.
Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 111.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 205 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist,
1895, p. 829.

Eatonia coulteri Miller and Gurley. Oriskany (Dev.).

Eatonia coulteri Miller and Gurley, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, 1893,

p. 72, pi. 7, figs. 8-11.
Loc. Jackson County, Illinois.

Eatonia eminens Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Eatonia eminens Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 92; —

Pal. Now York, III, 1859, p. 242, pi. 37, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 206.
Loc. Decatur County, Tennessee.

220 SYNOPSIS OF AMKHK'AN FOSSIL HRACHIOPODA. [bulls?.

Eatonia medialis (\'annxein). Lower Ilelderberg (Dev.).

AtryiJa medialis Viiniixem, (ieol. New York; Hep. Third Dist., 1X42, p. 120, lig. 4.

Eivtonia medialis Hall, Teiitl) liep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., ISuT, p. 90,
figs. 1-7;— Pal. New York, III, 185!), ]). 211. pi. 87, fig. 1.— Hillings, Proc,
Portland See. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. Ill, pi. 3, fig. 7.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. IT, 189:?, ]). 20(), pi. Gl, figs. 2!»-3r).

T.oc. Schoharie, Carlisle, Catskill, etc, New York; Square Lake, Maine.

Eatonia peculiaris (Conrad). Lowei' Ilelderberg and Oriskany (Dev.).

Atrypa peculiaris Conrad, P^'ifth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York, 1841, p. .56. —
Vanuxem, Geol. New Y'ork; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 123, fig. 3.— Hall,
Ibidem, Rep, Fourth Dist, 1843, ]>. 148, fig. 3. — Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania,
II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 825, fig. G40.

Atrypa? nustella Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. I'Am^rique Septentrionale, 1843, p.
39, pi. 14, fig. 3.

Eatonia iieculiaris Hall, Twelfth Rep. New Y'ork State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p.
37, figs. 1-7;— Pal. New York, HI, 1859, p. 244, pi. 38, figs. 21-26; pi. 51, fig.
2; p. 436, pi. 101, fig. 2; pi. lOlA, fig. 1;— Fifteenth Rep. New York State
Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, pi. 11.— Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 957, fig. 4.50.—
Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, ji. 395, pi. 8, fig. 2. —
Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 40, pi. 3A, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt, IT, 1893, p. 206, pi. 61, figs. 17-26.

Eatonia peculiaris? Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 104.

Loc. Schoharie, etc., New York; Pennsylvania; Cumberland, Maryland; Jack-
son and Perry counties, Missouri ; Gaspe.

Eatonia pumila llall. Oriskany (Dev^).

Eatonia pumila Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 437, pi. 101, fig. 1.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, \'1II, Pt. II, 1893, p. 206,
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Eatonia singularis (Vanuxem). Lower Helderherg (Dev.).

Atrypa singularis Vanuxem, Geol. New York ; Rep. Tliird Dist., 1842, p. 120, fig 3.
Eatonia singularis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 18.59, p. 242, pi. 38, figs. 14-20.—

Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, Vlll, Pt. II, 1893, p. 206, pi. 61, figs. 13-16.
Loc. Schoharie, etc., New York.

Eatonia sinuata Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Eatouia sinuata Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 91 ; —

Pal. New Y'ork, III, 18.59, p. 438, pi. lOlA, figs. 3-6.— Hall and Clarke, Ibidem,

VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 206, pi. 61, figs. 36-38.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Eatonia(?) variabilis Wliiteaves. Hainilton (Dev.).

Eatonia variabilis Whiteaves, Cont. to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 233, pi. 29,

figs. 6-9.
Loc. Hay River, Canada.

Eatonia whitfieldi Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Eatonia whitfieldi Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 437, pi. lOlA, fig. 2.— Hall

and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893. p. 206, pi. 61, figs. 27, 28.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

EICHWALDIA Billings. Genotype Eicliwaldia snbtrigonalis Billings.

Eichwaldia Billings, Geol. Survey Canada; Rep. Progress lor 1857, 1858, p. 190; —
Canadian Nat. Geol., Ill, 1858, p. 442.

Eicliwaldia of otlier autbors=Dictyonella.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 221

Eichwaldia subtrigonalis Billings. Trenton (Ord.).

Eichwaldia subtrigonalis Billings, Geol. Survey Canada; Rep. Progress for 1857,
1858, p, 192, tig. 24;— Canadian Nat. Geol., Ill, 1858, p. 143, fig. 24;— Geol.
Canada, 1863, p. 142, fig. 76.— Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. II,
1893, p. 310, figs. 241, 242; pi. 83, figs. 1-4.

Loc. Pauquette Rapids, Canada.

ELKANIA Ford. Genotype Obolella desiderata Billings.

Billiugsia Ford (nou de Koninck, 1876), American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXI, 1885,

p. 466.
Elkaiiia Ford, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXII, 1886, p. 325. — Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 75, 165;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. New
York State Geologist, 1894, p. 211.

Elkania ambigua ( Walcott). Pogouip (base of Ord.).

Obolella? ambigua Walcott, Men. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 67, pi. 1, fig. 2.
Elkania ambigua Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 78.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Elkania desiderata (Billings). Upper Cambrian.

Obolella desiderata Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 69, fig. 62 on p. 68.
Obolella? desiderata Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 111.
Billingsia desiderata Ford, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXI, 1886, p. 466,

figs. 1, 2.
Elkania desiderata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, I't. I, 1892, p. 77, pi.

3, figs. 15-19.

Loc Point Levis, Canada.

ENTELETES Fischer de Waldbeim, Genotype Ortliis laniarcki Fisch.

Enteletes Fischer de Waldheiui, Oryct. Gouv. Moscou, 1830, p, 193, tab. 26, figs.

6, 7. — Waagen, Palaeontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 550. — Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.185, 214;— Eleveuth Ann. Rep.

New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 272.
Syntrielasma Meek and Wortheu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, j).

277;— Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 321, fig. 36.

Enteletes andii (d'Orbigny). Upper Carboniferous.

Terebratula andii d'Orbigny, Voyage dans r'Ameri(iue Mc'ridionale, Pal., 1842,

p. 45, pi. 3, figs. 14, 15.
Orthis andii Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XVII, 1861, p. 64, pi. 4,

fig. 3.
Syntrielasma andii Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 62.
Rhynchonella andii Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., VIII, 1881,

p. 302.
Enteletes andii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 217.
Loc. Yarbichambi and Lake Titicaca, Bolivia; Santa Cruz.

Enteletes gaudryi (d'Orbigny). Upper Carboniferous.

Terebratula gaudryi d'Orbigny, Voyage dans TAmcriquo Me'ridionale, Pal.,

1842, p. 45.
Terebratula antissieusis d'Orbigny, Ibidem, 1842, i)l. 3, fig. 16 (nou pi. 2).
Syntrielasma gaudryi Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 62.
Enteletes gaudryi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217.
Loc. Yarbichambi, Bolivia.

Enteletes hemiplicata Hall. Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifer hemiplicata Hall, Stausbury's Exped. Great Salt Lake, 1852, p. 409, pi.

4, fig. 3.

222 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. |bdll.87.

Enteletes hemiplicata Hall — Continued.

Rhynchonellii aii'^nlata Geinitz (uou Linu(^.), Carbon n. Dyas Nebraska, 1866, \).
37, p].3, iigs. 1-4.

Syntrielasma liemiplicata Meek aud Wortheu, Gcol. Survey Illinois, II, 1^66, p.
323, fig. 36; p. 324, fig. 37.— Meek, Final Kep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska,
1872, p. 177, pi. 6, fig. 1 ; pi. 8, fig. 12.— Meek aiul Wortheu, Geol. Survey Illi-
nois, V, 1873, p. 571, pi. 26, fig. 20. — Kayser, Riclithofens China, IV, 1883,
p. 179, pi. 24, figs. 2, 3.— White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884,
p. 131, pi. 26, figs. 1.5-18.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, p. 76, pi. 39, fig. 8.

Camerophoria gifl'ordi WorUieu, Bull. Illinois State Mus., 1, 1882, p. 39; — Geol.
Survey Illinois, VII, 1883, p. 318, figs. a-c.

Enteletes hemiplicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.215,
226, pl. 7A, figs. 44-52.

Loc. Weston, Platte County, Missouri; Vandalia and Alta, Illinois; Stennett,
Iowa; Kansas City, Missouri; Nebraska City, Nebraska; Lo Ping, China.

EUMETRIA Hall.

Genotype Eetzia verneuiliana Hall=Terebratula uiarcyi Sliiimard.

Eumetria Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New Y^ork State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, ]>. 59. —
Waagen, Paheontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 487. — Hall and Clarke,
Pal. Nevr York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 115, figs. 104, 105 ;— Thirteenth Ann.
Rep. New Y'ork State Geol., 1895, p. 795.

Eumetria{?) altirostris (White). Kiuderbook (L. Carb.).

Retzia (Acambona?) altirostris White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862,

p. 28.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Eumetria marcyi (Shiiniard). St. Louis and Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Tere))ratula serpentina? Owen (nou de Koninck), Geol. Survey Wisconsin,
Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, pl. 3A, fig. 13 (see specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat.
Invert. Foss., 17955).

Terebratula marcyi Shumard, Marcy's Rep. U. S. Expl. Red River of Louisiana,
1854, p. 177, pl. 1, lig. 4.

Retzia verneuiliana Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 18.58, p. 657, x»l. 23, fig.
1 ;— Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 9.

Retzia vera Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 704, i>l. 27, fig. 3.

Eumetria vera Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.
55, figs. 1-3, and p. 59.

Eumetria verneuiliana Hall, Ibidem, 1863, p. 55, fig. 2. — Whitfield, Bull. Amer-
ican Mus. Nat. Hist., 1882, p. 50, pl. 6, figs. 28-30.— Hall, Twelfth Rep. State
Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 335, pl. 29, figs. 28-30.

Retzia radialis Walcott (non Phillips), Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIll, 1884, p.
220, pl. 7, figs. 5, 5a (5b?).

Retzia marcyi Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 366.

Eumetria verneuiliana and vera Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,
1893, p. 117, figs. 104, 105, pl. .50, figs. 13-26, 34, 37; pl. 83, figs. 26, 27.

Loc. Washington and Crawford counties, Arkansas ; Floyd County and else-
where in Indiana;, Alton, Illinois; Greene, County, Missouri; Iowa; Cum-
berland Mountain, Tennessee.

06s. Hall and Clarke (1893), in treating of the American species of Eumetria (E.
A-era and var. costata, and E. verneuiliana), say they "are, perhaps, all repre-
sentatives of the same species." The writer regards them as one sjiecies,
varving in difterent localities in size and number of striations. Owen was
the first to observe this form and ideutified it provisionally with T. serpen-
tina de Koninck. Shumard, however, believed it to be distinct from that
species, and gave the name T. marcyi four years prior to that of Hall.

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY, 223

Eumetria marcyi costata Hall. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Retzia vera var. costata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 704, pi. 27,

fig. 3.

Eumetria vera var. costata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895,

pi. 51, figs. 27-33.
Loc. Chester, Illiuois; Crittendeu Coimty, Kentucky.

Eumetria vera Hall == E. marcyi.

Eumetria verueuiliaua Hall = E. marcyi.

Eumetria woosteri (White). flipper Carboniferous.

Retzia woosteri White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., V, 1879, p. 215 ;— Twelfth

Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1883, p. 131, pi. 34, fig. 8.
Loc. Near Greeley, Colorado.
01)8. Closely related with E. marcyi of the Lower Carboniferous.

EUNELLA Hall aud Clarke. Genotype Terebratula sallivanti Hall.

Euuella Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 290 ;— Thirteenth
Ann. Rej). New York State Geol., 1895, p. 8G1.

Eunella harmonia Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Terebratula harmonia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 388, pi. 60, figs. 11-16. —
Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.
154, pi. 17, figs. 1-4.

Euuella harmonia Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 290, pi.
80, figs. 33-35.

Lov. Falls of Ohio ; Ontario, Canada.

Eunella lincklaeni Hall. Marcellus and Hamilton (Dev.).

Terebratula linckheni Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1860, p. 88;— Pal. New Y^ork, IV, 1867, corrigenda.— Nettelroth, Kentucky
Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 155, pi. 17, figs. 22-24.

Cryptonella lincklicni Hall, Fourteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1861, p. 101;— Sixteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1863, p. 44.

Cryptonella? lincklieni Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 397, pi. 60, figs. 49-65.
Terebratula liuckheui var. Hall, Ibidem, 1867, p. 418, pi. 60, figs. 32-37.
Euuella linckkeui Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 290,

pi. 80, ligs. 28-32.
Loc. Clarke County, Indiana; Hamilton and Canandaigua Lake, New York;

Thunder Bay, Michigan.

Eunella simulator Hall. Hamilton ^Dev.).

Terebratula simulator Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 391, pi. 60, figs. 69, 70.
Eunella simulator Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 290,

pi. 80, fig. 27.
Loc. Thedford, Ontario.

Eunella sullivanti Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Terebratula sullivanti Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 387, pi. 60, tigs. 5-10,

68.— Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 291, pi. 37, tigs. 9, 10.
Euuella sullivanti Hall and Clarke, Pal. N)w York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 290, lig.

210, pi. 80, tigs. 23-26.
Loc. Columbus and Sandusky, Ohio; near Cayuga, Ontario, and Lakes Manitoba,

and Wiunipt'gosis, Canada.

GLASSIA Davidson. Genotype Atrypa obovata Sowerby.

Glassia Davidson, Geol. Mag., n. ser., VIII, 1881, p. 11; — Sup. British Devonian
and Silurian Brach., Pal. Soc, 1882, p. 38.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
Vlir, Pt. 11, 1893, p. 152, figs. 142-145;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York
State Geologist, 1895, p. 811.

224 SYNOl'SLS OF AMI::K1CAN F0«!S1L liKAOllIOPUDA. Lhui-l.87.

Glassia romingeri Hull and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.).

Glassia roiiiin^oii ilall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 15o, jil.

83, ligs. 32-35.
Loc. Drift near Auu Arbor, Michigan.

Glassia scliuclierti Ulricli=Catazyga lieadi.

GLOSSINA Phillips. Genotype Lingula attenuata Sowerby.

Glossiua Phillijjs, Mem. Geol. Survey Great Britaiu, II, Pt. II, 1848, p. 370.— Dall,
Bull, l^ S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1877, p. 29.— Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,
Pt. I, 1892, pp. 15, IGl;— Eleventh Ann. Kep. New York State Geologist, 1894,
p. 230.

Glossina acuminata Hall aud Clarke=Lingulepis acuminata.

Glossina crassa (ilall). Trenton (Ord.).

Lingula crassa Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 98, pi. 30, fig. 8.
Loc. Middleville aud Lake Champlaiu, New York.

Glossina cyane (Billings). Calcilerous (Ord.).

Lingula cyane Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 216, fig. 200.
Loc. Near Portland Creek, Newfoundland.

Glossina deflecta Wiucliell and Scbucliert. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.).
Lingula (Glossina) dellecta Winchell and Schuchert, Americau Geol., IX, 1892,

p. 284;— Minnesota Geol. Survey, III. 1893, p. 348, pi. 29, figs. 1.5-18.
Loc. Near Fountain aud Spring Valley, Minnesota.

Glossina dubia (d'Orbigny). Ordovician.

Lingula dubia d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Am^rique Mdridionale, 1842, p. 29, pi.

2, fig. 7.
Loc. Tacopaya, Bolivia.

Glossina flabellula Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Lingula (Glossiua) flabellula Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

pp. 15, 172, pi. 1, tigs. 33, 34.
Loc. Sciotoville, Ohio.

Glossina hurlbuti N. H. Winchell. Trenton (Ord.).

Lingula hurlbuti N. H. Winchell, Eighth Aun. liep. Geol. Nat. Hist., Survey

Minnesota, 1880, p. 62.
Lingula (Glossina) hurlbuti Winchell aud Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey,

III, 1893, p. 347, pi. 29, figs. 13, 14.
Loc. Mantorville and near Spring Valley, Minnesota.

Glossina leana (Hall). Hamilton (Dev.).

Lingula leana Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.
20;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 9, pi. 2, fig. 12.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol.
Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 106, pi. 13, fig. 2.
Loc. Bristol, New York; Lone Mountain, Nevada.

Glossina nebraskaensis (Meek). Upper Carboniferous.

Lingula scotica var. nebraskensis Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska,

1872, p. 158, pi. 8, fig. 3. **

Lingula nebraskensis ^Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 350.
Loc. Nebraska City, Nebraska.

Glossina perovata (Hall). Clinton (Sil.).

Liugula perovata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 55, pi. 20, fig. 3.
Loc. Rochester, New York.

scHucLEKT.l INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 225

Glossina sedaliaensis (Miller). Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Lingulii sedaliensia Miller, Eighteenth Aun. Kep. Geol. Survej- ludiaua, 1894,

p. 308, pi. 9, iig. 2.
Loc. Sedalia, Missouri.
Obs. This species is probably the same as G. "waverlyeusis.

Glossina spatiosa (Hall). " Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Liogula spatiosa Hall, Pal. New York, 111, 1859, p. 158, pi. 9, Iig. 10.
Loc. Near Hudson, New Y'ork.

Glossina trentonensis (Conrad). Trenton and Utica (Ord.).

Liugula trentonensis Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842,

p. 266, pi. 15, fig. 11.— Vanuxem, Geol. New Y'ork; Rep. Third Dist., 1842,

p. 48.
Liugula attenuata? Hall (non Sowerby), Pal. New Y'ork, I, 1847, p. 94, pi. 30,

Lingula daphne Billings, Pal. Fossils, 1, 1862, p. 50.

? Liugula attenuata A. Ulrich, N. Yahrb. f. Mineral, Beilagebaud, VIII, 1892, p. 7,

pi. 1, tig. 3.
Loc. Glens Palls, Trenton Falls, Middleville, New York; Wisconsin; Montreal

and Ottawa, Canada; fnear Vacas, Bolivia.

Glossina triangulata (iSTettelrotli). Hamilton (Dev.).

Lingula triangulata Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.

Survey, 1889, p. 34, pi. 26, tig. 1.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Glossina waverlyensis (Herrick). Waverly (L. Carb.).

Lingula scotica?? Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 276, pi. 14, fig. 9.
Lingula waverlyensis Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, pp. 12, 18, pi. 3, fig.

1.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIlI, Pt. I, 1892, p. 9, pi. 4K, fig. 7.
Lingula (scotica var.) waverlyensis Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 22, fig. 1.
Loc. Berea and Newark, Ohio; Oil City, Pennsylvania.
Ohs. See G. sedaliaensis (Miller).

Gouiocoelia Hall=Pentagonia.

Goniocadia uniangulata Hall=Pentagouia uuisulcata.

Gotlaudia Dall=Trimerella.

Gypidia I)almau=Concliidiuin.

Gypidia unguiformis Ulricli=Conclndium unguiformis.

GYPIDULA Hall. Genotype Tentamerus occidentalis Hall.

Gypidula Hall, Tw. ntieth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 163;—
Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 373, 380.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII,
1884, p. 161.

Sieberella O^hlcrt, Fischer's Manuel de Couchyliologie, 1887, p. 1311.

Gypidula and Sieberella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.
245;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geol., 1895, pp. 845, 846.

Gypidula comis (Owen). Middle Devonian.

Atrypa comis Owen, Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, p. 583, pi. 3A,

fig. 4 (see specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17928).
Pentamerus (n. sp. f) Owen. Ibidem, 1852, pi. 3A, fig. 11 (Ibidem, Cat., 17929).
Pentamerus occidentalis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 514, pi. 6, fig. 2

(non Pentamerus occidentalis Hall, 18.52).
Pentamerus galeatiformis Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey, Illinois, II, 1866, p.

325.
Gypidula occidentalis Hall, Pal. New .York, IV, 1867, p. 380, pi. 58A, figs. 1-8.

Bull. 87 15

226 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Gypidula comis (Oweu) — Continued.

I'eutamerua coini.s Mook and Worthcn, Crool. Survey Illino'iH, III, 1SG8, p. 428, pi.

13, fij--. 6.— Whitraves, Coiit. CaiKuliau Pal., I, 1892, p. 2tlO.
Pentamerus (Gypidula) coiuis Walcott, Mou. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 159,

pi. 3, figs. 4, 7 ; pi. 14, lig. 15 ; pi. 15, li^. 5.
Gypidula couiis Hall and ClaiHco, Pal. New York, \'1I1. I't. II, 1898, p. 247, fin. 177;

pi. 72, ligs. 15-24.
Loo. Independence and Davenport, Iowa; Rock Island, Illinois; Eureka district,

Nevada; lakes Manitoba and Winniiiegosis, Canada.

Gypidula coppingeri (Etlieridge). Silurian.

Pentamerus coppingeri Etheridge, Quart. .lour. Geol. Soc. Loudon, XXXIV, 1878,

p. 594, pi. 25, figs. 2, 3.
Loc. Offley Island, lat. 8L^ 16'.

Gypidula galeata (Daliuan). Lower Helderberg and INIiddle Devonian.

Atrypa galeata Dalnian, Kongl. Svenska, Vet.-Akad. Ilaudl., t'/ir 1827. 182S, p. 46,

pi. 5, tig. 4. — Troost, Sixth Geol. Rep. Tennessee, 1841, p. 15. — Vanuxeni, Geol.

New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 117, fig. 1.— Casteluau, Essai Syst. Sil.

PAmdrique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 39, pi. 14, tig. 4.
Pentamerus galeatus Hall, Tenth Rep. New, York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 105, figs. 1-3.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pi . II. 18.58, p. 825, fig. 646.—

Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 257, pi. 46, fig. 1; pi. 47, fig. 1.— Billings,

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 9.57, fig. 4.54.
Pentamerus galeatus var. Whiteaves, Cout. to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 234.
Sieberella galeatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 246,

fig. 175; pi. 72, tigs. 7-13.
Loc, Europe; Albany and Schoharie counties, New Y*)rk; Cumberland, Maryland;

Pennsylvania; St. Blandine, New Brunswick; Mackenzie River, Canada.

Gypidula globulosa (Nettolrotli). J^iagara (Sil,).

Pentamerus globulosus Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.

. Survey, 1889, p. 54.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

Gypidula knotti (ISTettelroth). Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus knotti Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.

Survey, 1889, p. 56, pi. 32, figs. 9-12.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

Gypidula laeviuscula Hall. Middle Devonian.

Gypidula L-eviuscula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 381, pi. 58, figs. 22, 23.—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 248, pi. 72, figs. 25,26.
Loc. Waterloo, Iowa.

Gypidula lotis (Walcott). Upper Devonian.

Pentamerus lotis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 161, pi. 3, fig. 9.
Gypidula lotis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 248.
Loc. White Pine mining district, Nevada.

Gypidula munda Calvin. Middle Devonian.

Gypidula munda Calvin, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Survey Terr., IV, 1878, p. 730.
Gypidula mundula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 248.
Ljoc. Independence, Iowa.

Gypidula nucleus (Hall and Whitfield). ? Clinton (Sil.).

Pentamerus galeatus HaTll and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State
Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, pp. 197, 200a.

Pentamerus nucleus Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-seventh Rep. New York State
Cab. Nat. Hist., 1875, pi. 9, figs. 30-32.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells,
Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 59, pi. 27, figs. 2^-27; pi. 33, figs. 27-33.

scHtTCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 227

Gypidula nucleus (Hall and Whitfield) — Continued.

Sieberella nucleus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 247,

pi. 72, tigs. 1-3.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

Gypidula occiidentalis Hall = G. comis.

Gypidula pseudogaleata (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Pentamerus pseuclogaleatns Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

18:.7, p. 106, figs. 1-6;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 259, pi. 46, fig. 2.
Sieberella pseudogaleata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

242, pi. 72, fig. 14.
Loc. Schoharie and Carlisle, New York.

Gypidula roemeri (Hall and Clarke). Silurian.

Pentamerus galeatus Roenier (not Dalman), Sil. Fauna west. Tennessee, 1860, p.

73, pi. 5, fig. 14.
Sieberella roemeri Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 247, pL

72, fig. 6.
Loc. Decatur County, Tennessee.

Gypidula romingeri Hall and Clarke. Hamilton (Dev.).

Gypidula romingeri Hall and Clark:e, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 248,

pi. 72, figs. 27-33.
Loc. Alpena, Michigan.

Gypidula subglobosa (Meek and Worthen). .Hamilton (Dev.).

Pentamerus subgiobosus Meek and Wortheu, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p.

429, pi. 13, fig. 5.
Gypidula subglobosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 248.
Loc. Rock Island, Illinois.

Gypidula uniplicata (Nettelrotb). Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus uniplicatus Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 63, pi. 33, figs. 25, 26.
Sieberella uniplicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 247.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

HARTTINA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Centronella anna Hartt.

Harttina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 292;— Thirteenth
Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 862.

Harttina coutinhoana (Derby). Upper Carboniferous.

Waldheimia coutinhoana Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 3, pi. 3, fig. 22;

pi. 8, fig. 6; pi. 9, figs. 1,2.
Harttina coutinhoana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 292.
Loc. Bomjardim, Brazil.

Harttina anna (Hartt). Upper Carboniferous.

Centronella anna Hartt, Dawson's Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 3C0, fig. 99.
Harttina anna Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Ft. II, 1893, p. 292, figs.

211,212; pi. 79, figs. 37-39.
Loc. Windsor, Nova Scotia.

Hallina Winchell and Schuchert=Zygospira.

HEBERTELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Orthis sinuata Hall.

Group of Orthis occidentalis Hall, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 18S9, p. 20.

Hebertella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 198,222.—
Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 432.— Hall
and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 266.

228 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACJIIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Hebertella battis (nilliii^s). Calcilerous (Ord.).

Orthis biittis Hillings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 185.

lliibortflla Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. T, 1892, p. 221'.

l.oc. Pt)int Levis, Canada.

Hebertella bellirugosa (Conrad). Trenton (Ord.l.

Orthis bellarugosa Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sei. Philadelphia, I, 1843, p. 333.—
Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 118, pi. 32, fig. 3.

Hebertella bellarngosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222.

Orthis (Hebertella?) bellarugosa Wiuchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Sur-
vey, III, 1893, p. 434, pi. 33, tigs. 1-1.

Loc. ^Mineral Point, .Jauesville, Neonah, etc., Wisconsin; Minneapolis, St. Paul,
Cannon Falls, etc., Minnesota; Decorah and McGregor, Iowa; Curdsville,
Kentuckj- ; Rutherford County, Tennessee.

Hebertella borealis (Billiugs). Cliazy-Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis borealis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1850, p. 436, fig. 14;— Geol.
Canada, 1863, p. 129, fig. m- p. 167, tig. 148.— Meek, I'al. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 101,
pi. 8, tig. 4. — Miller, Cincinnati Quart. .Jour. Sei., II. 1875, p. 28. — Nettelroth,
Kentucky Fossil Shells' Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.36, pi. 34, figs.
14-20.

Hebertella borealis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222.

Orthis (Hebertella) borealis Wincliell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey,
III, 1893, p. 433, fig. 33.

Loc. Caughnawaga, St. Genevieve, Isle Bizard, and Cornwall, Cnnada; Frank-
fort, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; Cannon Falls, etc., ^Minnesota; Wis-
consin (Whitfield).

Hebertella daytonensis (Foerste). Clinton (Sil.).

Orthis daytonensis Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 87, pi. 13, figs. 13,

20, 21.
Hebertella daytonensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222.
Orthis (Hebertella) daytonensis Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 575, pi. 25,

figs. 13, 20, 21.
Loc. Dayton, Ohio.

Hebertella fausta (Foerste). Clinton (Sil.).

Orthis fausta Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 85, pi. 13, figs. 15, 16.
Hebertella fausta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222.
Orthis (Hebertella) fausta and var. squamosa Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pp.

573, 574, pi. 25, figs. 15a-15d, 16a, 16b; pi. 37A, figs. 19a, 19b.
Loc. Dayton, Ohio.

Hebertella imperator (Billings). Chazy (Ord,).

Orthis imperator Billiugs, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 435, figs. 11-13; —

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 129, fig. 55.
Hebertella imperator Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222.
Loc. Hawkesbury and Cornwall, Canada.

Hebertella insculpta Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis insculpta Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 125, pi. 32, fig. 12.— Billings,
Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 167, fig. 150.— Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 99, pi. 9,
fig. 1. — Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sei., II, 187.5, p. 40.

Orthis bellarugosa Hall (nou Conrad), Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol.,
1883, pi. 35, fig. 22.

Hebertella insculpta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222,
pi. 5A, fig. 13.

scHUCHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 229

Hebertella insculpta Hall — Continued.

Ortliis (Hebertella) insculpta Winchell and Scbuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey,

III, 1893, p. 435.
Loc. Oxford, etc., Ohio; Riclinioud, Indiana; Wilmington, Illinois; Iron Ridge,
Wisconsin; Lattners, Iowa.

Hebertella lonensis (Walcott). Pogonip (Ord,).

Orthis lonensis Waleott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 71, pi. 11, lig. 6.
Hebertella lonensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Hebertella maria (Billings). Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis maria Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 137, fig. 114.
Hebertella siuuata or maria? Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892,

p. 222, pi. 5A, figs. 9, 10.
Loc. Anticosti ; Colby, Kentucky.

Hebertella occidentalis Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis occidentalis Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 127, pi. 32A, lig. 2; pi. 32B,
fig. 1;— Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 18.")9, p. 72.— Billings,
Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 210, fig. 210.— Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 96, pi. 9, fig.
3.— White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 70, pi. 4, fig.
11. — Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 34. — White, Second Ann.
Rep. Indiana Bureau Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 485, pl.2, figs. 10-12; — Tenth
Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 117, pi. 2, figs. 10-12.— Whitfield, Geol.
Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 260, pi. 12, tigs. 17, 18.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. Now
York State Geol., 1883, pi. 34, figs. 31-34; pi. 35, figs. 16-21.

Orthis subjugata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 129, pi. 32C, fig. 1.

Orthis subjugata(?) Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Jliunesota, 1852, pi.
2B, figs. 4, 5 (see specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17885).

Hebertella occidentalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 222,
pi. 5A, figs. 11, 12.

Xoc. Cincinnati, Oxford, etc., Ohio; Richmond, Indiana; Savaniia, Illinois;
Cape Girardeau, Missouri; Delafield, Wisconsin; Silver City, New Mexico.

Hebertella occidentalis sinuata Hall. Lorraine (Oid.).

Orthis siuuata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 128, pi. 32B, fig. 2.— Miller, Cin-
cinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875. p. 36. — Shaler, Fossil Brachiopoda Ohio
Valley, 1887, pi. 8.

Orthis occidentalis var. sinuata Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 98.

Hebertella sinuata Hall and Clarke, Pal. Ne\v York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222, pi.
5A, figs. 1-8.

Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Hebertella scovilli (Miller). Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis scovilli Miller, Jour. Cincinnati Sec. Nat. Hist., V, 1882, p. 40, pi. 1, fig. 5.
Hebertella scovilli Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 222.
Loc. Lebanon, Ohio.

Hemipronites americaniis Whitfield = Clitainbonites diversus.
Hemipronites apicalis Whitfield = Polyt(Pcliia apicalis.
Hemipronites crassus McChesney=Derbya crassa.
Hemipronites crenistria White (non Meek or Phillips) =Derbya crassa.
Hemipronites crenistria Meek, and Herrick = Orthothetes crenistria.
Hemipronites propinquus Meek and Worthen = ()rthothetes subplanus.

HEMITHYRIS d'Orbigny. Genotype L'hynchotiella psittacea Gmel.

Hemithyris d'Orbigny, Ann. Sci. Nat., VIII, 18,50, p. 246; XIII, 1850, p. 322.

230 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [iu-llST.

Hemithyris psittacea (Clieniiiitz). Pliocene and Jieceiif.

Anoiiiiii rostrum psittacea CluMiuiitz, Noiios syst. Concli.-Cab., VIII, 1785, pi. 78,

lig. 713.
Ix'hyiiclioiie.lla psilt:iC(!a 1 )avi(Lsi)ii, Trans. Liima'aii Soc Loudon, I\', 1887, p. lUo,

1)L 21, lio-s. I -11.
/.(*('. Fossil, (iulf of St. L;n\reuco, ('auatla.

HETERORTHIS Hall and Clarke. Genotype Ortliis clytie Hall.

Ileteiorthis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1W12, p]i. 207, 223;—
Eleveuth Auu. Ke]). New York State Geologist, 1894, j). 268.

Heterorthis clytie Hall. Trenton (Ord.).

Ortbis clytiellall, Fourteeuth Rep New York StateCab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 90; —

Fifteenth Rep., Iljidem, 1"G2, pi. 2, llgs. 4, 5. — Miller, Ciucinuati Quart. .Tour.

Sci., II, 1875, ].. 34.— Hall ami Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 75, pi. 1,

figs. 18, 19.
Heterorthis elytio Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, A^III, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 202,

223, pi. 5B, figs 20-24.
Loc. I'rankfort and Paris, Kentucky.

HINPELLA Davidson. Genotype Atbyris umbonata Billings.

Hindella Davidson, Suppl. British Sil. Bracb., Pal. Soc., 1882, p. 130.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, \IU, Pt. II, 1893, p. 63, ligs. 46-51 ;— Thirteenth
Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 769.

Hindella prinstana (Bi Hi ng-s). Anticosti (Sil.).

Athyris prinstana Billings, Pal. Fossils, 1, 1862, p. 145, fig. 122.
Meristella priustana Miller, N. American Geo!. Pal., 1889, p. 354.
Hindella prinstana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 64, pi.

41, fig. 28; pl.49, fig. 1.
Loc. Anticosti.

Hindella umbonata (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.).

Atbyris umbonata Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 144, fig. 121; — Geol. Canada,

1863. p. 317, fig. 331.
Hindella umbonata Davidson, Suppl. British Sil. Brach., Pal. Soc, 1882, p. 130,

fig. in text.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 64, tigs.

46-51 ; ])1. 41. iigs. 26, 27, 29, 30.
Meristella umbonata Focrste, Bull. Denison LTniv., I, 1885, p. 88, pi. 13, fig. 2; —

Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 590, pi. 25, fig. 2.
Loc. Anticosti; Dayton, Ohio (Foerste).

HIPPARIONYX Vannxcm.

Genotype Hipparionyx proximns Yannxem.

Hipparionyx Vaunxem, (Jool. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 124, fig. 4. —
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 2.57 ;— Eleventh Ann.
Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 284.

Hipparionyx consiniilaris Yannxem =Atry]ia reticularis.

Hipparionyx proximus Yannxem. Oriskany (Dev.).

Hipparionyx i>roximus A'anuxcui, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 124,

fig. 29, No. 4.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 257,

pi. 9, figs. 33-36: pi. 15A, figs. 9-11.
Atrypa unguiformis (Conrad) Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843,

p. 149, fig. 4.— Rogers, (Jeol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II. 1858, p. 826, fig. 651
Ortbis conradi Castelnau, Kssai Svst. Sil. TAmt^^rique Septentrionale, 1843, p. 37,

pi. 1.5, fig. 4.
Orthij unguiformis Castelnau, Ibidem, 1843, p. 37, ]d. 15, fig. 3. — Emmons, Manual

Geol., 1860, p. 129, fig. 115.

PCHucHERT] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 231

Hipparionyx proximus Vaiiiixem — Continued.

Ortllis hippariouyx Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 407, pi. 89, figs. 1-4; pi. 90,

figs. 1-7; pi. 91, figs. 4, 5; pi. 94, fig. 4.
Stropbodonta intermedia Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 482, pi. 95A, figs.

13, 14.
Streptorbynchiis hipparionyx Hall, Second Ann. Keji. New York State Geol.,

1883, pi. 39, figs. 33-36.
Loc. Sclioliarie and. Albany connties, New York; Frankstown, Pennsylvania;

Cumberland, Maryland; Cayuga, Ontario.
Ohs. Tbis species does not occur in Germany according to Kayser.

HOM(EOSPIRA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Rliyucliospira evax Hall.

Homceo.spira Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 112;— Tbir-
teentb Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 792.

Homoeospira apriniformis Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa aprinis Hall (non de Verneuil), Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 280, pi. 57,

fig. 7.
Rbyncbospira? aprinis Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 77.
Ehynchospira apriniformis Hall, Pal. New York, HI, 1859, p. 485.
Rbynchoiiella a.])rinis Miller, N. American Geoi. Pal., 1889, p. 367.
HomcFospira apriuilormis Hall and. Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

p. Ill, pi. 83, figs. 24, 25.
Loc. Lockport, New York.

Homoeospira evax Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Rbyncbospira evax Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 213.

Retzia evax Hall, Twenty-eigbtb Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879,

p. 160, pi. 25, figs. 13-21;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 302,

pi. 25, figs. 13-21.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus., I, 1889,

p. 55, pi. 5, figs. 1-9.
Homa'ospira evax Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 112, pi.

50, figs. 15-20 (?32-35).
Loc. Waldron, Indiana; ?Perry County, Tennessee.

Homoeospira sobrina (Beecher and Clarke). Niagara (Sil.).

Ret/.ia sobrina Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus., I, 1889, p. 61,

pi. 5, figs. 10-1().
Homo'ospira sobrina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 112,

pi. 50, ligs. 26-28.
Loc. Waldron, Indiana.

HTJSTEDIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Terebratula raorraoni Marcou.
Hustedia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 120 ;— Thirteenth
Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist. 1895, p. 797.

Hustedia(?) meekana (Shuniard). Upper Carboniferous.

Retzia(f) meekana Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, j). 295, pi. 11,

fig. 7.
Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico.

Hustedia mormoni (Marcou). Upper Carboniferous.

Terebratula movmoni Marcou, Geol. N. America, February, 1858, p, 51, pi. 6,

fig. 11;— Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., Ill, 1875, p. 252.
Retzia piinctulifera Shumard, Trans. St. Lonis Acad. Sci., I, June, 1858, p. 220. —

McChesney, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 32, pi. 1, fig. 1. — Meek,

Final Rep. U, S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 181, pi. 1, fig. 13; pi. 5,

fig. 7.

232 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL KRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87

Hustedia mormoni (Miircou) — Con tinned.

Ketzia uiorinoiii Meek aud Ilayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, j).
1>7.— (iloinitz, Carb. ii. Dyas Nebraska, 180(1. p. 39, ])1. 3, i\<^. (>.— White,
Wheeler's Expl. Survey west lOOth Merid., IV, 1875, p. 141, pi. 10, tig. 7;—
Tliirtcenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, ^^^. 130, pi. 35, tigs. 10-12. — Keyes,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 231;— Geol. Survey Missouri, Y,
1895, p. 95, pi. 11, fig. 2.

Retzia, subglobosa McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1800, p. 45; — Ibidem,
1805, pi. 1, Ug. 1.

Eetzia compressa Meek, (icol. Survey California, I, 1804, p. 14, pi. 2, lig. 7.—
Kayser, Richthofens China, IV, 1883, p. 170, pi. 22, ligs. 1-4.

Euuietria punctulifera Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 4, pi. 8, figs. 4, 5,
7, 8, 10; pi. 9, fig. 3.

Retzia radialis Walcott (nou Phillips), Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p.
220. pi 1, Hgs. 5d-5h.— Smith, Proc. American Phil, Soc, XXXV, 1897, p. 31.

Hustedia nioniaoui Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 120,
fig. 100; pi. 51, figs. 1-9.

Loc. Salt Lake City, Utah; Santa Fe, New Mexico; Nevada; Shasta County,
California; Nebraska; Kansas; Arkansas; Missouri; Iowa; Illinois; Indi-
ana; Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil; I>o Ping, China.

HustediaC?) papillata (Slinmard). Upper Carboniferons.

Retzia papillata Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 294, pi. 11, fig. 9.
Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico.
01)s. Compare with H. mormoni.

Hustedia(?) triangularis (Miller). Cliontean (L. Carb.).

Retzia triangularis Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p.

315, pi. 9, figs. 25, 20.
Loc. Sedalia, Missouri.

HYATTELLA Hall and Clarice. Gonoty])e Atrypa cong-esta Conrad.

Hyattella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 01, fig. 45;— Thir-
teenth Ann. Rep. New Y\n-k State Geologist, 1895, p. 707.

Hyattella congesta (Conrad). Clinton (Sil.).

Atrypa congesta Conrad, .Tour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 205,

111. 10, fig. 18.— Hall, (4eo]. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 71, fig. 2;—

Pal. New York, II, 18.52, ]). 07, pi. 23, fig. 1.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol.,

I, 1850, p. 130, pi. 2, fig. 4.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p.

823, fig. 032.
Atrypa quadficostata Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, II, 1852, p. 08, pi. 23, fig. 2.
Triplesia? congesta Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 77.
Triplesia? qnadricostata Hall, Ibidem, 1859, p. 78.

Rhynchonella (juadricostata ililler, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 309.
Camerella congesta Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.

Survey, 1889, p. 48.
Hyattella congesta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 01, fig.

45; pi. 40, figs. 23-28; pi. 81, figs. 20-28.
Loc. Rochester, Reynales Basin, etc.. New York; Flamborough Head, Ontario;

Pennsylvania; Louisville, Kentucky.

Hyattella junia (IMllings), Anticosti (Sil.).

Athyris junia Billings, Catalogue Sil. Fo.ss. Anticosti, 1800, p. 40.
Hyattella junia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 02, pi. 40,

figs. 29-31.
Loc. Anticosti.

scHurHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 233

HYPOTHYRIS King. Genotype Atrypa cuboides Sowerby.

Hypothyris King (uou Phillips), Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., XVIII, 1846, p. 28;—
Mon. Permian Foss., Pal. Soc, 1850, pp. 81, 100, 111.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 200 ;— Tliirteeutli Ann. Rep. New York State
Geologist, 189.5, p. 828.

Hypothyris castanea (Meek). Middle Devonian.

Rhyncbouella castanea Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 93, pi. 13,
lig. 9.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 153, pi. 15, figs. 1,
4.— Whiteaves, Cont. to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 232.

Liorhynchns castanens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi.
59, figs. 28, 29.

Loc. Lockhart and Mackenzie River, Canada; Eureka district, Nevada.

Hypothyris cuhoides (Sowerbj'). Tully (Dev.).

Atrypa cuboides Sowerby, Trans. Geological Soc, 2d ser., V, 1840, pi. 6, fig. 24. —

Vauuxeiu, Geol. X^ew York ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 163, fig. 1.— Hall, Ibidem,

Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, pp. 215, 216, fig. 1.
Rhynchonella venustula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 346, pi. 54A, figs. 24-

43.— Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890, p. 493. pi. 13, figs. 4, 8, 14,

23, 24, 27, 29, 31-34.
Hypothyris cuboides and venustula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,

189.3, p. 200, pi. 60, figs. 49-55.
Loc. Europe; Tully, Ovid, Penn Yan, etc., New York.

Hypothyris emmonsi (Hall and Whitfield). Middle Devonian.

Rhynchonella emmonsi Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari.,

IV, 1877, p. 247, pi. 3, figs. 4-8.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII.

1884, p. 157.
Rhynchonella intermedia Barris, Proc, Davenport Acad. X^at. Sci., II, 1878, p.

.285, pi. 11, figs. 5, 6.
Rhynchonella cuboides Whiteaves, Cont. to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 231.
Hypothyris emmonsi and intermedia Hall and Clarke, Pal. X'^ew York, VIII, Pt.

II, 1893, p. 200.
Loc. White Pine district, Nevada; Davenport, Iowa; Hay and Peace rivers,

Canada.

IPHIDEA Billino-s. Genotype Ipliidea bella Billinos.

Iphidea Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1872, p. 477; — Pal. Fossils, II,

1874, p. 76.— Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 100.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 97, 166;— Eleventh Ann. Rep.

New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 249.— Walcott, Proc. U. S. National Mus.,

XIX, 1897, p. 707.
Micromitra Meek, Sixth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1873, p. 479.
Kutorgina (pars) Dall, Bull. U. S. National Mus., 8, 1877, p. 40.— Walcott, Bull.

U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 101.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, p. 90.
Paterina Beecher, American Jour. Science, 3d ser., XLI, 1891, p. 345. — Hall and

Clarke, Eleventh Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 247.

Iphidea alabamaensis Walcott. Middle Cambrian.

Iphidea alabamaensis Walcott, Proc. U. S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, i>. 713, pi.

59, figs. 5, 5a.
Loc. Coosa Valley, Cherokee County, Alabama; near Rogersville, Tennessee.

Iphidea bella Billings. Lower Cambrian.

Iphidea bella Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1872, p. 447, fig. 13;^
Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 76, fig. 44.— Walcott, Bull, U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886,

234 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bills?.

Iphidea bella Billiuj^s — Continued.

p. 100, 1)1. 7, lig. 4 ;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 608, pi. 67,
fig. G.— Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1«92, p. 9X, fig. 54,])1.4,
figs. 8, 9.
Loc. Trois I'istoles, below Quebec, Canada; Anse an Loup, Labrador.

Iphidea crenistria Walcott, Middle Cambrian.

Iphidea frenistria Walcott, Proc. U. S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 713, pi. 59, ligs.

4-4b.
Loc. Grand Canyon of the Coloi'ado.

Iphidea labradorica (lUlliugs). Lower Cambrian.

Obolus labradorious Billings, Geol. Vermont, II, 1861, p. 946, lig. 345; — Pal. Fos-
sils, I, 1861, p. (i, lig. 6;— Geol. of Canada, 1863, p. 284, fig. 291.

Kutorgina labradorica Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 104, pi. 9,
fig. 2;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 609, pi. 69, fig. 3.

Paterina labradorica Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLI, 1891, pp. 345,
356, pi. 17, figs. 1, 2.

Loc. Anse an Loup, Straits of Belle Isle, Labrador; Conception Bay, New-
foundland.

Iphidea labradorica swantonensis Walcott. Lower Cambrian.

Kutorgina labradoiica var. swantonensis W^alcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII,

1889, p. 36;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 609, pi. 69, fig. 2.
Loc. East of Swanton and Highgate Springs, Vermont.

Iphidea logani Walcott. Middle Cambrian.

Iphidea lugaui Walcott, Proc. U. S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 711, pi. 59, figs.

2-2b.
I^oc. Trois Pistoles, Quebec, Canada.

Iphidea ornatella Hall and Clarke=I. snperba.

Iphidea pannulus (White). Lower and Middle Cambrian.

Trematis pannulus White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west 100th Merid., Prel. Rep.,

1874, p. 6.
Trematis? pannulus White, Ibidem, Final Rep., IV, 1875, p. 36, pi. 1, fig. 4.
Kutorgina pannula Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 105, pi. 7, fig. 3;

pi. 8, fig. 2 ;— American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXIV, 1887, p. 190, pi. 1, fig. 14;—

Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 609, pi. 69, fig. 5.
Loc. Pioche, Nevada; Wasatch Mountains, Utah; Mount Stephan and Castle

Mountain, British Columbia; Washington County, New York; Island of

Orleans in the Sillery conglomerate.

Iphidea pealei Walcott. Middle Cambrian.

Iphidea pealei Walcott, Proc. U. S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 712, pi. 59, figs.

3-3c.
Loc. Near Hillsdale, Montana.

Iphidea prospeetensis Walcott. Lower Cambrian.

Kutorgina prospeetensis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 19, pi. 9,

fig. 1;— Bull. II. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 106, pi. 9, fig. 3;— Tenth Ann.

Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 610, pi. 69, fig. 4.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Iphidea sculptilis Meek. Upper Cambrian.

Iphidea (??) sculptilis Meek, Sixth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Territories,

1873, p. 479.
Micromitra sculptilis Meek, Ibidem, 1873, p. 479.
Kutorgina niinutissiuia Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari.,

IV, 1877, p. 207, pi. 1, tigs. 11, 12.

scHucHERT-l INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 235

Iphidea sculptilis Meek — Coiitiuned.

Kutorgiua sculptilis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 20, pi. 1, fig. 7 ;

pi. 9, fig. 7.
Loc. Gallatin City, Moutaua; Eureka district, Nevada.
Ohs. The ventral pedicle foramen in this species, the genotype of Micromitra, is

partially closed posteriorly, hut otherwise does not seem to differ generically

from Iphidea.

Iphidea stissingensis (Dwight). Middle Cambrian.

Kutorgina stissingensis Dwight, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXVIII, 1889, p.

145, pi. 6. figs. 5-8;— Trans. Vassar Brothers' Inst., V, 1891, p. 105, pi. 1, figs.

5-8.
Loc. Stissing Mountain, Duchess County, New York.

Iphidea superba Walcott. Middle Cambrian.

Iphidea cnf.? ornatella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4,

figs. 6, 7.
Iphidea superha Walcott, Proc. U. S. National Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 711, pi. 59,

figs. 1-lc.
Loc. Grand Canyon of the Colorado.

Isograrama Meek and Worthen=Aulacorliynclius.

Isogramuia millipuuctata Meek and Worthen=Aulacorliyncliu.s milli-
punctatum.

KINGENA Davidson, Genotype Terebratula lima Defrance.

Kiugena Davidson, Mon. British Cret. Brach., Pal. Soc, 1, 1853, p. 42,

Kingena leonensis (Conrad). Wasbita (Lower Cret.).

Terebratula leonensis Conrad, Emory's Re]). U. S. and Mexican Bound. .Survey,
I, 1857, p. 164, pi. 21, fig. 2.— Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci, Philadelphia, 1861,
p. 18.
TjOc. Leon Springs, Texas; also Denisou, Texas (Hill).

Kingena wacoensis (Roemer). Wasbita (Lower Cret,).

Terebratula sp. undet. Roemer, Texas, 1849, p. 408.

Terebratula wacoensis Roemer, Kreidebildung von Texas, 1852, ji. 81, \A. 6, fig. 2. —
Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 18.

Terebratula choctaweusis Shumard, Marcy';; Rep. Red River Louisiana, 1854, p.
195, pi. 2, fig. 3.— Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 19.

fTerebratula wacoensis Whiteaves, MesozoicFoss., Geol. Surv. Canada, I, 1879,
p. 177.

Loc. Near New Braunfels, Texas; Trent River, Vancouver Island. "I have
traced its continuity from the Red River to the Rio Grande " (Hill).

Ohs. Gabb is correct in regarding T. clioctawcusis as a synonym for T. wacoen-
sis. "The A^ancouver specimens are douljtful" (Stanton).

Klitambouites Pander =Clitambonites.

Konin(;kiana americana Swallow=Productus swallovi.

KUTORGINA Billings. Genotype Obolella cingulata Billings.

Kutorgina Billings (partira), Geol. ^'ernlont, II, 1861, p. 948, ligs, 347-349.— Bil-
lings (partim). Pal. Fossils, 1, 1861, p. 9, figs. 8-10.— Dall, Bull. U, S.Nat. Mus.,
8, 1877, p. 40.— Walcott (partim), Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 101.—
Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., Xlil, 1891, p. 345.— -Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 90, 166, 183;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. New
York State Geologist, 1894, p, 247,

236 SYNOPSIS OF AAIERIOAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull.st.

Kutorgina cingulata liilliiigs. Lower Cambrian.

Oi)C)lella (Kutortjina) cingulata Billings, Geo!. Vermont, II, 18()1, p. 948, figs.
3 17-3 19 f— Pal. Fossils, 1, 18(;i, p. 8, fij-s. 8-10.

Obolella cingulata Billings, (ieol. Canada, 1863, ]). 284, tig. 287.

Kutorgina cingulata Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, ]). 102, pi. 9,
tig. 1. — Beecber, American .lour. Sci., 3(1 ser., XLI, 1891, p. 34.5. — Walcott,
Tenth Ann. Kcp. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 609, pi. 69, fig. 1.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, YIII, I't. I, 1892, p. 92, figs. 47-49; pi. 4, figs. 10-17.

Loc. Anse an Loup, Labrador; Swanton and Georgia, Vermont; Malvern Hills,
England; Island of Bornliolui, Sweden.

Kutorgina Libradorica Walcott=Ipbidea labradorica.

Ivutorgiua labradorica var. swautoiiensis Walcott=Ipbidea labradorica

swantoneusis,
Kutorgina bitourensis Matthew=Billingsella latoui^ensis.
Kutorgina uiinutissima Hall and Wliittield = Ipbidea sc,ulj)tilis.
Kutorgina paunula Wbite = Ipbidea panuulus.
Kutorgina prospectensis Walcott = Ipbidea i)rospectensis.
?Kutorgina pterineoides TMattbew. Middle Cambrian.

Kutorgina f pterineoides Matthew, Trans. Eoyal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, ]>. 43,

pi. 5, fig. 19.
Loc. Hauford Brook and St. Martins, New Brunswick.
Ohs. It is not certain that this species is a brachiopod. May bo the operculum

of a pteropod.

Kutorgina sculptilis Walcott=Ipbidea sculptilis.
Kutorgina stissingensivS J)wigbt=Ipliidea stissingensis.
Kutorgina wliitfieldi Walcott=Biningsella wliitfieldi.
LEIORHYNCHUS Hall. Genotype Ortbis quadricostata Y'anuxem.

Leiorhynchus Hall, Thirteentli Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1800, p.
75;— Twentieth Rep. Ibidem, 1867, p. 272;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 355.—
Waagen, Paheontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 411.

Liorliynchns Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 193;—
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1895, p. 827.

Ohs. A subgenus of Cam.irotceshia, ditforlug only in exterior ornaraentatiou.

Leiorhynchus boonense (Sbumard). Burlington (L. Carb.).

Rhyuchonella boonensis Shumard, Geol. Rep. ^Missouri, 1855, p. 205, pi. C, fig.

0. — Kcyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 101.
Liorhynchus boonensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, "^Tll, Pt. II, 1893, p.

194, pi. 60, fig. 35.
Loc. Columbia, Boone County, and Cooper County, Missouri.

Leiorhynchus dubium Hall. Marcellus (Dev.),

Leiorhynchus dubius Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 364, pi. 56, figs. 22-25.—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 59, tigs. 6, 7.

Rhynchonella dubia Tschernyschev/, Mem. Comite Gtologique de St. Peters-
burg, III, 3, 1887, p. 90, pi. 14, fig. 7.

Loc. New ^'ork ; Urals of Russia.

Leiorhynchus globuliforme (Vanuxem), Cbemung (Dev.).

Atrypa globuliformis Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. I.s2,

'fig. 2.
Leiorhynchus globuliformis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 364, pi. 57, figs.
06_29.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 194, pi. 59,
figs. 23-27.
Loc. Otsego County, New York.

scHucHEET] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 23?

Leiorhynchus greeneanum (Ulrich). Waverly (L. Carb.).

Rhynchouella lireeuana Ulrich, Gout. American Pal., I, 1886, p. 26, pi. 3, fig. 1.
Liorhynchus greeuiauiis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

p. 194.
Pngnax greeuiauns Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 189.5, jil. 60, figs. 36-38.
Loc. Near New Alliany, Indinna.

Leiorhynchus (?) hecate Clarke. Genesee (Dev.).

Leiorhynchu8( ?) becate Clarke, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 31, pi, 3,

fig. 4.
Loc. Ontario County, New York.
Obs. Probably the same as Spirifer pluto Clarke.

Leiorhynchus iris Hall. Clieminig- (Dev.).

Leiorhynchus iris Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 360, pi. 56, figs. 41-43.
Loc. Rockford, Iowa.

Leiorhynchus kelloggi Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Leiorhynchus kelloggi Hall, Pal. Now York, IV, 1867, p. .361, pi. 57, figs. 1-12.—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 194, pi. 59, figs.
18-20, 32, 33.

Leiorhynchus kelloggi? Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 18X2, p. 334, pi. 26, lig. 9.

Rhynchouella kelloggi Tschernyschew, Mem. Comite Goologique de St. Peters-
burg, III, 3, 1887, p. 91, pi. 14, fig. 14.

Loc. Ohio; New York; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Urals of Russia.

Leiorhynchus laura (Billings), Marcellus-Hamilton (Dev.).

Rhynchouella? laura Billings, Canadian Jour., V, May, 1860, p. 273, figs. 26-28; —

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 384, fig. 418.
Leiorhynchus multicosta Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

December, 1860, p. 85, figs. 14, 15, on p. 94;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 358,

pi. 56, figs. 26-40.
Leiorhynchus laura Billings, Canadian Nat. Geo!., n. ser., VII, 1874, p. 240.
Rhynchouella (Leiorhynchus) laura Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII,

1884, p. 159.
?Rhyuchonella multicosta Tschernys( hew, Devon, im Donetz Becken, 1886, pi.

15, figs. 1-3;— M6m. Comit6 Geologi(|ue de St. Petersburg, III, 3, 1887, p. 92.
Liorhynchus multicosta and laura Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Ft.

II, 1893, p. 194, pi. 59, figs. 8-10, 1.3-17.
Loc. Thedford and Bosanquet, Ontario; New York; Eureka district, Nevada;

? Russia.

Leiorhynchus lesleyi Hall and Clarke. Upper Devonian.

Liorhynchus lesleyi Hall- and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 368,

pi. 59, figs. 34-36.
Loc. "Pennsylvania."

Leiorhynchus limitare (Vanuxem). Marcellus (Dev.).

Orthis limitaris Vanuxem. Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 146, fig. 3.

Atrypa limitaris Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 182, fig. 11.

Leiorhynchus limitaris Hall, Thirteenth l?ep. New York State Cab. Nat Hist.,
1860, p. 85;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, ]>. 3.56, pi. 56, figs. 6-21.— Whitfield,
Annals New York Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 5.50, pi. 11, fig. 11;— Geol. Ohio,
VII, 1895, p. 444, pi. 7, fig. 11.

Rhynchonella limitaris Tschernyschew, Memoires du Comit6 Gdologique de St.
Petersburg, 1887, III, 3, pi. 14, fig. 5.

Liorhynchus limitaris Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, I't. II, 1893, p. 194,
pi. 59, figs. 12, 35.

Loc. Schoharie, Marcellus, Avon, etc., New York ; Delaware County, Ohio (Whit-
field) ; Urals of Russia.

238 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. tB^^i'- 87.

Leiorhynchus mesicostale Hall. Portage-Chemung (Dev.).

Atrypa ruesacostalis Hall, Gool. Xew York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, Tables

Orj^anic Remains, 64, lig. 1.
Leiorbynohiis mesacostalis Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State C!ali. Nat.

Hist., 1860, ]). 86, tig. 1 ;— I'al. New York, IV, 1867, p. 362, pi. 67, ligs.

18-25.— Kindle, Bull. American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 37.
Rhynchonella mesacostalis Tscheruyschew, Mf^moires clu Comitd Gdologique de

St. Petersburg, 1887, p. 91, pi. 14, figs. 3, 4.
Liorhynchns mesacostalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

194, pi. 59, figs. 11, 12.
Lov. Ithaca, EIniira, Hath, etc.. New York; Urals of Russia.

Leiorhynchus inulticosta Hall=L. laura.

Leiorhynchus mysia EalJ. Marcellus (Dev.).

Leiorhynchus mysia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 3.57, pi. 56, fig.s. 1-5.
Loc. Schoharie, New York.

Leiorhynchus nevadaense Walcott. Middle Devonian.

Rhynchonella (Leiorhynchus) nevadensis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey,

VITI, 1884, p. 157, pi. 14, fig. 9.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Leiorhynchus newherryi Hall. Waverly (L. Garb.).

Leiorhynchus newberryi Hall, Twenty-third Rep. New York State Cab. Nat.

Hist., 1873, p. 240, pi. 11, figs. 25-27.
Liorhynchus newberryi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

194, pi. 59, figs. 37, 38.
Loc. Kelloggsville, Ashtabula County, Ohio.

Leiorhynchus quadricostatum (Yanuxem). Genesee (Dev.).

Orthis quadricostata Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 168,
fig. 2.

Atrypa (Orthis) quadricostata Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 223, fig. 2.

Leiorhynchus quadricostata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat.
Hist., 1860, p. 86;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 357, pi. 56, figs. 44-49.—
Clarke, Bull. i:. S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 24.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fos-
sil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, \k 71.

Leiorhynchus quadricostata? Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877,
p. 79, pi. 3, fig. 9.

Liorhynchus quadricostatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,
p. 193, pi. 59, figs. 21, 22.

Loc. Ithaca, Seneca Lake, Cayuga Lake, New York; Falls of Ohio; White Pino
district, Nevada.

Leiorhynchus robustum Hall and Glarke. Ghemuug (Dev.).

Liorhynchus robustus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pi. 59,

figs. 30, 31.
Loc. Steuben County, New York.

Leiorhynchus sesquiplicatum A. Winchell. Hamilton (Dev.).

Leiorhynchus sesquiplicatus A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866,

p. 9.-..
Loc. Grand Traverse district, Michigan.

Leiorhynchus sinuatum Hall. Ghemung (Dev.).

Leiorhynchus sinuatus Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, IV, 1867, p. 362, pi. 57, figs. 13-17.
Rhynchonella (Leiorhynchus) sinuatus Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII,

1884, p. 158, pi. 14, fig. 5.
Liorhynchus sinuatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. IT, 18^3, p. 194.
Loc. Ithaca and Chemung Narrows, New York; Eureka district, Nevada.

scHucHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 239

LEPT^NA Dalinau.

Genotype Productii8 riijjosa Hisiuger=Oonc]iita rhomboidalis
Wilcken.s.
Leptfena Dalman, Kougl. Svenska Yet.-Akad. Haiidl., for 1827, 1828, pp.93, 94.—
King, Mon. Permian Foss., Pal. Soc, 1850, p. 104.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.
NeAv York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 276.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota
Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 409.— Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Eep. New
York State Geologist, 1894, p. 277.
Leptagonia McCoy, Carb. Foss. Ireland, 1844, p. 116.
Plectambonites ffiblert, Fischer's Mannel Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1283.

Lepta'ua alternata Conrad = Rafinesquma alteruata.

Leptieiia alternistriata Hall = Eaflnesquina alternata alternistriata.

Leptiena barabuensis Whitfield =Syntropbia barabueusis.

Lepta^na bipartita Hall=Stropliomena bipartita.

Leptffina camerata Hall=RaflDesquina camerata.

Leptsena charlottse Wlncbell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.).

Lepta-na charlott;i' Winchell and Schuchert, American Geol., IX, April 1, 1892,
p. 288;— Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 410, pi. 32, figs. 1-5.

Strophomena halli Sardesou, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, April 9, 1892,
p. 334, pi. 4, figs. 36-38.

Loc. Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota.

Leptiena concava Hall=Leptteiiisca concava.
Lepta;na corrngata Hall=: Strophomena corrugata.
Leptjeua deciiiiens Billings=Leptella decipiens.
Lepttena deflecta Hall=Dinorthis deflecta.

Leptaina deltoidea=Rafinesquina deltoidea and E. minnesotaensis.
Leptiena depressa Hall=L. rhomboidalis.
Lepttena fasciata Hall=Raflnesquina fasciata.
Leptiena incrassata Hall=Eafinesquina incrassata.
lieptiena indeuta Conrad =Stropheodonta indenta.
Leptiena Julia Shaler= Strophomena Julia.
Leptiena laticosta de Verneuil=Tropidolex)tus carinatus.
Lepta^na melita Hall and Whitfield =Dalmanella melita.
Leptiena mesacosta Slmmard = Eafinesquina raesicosta.
Leptnena minnesotensis Sardeson = Plectambonites sericeus.
Leptiena nucleata nall= Anoplia nucleata.
Leptiena obscura Hall=Eafinesquiua obscura.
Leptiena orthididea Hall^Strophonella orthididea.
Leptiena patenta Hall = Strophonella paten ta.
Leptiena planoconvexa Hall = Strophomena plan icon vexa.
Lejit^na planumbona Hall = Str()i)homena rugosa.
Leptiena plicatella Ulrich = Plectarabonites plicatellus.
Leptiena plicifera Hall=Dalmanella'? plicifera.
Leptiena priecosis Sardesou = Plectambonites sericeus.
Leptiena profunda Hall = Stropheodonta profunda.
Lei)tiena prolongata Foerste=Plectambonites transversalis prolong-
atus.
Leptsena punctulifera Conrad = Strophonella punctulifera.

240 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA, I bill. 87.

Loi)ta'iiii (lUiuliilatera Slialcr=L. rLomboidalis.
I.eptrt'na recedens Sardesoii = riectanibunites sericeus.
liepta'iui recta IIa]l=Dinorthis deflecta.

Leptaena rhomboidalis (Wilckeiis). Trenton-AVaverly (Ord.L. Carb.).

Coiubitii rhomboidalis 'Wilckens, Miichrict von selteu ^'e^steiueruugeu, 1769, p.

77, pi. 8, iigH. 48, 44.
Stropbomena imdulosa Courad, Fit'tli Aun. licp. (ieol. Survey Xew York, 1841,

p. 54.
Strophoiuena depressa Vannxeni, Cieol. New Y'ork ; Kep. 4'hird Di.st., 1842, ]>. 79,

fig. 5. — Hall, Ibidem, Kep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 77, lig. 5; j). 104, fig. 2. —

Billings, Canadian Nat. GeoL, I, 1856, p. 59, pi. 1, fig. 5. — Koemer, Sil-

Fauna west. Tennessee, 1860, p. 65, pi. 5, fig. 2.
Strophomeua undulatus ^'auuxem, Geol. New York; Kep. Third Dist., 1842, p.

189, fig. 3.
Strophomena uudulata Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 175, fig. 3. —

Y'andell and Shumard, Cont. GeoL Kentucky, 1847, p. 11.
Productus? sulcatus Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. I'Amerique Septentrionale, 1843,

p. 39, pi. 13, fig. 7.
Productus sulcifer dc Verneuil, Ibidem, 1843, p. 39.
Leptiena teuuistriata Hall, I'al. New York, I, 1847, p. 108, pi. 31A, fig. 4.— Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, \' III, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 8, figs. 12-16.
Leptipna depressa Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, II, 1852, p. 62, pi. 21, fig. 8; p. 257, pi.

53, fig. 6.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, 11, Pt. II, 1858, p. 823, fig. 630.
Strophomena rugosa Hall, Pal. New York, III, 18.59, ]). 195, pi. 19, fig. 1.
Strophomena rhomboidalis Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 186J, p. 336, figs. Ill,

112; -Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 311, fig. 314; p. 367, fig. 373;— Proc. Portland

Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 107, pi. 3, fig. 1.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p.

76, pi. 12, figs. 16-18; p. 414, pi. 1.5, ligs. 15, 16.— Meek and Wortheu, Geol.

Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 426, pi. 10, fig. 7.— Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1S73, p.

75, pi. 5, fig. 6.— Billings, Pal. Foss., II, 1874, p. 27.— White, Wheeler's Expl.

Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 85, pi. 5, fig. 5 —Hall and Whitfield,

King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40tli Pari., IV, 1877, p. 253, pi. 4, fig. 4.— Hall,

Twenty-eighth Rep. New York State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 151, pi. 22,

figs. 4-10.— Miller, ,Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist;, IV, 1881, p. 1.— Hall,

Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 288, pi. 22, figs. 4-10;— Second

Ann. Rep. New Y'ork State Geol., 1883, pi. 38, figs. 17-31.— Walcott, Mou.

U. S, Geol. Survey, AlII, 1884, p. 118.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York

State Mus., I, 1889, p. 18, pi. 2, tigs. 1-13.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil

Shells, ]\Iem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 150, pi. 18, figs. 1-3. — Foerste,

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 298. — Beecher, American Jour.

Sci., 3d ser., XLI, 1891, p. 357, pi. 17, ligs. 18-21.— Hdrrick, Geol. Ohio, VII,

1895, pi. 20, fig. 6.
Strophomena analoga Davidson, Quart. Joui'. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863, p.

173, pi. 9, fig. 18.— Dawson, Acadian (Jcol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 295, fig. 95.
Lepta'iia (luadrilatera Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. ZooL, 4, 1865, ]). 65.
Strophomena gibbosa James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 333.
Strophomena tenui.striata Miller, Ibidem, II, 1875, p. 55. — Hall, Second A'lu.

Rep. New York State Geol., 1883, pi. 38, figs. 12-16.
Leptiena rhomboidalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, j.. 279,

pi. 8, figs. 17-31; pi. 15A, figs. 40-12; pi. 20, figs. 21-24.— Foerste, Geol. Ohio,

VII, 1895, p. 566.
Lepttena (Stroi)homena) rhomboidalis, Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser.,

XLIV, 1892, p. 150, pi. 1, figs. 7-9.
Plectambonites rhomboidalis Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 70, fig. 6.
Loc. Generally distributed iu the above-given foruuitions throughout America

and Europe.

scHucHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLTOGKAPHY. 241

Leptaena rhomboidalis ventricosa Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Strophomena depressa var. ventricosa Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab.

Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 55.
Strophomena rugosa var. ventricosa Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 417, pi.

94, tigs. 2, 3.
Leptaena rhomboidalis var. ventricosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, pi. loA, fig. 43.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York ; Cumberland, Maryland ; Cayuga,

Ontario.

Leptaena rugosa=L. rhomboidalis.
Leptaena saxea Sardeson=Plectambonites sericeus.
Leptaena sericea Sowerby=Plectambonites sericeus.
Leptaena sordida Billings=Leptella sordida.

Lept8ena(?) stelzneri Kayser. Ordovician.

Leptaena stelzneri Kayser, Palaeontographica, SuppL, III, 1876, p. 21, pi. 3, fig. 21.
Loc. Guaco, Argentine Republic.

Ohs. Since this species has a high ventral area and a perfoiated deltidium it is
probably a Clitambonites.

Leptaena striata Hall=rStrophonella striata.

Leptaena subplaua Hall=Orthothetes subplanus.

Leptaena subquadrata Hall = Christian ia subqnadrata.

Leptaena subtenta Hall= Strophomena trentonensis or S. riigosa sub-

tenta.
Leptaena sulcata de Verneuil=Strophomena sulcata.
Leptaena tenuilineataHall=Eaflnesquina teuuilineata.
Leptaena tenuistriata Hall=L. rhomboidalis.
Leptaena transversalis=Plectambonites transversalis.
Leptaena transversalis var. alabamaensis Foerste = Plectambonites

transversalis alabamaensis.
Leptaena trilobata O wen = Strophomena trilobata.

Leptaena unicostata Meek aiKl Worthen. Lorraine (Ord.).

Leptaina (n. sp. f) Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, pi. 2B,

fig. 3. [See specimen in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17908.]
Strophomena unicostata Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p.

335, pi. 4, fig. 11.— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 262, pi. 12, fig. 14.
Rafinesquina unicostata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi.

15 A, fig. 39; pi. 20, fig. 25.
Leptaena unicostata Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893,

p. 411, pi. 32, figs. 6-9.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 174.
Loc. Savanna and Wilmington, Illinois; Delafield and Iron Ridge, Wisconsin;

Spring Valley and Granger, Minnesota ; Lattners, Iowa ; Rapids of the Nelson

River, Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Leptaena variolata d'Orbigny=Chonetes variolatus.
Leptaena vicina Castelnau=Ohonetes vicinus.

LEPTiENISCA Beecher. Genotype Leptaena concava Hall.

Leptaenisca Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3dser., XL, 1890, p. 239, pi. 9, figs. 1-5. —
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 300;— Eleventh Ann.
Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 291.

Bull. 87 IG

242 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Leptsenisca adnascens Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Lepta'iiisca adnasceus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 301,

352, pi. 15A, ligs. 22, 23.
Loc. Near Clarksville, New York.
Leptaenisca concava Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Leptana coucava Hall, Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.

47; -Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 197, pi. 18, fig. 2.
Lept;ena? (subgenus?) concava Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York State Geol.,

1883, pi. 46, figs. 30, 31.
Leptienisca concava Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 238, pi.

9, figs. 1-5.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 300, pi. 15,

figs. 30, 31; pi. 15A, figs. 19-21.
Loc. Albany County, New York; Decatur County, Tennessee.

Leptaenisca tangens Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Leptaenisca tangens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 301,

352, pi. 15A, figs. 24-30.
Loc. Near Clarksville, New York.

LEPTELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Leptfena sordida Billings.

Leptella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 293;— Eleventh
Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 277.

Leptella decipiens (Billings). Calciferous (Ord.).

Leptfena decipiens Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 74, fig. 67; p. 219; — Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 231, fig. 243.
Leptella decipiens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 294.
Loc. Point Levis, Canada ; Portland Creek, Newfoundland.

Leptella sordida (Billings). Calciferous (Ord.).

Leptaina sordida Billings, Pal. Fossils, 1, 1862, p. 73, fig. 66; — Geol. Canada, 1863,

p. 231, fig. 242.
Leptella sordida Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 293, pi.

15A, figs. 12-16.
Loc. Point Levis, Canada.

LEPTOBOLUS Hall. Genotype L. lepis Hall.

Leptobolus Hall, Description n. sp. Foss. from Hudson River Group, 1871, p. 3; —
Twenty-fourth Kep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 226.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 73, 165 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep.
New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 241.

Leptobolus grandis Matthew. Lowest Ordovician.

Leptobolus grandis Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1874, p. 91, pi. 16,

fig. 7.
Loc. Hardingville, New Brunswick.

Leptobolus insignis Hall. TJtica (Ord.).

Leptobolus insignis Hall, Descrip. n. sp. Foss. from Hudson River Group, 1871,
p. 3, pi. 3, fig. 17;— Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
1872, p. 227, pi. 7, fig. 17. — Nicholson, Pal. Province Ontario, 1875, p. 85. —
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 74, pi. 3, figs. 1-6.

Loc. Middleville, Utica, etc.. New York; Ottawa, Canada; ("incinnati, Ohio.

Leptobolus lepis Hall. Utica (Ord.).

Leptoooius lepis Hall, Description n. sp. Foss. from Hudson River Group, 1871,
p. 3, pi. 3, figs. 19, 20;— Twenty-fourth Rcjt. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
1872, p. 226, pi. 7, figs. 19, 20.— Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 69,
pi. 1, figs. 10, 11. — Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 11.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 74, pi. 3, figs. 8-10.

Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

scHucHERT.] • INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 243

Leptobolus occidentalis Hall. Maquoketa (Ord.).

Leptobolus occidentalis Hall, Description n. sp. Foss. from Hudson River Group,

1871, p. 3, pi. 3, fig. 18;— Twenty-fourth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1872, p. 227, pi. 7, fig. 18.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,
1892, pi. 3, fig. 7.

Log. Hawleys Mills, Iowa; Platteville, Wisconsin ; Ottawa, Canada (Ami).

LeptoccBlia Hall = Aiioplotheca.
Leptocoelia propria Hall=Anoplotheca flabellites.
Leptoccelia disparilis Hall = Atryi)ina disparilis.
Leptoccelia imbricata HaIl = Atrypma imbricata.

LEPTOSTROPHIA Hall and Clarke.

Genotype Stropheodonta magiiifica Hall.
Leptostrophia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288;— Elev-
enth Ann. Rep. New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 281.
Ohs. This is a subdivision of Stropheodonta. The following species have been
referred to it : S. magnifica, S. perplana, S. textilis, S. beckei, S. magniventra,
S. junia, S. Irene, S. blainvillei, and S. tullia.

LINDSTRCEMELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype L. aspidium H. and C.

Lindstroemella Hall and Clarke, Extract Pal. New York, VIII, 1890, p. 134;— Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 134 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. New York State
Geologist, 1894, p. 257.

Lindstroemella aspidium Hall and Clarke. Hamilton (Dev.).

Lindstroemella aspidium Hall and Clarke, Extract Pal. New York, VIII, 1890, p.
134, pi. 4E, figs. 25-28;— Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 134, 178, pi. 4E,
figs. 25-28,
Log. Leonardsville, Hamilton, Darien, etc.. New York.

LINGTJLA Brugui^re. Genotype Lingnla anatina Lamarck.

Lingula Brugui(~^re, Eucyclopt^die M(^thodi(iue, I, 1792, pi. 250. — Meek and Hay-
den, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 172, 1804, p.
68.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 5.— Dall, American Jour. Conch., VI,
1870, pp. 153, 154.— Meek, Hayden's U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., IX, 1876, p. 7.—
Dall, Bull. U. S. Nat. Museum, 8, 1877, p. 43.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 2, 161.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota
Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 338.— Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. New
York State Geologist, 1894, p. 226.

Lingula acuminata Hall = Lin gulepis acuminata.
Lingula acutangula Roemer=Lingulepis acutangulus.

Lingula acutirostris Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Lingula acutirostra Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 77, fig. 9

on p. 76;— Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 56, pi. 20, fig. 5.
Log. Wolcott, New York.
Ohs. Based upon a single specimen now lost.

Lingula sequalis Hall. Trenton (Ord.).

Lingula .sequalis Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 95, pi. 30, tig. 3.— Walcott, Proc.

U. S. Nat. Mus., XI, 1888, p. 480, fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, p. 9, fig. 4.
Log. Middleville, Trenton Falls, and Rome, New York.

Lingula alba-pinensis Walcott. Upper Devonian.

Lingula albapinensis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 108, pi. 2,

fig. 1.
Log. White Pine district, Nevada.

244 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. IniTLL.87.

Lingula alveata Hall=Diynoinia alveata.

Liugula ampla Owen = Lin «;iilella ampla.

Lingula antiqiia Emnionis=Liugalepis acuminata.

Lingula antiqua Hall, IS51, 18«)2, Hayden, 18G3 (non Hall, 1847)=Lin-

gulcpis pinnitbrmis.
Lingula autiipiata lMninons=Lingulepis acuminata.

Lingula artemis Billings. Gasp6 No. 5 (L. Dev.).

Liugula artemis Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 14, tig. 4.
Loc. Gasp^, Cape Bou Ami.

Lingula atra Ilerrick. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Lingula atra Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, pp. 13, 16, pi. 10, tig. 30;—

Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 22, figs. 5, 6.
Loc. Cuyahoga River, Ohio.

Lingula attenuata Hall=Glossina tientonensis.
Lingula aurora Hall=LingulelIa aurora,
liingula aurora var. HalI=Lingulella stoneana.

Lingula belli Billings. Chazy (Orel.).

Liugula belli Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 431, figs. 7, 8; — Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 124, fig. 47.
Loc. Island of Montreal, Allumette Island, Canada.

Lingula beltrami Winchell and Schuchert. Lorraine (Ord.).

Lingula beltrami Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893,

p. 351, figs. 25a, 25b.
Loc. Spring Valley, Minnesota.

Lingula bicarinata Ringueberg. Niagara (Sil.).

Liugula bicarinata Ringueberg, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1884, p. 149,

pi. 3, fig. 8.— Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 349.
Loc. Lockport, New York.

Lingula billingsana Wliitcaves=Lingulella billingsana.

Lingula bisulcata Ulrich. Utica (Ord.).

Lingula bisulcata Ulrich, American Geologist, III, 1889, p. 380, fig. 2, on p. 378.
loc. Ludlow, Kentucky.

Lingula brevirostris IVIeek and Hayden. Jurassic.

Lingula brevirostris Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. PhiLadelphia, 1858,
p. 50; — Ibidem, 1860, ji. 419; — Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to
Knowl., XIV, 172, 1865, p. 69, pi. 3, fig. 3.— Whitfield, Powell's Geol. Geogr.
Survey Rocky Mt. Region, 1880, p. 346, pi. 3, figs. 4, 5.

Loc. Black Hills, Dakota.

Lingula briseis Billings. Trenton (Ord.).

Lingula briseis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 48, fig. 52;— Geol. Canada, 1863,

p. 161, fig. 136.
Loc. Bayonne River, Canada.

Lingula (??) calumet N. H. Wincliell. ? Cambrian.

Lingula calumet N. H. Winchell, Thirteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey

Minnesota, 1885, p. 65.— Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 349.
Loc. Pipestone, Minnesota.
Obn. It is uot certain that these specimens are organic.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 245

Lingula(?) canadaensis Billings. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.).

Lingula canadensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 114, fig. 95; — Gcol. Canada,

1863, p. 210, fig. 209.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p.

27.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 352, fig. 26.
Loc. Auticoafci; in the Galena at Mantorville and Hader, Minnesota.

Lingula carbonaria Shuinard. Upper Carboniferous.

Lingula carbonaria Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 215.
Loc. Clarke County, Missouri.

Lingula centrilineata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Lingula centrilineata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 155, pi. 9, figs. 1, 2. —

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 15.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Lingula ceryx Hall. Schoharie (Dev.).

Lingula ceryx Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.

19;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 5, pi. 2, fig. 1.
Loc. Clarkesville, New York.

Lingula cincinnatiensis Hall and Whitfield. Lorraine (Ord.).

Liugulella (Diguoniia) cincinnatiensis Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875,

p. 67, pi. 1, figs. 2, 3.
Lingulella cincinnatiensis Miller, American Pal. Foss., 1877, p. 115.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Lingula clathrata Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.).

Lingula clathrata Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893,

p. 345, pi. 29, fig. 42.
Loc. St. Paul, Minnesota.

Lingula clintoni Vauuxem. Clinton (Sil.).

Lingula oblonga Conrad (non Eichwald), Third Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New

York, 1839, p. 65.— Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 77, fig.

4; — Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 54, pi. 20, fig. 1. — Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania,

II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 823, tig. 629.
Lingula clintoni Vanuxem, <Jeol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 79, fig. 4.
Lingula suboblonga d'Orbigny, Prodrome Pal. Stratig., 1850, p. 34.
Loc. Cayuga County, New York; Pennsylvania; Hamilton, Ontario; Arisaig,

Nova Scotia (Honeyman and Ami).

Lingula cobourgensis Billings. Trenton (Ord.).

Lingula cobourgensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 50, fig. 54; — Geol. Canada,

1863, p. 161, fig. 132.
Lingula cobourgensis? Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,

1893, p. 346, pi. 29, fig. 12.
Loc. Cobourg and Colingwood, Canada; fMinneapolis, Minnesota; in the Utica

at Ottawa, Canada (Ami).

Lingula coheni A. Ulrich. Middle Devonian.

Lingula coheni A. Ulrich, N. Yahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, j). 82,

pi. 5, fig. 11.
Loc. Near Pulquina, Bolivia.

Lingula complanata Williams. Hamilton-Ithaca (Dev.).

Lingula mida Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pi. 2, fig. 4 (not figs. 5, 6).
Lingula complanata Williams, Proc. American Ass. Adv. Sci., XXX, 1882, p. 188; —

Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 3, 1884, pp. 14, 1.5, 20, 22.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.

New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 1, fig. 17.
Loc. Ithaca and Canandaigua Lake, New York.

246 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Lingula compta Hall aiul Clarke. Hamilton (Dev.).

Lingnla comi)ta Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 171, pi. 1,

fig. 10.
Loc. Canandaigna Lake, New York.

Ling:ula concentrica Vaimxem = Scbizol)olus coiiceiitricus.

Lingula concentrica Conrad. % Corniferous (Dev,).

Lingula coucentrica Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York, 1839, p 64.
Lov. ''Helderberg Mountains," New York.
Ohs. Insufficiently defined to be recognized.

Lingula covingtonensis Hall and Whitfield. Utica (Ord.).

Lingula covingtonensis Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 187.5, p. 67, pi. 1, tig.

1.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 8.
Loc. Covington, Kentucky.

Lingula crassa Hall=Glossina crassa.

Lingula crawfordsvillensis Gurley. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Lingula crawfordsvillensis Gurley, New Carboniferous Foss., 1, 1883, p. 2. — Mil-
ler, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 350.
Loc. Crawfordsville, Indiana.
06s. Should be compared with L. varsaviensis.

Lingula cuneata Conrad. Medina (Sil.).

Lingula cuneat.a Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York, 1839, pp. 63,
64.— Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 48, fig. 5;— Pal. New
York, II, 1852, p. 8, pi. 4, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII Pt.
I, 1892, p. 12, pi. 1, figs. 11, 12; pi. 4K, fig. 9.

Lingulella cnneata Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, \). 352.

Loc. Medina and Lockport, New York.

Lingula curta Conrad. Trenton-Utica (Ord.).

Lingula curta Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 266, pi.
15, fig. 12.— Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 97, pi. 30. fig. 6.— Rogers, Geol.
Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 818, fig. 604.— Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863,
p. 161, fig. 138; p. 201, fig. 197.— Emerson, Geol. Frobischer Bay; Nourse's
Narr. Hall's Arctic Exped., App., HI, 1879, p. 578.

Loc. East Canada Creek and Middleville, New York; Carlisle, etc., Pennsyl-
vania; Montmorency Falls, Canada; Frobischer Bay.

Lingula cuyahoga Hall. Chemung- Waverly (Dev.-L. Carb.).

Lingula cuyahoga Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863,
p. 24;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 15, pi. 1, fig. 5.— Herrick, Bull. Denison
Univ., IV, 1888, p. 13;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 22, fig. 9.

Lingula cuyahoga? Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 1, fig. 18.

Loc. Akron and Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio; Chemung group, Panama, New York.

Lingula cyane Billings =Glossina cyane.
Lingula daphne Billings = Glossina trentoueusis.
Lingula dawsoni Matthew = Lingulella dawsoni.

Lingula delia Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Lingula delta Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 22 ; —

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 12, pi. 2, fig. 9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,

VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 15, pi. 1, fig. 29.
Loc. Canandaigua Lake, New York.

Lingula densa Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Lingula densa Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863,p.22; —
Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 11, pi. 2, figs. 10, 11.

scHucHERT] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 247

lingula densa Hall — Continued.

Lingula densa? Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 15, pi. 1,

fig. 23.
Loc. Summit and Centerfield, New York.

Lingula desiderata Hall. Oorniferous (Dev.).

Lingula desiderata Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863,

p. 19;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 6, pi. 2, fig. 2.
Loc. Ontario County, New York.

Lingula(?) dolata Sardeson. Oalciferous (Ord.j.

Lingula dolata Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., IV, 1896, pi. 6, fig. 12,
Loc. Stillwater, Minnesota.

Lingula dubia d'Orbiguy=Glossina dubia.

Lingula elderi Whitfield. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.).

Lingula elderi Whitfield, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XIX, June, 1880, p. 472,
figs. 1, 2;— Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 345, pi. 27, figs. 1-5.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 11, pi. 1, figs. 21, 22.— Winchell and Schu-
chert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 339, pi. 29, figs. 1-4.

Lingula minnesoteusis N. H. Winchell, Eighth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur-
vey Minnesota, July, 1880, p. 61.

Loc. Rochester, Minneapolis, etc., Minnesota; Beloit, Wisconsin; Cincinnati,
Ohio.

Lingula elegantula Shaler=L. rectilateralis.
Lingula elliptica Hall (non Phillips)=L. subelliptica.

Lingula(?) elliptica Emmons. Cambrian.

Lingula elliptica Emmons (non Phillips, 1836), American Geology, Pt. II, L855,

p. 112.
Loc. Augusta County, Virginia.

Ohs. This species belongs to another genus. The specific name will therefore
not conflict with that of Phillips.

Lingula elongata Hall. > Trenton (Ord.),

Lingula elongata Hall, Pal. New York, 1, 1847, p. 97, pi. 30, fig. 5.— Billings, Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 161, fig. 135.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 165.

Loc. Lewis County, New York; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba; Ottawa, Canada, in

the Utica terrane (Ami).

Lingula ererensis Eathbun. Middle Devonian.

Lingula ererensis Rathbuu, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 16.
Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil.

Lingula exilis Hall=Lingulodiscina exilis.

Lingula eva Billings. Black River (Ord.).

Lingula eva Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., VI, 1861, p. 150; — Geol. Canada, 1863,
p. 141, fig. 73. — Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893,
p. 341, pi. 29, figs. 5, 6.
Loc. Murray Bay, Canada ; Fremont, Winona County, Minnesota.

Lingula forbesi Billings. Lorraine (Ord.).

Lingula forbesi Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 115, fig. 96.
Loc. Anticosti.

Lingula gannensis Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Lingula gannensis Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, pp. 12, 17, pi. 3, figs.

2,3;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 22, figs, 2, 3.
Loc, Ganu, Knox County, Ohio.

248 SYNOPSIS OP AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bills?.

Lingula gibbosa Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Lingiila gibbosa Hall, Description n. sp. Foss. Waldron, Indiana, 1879, p. 13; —
Eleventh Eep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 284, pi, 27, lig. 2 ;— Trans. Albany
Institute, X, 1883, p. 69.

Loo. "Waldron, Indiana.

Lingula gorbyi Miller. Chouteau (L. Garb.).

Lingula gorbyi Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, i>.

309, pi. 9,"figs. 3, 4.
Loc. Sedalia, Missouri.

Lingula gracana Rathbun. Middle Devoiiiau.

Lingula gracana Eathbun, Bull. Buffalo See. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 259, fig. 2.
Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil.

Lingula halli White. Burliugton (L. Garb.).

Lingula halli White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 30.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Lingula howleyi Matthew. Lower Ordovician.

Lingula howleyi Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, 1896, p. 259, pi.

1, fig. 3.
Loc. Kelleys Island, Conception Bay, Newfoundland.
Obs. Appears to be a synonym for L. murrayi Billings.

Lingula hurlbuti N. H. Wiuchell = Glossina hurlbuti. .

Lingula huronensis Billings. Ghazy (Ord.).

Lingula huronensis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 433, fig. 9; — Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 124, fig. 48.
Loc. St. Joseph Island, Lake Huron.

Lingula indianaensis Miller and Gurley. Keokuk (L. Garb.).

Lingula indiauensis Miller and Gurley, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 3,

1893, p. 69, pi. 7, fig. 1.
Loc. Crawfordsville, Indiana.

Lingula ingens Spencer. Niagara (Sil.).

Lingula ingens Spencer, Bull. Univ. State Missouri, 1884, p. 56; — Trans. St.

Louis Acad. Sci., IV, 1886, p. 606, pi. 8, fig. 6.
Loc. Hamilton, Ontario.

Lingula insularis Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Lingula insularis Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 40.
Loc. Anticosti.

Lingula iole Billings. Galciferous (Ord.).

Lingula iole Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 215, fig. 199.
Loc. Near Portland Creek, Newfoundland.

Lingula iowaensis Owen. Galena (Ord.).

Lingula iowensis Owen, Geol. Rep. Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, 1844, p. 70,
pi. 15, fig. 1.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 8, pi. 1,
fig. 14.— Winchell .and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 349,
pi. 29, figs. 19-22.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., HI, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 164.

Lingula quadrata? Owen (not Eich.), Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minne-
sota, 1851, pi. 2B, fig. 8. [See specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert.
Foss., 17873.]

Lingula quadrata Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 46, fig. 1, and p. 435. — Meek
and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 305, pi. 2, fig. 4.

Lingulella iowensis Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 242, pi. 9, fig. 1.

Loc. Wisconsin; Iowa; Minnesota; Illinois; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba.

8CHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 249

Liugula ireiie Billiiigs=Lmgulella irene.

Lingala iris Billings, Calciferols (Ord.).

Lingula iris Billiugs, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 301, fig. 290.
Loc, Point Levis, Canada.

Lingula kingstonensis Billings. Black River (Ord.).

Lingula kingstonensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 48, fig. .51; — Geol. Canada,

1863, p. 141, fig. 74.
Loc. Long Island, near Kingston, Canada.

Liugula lamellata Hall, 1852 (partim, uou Hall, 1843) = L. ta^niola.

Lingula lamellata Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Lingula lamellata Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 108, fig.

2;— Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 249, pi. 53, figs. 1, 2 (nou p. 55, pi. 20, fig.

4=L. tajniola).— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 16, pi.

I, figs. 9, 10; pi. 4K, figs. 10-13.

Loc. Lockport and Rochester, New York ; Hamilton, Ontario.

Lingula leana Hall=Glossina leana.

Lingula ligea Hall. Hamilton-Portage (Dev.).

Lingula ligea Hall, Thirteenth Rep. New York State Cah. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.

76;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 2.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol.

Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 107, pi. 2, fig. 2.— Clarke, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 16,

1885, p. 62.
Lingula ligea var. Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 8, pi. 2, fig, 8.
Lingula ligea? W^hitfield, Annals New York Acad, Sci., "\^, 1891, pp. 547, 573, pi.

II, figs. 3, 4 ;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 441, pi. 7, figs. 3, 4 ; p. 462.

Loc. Seneca Lake, Ithaca, etc.. New York; Thedford, Ontario (Whiteaves) ;
Delaware County, Ohio (Whitfield) ; Eureka district, Nevada.

Lingula ligea nevadaensis Walcott. Lower Devonian,

Lingula ligea var. nevadensis Walcott, Mon, U, S, Geol, Survey, VIII, 1884, p.

107, pi, 2, fig. 3.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Lingula lingulata Hall and Clarke. Clinton (Sil.).

