Synopsis reptillium; or, Short descriptions of the species of reptiles

HARVARD UNIVERSITY.

LIBRARY

OF THE
MUSEUM OF COMPARATIVE ZOOLOGY

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SYNOPSIS REPTILIUM;

OR

SHORT DESCRIPTIONS

OF THE

SPECIES OF REPTILES.

BY

JOHN EDWARD GRAY,

F.Z.S., F.G.S., F.R.G.S., M.R.S.L.,

CORRRSPOXDING MEMBER OF THE ACADEMY OF NATURAL SCIENCES

AND MACLURIAN LYCEUM OF PHILADELPHIA, OF THE IMPERIAL

SOCIETY OF THE OBSERVERS OF NATURE AT MOSCOW, AND

HONORARY MEMBER OF THE SOCIETY OF NATURAL

HISTORY AT PARIS, &C. &C.

PART [.— CATAPHRACTA.
TORTOISES, CROCODILES, AND ENALtOSAURIANS.

LONDON :

PUBLISHED BY TREUTTEL, WURTZ, and Co. SOHO-SQUARE;
G. B. SOWERBY, 156, REGENT-STREET; AND W. WOOD,
37, TAVISTOCK STREET, COVENT GARDEN.

1831,

MCZ LIBRARY

HAIVARD UHIVERSITY.

C'- ''DRIDGE. MA USA

DIGGENS AND JONES, LEICESTER STREET.

TO

THOMAS BELL, Esa., F. R. S., &c.

THESE FEW PAGES ARE DEDICATED,

AS A

MARK OF RESPECT AND ESTEEM,

BY

THE AUTHOR.

PREFACE.

The Collections of Reptiles of the British Museum, the
College of Surgeons, and Mr. Bell, have furnished the
basis of this work. The two first of these collections con-
tain many of the species which have been described by Dr.
Shaw ; the College of Surgeons contains the Tortoises
which were in the Leverian Museum ; but in the part now
published I am most indebted to the kindness of Mr. Bell,
whose collection of Tortoises far exceeds that of any museum
in Europe, and whose liberality in allowing me the use of it
I cannot too highly appreciate. It is to be hoped that his
Monograph, for which he has collected them, and for which
he has kept and had drawn alive more than two-thirds of the
known species, will shortly appear.

To render the collection of species as complete, and the
synonyma as correct, as possible, every opportunity has been
taken, during my visits to the continental museums, to exa-
mine and take notes of the individual specimens which have
been described by the various foreign authors who have
written on this subject. Amongst the continental cabinets
that of the Garden of Plants, of Paris, must be first men-
tioned, if not from its intrinsic value, from the fact that most
of the modern original writers on this branch of natural
history have used it as their type collection ; witness the
works of La Cepede, Latreille, and Daudin, among the
French ; and Oppel, Oken, and Schweiger, among the
Germans. It is much to be regretted that many of the
specimens described by these authors should not have been
more particularly ticketed, and that most of the species

VI. PREFACE.

collected by the later expeditions, are not yet added to
the public parts of the collections. I have to thank
Baron Cuvier, M. F. Cuvier, and M. Dumeril for their
kindness in permitting me to examine these subjects, and
more especially the former, whose attention to me on each
of my visits to Paris, has been highly flattering to my feel-
ings. Besides the national Museum at Paris, by the kind-
ness of M. de Blainville, I have been enabled to examine the
Museum of the Ecole de Medicine, containing several curious
Reptiles, especially some from California.

The Royal Collection at Berlin having been recently
re-arranged, and the Royal Museum of Leyden and the
Museum of the Senckenbergers Society of Francfort having
been formed within these few years, the greater part of the
specimens are quite fresh and in the most perfect condition,
and their history is generally known and accurately marked
upon them. These museums are the more valuable, as each
of them is peculicu: for having the most complete collec-
tions from certain parts of the world. That of Berlin
excels in those of Buchara, of Mexico, and of the Brasils ;
while the Leyden Museum is richest in the productions of
the Dutch colonies, as the Islands of the Indian Archipelago,
the Cape, and Surinam. That of Francfort contains
the most complete collections of the animals of Egypt
and the rest of Northern Africa that was ever brought
together, having been entirely formed by the exertions
of Dr. Riippell, during his travels in those countries, and
extended by specimens received from other museums in
exchange for his duplicates ; yet this monument of the
industry of an individual must rank very high amongst the
museums of Europe. After having laid before the scientific
public the novelties which he has discovered. Dr. Riippell
has again left Europe (at his own cost) to extend still
further the empire of science.

PREFACE. Yll.

I hardly know how sufficiently to express my thanks to
Herr Temminck and Herr Schlegell, of Leyden ; to Professor
Lichtenstein and Herr Deppe, of Berlin ; to Drs. Cretzschmarr
and Riippell, and Senator Von Heyden, of Francfort, for the
courtesy and attention which they shewed me during my
visits to the various museums under their direction ; indeed
with such liberality that it would be impossible, however
desirable, to imitate them in our more populous town.
In each of these museums all the specimens w-ere
intrusted to me, to describe, draw, or examine them, as
might best suit my purpose, without any restraint, except
that, at Leyden, Herr Temminck requested I would indicate
in what Museum I had seen it, and the name under which
it was there described, a rule which I hope I have most faith-
fully kept. At Francfort some specimens w^ere even sent
to my hotel, that they might be examined more at my leisure.
I cannot here omit to mention the names of Sir James
Mac Grigor, and Dr. Burnet for their kindness in allowing
me to examine the Museum of Fort Pitt Chatham and of
Haslar Hospital, and to Dr. Horsfield for the faciUties which
he gave me of seeing the Reptiles in the IMuseum of the
India House, and more especially of comparing and copying
the drawings made under the superintendence of Dr. Hamil-
ton in India.

Besides those w^ho have assisted me with specimens, I
cannot forget the kindnesses shewn me by Prince Massena
Baron Ferussac, and M. Deshayes, at Paris ; Professor
Reinwardt, at Leyden ; Professors Kunth and Ehrenberg, at
Berhn ; and Herrn Oken, Fischer, Otto, Boie, and numerous
other German, Swedish, and Danish naturalists at Hamburgh,
in whose society I spent one of the happiest weeks of my life.
The opportunity of examining the museums of the north
of Europe not occurring till the body of the monograph was
printed, I have been reduced to the necessity of adding the

VIU. PREFACE.

remarks and additional species as an appendix. To this
appendix have also been added descriptions of some drawings
of Chinese species sent by Mr. Reeves to General Hard-
wicke, which will be shortly figured in a work on the
zoology of that country now in the press ; and also the
synonyma of Dr. Wagler's System der Amphibien, which
has but lately arrived in London.

1 have to regret that after every enquiry and considerable
delay on its account, I have not been able to procure the
last part of the Annals of the Lyceum of New^ York, in which
I understand M. Le Conte has given descriptions of the
American species of Tortoises.*

The two other parts of this work are in a considerable state
of forw'ardness, and the next part, containing the Saurian
animals, I hope to be able to print by the end of this year ;
but should any circumstance prevent it, a complete index has
been added to this part, so as to make it a distinct work.

It is due to the reader that some apology should be made
for the roughness of the etchings which are added to the
work. They are, in fact, the first attempts of some ama-
teurs, (partly spoiled by myself,) but for whose kindness it
■would have gone without any; and if they afford any
facilities to the student they have fulfilled their office. They
add nothing to its cost.

British Museum ; Jan. 1831.

* While correcting this proof Mr. Children has kindly put into my
hands the above paper. I do not find amongst the specimens I have
described any that accurately agrees with the Test- concinna, {"Emys
reticularia. Say,") the Test, rubritentris, {" Emys serrata, Say,") or
the Test, floridiana of this author ; his Test, insculpta is the Emys
speciosa; his Test, geographica is the Emys Lesiieurii ; his Test,
reticulata is the Emys reticularia ; and his Test, serrata is the Emys
scripta of this work. Several of his synonyma from European works
are erroneous, as may be seen by referring to the synonyma of this work,
which, in the instances where they differed from him, have again been
examined.

SYNOPSIS REPTILIUM.

REPTILIA.

Animalia vertebrata, pulmonibus respirantia, sanguine
rubro frigido, corde unilocular! et biaurito, cute squamosa.
Ovipara vel ovovipara.

This class, the Reptilia of Brongniart, is part of the Am-
phibia of Linne, and answers to the Pholidota of Merrem.

The skin is clothed with horny imbedded plates or with
imbricate scales, covered by a thin, often deciduous epidermis.

The bones of the skull are usually divided by sutures, and
the neck is furnished with several vertebrae. The ribs are
perfect; they often surround the body like a ring, and are
sometimes dilated on the sides and united together, so as to
include the body as it were in a bony case.

The animals respire by cellular lungs, which are furnished
with a windpipe, strengthened by cartilaginous rings. The
heart has a 5ingle ventricle, divided into two or more cells,
giving origin to two arteries, and receiving the cold red blood
by two veins from two auricles.

The penis is always distinct, and both it and the vagina of
the female are often forked.

The eggs are sometimes hatched in the body of the mo-
ther ; a process which, under peculiar circumstances, as the
want of a convenient place to deposit them, will take place
even in those species which usually lay them. When they
are laid, they are covered with hard shells, and are furnished
with a thick internal lining. The young are like the mother,
and do not undergo any transformations in their growth.

The Reptilia have been divided by Cuvier and other
naturalists into three or four orders, from the development

B

CAT \PHR ACTA.

of their feet ; but after careful study, I have been induced
to distribute them into two leading divisions, as proposed by
M. Latreille, and to subdivide ihese into six orders.

Sjjnopsis Ordinum et Familianim.

Sect. I.— CATAPHRACTA-. lingua brevis adnata; or-
gsna generationis simplicia ; ossa quadrata in cranio inclusa.

Fam. 1. Chelonii : vertebrae dorsi costse et sternum ag-
gli.tinata immobilia, fornicem dorsalem sternalemque for-
mantia ; os edentulum rostratum.

Fam. 2. Emydosauri: vertebrae dorsi et costae mobiles
liberae; os dentatum; pedes digitati.

? Fam. 3. Ichthvosauki : vertebrae dorsi et costae mobiles
liberae; os dentatum ; pedes pinnilormes.

Sect. I[. SQUAMATA : lingua libera; organa genera-
tionis duplicia ; ossa quadrata e cranio discreta.

Fam. 4. Saurt : os non dilatabile ; cutis squamis variis
inaequalibus tecta.

Fam. 5. Ophiosauri : os non dilatabile ; cutis squamis
aequalibus similibus tecta.

Fam. 6. Ophidii : os dilatabile ; ossa mastoidea e cranio
discreta ; pedes nulli.

Sect. 1. CATAPHRACTA, Latr.

Lingua brevis adnata ; organa generationis simplicia; anus
longitudinalis vel rotundus ; ossa quadrata et pterygoidea in
cranio affixa.

The reptiles of this division, which was originally proposed
by M. Latreille, are distinguished by their tongues being
very short and affixed to the sides of the mouth, so that they
can scarcely be exserted. The males have a single penis and
the females a single vagina, like most other vertebrated
animals. Their vent is either a longitudinal slit or a round-
ish hole. The quadrate bone and the pterygoid processes are
included in and form part of the skull. The limbs and tail
are covered with large bony scales, and the body is either
protected by two shields, formed by the union of the ver-
tebrae, ribs, and sternum into a bony case, and covered with a
cartilaginous or horny skin, or by longitudinal rows of bony
plates inserted in the skin, and covered with an epidermis-

CHELONIi; 3

which falls oiF in small pieces. Their lungs are enveloped
by the thickened peritoneum, which performs the part and
has the appearance of a diaphragm. They are all oviparous,
and none of them poisonous ; but some, from their large
size and carnivorous habits, are dangerous even to man.

Order 1. CHELONII, Latr.

Vertebrae dorsi costae et sternum agglutinata immobilia

fornicem dorsalem stern alem que formantia, cute coriacea

vel cartilaginea tecta; vertebras colli 8-9 mobiles ; claviculse

utrinque duee ; pulmones abdomen intrantes ; os edentulum

rostratum; tympana aperta cute tecta; vesica urinaria;

penis simplex imperforatus ; anus rotundatus plicatus.

Linneeus considered the tortoises as forming a genus under
the name of Testudo ; Brongniart first separated them as a
distinct group under the name of Cheloniens, which has been
adopted by Cuvier. Latreille has latinized it to Chelonii ; and
Oppel and Merrem use for this group the name of Testudi-
nata.

These animals are peculiar at first sight from their body
being included in a bony case [Testa], leaving only the head,
neck, limbs, and tail free. These parts are covered with
a scaly riigulose or wrinkly skin, and are generally capable
of being withdrawn into the cavity of the shell for protection.

The head is sometnnes covered with regular shields.
The jaws are usually furnished with horny cases, often
toothed at the edges in the place of true teeth. The upper
one overlaps the other like the lid of a box. They are rarely,
as in the genus Chdys, protected with fleshy lips. The
tongue is short, blunt, with long filiform papillae. The eyes
have distinct eyeUds ; and the tympanum of the ear is visible
and nearly superficial. The neck varies greatly in length ;
it is usually withdrawn into the body of the shell when the
animal is at rest, but in those families {Chel//dce) which
have long necks, it is bent on the side of the body under the
margin of the shell. The case {(esta) consists of two bony
shields [scuta) united by the margin. The upper shield or
carapace [scutum dursale) is formed by the eight pairs of ribs,
being more or less dilated on the sides, united together,
and adherent to the vertebra of the back by a toothed seam,
so as to prevent their having the slightest motion one on the

4 CHELONII.

other. The extent of the dilatation of the ribs greatly in-
creases with the growth of the animal ; but in some groups,
as Trio7iycidce and the Sea Turtles, they have a part of the
distal or outer end not dilated, and always free.

The lower shield sternum or plastron [scutum ventrale) is
formed of four pairs of bones, and an anterior central one,
more or less firmly united together, forming a disk, ana-
logous to the breast-bone or sternum of other animals.
These bones, in the land and most of the fresh -water tor-
toises, are united together by toothed sutures into one disk ;
but in the genera Ckelydra and in the families Trlonycidce
and Chelodlnidce they form a ring, and leave a space filled
with cartilage in the centre ; the two lateral pairs being
large and often united together, and forming the body of the
sternum. These are connected together behind by means
an arch formed by the hinder pair : and in front, in the
turtle, by the front pair forming an arch with the central
bones, as a small pointed process on their inner edge. In
the Triovycidcn and Chelydrce, the furcate central bones
are united with the linear front pair placed on their outer
sides. In the latter family these bones, especially the two
lateral pairs, are often covered externally with rugose cal-
losities.

This sternum, in those animals where the bones are closely
soldered together, is always attached to the bones of the
margin by a dentated bony suture, except in the genus Cistuda,
where it is united by a ligamentous junction, admitting of a
slight motion ; while in the others, where the bones form
a ring (except in the genus Chelydra), they are only united
to the margin, when it exists, by some cartilaginous processes.

The bones of which the sternum is composed are generally
so attached to each other as not to allow of any motion ; but
in a few of the land and fresh-water tortoises, the junction
between the second and third, and sometimes between the
third and fourth pairs of bones is by a ligamentous suture,
which allows either or both extremities to move on the third
pair as a door does on its post, and they are therefore called
box tortoises.

The margin of the shell is usually formed of a series of
small bones similar to the cartilages of the ribs in mammalia ;
uniting together the ends of the ribs of which the back of the
shell is composed, and forming the bond of union between
them and the sternum. In some, as among the Trionyches,
the marginal bones are reduced to small isolated portions.

CHELONII.

placed on the cartilaginous margin opposite the ends of
the ribs ; while in other species of this genus they are entirely

wanting.

The case is sometimes covered with a cartilaginous (in the
Trionijches) or coriaceous {Sphargis) continuous skin ; but
more usually with regular symmetrical horny plates, called
sciitella. These shields, when the tortoises are first hatched,
are distinct and covered with minute rugosities; they enlarge
in size as the animal grows, by the addition of new layers of
hcrny matter on their under side, extending beyond their
former margin. These additions are generally marked by con-
centric grooves, and the rugosity marking the original size of
the shield is called the areola. The shields adapt them-
selves to the shape of the bones beneath ; and when the bones,
as is often the case in the land-tortoises, are raised into
conical projections, they assume the same form. They are
placed on the bony case in a regular manner, the centre of the
back being covered with thirteen plates {sciitella disci) placed
in three rows. The central row consists of five shields, which
being placed over the vertebrae, are called vertebral plates ;
and the side rows of each are designated, for the same reason,
from the bones on which they are placed, the costal plates.
These are surrounded by 11 or 12 or rarely 13 pairs of
smaller plates, called the marginal shields {sciitella margina-
lia), added to which there is often a small plate in the centre
of the front edge called the nuchal plate, (sciitellum niichale.)

In all the water tortoises the pair of plates over the tail,
called the caudal shields {sciitella caiidalia), are separate from
each other. But in the land tortoises, they are united into
a single plate, which is often incurved and vaulted. The
sternum is covered with six pairs of plates, which for the sake
of preventing circumlocution in the description of the species,
have been named according to their position ; thus the first
pair are called gular {sciitella Qularia) ; the second humeral,
{scut, hiivieralia) ; the third pectoral (scut, pectoraliaj ; the
fourth abdominal, {scut. ahdominaUa) ; the fifth femoral,
{scut.femoralia) ; and the sixth anal, {scut, analia.) Some-
times, as in the genus Sternotherus, the gular pair are united
into a single plate ; and in others, as in the Chelijdrce and
Chelofiice, there is a small plate called the intergular shield,
fscuf. ifitergularej placed between them. The symphysis by
which the sternum is attached to the upper shell is mostly
covered by the outer sides of the abdominal plates (as in the
genus Sternotherus) or of the pectoral and abdominal plates ;

b CHELONII.

but in the turtle it is covered with four square peculiar shields;
and there is placed at each end of this suture a small plate.
The front one of these is called from its position the axillary
shield, {scid. axillare), and the hinder the inguinal shield,
{scut, inguinale.)

The legs are usually thick and short ; but the feet offer
considerable variation, conformable to the habits of the ani-
mals. In the land tortoises the toes are very short giving
the feet a clublike appearance, and they are armed with short
blunt claws ; while in the fresh water tortoises the fingers are
elongated and flexible, the space between them is more or
less hlled up with a web, and they are all generally provided
with sharp claws. In the genus Trionyx, however, as in the
crocodiles, the two outer toes are clawless. It is in the
marine turtle that the fingers gain the maximum of elonga-
tion, and become united together by a covering of thick coria-
ceous skin into a compressed fin, which is sometimes armed
with short blunt claws. The tail is generally short and thick,
but in one species it is long and crested on its back, like that
of a crocodile. When the animal is at rest it is generally
bent on one side under the edge of the upper shell.

The heart is composed of two auricles and one double celled
ventricle ; the blood of the body enters the right auricle, and
that of the lungs the left ; but the two kinds ot blood are more
or less completely mixed in passing into the ventricle.

The lungs are very large, and placed in the same cavity as
the other viscera ; but the peritoneum covering them is
thickened and assumes the appearance of a diaphragm.

The jaws ate destitute of true teeth, but are usually covered
with a horny skin, often denticulated, the upper one covering
the lower like the lid of a box. The tongue is short, and
covered with long papillae ; the stomach is simple, and the
intestines moderately long, and sometimes furnished with a
coecum. The bladder is large. The penis of the male is
simple, rather large, and channelled. The eggs are covered
with a hard shell, and the young, when hatched, are marked
with a large umbilical slit in the centre of the sternum, which
soon disappears.

The age of a specimen is best determined by the solidity
and completeness of the ossification of the bones of the shell,
and by the smallness or indistinctness of the areola compared
with the size of the shields.

It is very difficult to determine the sex of these animals
externally. Perrault, and most naturalists since his time.

