Synopsis of the genus Arthonia

A

SYNOPSIS

OF THE GENUS

ARTHONIA.

BY

HENRY WILLEY.-

PRINTED FOR THE AUTHOR.

NEW BEDFORD, MASSACHUSETTS :
E. Anthony & Sons, Printers.

1890.

PREFACE.

The genus Arthonia ( the name said by the author to be derived
from the Greek Artho , (aspergo) to sprinkle, “propter thallum
apotheciis minutis quasi adspersum,” was established by Acharius
in Schrader’s Neuer Journal f. d. Hot. 1806, accompanied by a
table representing tolerably well, according to Krempelhuber, four
species and one variety; but as F6e observes, (Ess. p. xxxi) the
Greek word equivalent to aspergo is ardo , and the proper spelling of
the name would have been Ardonia. The species as interpreted by
him were described in his Lichenographia Universalis and Synopsis
Lichenum , the genus being thus defined: “ Receptaculum univer¬
sale [thallus], crustaceum plano-expansum adnatum uniforme. Par-
tiale [apothecia] innato-sessile subtrotundo-difforme immarginatum
(atrum) membrana subcartilaginea tectum, parenchymate solido
similari.” Some of his Arthonias, however, do not belong to the
genus, while other lichens now comprised in it, including the pale-
truited species, were referred to other genera, especially Graphis
and Opegrapha . Fries, in his Lichenographia Europcea ref or mat a,
did not accept the genus, but described several species belonging to
it under Coniocarpon and Coniangium. The spore characters were
first indicated by Eschweiler as follows: “ Asci [thekes] ovato-
pyriformes, thecas [spores] foventes 3 vel 5 subcylindricas annulatas,
annulis 1-15.” (Syst. p. 17, and f. 20.) F6e did not have a clear
conception of the genus, regarding it in the Suppl. as an empirical
one, and his figures of spores referred to Arthonia are mostly, if not
all, those of species of Graphis , as are many of his Arthonias ; but
he retains Coniocarpon DC. for Arthonias with colored fruit, (equiv¬
alent to Spiloma Ach.) Succeeding writers of the ante-microscopic
period followed Acharius. The genus, as here understood, was defi¬
nitely established by Nylander in his Synopsis Arthoniarum , 1856,
who has been followed by most subsequent writers, though some
retain Art hot helium Mass, for the species with muriform spores, and
Coniangium Fr. for those with 2 locular spores. The genus is de
fined by Tuckerman, Genera, p. 217, as follows: “Apothecia ro-
tundata oblongave, margin q accessorio thallode nunc instructa, pro-
.prio destituta, plus minus aggregata 1. dein in pseudostroma difforme
1. rotundatum 1. stellatum confluentia. Sporae (in thecis plerumque
abbreviates pyriformibus) oblongo-ovoideae, (nymphaeformes) 1. ob-
longae 1. rarissime fusiformes, 2-4-pluriloculares, demum et muri-
formi-multiloculares, fuscescentes 1. decolores. Spermatia oblonga
1. bacillaria, 1. acicularia ; sterigmatibus simplicibus. Thallus crus.

ri

taceus, uniformis, aut hypophlaeodes.” For a full account ot the
synonymy of the genus, and for fuller historical observations, refei-
ence may be had to the works of Tuckerman, Nylander and Alm-
quist, to Koerber’s Sy sterna and Parerga, Th. M. Fries's Genera
Heterolichen um , and Stitzenberger’s Beitrage.

In Nylander’s definition of the genus the thalamium is said to be
“ paraphysibus discretis nullis.” There are however a few species,
especially the lecideoid ones, which present the appearance of reg¬
ular paraphyses ; and I have observed such even in A. radiata and
in A. glaucescens. But in most cases the thalamium is pervaded by
a confused tissue not differing, perhaps, from the hyphae of the hy-
pophlaeoid thallus, as may be seen in A. punctiformis . The thallus,
especially when well developed, often takes a deep blue color with
iodine, and this may also be seen in the hypophlaeoid hyphae, after
previous treatment with dilute sulphuric acid. The gonidia are
mostly the concatenate ones of the Graph ideas {chroolepogonidia
Nyl.) ; but in a number of species are the ordinary green gonidia
(, haplogonidia Nyl.) ; for the latter Nyl. has proposed the distinc¬
tive name Allarthonia. According to Almquist, p. 7, both forms
sometimes occur in the same species.

The species of Arthonia have been largely increased by collectors
in various parts of the world in recent times, among whom are
specially to be mentioned Lindig for South America and Charles
Wright for Cuba. The collections of the former have been deter¬
mined by Nylander. The Cuban Graphideae have been distributed.
Among them are many new Arthonias, some of which have been
named by Nylander, but they are as yet undescribed. The descrip
tions I have attempted of some of them, being founded mostly on
small specimens, must be regarded as imperfect ; and I have not
ventured to name these species, to which names have perhaps already
been given by Dr. Muller, who has rendered an important service
by the revision of the Lichens of Eschweiler and Fee.

The synonymy of the European Arthonias is often conflicting,
owing doubtless to some extent to the confusion of species in the
early herbaria. The difference of opinion in regard to what shall
constitute a species is great. These matters I do not undertake to
decide.

A list of the authorities consulted will be found succeeding this
preface. I had the privilege several years ago of examining the Ar¬
thonias of the late Professor Tuckerman’s herbarium, which, how¬
ever, had not been thoroughly worked up by him. But I have not
had the opportunity of consulting them again for the purposes of
this work.

The following pages are intended rather as a record than as a crit¬
ical revision and arrangement of the genus, which can only be at¬
tempted by one having access to the riches of the European herbaria,

TIT

and a better opportunity of examining the recent species than I have
enjoyed. This might probably result in the reduction of some of
the species herein mentioned. But a large accession may also be
anticipated as the lichens of the world become better known. But
little has as yet been done for the Arthonias of North America, and
many additions may be expected to them, especially in the Southern
and Western regions.

The object of this publication will have been fully attained if it
shall aid some more competent hand in making a complete and
much to be desired study and elaboration of this difficult genus. To
such I appeal for a lenient judgment of the errors and deficiencies
which may be found in a perhaps presumptuous undertaking.

The following arrangement is of course artificial, being designed
to give some aid in the examination of species. Some might with
equal propriety be referred to the series with colored, or to that with
black apothecia. The color of the spores is mentioned only when
they are brown, although typically all the Arthonia spores belong to
the colored series. It has not been attempted to give all the syno¬
nyms of the older writers, and in general only the more recent exsic-
cati known to the writer have been referred to. The spores of Ar¬
thonia are mostly 8 or 6-8 ; in a very few species 1-2. No Arthonias
with polysporous thekes are known. As to the manner of develop¬
ment of the Spore, see Minks , Symbol#, p- xii .

New' Bedford, Jan. 1890.

f

LIST OF THE WORKS CONSULTED.

Acharius. Lichenographia Universalis, 1810.

Synopsis Lichenum, 1814.

Almquist. Monographia Arthoniarum Scandinavia;, 1880.

Anzi. Catal Lichenum in Prov. Sondrens., i860.

Arnold Lichens in Flora , various dates, 1869-1887, including
the lichens of the French Jura.

Branth & Gronlund. Greenland’s Lichen Flora, 1888.
Chevalier. Sur les Hypoxylons Lichenoides, 1824.

Dufour. Revis du Genre Opegrapha, 1818.

Eschweiler. Systema Lichenum, 1824.

Lichens in Martius Flora Braziliensis, 1833.

Fee. Essai sur les Cryptog. des Ecorces Exotiques officinales, 1824.

Supplement to the same, 1838.

Fries, E. Systema Orbis Vegetabilis, 1825.

Lichenographia Europaea Reformata, 1831.

Fries, Th. M. Lichenes Arctoi, i860.

Genera Heterolichenum Europae, 1861.

Lichenes Spitsbergenses, 1869.

Lichenographia Scandinavica, 1874.

Lichens of English Polar Expedition of 1875-76, 1S79.

Hepp. Abbild. der Sporen der Flechten Europa’s, 1853-1867.
Koerber. Systema Lichenum and Parerga, 1855-1865.

Knight & Mitten. Lichens of New Zealand, i860.
Krempelhuber. Geschichte der Lichenologie, 1867-72.

Brazilian and other lichens in Flora, 1869-1878.

Amboina lichens, 1871. t

Borneo lichens, 1875.

South Sea Islands lichens, - .

Lamy. Lichens cle Mount Dore, 1871.

Leighton. Ceylon lichens, 1870.

Lichen Flora of Great Britain, 1871.

Lindsay. Arthonia melaspermella, 1866.

Lojka. Adatok, &c., (Hungarian lichens,) 1885.

Massalongo. Ricerche, &e., 1852.

Memorie, &c., 1855.

Sull. Chrysothrix noli-tangere, i860.

Minks. Beitrage, &c., 1876.

Morphologisch-Lichenographische Studien, 1880.

Symbolae Licheno-mycologicae, 1881.

* o

V

Montagne. Lichens of S. America, 1834.

Lichens of Cuba, 1838.

Lichens of Java, 1856.

Sylloge Cryptogamarum, 1856.

Muller, J. (Mull. Arg.) Lichens in Flora , 1861-1889, (including
Beit rage, n. 1-1493.)

Lichens de Geneve, 1862.

Lichens of West Africa, - .

Lichens of Naumann Exp., - .

Lichens of Socotra, 1882. •

Lichens of Palestine, 1883.

Lichens of Egypt, 1884.

Lichens of Paraguay, 1888.

Lichens of Cape Horn, 1888.

Lichens of Straits of Magellan, (Spegazz.) 1889.

Revis. Lich. Eschweileri, Ser. II, 1888.

Re vis. Lich. Meyen, - .

Graphidete E6eanae, 1887.

Sched. Graphid. Cubens. - .

Newton. Lichens of Portugal, 1886.

Norman. Specialia Loca Natalia, 1868.

Lichens of Norway, 1884.

Nylander. Lichens in Flora , 1869-1886.

Lichens of Chili, 1855.

Synopsis Arthoniarum, 1856.

Prodromus Lich. Gall. & Alger., 1857.

En. G6n6rale des Lichens, 1858.

Expos. Pyrenocarpeorum, 1858.

Lichenographia Scandinavica, 1861.

Suppl. to the same, (Lapp. Or.) 1866.

Prodromus Flora Novo-Granatensis, Edit. 2, 1864.

Synopsis Lichenum Novae Caledoniae, 1868.

Antilles Lichens, 1869.

Andaman Islands Lichens, 1874.

New Zealand lichens, 1865 and 1888.

Fuegia and Patagonia Lichens, 1888.

Lichenes Ins. Guineensium, 1889.

Ohlert. Zusammenst. der. Lich. Preussen, 1870.

SCH/ERER. Lich. Helvet. Spicilegium, 1823-36.

Shirley. Lichen Flora of Queensland, Proc. Roy. Soc. Queens¬
land, 1888-1889.

Stitzenberger . Lichenes Ins. Maderae, 1867.

Lichenes Helvetici, 1883.

Conspectus Opeg. Saxicolarum, 1864.

Taylor. Flora Hibernica, 1836.

VI

Tuckerman. Hawaiian Lichens, 1867.

Genera Lichenum, 1872.

Synopsis Lichenum, P. II, 1888.

Wainio. Adjumenta ad Licli. Lapp, et Fenn P. II, 1883.
Willey. Suppl. to Introd. to the Study of Lichens, 1887.
Zwach . Heidelberg Lichens, 1883.

EXSICCATE

Lojka. Lichenotheca Universalis, Fasc. 1-5.

Lichenes Hungarici Regni.

Norrlin & Nylander. Herbar. Lich. Fenmas, n. 1-450.
Tuckerman herbarium.

Willey herbarium.

Wright Lichens Cubani.

SCHEME OF THE ARRANGEMENT.

Series A. Apothecia variously colored, not black.

Spores 2 rarely 3 locular.

f Apoth. lighter colored. Species 1-6.
t Apoth. darker colored. Species 7-20.

Spores 4-plurilocular.

t Apoth. whitish or pale yellow. Species 21-40.
ft Apoth. crimson, or violet brown, or purple. Species 41-47.
ftt Apoth. yellow, or cinnamon colored, or brown or reddish-
brown, often blackening. Species 48-120.

* Spores muriform.

f Apoth. pale. Species 121-129.
ft Apoth. yellow. Species 130-131.
ftf Apoth. crimson, or red, or purple. Species 132-135.
tfft Apoth. brown, and now blackening. Species 136-143.

Series B. Apothecia black.

* Spores 2 rarely 3 locular.

f Apoth. rounded, more or less lecideiform.
a Thallus glebous-squamose. Species 144.
b Thallus uniform.

X Growing on rocks, earth, or decayed vegetation.
Species 145- 153.

H Growing on bark, dead wood, or leaves. Species
1 54-179-

ff Apoth. from rounded, more or less elongated or stel¬
late, or irregular. Species 180-197.
fff Parasitic species, spores 2 locular. Species 198-214.
** Spores 4-8 locular.

f Apoth. rounded, or oblong, or angular,
f Growing on rocks. Species 21 5-2 19.
ft Growing on bark or dead wood. Species 220-260.
ft Apoth. becoming linear or stellate. Species 261-295.
*** Spores 8-plurilocular. Species 296-303.

*** Parasitic species, the spores 4-locular. Species 304-306.

*** Spores muriform. Species 307-348.

Series A. Apothecia variously colored, not black.

* Spores 2, rarely 3 locular,
f Apoth. lighter colored.

1. A. earneorufa, Willey. Thallus very thin, white, effuse.
Apoth. reddish flesh-colored, numerous, small, rounded, convex.
Spores ovoid, 2 locular, .008-10 by .004-5 nim. Reaction with
iodine blue. — Suppl. p. 52. — On dead wood, Washington Territory.
Suksdorf, 1884.

2. A. i near 11 at a, (Th. Fr.) Kullh. Thallus inconspicuous.
Apoth. reddish, darkening with age, numerous, rounded, convex,
now confluent, within pale. Spores solaeform, 3 locular, .012-17 by
005-7 mm., the upper cell larger. Reaction vinous red. — Almq. p.
18. — On dead wood and Abies, Scandinavia, and on the same sub¬
strates, White Mts. in hb. Willey.

3. A. helvola, Nyl. Thallus thin, greenish or fuscescent.
Apoth. from yellowish becoming brownish red, minute, rounded,
convex, now confluent. Spores solaeform, 2-3 locular, .008-12 by
.004-5 mm- Reaction vinous red; with potash deep violet. — Flora
1867, p. 330. Almq.p. 17. A. lurida v. helvola Nyl. Arth., p.
92. Pr. Gall., p. 165. Fxs. Lojka L. U. , 11. 194, Norrl ., n. 224.
— On bark and dead wood*, Europe. Not unlikely to be found in
this country.

4. A. alboriiiella, Nyl- Thallus thin, white. Apoth. red, very-
minute, rounded, innate, somewhat aggregated. Spores ovoid, 3
locular, .014-16 by .006-7 mm. Reaction blue, then vinous red. —
Pr. Ar. Gr., p. 101. — Cuba. Wright exs., n. 188.

5. A. cinnabarinula, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, greenish.
Apoth. crimson, stellate-ramose, plane, the 2-5 branches obtuse.
Spores ovoid, 2 locular, .006-8 by .002-25 mm- — Beitr., 11. 307. —
On leaves, Brazil.

6. A.jpulcherrinia, MU11. Arg. Thallus thin, white, powdery.
Apoth. crimson, rounded, angulate or sublobate, plane, thin. Spores
ovoid, 2 locular, .008-10 by .004 mm. — Beitr., n. 1053. Portorico,
West Indies.

ft Apoth. darker colored.

7. A. lurida, Ach. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth. brown or
blackening, within of the same color, rounded or somewhat difiform,
appressed, plane or slightly convex. Spores ovoid, 2 locular, brown
or decolorate, .010-12 bv .005 mm. Reaction with iodine vinous
red, with potash deep violet. Spermatia oblong, .004-6 mm. long.
— L. U., p. 143, Syn.,p. 7. Schoer. En., p. 212, and t. 9. f. 6.
Nyl. Art h . , p. 91. A. lurida , c. vulgaris Almq ., p. 16. A. vinosa
Leight. Gr. Brit ., p. 391, p. p. fide Almq. 1. c. Coniangium Kbr.
Syst., p. 298. C. vulgare , Fr. L. E., p. 378. A. sublunda Anz.
Neosymb ., p . 13, fide Almq . 1. c. Lecidea emphysa Stirt ., Grevillea
1874, p. 33, fide seipso, ibid. Nov. 1874. But see Leighton' s remarks
ibid. p. 1 17, and Stir toil's reply ibid. 1875,7b 173. Exs. Arorrl., n .
223. — Europe. New England in lib. Willey. Buffalo, N. Y., Miss
Wilson.

Var. spadicea, Nyl. Apoth. darker, and the spores smaller, .007
-9 by -003-4 mm.; figured in Hepp, n. 161. — Arth. p. 92, Pr .
Gall., p. 41 1 . Almq., p. 15. A. spadicea Leight. Gr. Brit., p.
393.— Europe.

8. A. luridofiisca, Nyl. Similar to lurida v. spadicea, but
without reaction with potash. Spores .014-17 by 005-6 mm. —
Flora 1875,7b 363. A. lurida var. Almq., 7 b 15. Exs. Zw., n .
86 77. Lojka L. I/., n. 193. — Europe.

9. A. subspadicea, Nyl. Similar to A. spadicea, but colorless
within, and giving no reaction with potash. Spores .010-11 by
.0035-45 mm. — Flora 1875,7b 364. — -Europe.

10. A. didyma, Kbr. Thallus thin, effuse, leprous, from glau-
cescent becoming reddish. Apoth. dark brown and blackening,
minute, crowded, difform, angulose, or substellate, plane, or slightly
convex. Spores ovoid, 2 locular, brown or decolorate, .016-18 by
.0065-8 mm., the upper cell larger; figured in Hepp., n. 558. Re¬
action from blue vinous red. — Sert. Slid., 11. 8. Almq., p. 13. Nyl.
Scand.,p. 261. A.pineti Kbr. Syst.,p. 292, Pg.,p. 266. A. lurida
v. pineti Nyl. Scand., 7 b 261, Lapp. Or., 7 b 167. A. vinosa v.
pineti, Leight. Gr. Brit., p. 392. — Europe; and a too scanty speci¬
men from the White Mts. may belong here.

Var. decipieus, Kbr. Thallus leprous, white. Apoth. rounded,
tumid, more emergent. — Pg. p. 266. — Europe.

11. A. atrofuscella, Nyl. Similar to the preceding, but the
spores smaller, .012-16 by .005-6 mm. — Flora 1875,7b 363. — Europe.

12. A. sapineti, Nyl. Similar to atrofuscella, but the apoth.
pale within and no reaction with potash. Spores .011-14 by .006
mm. — Llora 1876. yb 239. A. didyma , Almq. p. 13. — Europe.

o

O

13- A. punctilliformis, Leight. Thallus filmy. Apoth. black¬
ish-brown, excessively minute, irregularly roundish, convex, scat¬
tered, within brown. Spores oblong-ovoid, 2 locular, pale brown,
.029 by .0135 mm. — Frans. Linn. Sac., Vol. /, Ser. 2, p. 146, and
t. 22,/. 26-28. — On holly, Wales.

14. A. Floridana, Willey. Thallus inconspicuous, bordered by
a thin dark line. Apoth. dark brown and blackening, rounded, ob¬
long, or now sublobate, slightly convex. Spores fusiform-ovoid, 2
locular, .016-22 by .006-8 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Suppl. p.
52. — Florida in hb. Calkins.

15. A. Austinii, n. sp. Thallus, thin, white. Apoth. black-
ening, stellate and difform. “ Sp. parvae, tenues, incol., 2 loc.,
.010 by .003 mm.” Reaction blue. — Florida, Austin in hb. Tuck.

I have seen only a small bit, and have not detected spores, and men¬
tion it here only for further inquiry. Sent to Nyl. under n. 92.

16. A. eoiispicua, Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous, brown and
blackening, rounded-oblong or obsoletely lobate, convex, within
dark. Spores ovoid, 2 locular, brown, .029-33 by .012-15 mm.
Reaction vinous red. — Pr. IV. Or. p. 10 1. Myriangium inconspic-
uum Bab. N. Zeal., p. 16 and t. 128. — On dead leaves, New Zea¬
land.

17. A. ephelodes, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determinate.
Apoth. brown or ochraceous-brown, macular-difform, large, adnate.
Spores commonly 3 locular, .014-15 by .006-7 mm. Reaction blue.
— Syn. N. Caled., p. 60. — New Caledonia.

18. A. Henoniana, Mull. Arg. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
black when dry, becoming brown when wet, suborbicular, obsoletely
lobate or angulose, plane, within pale or olivaceous. Spores solae-
form, 2, more often 3 locular, the upper cell larger, .020-23 by .007-9
mm. — Flora 1879,7c 387. — Japan.

19. A. delicatula, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white. Apoth.
olive-brown, paler when wet, innate, orbicular or irregularly angulose,
pruinose, at length naked, simple or 1-2 branched, convex, within
dark. Spores oblong-ovoid, 3 locular, .018-21 by .006-8 mm. —
Beitr. n. 523. Shirley, 1889,7). 150. — Australia.

20. A. scitnla, Kph. Thallus thin, white, dilated, bordered by
a thin dark line. Apoth. numerous, brown, minute, stellate or den¬
dritic-ramose. Spores solaeform, 3 locular, .023 by .011 mm. —
Flora 1876,7). 481. — Brazil.

To this stock may also belong A. ( Coniangiuni ) glaucofuscum,
Kbr., L. S. G., n. 319, and A. ( Coniangium ) paradoxnm, Kbr.,
Verh. Bat. Sac. in Wien, 1868, p. 705.

4

** Spores 4-plurilocular.
f Apoth. whitish or pale yellow.

21. A. Alii illaru in, (F6e) Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determi¬
nate. Apoth. pale, macular-difform. Spores ovoid-oblong, 4 locu¬
lar, .013-16 by .0045-55 mm. Reaction blue. — Coniocarpon , Fee ,
Supp., p. 94 and t. 42 f. 4. Mont. Cub. p. 169. A rthonia , Ayl.
Syn . N. Caled. p. 61. Mull. Arg. Graph. Fee, p. 5°. A. hepatic a.
Mey. and Flat. Act. Leap. vol. 19, p. 230, fide Mull. Arg. Reids .
Mey., p. 318. Exs. Wright Cub., n. 125 b. Spermatia in a Calcutta
specimen from hb. Krempelhuber, oblong, minute. — Tropical, widely
distributed.

22. A. Cinchonas, Mlill. Arg. Thallus white, thickish, mealy,
continuous. Apoth. flesh-colored, linear, variously branched, some¬
what flexuous, slender, innate. Hypothecium thick, pale yellow.
Spores ovoid-fusiform, 4 locular, .015-17 by .005-6 mm. Graph.
Fee,p. 54. — Tropical in hb. F£e.

23. A. perpallens, Nyl. Thallus white, subdeterminate. Ap¬
oth. pale or pale yellowish, rounded or difform, plane. Spores
oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .012-14 by .0045-5 mm. Reaction vinous
red. — Pr. Ah. Gr.,p. 100. — Bonin Islands, Japan.

24. A. impallens, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. pale or
pale yellow, numerous, linear, flexuous, more or less branched.
Spores ovoid-oblong, 2-4 locular, .011-12 by .0035 mm. Reaction
of the hymenium blue, of the thekes dark vinous red.— Flora 1885,
p. 448. — On holly, New Jersey, in hb. Eckfeldt.

25. A. ochrolutea, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determinate.
Apoth. pale yellow, numerous, rounded, oblong or angulate, plane,
margined by the thflllus, (in Florida specimens parallelly disposed.)
Spores oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .011-16 by .003-4 mm. Reaction
blue. — Flora 1886, p. 104 (nomen.) Wright Cub., u. 132. Also
in Florida, Austin in hb. Tuck.

26. A. explanata, Nyl. Thallus greenish-white, determinate
or bordered by a dark line. Apoth. pale white, obsoletely greyish
pruinose, depressed, plane, dilated, difform, now as it were indeter¬
minate, very thin. Spores oblong or oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .016-
18 by .006 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Pr. N. Gr., p. 99. New
Grenada.

27. A. g-yalectoides, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, mealv,
effuse. Apoth. flesh-colored, depressed -concave, orbicular or slightlv
irregular, at first margined by the torn thallus, when young white
pruinose. Spores 5 locular, .018-20 by .006-7 mm., the upper cell
larger. — Beitr., u. 1000. — Tropical in hb. Fee.

o

28. A. liivea, n. sp. Thallus snow-white, somewhat mealy, in¬
determinate. Apoth. pale brown, suffused with the thallus, adnate,
rounded and oblong, plane. Spores ovoid, 4 locular, .018-22 by
.007-9 nim. Reaction blue, as also of the thallus. — Galapagos
Islands, Hassler Exp.