Lingula lingulata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, ■ VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 173,

pi. 4K, fig. 5.
Loc. Hamilton, Ontario.

Lingula lonensis Walcott. Lower Devonian.

Lingula lonensis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VI II, 1884, p. 108, pi, 13, fig, 1.
Loc. Lone Mountain, Nevada.

Lingula lucretia Billiugs. Gaspe Ko. 5 (Dev.).

Lingula lucretia Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 14, fig. 3.
Loc. Cape Bon Ami, Gasp^.

Lingula lyelli Billings. Cbazy (Ord.).

Lingula lyelli Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 348, fig. 1 ; p. 431;— Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 124, fig. 49.
Loc. Alumette Island.

Lingula maida Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Lingula maida Hall, Sixteenth Rep, New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 20; —

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 9, pi. 2, fig. 13,
Loc. Moscow, New York.

250 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Lingula manni Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Lingula manui Hall, Sixteeuth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.
20;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 6, pi. 2, fig. 3.— Whitfield, Anuals New York
Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 546, pi. 11, ligs. 1, 2;— Ueol. Ohio, XU, 1895, p. 441,
pi. 7, ligs. 1, 2.

Loc. Delaware Countj', Ohio.

Lingula mantelli Billings. Calciferous (Ord.).

Lingula mautelli Billiugs, Cauadiau Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 349, tigs, le-lf; —

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 113, tig. 20.
Loc. St. Eustache, Canada.

Lingula (?) manticula White. Upper Cambrian.

Lingula? manticula White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west 100 Merid., PreL Rep.,

1874, p. 9;— Ibidem, Final Rep., IV, 1875, p. 52, pi. 3, tig. 2.— Walcott, Mon.
U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 13, pi. 9, fig. 3; pi. 11, fig. 2.

Loc. Schell Creek Range, Nevada.

Lingula marginata d'Orbigny (non Pliillips) = L. submarginata.
Lingula luattbewi Hartt=Acrothele matthewi.

Lingula meeki Herri ck. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Lingula meeki Herrick, Bull. Denisou Univ., IV, 1888, pp. 13, 18, pi. 10, fig.

31;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 22, figs. 7, 8.
Loc. Cuyahoga Valley, Ohio.

Lingula melie Hall. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Lingula melie Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.

24;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 14, pi. 1, figs. 3, 4.— Meek, Pal. Ohio, II,

1875, p. 276, pi. 14, fig. 3.— Herrick, Bull. Uenison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 13.—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 12, fig. 9; pi. 1, fig.
32.— Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 20, tig. 1; pi. 22, fig. 10.

Loc. Chagrin Falls and Berea, Ohio.

Lingula membranacea Winchell. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Liugula membranacea A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadeliihia, 1863, p.
3.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, pp. 12, 17, pi. 3, fig. 4;— Geol.
Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 22, fig. 4.

Lingula (Lingulella?) membranacea Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 275, pi. 14, fig. 4.

Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Harts Grove and Loudonville, Ohio; Shafers, Pennsyl-
vania.

Lingula metensis Terquem? Lower Lias (Jurassic).

Lingula cf. metensis (Terquem) Moricke, Neues Jahrbuch f. Mineral., Beilage-

band, IX, 1894, p. 58, pi. 5, fig. 10.
Loc. Sierra de la Ternera ; Mine Amolanes, Chile.

Lingula uiiuiiesotensis N. H. Winchell=L. elderi.

Lingula minuta Meek. Hamilton (Dev.).

Lingula minuta Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 87, pi. 13, fig. 1.

Loc. Near Fort Resolution, Great Slave Lake, British America.

Lingula modesta E. O. Ulricb. Trenton-Lorraine (Ord.).

Lingula modesta Ulrich. American Geologist, III, 1889, p. 382, tig. 4 ou p. 378. —

Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 344, pi. 29,

fig. 41.
Lingula vanhorni Hall and Clarke (non Miller), Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892,

pL 1, fig. 4.
Loc. Covington and Frankfort, Kentucky; Lattners, Iowa; Granger and Wykoti",

Minnesota.

scHucHERT.l INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 251

Lingula morsel (N. H. Wiuchell). St. Peters (Ord.).

Lingulepis morsensis N. H. Winchell, Fourth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Sur-
vey Minnesota, 1876, p. 41, fig. 6.

Lingulepis mursii Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 352.

Lingula morsii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 62.— Sarde-
son. Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., IV, 1896, p. 77, pi. 4, figs. 2, 3.

Loc. Near Fountain, Minnesota.

Lingula mosia Hall. Upper Cambrian.

Lingula mosia Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.

126, pi. 6, iigs. 1-3;— Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 102.— Sardeson,

Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., 1\^, 1896, p. 95.
Loc. Lagrauge Mountain, Minnesota; Mazomanie, Wisconsin.

Lingula miinsteri d'Orbigny. Ordoviciau.

Lingula miinsterii d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Amdrique M^ridionale, Pal., 1842,

p. 29, pi. 2, fig. 6.
Lingula miinsteri A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 7.
Loc. Tacopaya, etc., Bolivia.

Lingula(?) murrayi Billings. Upper Cambrian.

Lingula murrayi Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1872, p. 467, fig. 3; —

Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 66, fig. 34.
Loc. Bell Island, Conception Bay, Newfoundland.
Ohs. See Lingula howleyi.

Lingula mytiloides Sowerby. Upper Carboniferous.

Lingula mytiloides Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, I, 1813, p. 55, tab. 19, figs. 1,
2.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 572, pi. 25, fig. 2.
Loc. Illinois.

Lingula nitida Meek and Hayden. Upper Cretaceous.

Lingula nitida Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p.
443.— Meek, Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., IX, 1876, p. 9, pi. 28, fig. 18.—
White, Eleventh Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1879, p. 205.— Whiteaves,
Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1885, p. 29.
Loc. Mouth of Big Horn River, Nebraska; Sage Creek, Colorado; Near Irvine
Station, Canadian Pacific Railroad, Canada.

Lingula norwoodi James =Lingulop8 norwoodi.
Lingula nuda Hall (partim)=L. complanata.

Lingula nuda Hall. . Hamilton (Dev.).

Lingula nuda Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York Stite Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 22; —

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 10, pi. 2, figs. 5, 6 (non fig. 4=L. complanata).
Loc. Canandaigua Lake, New York.

Lingula nympha Billings. Calciferons (Ord.).

Lingula uympha Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 214, fig. 198.
Loc. Table Head, Newfoundland.

Lingula oblata Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Lingula oblata Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 77, fig. 8 on p.

76;— Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 54, pi. 20, fig. 2.
Loc. Sodus and Wolcott, New York.

Lingula oblonga Conrad (non Eicliwald)=L. clintoni.

Lingula obtusa Hall. Treiiton-Utica (Ord.).

Lingula obtusa Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 98, pi. 30, fig. 7.— Billings, Geol.
Canada, 1863, p. 161, fig. 137.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 165.
Loc. Middleville, New York; Lake Winnipeg and Ottawa, Canada.

252 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHTOPODA. [nuix.87.

Lingula i)alifonnis Hall = Liugulella paliformis.

Lingula papillosa Emmons. Treutou (Orel.).

Lingiila papillosa Emmons, American Geolojijy, Pt. II, 1855, j). 202, fig, 64; —

Maimnl Geol., 1860, p. 99, fig. in text.
Loc. Unknown.

Lingula paracletus Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Lingula paracletus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 10, 12,

fig. 8 ; p. 172.
Loc. Chardon, Ohio.

Lingula parrishi Miller. Upper Carboniferous.

Lingula parrishi Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p.

307, pi. 8, fig. 2; pi. 9, fig. L
Loc. Kansas City*, Missouri.

Lingula perlata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Lingula perlata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 156, pi. 9, figs. 3-5.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York.

Lingula i^erovata Hall=Glossiiia perovata.
Lingula perplexa Hall=L. subelliptica.

Lingula perryi Billings. ? Chazy (Ord.).

Lingula perryi Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1861, p. 20, fig. 23; — Geol. Vermont, II,

1861, p. 957, fig. 363;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 274, fig. 278.
Loc. Highgate Spring, Vermont.

Lingula philomela Billings. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.).

Lingula philomela Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 49, fig. 53; — Geol. Canada,
1863, p. 161, fig. 133.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pi. 1,
fig. 8.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 342,
pi. 29, figs. 7, 8.

Loc. Montmorency Falls, Ottawa, etc., Canada; Florenceville, Iowa.

Lingula plagemanni Moricke. Jurassic.

Lingula plagemanni Moricke, Neues Jahrbuch f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX, 1894,

p. 59, pi. 5, fig. 9.
Loc. Canales and Caracoles, Bolivia.

Lingula pinuaformis Hall = Liugiilepis pinniformis.
Lingula polita Hall=Obolella polita.
Lingula prima Hall=Lingulepis prima.
Lingula procteri Ulticli=L. vanhorni.

Lingula progne Billings. Trenton-TJtica (Ord.).

Lingula progne Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 47, fig. 50; — Geol. Canada, 1863,

p. 161, fig. 134; p. 201, fig. 196.
Loc. Montreal, Collingwood, Ottawa, etc., Canada.

Lingula punctata Hall. Hamilton and Ithaca (Dev.).

Lingula punctata Hall, Sixteenth Kep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.

21;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 10, pi. 1, fig. 6.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 11, 17, pi. 1, figs. 26-28.
Loc. Canandaigua Lake and Summit, New York; Portage group at Ithaca

(Williams).

Lingula quadrata, American autbors=L. rectilateralis and L. iowaensis.

scHDCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 253

Lingula quebecensis Billings. Upper Cambrian and Calciferous.

Lingula quebecensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 72, fig. 65; pp. 72, 216; —

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 230, fig. 241.
Loc. Point Levis, Sillery, etc., Canada; Cow Head, Newfoundland.

Lingula rectilatera Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Lingula rectilatera Hall, Pal. New York, HI, 1859, p. 156, pi. 9, figs 6-8.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami).

Lingula rectilateralis Emmons, Trenton-Lorraine (Ord.).

Lingula rectilateralis Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p.

399, fig. 6.
Lingula quadrataHall (nou Eichwald), Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 96, pi. 30, fig.

4; p. 285, pi. 79, fig. 1.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 319, fig.

8.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 820, fig. 615.— Billings,

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 161, fig. 131; — Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p.

10.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 1, fig. 13.
Lingula elegantula Shaler, Bull. Mas. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 61.
?Lingula quadrata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour Sci., II, 1875, p. 9.
Loc. Rodman, Lorraine, Middleville, Trenton Falls, etc.. New York; Ottawa

etc., Canada; Anticosti.
Ohs. This species is more closely related to L. iowaensis than to L. quadrata

Eichwald.

Lingula riciniformis Hall. Trenton (Ord.).

Lingula riciniformis Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 95, pi. 30, fig. 2. — AVinchell

and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 343, fig. 24; pi. 29, fig 9.
Lingula (Glossina) riciniformis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,

1892, pi. 1, fig. 3.
Loc. Middleville, New York; Charlesbourg, Canada; St. Paul, Minnesota.

Lingula riciniformis galenaensis Wincliell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.).

Lingula riciniformis var. galenensis Winchell and Schuchert, American Gtol.,

IX, 1892, p. 284;— Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 344, pi. 29, figs. 10. 11.

Loc. Near Kenyou and Fountain, Minnesota; Neenah and Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

Lingula rodriguezii llathbun. Middle Devonian.

Lingula rodriguezii Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 260.
Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil.

Lingula scotica Meek (non Davidson) =Glossina waverlyensis.
Lingula scotica var. nebraskensis Meek = Glossina nebrask en sis.

Lingula scutella Hall and Clarke. Chemung (Dev.).

Lingula scutella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 171, pi. 1,

fig. 30.
Loc. Alleghany County, New York.

Lingula shuniardi Cragin. Lower Cretaceous.

Lingula shumardi Cragin, Geol. Survey Texas; Fourth Ann. Rep., 1893, p. 166.
Loc. Bonham-Sherman road, Fannin County, Texas.

Lingula spathata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Lingula spathata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 157, pi. 9, figs. 7, 9, 11.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami).

Lingula spatiosa Hall=Glossina spatiosa.

Lingula spatulata Vanuxem. Genesee and Portage (Dev.).

Lingula spatulata Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 168,
fig. 3.— Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 223, fig. 3;— Pal. New York,
IV, 1867, p. 13, pi. 1, fig. 1.— Clarke, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 25.—

254 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. tnu..L.87.

Lingula spatulata Vannxem — Continued.

Tstlieruyschcw, Mc^moires du C()tnit<^ Ci(^ologique de St. P<5tershonrp, 1887,
p. IIG, pi. 14, fig. 29.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, l?^i)2, pi. 1,

fig. ir>.

Lingula spatulata? Rathbiiu, Bull. Biifialo Soc. Nat. Scl., I, 1874, p. 258, tig. 1 ;—

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 16.
Loc. Lodi, Seueca Lake, etc., New York; Portage group at Ithaca, New York

(Williams); Erere, Province of Para, Brazil; Urals of Russia.

Lingula stautoniana Rathbiin. Middle Devonian.

Lingula stautoniana Katlil)un, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 259, fig. 3.
Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil.

Lingula(?) striata Emmons. Cambrian.

Lingula striata Emmons, American Geology, Pt. II, 1855, p. 112, ]il. 1, fig. 17; —

Manual GeoL, 1860, p. 88, fig. 74.
Loc. Augusta County, Virginia.

lingula subel,liptica d'Orbigny. Clinton (Sil.).

Lingula elliptica Hall (non Phillips), Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843,

p. 76, fig. 7.
Lingula subelliptica d'Orbigny, Prodrome de Pal., I, 1850, p. 34.
Lingula perplexa Hall, Miller's American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 244.
Loc. Wolcott, New Y^ork.

Lingula submarginata d'Orbigny. Ordovician.

Lingula marginata d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Am^rique Mdridiouale, Pal., 1842,

p. 28, pi. 2, fig. 5.
Lingula submarginata d'Orbigny, Prodrome de Pal., I, 1850, p. 14.
Loc. Tacopaya, Bolivia.
Lingula suboblonga d'Orbigny=L. clintoni.

Lingula subspatulata Meek and Worthen (non Hall and Meek)=Bar-

roisella subspatulata.
Lingula subspatulata Hall and Meek. Upper Cretaceous.

Lingula subspatulata Hall and Meek, Mem. American Acad. Arts Science, n.

ser., V, 1854-1856, p. 380, pi. 1, fig. 2.— White, Rep. Geogr. Geol. Survey west

100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 169, pi. 15, fig. 4.
Lingula subspatulata? Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 185.
Loc. Near Red Cedar Island, Nebraska; near old Fort Wingate, New Mexico;

Rolling River, Manitoba.

Lingula taeniola Hall and Clarke. Clinton (Sil.).

Lingula lamellata Hall (partim). Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 55, pi. 20, fig. 4.
Lingula taeniola Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 18, 173, pi. 4K,

fig. 8.
Loc. Clinton, New York; Hamilton, Ontario.

Lingula thedfordensis Whiteaves. Hamilton (Dev.).

Lingula thedfordensis Whiteaves, Extract Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1887, p. 3,

pi. 15, fig. 1;— Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. Ill, pi. 15, fig. 1.
Loc. Thedford, Ontario.

Lingula tighti Herrick. Upper Carboniferous.

Lingula tighti Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 43, pi. 4, fig. 5.
Loc. Newark, Ohio.

Lingula trentonensis Conrad = Glossina trentonensis.
Lingula triangulata Nettelrotli=Glossina triangulata.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 255

Lingula triquetra Clarke. Portage (Dev.).

Lingula tri(iuetra Clarke, Bnll. U. -S. Geol. Siirvey, 16, 1885, p. 62, pi. 3, fig. 11.
Loc. Ontario County, New York.

Lingula truncata Sowerby. Neocomiaii (Cret.).

Lingula truncata Sowerby, Trans. Geol. Soc. London, IV, 1836, pi. 14, fig. 1.5. —
Davidson, British Cret. Brach., Pal. Soc, 1852, p. 6, pi. 1, figs. 27, 28, 31.—
Behrendsen, Zeit. der Deutschen Geol. Gesael., XLIV, 1892, p. 27.

Loc. Europe; Arrogo, Triuguico, Argentine Republic.

Lingula umbonata Cox. Upper Carboniferous.

Lingula umbonata Cox, Owen's Geol. Survey Kentucky, III, 18.57, p. 576, pi. 10,
fig. 4.— Wliito, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 120, pi. 25,
fig. 14.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 144, pi. 14, fig. 2.— Keyes,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 226;— Geol. Survey Missouri, V,
1895, p. 38, pi. 35, fig. 4.
Loc, Crittenden, Union, and Hancock counties, Kentucky; Newark, Ohio; Des
Moines, Iowa; Clinton and Kansas City, .Missouri.

Lingula vanhorni Hall and Clarke (partim) = L. modesta.

Lingula vanhorni Miller. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.).

Lingula vanhorni Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, i>. 9, fig. 1; —

Eighteenth Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 309.
Lingula procterl Ulrich, American Geologist, III, 1889, p. 377, fig. 1. — Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 12, pi. 1, figs. 5-7.
Loc. Versailles, Indiana; Covington and Burgin, Kentucky.
01)8. An examination of the type specimen led to the above synonymy.

Lingula varsaviensis Worthen. _ Warsaw (L. Carb.).

Lingula varsoviense Worthen, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 2. 1884, p.

24;— Geol. Survey Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 104, pi. 11, fig. 8.
Loc. Warsaw and Hamilton, Illinois.

Lingula waverlyensis Herrick =Glossina waverlyensis.

Lingula whitfieldi Ulrich. Lorraine (Ord.).

Lingula whitfieldi Ulrich, American Geologist, III, 1889, p. 381, fig. 3 on y. 378.
Loc. Covington, Kentucky.

Lingula whitei Walcott. Lower Devonian.

Lingula whitii Walcott, Mnn. U. S. Geol. Survey,VIII, 1884, p. 109, pi. 13, fig. 3.—

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 11, pi. 1, fig. 31.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Lingula wiuona Hall=Lingulella winona.

LINGULASMA E. O. Ulrich. Genotype L. schucherti Ulrich.

Liugulasma Ulrich, American Geologist, III, 1889. p. 383. — Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 24, 46, 163.— Winchell and Schuchert, Min-
nesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 353. — Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep.
New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 335.

Lingulelasma Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 351.

Lingulasma galenaense Winchell and Schuchert. Galena (Ord.).

Liugulasma galenensis Winchell and Schuchert, American Geol., IX, 1892, p.

285 ;— Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 354, pi. 30, figs. 1-4.
Loc. Fillmore and Goodhue counties, Miunesota; Decorah, Iowa; Neenah and
Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

256 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Lingulasma schucherti Ulricli. Lorraine (Ord.).

Liugulasma scbucherti Ulriih, American Geologist, III, 1889, p. 389, iig. 5 ou j).

378.— Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 24, pi. 2, ligs.

17-23.
Lingulelasraa scluichcrti Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 351.
/,()('. Wilmington and Savanna, Illinoia.

LINGULELLA Salter. Genotype Lingula davisi McCoy.

Lingulella Salter, Mem. Geol. Survey Great Britain, III, 1866, p. 333. — Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 55, 163 ;~Eleventh Ann. Rep.
New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 232.

Lingulella affinis Billings=Liugulobolus affinis.

Lingulella ampla (Owen). Middle Cambrian.

Lingula ampla Owen, Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852, p. 583,
pi. IB, fig. 5.— Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863,
p. 125, pi. 6, fig. 10;— Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 101.

Loc. Trempealeau, Wisconsin; Winona, Minnesota.

Lingulella aurora Hall. Upper Cambrian.

Lingula aurora Hall, Ann. Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, 1861, p. 24; — Geol. Surv. Wis-
consin, I, 1862, p. 21, fig. 4; p. 435 ;— Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab.
Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 126, pi. 6, figs. 4, 5;— Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867,
p. 103.

Lingulella aurora Hall, Twenty-third Rep. New York State Cab, Nat. Hist.,
1873, p. 244.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 2, figs.
12, 13.

Loc. Mazomanie, Wisconsin; Osceola, Wisconsin, and Otisville, Minnesota (Sar-
deson).

Lingulella(?) billingsana (Whiteaves). Upper Cambrian.

Lingula billingsana Whiteaves, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XVI, 1878, p. 226.
Lingula cfr. billingsiana Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1894, p. 93, pk

16, fig. 6.
Loc. Conception Bay, Newfoundland.

Lingulella caelata (Hall). Lower Cambrian.

Orbicula c;elata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 290, pi. 79, fig. 9.

Obolella cselata Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., 2d ser., VI, 1871, p. 218.

Obolella (Obolus) cielata Ford, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., II, 1871, p. 33.

Lingulella c;elata Ford, Ibidem, XV, 1878, p. 127.— Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol.
Survey, 30, 1886, p. 95, pi. 7, fig. 1;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey,
1891, p. 607, pi. 67, fig. 1.— Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892,
p. 57, pi. 2, figs. 1-4.

Lingula ? caelata Matthew, Trans. New York Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 126.

Loc. Troy and Schodack Landing, New York; New Brunswick.

Lingulella cincinuatiensis Hall and Whitfield = Lingula cincinnatiensis.

Lingulella(?) cuneata Matthew. Lowest Ordoviciaii.

Lingulella(?) cuneata Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc, Canada, X, 1894, p 92, pi. 16,

fig. 5.
Loc. Hardingville, New Brunswick.

Lingulella dawsoni Matthew. Middle Cambrian.

Lingula? dawsoni (Matthew MS.) Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 10, 1884,

p. 15, pi. 5, fig. 8.
Lingulella dawsoni Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 33, pi. 5,
fig. 9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 58, pi. 2, fig. 5.
Loc. Portland, etc., New Brunswick.

scHDCHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 257

Lingulella ella (Hall and Whitfield). Lower and Middle Cambrian.

Lingulepis ella Hall aud Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari,, IV,
1877, p. 232, pi. 1, fig. 8.

Lingulella ella Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 97, pi. 7, fig. 2; pi.
8, fig. 4;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 607, pi. 67, fig. 2.—
Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 58, figs. 19-21.

Loc. Wasatch Rauge, Utah ; near Pioche, Nevada.

Lingulella granvillensis Walcott. Lower Cambrian.

Lingulella grauvillensis Walcott, American Jonr. Sci., 3d ser., XXXIV, 1887, p.

188, pi. 1, fig. 15;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 607, pi. 67, fig.

4.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 58.
Lingulella cfr. grauvillensis Matthew, Trans. New York Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895,

p. 114.
Loc. North Granville, New York; ?New Brunswick.

LingulellaC?) inflata Matthew. Middle Cambrian.

Lingulella? inflata Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 33, pi. 5,

fig. 7;— Trans. New York Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 127, pi. 5, fig. 3.
Loc. Hanford Brook, St. Martins, New Brunswick.

Lingulella inflata ovalis Matthew. ? Middle Cambrian.

Lingulella inflata var. ovalis Matthew, Trans. New York Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895,

p. 127, pi. 5, fig. 4.
Loc. Hanford Brook, New Brunswick.

Lingulella irene (Billings). Upper Cambrian and Calciferous.

Lingula irene Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 71, fig. 64;— Geol. Canada, 1863,

p. 230, fig. 240.
Loc. Point Levis, Canada.

Lingulella Isevis Matthew. Upper Cambrian.

Lingulella laevis Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Cafiada, IX, 1892, p. 39, pi. 12, figs.

4a, 4b.
Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick.

Lingulella lamborni Meek. 'JUpper Cambrian.

Lingulella lamborni Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1871, p. 185, fig.

1.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 38, pi. 35, fig. 5.
Loc. Madison Conntj'^, Missouri.

Lingulella linguloides Matthew. Middle Cambrian.

Lingulella linguloides Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 34, pi. 5,

fig. 8.
Loc. Porters Brook, St. Martins, New Brunswick.

Lingulella macconelli Walcott. Middle Cambrian.

Lingulella macconelli Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Museum, XI, 1888, p. 441.
Loc. Mt. Stephens, British Columbia.

Lingulella martinensis Matthew. Middle Cambrian.

Lingulella martinensis Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IV, 1890, p. 155, pi.

8, fig. 4;— Trans. New York Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 113, pi. 2, fig. 6.
Loc. Hanford Brook, New Brunswick.

Lingulella minuta Hall and Whitfield. Up. Camb. and Pogonip (Ord.).
Lingulella! minuta Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari.. W,
1877, p. 206, pi. 1, figs. 3, 4.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. GeoL Survey, VIII, 1884,
p. 13.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.
Bull. 87 17

258 sYNorsJJS of American fossil brachiopoda. [bull.87.

Lingulella(?) paliformis Hall. Hamilton (Dcv.)

Lingula ])alilbrmi8 Hall, Thiiteeiith Reii. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., liStJO

p. 76, fig. 1.
Lingula palii'fonnis Hall, Pal, New York, IV, 1867, p. 8, pi. 1, tig. 7.— Whitlield

Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 324, pi. 25, fig. 10.
Lingulella? pahoformis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p])

59, 64, pi. 2, figs. 6-8.
Loc. Cayuga Lake, New York; Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Lingulella radula Matthew. JNliddle Cambrian

Lingulella radula Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, VIII, 18'J1, p. 147, pi. 15

figs. 7, 8.
Loc. St. John, New Brunswick.

Lingulella roberti Matthew. Lower Ordovician

Lingulella roberti Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, 1896, i>. 256

pi. 1, fig. 2.
Loc. Cape Breton, Nova Scotia.

Lingulella selwyni Matthew. Lower Ordovician

Lingulella selwyni Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, 1896, p. 255

pi. 1, fig. 1.
Loc. Cape Breton, Nova Scotia.

Lingulella? spissa—Sphajrobolus spissus.

Lingulella starri Matthew. Middle Cambrian.

Lingulella starri Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, VIII, 1891, p. 146, pi. 15,

figs. 5, 6.
I^oc. St. Johns, New Brunswick.

Lingulella starri minor Matthew. Upper Cambrian.

Lingulella starri var. minor Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 58.
Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick.

Lingulella stoneana Whitfield. Upper Cambrian.

Lingula aurora ■^ar. Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863,
p. 127, pi. 6, figs. 6-8;— Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 104;— Twenty-
third Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, pi. 13, fig. 5.

ikngulella stoneana Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 334, pi. 27, figs. 6,
7.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 2, figs. 9-11.

Loc. Prairie du Sac and Mazomanie, Wisconsin.

Lingulella winona (Hall). Middle Cambrian.

Lingula winona Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.

126, pi. 6, fig. 9;— Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 102.— Sardesou, Bull.

Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., IV, 1896, p. 96.
Loc. Lansing, Iowa; Wisconsin.

LINGTJLEPIS Hall. Genotype Lingula pinniformis Owen.

Lingulepis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 129.—
Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV,
172, 1864, p.l.— Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 106.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 59, 163 ;— Eleventh Ann.. Rep.
New York State Geologist, 1894, p. 231.
0J)8. The essential difference between Lingulepis and Lingulella is that the ven-
tral beak of the former is often much attenuated. The amount of attenua-
tion, however, is often a very changeable feature in specimens of a species
from a locality. It is this variation and the want of large collections that
has lead to the making of too many species of Liugulepis.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 259

Lingulepis acuminata (Conrad). Upper Cambrian.

Lingula acuminata Conrad, Third. Ann. Rep. New York Geol. Survey, 1839, p.
64.— Hall, Pal. New York, 1, 1847, p. 9, with fig.— Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863,
p. 102, fig. 8.— Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., 1, 1896, p. 257, pi.
2, fig. 5.

Lingula antiqua Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 268, fig.
68.— Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 3.— Emmons, American
Geology, Pt. II, 1855, p. 202, pi. 4, fig. 7.

Glossina acuminata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 1,
figs. 1, 2.

Loc. Saratoga and Franklin counties, etc., New York; Lansdowne, Bastard, and
Beverly, Canada.

Obs. The material of this species in the collection of the U. S. Geological Sur-
vey has specimens which are difficult to separate from L. pinniformis and
L. dakotensis, and there is every gradation between these and L. acuminata.
See L. pinniformis.

Lingulepis acutangulus (Roemer). tipper Cambrian.

Lingula acutangula Roemer, Texas, 1849, p. 420; — Kreidebildung Texas, 1852, p.

90, pi. 11, fig. 10.
Loc. Burnett and Llano counties, Texas.

Lingulepis afiQnis = Lingulobolus afiSnis.

Lingulepis cuneolus Whitfield. Upper Cambrian.

Lingulepis cuneolus Whitfield, Powell's Geol. Geogr. Survey Rocky Mountain

Region, Prel. Rep., 1877, p. 8;— Ibidem, Final Rep., 1880, p. 336, pi. 2,

figs. 5, 6.
Lingulepis perattenuatns Whitfield, Ibidem, Prel. Rep., 1877, p. 9; — Final Rep.,

1880, p. 337, pi. 2, figs. 7-9.
Loc. Red Canyon Creek, Black Hills, South Dakota.

Lingulepis dakotensis Meek and Hayden = L. pinniformis.
Lingulepis ella Hall and Whitfield = LinguleIla ella.

Lingulepis(?) maera Hall and Whitfield. Up. Camb. and Pogonip (Ord.).
Lingulepis m»ra Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877,
p. 206, pi. 1, figs. 5-7.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 12.
Lingulepis? maera Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 61.
Loc. Secret Canyon, Ruby Hill, and Eureka district, Nevada.

Lingulepis matinalis Hall. Upper Cambrian.

Lingulepis pinnaformis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1863, p. 130;— Ibidem, 1863, p. 130, pi. 6, figs. 12, 13.
Ohs. A distinct species occurring in numbers in a blue shale just above the trap

at St. Croix Falls, Wisconsin.

Lingulepis minima Whitfield=L. prima.
Lingulepis minuta Hall and Whitfield=Obolella whitfieldi.
Lingulej^is morsensis N. H. Winchell = Liuguhi morsei.
Lingulepis perattenuata Whitfield =L. cuneolus.

Lingulepis pinniformis (Owen). Upper Cambrian.

Lingula antiqua and prima (non Emmons, Hall, 1847) Foster and Whitney, Geol.

Rep. Lake Superior Dist., II, 1851, p. 204, pi. 23, figs. 1, 2.— Hall, Geol.

Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 21, fig. 3. — Hayden, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser.,

XXXIII, 1863, p. 73.
Lingula pinnaformis Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, p.

583, pi. IB, figs. 4, 6,8.— Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, pp. 21, 435, fig. 3.

260 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Lingulepis pinniformis (Owen) — Continued.

Orbicula prima Oweu, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, figs. 17, Ifl.
Lingulepis pinuaformis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1863, p. 129, pi. 6, figs. 14-16;— Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 107.—

Whitfield, Powell's Geol. Geogr. Survey Rocky Mountain Region, 1880, p.

335, pi. 2, figs. 1-4;— Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 160, pi. 1, figs. 2, 3.
Lingulepis pinniformis and dakotensis Meok and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri,

Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 172, 1864, pp. 2, 3, pi. 1, fig. 1.
Lingulepis dakotensis Whitfield, Powell's Geol. Geogr. Survey Rocky Mountain

Region, 1880, p. 337, pi. 2, figs. 10, 11.
Lingulepis pinniformis Hall and Clarke, Pa). New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 60,

figs. 22, 23; pi. 1, figs. 35, 36.
Loc. Falls of St. Croix, Hudson, etc., Wisconsin; Black Hills, South Dakota.
Obs. This species also occurs at Ausable Chasm and Whitehall, New York, and

are there regarded as L. acuminata. It may be advisable to refer Owen's

species to L. acuminata (Conrad).

Lingulepis prima Meeli and Hayden =Obolella polita.

Lingulepis prima (Hall). Upper Cambrian.

Lingula ovata Emmons, Geol. New York; Re,p. Second Dist., 1842, p. 105

(undefined).
Lingula prima (Conrad MS.) Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 2.—

Emmons, American Geology, Pt. II, 1855, p. 202.
Obolella prima Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1884, p. 142, pi. 14,

figs. 3-5.
Lingulepis minima Whitfield, Ibidem, 1884, p. 141, pi. 14, figs. 1, 2.
Lingulella? prima Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 69.
Loc. Keeseville, Essex, etc.. New York; fBlack Hills, South Dakota.

Lingulepis primiformis Whitfield. Upper Cambrian.

Lingulepis prima?formis Whitfield, Ludlow's Rep. Reconn. Black Hills South

Dakota, 1875, p. 103, pi. 1, fig. 4.
Loc. Black Hills, South Dakota.

LINGULOBOLUS Matthew. Genotype Lingulella( ?) affinis Billings.

Lingulobolus Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I, 1891"), p. 260.

Lingulobolus affinis (Billings). Lower Ordovician.

Lingulella? affinis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1872, p. 468, fig.

4;— Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 67, fig. 35.
Lingulepis affinis Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXVII, 1889, p. 381.
Lingulobolus affinis Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I., 1896, p. 261,

pi. 1, fig. 4.
Loc. Bell Island, Newfoundland.

Lingulobolus affinis cuneata Matthew, Lower Ordovician.

Liugiilobolus affinis var. cuneata Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser.,

I, 1896, p, 262, pi. 1, figs. 4e, 4d.
Loc. Great Bell Island, Conception Bay, Newfoundland.

LINGULODISCINA Whitfield. Genotype Lingula exilis Hall.

Lingulodiscina Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., Ill, 1890, p. 122,
figs. 1-8.

CEhlertella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1890, pp. 133, 168;— Elev-
enth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 257.

Lingulodiscina(?) connata (Walcott). Lower Carboniferous.

Discina connata Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 214, pi. 7, fig. 3.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

SCHUCHEET.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 261

Lingulodiscina exilis (Hall). Marcellus (Dev.).

Lingula exilis Hall, TLirteentli Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 77, tig.

2;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 7, pi. 1, figs. 8, 9.
Lingulodiscina exilis Whittield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., Ill, 1890, p. 122,

figs. 1-8.
Loc. Schoharie County, New York.

Lingulodiscina newberryi (Hall). Waverly (L. Carb.).

Discina newberryi Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 30; —

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 25, pi. 1, figs. 10, 11.
Discina (Orbiculoidea) newberryi Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 277, pi. 14, tig. 1.
Discina newberryi Walcott, Mou. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 213, pi. 18,

fig. 3. — Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 40.
Orbiculoidea newberryi Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 12; — (Jeol.

Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 22, figs. 11, 13.
CEhlertella newberryi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, Vlll, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 132,

pi. 4F, fig. 18.
Loc. Cuyahoga Falls, Akron, and Farmington, Ohio ; Eureka district, Nevada.
Oha. This species should be compared with Orbiculoidea(?) capax (White.)

Lingulodiscina pleurites (Meek). Waverly (L. Garb.).

Discina (Orbiculoidea?) pleurites Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 278, pi. 14, fig. 2.
Orbiculoidea pleurites Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, pp. 12, 19, pi. 3,

tig. 5;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 22, fig. 12.
CEhlertella pleurites Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, Vlll, Pt. I, 1892, p. 132,

pi. 4E, figs. 21-24; pi. 4F, figs. 19, 20.
Loc. Newark and Gann, Knox County, Ohio.

LINGULOPS Hall. Genotype L. wliittieldi Hall.

Lingulops Hall, Notes on some New or Imperfectly Known Forms among the
Brachiopoda, 1871, p. 2;— Ibidem, 1872, p. 2, pi. 13, figs. 1, 2;— Twenty-third
Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 244, pi. 13, figs. 1, 2.— Davidson and
King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 164.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 18, 46, 163 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y.
State Geologist, 1894, p. 233.

Lingulops granti Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Lingulops granti Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. lit, 173,

pi. 4K, figs. 14, 15.
Loc, Hamilton, Ontario.

Lingulops norwoodi (James). Utica (Ord.).

Lingula norwoodi James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 10, fig. 2; —

Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., VI, 1883, \k 23.5, pi. 10, fig. 1.
Lingulops norwoodi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 19, pi.

2, figs. 24-26.
Loc. Covington, Kentucky.

Lingulops whitfieldi Hall. Maquoketa (Ord.).

Lingulops whittieldi Hall, Notes on some New or Imperfectly Known Forms

among the Brachiopoda, 1872, p. 2, pi. 13, fig. 12;— Tweuty-third Rep. N. Y.

State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, pi. 13, figs. 1, 2. — Davidson and King, Quart. Jour.

Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 164, pi. 19, fig. 9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.

New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 19, pi. 2, figs. 27-30.
Loc. Near Lattners, Dubuque County, Iowa.

LINNARSSONIA Walcott. Genotype Obolella transversa Hartt.

Linuarssonia Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXIX, 1885, p. 115; XXX,

p. 21.— Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 35.— Hall aud

262 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

LINNARSSONIA Walcott— Continued.

Cliuke, Till. New York, VIII, I't. I, 1892, pp. 107, 167;— Eleventh Anu. Rep.
N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, ]). 251. — Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX,
1892, p. 42.

Linnarssonia belti J)avi(lson. Upper Cambrian.

Linnarssouia belti ? Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 42, pi. 12,

figs. 7a-7c.
Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick.

Linnarssonia misera (Billings). Middle Cambrian.

Oholella? misera Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1872, p. 470.
Linnarssonia luisera Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 35, fig. 12. —

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 108, pi. 8, figs. 35-37.
Loc. Trinity Bay, Newfoundland; St. Martins, New Brunswick.

Linnarssonia pretiosa (Billings). Upper Cambrian.

Obolella jiretiosa Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 68, fig. 61; — Geol. Cauadn,

1863, p. 230, fig. 239.
Obolella? pretiosa Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 111.
Linnarssouia pretiosa Dawson, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, VII, 1889, p. 53, fig.

26.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y^irk, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 70, pi. 3, figs. 43, 44.
Loc. Bridge of the Grand Trunk Railroad across the Chaudiere River; Cape

Rouge ; Little Metis ; Sillery and Point Levis, Canada.

Linnarssonia sagittalis taconica Walcott. Lower and Middle Cambrian.
Linnarssonia taconica Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXXIV, 1887, p. 189,

pi. 1, fig. 18.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 106.
Linnarssonia sagittalis Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XI, 1888, p. 442.
Linnarssonia sagittalis var. taconica Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser.,

XXXVIII, 1889, p. 36;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 610, pi.

68, fig. 1.
Loc. Washington County, New York ; Mount Stephan, British Columbia.

Linnarssonia taconica Walcott =L. sagittalis taconica.

Linnarsonia transversa (Hartt). Middle Cambrian.

Obolella transversa Hartt, Dawson, Acadian Geol., 2ded., 1868, p. 644. — Walcott,

Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 10, 1884, p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 5.
Linnarssouia transversa Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXIX, 1885, p.

116, figs. 3, 4, 6.— Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, III, 1886, p. 35, pi. 5,

fig. 11.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 108, pi. 3, figs.

38-42.— Matthew, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 125, pi. 5, figs. 1, 2.
Loc. St. John, New Brunswick.

LISSOPLEURA Whitfield. Genotype Rbynclionella fequivalvis Hall.
Lissopleura Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1896, p. 232.

Lissopleura aequivalvis (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Rhynchonella lequivalvis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.

66;— Pal. New Y'ork, III, 1859, p. 224, pi. 29, pp. 2, 3.
Lissopleura aequivalvis Whitfield, Bull. Am. Mus. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1896, p. 232,

figs. 1-5.
I^oc. Helderberg Mountains, New Y'ork.

MARTINIA McCoy. Genotype Anomites glabra Martin.

Martinia McCoy, Carboniferous Fossils Ireland, 1844, p. 128, fig. 18; p. 139, fig.
132. — King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc, 1850, pp. 81, 134. — Meek and
Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 172, 1864, p.
19. — Waagen, Palajontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 528. — Herrick,
Bull. Denisou Univ., IV, 1888, p. 14.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,
PI. II, 1893, pp. 9, 32, 40.

scHUCHERT] INDEX AND BlBLlOGfiAPflY. 263

Martinia athyroides A. Wiucbell. Hamilton (Dev.).

Martinia athyroides A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 94.
Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan.

Martinia glabra (Martin). Upper Carboniferous.

Anomites glabra Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, pi. 48, figs. 9, 10.
Spirifera glabra Davidson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863, p. 170, pi.

9, figs. 9, 10.— Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 291, fig. 89.
Loc. Europe; Pictou, Windsor, etc., Nova Scotia.

Martinia glabra contracta (Meek and Worthen). Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Spirifera glabra var. contracta Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1861, p. 143;— Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 298, pi. 23, fig. 5.—
White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 136, pi. 10, fig. 2.

Spirifera (Martinia) contractus Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p.
583, pi. 13, figs. 17-19.

Spirifera (Martinia) contracta Whitfield, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 471, pi. 9, Jigs.
17-19.

Loc. Chester, Illinois; Newtonville, Ohio; Lincoln County, Nevada.

Martinia glanscerasi (White). Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifera glanscerasi White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 24.
Loc. Iowa City, Iowa.

Martinia(?) insolita A. Wincliell. Huron (Dev.).

Spirifera? insolita A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 406.
Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan.

Martinia laevigata (Swallow). Keokuk (L. Garb.).

Spirifera hevigata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 86.
Loc. Iowa and Missouri.
Ohs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for Spirifer logani.

Martinia maia (Billings). Coruiferous (Dev.).

Athyris maia Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci., V, 1860, p. 276, figs. 33, 34; — Geol.
Canada, 1863, p. 373, fig. 398.

Athyris f maia Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1874, p. 88.

Spirifera maia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 116, pi. 63, figs. 6-13.— David-
son, Suppl. British Sil. Brach., Paleontographical Soc, 1882, p. 122. — Whit-
field, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 549, pi. 11, fig. 14.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 38, figs. 5, 6.— Whitfield, Geol. Ohio,
VII, 1895, p. 444, pi. 7, fig. 14.

Spirifera (Martinia) maia Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 141,
pi. 14, fig. 13 (?pl. 3, fig. 1).

I^oc. St. Marys, Township of Blanchard, Ontario ; Columbus and Delaware, Ohio ;
Eureka district, Nevada.

Martinia meristoides Meek. Middle Devonian.

Spirifera (Martinia) meristoides Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci , I, 1868, p.

106, pi. 14, fig. 3.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 142.—

Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 226.
L.oc. Mackenzie River Basin, British America.

Martinia planoconvexa Meek and Hayden=Ambocoelia planiconvexa.

Martinia sublineata Meek. Middle Devonian.

Spirifera (Martinia) sublineata Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 103,

pi. 14, fig. 1.
Loc. Great Slave Lake, British America.

2G4 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull.G7.

Martinia subumbona (Ilall). Hamilton-Portage (Dev.).

Ortbis subumboua Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 1G8.
Amboctt'liasiibumbona Hall, Tbirtceiith Kep. Ibidem, 1800, ji. 71.
Spirifera subumbona Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 234, pi. 33, figs. 22-30.
Martinia subumbona Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 352.
Spirifer subumbona Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 29,

fig. U.
Loc. Shore of Lake Erie, Tully, and McKinneys Station, New York.
Oha. Professor Williams says this species is a synonym for Amboccelia gregaria.

MEEKELLA White and St. J. Genotype Plicatula striatocostata Cox.

Meekella White and St. John, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, 1868, p. 120, figs. 4-6.—
Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 175. — Waagen,PaliEon-
tologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 576.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 264 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 287.

Meekella occidentalis (Newberry). Upper Carboniferous.

Streptorhynchus occidentalis Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West,

1861, p. 126, pi. 1, fig. 5.
Meekella occidentalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 266,

pi. IIB, figs. 18, 19.
Loc. Canyon of Cascade River.
Ohs. See Meekella pyramidalis.

Meekella(?) occidentalis (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous.

Orthisina occidentalis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci,, II, 1863, p. 82.
Loc. Caldwell County, Missouri.

Ohs. If a Meekella it should he compared with M. striaticostata. Regarded by
Keyes as a synonym for M. striaticostata.

Meekella pyramidalis (Newberry). Upper Carboniferous.

Streptorhynchus pyramidalis Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West,

1861, p. 126, pi. 2, figs. 11-13.
Meekella pj^ramidalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 266.
Loc. Colorado River.
Ohs. This species is quite distinct from M. striaticostata Cox, with which it has

been confounded. M. occidentalis Newberry, however, may prove to be

but a large individual of M. pyramidalis.

Meekella striaticostata (Cox). Upper Carboniferous.

Plicatula striatocostata Cox, Owen's Geol. Survey Kentucky, III, 1857, ]>. 568,

pi. 8, fig. 7.
Orthisina shumardianus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, j). 183.
Orthisina missouriensis Swallow, Ibidem, 1858, p. 219. — Meek and Haydeu, Proc.

Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1859, p. 26.
Orthisina shumardiana Meek and Hayden, Ibidem, 1859, p. 26.
Orthis striatocoata Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 48, pi. 3, figs.

22-24.
Meekella striatocostata White and St. .lohn. Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868,

pp. 120, 122, figs. 4-6.— Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872,

p. 175, pi. 5, fig. 12. — Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p.

571, pi. 26, fig. 21.— White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west ICOth Merid., IV,

1875, p. 26, pi. 9, fig. 4.— Kayser, Richthofen's China, IV, 1883, p. 178, pi. 23,

fig. 8.— White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 130, pi. 26, figs.

12-14.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 265, pi. 10, figs.

18-23; pi. IIB, figs. 20-22.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 68,

pi. 39, fig. 1.

scHucHERT.j INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 265

Meekella striaticostata (Cox) — Continued.

Streptorhynchus (Meekella) striatocostata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York

State Geol., 1883, pi. 40, figs. 18-23.
Loc. Hopkins County, Kentucky; Indiana; Illinois; Missouri; Iowa; Nebraska;

New Mexico; Nevada; Utah; fChina.
Ohs. See M. occidentalis (Swallow).

MEGALANTERIS CEhlert. Genotype Terebratula archiaci de Verueuil.

Meganteris Suess, Sitz. der k. k. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, XVIII, 1855, p. 51.
Megalanteris CEhlert, Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1319. — Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 277 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep.

N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 859.

Megalanteris condoni (McCbesney). Oriskany (Dev.).

Renssel£eria condoni McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1861, p. 85 ; — Trans. Chicago

Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 36, pi. 7, fig. 2.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey

Illinois, III, 1868, p. 401, pi. 8, fig. 4,
Newberria? condoni Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1891, p. 7 of extract.
Megalanteris condoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 280.
Loc. West of Jonesboro, Union County, Illinois.

Megalanteris ovalis Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Meganteris ovalis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 101.
Rensselajria ovalis Hall, Pal. N. Y., Ill, 1859, p. 458, pi. 106, fig. 2.— Billings,

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 962, fig. 471.
Megalanteris ovalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 280,

pi. 77, figs. 12-22.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York.

Meganteris a^quiradiata Hall=Renssel{eria jequiradiata.

Meganteris cumberlandise Hall = Renssel8eria cumberlandiae.

Meganteris elliptica Hall=Eensselff!ria elliptica.

Meganteris elongata Hall=Ampliigenia elongata.

Meganteris Itevis Hall=Meristella Levis.

Meganteris mutabilis Hall=Rensselferia inutabilis.

Meganteris ovalis Hall=Mega]anteri8 ovalis.

Meganteris ovoides Hall=Renssel{eria ovoides.

Meganteris subtrigonalis Hall = Aniphigenia elongata subtrigonalis.

Meganteris suessana Hall=Beachia suessana.

Megerlia dubitanda Cooper = Terebratella( f ) dubitauda.

MERISTA Suess. Genotype Atrypa lierculea Barrande.

Merista Suess, Jahrbuch Kiingl. Kais. Geol. Reichs., II, 1851, pp. 150, 160. — Hull,
Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 73;— Twentieth Rep.
N. Y. State C^ab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 258.— Dall, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1877,
p. 47.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 70, fig. 54;—
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 771.

Camarium Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 42;— Pal. New
York, III, 1859, p. 486;— Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862,
p. 176.

Merista arcuata Hall=Meristella arcuata.
Merista bella Hall=Meristella bella.
Merista bisulcata Hall=Whitfieldella bisulcata.
Merista crassirostra Hall = Wliitfieldella cylindrica.
Merista cylindrica Hall=Whittieldella cylindrica.

266 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Merista elongata (Hall). Lower Helderberg (l)ev.).

Ciimariiuu elongatiiin Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 488, pi. 'JoA, tig. 4.

Loc. Ciimbcrlaud, Maryland.

Oha. Probably only a variety of M. typa.

Merista houghtoni Wincliell=Meristella liouglitoni.

Merista l.iivis nall = Meristella Levis.

Merista lata Hall=Meristella lata.

Merista lens irall=Meristella lens.

Merista meekl Hall=Meristella meeki.

Merista priiiceps Hall=Meristella iirinceps.

Merista subquadrata Hall=Meristella subquadrata.

Merista tennesseensis Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Dev,).

Merista teunesseensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 71,

365, pi. 42, figs. 1-6.
Loc. Perry County, Tennessee.

Merista typus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Camarium typum Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 487, pi. 95A, figs. 2a, 3, 5, 6.
Merista typum Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 93,

figs. 10-13.
Merista typa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 42, figs. 7-12.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

MERISTELLA Hall, 1860. Genotype Merista arcuata Hall.

fMeristella Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78.

Meristella Hall, Thirteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1860, pp. 74, 93 ; — Sixteenth Rep. Ibidem,
1863, p. 50, figs. 27-34;— Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 139;— American
Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XXXV, 1863, p. 396 ; XXXVI, p. 11 ;— Twentieth Rep. N. Y.
State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, pp. 155, 2.58;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 295.—
Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.
97.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 73, figs. 55, 56;—
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N, Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 773.

Athyris Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 115.

Meristella arcuata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Merista arcuata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 95, figs.

1-4;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 249, pi. 41, fig. 1 (?2).
Meristella arcuata Hall, Ibidem, IV, 1867, p. 298, figs. 1, 2. — Hall and Clarke,

Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 43, figs. 1, 2; pi 44, fig. 5.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York; St. Blandine, New Brunswick.

Meristella barrisi Hall. Marcellua-Haniilton (Dev.).

Meristella barrisi Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.
84;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 304, pi. 49, figs. 5-22.— fTschernyschew,
M^moires du Comite G6ologique de St. P6tersbourg, III, 3, 1887, p. 55, pi. 9,
figs. 12, 15; pi. 13, figs. 1, 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,
1895, pi. 43, figs. 25, 26; pi. 44, figs. 27-30.

Loc. York and Leroy, New York ; Urals of Russia.

Meristella bella (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Merista bella Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 92, figs. 1-7;—

Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 248, pi. 40, fig. 1.
Meristella bella Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 510, pi. 5, figs.

8-10.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 43, figs. 7-9;

pi. 44, figs. 1-3.— Whitfield, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 412, pi. 1, figs. 8-10.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York; Greenfield, Ohio; Lake Teiiiis-

couata, New Brunswick.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 267

Meristella(?) blancha (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Athyris blancha Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 115, pi. 3, fig. 13.
Meristina ( ?) blancha Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 68,

pi. 41, figs. 22, 23.
Loc. Square Lake, Maine.
Obs. Compare with Meristella arcuata.

Meristella clusia (Billings). Corniferous (Dev.).

Athyris f clusia Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci., V, 1860, p. 279.
Loc. Cayuga, Ontario.

Meristella doris Hall. Upper Heklerberg (Dev.).

Meristella doris Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.84:—

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 303, pi. 50, figs. 1-12.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 43, figs. 21, 22.
Charionella doris Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 374, figs. 400E, 401a, b.
Loc. Schoharie and Williamsville, New York ; Cayuga, Ontario.

Meristella elissa Hall = Meristella nasuta.

Meristella haskinsi Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Meristella haskinsi Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.
84;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 306, pi. 49, figs. 23-35.— Hall and Clarke,
Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 43, figs. 23, 24; pi. 44, fig. 31.

Loc. Seneca Lake,"York, Moscow, etc.. New York; Thedford, Ontario.

Meristella (?) houghtoni (A. Winch ell). Huron (Dev.).

Merista houghtoni Winchell, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 407.
Meristella ( ?) houghtoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 78.
Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan.

Meristella (?) incerta Simpson. Waverly (L. Garb.).

Meristella incerta Simpson, Trans. American Philosophical Soc, n. ser., XVI,

1889, p. 442, fig. 7.
Loc. Warren, Pennsylvania.
Obs. Based upon a crushed and broken specimen.

Meristella laevis (Vanuxem). Lower Heklerberg (Dev.).

Atrypa hevis Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 120, fig. 2. —

Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 825, fig. 642.
Merista lasvis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 94, figs.

1-6;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 247, pi. 39, figs. 3, 4.— Meek audWorthen,

Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 376, pi. 7, fig. 8.
Meristella lajvis Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 510, pi. 5, figs.

6, 7.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 43, figs. 3-6;

pi. 44, fig. 4.— Whitfield, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 411, pi. 1, figs. 6, 7.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Greenfield, Ohio; Perry County,

Missouri; Pennsylvania; Square Lake, Maine; St. Blandine, New Brunswick.

Meristella (?) laevis (Hall). ' Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Meganteris lajvis Hall (non Vanuxem), Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1857, p. 99.
Rensselajria laevis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 256, pi. 40, fig. 2.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Meristella lata Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Merista lata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 431, pi'. 101, fig. 3.
Meristella lata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 78, pi. 41,

fig. 12.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York; Cayuga, Ontario.

268 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Meristella lens (A. Wiucliell). Hamilton (Dev.).

Merista leus A. Wiucboll, Kep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 94.
Meristella lens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YITT, Pt. IT, 1893, p. 78.
I.oc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan.

Meristella lenta Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Meristella lenta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 420, pi. 63, ligs. 19-22.— Hall

and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 44, ligs. 15-18.
Loc. Cayuga, Ontario.

Meristella maria Hall=Meristiua maria.

Meristella meeki Hall. Lower Heklerberg- (Dev.).

Merista uieeki Hall, Tenth Eep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist , 1857, p. 97;— Pal.

New York, III, 1859, p. 252, pi. 44, fig. 6.
Camarium meeki Hall, Ibidem, III, 1859, p. 486.

Meristella meeki Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 78.
Loc. Perry County, Tennessee.

Meristella meta Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Meristella meta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 308, pi. 49, figs. 1-1.— Hall and

Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 43, figs. 29, 30.
Loc. Delphi, New York.

Meristella nasuta (Conrad). Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Atrypa nasuta Conrad, Jonr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 265.

Terebratula valenciennii Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. I'Amt^rique Septeutrionale,
1843, p. 39, pi. 13, fig. 6.

Meristella nasuta Hall, Thirteenth Eep. N. X. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 93,
figs. 8, 9;— Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, p. 160, figs. 17-22 on p. 161;— Pal.
New Y'ork, IV, 1867, p. 299, pi. 48, figs. 1-25.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil
Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 98, pi. 15, figs. 2-8.— Hall aud
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 43, figs. 18-20; pi. 44, figs. 13,
14, 19-26.

Athyris clara Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci., V, 1860, p. 274, figs. 29-32;— Geol.
Canada, 1863, p. 373, fig. 397;— Canadian Nat. Geol., n.ser., VII, 1874, p. 240.

Meristella elissa Hall, Fourteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 100;—
Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, pi. 3, figs. 21, 22.

Athyris nasuta Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1874, p 86.

Meristella (Whltfieldia) nasuta Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p.
148, pi. 3, fig. 8.

Loc. Schoharie, Clarence,Williamsville, etc.. New York; Cayuga, Ontario; Colum-
bus and Dublin, Ohio; Falls of Ohio; Lone Mountain, Nevada.
Meristella nncieolata Whitfield =Wliitfieldel] a imckolata.

Meristella princeps Hall. Lower llelderberg (Dev.).

Merista princeps Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 95, figs.

1-5;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 251, pi. 44, figs 1-5.
Camarium princeps Hall, Ibidem, III, 1859, p. 486.
Meristella princeps Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.

93, figs. 5-7.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 43, figs.

10-13.
Loc. Carlisle and Schoharie, New York ; St. Blandine, New Brunswick.

Meristella rectirostra Hall=Meristina rectirostris.

Meristella riskowskyi A. Ulricli, Middle Devonian.

Meristella riskowskyi A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892,

p. 64, pi. 4, figs. 16-18.
Loc. Chahuarani aud near Oconi, Bolivia.

scHUCHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 269

Meristella rostrata Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Atrypa rostrata Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 202, fig. 2.
Athyris? rostrata Billings, Canadian .Tour. Sci., V, 1860, p. 281, figs. 43, 44.
Charionella rostrata Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 385, fig. 420.
Meristella rostrata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 307, pi. 50, figs. 13-17.—

Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, Vol. VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 43, figs. 27, 28.
Loc. Eighteen Mile Creek, etc.. New York; Bosanqnet, Ontario.

Meristella subquadrata Hall. Lower Helderberg- (Dev.)

Merista subquadrata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 93; —

Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 249, pi. 40, fig. 3.
Meristella subquadrata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 78, pi. 43,

figs. 14, 15.
Loc. Schoharie and Carlisle, New York.

Meristella uuisulcata Hall = Peutagonia nuisulcata.

Meristella unisulcata biplicata Hall=Pentagoma unisulcata biplicata.

Meristella unisulcata iiniplicata Hall=Pentagonia unisulcata uniplicata.

Meristella walcotti Hall and Clarke. Oriskany (Dev.).

Meristella walcotti Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 77,

365, figs. 55, 56, pi. 43, figs. 16, 17; pi. 44, figs. 6-11, 23, 32.
Loc. Cayuga, Ontario.

MERISTINA Hall. Genotype Meristella maria Hall.

Meristiua Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 157;— Pal.

New York, IV, 1867, p. 299.— Nettelroth (partim),Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem.

Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 101.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. II, 1893, p. 65 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 770.
Whitfieldia Davidson, Supplement British Sil. Brach., Paleontographical Soc,

1882, p. 107.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus., I, 1889, p. 73.

Meristina maria Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Athyris tumida Roemer, Sil. Fauna west. Tennessee, 1860, p. 70, pi. 5, fig. 12.
Meristella maria Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 212.— Hall and Whit-
field, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 196.
Meristina maria Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 157; —

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 299.— Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p.

132, pi. 7, figs. 5, 6.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 101, pi. 29, figs. 7-10.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 67, pi. 41, figs. 1-17.
Meristella tumida Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878,

p. 597.
Meristella (Meristina) maria Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.

Hist., 1879, p. 159, pi. 25, figs. 8-12;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana,

1882, p. 299, pi. 25, figs. 8-12.
Whitfieldia maria Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., 1, 1889, p. 73, ol. 7,

figs. 1-3.
Loc. Waldron, Indiana; Springfield, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky; Perry County,

Tennessee; Bridgeport, Illinois; Racine, Wisconsin; Bessels Bay, 81° 6'.
Obs. This species is not identical with M. tumida Dalman.

Meristina nitida Hall=Whitfieldella nitida.

Meristina rectirostris Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Meristella rectirostra Hall, Descriptions n. sp. Fossils from Waldron, Indiana,

1879, p. 15;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 301, pi. 27, figs. 10-

14;— Trans. Albany Institute, X, 1883, p. 71.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem.

N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 67, pi. 7, figs. 4, 5, 11-13.

270 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Meristina rectirostris Hall — Continued.

Meristina rectirostra Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 68,

figs. 52, 53, pi. 11, figs. 18-21.
Loc. Waldrou, Indiana.

Meristina trisinuata (McOliesiiey). Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamern.s trisiimatus McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Fossils, 1S61, p. 86.
Athyris? trisinuatus McChesney, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sei. , I, 1868, p. 33, pi. 8,

fig. 2.
Loc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
Ohs. Probably synonymous with Meristina maria.

METAPLASIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Spirifer pyxidata Hall.

Metaplasia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 56;— Thirteenth
Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 762.

Metaplasia disparilis (Hall). Oorniferous (Dev.).

Spirifer disparilis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 134.
Spirifera disparilis TIall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 204, pi. 30, figs. 10-15.
Metaplasia pyxidata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 39, figs.

19-22.
Loc. Williamsville and Clarence Hollow, New York.

Metaplasia pyxidata Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Spirifer pyxidata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 428, pi. 100, figs. 9-12.
Metaplasia pyxidata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIIT, Pt. II, 1893, p. 56.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York; Cumberland, Maryland;
Cayuga, Ontario.

Micromitra Meek=Iphidea.

MIMULTJS Barrande. Genotype M. perversus Barrande.

Mimulus Barrande, Systeme Silurien du Centre de la Boheme, V, 1879, j). 109. —
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt, I, 1892, p. 272 ;— Eleventh Ann.
Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 289.

Mimulus waldronensis (Miller and Dyer). Niagara (Sil.).

Spirifera ( ?) waldronensis Miller and Dyer, Jonr. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist.,

I, 1878, p. 37, pi. 2, fig. 3.
.Triplegia putillus Hall, Descriptions n. sp. Fossils Waldron, Indiana, 1879, p. 16; —

Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 298. pi. 27, figs. 19-22 ;— Trans.

Albany Institute, X, 1883, p. 72.
Streptis waldronensis Beecher and Clarke, Mem. New York State Mus., I, 1889,

p. 30, pi. 3, figs. 9, 10.
Mimulus waldronensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 273,

pi. lie, figs. 23-28.
Loc. Waldron, Indiana.

MONOMORELLA Billings. Genotype M. prisca Billings.

Monomorella Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1871, p. 220; — American

Jour. Sci., 3d ser.. Ill, 1872, p. 358. — Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol.

Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 155.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.

I, 1892, pp. 40, 46;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 238.

Monomorella egani Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Monomorella egani Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 42,

175, pi. 4C, fig. 16.
Loc. Near Grafton, Wisconsin.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 271

Monomorella greenei Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Mononiorella greenii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 42,

174, pi. 4D, figs. 5-10.
Loc. Near Grafton, Wisconsin ; Risingsun, Ohio.

Monomorella kingi Hall and Clarke. Magara (Sil.).

Monomorella kingi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 42,

174, pi. 4D, figs. 1, 2.

Loc. Near Cedarburg, Wisconsin ; Hawthorne, Illinois.

Monomorella newberryi Hall and Whitfield. Niagara (Sil.).

Monomorella newberryi Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 131, pi. 7, figs.

I, 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4C, figs. 1, 2.
Loc, Genoa, Ohio.

Monomorella orbicularis Billings. Guelpli (Sil.).

Monomorella orbicularis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1871, p. 221;—

American Jour. Sci., 3d ser.. Ill, 1872, p. 359.— Davidson and King, Quart.

.Jour. Geol. Soc. Loudon, XXX, 1874, p. 1.58, pi. 17, fig. 10.
Monomorella cuf. orbicularis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

pi. 4C, figs. 3-5.
Loc. Hespelar, Ontario; near Grafton, Wisconsin.

Monomorella ortoni Hall and Clarke. Magara (Sil.).

Monomorella ortoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 42,

175, pi. 4C, figs. 14, 15.

Loc. Risingsun, Wood County, Ohio.

Monomorella ovata Whiteaves. Guelph (Sil.).

Monomorella ovata Whiteaves, Pal. Fossils, III, 1884, p. 5, pi. 2, fig. 1 ; pi, 8,

fig. 1.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 42, pi. 4D, figs.

13-15.
Loc. Durham, Ontario.

Monomorella ovata lata Whiteaves. Guelph (Sil.).

Monomorella ovata var. lata Whiteaves, Pal. Fossils, III, 1884, p. 6, pi. 2, fig.

2; pi. 8, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4, figs.

II, 12; pi. 4C, figs. 17, 18.

Loo. Durham, Ontario; Hawthorne, Illinois.

Monomorella prisca Billings. Guelph (Sil.).

Monomorella prisca Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol, n. ser., VI, 1871, p. 221; — Amer-
ican Jour. Sci., 3d ser.. Ill, 1872, p. 359. — Davidson and King, Quart. Jour.
Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 156, pi. 17, figs. 5-8.— Nicholson, Pal. Prov.
Ontario, 1875, p. 68, fig. 38.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,
1892, pi. 4C, figs. 6-13.

Loc. Hespelar and Flora, Ontario; Risingsun, Wood County, Ohio; Hawthorne,
Port Byron, and Cicero, Illinois. .

NEWBERRYA Hall. Genotype Rensselaeria ? johanni Hall.

Rensselandia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 385.

Newberria Hall, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 236;— Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y.
State Geol., 1891, p. 91 (extract, p. 4).— Hall and Clarke, PaL New York, VIII,
Pt. II, 1893, p. 261 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 851.

Ohs. It is unfortunate that Rensselseria johanni is the type for two generic
names. Adhering strictly to the rules of nomenclature Rensselandia will
take precedence over Newberrya. The first term is, however, improperly
constructed and is without meaning.

272 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [boll. 87.

Newberrya claypolei Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Rensseliuria marylandica! Claypole, Proc. American Phil. Soc, 1883, p. 235.
Newberria claypolii Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1891, p. 9, extract,
pi. 5, figs. 1-9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 263,
pi. 78, figs. 1-9.
Loc. Perry County, Pennsylvania.

Newberria'? coiidoui McChe8ney=Megalauteris coudoni.

Newberrya johannis Hall. Middle Devonian.

Rensselieria? johanni Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 385, pi. 58A, figs. 9-20.
Rensselandia johanni Hall, Ibidem, 1867, at end of description.
Newberria johanni Hall, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 237.
Newberria johannis Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1891, p. 8, extract,
pi. 6, figs. 1-11.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 262,
pi. 78, figs. 10-16.
Loc. Waterloo, Iowa.

Newberrya laevis (Meek). Middle Devonian.

Rensselieria laevis Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 108, pi. 13, fig. 8;

pi. 14, fig. 4.
Newberria isevis Hall, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 237, pi. 30, figs. 3, 4.
Newberria laevis Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1891, p. 7, extract, pi.

6, figs. 12-15.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 264,

pi. 78, figs. 17-20.
Loc. Mackenzie, Onion, and Lockhart rivers, Canada.

Newberrya missouriensis Swallow. Hamilton (Dev.).

Newberria missouriensis (Swallow MS.) Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol.,

1891, p. 9, extract, pi. 5, figs. 10-12.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. II, 1893, p. 263, pi. 78, figs. 21-23.
ioc. Moniteau County, Missouri.

NOTOTHYRIS Waagen. Genotype Terebratula subvesicularis David.
Notothyris AVaageu, Paheontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1882, p. 375. — Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 274 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 857.

Notothyris (?) smithii Derby. Middle Devonian.

Notothyris ( ?) smithii Derby, Archivos do Museu Nacioual do Rio De Janeiro,
IX, 1890, p. 81.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 267,
275.

Loc. Head of the Paraguay in Matto-Grosso, Brazil.

NUCLEOSPIRA Hall. Genotype Spirifer veutricosa Hall.

Nucleospira Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 24;— Pal.
New York, III, 1859, p. 219;— Ibidem, IV, 1867, p. 278.— Nettelroth, Kentucky
Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 103. — Hall aud Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt, II, 1893, p. 142 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State
Geologist, 1895, p. 806.

Nucleospira barrisi White. Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

Nucleospira barrisi White, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1860, p. 227.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Nucleospira concentrica Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Nucleospira concentrica Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 223, pi. 28B, figs, 15-

19.— Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 48, fig. 7.
Loc. Decatur County, Tennessee.

scHucHERT] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 273

Nucleospira concinna Hall. Corniferous-Hauiiltou (Dev.).

Atrypa conciana Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 200, fig. 3.

Nucleospira concinna Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, pp.
25, 26;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 279, pi. 45, figs. 33-57.— Davidson, Suppl.
British Silurian Brach., Paheontographical Society, 1882, p. 121. — Walcott,
Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 147.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil
Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 103, pi. 32, figs. 1-4.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 145, fig. 131 ; pi, 48, figs. 12-17,
19-34; pi. 84, fig. 38.

Loc. Moscow, Darien, etc.. New York; Monroe County, Pennsylvania; Thed-
ford, Ontario; Hardy County, Virginia; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio;
Lone Mountain, Nevada.

Nucleospira elegans Hall, ? Niagara and L. Helderberg (Sil, and Dev.).
Nucleospira elegans Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p, 222, pi, 28B, figs. 10-15.—

Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.

104.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 48, figs. 8-11.
Loc. Cherry Valley, New York; Cumberland, Maryland. In the Niagara near

Louisville, Kentucky (Nettelroth).

Nucleospira indianensis Miller=Parazyga hirsuta.

Nucleospira pisiformis Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Orthis pisum Hall (nou Sowerby), Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 250, pi. 2, fig. 1.

Nucleospira pisiformis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, pi. 28B;— Trans. Albany
Institute, IV, 1863, p. 226;— Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1879, p. 160, pi. 25, figs. 22-28;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p,
301, pi. 25, figs. 22-28.— Kayser, Richthofens China, IV, 1883, p. 47, pi, 4,
figs. 9-11,— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol, Sur-
vey, 1889, p, 104, pi, 33, tigs, 7-9,— Keyes, Geol, Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p,
94, pi. 41, fig. 5.

Loc. Wolcott, New York; Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; Pike
County, Missouri; Tshau-Tien, China.

Nucleospira rotundata Whitfield. Waterlime (Sil.).

Nucleospira rotundata Whitfield, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p, 194;—

Ibidem, V, 1891, p, 511, pi. 5, figs. 11-14;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p, 413, pi. 1,

figs, 11-14.
Loc. Greenfield, Ohio.

Nucleospira ventricosa Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer ventricosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y, State Cab, Nat, Hist., 1857, p. 57.
Nucleospira ventricosa Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 220, pi. 14, fig. 1; pi.

28B, figs. 2-9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 145,

figs. 128-130; pi. 48, figs. 2-6, 18; pi. 84, figs, 39, 40,
Loc. Schoharie, Cherry \'alley, etc.. New York; Cumberland, Maryland,

OBOLELLA Billings. Genotype O. cliromatica Billings.

Obolella Billings, Geol. Vermont, II, 186], p. 946;— Pal. Fossils, I, 1861, p, 7,—
Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat, Hist,, 1863, p, 131,— Meek and
Hayden, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowledge, XIV, 172, 1864, p. 3.— Hall, Trans,
Albany Institute, V, 1867, ]>. 108.— Dall, American Jour, Conchology, VI,
1870, pp, 162, 164,— lUUings, Canadian Nat, Geol., u. ser., VI, 1871, p. 217,
figs. 5, 6;— American Jour. Sci., 3d ser.. Ill, 1872, p. 355, figs. 5-7;— Ibidem,
3d ser., XI, 1876, p. 176.— Ford, Ibidem, 3d ser., XXI, 1881, p. 131.— Walcott,
Bull, U, S, Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, \). 109.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp, 66, 164;— Eleventh Ann. Rep, N, Y. State Geologist, 1894,

Bull. 87 18

274 SYNOPSIS or AMERICAN FOSSIL 15RACHI0P0DA. [bull. 87.

OBOLELLA liilliiigs — Continued.

p. 240.— Matthew, Trims. Koyal Soe. Canada, TX, 1892, p. 39.— Miekwitz,
Mem. I'Ac-ad. Imp. Sci. St. r^torsbonrjr, VIII, WM), p. IK!.
Dicelloiiins Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat Hist., 187;$, p. 24tj.

Obolella anibign;i Walcott=Elkaiiia anibigua.

Obolella atlantica Walc.ott. Lower Cambrian.

Obolella atlantica Walcott, Proc. IT. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1889, p. 36;— Tenth Ann.

Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 611, pi. 71, fig. 1.
Loc. Conception IJay, Newfoundland ; Attle.boro, Massachusetts.

Obolella cielata Billings—Lingulella cielata.

Obolella chromatica Billings. Lower (Jambrian.

Obolella cbroiuatira Billings, Geol. Vermont, II, 1861, p. 947, fig. 346;— Pal.
Fossils, I, 1861, p. 7, fig. 7;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 284, fig. 288.— Hall,
Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 110. -Billings, American. Jour. Sci., 3d
ser., XI, 1876, p. 176, figs. 1-4.— Ford, Ibidem, 3d ser., XXI, 1881, p. 133, figs.
3, 4, 5.— Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 112, pi. 11, fig. 1 ;— Tenth
Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, p. 611, pi. 71, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 70.

Loc. Anso an Loup, Canada.

Obolella cingnlata Billings=Kutorgina ciugulata.

Obolella circe Billings. Lower Cambrian.

Obolella circe Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., IV, 1871, p. 218;— American
Jour. Sci., Ill, 1872, p. 3.57.— Wakott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p.
118, pi. 10, fig. 3;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 611, pi. 71,
fig. 3.

Loc. Trois Pistoles, Canada.

Obolella crassa (Hall). Lower Cambrian.

Urbicula? crassa Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 290, pi. 79, fig. 8.

Avicula? des(inamata Hall, Ibidem, 1847, p. 292, pi. 80, fig. 2.

Obolella crassa Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1871, p. 218.— Ford,
Amer. Jour. Sci., 3d. ser., XV, 1878, p. 128;— Ibidem, 3d ser., XXI, 1881, p. 131,
figs. 1, 2.— Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 114, pi. 10, fig. 1.—
Shaler and Foerste, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., XVI, 1888, p. 27, pi. 1, fig. 1.—
Walcott, Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 612, pL 71, fig. 4.—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 70, pi. 2, figs. 31-36.

Obolella desquamata Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., VI, 1871, p. 217, tig.
6;— American Jour. Sci., 3d ser.. Ill, 1872, p. 35,5, fig. 6.

Obolella (Orbiculaf) crassa Ford, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., II, 1871, p. 33.

Dicellomus crassa Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p.
246, pi. 13, figs. 6-9.

Obolella chromatica (lap. crassa) Walcott, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXIX,
1885, p. 116, iigs. 1, 2;— Ibidem, XXX, 1890, p. 21.

Loc. Troy and Schodack Landing, New York; North Attleboro, Massachusetts;
St. Simon and Bic Harbor, below Quebec, Canada.

Obolella desiderata Billings=Elkauia desiderata.
Obolella desquamata Billings = Obolella crassa.

Obolella (?) discoidea Hall and Whitfield. Up. Camb. and Pogonip (Ord.).
Obolelladiscoidea Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877,

p. 203, pi. 1, figs. 1, 2.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 14.
Obolella? discoidea Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1826, p. 111.— Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 69.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 275

Obolella gemma Billings. Lower Cambrian.

Obolella oemma Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., a. ser., YI, 1871, p. 217, fig. 5; —
American Jour. Sci., 3d ser.. Ill, 1872, p. 357, iig. 5.— Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol.
Survey, 30, 1886, p. 116, pi. 10, fig. 2 ;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891,
p. 612, pi. 71, fig. 5; pi. 72, Iig. 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,
Pt. I, 1892, p. 71, fig. 30; pi. 2, figs. 42-44.

Lov. Bic and St. Simon liarbors, below Quebec, Canada; Troy, New York.

Obolella (?) gemmula Matthew. Upper Cambrian.

( (bolella ( ?) gemmula Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 41, pi. 12,

ligs. 8a-8c.
Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick.

Obolella (?) ida Billings. Upper Cambrian and Calciferous (Ord.).

Obolella ida Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 71, fig. 63, oa p. 68.
Obolella ? ida ^Valcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 111.
Loc. Point Levis, Canada.

Obolella misera Billings =Liuuarssonia niisera,

Obolella minuta (Hall and Whitfield), Upper Cambrian.

Liugulepis ? minuta Hall and AYhitfield, Rep. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877,
p. 206, pi. 1, figs. 3, 4.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 13.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Obolella nana Meek and Hayden, Middle Cambrian.

Obolella nana Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p.
435.— Billings, Pal. Fossils, 1, 1862, p. 67.— Hayden, American Jour. Sci.,
2d ser., XXXIII, 1863, p. 73. — Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl-
edge, XIV, 172, 1864, p. 4, pi. 1, fig. 3.— Whitfield, Powell's Geol. Geogr. Sur=
vey Rocky Mountain Region, 1880, p. 340, pi. 2, figs. 14-17.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 69.

Loc. Black Hills, South Dakota.

Obolella nitida Ford. Lower Cambrian.

Obolella nitida Ford, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., V, 1873, p. 213.— Walcott, Bull.

U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 118, pi. 11, fig. 2;— Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol.

Survey, 1891, p. 612, pi. 72, fig. 1.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, pp. 69, 70.— fMatthew, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 125,

pi. 2, fig. 8.
Loc. Troy, and Washington County, New York ; Hanford Brook, New Brunswick.

Obolella pectenoides (Whitfield). Upper Cambrian.

Obolus pectenoides Whitfield, Ludlow's Rep. Reconn. Black Hills, Dakota, 1875,

p. 103, figs. 1-3.
Obelus'? pectenoides Whitfield, Powell's Geol. Geogr. Survey Rocky Mountain

Region, 1880, p. 338, pi. 2, figs. 18, 19.
Loc. Black Hills, South Dakota.

Obolella polita Hall. Middle Cambrian.

Obolus api)olinu8 Owen (non Eichwald), Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minne-
sota, 1852, pi. IB, figs. 9, 11, 15, 20.

Lingula? polita Hall, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1861, p. 24; — Geol. Rep.
Wisconsin, I, 1862, pp. 21, 435.

Obolella ? polita Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 133>
pi. 6, figs. 17-21;— Trans. Albany Institute, V, 1867, p. 112.

Lingulepis prima Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 172, 1864,
p. 3, pi. 1, fig. 2.

Dicellomus polita Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat, Hist., X873, p. 246.

276 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA. (bull. 87.

Obolella polita 11 all — Continued.

Obolella polita Whitfield, Powell's Geol. Geoj^r. Survey Kocky Mountain Region,
1880, p. 33J), pi. 2, ligs. 12, 13.— W.ilcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886,
p. 111.— Ilnll and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIIT, Pt. 1, 1892, pi. 2, figs. 37-41.

Lo<\ Treiui)eale;ni, Wiseonsin ; Black Hills, South Dakota.

Obolella pretiosa Bi]lings=Linnarssonia pretiosa.
Obolella prima Wliitfield=Lingulepis prima.
Obolella transversa lIartt=Liunarssonia transversa.
Obolcllina Billings =Dinobolus.

Obolellina canadensis Billings =l)inobolus canadaensis.
Obolellina galtensis Billings=liliiuobolus galtensis.
Obolellina magnifica Billings =Diuobolus magniflcus.

OBOLUS Eicbwald. Genotype Obolus appolinus Eichwald.

Obolus Eichwald, Zoologia Specialis, I, 1829, p. 274.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, YIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 80, figs. 33, 34 ; pp. 164, 337.— Matthew, Trans. Royal
Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 43.— Mickwitz, MtSm. I'Acad. Imp. Sci. St. P6ter8-
bourg, VIII, 1896, pp. 25, 126.

Euobolus Mickwitz, M<Sm. I'Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Pdtersbourg, VIII, 1896, pp. 25,
129, 133.

Ohs. Both liuobolus and Obolus are based \\\m\\ the same species.

Obolus appolinus Owen (non Eichwald) =Obolella polita.
Obolus canadensis Billings, 1858=Dinobolus magnificus.
Obolus canadensis Billings =Dinobolus canadaensis.
Obolus conradi nall=Dinobolus conradi.
Obolus galtensis Billings=Eliiuobolus galtensis.
Obolus labradoricus Billings = Ipliidea labradorica.

Obolus (?) major Mattbew. Lower Cambrian.

Obolus? major Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IV, 1890, p. 155, pi. 8, tig. 3.
Mickwitzia (?) major Mickwitz, M6m. I'Acad. Imp. Sci. St. P^tersbourg, VIII,

1896, p. 23.
Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick.

Obolus (?) murrayi Billings. Cambrian.

Obolus? murrayi Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 362.
Loc. Hare Bay, Newfoundland.

Obolus ? pectenoides Whitfield = Obolella pectinoides.
Obolus pulcher Matthew =Botsfordia pulchra.

Obolus pristinus Matthew. ? Middle Cambrian.

Obolus pristinus Matthew, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 121, pi, 4, fig. 1.
Loc. Hanford Brook, New Brunswick.

Obolus (?) refulgens Matthew. Middle Cambrian.

Obolus refulgens Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 44, pi. 12,
figs. 6a-6d.

Obolus ( ?) refulgens Mickwitz, M6m. I'Acad. Imp. Sci. St. P<5tersbourg, VIII, 1896,
p. 23.

Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick.
CEhlertella Hall and Clarke =Lingulodiscina.
Orbicula Cuvier=: Crania.
Oibicula Sowerby, 1830=Discina.
Orbicula cailata HaU=Lingule]la c;clata,

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 277

Orbiciila corrugata Hall=Lichenalia, a bryozoan.
Orbicula crassa Hall=Obolella crassa.
Orbicula deformata Hall = Crania deformata.

?Orbicula excentrica Emmons. Cambrian.

OrbicuLa excentrica Emmons, American Geology, Pt. II, 1855, p. 112, pi. 1, tig. 4.
Crania excentrica Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 341.
Loc. Augusta County, Virginia.
Ohs. Probably a gastropod.

Orbicula filosa Hall=Scliizocrania filosa.

Orbicula grandis Yauuxem=E(jBmerella grandis.

Orbicula lamellosa Hall (non Broderip)=Orbiculoidea lamellosa.

Orbicula lodeusis Vauuxem=:Orbiculoidea lodiensis.

Orbicula lugubris Conrad=Discinisca higubris.

Orbicula minuta Hall=Orbiculoidea minuta.

Orbicula multilineata Conrad=Discinisca multilineata.

Orbicula i^armulata Hall=Orbiculoidea i)armulata.

Orbicula prima Oweu = Lingulepis pinniformis.

Orbicula squamiformis Hall=Pholidops squamiformis.

Orbicula subtruncata Hall=Pliolidops subtruncata.

Orbicula tenuilamellata nall = Schizotreta tenuilamellata.

Orbicula terminalis Emmons =Trematis terminalis.

Orbicula truncata Emmons=Orbiculoidea lamellosa.

ORBICULOIDEA d'Orbigny. Genotype Orbicula morrisi Davidson.

Orbiculoidea d'Orbigny, Prodrome de Paloontologie stratigraphique, I, 1850, p.
44.— Dall, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1871, p. 37;— American Jour. Conch.,
VII, 1871, p. 74.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 12.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 125, fig. 64; p. 128, fig. 160 and
pp. 160, 168.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893,
p. 363.— Hall and Clarke, Eleventli Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894,
p. 256.

Discina Hall (non Lamarck), Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 159; — Sixteenth Rep.
N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 130;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 15.

Orbiculoidea alleghania (Hall). Chemung (Dev.).

Discina alleghania Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.

77, figs. 1, 2;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 25, fig. 1, pi. 1, fig. 17.
Loc. Hobbieville, Alleghany County, New York.

Orbiculoidea ampla Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Discina grandia Hall (non Vanuxem, 1842), Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 406, pi.

92, fig. 1.
Discina ampla Hall, Ibidem, corrigenda in volume with plates, 1859.
Orbiculoidea ampla Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 127.
Loc. Albany County, New York; Cayuga, Ontario.

Orbiculoidea baini (Morris and Sliarpe.) Middle Devonian.

Orbicula baini Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1846, p.

277, pi. 10, fig. 5. — Sharpe and Salter, Trans. Geol. Soc. Loudon, 2d ser., VII,

1856, p. 210, pi. 26, figs. 20-23.
Discina baini von Amnion, Zeits. Gessels. fiir Erdk., Berlin, XXVIII, 1893, p.

359, fig. 4.
Loc. Falkland Islands; Taquarassu, Matto-Grosso, Brazil; South Africa.

278 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHTOPODA. |buu..87.

Orbiculoidea(?) capax (White). Kindeiliook (F;. Carb.).

Disciiiii <iii>:ix Wliite, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. SO.— A. Wincliell,

Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbilatlelphia, 1865, p. 112; — Pioc. American I'liil. Soc,

XII, 1S70, J). 249.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; (Jirard and Rockvillc, Ohio (A. Winchcl]).
Ohs. This species should be compared with Lingulodiscina newberryi Hall.

Orbiculoidea capuliformis (INIcCliesiiey). Upper Caibouiferous.

Discina capulilornia McCliesney, New Pal. l'\)ssils, 1860, p. 72; — Trans. Chicago

Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 73, pi. 2, fig. 20.
Loc. Springfield, Illinois.
Ohs. Compare with O. convexa Shumard.

Orbiculoidea coiiica l^wight=Scbizotreta conica.

Orbiculoidea conradi (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Discina conradi Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 161, pi. 9, figs. 16, 17; pi. lOA,

fig. 2.
ioc. Near Hudson, New York.

Orbiculoidea convexa (Sluiiiiard). Upper Carboniferous.

Discina convexa Shnniard, Trans. St. Loins Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 221. — White,

Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 121, pi. 25, fig. 9.— Herrick, Bull.

Denison Univ., II, 1887. pi. 3, fig. 19. — Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895,

p. 40, pi. 35, fig. 7.
Loc. Valley of Verdigris River, Kansas; Kansas City, Missouri; Vermilion County,

Indiana; Newark, Ohio.
Ohs. See Orbiculoidea capuliformis McChesney.

Orbiculoidea discus ITall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Discina discus Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 159, pi. 9, figs. 13-15.
Schizocrania ( ?) discus Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 132.
Orbiculoidea discus Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 1892, pi. 4E, fig. 13.
Loc. Near Hudson and Albany counties. New York.

Orbiculoidea doria (Hall). Hamilton (Dev.).

Discina duria Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 26; — Pal.
New York, IV, 1867, p. 19, pi. 2, figs. 19-22, 31 ( ?30).— Nettelroth, Kentucky
Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 32.

Loc. Madison County, New York ; Thedford, Ontario ; Clark County, Indiana.

Orbiculoidea elmira (Hall). Cbemung (Dev.).

Discina elmira Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, i). 29; —

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 24, pi. 2, figs. 38, 39.
Loc. Elmira, New York ; Wellsboro, Pennsylv^ania.

Orbiculoidea gallaheri (A, Winchell). Marshall (L. Carb.).

Discina gallaheri A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 112; —

Proc. American Philosophical Soc, XII, 1870, p. 249.
Loc. Hillsdale, Michigan; Granville, Ohio; Shiifers, Pennsylvania.

Orbiculoidea herzeri Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Orbiculoidea herzeri Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

126, 127, 178.
Orbiculoidea pulchra Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 1892, pi. 4E, fig. 19; pi. 4F, figs.

9-13, 30, (?14-16).
Loc. Berea and Baconsburg, Ohio; Meadville, Pennsylvania.

Orbiculoidea bumilis (Hall). Marcellus and Hamilton (Dev.).

Discina bumilis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 25;—

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 16, pi. 2, fig. 18.— Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad.

Sci., V, 1891, p. .560;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 452, pi. 8, figs. 1, 2.
Loc. Bridgewater, Canandaigna Lake, etc., New York; Leroy, Ohio.

SCHDCHEBT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 279

Orbiculoidea illinoisensis (Miller and Gurley). Upper Carboniferous.

Discina illiuoieiisis Miller and Gurley, Bnll. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, 1893,

p. 70, pi. 7, figs. 2-5.
Loc. Knox anil Peoria counties, Illinois.
Ohs. Closely related to O. convexa.

Orbiculoidea jervisensis (Barrett). Oriskany (Dev.).

Discina jervensis Barrett, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., I, 1878, p. 121.
Loc. Port Jervis, New York.

Orbiculoidea keokuk (Gurley). Keokuk (L. Garb.).

Discina keoknk Gurley, New Carb. Fossils, 1884, p. 6.
Loc. Crawfordsville. Indiana.

Orbiculoidea lamellosa Hall. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.).

Orbicula lamellosa Hall (non Broderip, 1833), Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 99, pi.

30, fig. 10.
Orbicula truncata Emmons, American Geology, Pt. II, 1855, p. 200, fig. 62.
Discina truncata Emmons, Manual of Geol., 18(50, p. 99.
Orbiculoidea lamellosa? Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,

1893, p. 364, pi. 29, fig. 25.
Orbiculoidea lamellosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi.

4E, fig. 12.
Discina circe Billings. Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 51, fig. 55;— Geol. Canada, 1863,

p. 159, fig. 125.
Xoc. Middleville and Lowville, New York; Bellville and Ottawa, Canada;

Spring Valley, Minnesota.
Ohs. Orbicula lamellosa Broderip, is the type species of Discinisca, and Hall's

name will therefore stand.

Orbiculoidea lodiensis (Vanuxem). Genesee (Dev.),

Orbicula lodensis Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Eep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 168, fig. 1.—

Hall, Ibidem, Eep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 223, fig. 1.
Discina lodensis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 22, pi. 1, fig. 14; pi. 2, fig. 35.—

Rathbun, Bull. Buftalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 257;— Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.

Hist., XX, 1879, p. 17.— Walcott, Men. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 112,

pi. 2, fig. 5.— Clarke, Bnll. U. S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 24.— Whitfield,

Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci.,V, 1891, p. 547, pi. 11, fig. 7;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895,

p. 442, pi. 7, fig. 7.
Discina sp. a A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. fiir Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 81, pi.

5, fig. 10.
Orbiculoidea lodensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4F,

fig. 21.
ioc. Lodi, etc.. New York ; White Pine district, Nevada; Erere, Province of Para,

Brazil; Chahuarani, Bolivia. In the Marcellus shale of Delaware County,

Ohio (Whitfield).

Orbiculoidea lodiensis media Hall. Marcellus-Chemung (Dev.).

Discina media Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 27; —

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 20, pi. 2, figs. 25-29.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol.

Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 113.
Orbiculoidea media Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4E,

figs. 15-17.
Loc. Seneca and Canandaigua lakes, New York; Chemung group, Troupsburg,

New York.

Orbiculoidea magnifica (Herrick). Waverly (L. Garb.).

Discina magnifica Herrick, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, II, 1891, p. 46, pi. 1, fig. 17.
Loc, Wooster, and Ashland County, Ohio.

280 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL I5RACHIOPODA. [mix. 87.

Orbiculoidea manhattanensis (Meek and Haydeii). Upper Carboniferous.

Di.si'iiia iiiiuilKitteiiMis Meek ;iiid llaydeu, I'roc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1859, p. 25.
Loc. Near Manhattan, KauLsas.

Orbiciiloidea marginalis (Wliitfield). Hamilton (Dev.).

JJi8ciu;i marginalis Whitlield, Ann. Rep. Gcol. Survey Wisconsin, 1880, p. 70; —

Geo]. Survey Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 325, pi. 2.5, fig. 11. '

Orbiculoidea maPKinalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 127,

pi. 4F, fig. 17.
Loc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Orbiculoidea minuta (Hall). Marcellus-Hamilton (Dev.).

Orbicula minuta Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 180, fig. 9.
Discina uiinuta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 16, pi. 1, fig. 16.— Walcott, Hon.

U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 112, pi. 13, fig. 5.— Whitfield, Annals N. Y.

Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 547, pi. 11, figs. 5, 6;— Geol. Ohio, Vll, 1895, p. 442, pi. 7,

figs. 5, 6.
Orbiculoidea minuta Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLI, 1891, p. 356, pi.

17, tigs. 5-7; — American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLIV, 1892, p. 150, pi. 1, figs. 4-6.
Loc. Avon, New York; Delaware County, Ohio; near Eureka, Nevada.

Orbiculoidea missouriensis (Sliiimard). Upper Carboniferous.

Disciua missouriensis Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., 1, 1858, p. 221.
Discina uitida? Meek and Worthen (non Phillips), Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873,

p. 572, pi. 25, fig. 1.
Disciua nitida White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geologist Indiana, 1884, p. 121, pi.

25, fig. 10.— Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 226.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 131, pi. 4F, figs. 23-28.— Keyes,

Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 39, pi. 35, fig. 6.
Discina meekana Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 228. — Herrick,

Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 145, pi. 2, fig. 8.— Whitfield, Annals N. Y.

Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 598, pi. 15, figs. 1-3;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 483, pi.

11, figs. 1-3.
Loc. Lexington, Missouri; Illinois; Carbon Hill and Flint Ridge, Ohio; Des

Moines, Iowa; Vermilion County, Indiana.
Ohs. This species is not D. nitida Phillips. It difi:'ers from it in form and in the

muscular scars.

Orbiculoidea (?) munda (Miller and Gurley). Upper Carboniferous.

Discina munda Miller aud Gurley, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 3, 1893, p.

71, pi. 7, figs. 6, 7.
Loc. Kansas City, Missouri.
Ohs. This species may be a Lingulodisciua, but since the ventral valve is

unknown satisfactory generic reference can not be made.

Orbiculoidea neglecta (Hall). Chemung (Dev.).

Discina neglecta Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 29; —

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 24, pi. 1, tigs. 12, 13.
Loc. Ithaca, New York.