CHELONII,

have considered the concavity of the sternum as a mark of the
male sex ; but this concavity is only found in the land tor-
toises, and cannot therefore be used for the purpose which
Sir E. Home supposes, (see Phil. Trans.) Mr. Sowerby
[Zool. Jour.) observes that a specimen in which this cha-
racter was distinctly marked, proved, on dissection, to be a
gravid female. Dr. Harlan appears to consider the length
of the, tail as a character for this purpose, but I have not had
the opportunity of verifying his remark, which is not very
definite.

Synopsis Familiarum et Generum.

Fam. I. Testudinid.e. — Pedes clavati, ungues 5-4 obtusi,
scutella caudalia unita.

1. Testudo. — Testa dorsalis sternique solida, scutella
stern i 12.

2. Chersina. — Testa dorsalis sternique solida, scutella
sterni II.

3. Kimjxis. — Testa dorsahs postice mobilis, scutella

sterni 12.

4. Pyxis. — Sternum antice mobile.

Fam. II. Emyd^. — Pedes palmati, ungues 5-4 acuti,
scutella sterni 11 vel 12.

5. Cistuda — Sternum latum cum testa symphysi carti-
laginea connexum, scutella sterni 12.

6. Emys — Sternum latum cum testa symphysi ossea
connexum, scutella sterni 12.

7. Kinoslernon. — Sternum latum cum testa symphysi
ossea connexum, scutella sterni 12.

8. Clielydra. — Sternum angustum cruciforme.

Fam. in. Chelyd^. — Pedes palmati, ungues 5-4 acuti,
scutella sterni 13.

9. Sternotkerus. — Maxillae corneae, sternum antice mobile.

10. Chelodina. — Maxillae corneae, sternum solidum, scu-
tellum intergulare inclusum.

11. Hydraspis. — Maxillae corneae, sternum solidum, scu-
tellum intergulare marginale.

12. Chelys. — Maxillae labiis carnosis tectae.

Fam. IV. TRiONYCiDiE. — Pedes palmati, ungues 3-3 acuti,
testa cute molli tecta.

8 TESTUDO.

13. Triojiyx. — Sternum angustum.

14. Emycla. — Sternum latum, lateribus valvis munitum.

Favi. V. Chelomad^. — Pedes pinniformes, compressi.

15. Sfihargis — Testa cute coriacea tecta.

16. Chelonia. — Testa scutellis tecta.

Fam. 1. TESTUDINID^.

Pedes clavati, ungues 5-4 obtusi, maxillae corneae. Testa
solidissima scutis cornels tecta, scutellis marginalibus 24,
caudali lato inflexo.

The head i:^ globular, shielded ; the jaws are covered with
horny sheaths ; the neck is thick and retractile. The shell
is more or less globular, very solid and thick, the ribs being
united together quite to the margin when the animals are
adult, and covered with horny shields, which are generally
grooved, and exhibit their areola for a considerable time.
The sternum is broad and very solid, the bones of which it
is formed filling up the centre ; and it is firmly attached
to the upper shell by a bony suture as long as the abdo-
minal and pectoral plates. The marginal plates are 24 or
26 in number, and have often a nuchal one in front; the
hinder pair are always united together, and form a single
broad incurved plate. The feet are short and clubbed, very
like those of an elephant in shape, and armed with short
blunt claws. The tail is thick and short. They are slow in
their motions, eating vegetables and roots, and living in
woods or fields in warm parts of the world. In a cold cli-
mate, they burrow and sleep during the winter.

Gen. 1. TESTUDO. (Tortoise.j

Scutum dorsale sternaleque solida, scutella sterni 12,
gularia distincta.

The sternum of this genus is generally quite solid and des-
titute of any movement, but Mr. Bell has informed me that
he has observed in the female of T. Grceca and T. areola,
that just before they are about to deposit their eggs, the hinder
lobe of the sternum becomes loosened and capable of a
slight mobility.

TESTUDO. 9

1. Test. Indica, [Indicm Tortoise.) — Testa nigra, lateribus
rotundatis ; scutello nuchali plerumque nuUo, pectoralibus
brevissimis.

Testudo Indica, Gmel. fide Perrault Acad. Sci. iii. t. cop.
Schoepf t. 22, f. a. Shaw, Zool. t. 3. — Chersina retusa
Merrem. — Testudo Indica Vosmceri, Sclioepf, t. 22, f. 13.
(Mus. Vosmaer,) cop. Shaw Zool. t. 3, f. 2. Test, elephan-
topus, Harlan Jour. Acad. N. S. Phil. v. t. 11. — Test ni-
gra, Quo}" et Gaim. Freyc. Voy. t. 37, (v. Mus. Par.) Test.
Californica, Quov Bui. Sci. (v. Mus. Par.) Cuv. Os. Fos.
V. t. 11, f. 17,20,' (Anat.)

Junior. Testa nigra margine lateral! angulato, areolis mag-
nis. Test. Dussumieri, Schlogel MSS. (v. x\Ius. Leyd.) — Pet.
Gaz. t. 76, f. 4.

Var. scutello nuchae angusto, costalibus anterioribus con-
vexis. Testudo Indica Dekay Jour. Acad. X. S. P. (v. Mus.
D. Bell et Par.) Scutello nuchali brevissimo costalibus
subconvexis caudali producto subreflexo. (v. Mus. Col. Surg.)
/3. Testa antice compressa, scutellis vertebralibus 5 gib-
bosis, (v. ]Mus. Par.)

Y. Testa supra coUum complanata, scutello postico mar-
ginali cum vertebralibus 5 gibbosis. Long. 28 — Test, gi-
gantea Schwe'igev 17. Hab. in Brasilia, (Mus. Lisbon, fide
Schw.)

Habitat in India Orientali, Gefi. Hardwicke, Insula Mau-
ritiana. Insula Aldebra, jSI. Dussumiere, Galapagos, D.ifor-
lan, Seychelles, (v. v. Hort. Zool., et t. Mus. Brit., Col.
Chir., Par., et D. Bell.)

A variable species in form, but always known by its uni-
form black colour ; the margin is keeled when young, but
becomes rounded on the sides in the adult animal.

2. Test. Hercules, (Hercules Tortoise). — Testa subqua-
drata oblonga depressa, lateribus inflexis ; scutellis sulcatis,
nigris, areolis flavis, nuchali nullo ; stern o postice rotundato
bilobo.

Testudo Hercules, Spix t. 14.

Junior. Test, carhonaria, Spix t. 16. Test, talulata.
Far. Fitz. Test.planata, Gmel. Test. Schweigeri, Fitz, ined.?
(non vidi.)

/3. truncata. Testa solidissima ; ossibus scutellisque ele-
vatis, scutellis convexis sulcatis, areolis parvis truncatis luteis.
(Mus. D- Bell.)

c

10 TESTUDO.

Habitat in Brasilia, (v. v. Hort. Zool., et t. Mus. Brit.,
Col. Chirurg., D. Bell. &c.)

A large species, sometimes 24 inches long, (v. Mus. Col.
Surg.) The shields are sometimes worn smooth in the adult
animal, and the sides of the shell are often very much con-
tracted, the areola is small, and rarely exceeds three quarters
of an inch in width. The animal is more or less red or
yellow spotted, and the tail varies in length, probably in the
different sexes ; it may prove only a variety of the next.

3. Test, tahulata, (Tahiilur Tortoise.) Testa oblonga
depressa, scutellis nigro-fuscis sulcatis (demum levigatis),
areolis latis pallide fuscis, scutello nuchali nullo, sterno
postice acute bilobo.

Test, tabuiutu. Wall). Test. Grceco Hermann, Test, tes-
selata. Schn. Schoepf t. 12 f. 2. t. 13. Pr. Max. t, (viv.)
Test. Lutraria, Gmel. T. Hecate, Brown Jam. n. 5. Test.
Casado, Spix t. 17. (scutellis l3evibus).Wiedeman Arch. Zool.
ii. (Anat).

Junior. Testa fusca marginibus subdenticulatis. areolis

latis, punctulatis. Test, sculpta, Spix, Bras. t. 18. — Seba,

i. t. 80 f. 2, cop. Shaw Zool. iii. t. 8. — Max. t. (viv.)

Schoepf t. 14. f. 1-3.

Pullus. Test.denticulata, Lin. Schoepf t. 28. f.l. (Mus. Lin.)

Hab. in Brasilia, (v.v. Hort, Bell, et nost., t. Mus. D.Bell.)

This species differs from the former in being more depressed

and less contracted on the sides, in the areolsc of the shields

being larger, rarely less than one inch wide, and the posterior

extremity of the sternum being acutely lobed.

4. Test. Schweigeri, (Schreiger's Tortoise). — Testa ob-
longa depressa, scutellis pallide fuscis obscure fusco radiatim
punctatis, nuchali nullo, areolis parvis centralibus, sterno
luteo fusco radiato, antice acute emarginato.

Hab. (v. t. Mus. Col. Surg.)

The shell light, probably not full grown, the front margin
nearly straight with a slight central indentation, the an-
terior and posterior lateral margin bluntly scalloped on the
edge, the caudal scale broad, edge refiexed, the discal
shields with distinct concentric grooves becoming deeper
near the edge, the areola very small, central, not more than 6
or 7 lines wide, the vertebral plates flattened, the anterior
one convex, the gular plates small, the pectoral ones short
and broad, the inguinal and axillary plates wanting except

TESTUDO. 1 I

on one side, where they are very small : length 8-i, breadth
G^ inches.

5. Test. Polyphemus, {Gopher Tortoise.) — Testa oblonga
depressa ; scutellis pallide fuscis sulcatis nuchali, lato qua-
drato, sterno antice. dilatato; cauda obsoleta, unguibus de-
pressis quadratis.

Test. Polyphemus Bartram, 18. Daud. Emys Poly-
phemus, Schw. Test, depressa, Lesueur Mss. (Mus. Par.)
Guerin Icon. Rept. t. If. I. Test. Carolina, Le Conte
Mss. (Mus. Par.)

Hab. in America Septentrionali (v. t. Mus. Par.)

6. Test, marginata [Bell-shaped Tortoise.) Testa oblonga
ventricosa, marginibus posticis horizontaliter explanatis, scu-
tellis sulcatis nigris flavo variegatis, areolis luteis parvis, scu-
tello nuchali elongate gracili.

Test, maiginata Schoepf t. 11 and t. 12 f. 1. Test.
Grail, Herman. Test. Grceca Lacep, t. 5, f. 2, cop. Enc.
Meth t. 5, f. 4. Test, campanulata Walb. Test. Lu-
traria. Gmel. Spix Cephal, t. 4. f. 12 — 15. Anat. (caret)

Hab. in Brasilia, Egyptia, Fitzinger, (v. v. Hort. Zool.
et t. Mus. D. Bell.)

The Animal is black brown, with large scales on the limbs.
The sternum is nicked in front and birid behind.

The Test, sulcata of Shaw, Miller, Cym. Phys. t. 26. cop.
Test, calcarata, Schw. Abhand. t. and Bechst. Lacep. t. Cher-
sina calcarata, (part) Merrem, may be intended for either this
or the following species, but it is not good for either.

7. Test, radiata. {Radiated Tortoise.) — Testa hemisphe-
rica, scutellis planis sulcatis nigris flavoradiatis, areolis rufis,
scutello nuchali nuUo, sterno antice attenuate sinuato trun-
cato postice bifido.

Test, radiata, Shaw, Grew Mus. t. 3, f. 1, cop. Shaw,
Zool. iii. t. 2, (Mus. Brit.) Test. Coui. Daud. t. 26 f. 1, 2,
(Mus. Par.) Test. Madagascarensis, Commerson (Mus. Par.)
T. calcarata, (part) Merrem, f. 11. Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 193, t.l2,
f. 40, Anat. i. 12, f. 1, f. 6, f. 13, f .16, 17, f. 27, 28, f. 35.

)3. Senegalensis, Testa pallide lutea ; scutellis sulcatis,
areolis parvis rugosis, scutello caudali inflexo, pedibus squa-
mis magnis compressis tectis, ano bicalcarato — long. 15-|-",

Habitat in Africa OccidentaH, Insula Madagascar (v. v. Hort.
nost.,ett. Mus, Brit. D. Bell, &c.) j3. Senegal (v. t. Mus. Pax.)

12 TESTUDO.

8. Testudo Pardalis, {Leopard Tortoise.) — Testa subhe-
mispherica lutea nigro maculata, scutellis sulcatis, costalibus
areola prope marginem superiorem posita, nuchali nuUo.

Testudo Pardalis, Bell Zool. Jour. iii. t. 25, Test, armula,
Boie Mss. (v. Mus, Lej^d.) Test. Boei Wagler, t. (non vidi.)

Junior. Test, marginata and Test. Grceca, var. (v. t. Mus.
Par.)

Pullus, Testa flava, scutellis nigro -marginatis, areolis
annulo fusco maculisque duabus nigris ornatis. Test. Lipunc-
tata, Cuv. Mss. (v. t. Mus. Par.)

Habit, ad Cap. Bon. Spei, D. R. Brown, (v. v. Hort.,
Bell, et t. Mus. D. Bell ; Junior, Mus. Brit.)

9. Test, stellata, [Starred Tortoise.) — Testa ovato subglo-
bosa, scutellis convexis sulcatis nigris luteo radiatis, areolis
magnis luteis prope marginem posteriorem positis, scutello
nuchali nullo, cauda brevi, capite pedibusque nigris luteo ma -
culatis.

Test, acti/iodes Bell Zool. Jour. iii. t. 14.

Junior. Testa nigra, scutellis luteo radiatis, (Mus. nost.)
Test, stellata, Schweiger. 2'est. elegans, Schoepf, t. 26,
cop. Daud. t. 25, f. 1. (v. t. Mus. Paris.)

Pullus Testa flava, commissuris scutellorum macula ovata
nigra notatis. Test, elegans, Shaw, Seba Thes. t. 79, f. 3,
cop. [Elegant tortoise,) Shaw Zool, iii. t. 6.

Habitat in India orientali, Ceylonia, (v. v. Hort,, Bell,
et t. Mus. nost. et D. Bell.) Coromandel.

10. Test, geometrica. (Geometrical Tortoise. j Testa ob-
longo globosa, scutellis nigris gibbosis sulcatis luteo radiatis,
areolis flavis truncatis, scutello nuchali angusto elongato.

Test, geometrica. Lin. S. N. &c. Gotwald, f. 13 & 16, —
Seba., t. 80. f. 3, & 8. Piso Bras. iii. t. 105, f. ].— Knorr.
Del. ii. t. 52, f. 1.— Lacep. H. 1, t. 3, f. 2. cop. Shaw.
Zool. iii. t. 2. and Enc. M. t. 6. f. 1. Schoepf. t. 10. cop.
Daud t. 25. f. 1.

Var. )3. Tentoria : Scutello nuchali brevissimo subnuUo,
scutellis disci ossibusque conicis acutis elevatis. Test, tentoria.
Bell Zool. Jour. iii. t. 13.

Junior, sine scutellis testa flava. Test, luteola, Daud. t. 25.
Schw. (v.t. Mus. Par.)

Hab. ad Cap. Bon. Spei. /3. D. R. Brown, (Mus. Brit.)
Madagascar. jD. Farquhar. v. v.

TESTUDO. 13

11. Test. Grceca, {Greek Tortoise.) Testa oblongo-globosa
scutellis subgibbis nigro flavoque variegatis ; caudali hamato
obtuso, nuchali gracili elongate.

Testiido Grceca, Lin. nee Lacep. Test. Carolina, Her-
mann. Test, geometrica. Brunnich; Test. Hermanni. Gniel.
Seba, t. 80, f. I, cop. Shaw, iii. t. 1. — Schoepf, t. 8. — Blu-
menb. Abbild. N. H. t- 66.— Knorr. del. iii. t 51.— Mayer,
Zeit. t. 28.

ex.. Scutellis posticis explanatis Schoepf. t. 9.

/3 "Sterno lobo postico mobili," Bell. MSS.

Habitat, in Europa Meridionali et Africa Septentrionali,
Mauritania, Ef/w. Long. 7.", Lat. 6.", (v. v. et t. Mus. Brit.
Par. et D. Bell.)

T. Zolkafa, Forst., said to have no nuchal shield,
may be a variety of this species, but I have never seen it.
The hinder lobe of the sternum of the female, as has been
observed by INIr. Bell, is sometimes moveable.

12. Test, areolaia, [Areolated Tortoise.) Testa oblonga
convexa, scutellis elevatis suicatis luteis, commissuris pro-
funde exaratis, areolis fulvis impressis, scuteilo nuchali
gracili.

Test, areolata, Thunb, Nov. Act. Suec. Seba, 1 t. 80, f. 6.;

Var. monstrosa scutellis vertebralibus 6, Gotwald, f. 14,
Schoepf. t. 23.; scuteUis marginalibus, 26 (v. Mus. D. Bell) ;

Hab. ad Cap. Bon. Spei., D. R. Brown, Mus. Brit.

j3 pallida. Testa hemispherica, scutellis paliide virescen-
tibus, areolis nigescentibus, scuteilo caudali lato iticurvo, sterni
lobo postico mobili, (v. v. Hort. D. Bell.)

Apt to vary in the number of dorsal and marginal plates.
T.fasciata, Daud. of Ceylon, from Van Ernest's notes, is
perhaps a monstrosity, with 18 dorsal, and 27 marginal
plates.

Animal pale brown, beak strongly toothed, head with
small scales and a large occipital plate ; fore legs with
lanceolate tubercular scales ; tail short, conical, thickly
covered with small scales.

I should have been inclined at first sight to have consi-
dered the variety as a distinct species ; but it exactly agrees
in the sculpture of its shields, and in the peculiar scaling of
the animal with the type species.

13. Test, signata, [Marked Tortoise.) Testa humili, scu-
tellis disci plauiusculis flavescentibus lineolis punctisque nigris

14 CHERSINA.

adumbratis, areolis nigricantibus depressis, scutellis margin
nalibus 26 leviter dentatis, nuchali angustissimo.

Test, signata, Walb. Chelon., ii f. cop. Schoepf. t. 28 ;
Test, denticulata, Var. Gmel.

Habitat in Africa, (v. t. Mus. Bell, et Par.)
Test. Cafra, Daud. (v. Mus. Par.) is probably a mon-
strosity of this species, with 1 5 dorsal plates ; and Test.
Juvencella. Daud. (v. t. Mus. Par.) seems only a variety with
convex scutella ; but it is impossible to determine it with
accuracy, as all the three specimens in the Paris Museum
are in very bad condition. There are also two specimens in
the same collection, marked as a variety, with 22 marginal
plates, said to come from Carolina.

Species Fossiles, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 244.

Testudo Lamanonii. Tortue des environs d'Aix, Cuv.
Os. Fos. v. 244. Lamanon Jour. Phys. xvi. t. 3, cop. Cuv.
Os. Fos. t. 13, f. 9— 11.

Fossil, Gypsum Rock Aix, considered as fossil human
heads ; breadth six, hei-ht seven inches.

Test. Neraudii, Tortue de L' Isle de France. Cuv. Os.
Fos. V. 248, t. 15, f. 17, (humerus) f. 18 (tibia).

Fossil, in the volcanic deposits of the Isle of France.

Testudo squamata, Daud., from Bontius n. 82, is certainly
a species of Manis, of which lUiger has formed a genus, under
the name of Pamphr actus.

Gen. 2. CHERSINA, (Chersina.)

Scutum dorsale sternaleque solida ; scutella sterni 11,
gularia connata.

This genus only differs from the other Land Tortoises, in
the gular or anterior pair of sternal shields being united
into a single plate, and produced in front of the shell. It
agrees in this character with the genus Kinosternon, amongst
the Terrapins, or Emydes. Merrem gives the above generic
name to all the Land Tortoises, keeping that of Testudo for
the family. I have restricted it to the species with the
above character.