29. A. Loangnmi, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, white, somewhat
mealy. Apoth. yellowish or dirty-white, suborbicular, lobate-angu-
lose, plane. Spores finger-shaped, straight or slightly curved, ob¬
tuse, 6-7 locular, .017-20 by -005-55 nim., the intermediate cells
larger. — West Africa , p. 39. In Lich. Mont ev id. , p. 5, it is called
A. Loandana. — Loango, West Africa.

30. A. lactea, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, milk-white, somewhat
mealy. Apoth. whitish flesh-colored, subangulose-orbicular, or
often a little elongated. Spores fusiform, obtuse, 6 locular, .025-30
by .0035-65 mm., the two middle cells larger. — Montevid., p. 5. —
S. America.

[“A. lactea. Mont. sub. Chiod.,” in Miill. Arg. Sched. Graph.
Cub. ( Wright Cub., n. 183,) has in my specimen muriform spores
resembling those of A. tcediosa. Whether this is the same as
Chiodecton Montagnei Tuck. Gen., p. 215 ( C. lacteum Mont. Cub.,
p. 1 6 1 , ) I am unable to say.]

31. A. fissnrinea, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. pale, in¬
nate, sublanecolate, slightly concave, indistinctly bordered by the
thallus. Spores ovoid, 8-10 locular, .028-32 by .009-11 mm. Re¬
action from blue fulvous red. — Flora 1885, p. 447. — Florida in herb.
Tuck.

32. A. fissnrinella, Nyl. Thallus white or whitish ash-colored,
thin, subrugulose. Apoth pale-white, small, fissurinasform, erum-
pent, lanceolate or subangulose, with a suberect thalline margin.
Spores ovoid-oblong, 6-ro locular, .024-36 by .008-10 mm. Reac¬
tion from blue vinous red. — Flora 1869, p. 125. — Brazil.

33. A. erupta, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. erumpent,
lanceolate, margined by the thallus, the disk dilated, pale. Spores
oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .013-15 by .0035-5 mm. Flora 1886, p.
104, (nomen.) Exs. Wright Cub. n. 120 h. Florida, Eckfeldt Cat.,
p. 8. Texas, Mead.

34. A. leucograpliella, Mull. Arg. Thallus whitish ash-colored.
Apoth. innate, at length a little emergent, elongated, externally per¬
ceptible by a narrow, somewhat interruptedly white-bordered cleft, and
imperfectly reticulate-subconfluent, pale orange-pruinose. Spores
elliptic-fusiform, the ends narrowed and obtuse, 8-10 locular, the
intermediate cells larger, .065 by .022-25 mm. — Paraguay, p. 25.—
Paraguay, S. Am.

35- A. leiicoschisma, Miill. Arg. Thallus white, thin, smooth.
Apoth. lirellate, rimose, mealy-white, very slender, bordered by the
connivent lips ot the thallus, fissurinaeform, within pale. Spoies ob¬
long-ovoid, (6) -8 locular, the intermediate cells larger. — Beitr., n.
1489. — Cochin China.

36. A. vermins, Willey. Thallus whitish-green, powdery, de¬
terminate. Apoth. pale, innate, angular, dilated, plane. Spores
oblong, 10-16 locular, .040-44 by .010-15 mm. — S uftftl . , ft. 53-
Florida, Miss Wilson. 1 have seen only a single small specimen.

37. A. conturbata, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determinate,
limited by a black line. Apoth. pale, slender, intricate-elongated,
uneven. Spores oblong, 8-12 locular, .035-48 by .012-17 mm.
Reaction blue. — Pr. N. Gr., ft. 98. — Tampico, Mexico.

38. A. albovirens, Nyl. Thallus thin, green, limited, by a black
line. Apoth. white, somewhat convex, adnate, difform. Spores
fusiform-oblong, 10-16 locular, .070-80 by .037-32 mm. Reaction
of the hymenium blue, of the tliekes vinous red. — Syn . A". Ceiled,
ft. 64. — New Caledonia.

39. A. umlenaria, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determinate.
Apoth. of the same color, rounded or somewhat difform. slightly
convex, verrucaeform. Spores fusiform-oblong, 12 locular, .158-200
by .049-61 mm. Reaction of the hymenium blue, of the spores pale
rose-color. — Pr. N. Gr., ft. 102. — New Grenada. Spores figured in
Edit. 1, t. 2 f. 50.

40. A. Hampeami, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, olive-green, bor¬
dered by a black line, smooth or obsoletely granulose, now evanes¬
cent. Apoth. white, depressed hemispherical, elliptical or suban-
gulose, plano-convex, margined by the thallus. Spores elongate-
ellipsoid, about 16 locular, .055-70 by .018-23 mm. Phlyctidia
Beitr., n. 220, dein Arthonia ibid., n. 280.— S. America.

To this section also belong Wright. Cub., 47, 218, 761, 762, 763,
not yet described ; perhaps two species.

ft Apoth. crimson, or violet-brown, or purple.

41. A. pyrrliula, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determinate. Ap¬
oth. crimson, linear, subsimple or sparingly branched, often angu-
late-fiexuous, innate, plane. Spores oblong, 6-8 locular, .030-36 by
.015 mm. Reaction from blue vinous red. — En. ft. 337 (no men) ,
Elora 1885,/. 447, (1 descr .), non Tuck. Gen., ft. 220. Said in the
place cited to be from N. Carolina in lib. Tuck., but the plant here
described was not among his Arthonias when I examined them.
The plant to which Tuck, gave the name in litt., is A. ftyrrhuliza

Nyl., which has been distributed as A. pyrrhula , to which I refer a
Florida lichen in hb. Calkins, the spores of which, however, meas¬
ure .038-54 by .016-18 mm.

42. A. Wil msiana, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, mealy, at
length innately rimulose, indeterminate. Apoth. crimson-purple,
orbicular-angulose, stoutly and broadly irregularly subramulose and
substellate, plane, roughish. Spores 4-6 locular, the intermediate
cells a little larger than the terminal ones, .038 by .014-16 mm. —
Beitr ., n. 1052. Exs. Lojka (Jniv., n. 95. — Australia.

43- A. gregaria, (Weig.) Kbr. Thallus thin, white, greyish
or now rose-colored, indeterminate. Apoth. reddish or violet-
brown, and now blackening, usually besprinkled with crimson gran¬
ules, naked or white pruinose, various in form, oblong, difiform,
linear or stellate, scattered or aggregated. Spores ovoid, 4-6 locu¬
lar, brown or decolorate, the upper cell larger, .013-24 by .005-9
mm., figured in Hepp., n. 162, 163, but not very exactly. Reaction
from blue vinous red or purplish. — Sphceria Weig. Obs. Hot ., 1772,
p. 43, and t. 2 , f. 10. Arthonia Kbr. Syst., p. 291. Almq ., p. 26,
{non. Fee Ess., p. 50, which is Sarcographa inquinans Fee Suppl.,
p. 45 ,Jide Midi. Arg. Graph. Fie. p. 64.) A. cinnabarina Wallr.
Crypt Germ. I, p. 320, Nyl. Arth ., p. 98, Pr. Gall., p. 409 and
auctt. Coniocarpon DC. FI. Fr. Id, p. 323, Fr. L. F., p. 379,
Mass. Ric., p. 46, and C. radiatum , ibid. p. 47- Spiloma tumidu-
lum Ach. Syn., p. 1, and S. rubru/n Pers. in Ach., L. LI., p. 16.
A lichen of world-wide distribution, occurring in N. America from
the Gulf States to New York, and on the Pacific coast in California
and Oregon. — Exs. Wright Cub., n. 123, 130, 206, 428, in various
forms; Lojka Hangar., n. 144.

Yar. kennesina, (Schaer.) Nyl. Thallus and apoth. crimson. —
Lepra Schcer. En., p. 240. Nyl. Scand., p. 257. Leight. Gr. Brit.,
p. 399, distinguishes pf. cinnabarina, rosacea, and marginata, Turn,
and Borr. — Europe.

Yar. pruinata, Del. Apoth. entirely white pruinose.' Nyl.
Scand., p. 257, IT. Gall., p. 164. Leight. Gr. Brit., p. 399. — Eu¬
rope.

F. concolor, T. & B. Apoth. convex, of the same color as
the thallus. — Leight., 1. c. A. affinis Mass. Mem., p. 47, Jide
Almq., 1. c.

F. duhia, T. & B. Apoth. dark purple, and f. microstigma
T. & B., apoth. minute, depressed. Both white pruinose. —
Leight., 1. c.

Yar. anerythraea, Nyl. Apoth. elongated or stellate, blackening,
destitute of crimson granules. — Scand., p. 257. — Europe. New N ork
and Oregon.

8

F. detrita, T. & B. Apoth. depressed, dark purple, naked,
more or less stellate. — height . 1. e., p. 400. — England.

F. astroidea, T. & B. Apoth. rather large, clustered, stellate,
dark reddish-black and blackening. — height., 1. c., p. 400. Eng¬
land.

Var. violacea, (Pers.) Nyl. Apoth. violet, the hypothecium
almost colorless. Spores 5-locular, pale brown. — A. violacea Pers.
in Nyl. Artli., p. 89 — Ladrone Islands.

Var. adspersa, (Mont.) Nyl. Apoth. violet-brown, obtuse or
sublobate, the margin white pruinose. Spores .020-23 by .007-8
mm. — Ustalia, Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. 2, xvm, p. 278. Arthoma
Nyl. Arth., p. 89, Pr. N. Gr.,p.gy. Puck. Gen., p. 220 Kph.
Sad. See. Ins., p. 1 5. A. adspersa Nyl. N. Zeal., 1888, p. 19; " vix
nisi subsp. A. cinnabarinoeP A. albida Kn. M Mitt. N. Zeal., p.
105 ,fide Nyl. N. Zeal, heiogramma tenellum Fschw . Braz., p.

1 o 1 , fide Mull. Arg. Revis. Eschw. hi, p. 9. Conio Ionia coccineum,
Eschw. Braz.,p. 170, fide Mull. Arg. 1. c. II, p. 13. — Kph. 1. c.
finally concludes that it is a distinct species. — Tropical. Florida in
hb. Tuck.

Var. substellata, (Eschw.) Mull. Arg. Thallus white, limited
by a dark border, reddening when wet. Apoth. linear, short and
stout, stellate-fewradiate, when dry blackish, when wet brown or
reddish-brown, within reddish, turgid, naked. Spores brown. A.
polymorpha v. substellata, Eschw. Praz. p. 113, excl.syn.: Mull.
Arg. Revis. II, p. 12. — Brazil.

Var. opegrapliina, Leight., referred to by Mull. Arg. in Peitr.,
n. 1492, who cites Jxight. Gr. Brit., p. 423, is not found in the first
edition of that work, but is mentioned in Grevillea , 1872, p. 59, and
t. 4, f. 7, as A. astroidea v. opegrapliina Ach. and is referred to A.
gregaria , as is also A. epipastoides Nyl. (/. 4,/'. 8.) The spores as
figured agree with those of A. gregaria. But the plant last named
is certainly not the true epipastoides Nyl. Muller’s plant occurs in
Cochin China. — Leighton’s plants may perhaps well be referred to
v. anerythrcea.

44. A. oehrocincta, Nyl. Apoth. minute, numerous, rounded,
plane, the disk white pruinose, the margin crimson. — Flora 1886,7b
104 (nomen.) Exs. Aright. Cub., n. 134, 212. — Hardly more than
a form of the preceding.

45- A. Meissueri, Mull. Arg. Thallus - . Apoth. purple ox-

dark crimson-brown, orbicular and oblong, often stelloid-confiuent.
naked. Spores pyriiorm-panduriform, 4 locular, the two middle'
cells smaller, .010-14 by .0045-55 mm- — Graphid. Fee. p. 54. Co-
niocarpon extension Meissn. in Fie Suppl. , p. 95 and t. 42, f. c .
hecidea cuticula ibid., p. 109, non Fss. p. 1 12. — Tropical in hb. F6e.

9

46. A. lilacina. Mont. Thallus thin, whitish ash-colored, ef-
tuse. Apoth. lilac-purple, punctiform, roundish, convex. Spores 4
locular. — Syll. p. 353, Java, p. 52. — Java.

47- A. epiodes, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, subdeterminate.
Apoth. black or blackening, rounded or oblong, plane, within dark,
the epithecium covered with a thick violet stratum. Spores ovoid-
oblong, 8 locular, brown, .032-40 by .010-14 mm. Reaction dark
vinous red. Spermatia .005-6 mm. long. — N. Zeal. 1888,/. 121.
“ Forsan optime disponenda prope .4. cinnabarinam — New Zea¬
land.

ttt Apoth. yellow, cinnamon-colored or reddish-brown, often

blackening.

4&- A. elegans, (Ach.) Almcp Thallus thin, leprous, whitish
ash-colored. Apoth. dark yellow, crowded, lobate-difform or stel¬
late. Spores ovoid, 4 locular, the upper cell larger, .015-18 by
.007-8 mm. ; figured in Hepp., n. 354. Reaction blue. — Alrnq., p.
19. Spiloma Ach. Syn., p. 1. A. ochracea Duf. Rems . du genre
Opeg., p. 8. Kbr. Syst., p. 292. Coniocarpon Fr. S. (J. V., p. 228,
L. E., p. 380. Mass. Ric., p. 47. A. cinnabarina v. ochracea Nyl.
Arth.,p. 89, Pr. Gall., p. 164. Exs. Lojka Univ .,n. 41 . — Europe.

49- A. cinmimomea, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, limited
by a dark line. Apoth. cinnamon-colored, orbicular, now conflu¬
ent, planoconvex, marginate when young, within pale. Spores
oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .015 by .005 mm., the two middle cells
smaller. — Beitr., n. 224. — S. America.

50. A. seplemloeu laris, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, clayey-white,
limited by a dark line. Apoth. dark cinnamon-brown, orbicular,
depressed-hemispherical, bordered by an evanescent paler margin,
two often confluent, within reddish-brown. Spores decolorate or
pale brown, cylindrical-obovoid, 6-12 locular, the upper cell larger,
.028-35 by .007-8 mm. — Beitr., u. 222. — New Grenada. Exs.
Lindig., n. 2610, p. p.

51. A. noli-tangere, (Mont.) Nyl. Thallus floccose, composed
of intertangled yellowish-green filaments. Apoth. tawny flesh-col¬
ored, innate, orbicular, depressed, somewhat margined by the thal¬
lus, sprinkled with green granules. Spores fusiform, 4 locular,
.018 by .005 mm. — Cilicia Mont. Ann. Sci. Nat. 1834, p. 275 and
t. 16, f. 2. Chrysothrix ibid. Chil., p. 212, Syll. , p. 382, Mass. Mott-
ogr. in Alt. Ven. 1859,/. 499> aiuit- 3- Stitz. Beitr., p. 141. Ar-
thonia Nyl. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, III, p. 186, Kph . Novara Voy., p.
108. — South America. Tuckerman in Gen., p. 219, considers it
analogous to Ccenogonium.

10

52. A. ochrodes. Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. minute,
dark reddish-brown, rounded or oblong, numerous, somewhat con¬
vex. Spores ovoid, 4 locular, the upper cell larger, .016-18 by
.006-7 mm. Reaction from blue vinous red. — Flora 1 886, />. 104,
{nowea.) Exs. Wright Cub., n. 135. — Cuba.

53. A. ochraceella, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. reddish-
brown, innate, linear, elongated, simple or sparingly branched.
Spores ovoid, 5 locular, the upper cell larger, .032-36 by 016-18
mm. Reaction from blue vinous red. — Flora 1886,/. 104, (nomen.)
Exs. Wright Cub., n. 1 21. —Cuba.

54. A. ochrospila, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, limited by a dark
line. Apoth. reddish-brown, innate, linear, simple or sparingly
branched. Spores ellipsoid, 4-6 locular, .045-58 by .018-23 mm-
Reaction blue.— Flora 1886, p. 104, (nomen.) Exs. Wright Cub.,
n. 210. — Cuba.

f

55- A. Cascarillae, (F6e) Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
dark violet or brown, or obsoletely violaceous, innate, minute, nu¬
merous, rounded or difform. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, 014-16
by .005 mm. Reaction blue then reddening. — Comocarpon Fee
Ess.,p. 98 and t. 15, f. 4. Suppl. , t. 42, f. 3. Nyl. Pin., p. 32,
Flora 1885, p. 447, (descr.) “ Vix differens ab A. adspersam
(Mont.) nisi apoth. minoribus simplicibus.” Mull. A rg. Graph.
Fee, p. 53, (descr.) “ Sporae .015-17 long, .005-55 latae, oblongato-
fusiformi-obovoideae, 4 loc., loculus summus reliquis mill to major.’1
— Tropical. — A. Cascarillce (Fee) Leight. Gr. Brit., p. 394, judging
by a specimen from himself, seems to belong elsewhere.

56. A. Ravenelii, Tuck. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. dark-
reddish-brown and blackening, minute, numerous, rounded or ob¬
long, plane, within paler. Spores in clavate thekes, oblong-ovoid,
4-8 locular, .015-23 by .007-9 mni., the upper cell larger. Reaction
of the external parts of the apoth. blue, of the thekes vinous red.
Texas in hb. Tuck., also in Jib. Eckfeldt , but with larger spores,
.023-30 by .009-10 mm

57. A. viridicans, n. sp. Thallus thin, green, limited, and now
intersected by black lines. Apoth. dark brown or blackening, paler
when wet, small, rounded or oblong, adnate, slightly convex.
Spores ovoid, 4 locular, .013-15 by .005-6 mm. Reaction vinous
red. — Texas, E. D. Mead, 1885. Sent to Nyl. under n. 73.

58. A. compensate, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. dark
reddish-brown, and finally blackening, rounded or elliptical, or more
elongated and flexuous, plane, white pruinose, at length naked.

11

Spores ovoid, 4-5 locular, the upper cell larger, .018-27 by .009-12
mm. — Tlora 1886, p. 104, ( nomen .) Exs. Wright Cttb., n. uge,
126. — Cuba.

59- A. compensatula, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. . Apoth.
blackening, minute, punctiform, rounded or oblong. Spores ovoid,
5-6 locular, .023-35 bv .011-13 mm. Flora 1886,/. 104, {nomen.)
Exs. Wright Cub. n. 120. — Cuba.

Yar. liueolans, Nyl. Mull. Arg. Sched. Graph. Cub. {nomen.)
Exs. Wright Cub., n. 129.

60. A. septisepta, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. brown
and blackening, oblong or irregularly lobate, at first margined by
the thallus, plane. Spores oblong-ovoid, 7 locular, .022-27 by .007
-9 mm. Peaction vinous red. — Flora 1886, p. 104, {nomen.) Exs.
Wright Cub., n. 119. — Cuba.

61. A. septiseptella, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. black¬
ening, elongated, flexuous, narrow. Spores fusiform-oblong, 7 loc¬
ular, .022-25 by .006-7 mm. Reaction vinous red. — El bra 1886, p.
104 {nomen.) Exs. Wright. Cub. n. \2oe. — Cuba. — A very meagre
plant from Alabama in hb. Tuck, perhaps belongs here.

62. A. caribaea, (Ach.) Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determinate.

Apoth. pale brown or brown, dendritic-ramose. Spores ovoid or
oblong-ovoid, decolorate or pale brown, 6 locular, .040-48 by .017-
22 mm. Reaction of the hymenium blue, of the thekes vinous red.
— Graphis Ach. Syn. p. 86. Fee Ess. p. 43 and t . 7, f. 4. Nyl.
Arth. p. 89, Pr. N. Gr. p. 98, Syn. N. Caled. p. 61 {descr.) Mull.
Arg. Graph. Fee , p. 56. “ Sporae vulgo 6-7 loculares, loculi termi-

nales ad utramque extremitatem reliquis multo majores.” — Tropical.

63. A. rubella, (F6e) Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
reddish-brown and blackening, innate, slender, flexuous and branch¬
ing. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4-6 locular, the upper and often the
lower cell larger, brown or decolorate, .025-43 by .010-15 mm.
Reaction of the hymenium blue, of the thekes vinous red. Sperma-
tia in a S. Carolina specimen, straight, .006 mm. long. — Graphis
Fee Ess. p. 43 and t. n /. 5. Nyl. Arth. p. 89, Pr. N. Gr. p. 98.
Mull. & Arg. Graph. Fee, p. 56. A. rufella Nyl. Chil. p. 170.
Ustalia figurata Fr. S. O. V. p- 289, fide Mull. Arg. 1. c. Exs.
Lindign. 2654, Wright Cub. n. 65, 1 18 a, b, c.— Tropical. South¬
ern States in hb. Tuck., but probably not all the specimens so
named. One from the Sandwich Islands appears to be A. poly-
gramma.

64. A. subrubella, Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth. pale
or pale brown, linear, simple, or sparingly branched, narrow, appres-
sed. Spores oblong, brown or decolorate, 6 locular, .045-54 by

12

,oi6-i8 mm. Reaction blue. — Pr. Ar. Gr. ft- 98. In Flora 1880,
ft. 128, Graft his Caribcea Fie, is given as a synonym of the plant
from the Antilles, and the spores are described as 6-8 locular, 044-
48 by .620-25 mm. A Florida lichen in hb. Sprague, referred here
by Nyl., has the apoth reddish-brown, and now stellate branched.
Spores 6-8 locular, 020-30 by .011-18 mm. According to Mtill-
Arg. Graph. Fie, ft. 56, it occurs in hb. Fde under Graphis endo-
carpa p. p., and G . caribcea, p. p., and the two middle cells are
larger. — ? Wright Cub. n. 215. — Tropical. — There is perhaps still
some confusion between this and the two preceding species.

65. A. astroidestera, Nyl. Similar to A. astroidea , but the
apoth. brown, and more distinctly stellate. Spores 4-6 locular,
.021-26 by .007-8 mm. Flora 1874, /. 349. — England.

66. A. catenatula, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, limited by a black
line. Apoth. pale but darkening, elongated, slender, somewhat in¬
terruptedly linear, now branched and geniculately flexuous. Spores
ovoid, 6 locular, .032-55 by .020-23 mm. Reaction from blue vi¬
nous red. — Ins. Andam.. ft. 14. — Andaman Islands, Bay of Bengal.

67. A. novella, Kph. Thallus white or pale rose-colored, bor¬
dered by a dark line, irregularly expanded. Apoth. blackish-brown
or blackening, numerous, innate, short, somewhat lirellaeform, va¬
riously flexuous, simple or branched, bordered by a thin thalline mar¬
gin. Spores ovoid-oblong, 4 locular, .014-15 by .004-5 mm. —
Flora 1876,/. 4S1. — Brazil.

68. A. subnovella, Mull. Arg. Thallus white, smooth . Apoth.
dark reddish-brown, more or less stellate ramose, minute, slender,
slightly emergent, soon naked. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4-5 locular,
.015-20 by .005-75 mm., the upper cell larger. — Parag., ft. 25. —
Paraguay.

69. A. Thozetiuna, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, here and
there intersected by black hypothalline lines. Apoth blackish-red
and blackening, linear, simple or more often somewhat stellate-few-
branched, bordered by a thin darker margin, when young greyish
pruinose, at length naked, paler when wet. Spores oblong-ovoid,
4 locular, .012-13 by .005 mm . — Beitr., n. 524. — Shirley, 1889, ft.

1 5 1 . — Australia.

70. A. conferta, (F6e) Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
dark-brown and blackening, immersed, substellate or sublobate, or
irregularly dilated, plane. Spores oblong-ovoid, 6 locular, .016-21
by .006-8 mm., according to Mull. Arg. the two middle cells larger.
Reaction blue. — Coniocarfton Fee Suftpl. , ft. 95 andt. 42 /'. 5. Nyl.
hn., ft. 132. Mull. Arg. Graph. Fee, ft. 55. A. ftolymorftha v.
substellata Ach. Syn. ft. 7. A. substellata Nyl. Pr. N. Gr., ft. 106,

Syn. Ah. Caled ., p. 62. Graphis atrata Fie Ess., p. 33, Suppl., fi.
-7 > l- 39’ P- fi fide Mull. Arg. 1. c. — Tropical. — A lichen from Texas
and Florida in hb. Tuck., and from Bermuda in hb. Farlow, called
by Tuckerman A. atrata Fee , seems to be the plant here described.
Spores in Farlow’s plant 4-6 locular, .018-22 by .007-9 mm-

71- A. fuscescens, F6e. Thallus fuscescent, limited by a dark
line. Apoth. when dry dark-brown and blackening, when wet dis¬
tinctly brown, minute, simple, branched and stellate. Spores 6
locular, the upper cell larger, .015-17 by .005-6 mm. — Ess. p. 56
and t. 1 3 , f. 8, Suppl. p. 41, t. 40 , f. 14. Mull. Arg. Graph. Fee ,
p. 55. A. Guiana lichen in hb. Tuck, named “ A . fuscescens Fee
fide Mont.fi does not seem to be the same as the plant here de¬
scribed.