Orbiculoidea newberryi Meek = Lingulodisciua newberryi.
Orbiculoidea nitida (Phillips), Upper Carboniferous.

Orbicula nitida Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1836, p. 221, pi. 9, tigs. 10-13.
fDisciiia nitida Walcott, Mou. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 213, pi. 7, fig. 4.
Loc. England ; White Pine district, Nevada,

sdHDCHKET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 281

Orbiculoidea numulus Hall and Clarke. Waterlime (Sil.).

Orbiculoidea numulus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 178,

pi. 4E, fig. 14.
Loc. Marshall, New York.

Orbiculoidea parmulata (Hall). Medina (Sil.).

Orbicula parmulata Hall, Geol. New York ; Rep. Fourtli Dist., 1843, p. 48, fig. 4 ; —

Pal. New York, II, 1852, pi. 4, fig. 3.
Loc. Medina and Lockport, New York.

Orbiculoidea patellaris (A. Wincliell). Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

Discina patellaris A. Wincbell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 4.
Loc Burlington, Iowa.

Orbiculoidea ])leurites Meek=Linj?ulodisciua pleurites.
Orbiculoidea pulchra Hall=Orbiculoidea hertzeri.

Orbiculoidea randalli Hall. Hamiltou (Dev.).

Discina randalli Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 25; —

Pal. Now York, IV, 1867, p. 18, pi. 2, fig. 34.
Orbiculoidea randalli Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4E,

fig. 18.
Loc. Schoharie, New York.

Orbiculoidea saffordi (A. Wiuchell). Lower Carboniferous.

Discina saffordi A. Winchell, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, p. 443; — Proc. American

Philosophical Soc, Xll, 1870, p. 248.
Loc. "Just above Black Slate," Hickman County, Tennessee.

Orbiculoidea sampsoni (Miller). Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Discina sampsoni Miller, Seventeenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1891, p. 80, pi.

13, figs. 10-12.
Loc. Sedalia, Missouri.

Orbiculoidea seneca (Hall). Hamilton (Dev.).

Discina seneca Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 26;—

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 20, pi. 2, figs. 23, 24.
Loc. East shore of Seneca Lake, New York.

Orbiculoidea subplana (Hall). Arisaig (Sil.).

Discina tenuilamellata var. subplana Hall, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 144. —

Dawson, Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 595.
Loc. Arisaig, Nova Scotia.

Orbiculoidea subtrigonalis (McCbesney). Upper Carboniferous.

Discina subtrigonalis McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1865, p. 97.
Discina trigonalis McChesney, Ibidem, 1865, pi. 2, fig. 19; — Trans. Chicago Acad.

Sci., 1, 1868, p. 24, pi. 2, fig. 19.
Loc. Lasalle, Illinois.

Orbiculoidea tenuilineata (Meek and Hayden). Upper Carboniferous.

Discina tenuilineata Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859,

p. 25.
Loc. Cottonwood Creek, Kansas.

Orbiculoidea tenuistriata (Ulricb). Utica (Ord.).

Discina tenuistriata Ulrich, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat, Hist., I, 1878, p. 96, pi. 4,

fig. 10.
Loc. Covington, Kentucky.

282 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSi^IL BRACHIOPODA. Ibull.sv..

Orbiculoidea tullia (TIall). Tally (Dev.).

Discina tiillia Hall, Sixteenth Ke}). N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 28;— Pal.

New York, IV, 1867, p. 22, pi. 2, tigs. 16, 17.
Loc. Seneca Lake, New York.

Orbiculoidea utahensis (Meek). Ul)])er Carboiiiferoas.

Disciua sp. iindet.. Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. lUtb Pari., IV, 1877, p. '.J'J, pi.

10, iig. 3. ■
Discina utahensis Meek, Ibidem, 1877, p. 99 (also see footnote, p. 9).
Loc. Weber Canyon, Wasatch Range, Utah.

Orbiculoidea vanuxemi (Hall). Arisaig and Waterlime (Sil.).

Discina vanuxemi Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 162, pi. 8, Iig. 1.
Loc. Manlius-square, New York; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami).

Orbiculoidea varsaviensis (Wortheu). Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Discina varsovieusis Worthen, 15ull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, 1884, p.

23;— Geol. Survey Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 102, pi. 11, fig. 7.
Loc. Warsaw, Illinois.

ORISKANIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype O. iiavicella H. and 0.

Oriskania Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 270;— Thirteenth
Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 854.

Oriskania navicella Hall and Clarke. Oriskany (Dev.).

Oriskania navicella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 269,

figs. 181-183, pi. 79, figs. 25-27.
Loc. Near Hudson, New York.

ORTHIDIUM Hall and Clarke. Genotype Orthis gemmicula Billings.

Orthidium Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 244;— Eleventh
Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 276.

Orthidium gemmicula (Billings). Calciferous (Oid.).

Orthis gemmicula Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 75, fig. 68.
Orthidium gemmicula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

217, 244, pi. 7A, figs. 22-25.
Loc. Point Levis, Canada.

Orthis of authors.

Orthis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 33.— Shaler, Fossil Brachiopoda of the
Ohio Valley, 1887, p. 18.— Herrick, Bull. Deuison University, lA^ 1888, p.
14. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889,
p. 34.— Hall, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1889, p. 19.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 185, 186;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State
Geologist, 1894, p. 264.

ORTHIS Dalmau (emend Hall and Clarke).

Genoty])e Orthis calligramma Dalnian.

Orthis Dalman, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., for 1827, 1828, pp. 9.3, 96.— Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 192.— Winchell and Schu-

chert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 417.— Hall and Clarke, Eleventh

Ann. Rep. State Geologist, 1894, p. 265.

Orthis tequivalvis Hall, 18J:7=Plectorthis a^qnivalvis.
Orthis jequivalvis Hall, 1857 (non 1847) = Ortliis eryna.
Orthis requivalvis Shaler (non Han) = Rhipidoniella nberis.

Orthis (?) acuminata Billings. Chazy (Ord.).

Orthis ? acuminata Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 410, fig. 19.
Orthis acuminata Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 130, fig. 59.
ioc. Caughuawaga, Canada.

scHncHERT.l INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 283

Oithis aciitilinita Meek=Platystropliia acutilirata.

Orthis acutiloba Riugueberg=Bilol)ites acutilobus.

Ortbis alata Slialer=Ortbis davitlsoni.

Ortbis alsus Hall^Kbipidouiella alsa.

Orthis C?) alternans Castebiau. Formation.'?

Orthis alteniaus Castelnan, Essai Syst. Sil. TAm^rique Septeutiiouale, 1843, p.

38, pi. 14, fig. 2.
Loc. "From an erratic hlock. Lake of the Woods." Undetermiuable.

Orthis amoena IST. H. Wiiicbell=Dabiiaiiella amoena.
Ortbis anticostieusis Sbaler=Diiiortbis porcata.

Orthis (?) apicalis Bilbugs. ! Upper Cambrian.

Orthis ? apicalis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 301, fig. 291.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217.
Loc. Point Levis and west end of Island of Orleans, Canada.

Ortbis aracbnoides Eoeraer and Hall (non Pbillips)=Derbya crassa.

Ortliis arinanda BiIlings=Syntropbia arnianda.

Ortbis assiinilis Hall=Kbipidoinellai assimilis.

Ortbis aurelia Billings = Plectortbis anrelia.

Ortbis aymara Salter=Anoplotbeca Habellites.

Ortbis barabuensis Wincbell=Syntropbia barabuensis.

Ortbis battis Billings=Hebertellabattis.

Ortbis bellarugosa Conrad=Hebertella bellirngosa.

Ortbis bellarngosa Hall, 1883=Hebertella iusculpta.

Ortbis bellula Meek=Dalmanella bellula.

Orthis benedicti Miller. Niagara (Sil.).

Orthis benedicti Miller, Seventeenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1891, p. 78, pi.

13, figs. 7-9.
Loc. Hartsville, Indiana.

Ortbis bicostatus Vanuxem=Reticnlaria bicostata.

Ortbis bitbrata of authors =Platystropbia biforata.

Ortbis biforata acutilirata White =Platystrophia acutilirata.

Orthis billingsi Hartt=Billingsella billiugsi.

Ortbis biloba Hall=Bilobites bilobns.

Ortbis bisulcata Emmons=Oyclospira bisulcata.

Ortbis borealis Binings=Hebertella boiealis.

Orthis(?) huchi d'Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous.

Orthis buchi d'Orbigny, Voyage dans FAm^rique M^ridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 49.
Productus audii d'Orbigny, Ibidem, p. 54, pi. 5, figs. 1-3.— de Koninck, Recher.

Animaux Foss., Pt. 1, 1847, p. 238.
Loc. Yarbicharabi, Bolivia.

Ortbis calligramma Foerste (non Dalmau)=Ortbis flabellites.

Ortbis calligramma davidsoni Nicholson and Hinde=Orthis davidsoni.

Orthis calligramma Kayser. Lower Ordovician.

Orthis calligramma Kayser (non Davidson), Palseontographica, Snppl., Ill, 1876,

pp. 18, 26, pi. 3, figs. 9-18.
Loc. Cordillere San .Jnan, Argentine Republic.
Ohs. These shells appear to be more closely related to O. plicatella than to O.

calligramma.

284 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. (bull. 87.

Ortliis caiialis Iiiill=I)aliiuiiiella elegaiitula.
Oitbis carbouaria Swallow =:Jlbipi{loiiiella pecosi.
Ortbis cariuata nall=S('bizopboria cariuata.
Ortbis carleyi Hall = Diiioi'tbis retiorsa.

Orthis carausii Salter. Calciferous (Ord.).

Ortbis carausii (Salter, MS.) Davidson, Geol. Mag. London, V, 1868, p. 315, pi.

16, fig. 23.
Ortbis carausii? Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1893, p. 102, pi. 7, fig. 7.
Loc. England; near St. Jobu, New Brunswick.

Ortbis (?) centrilineata Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis centrilineata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 289, pi. 79, fig. 5*.
Loc. Lorraine and Turin, New York.

Ortbis centrosa Miller =Platystropbia crassa.

Ortbis cbarlotta^ Wiiicbell=Dinortbis pectinella.

Ortbis ciucinuatiensis Miller=Ortbis? puraila.

Ortbis (?) circularis N. H. Wincbell = I)alinauella subiequata circularis.

Ortbis circulus nall=Rbipidomella circiilus.

Ortbis clarkeusis Swallow=Rbipidomella clarkeusis.

Ortbis cleobis Hall=Kbipidomel]a cleobis.

Ortbis clytie Hall=:Heterortbis clytie.

Ortbis coloradoensis Meek, 1870= Ortbis ? desmoplenra.

Ortbis coloradoensis Sbumard=Billingsella coloradoensis.

Ortbis concinna Hall=Dalmanella coucinua.

Orthis (?) concinna Morris and Sbarpe. Lower Devonian.

Orthis concinna Morris and Sbarpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, II, IS^ie, p.

275, pi. 10, fig. 2.
Loc. Falkland Islands.
Ohs. Probably a species of Orthotbetes.

Ortbis conradi Castelnaii = Hipparionyx proximns.

Ortbis conradi N. H. Wincbell = Dalmaiiella subiequata conradi.

Ortbis cooperensis Swallow=Rbipidomella dubia.

Ortbis cora d'Orbig'ny=Scbizopboria cora.

Ortbis corinna Billings. Calciferous (Ord.).

Ortbis corinna Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 302, fig. 292.
Orthis ? corinna Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 217.
Loc. Stanbridge, Quebec, Canada.

Ortbis corpulenta Sardeson=Dalmanella testudinaria meeki.

Orthis costalis Hall. Chazy (Ord.).

Ortbis costalis Hall, Pal. New Y^ork, I, 1817, p. 20, pi. 4 bis, fig. 4;— Second Ann.
Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 34, figs. 35-38.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 221, 228, pi. 5, figs. 15-17.
Loc. Cbazy, New Y^ork.

Ortbis costata Hall (non Sowerby) = Ortbis pumila.

Ortbis crassa James =Platystropbia crassa.

Ortbis crenistria Geiiiitz=Derbya crassa.

Ortbis crisijata Emmons = Dalmanella crispata.

Ortbis cumberlandia Hall = Rbipidomella cnmbeiiaudia.

Ortbis cuueata Owen=Rbii)idomella cuneata.

scHucHKRT] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 285

Oitbis cyclas Hall=Ehipidomel]a cyclas.

Ortbis cyclus Jauies=Dalmanella testudinaria emacerata.

Orthis cypha Jaines=Platystroi)liia laticosta.

Orthis dalyana Miller =Rliipidomella dalyana.

Orthis davidsoni deYerneuil. Anticosti and Niagara (Sil.).

Orthis davidsoni de Verneuil, Bull. Soc. Gt5ol. de France, 2d ser., V, 1848, l^. 341,
pi. 4, fig. 9.— Billings, Geol. Canada, 1S63, p. 312, tig. 318.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 192, 193, 221, 228, pi. 5, figs. 5-8.

Ortliis alata Staler, Bull. Mus. Conip. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 66.

Orthis calligramma var. davidsoni Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Jour., n. ser.,
XIV, 1874, p. 144.— Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1875, p. 47, fig. 21g.

Loc. Europe; Anticosti; Dundas, Ontario.

Orthis daytonensis Foerste=Hebertella daytonensis.
Orthis deformis Hall=Orthothetes deformis.

Ortliis (?) delicatula Billiugs. ! Calciferous (Ord.).

Orthis delicatula Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 217.
Loc. Pistolet Bay and near Portland Creek, Newfoundland.

Orthis dentata Meek (non Pander) =Platystrophia crassa.

Orthis (?) desmopleura Meek. Calciferous (Ord.).

Orthis coloradoensis Meek (non Shumard), Proc. American Phil. Soc, II, 1870,

p. 425.
Orthis desmopleura Meek, Hayden's U. S. Geol. Survey Wyoming, 1872, p. 295.
Loc. Colorado City and Manitou, Colorado.

Orthis dichotonia Hall=Plectorthis dichotoma.
Orthis discus nall=Rhipidomella discus.
Orthis disparilis Conrad = Orthis triceuaria.
Orthis disparilis Owen=Dalmanella testudinaria.

Orthis disparilis Kay ser. Ordovician.

Orthis disparilis Kaj^ser (non Conrad), Palicontographica, Suppl., Ill, 1876, p.

26, pi. 3, figs. 4-8.
Loc. Potrero de los Angulos, etc., Argentine Republic.
Oia. Probably a new species.

Orthis dubia Hall=Rhipidomella dubia.

Orthis eboracensis Miller=Dalmanella lenticularis.

Orthis electra Billings=Dalmanella electra.

Orthis elegantula Dalnian=Dalmanella elegantula.

Orthis elegantula parva Foerste=Dalnianella elegantula parva.

Orthis ella Hall=Plectorthis ella.

Orthis emacerata Hall=Dalmanella testudinaria emacerata.

Orthis emacerata Meek (non Hall)=Dalinanella testudinaria meeki.

Orthis emarginata Hall = Rhipidomella oblata emarginata.

Orthis eminens Hall = Rhii3idomella eminens.

Orthis erratica Hall = Catazyga erratica.

Orthis (?) eryna Hall. Oorniferous (Dev.).

Orthis iBquivalvis Hall (non Hall, 1847), Tenth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat.

Hist., 1857, p. 109.
Orthis eryna Hall, Sixteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1863, p. 35 ;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867,

corrigenda.
Orthis Idas Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p, 42, pi. 5, fig. 11.
Loc. Williamsville, New York.
Obs. Possibly a species of Hipparionyx.

286 SYNOl'.SIS OK AMERICAN FOSSIL IJKACHIOPODA. lrinLL.87.

Orthis (?) eudocia ]iillinj;s. - Calciferoiis (Ord.).

Oithis euilocia IJilliiigs, I'al. Fossils, I, li<6'2, p. 83, i\<^. 7t).
Loc. Point Levis, Canada.

Orthis (?) eurekaensis Walcott. Ui)i)er Cambrian.

Ortliis enrekonsiH Wali^ott, Mon. IT. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 22, pi. 9, tig. 8.

rrotorthis? eiirekensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 232.

Loc. Eun^ka distriit, Nevada.
Orthis euryone ]>illiiigs. Calciferous (Ord.).

Orthis euryone Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 78, lig. 71.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 221, 228, pi. 5, lig. 4.

Orthis euryone? Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 1893, p. 101, pi. 7, fig. 5.

Loc. Point Levis, Canada; near St. John, New Brunswick.

Orthis evadiie BilliDgs=]^almaiiella evadne.

Orthis lasciata Hall=Orthostrophia fasciata.

Orthis fausta roerste=llebertella lausta.

Orthis tissicosta Meek, aud Miller =Plectorthis dichotoma.

Orthis fissicosta Hall=Plectorthis tissicosta.

Orthis (?) fissiplica Koeuier. • Niagara (Sil.).

Orthis fissiplica Roemer, Die silurische Fauna des wei?t. Tennessee, 1860, p. 64,

pi. 5, fig. 5.
Loc. Perry County, Tennessee.

Orthis flabella Hall=Ortliis flabellites.

Orthis flabellites Foerste. Clinton and Magara (Sil.)

Orthis flabellulum? Hall (non Sowerby), Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p

105, fig. 5.
Orthis flabellulum var. Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, pp. 254, 255, pi. 52, figs. 6, 7
Orthis flabellulum Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 136, pi. 2, tig. 6.—

Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p

38, pi. 34, fig. 30.
Orthis flabella Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 34, figs. 41, 42

pi. 35, figs. 6-8.— Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 82, pi. 13, fig. 12
Orthis calligramma Foerste (non Dalman), Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV,

1890, p. 308, pi. 6, figs. 4, 5.
Orthis flabellites Foerste, Ibidem, 1890, p. 311.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,

VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 221, 227, pi. 5, figs. 37-41; pi. 20, fig. 1.
Orthis (Dinorthi.s) calligramma Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 570, jil. 25,

figs. 12a, 12b; pi. 31, figs. 4, 5; pi. 37A, fig. 20.
Loc. Lockport, Rochester, etc., New York; Dayton, Ohio; Osgood, Indiana;

Louisville, Kentucky; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Dundas, Ontario.

Orthis flabellites spania Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Orthis flabellites var. spania Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, I't. II,

1895, pi. 84, figs. 10.
Loc. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Orthis flabellulum Hall (non Sowerby )= Ortliis flabellites.

Orthis (?) flava A. Winchell. Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

Orthis flava A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 117.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Orthis futilis Sardesou—Dalmanella testudinaria futilis.
Orthis gemmicula Billings=Orthidium gemmicula.
Orthis gibbosa Billings=Dalmanella subiT^quata gibbosa,
Orthis goodwiui Nettelroth=Khipidomella goodwiui,

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 2S7

Orthis (?) glypta Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Ortliis ? glypta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 359, pi. 84,

figs. 8, 9,
Loc. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Orthis balli Saflf'ord=Orthostrophia stropliomenoides.

Ortbis Iiamburgcnsis Walcott=DaImanella bamburgensis.

Ortbis baittii liatbbuii— Rbipidomella bartti.

Orthis (?) bighlandensis Walcott. Lower Cambrian.

Orthis( 0 highlandensis Walcott, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1886, p. 119, pi. 8,

fig. 3.
Orthis highlandensis Walcott, Tenth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 612,

pi. 72, fig. 5.
Loc. Pioche and Highland Range, Nevada.

Ortbis bipparionyx Hall=Hipi3arionyx proximus.

Ortliis hippolyte Billings. Calciferous (Ord.).

Orthis hippolyte Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 81, fig. 73; p. 218.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 217, 221, 228.

Orthis hippolyte? Meek, Sixth Ann. Rep. IT. S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1873, p. 464.

Loc. Point Levis and Phillipsburg, Canada; Cow Head, Newfoundland; near
Malade City, Utah.

Orthis (?) holstoni Safford. Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis? holstoni (Saft'ord MS.) Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892,

pp. 218, 340, pi. 5A, figs. 35-37.
Loc. Near Nashville, Tennessee.

Orthis humboldti d'Orbigny. Silurian.

Orthis humboldti I d'Orbigny, Voyage dans rAmerique M^ridionale, Pal., 1842,

p. 27.
Spirifer humboldtii d'Orbigny, Ibidem, i)l. 2, figs. 16-20.
Loc. Bolivia.

Ortbis buroniensis Castlenau=Eaflnesqaina alternata.

Ortbis bybrida Sowerby=Rbipidoniella bybrida,

Ortbis idas Hall = Ortbis eryna.

Ortbis idonea Hall = Tvbipidomella idonea.

Ortbis ignota Sardeson=Dabnanella testndiuaria ignota.

Ortbis imperator Billings=Hebertella imperator.

Ortbis impressa Hall = Scbizopboria striatula.

Ortbis ineqnalis Hall=Ortbotbetes intequalis.

Ortbis Inca d'Orbigny = Rbipidomella inea.

Ortbis infera Calvin =Dalmanella infera.

Ortbis insculpta Hall=Hebertella insculpta.

Ortbis iusiguis Hall=Sceuidium insignis.

Ortbis iuterlineata Hall (non Sowerby) = Scbizopboria tioga.

Ortbis interstriata Hall=Ortbotbetes interstriatus.

Ortbis iowensis Hall =Scbizopboria striatula.

Ortbis iowensis furnarius Hall=Scbizopboria striatula.

Ortbis ipbigenia Billings=Dinortbis ipbigenia.

Ortbis jamesi Hall=Plectortbis janiesi.

Ortbis Jugosa James=Daliiianella testudinaria meeki.

Ortbis kankakensis McCbesuey=Plectortbis kankakieusis.

288 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [niTLL.87.

Ortliis kaskiiskiensis M('Ohesiiey=J)erbyji kaskaskiaensis.

Ortliis kassubic \\'incliell=Dalmaiiella snbaMiuata pervetus.

Ortliis keimicotti McChesney=Dinortbis retrorsa.

Ortbis keokuk Hall = Derby a keokuk.

Ortbis bisallensis ^rcCbesney=Derbya crassa.

Ortbis laticosta Meek = Platystropbia laticosta.

Orthis (?) laticostata d'Orbigny. Devonian.

Ortliis lacticostata d'Orbigny, Voyage dans rAinorl((iie Mf^ridionale, Pal., 1842,

p. 39.
Loc. f Bolivia.

Ortbis laurentina Biinngs=Billingsella? laureutina.

Orthis lenticularis Wablenberg '?. Upper Cambrian.

Orthis lenticnlaris (Wahl.) Kayser, PaLvontograpliica, Snppl., Ill, 1876, i).9, pi.
1, figs. 11, 12.— Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892, p. 46, pi. 12,
figs. 9a-9d.

Loc. Province Salta and .Tnjuy, Argentine Repnblic; near St. Jolin, New Bruns-
wick.

Orthis lenticularis atrypoides Mattbew. Upper Cambrian.

Orthis lenticnlaris var. atrypoides Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892,

p. 48, pi. 12, figs. 11a, lib.
Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick.

Orthis lenticularis lyncioides Matthew. Upper Cambrian.

Orthis lenticularis var. lyncioides Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX, 1892,

p. 49, pi. 12, figs. lOa-lOc.
Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick.

Orthis lenticularis strophomenoides Matthew. Upper Cambrian.

Orthis lenticularis var. strophomenoides Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, IX,

1892, p. 49, pi. 12, figs. 12a, 12b.
Loc. Near St. John, New Brunswick.

Ortbis lenticularis Vaniixem=Dabnanella lenticularis.
Ortbis lentiformis Hall=Dalmanella lenticularis.
Ortbis lentiformis Owen = Scbizopboria striatula.
Orthis leonensis Hall=Dalmanella tenuilineata.
Orthis lepida Hall=Dalmanella lepida.

Orthis (?) leptaenoides Emaious. Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis leptfpnoides Emmons, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1842, p. 396, fig. 1.
Loc. New York.
01)s. Undefined and figure too jyoor lor identificatio:i.

Ortbis leucosia Hall=Khipidomella leucosia.

Ortbis limitaris Vanuxem = Leiorbyncbus limitare.

Orthis linneyi James =Ortborby nebula linneyi.

Ortbis livia Billings=Ehipidomella livia.

Orthis lonensis Walcott=Hebertella loneusis.

Orthis loricula Hall=Dinortbis deliecta.

Ortbis lucia Billings=Rhipidoniella lucia.

Orthis lynx Eichwald=Platystrophia lynx and P. biforata.

Ortbis maria Billings=Hebertel]a maria.

Orthis mact'arlauii Meek=Schizopboria raact'arlanii.

SCHUCHERT.I INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 289

Ortliis macleodi Whitfield =Dalmaiiella macleodi.

Ortliis macrior Sardeson=Dalinaiiella testudinaria emacerata.

Orthis media Shaler=Khipidomella media.

Orthis media IsT. H. Wincliell=l)almanella subfequata pervetus.

Ortbis meeki Miller=Dalmanella testndiiiaria meeki.

Orthis menapiae Hicks. Oalciferous (Ord.).

Ortliis menapiii' (Hicks MS.) Davidson, Geol. Mag. London, V, 1868, p. 314, pi.

16, figs. 24-28.— Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, X, 1893, p. 101, pi. 7,

figs. 2-6.
Loc. England; near St. Jokus, New Brunswick.

Orthis merope Billings=Scenidiiim merope.

Orthis raichelini L'fiveill6=Rhipidomella michelini.

Orthis michelini Meek, 1877=Rhipidomella iievadaensis.

Orthis michelini burlingtonensis Hall=Rhipidomella burliugtonensis.

Orthis (?) minna Billings. Oalciferous (Ord.).

Orthis niinna Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 303, fig. 294.
Loc. Stanbridge, Quebec, Canada.

Orthis minneapolis N. H. Winche]l=Dalmanella sub?equata.
Orthis minnesoteusis Sardeson=Dinorthis meedsi.

Orthis missouriensis Shumard. Cape Girardeau Limestone (Sil.).

Orthis missouriensis Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 205, pi. C, fig. 9. —

Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 60.
Loc. Two miles above Cape Girardeau, Missouri.

Orthis missouriensis Swallow (nou Shumard)=Rhipidomella missouri-
ensis.
Orthis mitis Hall=Rhipidomella mitis.
Orthis morganiana Derby=Orthotichia morganiana,
Orthis (?) morrowensis James. Lori-aine (Ord.).

Orthis (?) morrowensis James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 21.

Loc. Warren County, Ohio.

Orthis multisecta (James) Meek=Dalmanella multisecta.
Orthis multistriata Hall = Scliizophoria multistriata.
Orthis musculosa Hall=Rhii)idomella musculosa.

Orthis (?) mycale Billings. Oalciferous (Ord.).

Orthis mycale Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 82, fig. 75.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.

New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217, pi. 7A, figs. 10, 11.
Loc. Point Levis, Canada.

Orthis neglecta James =Plectorthis dichotoma.
Orthis nettoana Rathbun=Dalmanella nettoaua.
Orthis nevadensis Meek=Rhipidoniella uevadaeusis.

Orthis (?) nisis Hall and Whitfield. Niagara (Sil.).

Orthis nisis Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
1872, p. 181 ;— Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pi. 9, figs. 4-8.— Nettel-
roth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 42, pi.
27, figs. 4, 5.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217.

Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

Orthis nucleus Hall = Ambocoelia umbonata.
Orthis oblata Hall=Rhipidomella oblata.
Bull. 87 19

290 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Ortliis oblata einargiuata Hall— Kliipicloiuella oblata emarginata.

Orthis obtusa Pander. Ordovician.

Ortbis obtusa (Pauder) Kayser, Paljcontographica, Suppl., Ill, 1876, p. 19, pi. 3,

figs. 1,2.
Loc. Europe; Cordillere San .Tuan, Argentine Kepnblic.

Ortliis occasus Hall=KliipidomelIa occasus.

Orthis occideiitalis nall=Hebertella occideutalis.

Ortliis ortbamboiiites Billiugs=0. pauderiaiia.

Orthis palmata Sharpe and Salter =Aiioplotheca liabellites.

Orthis pandcriana Hall and Clarke. Calciferous (Ord.).

Orthis orthambouites Billings (non Murcbison and de Verneuil), Pal. Fossils, I,
18G2, p. 77, fig. 70;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 231, tig. 245.— Scbuchert, Ninth
Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geo!., 1890, p. 43.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 221, 228, pi. 5, figs. 1-3.— Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc.
Canada, X, 1893, p. 101, pi. 7, fig. 4.

Ortbis pauderiana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 5,
footnote.

Loc. Point Levis and St. John, Canada.

Ortbis parva de Verneuil=Dalinauella elegantula.
Ortbis pecosi Marcou=E.bipidomella pecosi.

Orthis (?) pectinata d'Orbigny. Devonian.

Ortbis pectinatus d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Am^rique M^ridionale, Pal., 1842,

p. 39.
Spirifer pectinatns d'Orbigny, Ibidem, 1842, pi. 2, figs. 13-15.
Loc. Lake Titicaca, Bolivia.
Ohs. Probably a species of Ortbothetes.

Ortbis pectiuella Emmons=Dinortbis pectinella.

Ortbis pectinella Wbittield, 1882=Plectortbis wbitfieldi.

Ortbis pectinella semiovalis Hall=Dinortbis pectinella.

Ortbis pednncularis Hall=Scbizopboria peduncularis.

Ortbis peloris Hall=Ebipidouiella peloris.

Ortbis penelope Hall=Rbipidome]la penelope.

Ortbis penniaua Derby =Rbipidomella penuiana.

Ortbis pennsylvanica Simpson =Rbipidoinella pennsylvauica.

Ortbis pepina Hall=Billingsella coloradoensis.

Ortbis i)erelegans Hall=Dalmanella perelegans.

Ortbis perversa Hall=Ortbotbetes cbemungensis perversus.

Ortbis perveta Courad=Dalmanella sub«qiiata pervetus.

Ortbis perveta Hall, 18S3=Dalmanella suba;quata.

Ortbis petr* Sardeson=Dinortbis proavita.

Orthis ( ?) pigra Billings. Cbazy (Ord.).

Orthis piger Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 442.
Loc. Mingan Island.
Ohs. This species is probably congeneric witb Billingsella graudseva.

Ortbis pisum Hall (non Murcbison) =Nucleospira pisiformis.
Ortbis plana Castelnau (non Pander)=Rafinesquina alternata.
Ortbis planoconvexa Hall=Dalmanella ])laniconvexa.
Ortbis platys Billings =Dinortbis platys.
Ortbis plicata Vanuxein= Spirifer vanuxemi.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 291

Orthis plicatella White (non Hall)=Ortliis tricenaria.

Orthis plicatella Hall=Plectorthis plicatella.

Orthis i)ogonipensis Hall and Whitfield =Dalmauella pogonipeusis.

Orthis porcata McCoy =Dinorthis porcata.

Orthis (?) porcia Billings. Ohazy (Ord.).

Orthis porcia Billiugs, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 439, tigs. 16-18; — Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 130, tig. 58.
Loc. Near Montreal, Canada.

Orthis porrecta Sardesou=Dalmaiiella testudiiiaria porrecta.

Orthis prsemnboua Hall=AmboccBlia prneumbona,

Orthis pratteni McChesney=Derbya pratteni.

Orthis praviis Hall=Orthothetes pravus.

Orthis propinqua Hall = Schizophoria propinqua.

Orthis propinqua Nettelroth=Schizophoria striatula.

Orthis (?) pumila Ulrich. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis costata (non Sowerby) Hall, American Jonr. .Sci., XLVIII, 1845, p. 295. —

Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 33.
Orthis pumila Ulrich, Catalogue Cincinnati Fossils, 1880, p. 14.
Orthis cincinnatiensis Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 2d ed., 1883, p. 296.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Orthis (?) punctostriata Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Orthis punctostriata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 254, pi. 52, fig. 5.
Orthis? punctostriata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217, pi. 20,

figs. 2-4.
Loc. Lockport, New York.

Orthis pyramidalis Hall=Scenidiam pyramidalis.

Orthis quacoensis Matthew =Billiugsella quacoensis.

Orthis quadrans Hall=Dalmauella quadrans.

Orthis quadricostata Vaiiiixem=Leiorhynchus qiiadricostatum.

Orthis(?) remnicha l!^^. H. Winchell. Upper Cambrian.

Orthis remnicha N. H. Winchell, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey

of Minnesota, 1886, p. 317, pi. 2, fig. 7.
Loc. Red Wing, Minnesota; Cold Creek Canyon, Burnett County, Texas.

Orthis resupinata Hall, 1843 (non Martin) = Schizophoria tulliensis.

Orthis resupinata Martin = Schizophoria resupinata.

Orthis resupinata latirostrata Toula=Schizophoria cora.

Orthis resupinoides Cox=Schizophoria resupiuoides.

Orthis retrorsa Salter =Dinorthis retrorsa.

Orthis rhynchonelliforinis Shaler=Rhipidomella rhynchonelliformis.

Orthis richmonda McChesney=Derbya crassa.

Orthis robusta Hall=Derbya robusta.

Orthis rogata Sardeson=Dalmauella testudinaria.

Orthis (?) rugiplicata Hall and Whitfield. Magara (Sil.).

Orthis rugicplicata Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.

Hist., 1872, p. 182 ;— Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pi. 9, figs. 1-3.—

Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 34, figs. 25-27!— Nettel-

roth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 44, pi.

27, figs. 1-3,

Orthis rugiplicata. Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217.

Loc, Louisville, Kentucky. '

292 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA, I bull. 87.

Orthis (?) ruida Billings. Aiiticosti (Sil.).

Ortbis ruida Iiillinj|s, Catiilogno Silurian Fossils of Anticosti, 1866, p. 42.
Loc. Anticosti.

Orthis (?) saffordi Hall and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.).

Orthis i saffordi, Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 218, 340,

pi. HA, figs. 38-U).
Loc. " East Tennessee "

Orthis (?) salemensis Walcott. Lower Cambriau.

Orthis salemensis Walcott, American Jonr. Sci., 3d ser., XXXIV, 1887, p. 190, pi.

1, fig. 17;— Tenth Ann. Kep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 612, pi. 72, fig. 6.
Loc. Washington County, Now York; near Quebec, Canada.

Orthis saltensis Kayser, Upper Cambrian.

Orthis saltensis Kayser, Paheontographica, Siipi)l., Ill, 1876, p. 8, pi. 1, lig. 16.
Loc. Province Salta and Jujuy, Argentine Republic.

Orthis (??) sandbergeri N. H. Wiiichell. Upper Cambrian.

Orthis sandbergeri N. H. Wincliell, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist., Sur-
vey of Minnesota, 1886, p. 318, pi. 2, figs. 8, 9.
Loc. Red Wing, Minnesota.

Orthis schohariensis Oasteluau=Stvoplioiiella schoharieusis.

Orthis scovilli Miller=Hebertella scovilli.

Orthis sectostriata Ulrich=Plectorthis sectistriata.

Orthis semele Hall=Rhipidoniella semele.

Orthis sinnata Hall=Hebertella sinuata.

Orthis (?) sola Billings. Lorraine (Orel.).

Orthis sola Billings, Catalogue Silurian Fossils of Anticosti, 1866, p. 12.
Loc. Anticosti.

Orthis solitaria Hall=Bhipidomella solitaria.

Ortliis stonensis Saftbrd = Dalmaiiella stouensis.

Orthis striatocostata Geinitz=Meekella striaticostata.

Orthis striatula Emmons (non Schlotheim) = Dalmauella testudiuaria.

Orthis striatula of authors — Schizoplioria striatula.

Orthis strophomenoides Hall=Orthostrophia strophontenoides.

Orthis subfiequata Conrad=Dalniauellasubiequata.

Orthis subcarinata Hall=Dalnianella subcarinata.

Orthis subcircula Simpson =Rhipidomella subcirculus.

Orthis subelliptica White and Whitfield— lihipidomella subelliptica.

Orthis subjugata Hall=Hebertella occidentalis.

Orthis (?) subnodosa Hall. l!fiagara (Sil.).

Orthis subnodosa Hall, Descriptions of n. sp. Fossils from Waldron, Indiana, 1879,
p. 14;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 286, pi. 27, fig. 17;—
Trans. Albany Institute, X, 1883, p. 70. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells,
Mem., Kentuckj' Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 44.

Loc. Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky.

Orthis suborbicularis Hall=Rhipidomella suborbicularis.
Orthis subquadrata Hall=Dinorthis subquadrata.
Orthis subumboua Hall=Martinia subumboua.

SCHCCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 293

Orthis (?) sulivanti Morris and Sharpe. Lower Devoiiiau.

Orthis suliviiuti Morris imd Sliarfje, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Loudou, II, 1846, p.

275, pi. 10, tig. 1.
Loc. Falkland Islands ; South Africa.

Orthis swallovi Hall = Schizopboria swallovi.

Ortliis sweeneyi Wincliell = Diiiortliis pectiiiella sweeneyi.

Orthis (?) tenuidens Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Orthis tenuidens Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 58, pi. 20, tig. 9.
Loc. Oneida County, New York.
Ohs. May be a species of Orthothetes.

Orthis (?) tenuis Morris and Sharpe. Lower Devonian.

Orthis tenuis Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jonr. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1846, p. 275,

pi. 10, tig. 4; pi. 11, tig. 4.
Loc. Falkland Islands.
Ohs. Similar to Chonostrophia coniplanata Hall.

Orthis (??) tenuistriata Hall. Portage (Dev.).

Orthis tenuistriata Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 245, tig. 3.
Loc. Shores of Crooked Lake, New York.
Ohs. This is not an Orthis; pi'obably a pelecypod.

Orthis tersns Sardeson=Dalmanella tersa.
Orthis testudinaria Dalman=Dalmanella testudinaria.
Orthis testudinaria Owen, 1844=0. tricenaria.
Orthis thiemii White=Rhipidoniella thieiliei.
Orthis tioga Hall=Schizophoria tioga.

Orthis tricenaria Conrad. Trenton (Ord.).

Ortbis tricenaria Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, I, 1843, p. 333. —
Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 121, pi. 32, fig. 8.— Salter, Canadian Organic
Remains, Decade 1, 1859, p. 39, pi. 9, tigs. 1-4.— Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862,
p. 42, tigs. 8-11.— Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 167, fig. 151.— Hall, Second
Ann. Rep.N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 35, tigs. 1-5.— fWalcott, Mon. IT. S. Geol.
Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 74, pi. 11, tig. 4.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,
Pt. I, 1892, pp. 191, 193, 221, 228, pi. 5, figs. 9-14.— Winchell and Schuchert,
Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 418, pi. 32, figs. 18-23.— Keyes, Geol.
Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 60, pi. 39, fig. 4.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt.
Ill, 1897, p. 175.

Orthis disparilis Conrad, Proc. Acad. NaL Sci. Philadelphia, I, 1843, p. 333. —
Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 119, pi. 32, fig. 4.— Billings, Canadian Nat.
Geol., IV, 1859, p. 440, fig. 20.— Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 435.— Bill-
ings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 130, fig. 60.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 191, 221, 228.

Orthis testudinaria? Owen, Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, 1844, pi.
15, fig. 11.

?Orthis plicatella White (non Hall), AVheeler's Expl. and Survey west 100th
Merid., IV, 1875, p. 72, pi. 4, fig. 10.

Loc. Mineral Point, Wisconsin; Middleville, etc.. New York; Kentucky; Ten-
nessee; near Ottawa and Montreal, Canada; Mingan Islands; Lake Winni-
peg, Manitoba ; White Pine and Eureka districts, Nevada ; Minneapolis, etc.,
Minnesota; Pike County, Missouri.

Ohs. O. plicatella White and O. tricenaria Walcott may prove to be distinct
from O. tricenaria Conrad.

294 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. |bull.87.

Orthis (?) trinucleus Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Ortliis tiiinuleuM Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 58, pi. 20, lig. S.
Loc. Wayne County, Now York.

Ortbis triplicatella Meek=Plectorthis triplicatella.

Orthis (?) tritonia IJillings. Oalciferous (Ord.).

Orthis tritonia Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 76, lig. 69;— Geol. Canada, 1868,

p. 231, tig. 241.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217,

pi. 7A, figs. 12, 13.
Loc. Point Levis, Canada.

Orthis tubulostriata Hall=Rhipidomella tiilmlistiiata.

Orthis tulliensis Yaniixem=Schizophoria tullieusis.

Orthis uberis Billings=Rhipidouiella uberis,

Orthis iimbouata Conrad =Amboc(jelia umbouata.

Orthis umbraculum Owen (non voii Buch)=Derbya robusta,

Orthis umbraculum Hall, 1852, iSTewberry, 1861=Orthothetes umbrae-^

ulum.
Orthis unguiculus Hall, 1843 (non Phillips) =Amboccelia gregaria.
Orthis unguiformis Castelnau, and Emmons=Hipparionyx i>roximus.
Orthis vanuxemi Hall=Rhipidomella vanuxemi.

Orthis vanuxemi pulchella Herrick=Rhipidomella vanuxemi pulchella.
Orthis varica Conrad =Bilobites various.

Orthis vespertilio Sowerby. Ordovician.

Orthis vespertilio (Sowerby) Kayser, Palteontographica, Snppl., Ill, 1876, p. 27,

pi. 3, figs. 22, 23.
Loc. Europe; Potrero de los Angulos, etc., Argentine Republic.

Orthis whittieldi N. H. Winchell=Plectorthis whitfleldi,

Orthisina d'Orbigny=Clitambonites.

Orthisina alberta Walcott=Billingsella alberta.

Orthisina alternata Hall=:Orthothetes cheinungensis perversus.

Orthisina americana Whitfield =01itambonites diversus.

Orthisina arctostriata Hall=Orthotlietes chemuugensis arctistriatus.

Orthisina crassa Meek and Hayden=Derbya crassa.

Orthisina diversa Shaler=Clitambonites diversus.

Orthisina festiuata Billings=BiIliugsella festinata.

Orthisina grandaeva Billings =Billingsella grandteva.

Orthisina missouriensis Swallow =Meekella stria ticostata.

Orthisina transversa Walcott=BillingselIa transversa.

Orthisina verneuili Billings =Clitambonites diversus.

ORTHORHYNCHULA Hall and C. Genotype Orthis ( ?) linneyi James.
Orthorhynchula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 181;— Thir-
teenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 824.

Orthorhynchula linneyi (James). Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis (?) linneyi James, The Paleontologist, 5, 1881, p. 41.

Orthis linneyi Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey,

1889, p. 41, pi. 34, figs. 7-18; errata, p. 1.
Orthorhynchula linneyi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

181, pi. 56, figs. 10-13, 19.
Loc. Near Danville, etc., Kentucky; Cincinnati, Ohio; Nashville, Tennessee.

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 295

ORTHOSTROPHIA Hall. Genotype Ortliis strophomenoides Hall.

Oithostrophia Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 36, figs.
32-34.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 199, 223,
253 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 267.

Oithostrophia (?) fasciata Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Orthis fasciata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 255, pi. 52, fig. 8.
Orthostrophia f fasciata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

pp. 200, 223.
Loc. Rochester and Lockport, New York.

Orthostrophia strophomenoides Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis strophomenoides Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.

46;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 177, pi. 14, fig. 2.
Orthis halli Saflbrd, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, pp. 328, 533.
Orthostrophia strophomenoides Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883,

pi. 36, figs. 32-34.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

200, 223, pi. 5A, figs. 24-27; pi. 6, figs. 38-34.
Orthostrophia halli Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 5A,

figs. 22, 23.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York; Square Lake, Maine; Perry

County, Tennessee.
ORTHOTHETES Fischer de Wald. Genotype Spirifera crenistria Phil.
Orthothetes Fischer de Waldheim, Oryctographie du Gouvernement de Moscou,

1837, p. 133. — Waagen, Palfeontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, p. 607, 1884. —

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 253 ;— Eleventh Ann.

Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 284.
Streptorhynchus Hall (non King), Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1863, p. 61, figs. 1-6;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 64.— Nettelroth, Kentucky

Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 139.

Orthothetes agassizi (Rathbun). Middle Devonian.

Streptorhynchus agassizi (Hartt) Rathbun, Bull. Bufl'alo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874,
p. 248, pi. 9, figs. 3, 4, 10, 16, 17, 23, 25, 26, 28-30;— Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., XX, 1879, p. 24.

Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil.

Orthothetes anomalus (A. Winchell). Hamilton (Dev.).

Crania (Pseudocrania) anomala A. Winchell, Geol. Rep. Lower Peninsula Mich-
igan, 1866, p. 92.

Streptorhynchus anomala Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,
p. 1.52.

Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigau.

Orthothetes bellulus Clarke. Marcellus (Dev.).

Orthothetes bellulus Clarke, Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895,

pp. 176, 187, pi. 4, figs. 2-4.
Loc. Livonia salt shaft, Livonia, New York.

Orthothetes chemungensis (Conrad). Chemung (Dev.).

Strophomena chemungensis Conrad, .Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII,

1842, p. 257, pi. 14, fig. 12.
Strophomena bifurcata Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 266, fig. 2.
Strophomena pectinacea Hall, Ibidem, 1S43, p. 266, fig. 4.
Streptorhynchus chemungensis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 67; — Second

Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 40, fig. 9.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol.

Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 117, pi. 13, fig. 16.
Streptorhynchus chemungensis var. pectinacea Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p.

73, pi. 10, fig. 6.

2I'() SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. f hull. 87.

Orthothetes chemungensis (Conrad) — Continued.

Oitliothetes cbeuiuiigciisis Hall auil Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, IX!)2, p.

255, pi. 10, lig. 9; pi. IIA, tig. 14.— Wbiteavcs, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892,

p. 285.
Loc. New York and Pennsylvania; Enreka district, Nevada; Lake Winnipego-

sis, Canada; Waverly group of Ohio.

Orthothetes chemungensis arctistriatus Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Stropliomena arctostriataHall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rei>. Fourth Uist., 1813, p. 266, tig. 3.
Orthisina arctostriata Hall, Thirteenth Kep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860,

pp. 80, 81, tigs. 1, 2; p. 112.
Streptorhynchus chemungensis var. arctostriata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867,

p. 71, pi. 9, tigs. 1-12;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 40,

fig. 8.
Heniipronites chemungensis var. arctostriata Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th

Pari., IV, 1S77, p. 35, pi. 3, tig. 2.
Streptorhynchus arctostriata Walcott, Mon. IT. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p.

117, pi. 13, lig. 7. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem, Kentucky Geol.

Survey, 1889, p. 140, pi. 31, tigs. 31-33.
Orthothetes chemungensis var. arctostriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,

VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 10, tig. 8.
Loc. New York ; Falls of Ohio ; Eureka district, Nevada.

Orthothetes chemungensis perversus (Hall). Cornif. and Ham. (Dev.).

Orthis perversa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 137.
Orthisina alternata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.

81, tigs. 1,2; p. 112.
Streptorhynchus chemungensis var. perversus Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p.

72, pi. 9, tigs. 13-17, 26.
Streptorhynchus chemungensis var. alternata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State

Geol., 1883, pi. 40, tig. 7.
Orthothetes chemungensis var. alternata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, pi. 10, tig. 7.
Loc. New York ; Bosanquet, Ontario ; Eureka district, Nevada.

Orthothetes crenistria (Phillips?). Lower Carboniferous.

Streptorhynchus crenistria? A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelj»hia,

1862, p. 410.
Streptorhynchus crenistria Davidson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863,

p. 173, pi. 9, fig. 19.— Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 296, fig. 96. —

Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 362.
Hemiprouites crenistria? Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, ]». 279, pi. 10, fig. 5.
Hemipronites crenistria Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p.

pi. 7, fig. 2.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 37, pi. 5, fig. 14; pi.

3, fig. 24; pi. 6, fig. 8; pi. 9, fig. 21; IV, p. 24, pi. 2, figs. 1,5;— Geol. Ohio,

VII, 1895, pi. 15, fig. 1; pi. 21, fig. 14.
Orthothetes crenistria Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 255,

pi. IIA, fig. 15.
Loc. Medina and Granville, Ohio ; Port aux Barques, Michigan ; East River and

Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia; Fail den Isthmus, lat. 82^ 43'; White Pine dis-
trict, Nevada.
Obs. These references are unsatisfactory identifications of Phillips's species. It

may prove that more than a single species is here included.

Orthothetes deformis Hall. . Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis deformis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 44;— PaL
New York, III, 1859, p. 174, pi. lOA, fig. 13; pi. 15, fig. 3.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 297

' Orthothetes deformis Hall — Coutinued.

Streptorhynchus deformis Hall, Secoud Aun. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 39,

tig. 32.
Orthothetes deformis Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 255,

pi. 9, fig. 32.
Loc. Albany County, New York; Cumberland, Maryland.

Orthothetes deformis sinuatus Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).
Orthothetes deformis var. sinuata Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,

1892, pi. 20, figs. 8, 9.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Orthothetes desideratus Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Orthothetes desideratus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p.

345, pi. 9A, figs. 26, 27.
Loc. Medina County, Ohio.

Orthothetes flabellum (Whitfield). Corniferous (Dev.)

Streptorhynchus fiabellum Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 200;—
Ibidem, V, 1891, p. 521, pi. 6, figs. 7, 9;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 421, pi. 2,
figs. 7, 9.

Loc. Columbus, Ohio.

Orthothetes hydraulicus (Whitfield). Waterlime (Sil.).

Streptorhynchus hydraulicum Whitfield, Auuals N. Y. Acad. Sci., II, 1882, \).

193;— Ibidem, V, 1891, p. 508, pi. 5, figs. 1-3;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 410,

pi. 1, figs. 1-3.
Loc. Bel Iville and Greenfield, Ohio.

Orthothetes insequalis Hall. Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

Orthis iuequalis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 490, pi. 2, fig. 6.
Streptorhynchus iuequalis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865,

p. 117.
Streptorhynchus e([uivalvis Hall and Whitfield, King's II. S. Geol. ExjjI. 40th

Pari., IV, 1877, p. 252, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2.
Streptorhynchus tequivalvis Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi.

42, figs. 20-23.
Orthothetes ina-qualis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 9A,

figs. 20-23.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Newark and Granville, Ohio; Shafers, Pennsylvania;

Wasatch Range, Utah.

Orthothetes inflatus (White and Whitfield). Kinderhook (L. Carb.),

Streptorhynchus inflatus White aud Whitfield. Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

VIII, 1862, p. 293.— Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40 Pari.,

IV, 1877, p. 252, pi. 4, fig. 3.— Hall, Second Aun. Rep. N. Y. State Geol.^

1883, pi. 42, figs. 24, 25.
Orthothetes inflatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 9A,

figs. 24, 25.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Dry Canyon, 0<iuirrh Mountains, Utah; Montana.

Orthothetes interstriatus (Hall). Coralline (Sil.).

Orthis iuterstriata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 326, pi. 74, figs. 1, 2.
Loc. Schoharie, New York.

Orthothetes lens (White). Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

streptorhynchus lens White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 28.—
Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 67, pi. 39, fig. 2.

Streptorhynchus lensf A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadeljjhia, 1865, p.
117.

298 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL KRACHIOPODA. [boll. 87.

Orthothetes lens (White) — Continued.

Orthothetcs lens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1S92, p. 256, pi.

IIA, figs. 16-22.
Loc. Clarksville, etc., Missouri; Hamburg, Illinois; Medina County, Ohio (Win-

chell).

Orthothetes pandora (Billings). Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Stroptorhynchus pandora Billings, Canadian .Tour., V, 1860, p. 226, ligs. 12, 13; —

Gcol. Canada, 1863, p. 36i), lig. 381.— Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1874, p. 70.
Strep torhynchus chemnngensis var. pandora Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p.

68, pi. 4, ligs. 11-19; pi. 9, ligs. 18-25, 27;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State

Geol., 1883, pi. 40, iigs. 1-6.
Orthothetes chemnngensis var. pandora Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, p. 255, pi. 9, fig. 30; pi. 10, figs. 1-6.
Loc, Schoharie, Knoxville, Clarksville, etc., New York; Cayuga, Ontario;

Columbus, Ohio (Whitfield); Eureka district, Nevada.

Orthothetes pravus Hall. (Clipper) Devonian.

Orthis prava Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 490.

Orthothetes prava Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 255, pi.

llA, fig. 13.
Loc. Lime Creek, Worth County, Iowa.

Orthothetes subplanus (Conrad). Niagara and L. Held. (Sil. and Dev.).

Strophomeua subplaua Conrad, .lour. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, VIII, 1842,
p. 258.— Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Kep. Fourth Diet., 1843, p. 104, fig. 1;— Twelfth
Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 82.

Leptiena subplaua Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 259, pi. 53, figs. 8-10.— Billings,
Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 138, pi. 2, figs. 16, 17.

Strophomeua pecten Roemer, Die Sil. Fauna west. Tennessee, 1860, p. 67, pi. 5,
fig. 4. — Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 311, fig. 315; — Catalogue Silurian Fos-
sils of Anticosti, 1866, p. 40.

Streptorhynchus (Strojihodonta) subplanus Hall, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, I,
1862, p. 436.

Streptorhynchus subplanus Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 226; —
Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 63, figs. 1,2;— Twenty-
eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 151, pi. 21, figs. 26-33;—
Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 288, pi. 21, figs. 26-33 ;— Second
Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 39, figs. 21-24 ; pi. 42, fig. 19.— Nettelroth,
Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem, Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 141, pi. 29,
figs. 11, 12.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 23, pi. 2,
figs. 14-20.

Streptorhynchus bemiaster Wiuchell and Marcy, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., I,
1865, p. 93, pi. 2, fig. 10.— Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
1867, p. 392.

Hemipronites subplanus Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, HI, 1868,
p. 349.

Hemipronites propinquus Meek and Worthen, Ibidem, HI, 1868, p. 351, pi. 6, fig. 6.

Orthothetes subplana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 255,
pi. 9, figs. 21-24; pi. 9A, fig. 19; pi. IIA, figs. 9-12.

Loc. Lockport, Rochester, etc.. Now Y'ork; TlK)rold, Ontario; Waldron, Indiana;
Louisville, Kentucky; Thebes, Alexander Conntj% and Bridgeport, Illinois;
Pike County, Missouri ; Decatur County, Tennessee; Arisaig, Nova Scotia
(Ami) ; Anticosti.

Orthothetes tapajotensis (Derby). Upper Carboniferous.

Strejitorliynchus tapajotensis Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 37, pi. 5,
figs. 3, 6, 7, 9, 10; pi. 8. fig. 9.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 299

Orthothetes tapajotensis (Derby) — Continued.

Orthothetes tapajotensis Waagen, Palteontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884,

pp. 607, 608.
Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil.

Orthothetes tenuis Hall. Niagara (Sil.),

Streptorhynchus tenuis Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 210;— Twenty-
eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 150, pi. 23, figs. 11-13;—
Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 287, pi. 23, figs. 11-13.— Foerste,
Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 105, pi. 8, figs. 31, 32, 38.— Nettelroth, Ken-
tucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 142.

Orthothetes tenuis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 255.

Strophoniena (Orthothetes) tenuis Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 568, pi. 27,
tigs. 31, 32, 38.

Loc. Waldron, Indiana; near Louisville, Kentucky; Dayton, Ohio.

Orthothetes umbraculum of authors (iion von Bucli). L. and Up. Garb.

Orthis umbraculum Hall, Stansbury's Expl. Survey Valley Great Salt Lake,
Utah, 1852, p. 412, pi. 3, fig, 6. — Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the
West, 1861, p. 125.

Streptorhynchus umbraculum? A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1865, p. 117.

Hemipronites umbraculum? A. Winchell, Proc. American Philosophical Soc, XII,
1870, p. 251.

Orthothetes umbraculum Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,
p. 256.

Loc. Waverly group, Newark, Sciotoville, Warren, etc., Ohio ; Up. Carb., Leaven-
worth, Kansas.

Orthothetes woolworthanus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophomena woolworthana Hall, Tenth. Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 48, figs. 1, 2;— Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 192, pi. 17, figs. 1, 2,
Streptorhynchus woolworthana Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 957, fig. 449. —

Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 39, figs. 25-31.
Orthothetes woolworthana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 255, pi. 9, figs. 25-31.
Loc. Schoharie, Carlisle, Clarksville, and Hudson, New York.

ORTHOTICHIA Hall and C. Genotype Orthis'? morganiana Derby.

Orthotichia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 213;— Eleventh
Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 272.

Orthotichia morganiana (Derby). Upper Garboniferous.

Orthis i morganiana Derby, Bull. Cornell University, I, 1874, p. 29, pi. 3, figs.

1-9, 11, 34 ; pi. 4, figs. 6, 14, 15.
Orthis morganiana Waagen, Palajontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 564.
Orthotichia ? morganiana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

213, 226, pi. 7, figs. 11-15.
Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil.

ORTHOTROPIA Hall and Glarke. Genotj^pe O. dolomitica H. and C.

Orthotropia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, explanation sheet
to pi. 84, figs. 3-7.— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1895, p. 943.

Orthotropia dolomitica Hall and Glarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Orthotropia dolomitica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi.

84, figs. 3-7.
Loc. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

300 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA. [bull. 87.

PARASTROPHIA Jliill aud C. Genotype Atrypa heniii)licata Hall.

Parastropbia Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 221;— Thir-
teenth Ann. Kep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 839.

Parastrophia divergens Hall and Clarke. Lorraine (Ord.).

Parastrophia divergeus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York. VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 222,

366, pi. 63, figs. 4-7.
Loc. Wilmiugtoii, Illinois.

Parastrophia greenei Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Parastrophia greenii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 222,

367, pi. 63, ligs. 17-20, 22.
Loe. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Parastrophia hemiplicata Hall. Trenton (Ord.).

Atrypa hemiplicata Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, I, 1847, p. 144, \A. 33, fig. 10.— Billings,

Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 208, figs. 20-23.
Atrypa circulus Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 142, pi. 33, fig. 7;— Twelfth Rep.

N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 65.
Pentauierus heniiplicatus Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y'. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 66. — Billings, Canadian Jour., IV, 1859, p. 316.
Camarella hemiplicata Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 168, fig. 154.
Camarella circulus Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 107.
Camarella bernensis Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sol., Ill, 1892, p. 328,

pi. 4, figs. 4-6.
Anastrophia f hemiplicata Wincbell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,

1893, p. 382, pi. 30, figs. 29-31.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p.

167.
Parastrophia hemipKcata Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

221, pi. 63, figs. 1-3.

Loc. Middleville, Watertown, etc.. New York; Center County, Pennsylvania;
Wisconsin; Minnesota; Ottawa and Lake Winnipeg, Canada.

Parastrophia hemiplicata rotunda (Wincbell and Schu.). Trenton (Ord.).
Anastrophia f hemiplicata var. rotunda W. and S., Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,

1893, p. 383, pi. 30, figs. 32-35.
Loc. Cannon Falls, Minnesota; Decorah, Iowa.

Parastrophia latiplicata Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Parastrophia latiplicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp.

222, 368, pi. 63, figs. 23-27.
Loc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Parastrophia multiplicata Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Parastrophia multiplicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1895,

pp. 222, 367, pi. 63, figs. 15, 16, 21.
Loc. Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Parastrophia (?) obscura (Hall and Whitfield). Pogonip (Ord.).

Porauibouites obscurus Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari.,

IV, 1877, p. 234, pi. 1, fig. 16.
Porambonites ? obscurus Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

p. 228.
ioc. White Pine district, Nevada.
Ohs. Based upon a single ventral valve which is insufficient to determine

whether it belongs to Parastrophia or some rhynchonelloid. It is not a

Porambonites.

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 301

Parastrophia ops (Billings). Aiiticosti (Sil.).

Camarella ops Billings, Pal. Fossils, 1, 1862, p. 148, fig. 128.
Loe. Anticosti.
Obs. May be only a variety of P. reversa.

Parastrophia reversa (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.).

Pentamerus reversus Billings, Geol. Survey Canada; Rep. Progress for 1856,
1857, p. 295 ;— Canadian Jour., IV, 1859, p. 316.

Brachymerus reversus Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 69.

Anastropliia reversa Miller, American Pal. Foss., 1877, p. 104.

Parastrophia reversa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 63,
figs. 8-14.

Loc. Anticosti.

Obs. Billings says this species is a large P. hemiplicata Hall. It ajjpears, how-
ever, to be distinct. See P. ops Billings.

Parastrophia scofieldi (Winchell and Schucliert). Trenton (Orel.).

Anastrophia ? scofieldi W. ami S., Minnesota Geol. Svirvey, III, 1893, p. 383, pi.

30, figs. 24-28.
Loc. Near Cannon Falls, Minnesota.

PARAZYGA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Atrypa liirsuta Hall.

Parazyga Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 127 ;— Thirteenth
Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 800.

Parazyga deweyi Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Waldheimia deweyi Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 89.
Trematospira (Rhynchospira) deweyi Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1889, p. 216, pi.

36, fig. 3.
Parazyga deweyi Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 128, fig. 112, pi.

49, figs. 40-46.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York.

Parazyga hirsuta Hall. Corniferous and Hamilton (Dev.).

Atrypa hirsuta Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 168.

Trematospira hirsuta Hall, Thirteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1860, p. 101 ;— Fourteenth
Rep. Ibidem, 1861, p. 101 ;— Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, pi. 2, figs. 11-16;—
Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 274, pi. 45, figs. 16-32.— Nettelroth, Kentucky
Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 136, pi. 16, figs. 15-19.

Athyris ? chloe Billings, Canadian Jour., n. ser., V, 1860, p. 282, figs. 45-47.

Retzia chloe Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 385, fig. 419.

Nucleospira indianensis Miller, Seventeenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1892, p. 79,
pi. 13, figs. 13-15.

Parazyga hirstita Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 128, fig.
Ill; pi. 49, figs. 28-39.

Loc. New York ; Thedford, Canada ; Falls of Ohio ; Bunker Hill, Indiana.

Paterina Beecher=Ipliidea.

PATERULA Barrande. Genotype Paterula bohemica Barrande.

Paterula Barrande, Systeme Sil. du Centre de la Boh6me, V, 1879, p. 110.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 78, 165 ;— Eleventh Ann.
Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 242.

Paterula amii n. sj). Calciferous (Ord.),

Paterula species Hall and Clarke, VIII, Pt. I, p. 78, pi. 4K, fig. 1,
Loc. Quebec, Canada.

302 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

PENTAGONIA Cozzeus. Geuotype Pentagouia i)eeisii Cozzeiis=

Atiypa imisulcata Conrad.
Pentagouia Cozzens, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y., IV, 1846, p. 158. — Meek
and Hayden, Smithsonian Cont. Knowledge, XIV, 172, 1864, p. 16. — Hall and
Clarke, I'al. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, j>. 80 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y.
State Geologist, 1895, ]•. 775.
Gonioccelia Hall, Fourteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 101.

Pentagouia peersii Cozzens=Pentagonia unisulcata.

Pentagonia unisulcata (Conrad). Oriskany to Hamilton (Dev.).

Atrypa unisulcata Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey of N. Y., 1841, p. 56. —

Hall, Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, pi. 11, iig. 10.
Pentagonia peersii Cozzens, Annals Lyceum Nat. Hist. N. Y., IV, 1846, p. 1.58, pi.

10, fig. 3.
Rhynchonella unisulcata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 125.
Athyris? unisulcata Billings, Canadian Journal, V, 1860, p. 279, tigs. 39-42.
Gonioccelia uniangulata Hall, Fourteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1861, p. 101.
Meristella ? unisulcata Hall, Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, pi. 2, figs. 17-25.
Athyris unisulcata Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 373, fig. 396.
Meristella (Pentagonia) unisulcata varieties liiplicata and uniplicata Hall, Pal.

New York, IV, 1867, p. 309, pi. 50, figs. 18-35.
Meristella unisulcata Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.

Survey, 1889, p. 99, pi. 15, figs. 9-16.
Pentagonia unisulcata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 80,

pi. 42, figs. 22-32.
Loc. New York; county of Haldimand and Bosanquet, Ontario; Falls of Ohio.

PENTAMEREILA Hall. Genotype Atrypa arata Conrad.

Pentamerella Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 163;—
Pal. New Y^ork, IV, 1867, pp. 373, 375.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells,
Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 49.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 245;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895,
p. 845.

Pentamerella arata (Conrad). Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Atrypa arata Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey N. Y., 1841, p. 55.
Atrypa octocostata Conrad, Ibidem, 1841, p. 55.
Pentamerus aratus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 120,

figs. 1-10.— Billings, Canadian Journal, VI, 1861, p. 269, figs. 93-96;— Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 370, fig. 389.
Pentamerella arata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 375, pi. 58, figs. 1-21.—

Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.

49, pi. 13, figs. 17-20.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

p. 245, pi. 71, figs. 21-29.
? Pentamerus aratus Tschernyschew, M^m. Comite G6ologique de St. P^ters-

bourg, III, 1887, p. 101, pi. 4, figs. 18, 19.
Loc. New York; Cayuga, etc., Ontario; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio; ? Urals

of Russia.

Pentamerella borealis (Meek). Hamilton (Dev.).

Pentamerus borealis Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, 1868, p. 95, pi. 13, fig. 11.
Loc. Anderson River, British America.

Pentamerella (?) compressa Ringueberg. Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerella compressa Ringueberg, Bull. Bufl'alo Soc. Nat. Sci., V, 1886, p. 15,
pi. 2, fig. 4.

SCHUCHEET.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 303

Pentamerella C?) compressa Eiugueberg— Continued.
Log. Lockport, New York.

Ohs. May be a pathologic or compressed specimen of Spirifer crispiis or S. sul-
catas.
Pentamerella dubia Hall. ? Hamilton (Dev.).

Atrypa (u. sp. ?) Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, pi. 3A,

fig. 1. [See specimen in U. S. Nat. Mns., Cat., Invert. Foss., 17927.]
Spirifer dubius Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 90.
Pentamerella dubia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 379, pi. 58, tigs. 38-43.—

Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 245, pi. 71, tigs. 32-38.
Loc. Iowa City, Iowa.
Ohs. See Pentamerella micula Hall.

Pentamerella intralineata (A. Wincliell). Hamilton (Dev.).

Pentamerus intralineatus A. Wiuchell, Geol. Rep. Lower Peninsula of Michi-
gan, 1866, p. 94.
Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan.

Pentamerella micula Hall. ? Hamilton (Dev.).

Pentamerella micula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 378, pi. 58, figs. 26, 27.—

Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 245.
Loc. Iowa City, Iowa.
Ohs. Compare with Pentamerella dubia Hall.

Pentamerella obsolescens Hall. ? Hamilton (Dev.).

Pentamerella obsolescens Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 379, pi. 58, figs. 24,

25.— Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 245.
Loc. Waterloo, Iowa.

Pentamerella pavilionensis Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Pentamerus papilionensis Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1860, p. 86.
Pentamerella papilionensis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 377, pi. 58, figs. 28-

37. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889,

p. 50.
Pentamerella pavilionensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

p. 245, pi. 71, figs. 30, 31.
Loc. Seneca and Canandaigua lakes, etc., New York; Falls of Ohio.

Pentamerella thusnelda Nettelrotli. Corniferous (Dev.).

Pentamerella thusuelda Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 51, pi. 31, figs. 26-28.
Loc. Near Louisville, Kentucky.

Pentamerella ventricosa Hall=Clorinda ventricosa.

PENTAMERUS Sowerby. Genotype P. laevis Sowerby.

Pentamerus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, I, 1813, j). 76. — Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 236 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Stato-
Geologist, 1895, p. 844.

Pentamerus arcuosus McChesney=01orinda arcuosa.
Pentamerus aratus= Pentamerella arata.
Pentamerus barrandi Billings=Clorinda barrandei.
Pentamerus beaumonti Castelnau=P. oblongus.
Pentamerus bisinuatus McOhesney=P. oblongus.
Pentamerus borealis Meek = Pentamerella borealis.
Pentamerus brevirostris Hall=Auastropliia brevirostris.

304 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull.87.

routainerus cliicagoeusis Wiiicliell and Marcy=Cl<)riiida ventricosa.
Peiitamerus colletti Miller=Conchidiiiiii colletti.
Pentamerus comis Meek and Wortheii=Gypidala comis.
Peiitamerus complauatus Nettelroth = Conchidium tenuicostatnin.
Pciitaiiierus ('oiicliidinm=Ooncliidiuiii bilocnlare.
Peiitamerus cojipiiigeri Etlieridge=(iypidula coppiiigeri.
Peiitamerus crassoradius M('Cliesuey=Concliidium crassiradiatum.
Pentamerus decussatus Wliiteaves=Coucliidium decussatum.
Peiitamerus desliayessii Castelnau=Reusseheria ovoides.
Pentamerus elongatus Vanuxem=Amphigeiiia eloiigata.
Pentamerus fornicatus Hall = Clorinda fornicata.
Pentamerus galeatiformis Meek and Wortlien=Gypidula comis.
Pentamerus galcatus Hall=Gyj)idula galeata.
Pentamerus galeatus Hall and Whitfield =Gypidula nucleus.
Pentamerus galeatus Roemer=Gypidula ra'meri.
Pentamerus globulosus Nettelroth=Gyi)idula globulosa.
Pentamerus hemiplicatus Billings = Parastropbia bemiplicata.
Pentamerus interplicatus Hall=Anastropbia interplicata.
Pentamerus intralineatus Wiucliell = Pentamerella intralineata.
Pentamerus knappi Hall and Whitfield = Conchidiuni knappi,
Pentamerus knighti Sowerby=Conchidium knighti.
Pentamerus kuotti !N'ettelroth=Gypidu]a knotti.
Pentamerus laqueatus Conrad = Conchidium laqueatum.
Pentamerus lenticularis White and Whitfield = Camarophorella lenticu-

laris.
Pentamerus littoni Hall=Conchidium littoni.
Pentamerus lotis Walcott=Gypidula lotis.
Pentamerus multicostatus=Conchidium multicostatum.
Pentamerus nobilis Emmons=Coiichidium laqueatum.
Pentamerus nucleus Hall and Whitfield =Gypidula nucleus.
Pentamerus iiysius var. crassicosta Hall = Conchidium nysius.
Pentamerus nysius var. tenuicostatus Nettelroth= Couch idium nysius.
Pentamerus nysius var. tenuicosta Hall=Conchidium tenuicosta.

Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby. Clinton and Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby, Murchison's Silurian System, 1839, p. 641, pi.
19, fig. 10.— Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 70, figs. 1-5.—
Owen, Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin and Illinois, 1844, pi. 14, fig. 10. — Hall,
American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XX, 1849, p. 227;— Pal. New York, II, 1852, p.
79, pi. 25, fig. 1; pi. 20, fig. 1.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 58,
pi. 1, figs. 2, 3;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 316, fig. 326.— Hall and Whitfield,
Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 183;— Geol. Survey
Ohio, Pal., II, 1875, p. 137, pi. 7, fig. 9.— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882,
p. 288, pi. 17, figs. 4-9.— Nettel roth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky
Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 60, pi. 33, figs. 15-17.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 237, figs. 169-171; pi. 67, fig. 20; pi. 68, figs. 1-5; pi. 69,
figs. 1, 4-7, 13, 14; pi. 70, figs. 1-4.

Pentamerus beauraonti Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. I'Amdrique Septentrionale,
1843, p. 38, pi. 13, fig. 9.

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 305

Pentamerus oblongus Sowerby — Continued.

Pentamerus bisinuatus McChesney, Descriptions New Pal. Foss., 1861, p. 85; —
Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, pi. 9, fig. 1.— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin,

IV, 1882, p. 290, pi. 17, fig. 3.

Loc. England; New York; Ohio; Indiana; Kentucky; Illinois; Iowa; Wiscon-
sin; Thorold, Ontario; Anticosti.
Pentamerus oblongus cylindricus Hall and Whitfield. Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus oblongus var. cylindrica Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep.
N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 183 ;— Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem,
1875, pi. 10, figs. 13, 14.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Ken-
tucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 61, pi. 30, figs. 2-4.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 237, fig. 172; pi. 68, figs. 7, 8; pi. 69, figs. 11, 12.

Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.
Pentamerus oblongus maquoketa Hall find Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus oblongus (partim) Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, pp. 288, 291,
pi. 17, figs. 8, 9.

Pentamerus oblongus var. maquoketa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pi.
II, 1893, p. 239, pi. 67, figs. 11-13.

Loc. Ashford, Wisconsin; near Dubuque and Hopkinton, Iowa.

Pentamerus oblongus subrectus Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus oblongus var. subrectus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.

II, 1893, pp. 238, 239, pi. 68, fig. 6; pi. 69, figs. 2, 3, 8-10; pi. 70, fig. 5.
Loc. Earlville, Iowa; Wisconsin.

Pentamerus occidentalis Hall, 1858 (non 1852)=Gypidula comis.
Pentamerus occidentalis Hall, 1852=Concliidium occideutale.

Pentamerus ovalis Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Pentamerus ovalis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 103, pi. 31, fig. 1.— Foerste,

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 324, pi. 5, figs. 17, 18.
Loc. New Hartford, Oneida County, New York ; Cumberland Gap, Tennessee ;

Collinsville, Alabama.
Ohs. Compare with P. oblongus.

Pentamerus papilionensis Hall=Pentamerella pavilionensis.
Pentamerus pergibbosus Hall and Whitfield. Niagara (Sil.).

Pentamerus pergibbosus Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 139, pi. 7, figs.
10, 11. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey,
1889, p. 162 —Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 239, pi.
67, figs. 10, 14-19.

Loc. Greenfield, Ohio ; Louisville, Kentucky; Wisconsin (Whitfield).

Pentamerus pesovis Whitfield. Waterlime (Sil.).

Pentamerus pesovis Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 195; — Ibidem,

V, 1891, p. 513, pi. 5, figs. 11-22;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 414, pi. 1, figs.
18-22.

Loc. Greenfield, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky; Wisconsin (Whitfield).

Pentamerus pseudogaleatus Hall=Gypidula pseudogaleata.
Pentamerus reversus Billings— Parastrophia reversa.
Pentamerus salinensis Swallow=Conchidium saliense.
Pentamerus subglobosus Meek and Worthen=Gypidula subglobosa.
Pentamerus trisiuuatus McChesney =:Meristina trisinuata.
Pentamerus uniplicatus Nettelroth— Gypidula uniplicata.
Pentamerus ventricosus Hall=Clorinda ventricosa.
Bull. 87 20

300 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL imACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Pentanierus verneuili nall=Aiiastro])]iiii verneuili.

PHOLIDOPS Hall. Genotype Orbicula .squainiforniis Ilall.

Pholidops Hall, Pal. Now York, III, 1859, p. 489;— Thirteenth Rep., N. Y. State
Cab. Nat. Hist., 1800, p. 92;— Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1S62, p. 195;— Pal. New-
York, IV, 1867, pp. 31, 413.— Dall, linll. Mus. Comp., Zool., Ill, 1871, j). 27.—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, I't. I, 1892, p. 155.— Wincbell and
Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 376. — Hall and Clarke,
Eleventh Rep. N. Y. State Geolojrist, 1894, p. 262.

Craniops Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 84.— CElilert,
Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1272.

Pholidops arenaria Hall. Oriskauy (Dev.).

Pholidops arenaria Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 413, pi. 3, fig. 10.— Hall

and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 41, fig. 24.
Loc. Albany County and Hudson, New York.

Pholidops areolata Hall. Scbobavie (Dev.).

Pholidops areolata Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 31 ;—

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 31, pi. 3, figs. 4, 5.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 41, figs. 25, 26.
Loc. Clarksville and Knox, New York.

Pholidops bellula Walcott. Lower Devonian.

Pholidops bellula Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 113, pi. 2,

fig. 6.— Hall and Chirke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Pholidops calceola Hall and Clarke. Corniferous (Dev,).

Pholidops calceola Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 157,

182, pi. 41, fig. 30.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Pholidops cincinnatiensis Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Pholidops cincinnatiensis Hall, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
1872, pi. 7, fig. 10;— Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 130, pi. 5, fig. 2.— Miller, Cincin-
nati Quart. Jour. Science, II, 1875, p. 14; — Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist.,
I, 1878, p. 107.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157,
pi. 41, fig. 18.

Loc. Cincinnati, etc., Ohio.

Pholidops greenei Miller and Gurley. Hamilton (Dev.).

Pholidops greenei Miller and Gurley, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 12,

1897, p. 48, pi. 3, figs. 16-21.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Pholidops hamiltonise Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Pholidops hamiltoni:^ Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860,
p. 92;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 32, pi. 3, figs. 6-9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157, pi. 41, figs. 31-34 (37?).

Loc. Darien, Moscow, Canandaigua Lake, etc., New York.

Pholidops lamellosa Hall=Pliolidops oblata.

Pholidops lepis Hall and Clarke. Corniferous (Dev.).

Pholi<lop8 lepis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157.
Loc. Not given.
01)8. A nomina nudum.

Pholidops linguloides Hall = Pholidops oblata.

scHucHBBT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 307

Pholidops oblata Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Pholidoi)8 oblatii Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 414, pi. 3, fig. 10.

Pholidops (?) linguloides Hall, Ibidem, 1867, p. 414.

PholidopH laiiiellosa Hall, Ibidem, 1867, pi. 3, fig. 11.

Pholidops liuguioides and oblata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,

18<J2, p. 157, pi. 41, figs. 35, 36.
Loc. Aurora and Canandaigua Lake, New York.

Pholidops ovalis Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Pholidops ovalis Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 209;— Pal. New

York, IV, 1867, pi. 3, figs. 1, 2 ;— Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.

Hist., 1879, p. 149, pi. 21, figs. 1, 2;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882,

p. 284, pi. 21, figs. 1, 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 157, pi. 41, fig. 20.
Loc. Waldron, Indiana: Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami).
Ohs. This species and P. squamiformis are probably identical with P. implicata

Sowerby.

Pholidops ovata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Pholidops ovatus Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 490, pi. 103B, fig. 7.
Pholidops ovata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157, pi. 41,

figs. 22, 23.
Loc. Albany County, New York ; ? Square Lake, Maine.

Pholidops patina Hall and Clarke. Corniferous (Dev.).

Pholidops patina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 182, pi. 41,

figs. 27-29.
Loc. De Ceuville, Ontario.

? Pholidops quadrangularis Walcott. Lower Devonian.

Pholidojis quadrangularis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 114,

pi. 2, fig. 7.
Loc. Lone Mountain, Nevada.
Ohs. Apparently a plate of a crinoid.

Pholidops squamiformis Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Orbicula ? squamiformis Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 108, fig.

1;— Pa!. New York, II, 1852, p. 250, pi. 53, fig. 4.
Craniops squamiformis Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 84.
Pholidops squamiformis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 490, pi. 103B, fig. 6.—

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 156, pi. 41, fig. 21.
Loc. Lockport, Rochester, etc., New York.
Ohs. See Pholidops ovalis Hall.

Pholidops subtruncata Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orbicula ? subtruncata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 290, pi. 79, fig. 7.

Pholidojjs subtruncata Hall, Descrip. n. sp. of Crinoidea and other Fossils, 1866,
p. 14;— Twenty- fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 221, pi. 7,
fig. 9.— Hall and Chirke, Pal. New York, VIll, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 41, fig. 19.

Loc. Lorraine and Turin, New York. In the Trenton at Ottawa, Canada (Ami).

Pholidops terminalis Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Pholidops terminalis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 490, pi. 103B, fig. 8.—

Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Pholidops trentonensis Hall. Trenton (Ord.).

Pholidops trentonensis Hall, Descrip. n. sp. of Crinoidea and other Fossils, 1866,
p. 14 ;— Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 221, pi. 7,
fig. 8.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 157, pi. 41,
fig. 17.

Lqc, Middleville, New York.

308 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOI'ODA. [bull. 87.

Pholidops trentonensis minor Wincliell and Schu(;hert. Treutoii (Ord.).
Pholidops trentoiiciiHis var. minor Winchell and Scliuchert, Minnesota Geol. Sur-

v(^y, in, 1893, p. 376, pi. 29, lig. 40.
Loc. St. Paul and Cannon Falls, Minnesota.

PHOLIDOSTROPHIA Uall and Clarke, (lenotype Stropliodouta nacrea

Hall=Choiietes('?) ioweusis Owen.

Pholidostrophia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 287;—
Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, j). 281.

Pholidostrophia iowaensis (Owen). Oorniferous and Hamilton (Dev.).

Cliouctes (f) iowonsis Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, p.

584, pi. 3A, lig. 7. [See specimens in U. S. Nat. Mas., Cat. Invert. Foss.,

17942.]
Chonetes sp. iindet. Owen, Ibidem, 1852, pi. 3A, iig. 17. [See specimens in U. S.

Nat. Mas., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17916.]
Strophomena (Strophodonta) nacrea Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1857, p. 144.
Strophomena lepida Hall, Geol. Iowa, I, 1858, p. 493, pi. 3, tig. 3. — Billings,

Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, VI, 1861, p. 344.
Strophodonta nacrea Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 104, pi. 18, lig. 1 : — Second

Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 46, figs. 20-24.— Nettelrotl^, Kentucky

Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 146.
Stropheodonta (Pholidostrophia) nacrea Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, p. 287, pi. 15, figs. 20-24; Pt. II, 1895, pi. 84, tig. 11.
Loc. Iowa City, Iowa; western New York; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio ; Rock

Island, Illinois; Alpena, Michigan; Ontario, Canada.
Oba. Owen's type specimens preserved in the United States National Museum

prove to be identical with Strophomena lepida, which Hall in 1867 said is a

synonym for Stropheodonta nacrea.

Plsesiomys Hall and Clarke=Dinorthis.

PLATYSTROPHIA King. Genotype Terebratulites biforata Schlotheim.

Platystrophia King, Mou. Permian Fossils of England, Pal. Soc, 1850, p. 116. —
Hall, Geol. Soc. America, 1, 1889, pp. 19, 20.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 200.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey,
III, 1893, p. 454. — Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist,
1894, p. 268.

Obs. It is doubtful whether all the various forms of Platystrophia can be regarded
as species. This genus is nearly always abundantly represented by one or
more forms throughout the American Ordovician and Silurian systems.
When individuals of the same region or of widely .separated localities are
compared with each other it is apparent that the specitic characters arc
very inconstant. Individuals of a stratum, however, are fairly constant in
form, size, and plications, and it is this limited constancy that has served in
many of the following species.

Platystrophia acuminata James. Lorraine (Ord.),

Orthis (Platystrophia) acuminata James, The Palaiontologist, 1, 1878, p. 7.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Platystrophia acutilirata (Oonrad). Lorraine (Ord.).

Delthyris acutilirata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p.

260, pi. 14, fig. 15.
Orthis (Platystrophia) acutilirata Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 119, pi. 10, tig. 5.
Orthis acutilirata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 28.

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 309

Platystrophia acutilirata (Conrad)— Continued.

Orthis biforata var. acutilirata White, Second Anu. Rep. Indiana Bureau of

Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 487, pi. 2, tigs. 5-9;— Tenth Rep. State Geol.

Indiana, 1881, p. 119, pi. 2, tigs. 5-9.
Platystrophia acutilirata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 223.
Loc. Richmond, Indiana; Oxford, Ohio; Louisiana, Missouri (Keyes).

Platystrophia biforata (Sclilotheim). Cliazy-Niagara (Ord. and SO.).

Terebratulites biforatus Schlotheim, Petrefactenkuude, 1820, p. 205.

Spirifer sheppardi Castelnau, Essai Syst. Sil. I'Ani^rique Septentrionale, 1843,
p. 42, pi. 14, tig. 15.

Delthyris brachynota Hall, Geol. New York ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 70, fig. 6.

Orthis and Delthyris Owen, Geol. Espl. Iowa, Wisconsin, Illinois, 1844, pi. 15,
figs. 3, 7.

Delthyris lynx Hall (partim; non Eichwald), Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 133, pi.
32D, tig. 1.

Spirifer biforata var. lynx Hall, Ibidem, II, 1852, p. 65, pi. 22, tig. 1.

Orthis biforatus Billings, Cauadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 206, tigs. 6-10.— Nichol-
son and Hinde, Canadian Jour., XIV, 1874, p. 158.— White, Rep. U. S. Geogr.
Geol. Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1874, p. 74, pi. 4, tig. 9.— Nettelroth,
Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 35, pi. 29,
figs. 18-29.— Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 312.

Orthis lynx Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 167, fig. 149.— Miller (partim), Cin-
cinnati Quart. .Tour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 25.

Platystrophia reguluris Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 67.

Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 112.— Foerste, Geol.
Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 579, pi. 25, figs. 7, 8.

Orthis (Platystrophia) biforata var. lynx Hall, Second Anu. Rep. N. Y. State
Geologist, 1883, pi. 35, figs. 11-14 (non figs. 9, 10, 15 of pi. 35 and fig. 30, pi.
34=P. biforata lynx).

Orthis biforata var. lynx forma reversata and daytonensis Foerste, Bull. Deuison
Univ., I, 1885, pp. 81, 82, pi. 13, figs. 7, 8.

Platystrophia lynx Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 202,
223, pi. 5B, fig. 10.— Keyes", Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 64, pi. 39, fig. 5.

Platystrophia biforata Wiuchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,
1893, p. 455, pi. 33, figs. 51-54.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897,
p. 177.

Loc. Throughout the horizons mentioned above in North America; also in
England, Scotland, Ireland, Gotland, Scandinavia, Oeland, and Russia.

Platystrophia crassa James. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis (Platystrophia) dentata?? Meek (non Pander), Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 117,
pi. 10, fig. 3.

Orthis (Platystrophia) crassa James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 20.

Orthis dentata Miller, Ibidem, II, 1875, p. 27.

Orthis centrosa Jliller, North American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 356.

Platystrophia crassa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 223.

Platystrophia liiforata var. crassa Winchell and Schuchert, Geol. Survey Min-
nesota, III, 1893, p. 458, pi. 33, figs. 55, 56.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt.
Ill, 1897, p. 178.

Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio; Spring Valley, Minnesota; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Platystrophia laticosta Meek. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis (Platystrophia) laticosta (James) Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 116, pi. 10,

fig. 4.
Orthis (Platystrophia) cypha James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 20.

310 SYNOPSIS OP AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

PlatystropMa laticosta IMeek — Coutiimed.

Ortbis laticosta Miller, Ciucinuati Quart. Jonr. Sci., II, 1875, p. 27.
Platystropllia biforata var. laticosta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Ft.

i, 181)2, p. 223, pi. 515, ligs. 5-9
Loc. Cincinnati, etc., Obio.

Platystrophia lynx (Eiclnvald). Lorraine (Ord.).

Terebratula lynx Eicbwald, Skizze von Podolis, 1830, p. 202.
Deltbyris lynx (partini) Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 1.33, pi. 32D, lig. 1.—

Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 820, lig. 016.
Ortbis (Platystropbia) biforata var. lynx Meek, Pal. Obio, I, 1873, p. 114, pi. 10,

fig. 1.— Hall, Second Ann. Pep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 35, iigs. 9, 10, 15.
Ortbis lynx (partim) Miller, Cincinnati Quart. .Jonr. Sci., II, 1875, p. 25.
Ortbis biforata Nicbolson, Pal. Province Ontario, 1875, p. 16, lig. 5.
Ortbis (Platystropbia) lynx Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi.

34, fig. 30.
Platystropbia biforata var. lynx Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,

1892, pp. 202, 223, pi. 5B, figs. 1-4.
Loc. Cincinnati, Obio, and elsewbere in tbe Obio Valley.

Platystropllia regularis Slialer= Platystrophia biforata.

PLECTAMBONITES Pander. Genotype P. planissima Pander.

Plectaiubonites Pander, Beitrage zur Geognosie des Russ. Reicbes, 1830, p. 90, pi.
3, figs. 8, 16; pi. 28, fig. 19.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,

1892, pp. 236, 295.— Wincbell and Scbncbert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,

1893, p. 413. — Hall and Clarke, Eleventb Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist,

1894, p. 290.

Plectambonites area Shaler=Plectambonites transversalis.
Plectambonites gibbosus Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.).

Plectambonites gibbosa W. and S., American Geol., IX, 1892, p. 288; — Minnesota
Geol. Survey, HI, 1893, p. 416, pi. 32, figs. 13-17.

Loc. M.antorville, Old Concord, and near Cannon Falls, Minnesota.

Plectambonites glaber Slialer. Auticosti (Sil.).

Plectambonites glaber Sbaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 64.
Lepttena glabra Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 294.
Loc. Anticosti.

Plectambonites plicatellus (TJlrich). TJtica (Ord.).

Leptieua plicatella Ulricb, .Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1879, p. 15, pi. 7,

fig. 12.
Plectambonites plicatella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi.

15A, figs. 34, 35.
Loc. Cincinnati, Obio ; Covington, Kentucky.

Plectambonites productus Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Plectambonites producta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p.

360, pi. 84, figs. 23-25.
Loc. Yellow Springs, Obio.

Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby). Trenton to Clinton (Ord.-Sil.).

Leptaina sericea J. de C. Sowerby, Murcbison's Silurian System, 1839, pi. 19, figs.
1, 2.— Hall, Pal. New York, 1, 1847, pp. 110, 287, pi. 31B, fig. 2; pi. 79, fig. 3;—
Ibidem, II, 18.52, p. 59, pi. 21, fig. 1.— Billings, Canadian Nat, Geol., I, 1856,
p. 41, iig. 2.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 18.58, p. 818, fig. 599.— Bill-
ings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 103, fig. 139.— Meek, Pal. Obio, I, 1873, j). 70, pi. 5,
fig. 3.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. .Tour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 57.— Kayser, Pabe-
ontograpbica, Suppl., Ill, 1870, p. 21, pi. 3, fig. 19.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep.

scHDCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 311

Plectambonites sericeus (Sowerby) — Contiuued.

N. Y. State Geul., 1883, pi. 46, figs. 25-29.— Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.

Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 293.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 75, pi.

39, fig. 9.
Leptaiua sericea? White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west of the 100th Merid., IV,

1875, p. 70, pi. 1, fig. 7.
Strophomena sericea Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey N. Y., 1840, p. 201. —

Emmons, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 394.
Strophomena semiovalis Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 47.
Lepta'ua aspera James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 151.
Plectambonites sericea, Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, jil. 15,

figs. 25-29. — Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p.

414, pi. 32, figs. 10-12.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., HI, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 174.
LeiJta'ua minnesotensis Sardeson, Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1892, j). 329, pi.

4, figs. 24, 25.
Leptiena precosis Sardeson, Ibidem, 1892, p. 329, pi. 4, figs. 26-28.
Leptiena recedeus Sardeson, Ibidem, 1892, p. 330, pi. 4, figs. 29-32.
LeptsBua saxea Sardeson, Ibidem, 1892, p. 330, pi. 4, figs. 33-35.
Loc. England; Nevr York; Ohio; Indiana; Kentucky; Missouri; Wisconsin;

Minnesota; Manitoba; Talacastra, Argentine Rejiublic.

Plectambouites teneia Shaler= Plectambonites transversalis.

Plectambonites transversalis (Wahleuberg). Clintoii-ISriagara (Sil.).

Anomites transversalis Wahlenberg, Act. Soc. Upsaliensis, III, 1821, p. 64.

Strophomena elegantula Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 72, fig. 1.

Strophomena transversalis Hall, Ibidem, 1843, p. 105, fig. 4.

Leptasna transversalis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 256, pi. 53, fig. 5. — Bill-
ings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 138, pi. 2, figs. 14, 15. — Hall, Second
Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 46, figs. 34-36.

Plectambonites area and tenera Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 64.

Leptiena transversalis var. elegantula Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XXIV, 1890, p. 294, pi. 6, fig. 6.

Plectambonites transversalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,
p. 298, pi. 15, figs. 34-36.— Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 566, pi. 25, fig. 5;
pi. 30, fig. 13; pi. 31, fig. 6.

Loc. Europe; New York; Osgood, Indiana; Wisconsin; Dundas and Hamilton,
Ontario; Anticosti; Lake Temiscouata, New Brunswick.

Plectambonites transversalis alabamaensis (Foerste). Cliuton (Sil.).

Lepta'ua transversalis var. alabameusis Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

XXIV, 1890, p. 296, pi. 5, fig. 9.
Loc. Collinsville, Alabama.

Plectambonites transversalis prolongatus (Foerste). Clinton (Sil.).

Leptania prolougata Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 79, pi. 13, fig. 5.
Leptiena transversalis var. prolougata Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

XXIV, 1890, p. 297, pi. 5, fig. 13.
Loc. Dayton, Ohio; Wildwood Station, Georgia.

PLECTORTHIS Hall and Clarke. Genotype Ortliis plicatella Hall.

Orthis (group of O. plicatella) Hall, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1889, \t. 20.