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KINIXYS. 15

1. Chersina angulata, [Bell's Chersina.) Testa oblonga
ventricosa nigra supra collum triangulariter excisa ; scu-
tellis disci rectilineis sulcatis, areolis flavis depressis.

Testudo angulata, Dumeril, Schw. 7 (v. t. Mus. Par,) Test-
Bellii., Gray Spic. Zool. t. 3, f. 4. (v. t. Mus. Brit.) Knorr.
Del. Nat. iii., t. 52. f. 2.

Habitat ad Cap. Bonae Spei, D. R. Brown, (v. v. Hort. nost.
et t. Mus. Brit. D. Bell.)

The gular shields produced and truncated in front, the
nuchal plate very narrow, the front half of the marginal
plates yellow, the hinder half black ; sternum yellow, black
rayed. Howit, (Mus. Liverpool, t. ) appears to figure a
variety with the gular plates much produced. Test, pnsilla,
Lin. and Daud. (not Edw. nor Grew's figure) and con-
sequently Test, miniata, Lacep. appears to belong to this
species, which is sometimes reddish beneath when alive ;
as also Test. Africana, Herm., and Test, tahulata Africana,
of Schweiger.

Gen. 3. KINIXYS, Bell. [Kinixys.)

Testae dorsi pars posterior mobilis, parti anteriori sutura
cariosa connexa. Sternum solidum scutellis 12.

This genus is easily distinguished from the other Tortoises
in the adult state, by the hinder part of the upper shell being
capable of considerable motion, and separated from the
central and front part by a transverse, irregular, carious,
and somewhat ligamentous suture. In the young state, they
difter but slightly from the common tortoises, as the dorsal
suture is then scarcely to be observed. The suture can
scarcely be said to be sub -elastic. Baron Cuvier (Reg.
Anim. ii. 10 note,) appears to consider this structure as
merely an accidental circumstance, he having seen only one
specimen ; but I have verified the fact of its being common
in the group on 9 specimens, four of which I have seen alive.

1. Kinixys Homeana, [Home's Kinixys.) — Testa obi ongo
subquadrata fusca, margine posteriore retlexo, scutello verte-
bral! 5 margine superior! prominente, nuchali elongato
gracili.

Test. Homeana, Gray, (v.t. Mus. Brit.) Kinixys Homeana,
Bell, Lin. Trans, xv. t. 17, (v.t. Mus. Bell.)

/3 Scutello nuchali lato, (v. t. Mus. Par.)

16 • pvxis.

Hab. in Demerara, (v. v. Hort., D. Bell.) /3 Guadaloupe.

Peculiar for the upper edge of the fifth vertebral plate
being prominent, giving the back of the shell an angular ap-
pearance, while in the next the central part is convex.

2. Kinixys erosa. [Eroded Khiixys.) — Testa oblonga fusca,
margine posteriore reflexo denticulato, scutello vertebrali
5 equaliter convexo. nuchali nullo, (v. Mus. Brit.)

Junior. Testa dorsi postice rotundata. Khiixys castanea.
Bell. Lin. Trans, xvii. t. 18.

Phllus. Testa depressa dorso immobili, margine denticu-
lato. Testudo denticulato, Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 13, (v. Mus.
Col. Chir.) et Test, erosa, Schw. (from Shaw.)

Hab. (v. V. et t. Mus. Brit.)

When young, the shell is depressed, with a strongly denti-
culated margin all round, and the back is not moveable. The
shell graaually increases in weight and solidity, and the
dorsal suture becomes distinct, but it is not till the adult age
that the centre of the fifth vertebral plate becomes convex,
and slightly produced.

Gen. 4. PYXIS. Bell. (Box Tortoise.)

Testa dorsi solida, sterni lobus anterior mobilis, sutura
inter scutella humeralia et pectoralia.

The front lobe of the sternum is moveable, like the Box
Terrapins (Kinosternon) ; but here the suture is placed be-
tween the humeral and pectoral sternal shields, while in those
tortoises it is always placed between the pectoral and abdo-
minal ones. This shell is distinguished at first sight from
the last-named by its greater convexity and sohdity. The
sternum has also twelve plates, while the other box tortoises
have either eleven [Kinosternon) or thirteen [Sternotherus.)
The feet are clavate, hke those of the other animals of this
family.

]. Pyxis aranoides, [Radiated lox tortoise.) — Testa hemis-
pherica, luteo nigroque variegata.

Pyxis aranoides. Bell, Lin. Trans, xv. t. 16.

Hab. (v. t. Mus. D. Bell.)

Length six, breadth four inches ; varies greatly in the in-
tensity of its colour in the three specimens which are in Mr.
Bell's collection.

CISTUDA.

17

Fam. IL EMYD.^ (or Emydidcc.)

Pedes palmati, digitis distinctis, unguibus 5-4 longe acu-
minatis, nares pervii, mandibulee corneee. Testa depressa,
scutellis cornels tecta ; scutella marginalia 23-27, caudalia
distincta, sterni 11 vel 12.

The head of these animals is rather depressed and shielded;
the neck is contractile into the body of the shell. The feet
are depressed and expanded, with separate toes united toge-
ther by a distinct web, and armed with sharp and rather long
claws ; the tail is usually more or less exposed. The shell is
generally depressed and solid, with a distinct bony margin, and
covered with horny plates ; the dorsal plates 13, with twelve
pairs of marginal plates, the caudal pair being separated by
a distinct suture, and with a narrow nuchal one. The
sterno -costal commissure is generally long, and usually fur-
nished with a distinct and rather large axillary and inguinal
plate. The sternum has eleven or twelve shields, the gular
pair being sometimes united, but never, as in the next family,
having an extra plate between them. The vertebrae of the
neck bend in a perpendicular bow, and the bones of the
pelvis are only attached to the vertebrae, and not to the
bones of the sternum. They hve in ponds and ditches, in
warm and temperate climates ; are rapid in their motions ;
eat mollusca, worms, insects and carrion, and only take their
food while in water : the eggs are oval and white. I have
observed 36 species ; 18 of which have come from America,
and 14 from the old world.

The external characters to distinguish the sexes of these
animals have not been satisfactorily made out. Dr. Harlan
observes, that the females of some species are more keeled
than the males. The concavity of the sternum, which only
occurs in the first genus, does not appear to be peculiar to
the males; as Mr. Sowerby, Zool. Jour. ii. 485, says that
he has found eggs in the body of a specimen of Cistuda
Carolina which had a very concave sternum.

Gen. 1. CISTUDA. [Box Terrapin.)

Sternum latum, extremitatibus rotundatis, symphysi liga-
mentosa testae dorsali adnexum, in duos lobos per suturam
transversam medio divisum, scutella 12.

D

18 CTSTUDA.

The form of the sternum of this genus is very pecuhar,
for it is divided across by a cartilaginous suture between the
pectoral and abdominal plates; and being only connected to
the back shell by a cartilaginous suture, both the anterior
and posterior lobes are moveable on the same axis, so as to
be capable of entirely closing the cavity of the upper shell,
and concealing the inclosed animal from view and danger.
The axillary and inguinal shields are small and obscured by
the margin ; the marginal plates vary in number from 23
to 27, including a distinct nuchal one. This group consists
of four species, each found in different parts of the world.
The European species, by its depressed form, slightly lobed
sternum, and wider symphysis, appears to unite them to the
true Emydes.

This genus forms part of the genus Chtuda of Fleming and
Say, and part of Terrapene and Sternotheriis of Mr. Bell.

1. Cistiida Carolina, [ylmerican Box Terrapin). — Testa
subhemispherica fusca luteo-variegataleviter carinata scutellis
subsulcatis, marginalibus 23 — 27. Animal nigrum luteo vel
aurantio variesjatum.

Test. Carolina, Lin. Daud. Test, brevicaudata, Lacep, (v.
Mus. Par.) Test, invar cerata striata, Bonat. Terrapene Ca-
rolina, Bell. (v. Mus. Bell.) Test, clausn, Daud. Cistiida
clausa. Say. Test, virgulata Daud. ii. t. 23, (v. Mus. Par.)
Test, incarcerata, Bonat. Test, carinata, Lin. Emi/s diihia,
Schw. (v. Mus. Par.) Terrapene guttata. Bell, (v. Mus.
'&^\\.) Emys Schneideri,'&c\\yN. Edw. t, 20.5, cop. Shaw Zool.
iii. t. 7, and Seligman vi. t. 100, and Bechst. Lacep. t.
f. — Schoepf. t. 7. — Bloch, Berl. Naturf, t. 1, f, 1, 2. —
Grew. t. 3< f. 2.

Junior, Testa fusca pallide nebulosa, Terrapene nehulosa.
Bell, (v. Mus. Bell. Col. Surg.)

/3. Scutello nuchali nullo (v. Mus. Bell.)
Habitat in America Boreali. {v. v. Hort. nost, et Bell.)
T have examined and kept several living specimens, and
carefully compared the original specimens of most of the
above synonyma, and have not been able to separate them
from one another ; I beheve that Mr. Bell has himself given
up the idea of this species being distinct, since he has been
enabled to examine more living specimens. The young are
often brown and pale clouded, but the pale spots are placed
in the same situations as the yellow spots in the adult spe-
cimen, and gradually pass into them.

CISTt'DA. 19

2. Cistuda Amboinensis, (Amhoina Box Terrapin.) — Testa
hemispherica obscure tricarinatanigrescente, margine lato ex-
panse, scutello nuchali lineari, stenio luteo nigroque variegato;
animal nigro luteo variegatum, capitis lateribus fasciis dua-
bus luteis ornatis.

Test. Amboinensis, Riche, Daud. Einys Amboinensis, Sch.
Test, couro, Lesch. (v. Mus Par.) Emys couro, Schw. Ter-
rapene bicolor. Bell Zool. Jour. ii. t. 14.

Junior. Testa acute tricarinata, marginibus horizontaliter
expansis, (v. Mus. Brit.) Cisluda Amboinensis, nob. Illust.
Ind. Zool t. f. 2.

/3. Leveriana, Testa ovata subcompressa. long. 74, lat. b^,
pol. (v. t. Mus. Col. Surg.)

Habit, in Java et Penang (v. v. et v. t. Mus. Brit., Par.,
et D. Bell.) Not in America.

3. Cistuda trifasciata. (Three banded Box Terrapin.) —
Testa ovata, carinata, obscure lutea nigro rubroque variegata,
fasciis tribus dorsalibus ornata, sterno postice bifido ; capite
luteo lateribus fasciis duabus fuscis notatis, cauda longa.

Sternotherus trifasciatus, Bell Zool, Jour. iii. t. 13, (v. t.
Mus. Bell.)

Hab.

Differs from the other species by its ovate shape and the
three dorsal streaks, the two bands on the side of the head
unite over the occiput.

4. Cistuda Europcea. [European Box Terrapin.) — Testa
depressa ovata fusca radiatim luteo punctata, sterno postice
sub-bifido ; capite corporeque nigro luteo punctatis, cauda
longa.

Testudo Europcea, Sch^v. Schoepf, Test. t. 1, cop. Sturm,
t. 2, 3, 4. Test.jiava, Lacep, t. 6. Test, punctata, Got-
wald, f. 12. Meyer t. 29. Test, orbicularis, Lin. S. N.
Wulf. Test. Lutraria, Herm. Marsigl. Dan. iv. t. 33, 34.
Emys Lutraria, Merrem. Knorr, Delic. ii. t. 32, f. 5. Ter-
rapene Europea, Bell ; Speckled Tortoise, Shaw, Cuv. Os,
Fos. v. t. 12, f. 2, f. 7, f. 12, f. 18, 19, f. 27, 28 f. 2>Q.— Testa
artijiciose polita. Test, meleagris, Shaw, Nat. t, 104, (v. t.
Mus. Col. Surg.) Test. Lutraria, Lacep, (v. Mus. Par.)

Junior. Testa depressa scutellis areohs magnis, marginibus
luteo radiatis. Test, pulchella, Schoepf t. 26, Emys pul-
chella, Merrem, (v. Mus. Par. et Brit.)

Habit, in Europa Australi. (v. v. Hort. Bell et nost.)

20 EMYS.

More depressed than the other species. M.OppelJn (1811)
remarked the fact of the sternum being moveable, and it has
since been observed by Schweiger, Bojanus, and Mr. Bell.
For the Anatomy of this animal consult Bojanus's beautiful
and accurate Work.

Gen. 2. EMYS, (Terrapin).

Sternum dilatatum solidum, antice truncatum postice bifi-
dum, persymphysinosseamcum testa conjunctum, scutella 12.

This genus only contains part of the Emijdes of former
authors, it being limited to those Terrapins which have the
sternum united to the back shell by a bony symphysis, and
covered with six pairs of bony shields. The symphysis is
generally about \ the length of the sternum, covered by the
outer sides of the pectoral and abdominal shields, and fur-
nished with small and partly exposed axillary and inguinal
plates; the margin is always covered with 12 pairs of plates
and a small nuchal one.

A. Testa margine acute dentato, sterni laterilus rotundatis.
Orbis Veteris Incolte.

1. Emys spinnsa, {Spinous Terrapin.) — Testa (pulli)
suborbiculari depressa pallide fusca dorso obtuse carinato,
margine explanato acute dentato, areolis punctatis spinis
centralibus armatis, sterno pallide fusco brunneo radiato.

Eniys spinosa, Bell. Mss. (v. Mus. Nost.) Gray, lUust.
Ind. Zool. ii. t. f. 1.

Habit, apud Penang. Capt. Hay,

A large species only known from two specimens in a very
young state, 4^ inches long and broad. The back is fur-
nished with a broad flattened central keel, and the margin is
deeply dentated and serrated all round.

2. Ejnys Dhor, {Dhor Terrapin.) — Testa (pulli) subor-
biculari depressa, fusca nigro punctata, dorso obtuse cari-
nato, margine explanato postice acute dentato, areolis mag-
nis punctatis ; animal nigrescens lateribus colli gutturisque
aurato-lineatis, pedibus aurantio maculatis.

Emys Dhor. Gray, lUust. Ind. Zool t. , (v. Mus. Brit.)
Emys Hasselti, Boie Mss. (v. Mus. Leyd.)

Habitat in Bengal, called Dhor and Thum, General Hard-
wicke, Java, Van Hasselt. (v. v. Hort. Bell et nost.)

Like the former, only known from three young specimens.

k^ 'S

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EMYS. 21

one of which, given me by Mr. Bell, I kept alive for some
time. The margin of the shell is much expanded, and
recurved on the sides, and sharply but simply toothed be-
hind. The sternum is pale blackish speckled, and the
shields finely blackish rayed, rounded and crenated in front.
The keel and the large size of the areola of the specimens
would doubtless disappear as the animal grew older.

3. Emys Spengleri, {Spengler's Terrapin.) — Testa oblonga
depressapallide fusca, tricarinata carinis continuis distantibus,
margine postico profunde serrato, scutellis vertebralibus qua-
dratis.

Tei>iudo Spengleri, Walb. Berl. Naturf v. t. 3. Emys
Spengleri Schw. 32. Testudo serrata Shaw, Zool. t. 9.
(v. Mus. Col. Surg.) Test, serpentina, var. Latr. Test, tri-
carinata, Bory St. Vincent Atlas, t. 37, f. 1. (bona.)

Habit, in Africa, M. Bory St. Vincent.

The shell pale brown, the hinder dentations are simple and
acute, and the sides of the sternum are keeled, the tail is long
and exserted.

4. Emys crassicollis, {Thick-necked Terrapin.) Testa ovata
oblonga, leviter convexa, nigra, obscure tricarinata carinis
approximatis. marginibus lateralibus revolutis, postico dilatato
profunde serrato.

Emys crassicollis, Bell, MSS. (v. t. Mus. Bell) ; lUust.
Ind. Zool. t. .

Junior, Testa nigra, tricarinata, (v. t. Mus. Bell.)

Habit, in Sumatra, (Mus. Brit, et Bell.)

Shell with the side margins narrow and revolute, the ser-
ratures of the hinder margins entire, the dorsal keels near
together, the first vertebral plate long narrow hexagonal, the
sternum blackish, keeled on the sides, truncated before, and
with a small roundish sinuosity behind; tail short, head and
neck very thick, blackish.

6. Emys Hamiltonii, (Dr. Hamilton's Terrapin.) Testa
oblonga, tricarinata, nigra luteo radiata, postice subdentata,
sterno lateraliter carinato ; capite corporeque nigro-luteo
maculatis.

Emys guttata. Gray, lilust. Ind. Zool. i. t. ., non Schw,

Habitat in India, Dr. Hamilton, Mus. Ind.

From Dr. Hamilton's drawing, which is evidently from a
young specimen, it is black, and the shields broadly yellow-

■ 22 EMYS.

rayed ; the first vertebral plate is nearly square, and the
second and third broad six-sided, the fourth long six-sided.
The sternum is truncated before and nicked behind ; the tail
short, length two and three-quarters, and breadth tw o inches.
This may be the young of the preceding, as the vertebral
plates alter their form by age ; but both the animal and shell
are yellow-spotted, and the shell is less toothed behind,
■which is not the case with a young dry specimen of E. cras-
sicoUis in Mr. Bell's Collection.

6. Emys Tlmrjii, (Tlutrgy Terrapin.^ Testa oblonga
sub-convexa nigra, margine lutescente postice subdentato,
sternonigro,lateribus subcarinatis, scutellis vertebralibusprimo
quadrato, secundo et tertio late hexagonalibus ; capite nigres-
cente, superciliis mentoque lineolis luteis ornatis, pedibus
viridibus luteo maculatis.

Testudo Thnrjii, Hamilton, Icon. ined. (v. Mus. Ind.)
cop. Emijs Tlmrjii, n. Illust. Ind. Zool. t.

Habitat in India, Dr. Hamilton and General Hardwicke.

Length six, breadth four inches ; the head blackish, with
a yellow band from the nostril over the eyes, and another
from the chin to the back of the throat. Is this Test, mela-
tiocephala Daud. from Van Ernest's notes?

This may be the adult of E. crassicollis, but Mr.
Bell's stuffed specimen of that species has no appearance
of any yellow on the head. It was doubtless one of these
species that is represented in the Indian Sculpture, formed
out of Jade, formerly in possession of Dr. Flemming, and
lately presented to the British Museum.

7.? Einys ocidifera, (Eyehearing Terrapin.) Testa puUi
hemispherica depressa postice dentata, scutellis annulis nigris,
suturalibus connexis, sterno luteo, maculis lineisque fuscis
ornato.

Test, oculij'era, Kuhl. Beytr.

Shell hemispherical, strongly toothed behind, shields ele-
vated, furrowed, granulate, grooved ; each two connected
longitudinally by a largish round black spot, and horizon-
tally by a largish black circle, consequently each displaying
laterally two half eyes, and anteriorly and posteriorly two
half spots, except in the three last ones, which show only
the three half spots ; margin with a spot on each suture, the
point of which corresponds with the spot on the costal
shields, sternum yellow, with dark brown spots and streaks.

^»

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£^^ Ji^iSC A 2^

EMYS. 23

Hab. Mus. Bed. (nonvidi.) only a very young specimen,

B. Testa margine integro, sterni laterihus suhcarinatis,
Orbis Veteris Incolae.

8. Emijs tecta, (Tented Terrapin.) — Testa ovato-oblonga
solida, olivacea, dorso elevate angulariter compresso, scu-
tellis vertebralibus elongate hexangulatis, 1, 2, et 3 cari-
natis postice productis sub-tuberculatis, margine integerrimo.

Emys tecta, Bell, MSS. (v. t. Mus. Bell.) Illust. Ind.
Zool. t, Testudo Dura, et T. Katuya, Hamilton, MSS.
(v. Icon. Mus. Ind.)

Junior. Sterno rubro nigroque variegato. Testudo Pang-
shure, et Test. Khagraskata ; Hamilton, MSS. (v. Icon.
Mus. Ind.)