7 2. A. serialis. Mull. Arg. Thallus pale reddish, effuse. Ap¬
oth. brown, irregularly orbicular, stellate-angulose, confluent or
nearly so in nodulose-linear, somewhat flexuous, entire or obsoletely
ramulose series, suffused with the thallus and somewhat cinerascent,
at length naked, within pale. Spores oblong-ovoid, 6 locular, the
upper cell larger, .021-23 by .009-10 mm. — Graph Fee, p. 56 ( non
Beitr., n. 1449.) Coniocarpon caribceum Fee Ess., p. 99, p. p. —
Tropical in hb. F6e.

73. A. variabilis, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white. Apoth.
blackish-brown, paler when wet, variable in outline, from suborbic-
ular, oblong, angulose, stellate, or larger and linear and now bifur¬
cate, or Opuntia-like uneven. Spores fusiform oblong, 6-8 locular,
the extreme cells larger. (Dimensions omitted.) — Beitr. n. 1096.
— Australia.

74. A. augulos 1, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white. Apoth.
brownish flesh-colored, brown when dry, imperfectly stellate-angu¬
lose, irregular, plane. Spores decolorate or pale brown, oblong-
ovoid, 5 locular, the upper cell larger, .020-24 by -007-9 mm- —
Beitr., n. 1095. — Australia.

75. A. polygramitia, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, somewhat
mealy. Apoth. brownish-black, innate, plane, stellate or change¬
able in form, crowded, middling-sized or smaller, thinly white, prui-
nose. Spores ovoid, 4 locular, .017-22 by .007-8 mm. Reaction
from blue vinous red. — Pr. N. Gr. p. 99. Exs. Lin dig , 817, 2784,
Wright Cub., n. 120, b. d. /., 125, a, d, 136, 139. — The spores in
Lindig n. 817, from hb. Tuck., are 4-5 locular, the upper cell larger,
.018-23 by .005-6 mm., and those of Wright Cub. n. 136 are simi¬
lar, and meagre Florida specimens in hb. Calkins seem to agree
sufficiently with this plant. But Wright, n. 120 b, referred here
with a ? by Mull. Arg. in Sched., has ovoid 4 locular spores, the

14

upper cells larger, .016-18 by .007-8 mm., and has a different as¬
pect. Under the same number is a different plant with plurilocular
spores. S eefiost., n. 106.

Var. demulata, Nyl. 1. c. Apoth. naked, blackening. — Exs.
Lindig , n. 890.

7 6. A. varia, (Ach.) Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
brown and blackening, linear and dendritic ramose. Spores ovoid,
4 locular, .014-18 by .0045-55 mm. Reaction blue. — Opegrapha
abnormis v. varia Ach. Syn. p. 86. A Tyl. Pr. N. Gr. p. 98, Syn.
N. Caled. , p . 60. Midi. Arg. Graph. Fee. p. 54, who says the up¬
per cell of the spores is larger, and such spores occur in Florida
specimens, probably to be referred here. A. stenographella Nyl.
Pr. Ar. Gr., p. gg, fide seipso Syn. N. Caled. 1. c. Opegrapha e pi-
pasta v. Bonplanditx Fee Ess. p. 26 fide Midi. Arg. 1. c. Ustalia
gracilis Eschw. Bras., p 105, excl. syn. fide Mull. Arg. Revis.
Eschw. II, p. 10. who says the species name should be A. gracilis.
Coniocar ' on gracile Kph. Amboin.,p. 9, excl. syn. rubella. — Tropical.
Florida in lib. Tuck, det Nyl. “A. stenographella 11 in hb. Tuck,
from Bonin Islands, U. S. expl. exp.

77- A. variella, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. brown and
blackening, somewhat prominent, linear and lobate. Spores fusi¬
form, 4 locular, .013-1 5 by .003-5 mm. Flora 1886, p. 104 ( nomen .)
Exs. Wright Cub. n. r 331?.

78. A. snbvaria, Nyl. Flora 1886, p. 104 {nomen.) Exs.
Wright Cub. n. 1 33/1. Not in my collection, but appears to belong
here.

79. A. erubescens, Willey. Thallus thin, pale green. Apoth.
pale reddish-brown, minute, rounded, oblong, or angulate-lobate,
plane. Spores ovoid, 4-5 locular, .013-18 by .005-7 mm. — Suppl.
p . 53. — Texas* in hb. Higginson.

80. A. permimita. n. sp. Thallus thin, pale yellow, effuse.
Apoth. very minute, dark brown and blackening, paler when wet,
adnate, rounded or oblong, plane. Spores fusiform-oblong, 6-7
locular, .018-23 by .004-55 nun. Reaction of the thekes vinous red.
— Florida, E. D. Mead, 1885.

81. A. pliaeonephela, Nyl. Thallus, thin, white, obscurely lim¬
ited. Apoth. brown, small, difform, variously substellate or aggre¬
gated. Spores oblong, 4-6 locular, .012-15 by .0045-5 mm. ^Re¬
action vinous red.— Syn. N. Caled. p. 62.— New Caledonia.

82. A. analogella, Nyl. Thallus pale ash-colored or white, in¬
determinate. Apoth. black or blackening, very minute, somewhat
interruptedly linear difform, or divided, and substellate. Spores

ovoid, 5-6 locular, .012-17 by .004-6 mm. Reaction dark vinous
red. — Pr. N. Gr. p. 573. — New Grenada. Nyl.' Syn. N. Caled. p.
62, says there is little difference between this and the preceding.

83* A. vernicis. Mull. Arg. Thallus inconspicuous, forming a
yellowish ash-colored or white stain. Apoth. blackish-brown, sub-
orbicular, incised- lobate at the circumference, plane, persistently
veiled by the rimose-erumpent epidermis, whence greyish-black.
Spores cylindrical-obovoid, at length brown, 5-6 locular, .011-15 by
.005-6 mm. — Flora 1879, p. 487. — Japan

84. A. pyrrhuliza, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, limited by a nar¬
row dark line. Apoth. reddish, slender, variously divided. Spores
ovoid, brown or decolorate, 4 locular, .012-15 by .0045 mm. Reac¬
tion from blue dark red. — Flora 1885, p. 447. On holly, oak, pine
and other trunks, New Bedford, the spores now 5 locular. White
Mountains, H. Mann; Vermont, C. G. Pringle; and perhaps the
same, New York, Willey. — A. meduscea Tuck, in lift, ad Nyl., a
coarser, blackening lichen, with larger spores, reaching .016-23 by
.006-8 mm., is what he afterwards supposed to be A. pyrrhula , and
has been distributed with the plant described by Nyl. under that
name. The two probably do not differ.

85. A. astropica, Kph. Thallus thin, pale. Apoth. brown,
plane, stellate radiate, somewhat thickened and obtuse at the ex¬
tremities, or more rarely difform-ramulose. Spores 4, ovoid. 4 locu¬
lar, .017-19 by .006-7 mm. — Flora 1873, p. 2, (in reprint.) — China.

86. A. fuscoalfoella, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determinate.
Apoth. brownish-black or brown, or becoming paler, minute, ob-
long-difform or subramose, plane or uneven, within paler. Spores
oblong or ovoid-oblong, 4 locular, .016-20 by .006-7 mm. Reaction
vinous red. — Pr . N. Gr., p. 100. Fxs. Lindig, n. 850, 2883. — New
Grenada.

87. A. pulicosa, Nyl. Thallus white, effuse, rugose-uneven, or
plieate-diffract. Apoth. brown or brownish-black, when wet brown¬
ish-red, oblong, (rounded or sublinear or somewhat difform,) plane,
small, often somewhat crowded, within pale. Spores oblong-ovoid,
at length brown, 4 locular, .011-16 by .0045 mm. Reaction blue. —
Pr. N. Gr. p. 100. — New Grenada.

88. A. ulcerosa In. Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. pale-
brown, minute, ulcerose-heaped, elongate-difform, somewhat prui-
nose. Spores ovoid, 4-6 locular, .018-21 by .007-8 mm. Reaction
from blue dark red. — Andam., p. 15- — Mauritius.

89. A. circuinalhicans, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, obscurely
limited. Apoth. blackening, minute, subangulose or sublobate,
surrounded by a white, thin, or obsolete proper margin, enclosed in

16

a more distinct thalline one. Spores ovoid, brown with age, 4-5
locular, .017—21 by .007—10 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Flora 1667,
p. 7, Syn. N. Coded ., p ■ 62. — New Caledonia, India.

90. A. platyspeilea, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determinate, or
more often limited by a dark line. Apoth from pale becoming red¬
dish brown, plane, depressed, dilated, naked or white pruinose,
rounded-difform or oblong, often somewhat confluent. Spores ob¬
long, 8 locular. .022-30 by .009-11 mm. Reaction blue. — A;'. Ar.
Gr. p. 99. — Mexico. Florida in lib. Tuck., the spores 8-10 locular,
the middle cells larger, .023-30 by .009-1 1 mm. — Galapagos Islands,
Hassler Exp. the spores similar to those of the Florida plant. Some
of the Galapagos specimens have the spores 4-8 locular, but do not
appear to differ otherwise.

91. A. cyanea, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, greyish-white, the
margin effuse. Apoth. blackish-brown, plane, angulose-orbicular,
intensely purple or greyish-purple pruinose, within dark. Spores
dactyloid-ovoid, 4 locular, .016-19 by .005-55 mm., the upper cell
larger. — Beitr., n. 303. — On leaves, Bahia, S. Am., and Cuba.

92. A. nehulosa, (Stirt.) Miill. Arg. Thallus - . Apoth.

more or less confluent, surrounded by a broad, depressed, white
crown. Spores 4-5 locular, .014-16 mm. long. — Platygrapha Stirt.
Licit, on leaves p. 6. Mull. Arg. Beitr ., 691. — Brazil. — I have

only seen the incomplete description in Beitr.

93. A. microcarpa, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, olivaceous-white,
effuse, at length diffract. Apoth. blackish-brown, numerous, mi¬
nute, orbicular or subangulose, adnate, convex. Spores oblong-
obovoid, 4 locular, .016-18 by .0045-5 mm. — Beitr., n. 226. — S.
America.

94. A. Puigarii, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, green, effuse, some¬
what powdery. Apoth. dark reddish-brown, blackish when dry,
orbicular or obsoletely angulose, slightly convex, appressed, within
red. Spores oblong-ovoid, 3-4 locular, the upper cell larger, .012-
14 by .004-5 mm. — Beitr., n. 162. — Brazil.

95. A. Somaliensis, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, white, effuse.
Apoth. when dry dark brown or blackening, when wet reddish-
brown, orbicular, elliptical, or slightly angulose, two often conflu¬
ent, plane, within paler. Spores 4 locular. .014-18 by .005-6 mm.,
the upper cell larger. — Beitr., n. 965. — Somala, Africa.

96. A. lecideella, Nyl. Thallus green, continuous, uneven,
effuse. Apoth. blackening, numerous, small, rounded, plane or
somewhat convex, greenish pruinose, at length naked. Spores ob¬
long-ovoid, 4 locular. .018-28 by .0055-7 "mm. Reaction vinous

red. — A Tyl. En. p. 337 (nomen.) Tuck. Gen., p. 221. A.glaucina
Tuck, in lift. — North America, widely disseminated east of the Mis¬
sissippi.

97- A. cupressina, Tuck. Thallus thin, white, leprous, effuse.
Apoth. irom pale brown becoming darker, minute, rounded, convex,
greenish pruinose. Spores oblong or oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .01 1-
16 by .003-5 mm. Reaction blue. — Genera, p. 221. — On bark and
dead wood ol white cedar, New Bedford.

98. A. albofuscescens. Tuck. Thallus thin, white. Apoth.
blackish brown and blackening, aclnate, oblong or angulose, plane.
Spores ovoid, 4 locular, .010-15 by .004-5 mm. — Amherst, Mass.,
in hb. Tuck.

99- A. hypochlliza, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, somewhat mealy.
Apoth. brown, small, numerous, rounded or oblong. Spores ovoid.
4 locular, .013-16 by .004-5 mm. Reaction of the thekes vinous
red. — Flora 1886,/. 104 ( nomen ) Exs. Wright Cub. n. 131.

100. A. chiodectella, Nyl. Thallus thin, glaucescent. Apoth.
dirty or livid ash-colored, minute, plane, aggregated, somewhat
rounded, white-margined, subpiuinose, within pale. Spores ovoid
or ovoid- oblong, 4-6 locular, .016-27 by .007-9 mm. Reaction vi¬
nous red. — Flora 1869, p. 125. Tuck. Gen. p. 220. — Louisiana and
Texas in hb. Tuck.

101. A. pellucida, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, continuous,
shining, effuse. Apoth. commonly heaped or confluent, orbicular,
and compoundly angulose-suborbicular, when dry brownish-black¬
ening, when wet pellucid, naked, slightly convex, within pale.
Spores cylindrical-obovoid, 4 locular, .012-15 by .003-45 mm. — Re-
vis. Eschw. //, p. 10. — Brazil in hb. Eschweiler.

102. A. pellicula, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, effuse.
Apoth. when dry brownish-black, when wet pale and pellucid, or¬
bicular or compositely angulose-suborbicular, slightly convex, within
pale. Spores cylindrical-obovoid, 4 locular, .012-15 by .003-45 mm.
— Naum., p. 56. — On leaves, Fiji Islands.

f. trichariosa, Mull. Arg. Thallus sterile, the margin piliform-
isidiod. — Null. Arg. 1. c. — Tricharia leucothrix Fee, Meth.p. 87 and
t. Ill f. B. — Tropical in hb. F6e.

103. A. nigro-cincta, Kn.&Mitt. “ Thallus moderately thick,
light brown or dull white, edged by a dark line. Apoth. blackish-
brown, superficial, simple, irregular, roundish, oblong, curved, larger
at one end. Spores obovate, 4 septate, light yellow, measuring from
.00030 to .00084 of an inch.” — N. Zeal., p. 106 and t. 12 /. 34. —
Not mentioned in Nyl. Ar. Zeal., 1888.— New Zealand.

18

io4- A. fnsco-pallens, Nyl. Arth., p. 92 (nomen.,) perhaps
belongs to this section. — Tropical America.

105. A. - . Thallus white, uneven, determinate, bordered by

a dark zone. Apoth. dark brown and blackening, paler when wet,
innate, minute, punctiform, rounded, numerous, often serially dis¬
posed. Spores ellipsoid, 8-*- 12 locular, the middle cells commonly a
little the largest, .030-36 by .010-12 mm. Reaction of the thekes
vinous red. — Wright Cub., n. 120 b, p. p.

106. A. . Thallus thin, white. Apoth. brown, small, act¬
uate, irregularly oblong, and mostly few branched, plane. Spores
oblong-ellipsoid, narrowed at the ends, 6-8 locular, the middle cells
larger, .054-76 by .018 mm. Reaction of the thekes and spores
yellow. — Wright Cub., n. 140 A ‘ ‘ ? A., status spilomatoides (n.
140)” Mull. Arg. iu Sched.

107. A. - . Thallus thin, white. Apoth blackening, innate,

linear, few and short branched. Spores ellipsoid. 8 locular, .018-23
by .007-9 mm- — Wright Cub., u. 619.

108. A. - . Thallus thickish, somewhat mealy and cottony

within, pale green, indeterminate. Apoth. innate, pale flesh-col¬
ored, dilated, plane, rounded and variously irregular, margined by
the thallus. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .011-13 by .004-5 mm-
Reaction blue.— Wright Cub., n. 217, 218, 761, 762, 763, all appar¬
ently belonging to one species.

To this section may also belong A. inf us cat a and A. myophcea
Kph. N. Zeal., p. 44, Rom New Zealand. Descriptions not seen.

Stock of A. biformis.

109. A. impolita, (Ehrh.) Borr. Thallus effuse, white, tarta-
reous, rimulose. Apoth. brown and blackening, rounded difform,
or lobate, plane, pruinose, crowded or confluent, the hypothecium
pale. Spores ovoid, 4-6 locular, .014-20 by 006-8 mm. ; figured
in Hepp., n. 535. Reaction from blue vinous red. — Lichen imp olitus
Ehrh. PI. Crypt., n. 274. Borr. E. Bot., n. 2692. Ahnq., p. 22,
Tuck. Gen., p. 220. Parmelia Ach. Meth., p. 160, Fr. L. E., p.
183. Leprantha Kbr. Syst., p. 295, Arthonia ibid. Pg., p. 268.
A. pr nines a Ach. Syn., p. 7, Nyl. Arth.. p. go, Pr. Gall., p. 41 1,
Scand., p. 258. Lecanora fecunda Puck. Calif., p. 20, Gen. p. 21 1,
Nyl. Syn. N. Caled., p. 60. — Europe; California.

Var lobata, Flk. Thallus white, determinate, tartareous, un¬
even, lobulate. Apoth. fide Kbr. dark brown, innate, roundish
polygonal, confluent, greyish pruinose. Spores 4-6 locular, .018 by
.006 mm. — A. pruinosa var. Elk. L. I). n. 22, Nyl. Arth., p. go .

19

A. impolita var. Schcer. En., p. 243, Almq., p. 23. A. lobata Mass,
fiic., p. 52 and f. 97. Pachnolepia Kbr. Syst., p. 296. Exs. Lojka
Hung., n. 93. — On rocks and earth. Europe. Pachnolepia decus-
sata Kbr. Syst., p. 297, fig., p. 273 (Arthonia FI. Bot. Zeit. 1850,
P • 57°>) is considered by Kbr. and Almq., p. 24, not to differ from
var. lobata. But according to the latter, the original plant of FI. is
not an Arthonia but near to Schismatomma ( Lecanactis ) abietinum.
According to Lamy, n. 556, Nvl considers it as rather a Chiodecton
or the type of a new genus.

Var. snbliisca, Nyl. Apoth. naked. — Pr. Gall. p. 165.

Var. ehiodectoiioides, Tuck. Apoth. minute, immersed in thal-
line warts. — California in hb. Tuck.

1 10. A. medusula, (Pers.) Nyl. Apoth. blackening, slender,
radiate-divided, white-pruinose. Spores, as figured in Hepp., n. 898,
2-6 locular, .01 1 — 1 8 by .0025-5 aim. Spermatia staff-shaped, .004-5
mm. long. Opegrapha Pers. Act. IVett. 2, p. 15. Nyl. En., p.
132, Flora 1881, p. 6, Almq., p. 23. A. pruinosa var. Nyl.
Arth.,p. 61, Pr. Gall., p. 165. — Europe.

hi. A. liniitata, Nyl., En., p. 132, {nomen. ,) as a subsp. of
A. pruinosa. — Ceylon.

1 12. A. impolitella, Nyl., Flora 1867, p. 7, (not seen,) prob¬
ably belongs to this division — Calcutta.

1 13. A. bauistroidea, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, somewhat rug-
ulose, indeterminate. Apoth. pale brown, innate, plane, stellate-
difform. Spores oblong-ovoid, 6 locular, .016-17 by .006-7 ami.
Reaction vinous red. — Flora 1881. p. 6. Newton, Portugal lichens,
p. 67, to whom I am indebted for a specimen. — Portugal.

1 14. A. bifornffs, (Flk.) Schmr. Thallus white, effuse, mealy.
Apoth. brown and blackening, rounded, plane or convex, pruinose.
within dark. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4-5 locular, the upper cell
larger, .012-20 by .006-8 mm. Reaction from blue vinous red.
Spermatia staff-shaped, .005-6 mm. long, figured in Hepp., 11. 229.
— Lecidea Flk. D. L., n. 122. Arthonia Schcer. En.,p. 243, Nyl.
Flora 1878 , p. 246, Zw. Heid., n. 458. Lecanactis Kbr. Syst., p.
277. Pyrenothea Mass. fiic.,p. 152, and P. byssacea ib., p. 150.
P. stictica Er. A. E.,p. 452, p. p. ( spermogonifera ) and Parmelia
impolita b, ibid., p. 150. Coniocarpon v datum El. in Zw. Exs., n.
48. Arthonia Nyl. Arth ., p. 91, Pr. Gall., p. 41 1, Tuck. Gen., p.
221. Sphceria byssacea Weig. Obs. Bot., p. 42, Verrucana Ach.
Syn.,p. 97, Arthonia Almq., p. 25, this name based on a sterile
plant. — Europe.

f. develata, Nyl. Thallus thin or inconspicuous. Apoth. naked,
brown and blackening, rounded and oblong. Spores oblong-ovoid,

4-6 locular, .018-25 by -008-9 mni- — Ah velata f., Nyl. in luck.
Gen., p. 221. — Hampshire Co., Mass., in hb. Tuck. New Bedford,
rare, and on firs in the White Mts. in hb. Willey.

1 15. A. ciesia, (FI.) Kbr. Thallus thin, granuloselepro.se,
rust-colored. Apoth. brown, minute, orbicular, plano-convex, grey¬
ish pruinose. Spores 4 locular, the cells equal . Coniangium Fl.
Exs., n. 1 17. — Arthonia Kbr. Eg., p. 269, Am. Flora 1864, p. 315,
Almq., p. 26. Leprantha Kbr. Syst ., p. 289. Exs. Kbr. L. S. G.,
n. 77, Lojka Univ., n. 94. — Europe.

1 16. A. fuliginosa, Fl. Thallus thin, ash-colored, somewhat
mealy, rimose, uneven. Apoth. brown, adnate, rounded-difiform,
soon confluent, convex, pruinose or naked. Spores 4 locular, .020-
24 by .007-9 mm.., the upper cell larger. Reaction blue. — Bot. Zeit.
1850 , p. 569, Kbr. Eg., p. 268, Almq., p. 27. A. pruinosa var.
Nyl. Art//., p. 90. Leprantha Kbr. Syst., p. 295. — Exs. Lojka
Univ., n. 143. — Europe.

117- A. cassiolivens, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, somewhat lep-
rose. Apoth. livid, rounded, plane or slightly convex, thin, grey-
ish-pruinose, within dark. Spores oblong, 4 locular, .015-17 by
.0045-55 mm- Reaction dark vinous red. — Flora 1878, p. 245.
Exs. Norrl., n. 225. A note to the Sched. adds: “ A . ccesia ( Fl. )
Nyl. in litt — Europe.

1 18. A. glaucescens, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, effuse, now
bursting into mealy soredia. Apoth. blackening, rounded, plane,
thinly white pruinose, surrounded by a thickish thalloid margin.
Spores oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .020-30 by .0055-9 mm- Reaction
from blue vinous red. — Nyl En., p. 357, Tuck. Gen., p. 221 (nomen .)
— Southern States in hb. Tuck. On oak, New Bedford, in hb. Willey.
Tuckerman. 1. c. notes that the spores of the northern form are
larger than those of the southern.

1 1 9. A. cinereopruittosa, Schaer. Thallus thin, white, pow¬
dery, effuse. Apoth. blackening, small, numerous, rounded or
somewhat clifform, plano-convex. Spores 4 (rarely 2-3-5) locular,
the upper cell larger, brown or decolorate, .011-16 by .006-7 mm.
Reaction vinous red. Spermatia staff-shaped, .005 -6 mm. long;
figured in Flepp., n. 477. ( Thrombium siicticum.) — Eu., p. 243.
Nyl. Arth., p. 94, Scand., p. 261, Lapp. Or., p. 187, Kbr. Eg.,
269, and A. lilacina ib.jide Almq. Almq., p. 26. A. melaleucella
Nyl. Art//., p. 101 ,fide Old. Ereuss., p. 40, and Almq. Eyrenothea
litacina Er. S. V. Sc., p. 12 1 . E. stictica (/. spermogonifera ) Mass.
Ric., p. 153. — Europe. White Mountains.

120. A. Tnckermaniaiia, n. sp. Thallus white, continuous, in¬
determinate. Apoth. dark reddish-brown and blackening, rounded.

21

somewhat convex, at first margined by the thallus, pruinose, at
length naked, numerous. Spores oblong- ovoid, 4-6, commonly 5
locular, the upper cell larger, brown or decolorate, .016-23 by .005-6
mm. Reaction ot the thekes vinous red. — Florida in hb. Tuck. It
seems to be near A. bifonnis.

*** Spores muriform — Arthothelium.
f Apoth. pale.

121. A. alhatula. Mull. Arg. Thallus whitish ash-colored, thin,
rugose. Apoth. whitish fiesh -colored, orbicular, obtusely angulose
or slightly elongated, prominent, convex. Spores fusiform-ellipsoid,
8 locular, the cells three locellate, .030 by .010 mm — Parag., p. 26.
— Paraguav.

122. A. lencocarpa, Miill. Arg. Thallus white, thickish, rug-
ulose. Apoth. mealy-white, hemispherical, somewhat regular.
Spores 8 locular, the cells once or twice divided, .075 by .018 mm.
Socotr.p. 13. — Socotra, Africa.

123. A. aleurocarpa, Nyl. Thallus thin or evanescent, glau-
cescent. Apoth. snow-white, mealy, superficial, slightly convex,
linear or various in form. Spores ellipsoid, muriform, .100-120 by
.046-50 mm. Reaction of the hymenium blue, of the thekes vinous
red. — Pr. N. Gr., p. 572. — New Grenada.