Plectorthis Hall and Clarke, Piil. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 194, 221.—
Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 435.— Hall
and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 266.

Plectorthis gequivalvis (Hall). Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis it-quivalvis Hall (non Davidson, 1847), Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 120, pi.
32, fig. 6.

312 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. Tbull-ST.

Plectorthis gequivalvis (Hall) — Coiitiuued.

Plectorthis tcquivalvie Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, ^t. 1, 1892, pp. 194,

221.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio; Wisconsin (Whitfield).

Plectorthis (?) aurelia (Billiugs). Oriskany (Dev.).

Orthis aurelia Billings, Pal. I'ossils, II, 1874, p. 34, pi. 3, tig. 3.
Plectorthis ? aurelia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 221.
T.oc. Indian Cove, Casp6.

Plectorthis dichotoma Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis dichotoma Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 125, pi. 32, fig. 13. —Miller,

American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 117.
Orthis fissicosta Meek (uon Hall), Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 106, pi. 8, fig. 6.— Miller,

Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 30.
Orthis neglecta James, The Palicontologist, 4, 1879, p. 26.
Plectorthis dichotoma Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 221,

pi. 5, fig. 21.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Plectorthis ella Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis ella Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 121.

Orthis ? ella Hall, Fifteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1862, pi. 2, figs. 6-8 ;— Twenty-fourth
Rep. Ibidem, 1872, pi. 7, lig. 21.— Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 105, pi. 8, fig.
9.— Hall and Whitfield, Ibidem, II, 1875, p. 76, pi. 1, fig. 20.— Miller, Cin-
cinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 32,

Plectorthis ? ella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 221, pl. 5,
figs. 22, 23.

Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Plectorthis fissicosta Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis iissicosta Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 121, pl. 32, fig. 7.
Plectorthis fissicosta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

194, 221.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Plectorthis jamesi Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis jamesi Hall, Fourteenth Rep. N, Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 89. —

Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 33. — Hall and Whitfield,

Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 77, pl. 1, figs. 21, 22.
Plectorthis jamesi Hal! and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 194, 221.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Plectorthis kankakiensis (McChesney). Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis kankakensis McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1861, p. 77; — Trans. Chicago

Acad. Sci., 1, 1868, p. 29, pl. 9, fig. 3.
Plectorthis kankakensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 221,

pl. 5, figs. 24, 25.
L.oc. Wilmington, Illinois; Wisconsin (Whitfield).

Plectorthis plicatella Hall. Trenton-Lorraine (Ord.).

Ortliis plicatella Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 122, pl. 32, fig. 9.— Meek, Pal.
Ohio, I, 1873, p. 108, pl. 8, fig. 7.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jonr. Sci., II,
1875, p. 30.

fOrthis i>licatella Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 165, fig. 145.

Plectorthis plicatella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 221,
pl. 5, figs. 18-20.

Orthis (Plectorthis) plicatella Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Sur-
vey, III, 1893, p. 436, pl. 33, figs. 5-7.

Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio; Middleville and Watertowu, New York; Burgiu, Ken-
tucky; Cannon Falls, Keuyou, etc., Minnesota; Wisconsin.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 313

Plectorthis sectistriata (E, O. Ulrich). Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis ( ?) sectostriata Ulrich, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1879, p. 15, pi.
7, fig. 11.

Plectorthis? sectostriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 221.

Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.
Plectorthis triplicatella (Meek). Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis triplicatella Meek, American Jour. Sci., IV, 1872, p. 281;— Pal. Ohio, I,
1873, p. 109, pi. 8, fig. 8. — Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p 31.

Plectorthis triplicatella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.
194, 221.

Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Plectorthis whitfieldi (N. H. Winchell). Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis whitfieldi N. H. Winchell, Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. and Nat. Hist., Survey
of Minnesota, 1881, p. 115.

Orthis pectinella Whitfield (partim, non Emmons non Hall), Geol. Wisconsin,
IV, 1882, p. 259, pi. 12, fig. 8.

Plectorthis whitfieldi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 221.
pi. 5, fig. 26.

Orthis (Plectorthis) whitfieldi Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Sur-
vey, III, 1893, p. 437, pi. 33, figs. 8-13.

Loc. Spring Valley and Granger, Minnesota; Delafield, Wisconsin; Lattners.
Iowa; Savanna, Illinois.

PLETHORHYNCHA Hall and O. Genotype Rhynchonella speciosa Hall
Plethorhyncha Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 191;—

Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 827.
Ols. Proposed as a subgenus of Cainarotrochia. It, however, does not seem
to be worthy even of that rank. The species referred to Plethorhyncha are
Camarota'chia barrandci Hall, C. ])leiopleura (Conrad), and C. speciosa Hall,

Plicatula striatocostata Cox=Meekella striaticostata.

POLYTCECHIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Hemipronites apicalis Whitf.
Polytoechia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 239, figs. 11, 12 ;^
Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 275.

Polytcechia apicalis (Whittield). Calciferous (Ord.).

Hemipronites apicalis Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., II, 1886, p. 300,

pi. 24, figs. 1-5.
Polyttcchia apicalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 239, fig.

11, 12, pi. 7A, figs. 26-30.
Loc. Fort Cassiu, Vermont.

PORAMBONITES Pander. Genotype Poranibonites intermedia Pander.
Porambouites Pander, Beitrage zur Geognosie des Russ. Reichcs, 1830, p. 95, pi. 3,

fig. 9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 225.'
Ohs. Not represented in America.

Poranibonites obscurus Hall and Wbitlield=Parastrophia obscurus.
Porambonites ottawaensis Billings=Rbyucliotrema ottawaensis.

PROBOSCIDELLA (Elilert. Genotype Productus proboscideus de Vern.
Proboscidella ffihlert, Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1277. — Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 333.

Proboscidella (?) clava (Norwood and Pratten). Upper Carboniferous.
Productus clavus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III,

1854, p. 10, pi. 1, fig. 4.
Proboscidella clava Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 334.
Loc, Graysville, Illinois.

314 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [boll. 87.

PRODUCTELLA Hall. Genotype Productus subaculeatus Murchison.
Productella Hall, Tweutieth Kep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. HiBt., 1867, p. 245;— Pal.
New York, IV, 18l)7,p. 153.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Ken-
tucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 69.— Hull ami Clarke, I'al. New York, VIII,
Pt. I, 1892, p. 328;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 298.

Productella arctirostrata Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Productus arctirostrata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 177.
Productella arctirostrata Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 182, pi. 26, figs. 16-23;—

Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, fig. 36.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, fig. 36.
Loc. Jasper and Cadiz, New York.

Productella arcuata Hall. Kinderhook (L. Carh.).

Productus arcuatus Hall, Geol. Survey of Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 518, pi. 7, fig.

4.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 31, pi. 3, fig. 18.— Keyes, Geol.

vSurvey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 40.
Productella arcuata Hall, Second Ann. Rei>. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, figs.

31, 32.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Granville, Newark, etc., Ohio; Hannibal, Missouri.
Obs. See P. cooperensis.

Productella bialveata Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Productella bialveata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 183, pi. 26, figs. 24-28.
Loc. Meadville, Pennsylvania.

Productella boydi Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Productus boydi Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 179,

figs. 1-3.
Productella boydi Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 169, pi. 24, figs. 10-16;—

Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, fig. 24.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, fig. 24.
Loc. Phillipsburg, Elniira, etc.. New York.

Productella concentrica (Hall). Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

Productus concentricus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 18.57,
p. 180;— Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 517, pi. 7, fig. 3.— A. Winchell,
Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 411;— Ibidem, 1865, p. 114;—
Proc. American Philosophical Soc, XII, 1870, p. 249. — Herrick, Bull. Deni-
son Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 33, pi. 6, fig. 16.

Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Port aux Barques, Michigan; Rockford, Indiana; Scio-
toville, etc., Ohio.

Obs. Compare with Productella shumardana.

Productella costatula Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Productella costatula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 180, pi. 26, figs. 9, 15;—
Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, figs. 18-20, 35.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, figs. 18-20, 35.
Loc. Randolph Conewango, New Albion, etc., New York.

Productella costatula strigata Hall, Chemung (Dev.).

Productella costatula var. strigata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 181.
Loc. Near Cadiz, New York.

Productella dumosa Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Productus dumosus Hall, Fourteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1861, p. 99.
Productella dumosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 162, pi. 23, figs. 38-40;—

Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, fig. 21.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, fig. 21.
Loc. Deljjhi, Bellona, Moscow, Hamilton, etc., New York.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 315

Productella(?) eriensis Kicliolson. Corniferous (Dev.).

Productella erieusis Nicholson, Geol. Magazine London, n. ser., I, 1874, p. 118; —

Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1874, p. 77, fig. 26.
Loc. Port Colborne and Hagersville, Ontario.
01)8. See Anoplia nucleata Hall.

Productella exanthemata Hall. Ooruiferoiis and Hamilton (Dev.).

Productus exauthematus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 174.
Productella exanthemata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 163, pi. 23, figs. 45,

46;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, tig. 17.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, fig. 17.
Productus exauthematus ? ? Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868,

p. 412, pi. 10, fig. 3.
Loc. Tinkers Falls and Seneca Lake, New York ; Jackson and Union counties,

Illinois.

Productella hallana Walcott. Upper Devonian.

Productus dissimilis Hall (non de Koninck, 1846), Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II,
1858, p. 497, pi. 3, fig. 7.— Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 91,
pi. 13, fig. 3.

Productus ? Meek, Ibidem, 1868, p. 91, pi. 13, fig. 4.

Productus (Productella) hallanus Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884,
p. 130, pi. 13, fig. 17.

Productus hallanus Tschernyschew, M6moires du Comity G^ologique de St.
P^tersbourg, III, 1887, p. 114, pi. 14, fig. 27.— von Toll, Wissensch. Resultate
d. Neusibirischen Exped., 1885 u. 1886, 1889, p. 25, pi. 2, fig. 19.

Productus hallianus Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890, pi. 12, figs. 8, 9.

Productella dissimilis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 216.

Productella hallana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17A,
figs. 11, 12.

Loc. Rockford, Iowa; High Point, New York; Eureka district, Nevada; Atha-
basca River, Canada; Urals of Russia.

Productella hirsuta Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Strophomena membrauacea Vanuxem (non Productus membranaceus von Buch),

Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 179, figs. 4, 5.
Productus hirsutus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 175,

figs. 1-3,
Productella hirsuta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 166, pi. 24, figs. 17-29;—

Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, figs. 28, 39.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, figs. 28, 39, 45.
Loc. Phillipsburg and Rockville, New York; Covington, Pennsylvania.

Productella hirsuta rectispina Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Productella hirsuta var. rectispina Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 168, pi. 24,
figs. 30-37 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, fig. 37.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, fig. 37.

Loc. Meadville, Pennsylvania.

Productella hirsutiformis (Walcott). Upper Devonian.

Productus hirsatiforme Walcott, Mon. TT. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 133, pi.

2, fig. 10.
Loc. Eureka and White Pine districts, Nevada.

Productella hystricula Hall=Strophalosia hystricula.

Productella lachrymosa (Conrad). Chemung (Dev.).

Strophomena lachrymosa Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII,
1842, p. 256, pi. 14, fig. 9.

316 SYNOPSIS OV AMERICAN FOSSIL BllACHIOPODA. Iblll.87.

Productella lachrymosa (Conrad) — Continned.

rrodiu'tus lacliryiiiosiis Hall, Teiitli Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 177.
Productella lachrymosa Hall, Pal, New York, IV, 1867, p. 172, pi. 25, figs. 23-28.
Loc. FactorjM'ille, Batli, Ellington, etc.. New York.

Productella lachrymosa lima (Conrad). Chemung (Dev.).

.Str()])li«)iii(>iia lima, Conrad, Jour. Aead. Nat. Soi. Philadelphia, VIII, 1812, p. 256.

Productella lachrymosa var. lima Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, j). 174, pi. 2."j,
figs. 29-32;— Second Ann. Kep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, figs. 22, 23.—
Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., 1, 1891, p. 217.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
Y'ork. VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, figs. 22, 23.

Productus (Productella) lachrymosus var. limus Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Sur-
vey, YIU, 1884, p. 132, pi. 13, fig. 18.

Loc. Randolph, Ellington, etc.. New Y'ork; Eureka district, Nevada; Mackenzie
River, Canada.

Productella lachrymosa stigmata Hall. Chem. and Wav. (Dev. and L. Car.).
Productella lachrymosa var. stigmata Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, IV, 1867, p. 174, pi.

25, figs. 33-41.
? Productus ?Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 91, pi. 13, fig. 5.
Productus (Productella) lachrymosus var. stigmatus Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol.

Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 132,— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 34, pi,

3, fig. 28.
Loc. Olean, Conewango, and Randolph, New York; Licking County, Ohio;

Eureka district, Nevada; Northwest Territory, Canada.

Productella maecuruensis Rathbun. Middle Devonian.

Productella mivcuruensis Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 17.
Loc. Province of Para, Brazil.

Productella marquessi Rowley. Hamilton (Dev.).

Productella marquessi Rowley, American Geologist, XIII, 1894, p. 153, figs. 7, 8.
I^oc. Callaway County, Missouri.

Productella niiuneapolis Sardeson=Trematis huronensis.

Productella murchisoniana (de Koninck). Hamilton (Dev.).

Productus murchisonianus de Koninck, M6m. de la Soc. Royale des Sciences de

Lidge, IV, 1846, p. 245, pi. 16, fig. 3, — Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 21.
Loc. Devils Back Bone, Illinois.

Productella navicella Hall. Corniferous and Hamilton (Dev.),

Productus navicellus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 185'(, p. 172.
Productella navicella Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 156, pi. 23, figs. 1, 3,

9-11 ;— Se.'ond Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, figs. 8, 9.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, figs. 8, 9;— Ibidem, VIII,

Pt. IT, 1895, pi. 84, fig. 19.
Productus (Productella) navicellus Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884,

p. 131, pi. 13, fig. 9.
Loc. Schoharie County, Moscow, and Pavilion, New York; Eureka district,

Nevada.

Productella onusta Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Productella onusta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 184, pi. 26, figs. 29-42;—
Second Ann. Rep. N. Y". State Geologist, 1883, pi. 48, figs. 40-46.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, figs. 40-43,46.

Loc. Conewango, Napoli, and New Albion, New Y'ork.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 317

Productella papulata Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Productus papulatus Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 165, pi. 23, tigs. 47, 48.
Productella papnlata Hall, Ibidem, 1867, corrigenda.
Loc. Belloua, Yates County, New York.

Productella productoides (Murchison). Hamilton (Dev.).

Orthis productoides Murchison, Bull. Soc. Gdol. de France, XI, 1840, p. 254, pi.

2, tig. 7.
Strophalosia productoides Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 112, pi.

15, fig. 2;— Ibidem, I, 1891, p. 216.
Productella productoides Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 317.
Productella productoides var. membranacea Whiteaves, Cont. (';iiia(lian Pal., I,

1892, p. 282.
Loc. Europe; Athabasca River, Lake Manitoba, and Thedford, Canada.

Productella pyxidata Hall. Kinderliook (L. Carb.).

Productus pyxidatus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 498, pi. 3, fig.

8.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 130.
Productella pyxidata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State GeoL, 1883, pi. 48, fig.

34.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, fig. 34; pi. 17A,

fig. 14. — Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 52.
Loc. Hamburg, Illinois; Louisiana, Missouri.
Ohs. Compare with Productella shumardana.

Productella rarispina Hall, Chemung (Dev.).

Productus rarispinus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 178.
Productella rarispina Hall Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 170, pi. 24, figs. 1-9;—

Second Ann, Rep. N. Y, State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, fig. 33.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, fig. 33.
Loc. Phillipsburg, New York.

Productella semiglobosa Netteliotb, Corniferous (Dev.).

Productella semiglobosa Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem, Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 70, pi. 26, fig. 7.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Productella shumardana Hall. Kiuderbook (L. Carb,),

Productus shumardianus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 499, pi. 3,
fig. 9; pL7, fig. 2.

Productella shuniurdiana Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48,
fig. 7.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, fig. 7.

Productus (Productella) shumardianus Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888,
p. 32, pi. 6, fig. 16; pi. 7, fig. 18.

Loc. Clarksville, Missouri; Burlington, Iowa; Licking County, Ohio.

Ohs. The identifications of this species from Devonian horizons are here referred
to P. spinulicosta. P. shumardana is iirobably synonymous with P. pyxi-
data Hall.

Productella speciosa Hall. Portage, Chem., and Kinderb. (Dev.-L. Carb.).

Productus speciosus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 176.
Producta speciosa A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 4.
Productella speciosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 175, pi. 25, figs. 1-11;—

Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi, 48, figs. 25, 26.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt, I, 1892, pi. 17, figs. 25, 26.— Kindle, Bull.

American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 35.
Productus (Productella) speciosus Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884,

p, 133, pi. 13, fig, 8.

318 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Productella speciosa llall — Continued.

Proiluctus (I'luthictella) wpcciosuaf Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 34.
Loc. Leon, New Albion, and Ithaca,, New York; Licking County, Ohio; Burling-
ton, Iowa; Eureka tli.strict, Nevada.

Productella spinulicosta llall. Coriiiferous to Hamilton (Dev.).

Productius sul)ii(;uliatus Norwood and Pratteu (nou Murchisou), Jour. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 21.— Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari.,

IV, 1877, p. 36, pi. 3, iig. 7.

Produttua subacnleatus? Meek, Simpson's Kep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah,
1876, p, 345, ])1. 1, fig. 3.

Productus spmulicostus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 173.

Productella spinulicosta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 160, pi. 23, figs. 6-8,
25-34 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, figs. 3-6.— Whiteaves,
Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 217, pi. 29, fig. 3; pi. 31, fig. 1.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, figs. 3-6.

Productella subaculeata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 154, pi. 23, figs. 4, 5. —
Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 283.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, figs. 1, 2.

Productella subaculeata? Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48,
tigs. 1, 2.

Productus (Productella) subaculeata Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII,
1884, pp. 128, 214, pi. 7, fig. 2; pi. 13, figs. 19, 20.

Productus (Productella) subaculeatus var. cataractus Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-
fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 198 ;— Twenty-seventh Rep.
Ibidem, 1875, pi. 9, figs. 9,10.

Productella subaculeata var. cataracta Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem.
Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 69, pi. 17, figs. 5-9. — Whiteaves, Cont.
Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 217.

Loc. New York ; Ohio ; Falls of Ohio ; Illinois ; Iowa ; Wisconsin ; Eureka dis-
trict, Ner^'ada ; Utah ; Mackenzie and Hay rivers, and Lake Manitoba, Canada.

Obs. Some authors are disposed to regard as synonyms of this species, besides
the above, P. pyxidata, P. shumardana, and P. concentrica, and all of these
forms are thought to be identical with P. subaculeata Murchison. For the
present it is preferable to retain the name P. spinulicosta for these American
Devonian forms. P. pyxidata, P. shumardana, and P. concentrica are here
arranged as species, but will probably be shown to be synonymous with
P. spinulicosta.

Productella striatula Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Productella sfcriatula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 177, pi. 25, figs. 14-21;—
Second Ann. Rep. N. Y, State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, figs. 27, 38.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, figs. 27, 38, 44.

Loc. New Albion, Conewango, and Cold Spring, New York.

Productella subaculeata of American authors = Productella spi jsta.

Productella subaculeata cataracta Hall and Whitfield = Proauctella
spinulicosta.

Productella subalata Hall. Middle Devonian.

Productus subalatus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 174; —
Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 500, pi. 3, fig. 10.

Productus callawayensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 640.

Productella subalata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 165, pi. 23, fig. 49 ;— Sec-
ond Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, fig. 16.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17, fig. 16.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri,

V, 1895, p. 52.

Loc, Rock Island, Illinois ; Callaway County, Missouri; Spring Valley, Minnesota,

8CHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 319

Productella trimcata Hall=Strophalosia truncata.

Productella tullia Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Productella tullia Hall, Pal, New York, IV, 1867, p. 164, pi. 23, figs. 41-44.
Loe. Tully and Delphi Falls, New York.

PRODUCTUS Sowerby. Geuotype Anomites prodiictus Martin =Pro-
ductus martini Sowerby = Prodnctus semireticulatus
(Martin).

Productus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, I, 1814, p. 153.— de Koninck, Recher.

Animaux Foss., Pt. I, 1847, p. 11.— Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 245;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 146.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 321 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y, State

Geologist, 1894, p. 297.
Productus oequicostatus Sliumard= Productus cora.
Productus alternatus Norwood and Pratten. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Productus alternatus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

III, 1854, p. 20, pi. 2, fig. 1.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883,

pi. 49, fig. 14.— Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 18,

fig. 14.
Productus vittatns Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 639, — Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 18, figs. 15-17.— Keyes, Geol.

Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p, 43.
Productus vittata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1883, pi. 49,

figs. 15-17.
Loc. Rocky Run, Hancock County, Illinois; Keokuk, Iowa; Burlington group,

Burlington, Iowa.
Ohs. Compare with Productus fimbriatus and P, gradatus.

Productus altonensis Norwood and Pratten. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Productus altonensis Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

III, 1854, p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 1.
Loc. Alton, IlHnois.

Productus americanus Swallow=Productus cora,
Productus andii d'Orbigny=Ortlns buclii.
Productus arctirostratus Hall = Productella arctirostrata.
Productus arcuatus Hall = Productella arcuata.
Productus asperus McCbesney= Productus nebrascensis.

Productus auriculatus Swallow. lUpper Carboniferous.

Productus auriculatus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 92.
Productus ( fauriculatus) Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi.

17A, fig. 24.
Loc. Formation and locality not given. (''Near Kansas City, Missouri," H. and C. )

Productus batesianus Derby. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus batesianus Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 54, pi. 1, figs. 2,

10-13, 15; pi. 2, fig. 14; pi. 6, figs. 4, 7, 9.
Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil.

Productus biseriatus Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Productus biseriatus Hall, Trans, Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 12. — Whitfield,
Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, 1882, p. 46, pi, 6, figs. 8-12.— Hall, Twelfth
Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p, 325, pi. 29, ligs. 8-12.— Keyes, Geol, Sur-
vey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 43.

Loc. Alton, Illinois; Bloomington and Spergen Hill, Indiana; Crittenden
County, Kentucky; Missouri,

320 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Productus blairi Miller. ('bouteau (L. daib.).

rnxlnctus blaiii Miller, Seventeenth Hep. State Geol. of Indiaiia, 1891, p. 79, j)!,

13, iigs. 16, 17.
T.oc. Sodalia, Missouri.

Productus boliviaensis d'Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus boliviensis d'Orbigny, Voyage dans ]'Ani(5rique M<;ridioniile, I'al.,

1842, p. 52, pi. 4, figs. 5-9. — de Kouinck, Mf^ni. de la Soc. Ivoyale des Sci. \A(g6,

IV, 1847, p. 177, pi. 8, fig. 2; — RecLerches surles Animaux Fossiles, Pt. I, 1847,

p. 7(), pi. 8, fig. 2. — Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelpliia,

III, 1854, p. 11.

Productus cancrini Gabb, .Jonr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., VIII, 1881,

]). 302.
Loc. Yarbichambi and Lake Titicaca, P>olivia; near Richmond, Missouri.

Productus boonensis Swallow. Upper Carboniferous.

I'roductus boonensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 217.
Loc. Near the mouth of Platte River ; Kansas and Missouri.
Ohs. Compare with Productus undiferus de KonincTs.

Productus boonensis elevata Swallow. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus boonensis var. elevata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858,

p. 217.
Loe. Near the mouth of Platte River, Missouri.

Productus boydi Hall=Productella boydi.

Productus buchianus de Koninck. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus buchianus de Koninck, Recherches sur les Aniuiaux Fossiles, Pt. I,
1847, p. 129, pi. 18, fig. 4. — Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 20.

Loc. Belgium; Big Creek, Posey County, Indiana.

Productus burlingtonensis Hall. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Productus ilemingi var. burlingtonensis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858,

p. 598, pi. 12, lig. 3.— Hall and Whitlield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari.,

IV, 1877, p. 265, pi. 5, figs. 9-12.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol.,
1883, pi. 49, figs. 6-8.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 32, pi. 3,
figs. 20(?22).— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 18,
figs. 6-8.

Productus burlingtonensis Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 41.

Loc. Burlington, Iowa ; Quincy, Illinois ; Missouri ; Oquirrh Mountains, Utah.

Ohs. Compare with P. mesialis.

Productus calhounianus Geinitz (non Swallow) =Productus cora.
Productus calbouniaiuis Swallow = Productus semireticulatus.
Productus calhounianus kansasensis Swallow=Productus semireticula-
tus kansasensis.
Productus callawayensis Swallow=Productella subalata.
Productus cancrini Geinitz = Productus pertenuis.
Productus cancrini Gabb=P. boliviaensis.

Productus capacii d'Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus capacii d'Orbigny, Voyage dans l'Am6rique M^ridionale, Pal., 1842,

p. 50. pi. 3, figs. 24-26.
Loc. Yarbichambi, Bolivia.

SCHUCHEET.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 321

Productus carbonarius de Kouinck. Carboniferous.

Productus carbonariua de Koninck, Description Aniinaux Fossiles, 1844, p, 181,
pi. 12 bis, tig. 1. — Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
III, 1854, p. 11.
Loc. Belgium; Fountain Bluft, Illinois. *^ . •

Productus cestriensis Wortben=Productus fasciculatus.

Productus chandlessii Derby. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus chandlessii Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 51, pi. 4, tigs. 1-4,7,

9-11, 13, 16; pi. 6, fig. 1;— Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1876, p. 280.
Loc. Itaituba, Brazil; Yampopata, Bolivia.
Ois. Compare with Productus boliviaensis d'Orbigny.

Productus clarkianus Derby. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus clarkianus Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 59, pi. 6, fig. 6;

pi. 9, figs. 12, 13.
Loc. Itaituba and Bomjardim, Brazil.

Productus clavus Norwood and Pratteu=Proboscidella clava.
Productus conceutricus Hall = Prodnctella concentrica.

Productus confragosus Conrad. Upper CT,rboniferous.

Productus coufragosus Conrad, Trans. Geol. Soc. Pennsylvania, I, 1835, p. 268,

pi. 12, fig. 5.
Loc. Alleghaiiy Mountains, Peuusylvania.
Ohs. Not well established.

Productus cooperensis Swallow. Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

Productus cooperensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 64C. — A.

Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 115.
Productus cooperensis? A. Winchell, Proc. American Philosophical Soc, XII,

1870, p. 249.
Loc. Cooper County, Missouri; Burlington, Iowa; Sciotoville, Ohio.
Ohs. Keyes regards this species as a synonym for Productella arcuata.

Productus cora d'Orbiguy. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus cora d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Am^riqueM^ridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 55,
pi. 5, figs. 8-10. — de Koninck, Recherches sur les Animaux Fossiles, Pt. 1, 1847,
p. 50, pi. 4, fig. 4 ; pi. 5, fig. 2. — Owen, Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Min-
nesota, 1852, pp. 103, 136, pi. 5, fig. 1. — Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 6. — Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858,
p. 45, pi. 6, fig. 4. — Davidson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863, p.
174, pi. 9, figs. 22, 23.— Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 50.—
Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1876, p. 281. — Dawson, Acadian Geology,
3d ed., 1878, p. 297, fig. 98.— Waagen, PaliPoutologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I,
1884, p. 677.— White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 126, pi.
26, figs. 1-3.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 47, pi. 2, fig. 26.—
Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 227;— Geol. Survey Mis-
souri. V, 1895, p. 47, pi. 37, fig. 2.

Productus cfr. cora Toula, Sitzb. der k. k. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, LIX,
1869, p. 9.

Productus cora? Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 49, pi. 2, fig. 17; pi. 6,
fig. 17.

Productus lyelli de Verneuil, Lyell's Travels in North America, II, 1845, p. 221. ->-
Dawson, Acadian Geology, 1855, ji. 219, fig. g.

Productus sp. Christy, Letters on Geology, 1848, pi. 5, fig, 1.
Bull. 87 21

322 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Productus cora (l'()rbij»iiy — Continued.

rrodiictus semireticulatus Hall, Stansbury's l^xpl. and Survey Valley Great Salt

Lake, Utah, 18r)2, p. 411, pi. 3, figs. 3, 5.
Prodiictns prattcuianus Norwood, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. I'liiladclphia, III, 1854,

p. 17, lig. 10.— Meek, Final Rep. U. S. (ieol. Survey of Ni^braska, 1«72, p. 163,

pi. 2, fig. 5; pi. 5, fig. 13; pi. 8, fig. 10.— White, Wlieeler's Expl. and Survey

west 100th Meridian, lY, 1875, p. 113, pi. 7, fig. 1.— Meek, King's U. S. Gaol.

Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1S77, p. 72, pi. 7, lig. 7.
Productus ipquicostatus Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1, 1855, p. 201, PI. C, fig.

10.— Schiel, Pacilic R. R. Reports, II, 1855, p. 108, pi. 2, figs. 4, 5.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, figs. 22, 23.
Productus pileiformia McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 40.— Whitfield,

Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 582, pi. 13, figs. 13, 14;— Geol. Ohio, VII,

1895, p. 470, pi. 9, figs. 13, 14.
Productus americanus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 91.
Productus flemingi Geinitz (non de Koninck), Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska,

1866, p. 52, pi. 4, figs. 1-4.
Productus koninckianus Geinitz (non de Verneuil), Ibidem, 1866, p. 53, pi. 4, fig. 5.
Productus calhouuianus Geinitz (non Swallow), Ibidem, 1866.
Loc. Throughout the Upper Carboniferous of North A.iierica; Itaituba and

Barreirinha, Brazil; Y^ampopata, Cochabamba, and Lake Titicaca, Bolivia;

Kashmere.
Obs. See Productus nodosus and P. hildrethianus.

Productus cora mogoyoni Marcou. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus cora var. mogoyoni Jkfarcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 45, pi. 6,

fig. 5.
Loc, Sierra de Mogoyn, or Sierra Blanca, near the extinct volcano San Francisco,
Arizona.

Productus coriformis Swallow. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Productus coriTpformis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 94.
Loc. Cooper County, Missouri.
0J)8. Keyes regards this species as a synonym for P. Lievicostus.

Productus costatoides Swallow. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus costatoides SAvallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., 1, 1858, p. 217. —

Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 123.
Loc. Kansas; banks of Colorado River.
Obs. Keyes regards this species as identical with P. lougispinus.

Productus costatus (Sowerby ?) de Koninck. Upper Carboniferous.

?ProductuB costatus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, VI, 1827, p. 115, pi. 560,

fig. 1.
Productus costatus de Koninck, Recherches sur les Animaux Fossiles, Pt. I,
1847, p. 92, pi. 8, fig. 3; pi. 10, fig. 3; pi. 18, fig. 3.— Norwood and Pratten,
Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 11. — Marcou, Geol. North
America, 1858, p. 46, pi. 5, fig. 5. — Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska,
1866, p. 51.— Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 159, pi. 6,
fig. 6.— White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey West 100th Meridian, IV, 1875,
p. 109, pi. 8, fig. 2; — Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and
Geol., 1880, p. 516, pi. 8, figs. 7, 8;— Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881,
p. 148, pi. 8, figs. 7, 8.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883,
pi. 50, figs. 8-13.— White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 124,
pi. 24, figs. 4-6; pi. 25, figs. 3-5.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,
1892, pi. 19, figs. 8-13.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 51, pi. 36,
fig. 1.

scHucHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 323

Productus costatus (Sowerby?) de Koninck — Continued.

Productus costatus? Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp, Zool., Ill, 1876, p. 280.

Productus costatus var. Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 712, pi. 28,
Hgs. 3, 4.— Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40tli, Pari., IV, 1877, pi. 7, tig. 4.

Productus portlockianus Norwood aud Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, III, 1854, p. 15, pi. 1, fig. 9.

Productus sp. Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 833, tig. 687.

Productus vimiualis White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 29.

Loc. Europe; throughout the Upper Carboniferous of North America ; Yanipo-
pata, Bolivia.

Obs. Sowerby's species is of uncertain value. The above synonomy is based
upon P. costatus as redetined and illustrated by de Koninck.

Productus curtirostratus A. Winchell. Kiuderhook (L. Garb.).

Producta curtirostra A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865,

p. 114.
Productus curtirostratus Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 364.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Productus delawarei Marcou. Carbouiferous.

Productus delawarii Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 45, pi. 5, fig. 3.
Loc. Foot of Delaware Mountain, Texas.
Obs. Compare with Pi'oductus cora d'Orbigny.

Productus depressus Swallow, Keokuk (L. Garb.).

Productus depressus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 93.
Loc. Fenton, St. Louis County, Missouri.

Productus dissimilis Hall (non de Koninck )=Productella hallana.

Productus dolorosus A. Winchell. Waverly (L. Garb.).

Productus dolorosus A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 114.
Loc. Weymouth, Medina County, Ohio.

Productus dumosus Hall=Prodnctel]a duinosa.

Productus duplicostatus A. Winchell. Waverly (L. Garb.).

Productus dui^licostatus A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865,

p. 113.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 21, pi. 11, figs. 26, 29.
Loc. Knox and Licking counties, Ohio ; Battlecreek, Michigan.

Productus elegans Korwood and Pratten (non McCoy) = Productus fasi-

culatus.
Productus exanthematus Hall = Prod uctella exanthemata.

Productus fasciculatus McChesney. Kaskaskia (L. Garb.).

Productus elegans Norwood and Pratten (non McCoy), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 13, fig. 7.— Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V,
1891, p. 581, pi. 13, figs. 15-16;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 469, pi. 9, figs. 15, 16.

Productus fasciculatus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, j). 38.

Productus cestriencis Worthen, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 570. —
Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 44.

?Productus elegans Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV,
1877, p. 268, pi. 5, figs. 3, 4.

Loo. Chester aud Kaskaskia, Illinois; Leavenworth and Washington County,
Indiana; Missouri; Monongalia County, West Virginia; Caldwell County,
Kentucky; Newtonville, Ohio; fOquirrh Mountains, Utah.

324 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOFODA. [bull. 87.

Productus fentonensis Swallow. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

rroiluctiLS fentoiieusis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 'J'd.
Loc. Fen ton, St. Louis County, Missouri.
Ohs. Keyes says this is a synonym for P. magnus.

Productus fimbriatus Sowerby. ^St. Louis. Clipper Carboniferous.

Productus limbriatus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, V, 1824, p. 85, pi. 459, lig.

1, — Norwood and Pratteu, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadeliihia, III, 1854, p.

19.— Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 630.
Loc. Alton, Illinois; Posey County, Indiana; Feildeu Isthmus, lat. 82° 43'.
Oha. Compare with Productus alternatus Norwood aud Pratten.

Productus flemingi Geiiiitz (uou de Kouiiick) = Productus coia.
Productus flemingi Marcou, and E/0emer= Productus longispina.
Productus flemingi burlingtoneusis Ha]l=Productus burliugtouensis.

Productus flexistria McCoy. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Productus flexistria McCoy, Synopsis Carb. Fossils of Ireland, 1844, p. 100, pi.

20, fig. 16. — Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III,

1854, p. 6.
Loc. Chester, Kaskaskia, and Fountain Bluff, Illinois; Stephensport, Kentucky.

Productus giganteus (Martin). Upper Carboniferous.

Anomites giganteus Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, p. 6, pi. 15, tig. 1.
Productus giganteus White, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 1880, )). 46; — Twelfth Ann.

Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terr., 1883, p. 132, pi. 36, fig. 1.
Loc. Europe; McCloud River, Shasta County, California.

Productus gracilis A. Wiuchell. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Productus gracilis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 112. —

Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 34, pi. 7, tig. 2.
Productus gracilis? A. "Winchell, Proc. American Philosophical Soc, XII, 1870,

p. 250.
Loc. Near Cuyahoga Falls, Sciotoville, and Granville, Ohio.

Productus gradatus Swallow. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Productus gradatus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 93.
Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Lewis and St. Louis counties, Missouri.
Ois. Keyes regards this species as identical with P. vittatus = P. alternatus.

Productus granulosus Pliillips. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Productus granulosus Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1836, p. 216, pi. 8, fig. 15. — Nor-
wood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 21.
Loc. Nauvoo, Illinois.

Productus hepar Morton. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus hepar Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 153, pi. 26, tig. 39.
Loc. Junior Furnace, Scioto County, Ohio.
Ohs. Not recognizable.

Productus hildrethanus Norwood aud Pratten. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus hildrethianns Norwood and Pratteu, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, III, 1854, p. 18, pi. X, fig. 11.
Loc. Charbonicre, Missouri.
01)8. Keyes regards this form as a synonym for P. cora.

Productus Wrsutiforme Walcott=Productella liirsutiforme.
Productus liirsutus Hall=Productella liirsuta.
Productus horridus (uon Sowerby) =Productus longispina.

8CHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 325

Productus humboldti d'Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus humboldti d'Orbigny, Voyage daus I'Am^rique M^ridionale, Pal., 1842,

p. 54, pi. 5, figs. 4-7.— de Koninck, Recherches sur les Aniniaux Fossiles, Pt.

I, 1847, p. 114, pi. 12, fig. 2.— Toula, Sitzb. der k. k. Akad. der Wisseusch.,

XVIIIj 1873, p. 16, pi. 2. fig. 3.— Waagen, Palieontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I,

1884, p. 695, pi. 76, figs. 1-3.
Productus humboldti ? de Keyserliug, Reise in das Petschora-Land, 1846, p. 201,

pl.4, fig. 3.
Loc. Yarbicbambi, Bolivia; south end of Spitzbergen; Nishnei-Irginsk, Russia ;

India; Kashmere.
Productus inca d'Orbigny = Productus semireticulatus.
Producta incurvata Shepard=Stropliouiena iucurvata.
Productus indianaensis Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Productus indianensis Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 13.— Whitfield,
Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 47, pi. 6, figs. 6, 7.— Hall, Twelfth
Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 326, pi. 29, figs. 6, 7.

Loc. Spergen Hill, Indiana.

Productus inflatus McChesuey. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus inflatus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 40; — Trans. Chicago

Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 27, pi. 6, fig. 1.
Loc. Leavenworth, Indiana.

Productus ivesi Xewberry. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus ivesi Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 122,

pi. 2, figs. 1-8.
Loc. Colorado River near mouth of Diamond River.

Productus koninckianus Geinitz (non de yerneuil)=Productus cora.

Productus Isevicosta White. Kiuderliook (L. Carb.).

Productus hevicostus White, .Tour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1860, p. 230. —

Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 41, pi. 38, fig. 1.
Productus laivicostus ?Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari.,

IV, 1877, p. 266, pi. 5, figs. 7, 8.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Louisiana, Missouri; Oquirrh Mountains, Utah,
Ols. Compare with P. corseformis.

Productus lasallensis Wortlien. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus lasallensis Wortheu, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 569, pi. 25, fig,

9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17A, fig. 13.
Loc. Lasalle, Illinois.

Productus latissimus Sowerby. Carboniferous.

Productus latissimus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, 1822, pi. 330.— Meek, Bull.

U. S. Geol. Survey of the Terr., II, 1876, p. 354, pi. 1, fig. 1.
Loc. Europe; Vancouver Island,

Productus leuchtenbergensis de Koninck. Carboniferous.

Productus leuchtenbergensis de Koninck, Recherches sur les Animaux Fossiles,
Pt. I, 1847, p. 121, pi. 14, fig. 3.— Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci,
Philadelphia, III, 1854, p, 19,
Loc. Europe ; Masons Landing, Jersey County, Illinois,

Productus longispina Sowerby? Upper Carboniferous.

? Productus longispiuus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, I, 1814, p. 154, pi. 68,

fig. 1.
Productus longispinus Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XVII, 1861, p. 64,
pi. 4, fig. 2.— Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 161, pi.

32fi SYNOPSIS OF AMEIilOAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. fBuix.87.

Productus longispina Sowerby"? — (3on tinned.

tJ, iig. 7; pi. 8, l\g. (5. — Meek ami Wortlieu, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p.

569, pi. 25, fig. 10.— White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west 100th Meridian,

IV, 1875, p. 118, pi. 8, fig. 5.— Meok, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV,

1877, p. 78, pi. 8, fig. 4.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi.
• 50, iigs. 1-4.— White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 127, pi.

24, figs. 10, 11.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 48, pi. 2, figs. 25,

27, 28.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 45, fig. 4.
Productus llomiugi Roemer (non de Koninck), Kreidebildung Texas, 1852, p.

89, pi. 11, fig. 8.— Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 47, pi. 6, fig. 7.
Productus splendens Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

III, 1854, p. 11, pi. 1, fig. 5.— Schiel, Pacific R. R. Reports, II, 1855, p. 108, pi.

1, fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 19, figs. 1-4.
Productus splendens (?) Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

III, 1859, p. 25. — Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861,

p. 124.
Productus wabashensis Norwood and Pratten, .lour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, III, 1854, p. 13, pi. 1, fig. 6.
Productus horridus Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 55, pi. 4,

tig. 7.
Productus orbignyanus Geinitz ( fnon de Koninck), Ibidem, 1866, p. 56, pi. 4,

figs. 8-11.
Productus (Marginifera) splendens Smith, Proc. American Phil. Soc, XXXV,

1897, p. 29.
Loo. Throughout the Upper Carboniferous of the United States ; Bolivia.
Oba. Since considerable uncertainty exists as to Sowerby's species, it may be

better to adopt P. orbignyanus de Koninck for the above synonymy. P.

costatoides is also regarded by Keyes as a synonym for P. longispinus.

Productus longus Meek. Carboniferous.

Productus sp. uudet. Meek, King's U. S, Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 67.
Productus longus Meek, Ibidem, 1877, end of description.
Productus ivesi? Meek, Ibidem, 1877, pi. 7, fig. 6.
Loc. White Pine district, Nevada.

Productus lyelli de Verneuil= Productus cora.

Productus magnicostatus Swallow. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus magnicostatus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis. Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 641.
Loc. Johnson Countj', Missouri.
Ohs. Keyes regards this species as a synonym for P. semireticulatus.

Productus magnus Meek and Wortben. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Productus magnus Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861,

p. 142;— Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 528, pi. 20, fig. 7.— Keyes, Geol.

Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 41.
Loc. Monroe County, Illinois; St. Genevieve County, Missouri.
Obs. Compare with P. fentouensis.

Productus margaritaceus Phillips. Upper Carboniferous.

Producta margaritaeea Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1836, p. 215, pi. 8, fig. 8.
Productus margaritaceus Norwood and Pratten, .Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, III, 1854, p. 6.
Loc. Near Richmond, Missouri.

Productus marginicinctus Prout. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Productus marginicinctus Prout, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 18.57, p. 43, pi. 2,

figs. 1-16.— Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 674, pi. 24, fig. 3.—

Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 43.
Loc. St. Louis, Missouri; Milan, Illinois.
Oba. See Productus wortheni Hall.

SCH0CHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 327

Productus martini Sowerby=Productus seiuireticulatiis.

Productus mesialis Hall. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Productus mesialis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 636, pi. 19, tig. 2; —

Second Aun. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 49, figs. 9, 10.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 18, figs. 9, 10.
Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Nauvoo, Illinois.
06s. Keyes regards this species as identical with P. burlingtonensis.

Productus mesolobus Phillips. Carboniferous.

Productus mesoloha Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1836, p. 215, pi. 7, figs. 12, 13.
Productus mesolobus Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878,

p. 630.
Loc. Europe; Feildeu Isthmus, lat. 82" 43'.

Productus mexicoanus Shuniard. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus mexicanus Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 291. —

Kayser, Richthofeus China, IV, 1883, p. 182, pi. 28, fig. 7.
Productus mexicanus? White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west 100th Meridian,

IV, 1875, p. 120, pi. 8, fig. 6.

Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico; Lincoln County, Nevada; Lo-Ping,

China.
Productus morbillianus A. Winchell. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Producta morbilliana A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865,

p. 113.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Sciotoville, Ohio.

Productus multistriatus Meek. Carboniferous.

Productus multistriata Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 309.
Productus uuiltistriatus Meek, Simpson's Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah,

1876, p. 350, pi. 1, fig. 8;— King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 76,

pi. 8, fig. 3.
Loc. Utah and Nevada.

Productus muricatus Norwood and Pratten. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus muricatus Norwood and Pratten (non Phillips), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.
Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 14, pi. 1, fig. 8.— White, Wheeler's Expl. and Sur-
vey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 120, pi. 8, fig. 4.— Herrick, Bull. Denison
Univ., II, 1887, p. 49.— Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 228.

Loc. Pike County, Illinois; near Richmond, Missouri; Des Moitues Valley, Iowa;
Flint Ridge, Ohio; Lake County, Colorado; northern New Mexico.

Ohs. Since Phillips's P. muricatus is regarded as a synonym for P. costatus, there
is no need for another specific name for Norwood and Pratten species.

Productus nanus Meek and Wortlien. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus nanus Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860,

p. 450 ;— Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 320, pi. 26, fig. 4.— Keyes, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 227.
Loc. Jefferson County, Iowa; northern New Mexico (White).

Productus navicella Hall=Productella navicella.

Productus nebraskaensis Owen. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus nebrascensis Owen, Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852,

p. 584, pi. 5, fig. 3.— McChesney, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 24, pL

1, fig. 7.— Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 165, pi. 2,

fig. 2; pi. 4, fig. 6; pi. 5, fig. 11.— Meek aud Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois,

V, 1873, p. 569, pi. 25, fig. 8.— White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west 100th
Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 116, pi. 8, fig. 3.— Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th
Pari., IV, 1877, p. 65.— White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884,
p. 122, pi. 24, figs. 7-9.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 49, pi. 2,

328 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Productus nebraskaensis Owen — Continued.

lig. 30.— Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, Ylll, Pt. I, 1892, ])1. 19, tigs. 5-7.—

Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, ]>. 48, pi. 37, lig. 3.
Productus nebrasccnsis? Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 31, pi. 1, fig.

24; pi. 3, lig. 23.
Productus rogcrsi Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelpliia, 2d

ser., Ill, 1854, p. 9, pi. 1, tig. 3.— Hall, Pacific R. R. Reports, III, 1856, p. 104,

pi. 2, figs. 14, 15. — Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1859, p. 26.— Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the "West, 1861, p.

121.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 50, tigs. 17, 18.
Productus asperus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 34. — Hall, Second Ann.

Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 50, figs. 5-7.
Productus wilberanus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, j). 36; — Trans. Chicago

Acad. Sci., 1, 1868, p. 26, pi. 1, fig. 8.
Strophalosia horrescens Geinitz (non Murchison Vern. and Keyser.), Carbon und

Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 49.
Loc. Bellerue, Missouri; Illinois; ludiana; Ohio; Nebraska; New Mexico;

Nevada; Arizona; Utah.
Obs. Compare with P. uorwoodi.

Productus nevadaensis Meek, Upper Carboniferous.

Productus nevadensis Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 64,

pi. 8, fig. 2.
Loc. White Pine district, Nevada.
Oha. Compare with Productus punctatus (Martin).

Productus newberryi Hall. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Productus newberryi Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 180.—

A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 115.— Herrick, Bull.

Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 20, pi. 10, figs. 24,25.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 18, figs. 1-3.
Productella newberryi Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 49,

figs. 1-3.
Loc. Medina County and Newark, Ohio.

Productus newberryi annosus Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.),

Productus newberryi A'ar. annosus Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 20,

pi. 3, tig. 17;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 23, fig. 13.
Loc. Alexandria, Ohio.

Productus nodicostatus Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Productus uodocostatus Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 23.
Loc. Rushville, Ohio.

Productus nodosus dewberry. Upi^er Carboniferous.

Productus nodosus Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p.
124, pi. 1, fig. 7; — Macombes' Rep. Expl. Exped. Santa Fe to the Great Col-
orado River of the West, 1876, p. 140, pi. 3, fig. 3.

Loc. Santa Fe, New Mexico.

Ois. Probably a synonym for Productus cora d'Orbigny.

Productus norwoodi Swallow. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus (Strophalosia?) norwoodii Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I,

1858, p. 182.
Productus norwoodi Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859,

p. 35.
Loc. Cottonwood Valley, Kansas.
Ohs. Compare with Productus pustulosus Phillips and P. scabriculus (Martin).

Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for P. nebraskaensis.

scHccHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 329

Productus occidentalis !N^ewberry. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus occideutalis Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861,

p. 122, pi. 2, figs. 9, 10.
Loc. Banks of Cascade River near the junction of Great and Little Colorado

rivers.

Productus orbiguyanus Geinitz (non de Koninck)= Productus longi-
spinus.

Productus ovatus Hall. St. Louis (L. Garb.).

Productus ovatus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 671, pi. 24, fig. 1; —
Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 49, fig. 19.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 18, fig. 19.
Loc. Ottumwa and Keosauqiia, Iowa.

Productus papilio Gabb. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus papilio Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., VIII, 1881,

p. 302, pi. 42, fig. 12.
Loc. Lake Titicaca, Bolivia.

Productus papulatus Hall=Productella papulata.

Productus parvulus A. Winchell. Kinderhook (L, Garb.).

Producta parvula A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 4.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Productus parvus Meek and Wortlieu. Kaskaskia (L. Garb.).

Productus parvus Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p.
450;— Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 297, pi. 23, fig. 4.— White, Wheeler's
Expl. and Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 83, pi. 5, fig. 6.
Loc. Chestei', Illinois; Mountain Spring, Nevada.

Productus (?) pectinoideus Shepard.

Producta pectenoidea Shepard, American Jour. Sci., XXXIV, 1838, p. 150, fig. 4.
Loc. Vermilionvillc, Lasalle County, Illinois.

Oha. The geological position of this species may be Trenton or Upper Carbonif-
erous. The illustration is unsatisfactory.

Productus pertenuis Meek. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus cancrini Geinitz Cnon de Verneuil), Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska,

1866, p. 54, pi. 4, fig. 6.
Productus pertenuis Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 164,

pi. 1, fig. 14; pi. 8, fig. 9.
Loc. Nebraska City, Nebraska; Leavenworth, Kansas; Kansas City, Missouri.

Productus peruvianus d'Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus peruvianus d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Amerique Meridionale, Pal.,

1842, p. 52, pi. 4, fig. 4.
Loc. Yarbichambi, Bolivia.
Ohs. Probably a synonym for Productus semireticulatus.

Productus phillipsi Norwood and Pratten. Carboniferous.

Productus phillipsii Norwoorl and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

III, 1854, p. 8, pi. 1, fig. 2.
LjOc. Big Canyon, Humboldt RiAer, Utah.

Productus pileiformis McChesney= Productus cora.

Productus pileolus Shumard. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus pileolus Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 291.
Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, Texas.

330 SYNOPSIS OK AMKRICAN FOSSIL HRACHIOPODA. [dull. 87.

Productus pocillum Morton. Upper Curboiiilerous.

rroductu.si)()ciIliiiu Morton, Amor. Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 150, i)l. 2, lig. 2.
Loc. rutuam Hill, Ohio.
Ohs. Not rocoguizable.

Productus popei Sliuiiuird. Upper Carboniferous.

rroductim popoi Shumurd, Tnina. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 290, pi. 11,

lig. 8.
Loc. New Mexico and Texas.

Productus portlockiauus I^forwood and Pratten= Productus costatus.

Productus pratteniauus Norwood = Productus cora.

Productus punctatus (Martiii). Upper Carboniferous.

Aiioniitea punctatus Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, p. 8, pi. 37, lig. 6.
Productus punctatus? Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 153, pi. 26,
lig. 38.

Productus punctatus Sliumard, Marcy's Rop. U. S. Expl. Red River, Louisiana,
1853, p. 201, pi. 1, lig. 5; pi. 2, fig. 1. — Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 19. — Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858,
p. 48, pi. 6, fig. 12. — Geinitz, Carbon uud Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 55. —
McChesney, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, 1808, p. 27, pi. 1, figs. 10, 11.— Meek,
Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 169, pi. 2, fig. 6: pi. 4, fig.
5.— Meek and AVortlien, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 569, pi. 25, fig. 13.—
White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 114, pi.
7, fig. 2;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 373, pi. 42, figs. 1-3.—
Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol. 1883, pi. 50, figs. 14-16.— White,
Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 124, pi. 27, figs. 1-3.— Herrick,
Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 48, pi. 2, fig. 29.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17A, fig. 21 ; pi. 19, figs. 14-18.— Keyes, Geol.
Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 51, pi. 37, fig. 1.— Smith, Proc. American Phil.
Soc, XXXV, 1897, p. 29 (extract).

Productus semipunctatus Sheppard, American Jour. Sci., XXXIV, 1838, p. 153,
fig. 9.

Productus tubulospinus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 37.

Productus allied to punctatus Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London,
XXXIV, 1878, p. 630.

Loc. Europe; Ohio; Indiana; Illinois; Missouri; Arkansas; Nebraska; Iowa;
Nevada; New Mexico; Feilden Isthmus, lat. 82'^ 43'.

Productus pustulosus Pbillips. Upper Carboniferous.

Producta pustulosa Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II. 1836, p. 216, pi. 7, fig. 15.
Productus pustulosus Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 48, pi. 6, fig. 1. —

Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 55.
Productus pyxidiformis Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 48, pi. 6, fig. 3.
Productus pustulosus? Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1859, p. 26.
Loc. Europe; Leavenworth, Kansas; Tigeras, New Mexico.
Obs. See Productus uorwoodi.

Productus pyxidatus Hall=:Producteila pyxidata.
Productus i^yxidiformis de Koniuck= Productus pustulosus.

Productus raricostatus Ilerrick. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Productus raricostatus Herrick, Bull. Denison TTniv., IV, 1888, p. 19, pi. 3, fig.

19;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 22, fig. 9.
Loc. Moots Run, Ohio.

Productus rarispinus Hall=Productella rarispina.

scHucHERT] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 331

Productus reticulatus Gabb. Upper Carboniferous.

Productua reticulatus Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., VIII,

1881, p. 302, pi. 42, Bg. 13.
Loc. Lake Titicaca, Bolivia.

Productus rhomianus Derby. Upper Carboniferous.

Productuis rhomiauus Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 56, pi. 3, iigs. 20,

41-44, 49.
Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil.

Productus rogersi N"orwood and Pratten= Productus nebraskaensis.

Productus rushvillensis Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Productus rushvillensis Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 22, pi. 3, fig.

15;— Geol. Ohio. VII, 1895, pi. 23, fig. 15.
Loc. Rushville, Newark, and Loudonville, Ohio.

Productus scabriculus (Martin). Lower and Upper Carboniferous.

Anoniites scabriciilus Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, p. 8, pi. 36, fig. 5.
Productus scabriculus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

III, 1854, p. 17.— Marcou, Geol. North America, 1858, p. 47, pi. 5, fig. 6.—
Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 125.

Productus scabriculus? Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 54.
Loc. Europe; Pecos Village and Santa Fe, New Mexico ; Plattsmouth, Nebraska;
Caldwell County, Kentucky ; Kashmere.

Productus scitulus Meek and Wortlieii. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Productus scitulus Meek and Worthen, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860,

p. 451;— Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 280, pi. 20, fig. 5.
Loc. Alton, Illinois.

Productus semipunctafcus S]ieppard= Productus punctatus.
Productus semireticulatus Hall, 1852 (non Martin) = Productus cora.

Productus semireticulatus (Martin). Lower and Upper Carboniferous.

Anoinites semireticulatus Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, p. 7, pi. 32, figs.
1,2; pi. 33, fig. 4.

Productus inca d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Amdrique Mcridionale, Pal., 1842, p.
51, pi. 4, figs. 1-3.— Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1876, p. 280.

Productus semireticulatus Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, III, 1854, p. 11.— Hall, Pacific R. R. Reports, III, 1856, p. 103, pi. 2,
figs. 16, 17;— Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 637.— Marcou, Geol. North
America, 1858, p. 46, pi. 5, fig. 4; pi. 6, fig. 6. — Shumard, Trans. St. Louis
Acad. Sci., 1, 1858, p. 292. — Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West,
1861, p. 124.— Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XVII, 1861, p. 64, pi. 4,
fig. 1.— Davidson, Ibidem, XIX, 1863, p. 174, pi. 9, figs. 20, 21.— Meek, Pal. Cal-
ifornia, 1, 1864, p. 11, pi. 2, fig. 4.— Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadel-
phia, 1865, p. 115. — Geinitz, Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 51. —
Toula, Sitzb. der k. k. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien, IX, 1869, p. 9. —
Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 160, pi. 5, fig. 7.—
Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 47, pi. 4, fig. 8; pi. 6, fig. 18; pi. 7,
tigs. 5-7, 15, 16.— White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west of the 100th Merid-
ian, IV, 1875, p. Ill, pi. 8, fig. 1.— Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari.,

IV, 1877, p. 69, pi. 7, fig. 5.— Hall and Whitfield, Ibidem, 1867, p. 267, pi. 5, figs.
5, 6.— Dawson, Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 296, fig. 97.— Etlieridge, Quart.
Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 629.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N.
Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 49, figs. 11-13; pi. 50, figs. 19-23.— White, Thirteenth
Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 125, pi. 24, figs. 1-3.— Herrick, Bull. Deni-
son Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 31, pi. 1, fig. 26; pi. 3, fig. 24; pi. 7, fig. 11; pi. 10>

332 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Productus semireticulatus (Martin) — Continued.

lig. G.— lliiU and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I. 1892, pi. 17A, figs. 16-18;

pi. 18, tigs. 11-13; pi. 19, ligs. 19-23.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895,

p. 50, pi. 36, fig. 4.
Productus calbouiiiauus Swallow, Trans. .St. Louis Aoad. Sci., I, 1858, pp. 181,

215. —Meek and Haydeu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 26. —

Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 123.
Productus setigerus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 638, pi. 19, fig. 3.
Productus setigerus var. keokuk Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 639,

pi. 19, fig. 4.
Productus martini A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 4.
Productus magnus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17A,

lig. 15.
Loc. Europe; throughout the Carboniferous of North America; Feilden Isthmus,

lat. 82°43'; Vixixil and Sansiguan, Guatemala; Y'arbichambi, Bolivia; Bom-

jardim and Itaituba, Brazil; Tibet and Kashmere.
(Us. See Productus peruvianus d'Orbigny and P. niagnicostatus.

Productus semireticulatus kansasensis Swallow. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus calhouuianus var. kansasensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci.,

I, 1858, p. 216.
Loc. Kansas and Missouri.

Productus semistriatus Meek. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus semistriatus Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 309. —
Meek, Simpson's Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 349, pi. 1, fig.
7;— King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 74, pi. 7, fig. 8.— White,
Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west 100th Meridian, 1881, Appendix, p. V.
Loc. Utah and northern New Mexico.
Productus setigerus Hall=Productus semireticulatus.
Productus setigerus var. keokuk Hall=Productus semireticulatus.
Productus shumardianus Hall = Productella sbumardana.
Productus speciosus Hall=Pioductella speciosa.
Productus spinulicostus Hall=Productella spinulicosta.
Productus splendens Norwood and Pratten = Productus longispiua.
Productus subaculeatus of American autbors=Pioductella spinulicosta.
Productus subalatus Hall=Productella subalata.

Productus subhorridus Meek. Carboniferous.

Productus subhorridus Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 4Qth Pari., IV, 1877, p. 75,

pi. 7, fig. 3.
Loc. Wasatch Mountains, Utah.

Productus sulcatus Castelnau=Leptfena rbomboidalis.
Productus sulcifer de Verneuil=Lepttena rbomboidabs.

Productus swallovi Beecber. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Koninckina americana Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 94.
Productus swallovi Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 214.
Loc. Barretts Station, St. Louis County, Missouri.

Productus symmetricus McCbesney. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus symmetricus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 35;— Trans. Chi-
cago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 25, pi. 1, fig. 9.— Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol.
Survey of Nebraska, 1872, p. 167, pi. 5, fig. 6; pi. 8, fig. 13.— White, Thir-
teenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 123, pi. 25, figs. 1 and 2.— Hall and

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 333

Productus symmetricus McChesney — Coutiuued.

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17A, tigs. 19, 20.— Keyes, Geol.
Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 48, pi. 36, fig. 2.
Loc. Lasalle aud Springfield, Illinois; Iowa; Missouri; Nebraska; Indiana.

Productus tenuicostatus Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Productus tenuicostatus Hall, Geol. Survey Town, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 675, pi. 24,
fig. 2;— Second Ann. Kep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 49, lig. 18.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 18, fig. 18.— Keyes, Geol. Survey
Missouri, V, 1895, p. 44.

Loc. Milan, Illinois.

Productus truncatus Hall=Strophalosia truncata.
Productus tubulospinus Sheppard= Productus punctatus.

Productus undiferus de Koninck. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus undiferus de Koninck, Mom. de la Soc. Royale des Sciences de Liege,
IV, 1846, p. 153, pi. 5, fig. 4; pi. 11, fig. 5.— Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad.
Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 9.

Loc. Europe; Caseyville, Illinois; Posey County, Indiana.

Ohs. See Productus boonensis Swallow.

Productus villiersi d'Orbigny. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus villiersi d'Orbigny, Voyage dans TAmerique Mcridionale, Pal., 1842,

p. 53, pi. 4, figs. 12, 13. — de Koninck, Recherches snr les Animaux Fossiles,

Pt. I, 1847, p. 109, pi. 11, fig. 1. — Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, III, 1854, p. 17.

Loc. Yarbichambi, Bolivia; Keg Creek, Missouri.

Productus viminalis White. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Productus viminalis White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 29.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.
Ols. White regards this species as a synonym for Productus costatus Sowerby.

Productus vittatns Hall=Productus alternatus.

Productus wabashensis Norwood aud Pratten = Productus longispina.

Productus wallacianus Derby. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus wallacianus Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 57, pi. 3, tigs.

46-48; pi. 6, fig. 5.
Loc. Bomj<ardim and Itaituba, Brazil.

Productus wilberanus McChesney=Productu8 nebraskaensis.

Productus wortheni Hall. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Productus wortheni Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 635, pi. 19, fig. 1.
Loc. Nauvoo, Illinois.
Ohs. Compare with Productus marginicinctus Prout.

Productus weyprechti Toula. Upper Carboniferous.

Productus weyiirechti Toula, Sitzb. der k. k. Akad. der Wissensch. zu Wien,

1873, p. 138, pi. 1, fig. 4.
Productus weyprechti? Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878,

p. 631.
Loc. Cape Joseph Henry, hat. 82° 50'.

PROTORHYNCHA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Atrypa dubia Hall.

Protorhyncha Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 180;—
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 824.

334 SYNOPSIS OF AMElilOAN FOSSIL, BKACHIOPODA. [bull.87.

Protorhyncha (?) antiquata ( IJillings). Lower Oambriau.

C;im;iriill;ii auti<iii:it:i Jiilliiigs, I'al. FoHails, I, 18t>l, p. 10, fig. 13; — Gool. Vermont;,

II, 1861, i». illil, iig. 353;— Geol. Cauada, 1803, p. L'84, iij;. 290.— Walcoit, Bull.

U. S. Geol. Survey, 30, 1880, p. 122, pi. 7, lig. 8;— Teuth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol.

Survey, 1891, p. 013. pi. 72, fig. 3.
Cauiarella ? aiiti(iuat:i Hall uud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 220.
Loc. S wanton. Vermont.

Protorhyncha dubia Ilall. Chazy (Orel.).

Atrypa dubia Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 21, pi. 4 bis, fig. 5.
KliynchoiicUa dubia Hall, Twelfth Kep, N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 60.
Protorhyncha dubia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 180.
Loc. Chazy, New York ; Highbridge, Kentucky ; Lascassas, Tennessee.

Protorhyncha ("?) minor (Walcott). Lower Cambrian.

Camarella (!) minor Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XII, 1889, p. 36;— Tenth

Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey, 1891, p. 614, pi. 72, fig. 4.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 221.
Loc. Stissingville, New Y'ork.
Obs. May be the type of a new genus. Its aiffinities are rather with the Rhyn-

chonellidfB than with Peutamerid;e.

Protorthis Hall and Clarke=Billingsella.

Protosiphon Matthew. Genotype P. kempauus Matthew.

Protosiphon Matthew, Geol. Mag., dec. IV, IV, 1897, p. 70.

Protosiphon kempanus Matthew. Lower Cambrian.

Protosiphon kempanum Matthew, Geol. Mag., dec. IV, IV, 1897, p. 70, figs. 1-4.
Loc. Long Island, Kings County, New Brunswick.

Protozyga Hall and Clarke=Zygospira.

Pseudocrania anomala A. Winchell=Orthothetes anomalus.

PTYCHOSPIRA Hall and C. Genotype Terebratula ferita von Buch.
Ptychospira Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 112, fig. 102;—
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 792.

Ptychospira sexplicata (White and Whitfield.) Waverly (L. Carb.).

Retzia sexplicata White and Whitfield, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1862,

p. 294.
Ptychospira sexplicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

112, pi. 50, figs. 13, 14; pi. 83, fig. 28.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

PUGNAX Hall and 0. Genotype Ehynchonella acuminata (Martin).
Pugnax Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 202 ;— Thirteenth

Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 828.
Obs. Subgenus of Hypothyris.

Pugnax (?) dawsoniana (Davidson). Upper Carboniferous.

Rhynchouella daw.soniana Davidson, Quart. .lour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863,

p. 172, pi. 9, figs. 13, 14.
Rhynchouella ? dawsoniana Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 294,

fig. 93.
Pugnax ( ?) dawsouianus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

214, pi. 62, figs. 30-33.
Loc. Lennox Passage, Nova Scotia.

scHticHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 335

Pugnax globulina (PLillips sp.?) (Davidsou). Upper Carboniferous.

fTerel.ratula globnliua Phillips, Encyl. Metr., IV, 1834, pi. 3, fig. 3.
Camarophoria ? globulina? Davidson, Quart. Jonr. Geol. Soc. Loudon, XIX, 1863,

p. 171, pi. 9, figs. 11, 12.
Camarophoria globulina? Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 293, fig. 92.
Pugnax globulina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 214.
Loc. De Bert River, Nova Scotia.

Pugnax grosvenori Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Rhynchonella grosvenori Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 10. — Whit-
field, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 53, pi. 6, figs. 31-34.— Hall,
Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 331, pi. 29, figs. 31-34.

Pugnax grosvenori Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 60,
figs. 13-17.

Loc. Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana; Alton, Illinois; near Princeton,
Kentucky.

Pugnax mutata Hall. Keokuk and St. Louis (L. Garb.).

Rhynchonella mutata Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 10; — Geol.

Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 658, pi. 23, fig. 2.— Whitfield, Bull. American

Mus. Nat. Hisfc.,1, 1882, p. 52, pi. 6, fig. 46.— Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol.

Indiana, 1883, p. 332, pi. 29, figs. 43-45.
Pugnax niutatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 204, pi.

60, figs. 18-22.
Loc. Alton and Warsaw, Illinois; Boonville, Missouri.

Pugnax ottumwa (White). St. Louis (L. Oarb.).

Rhynchonella ottumwa White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 23; —

Twelfth Ann. Rep. U. S. GeoL Survey Terr., 1883, p. 165, pi. 41, fig. 5.
Pugnax ottumwa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 204, pi.

60, iigs. 23-26.
Loc. Ottumwa and Oskaloosa, Iowa; Clark County, Missouri.

Pugnax pugnus (Martin). Upper Devonian.

Conchyliolithus Anomites pugnus Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, tab. 22,
figs. 4, 5.

Terebratula pugnus Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, 1825, pi. 425, figs. 1-6.

Rhynchonella pugnus Davidson, Mou. British Carb. Brach., Pal. Soc, 1860, p.
97, pi. 32, figs. 1-15.— Williams, American Jonr. Sci., 3d ser., XXV, 1883, p. 99.—
AValcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 15.5, pi. 14, fig. 7.— Clarke,
Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 73. — Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal.,
I, 1891, pp. 230, 290.

? Rhynchonella pugnus Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 295.

Pugnax pugnus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 203, pi.
60, figs. 6-10.

Loc. Europe; High Point, New York; Eureka district, Nevada; Mackenzie and
Athabasca rivers, Canada; in the Carboniferous of Windsor and East
River, Nova Scotia (Dawson); San vSaba Valley, Texas (Roemer).

Pugnax pugnus alta (Calvin). Upper Devonian.

Rhynchonella alta Calvin; paper read before the Iowa Acad. Sci., and a named

photographic plate distributed.
Rhynchonella iiugnus var. alta Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890, pi. 12,

figs. 5-7.
Pugnax altus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 203, pi. 60,

figs. 1-5.
Loc. Solon, Iowa.

336 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Pugnax pugnus missouriensis (Sliumard). Waverly (L. Carb.).

Khyuchouolla missouiieusis .Shuinard, Geol. Kep. Missouri, 1855, p. 204, jil. 50,

fi". 5ii (noil iig8. 5b, 5c = Pugiiax stiiiiticostata). — Meek and Worthen, Geol.

Survey Illiuois, II, 1866, ]». 153, pi. 14, fig. 4.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri,

V, 1895, p. 100.
Pugnax missouriensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 204,

pi. 60. figs. 33, 34; pi. 62, figs. 44, 45.
Loc. Cooper County, Missouri; Burlington, Iowa; Rockford, Indiana; Scioto-

ville and Richfield, Ohio.

Pugnax rockymontana (Marcou). Upper Carboniferous.

Terebratula rockyuiontaua Marcou, Geol. N. America, 1858, p. 50, pi. 6, fig. 13.
Khyuchouella eatoniieformis McChesuey, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 49.
Rhynchonella rockymontana White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west 100th

" Merid., IV, 1875, p. 131, pi. 9, fig. 1.
Pugnax eatoniiformis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 204,

pi. 60, figs. 11, 12.
Loc. Pecos Village, New Mexico ; Cedar Range, Utah ; Graysville, Illinois.

Pugnax striaticostata (Meek aud Worthen). Kinderliook (L, Garb.).

Rhynchonella missouriensis Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 18.55, p. 204, PI. C,
figs. 5b, 5c (non 5a = Pugnax pugnus missouriensis). — Meek an<l Worthen,
Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 450, pi. 14, fig. 7.

Rhynchonella striatocostata Meek and Worthen, Ibidem, III, 1868, P- 452.

Pugnax striatocostata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 204.

Loc. Cooper County, Missouri.

Pugnax swallovana (Shumard). Upper Carboniferous.

Camarophoria swallovana Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1859, p. 394,

pi. 11, fig. 1.
Pugnax swalloviana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 204,

pi. 60, figs. 27-32.
Loc. Guadalupe Moimtains of New Mexico and Texas.

Pugnax Utah (Marcou). Upper Carboniferous.

Terebratula utah Marcou, Geol. N. America, February, 1858, p. 51, pi. 6, fig. 12.
Rhynchonella (Camaroiihoria) osagenais Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I,

June, 1858, p. 219.
Rhynchonella utah. Meek and Hayden, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859,

p. 27. — Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 128. —

White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 128, pi.

9, fig. 2 ;— Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 132, pi. 25, tig. 6.
?Rhynchonella species Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XVII, 1861, p. 64,

pi. 4, fig. 5.
Camarophoria globulina Geinitz (non Phillips), Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska,

1866, p. 38, pi. 3, fig. 5.
Rhynchonella osagensis Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p.

179, pi. 1, fig. 9; pi. 6, fig. 2.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illiuois, V,

1873, p. 571, pi. 26, fig. 22.
Pugnax Utah Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 204, pi. 60,

figs. 39-42.
Rhynchonella uta Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 103, pi. 41, fig. 7.
Loc. Salt Lake City, Utah; Indiana; Illinois; Iowa; Missouri ; Kansas ; Arkansas ;

Nebraska.
Ohs. Compare with Pugnax pleurodon.

SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY, 337

RAFINESQUINA Hall and C Geuotype Strophomena alternata Emmons.

Strophomena (nou Rafinesque) Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 133; —
Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 329;— Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 115.— Hall, Pal.
New York, IV, 1867, p. 76.— Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 73.— N. H. Winchell,
Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Minnesota, 1881, p. 118. — 8haler,
Fossil Brachiopoda of the Ohio Valley, 1887, p. 4. — Herrick, Bull. Denison
University, IV, 1888, p. 14.— Nettelrotb, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Ken-
tucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 1.59.

Eafinesquiua Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 281.— Winchell
and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 400. — Hall and Clarke,
Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 279.

Rafinesquina alternata (Emmons). Trenton to Lorraine (Ord.).

Leptiena alternata Conrad, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1838, p. 115
(imdefined).— Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, pp. 102, 286, pi. 31, fig. 1; pi. 31A,
fig. 1; pi. 79, fig. 2.— Roger.s, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 818,
fig. 600.

Strophomena alternata Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 63
(undefined) ;— Fourth Rep. Ibidem, 1840, p. 201 (undefined) ;— Fifth Rep.
Ibidem, 1841, p. 37 (undefined).- Emmons, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Second Dist.,

1842, p. 395, fig. 3.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 204, figs. 3, 4;—
Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 51;— Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 117;— Geol.
Canada, 1863, p. 163, fig. 140.— Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 88, pi. 7, fig. 1.—
Miller, Cincinnati Quart. .Tour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 51. — White, Second Ann. Rep.
Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 481, pi. 1, figs. 6, 7; — Tenth
Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 113, pi. 1, figs. 6, 7.— Hall, Second Ann.
Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 38, figs. 6-11.— Shaler, Fossil Brachiopoda
of the Ohio Valley, 1887, p. 4, pis. 2, 3. — Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V,
1895, p. 70, pi. 39, fig. 3.

Orthis huroniensis Castelnau, Essai Systeme Sihirien I'Amt'^rique Septentrionale,

1843, p. 37, pi. 14, fig. 6.

Orthis plana Castelnau (uon Pander), Ibidem, 1843, p. 38, pi. 14, fig. 1.

Strophomena angulata? Owen, Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, 1844,
pi. 18, figs. 1, 3.

Strophomena anticostiensis Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 62.

Rafinesquina alternata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 282,
pi. 8, figs. 6-11, 27, 28; Pt. II, 1895, pi. 84, figs. 17, 18.— Winchell and Schu-
chert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 404, pi. 31, figs. 32-34. — Whiteaves,
Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 171.

Loc. New York; Ohio; Indiana; Illinois; Missouri; Wisconsin; Minnesota; Can-
ada; Manitoba; Anticosti.

Obs. This species was not defined or figured by Conrad. The lirst illustration
was given by i^mmons, and in the following year it was figured and defined
by Castelnau as Orthis huroniensis.

Rafinesquina alternata alternistriata Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Lepta^na alternistriata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 109, pi. 31B, fig. 1.
Strophomena alternistriata Hall, Twelfth Rejj. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 70.
Strophomena alternata var. alternistriata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci.,

II, 1875, p. .53.
Rafinesquina alternistriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p.

283.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio; Maysville, Kentucky; Madison, Indiana.
Ohs. Meek regarded this variety as a synonym for S. alternata.

Bull. 87 22

338 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Eafinesquina alternata fracta (Meek). Lorraine (Ord.).

.stropboniena altcnuita var. fracta Mot-k, Tal. Obio, I, 1873, p. 91, pi. 7, i'lg. 3.
Stropliomeua fracta Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 13;— Ibidem,

II, 1875, p. 54.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Kafines(iuiiia alternata loxorliytis Winchell and Scliucbert=E. kingi.

Rafinesqiiina alternata loxorliytis (Meek). Lorraine (Ord.).

Stropbonitnia alternata var. loxorbytis Meek, Pal. Obio, I, 1873, p. 91. — Miller,

Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. .^>3.
J.oc. Cincinnati, Obio.
Eafinesquina alternata nasuta (Conrad). Lorraine (Ord.).

Stropbomena nasuta Conrail, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbiladelpbia, VIII, 1842, p.

260.— Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Tbird Dist., 1842, p. 403, fig. 3.
Stropbomena alternata var. nasuta Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II,

1875, p. 53.
Loc. Jefferson County, New York; Cincinnati, Obio.

Eafinesquina (?) atava (Matthew). Calciferous (Ord.).

Stropbomena atava Mattbew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 1893, p. 102, pi. 7, fig. 8,
Loc. Mary Island, near St. Jobn, New Brunswick,

Eafinesquina aurora (Billings). Oalciferous (Ord.).

Stropbomena aurora Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 218, fig. 202.
Loc. Table Head, etc., Newfoundland.

Eafinesquina ceres (Billings). Lorraine and Anticosti (Ord. and Sil.).
Stropbomena ceres Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 54; — Pal. Fossils,

I, 1862, p. 119.
Loc. Anticosti.

Eafinesquina deltoidea (Conrad). Trenton and Utica (Ord.).

Stropbomena deltoidea Conrad, Tbird Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p.

64;— Fiftb Rep., Ibidem, 1841, p. .37.— Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Tbird

Dist., 1842, p. 46, fig. 2.— Emmons, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p.

389, fig. 2.— Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 163, fig, 141.— Keyes, Geol. Sur-
vey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 69.
Stropbomena camerata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbiladelpbia, VIII, 1842,

p. 254, pi. 14, fig. 5.
Leptsna camerata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 106, pi. 31A, fig. 2.
Leptffina deltoidea Hall, Ibidem, 1847, p. 106, pi. 31A, fig. 3.
Streptorbyncbus (Stropbonella) deltoidea Hall, Second Ann. Rep. New York

State Geol., 1883, pi. 42, figs. 1, 2, 4 (non fig. 3).
Refinesquina deltoidea Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 9A,

figs. 1, 2,4. — Winchell and Scbuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p.

403, pi. 31, figs. 30, 31.— Wbiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 170.
Loo. Trenton Falls, etc.. New York; St. Paul, Cannon Falls, etc., Minnesota;

Oshkosb, Wisconsin; Dubuque, Iowa ; Pike County, Missouri; Ottawa and

Lake Winnipeg, Canada.
Eafinesquina fasciata Hall. Cliazy (Ord.).

Leptffina fasciata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 20, pi. 4 bis, tig. 3.
Stropbomena fasciata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 70.
Rafinesquiua fasciata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283.
Loc. Cbazy, Clinton County, New York.
01)8. Should be compared with R. alternata.

Eafinesquina imbrex (Pander). Lorraine (Ord.).

stropbomena iml.rex(f) Billings, Pal. Fossils, 1, 1862, p. 128, fig. 106.
Loc. Europe; Anticosti.

scHUCHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 339

Rafinesquina incrassata (Hall). Ohazy and Black Kiver (Ord.).

Leptsena incrassata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 19, pi. 4 bis, fig. 2. — Rogers,

Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 817, fig. 591.
Strophomena incrassata Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 443.
Loc. Chazy, New York; Mingau Island, Canada.

Rafinesquina kingi (Whitfield). Lorraine (Ord.).

Strophomena kingi Whitfield, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1877, p. 72; —

Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 261, pi. 12, figs. 15, 16.
Rafinesquina alternata var. loxorhytis Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol.

Survey, III, 1893, p. 407, pi. 31, figs. 35-37; pi. 32, figs. 59, 60.
Rafinesquina kingi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283.
Loc. Delafield, Wisconsin; near Spring Valley, Minnesota.

Rafinesquina lata Wbiteaves. Lorraine (Ord.).

Rafinesquina lata Whiteaves, Canadian Rec. Sci., 1895, p. 392; — Whiteaves, Pal.

Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 172, pi. 19, figs. 2-5.
Loc. Red River Valley and Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba.

Rafinesquina mesicosta (Shumard). % Trenton (Ord.).

Leptiena mesacosta Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 205, PL C, fig. 2. —

Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 76.
Loc. Cape Girardeau, Missouri.

Rafinesquina minnesotaensis (N. H. Winchell). Trenton (Ord.).

strophomena deltoidea Owen (non Conrad), Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin, and

Illinois, 1844, pi. 16, fig. 8; pi. 17, fig. 6.
Leptiena deltoidea Owen, Geol. Rep. Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852, p.

620, tab. 2B, fig. 10 (not the middle figure).
Strophomena incrassata Hall (non 1847), Geol. Wisconsin, 1, 1862, p. 42, fig. 16. —

Hall (hon 1847), Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 38, figs. 1-5.
Strophomena minuesotensis N. H. Winchell, Ninth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist.

Survey Miuuesota, 1881, p. 120.
Rafinesquina minuesotensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 283. — Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 401,

pi. 31, figs. 25-29.
Loc. Minneapolis, etc., Minnesota; Beloit, Wisconsin; Decorah and McGregor,

Iowa; central Kentucky ; Lebanon, Tennessee.
Obs. This species is probably not identical with R. incrassata (Hall) of the

Chazy terrane.

Rafinesquina minnesotaensis inquassa (Sardeson). Trenton (Ord.).

Strophomena inquassa Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1892, p.

334, pi. 5, figs. 22-24.
Rafinesquina minnesotensis Aar. iuciuassa Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota

Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 403, pi. 31, figs. 27, 28.
Loc. Minneapolis and St. Paul, Minnesota; Mineralpoint, Wisconsin.

Rafinesquina nitens (Billings). Lorraine (Ord.).

strophomena nitens Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 53, fig. 1; — i'al.

Fossils, I, 1862, p. 118, fig. 97;— Geol. Canada. 1863, p. 209, fig. 208.
Rafinesquina nitens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283.
Loc. Anticosti.

Rafinesquina (?) obscura Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Leptwna obscura Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, pp. 62, 103, pi. 21, figs. 2, 6.
Strophomena obscura Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 82.
Strophomena obscura? Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 306,

pi. 6, figs. 15, 16.
Rafinesquina ? obscura Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283.
Loc. Near Utica and Kirkland, New York; Cumberland Gap, Tennessee.

340 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bttllST.

Kafinesquina squamula (James). Lorraine (Ord.).

Strophoiiieiia (s(|imiiiiila James, Ciimiimati (^nart. Jour Sci., I, 1X71, ]>. 335.
Katiucsc^uiua siiiiamula Ilall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 283.
Loc: Ciucinnati, Ohio.

Rafinesquina tenuilineata (Conrad). Trenton (Ord.).

Strophomena teuuiliueata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, A'^III,
1842, p. 250.— Hall, Twelfth Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 185i), p. 70,
Lepticna tenuilineata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 115, pi. 31B, tig. 8.
Loc. ''Occurs in Trenton limestone."

Kafinesquina ulrichi (James). Utica (Ord.).

strophomena (?) ulrichi .James, The PalaMmtologist, 1, 1878, p. 6.
Ralinesquiua ulrichi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 283,

pi. 15A, figs. 37, 38.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

RENSSEL.3ERIA Hall. Genotype Terebratula ovoides Eaton.

Kenssekvria Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 39;— Pal.
New Y'ork, III, 1859, p. 454. — Dall, American Jour. Conchology, VI, 1870, p.
105. — Claypole, Proc. American Philosophical Soc, 1883, p. 235. — Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 255;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 849.

Rensselaeria sequiradiata (Conrad). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Atrypa .equiradiata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p.

266, pi. 16, tig. 17.
Meganteris sequiradiata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 99,

figs. 1-3.
Rensselseria sequiradiata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 255,, pi. 45, fig. 3. —

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 258, pi. 76, figs. 2.3-25.'
Loc. Cherry Valley, Schoharie, and Carlisle, New Y'ork; Arisaig, Nova Scotia

(Ami).

Rensselaeria cayuga Hall and Clarke. Oriskany (Dev.).

Rensselieria cayuga Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 258,

370, pi. 75, figs. 1, 2.
Loc. Cayuga, Ontario.

Rensselferia condoni McChesney=Megalanteris coudoni.

Rensselaeria cumberlandise Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Meganteris cumberlandi* Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 101.
Rensselaeria cumberlandise Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 464, pi. 108, fig. 1. —

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 258, pi. 77, figs. 23-25.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Rensselaeria elliptica Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Meganteris elliptica Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 98.
Rensseheria elliptica Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 256, pi. 45, fig. 4. — Hall

and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 258, pi. 76, tigs. 26-28.
Loc. Schoharie County, New Y^ork.

Rensselaeria elongata Hall=Ampliigenia elongata.

Rensselaeria intermedia Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Renssel£eria intermedia Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 463, pi. 108, tig. 2.—

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 77, figs. 26-28.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Eeusselaiiia johanni Hall=Newberrya jobaunis.

I

scHDCHERT.] • INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 341

EensseliTPria laevis Hall=Meristella Inevis.

Eensseloeria la? vis Meek=]SrewbeiTya lawis.

lieusseliieria marylaiidica Claypole=Newberrya claypolei.

Rensselseria marylandica Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Reusselferia marylandica Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 461, pi. 108, fig. 3.—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 258, pi. 76, figs. 8-20.
Loo. Cumberland, Maryland.

Rensselaeria mutabilis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Meganteris mutabilis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 97.
Rensselaria mutabilis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 254, pi. 45, fig. 2.— Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 11,1893, pp. 258, 259, figs. 178, 179; pi.

76, figs. l-3a, 21, 22.
Loc. Albany and Columbia counties. New York.

Eensselseria ovalis Hall=Megalaiiteris ovalis.

Rensselaeria ovoides (Eaton). Oriskany (Dev.).

Terebratula ovoides Eaton, Geological Text-Book, 1832, p. 45.
Terebratula perovalis Eaton, Ibidem, 1832, p. 45.
Atrypa elongata Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 65. —

Vauuxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 123, fig. 2.— Hall, Ibidem,

Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 138, fig. 2;— (Conrad) Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., 1862, pi. 11, fig. 14.
Pentamerus deshayesii Castelnau, Essai Systeme Silurien PAmdrique Septentrio-

nale, 1843, p. 38, pi. 15, figs. 1, 2.
Meganteris ovoides Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 102.—

Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 826, fig. 649.
Rensselaeria ovoides Hall, Pal. New York, III, 18.59, p. 456, pi. 104, figs. 1-4; pi.

105, figs. 1-6.— Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 961, fig. 470;— Pal. Fossils, II,

1874, p. 41, pi. 3, figs. 7, 10.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,

1893, p. 258, pi. 75, figs. 5-9; pi. 76, figs. 16, 18.
Loc. New York; Pennsylvania; Maryland; Virginia; Gasp^, Canada.

Rensselaeria ovnlum Hall and Clarke. Oriskany (Dev.).

Renssehvria ovulum Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 75,

figs. 3, 4.
Loc. Cayuga, Canada.

RensseLTxia portlandica Billings=Trigeria portlandica.

EensselcTria suessana Hall=Beacliia suessana.

Eensselaudia Hall=ANrewberrya.

RETICULARIA McCoy. Genotype Terebratula ? imbricata Sowerby.

Reticularia McCoy, Carboniferous Fossils of Ireland, 1844, p. 142.— Waagen,
Palfeoutologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 538.

Reticularia bicostata (Vanuxem). Niagara (Sil.).

Orthis bicostatus Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, pp. 91, 94.
Spirifer bicostatus Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 263, pi. 54, fig. 4.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 19, 37, pi. 36, fig. 7.
Spirifera bicostata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 61, fig. 7.
Loc. Vernon Center, New York; Louisville, Kentucky.

Reticularia bicostata petila (Hall). Niagara (Sil.).

Spirifera bicostata? var. petila Hall, Descrip. n. sp. of Fossils from Waldron,

Indiana, 1879, p. 15.
Spirifera bicostata var. petila Hall, Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p.
279, pi. 27, figs. 8, 9;— Trans. Albany Institute, X, 1883, p. 71.

342 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Reticularia bicostata petila (Hall) — Continued.

Spirifer bicostatus var. petilus Boecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mu8., I,

1889, p. 75, pi. 6, figs. 1-3. _

Loc. Waldron, Indi.ana.

Reticularia canandaiguse (Hall and Clarke). Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer cauaiulaigua' Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 360,

pi. 37, ligs. 2.S-25.
hoc. Centerfield and Canandaigua Lake, New York.

Reticularia clara (Swallow). Kavskaskia (L. Carl).).

Spirifera clara Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 86.
Loc. St. Genevieve County, Missouri.

Reticularia cooperensis (Swallow). Kinderbook (L. Carb.).

Spirifera cooperensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 643. —

Meek a-nd Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, II, 1866, p. 155, pi. 14, lig. '^. —

Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, Y, 1895, p. 78.
Spirifer liirtus White and Whitfield, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1862, p.

293.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 21, 37, pi. 38,

fig. 14 (? pi. 84, figs. 36, 37).
Spirifera semiplicata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y, State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863,

p. 111.
• Spirifer hirtus ? A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 119;—

Proc. American Phil. Soc, XII, 1870, p. 251.
Loc. Chouteau Springs, etc., Missouri; Rockford, Indiana; Burlington, Iowa;

Hickman County, Tennessee.

Reticularia fimbriata (Conrad). Oriskany-Itliaca (Dev.).

Delthyris finibriatus Conrad, .Tour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, j).

263.— Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 208, iig. 10.
Spirifer fimbriatus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 50.^>, pi. 4, fig. 5. —

Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 257, figs. 68-70;— Geol. Canada, 1863,

p. 372, lig. 393.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17,

20, 21, 33, 37, pi. 36, figs. 17-22; pi. 38, figs. 9, 10.
Spirifera fimbriata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 214^ pi. 33, figs. 1-11;—

Second Ann. Rep. K. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 61, figs. 17-22.— Whiteaves,

Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 286.
Spirifer compactns Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, 1868, p. 102, pi. 14, fig. 11.
Spirifer (Martinia) richardsoni Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 104,

pi. 14, fig. 2.
Spirifera (M.) richardsoni Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 226;—

Ibidem, 1892, p. 287, pi. 37, fig. 7.
Spirifera conradana Miller, American Pal. Foss., 2d ed., 1883, p. 372. — Netfcel-

roth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 110, pi.

7, figs. 11-13.
Spirifera (M.) undifera Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, pi. 3, figs.

3,6; pi. 14, fig. 11.
Loc. New York; Ohio; Falls of Ohio; Illinois; Iowa; Maryland; Virginia;

Eureka district, Nevada; Ontario and lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis;

Mackenzie River, Northwest Territory, Canada.
Oils. Mr. Walcott is correct in regarding this species the same as Spirifer

undiferus Roeraer. Conrad's species, however, was published in 1842, while

that of Roemer is two years later, or in 1844. S. richardsoni is a young

specimen of S. compacta which Mr. Walcott has shown to be a synonym for

S. undiferus. See Reticularia knappiana.

scHucHEBT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 343

Reticularia franklini (Meek). Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer (Martinia) franklini Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 107,

pi. 14, fig. 12.
Spirifera (M.) glabra var. franklini Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., 1, 1891, p. 225.
Loc. Mackenzie River, Northwest Territory, Canada.
Ohs. The type specimen in the U. S. National Museum collection proves to be

closely related to Reticularia Isevis Hall.

Reticularia guadalupensis (Sliumard). Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifera guadalupensis Shumard, Trans. .St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1859, p. 391.
Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, Texas.

Reticularia knappiana (Nettelrotli). Corniferous (Dev.).

Spirifera knappiana Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.

Survey, 1889, p. 122, pi. 7, fig. 14.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.
Obs. Probably the same as R. fimbriata.

Reticularia Isevis (Hall). Portage (Dev.).

Delthyris Levis Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 245, fig. 1.
Spirifera hevis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 239, pi. 39, figs. 1-12.
Spirifer hcvis Williams, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XX, 1880, p. 456. — Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 19, 33, 37, pi. 38, figs, 11-13; pi.

84, fig. 29.— Kindle,'Bnll. American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 36.
Spirifera (Martinia) glabra var. Levis Williams, Ann. New York Acad. Sci., II,

6, 1881, pi. 14, figs. 1, 2.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884,p. 140.
Loc. Ithaca and Cortlandville, New York.

Reticularia modesta (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer luodestus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 61; —

Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 203, pi. 28, fig. 1.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 37, pi. 38, figs. 1, 3.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Reticularia nevadaensis (Walcott). Tipper Devonian.

Spirifera (M.) glabra var. nevadensis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, YIII,

1884, p. 139, pi. 3, fig. 5; pi. 14, fig. 14.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Reticularia (?) nympha (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifera nympha Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1863, p. 116, pi. 3,

fig. 15.
Loc. Masardis, Maine.

Reticularia perplexa (McChesney). Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifer lineatus Shumard, Geol. Survey Missouri, 1855, p. 216. — Hall, Pacific
R. R. Reports, III, 1856, p. 101, pi. 2, figs. 6-8.— Marcou, Geol. N. America,
1858, p. 50, pi. 7, fig. 5. — Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West,
1861, p. 127.— Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1866, p. 408.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 10, 11, 17, 21, 30, 39, pi. 38,
figs: 2, 4, 7, 8.

Spirifer pjrplexus McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 43.

Spirifer lineatus? Meek, Geol. Survey California, I, 1864, p. 13, pi. 2, fig. 6.

Spirifer lineatus var. perplexus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1866,
p. 408.