Habitat in India, Dr. Hamilton, Gen. Hardwicke.

The shell is very solid, with a strong internal rib on each
side, just behind the back of the front opening ; the first,
second, and especially the third vertebral plates with a keel,
which is bright orange when alive, and produced into a peak
at the end of each plate. The sternum is high and
keeled on the sides, dark brown, pale -edged, and in the
young shells variegated with black and red ; the head is
greenish, red-spotted, and the neck yellow -lined.

9. Emys Vineata, {Lined Terrapin.) Testa oblonga
olivacea leviter tuberculata-carinata, margine postico
dilatato, scutellis vertebralibus primo quadrate, reliquis
lenge hexagonalibus, sterno lutescente ; capite cinereo coeru-
lescente, mento genisque lutee variegatis, superciliis nucha-
que coccineo lineatis, cauda longa.

Emys lineata, (v. Icon. Hard.) cop. Illust, Ind. Zool. t.

Habitat in India, General Hardwicke.

The first vertebral plate is nearly square, the rest are
narrow hexagonal, and the sternum is keeled on the sides ;
but the animal, in these plain species, affords the best cha-
racter : it is greenish, with a bluish grey tint on the head,
and marbled w-ith yellow on the chin and cheeks, with a
bright orange line over each eyebrow, and six or eight on
the back of the neck ; the chin has two yellow spots, and
the tail is long.

10. Eynys Batagur, (Batagnr Terrapin.) Testa subor-
biculari depressa leviter carinata pallide olivacea, margine

24 EMY«.

integerrimo postice dilatato, scutellis vertebralibus prinio
quadrato, secundo et tertio latis hexagonalibus ; corpore
cinereo, mento labiisque pallide lutescentibus ; cauda bievi.

Testudo Balagur. Hamilton, Icon. (v. Mus. Ind.) cop.
Eynys Batagur ; lUust. Tnd. Zool. t.

|3. Boska. Testa oblongo ovata, sterni lateribus subro-
tundatis, long. 5, lat. 4 pol. Testudo Baska, Hamilton, Icon,
ined. (v. Mus. Ind.) cop. Emi/s Baska, Illust. Ind. Zool. t.

Habit, in India, Df. Hamilton.

The hinder and more especially the hinder part of the
lateral, margin dilated ; the length is four and a half, and the
breadth four, inches.

II. Emys villa ar is, [Common Terrapin.) Testa ovato-
depressa obscure olivaceo viridi rugulosa nigro punctata,
sterno piano nigrescente lateribus obtuse carinatis ; capite
pedibus caudaque nigrescentibus aurantio-lineatis.

Emys Lutraria,^c\i\v.'^. Bell. MSS. (v. Mus. Bell.) Test.
Lutraria, Lin. ? ? ? Baud. ? Lacep. Ovip. t. 4. ?

Jan. Testa ovata, plus minusve-tuberculato tricari-
nata olivacea, maculis aurantiis nigro circumdatis ornata ;
sterno nigro ; capite artubusque lineis aurantiis nigrisque
variis, cauda longa. Emys Sigritzii. Michaux, MSS.
(v. Mus. Leyd. Mus. Brit.)

Habit, in Europa Australi? (v. v. Hort. Bell, nost. et t.
Mus. Brit.,&c.)

A common species, of which I have seen more than twenty
living. The adult shell has a rounded keelless back, of a
dirty green colour, and covered with irregular lurid blackish
spots. The young shell has three, more or less distinctly
elevated, equi-distant, irregular, tubercular, and crumpled
keels ; the head is olive, and the cheeks, neck, and feet marked
with black -edged orange lines.

C. Testa margine integro, sterni laterihusrotundatis. Orbis
Novae Incolae.

12. Emys scahra. {Rough Terrapin.) — Testa ovato ob-
longa plana acute carinata, scutellis (" luteo nigroque va-
riegatis" (Schw.) in juniori aetate albidis ; capite lineis su-
perciliaribus luteis, postice furcatis.

Test, scahra, Lin. Lacep. t. 8, f. 2. (v. Mus. Par.) cop.
Enc. M. t. 6, f. 2. T. verrucosa, Walb. Test, orbicularis v.
Grael. Test. Amhoinensis, Lin. e. Seba, i. t. G, f. 1 2. Emys

t-^/. 4.

t<l^-l^^;^>^ ^'^■'

'^'/^-IL

EMYS. 25

dorsata, Schoepf, Schw. n. 3. Cuv. Os. Fos. v. t. 12, f. 45,
Anat. Emijs dorsal is, Spix. t. 9, f. I, 2.

Habitat in America Meridionali.

I have only seen a young specimen. Spix's figure is
also from a young specimen , it only dift'ers from the spe-
cimen next described in the spot on the side of the occiput
not being joined to the superciliary band. He describes the
legs as yellow, black-lined.

13. Emys punctularia, [Dotted Terrapin.) — Testa ob-
longa convexa fusca obscure carinata, scutellis margine ni-
grescente circumdatis, vertebralibus complanatis costalibus
declivibus nuchali brevissimo angusto ; occipite nasoque ma-
culis duabus, superciliisque lineis aurantiis ornatis, coUo
nigricante luteo maculato.

Testudo punctularia, Daud. (v. Mus. Par.) Emys piinc-
tularia, Schw. n. 19.

Habitat in America Meridionah. Cayenne. Richard, (Mus.
D. Bell, V. V.)

The tail is short and the head is blackish, with an orange
spot over each nostril, a band over each eye-brow, and a
large spot on each side the occiput.

14. Emys marmorea. {Marbled Terrapin) — Testa ovata
depressa virescenti flavo nigroque variegata, scutellis flavo-
mareinatis, nuchali subbrevi tetrao;ono ; animal olivaceo brun-
neoque virescens subtus flavicans, capite lineolis fiavis in-
signi, Cauda longa tenui.

Emys marmorea, Spix t. 10.

Habitat in Brasilia. Length of shell 4| — breadth, 3-i
inches.

Caup has referred this species to Emys picta, but neither
the figure nor description agrees with that species. As
I have not seen it, I have given the essential parts of M.
Spix's description. The figure is most like Emys decussata.
but the shields are smooth.

1 5. Emys Muhlenhergi, {Muhlenberg's Terrapin.) — Testa
ovali-oblonga humili obscure carinata, lateribus contractis,
scutellis leviter sulcatis castaneis luteo variegatis, nuchali
lineari ; capite nigrescente occipite maculis 2 fulvis ornato.

Testudo Muhlenbergii, Schoepf, t. 31. Einys Muhlen-
bergii, Schw. n. 30. Emys bipunctata, Say, Jour. A.N. S. P.
Emys fusra, Lesuenr Mss. (v. Mus. Par.)

E

26 EMYS.

Hab. in America Boreali. Length of shell 4, breadth 3
inches, (v. t. Mus. Par.)

The shields are concentrically and radiately striated, the
head is blackish varied with yellow, with two large irregular
fulvous spots on the sides of the occiput.

16. Emys guttata, {Spotted Terrapin.) Testa ovata plana
postice dilatata, scutellis laevibus nigro-fuscis, guttis flavis irro-
ratis, nuchali lineari ; capite luteo-maculato.

Testudo guttata, Schn. Berl. Gesells. Nat. Fr. iv. t.4 —
Gotwald, fri5. Test, punctata, Bosc. Schoepf, t. 5. Test,
anomjma, Schn. Seba, i, t. 80, f. 7, cop. Spotted Tortoise,
Shaw, t. 10. Emys guttata, Schw.

/3. Scutellis nigris, macuhs luteis centralibus notatis, (v.
Mus. Bell.)

Junior. Testa nigra obtuse carinata, scutellis nigris maculis
luteis centralibus ornatis, (v. t. Mus. Bell.)

Hab. in America Boreali. (v. t. Mus. Bell, Par.)

17. Emys picta, {Painted Terrapin.) Testa oblonga subcon-
vexa, scutellis tenuibus levissimis olivaceo fuscis lato flavo
marginatis ; capite gulaque nigris luteo-lineatis, cauda longa
gracili.

Testudo picta, Herm. Schoepf, t. 4, cop. Painted Tortoise,
Shaw. Zool. t. 10. Emyspicta, Schw. n. 22, (v. t. Mus. Par.)

Jun. Testa cinerea scutellis albido marginatis, (v. Mus,
Brit.) Test, cinerea, Brown lUust. t. 48, (v. t. Mus. Brit.)
cop. Cinereous Tortoise, Shaw, Zool. t. Schoepf. t. 3, f.2, 3,
and Bechst. Lacep. t. — E?nys cinerea, Schw. n, 23.

Hab. in America Boreali, (v. t. Mus. Brit., D. Bell, Par.)

Caup has apparently without sufficient evidence referred
Emys marmorata, Spix, t. 10. to this species.

18. Emys speciosa, {Specious Terrapin.) — Testa oblonga
plana antice carinata, margine postico lateraliter subreflexo,
scutellis radiatim et concentrice sulcatis, flavo nigroque minute
punctatis, areolis parvis, nuchali gracili elongato, sterni lutei
areolis nigris margine posteriori scutellorum impositis.

Emys inscripta, Le Conte Mss. (fide t. Mus. Par.) Emys
seeder a. Say, non Lin.

/3. levigata, Scutellis levigatis radiis nigris flavisque ornatis.

Emys speciosa. Bell, Mss. (v. t. Mus. Bell.)

Hab. in America Boreali, New Jersey, (v. Mus. Bell
et Par.)

EMYS. 27

The shields elegantly and minutely dotted with black and
yellow, and in the smooth variety beautifully black and yellow
raved. Those of the sternum have a square black areola
placed on their hinder margin According to Mr. Say, the
skin of the anim.al is above of a uniformly dark greenish ijrown
and beneath fulvous.

19. Emys conceiitr'ica, {Concentric Terrapin.) — Testa ovali
subconvexa leviter tuberculato carinata, scutell^is ossibusque
subtus pallide luteis, zonis fuscis concentricis ; cute albido
nigro puiictato.

Testudo centrata, Bosc. D. H.Nat, xxii. 264. (v. t. Mus.
Par.) Test. Terrapin, Schoepf, t. 15. — Latr. Rept. t. 6, f. 2.
Test palustris, Gmel. Eimjs centrata, Schw.

a. Uvida. Testa livida obscure annulata. Emys livida,
Bell, Mss. (v. t. ]Mus. Bell.)

/3. polita. Testa margine revoluta, scutellis nigris politis
profunde sulcatis, sterno lutescente macuhs magnis nigris
notato, (v. t. Mus. Col. Surg, et D. Bell.)

Junior. Testa carinis continuis, scutellis sterni nigro mar-
ginatis ; cute albido cinereo nigro maculato, capite colloque
lineis nigris notatis.

Habit, in America Boreali. (v. v. Hort. Bell.)
The head of the living animal is very broad and depressed,
like the Hydraspes, and the neck thick ; they are slate-co-
loured, black-speckled. In the young specimens the skin
is bluish and black-speckled ; the forehead is marked with
concentric black lines, and there are three curved black lines
over each ear , the neck is also marked with short black
strokes. The polished variety appears very different, but I
have seen specimens which unite it with the common state
of the species.

Cuvier (R. A. ii. 11 note,) indicates an Emys concentrica
of Le Conte, as distinct, but I do not find it described.

20. Emys reticularia, {Reticulated Terrapin.) Testa oblonga
olivaceo fusca pallide reticulata, postice Integra, scutellis,
fasciis radiatis annulisque pallidis nigro marginatis areolas
circumdantibus, vertebralibus Imo. quadrato, reliquisquadrato-
hexasionalibus, marginalibus subtus maculis nigris suturalibus
3 vel 4 lateralibus rotundatis aliisque posticis linearibus,
asillaribus inguinalibusque macula ocellata ornatis ; sterno
angusto lateribus subcarinatis.

Test, reticularia, Latr. Test, reticulata, Bosc, Daud, t.
22, f. 3, (tig. accurata) Emys reticulata, Say. Emys geo-
graphica, Mus. Bell, (v. Mus, Bell.)

28 EMYS.

Hab, in America Boreali, Daud. Say, (v. t. Mus. D. Bell.)
There are three or four round black spots placed in the
sutures of the under sides of the lateral marginal plates, some
linear spots in the sutures of the hinder ones, and also an
oval-eyed spot on each end of the sterno-costal symphysis.

21. Emysvittata, [Banded-Necked Terrapin.) — Testaovato
oblonga sub-convexa levi, obscure carinata, postice duplici-
dentata, fusca lineolis inequalibus luteis variegata, lineis cen-
tralibus sub-annulatis, lateralibus transversis, marginibus supra
maculis quadratis luteo nigroque annulatis, subtus maculis
ocellatis utrinque suturis impositis, sterno piano lutescente,
scutellis axillaribus inguinalibusque lato nigro annulatis ; capite
pedibusque luteo lineatis.

Hab. in America Boreali. (Mus. Brit.)

This is somewhat like Emysconcinna, Le Conte Mss. Cuv.
R. A. Guerin Iconogr. t. f. which is also T. geometrica
of Lesueur according to the same authority. Indeed the
figure may be intended for this species. I did not observe
any specimen under that name in the Paris Museum. The
British Museum specimen is not quite full grown and has
lost great part of its colour. The first vertebral plate is
nearly square, and the others broadly hexagonal.

22. Kmys decnssala, [Decussated Terrapin.) Testa oblonga
pallide fusca obtuse carinata postice subdentata, subtus
lutescente, maculis subocellatis scutellis axillaribus inguinali-
bus suturque marginalium impositis ; scutellis rugulosis
irregulariterradiatim sulcatis ; animal virescens, genis gulaque
obscure pallide lineatis.

Emys decussata. Bell, MSS. (v. v. Mus. Bell.) Test.
serrata. Daud. (non tig.) Emys Serrata. Scbw. ? var.
Potter, dicta Harlan ?

Junior. Testa obscure fusco variegata ; sterno fascia cen-
trali irregulari viridi nigro marginata, annulisque duobus
nigris antice ornato.

Hab. in America Boreah, (v. v. Hort. nost. et t. Mus.
Brit. &c.)

This species is often brought alive to this country ; but it
does not appear to have been as yet well described. It is
easily distinguished by its uniform colour, and irregularly
radiately grooved plates, decussated by small, irregular,
concentric wrinkles.

The young is obscurely varied with darker brown on the

feMYS. 29

back, and the sternum is marked with a dark -edged, irregular,
central, green line, with a ring on each side of the front lobe
placed on the suture between the gular and humeral plates.

23. Emys scr'ipta, (Lettered Termpin.J Testa oblonga
longitudina'liter rugulosa fusca, lateribus irregulariter luteo-
fasciatis, postice subdentata irregulariter luteo annulata,
scutellis vertebralibus obtuse carinatis, Imo urceolato, 4to
et 5to longe hexagonalibus, marginalibus subtus maculis
centralibus rotundatis ornatis, sterno convexo lutescente
antice maculis 2, lateribusque utrinque 4, notato : capite
gulaque linea centrali, temporibus utrinque macula lutea,
variegatis.

Test, serratu. Daud. t. 21, f. 1, (fig. mediocris) non
Schw. nee Bell.

Jun. Testudo scripta. Schoepf, t. 3, f. 5, (v Mus. Par.)
cop. ; Lettered Tortoise, Shaw. Zool. t. , (v. Mus. Bell.)

Hab. in America Boreali, Carolina Bosc. (v. t. Mus.
Bell,&c.)

The shell large, convex, brown, and irregularly yellow-
lined ; the under edge has a series of black spots on the back
edo-e of each marginal plate (not on the sutures, as represented
by Daudin) ; the sternum yellowish, with a spot on the
centre of each gular plate, and four on each side on the
costo-sternal symphysis. The head with a central yellow
line, another on the upper lip, a forked one on the centre
of the chin, and a triangular spot behind each eye.

24. Emys serrata. {Serrated Terrapin.) Testa oblonga Ion -
gitudinaliter rugulosa olivaceo fusca, fasciis pallidis irregu-
iaribus transversis variegata, postice subdentata, scutellis
vertebralibus obtuse carinatis, Imo longe urceolato, reliquis
longe hexagonalibus, marginalibus subtus maculis subocel-
latis ad suturas positis, sterno flavescente piano, lineis
nigro marginata ornato.

Emysreticidaria. Bell, MSS. (v. Mus. Bell.) Emysserrata,
Say. Emys serrata, Var. Schw. Test, serrata, (5 Merrem.

/3 Testa scutellis vertebralibus mediis complanatis,
(v. M. Brit.)

Hab. in America Boreah. (v. t. Mus. Bell, &c.)

The under side is yellowish, with a series of subocellated

spots on the sutures of the marginal plates, and a dark

edo-ed pale line on the sutures, between the outer sides of

the sternal and marginal plates. Some of the specimens

30 EMYS.

show slight indications of a dark edged band along the centre
of the sternum; and two black rings on the sutures, between
the gular and humeral sternal plates.

As Harlan appears to call this the red-bellied Terrapin.
it may be Emys rahriventris of Mr. LeConte, cited in Cuvier's
Rcgne Animal.

25. Emjjs or fiat a, (Ornamented Teirapin.J Testa oblonga
longitudinaliter rugosa olivacea, scutellis vertebralibus irre-
gulariter annulatis, Irno urceolato, secundo et tertio longe
hexagonis, costalibus marginalibusque supra annulis pal-
lidis pupillis marginibusque nigris donatis, infra ocellis
suturalibus; sterno pallido, centro lateribusque fasciis nigro
marginatis donatis.

Junior. Viridis, scutellis costalibus annulis duobus aurantiis
alUisque luteis notatis, capite luteo lineato, (v. v. et v. t. Mus.
Brit.)

Hab. in America Meridionali, (v. t. Mus. Col. Surg.
Mazctland, A. ColHe, Esq.. Brit. Mus.)

The costal and marginal shields are marked with black
edged pale rings, having a black central dot, and the vertebral
plates with irregular rings. The under side is pale yellow,
with a dark edged line down the centre, and a double one
the whole length of the suture, between the sternum and
the marginal shields. The head of the young animal has
yellow lines, with an interrupted orange streak on each side
the occiput, and a forked one on the side of the throat.

26. Erm/s ri/gnsa, (Rugose Terrapin.) Testa ovata oblonga
postice sub-serrata leviter tuberculato-carinata nigra punctis
literisque luteis ornata, scutellis rugulosis areolis indistinctis,
marginalibus luteis nigro punctatis, sterno luteo punctis
lineolisque nigris ornato.

Test, rvgosa, Shaw, Zool, iii. t. (v. Mus. Col. Surg.)

)3. livida. Testa livida, nigro punctata, (v. Mus. Bell.)

Hab. in America Septentrionali r

The shell oval oblong, bhmtly and subtuberculately keeled,
the sides slightly contracted, black dotted and lettered with
yellow ; the shields longitudinally and somewhat radiately
grooved ; the areola indistinct ; the first vertebral one long,
urceolate 2d, 3d, and 4th long 6-sided, the 5th broad 6- sided,
the marginal shields smoothish yellow lettered and dotted with
black ; the five hinder pair deeply lobed in the centre, the
nuchal plate long and narrow, the sternum yellow, black

EMYS. 'A]

dotted, truncated before and behind, the axillary plate small,
the inguinal ones larger; length \\~, breadth, 6 inches.
Shaw's figure scarcely shews the rugosities or the keel suffi-
ciently distinctly. Mr. Bell's specimen may be discoloured,
it difters in being livid grey, and the spots impressed and as
if burnt into the horny coat.

27. Emys Lesiietir'i ,[Lesii€iir' sTerrapin.) — Testa ovatacon-
vexa Isevi, antice tuberculato-carinata, postice profunde den-
ticulata. olivaceo fusca, lineis pallidis nigro marginatis anas-
tomosantibus ornata, sterno luleo, scutellis nigro marginatis,
raarginibus subtus olivaceo fuscis lineis inequalibus subconcen-
tricispallide nigro marginatis ornatis ; capite pedibusque lineis
luteis angustis numerosis variegatis, temporibus macula trian-
gulari notatis.