124. A. aleurodes, Nyl. Thallus thin, glaucescent. Apoth.
white, mealy, not prominent, difiform, indeterminate. Spores ellip¬
soid, muriform, .068-75 by .030-35 mm. Reaction of the thekes
vinous red. — Antill., p. 17. — Antilles.

125. A. soriblitella, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determinate.
Apoth. white, rounded, convex or depressed-pulvinate. Spores el¬
lipsoid, muriform, .072-88 by .034-44 mm. Reaction blue. — Pr. IV.
Gr., p. 102. — New Grenada. Spores figured in Edit. 1, t. 42, f. 49.

126. A. subsiinillima, Nyl. Similar to A. albovirens, but the
spores ellipsoid, muriform, .050-62 by .026-38 mm. Reaction blue.
— Syn. N. Caled., p. 64. — New Caledonia.

127. A. alenrinn, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, somewhat mealy.
Apoth. darkening, thinly white pruinose, minute, crowded. Spores
ellipsoid, muriform, .032-35 by .020-21 mm. Reaction none. — Pr.
IV. Gr., p. 102. — New Grenada.

128. A. aphanocarpa, Nyl., Art/i., p. 90 ( nomeu .,) belongs
her Q,Jidc Nyl. Pr. N. Gr., p. 102. Spores .046-50 by .021-26 mm.
— P'rench Guiana.

99

129- A. effusa, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, efiuse, glaucescent,
minutely floccose-powdery. Apoth. white, included in thalline prom¬
inences, elongated, variously curved, and now intricately anastomose.
Spores ellipsoid, muriform, .055 by .030 mm. — Phlyctis , Beitr., n.
219, dein Arthothelium , ibid., n. 279. — S. America.

ft Apoth. yellow.

130. A. xanthocarpa, Nyl. Thallus pale. Apoth. yellow,
rounded, or rounded-difform, plane, within whitening. Spores el¬
lipsoid, muriform, .060-74 by .025-28 mm. Reaction vinous red. —
Pr. N. Gr.,p. 102. Exs. Lindign. 780, 2709. — New Grenada.

1 3 1 . A. einloxaiilha, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, mealy,
minutely subsorediate-emergent. Apoth. orange-yellow, becoming
orange brown, linear, stellate-branched, plano-convex, minutely
granulate-rugose. Spores 8 locular, the cells once or twice divided,
.020-25 mm. broad. — Beitr., n. 163. — Brazil.

fft Apoth. crimson, red or purple.

132. A. miltina, Kph. Thallus thin, white, effuse. Apoth.
crimson, appressed or slightly prominent, irregularly rounded or
oblong-lobate. Spores ovoid or ellipsoid, muriform, .034-45 by
.019-22 mm. — Born., p. 42, Mull. Arg. Beitr., n. 1054. — Borneo.

133. A. gregarina. Willey. Thallus thin, white, effuse. Ap¬
oth. crimson, small, irregularly oblong, maculaeform, and variously
diffoim. Spores ellipsoid, muriform, .028-40 by .013-16 mm. —
Suppl., p. 53. — Florida.

134. A. sanguinea, Willey. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
dark blood-red, superficial, suborbicular or oblong, somewhat con¬
vex, within darker. Spores ellipsoid, muriform, .022-30 by .011-14
mm. Reaction of the hymenium blue, of the spores fulvous red. —
Nyl. in Flora 1885, p. 31 1. — California.

135. A. purpurissata, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determinate,
or limited by a dark line. Apoth. brownish-black, now reddening
or the margin tinged with purple, oblong-difform, plane, middling¬
sized, within dark crimson or reddish, the hypothecium amber-
purple. Spores ellipsoid or subangulose-ellipsoid. brown, 2 locular,
the cells once divided, .008-9 by .007-8 mm. — Pr. N. Gr. p. 103. —
New Grenada.

ttff Apoth. brown.

136. A. nephelina, Nyl. Thallus white, obscurely limited.
Apoth. brown, small, irregularly oblong-difform, now confluent, the
hypothecium pale. Spores ellipsoid, muriform, .050-52 by .018-25
mm. Reaction light blue. — Pr. N. Gr. p. 101. — New Grenada.

137- A. leiicastnvn, Tuck. Thallus effuse, white, mealy. Ap-
oth. reddish-brown, innate, oblong and elongated, plane, at length
confluent in a radiate-stellate pseudo-stroma, white pruinose, the
hvpothecium dark. Spores ovoid, 4 locular, the extreme cells larger,
the middle ones now divided, .012-16 by .005-7 mm. Reaction
vinous red. — Gen. p. 220. — Texas.

138. A. chiodectoides, Nyl. Thallus glaucescent, thin, uneven,
at the circumference cottony. Apoth. livid brown, difform, convex,
white pruinose, within dark. Spores ovoid-oblong, 6-8 locular, and
now somewhat muriform-divided, .023-35 by .012-15 mm. Reac¬
tion from blue vinous red. — Flora 1869, p. 72. — Bengal.

139. A. interducta, Nyl. Similar to A. caribcea , but the apoth.
blackening, paler when wet, crowded, somewhat dendritic-ramose,
slender. Spores ovoid, 4 locular, .018-25 by .007-9 mm-> but ac¬
cording to Tuckerman 5-7 locular, all the narrower sporoblasts
broken into smaller ones, and the spores becoming thus submuri-
form-multilocular, the large terminal sporoblasts remaining entire.
Reaction blue. Pr. N. Gr., p. 98. — Nicaragua. Hawaii, Tack.
Haw., p. 232.

s

140. A. herpetica, Mey. Thallus - . Apoth. brown and

blackening, orbicular or obtusely angulose, thin, plane. Spores 2
locular, the upper cell larger and entire, the lower muriform divided,
.008-10 by .003-35 mm- — Mey. Act. Leop. 1843, P- — • Mull. Arg.
Revis. Mey., p. 318. — Manila.

1 41 . A. subvinosa, Leight. Thallus thin, white, limited by a
black line. Apoth. brown, innate or depressed, in punctiform thal-
line prominences, aggregated in simple divaricate-ramose or vari¬
ously formed linear series. Spores obovate, muriform. Reaction
of the hymenium vinous red, of the spores bluish-gi een. — Ceylon ,
p. 180 and t. 36 f. 26. — Ceylon.

142. A. atrorufa. Mull. Arg. Thallus greyish white, thin, rim-
ulose. Apoth. blackish when dry, when wet reddish or reddish-
brown, innate and emergent, elliptical or suborbicular, here and
there confluent and somewhat branched or substellate, often sharply
angulose, plane, within pale. Spores oblong ovoid, 6 locular, the
cells once divided, .020-23 by .007-8 mm.— Beitr., n. 1099.— Aus¬
tralia.

143. 4. - . Thallus white, continuous, determinate. Apoth.

dark reddish brown, paler and bright red when wet, adnate, rounded,
angular or difform, convex, rugulo.se. Spores muriform, ellipsoid,
brown with age, about .038 by .01 5 mm. long. Reaction vinous red.

_ Wright Cub., n. 50 3^. — Mixed in hb. Tuck, with A. macrotheca,

from which it is distinguished by the color.

Series B. Apothecia black.

* Spores 2 rarely 3 locular,
f Apoth. rounded, more or less lecideiform.
a. Thallus glebous-squamose.

144. A. glebosa, Tuck. Thallus of tumid, smooth, at length
plicate, fuscescent squamules. Apoth. rounded, convex, soon
crowded and confluent, the hypothecium brownish-black. Spores
ovoid or oblong-ovoid, 2 locular, constricted in the middle, decolor-
ate or pale brown, .010-16 by .005-6 mm. Reaction vinous red. —
Gen.,p. 221. — On mosses on rocks, California; and what seems to
be the same in Colorado and Washington Territory. — A. leucobola ,
Tuck, in litt. growing on the earth in Lower California, (D. Cleve¬
land, 1875,) seems to differ only in a paler thallus. In both the
hymenium presents the appearance of regular, closely agglutinate
paraphyses.

b. Thallus uniform. Plants only exceptionally parasitic.

X Growing on rocks, earth, or decayed vegetation.

145. A. calcicola, Nyl. Thallus thin, obsolescent. Apoth.
superficial, rounded, convex, greyish-pruinose. Spores ovoid, sim¬
ple or 2 locular, .011-13 by .005 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Arth.,
p. 100, Pr. Gall., p. 168. — On calcareous rocks, France.

146. A. lapidicola, Tayl. Thallus thin, dispersed, olive-brown,
or becoming pale. Apoth. rounded-difform, plane, within blacken¬
ing. Spores oblong-ovoid, 2 locular, .015-18 by .006-8 mm.; fig¬
ured in Hepp., n. 534 Reaction from blue vinous red. Spermatia
.005 mm. long. — Hibern. II. p. 124. Br. and Rost}'. Dan.,p. 119.
A. ruder alls, Nyl. Arth., p. \oo,Jide seipso in Flora 1881, p. 535.
A. vagans v. Kcerberi , Almq., p. 51. Coniangium Kcerberi Lahm.
{in litt.) Am. Flora 1863, p. 605. C. rupestre , Kbr. L. S. G., n.
1 10, p. p., Pg. p. 272 p. p. fide Almq. Catillaria fusca Mass. Ric .,
p. 60, fide Nyl. Pr. Gall., p. 169. Arthonia Hepp. Fxs . , n. 534,
Ph. Fr. Spitz., p. 46, Kbr. Pg., p. 272. {Coniangium Am. Flora
1884, p. 651, who says Almq. is wrong in saying that it is the same
as Catillaria atluillina.)—Mass. Ric., p. 80. — On calcareous rocks,
Europe; and 1 refer here plants on limestone from Western New
York, Miss Wilson, and on sandstone from Nebraska, Williams, and
Illinois, J. Wolf.

H7- A. ruderella, Nyl. Perhaps a subsp. of the preceding,
differing in smaller apoth., the epithecium and hypothecium brown,
the thallus dark, or ochraceous ash-colored, thin, continuous, or
evanescent. Spores 2 locular, .010-14 by .0035-45 mm. — Flora
1881 . p. 535. — On sandstone and calcareous rocks, France.

148. A. iidhserens, Miill. Arg. Thallus clayey, effuse. Apoth.
orbicular, hemispherical convex, rugulose. constricted at the base.
Spores 2 locular, solaeform, .010-13 bv .0045-55 mm- — A eg. p. 19.
— On limestone, Egypt.

149. A. graiiitopliila, Th. Fr. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
minute, angulate-rounded or slightly elongated, plane or slightly
concave, simple or diffract, the thick hypothecium blackish-brown,
and blackening. Spores ovoid-oblong, brown, 2 locular, .012-17 by
.005-6 mm. Reaction vinous red. Spermatia .004-5 mm- long. —
Hot. Not.. 1865,7b 39, Almq..p. 32. — Granitic rocks, Scandinavia.
Almq. 1. c. is- disposed to place here Coniangium Buerianum . Kbr.
L. S. G.. n. 291, not seen by me.

150. A. aggregata, Wain. Thallus thin, greenish ash-colored,
somewhat leprous. Apoth. angulate-rounded or subflexuous, crowd¬
ed, plane, the hypothecium blackening. Spores oblong-ovoid, 2
locular, brown, .010-15 by .005-6 mm. Reaction vinous red. —
Adjum. II. p. 156. — Granitic rocks, Scandinavia.

1 5 1 . A. excentrica, Th. Fr. Thallus thick, white, glomerose-
farinose. Apoth. minute, orbicular or angulose, plane or convex,
scabrous, the hypothecium reddish-brown. Spores cuneate-oblong,
2 locular, .011-13 by .004-5 mm Reaction vinous red. — Spitz., p.
46. A. vagans f. Almq.. p. 55. — On mosses, Spitzbergen and else¬
where in the Arctic regions of Europe.

152. A. albimila. Nyl. Thallus thin, white, granulose. Apoth.
minute, irregularly rounded, within yellowish. Spores ovoid-oblong,
2 locular, .014-17 by .006-7 cam. Reaction vinous red. — Flora
1886, p. 463. — On decayed vegetation, Pyrenees.

153. A. terrigeiia, Willey. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth. mi¬
nute, rounded, lecideiform. Spores decolorate or pale-brown, ovoid-
oblong, 2 locular, .01 1-12 by .0035 mm. Reaction of the hymenium
none, of the thekes vinous red. — Nyl. in Flora 1885, p. 448. — On
the earth, New Bedford, Mass. — “Not to be confounded with any
other species.” Nyl. 1. c.

JJOn bark or dead wood.

154. A. patellulata, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, effuse, some¬
what mealy, or obsolete. Apoth. rounded, appressed, plane, within
pale, or blackening. Spores ovoid, 2 locular, .009-13 by -003-5

26

mm. Reaction vinous red. — Bot. Not. 1853, p. 95’ Arth., p. 102,
Scaud., p. 262, Br. Gall ., p- 168, Almq ., p- 49- Lxs. Norrl., n .
227. Coniangium Krempelhuben Mass. Fxs . , n • 5 7 » Lb) . Pg. , p •
271. Catillaria apaletica Mass . Syinin. , p . 5°- ( Coniangium L br .

Pg.,p. 271 fide Nyl. Pr. trail., p. 168.) — Europe, United States.

Var. ulmicola, Nyl. Thallus leprous, ash-colored. Hymenium
dark. Spores .009-1 1 by .003-5 mm. — Old. Breuss., p. 41- Europe.

Yar grain inea, Ohl. Hymenium dark, hypothecium pale.
Ohl., 1. c. — On dead grasses, Europe.

Yar. pallidinscnla, Nyl. Apoth. paler when wet.— Flora 1885,
p. 448. — On witch hazel. New Bedford.

155. *A. nepliromiaria, Nyl. Thallus obsolete. Apoth. smaller
than in A. patelhdata, rounded, convex. Spores .009-11 by .003-4
mm. Reaction vinous red. — Lapp. Or., p. 187. — On Nephroma io-
menlosum, Europe.

Yar. Stereocan lina, Ohl. On . Stereocaulon condensalum, and
Physcia parietina. Spores .010-15 by .003-5 mm- — Ohl. 1. c. —
Europe.

156. A. pandanicola, Nyl. Arth.,p. 103, (nomen.,) Exot., p.
246, ( descr .) Kph. Novara, p. 108. — Polynesia. — From its place in
Arth. seems to belong in this section.

157. A. Alexandrina, Nyl. Thallus whitish or greenish ash-
colored, thin, effuse, somewhat granulose. Apoth. rounded, lecid-
eiform, plane, often crowded, within dark. Spores ovoid, 2’locular,
.008-9 by -°°3— 35 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Flora 1876 , p. 285.
—Egypt.

158. A. betuleti, Nyl. Akin to A. patelhdata. Apoth. brown¬
ish-black, rounded-difform, depressed, plane or convex. Spores 2
locular, .011-14 by .004-5 mm. — Flora 18 77, p. 568. A. vagans
var. Almq . A. exilis var. connecters Wain. Adjum. If, p. 162.

159. A. tenellula, Nyl. Thallus obsolete. Apoth. very mi¬
nute, rounded, depressed-convex, the hypothecium dark. Spores
ovoid or oblong, 2 locular, .009-14 by .004-5 mm- Reaction vinous
red. — Flora 1864,/. 488. A. fomentaria, Nyl. Flora 1875, P- 448,
(growing on Polyporum fomentarmm, the spores .008-10 by .0035-
45 mm.) A. exilis var. Wain. 1. c., p. 161. A. vagans v. Kcerbem
Almq., p . 51. Patellaria dryina Dub. Bot. Gall., p. 650, fide Nyl.
Flora 1882, p. 456. A. dryina f. salicicola Nyl. Flora 1877, /• 568.
Exs . (A. dryina ) Lojka Hung., n. 174, Norrl., n. 228. — Europe.

160. A. dispimeta, Nyl. Thallus ash-colored, thin, rugulose,
effuse. Apoth. brownish-black and blackening, rounded, depressed,
adnate, within dark. Spores oblong-ovoid, 2 locular, .010-15 by

.003-4 mm. Reaction purplish-red. — Flora 1876,/. 575. A. exilis
var . Wain l. c., />. 163. A. vagans v. apatetica Almq ., p. 52. Exs.
Norrl. n . 229, Lojka Univ., n. 242. — Europe.

161. A. melaspermella, Nyl. Thallus white, effuse or obsolete.
Apoth. black or brownish-black, rounded, lecideiform, small, plane,
with a subcrenulate at length evanescent margin. Spores oblong-
ovoid, 2 locular, brown, .0003-45 by .00012-14 inch. Reaction blue.
— Flora 1865, p. 605, Leight Gr. Brit., p. 392, Lindsay Jour. Linn .
Soc ., 1866, p. 268 and t. 6. The note of Nyl. on the species in the
Journal for the same year, p. 341, I have not seen. — England.

162. A. microsperina, Nyl. Thallus pale green. Apoth. round¬
ed, plano-convex, rugose, within dark. Spores solaeform, 2 locular,
.009-11 by .003-4 mm. — E11., p 133 (nomen.) Mull. Arg. Beitr .,
n. 1092. Lecidea complanata Fee Ess ., p. 1 1 2 , Suppl. , p. 103, pde
Mull. Arg. Graph. Fee. p. 57. — Tropical.

163. A. microspermoides, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, indeter¬
minate. Apoth. rounded or rounded-oblong, plane, within dark.
Spores ovoid, 2-3 locular, .009-10 by .003-4 mm. Reaction when
present blue. — Pr. N. Gr., p. 107. — Java.

164. A. convexella, Nyl. Thallus thin, ashy-green or evanes¬
cent. Apoth. rounded, spherical, minute, convex, rugulose. Spores
oblong-ovoid, 2 locular, brown or decolorate, .012-15 by .004 mm.
Reaction vinous red. — Pr. Gall., p. 169. Lamy, n. 565. A. va¬
gans var. 11. Almq., p. 54. — On dead wood, France.

165. A. epimela, Norm. Thallus at length thick, dark. Apoth.
minute, orbicular, convex, scabrous. Spores ovoid or oblong, 2
locular, .009-13 by .0035-45 mm. Spermatia .004-5 mm. long. —
Bot. Not. 1872 , p. 34, (nomen.,) Almq., p. 56. — Scandinavia.

166. A. rugulosa, (Kph.) Almq. Thallus thin, scaly, dark.
Apoth. minute, shining, paler when wet, the hypothecium black.
Spores 2 locular, .012-15 by .006-7 mm. : figured in Hepp., n. 472,
4 71 fide Almq. Reaction from blue vinous red. — Coniangium Kph.
in litt., Kbr. Pg. p. 271, Almq., p. 55. — Germany.

167. A. horaria, Norm. Thallus inconspicuous or at length
efflorescent, dark. Apoth. adnate, rounded or a little difform, plane
or convex, rugulose. Spores ellipsoid or oblong, 2 locular, con¬
stricted, .012-18 mm. long. Reaction purplish, as also of the hy-
phae. — Norveg. 1884, /. 33.— Norway.

168. A. exilis, (Elk.) Thallus inconspicuous or obsolete.
Apoth. very minute, subglobose. Spores solaeform, .006-9 bv
.003-4 mm — Lecidea synothea v. exilis Flk. D. L., n. 187 . L. ex¬
ilis Nyl. Pr. Gall., p. 187. Arthonia Anz. Bond., p. 94. Wain.

28

Adjnm. II, p. 160 (excl. syn.) A. vagans var. Almq. p. 53- Co-
niangium Am. Flora 1884, p. 410. Abrothallus Mass. Ric., p. 88.
— Europe : and Nyl. has referred here a plant only found once, on
dead wood, New Bedford. Exs. Norrl., n. 230. — The variety of
opinions respecting this plant and its congeners illustrates the diffi¬
culty of coming to harmonious conclusions about organisms so much
alike. Wain, refers here A. lapidicola, apatetica , tenellula , dryina ,
betuleti , dispuncta , and vagans , and Arnold A. vagans, apatetica
and rugulosa.

Var. inumlata, Wain. Apoth. very minute, rounded, convex,
the hypothecium dark. Spores .009-11 by .003-4 mm. Reaction
vinous red. — Adjum. II, p. 162. — On Lecidea ( Biatora ) inundata
and granitic rocks, Scandinavia.

169. A. copromya, Anz. Description not seen. According to
Almq., p. 34, it resembles A. mediella. Epithecium granulose, hy¬
pothecium orange-brown. Spores 2 locular, acute, .0016-17 by .006
mm. — Buellia Anz. Long., n. 341. Arthonia ibid. Comm. Soc.
Critt. Ital. 1864, p. 21. A. myocoprodes Nyl. in lift. Jide Stitz.
Helv., n. 1088. Not A. copromya Trev. Venet., n. 254, fide Kph.
Gesch. Ill, p. 228. — Buellia mughorum, Anz. Lang., n. 342, Comm.
1. c . , p. 19, is in a specimen sent me under this name an Arthonia of
this stock, with minute, rounded, plane apoth., and 2 locular, con¬
stricted, brown spores, .018-22 by. 009-1 1 mm., the hypothecium
pale, reaction vinous red.

170. A lividofusca, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, effuse, olive-
green. Apoth. orbicular or now angulose, when dry blueish-black,
plane, when wet livid-fuscescent, convex. Spores narrowly obovoid,

2 locular, .009-11 by .003 mm. — Beitr., n. 306. — On leaves, Brazil.

17 1. A. Myristicae, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, effuse, olive-
brown. Apoth. obtusely angulose or orbicular, when dry brownish-
black, when wet brown. Spores clavate obovoid, 3 locular, .009-13
by .004 mm — Beitr., n. 305. — On leaves, Phillipine Islands.

172. A. trilocularis, Mull. Arg. Thallus inconspicuous, oliva¬
ceous. Apoth. angulose-orbicular, black or brownish-black, de¬
pressed-concave, within dark. Spores cylindrical- obovoid, 2-3
locular, .010-12 by .004 mm. — Beitr., n. 304. — On leaves, Mada¬
gascar.

173. A. aciniformis, Stirt. Lick, on Leaves, p. 7.

174. A. accolens. Stirt., l.c.p. 7. — I know these two lichens
only by the reference to them by Mull. Arg. Beitr., n. 304. 305,
306, as of the same stock of those there described.

175- A. biseptellii, Nyl. inecl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
adnate, rounded or slightly angulose or oblong. Spores oblong, 3
locular, .007-9 by -003-4 mm. — Cuba in hb. Tuck.

176. A. - . Thallus thin, white, bordered by a black line.

Apoth. adnate, rounded or elliptical, convex, within pale. Spores
oblong-ovoid, 2 locular, .016-25 by .008-9 mm- Reaction vinous
red. — On dead wood, Cuba, in hb. Tuck. Exs. Wright Cub ., n. 21 1.

177. A. - . Thallus very thin, white. Apoth. very minute,

punctiform, rounded. Spores ovoid. 2 locular, .019-23 by .009-11
mm. — Cuba in hb. Tuck., marked “unique.” I have only a very
small fragment.

178. A. - . Thallus thin, pale yellow, determinate, limited

by a black line. Apoth. adnate, rounded, angulose or a little elon¬
gated, plane, within pale. Spores oblong-ovoid, constricted, brown,
.029-46 by .010-16 mm. Reaction light blue. — Port Famine, Straits
ot Magellan, Hassler, Exp. Sent to Nyl. as No. 15.

179. A. . Thallus thin, white, indeterminate. Apoth. mi¬
nute, rounded or a little oblong or angular, convex. Spores ovoid
or ellipsoid, the ends rounded, more or less constricted in the mid¬
dle, 2 locular. .018-23 by .009 mm. — Wright Cub., n. 21 1.

ff Apoth. more or less elongated, stellate or irregular.

180. A. dispersa, (Schracl.) Nyl. Thallus thin, white, effuse or
obsolete. Apoth. lirellaeform, simple or sparingly branched. Spores
ovoid-oblong, 2 locular, .010-15 by .004-5 must,; figured in Hepp.,
n. 343. Reaction blue. — Opegrapha Schrad. Exs., n. 167. Ar-
thonia Nyt. Scand., p. 261, {non Art//., p. 93,) Flora 1873, P- 267,
Almq.,p. 43. A. mi/mtula Nyl. Arth., p. 102, Pr. Gall., p. 169.
Exs. Norrl., n. 47. Lichen epipastus Ach. Pr., p. 23, L. di asp or us
ibid, p. 228, and Opegrapha epipasta ibid, p. 26. Syn., p. 25, fide
Al/uq. 1. c. But “A. epipasta Ach." Leight Gr. Brit., p. 397, is
described as having dark brown apoth., and 4 locular spores, twice
the size of those of A. radiata ; and “ A . epipasta Ach A Kbr.
Syst., p. 292, Pg. 266, as having 2-4 locular spores, and the place
of these two seems to be elsewhere. — Europe, United States.

f. Rhododendri, Arn. Flora 1872 ,p. 152, is a Melaspilea near
M . proximclla, fide Almq., p. 44.