Spirifera lineata Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, pi. 2, fig,
3. — Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelj)hia, 1888, p. 230.

Spirifer (Martinia) perplexa Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., 1, 1874, p. 16, pi. 3, figs,
27, 39, 40, 45, 50; pi, 8, fig. 13.

344 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Reticularia perplexa (IMcChesney) — Continued.

Spiril'ora (Maitiiiia) lincata ? Whit«, Wheeler't- Kxpl. aiul Survey west lOOth

Meridian, III, A])i)eu<iix, 1H8L
Spirifena (Martinia) lineata White, Eleventh Re]). State (Jeol. Indiana, 1882, p.

372, pi. 42, figs. 4-6;— Thirteenth Rep. State (4eol. Indiana, 1884, p. 133, pi.

27, figs. 4-6.— Herrick, Bull. Denisun Univ., 11, 1887, p. 46, pi. i, fig. 13.—

Whitfield, AiinalH N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 603, pi. 16, figs. 3-5;— Geol.

Ohio, YU, 1895, p. 488, pi. 12, figs. 3-5.
SpirifevM perplexa Keyes, Geol. Survey Missoitri, V, 1895, p. 84.
Lot: Ohio; Indiana; Illinois; Missouri; Iowa; Kentucky; California; Texas;

Pecos and Tigeras, New Mexico; Shasta County, California; Bomjardim

and Itaituba, Brazil.
Obs. This species is not identical with Reticularia lineata Martin, as found in

England and Belgium. Reticularia pseudolineata (Hall) is more closely

allied to that species than R. perplexa (McChesney).

Eeticularia perplexa striatilineata (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifer lineatus var. striatolineatns Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II,

1866, p. 408.
Loc. Missouri.
Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for R. perjilexa.

Reticularia praematura (Hall). Chemung- (Dev.).

Spirifera iirtcmatura Hall, Proc. American Philosophical Soc, X, 1806, p. 246; —

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 2150, pi. 33, figs. 31-35;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y.

State Geol., 1883, pi. 61, figs. 23-25.
Martinia i)reniatura Herrick, Geol. Ohio, YII, 189,5, pi. 23, tig. 12.
Spirifer prjcmaturus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 37,

pi. 36, figs. 23-25.
Loc. Meadville and Oil Creek, Pennsylvania.

Reticularia pseudolineata (Hall). Burlington-Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Spirifer pseudoliueatus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 645, pi. 20,

tig. 4.— ?Herrick, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, II, 1891, p. 45, pi. 1, fig. 18.— Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 21, 37, pi. 36, figs. 28-30.
Spirifera lineatoides Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 645.
Spirifera pseudolineata Safl^"ord, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, p. 360. — Hail, Second

Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 61, figs. 28-30.
Reticularia pseudolineata Waagen, Palseontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883,

p. 542.
Spirifera lineatoides and pseudolineata Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 189.5,

pp. 81, 82, pi. 40, fig. 6.
Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Warsaw, Illinois; Crawfordsville, Indiana; Missouri.
Obs. See R. per^dexa (McChesney).

Reticularia setigera (Hall). Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Spirifer setigerus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 705, pi. 27, fig. 4.—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 21, 37, pi. 36, figs. 26, 27.

Spirifera setigera Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV,
1877, p. 270, pi. 5, figs. 17, 18.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883,
pi. 61, figs. 26, 27.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 83.

Reticularia s<itigera Waagen, Palaiontologica Indica, Ser. XFII, I, 1883, p. .542.

Loc. Kaskaskia and Chester, Illinois; Caldwell and Crittenden counties, Ken-
tucky; Oquirrh Mountains, Utah.

Obs. See R. translata.

Reticularia subundifera (Meek and Wortben). Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifera subundifera Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 434,
pi. 10, fig. 5.

scHucHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 345

Reticularia subundifera (Meek aud Wortlien) — Continued.

Spirifera (M.) uudifera var. subuudifera Walcott, Mod. U. H. Geol. Survey, VIII,

1884, p. 145.
Loc. Eock Island, Illinois.

Reticularia (?) temeraria (Miller). Lower Carboniferous.

Spirifera temeraria Miller, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 1881, p. 314, pi.

7, iig. 9.
Loc, Lake Valley mining district. New Mexico.

Reticularia tenuispinata (Herrick). Waverly (L. Carb.).

Spirifera (Martinia) tennispinata Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 27,

pi. 2, fig. 4.
Spirifer tenuispinatus Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 15, fig. 4.
Loc. Granville, Ohio.

Reticularia translata (Swallow). Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Spirifera translata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 85.

Loc. Chester, Illinois; St. Marys, Missouri.

Ohs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for R. setigera.

RETZIA King. Genotype Terebratula adrieni de Yerneuil.

Retzia King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc, 1850, p. 137. — Hall, Sixteenth Rep.
N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, j). 53, figs. 1-3 on p. 55. — Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 103, figs. 80-100 on pp. 106, 107;—
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 787.

Ohs. It is very probable that all of tlie species here referred to Retzia will prove
to belong to other genera.

Retzia altirostris White =Eumetria altirostris.
Eetzia chloe Billiugs=Parazyga hirsuta.

Retzia ( ?) circularis Miller. Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Retzia circularis Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 316,

pi. 9, figs. 32-34.
Loc. Sedalia, Missouri.

Retzia compressa Meek=Hiistedia mormoni.
Retzia dubia Billings=Trematospira dubia.
Retzia electra Billings =Rhyncho.spira electra.
Retzia eugenia Billings=Rhynchospira eugenia.
Retzia evax Hall=Hom(]eospira evax.
Retzia formosa Whitfield =Rhynchospira formosa.

Retzia (?) granulifera Meek. Lorraine (Ord.).

Retzia (Trematospira) granulifera Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1872,

p. 318;— Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 128, pi. 11, fig. 6.
Trematospira (?) granulifera Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 61.
Xoc. Cincinnati, Ohio.
Oba. This species is probably a rhynchonelloid.

Retzia hippolyte Billings=Trematospira hippolyte.

Retzia (?) jamesiana Rathbun. Middle Devonian.

Retzia jamesiaua (Hartt) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1874, p. 243,

pi. 10, figs. 23, 27-38.
Retzia ? jameaiana Derby, Archives do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro, IX,

1890, p. 79.
Retzia cf. jamesiana A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p.

68, pi. 4, fig. 14.
Loc. Erere and Rio Maecuru, Province of Para, Brazil ; Bolivia.

346 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Eetziii rnarcyi Sbuinar(l=Eumetria marcyi.
Ketzia ineekaiia Sliuinard=Hustedia meekana.
Eetzia mormon i Marcou=Hustedia mormoni.
Eetzia osagensis Swallow=Acambona osagensis.
Ketzia papillata Sliumard=B[ustedia papillata.

Eetzia (?) plicata Miller. Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Ketzia plicata Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Kep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894, p. 316,

pi. 9, figs. 29-31.
Loc. Sedalia, Missouri.

Eetzia polypleura A. Wiucliell. Portage (Dev.).

Ketzia ])olyi)leura A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 406.
Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan.

Eetzia (?) popeana Swallow. ? Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Ketzia (?) popeana Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 654.

Loc. Locality and formation not given.
Eetzia punctulifera Shumard=Hustedia mormoni.
Ketzia radialis Walcott (uon Phillips)=Hustedia mormoni.
Ketzia sex])]icata White and Whittield=Ptychospira sexplicata.
Ketzia sobriua Beecher and Clarke =Homceospira sobrina.

Eetzia (?) subglobosa Hall. Schoharie (Uev.).

Khyuchospira subglobosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 421, pi. 63, ligs. 23-25.—

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 49, fig. 22.
Ketzia subglobosa Miller, N. American Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 367.
Loc. Schoharie, New York.

Ketzia subglobosa McChesiiey=Hustedia mormoni.
Ketzia triangularis Miller =Hustedia triangularis.
Ketzia vera Hall=Eumetria marcyi.
Ketzia vera costata Hall=Eumetria marcyi costata.
Ketzia verneuiliaua Hall=Eumetria marcyi.
Ketzia ? wardiana Kathbun=Trigeria wardiaua.
Ketzia woosteri White =Eumetria woosteri.

EHINOBOLUS Hall. Genot. Khynobolus sp. H. = ?Oboius galtensis Bill.

Khyuobolus Hall, Notes on some New or Imperfectly Known Forms among the
Brachiopoda, 1871, p. 5;— Ibidem, 1872, p. 5, pi. 13, fig. 10;— Twenty- third
Eep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 247, pi. 13, fig. 10.— Waagen, Palae-
ontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1885, p. 761.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 44, 46, 164;— Eleventh Ann. Kep. N. Y. State
Geologist;, 1894, p. 239.

Ehinobolus davidsoni Hall and Clarke. l!i}"iagara (Sil.).

Ehinobolus davidsoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 45,

176, pi. 4B, figs. 10-12.
Loc. Near Grafton, Wisconsin.

Ehinobolus galtensis (Billings). Guelph (Sil.).

Obolus galtensis Billiugs, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 168, fig. 153.
Obolellina galtensis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., VI, 1871, p. 222;— Ibidem,

1872, p. 328.
Trimerella minor Dall, American Jour. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 83, pi. 11, fig. 6.
?Rhynobolus sp. ? Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873,

p. 247, pi. 13, fig. 10.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 347

ft

Rhinobolus galtensis (Billings) — ContlDued.

Trimerella ( ?) galtensis Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London,

XXX, 1874, p. 151, pL 18, fig. 13; pi. 19, fig. 4.
Ehynobolus galtensis Wliiteaves, Pal. Fossils, III, 1884, p. 7, pi. 2, fig. 1; pi. 8,

fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 45, pi. 4B, tigs. 7-9.
Loc. Gait, Elora, Hespelar, and Durham, Ontario.

RHIPIDOMELLA CEhlert. Genotype Terebratula micbelini L'lilveille.
Rhipidomys CEhlert (non Wagnor, 1844), Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie,

1887, p. 1288.— Hall, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1889, p. 21.
Rhipidomella OShlert, Journal de Conchyliologie, 1891, p. 372.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 209 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State

Geologist, 1894, p. 271.

Rhipidomella alsa Hall. Schoharie (Dev.).

Orthis alsus Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 33;— Pal.

New York, IV, 1867, p. 36, pi. 4, figs. 2-7.
Rhipidomella alsa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225.
Loc. Albany County, New York.
Oha. Probably a synonym for R. peloris Hall.

Rhipidomella assimilis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis assimilis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 175, pi. 15, fig. 1.
Rhipidomella assimilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 224.
Loc. Schoharie, New York.

Rhipidomella burlingtonensis Hall. Burlington (L. Garb.).

Orthis michelini var. burlingtonensis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858,

p. 596, pi. 12, fig. 4.
Rhipidomella burlingtonensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 225, pi. 6A, fig. 13; pi. 20, figs. 5, 6.
Orthis burlingtonensis Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 6.3, pi. 38, fig. 7.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Quincy, Illinois; Hannibal, Missouri.

Rhipidomella circulus Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Orthis circulus Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 71, fig. 1;— Pal. New

York, II, 1852, p. 56, pi. 20, fig. 6.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p.

134, pi. 2, fig. 1.
Rhipidomella circulus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210,

224, pi. 6A, figs. 1, 2.
Loc. Reynales Basin, New York; Hamilton, Ontario.

Rhipidomella clarkensis (Swallow). Keokuk (L. Garb.).

Orthis clarkensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 81.
Rhipidomella clarkensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225.
Loc. Clark County, Missouri.
Ohs. Keyes regards this species as a synonym for Schizophoria swallovi.

Rhipidomella cleobis Hall. Onondaga (Dev.).

Orthis cleobis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 35;—

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 41, pi. 5, tigs. 9, 10.
Rhipidomella cleobis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225.
Loc. Williamsville and Clarence, New York.

Rhipidomella cumberlandise Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Orthis cumberlandiiu Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 481, pi. 95A, figs, 20, 21.
Rhipidomella cumberlandia? Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 225.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

348 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Rhipidomella (?) cuneata (Owen). Hamilton (Dev.).

Orthis ciiueatii Owen, Cieol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota,, 1852, p.
585, pi. 3A, iig. 10.

Khipidomella cuneata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Ft. I, 1«92, p. 225.

Loc. New Buffalo, Iowa
RMpidomella cyclas Hall. Marcellns and Hamilton (Dev.).

Orthis cyclas Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Xat. Hist., 18G0, p. 78;—

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 52, pi. 7, figs. 2, 3.
Rhipidomella cyclas Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225.
Loc. York, Pavilion, Bellona, etc., New York.

Rhipidomella dalyana (Miller). Burlington (L. Carb.).

Orthis dalyana Miller, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 1881, p. 313, pi. 7, fig. 8.
Rhipidomella dalyana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, yj^II, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225.
Loc. Lake Valley mining district, New Mexico.

Rhipidomella discus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis discus Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 165, pi. lOA, figs. 7-12.
Rhipidomella discus Hall and Clarke, Ibidom, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210, 225.
Loc. Hudson, Catskill, etc.. New York; Square Lake, Maine.

Rhipidomella duhia Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Orthis dubius Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 12.— Whitfield, Bull.

American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 45, pi. 6, figs. 1-5.— Hall, Twelfth Rep.

State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 324, pi. 29, figs. 1-5.
Orthis cooperensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 82.
Rhipidomella dubia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210,

225, pi. 6A, figs. 18-22.
Orthis dubia Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 64.
Loc. Spergen Hill and Bloomington, Indiana; Alton, Appanoose, etc., Illinois;

Boonville and Barretts Station, Missouri; Keokuk, Iowa; Caldwell County,

Kentucky.
Ois. Typical examples of R. cooperensis have been studied in Professor Hall's

collection.

Rhipidomella eminens Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis eminens Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 42, figs.

1,2;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 167, pi. 11, figs. 7-14.
Rhipidomella eminens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

210, 225.
Loc. Schoharie, Carlisle, etc., New Y'ork.

Rhipidomella goodwini (Xettelroth). Hamilton (Dev.).

Orthis goodwini Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur-
vey, 1889, p. 39, pi. 17, figs. 30-32.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Rhipidomella hartti (Rathbun). " Middle Devonian.

Orthis hartti Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 23.
Loc. Province of Para, Brazil.

Rhipidomella hybrida (Sowerby). Niagara (Sil.).

Orthis hybrida Sowerby, Murchison's Silurian System, 1839, p. 630, pi. 13, fig.
11.— Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 105, fig. 7 ;— Pal. New York,
II, 1852, p. 253, pi. 52, fig. 4.— Roemer, Die Silurische Fauna des West. Ten-
nessee, 1860, p. 63, pi. 5, fig. 6. — Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois,
1868, p. 371, pi. 7, fig. 7.— Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.
Hist., 1879, p. 149, pi. 21, figs. 18-25;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana,
1882, p. 285, pi. 21, figs, 18-25 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 36,

scHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 349

Rhipidomella hybrida (Sowerby) — Continued.

ligs. 1-5.— Foerste, Bull. Deuison Univ., 1, 1885, p. 83, pi. 13, fig. 10.— Beecaer

and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., 1, 1889, p. 17, pi. 1, figs. 13-18.— Nettelrotb,

Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 39, pi. 32, figs.

32-35.
Orthis hybrida? Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 209.
Rhipidomella hybrida Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 210,

221, pi. 6, figs. 1-5.
Orthis (Rhipidomella) hybrida Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 584, pi. 25, fig. 10.
Loc. Europe; Lockport, etc.. New York; Waldron, Indiana; Dayton, Ohio;

Louisville, Kentucky; Perry County, Tennessee; Perry County, Missouri;

Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami).

Rhipidomella idonea Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Orthis idonea Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 52, pi. 63, figs. 1-5.
Rhipidomella idonea Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225.
Loc. Moscow and Eighteen Mile Creek, New York.

Rhipidomella inca (d'Orbigny). Devonian.

Orthis inca d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Am^rique M^ridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 38.
Spirifer inca d'Orbigny, Ibidem, 1842, pi. 2, figs. 10-12.
Loc. Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Rhipidomella leucosia Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Orthis leucosia Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 80;—

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 48, 63, pi. 7, fig. 4; pi. 8, figs. 9, 10;— Second

Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 36, fig. 16.
Rhipidomella leucosia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225,

pi. 6, fig. 16; pi. 6A, fig. 9.
Loc. Eighteen Mile Creek, Canandaigua Lake, etc., New York; Cumberland,

Maryland.

Rhipidomella livia (Billings). Corniferous (Dev.).

Orthis livia Billings, Canadian Journal, n. ser., V, 1860, p. 267, figs. 14-16; —
Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 369, fig. 385.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 38,
pi. 5, fig. 4.— Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 32, figs. 14-16.— Nettelroth,
Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 40, pi. 16,
figs. 23, 24; pi. 17, figs. 33-35.

Rhipidomella livia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225.

Loc. Walpole, Ontario; New York; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio; Indian
Cove, Gasp^.

Rhipidomella lucia (Billings). Oriskauy (Dev.).

Orthis lucia Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 35, pi. 3, fig. 4.

Rhipidomella lucia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225.

Loc. Indian Cove, Gaspe.

Rhipidomella media (Shaler). Anticosti (Sil.).

Orthis media Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 65. — Billings, Cata-
logue Silurian Fossils of Anticosti, 1866, p. 41.
Loc. Anticosti.

Rhipidomella michelini (L'fiveille). Waverly (L. Carb.).

Terebratula michelini L'£veill€, M6m. Soci6t6 G^ol. de France, 11, 1835, p. 39,

pi. 2, figs. 14-17.
Orthis michelini Yandell and Shumard, Cont. Geol. Kentucky, 1847, p. 21. —

A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 116.
Orthis michelini? A. Winchell, Proc. American Philosophical Soc, XII, 1870, p.

251.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 36, figs. 19-21.

SnO SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [dull. 87.

Rhipidomella michelini (L'T^veille) — Continued.

Kliipiiloiiiflhi micheliui Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

194, 225, pi. 6A, fig. 12.
Loc. South of Louisville, aud near Lebanon, Kentucky; Newark, Granville,

etc., Ohio; Sbafors, Pennsylvania; Lake Valley mining district. New Mexico.
Ohs. It is probable that the American identitications of this species are the

same as K. oweni Hall and Clarke.

Rhipidomella missouriensis (Swallow). Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Orthismissouriensis Swallow (non Shumard, 1855), Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I,

1860, p. 639.
Rhipidomella missouriensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 225, pi. 6A, ligs. 16, 17.
Loc. Cooper and Marion counties, yissouri.

Ehipidomella (?) mitis (Hall). Schoharie (Dev.).

Orthis mitis Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 34;— Pal.

New York, IV, 1867, p. 37.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York.

Rhipidomella musculosa Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Orthis musculosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 46;— Pal.

New York, III, 1859, p. 409, pi. 91, tigs. 1-3; pi. 95, figs. 1-7.
Rhipidomella musculosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

190, 210, 225, pi. 6A, fig. 5.
Loc. Schoharie and Albany counties, New York; Cumberland, Maryland.

Rhipidomella nevadaensis (Meek). Carboniferous.

Orthis michelini (non L'£veill6) var. Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari.,

IV, 1877, p. 63, pi. 7, fig. 1.
Orthis uevadensis Meek, Ibidem, 1877; end of description.
Rhipidomella uevadensis Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 225.
Loc. White Pine district, Nevada.

Rhipidomella ohlata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis oblata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 41, figs.
l-5;-Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 162, pi. 10, figs. 1-22.— Whitfield, Geol. Wis-
consin, IV, 1882, p. 320, pi. 25, figs. 1, 2.

Rhipidomella oblata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210,
225, pi. 6A, figs. 3, 4.

Loc. Schoharie, Cailisle, Hudson, etc., New York; Waunakee, W^isconsin.

Rhipidomella oblata emarginata (Hall). Lower Helderberg- (Dev.).

Orthis oblata var. emarginata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 164, pi. lOA,

figs. 4-6.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Rhipidomella occasus Hall. Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

Orthis occasus Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 111.
Rhipidomella occasus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225.
Loc. Rockford, Indiana.
Ohs. Compare with R. thiemei White.

Rhipidomella oweni Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Orthis (Rhipidomella) oweni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 342, pi. 6, figs. 19-21.
Loc, Euttonmould Knobs, south of Louisville, Kentucky.
Ohs. See R. michelini L'Eveill6.

scHucHERT] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 351

Rhipidomella pecosi (Marcou). Upper Carboniferous.

Ortbis pecosi Marcou, Geol. N. America, Eebruary 1858, p. 48, pi. 6, fig. 14. —
White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 125, pi. 9,
fig. 5. — Kayser, Richthofen's China, IV, 1883, p. 177, pi. 24, fig. 1. — Waagen,
PaliEontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 573, pi. 56, figs. 1-3.— White,
Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 129, pi. 32, figs. 20-22.— Keyes,
Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 64. — Smith, Proc. American Phil. Soc,
XXXV, 1897, p. 27 (extract).

Orthis carbonaria Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, June, 1858, p. 218. —
Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska, 1872, p. 173, pi, 1, fig. 8.—
Meek and Wortheu, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 571, pi. 25, fig. 4.— Hall,
Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 37, figs. 1-4.

Orthis sp. uudet. Meek, Pal. California, I, 1864, p. 10, pi. 2, fig. 5.

Rhipidomella pecosi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 210,
226, pi. 7, figs. 1-4.

Loc. Throughout the Upper Carboniferous of North America; Lo-Ping, China;
Amb, India.

Ehipidomella peloris Hall. Sclioliarie (Dev.).

Orthis peloris Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 32;—

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 34, pi. 4, figs. 1, 8-10.
Rhipidomella peloris Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225,

pi. 6A, fig. 6.
Loc. Clarksville and Knox, New York.
Oha. Probably the same as R. alsa Hall.

Rhipidomella penelope Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Orthis penelope Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. V. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 79,
figs. 1, 2;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 50, pi. 6, fig. 2;— Second Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 36, figs. 6-13.

Rhipidomella penelope Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.
211, 225, pi. 6, figs. 6-13; pi. 6A, fig. 10 (?11).

Loc. Hamburg, Alexander, Pavilion, York, Moscow, etc., New York.

Rhipidomella penniana (Derby). Upper Carboniferous.

Orthis penniana Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 26, pi. 5, figs. 13, 15, 17,

19-22; pi. 8, fig. 2.
Rhipidomella penniana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

210, 225, pi. 7, figs. 5-10.
Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil.

Rhipidomella pennsylvanica (Simpson). Chemung- (Dev.).

Orthis pennsylvanica Simpson, Trans. American Philosophical Soc, n.ser., XVI,

1889, p. 437, fig. 1.
Loc. Tioga and McKean counties, Pennsylvania.

Rhipidomella rhynchonelliformis (Shaler). Anticosti (Sil.).

Orthis rhynchonelliformis Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 66. — Bill-
ings, Catalogue Sil. Foes. Anticosti, 1806, p. 42.
Loc. Anticosti.
01)8. Probably a variety of Rhipidomella uberis (Billings).

Rhipidomella semele Hall. Onondaga (Dev.).

Orthis semele Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 34;— Pal.

New York, IV, 1867, p. 40, pi. 5, figs. 7, 8.
Rhipidomella semele Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225.
Loc. Erie County, New York; Columbus, Ohio.

352 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Rhipidomella solitaria Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Orthis solitariii J [all, Thirtoeutli Rep. New York State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.

80;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 45, pi. 7, fig. 1.
Rhipiaomella solitaria Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225,
Loc. York, New York.

Rhipidomella subcirculus (Simpson). Clinton (Sil.).

Orthis siibcircula Simi)80u, Trans. American Philosopliical See, n. ser., X^'I,

1889, p. 437, fig. 2.
Loc. MiiHin and Huntington counties, Pennsylvania.

Rhipidomella subelliptica (White and Whitfield), Kinderhook (L.Carb.).
Orthis subelliptica White and Whitfield, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.. VIII,

1862, p. 292.
Rhipidomella subelliptica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 225.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Rhipidomella suborbicularis Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Orthis suborbicularis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 486, pi. 2, fig. 1.
Rhipidomella suborbicularis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 225.
Loc. Rock Island, Illinois.

Rhipidomella thiemei (White). Chemung (Dev.) and Kinderhook (L.

Carb.).
Orthis thiemii. White, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1860, p. 231;— Twelfth

Rep. Hayden's U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1883, p. 164, pi. 41, fig. 4.
Orthis thiemii? Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 63, pi. 8, fig. 2.
Rhipidomella thiemii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 225,

pi. 6A, figs. 14, 15.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; In the Chemung group at Leon, Napoli, and New Albion,
New York.

Rhipidomella tubulistriata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis tubulostriata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 42;—

Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 166, pi. 11, figs. 1-6.
Rhipidomella tubulostriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

pp. 210, 225.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Rhipidomella uberis (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.).

Orthis aequivalvis Shaler (non Hall, 1847), Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 66.
Orthis uberis Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 42.
Rhipidomella uberis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 224.
Loc. Anticosti.
Ohs. See Rhipidomella rhynchonelliformia (Shaler).

Rhipidomella vaniixemi Hall. Corniferoiis-Hamilton (Dev.).

Orthis vanuxemi Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 135, figs.
1-7;— Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 487, pi. 2, tigs. 2, 3.— Billings,
Canadian Jour., V, 1860, p. 269.— A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1862, p. 409.— Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 384, fig. 417.— Hall,
Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 40, 47, pi. 5, fig. 6; pi. 6, fig. 3;— Second Ann.
Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 36, tigs. 14, 15.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fos-
sil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 45, pi. 16, figs. 4-6, 12-14.—
Herrick, Geol. Ohio, Vll, 1895, pi. 20, fig. 10.

scHTJCHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 353

Rhipidomella vanuxemi Hall — Continued.

Eliipidomella vanuxemi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p.

225, pi. 6, figs. 14, 15; pi. 6A, figs. 7, 8.
Loc. New York ; Columbus, Ohio ; Falls of Ohio ; Rock Island, Illinois ; Buffalo,
Iowa; Bosanquet, Ontario; Huron group. Port aux Barques, Michigan.

Rhipidomella vanuxemi pulchella (Herrick.) Waverly (L. Carb.).

Orthis vanuxemi var. pulchella Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 38, pi.

5, fig. 9.
Orthis vanuxemi var. gracilis Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 21, fig. 9.
Loc. Granville, Ohio.

RHYNCHONELLA Fischer de Waldheim. Genotype E. loxia Fischer de

Waldheim.
Rhynchonella Fischer de Waldheim, Notice des Fos. Gonv. Moscou, 1809, p. 35,
tab. II, figs. 5, 6.— Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
1860, p. 65. — Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to
KnowL, XIV, 172, 1861, p. 70.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 332;—
Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 269.— Dall, American
Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 151;— Ibidem, VII, 1871, p. 70.— Billings, Pal. Fos-
sils, II, 1874, 11. 35.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky
Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 72.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,
pp. 177, 178 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 822.

Rhynchonella senigma (d'Orbigny). Jurassic.

Terebratula ;pnygma d'Orbigny, Voyage dans l'Am6rique Meridionale, Pal., 1842,

p. 62, pi. 22, figs. 10-13.
Terebratula concinna (uon Sowerby) Bayle and Coquand, Mem. Soc. G6ol.

France, ser. ii, IV, 1851, p. 2S, pi. 8, figs. 4-6.
Rhynchonella amigma Gottsche, PaltBontographica, Suppl., Ill, 1878, p. 34.
Rhynchonella cfr. tenigma Steinman. Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beilageband, 1881,

p. 253.
Loc. Guasco, Coquimbo, Dona Ana, Chile; Copiapo, Caracoles, and Iquique,

Peru.

Rhynchonella aequiplicata Gabb. Triassic.

Rhynchonella lequiplicata Gabb, Geol. Survey California, Pal., I, 1864, p. 35,

pi. 6, tig. 37.
Loc. Cinnabar district, Humboldt Mountain, Nevada.

Ehynchonella .nequiradiata MiIler=Camarotoecbia sequiradiata.
Rhynchonella iiequivalvis Hall = Lissopleura fBquival vis.
Rhynchonella abrupta Hall = Uneinulus abruptus.

Rhynchonella acadiaensis Davidson. Upper Carboniferous.

Rhynchonella acadiensis Davidson, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX, 1863,

p. 172, pi. 9, fig. 16.— Dawson, Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 294, fig. 94.
Loc. Brookfield, Nova Scotia.

Rhynchonella acinus Hall=Camarota?chia acinus.

Rhynchonella acinus convexa Foerste = Camarotoechia acinus convexa.

Rhynchonella acutiplicata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Rhynchonella acutiplicata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 73, fig. 7;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 232, pi. 33, fig. 3.
Loc. Schoharie, New York.
Bull. 87 23

354 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Rhynchonella (?) acutirostris Hall, Chazy (Ord.).

Atiypa iicutirostra Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 21, pi. 4 bis, fig. 6.
KhyncbonoUa acutirostris Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 05.
Loc. Chazy, New York.
Ohs. This species is referred to Zygospira by Whitfield.

Rliynclionella aiusliei Wincliell=Rhynchotrema ainsliei.

Rhynchonella algeri McChesney. Upper (-arboniferous.

Khynchouella algeri McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 51.
Loc. Near New Harmony, Indiana.

Rhynchonella allegania Williams. Chemung (Dev.).

Rhychonella allegania Wi^diams, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 41, 1887, p. 87, pi. 4,

figs. 1-8.
Loc. Clean and Little Genesee, New York; Bradford, Pennsylvania.

Ehyncbonella alta CaIvin=Piigiiax pugniis aita.
Rhynclionella altilis Hall=Oamarota)chia plena.

Rhynchonella altiplicata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Ehyncbonella altiplicata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist,, 1857, p. 72,

figs. 1-4;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p, 231, pi, 33, fig. 2,
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York.

Rhynchonella alveata Hall=Ceutronella alveata.

Rhynchonella amhigua Calvin. Middle Devonian.

Rhynchonella ambigua Calvin, Bull. U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey Terr., IV,

^ 1878, p. 729.
Loc. Independence, Iowa.

Rhynchonella anduin Gottsche. Jurassic.

Terebratula a'uigma (non d'Orb.) Darwin, Geol. Observations South America,

1846, pp. 215, 233, pi. 5, figs. 10-12.— Burmeister and Giebel, Abh. Naturf.

Gessel. Halle, VI, 1862, p. 128.
Terebratula subtetra^da (non Davidson) Conrad, U. S. Astronomical Exped.

Southern Hemisphei-e, 1855, p. 282, pi. 42, fig. 8. «

Rhynchonella anduin Gottsche, Palaeontographica, Suppl., Ill, 1878, p. 34, pi. 4,

figs. 4-7.
Loc. Iquique, Portezuelo de Manflas, and Cordillera de Dona Ana, Chile.

Rhynchonella angulata Geinitz (non Linne)=Enteletes hemiplicatus,
Rhynchonella (?) anticostiensis Billings. Lorraine (Ord.).

Rhynchonella anticostiensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 142, fig. 119; —

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 211, fig. 212.
Rhynchonella ( ?) anticostiensis Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey,

III, 1893, p. 464, fig. 34.
Rhynchonella anticostiensis var. Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., HI, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 179.
Loc, Anticosti; Wilmington and Savanna, Illinois ; Lattners, Iowa; Wisconsin;

Manitoba.
Ohs. Compare with R. argenturbica White.

Rhynchonella (?) antisiensis (d'Orbigny). _ Lower Devonian.

Terebratula antisiensis d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Am^rique M^ridionale, Pal.,

1842, p. 36, pi. 2, figs. 26-28.
? Rhynchonella cf. antisiensis A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII,

1892, p. 57, pi. 4, figs. 1-7.
Loc. Cochabamba, Tarabuco, Bolivia.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 355

Rhynchonella antonii Gabb. ! Cretaceous.

Ehynchonella antonii Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser,, IV, 1881,

p. 299, pi. 42, fig. 10.
Loc. Cerro de San Antonio, and near Chota, Peru.

Rhynchonella arctirostrata Swallow. St. Louis (L. Garb.).

Ehynchonella arctirostrata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci,, II, 1863, p. 84.
Loc. Cooper County, Missouri.

Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for R. 8ubcuneata = Camarophoria sub-
cuneata.

Rhynchonella (?) argentea Billings. Auticosti (Sil.).

Ehynchonella ? argentea Billings, Catalogue Silurian Fossils Anticosti, 1866,

p. 43.
Loc. Anticosti.

Rhynchonella argenturbica White --Rhynchotreta in?equivalvis.

Rhynchonella aspasia Billings. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Ehynchonella aspasia Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1863, p. Ill,

pi. 3, fig. 6.
Loc. Square Lake, Maine.

Rhynchonella harquensis A. Winchell. Marshall (L. Carb.).

Ehynchonella barquensis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862,

p. 408.
Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan.

Rhynchonella barrandi Hall=Camarotoechia barrandei.

Rhynchonella (?) belliformis Nettelroth. Niagara (Sil.).

Ehynchonella bellafornia Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 73.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

Rhynchonella belemnitica Quenstedt. Jurassic.

Ehynchonella belemnitica(Quenst.) Moricke, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilagebaud,

IX, 1894, p. 61.
For locality iind observations see E. plicatisaima.

Rhynchonella hialveata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Ehynchonella ? bialveata Hall, Tenth Eep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 73;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 233, pi. 34, figs. 1-4.
Loc. Albany County, New York; Square Lake, Maine.

Rhynchonella (?) bidens Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Atrypa bidens Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 69, pi. 23, fig. 3.
Ehynchouella bidens Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 77.
Loc. Lockport, New York.

Rhynchonella (?) bidentata (Hisinger). Niagara (Sil.).

Terebratula bidentata Hisinger, Kongl. Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handl., for 1825,

1826, p. 343, pi. 7, tig. 5.
Atrypa bidentata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 276, pi. 57, fig. 3.
Ehynchonella bidentata Hall, Twelfth Eep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist , 1859,

p. 77.
Loc. Lockport, New York.

Rhynchonella billingsi Hall=Camarotoechia billingsi.
Rhynchonella booeusis Shumard=Leiorhynchus boonense.
Rhynchonella brevirostris Billings =Anastrophia brevirostris.

356 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Rhynchonella camerifera A. Wincliell. Marshall (L. Oarb.).

Kliynchoiiolki camerifera A. Winchell, Proc. A(;ad. Nat. Sci. Pliiladelpbia, 1862,

p. 408.
Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan.

Ehynclionella campbellana Hall=Uiicinulus carapbellanus.

Rhynchonella camura ]Iall=Trematospira camura.

Rhynchonella capax nall=Rhynchotremacapax.

Rhynchonella caput-testudinis White=Camarophoria caput- testudin is.

Rhynchonella caracolensis Gottsche. Jurassic.

Ehynclionella caracolensis Gottsche, PalsBontographica, .Sux»pl., Ill, 1878, p. 44,
pi. 4, fig. 8. — Steinm in, NeuesJahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, 1881, p. 253. —
Moricke, Ibidem, Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 61.

Loc. Iqnique, Chile; Caracoles, Bolivia.

Rhynchonella carhonaria McOhesuey. Upper Carboniferous.

Rhynchonella carbonaria McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 51.
Loc. Near Farmington, Illinois.

Rhynchonella carica Hall=Caniarotoechia carica.
Rhynchonella Carolina Hall=Cainarotoechia Carolina.
Rhynchonella castanea Meek=Hypothyris castanea.
Rhynchonella congregata Hall=:Camarotoechia congregata.
Rhynchonella contracta Hall = Cam arotoechia contracta.
Rhynchonella contracta var. saxatilis Hall = Cam arotcechia contracta
saxatilis.

Rhynchonella colletti Miller. Niagara (Sil.).

Rhynchonella colletti Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana, 1894,

p. 311, pi. 9, tigs. 8, 9.
Loc. Wabash, Indiana.

Rhynchonella cooperensis Shumard, Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

Rhynchonella cooperensis Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 204, pi. C,

fig. 4.
fCamarophoria cooperensis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 224,

pi. 18, fig. 6.
Loc. Cooper County, Missouri ; Eureka district, Nevada.

Rhynchonella (?) corinthia Billings. Calciferous (Ord.).

Rhynchonella corinthia Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 220.
Loc. Table Head, Newfoundland.

Rhynchonella cuneata Billings, and Hall = Rhynchotreta cuneata

americana.
Rhynchonella dawsoniana Davidson=Pugnax dawsoniana.

Rhynchonella (?) decemplicata Sowerby. Clinton (Sil.).

Rhynchonella decemplicata Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV", 1890,

p. 320, pi. 6, figs. 23, 24.
Loc, England; Cumberland Gap, Tennessee.

Rhynchonella dentata Hall=Rhyuchotrema dentatum.
Rhynchonella dotis Hall=Camarotoechia dotis.

Rhynchonella dryope Billings. Oriskauy (Dev.).

Rhynchonella dryope Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p, 37, pi. 3A, tig. 1.
Loc. Grand Greve, Gaspe.

scHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 357

EhyncTionella dubia Hall=Protor]iynclia diibia.
Eliyuclionella duplicata Hall=Cainarotoecliia duplicata.
Ebynclionella eatoniseformis McObesney=Pugnax rockymontana.

Rhynchonella emacerata Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Atrypa emacerata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 71, pi. 23, fig. 6. — Dawson,

Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. .599.
Rhynchouella emacerata Hall, Twelftli Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 77.
Loc. Sodus and Rochester, New York ; Arisaig, Nova Scotia.
Ehynchonella eminens Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Rhyuchonella emiuens Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

^ p. 78;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 237, pi. 37, figs. 3, 4.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Ebynclionella emmonsi Hall and Wbitfield^^Hypotbyris emmonsi.
Ebyncbonella endlicbi Meek=Cainarotaicbia endlicbi.

Rhyncbonella ererensis Eatbbun. Middle Devonian.

Rhynchouella ererensis Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 32.
Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil.

Rhynchonella eurekaensis Walcott. Lower Carboniferous.

Rhynchouella eurekensis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 223,

pi. 18, fig. 8.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Ehynchonella (?) eva Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Rhyuchonella eva Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 44.
Loc. Anticosti.

Rhynchouella evangelina Hartt. Upper Carboniferous.

Rhynchouella evangelina Hartt, Dawson's Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 299.
Loc. Windsor, Nova Scotia.

Ois. Compare with Pugnax pugnua as identified by Davidson, from the same
locality.

Rhynchonella excellens Billings, Oriskany (Dev.).

Rhyuchonella excellens Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 36, figs. 17, 18.
Loc. Indian Cove, Gasp^.

Ebyncbonella eximia Hall=Camarotoecbia eximia.
Ebyucbonella explanata McChesney=Cainaropboria explanata.

Rhynchonella fitchana Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Rhynchouella fitchaua Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 85;—

Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 441, pi. 103, fig. 1.
Loc. Carlisle, New York.

Ebyncbonella formosa Hall=Ebynchotrema formosum.
Ebyncbonella fringilla Billings=Camarotcecbia fringilla.

Rhynchonella gainesi iSTettelrotb. Hamilton (Dev.).

Rhynchonella gainesi Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geo-
logical Survey, 1889, p. 76, pi. 31, figs. 6-9.
Loc. Jeflerson County, Kentucky.

Ebyncbonella glacialis Billings =CainarotcEcbia glacialis.
Ebyncbonella glansfagea Hall=Centrouella glansfagea.

358 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Rhynchonella gnathophora Meek. Jurassic.

libynchouella guutlioplioni Mec^k, Geol. Survey California, Pal., 1, 1864, p. 39, pi.

"8,fig.l.
Ehyiicbonella ffiiatbophoraf Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40tli

" Pari., IV, 1877, p. 284, pi. 7, iig. 6.
Loc. Pluuias County, California; Uinta Range, Utah.

Eliynclionella greenana Criricli=Leiorliynclius greeueaniim.

Rhynchonella guadalupae Sliumard. Upper Carboniferous.

Rhynchonella guadalupe Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 295,

^pl. 11, fig. 6.
Loc. Gnadalujie Mountains, New Mexico and Texas.

Rhynchonella halli Gabb. Triassic.

Rhynchonella halli Gabb, .Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., IV, 1860,

p. 308, pi. 48, fig. 29.
Loc. Bath County, Virginia.

Rhynchonella heteropsis A. Wincliell. Kinderliook (L. Carb.).

Rhynchonella heteropsis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865,

p. 121.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Hamburg, Illinois; Medina County, Ohio.

Rhynchonella horsfordi Hall=Camarotoechia liorsfordi.

Rhynchonella hubhardi A. Winchell. Marshall (L. Carb.).

Rhynchonella hubbardi A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p.

407;— Ibidem, 1865, p. 122.
Loc. Marshall and Port aux Barques, Michigan ; Summit County, Ohio.
Rhynchonella huronensis A. Winchell. Huron (Dev.).

Rhynchonella huronensis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862,

p. 409.
Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan.

Rhynchonella huronensis precipua A. Winchell. Huron (Dev.).

Rhynchonella huronensis var. precipua A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phil-
adelphia, 1862, p. 409.
Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan.

Rhynchonella (?) hydraulica Whitfield. Waterlime (Sil.).

Rhynchonella hydraulica Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 194;—
Ibidem, V, 1891, p. 512, pi. 5, fig. 17 ;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 414, pi. 1, fig. 17.
Loc. Greenfield, Ohio.

Rhynchonella ida Hartt. Upper Carboniferous.

Rhynchonella ida Hartt, Dawson's Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 298.
Loc. Windsor, Nova Scotia.

Rhynchonella illinoisensis Worthen. Upper Carboniferous.

Rhynchonella illinoisense Worthen, Bull. Illinois State Mus. Nat. Hist., 2, 1884,

p. 24;— Geol. Survey Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 104, pi. 11, fig. 3.
Loc. Peoria, Illinois.

Ehynchonella increbescens Hall, 1860 (non 1847)=E.hynchotreinacapax.
Ehynchonella increbescens Hall=Ehynchotrema inajquivalve.

Rhynchonella indentata Shumard. Ujjper Carboniferous.

Rhynchonella indentata Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1859, p. 393.
Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico.

Rhynchonella indianensis Hall=Caimarotoechia indianaensis.

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 359

Rhynchonella insequiplicata Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Khynchonella inequiplicata Hall, Teuth Kep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 126.
Loc. "Western New York."

Rhynchonella intermedia Barris=Hypothyris emmonsi.

Rhynchonella inutilis Hall. Lower Heklerberg (Dev.).

Rhynchonella inutilis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 71;—

Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 223, pi. 34, tigs. 7, 8.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Rhynchonella (?) janea Billings. Lorraine and Auticosti (Ord. and Sil.).
Rhynchonella janea Billings, Catalogue Sil. Fossils Anticosti, 1866, p. 43.—
Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 316, pi. 5, figs. 23, 24.
Loc. Anticosti ; Collinsville, Alabama.

Ehyncbonella kokomoensis Miller=Wilsonia kokomoensis.

Rhynchonella lacunosa (Schlotheiin). Jurassic.

Terebratulites lacunosa Schlotheim, Leonhardt's Min. Tasch., VII, 1813, pi. 1,
tig. 2.

Rhynchonella lacunosa Davidson, British Oolitic and Liassic Brach., Pal. Soc,
1852, p. 96, pi. 16, figs. 13, 14. — Aguilera, Datos para la Geologia de Mexico,
1893, p. 18;— Bol. Com. Geologica de Mexico, I, 1895, p. 1, pi. 1, figs. 1-13.

Loc. Europe; Rancho Alamitos, Sierra de Catorce, Mexico.

Rhynchonella lacunosa arolica Oppel. Jurassic.

Rhynchonella lacunosa var. arolica Aguilera, Datos para la Geologia de Mexico,
1893, p. 18;— Bol. Com. Geol6gica de Mexico, I, 1895, p. 1, pi. 1, figs. 14-25;
pi. 2, tigs. 1, 2.

Loc. Europe; Rancho Alamitos, Sierra de Catorce, Mexico.

Rhynchonella Isevis Simpson. Clinton (Sil.).

Rhynchonella (Stenochisma) laivis Simpson, Trans. American Philosophical Soc,

n. ser., XVI, 1889, p. 443, fig. 8.
Loc. Blair County, Pennsylvania.

Rhynchonella (?) lamellata Hall. Coralline (Sil.).

Atrypa lamellata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 329, pi. 74, fig. 11.
Rhynchonella lamellata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 78.
L'OO. Schoharie, New York.

Rhynchonella laura Billings =Leiorbynchus laura.

Rhynchonella lingulata Gabb. Triassic.

Rhynchonella lingulata Gabb, Geol. Survey California, Pal., I, 1864, p. 34, pi. 6,

fig. 36.
Loc. Humboldt County, Nevada.

Rhynchonella louisvillensis Nettelroth. Corniferous (Dev.).

Rhynchonella louisvillensis Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 77, pi. 31, figs. 1-4,
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Rhynchonella macra Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Rhynchonella macra Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 11. — Whitfield,
Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, 1882, p. 52, pi. 6, figs. 40-42.— Hall, Twelfth
Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 334, pi. 29, figs. 40-42.
Loc. Alton, Illinois.

360 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [hvll.si.

Khynchonella mainensis Billings. Lower Ilelderberg (Dev.).

Rhynchout'lla maiueusis Billiugs, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 18G3, p. 110,

pi. 3, lig. 4.
Loc. Square Lake, Maine.

Rhynchonella manflasensis ]\[()ricke. Jurassic.

Rhyuchouella niantlasensis Muricke, Neues .Tahrl>. f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX,

1894, p. 62, pi. 5, ligs. 7a-7c.
Loc. Manfla.s and Melon, Chile.

Khyuclionella maDsoui Salter=Atrypa mansouii.

Ebyuchoiiella marsliallensis A. Wiuchell=Camarot(Fchia marslialleusis.

Rhjmchonella maudensis Whiteaves. Oetaceous.

Rhynchonella maudensis Whiteaves, Mesozoic Fossils, f4eol. Surv. Canada, I,

' 1884, p. 252, pi. 33, lig. 8.
Loc. Maud Island.

Ehynchonella medea Billings. Corniferous (Dev.).

Rhynchonella medea Billings, Canadian Jour., n. ser., V, 1860, p. 271; — Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 370, fig. 388.
Loc. Township of Rainham, Ontario,

Rhynchonella medialis Simpson. Waverly (L. Garb.).

Rhynchonella medialis Simpson, Trans. American Philosophical Soc, n. ser.,

XVI, 1889, p. 444, fig. 9.
Loc. Warren, Pennsylvania.

Rhynchonella (?) metallica White. Upper Carboniferous.

Rhynchonella metallica White, Wheeler's P]xp]. and Survey west 100th Merid.,
Prel. Rep., 1874, p. 20;— Ibidem, Final Rep., IV, 1875, p. 129, pi. 10, fig. 10.
Loc. Lincoln County, Nevada.
Ohs. Probably an Uncinulus.

Ehynchonella mica Billings=Zygospira mica.

Rhynchonella (?) micropleura A. Winchell. Marshall (L. Carb.).

Rhynchonella (Retzia?) micropleura A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Phila-
delphia, 1865, p. 122.
Loc. Battlecreek, Michigan.

Ehynchonella minnesotensis Sardeson=Ehynchotrema inaequivalvis.
Ehynchonella missouriensis Shumard, fig. 5a (non 5b, 5c)=:Pugnax

pugnus missouriensis.
Ehynchonella missouriensis Shumard, figs. 5b, 5c (non 5a)=Pugnax

striaticostata.

Rhynchonella multistriata Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Rhynchonella multistriata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 85;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 440, pi. 102, fig. 3; pi. 106, fig. 3.
Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York.

Ehynchonella mutabilis Hall=Uncinulus mutabilis.
Ehynchonella mutata Hall=Pugnax mutata.

Rhynchonella myrina Hall and Whitfield. Jurassic.

Rhynchonella species? Meek and Hayden, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV,

172, 1865, p. 71, pi. 4, fig. 3.
Rhynchonella myrina Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari.,

IV, 1877, p. 284, pi. 7, figs. 1-5.— Whitfield, Powell's Geol. Geogr. Survey

Rocky Mountain Region, 1880, p. 347, ]il. 3, figs. 6, 7.
Loc. Uinta Range, Utah; Black Hills, Dakuta.

SCH0CHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 361

Rhynchonella neenah Whitfield. Lorraine (Ord.).

Khynclionella neenah Whitlield, Geol. Wisconsiuj IV, 1882, p. 265, pi. 12, figs.

19-22.
Khynchonella (?) neenah Winchell and Schuchert, Geol. Survey Minnesota, III,

1893, p. 465, pi. 34, figs. 35-37.
Loc. Ironridge, Clifton, etc., Wisconsin; Savanna, Illinois; Lattners, Iowa.

Ehynchonella neglecta Hall = Camarotcechia neglecta.
Ehyiicliouella neglecta var. scobina Meek=Camarotcechia neglecta.
Eliyuchonella uiteus Dana=Terebratiila nitens.
Ehynclionella uobilis Hall=Uncinulus uobilis.
Ehynchonella nucleolata Hall=Uncinulus nncleolatus.

Rhynchonella nucula (Sowerby). Silurian.

Terebratula nucula Sowerby, Murcbison's Silurian System, 1839, pi. 5, fig. 20.
Ehynchonella nucula Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878,

p. 595.
Loc. England; Bessels Bay, lat. 81° 6'.

Rhynchonella nutrix Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Rhynchonella nutrix Billings, Catalogue Silurian Fossils Anticosti, 1866, p. 43.
Loc. Anticosti.

Rhynchonella oblata Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Rhynchonella oblata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist,, 1857, p. 86;—

Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 439, pi. 102, tigs. 1, 2.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York.

Rhynchonella obsolescens Hall. Kinderhook (L. Caib.).

Ehynchonella (Eatonia) obsolescens Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat.

Hist., 1860, p. 111.
Loc. Rockford, Indiana.

Ehynchonella obtusiplicata Hall=Camarotoechia obtusiplicata.

Rhynchonella occidens Walcott. Lower Devonian.

Rhynchonella occidens Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p, 152, jil.

15, tig. 3.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Rhynchonella opposita White and Whitfield. Kinderhook (L, Carb.).
Rhynchonella opposita White and Whitfield, Proc, Boston Soc, Nat. Hist., VIII,

1862, p. 294.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Ehynchonella orbicularis Hall=Camarot(Echia orbicularis.

Rhynchonella orientalis Billings. Chazy (Ord.).

Rhynchonella orientalis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., IV, 1859, p. 443, fig. 21; —

Geol, Canada, 1863, p. 126, fig, 51.
Loc. Mingan Island.

Ehynchonella osageusis Swallow =Pugn ax utah.
Ehynchonella ottumwa White=Pugnax ottumwa.
Ehynchonella parvini McChesney=Camarophoria subtrigona.
Ehynchonella perlamellosa Whitfield = Eh ynchotrem a perlamellosum.

Rhynchonella perrostellata Swallow. St. Louis (L. Oai'b.).

Rhynchonella perrostellata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 85.
Loc. Cooper County, Missouri.

362 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Rhynchonella persinuata A. Wiiicbell. Kiuderliook (L. Carb.).

Ivbyuchonclla persiuuata A. Wiuchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865,

p. 121.
Loc. Burliujrton, Iowa.

Bbynchonella phoca Salter=Atrypa plioca.

Rhynchonella pipira Derby. Upper Carboniferous.

Khynchouella pipira Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 21, pi. 3, figs. 18, 2?>,

' 25, 20, 31.
Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil.

Rhynchonella pisa Hall aud Whitfield. Niagara (Sil.).

Rhynchonella pisa Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 135, pi. 7, iigs.
18-22. — Xettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geological Sur-
vey, 188d, p. 78, pi. 32, figs. 24-27.
Loc. Highland County, Ohio; Louisville, Kentucky.

Rhynchonella planiconvexa Hall. Lower Helderberg (l)ev.).

Rhynchonella plauoconvexa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 75;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 235, pi. 34, fig. 22.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Ehynchonella plena Hall=Oamarot(]echia plena.
Ehynchonella i)leiopleura Hall=Camaroto?chia pleiopleura.

Rhynchonella pleurodon (Phillips). Upper Carboniferous.

Terebratula pleurodon Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1836, p. 222, pi. 12, figs.

25-30.
Rhynchonella pleurodon Davidson, Mon. British Carb. Brach., 1860, p. 101,

pi. 23, figs. 1-15.— Toula, Sitzungsb. der k. k. Akad. zu Wien, LIX, 1869, p. 7,

pi. 1, fig. 6. — Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878,

p. 632.
Loc. Europe; "Common in the Carboniferous rocks of America/' Davidson;

Bolivia; Feilden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43'.
Ohs. Compare with Pugnas utah (Marcou).

Rhynchonella plicata Hall. Medina (Sil.).

Atrypa plicata Hall, Pal. New York; II, 1852, p. 10, pi, 4, fig. 6.
Rhynchonella plicata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78.
Loc. Lockport, New York.

Rhynchonella plicatella (Linne). Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa plicatella? Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 279, pi. 58, figs. 3, 4.
Rhynchonella plicatella Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 78.
Atrypa plicatella Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 337.
Loc. Europe ; Wolcott, New York.

Rhynchonella plicatilis (Sowerby). Cretaceous.

Terebratula plicatella Sowerby, Mineral Conchl., V, 1825, p. 167, tab. 503, fig. 1.
Rhynchonella plicatilis Davidson, British Cretaceous Brach., Pal. Soc, I, 1852,

p. 75, pi. 10, figs. 37, 42.— Eichwald, Geog. Paleont. Bemerk. Halb. Mang.

Aleutischeu Inseln, 1871, p. 200.
Loc. England; Alaska.

Rhynchonella plicatissima Quenstedt. Jurassic.

Rhynchonella plicatissima (Quenst.) Moricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilage-

band, IX, 1894, p. 61.
Loc. Sierra de la Ternera, Coquimbo, Guasco, and Copiapo, Chile.
Ohs. Moricke says that Terebratula icnigma Forbes in great part belong to this

species and R. belemnitica.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 363

Rhynchonella plicifera Hall=Oamarotoechia plena.

Rhynchonella principalis Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Rhynchonella principalis Hall, Tenth Rep. N.Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 84 ;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 443, pi. 106, fig. 4.
Loc. Auburn, New York.

Rliynohonella prolifica Hall=Camarot(]echia proliflca.
Rhynchonella pugnus of authors =Piignax pugnus.
Rhynchonella pustulosa White=Rhynchopora pustulosa.
Rhynchonella pyramidata Hall=Unciuulus pyramidatus.

Khynchonella pyrrha Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Rhynchouella pyrrha Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 44.
Loc. Anticosti.

Rhynchonella ramsayi Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Rhynchonella ramsayi Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 446, pi. lOlA, figs. 7, 8.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Rhynchonella (?) raricosta Whitfield. Corniferous (Dev.).

Rhynchonella ? raricosta Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., II, 1882, p. 201;—
Ibidem, V, 1891, p. 522, pi. 6, fig. 6;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 421, pi. 2, fig. 6.
ioc. Columbus, Ohio.

Rhynchonella reticulata Hall=Dictyonella reticulata.

Rhynchonella ricinula Hall. St. Louis (L. Garb.).

Rhynchonella ricinula Hall, Trans Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 9. — Whitfield,
Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 53, pi. 6, fig. 46.— Hall, Twelfth
Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 330, pi. 29, fig. 46.
Loc. Spergen Hill, Indiana.

Rhynchonella ringens Swallow =Camarophoria ringens. '

Rhynchonella robusta Hall. Cknton (Sil.).

Atrypa robusta Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 71, pi. 23, fig. 7.
Rhynchonella robusta Hall. Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78.
Loc. Lockport, New York.

Rhynchonella rockymontana Marcou=Pugnax rockymontana.

Rhynchonella royana Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Rhynchonella? (Stenocisma?) royana Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 338, pi. 54,

figs. 20-23.
Loc. Near Leroy, New York.

Rhynchonella rudis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Rhynchonella rudis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 75;—

Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 235, pi. 34, figs. 20, 21.
Loc. Hudson, New York.

Rhynchonella rugicosta Nettelroth. Magara (Sil.).

Rhynchonella rugipcosta Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 78, pi. 32, figs. 48-51.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

Rhynchonella saffordi Hall=Wilsonia saffordi.
Rhynchonella saftbrdi var. depressa=Wilsonia saffordi depressa.
Rhynchonella sageriana A. Winchell^Camarotcechia sageriana.
Rhynchonella sancta Sardeson=Rhynchotrema inaiquivalve laticos-

tatum.
Rhynchonella sappho Hall=Camarotoechia sappho.

364 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bcll.87.

Rhynchonella schucherti Stanton. Upper Cretaceous (Knoxville).

Kliyncbouella schiicherti Stauton, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 133, 1896, p. 31, pi. 1,

Ji<>s. 1-4.
Loc. Paskeuta, California.

Ehynchonella scobina Meek = Cam aroto^cbia ueglecta.

Rhynchonella semiplicata (Conrad). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Atrypa semiplicata Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey N. Y., 1841, p. 56.
Rhynchonolla seniijjlicata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.

65, figs. 1, 2;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 224, pi. 29, fig. 1.
Loc. Schohf /ie and Carlisle, New York.

Rhynchonella septata Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Rhynchonella septata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 443, pi. 108, fig. 2.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Rhynchonella sordida Hall. Trenton (Ord.).

Atrypa sordida Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 148, pi. 33, fig. 16.
Rhynchonella sordida Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 18.59, p. 66.
Loc. Not given.

Ebyncbonella speciosa Hal]=Camarotcecbia speciosa.
Eliyncbouella stepbaui Hall=CamarotcBchia stepbaui.

Rhynchonella (?) striata Simpson. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Rhynchonella striata Simpson, Trans. American Phil. Soc, n. ser., XVI, 1889, p.

444, fig. 10.
Loc. Near Warren, Pennsylvania.
Ohs. Compare with Camarophoria ringens and C. caput-testudinis.

Ebyncbonel]a.striatoeostata Meek and Wortben = Pugnax striaticostata.
Ebyncbonella Strickland! Sowerby=Uncinulus stricklandi.

Rhynchonella subacuminata Webster. Cbemung (Dev.).

Rhynchonella subacuminata Webster, American Naturalist, XXII, 1888, p. 1015,
Loc. Near Rockford, Iowa.

Rhynchonella suhcircularis A. Wincbell. Marshall (L. Carb.).

Rhynchouella suhcircularis A. Wincbell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1862, p. 408.
Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan.

Ebyncbonella subcuneata Hall=Camaropboria subcuneata.

Rhynchonella subtetraedra (Conrad). ? Cretaceous.

Terebratula subtetrwdra Conrad, U. S. Astronomical Exped. Southern Hemi-
sphere, 1855, p. 282, pi. 42, fig. 8.

Loc. Portezuelo de Manplas and Cordillera de Dona Ana at an altitude of 13,432
feet above the ocean.

Ebyncbonella subtrigona Meek and Wortben= Camarophoria sub-
trigona.

Rhynchonella subtrigonalis Hall. Trenton (Ord.).

Atrypa subtrigonalis Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 145, pi. 33, fig. 12.
Rhynchonella subtrigonalis Hall, Twelfth Rep, N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist.,

1859, p. 66.
Loc. Turin, New York.
Obs. Compare with Rhynchotrema insqiuivalve.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 365

Rhynchonella sulciplicata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Ehynchouella sulcoplicata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,

p. 76.— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 236, pi. 35, fig. 1.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Rhynchonella tayloriana (Lea). ? Jurassic.

Terebratula tayloriana Lea, Trans. American Phil. Soc, n. ser., VII, 1841, p. 259,

pi. 10, fig. 12,
Loc. Habana, Cuba.

Ehynchonella teimesseeneis Hall (non Eoemer)=TJiicinulus Strickland!.

Rhynchonella tennesseensis Eoemer. Niagara (Sil.).

Rhynchonella tennesseensis Roemer, Die Sil. Fauna des West. Tennessee, 1860,
p. 72, pi. 5, fig. 14.— Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-seventh Rep. N. Y. State
Cab. Nat. Hist., 1875, pi. 9, figs. 24-26;— Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 136, pi. 7, figs.
16, 17.

Loc. Perry County, Tennessee; Louisville, Kentucky; Yellow Springs, Ohio.

Rhynclionella tethys Billings=Camarotcechia tethys.

Rhynchonella tetraedra (Sowerby). Liassic.

Terebratula tetrsedra Sowerby, Mineral Conthology, 1, 1812, p. 191, pi. 83, fig. 5. —

Bayle and Coquand, M^m. Soc. Geol. France, ser. ii, IV, 1851, p. 17, pi. 7,

figs. 9-10.
Rhynchonella tetrjtdra Davidson, British Oolitic and Liassic Brach., Pal. Soc,

1852, p. 93, pi. 18, figs. 5-10. — Behrcndseu, Zeit. der Deuschen geol. Gessel.,

XLIII, 1891, p. 396.— Moricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilagebaud, IX,

1894, p. 63.
Loc. Europe; Portezuelo Ancho, Argentine Republic; Manflas, Las Amolanas,

etc., Chile.

Rhynchonella (?) tetraptyx A. Winchell. Kinder hook (L. Garb.).

Rhynchonella ? tetraptyx A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865,

p. 120.
Loc. Rockford, Indiana.

Rhynchonella tenuistriata Nettelroth. Corniferous (Dev.).

Rhynchonella tenuistriata Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 82, pi. 7, figs. 27-29.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Rhynchonella texana Sliumard. Upi^er Carboniferous.

Rhynchonella texana Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1859, p. 393.
Loc. Mouth of Delaware Creek, Texas.

Rhynchonella thalia Billings=Camarot(Pchia billiugsi.
Rhynchonella thera Walcott=Camarophoria thera.

Rhynchonella transversa Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Rhynchonella transversa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 74,

figs. 5, 6;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 234, pi. 34, figs. 9-16.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Rhynchonella triplicata Quenstedt. Jurassic.

Rhynchonella triplicata (Quenst.) Moricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilage-
baud, IX, 1894, p. 63.
Loc. Europe; Quebrada de la Iglesia, etc., Chile.

366 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Rhynchonella tuta Miller. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Khynchonella tuta Miller, Jour. CinciiiDati So(r. Nat. Hist., IV, 1881, p. 315, pi. 7.

fig. 11.
Loc. Lake Valley mining district, New Mexico.

Khynchonella unica A. Winchell. Kinderbook (L. Carb.).

Ehynchonclla unica A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 122.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Khynchonella unisulcata Hall=Pentagonia unisulcata.
Ehyuchonella ntah of authors =Pugnax utah.
Ehynchone^Va vellicata Hall=Uncinulus vellicatus.
Khynchonella ventricosa Hall=Camarota3chia ventricosa.
Khynchonella veuustula Hall=Hypothyris cuboides.

Rhynchonella vicina Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Ehynchonella vicina Billings, Catalogue Sil. Fobs. Anticosti, 1866, j). 44.
Loc. Anticosti.

Rhynchonella (?) warrenensis Swallow. Lower Devonian.

Khynchonella warrenensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 653.
Loc. Callaway County, Missouri.

Rhynchonella wasatcheusis White =Seminula wasatchensis.
Khynchonella whitiana Miller =Camarotoechia whitei.
Khynchonella whitii Hall (non Winchell) =OamarotoBchia whitei.

Rhynchonella whitei A. Winchell. Marshall (L. Carb.).

Rhynchonella whitei A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 407.
Loc. Marshall, Michigan.

Rhynchonella whitneyi Gabb. Cretaceous (Shasta).

Terehratella whitneyi Gabb, Geol. Survey California, Pal., II, 1869, p. 35, pi. 2,

fig. 62.
Ehynchonella whitneyi Gabb, Ibidem, 1869, p. 204, pi. 34, fig. 105. — Stanton,

Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 133, 1896, p. 32, pi. 1, figs. 5-10.
Loc. Napa and Colusa counties, California.

Rhynchonella wilmingtonensis (Lyell and Sowerby). Eocene.

Terebratula wilmingtonensis Lyell and Sowerby, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Loudon,

I, 1845, p. 431.
Ehynchonella wilmingtonensis Conrad, American Jour. Conch., I, 1865, jj. 35.
Loc. Wilmington, North Carolina.

Rhynchonella wilsoni Sowerby=r:Wilsouia wilsoni.
Rhynchonella wortheni Hall=Camarophoria wortheni.

RHYNCHOPORA King. Genotype Terebratula geinitziana de Verneuil.

Ehynchopora King, Ann. Mag. Nat. Hist., 2d ser., XVII, 1856, p. 506. — Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 210;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 832.

Rhynchoporina ffihlert, Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1305.

Rhynchopora pustulosa (White). Kinderbook (L. Carb.).

Rhynchonella pustulosa White, Jour, Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VIII, 1860, p. 226. —

Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 257, pi. 4,

figs. 12-14.
Rhynchopora pustulosa Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

210, pi. 58, figs. 1-4.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Wasatch Range, Utah; Lake Valley mining district.

New Mexico (Miller).

scHTJCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 367

RHYNCHOSPIRA Hall. Genotype Waldheimia formosa Hall.

Rhynchospira Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 29;— Pal.
New York, III, 1859, pp. 213, 484 ;— Sixteentli Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
1863, p. 58, figs. 12-17;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 276.— Hall and Clarke,
Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 108, fig. 101 ;— Thirteentli Ann. Rep. N. Y. State
Geologist, 1895, p. 791.

Retzia Billings, Canadian Journal, VI, 1861, p. 147.

Rhynchospira (?) acadiae (Hall). Arisaig (Sil.).

Trematospira acadiie Hall, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 146, fig. 4. — Dawson,

Acadian Geology, 3d ed.,1878, p. 597.
Loc. Nova Scotia.

Rhyncliospira aprinis Hall=Homoeosplra apriniformis.

Rhynchospira (?) ashlandensis Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Rhynchospira ? ashlandensis Herrick, Bull. Denisou Univ., IV, 1888, p. 25, pi. 3,
fig. 16;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 23, fig. 16.

Loc. Lyon Falls, Ohio.
Rhynchospira electra (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Retzia electra Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 114, pi. 3, fig. 11.
Rhynchospira electra Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. Ill,

pi. 50, figs. 29-31.
Loc. Square Lake, Maine.

Ehynchospira equiradiata Hall=Camarotoechia tequiradiata.

Rhynchospira (?) eugenia (Billings). Corniferous (Dev.).

Retzia engenia Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1863, p. 147, fig. 58; — Geol. Canada,

1863, p. 373, fig. 395.
Rhynchospira (?) eugenia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

p. Ill, pi. 50, figs. 41-43.
Loc. Walpole, Ontario.

Rhynchospira evax Hall=Homoeospira evax.

Rhynchospira formosa Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Waldheimia formosa Hall, Tenth Rep, N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 88.
Trematospira (Rhynchospira) formosa Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 215, pi.

36, fig. 2; pi. 95A, figs. 7-11.
Rhynchospira formosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 278, figs. 1-6.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 109, fig. 101, pi. 50, figs. 21-25.
Retzia formosa Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 366. — Whitfield, Annals

N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 512, pi. 5, figs. 15, 16;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p.

413, pi. 1, figs. 15-16.
Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York; Square Lake, Maine; Greenfield, Ohio.

Rhynchospira globosa Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Waldheimia globosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 87.
Trematospira (Rhynchospira) globosa Hall, Pal. New York, HI, 1859, p. 215, pi.

36, fig. 1.
Rhynchospira globosa Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 111.
Loc, Helderberg Mountains, New York.

Rhynchospira (?) helena (Nettelroth). Niagara (Sil.).

Trematospira helena Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.

Survey, 1889, p. 137, pi. 32, figs. 40-43.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

Rhynchospira lepida Hall=Trigeria lepida.

368 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Ebyndiospira nobilis Hall=Cyclorhiua iiobilis.

Rhynchospira rectirostris Hall. Oriskauy (Dev.).

Waldheimia rectirostra Hall, Teutli Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 89.
Trematospira (Rhynchospira) rectirostra Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 217,

pi. 95A, lij;'. 1, and p. 185.
Rhynchospira rectirostra Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 111.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Rhynchospira scansa Hall and Clarke. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Rhynchospira scansa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, yA. 50,

fig. ^<J.
Loc. McKean County, Pennsylvania.

Rhynchospira (?) sinuata Hall. Arisaig (Sil.).

Rhynchospira sinuata Hall, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 146. — Dawson,

Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 597.
Retzia sinuata Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 367.
Loc. Arisaig, Nova Scotia.

Ehyncbospira subglobosa Hall=Eetzia subgiobo.sa.

RHYNCHOTREMA Hall. Genotype Rbyncbonella capax Conrad.

Rhynchotrema Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 68,
figs. 12-14.— Waagen, Palaontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 410.—
Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 458. — Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 182 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 825.

Rhynchotrema ainsliei N. H. Winchell. Trenton (Ord.).

Rhynchonella ainsliei N. H. Winchell, Fourteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Nat. Hist.

Survey Minnesota, 1886, p. 315, pi. 2, figs. 5, 6.
Rhynchotrema ainsliei Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,

1893, p. 459, pi. 34, figs. 1-8.
Loc. Minneapolis, St. Paul, etc., Minnesota; Decorah, Iowa.

Rhynchotrema capax (Conrad). Lorraine (Ord.).

Atrypa capax Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, j). 264, pi. 14,
fig. 21.

Atrypa increbescens (partim) Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 146, pi. 33, figs.
13i, 13k-13y.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., 1, 1856, p. 207, figs. 15, 16.— Hall,
Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. m. figs. 6, 7, 9-11.

Rhynchonella increbescens (partim) Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 123, pi.
11, fig. 2.

Rhynchonella capax Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 211, fig. 213.— Meek, Pal.
Ohio, I, 1873, p. 123, pi. 11, fig. 2. — Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Set., II,
1875, p. 17. — White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and
Geol.., 1880, p. 489, pi. 1, figs. 9-11;— Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881,
p. 121, pi. 1, figs. 9-11.— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 263, pi. 12,
figs. 26, 27.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 99, pi. 41, fig. 12.

Rhynchotrema capax Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,
1893, p. 462, pi. 34, figs. 30-34.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.
II, 1893, pp. 183, 185, pi. 56, figs. 14-18, 20-27; pi. 83, fig. 31.— Whiteaves, Pal.
Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 178.

Loc. Richmond, Indiana; Oxford, etc., Ohio; AVilmington, Illinois; Cape
Girardeau, Missouri; Stockbridge, Ironridge, etc., Wisconsin; Lattners,
Iowa; Spring Valley, Minnesota; Anticosti; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba;
Fort Churchill, Hudson Bay.

scHtJCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 369

Rhynchotrema dentatum Hall. Trentou and Lorraine (Ord.).

Atrypa clentata Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 148, pi. 33, fig. 14.
Ehynchouella dentata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p.

65.— Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 121, pi. 11, fi^. 3.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart.

Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 18. — White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of

Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 490, pi. 1, tigs. 12-14;— Tenth Rep. State Geol.

Indiana, 1881, p. 122, pL 1, figs. 12-14.
Rhynchotrema dentata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 185.
?Rhynchonella dentata Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 100, pi. 41, tig. 3.
Loc. Turin, New York; Dayton and Oxford, Ohio; Richmond, Indiana; near

Nashville, Tennessee.

Rhynchotrema formosum (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Ehynchonella formosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 76,
tigs. 1-5;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 236, pi. 35, tig. 6.

Stenocisma formosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 334. — Hall and Clarke,
Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 187, pi. 56, figs. 41-45.

Loc. Schoharie and Albany counties, New York; Lake Temiscouata, New Bruns-
wick, and Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami).

Rhynchotrema ingequivalve (Castelnau). Trenton (Ord.).

Spirifer iuipquivalvis Castelnau, Essai Systeme Sil. I'Am^rique Septentriouale,

1843, p. 40, pi. 14, tig. 8.
Atrypa increbesceua (partim) Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, pp. 146, 289, pi. 33,

tigs. 13a-13h ; ?pl. 79, tig. 6.
Ehynchonella increbescens (partim) Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p.

207, tigs. 11-14.— Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p.

66.— Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 168, fig. 153.— Nettelroth, Kentucky

Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 83, pi. 34, figs. 26-29.
Ehynchonella argeuturbica White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west 100th

Mend., IV, Prel. Eep., 1874, p. 14;— Ibidem, Final Rep., 1875, p. 75, pi. 4,

fig. 12.
Trematospira (?) quadriplicata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p.

60, tigs. 6, 7.
Rhynchotreta quadriplicata Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 370.
Rhynchonella minnesotensis Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad Na£. Sci., Ill, 1892,

p. 333, pi. 4, tigs. 21-23.
Rhynchotrema inisequivalvis Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey,

III, 1893, p. 459, pi. 34, figs. 9-25.— Whiteaves, Pal. Fobs., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897,

p. 179.
Rhynchotrema increbescens Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

pp. 183, 185.
Loc. Drummonds Island (Castelnau); New York; Kentucky; Tennessee; Illi-
nois; Wisconsin; Iowa; Minnesota; Silver City, New Mexico; Ottawa,

Canada; Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba.
Ohs. Compare Rhynchonella subtrigoualis.

Rhynchotrema inaequivalve laticostatum Win. and Schucli. Trenton (Ord.).
Rhynchotrema ina^quivalvis var. laticostata W. and S., American Geol., IX,

April 1, 1892, p. 293;— Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 461, pi. 34, figs.

20-29.
Rhynchonella saucta Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, April 9,

1892, p. 333, pi. 4, tigs. 19, 20.
Loc. Cannon Falls, Minnesota.

Rhynchotrema ottawaense (Billings). Trenton (Ord.).

Porambonites? ottawaensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, 1, 1862, p. 140, fig. 117.
Bull. 87 24

370 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Rhynchotrema ottawaense (Billings) — Continued.

Protorhynclia? and Ortborhynchula? ottawaensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 181, 228.
Loc. Paiiquette Rapids, Canada; near Murfreesboro, Tennessee.

Rhynchotrema perlamellosum (Whitfield). Lorraine (Ord.).

Kliynchonella perlaraollosa Whitfield, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1877,
p. 73.— James, The Palteontologist, 2, 1878, p. 15.— Whitfield, Geol. Wiscon-
sin, IV, 1882, p. 2(5.5, pi. 12, figs. 23-25.

Loc. Delafield and Iron Ridge, Wisconsin ; Oxford, Ohio.

RHYNCEJTRETA Hall. Genotype Ehynchonella cuneata Dalman.

Rhynchotreta Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 166,
figs. 1-4;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 309.— Nettelroth, Ken-
tucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 84. — Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 185;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y.
State Geologist, 1895, p. 825.

Rhynchotreta cuneata americana Hall, Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa cuneata Hall (non Dalman), Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, Table
of Organic Remains, 13, figs. 3, 4;— Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 276, pi. 57,
fig. 4.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 138, pi. 2, fig. 13.

Rhynchonella cuneata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,
p. 77.— Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 315, fig. 323.

Rhynchotreta cuneata var. americana Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State
Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 167, pi. 25, figs. 29-38;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol.
Indiana, 1882, p. 310, pi. 25, figs. 29-38.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells,
Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 85, pi. 32, figs. 58,59, 62, 63.— Beecher
and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 47, pi. 4. figs. 12-22.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 187, pi. 56, figs. 31-38.

Loo. Lockport, etc.. New York; Hamilton, Ontario: Waldron and Osgood,
Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky; Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Rhynobolus Hall=Ehinobolus.

RffiMERELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Orbicnla grandis Vanux.

Rcemerella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 137, fig. 65;—
Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 257.

Rcemerella grandis (Yanuxem). Hamilton (Dev.).

Orbicnla grandis Vanusem, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 152, fig. 4.
Discina grandis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 17, pi. 1, fig. 18; pi. 2, figs.

32, 33. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey,

1889, p. 33, pi. 3, fig. 3.
Discina (Orbiculoidea?) grandis Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y.

State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 187 ;— Twenty-seventh Rep. Ibidem, 1875, pi.

9, figs. 33-35.
Rcemerella grandis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 137, fig.

65, pi. 4E, figs. 29-31.
Loc. Cazenovia and Pratts Falls, New York; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio.

ROMINGERINA Hall and CI. Genotype Centronella julia A. Wincliell.

Romingeriua Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 272;— Thir-
teenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 855.

Romingerina julia (A. Wincliell). Waveiiy (L. Carb.).

Centronella julia A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 405; —
Ibidem, 1865, p. 123.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 419, pi. 61A, figs.
41-46.— Herrick, Bull. Deuison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 49, pi. 2, fig. 5.

8CHCCHEKT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 371

Romingerina julia (A. Wiucliell) — Continued.

Romingeriaa julia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 271,

figs. 187, 188, pi. 79, figs. 28-30.
Loc. Port Aux Barques, Michigan; Cuyahoga and Licking counties, Ohio. ?In
the Chemung at Eushford, New York (Williams).

SCAPHIOCffiLIA Wbitlield. Genotype S. boliviaensis Whitfield.

Scaphiocoelia Whitfield, Trans. American Inst. Min. Engi., XIX, 1891, p. 106. —
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 275 ;— Thirteenth
Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 857.

Scaphiocoelia boliviaensis Whitfield. Middle Devonian.

Scaphioca'lia boliviensis Whitfield, Trans. American Inst. Min. Engi., XIX, 1891,
p. 106, figs. 1-4.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 276,
figs. 193-196.

Loc. Sercre or Quechista, Bolivia.

SCENIDIUM Hall. Genotype Orthis insignis Hall.

Skenidium Hall, Thirteenth Eep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 70, figs.

1-5. — Waagen, Palaeontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884, p. 549.
Scenidium ffihlert, Bull. Societe d'Etudes Scientifiques d'Angers, 1887, p. 4,

extract.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p.241.— Winchell

and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 381. — Hall and Clarke,

Eleventh Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 276.

Scenidium anthonense Sardeson. Trenton (Ord.).

Skenidium halli Saft'ord, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, p. 287 (uudefined).

Skenidium anthonensis Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1892, p. 333,
pi. 4, fig. 7.

Scenidium halli Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 242, pi. 7A,
figs. 33-39.

Scenidium anthonensis Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,
1893, p. 381, figs. 20-23.

Loc. Minneapolis, St. Paul, and Cannon Falls, Minnesota; Dixon, Illinois ; Leb-
anon, Tennessee.

Scenidium devonicum Walcott=Dalmanella devonica.

Scenidium halli Safl:ord=S. anthonense,

Scenidium insigne Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis insignis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 173.
Skenidium (Orthis) insignis Hall, Ibidem, 1859, pi. lOA, figs. 13-15.
Skenidium insignis Hall, Thirteenth Eep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.

70, tigs. 1-5;— Second Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, p. 37, figs. 31-35.
Scenidium insigne Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 242, pi.

7, figs. 31-35.
Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York ; Perry County, Tennessee.

Scenidium (?) merope (Billings). Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.).

Orthis merope Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 139, fig. 116.
Scenidium ? merope Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 242,

pi. 7A, figs. 31, 32.
Loc. Ottawa, Canada; Cincinnati, Ohio; Burgin, Kentucky.

Scenidium pyramidale Hall. ISTiagara (Sil.).

Orthis pyramidalis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 251, pi. 52, fig. 2.
Skenidium pyramidalis Hall, Thirteenth Eep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1860, p. 70.
Skenidinm pyramidata Hall, Second Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 37,

figs. 29, 30.

372 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Scenidium pyramidale Hall — Continued.

Sceuiilium pynimidalo Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 242,

pi. 7, li«-8. 29, 30; pi. 7A, ligs. 40-42.
Loc. Lockport, New York; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami).

SCHIZAMBON Walcott. Genotype S. typicalis Walcott.

Schizambou Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 69.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, ])p. 113, 1(57.— Winchell and Schu-
chert, Minnesota Ceol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 3G0. — Hall and Clarke, Eleventli
Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 253.

Scliiz; iibonia CEhlert, Fischer's Manuel de Concbyliologie, 1887, p. 1266.

Schizambon (?) dodgei Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.).

Schizambou (?) dodgii W. and S., Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 361,

pi. 30, figs. 5-7.
Loc. Sandyhill, New York.

Schizambon (?) fissus canadaensis (Ami). Utica (Ord.).

Sipbouotreta scotica Wbiteaves, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXIV, 1882, p.

278 ;— Canadian Nat. Geol., X, 1883, p. 396.
Sipbouotreta scotica var. canadensis Ami, Ottawa Naturalist, I, 1887, p. 124.
Schizambon (?) fissus var. canadensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, p. 115, pi. 4, figs. 32-36.
Lot: Gloucester, Ontario.

Schizambon (?) lockei Winchell and Schuchert. Lorraine (Ord.).

Schizambon (?) lockii Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol, Survey, III,

1893, p. 362, pi. 30, figs. 8-10.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Schizambon typicalis Walcott. Pogonip or Calciferous (Ord.).

Schizambon typicalis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 70, pi. 1,

fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 114, fig. 65,

pi. 4, figs. 27-30.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada; Manitou, Colorado.

SCHIZOBOLUS Ulrich.

Genotype Discina truncata Hall=Lingu]a concentrica Vanuxem.

Schizobolus Ulrich, Cont. American Pal., I, 1886, p. 25, pi. 3, fig. 3. — Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 87, 165;— Eleventh Ann. Rep.
N. Y State Geologist, 1894, p. 246.

Schizobolus concentricus (Vanuxem). Genesee (Dev.).

Lingula concentrica Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, j). 168, fig. 4. —

Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 223, fig. 4.
Discina truncata Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 28; —

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 23, pi. 1, fig. 15 ; pi. 2, figs. 36, 37.
Discina (Trematis) truncata Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State

Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 187.
Trematis truncata Hall, Twenty-third Rep. Ibidem, 1873, pi. 13, fig. 20,
Schizobolus truncatus Ulrich, Cont. American Pal., 1, 1886, p. 25, pi. 3, fig. 3. —

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 87, pi. 3. figs. 11-14.
Loc. Ogdens Ferry, Cayuga Lake, etc., New York; Falls of Ohio; Madison

County, Kentucky.

SCHIZOCRANIA Hall and Whitfield. Genotype Orbicula ? filosa Hall.

Schizocrania Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 71.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.

New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 142, 168.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota

Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 369.— Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Anij. Rep. N. Y,

State Geologist, 1894, p. 259.

SCHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 373

ScMzocrania filosa Hall. Trenton-Lorraine (Ord.).

Orbicula? filosa Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 99, pi. 30, fig. 9.
Trematis filosa Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 159, fig. 126.— Hall, Twenty-third

Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, pi. 13, figs. 21,22.
Trematis (?) filosa Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 15.
Schizocrania filosa Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 73, pi. 1, figs.

12-15.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 113, pi. 4G,

figs. 22-30.— Wincbell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p.

370, fig. 31; pi. 29, figs. 29-31.
Loc. Middleville, Utica, etc.. New York; Ottawa, Canada; Cincinnati, Ohio;

Cannon Falls and Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Schizocrania (?) helderbergia Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Schizocrania (f) helderbergia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

pp. 144, 179, pi. 4G, figs. 84, 35.
Loc. Near Clarksville, New York.

Schizocrania (?) rudis Hall. Trenton (Ord.).

Trematis rudis Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 243,

pi. 13, fig. 19.
Schizocrania (?) rudis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 144,

pi. 4G, fig. 21.
Log. Clifton, Tennessee.

Schizocrania schucherti Hall and Clarke, Trenton (Ord.).

Schizocrania schucherti Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

143, 179, pi. 4G, figs. 31-33.
Loc. Covington, Kentucky.

Schizocrania superincreta Barrett. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Trematis (Schizocrania) superincreta Barrett, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., I, 1878,

p. 122.
Schizocrania ( ?) sujierincreta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 144.
Loc. Port Jervis, New York.

SCHIZOPHORIA King. Genotype Orthis resupinata (Martin).

Schizophoria King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc, 1850, p. 106. — Hall, Bull.
Geol. Soc. America, I, 1889, p. 21.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,
Pt. I, 1892, p. 211;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 272.

Schizophoria carinata Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Orthis carinata Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 267, fig. 1;— Pal.

New York, IV, 1867, p. 58, pi. 8, figs. 30-32;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State

Geol., 1883, pi. 36, fig. 22.
Schizophoria carinata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 213,

226, pi. 6, fig. 22.
Loc. Painted Post, High Point, etc.. New York.

Schizophoria cora (d'Orbigny). Upper Carboniferous.

Orthis cora d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Amerique M6ridionale, Pal., 1842, p. 48.
Terebratula cora d'Orbigny. Ibidem, 1842, pi. 3, figs. 21-23.
Orthis resupinata var. latirostrata Toula, Sitzungsb. der k. k. Akad. der Wis-

sensch. zu Wien, LIX, 1869, p. 8. pi. 1, fig. 7.— Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I,

1874, p. 63.
Loc. Yarbichambi and Cochabamba, Bolivia.

Schizophoria macfarlani (Meek). Middle and Upper Devonian.

Orthis raacfarlani Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 88, pi. 12, fig. 1.—
Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 423, pi. 13, fig. 10.—

374 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Schizophoria macfarlani (Meek) — Continued.

Kayser, Kichtbofen's China, IV, 1883, p. 91, pi. 13, fig. 3.— Walcott, Mon. U. S.

Geol. Survey, VIII, 1881, p. 114.
Schizophoria macfarlanii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, I't. 1, 1892, pp.

190, 212, 225, pi. GA, figs. 28-32.
Loc. Independence, Iowa; Howard and High Point, New Y'ork; Mackenzie

River, Canada; Lower Devonian, Eureka district, Nevada; Southwestern

China.

Schizophoria manitobaensis Wbiteaves. Upper Devonian.

Orthis (Schizophoria) manitobensis Whiteaves, Cent. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p.

283, pi. 37, figs. 3, 4, 5.
Loc. Lake Wiunipegosis, Canada.

Schizophoria multistriata Hall. Lower Helderberg' (Dev.).

Orthis multistriata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 45, figs.

1, 2 ;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 176, pi. 15, fig. 2.
Schizophoria multistriata Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 212,

226, pi. 6A, fig. 25.
Loc. Schoharie and Catskill, New York.

Schizophoria (?) peduncularis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis peduncularis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 18.59, p. 174, pi. 13, fig. 16.
Schizophoria ? peduacularis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 226.
Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York.

Schizophoria propinqua Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis propinqua Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 110;—
Pal. New Y'ork, IV, 1867, p. 43, pi. 5, fig. 3;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State
Geol., 1883, pi. 36, figs. 30, 31.

Schizophoria propinqua Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.
212, 226, pi. 6, fig. 30.

Loc. New York; Columbus, Ohio.

Schizophoria resupinata (Martin). Carboniferous.

Orthis resupinata Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV,

1877, p. 265, pi. 5, figs. 1, 2.
Schizophoria resupinata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

194, 213, 226.
Loc. Oquirrh Mountains, Utah; Lake Valley mining district, New Mexico.

Schizophoria resupinoides (Cox). Upper Carboniferous.

Orthis resupinoides Cox, Owen's Geol. Survey Kentucky, II, 1857, p. 570, pi. 9,

tig. 1.— Wort-hen, Geol. Survey Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 106, pi. 11, fig. 4.
Orthis resupinoides? White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west 100th Meridian,

Appendix, 1881, p. xxiii.
Schizophoria resupinoides Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

pp. 213, 226.
Schizophoria cfr. resupinoides Smith, Proc. American Phil. Soc, XXXV, 1897,

p. 28 (extract).
Loc. Hancock County, Kentucky; Manuelitos Creek, New Mexico; ? White and

Conway counties, Arkansas.
Ohs. Probably identical with Schizophoria resupinata.

Schizophoria senecta Hall and Clarke. Clinton (Sil.).

Orthis (Schizophoria) senecta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892,

p. 343, pi. 6A, figs. 23, 24.
Loc. Reynales Basin, Niagara County, New York.

8CHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 375

Schizophoria striatula (Schlotheim). Middle and Upper Devouian.

Anomia Terebratulites striatulus Schlotheiiu, Min. Taschenbuch, VIII, 1813, pi.
1, fig. 6.

Orthis striatula Davidson, Brit. Devonian Brach., Pal. Soc, 1865, p. 87, pi. 17,
tigs. 4-7. — AVhiteaves (non Schlotheim), Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, pp.
218, 283.

Orthis impressa Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Eep. Fourtli Dist,, 1843, p. 267, iig. 2;— Pal.
New York, IV, 1867, p. 60, pi. 8, figs. 11-19.— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV,
1882, p. 326, pi. 25, figs. 13-15.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884,
p. 115, pi. 13, fig. 13.— Kindle, Bull. American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 36.

Orthis lentiformis ? Owen (non Hall), Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota,
1852, pi. 3, figs. 10, 10a, young specimen. [See specimens in U. S. Nat. Mas.,
Cat. Invert. Foss., 17918.]

Orthis ioweusis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 488, pi. 2, fig. 4.—
Billings, Hind's Rep. Expl. Assiniboine and Saskatch., 1859, p. 187, fig. 1. —
Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, 1868, p. 90, pi. 12, fig. 2.— White, Second
Ann. Eep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 501, pi. 5, figs.
10-12;— Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 133, pi. 5, figs. 10-12.—
Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 62, pi. 38, fig. 6.

Orthis iowensis var. furnarius Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 489,
pi. 2, fig. 5.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 424, pi.
13, fig. 9.

fOrthis iowensis ? A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 410.

Orthis jiropinqua Nettelroth (non Hall), Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Ken-
tucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 43, pi. 16, figs. 1-3, 7-11.

Schizophoria iowensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pp. 212,
226, pi. 6A, fig. 29.

Schizophoria impressa Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, 1892, pp. 212, 216, pi. 6, fig. 31;
pi. 6A, figs. 26, 27.

Loe. New York; Falls of Ohio; Illinois; Iowa; Milwaukee, Wisconsin; Perry
County, Missouri; Eureka district, Nevada; Mackenzie River Valley, North-
west Territory, Canada.

01)8. The writer has compared American forms with O. striatula from the Eifel,
Germany, and he agrees with authors in reg.arding both as one species.
Orthis (Schizophoria) macfarlani is often found associated with O. striatula
and may be only a variety of it.

Schizophoria swallovi Hall. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Orthis swallovi Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 597, pi. 12, fig. 5;—

Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 36, figs. 23, 24.— Keyes, Geol.

Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 63, pi. 38, fig. 5.
Schizophoria swallovi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.213,

226, pi. 6, figs. 23, 24.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Quincy, Illinois; Pike County, Missouri.
Obs. Compare with Rhipidomella clarkensis.

Schizophoria tioga Hall. Portage and Chemung (Dev.).

Orthis interlineata Hall (non Sowerby), Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843,

p. 267, figs. 3, 4.
Orthis tioga Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 59, pi. 8, figs. 20-29 ;— Second Ann.

Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 36, figs. 17, 18.— Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad.

Sci., V, 1891, p. 561, pi. 12, fig. 3:— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 453, pi. 8, fig. 3.
Schizophoria tioga Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 212,

226, pi. 6, tigs. 17, 18.
Loc. Factory ville, Elmira, etc., New York; Lake County, Ohio.

376 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Schizophoria tulliensis (Vauuxem). Tully (Dev.).

Ortliis tullionsis Vannxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 164, tig. 2. —

Hall, Pal. NeAV York, IV, 1867, p. 55, pi. 7, lig. 5.— Walcott, Mou. U. S.

Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 115, pi. 2, fig. 12.— Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc.

America, I, 1890, p. 492, pi. 12, fig. 16.
Orthis resupiuata Hall (uon Martiu), Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 215,

fig. 2.
Orthis (Schizophoria) tulliensis Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883,

^1. 36, ligs. 25-29.
Schlzophoria tulliensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

212, 226, pi. 6, Hgs. 25-29.
Lot: Tully, Tinkers Falls, and Ovid, New York; Eureka district, Nevada.

SCHIZOTRETA Kutorga. Genotype S. elliptica Kutorga.

Schizotreta Kutorga, Verhand. Kais. Min. Gessel. zu St. Petersburg, VII, 1848,
p. 273.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 135, 169.—
Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 365. — Hall and
Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 257.

Schizotreta conica (Dwight). Trenton (Ord.).

Orbiculoidea conica Dwight, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XIX, 1880, p. 452, pi.

21, figs. 1-11.
Schizotreta conica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 126,

135, pi. 4E, figs. 6-8; pi. 4F, fig. 7.
Loc. Near Newburg, New York.

Schizotreta minutula Winclieli and Scliucliert. Lorraine (Ord.).

Schizotreta minutula Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893,

p. 366, fig. 28.
Loe. Near Granger, Minnesota.

Schizotreta ovalis Hall and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.).

Orlnculoidea (Schizotreta) ovalis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,

1892, p. 177, pi. 4E, figs. 4, 5.
Loc. Middleville, New York.