"/3. Scutello vertebrali primo urceolato." Ejnj/s aeogra-
phica, Lesueur, Jour. Acad. N. S. Phil. t. Emys pseiido-
geographica, Lesueur Mss. (Mus. Paris.)

Hab. in America Boreali. (v. t. IMus. Brit.)

The first and fifth vertebral plates are broad and pentangular
and the rest broad hexagonal. The sterno-costal suture and
the under side of the margin is blackish olive, with broad
and narrow dark-edged pale irregular somewhat concentric
lines.

Emys geographica of Lesueur agrees with the jNIuseum
specimen, except in that the first vertebral plate is not urn-
shaped, and Lesueur does not notice the triangular temporal
spot.

28. Emys BeUi'i, {BeWs Terrapin.) — Testa oblonga centro
depressa lateribus convexis olivacea, fasciis irregularibus viri-
dibus nigropunctatis reticulata, subtus nigrescente punctis
maculisque luteis ornata, marginibus antico posticoque luteis
maculis nigris flavo punctatis ad suturas positis, sterno margine
irregulari luteo circumdato.

Tnhab. (v. t. Mus. Col. Surg.)

The shell solid, oblong, the centre depressed, the sides
rounded, the margin broad, centre slightly reflexed over the
hinder legs, the nuchal shield long linear, the vertebral
shields nearly square, the first urnshaped, the others six-sided,
with the sides straight; above olive, varied with irregular pale
greenish lines dotted and edged with black, placed on the
marsin and across the middle of each of the shields, the

32 EMYS.

centre band being most distinct on the marginal plates ; the
under side of the margin black dotted with yellow on the
sides, and yellow on the ends, with irregular yellow dotted
black spots placed on the suture between each of the plates ;
the symphysis with a broad longitudinal yellow spotted black
band, separated from the margin, and divided down the
middle by two pale yellow lines. The sternum nearly flat,
its surface and upper edge black, dotted with yellow and
surrounded by an irregular yellow edge; the ends truncated,
the front one denticulated, the hinder lobe broad, rounded
on the sides. Length 9, breadth 8-|-, inches.

29. Emys kinosternoides, {White spotted Terrayin.) Testa
(puUi) oblonga depressa, pallide fusca obtuse albo carinata,
margine albido seiTato subtus luteo immaculato, scutellis
disci fasciis irregularibus albis nigro marginatis ornatis, sterno
antice posticeque rotundato ; capite fusco fasciis albidis
variegate subtus pallido.

Hab. (v. t. Mus. Col. Surg.)

Of this species I only know a very young specimen in
spirits. The shell is oblong depressed with a broad low
continuous central white keel ; the second and third verte-
bral shields each have a brown edged white irregular cross
band, and the costal plates are varied with irregular brown
edged white spots ; the margin white, with a series of trian-
gular brown spots placed round the inner edge on the suture
between each of the plates ; beneath pale yellow not spotted.
The sternum nearly flat, acutely romided in front and rounded
hehind; the axillary and inguinal plates small, the head brown
varied with a white band, beneath whitish ; the nape brown,
with three brown edged pale bands. Length of shell 1^ inch.
Besides the peculiarity of the colouring in this species, it is
the only species that I am acquainted with that has both
ends of the sternum rounded as in Kinosternon.

30. Emijs annulifera, [Ringbearing Terrapin.) — Testa
(pulli) oblonga depressa scutellis punctatis pallide fuscis luteo
lineatis, vertebralibus annulis fuscis ad suturas positis ; subtus
pallida fusco marmorata.

Hab. (v. t. Mus. Brit.)

Shell oblong depressed, behind entire, the scales punctu-
late pale brown lined and ringed with yellow, the vertebral
series with a narrow central row of brown rings, with a larger

EMVS. 33 .

series on each side, the costal shields lined with brown and
white, the marginal with concentric sub-eyed squarish brown
rings placed on the sutures and each occupying two half shields;
beneath pale with irregular brown spots and lines placed on
the sutures; sternum before round, behind truncated; head
with numerous unequal w'hite lines. Length, ]i inch.

JEmydes Fossiles, Cuv. Os. Fos. v, 227.

a. Emys Hugi, Testa ovali, leviter convexa, scutellis verte-
bralibus latis, marginahbus ansustissimis Emys du Jura,
Cuv. Os. Fos. V. 237, t. f. 4. 5,^7, testa. 8, 9, 10, 11, caput.

Fossil in the Jura, in a nearly perfect state. Length 24.
breadth 20 inches.

b. Emys Mantelli. Emys de Sussex, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 232.

c. Emys Cuvieri. Emys des Molasses de la Dordogne, et de
la Suisse. Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 232, t. 15, f. 19. AUied^'to Emys
Serrata.

d. Emys Parkinsonii. Emys de Sheppey. Cuv. Os. Fos. v.
234, t. 15, f. 14, 15. Parkinson Org. Rem. iii. t. 18, f. 3.
and 2, cop. Cuv. Os. Fos. t. , f. 13.

e. Emys Hugii. Testa depressa. Emyde du Jura, n. 2,
Cuv. Os. Fos. V. 229. t. 20, f. 6.

Fossil in the Jura. Length about 22 inches.

f. Emys Triomichoides. Testa postice costis tribus diver-
gentibus donata. Emyde du Jura, n. 3, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 229',
t. 21, f. 1.

Fossil in the Jura, M. Hugi ; only a portion of the back of
the shell. It is peculiar for the back ribs being united
together without the intervention of the dorsal plate of the
vertebrae, as in some of the Trionyches.

0-. Emys Camperi. Emyde de Bruxelles. Cuv. Os. Fos.
v. 236, t. 15, f. 16, t. 13, f. 8.

h. Emys Luc'ii. Emyde Deluc, Bourde Mem. Emyde des
Sables d'Aste, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 233.

i. Emys Parisiensis. Emyde des Platrieres de Paris. Cuv.
Os. Fos. iii. 329. v. 227.

F

34 KINOSTERNON.

Gen. 3. KINOSTERNON, Spix. [Kinosternon.)

Sternum latum antice rotundatum, postice rotundatum vel
sub-bilobum; lobus medius fixus, per symphysiu osseum cum
testa conjunctus, anterior et posterior plerumque mobiles
lobo medio ligamentis articulati ; scutella sterni 11, gulare
unicum.

This genus is at once distinguished from Emijs by the
suture which unites the sternum to the shell being only the
length of the abdominal plates, and its being covered by
the long axillary and still longer inguinal plate ; the sternum
is also peculiar for having only 1 1 shields, the front or gular
pair being soldered into one, and for being divided across by
two sutures into three lobes. The front and hinder lobes
move freely on the central one. The sutures are placed be-
tween the pectoral and abdominal, and the femoral and ab-
dominal plates ; often one or both become obliterated by age,
or other circumstances. The marginal plates vary from 20
to 23, or 25 ; the side ones are narrow, and the nuchal plate
is generally distinct and slender. The chin of the animal is
bearded like the Hydraspides, and the end of the tail is often
clawed. It consists of part of the genus Terrapene, of
Merrem ; Cistuda, of Fiemming ; and includes the genus
Kinosternon, of Mr. Bell ; and also part of his genus Sterno-
thenis. The species hitherto found all come from America.

1. K'tnost. scorpioldes, (^Tkree-keeled Kinosternon.) Testa
oblonga sub-compressa tricarinata carinis continuis, scu-
tellis dorsalibus longe hexagonis sub-imbricatis, sterno lato
postice leviter bitido, lobis anticis mediisque equalibus, lobo
postico sub-longiore.

Pennsylvanian Tortoise, Var., Shaw, Zool. 1. 15, (v.t. Mus.
Col. Surg.) Test, scorpioides, Lin. Lacep. Quad. Ov. t.
(v. t. Mus. Par.) Chersina scorpioides, Merrem. Emys
scorpioides, Schw. Test, tricarinata, Daud. Kinosternon
Shavianum, Bell. Terrapene triporcata, Wiegmann? Kin.
longicaudatum, Spix, t. 12.?

a. Acuta, sterno postice acuto integro, t. f. (v. t.
Mus. Brit.)

Jun. Testudo Retzii, Daud. Emys Retzii, Schw. (v. t.
Mus. Par.) Emj/s tricarinata, Schoepf. t. 22. cop. Shaw,
Zool. ii. t. 11. Terrapene tricarinata, Merrem, 28, (v.
Mus. Bell, Col. Surg )

N

Tah. (K

J

y/

4:>^/>-s/-/^^^>^H^ Jz-i^^^^'-

C^A-^a

^

/ ^

KINOSTERNON. 35

j3. Scutellis marginalibus lateralibus sub-latioribus, (v. t.
Mus. Bell.)

Hab. in America Meridionali; Mexico, lJ^eigman?i; Brasilia,
SpLv. (v. t. Mus. Brit. Bell, &c.)

The finest species of the genus. Shaw's figure is very

good, but the anterior marginal plates which exist in his

specimen have been omitted by the artist. Tt varies in regard

to the breadth of the dorsal plates and the distance between

the dorsal keels. Weigmann, (Isis, xxi. 364,) refers to

Shaw's figure, and his description agrees excellently with our

species, except that he says sterno antice mohili angustissimo,

and areolJs steriii 12, neither of which correspond. The

usually accurate Schweiger falls into the same error with

regard to the sternal plates, in his description of both the old

and young state, but this may originate in the gular plates

being crossed by an elevated ridge in the usual place of the

suture. All the specimens I have seen have only had eleven.

Kinosternon hrevicaudatum, Spix, t. 13, appears only to

differ in the tail and hinder lobe being rather shorter, perhaps

a male ; both the species have 23 marginal plates in the

figures, and 25 according to the text.

2. K'uiost. Pennsylvanicum, (JPennsylvanianKinosternoii.)

Testa oblonga fuscaleviter convexa, scutellis dorsi complanatis,

sterno parum angustiore quam apertura testae dorsalis, postice

bifido, lobo centrali anteriore subbreviori ; capite pallida

lineolato.

Test. Pennsylvanica, Bosc. Emys Pennsylva?iica, Schw,
Test, suhriifa, Lacep, Edw. t. 287, cop. Shaw Zool. iii.
t. 17. Seligman, t. 37, and E. M. t. 5, f. 1. — Schoepf, t.
24, f. A. B.— Daud. t. 24, f. 1, 2.

/3. Sterno solido. Test, glut'mata, Daud. t. 24, f. 4,
(mala.) — Schoepf, t. 24, f. b. Emys glut'mata, Merrem, Bell.

Y. Scutellis marginalibus 20. Terrapene Boscii, Merrem.
Sternotherus Boscii, Bell.

Hab. in America Boreali, (v. t. Mus, Brit. Bell, &c.)

3. Kinost. odoratum, {Musky Kinosternon.) Testa ovata
carinata lateribus declivibus fusca, sterno angustissimo antice
acuto postice acute bifido ; capite fusco linea laterali ornato.

Test, odorata, Bosc, Daud. t. 24, f. 3 ? Emys odorata,
Schw. (v. t. Mus. Brit.) Cistuda odorata. Say. Sternotherus
odoratus, Bell.

36 CHELYDRA.

(i. glutinala. Sterni lobis immobilibus (v. t. Mus. Brit.)
Hab, in America Boreali.

Gen. 4. CHELYDRA, Schw.

Sternum angustissimum cruciforme centro coriaceo, scu-
tella membranacea, symphysis gracilis elongata scutello pro-
prio tecta.

The head large and beak horny, like the other Terrapins,
but the sternum is very narrow and cross-shaped. All the
bones of which it is formed resemble those of the genus
Trionyx and Chelonia ; they are only covered with five pairs
of very thin skin-like sternal plates. The symphysis between
the sternum and the back shell is very long and narrow, and
covered with a peculiar plate which may represent the pair
that are deficient in the centre of the sternum. The axillary
and inguinal plates are distinct and equally thin. The limbs
are large and strong, and the tail is long and longitudinally
crested on the upper surface.

This genus consists of only a single species, which, from its
resemblance to the Alligator, has been called the Alligator
Tortoise. It is Emj/s, section B. of Oppel, and it has been
called Chelonura. by Fleming, Saurochelys, by Latreille, and
Rapara, by myself ; but I have adopted here the oldest name,
published in a paper which I could not find when T first
wrote of these animals.

Chelydra serpentina, {Alligator Terrapin.) Testd oblonga,
medio depressa bicarinata, postice obtuse dentata.

Test, serrata. Penn. Arct. ZooL not Shaw. Chelydra
lacertina, Schw. (v. Mus. Brit.) Howit Liverpool Mus. t.

Junior. Testa tricarinata postice acute dentata. Test,
serpentina, Lin. Schoepf, t. 6, cop. t. Daud. t. 60, f. 2, and
Shaw, Zool. t. 29. Chelydra serpentina, Schw. Chelonura
serpentina, Say. Test, longicauda, Shaw, Mss. Mus. Col.
Surg. (Pullus.)

Hab. in America Boreali, (v. v. Exeter Change, v. t. Mus.
Brit. Par. ct D. Bell), called coulta by the slaves.

STERNOTHERUS. 37

Fam. ///.— CHELYD^, or ChelydidcE.

Pedes palmati, digitis distinctis, unguibus 5-4 eloiigatis
iicuminatis ; nares tubulosi ; mandibulse plerumque cornese ;
testa depressa, scutis cornels tecta ; scutella marginalia 24-25,
caudalia distincta, sterni 13.

The head much depressed and broad, covered with regular
large shields ; the neck long, broad, retractile under the side
of the shell, and not into the centre of it as in the Emydes,
the shell generally much depressed, the margin furnished with
a small nuchal plate, and the caudal pair always separated
by a distinct suture. The sternum is always attached to the
upper shell by a bony suture. The symphysis is rather short
and covered by the outer end of the pectoral and abdominal
plates. The axillary and inguinal plates are usually very small
and hidden by the margin. The sternal shields thirteen, the
additional or intergular plate being situated between the pair
of gular plates, or between the hinder angle of them and the
front angle of the humeral plates. The vertebrae of the neck
are so formed that the animal cannot withdraw the head into
the shell, like the other tortoises : and the bones of the pelvis
are united by a bony process to the hinder part of the ster-
num as well as to the vertebrae, as observed by Cuvier in the
skeleton of Chelys, (Os. Fos. v. 214, t. 12, f. 20) ; and by
Mr. Bell in Hydraspis. This character may be known even
when the pelvis is lost by the scar left by its attachment to
the bone.

They live in ponds and ditches in the warm regions of
both Continents, eating MoUusca and worms, and feeding only
in the water.

The animals of this group require further examination and
comparison. Of the sixteen species here indicated, two are
Australasian, five African, and nine Tropical American.

Gen. 1. STERNOTHERUS, {Sternotherus.)

Sternum latum, lobus anterior mobilis sutura transversa
ligamentosa ad lobum medium articulatus, scutellum inter-
gulare marginale, nuchale nullum, maxillge cornege.

38 CHELODINA.

The shell is roundish, rather convex ; the sternum is
broad, rounded before, bifid behind. The front lobe (and
sometimes the hinder one, according to Daudin) is separated
from and moveable on the central lobe by a transverse carti-
laginous suture. The suture of the front lobe is placed be-
tween the pectoral and abdominal plates, and the front lobe
is furnished with an internal bony process on each side, near
the suture, serving as a hinge. The inlergular plate is in the
margin, between the gular plates ; the margin is destitute
of any nuchal plate ; the lateral marginal plates are very
narrow^ and the two front ones arc very short and square.
The inner surface of the hinder lobe of the sternum, in the
specimens which I have examined, is marked with the scar
of the attachment of the pubis.

This genus consists of only part of the species of the genus
established under the above name by Mr. Bell ; the other
species belonging to the family of Emydce.

1 . Slcrnolherus castaneiis, (Chesnut SternotJierits.) — Testa
ovata convexa acute carinata castanea, scutellis nigris levis-
simis radiantibus radiatim rugosis ; areolis punctulatis rugosis.

Einys casla/iea, Schweiger. Testiido siibiiigra> /3. Daud.
(v.t. Mus. Par.) Stcrnotherus Leach'ianus, Bell Zool. Jour. iii.
t. 14. (v. t. Mus. Bell.)

Habit. (v.t. Mus. Bell et Paris.)

2. Stcrnnthen/s snlniger, [Black Sternotherus.) " Testa ovali
convexa, scutellis nigris nitentibus in margine striatis ; verte-
bralibus mediis planis leviter carinatis."

Test, subnigra. Lacep. Daud. t. 7, f. "2. Test, nigricans,
Merrem. Emys subnigra, Schw.

Hab. (non vidi.)

This species scarcely appears distinct from the former ; I
did not observe it at Paris, and have therefore given Sch wel-
der's specific character. According to Daudin the hinder
lobe of the sternum is mobile ; but that may be a variety of
age. This character is not noticed by Schweiger.

Gen. 2. CHELODINA, [Chelodina.)

Maxillae corner, sternum latum solidum, scutellum inter-
gulare hexagonum inter angulos scutellorum gularium hume-
raliumque, nuchale distinctum.

HYDRASPIS. 39-

This genus forms section c. of the genus Emys of Oppel,
and part of the Hj'draspis of Mr. Bell.

The shell is depressed, hroad, and covered with very thin
smooth membranaceous shields, without any distinct areolae,
the sternum is very broad, and rounded in front, with the
intergular plate long, hexagonal, and placed in the angle
between the gular and humeral plates.

The neck is very long : the head as in the other animals of
this family, is bent in under the side margin of the shell, as
was first observed by Dr. Oppel, in 1811.

1. Chelodina lo?igicolUs, {Long-necked chelodina.) Testa
oblongadepressa, scutellis fuscis.vertebralium primoelongato,
sterno iuteo scutellis fusco-marginatis.

Testudo longiadlis, Shaw, New Hol.t. 7, (v. t. Mus. Brit.)
cop. Zool. iii. t. 6. Emys longicollis, Schw. (v. t. Mus. Par.)

Habit, in Nova Hollandia, (v. v. et t. Mus. Brit.)

Gen. 3. HYDRASPIS, [Hijdraspis.)

Maxillae corneae, nares breves tubulares, sternum solidum
angustum, scutellum inrergulare marginale.

These shells are depressed and broad, covered with rather
thin horny plates, generally in their youth marked by distinct
areolae, which disappear by age. The margin is generally
narrow on the sides, and often furnished with a nuchal plate.

The sternum is narrow, truncated in front and bifid and
narrower behind. The intergular plate is marginal between
the gular plates.

The head is broad, depressed, and covered with one or
more large shields ; and the chin is furnished with two beards.
The neck is large and warty.

According to Spix, the Brasilian species feed on fruit and
grass, and lay their eggs in the sand. Those I have had alive
of the Cape species chose worms and fish-intestines, and
would not touch vesietables.

This genus only contains part of the Hydraspis of Mr.
Bell ; the Chelodina of Fitzinger appears to be synonymous
with it.

1. Hydraspis suhrufa, [Cape Hydraspis.) Testa oblonga
humili unicolore pallide fusca, scutellis laevibus, vertebralibus
complanatis, nuchali nullo, marginalibus laterahbus angustis-
simis ; capite depresso laevi, scutellis magnis tecto.

40 HYDRASPIS.

Test, sulrufa, Lacep. t. 12 ; cop. E. M. t. G, f. 5. (v. Mus.
Par.) Emys subrufn, Schw. Test, hadia, Daud.

Junior. Scutellis concentrice sulcatis. Aestudo galeata,
Schoepf t. 3, f. 1, cop. Galeated tortoise, Shaw, t. 12. Test,
scahra, Retz. Emys olivacea, Schw. (v. t. Mus. Brit.) Test.
Se?iega/ensis, Daud. (v. t. Mus. Par.)