18 1 . A. cytisi, Mass. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth. lirellas-
form, stouter than in the preceding, mostly hollowed with elevated
margins, aggregated or confluent in substellate heaps. Spores ob¬
long-ovoid, 2 locular, .012-18 by .003-6 mm. Reaction blue. —
Mem., p. 1 14, Al/uq., p. 44- A. dispersa Mass. Pic., p. 51 and f.

30

95 • A. astroidea f. Cembrce Anz. Lang., n. 463* 4 67 < fide Ainu/.
Stitz. Heb., n. 1103; but Arn. in Flora 1881,/. 203, says this last
has the spores of A. astroidea , and is hardly entitled to a separate
name. — Italy.

182. A. excipienda. Nyl. Apoth. stouter than in A. dispersa ,
less frequently branched. Spores 2 locular, .014-19 by .006-7 mm.
Reaction vinous red. — Sc and., p. 261. Alniq. p. 45- — Scandinavia.

183. A. dispersula, Nyl. Similar to A. dispersa. Apoth.
somewhat oblong-lanceolate, or obsoletely abbreviate-angulose,
sometimes decolorate or pallescent. Spores 2 locular, .008-1 1 by
.003-4 mm. Spermatia slightly bowed, .006 mm. long. — Flora
1876,/. 285. — Egypt.

184. A. subdispersa, Nyl. in Mull. Arg. Sched. Graph. Cub. and
Wright Cub., n. 145. — Not in my collection n. 281 of this collec¬
tion has 2 locular spores, .009-13 by .004-6 mm. : whether the same

1 do not know.

185. A. subdispersula, Nyl. Thallus white or yellowish white,
determinate, limited by a black line. Apoth. small, linear, simple
or abbreviate-ramose. Spores solaeform, 2 locular, brown, .009-1 1
by .0035-55 nun. — Nyl. in liti. — Port Famine, Straits of Magellan,
Hassler Exp. Sent to Nyl. under n. 14.

186. A. aspersella, Leight. Thallus pale yellowish, effuse.
Apoth. very minute, scattered, punctiform, linear or angular-conflu¬
ent. Spores obovate, 2 locular. — Grevillea 1872,/. 60, and t. 4 f.
4. — On holly, Wales.

187. A. siihiiiiiiutula, Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
slender, stellate ramose, uneven. Spores ovoid, 2 locular, .011-15
by .004-5 mm- Reaction vinous red. — Flora 1885, /. 312. — On
white pine, New Bedford, very rare.

188. A. taedescens, Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth. in¬
nate, elongated, simple, or stellate branched. Spores fusiform-ovoid,

2 locular, .019-27 by .007-9 mm- — hPyl. in hb. Tuck. — Alabama.
Florida, hb. Calkins.

189. A. Hibernica, Nyl. Perhaps a subsp. of A. excipienda ,
but the spores larger, .016-21 by .006-8 mm. — Flora 1876, p. 237.
— Ireland: and Nyl. has referred here provisionally plants from the
United States. — The plant sent Nyl. was from Florida in hb. Eck-
feldt, with spores .016-18 by .007-9. Illinois plants have the spores
.016-23 by .008-9, or even -023-29 by .013 mm. ; and similar plants
have been collected in New York and Massachusetts.

31

igo- A. mimitissimn, Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
very minute, puneti form -rounded or rounded-oblong. Spores ovoid,
2 locular, .on by .006 mm. Reaction blue. — Scand., p. 263. — A
very rare and insufficiently observed plant of northern Europe.

1 9 1 . A. subiii inut issima, Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.-
minute, rounded or oblong. Spores oblong-ovoid, 2 locular, .007-9
by .003 mm. Reaction dark vinous red. — Flora 1885,/. 448. — On
branches of pitch pine, New Bedford.

192. A. ga Indites, (DC.) Duf. Thallus thin, white. Apoth.
rounded or oblong, within pale. Spores ovoid-oblong, 2 locular,
.010-15 bv .004-5 mm. Reaction from 'blue vinous red. Spermatia
needle-shaped, bowed, .012-16 mm. long; figured in Hepp., n. 559.
— Verrncaria DC. FI. Fr. II, p. 315. Duf. four. Phys. 1818, p.
5. Nyl. Art/i., p. 101, Flora 1873, P ■ 2°7 ■ Kbr. Pg., p. 315.
Almq., p. 45. A. pnnctiformis b. galactina Ach. Syn.,p. 4. A.
punctiformis Mass. Pic., p. 50, fide Am. Flora 1887, p. 160. — Eu¬
rope.

Yar. depuncta, Nyl. Apoth. smaller and more scattered. Spores
.01 1 — 1 6 by .004-6 mm. — Flora 1873, p. 207. — Pyrenees.

f. galactites, Bagl. Apoth. plane, rounded or oblong-difform, the
epithecium olive-brown. Spores .009-12 by .003 mm. Reaction
from blue vinous red. Spermatia bowed, .009-12 mm. long. —
Comm. Soc. Critt . Ital. I,p 39. Am. Flora 1887,7). 1 bo. — Europe.

193. A. caesiella, Nvl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. small,
erumpent, lanceolate-oblong or irregular, greyish pruinose. Spores
ovoid, 2 locular, .016 by .007 mm. Reaction blue. — Arth.,p. 101,
Pr. Gall.,p. 169. — France.

194. A. inarginella, Duf. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth. mi¬
nute, appressed, scattered, plane, discoid, with a thin naked margin.
Spores ovoid, 2 locular, .'01 1— 14 by .005-6 mm. Reaction from blue
vinous red. — Nyl. Arth., p. 100. — Europe.

195. A. faginea, Mull. Arg. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
crowded, orbicular or angulose, macular-deplanate, within pale.
Spores solaeform, 3 locular, .015-17 by .0055-65 mm ,—Beitr., n.
966. — Switzerland.

196. A. myriadea, (F6e) Nyl. Thallus white, somewhat mealy.
Apoth. punctiform, irregular, scattered or crowded, emergent, when
dry ashy-brown, when wet very black. Spores unknown.— Conio-
carpon Fee Kss., p. 99 and t. 15 f- 5- Nyl. Arth., p. 101, wheie it
is placed with the plants having 2 locular spores. Mull. Arg.
Graph. Fee. p ■ 57.— Tropical in lib. Fee.

197. A. inicrospermella. n. sp. Thallus thin, white, efllise.
Apoth. minute, numerous, briefly elongated, and more or less

branched, or angular-difform. Spores ovoid, (2)— 3 locular, .009 13
by .0035-55 mm. Reaction vinous red. Spermatia .004,111111. long.
— Galveston, Texas, in lib. Tuck. — The plant has much the aspect
of A. myriadea as figured by F6e, Fss. t. 1

fff Parasitic. Spores 2 locular.

198. A. sipotheciorum, (Mass.) Alniq. Parasitic on apoth. ot
Lecanora albescens. Apoth. very minute, maculaeform, innate, often
confluent, the hypothecium pale. Spores oblong, 2 locular, .011-15
by .004-6 mm. Reaction vinous red. Spermatia .005-7 mm. long.
Almq ., ft. 58. — Sfthceria Mass. Ric., ft. 26 and f. 41. Caniocarfton
ibid. Misc., ft. 16. Conida subvarians var. Am. Flora 1874, ft.
105. — Europe.

199. A. Cfleruleseens, Almq. Similar to the preceding, but the
epithecium dark blue. Spores .010-12 by .004-6 mm. Reaction
blue. Alniq.. ft. 59. — Parasitic on apoth. of Lecanoriavaria, Scan¬
dinavia.

200. A. oxyspora, Almq. Parasitic on apoth. of Lecidea vorti-
cosa , exhibiting, with the addition of iodine, a bluish or vinous red
grumose mass. Spores ovoid-lanceolate, 2 locular, .or 0-14 by
.0035-4 mm. — Almq.. ft. 62. — Scandinavia.

201. A. amylospora, Almq. Parasitic on a sterile crust. Apoth.
very minute, rounded or angulate, innate, plane, scabrous, the hy¬
pothecium dark. Spores ovoid-oblong, 2 locular, .018-24 by -008-
10 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Almq., ft. 48. — Scandinavia.

202. A. negleetula, Nyl. Thallus leprous, white. Apoth.
rounded, plane or convex, within amber-orange-colored, the hypo¬
thecium becoming brownish-black, the hymenium violet with potash.
Spores ovoid, 2 locular, .007-10 by .003-35 mm. Reaction vinous
red. — Flora 1 874, ft. 13. Wain. Adjum. II, ft. 154; non Almq., ft.
33, which is the following. According to Wain, the thallus de¬
scribed by Nyl. is foreign, and the apoth. are parasitic on the thallus
and apoth. of Bceomyces carneus Nyl. — Scandinavia.

203. A. Aliiiqnistii, Nyl. Apoth. very minute, rounded, plane,
scabrous, within pale, the hypothecium pale, the hymenium not vio¬
let with potash. Spores oblong, 2 locular, .010-15 by .003-41-11111.
Reaction vinous red. Spermatia .003-4 mm. long. — Wain. Adjum.
II, ft. 156, who says it is too near A. exilis. A. negleetula Almq.,
ft. 33. — Parasitic on a sterile crust. — Scandinavia.

204. A. Peltigerea, Th. Fr. Parasitic on Peltigera canina and
Solorina saccata. Apoth. large, orbicular, appressed, convex, the
hypothecium thick, blackish-brown, the paraphyses thick, distinct.

parallel. Spores oblong or oblong ovoid, 2 locular, .015-21 by
.0065-8 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Hot . Not . 1866, p. 15, Almq.,
p • 49. — Scandinavia.

205. A. punctella, Nyl. Parasitic on Buellia alboatra. Apoth.
very minute, punctiform, suborbicular, innate, plane, the hypothe-
cium dark. Spores ovoid, 2 locular, at length brown, .005 bv .007
mm. Reaction blue. — Nyl. in Carrol , contrib. to Irish Lick. 1859,
p. 10, Almq., p. 48, Leigh t . Or. Brit., p. 403. Coni da Am. Flora
1874 ,p. 105. — Ireland.

206. A. element, (Tub) Nyl. Parasitic on apoth. ot' Lecanora
rubina and other lichens. Apoth. very minute, suborbicular, prom¬
inent, within pale. Spores clavate-ovoid, 2 locular, .010-12 by
.004-5 mm. Reaction vinous red. Spermatia .004 mm. long. —
Fhacopsis Till. Mem., p. 124. Nyl. Flora 1873, P ■ 74' Almq., p.
57. Conida Am. Flora 1874, p. 104, Kbr. By. , p. 458, p. p. —
Europe. Arctic N. Am .fide Th. Fr. Eng. Polar Exp., p. 369.

207. A. subvnrians, Nyl. Distinguished from the preceding by
simply ovoid-oblong spores, the upper part less thickened. — Flora
1868 , p. 345, 1873, P- 74» Lamy, n. 564, Zw. Heid., n. 479. A.
apothecionim Almq., p. 58. Conida Am. Flora, 1874, p. 104. —
Europe, on thallus of various species of Lecanora.

208. A. circinata, Th. Fr. Parasitic on Umbilicaria vellea and
U. spodochroa. Apoth. minute, circularly arranged, convex, the
epithecium granulose, the hypothecium pale. Spores oblong, 2 loc¬
ular, .013-15 by .005-6 mm. Reaction vinous red. Spermatia
.005-7 mm. long. — Hot. Not. r 865 , p. 100, Almq., p. 56. — Scandi¬
navia.

209. A. Pelveti, (Hepp.) Almq. Parasitic on Peltigera poly-
daclyla and Sticta aurata. Apoth. macukeform, crowded, conflu¬
ent, within reddish. Reaction vinous red. Spores oblong-ovoid, 2
locular, .009-13 by .004-5 mm.; figured in Hepp, n. 372, 589,
Celidium, Hepp Exs., n. 589, Almq., p. 57. Conida Am. Flora
1874, p. 105. — Europe.

210. A. epiphyscia, Nyl. Parasitic on Physcia ccesia. Apoth.
small, convex. Spores grape-seed shaped, 2 locular, .011-12 by
.0045 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Flora 1875, p. 361. Conida
Am. Flora [877, p. 300.— Finland.

211. A. stictaria, Nyl. Parasitic on Sticta aurata. Apoth.
brown or brownish-black, rounded, convex. Spores oblong, 2 loc¬
ular. .009-10 by .0035-45 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Flora 1867,
p. 440, N. Zeal. (1888,) p. 123. — New Zealand. Madeira Isl., S/its.
Mailer., p 11.

34

212. A. subcoiiveniens, Nyl. Parasitic on Sticta dissect a.
Similar to the preceding, but the spores .014-15 by .004 mm.
Flora 1867, p. 440, N. Zeal. (1888,) p. 124. The original descrip¬
tion not seen. — Brazil.

213. A. Ricasoliae, Mull. Arg. Parasitic on Sticta Hartmanni.
Apoth. orbicular, slightly convex, olive-black, and brown, at length
emergent, confluent. Spores sokeform, 2 locular, .011-15 by .003
mm. — Beitr ., 11. 1196. Shirley 1889 , p. 150- — Australia.

214. A. destruens, (Rehm.) Rab. Parasitic on Theloschistes
parietinus. No description seen. Spores 2 locular, .009-15 by
.003-5 mm. — Exs. Rab., n. 816. Coni da Am. Flora 1874, /. 105.
— Europe.

f. maeulans, Rehm. — Conida Am. 1. c.

[A. vagans, Almcp, p. 50. is a composite species including A.
lapidicola and its synonyms, A. ext Its , A. excentrica , and as sub¬
species A. rugulosa , A. epimela , A. circinata, and A. Pelveti , and
the following varieties :

Yar. lecanorina, Almcp Parasitic on apoth. of Lecanora albella.
Apoth. very minute, innate. Spores .009-10 by .004-5 mm. Re¬
action blue or vinous red. — P. 54. — Scandinavia.

Var. peltigerina , Almcp Parasitic on Peltigera canina and Sol¬
ar ina crocea. Apoth. very minute, convex or subglobose, the hypo-
thecium dark. Spores oblong, .013-18 by .005-6 mm. Spermatia
.004-5 mm. long. — P. 54. — Scandinavia.

Yar. 11. Parasitic on a Lecanora ( 1H agent.) Apoth. very mi¬
nute, subglobose, the hypothecium dark. Spores oblong, .014-20
by .005-6 mm. Reaction blue. — P. 55. where it is called partly the
same as A. convexella Nyl. Pot. Not. 1865,/. 100, but uncertainty
is expressed whether it is the same as A. convexella Nyl. Pr. Gall.,
p. 169. — Scandinavia.

Yar. maeularis, Almq. 'Phallus smooth, white. Apoth. very
minute, maculaeform, often irregular, almost innate, within dark.
Spores oblong. Reaction vinous red. — P. 52. — On bark, Scandi¬
navia.

Yar. apatetica, (Mass.) Almq. Thallus ash colored, leprose.
Apoth. minute, convex, within dark. — P. 52. Catillaria Mass.
Symni., p. 50. Coniangium Kbr. Pg. p. 271. A. patellulata Nyl.
Pr. Gall., p. 168. A. exilis Wain. II, p. 160. — Europe.]

** Spores 4-8 locular.

(•Apoth. rounded or oblong, angular or difform.

X On rocks.

215. A. traehyljoides, Nyl. Thallus white, powdery. Apoth.
superficial, rounded-diffbrm, convex, within dark. Spores ovoid,
2-4 locular, .or 0-14 by .004-5 mm- Reaction vinous red. — Arth.,
ft- 99- A. lecideoides Th. Fr. Gen. Hcterol ., ft. 97, A Inn/., ft. 31.
Lecidea arthonioides Adi. Syn . . ft. 24. Tr achylia Fr. L. F.. ft. 403,
Kbr . Syst., ft. 300, Mass. Mem., ft. 117. — Rocks, and rarely on
bark. — Europe.

216. A. petrensis, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, uneven, rimulose.
Apoth. brownish-black and blackening, rounded oblong, convex,
now confluent, within pale. Spores ovoid, 4 locular, .014-16 by
.005-6 mm. Reaction blue. — Flora 1876, ft. 309. — Silicious rocks,
Hungary.

217. A. myriocarpella, Nyl. Thallus greyish or ash-colored,
subareolate or somewhat powdery, effuse, or evanescent. Apoth.
brownish black and black, superficial, minute, rounded, plane or
convex, within dark. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .010-12 by
.003-35 mm- — ^r. N. Gr.,ft. 107. — On mica schist, Ireland.

218. A. psimmytliodes, Nyl. Thallus thin, somewhat scat¬
tered. Apoth. minute, maculaeform, rounded-subangulose, plane,
within pale. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .015-18 by .006 mm.
Reaction from blue vinous red. — Flora 1881, ft. 534. Exs. Lojka
L. U., 11. 175 bis. — On sandstone, Hungary.

219. A. serialis, Mull. Arg. Thallus white and yellowish-white,
smooth or glebous-rugulose. Apoth. orbicular, and subangulose,
often serially disposed, and then spuriously substellate, plano-con¬
vex, greyish-pruinose, torn at the circumference. Spores ovoid or
oblong ovoid, 2-4 locular, the upper cell larger, .011-14 by .005-6
mm. — Beilr., n. 1449, {non Graph. Fee. ft. 56.) — On rocks, Brazil.

On bark or dead wood.

220. A. mediella, Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth. mi¬
nute, orbicular, convex, within dark. Spores oblong or fusiform-
ovoid, 2-4 locular, .012-17 by .004-6 mm. ; figured in Hepp., n. 509.
Reaction vinous red. Spermatia .005-6 mm. long. — Scand., ft. 259,
Lapp. Or., p. 167, Almq.,p. 30, Wain. II, p. 155. A. trabinella
Th. Fr. Arct.,p. 240. A. musciginea Th. Fr. Bot. Not. 1865, ft.
182, ft. ft. A. sordaria Kbr. Fg., ft. 269, fide A Inn/. Biatora
globulosceformis Heftp. Exs., n. 509, fide Mull. Arg. Geneve, p. 71,

36

Almq. 1. c. Exs. Lcjka Hungar ., n. 169, Norrl., n. 226. — Northern
Europe. Greenland, fide Br. and Gronl., Greenland, ft . 508.

221. A. marmorata, (Ach.) Nyl. Thallus thin, white, leprose.
Apoth. oblong-difform or somewhat lobate, appressed, plane, within
dark. Spores ovoid, 4 locular, brown, .012-15 by .0045-55 mm.
Reaction blue. — Sftiloma Ach. hb. Nyl. Scand., p. 258. Spiloma
melaleucum var. leucoftellceuni Ach. L. U.,p. 138. A. leu cop dice a
Almq., p. 28. A. S cheer eri Mass. Symm., ft. 68, fide Almq. A.
cinereoftruinosa v. lobata Nyl. Arth., p. 94, Pr . Gall., 165. Tra-
chylia melaleuca Fr. Exs., n. 23. Exs. Norrl., n. 46. — Europe.

222. A. cliroolepida, Nyl. Thallus yellowish-white, somewhat
mealy. Apoth. sanguineous-black, superficial, oblong-difform, con¬
vex, within dark. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .009-13 by .003-4
mm. Reaction dark vinous red. — Flora 1873, p. 22. On dead
wood, Scandinavia.

223. A. tabidula. Anz. Description not seen, but akin to the
preceding, fide Almq., p. 31. — Anal., p. 19. — Italy.

224. A. hypobela, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. minute,
rounded or a little oblong, slightly prominent. Spores oblong, nar¬
rowed below, and at length acuminate, 4-6 locular, .030-38 by .005
mm. — Reaction from blue tawny red. — Flora 1876, p. 576. — On
pinus sylvestris, France.

225. A. caudata, Willey. Thallus white or inconspicuous.
Apoth. appressed, minute, rounded or oblong. Spores oblong, at¬
tenuate below, 6-8 locular, .027-36 by .005-7 mm. Reaction blue.
— Suftpl., ft. 54. — On white pine, New Bedford. Perhaps not dif¬
ferent from the preceding.

226. A. lurido-alba, Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
rounded or oblong, lurid-black, greyish pruinose, the hypothecium
dark. Spores ovoid, 4 locular, .014 by .006 mm. Reaction vinous
red. — Tuck. Gen., p. 222 (nomen.) — White Mountains in hb. Tuck.

227. A. diffusa, Nyl. Thallus thin, white effuse, or obsolete.
Apoth. scattered, rounded or difform, plane or convex, naked or
whitish pruinose, within pale. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4 locular,
.009-13 by .0035-45 mm. Reaction blue. Spermatia oblong. —
En. ft. 337 (nomen.) Flora 1885,/. 448. A. Willeyi, Tuck, in litt.
— Northern, Middle, and Western States east of the Mississippi.

228. A. subdiffusa, n. sp. Thallus, white, effuse, somewhat
mealy. Apoth. minute, rounded or a little oblong or angular, ad-
nate, plane or a little convex. Spores narrowly oblong-ovoid, 4
locular, .012-16 by .0035-4^)111111. Reaction of the thekes vinous red.
— Florida, Austin in hb. Tuck.

37

229. A. melaspora, Tuck. Thallus white, effuse, powdery.
Apoth. innate, rounded, oblong or difform, plane, suffused with the
thallus. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4-6 locular, the upper cell largest,
very dark brown and almost black, .022-27 by .010-13 mm. Reac¬
tion blue. — Tuck, in hb. Sprague. Willey Suppl , p. 54. — On dead
wood, Florida, Miss Wilson.

230. A. aspersa, Leight. Thallus greyish-green, thin, indeter¬
minate. Apoth. numerous, rounded and variously difform, depressed
or plane, within dark. Spores ovoid-oblong, 4 locular, .013-15 by
.006 mm., the upper cell largest. Reaction blue. — Ann. Nat. Hist.,
j85 6,p. 332 andi. 11 /. 11-15, Gr. Brit., p. 395, Almq.,p. 41.—
Europe.

231. A. pinastri, Anz. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth. innate,
rounded or oblong, appressed, plane or convex, greyish pruinose.

Spores - . — Comm. Soc. Critt. ftal. 1862, p. 159, exs. Etr ., n. 34.

A. neglect a Bagl. in Rab. Exs., n. 670, fide Almq ., p. 63. — On pine,
Italy; and Nyl. has referred here provisionally a plant on white pine,
New Bedford, in which the spores are 4 locular, .016-22 by .006-9
mm.

232. A. reniformis, (Pers.) Ach. “ Thallus olivaceous. Apoth.
subreniform.” — Opegrapha Pers. Ann. 1794, p. 31. Arthonia Ach.
L. U.,p. 146, Nyl. Flora 1867, p. 330. Am. Flora 1884, p. 647,
Lamy, p. 152. A. obscura (Pers.) Ach. L. U., p. 146, in Hepp
Exs., n. %()j,pde Stitz. Helv., n. 1095. The spores of Hepp’s plant
are 6 locular, .013-20 by .003-4 mm. — Nyl. has referred here a plant
on white pine, Pennsylvania, in hb. Eckfeldt, in which the thallus is
thin, white, the apoth. appressed, rounded or oblong; spores 6 loc¬
ular, .018-23 by .006-8 mm.

233. A. gyrosa, Ach. Thallus inconspicuous, limited by a dark
line. Apoth. appressed, crowded, difform, obsoletely gyrose ru¬
gose. Spores ovoid, 6-(8) locular, .013-17 by .005-6 mm. Reac¬
tion yellow. — L. U.,p. 144, Syn., p. 5, Nyl. Arth., p. 96, Mass.
Ric., p. 51. — Europe.

234. A. subgyrosa, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. de¬
pressed, rounded or difform, somewhat gyrose-insculpted or rugose
and torn, within dark. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .015 by .006
mm. Reaction from blue vinous red .—Flora 1869, p. 72. — Bengal.

235. A. glaucella, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. crowded,
small, difform, macular, uneven, plane, the older ones lobate-dis-
joined, thinly grey-pruinose. Spores oblong, .016-18 by .005-6
mm. Reaction blue. — Arth., p. 9 7. — Germany.

38

236. A. yiburuea, Mull. Arg. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
suborbicular, depressed-hemispherical, the hypothecium pale.
Spores oblong-ovoid, 6 locular, .015-18 by .0045-6 mm. — Beitr. , n.
967 . — Switzerland .

2 37. A. ilicina, Tayl. Thallus white, determinate. Apoth.
brownish-black, scattered, irregularly rounded, oblong or difform,
within pale. Spores club shaped, 6 locular, at length brown, the
upper cell largest, .030 by .012 mm. Reaction from blue vinous red.
— FI. Hibern. II, p. 105, height. Gr. Brit., p. 401, Br . Graph., p.
56 and f. 36. — On holly, Great Britain.

238. A. ilicinella, Nyl. Similar to the preceding, but the
apoth. smaller, with smaller 4-7 locular spores. Reaction vinous
red. — Flora 1867, p. 109, Leight. Gr. Brit., p. 401, Almq., p. 41. —
Europe. Straits of Magellan, Hassler Exp. — Hardly differs trom
the preceding.

239. A. palmicola, Ach. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. minute,
oblong-difform, sometimes somewhat divided, rather prominent.
Spores oblong, 4 locular, .010-14 by .004-6 mm. Reaction from
blue vinous red. — Syn,,p. 5, Nyl. Flora 1876, p. 284, Midi. Arg.
Graph, Fee. p. 57. — Egypt, and tropical.