Schizotreta pelopea (Billings). Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.).

Discina pelopea Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 52, fig. 56;— Geol. Canada, 1863,
p. 159, fig. 124.

Discina concordensis Sardeson, Bull. Miunesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1892, p. 328,
pi. 4, figs. 13, 14.

Schizotreta pelopea, Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893,
p. 36.5, pi. 29, figs. 26-28.

Loc. Montreal, Canada ; Mautorville, Old Concord, and Spring Valley, Minne-
sota; Dubuque, Iowa; Neenah, Wisconsin; in the Utica at Ottawa, Canada
(Ami).

Schizotreta tenuilamellata (Hall). Niagara (Sil.).

Orbicula tenuilamellata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 250, pi. 53, fig. 3.
Discina forbesi Nicholson (non Davidson), Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1875, p. 62.
Discina solitaria Ringueberg, American Naturalist, 1882, p. 175, figs. a-e.
Disciua clara Spencer, Bull. Univ. State Missouri, 1, 1884, p. 56;— Trans. St.

Louis Acad Sci., IV, 1886, p. 606, pi. 8, fig. 5.
Schizotreta tenuilamellata Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLI, 1891, p.

357, pi. 17, fig. 11.
Orbiculoidea (Schizotreta?) tenuilamellata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y^ork,

VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 127, 135, pi. 4E, figs. 9-11; pi. 4F, figs. 2-6.
Lav. Lockport, New York; Hamilton, Ontario, and Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami).

scHucHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 377

SELENELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype S. gracilis Hall and Clarke.
Selenella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 271 ;— Thirteenth
Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 855.

Selenella gracilis Hall and Clarke. Coruiferous (Dev.).

Selenella gracilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 271,

figs. 184-186.
Log. Ontario.

SEMINULA McCoy etoend Hall and Clarke.

Genotype Terebratula pentiedra Pliillips=Atbyris ambigua (Phillips).
Seminula McCoy, Synopsis Carb. Fossils Ireland, 1844, pp. 150, 158. — Hall iind

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 93;— Thirteenth Ann. Kep.

N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 781.

Seminula argentea (Sliepard). Upper Carboniferous.

Terebratula argentea Shepard, American Jour. Sci., XXXIV, 1838, p. 152, lig. 8.

Terebratula roissyi d'Orbigny (uou L'Eveille), Voyage dans I'Amdrifxue Meri-
dionale, Pal., 1842, p. 46.

Terebratula antisiensis d'Orbigny, Ibidem, 1842, p. 46 (non p. 36).

Terebratula peruviana d'Orbigny, Ibidem, 1842, pi. 3, figs. 17-19 (non p. 36).

Terebratula subtilita Hall, Stansbury's Exped. Great Salt Lake of Utah, 1852, p.
409, pi. 4, figs. 1, 2. — Shumard, Marcy's Rep. U. S. Expl. Red River of Louisi-
ana, 1853, p. 202, pi. 4, fig. 8.— Schiel, Pacific Railroad Rep., II, 1855, p. 108,
pi. 1, fig. 2.— Hall, Ibidem, III, 1856, p. 101, pi. 2, figs. 3-5.— Marcou, Geol. N.
America, 1858, p. 52, pi. 6, fig. 9.— Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 714.

Terebratula ( ?) subtilita Davidson, Mon. British Carboniferous Brach., Pal. Soc,
1857, p. 18, pi. 1, figs. 21, 22; 1860, p. 86; 1862, p. 217, pi. 17, figs. 8-10.

Spirigera subtilita Meek and Haydeu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p.
20.— White, Wheeler's Eipl. and Survey west of the 100th Meridian, IV, 1875,
p. 141, pi. 10, fig. 6.

Athyris difterentis McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 47.

Athyris subtilita Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p. 126. —
Salter, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XVII, 1861, p. 64, pi. 4, fig. 4. — Geinitz,
Carbon und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p. 40, pi. 3, figs. 7-9. — Meek, Final Rep.
U. S. Geol. Survey, Nebraska, 1872, p. 180, pi. 1, fig. 12; pi. 5, fig. 9; pi. 8, fig.
4.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 570, pi. 25, fig. 14.—
Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 7, pi. 1, figs. 5, 8 (not 7 — Spirigerella
derbyi); pi. 3, figs. 8, 16,19; pi. 6, fig. 2; pi. 9, fig. 4. —Meek, Simpson's Rep.
Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 350, pi. 2, fig. 4;— Bull. U. S. Geol. and
Geogr. Survey Terr., II, 4, 1876, pi. 1, fig. 2.— Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool.,
Ill, 1876, p. 279. — Newberry, Macomb's Rep. Expl. Exped. from Santa Fe to
the Great C!olorado River of the West, 1876, p. 138.— Meek, King's U. S.
Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 83, pi. 8, fig. 6.— White, Thirteenth Rep.
State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 136, pi. 35, figs. 6-9. — de Koninck, Annales du
Mus6e Royal d'Histoire Naturelle de Belgique, XIV, 1887, p. 73, pi. 18, tigs,
1-4, 7-10, 12-28; pi. 19, figs. 47-56.— Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887,
p. 44, pi. 2, fig. 23.— Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 231.—
Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 604, pi. 16, figs. 7-9;— GeoL
Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 488, pi. 12, figs. 7-9.

Spirifera (Athyris) subtilita Toula, Sitzungsb. der k. k. Akad. dcr Wissensch.
zu Wien, LIX, 1869, p. 6, pi. 1, fig. 5.

Seminula subtilita Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 95, figs.
66, 67, and 58, 59 on p. 86; pi. 47, figs. 17-31.

Athyris argentea Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 92, pi. 39, fig. 11.

Loc. Throughout the Upper Carboniferous of North America; Brazil and Bolivia,
South America; England; India; Thibet and Kashmere.

Ohs. See Seminula charitoueusis, S. caput-aerpeutis, S. hawni, and S. singletonii
Swallow.

378 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA. [uull.87.

Seminula caput-serpentis (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous.

Spirigera cai)iitscrpeutis ^Swa,llo^Y, Trans. St. LouiB Acad. Sci,, II, 18G3, p. 90.

Loc. Missouri aiul Kansas.

Oha. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. argentea.

Seminula charitonensis (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous.

Spirigera charitonensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 651.
Loc. Chariton and Randolph connties, Missouri.
Ohf Probably a synouym for Seminula argentea.

Seminula claytoni (Hall and Whitfield). Kinderhook (L, Carb.).

Athyris claytoni Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, p. 256,

1877, pi. 4, figs. 15-17.
Loc. Little Cottonwood, Wasatch Range, Utah.

Seminula dawsoni Hall and Clarke. Upper Carboniferous.

Athyris subtilita Davidson (non Hall), Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XIX,

1863, p. 170, pi. 9, figs. 4, 5.— Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 290,

fig. 88.
Seminula dawsoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 95, 96,

364, figs. 69-71; pi. 47, figs. 32-34.
Loc. Windsor, Nova Scotia.

Seminula formosa (Swallow). Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Spirigera formosa and euzona Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 91.
Athyris formosa Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 91.
Loc. Boonville, Missouri.

Seminula hawni (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous.

Spirigera hawni Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 652.

Lgc. Missouri.

Ois. Probably a synonym for Seminula argentea.

Seminula maconensis (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous.

Spirigera maconensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 651.
Loc. Montgomery County, Missouri.

Seminula parva (Swallow). Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Terebratula parva Swallow (non d'Archiac, 1846), Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci.,
II, 1863, p. 83.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 105.

Terebratula cooperensis Miller, N. American Geol, and Pal., 1889, p. 384.

Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Monroe and Cooper counties, Missouri.

Ois. Specimens of this species in Professor Hall's collection seen by the writer
do not'show a punctate shell structure, but are distinctly fibrous.

Seminula persinuata (Meek). Carboniferous.

Athyris (?) persinuata Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 81,

pi. 9, fig. 4.
Loc. White Pine district, Nevada.

Seminula (?) plattensis (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous.

Spirigera plattensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 87.
Loc. Missouri; Kansas; Nebraska.

Seminula (?) rogersi Hall and Clarke. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Seminula rogersi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pp. 97, 364,

pi. 47, figs. 1-4.
Loc. Pendleton, Indiana.

Seminula singletonii (Swallow). Upper Carboniferous.

Spirigera singletonii Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 87.
Loc. Boone and Audrain counties, Missouri.
Ohs. Probably a synonym for Seminula argentea.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 379

Seminula subquadrata Hall. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Athyris subquadrata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 703, pi. 27, fig.
2, woodcut p. 708.— Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 585, pi.
14, figs. 1-3;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 472, pi. 10, figs. 1-3.— Keyes, Geol. Sur-
vey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 92.

Athyris subquadrata? Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari.,
IV, 1877, p. 271, pi. 5, figs. 19, 20.

Seminula subquadrata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 95,
pi. 47, figs. 7-9, 15, 16; pi. 84, figs. 30, 31.

Loc. Chester, Illinois; Crittenden County, Kentucky; Newton ville and Maxville,
Ohio; Oquirrh Mountains, Utah.

Ohs. See Cleiothyris clintonensis.

Seminula titicacaensis (Gabb). Upper Carboniferous.

Terebratula titicacensis Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser., VIII,

1881, p. 302, pi. 42, fig. 11.
Loc. Lake Titicaca, Bolivia.

Seminula trinucleus Hall. St. Louis (L. Carb.)-

Terebratula triuucleus Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1858, p. 7; — Geol. Sur-
vey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 659, pi. 23, figs. 4, 5.

Athyris trinuclea Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 50, pi. 6,
figs. 22-27.— Hall, Twelfth Eep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 329, pi. 29, figs.
22-27.

Seminula trinuclea Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 94, 95,
fig. 65; pi. 47, figs. 5, 6, 10-14.

Log. Bloomington and Spergen Hill, Indiana; Alton, Illinois; Boonville, Mis-
souri; Princeton, Kentucky.

Ohs. See Cleiothyris reflexa.

Seminula wasatchensis (White). Upper Carboniferous.

Rhynchonella wasatchensis White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west of 100th

Meridian, Prel. Rep. 1874, p. 19;— Ibidem, Final Rep., 1875, p. 130, pi. 9, fig. 3.

Loc. Wasatch Range, near Provo, Utah.

Ohs. Is related to S. subtilita. The great anterior thickening is due to old age.

Sieberella CEhlert, and Hall and Clarke=:Gypidula.

Ohs. It may prove that Sieberella will be useful as a subgenus of Gypidula.
SIPHON OTRETA de Yern. Genotype Crania unguiculata Eicliwald.

Siphonotreta de Verneuil, G^ol. de la Russie d'Europe et des Mont, de I'Oural,
II, 1845, p. 286.— Dall, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1877, p. 62.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 110, 167.— Winchell and Schuchert,
Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 358.— Hall and Clarke, Eleventh Ann.
Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 252.

Siphonotreta (?) micula McCoy. Calciferous (Ord.).

Siphonotreta ? micula Ami, Rep. Progress Geol. Nat. Hist. Survey Canada for

1887-88, 1889, p. 52K.
Loc. Great Britain ; near Laevis, Canada.

Siphonotreta (?) minnesotaensis Hall and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.).

Siphonotreta ? minnesotensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

pp. 112, 177, pi. 4, figs. 37, 38.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol.

Survey, III, 1893, p. 358, pi. 29, figs. 23, 24.
Loc. Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Siphonotreta scotica Whiteaves=Schizambon % fissus americanus.
SPH^ROBOLUS Matthew. Genotype Lingulella ? spissa Billings.

Sphasrobolus Matthew, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, 2d ser., I. 1896, p. 263.

380 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Sphaerobolus spissus (Billings). Lower Ordovician.

Liugulella f spissii Billings, Canadian Nat. Geo!., u. ser., VI, 1872, p. 468, fig.

5;— Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 67, lig. 36.
SpbaTobolus spisHus Matthew, Traus. Koyal Soc. Canada, 2(1 ser., I, 189G, p.

263, pi. 1, fig. 5.
Loc. Bell Island, Newfoundland.

SPIR^t'ER Sowerby. Genotype Anomites striatus Martin.

Spirifer Sowerby, Mineral Concbology, II, 1815, p. 41. — Billings, Canadian Nat.
Geol., I, 1856, p. 134. — Meek and Ilaydeu, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian
Cent, to Knowledge, XIV, 172, 1864, p. 17.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 1-40;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist,
1895, p. 751.

Spirifera Billings, Canadian Journal, VI, 1861, p. 253. — Hall, Twentieth Rep. N.
Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 251;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 186.—
White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west of the 100th Merid., 1875. p. 90.—
Herrick, Bull. Denisou University, IV, 1888, p. 14. — Nettelroth, Kentucky
Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 105.— Hall, Bull. Geol.
Soc. America, I, 1890, p. 567;— Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State GeoL, 1890, p. 9.

Spirifer acanthopterus (Conrad). "l Hamilton (Dev.).

Delthyris acauthoptera Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842,

p. 264.
Loc. Oneouta, Otsego County, New York.

Spirifer acuminatus (Conrad). Coriiiferous and Hamilton (Dev.).

Delthyris acuminata Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 65.

Delthyris prora Conrad, .Tour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, A^III, 1842, p. 263.

Terebratula acuminatissima Castelnau, Essai Syst. Silurien I'Am^rique Septen-
trionale, 1843, p. 40, pi. 14, fig. 16.

Spirifer cultrijugatus Yandell and Shumard (non Roemer, 1844), Cont. Geol. Ken-
tucky, 1847, p. 10.

Spirifer acuminata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 135.

Spirifera acuminata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 198, 234, pi. 29, figs.
9-18; pi. 35, fig. 24. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky
Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 105, pi. 8, figs. 1-8.

Spirifer acuminatus AVhite, Second Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol,,
1880, p. .503, pi. 4, figs. 1-3;— Tenth Rep. State Geol, Indiana, 1881, p. 135,
pi. 4, figs. 1-3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 31, 39,
pi. 39, figs. 39-42.

Loc. Schoharie, Williamsville, Clarence Hollow, Hamilton, Madison, etc., New
York; Columbus and Sandusky, Ohio; F'alls of Ohio.

Spirifer acnticostatus de Koninck, Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifer acuticostatus de Koninck, Animaux Fos. Carb, Belgique, p, 265, pi. 17,

fig. 6,
Spirifera acuticostata Davidson, Quart, Jour. Geol. Soc, London, XIX, 1863, p,

171, pi, 9, figs. 7, 8.— Dawson, Acadian Geol,, 3d ed,, 1878, p, 292, fig. 91.
Loc. Europe; Brookfield and Shubenacadie, Nova Scotia.

Spirifer agelaius Meek. Lower Carboniferous.

Spirifer triradialis? Meek (non Phillips), Sixth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol, Survey

Terr., 1873, p, 470.
Spirifer agelaius Meek, Ibidem, 1873, p. 470, footnote.— White, Twelfth Ann.

Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1883, p, 135, pi. 34, fig. 10.
Loc. Near Virginia City, Montana.

Spirifer alatus Castelnau (non Sclilotbeimj= Spirifer aliformis.

SCHUCHEET.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 381

Spirifer aliformis de Verneuil. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer alatiis Castelnau (non Schlotheim), Esaai Systfeme Silurien I'Amerique

Septentrionale, 1843, p. 42, pi. 12, fig. 4.
Spirifer aln?formis de Verneuil, Ibidem, 1843, p. 42, footnote.
Loc, Schoharie, New York.
Ohs. Compare with Spirifer arenosus.

Spirifer alba-pinensis Hall aiid Whitfield, Kiiiderliook (L. Garb.).

Spirifera albapinensis Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. ExpL, 40th Pari., IV,

1877, p. 255, pi. 4, figs. 1, 8.
Loc. Wasatch Range, Utah.
Ohs. Appears to be a synonym of S. centronatus.

Spirifer aldrichi Etheridge. Devonian.

Spirifer aldrichi Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 634,

pi. 29, fig. 2.
Loc. Dana Bay, lat. 82° 42'.

Spirifer alta Hall=Cyrtia alta.

Spirifer amarus Swallow. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer amarus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 642.
Loc. On page 658 it is given as Callaway County, Missouri, in association with
Hamilton terrane fossils. It is probably the same as S. anute Swallow.

Spirifer angustus Hall. Hamilton and Portage (Dev.).

Spirifer augusta Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 164,

fig. in text.
Spirifera augusta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 230, pi. 38A, figs. 23-32.—

Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 329, pi. 26, fig. 3.— Hall, Second Ann.

Rep. N. Y. State GeoL, 1883, pi. 54,* figs. 14-17.
Spirifer angustus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 31, 39,

pi. 24, figs. 14-17.
Loc. Livingston and Genesee counties, and Ithaca, New York; Portage group

of New York (W^illiams); Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Spirifer annae Swallow. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer annse Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 641.
Loc. Callaway County, Missouri.
Ois. See S. amarus.

Spirifer annectans Walcott. Lower Carboniferous.

Spirifera annectans Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 216, pi. 18,

fig. 7.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Spirifer antarcticus Morris and Sliarpe. Lower Devonian.

Spirifer antarcticus Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1846,

p. 276, pi. 11, fig. 2.
Loc. Falkland Islands.
Ois. Compare with S. boliviaensis, S. chuquisaca, and S. orbignyi.

Spirifer arata Hall = Spirifer granulosus.

Spirifer arcticus Houghton. Devonian.

Spirifer arcticus Houghton, Jour. Royal Dublin Soc, I, 1857, p. 183.
0&8. The writer has not seen this journal.

Spirifer arctisegmentum Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer arctisegmenta Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 131.
Spirifera arctisegmenta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 208, pi. 31, figs. 9, 10;—

382 SYNOPSIS OF AMEKICAN FOSSIL BRACUIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Spirifer arctisegmentum Hall — Continued,

Second Aiiu. J^cp. N. V. State Geol., 1883, pi. 59, ligs. 10-12.— Nettelroth,

Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 108, pi. 12,

figs. 14, 15.
Spirifer arctisegmeutus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 36,

pi. 31, figs. 10-12.
Loo. Stafford and Genesee counties. New York; Falls of Ohio.

Spiriier arenosus (Conrad). Oriskany and Corniferous (Dev.).

Delthyris arenosa Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. Go. —

Mather, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. First Dist., 1843, p. 342, fig. 1.— Hall, Ibidem, Rep.

Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 148, fig. 1.
Delthyris arenaria Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 123, fig. 1;

p. 124, fig. 5.
Spirifer arenosa Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 826, fig. 650. —

Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 425, pi. 98, figs. 1-8; pi. 99, figs. 1-10; pi.

100, figs. 1-8.
Spirifera arenosa Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 960, fig. 465. — Hall, Second

Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 55, figs. 3-7.
Spirifera unica Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 203, pi. 30, fig. 21; pi. 55,

fig. 8.
Spirifer arenosus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 24, 27,

37, pi. 29, figs. 1-4; pi. 30, figs. 3-8.
Loc. Schoharie, Clarence Hollow, etc.. New York; Cumberland, Maryland; Vir-
ginia; Frankstown, Pennsylvania; Cayuga, Ontario.

Spirifer argentarius Meek = Spirifer pinouensis.
Spirifer arrectus Hall = Spirifer inurchisoni.

Spirifer asper Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer aspera Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 508, pi. 4, fig. 7.
Spirifera (Cyrtina) aspera Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 331, pi. 26,

figs. 1, 2.
Spirifer asper Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 29, 31, 32,

39, pi. 25, figs. 20-25.
Loc. Independence and Rockford, Iowa; Rock Island, Illinois ; Milwaukee, Wis-
consin ; Canandaigua, New York.

Spirifer asperatus Ringueberg. Niagara (Sil.).

Spirifera asperata Ringueberg, Bull. Buftalo Soc. Nat. Sci., V, 1886, p. 16, pi. 2,
fig. 5.

Loc. Lockport, New York.
Spirifer atwateranus Miller = Spirifer iowaensis.

Spirifer audaculus (Conrad). Marcellus and Hamilton (Dev.).

Delthyris audacnla Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 262.

Delthyris medialis Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 208, fig. 8.—
Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 828, fig. 669.

Spirifer eatoni Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 157.

Spirifer medialis Hall, Ibidem, 1857, p. 164, fig. 1.

Spirifera medialis HaU, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 227, pi. 38, figs. 1-25,—
Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 54, figs. 1-13.— Nettelroth, Ken-
tucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 125, pi. 26, figs. 2-5.

Spirifera medialis var. eatoni Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pi. 38, figs. 12-18.

Spirifera audacula Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 329, pi. 25, figs. 25, 26.

Spirifer audaculus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 29-31,
39, pi. 24, tigs. 1-13; pi. 29, fig. 5.

Loc. Otsego, Cayuga, Moscow, Darien, etc.. New York; Falls of Ohio; Milwau-
kee, Wisconsin.

scHucHERT.l INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 383

Spirifer audaculus macronotus Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Delthyris macronota Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 206, fig. 5.
Spirifera macronota Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 231, pi. 38A, figs. 1-22;—

Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 54, figs. 18-27.
Spirifer audaciilus var. macronotus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,

1895, pi. 24, figs. 18-27.
Loc. Bristol, Moscow, Darien, etc., New York.

Spirifer buarquianus Eatbbun. Middle Devonian.

Spirifera buarquiana Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 28.
hoc, Rio Maecnru, Province of Para, Brazil.

Spirifer belphegor Clarke. Genesee (Dev.).

Spirifera belphegor Clarke, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 30, pi. 3, fig. 13.
Loc. Ontario County, New York.

Spirifer bicostatiis Hall=Reticulara bicostata.

Spirifer bicostatus var. petilus Hall=Reticularia bicostata petila.

Spirifer bidorsalis Wincliell. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifera bidorsalis A. Winchell, Geol. Rep. Lower Peninsula of Michigan, 1866,

p. 93.
Loc. Grand Traverse district, Michigan.

Spirifer biforatus var. lynx Hall=Platystrophia biforata.
Spirifer bifurcatus Hall = Spirifer leidyi.

Spirifer billingsanus Miller. Oriskany (Dev.).

Spirifera superba Billings (non Eichwald), Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p, 45, pi. 3A,

fig. 3.
Spirifera billingsana Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 372.
Loc. Indian. Cove, Gaspd.

Spirifer bilobus Hall=Bilobites bilobus.

Spirifer bimesialis Hall. Upper Devonian.

Spirifer bimesialis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 507, pi. 4, fig. 6. — Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17, 36, pi. 34, figs. 23-26.

Spirifera bimesialis Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 59, figs.
23-26.

Loc. Independence, Iowa; Naples, New York (Clarke).

Spirifer biplicatus Meek (non Hall) = Spirifer centronatus.

Spirifer biplicatus Hall. Kinderliook (L. Garb.).

Spirifer biplicata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 18-58, p. 519, pi. 7, fig. 5.
Spirifera biplicata Herrick, Bull.Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 45; IV, 1888, p. 25,

pi. 2, fig. 8.
Spirifer biplicatus Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 15, fig. 8.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa ; Quincy, Illinois ; Richfield, etc., Ohio.

Spirifer boliviaensis d'Orbigny. Devonian.

Spirifer boliviensis d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Am^rique M6ridionale, Pal,, 1842,

p. 37, pi. 2, figs. 8, 9.
Loe. Cochabamba and Chuquisaca, Bolivia.
Ohs. Compare with S. antarcticus and S. hawkinsi.

Spirifer boonensis Swallow. Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifer booensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 646.

Loc. Boone, Randolph, and Monroe counties. Missouri.

Oba. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. rockymontanus.

384 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Spirifer byrnesi Nettelrotli. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifera byrnesi Nettelrotli, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur-
vey, 1889, p. 109, pi. 10, figs. 1-5?, 31-31, 36-39.

Loc. Falls of Ohio.
Spirifer cameratus Derby (uon Mortou)= Spirifer condor.

Spirifer cameratus Morton. Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifer cameratus Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 150, \)\. 2, fig. 3. —
Hall, Pacific Railroad Reports, ITI, 1856, p. 102, pi. 2, figs. 9, 12;— Geol.
Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 709, pi. 28, fig. 2.— Geiuitz, Carbon unci Dyas
in Nebraska, 1866, p. 44.— Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Nebraska,
1872, p. 183, pi. 6, fig. 12; pi. 8, fig. 15.— Meek and Wortheu, Geol. Survey
Illinois, Y, 1873, p. 573, pi. 25, fig. 7.— Toula, Neues Jahrbuch f. Mineral.,
1874, p. 240; — Sitzungsb. der Kais. Akad. der Wissen. zu Wien, 1875, p.
543.— White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 132,
pi. 10, fig. 1. — Newberry, Macomb's Rej). Expl. Exped. from Santa Fc to the
Great Colorado Riverof the West, 1876, p. 138. — Meek, Simpson's Rep. Expl.
Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 353, pi. 2, fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, YIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 26, 38, pi. 32, figs. 9-15.

Spirifer meusebachanus Roemer, Kreidebildung Texas, 1852, p. 88, pi. 11, fig. 7.

Spirifer triplicatus Hall, Stansbury's Expl. Survey of the Valley of Great Salt
Lake, Utah, 1852, p. 410, pi. 4, fig. 5.

Spirifer inequicostatus? Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota,
1852, p. 586, pi. 5, fig. 6. [See specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss.,
17954.]

Spirifer iasiger Owen (non Keyserling), Ibidem, 1852, pi. 5, fig. 4.

Spirifer striatus var. triplicatus Marcou, Geol. N. America, 1858, p. 49, pi. 7,
fig. 3.

Spirifer species Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 833, fig. 694.

Spirifer camerata Meek and Haydeu, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859,
p. 27.

Spirifera camerata Newberry, Ives's Rep. Colorado River of the West, 1861, p.
127.— White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau Statistics and Geol., 1880,
p. 517, pi. 8, fig. 3;— Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 149, pi. 8,
fig. 3.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 57, figs. 9-15.—
White, Thirteenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1884, p. 132, pi. 35, figs. 3-5.—
Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 45, pi. 2, fig. 22.— Keyes, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1888, p. 230;— Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895,
p. 83, pi. 40, fig. 5.

Spirifera camerata var. kausasensis Swallow, Trans. St Louis Acad. Sci., II,
1867, p. 409.

Spirifer (Trigonotreta) camerata Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV,
1877, p. 91, pi. 9, fig. 2.

Loc, Putnam Hill, Ohio; throughout the Upper Carboniferous of North Amer-
ica; western side of Spitzbergen (Toula).

Ols. S. cameratus is often regarded as identical with S. striatus (Martin). The
latter species, however, is closely and finely reticulated with concentric
growth lines, while in S. cameratus the plications are crowded with small
pustules arranged in radiating lines. See S. condor and S. striatus.

Spirifer cameratus var. kansasensis Swallow= Spirifer cameratus.
Spirifer cameratus percrassus Swallow. Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifer cameratus var. percrassus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci,, II, 1866,
p. 409.

Loc. Missouri and Kansas.

Ohs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. cameratus.

scHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 385

Spirifer capax Hall=Spirifer euryteines.

Spirifer canandaiguoe Hall and Clarke=Eeticularia canandaiguae.

Spirifer carteri Hall=Syringothyris carteri.

Spirifer carteri 3Ieek (non Hall) = Syringotliyris texta.

Spirifer catskilleusis Emmons= Spirifer mesistrialis.

Spirifer cedarensis Owen=S. iowaensis.

Spirifer centronatus A. Wincbell. Waverly (L. Garb.).

Spirifer centronatus A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865,

p. 118.— White, Wheeler's Expl. Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 86,

pi. 5, fig. 8.
Spirifera (Trigonotreta) biplicata (Hall??) Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 290,

pi. 14, fig. 5.
Spirifera centronata Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV,

1877, p. 254, pi. 4, figs. 5, 6.
Loc. Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio; Black Hills, South Dakota; Wasatch Range, Utah;

Mountain Spring, Nevada; Yellowstone Park.
Ohs. See S. alba-pinensis.

Spirifer chileusis Forbes =Spiriferiiia rostrata.

Spirifer chuquisaca A. Ulrich. Middle Devonian.

Spirifer chuquisaca A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p.

65, pi. 4, figs. 19, 20.
Loc. Chahuarani, Tarabuco, etc., Bolivia.
Ohs. Compare with S. boliviaensis and S. antarcticus.

Spirifer clarus S wallow =Reticularia clara.

Spirifer clavatulus McChesuey. Burlington (L. Garb.).

Spirifera clavatula McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1861, p. 84; — Trans. Chicago

Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 36, pi. 6, fig. 5.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Spirifer clintoni Hall= Spirifer granulosus.
Spirifer olio Hall = Del thyris consobrina.
Spirifer compactus Meek=JKeticularia flmbriata.

Spirifer concinnus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer concinna Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 60,

figs. 1-3.
Spirifera concinna Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 200, pi. 25, fig. 2; pi. 28,

fig. 7;— Second Ann. Rep, N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 55, figs. 1, 2.
Spirifer concinnus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp.24, 27, 38,

pi. 30, figs. 1, 2.
Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York.

Spirifer condor d'Orbiguy. Upper Garboniferous.

Spirifer condor d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Am^rique M^ridionale, Pal., 1842, p.

46, pi. 5, figs. 11-14. — Waagen, Palaeontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883,

p. 514.
Spirifer striatus var. multicostatus Toula, Sitzungsb. der kais. Akad. der Wis-

sensch. zu Wien, 1869, p. 3, pi. 1, tigs. 2-4.
Spirifera camerata Derby (non Morton), Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p, 12, pis.

1, 2, 4, 5;— Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1875, p. 279.
Loc. Bolivia; Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil; Yampopata and the Island of

Titicaca, Bolivia; Pichis River, Peru.

Bull. 87 25

386 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL I3RACHI0P0DA. [bull. 87.

Spirifer condor d'Orbigiiy — Continued.

Obs. "It has for a long time been considered a synonym of S. striatus and later
of S. cameratus. It is distinct, however, from the former by the lamello.se
striae of growth and from the latter by these as well by the nearly entire
absence of bundling of the ribs" (Waagen).

Snirifer couradanus Miller=Keticularia limbriata.
Spirifer consobriua d'Orbiguy=Delthyris consobrina.

Spirifer consors A. Wiuchell. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer consors A. Winchell, Geol. Rep. Lower Peninsula of Michigan, 1866, p. 93.
Lot'. Grand Traverse district, Michigan.

Spirifer cooperensis Waagen =Eeticularia cooperensis.

Spirifer corticosus Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer corticosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 160.
Spirifera corticosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 236.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.
Obs. Compare with S. granulosus.

Spirifer (?) costalis Castelnau. ? Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer costalis Castelnau, Essai Syst^me Silurien I'Am^rique Septeutrionale,

1843,p.41,pl. 14, fig.7.
Loc. Schoharie, New York.

Spirifer crispatus Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Spirifer crispatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 360, pi. 36,

figs. 9, 10.
Loc. "Maryland."

Spirifer crispus (Hisinger). Niagara and Coralline (Sil.).

Terebratula crispa Hisinger, Svenska Vet.-Akad. Handlingar, 1826, tab. 7, tig. 4.
Delthyris staminea Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 105, i:g. 3.
Spirifer crispus Hall, American Jour. Sci., XX, 1849, p. 228;— Pal. New York, II,

1852, p. 262, pi. .54, fig. 3 ; p. 328, pi. 74, fig. 9.— Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y.

State Mus., 1, 1889, p. 75, pi. 6, figs. 6, 7.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. II, 1893, pp. 19, 20, 36, pi. 36, figs. 1-6.
Spirifera crispa Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p.

157, pi. 24, figs. 6-12, 19;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 295, pi.

24, figs. 6-12, 19;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 61, figs. 1-6.
Loc. Europe; Lockport, Lewiston, and Schoharie, New York; Hamilton and

Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami) ; Ontario ; Waldron, Indiana.

Spirifer crispus simplex Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Spirifera crispa var. Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 212.
Spirifera crispa var. simplex Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep, N. Y. State Mus. Nat.

Hist., 1879, p. 157, pi. 24, figs. 1-5;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882,

p. 296, pi. 24, figs. 1-5.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 111. pi. 17, figs. 36, 37.
Spirifer crisi>us var. simplex Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., 1, 1889,

p. 75, pi. 6, figs. 4, 5.
Loc. Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky.

Spirifer cultrijugatiis Yandell and Sliumard= Spirifer acuminatus.

Spirifer cumberlandiae Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Spirifer cumberlaudia- Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.
63;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 421, pi. 96, fig. 9.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17, 36, pi. 33, figs. 16-23.

scHucHEBT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 387

Spirifer cumberlandiae Hall — Continued.

Spirifera cumberlandiae Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 58,

figs. 16-23.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Spirifer cuspidatus of American authors = Syringotliyris carteri.
Spirifer cuspidatiformis Miller =Syringotliyris texta.

Spirifer cyclopterus Hall. Lower Helderberg and Oriskany (Dev.).

Spirifer cycloptera Hall, Tenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.

58;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 199, pi. 25, fig. 1.
Spirifera cycloptera Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 957, fig. 457; — Pal. Fossils,

II, 1874, p. 48, pi. 3A, fig. 4.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883,

pi. 61, figs. 12, 13.
Spirifer cyclopterus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 36,

pi. 36, figs. 12, 15.
Loc. Helderberg Mountains, New York ; Gaspe and New Brunswick.

Spirifer cyrtinaformis Hall and Whitfield =Cyrtia cyrtiniformis.

Spirifer davisi i»i"ettelroth. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifera davisi Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey,

1889, p. 112, pi. 12, figs. 1-4.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Spirifer deltoideus Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Spirifera deltoidea Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., IV, 1888, p. 27, pi. 2, fig. 7.
Spirifer deltoideus Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 15, fig. 7.
Loc. Licking County, Ohio.

Spirifer desideratus Walcott. Lower Carboniferous.

Spirifera desiderata Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 217, pi. 7,

fig. 8.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Spirifer disjunctus Sowerby. Chemung (Dev.).

Spirifera disjuncta Sowerby, Trans. Geol. Soc, 2d ser., V, 1840, pi. 53, fig. 8;
pi. 54, figs. 12, 13. — Davidson, Mon. British Devonian Brach., Pal. Soc, 1864,
p. 23, pi. 5, figs. 1-12; pi. 6, figs. 1-5.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 243,
pi. 41, figs. 1-19; pi. 42, figs. 1-20;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol.,
1883, pi. 55, figs. 14-17.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p.
134.— Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 221, pi. 29, fig. 4.

Delthyris perlatus Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1841, p. 54.

Delthyris chemungensis Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842,
p. 263.

Delthyris prolata Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 179, fig. 3.

Delthyris cuspidata Hall (non Martin), Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p.
270, fig. 1.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 829, fig. 683.

Delthyris disjuncta f Hall, Geology N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 269, fig. 3.

Delthyris acanthota Hall, Ibidem, 1843, p. 270, fig. 2.

Delthyris inermis Hall, Ibidem, 1843, p. 270, fig. 4.

Spirifer disjunctus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 21,
24, 27, 37, 49. pi. 30, figs. 14, 15, 17.— Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 23, fig. 11,

Loc. Europe; New York; Pennsylvania; Eureka district, Nevada; Peace, Hay,
and Liards rivers, Canada.

Spirifer disjunctus occidentalis Whiteaves. Upiier Devonian.

Spirifera disjuncta var. occidentalis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p.

222, pi. 29, fig. 5.
Loc. Hay River, Canada.

388 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Spirifer disjunctus sulcifer Hall and Clarke. Chemung (Dev.).

Spirifera disjunctua var. sulcifer Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, A'^III, Pt. II,

1895, p. 361, pi. 30, fig. 16.
Loc. Near Clean, New York.

Spirifer disparilis Hall = Metaplasia disparilis.

Spir'iiBr divaricatus Hall. Corniferous and Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer divarieata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 133.
Spirifer venustus Hall, Thirteenth Rep. Ibidem, 1860, p. '-2.
Spirifera divarieata Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, IV, 1S67, p. 213, pi. 32, figs. 1-6.— Net-

telroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 113,

pi. 11, figs. 6-11; pi. 12, figs. 5-11.
Spirifer divaricatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 24,

27, 39, pi. 38, figs. 15-17.
Loc. Scholiarie, Stafl^"ord, ^Yilliam8ville, Y^ork, etc., New Y'ork; Port Colborne,

Canada; Falls of Ohio; Lebanon, Kentucky.
Ohs. Compare with S. multicostatus Castelnau.

Spirifer dubius Hall=Pentamerella dubia.

Spirifer dubius Nettelroth. ?Niagara (Sil.).

Spirifera dubia Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur-
vey, 1889, p. 115, pi. 33, figs. 23, 24.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

Spirifer duodenarius (Hall). Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Delthyris duodenaria Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 171, fig. 5.

Spirifera duodenaria Billings, Canadian Jour., n. ser., V, 1861, p. 256, figs. 65-67 ; —
Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 372, fig. 394.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 189,
pi. 27, figs. 13-16; pi. 28, figs. 24-33;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol.,
1883, pi. 58, figs. 8-13.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky
Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 114, pi. 12, figs. 12, 13, 16.

Spirifera duodenaria f Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 25.

Spirifer duodenarius Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 19,
37, pi. 33, figs. 8-15.

Loc. New Y^ork, Ontario, Columbus, Ohio ; Falls of Ohio ; Rio Maecuru, Province
of Para, Brazil.

Spirifer duplicatus Hall = Spirifer dupliplicatus.

Spirifer duplicicosta Phillips. Carboniferous.

Spirifer duplicicostus Phillips, Geol. Y^orkshire, II, 1829, p. 218, pi. 10, fig. 1.
Spirifera duplicicosta Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878,

p. 628.
Loc. Europe; Feilden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43'.

Spirifer dupliplicatus (Conrad). Hamilton (Dev.).

Delthyris dupliplicata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842,

p. 261, pi. 14, fig. 16.
Spirifera duplicata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 223, 236.
Loc. Near Smyrna, New Y'^ork.
Ohs. Compare with S. granulosus Conrad.

Spirifer eatoni Hall= Spirifer audaculus.

Spirifer elizae Rathbun. Middle Devonian.

Spirifer eliz;e (Hartt MS.) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 239,

pi. 8, figs. 15, 21 ; pi. 9, fig. 22.
Spirifera elizte Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 28.
Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil.

scHucHEBT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 389

Spirifer engelmauni Meek aud Wortlieu (non Meek)=Spirifer worth-
enanus.

Spirifer engelmanni Meek. Middle Devonian.

Spirifera engelmanni Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 308. —
Simpson'8 Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p. 346, pi. 1, fig. 1.—
King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 41, pi. 3, fig. 3.

Loc. Neils Valley, Utah; White Pine district, Nevada.

Spirifer eudora Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Spirifera eudora Hall, Annual Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1861, p. 25; — Geol.
Rep. Wisconsin, I, 1863, p. 69, pi. 5; p. 436;— Trans. Albany Inst., IV, 1863,
p. 211 ;— Twentieth Rep. N, Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 370, pi. 13, figs.
5, 7;— Ibidem, Twenty-eighth Rep., 1879, p. 156, pi. 24, figs. 13-18 ;— Eleventh
Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 294, pi. 24, figs. 13-18 ;— Second Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 51, figs. 19-21,29.

Spirifer eudora Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 13, 35,
pi. 21, figs. 19-21, 29.

Loc. Racine, Wisconsin; Waldrou, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky.

Spirifer euiuteines Hall (non Owen) = S. fornacula.

Spirifer euruteines var. fornacula Hall=S. fornacula.

Spirifer euryteines Owen. Hamilton (Dev.).

Delthyris euruteines Owen, Rep. Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, 1844,
p. 69, pi. 12, fig. 9.

Spirifer euruteines Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852, p.
586, pi. 3, figs. 2, 6. [See specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss.,
17924.]

Spirifer parryaua Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 509, pi. 4, fig. 8. —
Keyes, GeoL Surv. Missouri, V, 1895, p. 77, pi. 40, fig. 4.

Spirifer capax Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 520, pi. 7, fig. 7.

Spirifera parryana Billings, Canadian .Jour., VI, 1861, p. 261, figs. 77, 78; — Geol.
Canada, 1863, p. 386, fig. 422.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883,
pi. 52, figs. 8, 9.— Calvin, Bull. Lab. State Univ. Iowa, 1888, p. 19.

Spirifera fornacula Meek and Worthen (non Hall), Geol. Survey Illinois, III,
1868, p. 433, pi. 13, fig. 8.

Spirifera capax Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 52, figs. 15-17.

? Spirifera parryana Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 137, pi. 14,
fig. 10.

Spirifer parryanus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 29, 31, 39,
pi. 22, figs. 8, 9, 15-17.

Loc. Pine Creek and elsewhere in Iowa; Eureka district, Nevada; Bosanquet,
Ontario, Canada.

Ohs. Owen described this species in 1839, but it was not published until 1844.
In 1841 Owen sent Professor Hall specimens from the Falls of the Ohio labeled
S. euruteines. This species was again retigured in his report of 1852, where
he cites the same localities as in 1844 (p. 32 last paragraph), adding Falls of
Ohio and Columbus, Ohio. Professor Hall is correct in regarding the Ohio
specimens as distinct from those of the Mississippi Valley, but is in error in
thinking that figures 6-6b of the 1852 report are drawn from an Ohio Falls
specimen. These figures are of the same specimen as of figure 9 of the 1844
report, which is from Pine Creek, Iowa. The type specimens are in the
National Museum collection. Owen's figure 2 is the same species as Hall's
S. capax, while his figure 6 is a small individual of S. parryana Hall. Pro-
fessor Calvin has shown these two species to be identical. Therefore it
follows that S. euryteines must be restricted to the specimens from the
Mississippi Valley. For the specimens from the Falls of the Ohio S. foma-
culus Hall will be the proper nasae.

390 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Spiiiler extemiatus Hall =Syring:o thy ris exteuuata.

iSpirifer fasciger Owen (noii Keyserling) = Spirifer cameratus.

Spiiifer fastigatus Meek and Worthen (nou Morton ) = Spirifer morton-

anus.
Spirifer fastigatus Morton. ?Lower Carboniferous.

S (iriler I'astigatns Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 152, jil. 14, fig. 35.
Loc. Junior Furnace, Scioto County, Ohio.
Ohs. Not recognizable.

Spirifer filicosta A. Wincliell. Hamilton (Dev.),

Spirifera filicosta A. Winchell, Report Lower Peninsula of Michigan, 1866, p. 94.
Loc. Grand Traverse district, Michigan.

Spirifer (?) fimbriatus Morton Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifer fimbriatus Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 150, pi. 2, fig. 1.
Loc. Putnam Hill, Ohio.
Obs. Not recognizable.

Spirifer fimbriatus Hall=Reticularia fimbriata.
Spirifer fischeri Castelnau = Spirifer inacropleura.

Spirifer foggi Nettelroth. IS'iagara (Sil.).

Spirifera foggi Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Sur-
vey, 1889, p. 117, pi. 32, figs. 28-31.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

Spirifer forbesi Norwood and Pratten. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Spirifer forbesi Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III,

1854, p. 73, pi. 9, fig. 3.— Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 600, pi.

13, fig. 1.— Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 26, 38, pi.

37, fig. 18.
Spirifera forbesi Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 80, pi. 40, fig. 3.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Hannibal, Louisiana, and Sedalia, Missouri.

Spirifer formosus Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer formosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 154.
Spirifera formosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 220, pi. 28, figs. 12-16.
Loc. Bakeoven, Illinois.

Spirifer fornacula Meek and Worthen (non Hall)= Spirifer earyteines.

Spirifer fornacula Hall. Hamilton (Mid. Dev.),

Spirifer fornacula Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.. 1857, p. 154.
Spirifera euruteines Hall (non Owen), Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 209, pi. 31,

figs. 14-19. — White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and

Geol., 1880, p. 504, pi. 4, figs. 4,5;— Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p.

136, pi. 4, figs. 4, 5. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 115, pi. 6, figs. 1-7, 9, 11-17.
Spirifera euruteines var. fornacula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 211, pi. 31,

figs. 11-13.— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 330, pi. 25, fig. 22.—

Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.

117, pi. 6, figs. 8, 10, 18-20.
Loc. Jackson County, Illinois; Falls of Ohio; Columbus, Ohio; Milwaukee,.

Wisconsin (Whitfield).
Ohs. See remarks on S. euryteines Owen.

Spirifer fornax Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer fornax Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 155.
Loc. Illinois.

SCHUCHEET.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 391

Spirifer franklini Meek=Reticularia franklini.

Spirifer fultonensis Worthen. Upper Carbouiferous.

Spirifera fultonensis Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, V, 1873, p. 572, pi. 25, fig. 5.

Loc. Canton^ Illinois.
Spirifer gaspensis Billings. Oriskany (Dev.).

Spirifera gaspensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 44, pi. 3, fig. 8.

Loc. Gasp^.
Spirifer gibbosus Hall. i^iagara (Sil.).

Spirifer gibbosus Hall, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1861, p. 25.

Spirifera gibbosa Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y, State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 370,
pi. 13, figs. 6, 8.

Loc. Racine, Wisconsin.

Ohs. Probably the same as S. eudora Hall.

Spirifer glabrus David son =Martinia glabra.

Spirifer glabrus var. contractus Meek and Worthen =Martinia glabra

coutracta.
Spirifer glabrus nevadensis Walcott=Reticularia nevadaensis,
Spirifer glauscerasus White=Martima glanscerasi.
Spirifer granuliferus Hall = Spirifer granulosus.

Spirifer granulosus (Conrad). Hamilton (Dev.).

Delthyris granulosa Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey N. Y., 1839, p. 65.
Delthyris granulifera Hall, Geology N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 206, fig. 1.
Delthyris congesta Hall, Ibidem, 1843, p. 206, fig. 2.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania,

II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 828, figs. 670, 673.
Spirifer huroniensis Castelnau, Essai Systeme Silurien I'Am^rique Septentrion-

ale, 1843, p. 41, pi. 12, fig. 6.
Spirifer osteolatus Yandell and Shumard, Cont. Geol. Kentucky, 1847, p. 14.
Spirifer granulifera Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 163.
Spirifer arata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 161.
Spirifer clintoni Hall, Ibidem, 1857, p. 157.
Spirifer oweni Hall, Ibidem, 1857, p. 129.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. II, 1895, pi. 22, figs. 1-7.
Spirifera oweni Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 197, pi. 29, figs. 1-8;— Second

Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 52, figs. 1-7.— Nettelroth, Kentucky

Fossil Shells, Mem, Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 126, pi. 7, figs. 1-10.
Spirifera granulifera Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 223, pi. 36, figs. 1-13;—

Second Ann. Rep. N. Y, State Geol., 1883, pi. 53, figs. 1-15.
Spirifera arata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 235.
Spirifer granulosus Hall, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 29, 30, 31, 39,

pi. 23, figs. 1-15; pi. 29, figs. 9-12.
Loc. Schoharie, Moscow, Darien, Canandaigua, etc., New York; Pennsylvania;

Cumberland, Maryland; Virginia; Falls of Ohio; Alpena, Michigan.

Spirifer gregarius Clapp. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Delthyris gregaria Yandell and Shumard, Cont. Geol. Kentucky, 1847, pp. 9, 10.
(Nomina nudum.)

Spirifer gregaria (Clapp MS.) Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,
p. 127.

Spirifera gregaria Billings, Canadian Jour., n. ser., VI, 1861, p. 260, figs. 74-76; —
Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 372, fig. 391.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 195,
pi. 28, figs. 1-11. — White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics
and Geol., 1880, pi. 4, figs. 10, 11;— Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p.
136, pi. 4, figs. 10, 11.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky
Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 119, pi. 8, tigs. 9-13; pi. 10, figs. 6-10.

392 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [boll. 87.

Spirifer gregarius Clapp — Continued.

Spirifer gregarius Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17, 36,

pi. 29, fig. 7; pi. 37, figs. 11, 12.
Loc. Falls of Ohio; Columbus, Ohio; Genesee and Erie counties, New York;

Ontario.

Spirifer grieri Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer grieri Hall, Tenth Eep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 18.57, p. 127;—

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 194, pi. 27, fig. 29; pi. 28, figs. 17-23.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 24, 27, 38, pi. 30, figs. 9-13.
Spirifera grieri Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Gaol., 1883, pi. 55, figs. 9-13.—

Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.

120, pi. 9, figs. 8-14.
Loc. Clarence, Williarasville, etc.. New York; Columbus, Ohio; Falls of Ohio.

Spirifer grimesi Hall. Kinderliook and Burlington (L. Carb.).

Spirifer grimesi Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. 11.1858, p. 604, pi. 14, figs. 1-5.—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 23, 25, 38, pi. 31, figs.
8, 16-19.

Spirifer allied to grimesi Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV,
1878, p. 628, pi. 25, fig. 5.

Spirifera grimesi Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 56, figs.
8, 16-19.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 79.

Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Quincy, Illinois; Fielden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43'; Han-
nibal, Louisiana, Sedalia, etc., Missouri.

Spirifer guadalupensis Shumaid=Eeticularia guadalupensis.
Spirifer hannibalensis S wallow =Syriugotbyris carteri.

Spirifer hartti Ratbbun. Middle Devonian.

Spirifera hartti Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 29.
Loc. Rio Maecuru, Province of Para, Brazil.

Spirifer hawkinsi Morris and Sbarpe. Lower Devonian.

Spirifer hawkinsii Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1846,

p. 276, pi. 11, fig. 1.
Loc. Falkland Islands.

Spirifer hemicyclus Meek and Wortben. Oriskany (Dev.).

Spirifer hemicyclus Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 399,

pi. 8, figs. 6, 7.
Loc. Union and Alexandria counties, Illinois.

Spirifer bemi])licatus Hall=Euteletes bemiplicatus.

Spirifer besione Billings = Del tbyris raricosta.

Spirifer birtus Wbite and Wbitfield=Eeticularia cooperensis.

Spirifer hobbsi Nettelrotb, Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifera varicosa var. Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 206, pi. 31, fig. 23.
Spirifera hobbsi Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.

Survey, 1889, p. 121, pi. 10, figs. 21, 22, 26-30, 35, 40.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Spirifer bomfrayi Gabb=Spiriferina bomfrayi.

Spirifer hungerfordi Hall. Cbemung (Dev.).

Spirifer hungerfordi Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 501, pi. 4, fig. 1. —
Tschemyschew, M6moire8 du Comit6 Gcologique de St. Petersbourg, III, 3,
1887, p. 62.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 23, 25, 37,
pi. 29, fig. 6; pi. 37, figs. 26-30.— Webster, American Naturalist, XXII, 1888,
p. 1101.
Loc. Rockford, Iowa.

:SCHUCHEBT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 393

Spirifer huroniensis Oasteluau=:Spirifer granulosus.

Spirifer huronensis A. Wiuchell. Portage (Dev.).

Spirifer huronensis A.. Wincbell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p. 406.
Loc. Port aus Barques, Michigan.

Spirifer imbrex Hall. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Spirifer imbrex Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 601, pi. 13, fig. 2.—

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 26, 38, pi. 31, figs. 11, 12.
Spirifera imbrex Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 56, figs.

11, 12.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Hannibal and Louisiana, Missouri.

Spirifer ineequivalvis Castelnau=Rliynchotrema inpequivalvis.

Spirifer incertus Hall. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Spirifer incerta Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 602, pi. 13, fig. 3.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Spirifer inconstans Hall= Spirifer nobilis.

Spirifer increbescens Hall. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Spirifer increbescens Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 706, pi. 27, fig.

6.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 27, 39, pi. 30,

figs. 27-30; pi, 31, figs. 1-3.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 82.
Spirifera increbescens Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 55, figs.

27-30; pi. 56, figs. 1-3.
Loc. Kaskaskia and Chester, Illinois; Kentucky.
01)8. Not synonymous with S. bisulcatus Sowerby, as stated by Meek and Saff'ord.

It has also been referred to S. trigonalis (Martin).

Spirifer increbescens americanus Swallow. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Spirifer increbescens var. americana Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II,

1866, p. 410.
Loc. Illinois and Missouri.
Ohs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. increbescens.

Spirifer increbescens transversalis Hall. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Spirifer increbescens var. transversalis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858,

p. 708, pi. 27, fig. 6.
Loc. Kaskaskia and Chester, Illinois.

Spirifer inequicostatus Owen = Spirifer cameratus.
Spirifer insolitus Wincliell=Martinia ? insolita.

Spirifer intermedins Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Spirifer intermedia Hall (non Brongniart, 1829), Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 424.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Spirifer inutilis Hall. Upper Devonian.

Spirifer inutilis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 505, pi. 4, fig. 4.
Spirifera inutilis Whiteaves, Cout. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 223.
Loc. Independence, Iowa; Athabasca River, Canada.

Spirifer iowaensis Owen. Middle Devonian.

Spirifer iowensis Owen, Geol. Survey Iowa, "Winconsiu, and Minnesota, 1852, p.

585, pi. 3, fig. 1. [See specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17925.]
Spirifer penuatus Owen (non Atwater), Ibidem, 1852, p. 585, pi. 3, figs. 3, 8.

[Ibidem, Cat., 17919, 17920.]
Spirifer ligus Owen, Ibidem, 1852, p. 585, pi. 3, fig. 4, and pi. 3A, fig. 2 [Ibidem,

Cat., 17921, 17922].— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

pp. 31, 39, pi. 22, figs. 19-24; pi. 29, fig. 13.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri,

V, 1895, p. 77.

394 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Spirifer iowaensis Owen — Continued.

Spiriler cedareneis Owen, Geol. Survey Iowa, Wisconsin, and Minnesota, 1852,
p. 586, pi. 3, tig. 5. [See specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17
923.]

Spirifer pennata Hall, Geol. Survey, Iowa, I, Ft. II, 1S58, p. 510, pi. 5, fig. 1.

fSpirifera allied to i)cniiata Etberidge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV,
1878, p. 633, pi. 29, tig. 1.

Spirifera atwaterana Miller, Proc. Davenport Acad. Sci., 1878, p. 222. — Nettel-
rotli, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 107.

Spirifera pennata Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 3.30, pi. 26, fig. 4.—
Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 52, figs. 19-24.

Loc. New Bufl'alo, Independence, etc., Iowa; Rock Island, Illinois; Milwaukee,
Wisconsin; Falls of Ohio; south of Cape Joseph Henry, lat. 82'^ 42'.

Oia. Owen's type specimens of S. iowaensis, S. pennatus, S. ligus, and S. cedar-
ensis are preserved in the National Museum collection. The six specimens
of these species show, when compared with a large series of similar shells
from Iowa, that they are but variations of a very variable and widely dis-
tributed Spirifer of the Devonian of the Mississippi Valley, The width and
degree of curvature of the ventral area and the length of the cardinal line
are extremely variable features in S. iowaensis. Upon these characters Owen
has based his species. The name S. iowaensis has been selected not only-
because it is very appropriate but also since it is the first one described.
S. parryanus is another closely allied species, but can be separated generally
by its wider ventral area and in the cardinal lines not being drawn out inta
more or less mucronate extensions.

Spirifer kelloggi Swallow. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Spirifera kelloggi Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci,, II, 1863, p 86. — Keyes,

Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 81.
Spiriferina kelloggi Satford, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, p. 360.
Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Tennessee.

Spirifer kennicotti Meek. Middle Devonian.

Spirifer kennicotti Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 101, pi. 14, fig. 9.

Loc. Mackenzie River Valley, Northwest Territory, Canada.

Oha. This species is much like S. pennatus Miller, but with the fold and sinus
plicated. It is unlike S. disjunctus, to which it has been referred by Whit-
eaves, in its shallow visceral cavity.

Spirifer kentuckiensis Sliumard= Spiriferina cristata.

Spirifer kentuckiensis var. i^ropatula Swallow= Spiriferina cristata.

Spirifer keokuk Hall. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Spirifer striatus? var. attenuatus? Owen (non Sow.), Geol. Survey Wisconsin.

Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, pi. 3A, fig. 8. [See specimens in U, S. Nat. Mus., Cat.

Invert. Foss., 17944.]
Spirifer keokuk Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 642, pi. 20, figs. 3 and

2d;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 55, figs. 21-24.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 27, 38, pi. 30, figs. 21-24 ; pi. 37,

figs. 13-15.
Spirifer keokuk var. Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 676, pi. 24, fig. 4.
Spirifer keokuk? Meek, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Survey Terr., II, 1876, p. 3.55, pi. 1,

fig. 3.
Spirifera keokuk Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 81, pi. 40, fig. 2.
Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Nauvoo and Warsaw, Illinois; Utah; Rushville and Lou-

donville, Ohio (Herrick).
Ohs. See S. littoni.

scHucHEBT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 395

Spirifer keokuk shelbyensis Swallow. Warsaw (L. Carb.),

Spirifer keokuk Tar. shelbyeusis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci,, II, 1866,.

p. 410.
Loc. Shelby County, Missouri.

Spirifer knappauus iSrettelroth=Reticularia knappiaua.

Spirifer lateralis Hall. Warsaw (L. Carb.)..

Spirifer lateralis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 661, pi. 23, fig. 7. —

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 32, figs. 1-3; pi. 37,.

fig. 19.
fSpirifera lateralis Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 188', pi. 57, figs,

1-3.
Loc. Clifton and Warsaw, Illinois.

Spirifer latior Swallow. Chouteau (L. Carb.),

Spirifer latior Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 86.
Loc. Cooper County, Missouri.
Obs. Compare with S. marionensis.

Spirifer Itevigatus Swallow=Martiiiia laevigata.

Spirifer la? vis Hall=Eeticiilaria Levis.

Spirifer laminosiis Geinitz (uon McCoy) = Spiriferiua cristata.

Spirifer leidjri Norwood and Pratteii. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Spirifer leidyi Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III,

1854, p. 72, pi. 9, fig. 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, A'lII, Pt. II, 1893,.

pp. 27, 39, pi. 30, figs. 25, 26.
Spirifer bifurcatus Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 18.57, p. 8.
Spirifera bifurcata Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., I, 1882, p. 47, pi.

6, figs. 13-15.— Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 326, pi. 29,.

figs. 13-15.
Spirifera leidyi Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 55, figs. 25, 26. —

Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 216, pi. 18, fig. 4.— Keyes,

Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 82.
Loc. Chester, Illinois; Spergen Hill, Indiana; Princeton, Kentucky; Utahj

Eureka district, Nevada.

Spirifer leidyi chesterensis Swallow. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.),

Spirifer leidyi var. chesterensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1866,

p. 409.
Loc. "Above the St. Louis limestone," Missouri.
Ois. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. leidyi.

Spirifer leidyi merimacensis Swallow. Warsaw (L. Carb.).

Spirifer leidyi var. merimacensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1866,

p. 410.
Loc. Barrets Station, St. Louis County, Missouri.
Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. leidyi.

Spirifer ligusOwen = S. iowaensis.

Spirifer liiieatoides Swallow=Reticulariapseudoliiieata.

Spirifer lineatus of American authors =Reticularia perplexa.

Spirifer lineatus striatolineatus Swallow =Eeticularia perplexa striati-

lineata.
Spirifer liuguiferoides Forbes = Spiriferina rostrata.

Spirifer littoni Swallow. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Spirifer littoni Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., 1, 1860, p. 646.
Loc. St. Louis County, Missouri.
Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. keokuk.

396 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [boll 87.

Spirifer logani Hall. Keokuk (L. Carb.)-

Spirir.T logani Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Ft. II, 1858, p. 647, pi. 20, fig. 7; pi. 21,
figs. 1, 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Ft. II, 1893, pp. 25, 38, pi. 32,
figs. 7, 8.
Spirifera logani A. Winchell, Proc. American Phil. Soc, XII, 1870, p. 245.— Hall,
Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 57, figs. 7, 8.— Keyes, Geol.
i Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 81.
Loc. Nauvoo, Illinois; Clark County, Missouri; Tennessee.

Spirifer lyelli de Verneuil= Spirifer pennatus.

Spirifer macbridei Calvin. Upper Devonian.

Spirifera macbridei Calvin, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXV, 1883, p. 433. —
Calvin, Bull. Lab. Nat. Hist. State Univ. Iowa, II, 1892, p. 166, pi. 12, fig. 3.

Spirifer macbridii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 29,
31, 39, pi. 25, figs. 9-16 (?17-19).

Loe. Rockford, Iowa.

Spirifer macconathei Kettelrotb. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifera macconathii Nettolroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.

Survey, 1889, p. 123, pi. 11, figs. 1-5.
Loc. Falls of Ohio.

Spirifer macra Meek (non Hall) = Spirifer strigosus.

Spirifer macrus Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer macra Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 134.
Spirifera macra Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 190, pi, 27, figs. 17-28 ;— Second

Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 59, figs. 1-3.
Spirifer macrus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17, 36, pi.

34, figs. 1-3.
Loc. Schoharie, Williamsville, etc.. New Y''ork; Columbus, Ohio.

Spirifer macronotus Hall=S. audaculus macronotus.

Spirifer macropleura (Conrad). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Delthyris macropleura Conrad, Fourth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1840, p.
207.— Vauuxem, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 120, fig. 1.— Mather,
Ibidem, Rep. First Dist., 1843, p. 343, fig. 1.

Spirifer macrojileurus Castelnau, Essai Systeme Silurien l'Am6rique Septentri-
onale, 1843, p. 41, pi. 13, fig. 5.

Spirifer fischeri Castelnau, Ibidem, 1843, p. 42, pi. 13, fig. 4.

Spirifer macropleura Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 202, pi. 27, fig. 1; pi. 28,
fig. 8.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. it, 1893, pp. 13, 35, pi.
20, figs. 22-24. 27.

Spirifera macropleura Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 957, fig. 456; — Proc. Port-
land Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 117, pi. 3, fig. 16.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 51, figs. 22-24, 27.

Loc. Schoharie, Carlisle, Catskill, etc.. New Y'ork; Square Lake, Maine; Cum-
berland, Maryland; Perry County, Tennessee.

Spirifer macrothyris Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer macrothyris Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 132. —
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Ft. II, 1893, pp. 29, 31, 39, pi. 23, figa.
16-18.

Spirifera macrothyris Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 202, pi. 30, figs. 16-20;—
Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883. pi. 53, figs. 16-18.

Loc. Williamsville and Clarence Hollow, New Y'ork; Cayuga, Ontario; Colum-
bus, Ohio.

scHucHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 397'

Spirifer maecuruensis Eathbun. Middle Devoiiiau.

Spirifer majcuruensis Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 30.
Loc. Kio Maecuruj Province of Para, Brazil.

Spirifer maius Billings =Martinia maia.

Spirifer manni Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer manni Ifall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 128.
Spirifera manni Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 211, pi. 31, figs. 20-30.
Loc. Sandusky and Columbus, Ohio ; Williamsville, New York.

Spirifer marcoui Waagen. Upper Carboniferous.'

Spirifer striatus Marcou (non Martin), Geol. North America, 1858, p. 49, pi. 7,

tig. 2.
Spirifer marcoui Waagen, Palseontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 510, pi. 47.
Loc. Shasta County, California; Tigeras, New Mexico ; Vancouver Island.

Spirifer marcyi Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer marcyi Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 158, figs.
1, 2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 29, 39, pi. 22,
tigs. 10-14.

Spirifera marcyi Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 226, pi. 37, figs. 10-20;— Sec-
ond Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 52, figs. 10-14.

Loc. Covington; Cayuga and Seneca lakes. New York; Columbus, Ohio (Whit-
field).

Spirifer marionensis Sliumard. Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Spirifer marionensis Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 203, pi. C, fig. 8. — Hall,

Geol. Survey, Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 501, pi. 6, fig. 1.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.

New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 25, 38, pi. 31, fig. 15.— Herrick, Geol. Ohio,

VII, 1895, pi. 15, fig. 2.

Spirifera marionensis A. Winchell, Proc. American Phil. Soc, XII, 1870, p. 252. —
Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 56, fig. 15.— Herrick, Bull.
Donisou Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 43, pi. 6, figs. 2-4; pi. 7, fig. 11; IV, 1888, p. 26,
pi. 2, fig. 2.— Keyes, Geol. Surv. Missouri, V, 1895, p. 78.

? Spirifera marionensis Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol.
Survey, 1889, p. 124.

Loc. Louisiana and Hannibal, Missouri; Portsmouth, Sciotoville, etc., Ohio;
? Falls of Ohio.

Ohs. Compare with S. osagensis, S. missouriensis, and S. vernonensis.
Spirifer medialis Hall=Spirifer audaculus.

Spirifer meeki Swallow. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Spirifer meeki Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 645,

Loc. Pettis and Saline counties, Missouri.
Spirifer meristoides Meek=Martinia meristoides.
Spirifer mesacostalis Hall=Delthyris mesicostalis.

Spirifer mesistrialis Hall. Portage and Chemung (Dev.).

Delthyris mesastrialis Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 269, fig. 1.
Spirifer catskillensis Emmons, Manual of Geology, 1860, p. 151.
Spirifera mesastrialis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 242, pi. 40, figs. 14-22,
and p. 417.
Spirifer mesastrialis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 14, 35,
pi. 37, figs. 4, 5.
Loc. Schoharie, Cortlandville, Cayuta Creek, and Ithaca, New York.
Spirifer metus Hall =Cyrtia meta.
Spirifer meusebachanus Eoemer=Spirifer cameratus.

308 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Spirifer mexicanus Shiimard. Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifera ISIexicaua Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acatl. Sci., I, 1858, p. 292, pi. 11,

fig. 4, and p. 390.
Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico and Texas.

Spirifer missoiiriensis Swallow. Chouteau (L. Carb.),

Spirifer missouriensis Swallow, Trau.s. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 643.

l.or. Cooper County, Missouri.

Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. marionensis.

Spirifer modestus Hall=Eeticularia modesta.

Spirifer mortonanus Miller. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Spirifera fastigata Meek and "Worthen (non Wortlieu), Proc. Acad, Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, 1870, p. 36 ;— Geol. Survey Illinois, YI, 1875, p. 521, pi. 30, fig. 3.
Spirifera mortonana Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 2d ed., 1883, p. 298.
Spirifer mortonanus Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 26, 38,

pi. 38, figs. 18, 19.
Loe. Crawfordsville, Indiana; Kings Mountain and Lebanon, Kentucky.

Spirifer mucronatus Conrad = Spirifer pennatus.

Spirifer multicostatus Castelnau. ? Corniferous (Dev.).

Spirifer multicostatus Castelnau, Essai Syst^me Silurien I'Amerique Septentrio-

nale, 1843, p. 42, pi. 12, fig. 3.
Loc. Schoharie, New York.
Ohs. See S. divaricatus.

Spirifer multigranosus Worthen = Spirifer texasanus.
Spirifer multistriata HalI=Treniatospira multistriata.

Spirifer mundulus Eowley. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Spirifera mundula Rowley, American Geologist, XII, 1893, p. 307, pi. 14, figs,

10-12.
Loc. Louisiana, Missouri.

Spirifer murchisoni Castelnau. Oriskany (Dev.).

Spirifer murchisoni Castelnau, Essai Systeme Silurien I'Amerique Septentrionale,

1343, p. 41, pi. 12, figs. 1,2.
Spirifer arrecta Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 422, pi. 97, figs. 1. 2.
Spirifera arrecta Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 960, fig. 466. — Hall, Second Ann.

Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 58, figs. 24-27.
Spirifer sp. a A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 67, pi. 4,

fig. 22.
Spirifer arrectus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork.VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17, 19, 37,

pi. 33, figs. 24-27.
Loc. Schoharie and Albany counties. New Y''ork; Cumberland, Maryland;

Cayuga, Ontario ; near Totora, Bolivia.
Oha. Castelnau's figures prove conclusively that be was the first to describe this

species..

Spirifer mysticensis INIeek. Lower Carboniferous.

Spirifera mysticensis Meek, Sixth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr,, 1873, p.

466.— Miller. North American Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 374.
Loc. Outlet of Mystic Lake, Montana.

Spirifer neglectus Hall. Keokuk (L. Carb.),

Spirifer neglectus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 643, pi. 20, fig. 5.
Spirifera neglecta Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, VI, 1875, p. 523, pi.

30, figs. Ic, 2a.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 217, pi. 18,

fig. 10.

SCHUCHEET.

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 399

Spirifer neglectus Hall — Contiuiied.

? Spirifera ueglecta de Koninck, Anuales tin Mus6e Royal d'Historie Nat. de

Belgique, XIV, 1887, p. 134, pi. 31, figs. 10-15.
Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Warsaw and Nauvoo, Illiuois; Eureka district, Nevada;
? Belgium.

Spirifer newberryi Hall. Waverly (L. Garb.).

Spirifera newberryi Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 56, figs.

9, 10.
Spirifer newberryi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, Vlll, Pt. II, 1895, p. 362,

pi. 31, figs. 9, 10.
Loc. Northern Ohio.

Spirifer niagaraensis (Conrad). ISTiagara (Sil.).

Delthyris niagarensia Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p.

261.— Hall, Geol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 105, fig. 1.
Spirifer niagarensis Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 264, pi. 54, fig. 5.— Hall

and Cl.arke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 14, 35, pi. 21, figs. 1-4, 25;

pi. 37, fig. 1.
Spirifera niagarensis Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 137, pi. 2, fig. 8;—

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 317, fig. 329.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State

Geol., 1883, pi. 51, figs. 1-4, 25.
Loc. Lockport, Rochester, etc.. New York; Osgood, Indiana.

Spirifer niagaraensis oligoptychus Koemer. ISTiagara (Sil.).

Spirifera niagarensis var. oligoptychus Roemer, Sil. Fauna West. Tennessee,

1860, p. 68, pi. 5, fig. 8.
Spirifer macropleurus Safford, Geol. Tennessee, 1869, p. 321.
Loc. Decatur County, Tennessee.
Ofts. Compare with S. eudorus Hall and S. macropleurus Conrad.

Spirifer nictauvensis Dawson. Oriskany (Dev.).

Spirifera uictavensis Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 499, fig. 176; —

Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., IX, 1879, p. 3.
Loc. Near Nictaux, Nova Scotia.

Spirifer nobilis Barrande. Niagara (Sil.).

Spirifer nobilis Barrande, Ueber die Brach. der Sil. Schicht von Bohmen, 1847.—

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 14, 35, pi. 29, fig. 16;

pi. 37, figs. 2, 3.
Spirifer racinensis McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1861, p. 84.
Spirifer incoustans Hall, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1861, p. 26; — Geol.

Rep. Wisconsin, I, 1862, p. 69, fig. 6; p. 436.
Spirifera nobilis Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 372,

pi. 13, figs. 14-16.
Spirifera racinensis McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1868, p. 84.
Loc. Racine, Wisconsin; Chicago, Illinois.

Spirifer norwoodaua Hall=Spiriferina norwoodaua.
Spirifer norwoodi Meek=Cyrtia norwoodi.

Spirifer nova-mexicanus Miller. Burlington (L, Carb.).

Spirifera novamexicana Miller, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., IV, 1881, p. 314,
pi. 7, fig. 10.

Loc. Lake Valley mining district. New Mexico.

/

Spirifer nymphus Billings=Reticularia uympha.
Spirifer obtusus Gabb=Spiriferina obtusa.

400 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Spirifer octocostatus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Spiriler ootocostata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat, Hist., 1857, p. 62j—

Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 205, pi. 28, fig. 4.
Xof. Cumberland, Maryland.

Spirifer octoplicatus Hall = Spiriferiua cristata.
Spir-'er opiums Hall = Spirifer rockymontanus.

Spirifer orbignyi Morris and Sharpe. Lower Devonian,

^jdriler urbignii -Morris and Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, II, 1846,

p. 276, pi. 11, fig. 3.
Loc. Falkland Islands.
Ohs. Probably identical with S. antarcticus.

Spirifer oregonensis Sliumard. Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifer oregonensis Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 108.
Loc. Near P"'ort Filmore, New Mexico.

Spirifer orestes Hall and Whitfield. Chemung (Dev.).

Spirifera orestes Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.

Hist., 1872, p. 237, pi. 11, figs. 16-20.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State

Geol., 1883, pi. 55, fig. 20.
Spirifer orestes Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 27, 38, pi.

30, fig. 20.
Loc. Rockford, Iowa; Naples, New York.
Ols. Compare with S. strigosus.

Spirifer osagensis Swallow. Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Spirifer osagensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 641.
Loc. Pettis County, Missouri.
Ohs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. marionensis.

Spirifer ovalis Phillips. Carboniferous.

Spirifer ovalis Phillips, Geol. Yorkshire, II, 1836, p. 219, pi. 10, fig. 5.— Ether-

idge. Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 629.
Loc. Europe. Feilden Isthmus, lat. 82° 43'.

Spirifer oweni Hall = Spirifer granulosus.

Spirifer paradoxus (Schlotheim). Corniferous (Dev.).

Terebratula paradoxa Schlotheim, Petrefactenkunde, VII, 1813, p. 249, tab. 2,

fig. 6.
Spirifer paradoxus? Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p. 415,

pi. 10, fig. 2.
Loc. Europe ; Union and Jackson counties, Illinois.

Spirifer parryana Hall=S. euryteines Owen.

Spirifer peculiaris Shumard. Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

Spirifer? peculiaris Shumard, Geol. Rep. Missouri, 1855, p. 202, PI. C, fig. 7.
Spirifera (Martinia) peculiaris White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west 100th

Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 90, pi. 5, fig. 7.
Loc. Cooper County, Missouri ; Mountain Spring, Nevada.

Spirifer pedroanus Rathbun. Middle Devonian.

Spirifera pedroana (Hartt) Rathbun, Bull. Buifalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 237,

pi. 8, figs. 1-9, 13, 14, 16-20;— Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 27.
Loc. Erere and Province of Para, Brazil.

Spirifer pennatus Owen = Spirifer iowaeusis.

ScfiDCHEHT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 40l

Spirifer pennatus (Atwater). Marcellus, Hamilton, and Chemung (Dev.).

Terebratula pennata Atwater, Aioejicau Jour, Sci, Arts, II, 1820, p. 244, pi. 1,
figs. 2, 3.

Delthyris mucronata Conrad, Fifth Ann. Eep. Geol. Survey New York, 1841, p.
54.— Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Eep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 150, fig-. 3.— Hall,
Ibidem, Rep. Fouitli Dist., 1843, p. 198, figs. 2, 3; p. 205, fig. 3 (uon p. 270,
fig. 3 = S. pennatus posterns). — (Conrad) Hall, Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State
Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, pi. 11, fig. 18.

Spirifer sowerbyi Castelnau, Essai Syst. Silurien I'Am^rique Septentrionale, 1843,
pi. 13, fig. 1 (non Fischer).

Spirifer lyelli de Verneuil, Ibidem, 1843, p. 43.

Spirifer mucronata Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., 1, 1856, p. 474, pi. 7, figs. 9, 10. —
Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, 1858, p. 828, tig. 668.

Spirifera mucronata Billings, Canadian Jour., n. ser., VI, 1861, p. 254, figs. 59-
62;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 386, fig. 424.— Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, IV, 1867, p.
216, pi. 34, figs. 1-32.— Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1874, p. 80.— Whitfield,
Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 328, pi. 25, figs. 27, 28.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi, 59, figs. 13-22.— Calvin, American Geologist, 1, 1888,
p. 82. — Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889,
p. 126, pi. 31, figs. 10, 11.

Spirifer mucronatus var. Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890, pi. 12,
fig. 13.

Spirifer mucronatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pj). 14,
17, 36, pi. 29, fig. 8; pi. 34, figs. 13-22.

Loc. New York, Pennsylvania, Maryland, Virginia; Bosanquet, Ontario; Mil-
waukee, Wisconsin.

Obs. Atwater's specimen was found in the drift of Ohio. Mr. Miller is correct
in regarding it the same as the well-known S. mucronatus.

Spirifer pennatus posterns Hall and Clarke. Chemung (Dev.).

Delthyris mucronata (partim) Hall, Geol. New Y^ork; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843,

p.' 270, fig. 3.
"Spirifer mucronatus var. posterns Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,

1895, p. 361, pi. 34, figs. 27-31.
Loc, Tompkins County, New York.

Spirifer pennatus tulliensis Williams, Tully (Dev.).

Spirifer mucronatus var. tulliensis Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, I, 1890,

p. 491, pi. 12, fig. 12. .
Loc. Tin iters Falls, New Y'ork.

Spirifer pentlandi d'Orbigny. Carboniferous.

Spirifer pentlandi d'Orbiguy, Voyage dans I'Amerique M^ridionale, Pal., 1842,

p. 48, pi. 5, figs. 15.
Loc, Lake Titicaca, Bolivia.

Spirifer perforata Hall=:Trematospira perforata.

Spirifer perextensus Meek and Wortben. Corniferous (Dev.).

Spirifera perextensa Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, HI, 1868, p. 414,

pi. 10, fig, 1.
Loc. Near Jonesboro, Union County, Illinois.
Ois. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. ligus = S. iowaensis.

Spirifer perlamellosns Hall = Delthyris perlamellosa.
Spirifer perplexus McChesney=Eeticularia perplexa.
Bull. 87 26

402 SYNOPSIS OP AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Spirifer pertenuis Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

8i.irifer porteimis Mall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hiat., 1857, p. 163.
Spirifera perextensa Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, IV, 1867. p. 236.
Loc. Cumberliuul, Maryland (Wbitfiold).
Ohi<. Comparo, with 8. macronota Hall.

Spirvfer pharovicinus A. Wiuchell. Huron (Dev.).

Spirifera pbarovicina A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Pbiladelpbia, 1862, p. 406.
Loc. Port aux Barques, Michigan.

Spirifer pinonensis Meek. Lower to Upper Devonian.

Sx)irifer (Trigonotrcta) pinonensis Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1870, p. 60;— King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 45, pi. 1, lig. 9.

Spirifer (Trigonotrcta) argentarius Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40tli Pari,, IV,
1877, p. 42, pi. 4, fig. 4.

Spirifera pinonensis Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 138, pi. 4,

fig. 1.
Loc. White Pine and Eureka districts, Nevada.

Spirifer planoconvexns Slmmard=Aniboc(Telia planiconvexa.
Spirifer plenus Hall=SyringotLyris plena.
Spirifer plicatella of authors =Siiirifer radiatus.

Spirifer pluto Clarke. Genesee (Dev.).

Spirifera pluto Clarke, Bull U. S. Geol. Survey, 16, 1885, p. 31, pi. 3, fig. 12.
IjOC. Ontario County, New Y'ork.
01)s. See Leiorbynchus becate Clarke,

Spirifer prfematura Hall=Eeticularia prematura.
Spirifer propinquus Hall = Syriugothyris texta.
Spirifer prorus Conrad = Spirifer acuminatus.
Sjjirifer pseudoliueatus Hall=Keticularia pseudolineata.
Spirifer pulclirus Meek = Spiriferina pulclira.
Spirifer pyramidalis Hall = Cyrtina pyramidalis.
Spirifer pyxidatus Hall = Metaplasia pyxidata.

Spirifer quichuus d'Orbigny. Devonian.

Spirifer quichua d'Orbiguy, Voyage dans I'Amdrique M<$ridionale, Pal., 1842,

p. 37, pi. 2, fig. 21.
Loc. Cbuquisaca, Bolivia.

Spirifer racinensis McCbesney= Spirifer nobilis.

Spirifer radiatus Sowerby. Clinton and Niagara (Sil.).

Spirifer plicatella var. radiata Sowerby, Mineral Concbology, V, 1825, p. 493>
figs. 1, 2.

Deltbyris bialveata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842,
p. 261, pi. 14, fig. 17.

Deltbyris radiata Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 105, fig. 2.

Spirifer radiata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, pp. 66, 265, pi. 22, figs. 2d-25 (non
2a-2c=;Cyrtia meta); pi. 54, fig. 6.

Spirifera radiata Billings, Canadian Nat. Geo!., I, 1856, p. 135, pi. 2, figs. 2, 3;—
Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 317, fig. 328.— Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-seventh
Eep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1875, pi. 9, figs. 17, 18.— Hall, Twenty-
eighth Rep. Ibidem, 1879, p. 157, pi. 24, figs. 20-30.— White, Second Ann.
Rep. Indiana Bureau of Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 497, pi. 3, figs. 5, 6; —
Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1881, p. 129, pi. 3, figs. 5, 6.— Hall, Eleventh

scHucHEHT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 403

Spirifer radiatus Sowerby — Coutiuiied.

Rep. Ibidem, 1882, p. 296, pi. 24, figs. 20-30.— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV,
1882, p. 287, pi. 17, figs. 1, 2. —Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883,
pi. 51, figs. 9-13,26 (? 14-17). —Nettelrotli, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem.
Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 130, pi. 29, figs. 13-16.— Foersto,Proc. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 313, pi. 5, fig. 6.

Spirifer radiatus Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., 1, 1889, p. 77, pi. 6,
figs. 9-11.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 13, 35, pi.
21, figs. 5, 9-13, 26 (? 14-18).

Spirifer tenuistriatas Shaler (non Hall), Bull. Mus. Com. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 70.

Spirifera plicatella Billings, Catalogue Silurian Fossils of Anticosti, 1866, p. 48.

Spiriiera plicatella var. radiata Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,
1867, p. 371, pi. 13, figs. 9-11.

Loc. Europe; Lockport, Rochester, etc.. New York; Hamilton, Ontario; Squa-
took Lake, New Brunswick ; Waldrou and Osgood, Indiana ; Louisville, Ken-
tucky; Cumberland Gap, Tennessee; Bridgeport, Illinois; Racine, Wauwa-
tosa, and Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Spirifer raricostus Hall=I)elthyris raricosta.

Spirifer rectiplicatus (Courad). ?Oriskauy (Dev.).

Atrypa rectiplicata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 265.
Loc. "Helderberg Mountains in Middle Silurian limestone."
Oh8. May be the same as Metaplasia pj^xidata Hall.

Spirifer richardsoni Meek=Eeticularia flmbriata.

Spirifer rockymontanus Marcou. Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifer rockymontani Marcou, Geol. North America, March, 1858, p. 50, pi. 7,
fig. 4.

Spirifer opima Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, December, 1858, p. 711.

Spirifera subventricosa McChesuey, New Pal. fossils, 1860, p. 44;— Trans. Chi-
cago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. .35, pi. 1, fig. 4.

Spirifera opima Derby, Bull. Cornell University, I, 1874, p. 15, pi. 1, fig. 4;
pi. 2, fig. 7; pi. 4, fig. 12.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883,
pi. 56, figs. 4-7.— Herrick, Bull. Deuison Univ., II, 1887, p. 44, pi. 2, fig. 23.

Spirifera (Trigonotreta) opima Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 329, pi. 19, figs. 14a-
14d ( ?14e) ;— Kings U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 88, pi. 9, fig. 6.

Spirifera rockymontana White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west 100th Merid.,
IV, 1875, p. 134, pi. 11, fig. 9.— Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1888, p. 231;— Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 84.

fSpirifera rockymontana? Whitfield, Annals N. Y. Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. .584, pi,
13, fig. 20;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 471, pi. 9, fig. 20.

Spirifer opimus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 27, 39,
pi. 31, figs. 4-7.

Loc. Tigeras and Canyon of San Antonio, New Mexico; Oquirrh Range, Utah;
Arkansas; Iowa; Missouri; Illinois; Indiana; Ohio; Maryland; West Vir-
ginia; Bomjardim and Itai tuba, Brazil; f Chester group at Newtonville, Ohio
(Whitfield).

Ohs. See S. boonensis.

Spirifer rostellatus Hall. Keokuk (L. Garb.).

Spirifer rostellata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 641, pi. 20, fig. 2.
Spirifer rostellatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 26,

pi. 32, fig. 5.
Loc. Skunk River, Iowa.

404 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Spirifer rostellum liall aud WLittield. Niagara (Sil.).

Spirifera rostellum Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.

Hist., 1872, J). 182;— Hall, Twenty-seveuth Re]). Ibidem, 1875, pi. 9, figs. 11-

13. — Nettehoth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889,

p. 129, pi. 29, fig. 25; pi. 27, figs. 17-19.

Sjtirifera (Cyrtia) rostellum Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890,

:p. 313, pi. 5, fig. 5.
hoc. Louisville, Kentucky; Collinsville, Alabama.

Spirifer rostratus Morton. Upi)er Carboniferous.

Spirifer rostrata Morton, American Jour. Sci. Arts, 1836, p. 152, pi. 14, fig. 34.
Loc. Junior Furnace, Scioto County, Ohio.
01)8. Poorly defined. May be a species of Athyris.

Spirifer rugicostus Hall=Deltbyris rugicosta.

Spirifer saffordi Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer saffordi Hall, Pal. New York, HI, 1859, p. 203, pi. 28, fig. 2.
Loc. Decatur County, Tennessee; Hudson, New York.

Spirifer scobina Meek. Carboniferous.

Spirifera scobina Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 310.
Spirifer (Spiriferina?) scobina Meek, Simj^son's Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr.

Utah, 1876, p. 351, pi. 2, fig. 5.
Spirifera (Trigonotreta) scobina Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV,

1877, p. 90, pi. 9, fig. 1.
Loc. Divide between Long and Ruby Valleys, Utah.

Spirifer sculptilis Hall=Deltliyris sculptilis.

Spirifer segmeiitum Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer segmentus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 131.
Spirifera segmenta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 207, pi. 31, figs. 14-19.—

Nettelrotb, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.

132, pi. 13, figs. 36-38.
Loc. Falls of Ohio; Columbus, Ohio.

Spirifer semiplicatus Hall=Iieticularia cooperensis.
Spirifer setigerus Hall=Eeticularia setigera.
Spirifer sheppardi Castelnau=Platystropliia biforata.

Spirifer sillanus A. Wincliell. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Spirifera sillana A. Wiuchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 119.
IjOC. Near Cuyahoga Falls, Ohio.

Spirifer similior Wincbell and Marcy. Niagara (Sil.).

Spirifera (Martinia) similior W. and M., Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1865,

p. 93.
Pentamerus similior Hall, Twentieth Rej). N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1868,

p. 397.
Loc. Bridgeport, Illinois.
0})s. This shell has spirals.

Spirifer solidirostris White = Spiriferina solidirostris.
Spirifer sowerbyi Castelnau (non Fischer) = Spirifer penuatus.
Spirifer spinosus Norwood and Pratten= Spiriferina spinosa.
Spirifer striatiformis Meek. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Spirifera (Trigonotreta) striatiformis Meek, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 280, pi. 14, fig. 8.
Spirifer striatiformis Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 44, pi. 3, fig. 26;

pi. 6, figs. 6, 7;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 15, fig. 9.
Loc. Sciotoville and Licking County, Ohio.

\

scHUCHERT,] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 405

Spirifer striatus Marcou (nou Martin) =Spirifer niarcoui.

Spirifer striatus (Martin). Carboniferous.

Anomites striatus Martin, Petrefacta Derbiensia, 1809, pi. 23.

Spirifera striata Davidson, Mon. British Carb. Brach., Pal. Soc, 1857, p. 19, pi. 2,
figs. 12-21; pi. 3, figs. 2-6.— White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west of 100th
Meridian, IV, 1875, pp. 88, 134, pi. 5, fig. 10.— Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S.
Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 269, pi. 5, figs. 13-15.— Hartt, Dawson's
Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 301.— Miller, .Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat.
Hist., IV, 1881, p. 2.

Loc. Mountain Spring, Nevada; Oquirrh Mountains, Utah; Lake Valley mining
district, New Mexico; Windsor, Nova Scotia.

Spirifer striatus attenuatus Owen = S. keokuk.
Spirifer striatus multicostatus Toula= Spirifer condor.
Spirifer striatus triplicatus Marcou= Spirifer camaratus.

Spirifer strigosus Meek. Devonian.

Spirifera luacra Meek (nou Hall), Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 309.
Spirilera strigosa Meek, note appended to extras of the paper mentioned above. —

Webster, American Nat., XXII, 1888, p. 1102.
Spirifer strigosus Meek, Simpson's Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr. Utah, 1876, p.

347, pi. 1, fig. 5.
Spirifera (Trigouotreta) strigosa Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV,

1877, p. 43, pi. 3, fig. 5.
Loc. Neils Valley, Utah; Nevada; Rockford, Iowa.
01)s. See S. orestes.

Spirifer subaequalis Hall. Warsaw (L. Garb.).

Spirifer subyequalis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. IT, 1858, p. 663, pi. 23, fig.
9;_Sccond Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 56, figs. 13, 14.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 26, 36, pi. 31, figs. 13, 14.

Log. Warsaw, Illinois.

Spirifer subattenuatus Hall. Chemung and Marshall (Dev.-L. Carb.).
Spirifer sp. uudet. Owen, Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota,

1852, pi. 3, fig. 9.
Spirifera submucronata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 504, pi. 4, fig. 3.
Spirifer subattenuata A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1862, p.

405.— Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 223.
Loc. Independence and Buflalo, Iowa; Rock Island, Illinois; Naples, New York;

Athabasca River, Canada; in the Marshall group at Port aux Barques,

Michigan.

Spirifer subcardiformis Hall. Warsaw (L. Carb.).

Spirifer subcardiformis Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 660, pi. 23, fig. 6.
Spirifera subcardiformis White, Twelfth Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1883,

p. 165, pi. 41, fig. 2.
Loc. Alton, Illinois; Spergen Hill, Indiana.

Spirifer subcuspidatus Hall=Syringotliyris texta.

Spirifer subdecussatus Whiteaves. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifera subdecussata Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 114, pi. 15,

fig. 3.
Loc Moravianton Thames River, Canada.

Spirifer subelliptic? McChesney=Spiriferina subelliptica.

Spirifer snblineata Meek = Martinia subliueata.

Spirifer submucrouatu Hall. 1858 (non 1857)= Spirifer subattenuatus.

406 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Spirifer submucronatus Hall. Oriskauy (Dev.).

Spiril'er siibunicrouata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y, State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 62;—

Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 419, pi. 96, fig. 7.
Spirifeia snbnnicronata Hall, Secoud Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 58,

figs. 5-7.
Spirifer submucronatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17,

7 36, pi. 33, figs. 5-7.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.
Ohx. Possibly tlie young of Spirifer cumberlandia.

Spiriler suborbicnlaris I Tall. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Spirifer suborbicnlaris Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, 1, Pt. II, 1858, p. 644.
Spirifera suborbicnlaris Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, VI, 1875, p.

523, pi. 30, fig. 1.
Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Warsaw and Nauvoo, Illinois.

Spirifer snbrotundatus Hall. Kinderliook (L. Oarl>.).

Spirifer subrotundata Hall (non McCoy, 1855), Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858,

p. 521, pi. 7, fig. 8.
Spirifera subrotundata Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 18!i5, p. 78.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Sciotoville, Ohio (Winchell).
06s. This specific name was first used by McCoy in 1855 but is usually regarded

as a synonym for S. pinguis Sowerby. De Koninck, however, retains

McCoy's name as late as 1887.

Spirifer substrigosus Webster. Cliemuiig (T3ev.).

Spirifera substrigosa Webster, American Nat., XXII, 1888, p. 1101.
Loc. Near Rockford, Iowa.

Spirifer subsulcatiis Hall. Arisaig (Sil.).

Spirifer subsulcata Hall (non Dalman, 1828), Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, ]>.

145.
Spirifera subsnlcata Dawson, Acadian Geology, 3d ed., 1878, p. 597. — Miller, N.

American Geol. and Pal., 1889, j). 376.
Log. Arisaig, Nova Scotia,

Spirifer subumboiia Hall=Martinia siibnmbona.

Spirifer subuiidifera Meek aud Worthen =Reticularia snbundifera,.

Spirifer subvaricosus Hall and Whitfield. I Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifera subvaricosa Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 237, pi. 11, figs. 12-15.
Loc. Waterloo, Jowa.

Spirifer subventricosns McChesney= Spirifer rockymontana.
Spirifer sulcatus Hall — Delthyris sulcata.

Spirifer sulcifer Shumard. TJiiper Carboniferous.

Spirifer sulcifera Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 293, pi. 11,

fig. 3.
Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico.

Spirifer superbus Billings (non Eichwald) = Spirifer billingsana.

Spirifer taneyensis Swallow. Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Spirifer taneyensis Swallow, Trans. Sfc. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 18f)0, p. 645.
Spirifera taneyensis Keyes. Geol. Survey Missouri, '\', 1895, p. 78.
Loc. Taney County, Missouri.

Spirifer temeraria Miller=Reticularia tenieraria.

HCHUCHERT.

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 407

Spirifer tenuicostatus Hall. Keokuk and Warsaw (L. Carb.).

Spirifer tenuicostata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 6(32, pi. 23, lig. 8.
Loc. Keokuk, Iowa; Warsaw- and Dallas, lUiuois.