Habitat in Africa, Cap. Bon. Spei, Senegal? (v. v. Hort.
nost. et t. Mus. Brit., Par., et Bell.)

I have never seen this tortoise from India, but being
brought from the Cape by the Indian ships, they, as well as
many other Cape animals, are often called Indian. This
animal is pale brown, black speckled, and the shell, when
alive, ash-coloured, black-spotted.

2. Hydraspis AdansoiiU, [Adansoii's Hydraspis.) Testa
ovata humili postice latissima lutea nigro punctata, scutello
nuchali nullo, vertebralibus carinatis, primo elongato pandu-
riformi postice triangulari.

Emys Adansonii, Schw. (v. t. Mus. Par.)

Hab. in Nigritia.

The Paris Museum specimen has lost most of its shields.

3. Hydraspis Macquarrii, [New Holland Hydraspis.) Testa
ovata depressa antice contracta postice expansa dentata
olivaceo-fusca, linea dorsali impressa, scutellis rugulosis, nu-
chali angusto, sterno lutescente.

Emys Macquarrii, Cuv. MSS. R. A. ii. 1 1 note. (v. t.
Mus. Par.)

Habit, in Nova Hollandia, Macquarrie River.

The hinder marginal plates are nicked in the middle of
their edge. Length 11, breadth 8 inches.

4. Hydraspis planiceps, [Flat-headed Hydraspis.) Testa
oblonga nigro fusca dorso complanata lateribus declivi, mar-
ginibus lateralibus reflexis, scutello nuchali lineari, sterno
luteo marginato, cauda brevi.

Test, planiceps et Te<it. plafycephala, Schn. Berl. Naturf,
iv. t. 16. — Schoepf, t. 27. Emys planiceps, Schw. Test.
Martinella, Cuv. MSS. (v. t. Mus. Par.) Emys discolor,
" Thunb. MSS." Schw. Emys caniculata, Spix, Bras. t. 8.
Emys caniculata et E. aspera, Cuv. MSS. (v. t. Mus. Par.)

Junior. Testa dorso leviter complanato, Schoepf, t. 27.
Emys Geoffroyana, Schw. (v. t. Mus. Par.) Chelodina Geof-
froyana, Fitz. Emys depressa, Spix, Bras. t. 3, f. 2. (not
Pr. Max.)

HYDRASPIS, 41

Habit, in Brasilia.

Cuvier indicates in his notes an Emys platycephala, Mer-
rem. Tf it is not a synonym of this species, I do not find it
in any of Merrem's works that T have seen.

The wart on the neck of the specimen from which E. as-
pera of Cuvier is estabhshed. is rather larger than that of
the other specimens.

5. Hydraspis depressa, f Depressed Hydraspis.J Testa el-
Hptica palhde fusca nigro radiata, scutello nuchah hneari,
capite colloque nigro punctatis, genis nigro fasciatis, mento
bitentaculato fascia lunata nigra notato.

Test, depressa, Pr. Max. Voy. ii. 346, Abb. t. Emys

depressa, Merrem.

Habit, in Brasilia, (v. Icon.)

6. Hydraspis radiolata, [Radiolated Hydraspis.) Testa
ovata postice subangustata lutescente nigro radiatim striata,
scutello nuchali lineari, corpore nigro, nucha luteo striata.

Emys radiolata, Mikan. — Pr. Max. Abb. t. Chelodina
radiolata, Fitz.

Hab. in Brasilia, (v. Icon.)

7. Hydraspis rufpes, [Red-legged Hydraspis,) Testa el-
liptica convexa antice carinata fusca subtus lutescente, scu-
tello nuchali lineari, capite colloque cvassis supra fuscis
subtus lutescentibus.

Emys rufipes, Spix, t. 6.

Junior? Emys nasua, Sch^'. (v.t.Mus. Par.) et Emys ste-
?iops, Spix Bras. t. 9, f. 3, 4.
Hab. in Brasilia, (v. Icon.)

8. Hydraspis viridis, {Green Hydraspis.) Testa elliptica
postice dilatata subdentata olivaceo-viridi fusco punctata,
scutello nuchali lineari, vertebralium 2, 3, 4 longis angus-
tatis, sterno antice lato rotundato postice angustato pro-
funde bifido, scutello intergulari magno subcordato.

Emys viridis, Spix, t. 2, f. 4, t, 3, f. 1. Emys riijipes,
var. adult. Kaup.

Hab. in Brasilia, (v. Icon.)

9. Hydraspisexpansa, [Expanded Hydraspis.) Testa ovata
depressa fusca nigro punctata, scutellis planis, marginalibus
postice latissimis explanatis, nuchali nullo, capite Isevi, naso
longitudinaliter sulcato.

42 HYDRASPIS,

Emys expansa, Schw. (v. t. Mus. Par.) Emys Amaxonica,
Spix, t. 1. Emys tracaxa, Spix, t. 5, f. 1, 2, (3?)

Jun. E. Amazonica, Spix, t. 2, f. 1, 2, and f. 3.

j3. erythrocephala. Capite supra flavescente subtus fusco
macula flava notato, sterno postice rotundato excavate, gula
non cirrhosa. Emys erythrocephala, Spix, t. 7.

Hab. in Brasilia, (v. t. Mus. Par.)

Spix figures the egg of Emys Amazojiica, t. 2, f. 3, as
quite orbicular, and that of E. tracaxa, t. 5, f. 3, as oblong.
Kaup greatly doubts the latter eggs belonging to the species.
They appear more like the eggs of a land tortoise. Length
of shell 2 feet 7 inches, breadth 1 foot 7|- inches.

10. Hydraspis Dumcriliana, {Di/meril's Hydraspis.) Testa
ovata leviter convexa nigra, scutellis disci planis, margina-
libus posterioribus horizontaliter explanatis ; capite globoso,
naso convexo Isevissimo.

Emys Dnmeriliana, Schw. (v. t. Mus. Par.) Emys ma-
crocephala, Spix. t. 4.

Habit, in Brasilia, (v. t. Mus. Par.)
Length of shell, 18; breadth, 14 inches.

11. Hydraspis Cayennensis, [Cayenne Hydraspis.) Testa
ovata convexa tuberculato carinata, scutellis levibus flavo
viridibus angulis posticis nigris, nuchali nuUo, capite fusco,
vertice luteo trimaculato, cauda brevissima.

Emys Cayennensis, Schw. (v. t. Mus. Par.)
|3 Gibha. Testa nigra, antice planata, postice tuber-
culato carinata. Emys gild' a, Schw. (v. t. Mus. Par.)
Habit, in Guiana Gallica. j3. ?

The American Hydraspides require further examination
with better series of specimens than I have been able to see.
Spix's figures and descriptions, which do not always agree,
leave much to be desired. They must mostly have been made
from badly preserved specimens. Besides the above may be
noted the following, several of which will probably prove
synonymous with the foregoing.

Hydraspis bitentaculata. Emys hitentaculata, Cuv. Mss.
(v. t.' Mus. Par.) Testa rufa, subtus pallide lutea nigro macu-
lata. scutello nuchah nullo.

Hab. in Brasilia.

CHELYS. 43

Hydraspis constricta, Emys constricta, Cuv. MSS. (v. t.
Mus. Par.) Scutello nuchali angustato.

Hydraspis MaximiUam, Emys MaximUian't. Mikan.
Chelodina Maximiliani, Fitz. Hab, in Brazilia.

Hydraspis pachyura. Boie, MSS. (v, Mus. Leyden.)

Hydraspis larbatula, Emys larbatula, Gravenhorst,
Delic. Mus. Zool. t. 5, f. 3, 4.

The figures of this species are from foetal specimens ; they
have no nuchal plate, and two beards on the chin ; both of
which characters are common to many of the other species.

Hab. in BrasiUa.

Gen. 4. CHELYS, [Matamata.)

Caput latissimum depressum, labiismollibus; nares elongati
tubulares. Sternum continuum, scutellum intergulare mar-
ginale, nuchale distinctum.

The head flat, broad, fringed with warty appendices;
the eyes small ; the nose elongated into a thin tubular pro-
boscis ; the mouth round ; the jaws covered with a soft skin,
the lower one elevated behind ; the os hyoides very compli-
cated. (See Cuv. Os. Fos. v. t. f. ; and skeleton Mus. Col
Surg.) The neck thick, flat, long, with a double series of
membranaceous appendices on the sides. The shell oval,
convex, broader before ; acutely three-keeled ; the middle
of the back flattened; shields thin, angularly gibbous; sternum
narrow, rather broader and rounded in front, narrower and
acute behind ; the intergular plate marginal ; the legs scaly ;
the tail rather long and warty. Only one species has been
well described ; but M. Geoff"roy has indicated another from
a very young specimen ; and Daudin, from some notes of
Ruiz de Zelva, has described, under the name of Testiido
hispinosa, what Dr. Schweiger considers a third species. If
his character, however, is correct, which is very doubttul,
it must belong to the Emydse.

1. Chelys Matamata, [Brazilian Matamata.) Testa oblonga
tricarinata, scutellis elevatis acutis, capite corporeque rufes-
centibus, gula nigro lineata.

44 TRIONYCHIDyE.

Test. Matamata, Brug. Jour. Hist. Nat. Par., t. 12. cop.
Test fimhriata, Schoepf, t. 21; Shaw, Zool. iii. t. 8, and
Daud. t. 20, f. 1. Malamatajimbriata, Merrem. — Cuv. Os.
Fos. V. 189, t. 11, f. 21, 24; t. 12, f. 3, f. 8, f. 12, f. 13,
f. 20, f. 37, f. 41.

Chelys fimhriata, Schw. Spix. t. 11. Guerin. Icon.
Rept. t. i. f. 5. Test. Rapara, Freminv.

3. Scutellis costalibus planis, gula unicolore. v. GeofiF.
Ann. Mus. xiv. 19, (PuUus.)

Hab. in America Meridionali, Surinam. Guiana, et
Brasilia. Mus. Col. Surg. (Skeleton.)

The branches of the sternum are separate in front.

Fam. //^.— TRIONYCHID^.

Pedes palmati, unguibus 3-3 elongatis acutis ; caput
depressum, naribus elongatis tubulosis. Testa sternumque
rugosa cute cartilaginea tecta, margine explanata flexibili ;
sternum annul iforme symphysi cartilaginea testae adnexum.

The head is flattened, oval ; the jaws horny, edged with a
membrane; the neck long and contractile; chin not bearded;
the body oval, depressed ; the upper part of the ribs united ;
the ends free and produced, usually only united to the
sternum by means of the cartilaginous coat with which they
are covered, but sometimes furnished with a few bones in
the front and hinder margin of the symphysis.

The sternum is formed of a ring of bones ; the two lateral
pairs of bones being connected together in front, by means
of the angularly bent central bone, which has one of the
similarly-shaped first pair of bones placed on each of its
outer edges. It has a cartilaginous centre, the bones often
furnished with callosities in the prominent parts. The shell
and sternum both covered with a cartilaginous skin, which,
when dry, exhibits the dotted structure of the bones through
its surface, and is expanded on its edge into a flexible
margin. The feet have short webbed toes, b-b ; the two
outer on each foot clawless ; claws 3-3, sharp, long, and
incurved; the tail short.

These animals live in the large rivers and lakes of warm
regions, eating mollusca, small animals, and carrion ; they
use the flexible margin of their shells in swimming ; their
eggs are spherical.

TRIONYX. 45

A small group, consisting of only eight species, two of
which are found in the central parts of America, and the
other six in the warm parts of the old world.

GeofFroy, (Annal. Mus. xiv.) has given a monograph of this
group, in which he appears to have thought that the compa-
rative length of the free part of the ribs, compared to the
dilated part, was a good character ; but further examination
has proved that they vary with age, as was to have been
anticipated from the changes which similar parts undergo in
the other senera.

Gen. 1. TRIONYX. {rrionyx.)

Scutella marginalia cartilaginea fiexibilia, pedes liberi, ster-
num angustatum.

The margin of the shell is destitute of any internal bony
pieces and quite flexible, except the first vertebra, which, in
this genus, is free and much dilated on the side, extending
nearly the breadth of the first pair of ribs, while in the other
families it only forms the central part of the front margin.
For the sake of distinction I have here called it the nuchal
bone [os nuchale.) The anterior bones of the sternum are
thin, and destitute of any callosities. The lobes of the
sternum are narrow, and leave the limbs quite free. The
Indian species are constantly seen eating the bodies of the
natives which are floating in the Ganges.

1. Triouyx ferox, [Fierce Triojiyx.) Testa subconvexa,
obtuse carinata, margine antice posticeque verrucoso, sterno
4-calloso.

Test.ferox, Gmel. from Pen. Phil. Trans. Ixi. t. 1, f. 1,
2, 3. (v. Mus. Brit.) inov. Schoepf, t. 19, f. 1-3. inov.
Lacep t. 5, f. 1. cop. Daud. t. 18, f. 2, and Enc. M. t. 5,
f. 3. Fresh-Lvater Turtle, Garden. Fierce Tortoi'te, Shaw.
Trionyxferox, Merrem. Trionyx Georgicus, Geoff.

Jun. Trionyx spiniferus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. xv. t.
(v. Mus. Par.) Trion. carinatus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. t. 4.
and Trion. Brongniarti, Schw. (v. Mus. Par.)

Hab. in America Boreali.

The ribs are about one-sixth part free ; the sternum has
two lateral and two hinder callosities; they are very large,
and nearlv unite toaether into a single disk. The anterior

46 TRIONYX.

appendages diverge like the letter V. One of Pennant's
figures is from the living specimen, where the skin of the
under part is thin and venous. The specimen which he
gave to the Royal Society is now in the British Museum.

T. spinifenis, of Lesueur, in the Paris Museum, is smaller,
and the two hinder sternal tubercles are separate and ovate.
The head and back brown, often varied with irregular pale
spots ; limbs yellow spotted and lined with black. The back
is sometimes varied with eyed spots.

The Great soft-shelled Turtle, Bartram Trav. 645 cop,
Magaz. Reise, x. t. Test. Bartrami, Daud, and Test, verru-
cosa, Schoepf, Cheli/s, spec. Geoff, appears to be only a cari-
catured figure of Trion.ferox, in which the artist has added
two claws on each foot.

2. Trionyx imiticus, [Armless Triojiyx.) — Testa elliptica
levissima, antice cum collo continua, dorso centro depresso,
sterno 4 calloso, callis 2 posterioribus conjunctis.

TrionTjx muticus, Lesueur, Mem. Mus. xv. 257 t,
(v. Mus. Par. 3 Spec.)

Habit, in America Boreali.

Length 8|-, breadth 7i inches ; perhaps young. The
figure of the sternum given by Lesueur agrees with Pen-
nant's specimen better than his figure of the former species;
but the front and hinder margin of the specimen is warty,
and the sternum doubtless varies by age.

3. Trionyx Nilotkus, [Egyptian Trionyx.) Testa supra
subconvexa viridi albo punctata, antice leviter undulata, dorso
centro sub-convexo osse nuchali lato transverso, sterno
4-calloso, callis lateralibus ovato quadrangularibus, posticis
equilateris triangularibus.

Test, triunguis, Forsk. Anim, 18. Test. Niloticus, Shaw.
Trionyx Egijptiacus. Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. t. L (part cop.)
Guerin. Rept. t. L f . 7 ; Rept. Egyp. t. \.

Jun. "Lineadorsaliserieduplicipunctorum ornata," Geoff.
Test, memhranaceus, Blumenb. ? Schneider, Schild. t. L?

Habitat in Africa Boreah, Nilo, (v. Mus. Brit.) et
Congo? (v. caput, Mus. Col. Surg.)

The lateral callosities are narrow and truncated externally
and rather dilated, obliquely truncated and rounded on the
angle in the inner edge : the hinder callosities are equila-
teral! y triangular, slightly rounded on the outer edge, and
placed a little obliquely. The margin of the very old spe-

TRIONYX. 47

cimens has a few rudimentary bones opposite the third, fourth,
and fifth ribs. See Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 202.

4. Tr'ionyx Indiais, {India?!. Trionyx.) — Testa supra sub-
convexa ohvaceo viridi, Hneis irregularibus tortuosis vel
furcatis nigro marginatis ornata, sterno 4-calloso, callis late-
raUbus quadrangularibus, posticis longe triangularibus, cauda
brevi.

Trionyx Egyptiacus, Var. Indicus., Hard. Illust.
Ind. Zool. t. Testudo Chitra, Hamilton, Icon. Ined,
(v. Icon. Mus. Ind.)

Habitat, in India, fl. Ganges, Penang, Dr. Henderson,
(v. Mus. CoL Surg.)

Sometimes weighing 240 pounds. The lateral callosities
are four-angular, and of nearly equal width at each end ;
their inner extremity is obliquely truncated in front ; the
hinder callosities are parallel, long triangular, with the outer
side slightly rounded.

5. Trionyx Huriim, [Hurum Trionyx.) Testa supra ob-
scure fusca, capite viridi nigpo reticulato, fronte macula
unica temporibusque duobus luteis ornatis ; sterno luteo,
4-calloso, callis lateralibus quadrangularibus angulo postico
interno oblique truncato, posticis oblique ovato-triangu-
laribus.

Testudo Hurum, Hamilton, Icon. Ined, (v. Icon. Mus,
Ind.) Cop. Trionyx Hurum, Illust. Ind. Zool, t. Var.?
Trionyx Gangeticus, Cuv. Os. Fos, v. 222, note; t. 12,
f. 46, f. 42, f. 4, f. 9 ; t. 1 1, f. 5-8 ; t. 12, f. 14, f. 21, 22,
f. 31,33, f. 38,f. 41. (Anat.)

Junior. Dorso maculis 4 vel 6, pupillis nigris notatis,
capite supra nigrescente luteo maculato, cauda sublonga.
Testudo Chim, Hamilton, Icon. Ined, (v. Icon. Mus. Ind.)

Pidlus ? Obscure viridi nigro reticulata, dorso maculis
4 rotundatis annulo rufo circumdatis ornato, marginibus
luteo-maculatis, capite nigrescente vertice flavo punctato,
sterno non calloso. Testudo ocellata, Hamilton, Icon.
Ined. (v. Icon. Mus. Ind.) cop. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. Trionyx
Gangeticus, Cuv. Guerin. Icon. t. 1, f- 6? Var. macuhs
dorsi 5.

Habitat in Indise fiuvio Ganges, General Hardwicke et
Dr. Hamilton.

Cuvier's specimen appears to have a peculiarity in the web
between the 2nd and 3rd fingers of each foot being pierced

48 TRIONYX.

with a hole. This is not noticed in any of Dr. Hamilton's
or General Hardwicke's figures from living animals.

6. Triomfx Javanicus, (Javanese Trionyx.J — Testa supra
obscure viridi subconvexa lineis numerosis minute albo
punctatis ornata, antice sub-tuberculari, capite obscure viridi
lineis nigris radiantibus notato ; sterno lutescente, callis
duobus transversis linearibus, cauda brevi.

Testudo Gotaghol, Hamilton Mss. Icon. Ined. (v. Icon,
Mus. Ind.) cop. lllust Ind. Zool. t. Trionyx Javanicus,
Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. t. (anat.) Emyda Javanica, Schw.

Junior. Obscure viridi, dorso maculis 4 subcentralibus
nigris annulis nigris circumdatis. lllust. Ind. Zool. t. f.
PuUus in spiritu vini conservatus. Test, rostratus, Thunb.
Nov. Act. Acad. Suec. viii. t. 7, f. 2, 3. Schoepf, t. 20,
cop. Daud. Rep. t. 19, f . 1 ; et Shaw Zool. vii. t. 17.
Var. ? Test, cartilaginea, Bodd. Set. t. f. Test. Budduerti,
Schw. et Trionyx slellatus, GeofFr. Ann. Mus. (Spec. Bodd.)