240. A. turbatula, Nyl. Thallus ashy-brown or ashy-green.
Apoth. difform, innate, plane. Spores oblong, 4 locular, brown or
decolorate, .032-48 by .014-18 mm. Hypothecium pale. Reaction
dark vinous red. — Fueg. p. 18. A. heteromorpha Mull. Arg. Cape
Horn (1888,) p. i6g,pide seipso in Lich. Spegazz., p. 50. — Fuegia.

241. A. pulveracea, Mull. Arg. Thallus yellowish-white, mealy.
Apoth. orbicular and angulose, finally convex, within dark. Spores
2-4 locular, the upper cell largest, .010-14 by .004-45 mm. — Lich.
Spegazz., p. 107. A. palmicola Nyl. Fueg., p. 18, fide Mull. Arg.,
1. c. — Staten Island, Straits of Magellan.

242. A. miserula, Nyl. Thallus white, somewhat mealy, ri-
mose, determinate. Apoth. minute, punctiform, oblong or difform,
or often subangulose or subramose, plane. Spores 3-4 locular,
brown or decolorate, .012-14 by .0045 mm. Reaction yellow. — Pr.
N. Gr.,p. 106. Exs. Lindig , n. 7 86. — Bogota, S. America.

243. A. pruinosula, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. oblong
or subangulose, innate, plane, thinly white pruinose. Spores ovoid
oblong, at length brown, 4 locular, .011-14 by .004-5 mm. Reac¬
tion blue. — Pr . N. Gr., p. 573. Exs. Lindig, n. 6.— New Grenada.
A plant very near this, with rounded pruinose apoth., spores oblong,
4 locular, .013-16 by .0034-4 mm., reaction vinous red, occurs in
Florida in hb. Tuck. Sent to Nyl. under n. 93.

244- A. pyrenuloides, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, whitish ash-
colored. Apoth. orbicular or obsoletely irregular, sessile, hemis¬
pherical. Spores ovoid-dactyloid, 4 locular, .016-21 by .005-55
mm. — Beitr., n. 1093. — Australia.

245. A. inangiferie, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, white. Apoth.
orbicular, black, when wet reddish black, immersed, erumpent, sur¬
rounded by a spurious thalline margin, the hypothecium dark.
Spores somewhat staff-shaped, 4 locular, .020-28 by .0025-4 mm. —
Beitr., n. 1487. — Cochin China.

246. A. melanophtlialma, Duf. Thallus thin, white, or evan¬
escent, limited by a black line. Apoth. innate, plane, rounded and
difform, within pale or blackening. Spores oblong-ovoid, 5-6 loc¬
ular, the upper cell larger, brown or decolorate, .014-22 by .005-8
mm. Reaction blue. Spermatia .006 mm. long. Nyl. Arth., p.
94, Pr. Gall., p. 166, Pr. N. Gr.,p. 106, Almq., p. 42. A. coni-
angiodes Bagl. Critt. Ital. IP, 1 19, fide Am. Flora 1887, p. 155.
Exs. Lojka L. U., n. 294. — Europe. S. America.

247. A. platygraphella, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, nmulose.
Apoth. rounded or oblong, plane, with a thin or evanescent thalline
margin, whitish pruinose, within dark. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4 loc
ular, .013-16 by .005 mm. Reaction vinous red. — New Zeal.
(1865,) p. 258, ibid. (1888,) p. 120. — New Zealand.

248. A. polymorpha, Ach. Thallus white, bordered by a dark
line. Apoth. rounded, angular, or difform, dilated, plane, rugose.
Spores ovoid or fusiform ovoid, brown or decolorate, .015-22 by
.005-8 mm. Reaction from blue vinous red. — Syn., p. 7. Nyl.
Arth., p. 94, (non Pr. N. Gr., p. 105.) Mull. Arg. Graph. Fee.,
p. 57. A. dilatata Fie Fss., p. 54 and t. 13/. 7, Suppl ., p. 38,
and t . 40 f. 9, (non A. polymorpha Fee. Ess., p. 53, which, accord¬
ing to Miill. Arg. 1. c. p. 21, is a Melaspilea.) — Tropical. Southern
United States in hb. Tuck.

Var. maculans, Ach. Apoth. appressed, difform, dilated, con¬
fluent. — Syn., p. 7, Fee Fss., p. 53. Spilorna Ach. L. U.,p. 136.
A. bombacina ibid.,p. 143, Syn., p. 7- — tropical.

Var. Guayaeana, Miill. Arg. Apoth. smaller and more rounded,
or now oblong-elliptical. Spores .015-16 by .005 mm. — Graph.
Fie., p. 58. A. dilatata var. Fee Fss., p. 39.— Tropical.

249. A. dispartibilis, Nyl. — Flora 1886, p. 104 (nomen.) A.
polymorpha v. dispartibilis, Mull. Arg. in Sched. Fxs. Wright
Cub., n. 123d. — Not in my collection.

250. A. meizoinorpha. Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth.
rounded-difform, within dark. Spores 6 locular, the upper cell
larger, .018—24 by .006—9 mm. — A . Zeal. 1888, p. 122, and J . 7. A.

40

polymorpha Pr. N. Gr., p. 105. Exs. Lindig, n. 2562, 2701, 2780.
— New Grenada. Portugal, “ quod corrigendum in Flora 1865, p.
605,” Nyl. 1. c., which, according to Am. Flora 1870,/. 841, was
“ ? A. turbidulaP

251. A. perafflnis, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determinate.
Apoth. maculeeform or somewhat angulose-rounded, somewhat rug-
ulose, within dark. Spores ovoid-oblong, brown or decolorate, 6
locular, .024-32 by .009-12 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Syn. N~.
Caled., p. 63, N. Zeal. (1888,) p. 122. — New Caledonia, New
Zealand.

252. A. complanata, F6e. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. rounded
or angular and difform, dilated, plane. Spores ovoid, brown or de¬
colorate, 4-6 locular, the extreme cells larger, .022-32 by .007-10
mm. Reaction blue. — Ess.,p. 54, Suppl., p. 39 and t. 40 f. 10.
Nyl. Pr. N. Gr., p. 106, Antill., p. 18. Midi. Arg. Graph. Fee. p.
18. A. subrotunda Fee Suppl., p. 39, fide Nyl. Exot. Peruv., p.
231, and Mull. Arg. 1. c. — Exs. Lindig, n. 760, Wright, Cub., n.
144, a, b, c, d, 147. — Tropical. S. Carolina and Florida in hb. Tuck.

2 53. A. propinqua, Nyl. Similar to the preceding, but the
brown 4-6 locular spores .019-25 by .009-11 mm. Reaction from
blue vinous red. — Pr. N. Gr., p. 106. — Ceylon, Guinea.

254. A. excedens, Nyl. Similar to A. co7nplanata, but the
spores brown, ovoid oblong, 6 locular, .030-36 by .010-15 mm.
Reaction from blue vinous red. — Pr. N. Gr. p. 106, N. Zeal. (1888,)
p. 12 1. Exs. Lindig, n. 733. S. America, New Zealand; and a
plant from Oregon, Pringle, 1881, with 6 locular, curved, colorless
spores, .027 by .008-10 mm., is referred here by Nyl. in litt.

255. A. subexcedens, Nyl. Similar to A. complanata , but the
finally brown, 6 locular spores, .027-30 by .011-13 mrn- — Flora
1886,/. 104 (yiojueii) Fueg. , p. 18. Exs. Wright, Cub., n. 144 f.
and 195. — Cuba, Fuegia.

256. A. complanatulil, Mull. Arg. Thallus inconspicuous.
Apoth. orbicular, or slightly angulose, depressed, within black,
when young greyish-pruinose. Spores 4 locular, .010-12 by .004-5
mm. — Socotr., p. 13. — Socotra, Africa.

257. A. aletea, (Mass.) Thallus greenish-white, limited by a
dark line. Apoth. scattered, minute, difform, innate-sessile, at
length somewhat convex. Spores oblong-ovoid, 2-4 locular, very
minute. — Coniangium, Kph. Amboin., p. 7. — Amboina, Africa.

258. A. mazozia, (Mass.) Thallus white, indeterminate. Apoth.
minute, subpunctiform, difform, scattered, numerous, plane, rugose.

41

Spores oblong-ovoid, 2-4 locular, minute. — Ncevia , Kph. Amboin.,
A 7- — Amboina.

259- A. - Thallus thin, white. Apoth. adnate, orbicular

or elliptical, convex, within dark reddish-brown. Spores oblong, 4
locular, .013-15 by .0035-5 nun. Reaction none — Port Famine,
Straits ot Magellan, Hassler Exp. Sent to Nyl. under n. 10.

260. A. - . Thallus white, somewhat tartareous. Apoth.

irregularly shaped, oblong and lobate, adnate, convex, within pale.
Spores ovoid, (4 locular, the upper cells larger, .016-18 by .007 mm.
Reaction blue. — Galapagos Islands, Hassler Exp. Sent to Nyl.
under n. 13.

ft Apoth. from rounded becoming elongated, or linear and stellate.

261. A. punctiformis, Ach. Thallus white, determinate, or
evanescent. Apoth. minute, rounded, oblong or somewhat difform,
(hence rather belonging to the previous section,) but in other speci¬
mens relerred to the same species, elongated and sparingly branched,
within pale. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4-(6) locular, .016-24 by -006-8
mm. Reaction blue. — L. U., p. 141, and var. olivacea, glaucescens,
differing only in the color of the thallus, Syn., p. 4. Nyl. Arth.,p.
31, Pr . Gall., p. 1 67, Scand., p. 260, Kbr. Syst. p. 293, Wain.
Adjum. II, p. 159, Almq.,p. 42. A. verrucarioides Ach. Syn., p.
4. A. ecrustacea Duf. Jour. Phys., p. 6. A. atomaria , celtidis
and populina Mass. Ric., p. 50. A. quercus Hepp, Midi. Arg.
Genev., p. 70. A. Oleandri Rab. Exs., n. 972. A. nudata Chev.
Par.,p. 543. A. griseo-alba Anz. Cat. Sondr., p. 94. A. micro-
scopica Schcer. Spic., p. 246, Hepp., Exs., n. 560. Naevia orbicu¬
laris Er. Exs., n. 9. Opegrapha atra v. abbreviata Fr. L. E., p.
367 , saltern p. p., Tuck. Syn. 1848, p. 75. — Europe, N. America,
widely diffused. The synonymy shows the difficulty of fixing the
limits of this plant. It perhaps includes also the A. epipasta Ach.
of Leight. Gr. Brit, and Kbr. Syst. The New England plant has
the thallus now obsolete and now milk white. Nyl. has referred
here as 11 A. punctiformis , optima, ” a New Bedford plant on white
pine, in which the spores are club shaped, 4-6 locular, the upper
cell larger, .016-28 by .007-9 mm- 5 spermatia .005-7 mm. long. A
plant from Illinois, E. Hall, does not differ from a European speci¬
men called “ A. celtidis b . fraxinea HeppT in hb. Willey, commu¬
nicated by Ur. Muller. A plant from the mountains of N. Carolina
in hb. Eckfeldt, with very minute, numerous, punctiform, rounded
apoth., the spores ovoid, 3-4 locular, .013-16 by .0045-55 mm.,
seems near A. microscopica Mass. — A. epipasta of Kbr. is called A.
microscopica (Ehrh.) Schaer. Spicil, p. 246; and A. punctiformis,
verrucarioides , and epipasta Ach. are given as synonyms p. p. in

42

Hepp. Exs., 7i. 560. Arnold, in Flora 1884,/. 649, gives A. pop-
ulina Mass, as a distinct species, with A. ilici7ia Tayl. as a synonym,
A. oleandri Rab. and A. microscopica Ehrh. as forms, and refers to
Norrl. )i. 234, called A. punctifor7nis . Ach. Sy7i., p. 75, queries
whether his opegrapha epipasta is distinct from A. pU7ictifor7iiis .

Yar. quadriseptata, Old. Spores 5 locular, .022-25 by .006 mm.
— Preuss.,p. 41, Ar7i. Flora 1872,/. 572. — Europe.

Yar. subeminula, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. rounded
or oblong, somewhat prominent, plane. Spores .014-17 by .006-7
mm. Reaction vinous red. — Flora 1876, /. 284. — Egypt.

Yar. regularis, (Ach.) Nyl. 171 lilt. Stitz. Helv ., 71. 1101.
Exs. A )iz . La7ig, 71. 208. A. obscura var. Ach. hb. — Europe. — Not
seen.

262. *A. parallelula, Norm. Apoth. from rounded linear-
oblong, commonly somewhat parallel. Spores commonly a little
smaller than in A . punctifor77iis . — Nor v eg. , p . 32. — Norway.

263. *A. boreella, Wain. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth. very
minute, maculaeform, rounded or difform, erumpent, plane. Spores
oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .014-17 by .005-7 mm. Reaction from blue
vinous red. — Adju/n. PI, p. 160. Lapland.

264. A. epipastoides, Nyl. Apoth. small, irregularly linear,
rarely liexuous-difiform, when young punctiform. Spores .016-23 by
.005-7 mm. Reaction vinous red. — flora 18 73, p. 206, Arn. Flora
1881, p. 254, who thinks it is A. p7i7ictifor7/iis v. 7nicroscopica , and
refers to Nyl. flora 1863,/. 79. Opegrapha epipasta Ach. and A.
astroidea v. epipasta Nyl. Arth. p. 96, Pr. Gall. p. 166, who also
refers here A. tynnocarpa Ach. Syn., p. 6, A. q7ierci7ia and querci-
cola Chev. Par., p. 544, A. celtidis Mass, and A. epipasta Ixight. —
Europe. — An Illinois specimen in hb. Tuck, marked “A. astroidea
v. epipasta, sp. 2, 3-4 loc.,” seems to belong here, as well as Cali¬
fornia specimens in hb. Sprague; and Nyl. has referred here speci¬
mens from New Bedford. As to “A. epipastoides Nyl.11 Leight.
Grevillea, 1872, p. 59, a7id t. 4, f. 8, see under A. gregaria.

Yar. galaetitella, Nyl. With the aspect of A. galactites, but
differing in the spores and reaction. — Flora 1873, P • 2°6- — Pyrenees.

265. A. stenospora, Mull. Arg. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
suborbicular or oblong, obsoletely angulose, semi-immersed, convex,
at first veiled by the thallus. Spores subfusiform, 4 locular, .014-27
by .0025-35 mm- Reaction blue. — Flora 1872,/. 503, where it is
said to be near A. punciifor7/iis , and to differ from A. betulicola.
Mass. Descr., p. 22, t. 3 f. 1-8 in more regular not acutely angulose
apoth., and the outline of the spores. — Switzerland.

43

266. A. disperselln, Mlill. Arg. Thallus from pale brown be¬
coming white, thin, bordered by a dark line. Apoth. numerous, very
minute, from orbicular oblong-elliptical and linear-difform, often
stellate-ramulose, innate- sessile, plane, within pale. Spores cylin-
drical-obovoid, 4 locular, .016-19 by .005-7 mm. Beitr., n. 225. —
Caracas, S. America.

267. A. oblonglllll, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, white, evanes¬
cent. Apoth. from elliptical elongated, straight or curved, obso-
letely bifurcate, within pale. Spores dactyloid-obovoid, 4 locular,
.014-18 by .0055-6 mm. — Beitr., n. 1094. — Australia.

268. A. obscurella, Miill. Arg. Thallus dark ash-colored or
smoky-black, smooth, bordered by a dark line. Apoth. linear, sim¬
ple, or divergently 1-2 branched, or depauperate-stellate, with a
thin distinct margin, when dry somewhat channelled, when wet con¬
vex, ashy pruinose, within greenish. Spores cvlindrical-obovoid, at
length brown, 4-6 locular, the upper cell larger, .015-22 by .005-65
mm. — Beitr., n. 223. — New Grenada.

269. A. linearis, Kph. Thallus thin, white, bordered by a
black line. Apoth. minute, slender, interruptedly somewhat linear,
simple, or somewhat flexuous and ramulose, scattered, somewhat
immersed in white thalline prominences. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4
locular, the upper cell larger, .028-37 by .008-12 mm. — Flora 1873,
p. 466. — China.

270. A. gradients!, Miill. Arg. Thallus white, obsoletely black
limited. Apoth. innate-erumpent, slender, elongated, and some¬
what rectangularly few branched, variously diffract-curved and sub-
torulose-uneven, convex, within dark. Spores dactyloid-obovoid,
often curved, 6 locular, the upper cells larger, .021 by .008 mm. —
Beitr., n. 522. Shirley 1889,/. 152. — Australia.

271. A. gracillima, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, white. Apoth.
lirellaeform, emergent, simple and irregularly branched. Spores
cvlindrical-obovoid, 6 locular, the upper cell larger, .018-24 by
.008-10 mm. — Beitr., ?i. 1195- — Australia.

272. A. leptogranima, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, white or mealy-
white, effuse. Apoth. slender, irregularly linear, and here and there
almost short-substellate-ramulose, sometimes powdery. Spores

^oblong-ovoid, 6 locular, the upper cell larger, .028 by .011-12 mm.
— Afr. Occ., p. 39. — Africa.

273. A. moniliformis, Nyl. Thallus pale brown. Apoth. lin¬
ear, moniliform-uneven, somewhat flexuous and branched. Spores
obovoid-tusiform , 7— 8 locular, the intermediate cells laigei, .018—20
by .006-7 nim. — En., p. 1 33 » Exot. Berm)., p. 234, Mull. Arg.

44

Graph. Fee. p. 59. Coniocarpon caribceum Fee Ess., p. 99, p. p-
fide Mull. Arg. 1. c. — Tropical.

274. A. hapaliza, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. innate,
depressed, oblong-linear, straight or a little flexuous, sometimes 2-3
branched, within pale. Spores ovoid, 6 locular. Reaction blue. —
Chil., p. 172. — Chili. — “ Est quasi A. astroidea Ach., simplicior,
sed distinguenda apoth. formas simplicioris, sporis constanter 5 sep-
tatis.”

275. A. oxytera, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determinate, limited
by a black line. Apoth. linear- lanceolate, or lanceolate-difform,
sometimes shorter and variable, plane, appressed or innate, within
pale. Spores fusiform-ovoid, at length brown, 4 locular, .013-1413)’
.006 mm. Reaction blue. — Fr. Ah. Gr.,p. 105. — Mexico: and per¬
haps a plant from Florida in hb. Calkins, and from Texas, E. D.
Mead, may be referred here.

276. A. variiformis, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. emer¬
gent or superficial, linear, often a little flexuous, plane or slightly
concave. Spores oblong, mostly 6 locular, .016-18 by . 005-7 mm.
Reaction from blue vinous red. — Alger., p. 336, Pr. Gall., p. 167. —
Algiers.

277. A. illbopulverea, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, mealy. Apoth.
superficial, oblong-linear or sometimes lobate, thinly pruinose.
Spores ovoid, 4 locular, .011-13 by .004-6 mm. Reaction vinous
red. — Alger., p. 336, Pr. Gall., p. 167. — Algiers.

278. A. stictoides, (Desmaz.) Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Ap¬
oth. erumpent, longitudinally disposed, linear-lanceolate, often nar¬
row. Spores oblong or oblong-ovoid, 4 locular, .016-21 by .006-8
mm. Reaction from blue vinous red. — Opegrapha Desniaz. Ann.
Sci. Nat. 1848, p. 360, Nyl. Arth.,p. 97, Pr. Gall.,p. 167. — France.

279. A. radiata, (Pers.) Th. Fr. Thallus whitish, cinerascent,
or darkening or obsolete, determinate, often bordered by a dark
line. Apoth. irregularly shaped, stellate difform, or ramulose, often
erumpent, plane or slightly convex, within pale. Spores ovoid-ob¬
long, 4 locular, .010-20 by .004-6 mm.; figured in Hepp., n. 351,
352, 353. Reaction from blue vinous red. — Opegrapha Pers. Ust.
Ann. 1794, si. 7,/. 29. Arthonia Th. Fr. Arct ., p. 240, Alinq.,
p. 35. A. astroidea Ach. Syn., p. 6, Nyl. Arth., p. 95, Pr. Gall.,
p. 166, Scand., p. 259, and aucct. Am. Flora 1881, p. 202, 1884,
p. 646. A. vulgaris Schcer. Spic.,p. 246, Kbr. Syn., p. 290. A.
curvula Fw. Exs., 11. 177. A. betulicola Mass. Descr.,p. 12, fide
Alniq. A. obscura Ach. L. U., p. 146, fide Nyl. Arth., p. 95,
and perhaps of the catalogues of Muhlenberg and Torrey. Ope-

grapha atra *maci Claris Fr. L. E., p. 367, fide Nyl. Arth., /. 95.
Exs. Norrl., n. 232, 233. — A common and widely dispersed, prob¬
ably cosmopolitan lichen, of which many varieties have been made,
some of them of little account.

^ ar. Swartziana, (Ach.) Nyl. Apoth. larger, more rounded
and entire, somewhat convex, the spores rather larger. — A. Suuartz-
iana Ach. L. U., /. 142, Syn . , />. 5. A. astroidea var. Nyl. Arth.,
p. 95, Almq., p. 36. A: vulgaris var. Schcer. Spic., p. 246.
Opegrapha atra * macular is 'Fuck. Syn., 1848, p. 75, fide Nyl.
Arth., p. 96. A. c era sin a Chev. Par., p. 541, and A. populina
Mass. Ric.,p. 5 o , fide Nyl. 1. c. A. betulicola Mass. Descr., p. 12,
fide Am., Flora 1884, p. 647. — Europe, United States.

1‘. cinerascens, Ach. Smaller, more slender, angulose-difform.
— Syn., p. 5, Am. Flora 1881,/. 202.

Var. melantera, (Ach.) Almq. Thallus from ash-colored be
coming black, shining, somewhat fatty. Apoth. appressed, plane,
suborbicular or rarely oblong, rugose. — A. melantera Ach. L. U.,
p. 143. A. obscura var. Syn., p. 7. A. radiata var. Almq., p. 36.
A. astroidea var. Am. Flora 1881, p. 203. A. sorbina Kbr. Pg.,
p. 265, exs. 11. 20, fide Almq., but which in Nyl. Pr. Gall., p. 167,
is referred to var. Swarziana. A. sorbina Norm. Spec. L. nat., p.
120, is the sam e,fide Almq., the apoth. innate, plane, angulate, the
hymenium fuligineous, with thick, distinct, parallel paraphyses.

Var. hyparcha, Ach. L. U., p. 146, does not differ from typical
A. astroidea ; and varr. stellulata and tynnocarpa ibid., p. 146, are
smaller and little marked forms, fide Nyl. Scand., p. 259. Var .
opegraphina Ach. Syn., p. 6, is characterized as having depressed,
linear, submarginate, or crowded, convex difform, substellate, scab¬
rous apoth. As to “A. opegraphina Ach.fi Leight. Grevillea
1872, p. 59, and t. 4 f. 7, see A. gregaria. According to Am. Flora
1881, p. 204, the name opegraphina is superfluous.

Var. applanata, Wain. Apoth. maculaeform, difform, dilated,
plane, within dark. Spores ovoid-oblong, .014-16 by .005-6 mm.
— Adjum. H, p. 157. — Scandinavia.

Var. angustata, Wain. Apoth. narrow, simple or radiate, a
little more elevated, the disk almost cleft. — Adjum., 1. c. — Scandi¬
navia.

Var. olivacea, Wain. Like the preceding var., but the epithe-
cium sooty olive-colored. Spores .013-16 by .005-6 mm. — Adjum.
1. c. — Scandinavia.

Var. subparallela, Mull. Arg. Thallus white. Apoth. small,
somewhat parallel, crowded or more often somewhat solitary, here
and there suborbicular. — Beitr., n. 129. — Switzerland.

280. A. subastroidea, Nyl. ( non Anz.) Thallus thin, white.
Apoth. appressed, dilated, stellate lobate, plane or a little convex,

46

within pale. Spores clavate, 6 locular, the upper cell larger, .019-27
by .0055-7 mm. Reaction of the hymenium vinous red; ot the ex¬
ternal parts adjacent, blue. — Flora 1886, p. 104 ( nomen. ) A par-
astroidea Nyl. in Mull. Arg. Sched. Graph. Cub. But both these
names have been anticipated in print. Exs. Wright Cub., n. 144 g.
— Cuba.

281. A. astrica, Tuck. Thallus white or ash-colored. Apoth.
small, angular and oblong, plane, within pale. Spores oblong-ovoid,
6-7 locular, the upper cell larger, .018-22 by .004-5 nun. Reac¬
tions as in the preceding. — Texas in hb. Tuck. The small fragment
I possess is hardly sufficient to enable me to give a full description.
Perhaps not different from the preceding.

282. A. parastroidea, Lamy. Thallus thin, pale red, rimulose.
Apoth. depressed, within pale reddish-brown. Spores oblong-ovoid,
decolorate or pale brown, 4-5 locular, .015-16 by .006-7 mm. — Mt.
Dore,p. 152. — France.