Spirifer tenuimarginatus Hall. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Spirifer teuuimarginata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 641, pi. 20,

lig. 1.
Spirifera teuuimarginata Hall, Secoud Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 57,

figs. 4-6.
Spirifer tenuimarginatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

38, pi. 32, figs. 4, 6.
Log. Warsaw, Illinois.

Spirifer tenuis Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer tenuis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 162.
Spirifera tenuis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 236.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.
Ohs. Compare with Spirifer granulosus Conrad.

Spirifer tenuispinatu8 Herrick=Reticularia tenuispinata.
Spirifer tenuistriatus Slialer (uou H all >= Spirifer radiatus.

Spirifer tenuistriatus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer tenuistriata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 201, pi. 28, fig. 3.
Spirifera tenuistriata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 61, fig. 8.
Spirifer tenuistriatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 36,

fig. 8.
Loc. Decatur County, Tennessee.

Spirifer texasanus Meek. Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifer (Trigonotreta?) texana Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1871,

p. 179.
Spirifer (Trigonotreta?) texanus Meek, Macomb's Rep. Expl. Expod. from Santa

Fe to the Great Colorado of the West, 1876, p. 139, pi. 3, fig. 5.
Spirifera multigranosa Wortheu, Geol. Survey Illinois, VIII, 1890, p. 105, pi. 11,

fig. 5.
Spirifer texanus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 26, 38,

pi. 37, figs. 16, 17.
Loc. Young and Jack counties, Texas ; Springfield, lUiuois.

Spirifer textus Hall=Syringotliyris texta.
Spirifer trauslatus Swallow=Eeticularia trauslata.
Spirifer transversus McCliesney=Spiriferiua transversa.

Spirifer tribulis Hull. . Oriskany (Dev.).

Spirifer tribulis Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 420, pi. 96, fig. 8;— Second

Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 58, figs. 1-4.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 19, 37, pi. 33, figs. 1-4.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.
Ohs. Possibly the young of Spirifer murchisoui.

Spirifer trigonalis (Martin). Carboniferous.

Auomites trigonalis Martin, Potrefacta Derbiousia, tab. 36, 1809, fig. 1.
Spirifera trigonalis AValcott, Mou. U. S. Geol. Survej^, VIII, 1884, p. 215, pi. 18,

fig. 11.
Loc. Europe; Eureka district, Nevada.

Spirifer triplicatus Hall= Spirifer camaratus.

Spirifer triradialis Meek (non Phillips) = Spirifer agelaius.

408 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL DRACHIOPODA. Tbull. 87.

Spirifer troosti Casteluau. ? Forinatiou.

SpiriiVr tioosti Casteluan, Essai Systi-me Siluricn rAmiJrique Septeutriouale,

1843, p. 41, pi. 12, fig. 5.
Loc. " KeDtuckJ^"

Spirifer tullius 11 all. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifcia tnllia Hall, Pal. New York, lY, 1867, p. 218, pi. 35, ligs. 1-0;— Second

^uii. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 52, iig. 18.
Spirifera tnllia var. Wbiteaves, Cont. Cauadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 224, pi. 32, fig. 1.
Spirifer tullius Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 14, 35, pi.

22, fig. 18; pi. 37, figs. 6, 7.
Loc. Tully, Apulia, etc.. New York; Athabasca River, Canada.

Spirifer tumidus Baylo, and Coquand = Spiriferiua rostrata.
Spirifer undiferus Eoemer=Iketicularia undifera.
Spirifer unica Hall = Spirifer areuosus.

Spirifer iirbanus Calvin. Hamilton (Bev.).

Spirifera urbaua Calvinj Bull. Lab. Univ. of Iowa, 1888, p. 28. — Bull. Lab. Nat.

Hist. State Univ. Iowa, II, 1892, p. 166, pi. 12, fig. 1.
Loc. Iowa City and Linn County, Iowa.

Spirifer ntaliensis Meek=Cyrtia uorwoodi.

Spirifer valenteana Eathbun. Middle Devonian.

Spirifera valenteana (Hartt MS.) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., 1, 1874, p.

241, pi. 8, fig. 11.
Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil.

Spirifer vanuxemi Hall. Teiitaculite (Sil.).

Orthis plicata Vauuxem (non Sowerby), Geol. New York: Rep. Third Dist., 1842,
p. 112, Jig. 1.

Orthis? (Delthyris) plicatus Hall, Ibidem, Fourth Uist., 1843, p. 142, fig. 1.

Spirifer vanuxemi Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 198, pi. 8, figs. 17-23;— Sec-
ond Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 61, Iig. 11.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 19, 36, pi. 36, fig. 11.— AVhitfield, Geol. Ohio,
VII, 1895, p. 411, pi. 1, fig.s. 4, 5.

Spirifera vanuxemi Whitfield, Annals N. Y". Acad. Sci., V, 1891, p. 509, pl. 5,
figs. 4, 5.

Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York ; Put in Bay Island, Lake Erie.

Obs. Vanuxem's specific name is restored, since Sowerby's species is an Orthis.

Spirifer varicosus Hall. Corniferous (Dev.).

Spirifer varicosa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 130.

Spirifera varicosa Billings, Canadian Jour., VI, 1861, p. 255, figs. 63, 64; — Geol.
Canada, 1863, p. 960, fig. 467.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 205, pl. 31,
figs. 1-4 ;— Seeond Rep. N. Y'. State Geol., 1883, pl. 59, figs. 4-8.— Walcott, Mon.
U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 136.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells,
Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 134, pl. 10, figs. 11-20, 23-25.

Spirifer varicosus Hall and Clarke, Pal, Now York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 17, 36,
pl. 34, figs. 4-8.

Loc. Williamsville, New York; Woodstock, Canada; Columbus, Ohio; Louis-
ville, Kentucky; Eureka district, Nevada.

Spirifer ventricosa Hall=iSrucleospira ventricosa.
Spirifer venustus Hall = Spirifer divaricatus.

Spirifer vernonensis Swallow. Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Spirifer vernonensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 644. — A.

Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 119.
Loc. St. Louis County, Missouri.
Obs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. marionensis.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 409

Spirifer vernonensis ozarkensis Swallow. Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Spirifer vernonensis var. ozarkensis Swallow, Traus. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860,

p. 644.
Loc. Taney County, Missouri.
Ohs. Regarded by Keyes as a synonym for S. marionensis.

Spirifer vogeli von Ammoii. Middle Devoniau.

Spirifer vogeli von Amnion, Zeits. Gesell. fiir Erdk., Berlin, XXVIII, 1893, p.

362, fig. 6.
Loc. Taquarassu, Mato Grosso, Brazil.

Spirifer waldronensis Miller and Dyer=Mimulus waldronensis.

Spirifer waverlyensis A. Wincbell. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Spirifer waverlyensis A. Winchell, Proc. Amer. Phil. Soc, XII, 1870, p. 251.
Loc. "Newark, Oliio'' (A. WiucbeH's MS.).

Spirifer whitneyi Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Spirifer whitneyi Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 502, jil. 4, lig. 2. —

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 24, 57, pi. 30, ligs. 18, 19.
Spirifera whitneyi Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 243, 417;— Second Rep.

N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 55, ligs. 18, 19.— Tschernyschew, M6m. du Comit6

G^ol. de St. Petersbourg, III, 1887, p. 60.
Loc. Rockford, Iowa; North Saskatchewan, Canada; Russia.

Spirifer williamsi Hall and Clarke. Chemung- (Dev.),

Spirifer williamsi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 361, pi.

37, figs. 20-22.
Loc. Allegany County, New York.

Spirifer winchelli Herrick. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Spirifer winchelli Herrick, Bull. Deuison LTniv., Ill, 1888, p. 46, pi. 5, ligs. 2, 3;

pi. 2, lig. 16;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 21, ligs. 2, 3.
Loc. Granville, Ohio.

Spirifer worthenanus Schuchert. Oriskany (Dev,).

Spirifera engelmanni Meek and Worthen (non Meek, 1860), Geol. Survey Illinois,

III, 1868, p. 398, pi. 8, fig. 5.
Spirifera wortheui Meek (non Hall, 1857), King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV,

1877, p. 42.
Spirifera worthenana Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 54.
Loc. Union County, Illinois.

Spirifer wortheni Meek (non Hall) = Si)irifer worthenanus.

Spirifer wortheni Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Spirifer wortheni Hall, Tenth Rep., N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 156.—

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 27, tigs. 19, 20.
Loc. Calhoun County, Illinois.

Si)irifer ziczac Hall (non Koemer)=Delthyris consobrina.

SPIRIFERINA d'Orbigny.

Genotype Spirifer walcotti Sowerby=S, rostrata (Schlot-
heim),
Spiriferina d'Orbigny, Paris Acad. Sci., Comptes Rendus, XXV, 1847, p. 268;—
Ann. Sci. Nat., XIII, 1850, p. 334.— White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX,
1862, p. 24.— Waagen, Palajontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 498.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 51 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 764.

410 SYNOPSIS OF AMF.RICAN FOSSIL BKACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Spiriferina aciculifera (Rowley). Kiuderliook (L. Carb.).

Spirifera aciculifera Rowley, American (Jeologist, XII, 1893, p. 307 ;— Ibidem,

18J)3,pl. 11, lijis. 13, 14.
Loc. Louisiana, Missouri.

Spiriferina (?) alia Hall aud Whittield. Triassic.

Spi-ifera (Spiriferiua?) alia Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th

Pari., IV, 1877, p. 281, pi. 6, fig. 17.
Loc. Dun Glen Pass, Pah-Ute Range, Nevada.

Spiriferina billingsi Shumard. IJ^per Carbouileroiis.

Spiriferina billingsi Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 294, 391.
Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico and Texas.

Spiriferina binacuta A. Wiucliell. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Spiriferina binacuta A. Wiuchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18G5,p. 120.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Spiriferina borealis Whiteaves. Triassic.

Spiriferina bore:ilis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., 1, 1888, p. 128, pi. 17, fig. 1,

abstract.
Loc. Liard River, Canada.

Spiriferina clarksvillensis A. Winchell. Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Spiriferina clarksvillensis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865,

p. 119.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, Y, 1895, p. 85.
Loc. Clarksville, Missouri.

Spiriferina cristata Walcott=S. siiinosa.

Spiriferina cristata (Schlotheim). Upper Carboniferous.

Terebratulites cristatus Schlotheim, Beit, zur Naturg. der Verst. ; Akad. der

Wiss. zu Miinchen, 1816, pi. 1, fig. 3.
Spirifer octoplicata? Hall (non Sowerby), Stansbury's Exped. Great Salt Lake

of Utah, 1852, p. 409, pi. 4, fig. 4.
Spirifer kentuckyensis Shumard, Geol. Survey Missouri, I, 1855, p. 203. — Hall,

Pacific Railroad Rep., Ill, 1856, p. 102, pi. 2, figs. 10, 11.— Meek and Hay-
den, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1859, p. 27.
Spiriferina cristata Davidson, Quart. .Tour. Geol. Soc. London, 1863, p. 170, pi.

9, fig, 6.— Dawson, Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 291, fig. 90.— Walcott, Mon.

U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 218, pi. 18, figs. 12, 13.— Smith, Proc.

American Phil. Soc, XXV, 1897, p. 32.
Spirifer laminosus Geinitz (non McCoy), Carb. und Dyas in Nebraska, 1866, p.

45, pi. 3, fig. 19.
Spirifer kentuckyensis var. propatulus Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II,

1866, p. 489.
? Spiriferina octoplicata Toula, Sitzungsb. der kais. Akad. der Wissensch. zu

Wien, LIX, 1869, p. 5.
Spiriferina kentuckyensis Meek, Final Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey of Nebraska,

1872, p. 185, pi. 6, fig. 3; pi. 8, fig. 11.— White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey

west 100th Meridian, IV, 1875, p. 138, pi. 10, fig. 4;— Thirteenth Rep. Indiana

State Geol., 1884, p. 135, pi. 35, figs. 13, 14.— Keyes, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci.

Philadelphia, 1890, p. 231.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II,

1893, p. 52, fig. 41, pi. 29, fig. 17.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895,

p. 86.
Spiriferina cristata? Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878,

p. 629.
Spirifer (Spiriferina) kentuckyensis Hall, Second Rep. N. Y, State Geol., 1883,

pi. 61, figs. 14-16.

scHucHERT] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 411

Spiriferina cristata (Schlotheim) — Continued.

Loc. Europe; Kentucky; Indiana; Illinoia; Missouri; Iowa; Kansas; Arkansas;
Nebraska; Texas; New Mexico; Utah; Arizona; Nevada; Nova Scotia; Cape
Joseiih Henry, lat. 82° 43'; near Cochabamba, Bolivia.
Ohs. See Spiriferina octoplicata and S. norwoodana.

Spiriferina depressa Herrick. Waverly (L. Garb.).

Spiriferina depressa Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, p. 47, pi. 10, fig. 3.
Loc. Near Granville, Ohio.

Spiriferina gonionotus Meek. Upper Carboniferous.

Spiriieriua sp. undet. Meek, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40tli Pari., IV, 1877, p. 84,

pi. 8, fig. 5.
Spiriferina goniouota Meek, Ibidem, 1877, at end of description.
Loc. Diamond Mountains, Nevada.
Ofts. Compare with Spiriferina lamiuosa (McCoy).

Spiriferina homfrayi (Gabb). Triassic.

Spirifer ? homfrayi Gabb, Geol. Survey California, Pal., 1, 1864, p. 35, pi. 6, fig. 38.
Spiriferina homfrayi Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. ExpL 40th Pari., IV,

1877, p. 281, pi. 6, fig. 18.
Loc. Star Canyon, Humboldt County, Nevada; Dun Glen Pass, Pah-Ute Range,

Nevada.

Spiriferina kentuckyensis Shuinard = Spiriferina cristata.
Spiriferina kentuckyensis propatula Swallow = Spiriferina cristata.

Spiriferina cfr. munsteri Davidson. Jurassic.

Spiriferina cf. munsteri (Dav.) Miiricke, Neues Jahrbuoh f. Mineral., Beilage-

band, IX, 1894, p. 60.
Loc. Europe; Cordillere of Copiapo, Chile.

Spiriferina norwoodana (Hall). Warsaw (L. Carb.).

Spirifer norwoodana Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., IV, 1858, p. 7.

Spiriferina norwoodana Whitfield, American Mus. Nat. Hist., 1, 1882, p. 48, pi. 6,

figs. 16, 17.— Hall, Twelfth Rep. State Geol. Indiana, 1883, p. 327, pi. 29,

figs. 16, 17.
LjOC. Spergen Hill, Indiana; Alton, Illinois; Princeton, Kentucky.
Ohs. Probably identical with Spiriferina cristata.

Spiriferina obtusa (Gabb). Triassic.

Spirifer obtusus Gabb, American .Jour. Conch., V, 1870, p. 17, pi. 7, fig. 16.
Loc "Volcano," Nevada.

Spiriferina octoplicata (Sowerby). Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifer octoplicata Sowerby, Mineral Conch., 1827, p. 120, pi. 562, figs. 2-4.
Spiriferina cristata var. octoplicata Davidson, Mon. British Carb. Brach., Pal.

Soc, 1857, p. 38, pi. 7, figs. 37-47.
Spiriferina spinosa var. campestris White, Wheeler's Expl. and Survey west

100th Merid., Prel. Rep., 1874, p. 21.
Spiriferina octoplicata White, Ibidem, Final Rep., 1875, p. 139, pi. 10, fig. 8.
Loc. Europe; Santa Fe, New Mexico; northern Colorado; Lincoln County,

Nevada.
Ohs. Probably identical with Spiriferina cristata.

Spiriferina pulchra Meek. Upper Carboniferous.

Spirifera pulchra Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1860, p. 310.
Spiriferina pulchra Meek, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl.,

XIV, 1864, 172, p. 19;— King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 85,

pi. 8, fig. 1 ; pi. 12, fig. 12.

412 SYNOPSIS OP AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Spiriferina pulchra Meek— Continued.

.SpiiilVr (Spirilcrina) pulcher, Meek. Simpsou's Rep. Expl. Great Basin Terr.

Utah, 1876, p. 352, pi. 2, iig. 1.
Loc. White Pine district, Nevada; Long and Ruby valleys, Utah.

Spiriferina rostrata Sclilotheini. Jurassic.

S' mfer chilcnsis Forbes, Darwin's Geol. Observations S. America, 1846, p. 267,

pi. 5, tigs. 15, 16.
Spirifer linguiferoides Forbes, Ibidem, 1846, p. 267, pi. 5, figs. 17, 18.
Spirifer tuinidus Bayle and Coquand, Mem. G<5ol. Soc. France, ser. ii, IV, 1851,

p. 19, pi. 7, figs". 11, 12.
Spirifer chilensis and rostratus Burmeister and Geibel, Abb. Naturf. Gesell.

HaUe, VI, 1862, p. 125.
Spiriferina rostrata (Schl.) Moricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX,

1894, p. 59.
Loc. Europe ; Sierra de la Ternera, Las Amolanes, Rio Claro, Tres Cruces, Manflas,

Cordillera de Guasco, and Juntas, Chile.

Spiriferina solidirostris White. Kinderliook (L. Oarb.).

Spirifer solidirostris W^hite, Jour. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., VII, 1860, p. 232.

Spiriferina solidirostris White, Ibidem, IX, 1862, p. 24.— A. Winchell, Proc.
Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1865, p. 130. — Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ.,
Ill, 1888, ]). 47, pi. 2, figs. 9-11; pi. 5, fig. 13;— Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 21,
fig. 13.

Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Hamburg, Illinois; Newark and Sciotoville, Ohio.

Spiriferina spinosa (Norwood and Pratten). Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Spirifer spinosa Norwood and Pratten, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d

ser.. Ill, 1856, p. 71, pi. 9, fig. 1.— Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858,

p. 706, pi. 27, fig. 5.
Spiriferina spinosa? Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., 1, 1874, p. 23, pi. 6, figs. 8, 13, 14.
Spiriferina spinosa Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 60, figs.

26-29.
Spiriferina cristata Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 218, pi. 18,

figs. 12, 13.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 52-54, pL

35, figs. 26-29.
? Spiriferina spinosa Herrick, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, II, 1891, p. 46, pi. 1,

fig. 19.
Loc. Kaskaskia, Alton, and Chester, Illinois; Bloomington, Indiana; Crittenden

County, Kentucky; Itaituba, Brazil.

Spiriferina spinosa campestris White=Spiriferina octoplicata.

Spiriferina subelliptica (McCbesuey). Keokuk (L. Oarb.).

Spirifer subelliptica McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 43.
Spiriferina subelliptica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

54, pi. .S5, tigs. 21, 22.
Loc. Buttonmould Knob, Kentucky; New Providence, Indiana.

Spiriferina subtexta White. Burlington (L. Carb.).

Spiriferina ? subtexta White, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., IX, 1862, p. 25.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Spiriferina transversa (McChesney). Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Spirifer transversa McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 42; — Trans. Chicago
Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 34, pi. 6, fig. 3.— Hall, Second Rep. N. Y. State Geol.i
1883, pi. 60, figs. 19-22.

6CHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 413

Spiriferina transversa (McOhesuey) — Contiuued.

Spiriferina transversa Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 21, pi. 2, figs. 4, 5,
6, 13; pi. 13, figs. 12-14, 17; pi. 5, fig. 4.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. Nevr York,
VIII, Pt. II, 189.3, pp. 46, 64, pi. 35, figs. 19, 20, 23-25.

Loc. Buzzards Roost, Alabama ; Litchfield, Kentucky ; Bomjardim andltaituba,
Brazil.

Spirigera d'Orbigny=Atbyris.
Spirigera eborea A. Winchell=Atbyris fultonensis.
Spirigera plauosulcata White (uon Phillips) =Cleiothyris crassicardi-
ualis.

SPIRIGERELLA Waagen. Genotype S. derbyi Waagen.

Spirigerella Waagen, Palteontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, 1, 1883, p. 4.50. — Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 98 ;— Tliirteentb Ann. Rep. N. Y.
State Geologist, 1895, p. 782.

Spirigerella derbyi Waagen. Upper Oarbouiferous.

Athyris subtilita (partim) Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 7, pi. 1, fig. 7

(not the other figures).
Spirigerella derbyi Waagen, Paheoutologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 453, pi.

35, figs. 4-7, 9-13; pi. 37, figs. 11-13.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,

VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 99, fig. 73.
Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil.

Stenochisma GEhlert (non Conrad or Hall)=Camarophoria.

STENOCHISMA Conrad. Genotype Terebratulites schlotheimii Conrad

(non von Buch)=Ebynchonella formosa Hall.

Stenocisma Conrad, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, pp. 58, 59. —
Meek and Hayden (partim), Pal. Uppex' Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl.,
XIV, 172, 1864, p. 16, footnote.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 334, 335.—
Waagen, Palajontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, pp. 411, 431, 436. — Miller,
N. American Geol. and Pal., 1890, p. 337. — Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 187 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1895, p. 826.

Ohs. The above synonymy is retained for historical purposes. The only species
left in the genus by Hall and Clarke is the type species, Rhynchonella for-
mosa, which seems to be nothing more than a Rhynchotrema. This will
leave Stenochisma without a species. This name, however, should not dis-
place either Rhynchotrema or Camarotoechia, since it was not defined, and in
addition to this was founded by Conrad upon an erroneous identification.
Nor can the view of CEhlert be adopted, i. e., that Stenochisma should dis-
place Camaroi^horia King, because Conrad gave as the type C. schlotheimii.
This name did not apply to von Buch's species, but to the shell now known
as Rhynchonella formosa Hall.

All the species formerly referred to Stenochisma will be found under Camarotoe-
chia except R. formosa, which is referred to Rhynchotrema.

Stenocisma Hall, 1857 (non Conrad, 1839, Hall, 1867)=Zygospira.

STREPTIS Davidson. Genotype Terebratula grayi Davidson.

Streptis Davidson, Geol. Mag., VIII, 1881, p. 150, pi. v, fig. 13.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 274 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State
Geologist, 1894, p. 289.

Streptis grayi Davidson. Niagara (Sil.).

Terebratula grayii Davidson, Bull. Soc. G6ol. France, 2d ser., V, 1848, p. 331, pi.
iii, fig. 33.

414 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Streptis grayi Davidson — Coutiuued.

Atrypa f grayi Davidson, British Sil. Brach., Paleontographical Soc. (186H), 1867,

'p. 141, pi. xiii, tigs. 14-22.
Streptis grayi Williams, American Jour. ,Sci., 3d ser., XLVIII, 1894, p. 331.
I.ov. England ; Batesville, Arkansas.

Strep^^^is waldroiieusis Beecber aud Clarke =Mimulus waldroueusis.
STREPTORHYNCHUS King.

Geuotype Terebratulites pelargonatus Schlotlieim.
Stroptorhynchus King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc, ISfiO, p. 107. — Derby
(partim), Bull. Cornell Univ.j I, 1874, pp. 32, 39.— Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New-
York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 267;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist,
1894, p. 288.

Streptorhynclius ;T3quivalvis Hall=Orthotbetes insequalis.
Streptorhyiichus agassizi E,athbun=Ortliotlietes agassizi,
Streptorhynchiis approximata James=Stropliomeaa approximata.
Streptorhynclius arctostriata Walcott=Ortliothetes cheuiungensis arc-

tistriatus.
Streptorliynchus biloba Hall=Derbya biloba.
Streptorhynclius cardinale Whitfield = Strophoineua cardinalis.
Streptorhynchus chemungensis Hall=Orthothetes chemuugensis.
Streptorhyuchus coreanus Derby=Derbya correana.
Streptorhynchus crenistria Keyes (nou Phillips) =Derbya crassa.
Streptorhynchus crenistrius American authors =Orthothetes crenistria.
Streptorhynchus elongatus James=Strophoinena rugosa.
Streptorhynchus filitextus Hall=Strophoinena iucurvata.
Streptorhynchus flabellum Whitfield =Orthothetes Habellum.

Streptorhynchus hallianus Derby. Upper Carboniferous.

Streptorhynchus hallianus Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 35, pl. .5, tigs.

1, 2, 5, 8, 12, 14, 16, 18; pl. 8, fig. 3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, A'lII, Pt. I,

1892, p. 268, pl. 11, tigs. 6-17.
Loc. Bomjardim and Itaituba, Brazil.

Streptorhynchus hallanum Miller =Strophomena halli.
Streptorhynchus hemiaster Winchell aud Marcy=Orthothetes sub-

l)lanus.
Streptorhynchus hydraulicum Whitfield=Orthothetes hydraulicus.
Streptorhynchus intequalis Winchell=Orthothetes ina^qualis.
Streptorhynchus inflatus White aud Whitfield =Orthothetes inHatus.
Streptorhynchus lens White=Orthothetes lens.
Streptorhynchus minor Walcott=Strophomena minor.

Streptorhynchus (?) multistriata (Meek and Hayden).

Upper Carboniferous.
Orthisina unibraculum ? Meek and Haj'den, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1859, p. 26.
Orthisina multistriata Meek and Hayden, Ibidem, 1859, at end of description.
Loc. Fort Riley, Kansas.

Streptorhynchus neglectus James =Strophomena ueglecta.
Streptorhyuchus occideutalis Newberry =Meekella occidentalis.

scHucHERT] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 415

Streptorhynchus pandora Billii]gs=Ortbotlietes pandora.
Streptorhynchus perversus=Orthotbetes cbemungensis perversus.
Streptorhynchus i)hinoconvexus Hall=Strophomena planiconvexa.
Streptorhynchus planumbonus Hall=Stropbomena rugosa.
Streptorhynchus primordiale Whitfield = Billingsella primordiabs.
Streptorhynchus pyramidalis jSrewberry=Meekelbi pyraraidabs.
Streptorhynchus robusta nall=Derbya robusta.
Streptorhynchus subplanus Hall = Orthothetes subj^lanus.
Streptorhynchus subsulcatum Sardesou = Strophomena scofieldi.
Streptorhynclius subtenta Hall, 1883 = Strophomena trentonensis.
Streptorhynchus tapajotensis Derby = Orthothetes tapajotensis.
Streptorhynchus tennis Hall=Orthothetes tenuis.
Streptorhynchus ulrichi Hall and Clarke. Kaskaskia (L. Garb.).

Streptorhynclius ulrichi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

268, 351, pi. IIB, lig. 15.
Loc. Crittenden County, Kentucky.

Streptorhynchus umbraculum Winchell=Orthothetes umbraculum,
Streptorhynchus vetusta James=Strophomena vetusta.
Streptorhynchus woolworthianus Hall=Orthothetes woolworthianus.
Stricklandia Billings=Stricklandinia.
Stricklandia arachne Billings=Syntrophia arachne.
Stricklandia arethusa Billings =Syntrophia arethusa.

STRICKLANDINIA Billings. Genotype Stricklandia gaspensis Bill.

Stricklandia Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., IV, 1859, p. 132; — Canadian
.lournal, VI, 1861, p. 265;— Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 84;— Proc. Portland See.
Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 114.— Waagen, Palffontologica ludica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883,
p. 412.

Stricklandinia Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., VIII, 1863, p. 370.— Hall, Twen-
tieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 160;— Pal. New York, IV,
1867, p. 369.— Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 78.— Nettelroth, Kentucky
Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 64. — Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 249;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State
Geologist, 1895, p. 847.

Stricklandinia anticostiensis Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Stricklandinia anticostiensis Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., VIII, 1863, ]i,

370.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251, pi. 73,

figs. 12-14.
Loc. Anticosti.

Stricklandinia billingsana Dawson. Arisaig (Sib).

Stricklandinia billiugsiana Dawson, Canadian Nat. and Geol., 2d ser., IX, 1880,

p. 341.
Loc. Nova Scotia.

Stricklandinia brevis Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

fSpirifer species? Hall, Pal. New York, II, 18.52, p. 66, pi. 22, fig. 3.
Stricklandia brevis Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., IV, 1859, p. 135.
Stricklandinia brevis Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 84, pi. 6, fig. 2.— Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, Vlll, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251.
Loc. Anticosti ; ? Sodus, Wayne County, New York.

416 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 81

Stricklandinia canadaensis liilliiigs. Clinton (Sil.).

Stricklaiidia cjiiiiulensis IMlliugs, Canadian Nat. and Geol., IV, 1859, p. 135.
Stricklandinia canadensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 81. — Hall and Clarke,

Pal. Xew York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251.
Loc, Near Thorold, Ontario.

Strickl.andinia castellana White. Niagara (Sil.).

Sti4cklandinia castellana White, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1876, p. 30. —

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251, pi. 73, figs. 3-7.
Loc. Castle Grove, Jones County, Iowa.

Stricklandinia chapmani Hall and Clarke. ^Niagara (Sil.).

Stricklandinia chapmani Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi.

83, tig. 40.
Loc. Hamilton, Ontario.

Stricklandinia davidsoni Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Stricklandinia davidsoni Billings, Geol. Mag., V, 1868, p. 59, pi. 4, figs. 1-lrf; —
Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 86, pi. 6, fig. 1.— White, Proc, U. S. Nat. Mus., HI,
1880, p. 48.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251, pi. 73,
fig. 15.

Loc. Anticosti; eastern Canada; Ringgold, Catoosa County, Georgia.

Stricklandinia deformis Meek and Wortlien. Niagara (Sil.).

Stricklandinia deformis Meek and Worth en, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
1870, p. 37;— Geol. Survey Illinois, VI, 1875, p. 502, pi. 24, fig. 5.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251, pi. 73, figs. 8-10.

Loc. Carroll County, Illinois.

Ohs. Probably the same as S. melissa.

Stricklandinia elongata Billings =Ampliigenia elongata.
Stricklandinia elongata curta Meek and Worthen=Ampliigen^a curta.

Stricklandinia gaspiensis Billings. Gasp^ (Sil.).

Stricklaiidia gaspiensis Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., IV, 1859, j). 134.
Stricklandinia gaspiensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 83, fig. 49; — Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251, pi. 73, fig. 11.
Loe. Bay of Chaleurs, Canada.

Stricklandinia lens (Sowerby). Silurian.

Atrypa lens Sowerby, Murchison's Silurian System, 1839, pi. 21, fig. 3.
Stricklandinia lens Billings, Catalogue Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 45. — Foerste,

Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 321, pi. 5, figs. 1-4.
Loc. England; Anticosti; Collinsville, Alabama.

Stricklandinia lirata (Sowerby). Anticosti (Sil.).

Spirifer liratus Sowerby, Murchison's Silurian System, 1839, pi. 22. fig. 6.
Stricklandinia lirata Davidson, Mon. British Sil. Brack., Pal. Soc, 1867, p. 159,

pi. 20, figs. 1-13.— Billings, Cat. Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 45.
Loc. Europe; Anticosti.

Stricklandinia (?) louisvillensis Nettelrotli. • Niagara (Sil.).

Stricklandinia louisvillensis Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky

Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 65, pi. 34, figs. 31-34.
Loc. East of Louisville, Kentucky.

Stricklandinia melissa Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Stricklandinia melissa Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 89, pi. 7, fig. 4. — Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251.
Loc. Anticosti.
Ohs, Probably the same as S. deformis.

scHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 417

Stricklandinia multilirata Whitfield. Guelph (Sil.).

Stricklandinia multilirata Whitfield, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1877,
p. 81;— Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 315, pi. 23, figs. 3-5.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251, pi. 73, figs. 1, 2.
Loc. Sheboygan, Wisconsin.

Stricklandinia salteri Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Stricklandinia salteri Billings, Geol. Mag., V, 1868, p. 61, pi. 4, figs. 2-2a;— Pal.
Fossils, II, 1874, p. 87, pi. 7, fig. 1.— White, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., Ill, 1880,
p. 48.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 251.
Loc. Anticosti; Ringgold, Catoosa County, Georgia.

Stricklandinia (?) subquadrata Herrick. Upper Carboniferous.

Stricklandinia ? subquadrata Herrick, Bull. Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 49, pi. 1,

fig. 14.
Loc. Flint ridge, near Newark, Ohio.
Obs. Probably a terebratuloid.

Stricklandinia triplesiana Foerste, Clinton (Sil.).

Stricklandinia triplesiana Foerste, Bull. Denison Univ., I, 1885, p. 89, pi. 14,
figs. 13, 14.— Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 323;— Geol. Ohio,
VII, 1895, p. 594, pi. 26, figs. 13, 14.

Loc. Dayton, Ohio.

STRINGOCEPHALUS Defrance. Genotype S. burtini Defrance.

Strygocephalus Defrance, Diet. Sci, Nat., LI, 1827, p. 102, pi. 75, tig. 1.
Stringocephalus Sandberger, Leonhard und Bronn's Jahrb. fiir Min., 1842, p.

386.— Dall, American Jour. Conch,, VI, 1870, p. 112.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.

New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 282, figs. 203-207.

Stringocephalus burtoni Defrance. Middle Devonian.

Strygocephalus burtoni Defrance, Diet. Sci. Nat., LI, 1827, p. 102, pi. 75, fig. 1.
Stringocephalus burtoni Whiteaves, Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, VIII, 1891, p. 93 ; —
Cont. to Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 235, pi. 29, figs. 10-11; p. 290.— Hall and
. Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 283, fig. 203.
Loo. Europe; Lakes Manitoba and Winnipegosis and the "Ramparts," Macken-
zie River, British America. Two loose specimens have been found near
Devonian rocks in southern Minnesota.

STROPHALOSIA King. Genotype Orthis excavata Geinitz.

Strophalosia King, Ann. and Mag. Nat. Hist., XIV, 1844, p. 313;— Ibidem, XVII,
1846, p. 92;— Mou. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc, 1850, p. 93.— Hall, Twentieth
Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 245;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p.
146. — Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 240. — Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 314 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State
Geologist, 1894, p. 295.

Strophalosia beecheri Eowley. Kinderhook (L. Carb.).

Strophalosia beecheri Rowley, American Geologist, XII, 1893, p. 308, pi. 14,

figs. 18, 19.
Loc, Louisiana, Missouri.

Strophalosia cornelliana Derby. Upper Carboniferous.

Strophalosia cornelliana Derby, Bull. Cornell Univ., I, 1874, p. 45, pi. 3, figs.
28,30,32,33,35-38; pi. 4, fig. 5; pi. 8, fig. 17; pi. 9, figs. 10, 11.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 15B, figs. 36, 37.

Loc. Bomjardim, Brazil.

Strophalosia cymbula Hall and Clarke. Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Strophalosia cymbula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17A,

figs. 3, 4, 8, 9.
Loc. Near Louisville and Lebanon, Kentucky.
BuU. 87 27

418 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Strophalosia (?) guadalupensis (Sliumard). Upper Carboniferous.

Auloste^es guadalupensis Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1858, p. 292,

pi. 11, iig. 5; p. 390.
Strophalosia ? guadalupensis lieecber, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890,

p. 241.
Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, New Mexico and Texas.

Str..plialosia liorrescens Geinitz (non Murcliison, de Yerneuil, and
Keyserling) =Productus nebraskaensis.

Strophalosia hystricula Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

rroductella hystricula Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 178, pi. 26, figs. 1-8;—

Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, figs. 29, 30.
Strophalosia hystricula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 316,

pi. 15B, fig. 31 ; pi. 17, figs. 29, 30.
Loc. Forestville, Conewaugo, and East Randolph, New York.

Strophalosia keokuk Beeclier. Keokuk (L, Carb.).

Strophalosia keokuk Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 244, pi. 9,
figs. 18-24.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, YIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 316, pi. 17A,
figs. 5-7.
Loc. Keokxik, Iowa.

Strophalosia muricata (Hall). Chemung (Dev.).

Chonetes muricata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 143, pi. 22, figs. 29-43.
Chonetes (Productella?) muricata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol.,

1883, pi. 47, figs. 12, 16, 30, 38, 42.
Strophalosia? muricata Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 241.
Strophalosia muricata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 316,

pi. 16, figs. 12, 16, 30, 38, 42.
Loc. Ellington, New York, and Meadvillo, Pennsylvania.

Strophalosia nummulina A. Winchell. Kinderhook (L, Carb.).

Strophalosia? nummularis A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1863, p. 4.
Strophalosia? nummulina Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 242.
Strophalosia nummularis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 316.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa.

Strophalosia radicans (A. Winchell). Hamilton (Dev.).

Crania radicans A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 92.
Strophalosia radicans Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, pp. 240,

243, pi. 9, figs. 14-17.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

p. 316, pi. 15B, figs. 27-30.
Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan.

Strophalosia rockfordensis Hall and Clarke. Upper Devonian.

Strophalosia rockfordensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

pp. 316, 353, pi. 17A, figs. 1-3; Pt. II, 1895, pi. 84, figs.. 20-22.
Loc. Rockford, Iowa.

Strophalosia scintilla Beecher. Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Strophalosia scintilla Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 243.

pi. 9, figs. 10-13.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 316,

pi. 15B, figs. 32-34.
Loc. Pike County, Missouri.

Strophalosia spondyliformis (White and St. John). Upper Carboniferous.
Aulosteges spondyliformis White and St. John, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I,
1868, p. 118, fig. 2.

scHucHERT] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 419

Strophalosia spondyliformis (White aud St. John) — Continued.

Strophalosia spondyliformis Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3(1 ser., XL, 1890,

p. 242.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 17A, figs.

25, 26.
Loc. Appanoose and Pottawattamie counties, Iowa.

Strophalosia truncata (Hall). Hamilton, Portage, aud Ithaca (Dev.).

Strophomena pustulosa Hall (non Productus pustulosus Phillips), Geol. N. Y. ;

Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 189, fig. 4.
Productus truncatus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 171.
Productella truncata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 160, pi. 23, tigs. 12-24;—

Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 48, figs. 10-15.— Kindle, Bull.

American Pal., 6, 1896, p. 35.
Productus (P.) truncatus Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 131,

pi. 14, fig. 2.
Productella (Strophalosia?) truncata Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889,

p. 112, pi. 16, figs. 1, 2.
Strophalosia truncata Beecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XL, 1890, p. 247* —

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 316, pi. 15B,fig8. 24-26;

pi. 17, ligs. 10-15.
Loc. New York; Thedford, Ontario; Eureka district, Nevada.

STROPHEODONTA Hall. Genotype Strophomena demissa Conrad.

Stropheodonta Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 63.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New

York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 284.
Strophodonta Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, 1858, p. 491. — Billings, Canadian Jour.

Sci. Arts, n. ser., VI, 1861, p. 332;— Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.

108.— Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 78.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil

Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 142.
Brachy prion Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 63.
Brachyprion and Douvilina Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,

pp. 220, 286, 288, 289, 292; Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894,

pp. 280, 281.

Stropheodonta acanthoptera (Whiteaves). Upper Silurian.

Strophomena acanthoptera Whiteaves, Canadian Rec. Sci., 1891, p. 294, pi. 3,

figs. 1,2.
Loc. District of Saskatchewan and Lake Winnipegosis, Canada.

Stropheodonta alveata Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophodonta alveata Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.

36;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 81, pi. 11, figs. 1-3.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Stropheodonta arcuata Hall. Chemung (Dev.).

Strophodonta arcuata Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, 1858, p. 492, pi. 3, figs, la-lc,
2a-2f.— Calvin, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, IV, 1878, p. 728.— Whiteaves, Cont.
Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 285.

Strophodonta arcuata? Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 121.

Stropheodonta arcuata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 289,
pi. 15B, figs. 1-3.

Loc. Rockford, Iowa; Naples, New York; Eureka district, Nevada; Lake Win-
nipegosis, Canada.

Stropheodonta beckei Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophodonta beckii Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 191, pi. 22, figs. la-It.—

Meek, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XL, 1865, p. 33. — Hall, Second Ann. Rep.

N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 44, figs. 23, 24.
Strophomena (Strophodonta) beckii Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.

Hist., 1857, p. 52, figs. 1-4.

420 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Stropheodonta beckei Hull — Continued.

Stioi)biH)(l()uta (Lepto3troi)liia) bocki Hall iintl Clarke, I'al. New York, VTII, Pt. I,

1892, p. 288, pi. 13, figs. 23, 24.
Loc. Albany iiiul Scboharie counties, New York ; Kcnuedy Channel, Arctic region.

Stropheodonta blainvillei (l>illiug-s). Lower Devonian.

S'ropbomena blaiuvillei Billings, Pal. FossilB, 11, 1874, p. 28, pi. 2, tig. 1; pi. 3,

^ fig. 1.
Stroplieodonta (Leptostrophia) blainvillii Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Ft. I, 1892, p. 288.
Loc. Gasp^, Canada.
Obs. Compare with S. perplaua.

Stropheodonta callawayensis Swallow. Hamilton (T)ev.).

Stropbodonta callawayensis, quadrata, and a-qiiicostata Swallow, Trans, St.

Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, p. 638.
Loc. Callaway County, Missouri.
Obs. See S. navalis.

Stropheodonta callosa Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Stropbodonta callosa Hall, Sixteenth Eep. N, Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863,

p. 36;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 82, pi. 11, figs. 4-10; pi. 12, figs. 8, 9.
Chouetes (Stroiibodontaf) callosa Hall, Second Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Geol.,

1883, pi. 47, fig. 37.
Stropheodonta callosa Hall and Clarke, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pi. 16, fig. 37.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Stropheodonta calvini Miller. Chemung (Dev.).

Stropbodonta quadrata Calvin (non Swallow, 1860), Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr.

Survey Terr., IV, 1878, p. 728.
Stropbodonta calvini Miller, Cat. American Pal. Foss., 2d ed., January, 1883,
p. 298.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 122, pi. 13, fig. 6.
Stropbodonta exilis Calvin, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XXV, June, 1883, p. 443.
Loc. Rockford and Independence, Iowa; Eureka district, Nevada.

Stropheodonta canace Hall and Whitfield. Chemung (Dev.).

Stropbodonta canace Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-third P.ep. N. Y, State Cab.
Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 236, pi. 11, figs. 8-11; abstract of same iu 1872;— King's
U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 246, pi. 3, figs. 1-3.

Loc. Rockford, Iowa; White Pine district, Nevada; Naples, New York.

Stropheodonta cincta A. Wiucbell. Hamilton (Dev.).

Stropbodonta cincta A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1861?, p. 93.
Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan.
Obs. Insufficiently defined to be recognized.

Stropheodonta concava Hall. Corniferous and Hamilton (Dev.).

Stropbomena (Stropbodonta) concava Hall, Tenth Eep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.

Hist., 1857, pp. 115, 140, fig. 1.
Stropbodonta concava Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 96, pi. 16, figs, la-lh; —

Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 45, figs. 16-22.
Stropheodonta concava Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 14,

tigs. 16-23.
L^oc. New York, from Cayuga Lake westward to Lake Erie.

Stropheodonta corrugata (Conrad). Clinton (Sil.).

Stropbomena corrugata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p.
256, pi. 14, fig. 8.— HaJl, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 73, fig. 2 on p.
72;— Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 82.— Foerste, Proc. Bos-
ton Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 303, pi. 6, fig. 25.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 421

Stropheodonta corrugata (Conrad) — Continued.

LeptiBna f orrugata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 59, pi. 21, figs. 2a-2c.
Strophodouta corrugata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 46,

fig. 1.
Stropheodonta corrugata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi.

15, fig. 1 ; Pt. II, 1895, pi. 84, fig. 14.
Loc. Rochester, Wolcott, etc., New York; Cumberland Gap, Tennessee.

Stropheodonta (?) corrugata pleuristriata (Foerste.) Clinton (Sil.).

Leptiena corrugata (partim) Hall, Pal, New York, II, 1852, p. 59, pi. 21, figs. 2d, 2e.
Strophomena corrugata var. pleuristriata Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,

XXIV, 1890, p. 303, pi. 6, figs. 26, 27.
Loc. Cumberland Gap, Tennessee.

Stropheodonta (?) costata Owen. Hamilton (Dev.).

Strophodouta (?) costata Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota,

1852, p. 585, pi. 3A, fig. 5 ; pi. 3, figs. 11, 11a.
Loc. Davenport, Iowa.

Stropheodonta crebristriata Hall. Upper Heklerberg (Dev.).

Strophonieua crebristriata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII,

1842, p. 254, pi. 14, fig. 3.
Strophodouta crebristriata Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist.,

1863, p. 37;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 86, pi. 11, figs. 12, 13, 18-21.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York.

Stropheodonta demissa (Conrad). Middle and Upper Devonian.

Strophomena demissa Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p.
258, pi. 14, fig. 14.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, 11^ 18.58, p. 827, fig. 666.—
Billings, Can.'idian Jour. Sci. Arts, 2d ser., VI, 1861, p. 341, figs. 116-118;—
Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 367, figs. 377a-d.

Strophodouta dimosa(?) Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and .Minnesota,
1852, tab. 3A, fig. 14. [See specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss.,
17917.]

Strophomena (Strophodonta) demissa Hall, Tenth Rep N. Y. State Cab. Nat.
Hist., 1857, p. 137, fig. 1.— Meek, Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., I, 1868, p. 87,
figs. 6a-c.

Strophomena (Strophodonta) subdemissa Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.
Hi8t..l857,p. 145.— Meek (non Hall), Trans. Chicago Acad. Sci., 1, 1868, p. 88,
pi. 13, fig. 7.

Strophodonta demissa Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 495, pi. 3, fig. 5;—
Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 81, pi. 11, figs. 14-17; pi. 12, figs. 1-5.— Nicholson,
Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1873, p. 65.— White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of
Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 500, pi. 4, figs. 6, 7;— Tenth Rep. Indiana State
Geol., 1881, p. 132, pi. 4, figs. 6, 7.— Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p.
327, pi. 25, fig. 18.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 45,
figs. 7-12.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 118, pi. 2, fig. 9.—
Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.
143, pi. 18, figs. 10-16; pi. 33, fig. 22.— Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I,
1891, p. 219.— Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 70, pi. 39, fig. 7.

Stropheodonta demissa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 14,
figs. 7-12.

Loc. New York; Pennsylvania; Ohio; Indiana; Kentucky ; Illinois; Iowa; Wis-
consin; Ontario; Mackenzie and Athabasca rivers, Canada; Eureka district,
Nevada.

Stropheodonta demissa imitata Winchell. Hamilton (Dev.).

Strophodonta imitata A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866, p. 93.
Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan.

422 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87,

Stropheodonta erratica A. Wiucliell. flamilton (Dev.).

StropLodoiita erratica and A'arieties solidicosta and fissicosta A. WinrUell, Rep.

Lower Peninsula Michigan. 1866, p. 93.
Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan.
Obs. This species may prove to be only a local variation of S. costata Owen.

Stropbeodonta feildeni Etlieridge. *? Lower Devonian.

StTophodouta feildeni Etheridge, Quart, .lour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878,

p. 598, pi. 25, fig. 4.
Loc. Cape Hilgard, lat. 79^ 41'.
Obs. Since this species is very closely related to S. magnifica of the Oriskany

sandstone the horizon is prohahly Lower Devonian.

Stropheodonta galatea (Billings). Lower Devonian.

Strophomena galatea Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 20, fig. 9.
loc. Indian Cove, Gasp^, Canada.

Stropheodonta (?) geniculata (Slialer). Anticosti (Sil.).

Brachyprion geniculatum Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 63.
Loc. Near Southwest Point, Anticosti.

Stropheodonta (?) gilpeni (Dawson). Upper Arisaig (Sil.).

Strophomena gilpeni Dawson, Canadian Nat. Geol., n. ser., IX, 1880, p. 341.
Loc. Nova Scotia, Canada.

Stropheodonta hemispherica Hall. Upper H elderberg (Dev.)

strophomena (Strophodonta) hemispherica Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab.
Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 113.

Strophodonta hemispherica Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 90, pi. 13, figs. 12,
13;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 45, fig. 23.— Nettelroth, Ken-
tucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 144, pi. 18, figs. 4-G.

Loc. New York; Ohio; Indiana; Kontucky; Ontario.

Stropheodonta insequiradiata Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophomena (Strophodonta) inaiquiradiata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab,
Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 113, figs. 1-3.

Strophomena insequistriata Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, YI, 1861, p. 338,
fig. 113 ;— Geol. Canada,1863, p. 367, fig. 375 ;— Pal. Fossils, 11,1874, ]). 24, fig.l3 ;
pi. 2, fig. 4; p. 240.

Strophodonta in.iequiradiata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 87, pi. 11, figs. 24-31 ;
pi. 12, fig. 12; pi. 13, figs. 6-11 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 45,
figs. 13, 14.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 120, pi. 11, fig. 11.

Stropheodonta intequiradiata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892,
pi. 14, figs. 13, 14.

Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York; Columbus, Ohio; Eureka dis-
trict, Nevada; Gasp^ Bay, Canada,

Stropheodonta inseqnistriata (Conrad). Corniferons to Hamilton (Dev.),

Strophomena inrequistriata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842,
p. 254, pi. 14, fig. 2,— Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 200, fig. 4.—
Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, VI, 1861, p. 338, figs. 113, 114;— Geol, Can-
ada, 1863, p. 367. fig. 375.

Strophomena (Strophodonta) inseqnistriata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab,
Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 142.

Strophodonta innequistriata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 93, pi. 12, figs. 6-8;
p. 106, pi. 18, fig. 2 ;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 45, figs. 1-6.—
Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.
145, pi. 17, figs, 10, 11,

scHucHEKT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 423

Stropheodonta inaequistriata (Conrad) — Contiuiied.

Stropheoilontii (Douvilliua) iuivquistriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,
Pt. I, 1892, p. 289, pi. 14, figs. 1-6; pi. 15B, fig. 9.

Loc. Caledonia, Moscow, Darien, etc., New York; Ontario, Canada; Milwau-
kee, Wisconsin ; Falls of Ohio.

Stropheodonta indenta (Oourad). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Leptsena indenta Conrad, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1838, pp. 112, 117.
Strophoinena indenta Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 109, pi. 3,

fig. 3.
Strophodonta indenta Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 135.
Loc. " Helderberg Mountains," New York ; Square Lake, Maine ; Gaspd, Canada.

Stropheodonta interstrialis (Phillips). Middle Devouian.

Orthis interstrialis Phillips, Pal. Foss. Cornw. and W. Somerset, 1811, p. 61, pi.

25, fig. 103.
Strophodonta interstrialis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1892, p. 286, pi.

37, fig. 6.
Loc. Europe; Lake Winnipegosis, Canada.

Stropheodonta interstrialis (Vauiixem). Ithaca (Dev.).

Strophomena interstrialis Vanuxem (non Phillips), Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist.

1812, p. 174, fig. 1.
Strophodonta mucronata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. Ill, jd. 15, tigs. 13, 14.
Loc. Ithaca, Elmira, Bath, etc.. Now Yorli.
Obs. My attention was directed to the above synonymy by Professor Williams

and as well that of S. mucronata Conrad (non Hall).

Stropheodonta iowaensis Oweu. flipper Devoniau.

Strophodonta iowensis Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota,

1852, p. 585.
Loc. Pine Creek, near Kockford, Iowa.

Stropheodonta irene (Billings). Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Stroi)horaena irene Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 27, pi. 2, fig. 5.
Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) irene Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,

1892, p. 288.
Loc. Grand Greve, Gasp6 Bay, Canada.

Stropheodonta junia Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Strophomena (Strophodonta) textilis Hall (non 1852), Tenth Rep. N. Y. State

Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 141, figs. 1-3.
Strophodonta textilis Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 108, pi. 18, figs. 3, 4.
Strophodonta junia Hall, Ibidem, 1867, corrigenda; — Second Ann. Rep. N. Y.

State Geologist, 1883, pi. 46, fig. 16.
Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) junia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.

I, 1892, p. 288, pi. 15, fig. 16.
Loc. York, Moscow, Darien, etc.. New York.

Stropheodonta kemperi Swallow. Hamilton (Dev.).

Strophodonta kemperi Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., 1, 1860, p. 636.
Loc. Callaway County, Missouri.

Stropheodonta(?) leda (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.).

Strophomena leda Billings, Canadian Nat. and Geol., V, 1860, p. 55, figs. 2,3; —
Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 120, figs. 98, 99;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 311, fig. 316.
Brachyprion leda Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 63.
Stropheodonta leda Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288,
Rafinesquina leda Whiteaves, Pal. Foss. Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 172.
Loc. East Point, Auticosti, Lake Wiunepeg, Manitoba.

424 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Stropheodonta lincklaeni Uall. Oriskaiiy (IJev.).

Stropbodonta linckla-ui Hall, Tenth Kep. N. Y. Statu Cab. Nat, Hist., 1857, p.

55 J— Pal. New York, III, 1S59, p. 415, pi. 93, tigs. 2, 3.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie conuties, New Y^)rk.

Stropheodonta macra (Wincliell and Marcy). Niagara (Sil.).

Stj-yi)honjeua macra W. and M., Mem. IJoston Soc. Nat. Hist., 1, 1865, j). 91, —

Hall, Twentieth Rep. N, Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 18(^7, p. 392.
Loo. Probably near Chicago, Illinois.

Stropheodonta macrostriata (Walcott). Lower Devonian.

Chonettib macrostriata Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1881, p. 126, pi.

2, fig. 13; pi, 13, fig. 14.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.
Obs. The type material proves it to l>e a Stropheodonta.

Stropheodonta magnifica Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Strophodonta iiiagnifica Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.

54;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, pp. 411, 482, pi. 93, fig. 4; pi. 94, fig. 2; pi.

95, fig. 8; pi. 95A, figs. 15-19;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi.

44, figs. 27, 28.
Strophomena magnifica Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, VI, 1861, p. 348; —

Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 961, fig. 468.
Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) magnifica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, p. 288, pl. 13, figs. 27, 28.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York ; Cumberland, Maryland; county

of Haldimand, Ontario, Canada.

Stropheodonta magniventer Hall. Oriskany (])ev.).

Strophodonta niagniveutra Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab.. Nat. Hist., 1857,
p. 54;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 411, pl. 92, figs. 2, 3; pl. 95, fig. 9;—
Second Ann. Rep. N. Y'. State Geol., 1883, pl. 44, figs. 25, 26.

Strophomena magniventra Billings, Canadian Jour, Sci. Arts, VI, 1861, p. 349; —
Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 961, fig. 469;— Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 22, figs. 10-12,
and pl. 2, fig. 2.

Stropheodonta (Lejjtostrophia) magniventra Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'^ork,
VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 288, pl. 13, figs, 25, 26.

Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Cayuga, Ontario, and Gasp^
Baj% Canada.

Stropheodonta mucronata (Conrad). Portage and Chemung (Dev.).

strophomena mucronata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842,

p. 257, pl. 14, tig. 10.
Strophomena interstrialis Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 266, fig. 5.
Strophodonta cayuta Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 110, pl. 19, figs. 1-5;—

Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 46, figs. 18, 19.
Stropheodonta (Douvillina) cayuta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. I,

1892, p. 289, pl. 15, figs. 18, 19; pl. 15B, figs. 7, 8; Pt. II, 1895, pl. 84, fig. 13.
Loc. Steuben County, New Y^ork.
Obs. See S. interstrialis.

Stropheodonta navalis Swallow. Hamilton (Dev.).

Strojjhodonta navalis, cymbiformis, subcymbiformis, and altidorsata Swallow,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860, pp. 635, 636, 637.

Strophodonta cymbiformis Keyes, Geol, Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 74.

Loc. Callaway County, Missouri.

Obs. The ten species of Stropheodonta described in this transaction by Swallow
are all from one locality and appear to be nothing more than i)eculiar ^ avi-
ations of S. demissa Conrad, No other locality is known where a species

scHucHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 425

Stropheodonta navalis Swallow — Contiuued.

of Brachiopoda has taken ou as many Tariations as has S. demissa in the
vicinity of Fulton, Missouri. Mr. D. K. Greger has furnished the writer over
one hundred examples of this species and no two are exactly alike. Swal-
low's ten species are here reduced to three and one variety: S. navalis and
var. booneusis, S. kemperi, and S. callawayensis.

Keyes (Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895) regards S. navalis, callawayensis,
quadrata, and iBquicostata as synonyms for S. demissa, while S. cymhi-
formis, suhcymbiformis, kemperi, inllexa, and boonensis are regarded by him
as but one species, S. cymbiformis. S. altidorsata is regarded as "insuffi-
ciently described."

Stropheodonta navalis boonensis Swallow. Hamiltou (Dev.).

Strophodonta booensis and inflexa Swallow Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., 1, 1860,

pp. 637, 638.
Loc. Callaway County, Missouri.

Stropheodonta nearpassi Barrett. Coralline limestone (Sil.).

Leptiinia Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, pi. 74, tig. 3.

Strophodonta nearpassi Barrett, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XV, 1878, p. 372.
Loc. Near Port Jervis, New York.

Stropheodonta parva Owen. namilton (Dev.).

Strophodonta parva Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, and Minnesota, 1852,

p. 584, pi. 3A, fig. 9.
Loc. New Buffalo, Iowa.
Ohs. This maj"^ prove to be young S. demissa.

Stropheodonta parva Hall. Upper Helderbexg (Dev.).

strophodonta parva Hall, Sixteenth Eep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p.

37;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 85, pi. 11, figs. 5, 11.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York.

Stropheodonta patersoni Hall. Oriskany to Oorniferous (Dev.).

Strophomena (Strophodonta) patersoni Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.

Hist. ,.18.57, p. 114, figs. 1-5.
Strophomena ? petersoui Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, 2d ser., VI, 1861,

p. 340, fig. 115.
Strophomena patersoni Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 367, fig. 374. — Nicholson,

Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1873, p. 67.
Strophodonta patersoni Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 89, pi. 12, figs. 9-11 ;

pi. 13, figs. 1-5;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 45, fig. 15.—

Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 119.
Stropheodonta patersoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 14,

fig. 15.
Loc. Schoharie, Statiord, Williamsville, etc.. New York; Columbus, Ohio; Bake-

oven, Illinois; Eureka district, Nevada; county of Haldimand, Ontario,

Canada.

Stropheodonta perplana (Conrad). Upper Helderberg-Chemuug (Dev.).

Strophomena perplana Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,VIII,1842, p.
257, pi. 14, fig. 11.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 827, fig. 665.—
Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, 2d ser., VI, 1861, p.343;— Proc. Portland
Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 109.— Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1873, p. 64.

Strophomena delthyris Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842
p. 258, pi. 14, fig. 19.

Strophomena pluristriata Conrad, Ibidem, 1842, p. 259.

Strophomena crenistria Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 171, fig. 4.

426 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Stropheodonta perplana (Conrad) — Oontiuued.

Strophomeua (Strophodouta) crenistria Hall, Tenth Kep. N. Y. State (Jab. Nat.
Hist., 1857, p. 111.

Strophomena (>Stiopbodoiita) I'riigilis Hall, Ibidem, 1857, ]). Id3.

Stropliodonta fragilis Hall, Cieol. Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 496, pl. 3, fig. 6.

Strophodouta perplana Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, pp. 92, 98, pl. 11, fig. 22;
pl. 12, iigs. 13-15; pl. 17, fig. 1. — Kathbuii, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX,
1879, p. 25.— Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 46, figs.
2-15.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 120, pl. 13, fig. 11.—
Nettolroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p.
147, pl. 18, fig. 17. — Bcecher, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., XLI, 1891, p. 357,
pl. 17, fig. 17.— Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1891, p. 220.

Stropheodonta (Lcptostrophia) jierplana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,
Pt. I, 1892, p. 288, pl. 15, figs. 2-13.

Loc. New York; Pennsylvania; Maryland; Ohio; Indiana; Kentucky; Illinois;
Iowa; Wisconsin; Eureka district, Nevada; Square Lake, Maine; Ontario
and Peace River, Canada; Rio Maecuru and Rio Curua, Province of Para,
Brazil.

Stropheodonta perplana, nervosa Hall. Portage aud Chemung (Dev.).

Strophomena nervosa Hall, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 266, fig. 1.
Strophodouta perplana var. nervosa Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 113, pl.

19, figs. 13-16;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 46, fig. 17.
Stropheodonta perplana var. nervosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.

I, 1892, tigs. 14, 15, 17.
Loc. Ithaca, Bath, Campbelltown, etc., New York.

Stropheodonta perplana tulliensis Williams. Tully (Dev.).

Strophodouta perplana var. tulliensis Williams, Bull. Geol. Soc. America, 1, 1890,

p. 493, pl. 12, figs. 1-4.
Loc. Cuyler, New Y'ork.

Stropheodonta planulata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophodouta planulata ilall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 184, pl. 16, figs. 9-12.
Loc. Schoharie, Dryhill, and Litchfield, New Y'ork.

Stropheodonta plicata Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Strophodouta plicata Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.

90;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 114.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells,

Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 149.
Loc. Iowa City and Independence, Iowa ; Thedford, Ontario ; Falls of Ohio.

Stropheodonta prisca Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Stropheodonta prisca Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 63, pl. 21, fig. 9.
Loc. Kirkland, Oneida County, New York.

Stropheodonta profunda Hall. Clinton and Magara (Sil.).

Leptseua profunda Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 61, pl. 21, figs. 4, 5.

Strophomena profunda Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,
p. 82.

Strophomena niagarensis Winchell and Marcy, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., I,
1865, p. 92, pl. 2, fig. 9.

Strophodouta profunda Hall, Twentieth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867,
pp. 369, 392, pl. 13, figs. 3, 4;— Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.
Hist., 1879, p. 151, pl. 23, figs. 9, 10;— Eleventh Rep. Indiana State Geol.,
1882, p. 289, pl. 23, figs. 9, 10; pl. 27, fig. 18;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State
Geol., 1883, pl. 44, figs. 1-5 (ffigs. 19, 20).— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil
Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 148, pl. 29, fig. 26; pl. 17, figs.
20, 21.

scHccHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 427

Stropheodonta profunda Hall — Continued.

Stropbeodonta (Brachyprion) profunda Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, pi. 13, figs. 1-5 (? 19, 20); pi. 20, figs. 29-31; Pt. II, 1895, pi. 84,

fig. 12.
Log. Lockport, New York; Waldron, Indiana; Bridgeport, Illinois; Racine,

Wisconsin ; Louisville, Kentucky.
Stropheodonta textilis Hall. Coralline (Sil.).

Stropheodonta textilis Hall, Pal. New York, TI, 1852, p. 327, pi. 74, fig. 6.
Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) textilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, p. 288.
Log. Schoharie, New York.

Stropheodonta tullia (Billings). Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophoniena tullia Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 29, pi. 2, fig. 6.
Stropheodonta (Leptostrophia) tnllia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.

I, 1892, p. 288.
Loc. Mount Joli and Split Rock, Perc6, Canada.

Stropheodonta variabilis Calvin. Chemung (Dev.).

Strophodonta variabilis Calvin, Bull. U. S. Geol. Geogr. Survey Terr., IV, 1878,

p. 727.
Stropheodonta variabilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p.

289, pi. 15B, figs. 4-6.
Loc. Independence, Iowa; Naples, New York.

Stropheodonta varistriata (Conrad). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophomena varistriata Conrad, Jonr. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842,

p. 255, pi. 14, fig. 6.— Billings, Pal. Fossils, II, 1874, p. 26, pi 2, fig. 3.
Strophomena rectilateris Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1812,

p. 2.5.5, pi. 14, fig. 7.
Strophomena impressa Conrad, Ibidem, 1842, p. 255.
Strophodonta varistriata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 180, pi. 8, figs. 1-16;

pi. 16, figs. 1-8;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 44, figa. 6-16

(? figs. 21, 22).
Stropheodonta (Brachyprion) varistriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, pi. 13, figs. 6-16, 21, 22.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York; Dalhousie, New Brunswick,

and Gasp^, Canada.

Stropheodonta varistriata arata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophodonta varistriata var. arata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 18.59, p. 183, pi. 18,

fig. 1;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 44, figs. 17, 18.
Stropheodonta varistriata var. arata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.

I, 1892, pi. 13, figs. 17, 18.
Loc. Hudson and Albany counties. New York; Arisaig, Nova Scotia (Ami).

Stropheodonta vascularia Hall. Oriskany (Dev.).

Strophodonta vascularia Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 412, pi. 92, fig. 4;

pi. 95, fig. 10 (?pl. 93, fig. 2).
Loc. Albany County, New York. .

Stropheodonta (?) ventricosa (Shaler). Auticosti (Sil.).

Brachyprion ventricosa Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 63.
Loc. Southwest Point, Auticosti.

Strophodonta siequioostata Swallow=S. callawayensis.
Strophodonta altidorsata Swallow=S. navalis.
Strophodonta ampla Hall=Strophonella ampla.

428 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Strophodonta boonensis Swallow=S. iiavalis boonensis.
Strophodoiita cadata Hall=Strophonella ca'lata.
Strophodonta cavumbonai Hall=Stroplionella cavuinl)ona.
Strophodoiita cayuta. lIall=Stoplieodonta niucronata.
Strophodonta cyinbiformis Swallow=S. iiavalis.
Strop'iodoiita exilis Calvin = Stropheodoiita calvini.
Stroi)hodonta fragilis Hall=S. perplaua.
Strophodonta genicAilata Hall=:Strophonella geniculata.
Strophodonta headleyaiia Hall=Strophonella headleyana.
Strophodonta hybrida Hall and Whitfield=Strophonella reversa.
Strophodonta iniitata A. Winchell=S. demissa imitata.
Strophodonta inflexa Swallow = S. navalis boonensis.
Strophodonta intermedia Hall = Hipparionyx proximus,
Strophodonta leaven worthana Hall = Stroi)honella leaven worthana.
Strophodonta niucronata Hall=S. interstrialis.
Strophodonta nacrea Hall = Pholidostrophia iowaensis.
Strophodonta punctulifera Hall=Strophonella punctulifera.
Strophodonta quadrata Swallow=S. callawayeusis.
Strophodonta quadrata Calvin (non Swallow) = S. calvini.
Strophodonta reversa Hall=Strophonella reversa.
Strophodonta striata Hall=Strophonella striata.
Strophodonta subcymbitbrmis Swallow=S. navalis.
Strophodonta subdemissa Hall=S. demissa.
Strophodonta textilis Hall, 1857 (not 1852) = S. junia.

STROPHOMENA (Eafinesque) Blainville. Genotype S. riigosa Blainv.

Strophomeua Blainville, Mamiel de Malacologie et Couchyliologie, 1. 1825, p. 513,
pi. 53, fig. 2. — Defrance, Dictionnaire des Sciences Naturelles, LI, 1827, p. 151
and atlas. — King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc, 1850, p. 103. — Meek (par-
tim), Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 73. — ffiblert, Fischer's Manuel de Couchyliologie,
1887, p. 1281.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 245.—
Wiuchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 384. — Hall
and Clarke, Eleventh Ann. Eep, N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 283.

Strophonienes Rafinesqne, Desc. Remarkable Objects in the Cabinet of Professor
Eafinesque, 1831, p. 4.

Hemipronites Meek and Hayden, Pal. Upper Missouri, ^mitlisonian Cent, to
Know]. XIV, 172, 1864, p. 24.— Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875,
p. 41.

Oba. This genus is characteristic of the Ordovician, and probably does not
extend into the Silurian, where Orthothetes replaces Strophomeua. A num-
ber of Silurian species are still left under Strophomeua since their generic
characters are uuknowu.

Strophomena acanthoptera Whiteaves=Stropheodonta acanthoptera.
Strophomena acntiradiata Hall=Chonetes acutiradiatus.
Strophomena alternata Emmons=Rafinesquina alternata.
Strophomena alternata fracta Meek=Rafinesquina alternata fracta.
Strophomena alternata loxorhytis Meek=Iiafinesquina alternata lox-

orhytis.
Strophomena alternistriata Hall=Rafinesqnina alternata alternistriata.

8CHUCHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 429

Strophomena (?) alterniradiata Staler. Anticosti (Sil.).

Strophomena alterniradiata Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 63.
Loc. Southwest Point, Anticosti.

Strophomena ainpla Hall = Strophouella ampla.
Strophomena anologa Davidson, 18(>3=Leptnena rhomboidalis.
Strophomena angulata Owen=Ralinesquina alternata.
Strophomena anticostiensis Shaler=Eafinesquina alternata.

Strophomena (?) antiquata Sowerby. Anticosti (Sil.).

Strophomena antiquata Sowerby, Murchison's Silurian System, 1839. — Billings,

Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 129, tig. 107.
Loc. Europe; Anticosti; forks of the Chatta River, Gaspe.
Ohs. This identiticatiou is doubtful.

Strophomena approximata (James). Lorraine (Ord.).

Streptorhynchus approximata James, The Paleontologist, 5, 1881, p. 43; 2, 1878,

p. 15.
Loc. Dearborn County, Indiana.
Obs. Not defined so as to be recognizable.

Strophomena arctostriata Hall=Orthothetes chemungensis arctos-
triatus.

Strophomena (?) arcuata Shaler. Anticosti (Sil.).

strophomena arcuata Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 62.
Loc. Ellis Bay, Anticosti.

Strophomena (?) arethusa Billings. Lorraine (Ord.).

Strophomena arethusa Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 132.
Loc. Observation Cape, Anticosti.

Strophomena atava Matthew =Raflnesquina atava.
Strophomena aurora Billings=Eafinesquina aurora.
Strophomena bifurcata H?ll=Orthothetes chemungensis.

Strophomena billingsi Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.).

Strophomena recta Billings (uon Conrad), Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 130, fig. 108.
Strophomena billingsi W. and S., Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 397, fig.

32.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 170.
Loc. Ottawa, Canada; St. Paul, Cannon Falls, and Fountain, Minnesota; East
Selkirk, Manitoba.

Strophomena (?) bipartita Hall. Coralline (Sil.).

Leptajua bipartita Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 326, pi. 74, figs. 4, 5.
Strophomena bipartita Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 82.
Loc. Schoharie, New York.

Strophomena blainvillii Billings =Stropheodonta blainvillei.
Strophomena camerata Conrad=Eaflnesquina deltoidea.

Strophomena cardinalis (Whitfield). Lorraine (Ord.).

Streptorhynchus cardiuale Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 261, pi. 12,
figs. 9, 10.

Strophomena cardinale Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 252.

Loc. Delafield, Wisconsin.
Strophomena carinata Conrad, 1838=Tropidoleptus carinatus.
Strophomena carinata Conrad, 1842 (non 1838)=Chonetes coronatus.
Strophomena ceres Billings=Eafinesquina ceres.

430 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACIIIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Stroplioniena chemuiigeusis Conrad =Ortliotlietes clieiuuiigeusis.
Stiophomeua concava Hall=fStroplieodonta coiicava. I

Stropliomeua couradi Hall (1859) = Stiopbonella conradi.

Strophomena conradi Hall and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.).

Strophouieua couradi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 344,

pi. 9A, fig. 3; pi. 20, tigs. 32, 33.
Loc. Jacksouburg, New Y'ork.

Strophomena couvexa Owen=S. incur vata.
Strophomena cornuta Hall=Chonetes cornutus.
Stroj^homena corrugata Conrad = Stropheodonta corrugata.
Strophomena crebristriata Conrad =Stropheodonta crebristriata.
Strophomena crenistria Hall = Stropheodonta perplana.

Strophomena (?) declivis James. Lorraine (Ord.).

.Strophomena declivis James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sii., I, 1874, p. 240.
Loc. Boyds Station, Kentucky.

Strophomena deflecta Conrad=Dinorthis detiecta.
Strophomena delthyris Conrad=Stropheodonta perplana.
Strophomena deltoidea Conrad =Eatiuesqnin a deltoidea and E. min-

nesotaensis,
Strophomena demissa Conrad =Stropheodonta demissa.
Strophomena depressa yanuxem=Lept;ena rhomboidalis.
Strophomena depressa ventricosa Hall=Lept8ena rhomboidalis ven-

tricosa.

Strophomena (?) doneti Salter. Silurian.

Strophomena doneti Salter, Jour, of a Voyage in Baffins Bay and Barrow Straits,

1852.
Loc. Wellington Channel.

Strophomena elegantula Hall=Plectambonites transversalis.

Strophomena (?) elliptica Conrad. Magara (Sil.).

Strophomena ellipticaConrad, Third Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York, 1839, p. 64.
Loc. Rochester, New York.

Strophomena (?) elongata Conrad. Lower Helderberg (L^ev.).

Strophomena elongata Conrad, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842,

p. 259.
Loc. Schoharie, New York.

Strophomena emaciata Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.).

Strophomena emaciata W. and S., American Geol., IX, 1892, p. 287; — Minnesota

Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 399, pi. 31, figs. 22-24.
Loc. Near Cannon Falls, Minnesota.

Strophomena euglyphya Conrad, and Eoemer=Strophonella punctuli-

fera.
Strophomena fasciata Hall=Raflnesquina fasciata.
Strophomena filitexta Meek, White, and Hall = S. neglecta or S. incur-

vata.

Strophomenes flexilis Eafinesque. " Limestone of Ohio."

Same paper as for S. levigata, 1831, p. 4.
Ohs. Not defined so as to be recognizable.

scHCCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 431

Strophomena fluctuosa Billings. Lorraine (Ord.).

Strophomena fluctuosa Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 57, fig. 6; — Pal.
Fossils, I, 1862, p. 123, fig. 102;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 209, fig. 207.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 251, pi. IIA, figs. 4, 5.— Win-
chell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 395, pi. 31,
figs. 14-17.

Loc. Charletor Point, Anticosti; Spring Valley, etc., Minnesota.

Strophomena fontinalis Wliite=Dinorthis fontinalis.
Strophomena fragilis Hall=:Stropheodouta perplana.
Strophomena galatea Billings=Stropheodonta galaltea.
Strophomena gibbosa James =Lei)tiena rhomboidalis.

Strophomena (?) gibbosa Conrad. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophomena gibbosa Conrad, Fiftli Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey New York, 1841, p. 54.
Loc. Helderbeig Mountains, New York.

Strophomena gilpeni Dawsonr=Stropheodonta gilpeni.
Strophomena halli Sardeson=Leptffina charlotta;.

Strophomena hallie Miller. TJtica (Ord.).

Streptorhyncbiis ( f ) liallie Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., 1, 1874, p. 148, figs.

14-16.
Streptorhynchus hallanum Miller, North American Geol. and Pal., 1889, p. 378.
Strophomena hallie Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 252.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Strophomena hanoverensisroerste=Strophonella striata.

Strophomena hecuba Billings. Lorraine (Ord.).

Strophomena hecuba Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 60, fig. 7 ; — Pal. Fos-
sils, I, 18B2, p. 126, fig. 104;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 209, fig. 206.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 252.
Loc. Anticosti.

Strophomena hemispherica Hall = Stropheodonta hemispherica.

Strophomena (?) imbecilis Billings. "? Calciferous (Ord.).

Strophomena imbecilis Billings, Pal. Fossils, 1, 1865, p. 219.
Loc. Near Portland Creek, Newfoundland.

Strophomena imbrex Billings=Raflnesqnina imbrex.
Strophomena impressa Conrad =Stropheodonta varistriata,
Strophomena ina^quiradiata Hall = Stropheodonta intequiradiata.
Strophomena incrassata=Rafinesquina inerassata and B. minneso-
taensis.

Strophomena incurvata (Shepard). Trenton (Ord,).

Producta incurvata Shepard, American Jour. Sci., XXXIV, 1838, p. 144, figs. 1, 2.
Orthis incurvata Castelnau, Essai sur le Systeme Silurien de I'Am^rique Seiiten-

ti'ionale, 1843, p. 38.
Strophomena convexa Owen, Geol. Expl. Iowa, Wisconsin, and Illinois, 1844,

p. 70, pi. XVII, fig. 2.
Leptjena filitexta Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. Ill, pi. 31B, fig. 3.
Strophomena filitexta Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 203, figs. 1, 2. —

Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 70.— Billings, Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 164, fig. 142.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,

1892, p. 251, pi. 9, figs. 1-7; pi. 9A, figs. 11-14 (non figs. 10, 15 = S. neglecta).
. Streptorhynchus filitexta Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 39,

figs. 1-7; pi. 42, figs. 11-14 (non figs. 10, IS^^S. neglecta).

432 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Strophomena incur vata (Sliepard) — Continued.

Strophomena iucurvata Winchell and Scliuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,
1893, p. 385, pi. 30, ligs. 36-40.— Wliiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 167.

Loc. New York; Kentucky; Teiuiessee; Missouri; Wisconsin; Iowa; Minne-
sota; Manitoba; Canada.

Strophomena inquassa Sardeson = Eafinesquina minnesotaensis in-

■ quassa.
Stropliomena interstrialis Hall = Stroi)heodouta mucronata.
Strophomena interstrialis Vaniixem, and Hall=Stropheodonta inter.

strialis.
Strophomena irene Billings=Stropheodonta irene.
Strophomena ithacensis Vanusem=Atrypa reticularis.

Strophomena (?) julia Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Strophomena Julia Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 127, fig. 105.
Leptipna julia Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 65.
Loc. Anticosti.

Strophomena kingi Whitfield=Eafinesquina kingi.

Strophomena laevis Emmons. Birdseye (Ord.).

Strophomena laevis Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 385,

fig. 972.
Loc. Great Bend, Jefferson County, New York.

Strophomena lachrymosa Conrad=Productella lachrymosa.
Strophomena leda Billings=Stropheodonta leda.
Strophomena lepida Hall=Pholidostrophia iowaensis.

Strophomenes levigata Eafinesque. "Kentucky limestone."

Enumeration and Account of Some Remarkable Natural Objects in the Cabinet

of Professor Rafinesque, 1831, p. 4.
Ohs. Not defined so as to be recognizable.

Strophomena lima Conrad =Productell a lachrymosa lima.
Strophomena liueata Conrad=Chouetes lineatus.
Strophomena macra Winchell and Marcy=Stropheodonta macra.
Strophomena magniflca Billings=Stropheodonta magnifica.
Strophomena magniventra Billings =Stropheodonta magniventer.
Strophomena membranacea Vanuxem=Productella hirsuta.
Strophomena minnesotensis Winche]l=Eafinesquina minnesotaensis.

Strophomena (?) minor (Walcott). Pogonip (Ord.).

Streptorhynchus minor Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 75, pi.

11, fig. 9.
Loc. Eureka district, Nevada.

Strophomena (?) modesta Conrad. ? Clinton (Sil.).

Strophomena modesta Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 64.
Loc. Rochester, New York.
Ohs. Compare with Plectambonites sericea and P. elegantula.

Strophomena mucronata Hall (non Conrad) = Chonetes mucronatus.
Stropliomena mucronata Conrad (non Hall ) = Stropheodonta mucronata.
Strophomena nacrea Hall=Pholidostrophia iowaensis.

Strophomena (?) nassula Conrad. Carboniferous.

Strophomena nassula Conrad, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, III, 1846, p. 23.
Loc. Jersey Shore, Lycoming County, Pennsylvania.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 433

Stropliomena iiasnta Conrad =Rafiuesquina alternata nasiita.

Strophomena neglecta (James). Lorraine (Ord.).

Stropliomena filitexta Meek (non Hall), Pal. Olilo, I, 1873, p. 83, pi. 6, fig. 5.
? Strophomena filitexta White, U. S. Geol. and Geogr. Survey west 100th Merid.,

IV, 1875, p. 69, pi. 4, fig. 8.
Hemipronltes filitextus Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 43.
Streptorhynchus neglecta James, The Paleontologist, 5, 1881, p. 41.
Streptorhyuchns filitextus (partim) Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol.,

1883, pi. 42, figs. 10, 15 (non figs. 11-14) ; pi. 39, figs. 1-7.
Strophomena filitexta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 9A,

figs. 10, 15 (non figs. 11-14) ; pi. IIA, fig. 3.
Strophomena neglecta Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,

1893, p. 388.
Loc. Oxford, Clarksville, Waynesville, etc., Ohio; Richmond, Versailles, etc.,

Indiana ; Savanna, Illinois ; ? Silver City, New Mexico.

Strophomena neglecta acuta Wincbell and Scliucliert. Lorraine (Ord.).

Strophomena neglecta var. acuta W. and S., Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893,

p. 388, pi. 31, figs. 6, 7.
Loc. Spring Valley, Minnesota.

Strophomena ? nemea Hall and Whitfield =Dalmanella pogonipensis.
Strophomena nervosa Hall=Stro])heodonta perplana nervosa.
Strophomena niagarensis Winchell and Marcy=Stropheodonta pro-
funda.
Strophomena nitens Billings=Rafinesquina nitens.

Strophomena nutans Meek. Lorraine (Ord.).

strophomena (Hemipronltes) nutans (James) Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 77, pi.

6, fig. 1.
Hemipronltes nutans Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 46.
Streptorhynchus nutans ISIiller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 378.
Strophomena nutans Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 251,

pi. 8, fig. 11 ; pi. 9A, figs. 5-7 ; pi. IIA, figs. 6, 7.
Loc. Oxford, Clarksville, etc., Ohio; Richmond, Versailles, etc., Indiana.

Strophomena obsciira Hall=Rafinesquina obscura.

Strophomena (?) orthididea Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Leptama orthididea Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 62, pi. 21, fig. 7.
Strophomena orthididea Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 82.
Loc. Kirkland, Oneida County, New York.

Strophomena patenta Hall=Strophonella patenta.
Strophomena patersoni Hall=Stropheodonta patersoni.
Strophomena pecten Roemer, and Billings =Orthothetes subplanus.
Strophomena pectinacea Hall=Orthothetes chemungensis.
Strophomena perplana Conrad =Stropheodonta perplana.

Strophomena philomela Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Strophomena philomela Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 56, figs. 4, 5;^
Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 122, figs. 100, 101;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 311, fig. 317.
Loc. Anticosti.

Strophomena planiconvexa Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Lepttena planoconvexa Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 114, pi. 31B, fig. 7.
Bull. 87 28

434 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Strophomena plauiconvexa Hall — Continued.

Strophomeua planoconvexa Hall, Twelfth Kep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 70.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 251, pi. 9, fifrs.

19, 20.
Strophomena (Hemipronites) planoconvexa Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, )). 82, pi. 6,

fig. 2.
H anipronites planoconvexa Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 48.
Streptorhynchns planoconvexus Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 134. —

Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 39, figs. 19, 20.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Strophomena planidorsata Wincbell and Schucbert. Lorraine (Ord.).

strophomena planodorsata W. and S., American fieol., IX, 1892, p. 286; — Minne-
sota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 393, pi. 31, figs. 8-10.
Loc. Spring Valley, Minnesota; Iron Ridge, Wisconsin; Wilmington, Illinois.

Strophomena plannmbona Hall=S. rugosa.

Strophomena plicata Meek = S. rugosa subtenta.

Strophomena plicifera Hall = Dalmanellaplicifera.

Strophomena pleuristriata Conrad = Stropheodonta perplana.

Strophomena profunda Hall=Stropheodonta profunda.

Strophomena punctulifera Yanuxem = Stropbonella punctulifera.

Strophomena pustulosa Hall (non Phillips) =Stropbalosia truncata.

Strophomena radiata Yauuxem=Strophonella radiata.

Strophomena recta Conrad =Dinor this deflecta.

Strophomena recta Billings=S. billingsi.

Strophomena rectilateraria Meek and Worthen=Stropbone]la cavum-

bona.
Strophomena rectilateris Conrad =Stropheodonta varistriata.

Strophomena (?) reticulata Shaler. Niagara (Sil.).

strophomena reticulata Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 62.
Loc. Anticosti.

Strophomena rhomboidalis=Leptfena rhomboidalis.
Strophomena rugosa Hall (non Blainville)=Lept8ena rhomboidalis.

Strophomena rugosa (Eafinesque MS.) Blainville. Lorraine (Ord.).

strophomena rugosa (Rafinesque) Blainville, Malacologie et Conchyliologie, I,
1825, p. 513. pi. 53, figs. 2, 2a.— King, Mon. Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc, 1850,
p. 103.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 247, figs. 13,
14.— Winchell aud Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 390, pi.
31, figs. 4, 5.— Whiteaves, Pal. Fdss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 168.

Strophomenes rugosa Defrance, Dictiouaire des Sciences Naturelles, 1, 1827, p. 151
and atlas.

Lept.xna planumbona Hall, Pal. New York, 1, 1847, p. 112, pi. 31, fig. 4.

Leptai-na (n. sp.?) Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, pl.2B,
fig. 21. [See specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17876.]

Strophomena planumbona Hall, Geol. Wisconsin, 1, 1862, p. 54, fig. 7.— White, Sec-
ond Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau Statistics and Geol. , 1880, p. 483, pi. 2, figs. 13,
14;— Tenth Rep. Indiana State Geol., 1881, p. 115, pi. 2, figs. 13, 14.— Shaler
(partim), Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1887, p. 13, pis. 4, 5.— Keyes, Geol,
Survey Missouri, V, 189.5, p. 73.

Strophomena (Hemipronites) planumbona Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 79. pi. 6,
fig. 3.

SCHUCHERT.

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 435

Strophomena rugosa (Eafinesque MS.) Blainville — Continued.

Streptorhynchus (Strophomena) elougata James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci.,

I, 1874, p. 240.
Hemipronites planumbona Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 45.
Streptorhynchus planumbonus Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 134.
Streptorhynchus elongata Mickelborough and Wetherby, Jour. Cincinnati Soc.

Nat. Hist., I, 1878, p. 76.
Streptorhynchus planumbona Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State GeoL, 1883,

pi. 39, flgs. 15-17 ; pi. 42, tigs. 8, 9.
Strophomena planumbona or rugosa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.

I, 1892, p. 251, pi. 9, figs. 15-17; pi. 9A, figs. 8, 9.
Loc. Ohio; Indiana; Kentucky; Missouri; Minnesota and Anticosti. Lower Fort

Garry, Manitoba. Probably also at Lattners, Iowa, and Ironridge, Wisconsin.

Strophomena rugosa subtenta (Hall). Lorraine (Ord.).

Strophomena subtenta Conrad, Fifth Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1841, p. 37

(undefined).— Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 132, fig. 109 on p. 130.
Lepttena subtenta Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 115, pi. 31B, fig. 9.
Strophomena (Hemipronites) plicata (James) Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 81, pi.

6, fig. 4.
Hemipronites subtenta Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 46.
Strophomena rugosa var. subtenta Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol.

Survey, III, 1893, p. 393. — Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, p. 169.
Loc. The same as for S. rugosa.

Strophomena rugosa ventricosa H. — Lepta?na rhomboidalis ventricosa.

Strophomena scofieldi Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.).

Strophomena scofieldi W. and S., American Geol., IX, April, 1892, p. 286; —

Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 398, pi. 31, figs. 18-21.
Streptorhynchus subsulcatum Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill,

April 9, 1892, p. 335, pi. 4, fig. 39.
Loc. Cannon Falls, Minneapolis, and St. Paul, Minnesota; Beloit, Wisconsin.

Strophomena semifasciata Hall=Strophonella semifasciata.
Strophomena semiovalis Conrad (non Shaler)=Plectambonites sericeus.

Strophomena (?) semiovalis Shaler. Anticosti (Sil.).

Strophomena semiovalis Shaler, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., 4, 1865, p. 61.
Loc. Anticosti.

Strophomena septata Winchell and Schuchert. * Trenton (Ord.).

Strophomena septata W. and S., American Geol., IX, 1892, p. 285; — Minnesota

Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 390, pi. 30, figs. 1-3.
Loc. St. Paul, Minneapolis, and Rochester, Minnesota.

Strophomena sericea=Plectambonites sericeus.

Strophomena setigera Hall=Chonetes setigerus.

Strophomena (?) siluriana Davidson. Silurian.

Strophomena siluriana Davidson, British Sil. Brach., Pal. Soc, 1871, p. 303, pi. 47,
figs. 1-4.— Etheridge, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 597.
Loc. England; Cape Leidy, lat. 79° 38'.

Strophomena sinuata Emmons (non Meek)=S. sulcata.

Strophomena sinuata Meek. Lorraine (Ord.).

Strophomena (Hemipronites) sinuata (James) Meek, Pal. Ohio, 1, 1873, p. 87, i)l.

5, fig. 5 (non S. sinuata Emmons, 1855).
Hemipronites sinuata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 50.
Strophomena sinuata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 251.
Loc. Cincinnati^ Ohio.

436 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Stroi)Loiuena squanuila James=llafinesquiiia squamula.

Stroplioineiia striata nall=Strophonella striata.

Stropbomeua subplaua Courad=Orthotlietes subplaiius.

Stropliomena subteuta Conrad =S. rugosa subtenta.

Strophomena sulcata (Verneuil). Lorraine (Ord.).

L» jta'Uii sulcata Vcrnouil, Bull. Geol. Soi\ France, 2d. ser., V, 1818, p. 350.
Strophomena siunata Fuimons, American Geol., I, 1855, p. 199, tig. 61.
Strophomena (Hemipronites?) sulcata Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 85, pi. 5, tig. 4.
Hemipronites sulcata Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 48, fig. 5.
Streptoihj'uchus sulcatus Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 39,

figs. 8, 9.
Strophomena sulcata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 9,

figs. 8, 9; pi. IIA, tig. 8.
Loc. Oxford, Clarksville, etc., Ohio; Richmond, Indiana.

Stropbomena syrtalis Conrad =Cbonetes coronatus.

Strophomena (?) talacastrensis Kayser. Ordovician.

Strophomena talacastrensia Kayser, Palieontographica, Suppl., Ill, 1876, p. 20, pl,

3, tig. 20.
. Loc. Talacastra, Cordillere San Juan, Argentine Republic.

Strophomena teniiilineata Conrad=Rafinesquina tenuilineata.
Strophomena tenuistriata=Lept{ena rhomboidalis.
Strophomena textilis Hall=Stropheodonta junia.

Strophomena thalia Billings. Trenton (Ord.).

Strophomena thalia Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., Y, 1860, p. 59; — Pal. Fossils,

I, 1862, p. 125, fig. 103;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 164, fig. 143.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, YIIl, Pt. I, 1892, p. 251.
Loc. Ottawa, Canada.

Strophomena trans versalis Hall=Plectambonites transversalis.

Strophomena trentonensis Winchell and Schuchert. Trenton (Ord.).

Leptteua subtenta (partim) Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 115.
Streptorhyuchus subteuta Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pl. 39,

fig. 18.
Strophomena subtenta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 251,

pl. 9, fig. 18. .
Strophomena trentonensis AY. and S., Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 389,

pl. 30, fig. 41.
Loc. Cannon Falls, Minneapolis, and Fountain, Minnesota ; .Janesville and Beloit,

Wisconsin; Frankfort, Kentucky; Nashville, Tennessee; Trenton Falls,

New York.

Strophomena trilobata (Owen). Trenton (Ord.).

Leptiena trilobata Owen, Geol. Survey Wisconsin, Iowa, Minnesota, 1852, p. 584,
pl. 2, figs. 17, 18. [See specimens in U. S. Nat. Mus., Cat. Invert. Foss., 17875.]

Strophomena trilobata Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 138. — Winchell
and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 395, pl. 31, figs. 12, 13. —
Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. Ill, 1897, pp. 169, 241.

Loc. Turkey River, Iowa ; Goodhue County, Minnesota ; Lake Winnipeg, Mani-
toba.

Strophomena tullia Billings=Stropheodonta tullia.

Strophomena ulricbi James=Eafines(iuina nlricbi.

Strophomena iinicostata Meek and Worthen=Eafinesquina iinicostata.

SCHUCHEET.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 437

Stropbomeiia undnlatus Vauiixem=Leptoena rhomboid alls.
Strophomena undulosa Courad=Lept<TeDa iiudulosa.
Stropbomeiia varistriata Conrad =Stropbeodonta varistriata.

Strophomena vetusta James. Lorraine (Ord.).

Streptorhynclius (Strophomena) vetusta James, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I,

1874, p. 241.
Streptorhynclius vetusta Mickelborougli and Wetherby, Jour. Cincinnati See.

Nat. Hist., I, 1878, p. 76.— James, The Paleontologist, 2, 1878, p. 15.
Loc. Upper part of Cincinnati group in Ohio and Indiana.

Strophomena winchelli Hall and Clarke. Trenton (Ord.).

Streptorhyuchus (Strophouella?) deltoidea Hall (non Leptaena deltoidea 1847),

Second Ann. Eep. N. Y. State Geol., 1881^, pi. 39, figs. 10, 12-14 (non fig. 11 =

S. nutans).
Strophomena winchelli Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 344,

pi. 9, figs. 10, 12-14; pi. 20, fig. 26.— Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol.

Survey, III, 1893, p. 394, pi. 31, fig. 11.
Loc. Janesville, Clifton, and Oshkosh, Wisconsin.

Strophomena wisconsinensis Wbittield. Lorraine (Ord.).