Habitat in India, Javee fluviis, GeofFroy; Ganges, Dr.
Hamilton.

The head, especially in the young state, has a single black
line l)etween the eyes, a central black spot on the crown,
and 5 or 6 black lines radiating from it. Boddaert's speci-
men is peculiar for having three stellated spots on the back
of the shields.

7. Trionyx siihplanus, [Flat Trionyx.) — Testa supra sub-
plana fusca minute punctata, antice laevi ; sterno Isevi non
calloso, osse nuchali lato transverse, vertebralibus angustis-
simis, Cauda subelongata.

Trionyx suhplanus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. t. (anat.)
lllust. Ind. Zool. t.

Habitat in Indiae fluvio Ganges, v. Mus. D. Hard.

Geoffroy only knew the shield, in which the ribs were
about 1 -7th part free ; the head is rather large. General
Hardwicke's specimen is stuffed, and quite perfect.

8. Trionyx Euphraticus, [Euphrates Trionyx.) — Testa
supra viridi fusca laevi, sterno brevissimo utrinque acuto
(non calloso), cauda elongata.

Testudo Rascht, Oliv. Voy. t.41, cop. Shaw, Misc. t. 907.
Test. Euphraticus, Daud., et Trionyx Euphraticus, Geoff,
(cop. Oliv.)

Habitat in fluvio Euphrates.

o/izcUi^ia- Zooloqica.

Tab.X

P /

■y- /?-/oWe<^

/-'i'

<r> .

^

" '*"<WK!i»Mp.-.s«W«i®feM!S~*ii-i!»Sll^

EMYDA. 49

Doubtless a distinct species ; but it requires to be more
fully described. The back differs from that of the other
species in shape, being ovate, and narrow in front.

Trionyches Fossiles, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 221.

a. Tr. Parisiensis. Tr. des Platrih-es de Paris. Cuv.
Os. Fos. V. iii. 329, v. 222. Fossil in the Gypsum pits
of Paris.

h. Tr. Manouri. Tr. Maiioiir, Bourdet, Mem. Tr. des
Pktri^res d'Aix. Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 223, t. 15, f. 1, 2.

c. Tr. LaurillardU. Tr. des 3Iolasses de la Gironde. Cuv.
Os. Fos. V. 224, t. 15, f. 3; viii. t. 76, f. 9. Size of the
Nilotic Trionyx.

d. Tr. Aynansii. Tr. des graviers de Lot et Garonne.
Cuv. 1. c. V. 221.

e. Tr. Dodunii. Tr. des graviers de Castelnaudarij. Cuv.
Os. Fos. V. 221.

f. Tr. Lockardi. Tr. des Sables d'Avaray. Cuv. Os.
Fos. v. 227.

Gen. 2. EMYDA. {Emyda.)

Margo dorsi cartilaginea ossibus marginalibus sus-
tentata. Pedes retracti valvulis e margine sterni ortis
inclusi. Sternum latum.

The margin of the dorsal shield is supported by a series of
small bones in the front and hinder extremity, similar to
the bones of the margin in the other tortoises ; and the
sternum, which has each of the bones of which it is com-
posed furnished with callosities, is also provided with valves
or flaps on the edges of the sides over the legs, which they
quite hide from view when the animal is withdrawn within
the shell.

1. Emyda punctata, [Punctured Emyda.) — Scutellis ob-
scure viridibus, occipite maculis duabus albis ornato, sterno
7-calloso callis postice unitis.

Test, punctata, Lacep, t. 7, f. 1, (v. Mus. Par.) cop.
Test, scahra, Latr. and Chagrined Tortoise, Test, gra-
nulata, Shaw, iii. t. 14, et Enc. M. t. 6, f. 4, et Daud.
Rept. iii. t. 19, f. 2. Test, granosa, Schoepf, t. 30, f. A. B.
Trionyx Coromandelicus, Geoff. Ann. Mus. xiv. t. Anat.

H

50 CHELONIAD.E.

et Cuv. Os. Fos. v. t. 12, f. 47, Anat, Test. Dura,
Hamilton, Icon. ined. (v. Icon. Mus. Ind.) Illust. Ind.
Zool. t.

Junior. Obscure viridi, maculis subrotundis irregularibus
luteis nigro marginatis ornata; capite supra albo maculato,
genis albo lineatis. Illust. Ind. Zool. t. , f. .

Habit, in Indiee fluvio Ganges.

The vertebral bones vary from 6 to 9 ; the hinder callo-
sities are united only in the adult animals, and hence Cuvier
considers it to have 6 callosities, and GeofFroy 7.

M. Cuvier, in his late visit to London, informed me that
they have just received at the French Museum a new species
of this family, that has four claws to each of its feet. I may
be permitted provisionally to call this the Trionyx Cuvieri.

Fam. V. CHELONIAD^.

Pedes pinneeformes compressi unguibus sub-obsoletis ;
caput globosum, maxillge corneae. Testae margines osseae;
sternum annuhforme symphysi cartilaginea testae adnexum.

The head is globose, and the nostrils subtubular in the
young state ; the jaws are horny and naked, the neck short ;
the shell is low, cordate, with a defined bony margin, and
covered with a leathery skin or horny shields. The ster-
num is only attached to the upper shell by a cartilaginous
suture ; the feet are compressed and fin -shaped, sometimes
clawed, the front pair are much the longest ; the tail is short
and thick.

In the bony structure, the muzzle is short and the orbits
large, the nasal cavity is very small, and most of the bones
of the skull are united together into one ; the ribs of the
shell are only united together for a short space, which
lengthens as the animal increases in age, and the margin is
formed of a continuous series of bones. The bones of the
sternum form a ring, the centre being supplied by cartilage ;
they are placed in a similar manner to those of the former
family, except that the front of the ring is formed by the
slender front pair of bones which has the central bone in
the form of a lanceolate process on the inner edge.

Living in the seas of the Torrid and Temperate Zones, as
far as latitude 50^*. Some eating algae and marine vegetables,
and others molluscous and radiated animals.

CHELONIA. 51

Ge7i. 1. SPHARGIS. Menem, fLulh.J

Testa cute coriacea tecta, pedes mutici.

The shell is deeply longitudinally grooved and covered with
a coriaceous skin, the feet are long and the places of the
claws are supplied by small coriaceous scales.

The fore-feet when the animal is young are very long,
and they become more proportionate as it grows older.

The Genus Coriudo, of Dr. Fleming ; Dermochelis, of
M. de Blainville, Diet. S. N ; and Scytina, of Dr. Wagler.

1. Sphargis coriacea, {Coriaceous Luth.) Testa ovata,
postice acuta 3-carinata.

Test, coriacea, Lin. Lacep. H. Q. O. t. 2, f. 1, cop.
E, M. t. 4, f. 2, Daud. Rept. t. 10, f. 1, and Coriaceous
Turtle, Shaw Zool. iii. t. 21. Spinous Tortoise, Penn.
Brit. Zool. ii. t. 1, cop. Shaw Zool. iii. t. 21. Sphargis
mercurialis, Merrem.

Junior. Pinnis anterioribus longitudine testae, corio testae
cicatricoso subtuberculato. Tuherculated Tortoise, Penn.
Phil, Trans. Ixi, f. 4, 5, cop. Schoepf, t. 29. Testudo tuher-
culata, Gravenhorst.

Habitat in Mari Mediterraneo, rara ad Oram Comitatus
Dorset Angliae, (v. Mus. Brit.)

Prof. Gravenhorst considers the young and old as forming
two species ; but all the characters that he gives are incident
to age.

Cuvier has indicated a Dermochelis Atlantica of Lesueur,
but I do not find it described.

Gen. 2. CHELONIA, Brongn. (Turtle.)

Testa scutellis cornels tecta, pedes unguiculati.

The dorsal shell is covered with ] 3 discal plates, placed rn
three longitudinal rows, but as in the land tortoises they are
sometimes more numerous. Dr. Kuhl has seen a speci-
men in which they were divided into 25. The marginal
plates 25 or 27, being 12 or 13 nearly equal pairs, with a
broad nuchal one in front, the caudal pair as in all the water

52 CHELONIA,

tortoises are separate ; the sternum is covered with 6 pairs
and a small intergular plate placed before or between the
gular pair. The sterno-costal suture is covered with a series
of 4 nearly square plates on each side, the places of which in
the other tortoises are occupied by the outer end of the pec-
toral and abdominal plates. There are several large axillary
and small inguinal plates at the ends.

The head is covered with regular shields, and Prof. Gra-
venhorst has used the cheek-shields as a specific character.

The number of claws has also been used as a specific cha-
racter in these tortoises, but they are very apt to vary, and
are often different on the two sides of the same animal.

Merrem has used the name of Caretta for this genus.

1. Chelonia imhrjcata, [Imhricated Turtle.) Testa elliptica
declivi carinata, scutellis disci imbricatisluteo fusco variegatis.

Testudo imhricatus, Lin. Chelonia imbricala, Schw. Imhri-
cated Turtle, Shaw. Caretta imhricata, Merrem, Lacep. H.
Q. O.. t. 1, f. 2, cop. E. M. t. 4, f. 1.— Grew, Rar. t. 3.—
Schoepf, t. 18, f. a. cop. Daud, t. 17, f. 2, and Shaw, Zool. t.
26.— Schoepf, t. 18, B.— Seba, t. 80. f. 9. Shaw Zool. t. 27.

Junior. Scutellis disci subimbricatis, postice truncatis.
Caretta vasicornis, Merrem, Schoepf, t. 17, f. 1.

Habitat in Oceano Americano et Indico, (v. Mus. Brit,
et Bell.)

Schoepf describes the sternal plates as 12 ; the specimen
in the British Museum has 13, like all the other Clielonice;
the upper jaw is said to be hooked and entire.

Clielon'ia multiscutata, Kuhl, Beitr. 78, with 25 (9 verte-
bral and 1 G costal) keeled imbricate dorsal shields, may be a
monstrosity of this species.

2. Chelonia My das, {Green Turtle.) — Testa cordata declivi
carinata, scutellis disci planis inermibus ; maxilla inferiore
profunde serrata.

Test. Mydas, Lin. S. N. Lacep. 20, t. 1, f. 1, cop. E.M. t.
3, f. 2. Daud. Kept. t. 16, f. 1. Shaw Zool. t. 20, Anat.,
Schoepf. t. 17, f. 1. (Jun.) Cuv. Os. Fos. v. t. 11, f. 1, 4.
t. 13, f. 6, Spix, Cephal. t. 1,2, f. 5, (Anat.)

a. Testa unicolore, scutellis vertebralibus regularibus hexa-
gonis. Test, viridis, Schn. Chelonia Mydas, Schw.

j3. maculosa, scutellis luteis nigro maculatis, vertebralibus
duplo longioribus quam latis. Test, maculosa, Cuv. R. A.
ii. 15,

CHELONIA. 53

V. lachrymata. Scutellis luteis nigro radiatis, vertebralibus
duplo longioribus quani latis, ultimis convexis. Test,
lachrymata, Cuv. R. A. ii. 15.

%. virgata. Testa ovata, scutellis fasciis luteis variegatis,
Chelonia virgata, Dumer. MSS. Schw. Bruce Abys. t. 42,
Guerin, Icon. Rept. 1. 1, f. 4.

e. radiata. Testa ovata; scutellis variegatis, vertebrali pos-
tico longiori. Test. Caretta, Schoepf, t. 1 Q, B. Chelonia
radiata, Cuv. R. A. Ed. 2, ii. 14.

Z,- Japonica. Testa nigra ovata subrotunda, scutellis tenuis-
simis coriaceis. Test. Japonica, Thunb. Nov. Act. Suec. vii.
t. 7, f. 1 . Chelonia Japonica, Schw. Caretta Thunbergii,
Merrem.

Hab. in Oceano Atlantico. (v. v. |3. et S. Mus. Par. ?)
Z, in Japoniae Lacubus, Thunberg.

I did not observe the two varieties indicated by Cuvier in
the French Museum, and have only placed them as varieties,
because the shell is greatly subject to vary in colour, as may
be seen by examining the number that are brought to
this country for food.

The number of plates is also liable to variation, and the
varieties have from this character been considered species
thus: — 1. Scutellis disci, 15, Test, atra, Lin. Caretta atra,
Merrem; 2. Scutellis sterni, 14, Test. Cepediana, Daud.
t. 17, f. 1, Caretta Cepediana, Merrem.

The Turtle described by Thunberg, and said to come
from the Lakes of Japan, appears only to differ from this
species by the thinness of the scales, which allow the sutures
of the bones to be seen through them ; so that Thunberg
mistook the suture of the bones for the division of the scales,
and considered the discal scales as 5 -rowed. The number
of claws is variable.

3. Chelonia Caretta, [Logger-head Turtle.) — Testa con-
vexa, scutellis disci 15, vertebralibus convexis; maxilhs serratis.

Test. Caretta, Lin. Logger -head Turtle, Shaw, t. 25,
cop. of Aldrov. Chelonia Corianna, Schw.; Schoepf, t. 16,
cop. Test. Corianna, Daud. t. 16, f. 2. Gotwald, f. ,
cop. Shaw Zool. t. 24. Test, macropus, Walb ; Shaw Zool.
t. 23. Bagan. Parergon, t. 192, 193, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. t.
12, f.5, 10, 15, 23, 24, 29, 33, 34, 39, 43, (Anat.)

Junior. Scutelhs disci tuberculato carinatis. Edw. t. 206,
(monst.)*cop. E. M. t. 3, f. 3. Schoepf. t. 17, f. , cop.

54 EMYDOSAURI.

Rhinoceros Turtle, Shaw Zool. t. 14. Test, nasicornis,
Lacep, Caretta nasicornis, Merrem.

j3. OUvacea, Scutellis vertebralibus 6. Chelonia oliva-
cea, Esclischoltz, Zool. Atl. t. 3.

Habitat in Mari Mediterraneo, et Oceano Atlantico,
/3. China.

Eschscholtz says, that the variety has always 6 vertebral
plates ; it may be a distinct species, but the number of
plates in this family does not form generally good specific
characters.

Chelonioe Fossiles, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 239.

a. Chelonia Hofmanni. Chelonie de 3Iaestricht, Cuv. Os.
Fos. v. 239, t. 14, f. 1, 2, 3 ; t. 13, f. 2, 3 ; t. 16, f. 6, 7.
Elk Horns, Faujas, St. Pierre, t. 10, f. 3.

li. Chelonia Kjiorri. Chelonie de Glaris, Cuv. Os. Fos.
V. 243; Knorr, t. 1, f. 34; Andrea's Lettres Suisses, t. 16,
cop. Cuv. Os. Fos. t, 16, f. 4.

c. Chelonia Cuvieri. Chelonie de Luneville, Cuv. Os.
Fos. V. 525.

Order II. EMYDOSAURI.

Vertebrae dorsi costseque mobiles ; vertebrae colli 7, fere
immobiles ; sternum angustum longum; claviculce nullse;
pulmones abdomen non intrantes; osdentatum,dentibusconi-
cis in foveis insertis deciduis. Tympanum valvula mobili
tectum; pedes digitati; penis simplex perforatus; vesica urinaria
nulla; anus rimeeformis longitudinalis.

The Crocodiles formed only a species of the genus Lacerta
in the Linnean System. Gronovius made them into a genus
under the name of Crocodilus, and Oppel named the group
Crocodilini, while Merrem formed them into an order under
the denomination oi Loricata. M. De Blainville has proposed
for the group the name of Emydosauriens, which has been
generally adopted.

Their head is depressed, and covered with numerous
small shields ; their mouth is large, and furnished with a
single row of large teeth, which are conical, acute, longi-
tudinally striated, and inserted in pits in the edge of the

EMYDOSAURI. 55

jaw. They are internally hollow, and of the same number
in all the ages of the animal, the increasing size of the jaw
being provided agamst by their constant reproduction. They
are reproduced by a new tooth growing from the base of
the alveola and causing the absorption of the root of the
older one. The tongue is short, fleshy, flat, and attached
near its edge. The lower jaw is prolonged beyond the skull,
so that the upper jaw appears to be moveable. Their nostrils
are small, crescent-shaped, and placed at the end of the
muzzle ; they are closed by a small valve. The eyes are fur-
nished with three eyelids, and the ears are closed with two
fleshy valves ; under the throat there are two small seba-
ceous glands emitting a musky odour, (see Bell, Phil. Trans.
1829.)

The neck is short, and covered with smaller scales. There
is generally a row of small isolated shields placed immediately
behind the occiput, called the Nuchal plates (Scuta nuchce),
and a shield of close set plates behind these, called the Cer-
vical plates {Scuta cervicis). The body is depressed ; the tail
compressed ; and the sides, back, and tail covered with longi-
tudinal rows of square bony shields, which are generally
keeled and form high crests, especially on the top of the tail
where they form two crests at the base united into one at
the tip. The sides are nakedish or covered with small
scales and capable of great dilatation. The belly and under
side of the tail are covered with smooth thin square scales.
The vent is a longitudinal slit ; the penis of the male is single
and perforated, and the vagina of the female is equally simple.

The fore-legs are short, the feet are more or less webbed,
the anterior with four, and the hinder with five toes, of which
only the three interior on each foot are clawed.

The heart is three-celled and the lungs are not sunk into
the abdomen as in other reptiles.

The vertebrae of the neck are furnished with projecting
lateral false ribs, which touch at their extremities, and do not
allow the animal to turn its neck from side to side. Their
sternum is prolonged beyond the ribs and supports a kind of
false ribs which are not jointed to the vertebree, but serve to
protect the abdominal viscera ; they have no clavicle.

These animals inhabit fresh-water rivers in tropical cli-
mates, living on animals, which they kill by drowning, and
then leave under water till partly putrid before they feed on
them.

56 GAVIALTS.

Fam. 1. CROCODILID^.

Character ordinis.

Geiu I. GAVIALIS, GeofFr. (Gavial).

Rostrum tenue longissimum ; dentes subaequales, canina
inferiore utrinque in fissura maxillae superioris recondenda.

The Gavials are distinguished by their very long and
slender jaws, which are furnished with nearly equal rather
small teeth. The canine teeth of the lower jaw are received
into a notch in the sides of the upper one ; the end of the
muzzle is enlarged by a cartilaginous ring which surrounds
the nostrils forming a kind of horn behind them.

The feet are both on the outer edge and the toes webbed
to their tips.

They are confined to the old Continent.

1. Gavialis Gangeticus, (Gajigetic Gavial.) Scutis nu-
chalibus 2 parvis, cervicalibus cum dorsalibus conjunctis.

Lacerta Gangetica, Lin. Gmel. Croc, longirostris, Schw.
Lacep. t. 15, cop. Croc, acutirostris, Daud. t. 27. f. 2,
Ency. Meth. t. 1, f. 4, cop. Shaw, Zool. t. 60. Faujas,
M. S. P. t. 46, 47. Edw. Birds, t. 49, Anat. Cuv. Ann.
Mug. X. et xii. t. 1, f. 10, t. 2, f. 11. cop. Os. Fos. v. Geoff.
Ann. Mus. xii. t. 5.

Jun. Croc, longirostris, Daud. Croc, tenuirostris Cww.Knn,
Mus. X. t. 1, f. 1, 11, t. 2, f. 12, from Faujas, St. P. t. 8.

Hab. in fluvio Ganges.

First figured by Edwards. The nuchal plates vary from
two to six. Teeth ff fl on each side. In the adult the
head is ^ y the length of the body, in the young it is -f , a little
longer than broad ; said to grow to 29 feet long. (Litt. Mag.
April, 1812).

Gaviales Fossiles, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. ii. 120.

a. Gavialis priscus. " Rostro elongato cylindrico, den-
tibus inferis alternatim longioribus, femoribus dupla tibiarum
longitudine," Soem.

Croc, priscus, Soemmering, Acad. Munich, 1814, t.
Gavial de Manheim et de Boll, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 120,
124, t. 6,f. 1, etf. 19.