283. A. snbastroidella, Nyl. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth-
minute, confusedly stellate, uneven. Spores ovoid-oblong, 4 locu¬
lar, .011-12 by .004-5 mm. Reaction of the thekes vinous red. —
Flora 1885,/. 312. — On witch hazel, New Bedford.

284. A. quintaria, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. substel-
late, simpler than in A. radiata. Spores oblong-ovoid, club-shaped,
4-8 locular, the upper cell larger, .018-29 by .007-11 mm. Reaction
vinous red. — Flora 1885, p. 312. — On holly, New Bedford. New
Jersey in hb. Eckfeldt. Florida, Miss Wilson, in hb. Sprague, and
hb. Calkins.

285. A. xylograpliica, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. ap-
pressed, lanceolate-difform or substellate. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4
locular, .012-15 by .004-5 mm- Reaction blue. — Flora 1885,/. 312.
— On Vaccinium corymbosum. New Bedford, very rare.

286. A. hamamelidis, Nyl. Similar to A. radiata , but the 4
locular spores .01 1-1 2 by .004 mm. Reaction from blue dark vi¬
nous red. — Flora 1885, p. 447. — On witch hazel, New Bedford.

287. A. Armoricana, Nyl. Similar to A. radiata, but the apoth.
larger and more simple, somewhat confluent, plane. Spores 4 loc¬
ular. — Flora 1865 , p. 355. Leight. Gr. Brit.,p. 401. — Europe.

288. A. ramosula, Nyl. Thallus thin, whitish ash-colored,
limited by a black line. Apoth. brownish-black, appressed, plane,
stellate-radiate-ramulose, now transversely diffract. Spores oblong-
ovoid, 4 locular, brown, .016 by .005 mm. Reaction from blue vi¬
nous red.— Alger., p. 355, Chil., p. 170, Fr. Gall., p. 167. Ope-

47

grapha scripta DR. Alger., p. 281. Algiers, Chili. In Nyl. Arth . ,
p. 97, the name is spelled ramulosa.

289. A. stellaris, Kph. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. linear,
stellate-radiate. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4-6 locular .014-19 by .005-6
mm. Reaction vinous red or violet. — Lich. Bay., p. 296. — Conian-
gmm albellum Zzv. Exs., n. 358 .fide Almq.,p. 21. — Europe.

290. A. radians. Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, greyish- white, effuse.
Apoth. stellate-ramose, the branches often acuminate, and depressed
in the middle, spuriously margined, the disk at length obsoletely
pallescent, the hypothecium pale. Spores oblong-obovoid, 4 locu¬
lar, the upper cell larger, .020 by .005-6 mm. — Parag., p. 26. —
Paraguay.

291. A. tenuissima, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, or evanes¬
cent. Apoth. iirellate, substellate-ramose, commonly few branched,
the branches short, rather straight, slightly prominent. Spores
cylindrical-obovoid, 4 locular, the upper cell larger, .016-18 by
.006-7 mm. — Beitr., n. 1450. — Trinidad Islands.

292. A. ramulosa, Kn. and Mitt. Thallus dull white, very-
thin. Apoth. superficial, black with a dark brown base and sides,
much branched, bordered by a narrow undulating line. Spores 3
septate, [4 locular,] oblong or obovate, brown, the upper cell larg¬
est, measuring from 0,00020 to 0,00015 of an inch. Apoth. more
branched than those of A. astroidea Ach., and more prominent. —
N Zeal. , p. 105, and t. 12 32. — New Zealand. — Not mentioned
in Nyl. N. Zeal. 1888.

293. A. indistincta, Kn. and Mitt. Thallus ash-colored. Ap¬
oth. linear-difform, subramose, or smaller and subnebulose. Spores
ellipsoid, brown or decolorate, 4 locular, .026-28 by .010-11 mm.
Reaction vinous red. — N. Zeal.,p. 105, and t. 12, f. 30, Nyl. N.
Zeal. (1888,) p. 120. — New Zealand.

294. A. subvelata, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. macular-
submoniliform, or vaguely substellate-difform, small, uneven, com¬
monly veiled by the thallus, within dark. Spores oblong-ovoid, 4-7
locular, .013-18 by .0045-65 mm. Reaction from blue vinous red.
— Flora 1869 , p. 72. — Bengal.

295. A. torulosa, F6e, Nyl. Thallus olive-brown, bordered by
a dark line. Apoth. short-stellate-radiate, slender, plane, within
dark, the hypothecium blackish-brown. Spores cylindrical-obovoid,
6 locular, the upper cell and often the lower one larger, .013-16 by
.005-6 mm. — Art ho m a f Pdc Ess., p. 55’ u,nd t. 49, f. 13 Ins. Co-
niocarpon? ibid. Suppl., p. 100, and t. 24 ,f. 1. Nyl. En.,p. 133.
Mull. Arg. Graph. Fee, p. 58. A. polymorpha v. substellata Fie

48

(non Ach.) Ess., p. 53. A. dilatata Fee Suppl., /. 38, p. p. fide
Mull. Arg. 1. c. — Tropical in hb. Fee.

*** Spores 8-plurilocular.

296. A. platygraphidea, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, rugulose,
determinate, limited by a dark line. Apoth. middling sized, rounded
or rounded-difform, more rarely oblong, often prominent, sometimes
bordered by a spurious thalline margin, within pale. Spores fusi¬
form, brown or decolorate, 14-16 locular, .052-73 by .014-22 mm.
Reaction blue. — Pr. N. Gr., p. 104. — Mexico. Florida, Austin in
hb. Tuck.

297. A. align lata, F6e. Thallus white, somewhat mealy. Ap¬
oth. scattered, roundish, oblong, and angular, depressed. Spores
ellipsoid-lanceolate, 12-14 locular, the extreme cells shorter, .048-55
by .01 1— 14 mm. — Suppl., p. 39, and t. 40 , f. 9. Midi. Arg. Graph.
Fie. p. 59. Graphis, Mass. Mem., p. iri. A. polymorpha Eschw.
Bras.,p. hi, fide Aryl. Pr. IV. Gr., p. 104, and Midi. Arg. Revis.
Eschw., 2, p. 45. A. tremellosa Eschw. Sysl., p. 26, and f. 20.
Mass. Ric., p. 54, ( Arthothelium ,) id videtur. — Tropical. — But
according to Th. Fr. Gen. Heterol., p. 45, Eschweiler's plant is a
Myriangium.

298. A. stictica, (F6e) Nyl. Similar to A. angulata, but the
thallus olive-green. Spores brownish in age, 10-12 locular, the two
intermediate cells a little larger, .070-80 by .015-23 mm . — Lecidea
Fee Suppl., p. 103. Nyl. En.,p. 133. Mull. Arg. Graph. Fee. p.
60. — West Indies.

299. A. atrata, (F6e) Mull. Arg. Thallus greyish, rimose,
limited by a dark zone. Apoth. substellate-ramose, obtusely short-
branched, dilated, innate, concave when dry, within fulvescent.
Spores oblong-ovoid, rounded at the extremities, 9-12 locular, the
extreme and the middle cells commonly a little larger, .050-55 by
.019-23 mm. — Graphis Fee Ess., p. 35, Suppl., p. 27, and t. 19.
Mull. Arg. Graph. Fee. p. 59; non A. substellata Nyl. Pr. N. Gr.,
p. 106, nee A. atrata Tuck. Gen., p. 222. — Tropical.

300. A. calospora, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, about the
apoth. tumid. Apoth. orbicular, angulose, plano-convex, when wet
blackish brown. Spores 10-12 locular, commonly curved, .050-60
by .018-20 mm. — Socotr.,p. 12. — Socotra, Africa.

301. A. pelltea, Leight. Thallus dirty-brown, rimulose, bor¬
dered by a dark line. Apoth. brownish-black, rounded-difform,
plane. Spores linear-obovate, brown, 8-10 locular. Reaction vi¬
nous red. — Ceylon, p. 180, and t. 36,/. 37, according to which the
extreme cells of the spores are larger. — Ceylon.

49

302. A. myriocarpa, Miill. Arg. Thallus thin, white, smooth,
01 at length rugulose. Apoth. black, pale when wet, very numerous
and small, erumpent, orbicular or now linear-oblong, or serially con¬
fluent, plane, naked, within pale. Spores curved, obtuse, (8)-io
locular, .035-40 by .015 mm., the extreme cells smaller. — Beitr ., n.
1488. — Cochin China. — Compared to A. gracillirna and A. torulosa.

303. A. lepra riel la, Nyl. Thallus white, leprous, effuse. Ap¬
oth. minute, innate, rounded or oblong. Spores in the small speci¬
men seen from hb. Tuck. 4-5 locular, at length brown, .045-50 by
.018-22 mm. Reaction blue. — Fn., p. 133, where it is placed among
the species with plurilocular or muriform spores. — Exs. Hook., n.
2268. — East Indies.

Ot the following, belonging to the preceding sections, the descrip¬
tions have not been seen :

A. (Naevia) Bassanensis, Beitr. Lick. Bassan. 1858,/. 251. —
Italy.

A. (lendritella, Nyl. Phil. Trans. 1879, P - 412- Foliicola.
Spores 4 locular, .010-14 by .004-5 mm. — Rodriguez Islands.

A. insinuata, Stirt. Glasg. Trans. 1875, P- §9' Ae/. Jahrber.
1875,/-. 43. — Europe.

A. montellica, Mass. Lich. Nuov., p. 24. — Italy.

A. Paiulani, Nyl. in Jar din Adi. Hist, de VArchipel de Mcn-
dana , 1857, p. 302 (nomen.)— Mendana.

A. subnitidula, Nyl. in Midi. Arg. Sched. Graph. Cub. Exs.
ITT. Cub., n. 155. Not in my collection. — Cuba.

A. turbidula, Nyl. Flora 1865,/. 605. — Europe.

A. velata, Stirt. Jour. Linn. Soc., 1876./. 372. Bot. Jahrber.

1 875 , p. 1 13. — Bermuda.

A. castanea, macularis, diluta, plunibea, lineola, immersa and
Crustacea, Chev. Jour. Phys. 1822, pp. 53-55, are not referred to by
later writers, and are probably forms of known species, or to be
excluded.

Naevia Lauri, Caldes. Comm. Soc. Crit. Ital., 1863, p. 89, A'.
caricum (Auersw.) Fuckel. Syst. Myc.,p. 249, and N. paradoxa,
Rehm. Ascom., p. 102, are claimed by the Mycologists; but Minks
in Symb., pp. 193, 197, 199, regards them as Lichens.

**** Parasitic. The spores 4 locular.

304. A. varians, (Dav.) Nyl. Parasitic on various lichens.
Apoth. rounded or difform, plane or convex. Spores ovoid, 2-4
locular, .012-18 by 005-7 mm. Reaction from blue vinous red. —
Lichen, Dav. Trans. Linn. Soc. 1794, p. 284, and t. 28,/. 3. Nyl.
Scand., p. 260, Leight. Gr Brit., p. 402. A . glaucomaria and A.
parasemoides Nyl. Arth., p. 98, Pr. Gall., p. 168 ,fide seipso, Scand.

50

l.c. Almq.,p. 59. Celidium Aril. Flora 1874,/. 106. C. grumosum
Kbr. Pg., p. 457.— Europe; and a parasitic Arthonia on Lecanora
pallescens v. rosella , New Bedford, and on a Verrucama on lime¬
stone, James ville, N. Y., in hb. Willey, may probably be referred
here. — Exs. N orrl. , n. 231.

Yar. pallida, Rehm. Similar to A. varians, but also growing
on bark. — Celidium Rehm. in Am. Exs., n. 376. Almq., p. 60.
Europe.

Yar. sordida, (Mass.) Arn. Apoth. rounded, confluent. Spores
4 locular, fusiform, .012 by .003 mm. Conida Mass. Misc., p. 16,
/vie., p. 4. Arn. Flora 1874, p. 106 ( Celidium varians var.) —
Europe.

Yar. carpathiea, (Kbr.) Arn. Lecidella Kbr . Pg., p. 212. Arn.
Flora 1874, p. 106. But Almq., p. 62, seems to include it in A. in-
texta, as also the var. sordida.

305. A. intexta, Almcp Parasitic on apoth. of Lecidea entero-
leuca rupicola. Apoth. indistinct, combined with the hyphae ot the
supporting plant. Spores clavate, 3-4 locular, .013-15 by .005-6
mm. Reaction vinous red. — Almq., p. 60. A. parasemoides Nyl.,
p. p. — Europe.

Yar. pauperrima, Almcp Entirely destitute of paraphyses. Oth¬
erwise as in the species. Reaction none. — Almq., p. 62. — Scandi¬
navia .

306. A. abrothallina, Nyl. Parasitic on Sticta D'Urvillei, Falk¬
land Islands. Arth., p. 99 ( 'nomen. )

Other parasitic plants now referred to Celidium as fungi, may per¬
haps also be considered as belonging to Arthonia, but have not yet
been so referred by European authors; and according to Minks
Morph. Lich. Studien. p. 23, species of Celidium , Celidiopsis , Conida,
■and Abrothallus are also to be considered as Arthonias.

***** Spores muriform. Arthothelium.

307. A. cyrtodes, (Tuck.) Nyl. Thallus thin, glaucescent.
Apoth. brownish black, rounded, convex, within blackening. Spores
oblong, 8-12 locular, .060-85 by .021-25 mini. Reaction blue. — Pr.
N. Gr.,p. 66. Fxs. Wright Cub., 11. 156, c, d, c, fide Midi. Arg.
in Sched. — Cuba.

308. A. distendens, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, minutely granu-
lose or granulate-uneven. Apoth. black, somewhat convex, almost
middling sized, within blackening. Spores oblong or ellipsoid, sub-
muriform-divided, the longitudinal cells 1-3, .065-75 by .023-27
mm. Reaction blue. — Pr. N. Gr., p. 66. — Flora 1866, p. 298.

51

Exs. Wright Cub., n. 156, a, f, g,fide Mull. Arg. in Sched. — Cuba.
Bahia, S. Am.

Tuckerman in Qbs. 1864, p. 285, {Syn. II , p. 135,) unites the
two species as A. cyrtodes. The species is defined as follows:
“ Thallus thin, glaucous-ash-colored, subcartilagineous, uneven,
rimulose, somewhat limited by a black hypothallus. Apoth. about
middling sized, adnate, rounded, convex, brownish-black, within of
the same color. Spores oblong-ellipsoid, decolorate or rarely brown,
10-12 locular, and now muriform-divided, often curved, 3-5 times
longer than broad.

“a. cyrtodes. Thallus greenish-glaucescent, the hypothallus
less distinct, the spores oblong-ellipsoicl, the sporoblasts entire.
Exs. Wright Cub., n. 245.

“ 1). disteudens, Nyl. Thallus at length cinerascent, the hypo¬
thallus black. Spores more oblong, now muriform-divided. — Exs.
Wright Cub., n. 246.”

309. A. subcyrtodes, Willey. Thallus thin, white. Apoth.
rounded, convex. Spores 4-8, oblong-ovoid, muriform, the trans¬
verse cells about 8, the longitudinal in the centre about 3. .022-27 by
.007-11 mm. — Suppl.,p. 54. — Florida in hb. Calkins. Only a sin¬
gle small specimen has been seen.

310. A. spectabilis, FI. Thallus thin, white, indeterminate,
continuous or rimose. Apoth. irregular, difform, angulate or ob¬
long, plane or convex, often bordered by the thallus. Spores ellip¬
soid, brown or decolorate, muriform, .030-36 by .010-15 mm- 1 fig¬
ured in Hepp., n. 536. Reaction from blue vinous red. FI. exs.,
n. 39 ,fide Fr. L. E., p. 37 1. Mass. Ric., p. 54, Kbr. Syst., p. 293,
Almq., p. 39. A. dispersa Duf., Nyl. Arth., p. 93, Chil., p. 171.
A. difformis Nyl. En., p. 144, fide Almq. 1. c. Opegrapha poly-
morpha Tuck. Syn. (1848,) Gen., p. 222. A. polymorpha Muhl.
Cat., p. 165, and under the same name in hb. Ravenel. Exs.
Lojka Hung., n. 159. — Europe, S. America, Atlantic United States,
and Ohio.

31 1. A. homoropliana, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth. ob¬
long or oblong-difiform, innate, plane, within dark, the hypothecium
pale. Spores oblong or oblong-ovoid, brown, muriform, .036-50 by
.017-21 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Fr. N. Gr.,p. 105, Syn. N.
Caled., p. 65. — New Caledonia. Allied to A. spectabilis, the spores
as in Mycoporum pycnocarpum.

312. A. Huegelii, (Kph.) Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth.
rounded, convex, within pale. Spores ellipsoid, muriform, brown,
.045-55 by .018-23 mm. Reaction vinous red.— Pr. N. Gr., p. 275.
Lecidea, Kph. in litt. — On corticolous Frullanias, Australia.

52

4

313- A. Scandinavica, Th. Fr. Thallus white, effuse, somewhat
mealy. Apoth. maculaeform, small, rounded, angulate or sinuate,
plane or convex, rugulose, the hypothecium pale. Spores muri¬
form, brown or decolorate, .024-33 by .013-16 mm. Reaction from
blue vinous red. — Vet. Ak. Vorh. 1864,/. 273, Flora 1865, p. 485,
Nyl. in Wain. Tav., 1 1 9, Wain. Adjum. II , p. 158) Almq ., p.
158. A. Onegetisis Nyl. Flora 1865,/. 3, Lapp. Or.,p. 1 57» Exs.
Norrl. , n. 48, fide Almq. — Scandinavia.

f. Karelica, Wain. Apoth. smaller, difform, commonly oblong
or crowded, somewhat radiate. Spores .016-25 by .009-14 mm. —
Adjum. 1. c.

314. A. fusispora, (Th. Fr.) Almq. Thallus as in the preced¬
ing. Apoth. infrequent, minute, crowded, somewhat pruinose.
Spores muriform, ovate-lanceolate, acute, .022-23 by .008-12 mm.
Reaction as in the preceding. Spermogones large, resembling the
apoth., but more rugulose, the spermatia 4-5 mm. long. — Almq., p.
38. A. Scandinavica f. Th. Fr. 1. c. — Scandinavia.

315. A. subastroidea, Anz. Thallus thin, white, or inconspic¬
uous. Apoth. minute and very minute, scattered, angulate-rounded,
or a little difform, somewhat innate, obsoletely pruinose, within
pale. Spores submuriform, narrowly ellipsoid-oblong, .023-33 by
.0085-015 mm. Reaction of the hymenium blue, of the thekes vinous
red. — Comm. Soc. Critt. Ital. I, p. 22. Exs. Long., n. 468. Almq.,
p. 40. In the index to Kph. Gesch., vol. 3, the reference number is
by misprint 229 instead of 5229. A. anastomosans Am. Verh.
Wien. Bot. Ges. 1872, p. 304, Exs., n. 514, fide Almq. — Italy,
Switzerland.

316. *A. orbillifera, Almq. Thallus inconspicuous. Apoth.
very minute, commonly rounded, heaped, sometimes confluent,
forming more or less complete rings fallen away in the centre.
Spores ovoid, muriform, .021-27 by .010-15 mm., the transverse
cells about 6, otherwise as in the preceding. — Almq., p. 41. — On
holly, Great Britain.

317. A. Uliana, Mass. Thallus thin, white or pale-green, thin,
leprose, effuse or determinate. Apoth. very minute, punctiform-
verruculose, crowded in centrifugal heaps, at length falling away and
leaving irregular spots. Spores ellipsoid, commonly constricted in
the middle, 6-8 locular and finally muriform, .018 by .006 mm. —
Ric.,p. 49, Kbr. Pg.,p ■ 263. A. anastomosans, Ach.fide Zw. Held.,
n. 467. — Europe.

318. A. Ruanidea, Nyl. Thallus whitish ash-colored. Apoth.
minute, scattered, rounded, oblong, or difform. Spores muriform,
oblong-ovoid, .013-18 by .006-7. — A>/. in Stitz. Helv., n. 1097,
(nomen,) Exs. Lojka Univ., 11. 42. — Switzerland.

53

319- A. anastomosans, (Ach.) Nyl. Thallus thin, white.
Apoth. minute, crowded, difform, somewhat branched, subconfluent,
plane, appressed. Spores in a Swiss specimen sent by Lojka under
this name, oblong ovoid, muriform, .018-22 by .009 mm. — A. astro-
idea var . Ach. L. U. p. 146. Nyl. Sc and., p. 259, {non Expos. A.
haled., p. 51.) Stiiz. Helv., n. 1096. A. Beltraminianum Mass.
Mem., p. 1 15, Kbr. Pg., p. 260, fide Almq ., p. 8. — Europe.

Almq., p. 8, separates this, A. montellicum, A. Ruana, A. rosa¬
cea, A. melanospila, and A. obscura Pers. (gyros a Ach.) as a sub¬
genus, Dermatina, distinguished by the chemical reaction and
elliptical or suhpyriform thekes, and in many respects resembling
Mycoporum.

320. A. abnormis, (Ach.) Nyl. Thallus thin, white, determi¬
nate. Apoth. thin, nebulose-difform, or somewhat interrupted, ir¬
regularly angulose and obsoletely stellate. Spores oblong, muri¬
form, the transverse cells 8-10, the longitudinal 2-4, .017-23 by
.008-11 mm. Reaction from blue, violet ; of the spores yellow. —
Opegrapha Ach. L. U.,p. 259, Nyl. Syn. N. Caled., p. 64, Mull.
Arg. Graph. Fee. p. ho. A. anastomosans Ach. Nyl. Expos. N.
Caled., p. 51, fide seipso in Pr. N. Gr., p. 104. — Tropical, New
Caledonia.

321. A. tsediosa, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, limited by a black
line. Apoth. erumpent, irregularly linear, indexed and heaped, few
branched, often thinly white-pruinose, within pale. Spores ovoid,
muriform, the transverse series numerous, the longitudinal 5-6,
.027-35 by .01 1-15 mm- Reaction vinous red. — Chil.,p. 171, Pr.
N. Gr., p. 136, 572. A. lirellans Almq., p. 40, fide Nyl. Flora 1885,
p. 449. Exs. Lojka Univ., n. 144, which represents a form very
common in New Bedford on red maple. The spores are mostly
colorless, but Nyl. has referred here also a plant with smaller, ob¬
long-ovoid, at length colored spores, .018-28 by .009-13 mm., now
much resembling A. radiata, which occurs in New England and also
in Florida in hb. Tuck. But the lichen also occurs on white pine,
New Bedford, not differing, apparently, from that on red maple,
with the spores only .022-28 by .009-13 mm. — A widely distributed
plant, occurring in Chili, New Grenada, Europe, and in the United
States from New England to Florida, in Illinois, and probably else¬
where.

322. A. albovirescens, Nyl. Thallus white or greenish-white,
somewhat leprous, effuse. Apoth. punctiform, convex, within pale.
Spores ellipsoid, muriform, the transverse cells 6-10, the longitudi¬
nal about 4, .010-22 by .009-10 mm. Reaction fulvous red. — Tor-
rey Bulletin 1889 ,p. 105, and Lich. Ins. Guineens. p. 51.— Florida
in hb. Eckfeldt. Compared 1. c. to A. abnormis, but closely resem¬
bling A. tcediosa.

54

323. A. phlyctiformis, Nyl. Thallus thin, white. Apoth.
small, irregular, simple, appressed. Spores muriform, .018-29 by
.008-10 mm. Reaction from blue vinous red. — Coll. Gall, mend.,
ft. 14, Arth., ft. 93, Pr. Gall., ft. 166. — France.

324. A. plmeobam, Norm. Thallus from reddish ashy brown,
contiguous. Apoth. minute, orbicular, convex, the hypothecium
dark. Spores 4-6 locular, (in the American specimens referred by
Nyl. to A. ftaralia , now submuriform,) .020-33 by .007-9 mm-
Reaction vinous red. — Flora 1869, ft. 525, Almq.,ft. 47. A. para-
lia Nyl. Flora 1877, ft. 565. fide Almq. — Maritime rocks, Europe,
and on the same, coast of Maine, and island of Grand Manan. — A.
ftaralia Nyl. is described as having a brownish ash colored, contin¬
uous, rimose thallus, the apoth. brown, rounded, plane, within pale.
Spores ovoid, 4-5 locular, .018-22 by .00 7 mm. Reaction vinous
red. — The European plant, according to Almq., grows intermixed
with Verrucaria ceuthocarfta, and Th. Fr. in Scand., p. 343, consid¬
ers it as parasitic upon that. But the thallus of the American plant
is pure, although the gonidia are the common greenish-yellow ones,
(haplogonidia Nyl.)