Strophomena wisconsinensis Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 263, pi. 12,

figs. 11-13.
Strophomena winconsinensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892,

p. 251, pi. IIA, figs. 1, 2.
Loc. Delafield, Wisconsin.

Strophomena woolwortbana Hall=:Ortbothetes woolwortbana.

STROPHONELLA Hall. Genotype Strophomena semifasciata Hall.

Strophonella Hall, Twenty-eighth Eep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 153 ;—
Eleventh Rep. Indiana State Geologist, 1882, p. 291.— Hall and Clarke, Pal.
New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 290 ;— Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geolo-
gist, 1894, p. 282.
Strophonella ampla Hall. Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophomena (Strophodonfca) ampla Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.
Hist., 1857, p. Ill, figs. 1, 2.

Strophomena ampla Billings, Canadian Jour. Sci. Arts, VI, 1861, p. 345, figs. 119,
120;— Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 367, figs. 376, 378.

Strophodonta ampla Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1^67, p. 93, pi. 14, fig. 1.

Strophonella ampla Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879,
p. 154;— Second Ann. Rep. N, Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 43, figs. 13-15.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 293, pi. 12, figs. 13-15.

Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, Cberry Valley, Williamsville, etc.. New
. York; Columbus, Ohio; Ontario, Canada.

Obs. Compare with S. schohariensis (Castelnau).

Strophonella caelata Hall. Chemung- (Dev.).

Strophodonta cwlata Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 112, pi. 19, figs. 6, 7.

Strophonella cielata Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879,
p. 154;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 43, fig. 21.— Hall and
Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 293, pi. 12, fig. 21 ; pi. 15B, fig. 10,

Loc. Near Elmira, New York.

Strophonella cavumbona Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophodonta cavumbona Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.
51;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 187, pi. 21, figs. 1-3.

Strophomena (Strophodonta) cavumbona Meek and Worthen, Geol. Surv. Illi-
nois, III, 1868, p. 374, pi. 7, fig. 10.

438 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Strophonelia cavumbona Hall — Continued.

Stropliomeiia rectilatoraria Meek and Worthen, Ibidem, 1868, p. 375.
Stroplionella cavumbona Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp.

291, 202.
Loc. Scboharie, Hudson, and Catskill, New York; Perry County, Missouri.
Obs. Probably aynonyinons with S. punctulifera.

Strophonelia costatula Hall and Clarke. Niagara (Sil.).

Strophonelia costatula Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p.

359, pi. 84, ligs. 15, 16.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

Strophonelia (?) conradi Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophomena conradi Hall, P.al. New York, III, 1859, p. 194, pi. 16, figs. 13, 14.
Strophonelia? conradi Hall and Clarke, Pal, New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 292.
Loc. Schoharie, New York.

Strophonelia crassa Rowley. Hamilton (Dev.).

Strophonelia crassa Rowley, American Geologist, XIII, 189t, p. 153, figs. 4-6.
Loc. Callaway County, Missouri.

Strophonelia geniculata (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophodonta geniculata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 483, pi. 23, tig. 6.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Strophonelia headleyana Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophomena (Strophodonta) headleyana Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.

Hist.,18.57, p. 49, ligs. 1,2.
Strophodonta headleyana Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 185, pi. 20, figs. 1-3.—

Meek, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XL, 1865, p. 33.
Strophonelia headleyana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 292.
Loc. Schoharie, Hudson, etc., New York; Kennedy Channel and Cape Frazire,

Arctic regions.

Strophonelia leavenworthana Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophomena (Strophodonta) leavenworthana Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab.

Nat. Hist., 1857, p. .53.
Strophodonta leavenworthana Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 189, pi. 21, figs.

5-7; pi. 23, figs. 1-3.
Strophonelia leavenworthana Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat.

Hist., 1879, p. 154;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 43, figs. 6-9.—

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 292, pi. 12, figs. 6-9.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York.

Strophonelia (?) patenta Hall. Clinton (Sil.).

Leptthua patenta Hall, Pal. New York, II, 18.52, p. 60, pi. 21, fig. 3.— Rogers,

Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. 11, 1858, p. 823, tig. 631.
Strophomenapatenta Hall, Twelfth Rep. N, Y. State Cab. Nat, IHst., 1859, p. 82.—

Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 115, pi. 5, fig. 10.— Foerste, Bull.

Denison Univ., II, 1887, p. 105, pi. 8, figs. 34-37;— Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.

Hist., XXIV, 1890, p. 300, pi. 5, fig. 22.
Streptorhynchus patenta Hall, Second Ann, Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 42,

tigs. 16-18.
Strophomena ? (Strophonelia?) patenta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. I, 1892, pp. 291, 292, pi. 9A, figs. 16-18.
Strophomena (Strophonelia) patenta Foerste, Geol, Ohio, ^'II, 1895, p. 569, pi. 27,

figs. 35-37.
Loc. Reynales Basin, Medina, etc., New York; Dayton, Ohio; Hanover, Indiana;

CoUinsville, Alabama.

scHUCHEET.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 489

Strophonella punctulifera (Conrad). Lower Helderberg. (Dev.).

Lept.'ena punctulifera Courad, Second Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1838, pp. 112, 117.

Strophomena euglypha Conrad, Fifth Eep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1841, p. 36. —
Roemer, Sil. Fauna d. West. Tennessee, 1860, j). 66, pi. 5, tig. 3. — Etheridge,
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXXIV, 1878, p. 597.

Stroiihomena punctulifera Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third. Dist., 1842, p. 122,
lig. 5. — Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 825, tig. 648. — Billings,
Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 108, pi. 3, tig. 2;— Geol. Canada, 1863,
p. 957, tig. 448 ;— Pal. Fossils. II, 1874, p. 31, pi. 3, fig. 2.

Strophomena (Strophodonta) punctulifera Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat.
Hist., 1857, p. 50, fig. 1.

Strophodonta punctulifera Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 188, pi. 21, fig. 4 ; pi.
23, figs. 4-7.— Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, YIII, 1884, p. 121, pi. 13, fig. 10.

Strophonella jiuuctulifera Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist.,
1879, p. 154 ;— Second. Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1883, pi. 43, figs. 10-12.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 292, pi. 12, figs. 10-12.

Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York ; Square Lake, Maine; Pennsyl-
vania; Decatur County, Tennessee; Dalhousie, New Brunswick, and Gasp6,
Canada; Eureka district, Nevada; Cape Hilgard and Cape Louis Napoleon,
Arctic regions.

Ohs. See S. cavumbona Hall.

Strophonella (?) radiata (Yamixem). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Strophomena radiata Vanuxem, Geol. N. Y. ; Rej). Third Dist., 1842, p. 122, tig.

6.— Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 18.57, p. 50, fig. 1;— Pal.

New York, III, 1859, p. 193, pi 21, figs. 8, 9; pi. 18, fig. 3
Streptorhynchus radiatus Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 134.
Strophonella radiata Hall and Clarke, Pal. Fjw York, VIII, Pt I, 1892, p. 292.
Loc. Hudson, Albany, and Schoharie counties. New York.

Strophonella reversa Hall. Cbeinuug (Dev.).

strophodonta reversa Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, Pt. II, 1858, p. 494, pi. 3, fig. 4.
Strophodonta hybrida Hall and Whitfield, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab

Nat. Hist., 1873, p. 239.
Strophonella reversa Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879,

p. 154.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 293, pi. 12, figs.

16-20.
Strophonella? (Strophodonta) reversa Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol.,

1883, pi. 43, figs. 16-20.
Loc. Rockford, Iowa; Naples, New York.

Strophonella schohariensis (Castelnau). '? Upper Helderberg (Dev.).

Orthis schohariensis Castelnau Essai Syst. Sil. I'Am^rique Septentrionale, 1843,

p. 36, pi. 14, fig. 5.
I.oe. Schoharie, New York.
Ohs. Compare with S. ampla.

Strophonella semifasciata Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Strophomena (Strophodonta?) semifasciata Hall, Trans. Albany Inst., IV, 1863,

p. 210.
Strophonella semifasciata Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist.,

1879, p. 154, pi. 22, figs. 1-3; pi. 23, tigs. 7, 8;— Eleventh Rep. Indiana State

Geol., 1882, p. 292, pi. 22, figs. 1-3; pi. 23, figs. 7, 8;— Second Ann. Rep. N. Y.

State Geol., 1883, pi. 43, figs. 4, 5.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.

1, 1892, pi. 12, figs. 4, 5.
Loc, Waldron, Indiana; Wisconsin.

440 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Strophonella striata Hull. Niagara (Sil.).

Strophomena striata Hall, Oeol. N. Y.; Rep. Fourth Diet., 1843, p. 104, lig. 3; —

Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 82.
Strophodonta striata Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep., Ibidem, 1879, p. 152, pi. 23, figs.

l_p,;_Eleventh Rep. Indiana State Geol., 1882, p. 290, pi. 23, figs. 1-6.— Net-

telroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 149.
Lofta-na striata Hall, Fal. Ne\v York, II, 1852, p. 2.59, pi. 53, lig. 7.
Strophodonta (Strophonella?) striata Hall, Second Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol.,

1883, pi. 43, figs. 1-3.
Strophonella striata Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., 1, 1889, p. 25, pi.

3, figs. 1-8.
Strophomena hanoverensis Foerste, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XXIA'^, 1890, p.

301, pi. 6, fig. 1.
Strophonella (Amphistrophia) striata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.

I, 1892, p. 292, pi. 12, figs. 1-3.
Strophomena (Orthothetes) hanoverensis Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 567,

pi. 27, fig. 34; pi. 31, fig. 1.
Loc. Lockport, New York ; Waldron and Hanover, Indiana ; Louisville, Kentucky.

Syntrielasma Meek and Worthen=Enteletes.

SYNTROPHIA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Triplesia lateralis Wbittield.

Syntrophia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270;— Ibidem,

Pt. II, 1893, p. 216;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 836.

Syntrophia arachne (Billings). Upper Cambrian.

Stricklandia? arachne Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 85, tig. 77.
Syntrophia arachne Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 216.
Loc. Point Levis, Canada.

Syntrophia arethusa (Billings). Upper Cambrian.

Stricklandinia? arethusa Billings, Pal. Fossils, 1, 1862, p. 85, fig. 78.
Syntrophia arethusa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 216.
Loc. Point Levis, Canada.

Syntrophia (?) armanda (Billings). Upper Cambrian.

Orthis? armjvuda Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 303, fig. 293.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 217.

Loc. Phjllipsburg, Canada.

Ohs. This species may prove to be a Billingsella. In the interior of the ventral
valve " the dental plates seem to form an imperfect triangular chamber"
(Billings). If there is present a true spondylium and the foramen is "appar-
ently open" O. armanda will prove to be more nearly related to Syntrophia
than to any other genus. If, however, there is present only an imperfect
triangular chamber and the foramen closed by a deltidium, then the species
is probably a Billingsella.

Syntrophia barahuensis (A. Winchell). Ui^per Cambrian.

Orthis barahuensis A. Winchell, American Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XXXVII, 1864, j). 228.
Lepta»na barahuensis Whitfield, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1877, p. 60; —

Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, pp. 171, 195, pi. 1, figs. 6, 7; pi. 3, fig. 6.
Syntrophia barahuensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

p. 216.
Loc. Near Baraboo, Wisconsin.

Syntrophia calcifera (Billings). Upper Cambrian.

Camarella calcifera Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., A'l, 1861, p. 318, fig. 3; — Geol.
Canada, 1863, p. 231, fig. 247;— Pal. Fossils, I, 1865, p. 220.— Meek, Sixth
Ann. Rep. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1873, p. 464.

SCHUCHEKT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGKAPHY. 441

Syntrophia calcifera (Billings) — Continued.

Triplesia calcifera Walcott, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VIII, 1884, p. 75, pi. 11,

ligs. 7, 8.
Triplecia? calcifera Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270.
Syntrophia ( ? ) calcifera Hall aud Clarke, Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 218, pi. 62,

fig. 24.
Loc. Poiut Levis and Phillipsburg, Canada; Cow Head, Newfoundland; near

Malade City, Utah; Eureka district, Nevada; Carter County, Missouri

(Keyes).

Syntrophia lateralis (Whitfield). Calciferous (Ord.).

Triplesia lateralis Whitfield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., 1886, p. 303, pi. 24,

figs. 9-11.
Syntrophia lateralis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270;—

Ibidem, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 216, pi. 62, figs. 1-10.
Loc. Fort Cassin, Vermont.

Syntrophia primordialis (Whitfield). Upper Cambrian.

Triplesia primordialis Whitfield, Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Wisconsin, 1877, p.

.51;— Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 172, pi. 10, figs. 1, 2.
Triplecia primordialis Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 271.
Syntrophia primordialis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 218.
Loc. Adams County, Wisconsin.

SYRINGOTHYRIS A. Winchell. Genotype Spirifer carteri Hall.

Syringothyris A. Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadeljihia, 1863, p. 6. —
Meek, Ibidem, 1865, p. 275;— Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 288.— White, Wheeler's
Expl. Survey west 100th Merid., IV, 1875, p. 90. — Herrick, Bull. DenisonUniv.,
IV, 1888, p. 14.— Schuchert, Ninth Ann. RCj^i. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 28.—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 47 ;— Thirteenth Ann.
Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 760.

Syringothyris alta Schuchert = Cyrtia alta.

Syringothyris angulata Simpson. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Syringothyris augulata Simpson, Trans. American Phil. Soc, u. ser., XVI, 1889,

p. 440, fig. 5.— Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 32.
Loc. Warren, Pennsylvania.

Syringothyris carteri (Hall). Waverly and Burlington (L. Carb.).

Spirifer carteri Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 170.— Meek

(partim). Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 285 (not his figures^ S. texta Hall).
Spirifer (Crytia?) hannibalensis Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., I, 1860,

p. 647.
Syringothyris typa Winchell, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1863, p. 7; —

Proc. Am. Phil. Soc, XII, 1870, p. 252.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. II, 1893, pp. 8, 48, 50, pi. 26, tigs. 6, 7, 10 ; pi. 27, tigs. 1-3.
Spirifer cuspidatus Meek, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci., Philadelphia, 1865, p. 275; — Am.

Jour. Sci., 2d ser., XLIII, 1867, p. 407.
Spirifer cuspidatus ? Meek, U. S. Geol. Expl., 40th Pari., IV, 1877, p. 87.
Syringothyris cuspidatus Walcott (non Martin), Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, VHP,

1884, p. 219, pi. 3, tig. 11.— Herrick (partim). Bull. Denisou Univ., HI, 1888, p.

41, pi. 1, tig. 7 ; pi. 2, fig. 17 (non pi. 5, figs. 4-7 = S. herricki).
Syringothyris carteri Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 30. —

Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 87, pi. 40, fig. 10.
Syringothyris typa Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 48, fig. 40.
Syringothyris hannibalensis Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895,

pi. 25,' tigs. 33-35.
Loc. Licking County and Bedford, Ohio: Burlington, Iowa; Marion and Pike,

counties, Missouri; White Pino aud Eureka districts, Nevada; near Clen-

deuin, Montana.

442 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Svi'ili.uothyns cuspidatus Walcott, aud lJeiTiek = S, carteri.
Syringothyris extenuata (Hall). Waveiiy (L. Carb.).

Spiiil'er exteiiuiitus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, I't. II, 1858, p. 520, pi. 7, fig. 6. —
White, Wheeler's Expl. and Snrv. west 100th Merid., 1875, p. 88, pi. 5, fig. 9.

Syriiigothyris halli A. Wiuchell, Proe. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelyhia, 1863, p. 8.

Sy Higothyris extenuata Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890,
p. 33. — Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 86.

Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Clarksville, Missouri; Battlecreek, Michigan; Moun-
tain Spring, Nevada.

Syringothyris gigas (Troost). Subcarboniferous.

Cyrtia gigas Troost, Sixth Geol. Rejjort Tennessee, 1841, p. 12.
Syringothyris gigas Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 33.
Loc. Harpeth River, Tennessee.

Syringothyris halli Winchell=S. carteri extenuata.

Syringothyris herricki Schuchert. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Syringothyris cuspidatus Herrick (partim), Bull. Denison Univ., Ill, 1888, pi. 5,

figs. 4-7 (not pis. 1,2).
Syringothyris herricki Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1890,

p. 36.— Herrick, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, pi. 21, tigs. 4-7.
Loc. Granville, Ohio.

Syringothyris missouri Hall and Clarke. Chouteau (L. Carb.).

Syringothyris missouri Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p.

363, pi. 39, ligs. 29-31.
Loc. Chouteau Springs, Missouri.

Syringothyris (?) plena (Hall). Burlington (L. Carb.).

Spirifer plena Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, 1858, p. 603, pi. 13, fig. 4.
. Syringothyris ? plena Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1890, p. 37.
Spirifer plenus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 31, 39, 48,

pi. 37, figs. 32, 33.
Syringothyris plena Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 88, pi. 40, fig. 8.
Loc. Burlington, Iowa; Hannibal, Missouri; Quincy, Illinois.

Syringothyris randalli. Simpson. Waverly (L. Carb.).

Syringothyris randalli Simpson, Trans. American Phil. Soc, n. ser., XVI, 1889,

p. 441, fig. 6.— Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1890, p.

36.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 50, pi. 27, figs. 13-16.
Xoc. Near Warren and Union City, Pennsylvania,

Syringothyris texta (Hall). Waverly to Keokuk (L. Carb.).

Spirifer cuspidatus Yandell and Shumard, Cont. Geol. Kentucky, 1847, pp. 19, 21.
Spirifer textus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 169.—

White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau Statistics and Geol., 1880, p. 512,

pi. 7, figs. 1, 2;— Tenth Rep. Indiaua State Geol., 1881, p. 144, pi. 7, figs. 1, 2.
Spirifer subcuspidatus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, 1858, p. 646, pi. 20, fig. 5; —

Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 249.
Spirifer propinquus Hall, Geol. Survey Iowa, I, 1858, p. 647. — Meek and

Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, 1868, III, p. 530, pi. 19, tig. 8.
Spirifer carteri Meek (partim). Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, pi. 14, tig. 7.
Spirifer cuspidatiformis Miller, North American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 372.
Syringothyris texta Schuchert, Ninth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1890, p. 34. —

Keyes, Geol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 88.
Syringothyris subcuspidatus and texta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. II, 1893, p. 50, pi. 26. figs. 8, 11 ( ?9, 12) ; pi. 27, tigs. 4-12, 18.
Loc. New Albany and New Providence, Indiana; near Louisville, Kentucky;

Sciotoville, Ohio; Keokuk, Iowa; Warsaw and Nauvoo, Illinois.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 443

Syringotliyris typa Wmchell=S. carter!.

TEREBRATELLA d'Orbigny.

Genotype Terebratula cbileusis Brod.=Terebratula dorsata Gmelin.

Terebratella d'Orbigny, Pal. Franc. Ter. Cret., IV, 1847, p. 110.— Dall, American

Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 115. — Beecher, Trans. Connecticut Acad., IX, 1893,

p. 377.

Terebratella californica Stanton. Upper Cretaceous (Knoxville).

Terebratella californica Stanton, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey, 133, 1896, p. 33, pi. 1,

figs. 12, 13.
Loc. Cottonwood Creek, Tehama County, California.

Terebratella (?) dubitanda (Cooper). ! Upper Cretaceous.

Megerlia dubitanda Cooper, Bull. California State Mining Bureau, 4, 1894, p. 50,

pi. 3, figs. 48, 49.
Loc. Lajolla and Point Loma, California.

Terebratella (?) imbricata (Cooper). ? Upper Cretaceous.

Megerlia imbricata Cooper, Bull. California State Mining Bureau, 4, 1894, p. 51,

pi. 3, figs. 50,51.
Loc. Lajolla, California.

Terebratella obesa Gabb. Cretaceous (Cliico).

Terebratella obesa Gabb, Geol. Survey California, Pal., I, 1864, p. 205, pi, 26,

fig. 194.
? Terebratella obesa WhJteaves, Mesozoic Fossils, Geol. Survey Canada, I, 1884,

p. 245.
Loc. Texas Flat, Placer County, California; Quen Charlotte Island.

Terebratella plicata (Say). Cretaceous.

Terebratula plicata Say, American Jour. Sci., II, 1820, p. 43; — Jour. Acad. Nat.

Sci. Philadelphia, VI, 1829, p. 73, pi. 3, figs. 5, 6.
Terebratula sayi Morton, Syn. Cret. United States, 1834, p. 71, pi. 3, figs. 3,4;—

American Jour. Sci., XLA^Il, 1845, p. 283.
-Terebratella plicata d'Orbigny, Prod. Pal., 1849, p. 259.— Gabb, Proc. American

Phil. Soc, VIII, 1861, p. 193.— Credner, Zeitscr. d. Deuschen Geol. Gessel.,

1870, p. 224.— Whitfield, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, IX, 1885, p. 12, pi. 1,

figs. 5-9.
Loc. New Jersey.

Terebratella vanuxemi (Lyell and Forbes). Cretaceous.

Terebratula vanuxemiaua Lyell and Forbes, Proc. Geol. Soc. London, 1844, p. 308,

with figures. *

Terebratula vanuxemi Lyell and Forbes, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, I,

1845, p. 62, with figures.
Terebratella vanuxemiaua d'Orbigny, Prod. Pal., 1849, p. 259.— Gabb, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 19;— Proc. American Phil. Soc, VIII, 1861,

p. 194.— Whitfield, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, IX, 1885, p. 14, pi. 1, figs. 1-4.
Terebratella vanuxemi Hollick, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XI, 1892, p. 98, pi. 1,

fig. 6.
Loc. New Jersey ; Tottenville, Staten Island.

Terebratella whitneyi Gabb=Rhynclionella wliitneyi.

TEREBRATULA Llhwyd. Genotype T. perovalis Sowerby.

Terebratula Llhwyd, Lithophylacii Britaunici Ichnographia. 1696.— Hall, Pal.
New York, IV, 1867, p. 386.— Dall, American Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 101.—
Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 153.

Terebratula iienigma d'Orbigny =Rliynchonella aenigma.

444 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Terebratulji a'liioina Darwin=Eliyiichoiiella aiidiiin.

Terebratiila acuiuiiiatissiina Casteliiaii = Spii'ifer acumiuatiis.

Terebratula andii d'Orbigny=l<^iiiteletes andii.

Terebratula aiitissieusis d'Orbigny=Khynclionella antissiensis.

Terebratula atlantica Morton =:Terebratulina atlaiitiea.

Terel>fatiila arcuata Swallow (uoii Roemer)=Dielasma shumardamim.

Terebratula augusta Hall and Whitfield. Triassic-Jurassic.

Terebratula augnsta Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Exjil. 40th Pari.. TV,
1877, p. 285, pi. 7, figs. 7-10.— White, BuH. U. S. Geol. .Survey Terr., IV,
1880, p. 108;— Twelfth Ann. Eep. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., 1883, p. 109.

Loc. Shoshone Springs, Nevada; Triassic, southwestern Idaho.

Terebratula bicanaliculata Scldotheim. Jurassic.

Terebratula bicanaliculata Schl., Mem. Soc. G6ol. France, 2d ser, IV, 1851, p. 31,

pi. 8, figs. 17-19.
Terebratula cornuta Burmeister and Geibel, Abh. Naturf. Gessel. Halle, VI, 1862,

p. 127.
Loc. Europe; Dona Ana, Chile.

Terebratula bisacula McCliesney. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Terebratula bisacula McChesney, Descriptions New Fossils, 1861, p. 82.
Loc. Chester and Golconda, Illinois.

Terebratula borealis Castelnan = Clitambonites borealis.
Terebratula bovidens Morton =Dielasuia bovidens.

Terebratula brevilobata Swallow. Warsaw (L. Carb.).

Terebratula brevilobata Swallow, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., II, 1863, p. 84.
Loc. Ste. Genevieve County, Missouri.

Terebratula burlinj^tonensis White = Dielasraa burlingtonensis.
Terebratula camila Mortoii=T. harlani.

Terebratula canipes Eaveuel. Jackson (Eocene).

Terebratula canipes Eavenel, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, II, 1844, p. 97. —

Conrad, American Jour. Conch., I, 1865, p. 15.
Loc. South Carolina.

Terebratula carneoidea Guppy. Eocene.

Terebratula carueoidea Guppy, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXII, 1866,

p. 296, pi. 19, fig. 2.
Loc. San Fernando, Trinidad.
Ohs. May be the same as living Terebratula cubensis Pourtales (Dall)=rLiothyris

sphenoidea. (Philippi). The latter also occurs fossil in the Pliocene of

Calabria and Sicily (Davidson).

Terebratula chiliensis d'Orbigny. Quarternary.

Terebratula chilensis d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Am^rique M^rid., Pal., 1842.

p. 163.
Loc. Coquimbo, Chile.

Terebratula choctaweusis Shumard=Kingiua wacoensis.
Terebratula concinua Bayle and Coquand=Ehynchonella enigma.
Terebratula coopereusis Miller =Seininula parva.

Terebratula copiapensis Moricke. Jurassic.

Terebratula copiapensis Moricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX,

1894, p. 63, pi. 2, figs. 5a-5c.
Loc. Quebrada de Maricunga, Chile.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGKAPHY. 445

Terebratula demissirostris Conrad. Eocene.

Terebratula demissirostra Conrad, Kerr's Geol. North Carolina, Apjj. A, 1875,
I p. 18, pi. 3, lig. 1.

^ Loc. Wilmington, North Carolina.

Terebratula derbyana Eatlibun. Middle Devonian.

Terebratula derbyana (Hartt MS.) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Hist., I,
1874, p. 236, pi. 10, figs. 15, 17, 22, 24, 25.— Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., XX, 1879, p. 35.

Loc. Erere, Province of Para, Brazil.

Terebratula domeykana Bayle and Coquand. Jurassic.

Terebratula domeykana Bayle and Coquand, Mem. Soc. Geol. France, 2d ser.,
IV, 1851, p. 30, pi. 8, figs. 1-3. — Burmeister and Geibel, Abh. Naturf. Gessel.
Halle, VI, 1862, p. 126.— Moricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX,
1894, p. 64.

Loc. Sierra de la Ternera, Dona Ana, and Juntas, Chile.

Terebratula dorenbergi Felix. Upper Jurassic.

Terebratula dorenbergi Felix, Paheontographica, XXXVII, 1891, p. 176, pi. 27,
I figs. 8-8b.

Loc. Cerro de Titania, Oaxaco, Mexico.

Terebratula elia Hall. Middle Devonian.

Terebratula elia Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 390, pi. 60, figa. 26-28.
Los. Waterloo, Iowa.

Terebratula elongata of American authors =Dielasma bovidens.

Terebratula emarginata Sowerby. Jurassic.

Terebratula emarginata (Sowerby) Bayle and Coquand, M6m. Soc. G6ol. France,

2d ser., IV, 1851, p. 32, pi. 8, figs. 7-9.
Loc Europe; Dona Ana, Chile.

Terebratula ficoides Bayle and Coquand. Jurassic.

Terebratula ficoides Bayle and Coquand, Mem. Soc. G^ol. France, 2d ser., IV,
. 1851, p. 30, pi. 8, figs. 20-22.

Loc. Dona Ana, Chile,

Terebratula floridana Morton =Terebratulin a florid an a.
Terebratula formosa Hall=Dielasma formosum.
Terebratula fragilis Morton = Terebratula harlani.
Terebratula gaudryi d'Orbigny=Enteletes gaudryi,
Terebratula geuiculosa McChesney=Dielasma bovidens.
Terebratula glossa Conrad =Terebratulina atlantica.
Terebratula gorbyi Miller =Dielasma gorbyi.

Terebratula gottschei Steinman. Jurassic.

Terebratula gottschii Steinman, Neues Jahrb. f. Min., Beilageband, 1881, p. 252,
pi. 14, figs. 7, 8.

Loc. Caracoles, Bolivia.
Terebratula gracilis Swallow (non Von Buch)=T. swallovana.
Terebratula guadalupte Roemer=Terebratulina guadaluppe.
Terebratula halliana Gabb = Terebratuliua atlantica.

Terebratula harlani Morton. Upper Cretaceous.

Terebratula harlani Morton, American Jour. Sci., XVIII, 1829, p. 250, pi. 3, fig.
16;— Ibidem, XVII, 1829, p. 283;— Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VI,
1829, p. 73, pi. 3, figs. 1-4, 7, 8;— Syn. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 70, pi. 3, fig. 1 ; pi. 9,

446 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. Iiuix.s?.

Terebratula harlani Morton — Oontiuued.

figs. 2, 8, 9.— Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 18(51, p. 18;— Proc.

Ameriiau Phil. Soc, VIII, 1861, p. 196. — Crediier, Zeit. d. Dcut.schen (leol.

Gessel, 1870, p. 221.— Whitfield, Mou. U. S. Geol. Survey, IX, 1885, p. 6, pi. 1,

figs. 15-23.
Terebratula fragilis Morton (non Schloth.), Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,
r^'1, 1829, p. 75, pi. 3, figs. 3, 4;— American Jour. Sci., XVIII, 1829, p. 250, pi. .3,

fig. 17;— Ibidem, XVII, p. 283;— Syn. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 70, pi. 3, fig. 2.
Terebratula perovalis Morton (non Sowerby), .Tour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

VI, 1829, p. 77, pi. 3, figs. 7, 8.
Terebratula Camilla Morton, Syn. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 70, in text.
Terebratula harlani var. discoidea Morton, Syn. Cret. U. S., 1833.
Terebratula harlani var. rectilatera Morton, Ibidem.
Terebratula subfragilis d'Orbigny, Prod. Pal., II, 1849, p. 258.
Terebratula atlantica (non Morton) Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia,

1861, p. 18.
Loc. New Jersey ; Delaware and South Carolina.

Terebratula harmonia Hall=Eunella liarmonia.

Terebratula liastata of American autbors=Dielasma bovideiis.

Terebratula helena Wbitfield. Upijer Cretaceous.

Terebratula helena Whitfield, Ludlow's Kep. Black Hills Dakota, 1875, p. 103,

figs. 5-10.
Loc. North of Belle Fourche, South Dakota.

Terebratula bocbstetteri Toula=Dielasma hocbstetteri.

Terebratula hohmanni Moricke. Jurassic.

Terebratula hohmanni Muricke, Neuea Jahr. f. Mineral., Beilageband, IX, 1894,

p. 64, pi. 6, figs. 4a, 4b.
Loc. Quebrada de Maricunga, Chile.

Terebratula humboldtensis Gabb. Triassic.

Terebratula humboldtensis Gabb, Geol. Survey California, Pal., I, 1864, p. 34,
pi. 6, fig. 35.— Hall and Whitfield, King's U. S. Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., IV,
1877, p. 282, pi. 6, figs. 22-24.— Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., 1, 1889, p. 129.

Loc. Star Canyon, Humboldt County, and Dun Glen Pass, Pah-Ute Kange, Nevada ;
Nicola Lake, Canada.

Terebratula ignaciana d'Orbigny. Jurassic.

Terebratula ignaciana d'Orbigny, Voyage dans I'Am^rique M6rid., Pal., 1842, p.

63, pi. 22, figs. 14, 15. — Darwin, Geological Observations on South America,

1846, p. 216.
Loc. Cordillere du Chili, South America.

Terebratula inca Forbes =T. perovalis.

Terebratula inconstans Herrick=Cryptonella inconstaus.

Terebratula inornata McCbesney. "Keokuk to Coal Measures."

Terebratula inornata McChesney, New Pal. Fossils, 1860, p. 48.
Loc. Sangamon County, Illinois.

Terebratula itaitubensis Derby=Dielasma itaitubense.

Terebratula jucunda Hall. Middle Devonian.

Terebratula jucunda Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 390, pi. 60, figs. 29-31.—
Nettelroth, Kentucky P'ossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 154.
Loc. Waterloo, Iowa; Jefferson and Clark counties, Indiana.

Terebratula lachryma Morton =Terebratuliu a lacliryma.

scHccHKRT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 447

Terebratula lacunosa Schl. Jurassic.

Terebratula lacunosa (Schl.) Bayle and Coquand, M6m. Soc. G^ol. France, ser. ii,

IV, 1851, p. 29, pi. 3, figs. 10, 11.
Loc. Europe; Dona Ana, Chile.

Terebratula lapillus Morton. Coal Measures.

Terebratula lapillus Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 153, pi. 26, fig. 36.
Loc. Junior Furnace, Scioto County, Ohio.
01)s. Not determinable.

Terebratula lecta Guppy. Eocene.

Terebratula lecta Guppy, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXII, 1866, p. 296, pi.

19, fig. 3.
Loc. San Fernando, Trinidad.

Terebratula lens Hall=Cryptonella lens.
Terebratula leonensis Conrad =Kingena leonensis.

Terebratula liardensis Whiteaves. Triassic.

Terebratula liardensis Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., 1, 1889, p. 130, pi. 17,

fig. 2. (Abstract of same pub. 1888.)
Loc. Liard River, Canada.

Terebratula lincklseui Hall=Eunella lincklfeni.

Terebratula marcyi Sliumarcl=Eumetria marcyi.

Terebratula meridionalis Conrad. Oolite or Cretaceous.

Terebratula meridionalis Conrad, U. S. Astronomical Exped. to the Southern

Hemisphere, 1855, p. 282, pi. 42, fig. 10.
Loc. Cordillera de Dona Ana, Chile.

Terebratula mesogona Castelnau. Formation.?

Terebratula mesogona Castelnau (non Phillips), Essai Syst. Sil. TAm^rique Sep

tentrionale, 1843, p. 40, pi. 13, fig. 3.
Loc. Vicinity of Quebec, Canada.
Ohs. Undeterminable.

Terebratula mexicana Hall. ? Upper Carboniferous.

Terebratula mexicana Hall, Emory's Rep. U. S. and Mexican Bound. Survey, I,

1857, pi. 20, fig. 2.
Loc. Not given.
Ohs. Undefined. Compare with Seminula argentea.

Terebratula millipunctata Hall=Dielasma bovidens.
Terebratula mormoni Marcou=Hustedia mprmoni.
Terebratula navicella Hall=Centronella navicella.

Terebratula nitens Conrad. Miocene.

Terebratula nitens Dana, Wilkes's U. S. Exped., X, 1849, p. 726, pi. 19, fig. 1.

(Conrad's earlier description I have not found.)
Rhynchonella nitans Conrad, American Jour, Conch., 1865, p. 154.

Terebratula nuciformis Morton. Coal Measures.

Terebratula nuciformis Morton, American Jour. Sci., XXIX, 1836, p. 150, pi. 2,

fig. 5.
Loc. Putnam Hill east of Flint Ridge, Ohio.
Ola. Not defined so as to be recognizable.

Terebratula nucula Sowerby=Ehynclionella nucula.
Terebratula occidentalis Miller =Dielasma occidentale.
Terebratula ovoides Eaton =Renssela^ria ovoides.

448 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [hull. 87.

Terebratula Ontario Hull. ITainilton (Dev.).

Terebratulii Ontario Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 418, pi. 60, figs. 45-48.
Loc. Canandaifiua Tjake, New York.

Terebratula oiiiitliocepbala Bayle and CoqiiaTid=T. subovoides.
Terebratula parva Swallow = Seraiuulai)arva.

Terebrjtula patagonica Sowerby. Tertiary.

Terebratula patagonica Sowerby, Darwin's Geol. Observations on South America,

1846.p.2r)2, pl.2, fig.25.
J^oc. St. Josef and St. Julian, Patagonia.

Terebratula pennata Atwater=Spirifer pennatus.

Terebratula (Zeilleria) perforata Piette. Jurassic.

Terebratula (Zeilleria) perforata (Piette) Moricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Mineral.,

Beilagebaud, IX. 18:t4, p. 65.
Loc. Europe; Sierrc de la Ternera, Chile.

Terebratula perinflata SUumard. Upp^r Carl)ouiferous.

Terebratula perinliata Shumard, Trans. St. Louis Acad. Sci., 1, 1859, ji. 392.
Loc. Guadalupe Mountains, Texas.

Terebratula perovalis Eaton (non Sowerby) =Eensselseria ovoides.
Terebratula perovalis Morton (non Sowerby) =T. harlaui.

Terebratula perovalis Sowerby. Jurassic.

Terebratula inca Forbes, Darwin's Geol. Observations S. America, 1846, p. 268, pi.

5, figs. 19-20.
Terebratula perovalis Bayle and Coquand, Mem. Soc. G^ol. France, ser. ii, IV,

1851, p. 22, pi. 8, figs. 15, 16.— Gottsche, Paliieontographica, SuppL, III, 1878,

p. 33, pi. 4, fig. 9. — Steiuman, Neues Jahrb. f. Miu., Beilageband, I, 1881, p.

252.— Moricke, Ibidem, Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 65, pi. 3, figs. 6a-6c.
Loc. Europe; Mauflas, Tres Cruces, Iquique, and Espinazito, Chile; Caracoles,

Bolivia.

Terebratula peruviana d'Orbigny=Semiuula argentea.
Terebratula planirostra Hall=Cryptonella planirostris.
Terebratula planosulcata Meek and Worthen = Cleiothyris roissyi.
Terebratula plicata Say=Terebratella plicata.

Terebratula poeyana Lea. ? Jurassic.

Terebratula poeyana Lea, Trans. American Phil. Soc, n. ser.. VII. 1841, p. 260,

pi. 10, fig. 13.
Loc, Habana, Cuba.

Terebratula prisca=Atrypa reticularis.

Terebratula punctata Sowerby. Liassic.

Terebratula punctata Sowerby, Mineral Concli., I, 1812, p. 46, tab. 15, fig. 4. —
Davidson, British Oolitic and Liassic Brach., Pal. Soc, 1852, p. 45. — Bur-
meister and Geibel, Abh. Naturf. Gessel. Halle, VI, 1862, p. 127.

Terebratula cfr. punctata Behrendsen, Zeifc. der. Deutschen Geol. Gessel., XLIII,
1891, p. 395.

Terebratula (Waldheimia) punctata (Sowerby) Moricke, Neues Jahrb. f. Min-
eral., Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. C6.

Loc. Europe; Portezuelo Ancho, Argentine Republic; Manflas, Juntas, Chile.

Terebratula raimondiana Gabb. ^Cretaceous.

Terebratula raimondiana Gabb, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 2d ser.,

VIII, 1881, p. 298, pi. 42, fig. 9.
Loc. Near Ollon, Peru.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 449

Terebiatula reticularis =Atrypa reticularis.
Terebratula rectirostra Hall=Cryptouella rectirostris.

Terebratula repellini d'Orbigny. Jurassic.

Terebratula repellini Angiiilera, Datos para la Geologia de Mexico, 1893, p. 18.
Loc. Europe ; Mexico.

Terebratula robusta Wbiteaves. Jurassic (fOretaceous).

Terebratula robusta Whiteaves, Cont. Canadian Pal., I, 1889, p. 163, pi. 22, figs.

1,2.
Loc. Rocky Mountains, near Devils Lake, Canada.
Ohs. The horizon of this locality is probably Jurassic (Stanton).

Terebratula rockyuiontaua Marcou=Pugiiax rockymontaua.

Terebratula roraiugeri Hall=Craufeua romiugeri.

Terebratula rowleyi WortLen=Dielasma rowleyi.

Terebratula royssii d'Orbiguy (uou L'lilveille) — Seminula argentea.

Terebratula royssii Marcou=:Cleiotbyris roissyi.

Terebratula sacculus Dawsou, aud Davidsou=:Dielasma sacculus.

Terebratula semisimplex White, Triassic.

Terebratula semisimplex White, Bull. U. S. Geol. Survey Terr., V, 1879, p. 108.
Loc. Southeastern Idaho.

Terebratula seiijentiua Owen=Eumetria luarcyi.
Terebratula sbumardaua Miller=Dielasma shumardanum.
Terebratula simulator Hall=:Eunella siuuilator.
Terebratula spiriferoides Eaton =Atbyris spiriferoides.

Terebratula subexcavata Oonrad, Oolite or Cretaceous.

Terebratula subexcavata Conrad, U. S. Astronomical Exped. to the Southern

Hemisphere, 18.55, p. 282, pi. 41, fig. 4.
Loc. Cordillera de Dona Ana, Chile.

Terebratula subfragilis d'Orbigny=T. harlaui.

Terebratula subovoides Roemer. Lias (Jurassic).

Terebratula ornithocephala (non Sowerby) Bayle and Coquand, M6m. Soc. G^ol.

France, 2d ser, IV, 1851, p. 18, pi. 8, figs. 12-14.
Terebratula subovoides Behrendsen, Zeit. der Deutschen Geol. Gessel., XLIII,

1891, p. 395.— Moricke, Neucs Jahrb., f. Mineral. , Beilageband, IX, 1894, p. 66.
Loc. Europe; Valle lenas amorlllas, Rio Salado, Argentine Republic; Mine

Amolanas, Manflas, and Tres Cruces. Chile.

Terebratula subnumismalis Davidson 1 Lias (Jurassic).

Terebratula subnumismalis Davidson, British Oolitic and Liassie Brach., Pal.

Soc, 1852, p. .36, pi. 51, fig. 10.
Terebratula cfr. subnumismalis Behrendsen, Zeit. der. Deutschen Geol. Gessel.,

XLIII, 1891, p. 396.
Loc. Europe; Rio Salado, Argentine Republic.

Terebratula subretziforma McChesney. Kaskaskia (L. Garb.).

Terebratula subretziaforma McChesney, Descrip. New Fossils, 1861, p. 82.
Loc. Fountain Blult", Illinois.

Terebratula subtetrajdra Conrad =Rbynchonella anduin.
Terebratula subtilita Hall=Seiuinula argentea.
Terebratula sullivanti Hall=Eunella sullivanti.
Bull. 87 29

450 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bulls/.

Terebratula swallovana Miller. Kaskaskia (L. Carb.).

Terebratula gracilis Swallow (noii von Bucli), Trans. St. Lonis Acad. Sci., II,

1863, p. 83.
Terebratnla swallovana Miller, American Pal. Foss., 2d ed., 1883, p. 299.
Loe. St. Marys, Missouri; Chester, Illinois.

Terebritula tayloriana Lea=Rhyiichoiiella tayloriaiia.
Terebratula tetraidra Sowerby=Rliyiiclionel]a tetrtedra.
Terebratula titicacensis Gabb = Seminula titicacaensis.

Terebratula traversensis A. Winchell. Hamilton (Dev.).

Terebratnla traversensis A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 18fi6, p. 95.
Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan.

Terebratula trinitatensis Guppy. Eocene.

Terebratula trinitatensis Guppy, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXII, 1866, p.

296, pi. 19, fig. 1.
Loc. Sanfernando, Trinidad.

Terebratula trinucleus Hall=Seminula trinucleus.
Terebratula turgida Hall=Dielasma turgiduni.
Terebratula turpis Verneuil=Clitambonites borealis.
Terebratula utali Marcou (iiou Hall and Whitfield) =Pugnax utab.

Terebratula (?) utah Hall and Wbitfield. Lower Carboniferous.

Terebratula utah Hall and Whitfield, King's Geol. Expl. 40th Pari., lY, 1877, p.

258, pi. 4, fig. 18.
Loc, Cottonwood Divide, Wasatch Range, Utah.
Ohs. Not well established. Based upon a single dorsal valve. Maybea Dielasma.

Terebratula valenciennii Oastelnau=Meristella nasuta.
Terebratula wacoensisRoemer=Kingena wacoensis.
Terebratula wilmingtonensis Lyell and Sowerby=Rhynclionella wil-
mingtonensis.

Terebratula (?) cfr. zieteni Loriol. Jurassic.

Terebratula cfr. zieteni Aguilera, Bol. Com, Geol6gica de Mexico, I, 1895, p. 1,

pi. 2, figs. 6, 7.
I^oc. Rancho Alamitos, Sierra de Catorce, Mexico.

TEREBRATULINA d'Orb. Genotype Anomia caputserpentis Linn^,

Terebratuliua d'Orbigny, Ann. Des. Sci. Nat., VIII, 1848, p. 67. — Hall and Clarke,
Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1895, p. 872.

Terebratuliua atlantica (Morton). Upper Cretaceous.

Terebratula atlantica Morton, Jour. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, VIII, 1842, p. 214.
Terebratula halliana Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, V, 1861, p. 19.
Terebratulina halliana Gabb, Proc. American Phil. Soc, VIII, 1861, p. 200.
Terebratula glossa Conrad, American Jour. Conch., V, 1869, p. 42, pi. 1, fig. 22.
Terebratulina atlantica Whitfield, Mon. U. S. Geol. Survey, IX, 1885, p. 9, pi. 1, figs.

10-13.— Hollick. Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci., XI, 1892, p. 98, pi. 1, fig. 8.
Loc. New Jersey ; Tottenville, Stateu Island.

Terebratulina filosa Conrad. ^Cretaceous.

Terebratulina filosa Conrad, American Jour. Conch., II, 1866, pp. 77, 105, pi. 9,

figs. 4, 5.
Loc. Unioutown, Alabama.

SCHUCHERT.]

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 451

Terebratulina floridana (Morton). Cretaceous.

Terebratula floridana Morton, Syn. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 72, pi. 16, fig. 17.
Terebratulina floridana d'Orbigny, Prod. Pal,, II, 1849, p. 258.— Whitfield, Mon.

U. S. Geol. Survey, IX, 1885, p. 11.
Loo. Prairie Bluff, Alabama.

Terebratulina gracilis (Sclilotheim). Eocene.

Terebratula gracilis Schlotheim, Die Petrefactenkunde, 1820, p. 270.
Terebratulina gracilis Conrad, American Jour. Conch., I, 1865, p. 15.
Loc. Europe; Alabama.

Terebratulina guadalupse (Eoemer). Upper Cretaceous.

Terebratula gaudalupai Eoemer, Texas, 1849, p. 408; — Kreidebildung vou Texas,

1852, p. 82, pi. 6, fig. 3.— Gabb, Proc. Acad. Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 19.

Loc. New Braunfels, Austin, and 200 miles uorth in Dallas County, Texas (Hill).

Terebratulina halliaua Gabb=T. atlantica.

Terebratulina lachryma (Morton). (Cretaceous?) Eocene 1

Terebratula lachryma Morton, Syu. Cret. U. S., 1834, p. 72, pi. 10, fig, 11; pi. 16,

fig. 6.
Terebratulina lachryma d'Orbigny, Prod. Pal., 1849, p. 396.— Gabb, Proc. Acad.

Nat. Sci. Philadelphia, 1861, p. 19;— Proc. American Phil. Soc, VIII, 1861 p.

200. — Conrad, American Jour. Conch., I, 1865, p. 15.— Whitfield, Mon. U. S.

Geol. Survey, IX, 1885, p. 12, pi. 1, fig. 14.
Loc. New Jersey ; Claiborne, Alabama.

TORYNIFER Hall and Clarke. Genotype T. criticus Hall and Clarke.

Torynifer Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, explanation to

pi. 84.

Torynifer criticus Hall and Clarke. St. Louis (L. Carb.).

Torynifer criticus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 84,

figs. 34, 35.

TREMATIS Sharpe.

Genotype Orbicula terminalis Sharpe (non Emmons) =T. millipunc-

tata Hall.
Trematis Sharpe, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, IV, 1847, p. 66.— Dall, Bull.
Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1871, p. 37;— Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus., 8, 1877, p. 73.—
Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 138, 168.— Winchell
and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 367. — Hall and Clarke^
Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 258.

Trematis crassipuncta Ulrich. Lorraine (Ord.).

Trematis crassipuncta Ulrich, American Geologist, IV, 1889, p. 22; III, p. 378,

fig. 7.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Trematis (?) dyeri Miller. Lorraine (Ord.).

Trematis dyeri Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., I, 1874, p. 347, fig. 39.
Trematis (?) dyeri Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 142.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Trematis fllosa Billings =Schizocrania filosa.

Trematis fragilis Ulrich. Trenton (Ord.).

Trematis iragilis Ulrich, American Geologist, IV, 1889, p. 21; III, p. 378, fig. 6. —

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 142, pi. 4G, fig. 14,
Loc. Near Covington, Kentucky,

452 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Trematis huronensis Billings. Black River (Ord.).

Trematis huroueusis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 53, fig. 59 on p. 52; — Geol.

Canada, 1863, p. 159, lig. 130.
Prodnctella minueapolis Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Acad. Nat. Sci., Ill, 1892, p.

332, pi. 1, figs. 11, 12.
Trematis huronensis? Winchell and Schucliert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,

li93, p. 368, fig. 29.
Loc. Pallideau Islands, Lake Huron; Minneapolis, Minnesota.

Trematis millepunctata Hall. Utica aud Lorraine (Ord.).

Trematis millepunctata Hall, Description u. sp. Crinoidea and other Fossils,
1866, p. 14;— Twenty-fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab, Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 221,
pi. 7, figs. 22-25.— Hall and Whitfield, Pal. Ohio, II, 1875, p. 70, pi. 1, figs.
4-7. — Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 16. — Hall and Clarke,
Pal. NeTT Y^ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 139, pi. 4G, figs. 4-10.

Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Ohs. See T. quincuncialis and T. reticularis.

Trematis montrealensis Billings. Trenton (Ord.).

Trematis montrealensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, 1, 1862., p. 52, fig. 57; — Geol. Canada,

1863, p. 159, fig. 128.
Loc. Montreal, Canada.

Trematis oblata Ulrich. Utica and Lorraine (Ord.).

Trematis punctostriata Hall and Whitfield (nou Hall, 1873), Pal. Ohio, II, 1875,

p. 70, pi. 1, figs. 8, 9.
Trematis oblata Ulrich, American Geologist, IV, 1889, p. 23; III, p. 378, fig. 9. —

Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 142, pi. 4G, tig. 20.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Trematis ottawaensis Billings. Trenton and Lorraine (Ord.).

Trematis ottawaensis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 53, fig. 58 on p. 52; — Geol.
Canada, 1863, p. 159, fig. 129;— Cat. Sil. Fossils Anticosti, 1866, p. 11.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New Y^ork, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 139, pi. 4G, figs. 15-17.— Win-
chell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 369, fig. 30.

Loc. Ottawa, Canada; Anticosti; Trenton Falls, New York; Frankfort, Ken-
tucky; St. Paul, Minnesota.

Trematis"? pannulns Wliite=Iphidea pannulus.
Trematis punctostriata Hall and Whitfield =T. oblata.

Trematis punctistriata Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Trematis punctostriata Hall, Twenty-third Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873,

p. 243, pi. 13, figs. 17, 18.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I,

1892, p. 142, pi. 4G, figs. 11-13 (?3).
Loc. Clifton, Tennessee.

Trematis (?) pustulosa Hall. Lorraine (Ord.).

Trematis? pustulosa Hall, Descrip. n. sp. Crinoidea and other Fossils, 1866, p.

15;— Twenty- fourth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1872, p. 222.
Loc. Near Horicon, Wisconsin.

Trematis quincuncialis Miller and Dyer. Lorraine (Ord.).

Trematis quincuncialis Miller and Dyer, Cont. to Pal., II, 1878, p. 8, pi. 3, fig. 9.
Loc. Lebanon, Ohio.

Ohs. Seems to be only a variety of T. millepunctata occurring at a higher
horizon.

SCHUCHEKT] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 453

Trematis reticularis (Miller). Lorraine (Ord.).

Crania reticularis Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jonr. Sci., II, 1875, p. 280, fig. 1.
Loc. Brookville, Indiana.

Ohs. The type specimens have been examined and appear to be young T. mille-
punctata.

Trematis riidis HaIl=Scbizocrania rudis.

Trematis terminalis Emmons. Trenton (Ord.).

Orbicula terminalis Emmons, Geol. New York; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 395,

fig. 4.— Hall, Pal. New York, 1, 1847, p. 100, pi. 30, fig. 11.
Trematis terminalis Emmons, American Geologist, Pt. II, 1855, p. 201, fig. 63. —

Billings, Geo]. Canada, 1863, p. 1.59, fig. 127.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,

VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, p. 139, pi. 4G, figs. 1, 2.
? Trematis terminalis Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 14.
Loc. Middleville, Trenton Falls, Watertown, and elsewhere in New York.

Trematis trnncata Hall = Scbizobolus concentricus.

Trematis umbonata Ulricb. Lorraine (Ord.).

Trematis umbonata Ulrich, American Geologist, IV, 1889, p. 23; III, 1889, fig. 8

on p. 378.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 139, pi. 4G,

figs. 18, 19.
Loc. Covington, Kentucky; Cincinnati, Ohio.

TREMATOBOLUS Mattbew. Genotype T. insignis Mattbew.

Trematobolus Matthew, Canadian Rec. Science, 1893, p. 276. — Hall and Clarke,
Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geol., 1894, p. 252.

Trematobolus insignis Mattbew. Middle Cambrian.

Trematobolus insignis Matthew, Canadian Record Science, 1893, p. 276, fig. 1;—

Trans. Royal Soc. Canada, Vol. XI, 1894, p. 88, pi. 16, fig. 4a-d;— Trans.

N. Y. Acad. Sci., XIV, 1895, p. 122, pi. 4, fig. 2.
Loc. St. Martins, New Brunswick.

TREMATOSPIRA Hall. Genotype Spirifer? perforatiia Hall.

Trematospira Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 207;— Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State
Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 27;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 271.— Nettelroth,
Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 135. — Hail
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 124;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 798.

? Trematospira Hall, Sixteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 54.

Trematospira acadiie Hall and 01arke=Ebyncbospira acadipe.
Trematospira camura Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa camura Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 273, pi. 56, fig. 3.
Trematospira camura Hall, Pal. New York, HI, 1859, p. 212, pi. 28A, fig. 1.— Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 126, pi. 49, figs. 2-4.
Rhynchonella camura Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 315, fig. 322.
Loc. Lockport, New York.

Trematospira costata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Trematospira costata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 210, pi. 28 A, 1859, fig. 4;—

Ibidem, IV, 1867, p. 276, figs. 5, 6.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,

Pt. II, 1895, pi. 49, figs. 19, 20.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York.

Trematospira deweyi Hall = Parazyga deweyi.
Trematospira disparilis Hall=Atrypiua disparilis.

454 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Trematospira dubia (IJilliiigs). Lower Ilelderberg (Dev.).

Retzia dubia Hillings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1863, p. 113, pi. 3, fig. 10.
Trcuiatospira dubia Hall aud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, )). 126,

pi. ■!<>, iigs. 15, 16.
Loc. Square Lake, Maine.

Trematospira equistriata TIall aud Clarke. Lower Helderberg- (Dev.).
Trematospira equistriata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 189.5,

pi. 49, fig. 47.
Loc. Cumberland, Maryland.

Trematospira gibbosa Ifall. Harailtou (Dev.).

Trematospira gibbosa Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860,

p. 82;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 272, pi. 4.5, figs. 7-15.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 49, figs. 23-27.
Loc. Bellona, York, and Darien, New York.

Trematospira heleua ]Srettelroth=EliyDcbospira heleiia.

Trematospira hippolyte (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Retzia hippolyte Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 112, pi. 13, fig. 9.
Trematospira hippolyte Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

126, pi. 49, figs. 7, 8.
Loc. Square Lake, Maine.

Trematospira hirsuta Hall=Parazyga hirsuta.
Trematospira imbricata Hall=Atrypina imbricata.

Trematospira (?) liniuscula A. Winchell. Hamilton (Dev.).

Trematospira ? liniuscula A. Winchell, Rep. Lower Peninsula Michigan, 1866,

p. 94.
Loc. Grand Traverse region, Michigan.

Trematospira niattliewsoni McGliesney=Atrypa marginalis.

Trematospira maria (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Retzia raaria Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 112, pi. 3, fig. 8.
Trematospira niaria Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 126,

pi. 49, fig. 21.
Loc. Square Lake, Maine.

Trematospira multistriata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer multistriata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 59,
figs. 1-6.

Trematospira multistriata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 209, pi. 24, fig. 3;
pi. 28A, fig. 5;— I1)idem, IV, 1867, p. 276, figs. 1-3.— Hall and Clajke, PaL
New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 126, fig. 110, pi. 49, figs. 9-14.

Eetzia multistriata Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 958, fig. 458.

Loc. Schoharie, New York.

Trematospira uobilis Hall=Cyclorliina uobilis.

Trematospira perforata Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Spirifer ? perforata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y, State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 60.
Trematospira perforata Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 208, pi. 28A, fig. 3;—
Ibidem, IV, 1867, p. 276.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895,
pi. 49, figs. 5, 6.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties and Hudson, New York.

Trematospira simplex Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Trematospira simplex Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 211, pi. 28A, fig. 2,— Hall

and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 49, figs. 17, 18.
Loc. Decatur County, Tennessee.

scHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 455

Trematospira quadriplicata Miller =Rbyiichotrema intequivalve.
Trematospira tennesseensis Hall and Clarke. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Trematospira tennesseensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895,

pi. 83, figs. 21-23.
Loc. Perry County, Tennessee.

TRIGERIA (Bayle partim) Hall and Clarke.

Genotype Terebratula guerangeri de Verneuil.

Trigeria Bayle (partim), Explic. Carte Gt?ol de France, Atlas, 1875, pi. 13. — Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 272, 273, lig. 189;— Thir-
teenth Kep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 856.

Trigeria gaudryi (CEhlert). Oriskany (Dev.).

Centrouella gaudryi ffihlert, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 3d ser., V, 1877, p. 593, pi.

10, fig. 8 ; — Bull, de la Soc. d'Etudes Scientif. d'Angers, separate 1883, p. 2, pi.

— . figs. 10-17.
Trigeria gaudryi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 273, fig.

189, pi. 76, figs. 6, 7.
I^oc. France; Cumberland, Maryland.

Trigeria (?) lepida Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Rhynchospira lepida Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.

83;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 276, pi. 45, figs. 1-6.
Retzia lepida Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 366.
Trigeria ? lepida Hall and Clarke, Pal. New Y^ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 274, pi. 50,

lags. 36-40.
Loc. Canandaigua Lake and Bellona, New York.

Trigeria (?) margarida (Derby). Middle Devonian.

Centrouella ( ?) margarida Derby, Archivos do Museu Nacional Rio de Janeiro,

IX, 1890, p. 84, with figures in text.
Trigeria ? margarida Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 274.
Loc. Head of Paraguay ; Matto Grosso, Brazil.

Trigeria (?) portlandica (Billings). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Rensselieria portlandica Billings, Proc. Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., I, 1863, p. 115,

pi. 3, fig. 12.
Trigeria ? portlandica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 273,

pi. 76, figs. 4, 5.
Loc. Square Lake, Maine.

Trigeria (?) wardiana (Rathbun). Middle Devonian.

Retzia wardiana (Hartt) Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 245,
pi. 10, figs. 2-5, 8, 9, 11, 12, 14, 16.— Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist.,
XX, 1879, p. 31.

Retzia ? wardiana Derby, Archivos do Museu Nacional do Rio de Janerio, IX,
1890, p. 78.

Trigeria ? wardiana Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 274.

Loc. Province of Para, Brazil.

TRIMERELLA Billings. Genotype T. grandis Billings.

Trimerella Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 166. — Dall, American Jour. Conch.,
VI, 1870, p. 160;— Ibidem, VII, 1871, p. 79.— Davidson and King, Quart. Jour.
Geol. Soc. Londou, XXX, 1874, p. 143.— Dall, Bull. U. S. National Mus., 8,
1877, p. 74.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pp. 33, 46,
163 ;— Eleveuth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 236.
Gotlandia Dall, American Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 160.

456 SYNOPSIS OP AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [iiULi,.87.

Trimerella acuminata liilliiigs. Guelpli (Sil.).

Trimerolla acuminata Billiugs, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, pp. 167, 168, fig. 152;—

Amt'ricaii .Tour. Sci., 3il ser., I, 1871, p. 471;— Ann. Mag. Nat. Mist., 4tli ser.,

VIII, 1871, p. 140.— Dall, American Jour. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 82.— David-
sou ami King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 146, pi. 15,
figs. 4-7; pi. 16, figs. 1, 2. — Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Outario, 1875, i>. 08, fig.
' d.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4B, fig. 6.

Loc. Gait, New Hope, and Hespelar, Outario; near Hillsboro, Ohio; Port Byron,
Illinois; Gotland and Faro.

Trimerella billingsi Dall. Guelph (Sil.).

Trimerella billingsi Dall, American Jour. Conoli., VII, 1871, p. 82, pi. 11, figs.

1-3. — Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874, p. 150,

pi. 16, figs. 8, 9.
Loc. New Hope, Ontario, Canada.

Trimerella dalli Davidson and King. Guelpli (Sil.).

Trimerella dalli Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. London, XXX, 1874,
p. 154, pi. 15, figs. 1-3.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892,
pi. 4A, fig. 10.

Loc. Hespelar, Elora, and New Hope, Ontario, Canada.

Trimerella galtensis Hall=Ehinobolus galtensis.

Trimerella grandis Billings. Guelph (Sil.).

Trimerella grandis Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, pp. 166, 167, fig. 151.— Dall,
American Jour. Conch., II, 1870, p. 160;— Ibidem, VII, 1871, p. 82.— Hall,
Twenty-third Kep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1873, pi. 13, figs. 11-16.—
Davidson and King, Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Loudon, XXX, 1874, pi. 13, figs.
2, 3.— Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1875, p. 67, fig. 37.— Hall and Clarke,
Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, pi. 4A, figs. 1, 2; pi. 4B, figs. 2-5.

Loc. Gait, NcAV Hope, and Elora, Hespelar, Ontario, Canada; near Hillsboro,
Ohio; AVisconsin.

Trimerella minor Dall=Rliinobolus galtensis.

Trimerella ohioensis Meek. Niagara (Sil.).

Trimerella ohioensis Meek, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., I, 1871, p. 305. — Dall,

American Jour. Conch., VII, 1871, p. 83. — Davidson and King, Geol. Mag.,

IX, 1872.— Meek, Pal. Ohio, T, 1873, p. 183, pi. 16, fig. 1.— Davidson and King,
Quart. Jour. Geol. Soc. Londou, XXX, 1874, p. 153, pi. 16, figs. 3-7; pi. 19,
figs. 1-2.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. 1, 1892, pi, 4A, figs. 3-9.

Loc. Genoa, Ottawa County, Ohio; Port Byron, Illinois; Ontario, Canada,

TRIPLEGIA Hall. Genotype Atrypa extans Emmons.

Triplesia Hall, Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 522;— Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab

Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 44.— Waagen, Palieontologica Indica, Ser. XIII, I, 1884,

p. 576.
Triplecia Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 269.— WincheB

and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 408.— Hall and Clarke,

Eleventh Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1894, p. 289.
Dicraniscus Meek, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., IV, 1872, p. 279.— Pal. Ohio, I,

1873, p. 576.

Triplecia cuspidata Hall. Trenton (Ord.).

Atrypa cuspidata Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, I, 1847, p. 138, pi. 33*, fig. 1, aud p. 318.
Triplesia cuspidata Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, III, 1859, p. 522.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270.
Loc. Lowville, Lewis County. New York.

8CHUCHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 457

Triplecia extans (Emmons). Treutou (Ord.).

Atrypa extans Emmons, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Second Dist., 1842, p. 395, fig. 6. —

Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 137, pi. 33, fig. 1.
Triplesia extans. Hall, Ibidem, III, 1859, p. 523, figs. 1-3.
Triplecia extans Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, ^^III, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270,

pi. lie, figs. 1-7.
Loc. Watertown, Lowville, and Boouville, New York.

Triplecia niagaraensis Hall and Clarke. Magara (Sil.).

Triplecia niagarensis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 83,

figs. 16-20.
Loc. Near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Triplecia nucleus Hall. Trenton (Ord.).

Atrypa nucleus Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 138, pi. 33, fig. 2.
Triplesia nucleus Hall, Ibidem, III, 1859, p. 522.
Triplecia nucleus, Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270,

pi. lie, figs. 8, 9.
Loc. Middleville, New York.

Triplecia ortoni Meek. Clinton (Sil.).

Dicraniscus ortoni Meek, American Jour. Sci., 3d ser., IV, 1872, p. 280.
Triplesia ortoni Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 178, pi. 15, fig. 1.
Triplecia ortoni. Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 270;

pi. lie, figs. 12-20.— Foerste, Geol. Ohio, VII, 1895, p. 585.
Loe. Dayton, Ohio; Newson, Tennessee.

Triplecia (?) radiata Whitfield. Calciferous (Ord.).

Triplesia radiata AVhittield, Bull. American Mus. Nat. Hist., II, 1889, p. 43, pi. 7,

figs. 5-8.
Triplecia radiata, Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. I, 1892, p. 271.
Loc. Beekmantown, New York.

Triplecia ulricM Wincliell and Scliucbert. Lorraine (Ord.).

Triplecia ulricbi W. and S., Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 409, fig. 34,
Loc. Wykoff and Spring Valley, Minnesota.

Triplesia ambigua Hall=Camarel]a anibigua.
Triplesia calcifera Walcott = Syntropliia calcifera.
Triplesia congesta Han=Hyattella congesta.
Triplesia lateralis Wbitfleld=Syntropliia lateralis.
Triplesia primordialis Whitfield = Syntropliia primordialis.
Triplesia putillus Hall=Minmlns waldronensis.
Trij)lesia (^uadricostata Han=HyattelIa congesta.

TROPIDOLEPTUS Hall. Genotype Strophomena cariuata Conrad.

Tropidoleptus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 152 (unde-
fined);— Twelfth Rep. Ibidem, 1859, p. 31 (undefined); Twentieth Rep. —
Ibidem, 1867, pp. 165, 279;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 404.— Nettelroth,
Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 46. — Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 302 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep.
N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 870.

Tropidoleptus carinatus (Conrad). Marcellus and Hamilton (Dev.).

Strophomena carinata Conrad, Third Ann. Rep. N. Y. Geol. Survey, 1839, p. 64.
Lepta'ua laticosta (Hall) de Verneuil, Bull. Soc. Geol. France, 2d ser., IV, 1847,

p. 703.
Tropidoleptus carinatus Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.

151, figs. 1,2;— Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 31, figs.

458 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL liRACHIOPODA. |nrLL.87.

Tropidoleptus carinatus (Conrad) — Continued.

1-4.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, Pt. II, 1858, p. 828, tig. 672.— Hall, Pal.
New York, IV, 1867, p. 407, pi. 62, tigs. 2, 3.— Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey
Illinois, III, 1868, p. 427, pi. 13, fig. 2.— Eatbbun, Bull. Buffalo Soc. Nat. Sci.,
1, 1874, p. 254, pi. 9, figs. 1, 9, 10, 26.— Derby, Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill,
1876, p. 282.— Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist., XX, 1879, p. 35.— Netfcel-
j6tb, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 146,
pi. 17, tigs. 14, 15.— A. Ulrich, N. Jahrb. f. Miueral., Beilageband, VIII, 1892,
p. 73, pi. 4, figs. 32-31.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,
p. 304, figs. 227, 228, pi. 82, figs. 26-36.
Loc. New York; Falls of Ohio; Columbus, Ohio; Pennsylvania; Jackson County,
Illinois; Erere, Province of Para, Brazil; Island of Coati, Lake Titicaca
(Agassiz), and Rio Sicasica (Ulrich), Bolivia, South America; South Africa
(Ulrich); France; Germany and England.

Tropidoleptus occidens Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Tropidoleptus occidens Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860,

p. 91 ;— Pal. New York, I^', 1867, p. 408, pi. 61A, figs. 50-52.— Hall and Clarke,

Pal. New Y'ork, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 82, figs. 37, 38.
Loc. Iowa City, Iowa.

TJNCINTJLUS Bayle. Genotype Ehynchonella subwilsoui d'Orbigny.
Uncinulus Bayle, Explic. de la Carte Gc'olog. France, IV, Atlas, 1878, pi. 11, figs.
17-20.— Waagen, Palit- ontologica ludica, Ser. XIII, I, 1883, p. 424.— ffihlert,
Fischer's Manuel de Conchyliologie, 1887, p. 1306.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 195 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist,
1895, p. 828.

Uncinulus abruptus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Rhynchouella abrupta Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 68,

fig. 1 ;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 228, pi. 31, fig. 3.
Uncinulus abruptus Hall and Clarke, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 199, pi. 58, tigs. 15-21.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York.

Uncinulus campbellanus (Hall). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Rhynchouella campbellana Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.

79 ;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 239, pi. 43, fig. 2.
Loc. Albany County, New York.

Uncinulus mutabilis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Rhynchouella mutabilis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p.

66, figs. 1-7 ;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 225, pi. 29, fig. 4 ; pi. 30, figs. 1, 2.
Uncinulus mutabilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 199,

pi. 58, tigs. 22-25.
Loc. Schoharie and Carlisle, New York.

Uncinulus nobilis Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Rhynchouella nobilis Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, p. 80,

figs. 1-3.— Rogers, Geol. Pennsylvania, II, 1858, p. 825, fig. 645.— Hall, Pal.

New York, III, 1859, p. 240, pi. 43, fig. 3.
Uncinulus nobilis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 58,

tig. 26.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties. New York; Pennsylvania.

Uncinulus nucleolatus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Rhynchouella nucleolata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,
p. 68;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 227, pi. 31, figs. If, 2.— Billings, Proc.
Portland Soc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 110, pi. 3, fig. 5.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 459

Uncinulus nucleolatus Hall — Continued.

Uncinulus nucleolata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 199.
Loc. Schoharie and Carlisle, New York ; Sqnare Lake, Maine ; St. Blaudine, New
Brunswick, Canada.

Uncinulus pyramidatus Hall. Lower Heklerberg (Dev.).

Rhynchonella pyramidata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857,
p. 70;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 229, pi. 32, figs. 1, 2.

Uncinnlns pyramidatus Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 58,
fig.s. 27, 28.

Loc. Albany County, New York.

Uncinulus stricklandi (Sowerby). Niagara (Sil.).

Terebratula stricklandi Sowerby, Murchison's Sil. System, 1839, pi. 13, fig. 19.

Rhynchonella tennesseensis Hall (non Roemer), Trans. Albany Institute, IV,
1860, p. 228 ;— Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., Doc. ed.,
1876, pi. 26, figs. 34-40.— White, Second Ann. Rep. Indiana Bureau of Sta-
tistics and Geol., 1880, p. 496, pi. 3, figs. 2-4 ;— Tenth Rep. State Geol. Indiana,

1881, p. 128, pi. 3, figs. 2-4.

Rhynchonella stricklandi Hall, Twenty-eighth Rep. N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist.,
Doc. ed., 1879, p. 165, pi. 26, figs. 34-40 ;— Eleventh Rep. State Geol. Indiana,

1882, p. 308, pi. 26, figs. 34-40.— Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem.
Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 81, pi. 27, figs. 9-11; pi. 29, figs. 3-6.

Uncinulus (Unciuulina) stricklandi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.

II, 1895, pi. 58, figs. 38-40.
Loc. Europe; Waldron, Indiana; Louisville, Kentucky.

Uncinulus vellicatus Hall. Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Rhynchonella vellicata Hall, Tenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1857, pp.

69, 71, figs. 2, 3;— Pal. New York, III, 1859, p. 230, pi. 33, fig. 1.
Uncinulus vellicata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, p. 199.
Loc. Albany and Schoharie counties, New York; Dalhousie, New Brunswick,

Canada.

VITULINA Hall. Genotype Y. pustulosa Hall.

Vitulina Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 72, figs. 1, 2;—
Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 410.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt.
II, 1893, p. 138 ;— Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 804.

Vitulina pustulosa Hall. Hamilton (Dev.).

Vitulina pustulosa Hall, Thirteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p.
82;— Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 410, pi. 62, fig. 1.— Rathbun, Bull. Buffalo
Soc. Nat. Sci., I, 1874, p. 255, pi. 9, figs. 2, 6-8, 11-13, 15, 20, 21, 27, 32.— Derby,
Bull. Mus. Comp. Zool., Ill, 1876, p. 282.— Rathbun, Proc. Boston Soc. Nat.
Hist., XX, 1879, p. 36.— A. Ulrich, N. .lahrb. f. Mineral., Beilageband, VIII,
1891, p. 273;— Ibidem, Beilageband, VIII, 1892, p. 71, pi. 4, figs. 26-29.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, pp. 139, 317, pi. 82, figs. 18-25.
Loc. Near Tully and Tinkers Falls, New York; Monroe County, Pennsylvania;
Erere, Province of Para, and provinces Parana and Matto Grosso, Brazil;
island of Coati, Lake Titicaca, Tarabuco and Rio Sicasica, Bolivia; South
Africa.

"WALDHEIMIA King. Genotype W. flavescens Lamarck.

Waldheimia King, Mon Permian Fossils, Pal. Soc, 1850, p. 81.— Dall, American

.Jour. Conch., VI, 1870, p. 107.
Waldheimia (?) catorcensis Aguilera. Jurassic.

Waldheimia catorcensla Aguilera, Bol. Com. Geologica de Mexico, I, 1895, p. 1,

pi. 2, fig. 8.
Loc. Rancho Alamitos, San Luis, Potosi, Mexico.

460 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [m;iv87.

Waldheiinia coiupacta While and St. John = Cry ptacanthia compacta.
Waldheiinia coutinlioana Derby=Harttiua coutinhoana.
Waldlicimia deweyi Ha]l=Parazyga deweyi.
Wal(lh<»imia forniosa Tlall=Kliynchospira forniosa,
AValdlieijnia globosa IIall = lihynchos])ira. globo.sa.
"VVahlhiiniia iinbricata Cooi)er=Terebratella? hnbricata.

Waldheimia kennedyi Dall. Miocene.

Waldlaeimia kennt-dyi Dall, Proc. California Acad. Sci., 1874 (extract, p. 4).
Loc. CeiToa Island, Lower California.

Waldlieimia rectirostra Hall=Rhynchospira rectirostris.
Whitfieldia Davidson=Meristina.

WHITFIELDELLA Hall and Clarke. Genotype Atrypa nitida Hall.
Aniitluldella Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. .58:— Thir-
teenth Ann. Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 766.

Whitfieldella (?) billingsana (Meek and Worthen). i^iagara (Sil.).

Centronella billingsiana Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, p.

352, figs, a, h, c ; pi. 6, fig. 5.
Lor. Alexander County, Illinois.

Whitfieldella (?) bisulcata (Yannxem). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Atrypa bisulcata Vanuxeiu, Geol. N. Y. ; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 112,
Merista bisulcata Hall, Pal. New Y'^ork, III, 1859, p. 253.
Loc. Litchfield, New York.

Whitfieldella cylindrica Hall. Clinton-Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa cylindrica Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, II, 1852, p. 76, pi. 24, fig. 2.
Atrypa crassirostra Hall, Pal. New Y^ork, 1852, p. 269, pi. 55, fig. 4.
Merista cylindrica Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 77.
Athyris cylindrica Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 317, fig. 333;— Geol. Canada,

1863, p. 317, fig. 332.
Meristella ( fMeristina) cylindrica Meek, Pal. Ohio, I, 1873, p. 180, pi. 15, fig. 2.
Whitfieldella cylindrica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

60, pi. 40, figs. 16-22.
Loc. Lockport, NewY'ork; Hillsboru, Ohio; Hamilton, Ontario; Anticosti.

Whitfieldella (?) harpalyce (Billiug.s). Lower Helderberg (Dev.).

Athyris harpalyce Billings, Proc. Portland Hoc. Nat. Hist., 1863, p. 116, pi. 3,

fig. 14.
Whitfieldella ( ? ) harpalyce Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893,

p. 60.
Loc. Square Lake, Maine.

Whitfieldella hyale (Billings). Guelph (Sil.).

Charionella ? hyale, Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 166, fig. 150.
. Whitfieldella hyale Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 60.
Charionella hyale Hall and Clarke, Ibidem, pi. 42, figs. 20, 21.
Loc. Gait and Flora, Ontario; Wisconsin (Whitfield).

Whitfieldella intermedia Hall. Clinton-Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa intermedia Hall, Pal. New Y'ork, II, 1852, p. 77, pi. 24, figs. 3, 4, f6.— Rogers,

Geol. Pennsylvania, II, 1858, Pt. II, p. 823, fig. 634.
Merista intermedia Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 77.
Atuyris intermedia Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian Jour. Sci., XIV, 1874, p. 157.—

Nicholson, Pal. Prov. Ontario, 1875, p. 61, fig. 32A.

scHucHERT.] INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 461

Whitfieldella intermedia Hall — Continued.

Whitfieldella iutermedia Hall and Clarke, Tal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p.

60, pi. 40, figs. 1, 2.
Loc. Lockport, New York ; Thorold, Ontario ; Pennsylvania.

Whitfieldella (1) julia (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.).

Athyris Julia Billings, Pal. Fossils, I, 1862, p. 146, fig. 124.
Meristella julia Miller, N. American Geol. Pal., 1889, p. 354.
Loc. Anticosti.

Whitfieldella (?) naviformis Hall. Clinton-Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa naviformis Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 71, fig. 3; —

Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 76, pi. 24, fig. 1. — Nicholson and Hinde, Canadian

Jour. Sci., n. ser., XVI, 1874, pp. 144, 157.
Meristella naviformis Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78.
Athyris naviformis Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 317, fig. 320. — Nicholson, Pal.

Prov. Ontario, 1875, p. 62, fig. 32E.
Whitfieldella naviformis Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 60,

pi. 40, fig. 3.
Loc. Rochester, Sodus, etc., New York; Dundas, Ontario; Anticosti.

Whitfieldella nitida Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa nitida Hall, Geol. New York; Rep. Fourth Dist., Tables of Organic
Remains, 13, 1843, fig. 5;— Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 268, pi. 55, fig. 1.—
Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., I, 1856, p. 137, pi. 2, fig. 9.

Merista nitida Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78.

Athyris nitida Hall, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 317, fig. 334.

Meristella nitida Hall, Trans. Albany Institute, IV, 1863, p. 226.

Meristina nitida Hall, Pal. New York, IV, 1867, p. 299;— Twenty-eighth Rep.
N. Y. State Mus. Nat. Hist., 1879, p. 169, pi. 25, figs. 1-7 ;— Eleventh Rep.
State Geol. Indiana, 1882, p. 300, pi. 25, figs. 1-7.— Nettelroth, Kentucky
Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 102, pi. 33, figs. 10, 11.—
Beecher and Clarke, Mem. N. Y. State Mus., I, 1889, p. 70, pi. 7, tigs. 6-10.

Whitfieldella nitida Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 59,
figs. 43, 44; pi. 40, figs. 4-13.

Loc. Lockport, etc., New York; Hamilton, Ontario; Waldron, Indiana; Louis-
ville, Kentucky; Anticosti.

Whitfieldella nitida oblata Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Atrypa nitida var. oblata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 269, pi. 55, fig. 2.
Merista nitida var. oblata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859,

p. 78.
Loc. Lockport, etc.. New York.

Whitfieldella (?) nucleolata (Flail.) Coralline (Sil.).

Atrypa nucleolata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 328, pi. 74, fig. 10.
Merista nucleolata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78.
Meristella nucleolata Whitfield, Geol. Wisconsin, IV, 1882, p. 321, pi. 25, fig. 5.
Loc. Schoharie, New York ; near Milwaukee, Wisconsin.

Whitfieldella oblata Hall. Medina (Sil.).

Atrypa oblata Hall, Pal. New York, II, 1852, p. 9, pi. 4, figs. 4, 5.
Merista oblata Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 78.
Whitfieldella (?) oblata Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 60.
Loc. Lockport, New York.

Whitfieldella sulcata (Yanuxem). Waterlime (Sil.).

Atrypa sulcata Vanuxem, Geol. New York; Rep. Third Dist., 1842, p. 112, fig. 5.—

Hall, Ibidem, Rep. Fourth Dist., 1843, p. 142, tig. 5.
Merista sulcata Miller, American Pal. Fossils, 1877, p. 115.
Loc, Near Vienna village, New York.

462 fciYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

WILSONIA Kayser. Genotype Teiebratula wilsoni Sowerby.

Wilsonia Kaysor, Zeitscbr. <l. deutsch. geolog. Gesselscli., XXIII, 1871, p. 502. —
Hall ami Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 195;— TbirteeutU Ami.
Rep. N. Y. State Geologist, 1895, p. 827.

Unciuulina Bayle, Explic. de la Carte Gdolog. France, IV, 1878, Atlas, pi. 13,
figs. 13-16.

Obs. A subgenus of CamarotcBcbia.

Wilsonia kokomoensis (Miller). Waterlime (Sil,).

Rbyncbonella kokomoensis Miller, Eighteenth Ann. Rep. Geol. Survey Indiana,

1894, p. 312, pi. 9, figs. 22-24.
Loc. Kokomo, Indiana.

Wilsonia saffordi Hall. Niagara and Lower Helderberg (Sil. and Dev.).
Rbyncbonella saflfordi Hall, Canadian Nat. Geol., V, 1860, p. 146. — Hall and

Wbitfield, Twenty-seventh Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1875, pi. 9, figs.

27-29.— Dawson, Acadian Geol., 3d ed., 1878, p. 598.— Nettelrotb, Kentucky

Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 79, pi. 27, figs. 22-24;

pi. 33, figs. 4-6.
Wilsonia saffordi Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 198, pi.

58, figs. 5-14.
Loc. In the Arisaig group of Nova Scotia ; Perrj^ County, Tennessee ; Louisville,

Kentucky.

Wilsonia saffordi depressa (Nettelrotb). Niagara (Sil.).

Rbyncbonella saffordi var. depressa Nettelrotb, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem.

Kentucky Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 80, pi. 33, fig. 1-3.
Loc. Louisville, Kentucky.

Wilsonia wilsoni (Sowerby). Niagara (Sil.).

Terebratula wilsoni Sowerby, Mineral Conchology, 1818, p. 118, fig. 3.
Rbyncbonella wilsoni Roemer, Sil. Fauna d. West. Tennessee, 1860, p. 71, pi. 5,

fig. 13.
Wilsonia wilsoni Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 198.

Loc. Europe; Decatur County, Tennessee; Louisville, Kentucky; Lake Temis-
couata, New Brunswick.

YORKIA Walcott. Genotype Y. wanneri Walcott.

Yorkia Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat, Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 714.

Yorkia wanneri Walcott. Lower Cambrian.

Yorkia wanneri Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 715, pi. 60, figs. 1-le.
Loc. Emigsville, Pennsylvania.

Yorkia (?) washingtonensis Walcott. Lower Cambrian.

Yorkia (?) washingtonensis Walcott, Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., XIX, 1897, p. 715,

pi. 60, fig. 3.
Loc. Salem, Washington County, New York.

ZYGOSPIRA Hall. Genotype Atrypa modesta Hall.

Stenocisma Hall (non Conrad), Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 142. — Meek and Hay-
den, Pal. Upper Missouri, Smithsonian Cont. to Knowl., XIV, 1864, p. 16.

Zygospira Hall, Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, p. 154, figs.
1, 2.— Billings, Canadian Nat. Geol., VII, 1862, p. 393.— Hall, Twentieth Rep.
N; Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1867, p. 267.— Meek, Geol. Survey, Illinois, III,
1868, p. 377.— Davidson, Suppl. British Silurian Bracbiopoda, Pal. Soc, 1882,
p. 122.— Winchell and Scbuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 465.—
Beecber and Scbuchert, Biol. Soc. Washington, VIII, 1893, pp. 71-82.— Hall
and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 154.

Anazyga Davidson, Suppl. British Silurian Bracbiopoda, Pal. Soc, 1882, p. 128.

SCHUCHEKT.

INDEX AND BIBLIOGRAPHY. 463

ZYGOSPIRA Hall— Continued.

Hallina Winchell aucl Scliuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 471.
Protozyga Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 151.
Protozyga, Hallina and Zygospira Hall and Clarke, Thirteenth Ann. Rep. N. Y,
State Geologist, 1895, pp. 809, 810, 812.

Zygospira sequila Sarcleson = Z. nicoletti.

Zygospira anticostiensis D avid son =Catazyga erratica.

Zygospira cincinnatiensis Meek. Lorraine (Ord.).

Zygospira cincinnatiensis (James) Meek, Pal. Ohio, 1, 1873, p. 126, pi. 11, fig. 5. —

Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 59. — Hall and Clarke, Pal.

New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 54, figs. 13, 14.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Zygospira concentrica Ulricli. Lorraine (Ord.).

Zygospira concentrica Ulrich, Jour. Cincinnati Soc. Nat. Hist., II, 1879, p. 14,

pL 7, fig. 10.
Loc. Cincinnati, Ohio.

Zygospira deflecta Hall. Trenton (Ord.).

Atrypa deflecta Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 140, pi. 33, fig. 4.
Zygospira deflecta Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 157.
Loc. Lewis County, New York ; Ottawa, Canada.

Zygospira exigua (Hall). Trenton (Ord.).

Atrypa exigna Hall, Pal. New York, 1, 1847, p. 141, pi. 33, fig. 6.
Genus? exigua Hall, Twelfth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1859, p. 66.
Protozyga exigua Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 149, figs.

137, 138, pi. 54, figs. 47, 48.
Loc. Lowville, Watertown, and Martinsburg, New York.

Zygospira erratica Davidson=Catazyga erratica.

Zygospira headi Hall=Catazyga headi.

Zygospira kentuckiensis James. Lorraine (Ord.).

Zygospira modesta var. kentuckiensis James, The Paleontologist, 1878, p. 7.
Zygospira kentuckiensis Nettelroth, Kentucky Fossil Shells, Mem. Kentucky
Geol. Survey, 1889, p. 138, pi. 34, figs. 21-25.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 54, figs. 11, 15, 16.
Loc. Oldham and Jefferson counties, Kentucky.

Zygospira (?) mica (Billings). Anticosti (Sil.).

Rhyncbonella mica Billings, Cat. Sil. Foss. Anticosti, 1866, p. 44.
Zygospira ? mica Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 157.
Loc. Division 4 of the Anticosti group, Anticosti.

Zygospira (?) minima Hall. Niagara (Sil.).

Zygospira minima Hall, Descrip. n. sp. Foss. Waldron, Indiana, 1879, p. 14; —

Eleventh Rep. Indiana State Geologist, 1882, p. 305, pi. 27, fig. 7; — Trans.

Albany Institute, X, 1883, p. 70.
Loc. Waldron, Indiana.

Zygospira modesta Hall. Utica and Lorraine (Ord.).

Atrypa modesta (Say) Hall, Pal. New York, I, 1847, p. 141, pi. 15, fig. 15;— Thir-
teenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1860, p. 69.

Zygospira modesta Hall, Fifteenth Rep. N. Y. State Cab. Nat. Hist., 1862, p.
154;— Twentieth Rep; Ibidem, 1867, p. 267, figs. 1, 2.— Meek, Pal. Ohio, 1, 1873,
p. 125, pi. 11, fig. 4. — Miller, Cincinnati Quart. Jour. Sci., II, 1875, p. 58. —
Davidson, Suppl. British Sil. Brachiopoda, Pal. Soc, 1882, p. 122.— Winchell

464 SYNOPSIS OF AMERICAN FOSSIL BRACHIOPODA. [bull. 87.

Zygospira modesta Hall — Continued.

and Schuchert, Minnesota Gleol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 467, pi. 34, fi<,'8. 42-44.—

Hall uud Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 155, figs. 146-119, pi.

54, fig.s. 7-10, 12.— Keyes, tieol. Survey Missouri, V, 1895, p. 98.
Rhynchonella? raodesta lUlliugs, Geol. Cauada, 1863, p. 211, fig. 211.
Loc. Cini-iunuti, Ohio; Turin, etc., New York ; Lattner.'^, Iowa; Spring Valley,

Aliuuesota; Wisconsin; St. Louis County, Missouri; Ottawa, Canada (Ami).

Zygospira nicoletti Winchell and Sclmcbert. Treutoii (Ord.).

Haiiiuanicoletti W. and S., American Geol., IX, April 1, 1892, p. 293;— Minnesota

Geol. Survey, III, 1893, p. 474, pi. 34, figs. .59-62.
Zygospira aquila Sardeson, Bull. Minnesota Geol. Survey, III, April 9, 1892, p.

335, pi. 4, ligs. 15-18.
Zygospira nicolleti Beecher and Schuchert, Biol. Soc, Washington, VIII, Pt. II,

" °1893, p. 71, pi. 10, fig. 23; pi. 11, figs. 11, 12.
Loc. Minneapolis, Rochester, and Fountain, Minnesota; Decorah, Iowa; Beloit,
Wisconsin ; Auburn, Missouri.
Zygospira paupera Billings. Anticosti (Sil.).

Zygospira paupera Billings, Cat. Sil. Fossils Anticosti, 1866, p. 46.— Hall and

Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 157.
Loc. Division 3 of Anticosti group, Anticosti.

Zygospira putilla Hall and Clarke. ? Lorraine (Ord.).

Zygospira putilla Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII, Pt. II, 1893, p. 157, fig.
150, p. 365, pi. 54, figs. 35-37 ; pi. 83, figs. 29, 30.

Loc. Pike County, Missouri.
Zygospira recurvirostris (Hall). Trenton (Ord.).

Atrypa recurvirostris Hall, Pal. New York, 1, 1847, p. 140, pi. 33, fig. 5.

Rhynchonella recurvirostris Billings, Geol. Canada, 1863, p. 168, fig. 152.

Anazyga recurvirostra Davidson, Suppl. British Sil. Brachiopoda, Pal. Soc,

1892, p. 129.

Zygospira reci;rvirostra Winchell and Schuchert, Minnesota Geol. Survey, III,

1893, p. 466, pi. 34, figs. 38-41.— Beecher and Schuchert, Biol. Soc. Washington,
VIII, 1893, p. 71, pi. 10, figs. 7-21 ; pi. 11, figs. 1-10.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New
York, VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 54, figs. 1-6.— Whiteaves, Pal. Foss., Ill, Pt. HI,
1897, p. 180.

Loc. New York; Kentucky; Iowa; Minnesota; Wisconsin; Ottawa, Canada;
Lake Winnipeg, Manitoba. According to Billings it occurs also in the Lor-
raine group of Anticosti.
Zygospira safFordi Winchell and Sclmcliert. Trenton (Ord.).

Hallina saffordi W. and S., American Geol., IX, 1892, p. 292;— Minnesota Geol.
Survey, III, 1893, p. 473, pi. 34, figs. 55-58.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York,
VIII, Pt. II, 1895, pi. 83, figs. 36-38.

Zygospira saffordi Beecher and Schuchert, Biol. Soc. Washington, A^II, 1893, p.
71, pi. 10, fig. 22; pi. 11, figs. 13, 13a.— Hall and Clarke, Pal. New York, VIII,
Pt. II, 1893, p. 151, figs 139-141.

Loc. Lebanon, Tennessee; Highbridge, Kentucky.

Zygospira (?) subconcava Meek and Wortlien, Lower Helderbero- (Bev.).
Zygospira subconcava Meek and Worthen, Geol. Survey Illinois, III, 1868, ji. 380,

pi. 7, fig. 1.
Loc. Perry County, Missouri.

Zygospira upbami W. and S. = Catazyga upbami.

[Take this leaf out and paste the separated titles upon three of your catalogue
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LIBRARY CATALOGUE SLIPS.

United States. Department of the interior. ( U. S. geological survey.)
Department of the interior | — | Bulletin | of the | United
States I geological survey | no. 87 | [Seal of the department] |
Washington | government printing office | 1897

m

-g Second title: United States geological survey | Charles D.

« Walcott, director | — | A synopsis | of | American fossil brachi-

opoda I including | bibliography and synonymy | by | Charles
Schuchert | [Vignette] |
Washington | government printing office | 1897
8°. 464 pp.

O
.S

Schuchert (Charles).

United States geological survey | Charles D. Walcott, di-
rector I — I A synopsis | of | American fossil brachiopoda | in-
cluding I bibliography and synonymy | by | Charles Schuchert |
[Vignette] |

Washington | government printing office | 1897

8°. 464 pp.

[United States. Department of the interior. {U. S. geologital lurvey.)
Bulletins?.]

United States geological survey | Charles D. Walcott, di-
rector I — I A synopsis | of | American fossil brachiopoda | in-
cluding I bibliography and synonymy | by | Charles Schuchert |
[Vignette] |
t» Washington | government printing office | 1897

8°. 464 pp.

[United States. Department of the interior. (TJ. S. geological lurvey.)
Bulletin 87.]

.fi

L 77

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796
S39

P&ASci.

Schuchert, Charles

A synopsis of American fossil
Brachiopoda including
bibliography and synonymy

'5'97

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