325. A. macrotlieca, F6e. Thallus white, thickish, effuse.
Apoth. rounded-angulate, now confluent, bordered by a spurious
thalloid margin, depressed, plane, the hypothecium pale. Spores
ellipsoid, muriform, .045-65 by .016-26 mm. Reaction vinous red.
— Suftftl., ft. 42, andt. 40 , f. 18, Nyl. Pr. N. Gr., ft. 104, Midi.
Arg. Graph. Fee. ft. 60. A. rugosa Fee Ess., ft. 56, Suftftl., ft. 41,
andt.\o,f. 16, fide Nyl. 1. c. Exs. Wright Cub., n. 144^, 148,
149.— Tropical.

326. A. mesoleuca, Nyl. Similar to the preceding, but the
apoth. white pruinose. Spores 035-50 by .016-22 mm., often
broWn. — Pr. A7". Gr., ft. 104, Midi. Arg. Graph. Fie. ft. 61. Exs.
Wright Cub., n. 257, in hb. Tuck. — Tropical.

327. A. ambiguella, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, sprinkled with
minute soredia. Apoth. roundish or oblong-difform, minute, de¬
pressed. Spores oblong, irregularly 4-6 locular, one or two of the
cells divided, .023-26 by .008 mm. Reaction none. — Pr. N. Gr.,
ft. 103. Exs. Liiidig, n. 827, 2809. — New Grenada. Spores figured
in edit. 1, t. 2, f. 48.

328. A. inter ve miens, Nyl. Thallus ash-colored, indeterminate.
Apoth. brownish-black or black, rounded or rounded-oblong, slightly
difform, plane, two or three sometimes contiguous, within of the
same color. Spores 6-8 locular, the cells 2-3 times divided, brown
or decolorate, .022-29 by .008-10 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Pr.
N. Gr., ft. 104. — Florida and Texas in hb. Tuck.

329- A. advoniens, Nyl. Similar to the preceding, hut the
spores only 5-6 locular, the cells once or twice divided, .022-25 hy
.007-11 mm. Reaction vinous red. — Syn. Ar. Caled., p. 63. — New
Caledonia.

33°- A. aaipliata, Kn. and Mitt. Thallus white or ash-colored,
thin, often rimose, determinate. Apoth. roundish or oblong, plane,
sometimes partly suffused with the thallus, within dark. Spores
ovoid-oblong, at length brown, 6-8 locular, the upper cell larger,
the cells 2-4 times divided, .016-42 by .010-15 mm. Reaction vi¬
nous red. — Kn. and Mitt. 2\T. Zeal ., p. 106, and t. 12 . f. 33. Ayl.
Ar. Zeal. (1888,) p. 122, and f- 6. — New Zealand. — Allied to A. in-
terveniens .

331. A. Hallii, Tuck. Thallus whitish ash-colored, bordered
by a dark line. Apoth. numerous, small, appressed, rounded or
irregular, now somewhat confluent, plane. Spores oblong-ovoid or
fusiform-oblong, 7-10 locular, some of the cells now once divided,
.019-35 by .007-9 mm- Reaction vinous red. — Illinois, (E. Hall,)
in hb. Tuck.

332. A. spilomatoides, Nyl. Thallus white, determinate, un¬
even, areolate, sottish, the surface almost mealy. Apoth. innate,
diftbrm, plane. Spores ellipsoid, brown or decolorate, 7 locular,
some of the cells divided, .016-18 mm. long. Reaction of the hy-
menium blue, of the thekes vinous red. — Chil., p. 169, Arth., ft. 94.
— On maritime granitic rocks, Chili.

333. A. obtusula, Nyl. Thallus thin, white, rimose. Apoth.
superficial, suboblong, somewhat suffused. Spores turgidly ellip¬
soid, thicker above, 4 locular, the upper cell occupying nearly half
the spore, with one or two longitudinal septus, .021-24 by .011-13
mm. Reaction fulvous red. — AT. Zeal. (1888,) p. 123. — New Zea¬
land.

334. A. bessalis, Nyl. Thallus white, limited by a black line.
Apoth. black or brownish-black, plane, oblong or rounded-difiform,
innate, within dark. Spores oblong-ovoid, brown, the upper cell
occupying one-third the spore entire, the lower one occupying the
remainder, muriform divided, .036-44 by .015-16 mm. Reaction
vinous red. — Ins. Andam., ft. 15.— Andaman Islands.

335. A. fuseo-nigra, Nyl. Description not seen. Under the
description of the preceding, which is said to be akin to this, the
spores are said to be 025-28 by .01 1-1 3 mm. A plant by this name
in hb. Tuck, has small, rounded or somewhat angulose apoth.
Spores broadly and obtusely oblong-ovoid, the upper third of one
entire cell, the remainder of about 6 cells, longitudinally about 4
locular, .036—40 by .018 mm. — En., p. I33> Exot ., p. 245* Tahiti.

56

33 6. A. micis, Mull . Arg. Similar to A. confcrta, but the thallus
greyish-brown, and the apoth. black and somewhat stouter, within
dark. Spores muriform, the transverse cells 12, the longitudinal
4-5, .025-35 by .012-15 mm. — Graph. Fee. p. 60. — A. polymorpha
v. substellata Fee Fss., p. 53, Suppl., p. 38. — Tropical.

337. A. nehulosii, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, nebulose,
about one inch in diameter. Apoth. numerous, angulose-orbicular,
or at length short radiate and irregularly few lobed, plane, slightly
rugulose, within dark. Spores muriform, the transverse series 8,
the longitudinal 2-3, .018 by .007-8 mm. — Beitr., n. 221. — Caracas,
S. America. — Near A. abnormis and A. tcediosa.

338. A. consanguinea, Mull . Arg. Thallus thin, white, effuse.
Apoth. oblong-difform or angulose-orbicular, plano-convex, within
pale. Spores ellipsoid, 6 locular, the cells 1-3 times divided, .017-
19 by .007-8 mm. — Beitr., n. 1 377. — Cape of Good Hope. — Akin
to A. atro-rufa.

339. A. emersa, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, effuse, some¬
what mealy. Apoth. orbicular or oblong, depressed-convex. Spores
ovoid-fusiform, 6 locular, the cells now once divided, .015-17 by
.007-9 mm. — Socotr., p. 13. — Socotra, Africa.

340. A. obvelata, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, at length
mealy. Apoth. angulose-orbicular or somewhat rugulose, convex,
now confluent, suffused with the thallus, within greenish, the hypo-
thecium pale. Spores ovoid, 12 locular, the intermediate cells 2-3
times divided, .028-35 by .013-15 mm. — Beitr., n. 1098. — Australia.

341. A. albida, Mull. Arg. Thallus white or greyish -white, at
length somewhat mealy. Apoth. angulose-oblong, curved and ir¬
regular, or short-bifurcate, slightly prominent, the hypothecium dark.
Spores oblong-ovoid, 6 locular, the intermediate cells 2-3 times di¬
vided, .028 by .012 mm. — Beitr., n. 109 7. Exs. Lojka Univ., 11.
243. — Australia.

342. A. xylograplioides, Mull. Arg. Thallus inconspicuous.
Apoth. emergent, linear, acuminate, simple or 2 branched, obso-
letely rimaeform, within pale. Spores obovoid, 4-6 locular, the in¬
termediate cells once divided, .012-15 by .0065-7 mm. — Palest., p.

7. — Palestine.

343. A. phyllogena, Mull. Arg. Thallus thin, white, somewhat
indistinct. Apoth. orbicular, slightly convex, somewhat rugulose,
the hypothecium olive-black. Spores 1, oblong-ellipsoid, muriform,

the transverse cells 18-20, the longitudinal 5-6, .070 by .023 mm. _

Beitr., n. 308. — On leaves, Brazil. — Akin to this is Wright Cub., n.
196, on leaves, the spores 1, muriform-multilocular, brown, .034-66
by .014-16 mm.

57

344- A. subilieina, Leight. Thallus ash-colored, bordered by a
dark line. Apoth. rounded and variously difform, depressed-con¬
vex, bordered by a thin, white, mealy margin. Spores linear-obo-
vate, muriforin, at length brown, the extreme cells larger. — Ceylon ,
p. 1 8 1 , and l, 36./. 28. — Ceylon.

345- A. cinerasceus, Kph. Thallus white or pale ash-colored,
powdery, bordered by a black line. Apoth. emergent, scattered,
rounded, oblong-difform, elliptical, angulose, and polymorphous,
here and there concave, scabrous, now obsoletely bordered by a
thalloid margin. Spores 1-2, muriform, .046-48 by .019-22 mm. —
Flora 1876 , p. 482. — Brazil.

346. A. picila, Mass. Thallus glaucescent, effuse, bordered by
a dark line. Apoth. macular-difform, erumpent, numerous, scabrous.
Spores ovoid, or oblong-ovoid, muriform, the upper cell much larger,
•°33~3b by .020-22 mm. — Kph. Aniboin., p. 8. — Amboina, Africa.

347. A. oasis, Mass. Thallus thin, white, bordered by a black
line. Apoth. innate-sessile, minute, macular-difform. Spores ob¬
long-ovoid, muriform, brown. — Kph. Amboin., p. 8. — Amboina.

348. A. cinereo-argentata, Kn. Thallus thin, smooth, shin¬
ing, glaucous, continuous, subdeterminate. Apoth. numerous, in¬
nate, lirellate, indistinctly stellate or difform. Spores 4 locular, or
the two terminal cells again unevenly divided, linear, constricted,
the ends acute, .050-60 by .006-7 nun. — Shirley 1889, p. 150. —
Australia.

Of the following, belonging to this section, the descriptions have
not been seen :

A. albata, Nyl. Arlh., p. 93 (nomen.) Peru.

A. Beccarianum, Beltr. Giorn. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1875 , p. 202. — Italy.

A. hysterellum, Mass. Catagr. , />. 654. — Brazil.

A. melanospila, Anz. Symb. 1868,/. 21. — Italy.

A. rosacea, Anz. Long, exs . , n. 435. — Italy.

A. violascens, FI. Lich. Capens.,p. 23. — Cape of Good Hope.

The following are to be excluded from Arthonia :

A. ctesio-pruinosa, Fee Suppl., p. 36= Graphis fide Midi. Arg.
Graph. Fie. p. 49.

A. cembrina, Anz. Long., n. 207, and Rab. L. E., n. 726, so far
as my specimens show, is a Pyrenula.

A. ceracca, Fee Ess.,p. 50, and A. Jobstiana, Fee Snppl., p.
37 = Graphis scalpturata ,fide Mull. Arg. 1. c., p. 49.

A. con linens, Fie Ess., p. 55 = Graphis confluens Fee (non Nyl.)
and Lecanactis F6eana ,Jide Mull. Arg. 1. c.,p. 45.

58

A. confluens, Hepp. in Kbr. Pg. fi. 265 ~ Opegrapha atra var.
trifurcata (Hepp.) fide Stitz. Conspect., p. 5.

A. divergens, Fee Ess. p. 53; A. sulphurea, ibid. p. 51; and
A. sinesigrapba, ibid. p. 50 — Graphis dendritica ,fide Mull. Arg.

I. c., p. 24. The last is Gr. serograpta, fide Kph. E'lora 1 876, />. 415.
Arthothelium Flotoviauum, Kpr. Pg. p. 261 = Myeoporum

elabens fide seipso and Zzv. Heid ., p. 79.

A. fusco-cinerea, Zw. Exs., n. 31 1, Kbr. Pg ., 261 = Myeoporum
sp . fide Zzv. 1. c. ; and A. Lahmianum, Kbr. Pg.. p. 263, is the same,
fide Almq., p. 37.

A. gelatinosa, Chev. Jour. Phys. 1822, p. 543 = Melanotheca
fide Nyl. En., p. 145, Pyrenocarp., p. 70. Athrismidium Exits . fide
Kph. Gesch. Ill, p. 114.

A gibberulosa, Ach. L. U., p. 142, (A. astroidea v. Swarziana
Nyl. Sc and., p. 259) = Melaspilea deformis fide Anz. Cat. Sondr.,
p. 94, Stitz. Helv ., n. 1117, Zzv. Heid., n. 480. “A. gibberulosa ”

of. Muhlenberg’s catalogue has not been identified.

A. glomernlosa, F&eEss.p. 54, and A. granulosa, ibid, p. 52
= Trypethelium mastoideum, fide Mull. Arg. 1. c., p. 70, 71.

A. glyphsoides, F6e Piss., p. 56 = Chiodecton depressum fide
Mull. Arg. 1. c., p. 66.

A. granulosa, Graew. Pot. Not. 1863, p. 10 = Opegrapha sp.
fide Almq., p. 66.

A. graphidis, F6e. Sup pi., p. 58 (A. polymorpha, ibid Ess., p.
53, excl. varr.) = Melaspilea fide Mull. Arg. 1. c., p. 21.

A. gregaria, F6e, Ess., p. 50 = Sarcographa inquinans F6e
Suppl., p. /\.^,fide Mull. Arg. 1. c., p. 64.

A. lecanorella, Wain. Medd. Flor. Fenn. II p. 70 = Lecidea sp.
fide Almq., p. 66.

A. lecanoroides, Fee Ess., p. 54 = Platygrapha fide Nyl. Pr. N.
Gr., p. 93.

A. leucocheila, F6e Ess., p. 52 = Graphis fide Nyl. 1. c., p. 79.
A. 1 oh u lata, Kn. and Mitt. N. Zeal., p. 104 = Melaspilea fide
Nyl. N. Zeal. 1888, p. 124.

A. marginata, Chev. Jour. Phys. 1822, p. 52 = Graphis Lyelii
fide Nyl. Pr. Gall., p. 151.

A. marginata, F6e Ess., p. 51 = Gr. scalpturata fide Nyl. Pr. N.
Gr. p. 79 = G. caesiopruinosa fide Mull. Arg. 1. c., p. 49.

A. marginata, Duf. Jour. Phys. 1818, p. 205 = Gr. Lyelii fide
Kph. Gesch. IP, p. 555.

A. moriformis, Ach. Syn., p. 5 = Biatora fide Th. Fr. Scand.

II, p. 401.

A. obtrita, Fee Ess., p. 51, and A. obtusa, ibid Suppl , p. 40 =
Gr. caesiopruinosa fide Mull. Arg. 1. c., p. 49.

A. obtusangula, Chev. Jour. Phys. 1822,/. 52 = Gr. dendritica
tide Nyl. Pr. Gall. p. 150.

59

A. patellula, Fee Ess., p. 43 = Gr. patellula fide Mull. Arg. 1. c.,
p. 24 =. Gr. separanda fide Nyl. Pr. N. Gr., p. 565-

A. perangusta, Stirt. N. Zeal., p. 40 — Xylographa fide Pot.
Jahrber. 1875 %P- 106.

A. proximella, Nyl. Scancl., p. 262 = MelaSpilea fide Almq., p.
66, Wain. Adjiun. If, p. 154, Am. Tir.,p. 143-

A. sphaerula, Ach. Syn., p. 5 = nil rite formatum, fide Nyl. Pr.
Gall., p. 196.

A. subceinbrina, Anz. Symb. 1864, p. 32 = Cyrtidula sp. fide
Minks Beitr. I, p. 36.

A. tumidula, Leight. Note on Richardson1 s Exp., p. 200 = My-
eoporum pycnocarpum fide Kph. Gesch. If, p- 650.

Coniocarpon nigrum DC. FI. Fr. ff, p- 324- is an older name of
Spilorna melaleucum Ach. Syn., p. 2, fide Almq., p. 28, but cannot
be determined from the specimens destitute of a hymenium in hb.
DC. — France.

On page 54, n. 328, read interveniens.

INDEX

Synonyms in italics.

abnormis

.53

abuormis

14

abrothallina

50

accolens

28

aciniformis

28

adluerens

25

adsyersa

8

adveniens

55

affinis

i

aggregata

25

albata

57

albatula

21

a 1 be Hum

47

albida

56

albida

8

albinula

25

aibofuscescens

17

albopulverea

44

alborufella

1

albovirens

6

alliovirescens

53

aletea

40

aleurina

21

aleurocarpa

21

aleurodes

21

Alexandrina

26

Almquistii

32

ambiguella

54

ampliata

55

amylospora

32

analogella

14

anastomosans

53

anastomosans

52, 53

angulata

48

angulosa

13

Antillarum

4

apatetica

26, 27

aphanocarpa

21

apotheciorum

32, 33

Armoricana

46

arthonioides

35

aspersa

37

aspersella

30

astrica

46

astroidea

44, 53

astroidestera

12

astropica

15

atomaria

41

atrata

48

atrata

13

atrofuscella

>2

atrorufa

23

Austinii

3

bseastroidea

19

Bassanensis

49

Beccarianum

57

Beltramin ianu m

53 1

bessalis 55

bet uloti 26

betulicola 42, 44, 45

biformis 19

biseptella 29

bombacina 39

boreella 42

Buerianum 25

byssacea 19

cassia 20

caisiella 31

caisiolivens 20

ctfisiopruinosa 57

calcicola 24

ealospora 48

Caribsea 11

caribiea 12, 13, 44

carieum 49

carneorufa l

Casearillaj 10

castanea 49

catenatula 12

caudata 36

celtidis 41, 42

Cembrce ' 30

cein brin a 57

ceracea 57

cerasina 45

chiodectella i7

chiodectoides 23

ehroolepida 36

Cinchonas 4

cinerascens 57

cinereo-argentata 57

cinereoprtiinosa 20

cinereopruinosa 36

cinvabarina 7

cinnabarinuia 1

cinnamomea 9

circinata 33

circumalbicans 15

clemens 33

coccineum 8

ccerulescens 32

compensata 10

compensatula 1 1

complanata 40

complanatula 40

conferta 12

confluens 57, 58

coniavgioides 39

consanguinea 56

conspicua 3

conturbata 6

convexella 27, 34

copromya 28

Crustacea 49

cupressina

17

cur vula

44

cuticuta

8

cyanea

16

cyrtodes

50, 51

cytisi

29

decussata

19

delicatula

3

dendritella

49

destruens

34

diaspora s

29

didyma

2

difformis

5 !

difl'usa

36

dilatata

39, 48

diluta

49

dispartabilis

39

dispersa.

29

disperse,

29, 51

dispersella

43

dispersula

30

dispuncta

26

distendens

50

divergens

58

dryina

26

ecrnstacea

41

efl'usa

22

elegans

9

emersa

56

emphysa

2

endoxantlia

22

ephelodes

3

epimela

27

epiodes

9

epipasta

29, 41, 42

epipastoides

8, 42

epipliyscia

33

erubescens

14

erupta

5

excedens

40

excentrica

25

excipienda

30

exilis

27

exit is

26, 27

explanata

4

extensum

8

faginea

31

fecunda

18

figurata,

11

Ussuri ne a

5

flssurinella

5

Floridana

3

Flotowianum

58

fomentaria

26

fuliginosa

20

<;i

fuaca

24

fuseescens

13

fuscoalbella

15

fuscocinerea

58

fuseopallens

18

fusconigra

55

fusispora

52

galactitea

31

gelatinosa

58

gibberulosa

58

glaucella

37

glaucescens

20

glaucina

17

glaucofuseum

3

gluucomaria

4!)

glebosa

24

globuloscefor m is

35

glomerulosa

58

glyphsoides

58

gracilenta

43

gracillima

43

gracilis

14

granitophila

25

granulosa

58

graphidis

58

gregaria

7

gregaria

58

gregarina

22

griseoalba

41

grumosum

49

gyalectoides

4

gyrosa

37

Hallii

55

hamamelidis

40

Hampeana

(5

hapaliza

44

helvola

1

Henoniana

3

hepatica

4

herpetica

23

heteromorpha

38

Hibernica

30

homcEophana

51

horaria

27

Huegelii

5.

hypochniza

17

hypobela

30

hysterellum

57

ilicina

38

ilicinella

38

immersa

49

impallens

4

im polita

18

impolitella

19

incarnata

1

inconspicuum

3

indistincta

47

infuscata

18

insinuata

49

interducta

23

interveniens

54

intexta

50

•Jobstiana

57

Koerberi

24

Krempelhuberi

20

lactea

5

Lahmianum

58

lapldicola

24

Lauri

49

lecanorella

58

lecanoroides

58

leeideella

10

lecideoides

35

leprariella

48

leptogramma

43

leucastnea

25

leucobola

24

leucocarpa

21

leucoeheila

58

leucographella

5

leucopcllwa

30

leueoschisma

0

lilacina

9

Marina

20

limitata

19

linearis

43

lineola

49

iirrdans

53

lividofusca

28

Loangana

5

lobata

19

lobulata

58

lurida

2

luridoalba

30

luridofusca

2

macrotheca

54

macularis

49

Mangiferje

39

marginata

58

marginella

31

marmorata

30

mazozia

40

mediella

35

Meduscea

15

medusula

19

Meissneri

8

meizomorpba

39

melaleuca

36

melaleucella

20

melanophthalma

39

melanospila

57

melantera

45

melaspermella

27

melaspora

37

mesoleuca

54

microcarpa

16

microscopica

41

microsperma

27

microspcrmella

31

microspermoides

27

miltina

22

minutissima

31

minutula

29

miserula

38

moniliformis

43

montellica

49

moriformis

58

mughorum

28

musciginea

35

myocoprodes

28

myophtea

18

myriadea

31

myriocarpa

49

myrioca rpella

35

Myristicse

28

nebulosa

10, 55

neglect a

37

neglect u la

32

nephelina

22

nephromiaria

20

nigrocincta

17

nigrum

59

nivea

5

noli-tangere

9

novella

12

nucis

50

nudata

41

oasis

57

oblongula

43

obsevra

37, 44

obscurella

43

obtrita

58

obtusa

58

obtusa ngula

58

obtusula

55

obvelata

56

ochracea

9

ochraceella

10

ochrocincta

8

ochrodes

10

oclirolutea

4

ochrospila

10

Oleandri

4l

Oncgensis

52

opegrapliin a

8

orbicularis

41

orbillifera

52

oxyspora

32

oxytera

44

palmicola

38

Pandani

49

Pandanicola

26

paradoxa

49

paradoxum

3

paralia

54

parallelula

42

parasemoides

49

parastroidea

46

patellula

59

patellulata

25

pellaia

48

pellicula

17

pellucida

17

peltigerea

32

Pelveti

33

peraffinis

40

perangusta

59

perminuta

14

perpallens

4

petrensis

35

phseobaea

54

plueonephela

14

phlyctiformis

54

phyllogena

56

picila

57

pinastri

37

pineti

2

platygraphella

39

platygraphidea

48

platyspilea

16

lilumbea

49

poly gramma

13

polymorpha

39

polymorpha

8,12,39,47, 48,51, 55
populina 41 , 45

62

propinqua

40

proximella

59

pruinosa

18, 19, 20

pruinosula

38

psimmytliodes

35

Puiggarii

16

pulcherrima

1

pulicosa

15

pulveracea

38

puncteUa

33

punctiformis

41

puvctiformis

31

piinctilliformis

3

purpurissata

22

pyrrhula

6

pyrrhuliza

6, 15

pyrenuloides

39

quercicola

42

quercina

42

quercns

41

quintaria

46

radians

47

radiata

44

radiatum

7

ramosula

46

ramulosa

47

Ravenelii

10

reniformis

37

Ricasolipe

34

rosacea

57

Ruana

52

Ruanidea

52

rubella

11

rubrum

7

ruderalis

24

ruderella

25

rufella

11

rugosa

54

rugulosa

27

rupestre

24

sanguinea

22

sapineti

2

Scandinavica

52

Schcereri

36

scitula

3

scriblitella

21

septemlocularis

9

septi septa

11

septiseptella

11

serialis

13, 35

sines i graph a

58

Somaliensis

16

.sorbin a

45

sordaria

35

spadicea

2

spectabilis

51

splnerula

59

spilomatoides

55

stellaris

47

stenographella

14

stenospora

42

stictaria

33

stietica

48

stictica

19, 20

stictoides

44

subastroidea

52

subastroidea

45

subastroidella

46

subcembrina

59

subconveniens

34

subcyrtodes

51

subdiffusa

36

subdispersa

30

subdispersula

30

subexcedens

40

subgyrosa

37

subilicina

57

subiurida

2

subminutissima

31

subminutula

30

subnitidula

49

subnovella

12

subrotunda

40

subrubella

11

subsimillima

21

subspadicea

2

substellata

12

subvaria

14

subvarians

32, 33

subvelata

47

subvinosa

23

sulphurea

58

Swarziana

45

tabidula

36

taedescens

30

taediosa

53

tenellula

26

tenellum

8

tenuissima

47

terrigena

25

Thozetiana

12

torulosa

47

trabinella

35

trachylioides

35

tremedosa

48

trilocularis

28

Tuckermaniana

20

tumidula

59

tmnidulum

7

turbatula

38

turbidula

39,

49

tgnnocarpa

42

ulcerosula

15

undenaria

6

vagans 24, 25, 26,

27, 28,

34

varia

14

variabilis

13

varians

49

variella

14

variiforrais

44

velata

19, 20,

49

vernans

6

vernicis

15

verrucarioules

41

viburnea

38

vinosa

2

violacea

8

violascens

57

viridicans

10

vidgare

2

vulgaris

2, 44,

45

Willeyi

36

Wilmsiana

7

xantbocarpa

22

xylograph ica

46

xylographoides

56