CROCODILUS. 57

Fos. of Manheim in Franconia. Length 38 ', length of
head 10|', of tail 19|-". The original specimen described by
the late Dr. Soemmering is in the British Museum.

I. Gavialis Lamourouxii, n.

Gavial de Caen. Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 127, t. 7, f. 1, 5,
13, 14.

Var. De la Jura, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 141, t. 7, f, 6, et 8.

Fos. in the quarry near Caen in Calvados.

This forms the genus Teleosaurus, Geoff., Mem. du Mus.
d'Hist. Nat. xii, 133. The following two species constitute
the genus Steneosaurus of the same author.

c. Gavialis Bacheleii.

Gavial de Honjleur n. 1 a museau plus allonge, Cuv. Os.
Fos, V. 143, t. 10, f. 1,4, t. 8, f. 8, t. 6, 10, 15, t. 10. f. 8.
10, t. 8, f. 9, 13, t. 9, f. 3, 12. In the lias of Honfleur and
Havre.

Steneosaurus rostro-major, CJeoff. Mem, du Mus. d'Hist.
Nat. xii. 147.

d. Gavialis Jurinii.

Gavial de Honjleur n. 2. a museau plus court, Cuv. Os.
Fos. v. 525, t. 10, f. 5, 7, t. 8, f. 6, 7, t. 8, f. 1, 2, cop.
of Lubeck Lithog. t.

Steneosaurus rostro-minor, Geo^. Mem. du Mus. d'Hist.
Nat. xii. 149.

Gen. H. CROCODILUS, Auct. (Crocodile.)

Rostrum oblongum depressum ; dentes insequales, canina
inferiore utrinque in fissura maxillae superioris recondenda.

Most naturalists have used the generic name of Croco-
dilus for the true Crocodiles, but Merrem having applied it
to the whole group has given the name of Champsis to this
section ; they only differ from the Gavials in the head
being short and depressed instead of long and slender. They
have the same fuhy webbed and fringed feet.

The species of this genus have an extensive distribution,
and are found in the warmer parts of both Continents.

1. Crocodilus vulgaris, {Commoji Crocodile). Rostro

58 CROCODILUS.

sequali, scutis dorsi quadratis sequalibus sexfariam positis, cer-
vicis 6, 8, nuchse 2, 4, vel 6.

Lac. Crocndilus, Lin. Croc. Champsis, Bory. Croc, vul-
garis, Cuv. Croc. Niloticus, Daud. Geoff. Rept. Egypt,
t. 2, f. 1, Ann. Mus. x. t. 3. f. 1. Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. t. 1,
f. 5, et 12, t. 2, f. 7, cop. Os. Fos. v. t. 1, f. 5, et 12, t. 2,
f. 7.

«. Suchus. Maxillis elongatis angustioribus. Croc. Suchus.
GeofF. Ann. Mus. x. t. 3, f. 2, 3, 4.

j3. margbiatus. Scutis nuchse 6, cervicis 6, 8. Croc. Twar-
ginatus, Geoff,

y. lacunosus. Scutis nuchse 2, cervicis 6, Croc, lacunosus,
GeofF.

8. complanatiis , Maxillis complanatis. Croc, complanatus
GeofF.

e. Jz/cZic?^^ " Maxillis convexis," Cuv.

Habitat in Africa Septentrionali et Australi, Tndiaque
Orientali ; in iEgypto, Geoffroy, Senegal et Madagascar,
Cuvier.

The head is twice as long as broad ; the back has six rows
of nearly equal squarish shields, rather broader than long,
the cervical shields vary from 6 to 8, and the nuchal ones
from 2, 4, to 6 ; the latter are isolated.

2. Crocodilus hiporcatus, [Indian Crocodile). Rostriporcis
duabus subparallelis, scutis nuchse 2, cervicis 6, dorsi
ovalibus octofariam positis.

Croc. porosiLS et Croc. Coopholis, Schw. Croc, hiporcatus,
Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. t. 1, f. 4, et 13, t. 2, f. 8, Seba 1, t. 103,
f. 1, t. 104, f. 12, Arch. Zoolog. ii. t 2, f. 1.

Habitat in India Insulisque Indicis, Java, Ceylon, Sey-
chelles; Nova HoUandia? Insula Mauritii?

The head has a ridge arising from the front of each eye
continued along the side ; the back has 8 rows of oval plates,
longer than broad, with smaller ones between them ; the
nuchal shields 2, and cervical 6, forming an oval plate.

3. Croc, rhomhifer, ("Square-shielded Crocodile). Rostri
convexi porcis duabus convergentibus, scutis cervicis 6,
dorsi quadratis sexfariam positis, squamis membrorum cras-
sis carinatis.

Crocodilus rhombifer, Cuv. (v. Mus. Par. 2 spec.) Ann.
Mus. xii. t. 1, f. 1, 3, cop. Os. Fos. v. 51.
Hab.

CROCODILUS. 59

The back has 6 longitudinal series of quadrate shields ;
dark olive with small dark brown specks ; the forehead con-
vex and hemispherical ; the muzzle is convex with two
converging ridges ; the neck has 6 cervical plates, and the
limbs are covered with thick keeled scales.

4. Croc, hiscutatiis, [Doiihle- shielded Crocodile.) Rostro
subconvexo, scutis nuchse cervicisque 2, dorsi intermediis
quadratis, exterioribus irregularibus subsparsis.

Croc, carinatus? Sch. Cr. liscutatus, Cuv. Ann. Mus.
X. t. 2, f. 6, et Os. Fos. v. t. 2, f. 6. Crocodile noire, AdsiXi-
son, 72?

Habit, in Africa Orientali ; Senegal, Adanson ?

The beak rather convex, the back with six rows of shields,
the two middle ones square and approximate, the outer
ones irregular and rather scattered, the nuchal shields pyra-
midical, the cervical ones 2, smaller, the back with only 15
cross rows of shields to the back of the thigh, and the
double crest of the tail reaching to the seventeenth range of
plates. Cuvier has only seen two specimens of this species,
one from Adanson's collection.

5. Croc, cataphractus [Armoured Crocodile.) Rostro pro-
ductiore, scutis cervicis fasciis 4 2-scutatis cum scutellis
dorsi connexis.

Croc, cataphractus, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. t. 5, f. 1. (v. Mus.
Col. Surg.)

Hab.

Head five times as long as broad, teeth W, nuchal shields 6,
oval, isolated, in two rows, the first of 2 and second of 4 plates;
the cervical shields 5 pairs, square, united to the dorsal ones,
the first pair large, gradually diminishing; the dorsal shields
square, 6 -rowed, highly keeled and broader than long,

6. Croc, planirostris f Flat-headed Croco^i/e.) Rostro aequali
ad basin piano, scutis omnibus tuberculosis, dorsi quinque-
sexfariam dispositis, nuchse 4, cervicis 6 distantibus, pedibus
cristatis.

Croc, planirostris. Graves Ann. Sci. ii. 348, (Mus.
Bordeaux.) Croc. Gravesii, Bory St. Vincent Diet. CI. H. N.
Hab. in Africa ? fluvio Congo ?
Muzzle square, fiat at the base.

7. Croc, intermedius, (Intermediate Crocodile.) Rostro

60 CROCODILUS.

productiore sub-c^'lindrico, scutis eporosis, dorsi subrotundis
sexfariam dispositis, nuchse 4, cervicis 6.

Croc, iiitermedlus. Graves Ann. Gen. Sci. ii. 348. ^roc.
Journei, Bory St. V. Diet. Class. H. N.

Hab. in America? Mus. Bordeaux.

Muzzle produced sub-cylindrical ; back with 6 series of oval
scales, and a distant series along each side ; nuchal plates 4,
cervical 6, placed in a round group. Scales all poreless.
Length 8-i feet. Allied to the Gavials.

8. Croc, acutus. [American Crocodile). Rostro producto
ad basin convexo, scutis dorsi intermediis quadratis, exteri-
oribus irregularibus subsparsis, nuchee 4, cervicis 6.

Croc, acutus, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. et Os. Fos. v. t. 1, f. 3,
14, et t. 2. f. 5, Geoff. Ann. Mus. ii. t. 37, Seba, t. 106 ?
(mala) t. 104, f. 1—9.

Hab. in Tnsulis Indiee Occidentalis.

Muzzle produced, convex at the base, slightly keeled ; back
with 4 central series of scales, the scales of the outer rows
irregular and strongly keeled. The nuchal plates 4, small;
the cervical plates 6, in a lozenge -shaped group.

Bartram and M. Descourtilz, Voy. d'un Naturaliste, have
given the history of the manners of this species.

Species dubice.

Croc. Siamensis, [Siam Crocodile.) Crista elevata biden-
tata in vertice, scutis cervicis 6.

Croc. Siamensis, Schn. from a bad figure by Perrault, Mem.
Acad. Sci. avant 1699, t. 64, cop. E. M. t. 1, f. 3, et Faujas.
Hist. M.S. P.t.43, et Croc. galeatus,C\iv.Os.Yos.v.\,.\,i.9.

Hab. in Siam.

Most allied to Croc, vulgaris, but differs in the central
occipital crest.

Croc, pentonyx, Sch. is an imaginary species. Croc,
terrestris, Laurenti, is from a bad figure of Seba.

Crocodili Fossiles. Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 161, &c.

a. Croc. Brongniartii, n.

Croc, de Muedon, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 161, t. 6, f. 9, (dens)

A fossil tooth found by M. Brongniart.

CROCODILUS. 61

h. Croc. Mantelli, dentibus obtusis.
Croc, de Sussex, Cuv. Os. Fos, 161, t. 10, f. 25, 34, from
Mantel Geol. Sussex, 47.

Fossil in Tilgate Forest, discovered by Mr. Mantell.

c. Croc, Bequereli, dentibus acutis.

Croc. d'Anteuil, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 163, t. 6, f. 18, 19.

Fossil in the Lignite and Plastic Clay, near Paris, discovered
by M. Bequerel.

d. Croc. Blavieri.

Croc, de Frovence, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 164, t. 6, f. 17.

Fossil in the Lignite of Provence ; probably the same spe-
cies as the former.

e. Croc. Delucii.

Croc, de Shepey, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 165.

Fossil in the Island of Shepey, found by M. G. A. Deluc.

f. Croc. Cuvieri.

Croc, des Platridres, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 166, et iii. 335,
t. , f. .

A frontal bone and humerus found at Montmartre.

g. Croc, RolUnati'i. Dentibus compressis marginibus
acutis denticulatis.

Croc, des Marni^res d'Argentoji, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 166,
t. 10, f. 14, 24.

Probably grows to the length of 12 feet.

h. Croc. Dodunii.

Croc, des Graviers des Castelnaudary, Cuv. Os. Fos. v.
168, t. 10, f. 35, 36.

Fossil of Castelnaudary. Length about 10 feet.

i. Croc. Jouanneti.

Croc, de Blaye, Cuv. Os. Fos. iii. 333, v. 169.

Length about 8 or 10 feet ; only some teeth yet described.

k. Croc. Trimmeri.

Croc.deBrentfort, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 169.
Fossil at Brentford, Middlesex ; only a heel bone de-
scribed, found in 1791 .

62 ALLIGATOR.

/. Croc. Maunyi.

Croc, du Mans, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 169.

Fossil in the lime stone of Mans.

Some of these fossil species may belong to the next genus.

Gen. III. ALLIGATOR, {Alligator.)

Rostrum oblongum, dentibus inaequalibus, canina inferi-
ore utrinque in foveola maxillae supeiioris recondenda.

M. Spix has divided this genus into two, according to the
shape of the head, the first, Jacaretinga, having the rostrum
acute, the second. Caiman, having it blunt and depressed.

Their feet are more or less pectinated, and not fringed
on the side.

The females of these animals lay their eggs in the sand,
and cover them over with leaves and straw.

The North American species buries itself in the mud,
and sleeps during the winter.

A. Pedes posteriores palmati.

1 . Alligator Missisipensis,(Vike-headed A lligator.J Rostro
depresso parabolico, scutis nuchse 2, cervicis 4 in fasciis
duabus dispositis, dorsi subquadratis subcarinatis, digitis
exterioribus fere totis palmatis.

Croc. Missisipensis Daud, Croc. Lucius, Cuv. Ann.
Mus. X. et Os Fos, v. t. 1, f. 8, 18, t. 2, f. 14. Lacerta
maxima, Catesby, ii. t. 63. Croc Cuvieri, Leach Zool. Mis.
ii. t. 102, Seba, 1, t. 103, f. 11..?

The muzzle is very broad and depressed, nearly smooth ;
the neck has two nuchal plates, and 4 cervical ones placed
in two bands, the dorscd shields are sub-quadrate and scarcely
keeled, the outer toes of the hind feet are deeply and the
inner toes half webbed.

For its anatomy see Harlan, Jour. Acad. N. S. Phil. iv.
242, and Hentz, Amer. Phil. Soc. Trans, ii. t. 2.

B. Digiti Jissi ; scutella nuchalia cervicaliaque unita.

1. Alligator Sclerops, {Spectacled Alligator). Rostro sub-
convexo cum porca transversa inter orbitas, scutis dorsi
quadratis subcarinatis, nuchee 6 parvis, cervicis 8 bicari-
natis in fasciis quatuor dispositis.

ALLIGATOR. 63

Croc. Sclerops. Schn. Croc. Americanns, Laur. Seba, t.
104. f. 10. Merian, Surin. t. 69, cop. E. M. t. 2. f. 1, 2,
Croc. Yacare, Daud. Croc. Caiman, Daud. Cuv. Ann. Mus.
X. Os. Fos. V. t. 1, f. 7, et 16, t. 2. f. 3. Jacaret'niga piinc-
tulata, Spix. t. 2. Caiman fiss'ipes et niger, Spix. t. 3, 4.
Prince Max. xii. t.

a. porcafrontis antice concava.

/3. porca antice convexa.

The beak rather convex, with a cross ridge, which unites
the orbits in front. The nape with a band of 6 small scales
and the back of the neck with 4 cross bands, each consisting:
of 2 strongly doubly keeled scales. The back shields are
quadrate and 6 rowed.

Spix, and since him Cuvier, has attempted to divide this
species into several.

1. With a short round head, and the frontal ridge con-
cave m front and prolonged on each side on the cheek ; the
upper jaw with 13 teeth on each side. Some of these, accord-
ing to Cuvier, are green, dotted and spotted with black, and
black banded on the tail ; others black, with narrow yellow
bands, as Caiman niger, Spix, t. 4.

2. With the head narrower, and the frontal ridge con-
cave and less prolonged, with 15 teeth in the upper jaw,
and the neck more shielded ; probably Caiman Jissi pes, Spix,
t. 3.

3. With the head still narrower and the skull scarcely
enlarged behind the frontal ridge, which is convex in front
and not prolonged on the cheek ; the dorsal shields less
keeled, and the tail less distinctly banded ; probably the
Jacarctinga punctulata, Spix, t. 2,

3. AlUg. paJpelrosus, (Eye-lroiued Alligator.) Rostro sub-
convexo, superciliis lamellis osseis tribus tectis, scutellis nuchae
6, 4, cervicis 8, 10 in 4, 5 fasciis dispositis.

Croc, palpehrosus, Cuv. Ann. Mus. x. et Cuv. Os. Fos.
V. t. 1, f. 6, 7, t. 2, f. 2. Jacaretinga moschifer, Spix. t. 1.
Lacerta Crocodiliis, Blumenb. Abb.

j3. Scutis cervicis irregularibus, carinis elevatis trigonis.
Croc, trigonatus, Schn, Seba, i. t. 105, f. 3, cop. Shaw, Zool.
iii. t. . Cuv. Os. Fos. v. t. 2, f. 1. Croc. Niloticus, Laur.

Habit, in America Meridionali.

The head rather convex, reddish brown, black banded,
smooth between the eyes, the eye-brows with 3 imbedded
bony plates, the nape with a band of 4 small shields, and

64 ENALIOSAURI.

the back of the neck with a longitudhial band of 8 — 10
strongly keeled scales, placed in 4 or 5 cross rows of 2 each ;
the back with six rows of shields.

? Orel III. ENALIOSAURI. Conybcarc.

Vertebrae dorsi costaeque mobiles ; vertebrae colli plerumque
numerosae ; sternum breve ; claviculae breves latse ; os den-
tatum, dentibus in foveolis vel fissuris positis ; oculi magni
(nocturni) ; nares basales suborbitales : tympanum externum
nullum ; pedes pinniformes ; cauda brevis compressa.

The vertebrae, ribs, sternum, and clavicles, are like those
of lizards, except that the articulating surfaces of the vertebrae
of the Enaliomuri are concave, like those of fishes.

All the animals of this order being found in the fossil state,
nothing is known of the appendages which protect their skin,
or of the fleshy parts of the body. I have placed the order
among the Cataphracta with doubt, as M. Cuvicr, although
he boasts of the complete knowledge of the osteology of these
animals, does not mention the position of the bone, nor
have I been able to observe the position of this bone in any
of the skulls which I have seen. Cuvier has justly remarked
that if very perfect specimens of these animals had not been
found, there would be great reason to doubt their authenti-
city ; for the first genus presents the muzzle of a dolphin,
the teeth of a crocodile, the head and sternum of a lizard, the
legs of a whale (but four in number), and lastly, the vertebrae
of a fish. The second [Plesiosauriis) has the same cetaceous
feet and lizard head, with a long neck like the vertebrae of a
snake. — Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 445.

We are almost entirely indebted to the industry and per-
severence of the Rev. Mr. Conybeare, for the knowledge of
these animals. They are only found fossil in the older for-
mations of Europe.

GenA. ICHTHYOSAURUS, Koenig.

Caput magnum ; collum breve ; dentes in sulco utrinque
insertae.

ICHTHYOSAURUS, 65

Dr. Koenig first described this genus under the name of
IchthyosauriLs, and Sir E. Home has called it Proteosaurus,
(see Phil. Trans. 1814.)

The teeth are conical, longitudinally striated, the crown
enamelled, and internally hollow, sunk in a deep groove in
the jaw, with a pit at the bottom for each tooth ; they are
replaced like those of the crocodiles. Palate toothless.
The muzzle is nearly entirely formed of the intermaxillaries;
the maxillaries are placed on the sides at the base, and the
nasal at the upper part of the base. The nostrils are placed
between the nasal, the intermaxillaries, and the anterior
frontal. The frontal, parietal, occipital, petrous, sphenoid,
and pterygoid bones are very like those of the lizards, espe-
cially the IguancB. The orbits are surrounded by the front and
hinder frontal and the cheek bones ; the temporal holes by
the temporal and mastoid. The eyes are very large, and the
sclerotic coat is strengthened, as in birds, by a series of bony
plates. The lower jaw is united together for half its length.
The vertebrae are numerous, 48-49, all nearly similar, the
articulating surfaces concave, as in fish. The ribs appear to
be united like those of Chameleons and Anoles ; the shoulder
bone and sternum resemble those of the Hzards.

The paddles are formed of five or six series of bones, simi-
lar to the phalanges of the Dolphins, but more numerous,
there being often 20 — 25 in each series ; the series are of
nearly equal length, only tapering so as to bring the paddle
to a point.

Nothing is yet known of its external coat. The ears are
probably wanting.

Head about a quarter the length ; tail about a quarter
shorter than the body. Cuvier believes that they respire
free air by lungs, and are capable of seeing in the night.

1. Ichthyosaurus coinyiunis, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. t. 29, f. 1,
9, t. 28, f. 9, 10, t. 29, f. 11, 12, 13.

Teeth, crown conic moderately acute slightly arched and
deeply striated ; with two angular prominences at the root of
the nose between the orbits.

2. Ichthyosaurus platyodon. Cuv. Os. Fos. v, t. 28, f. 4,
5, (dens.)

Teeth, crown compressed, with a sharp ridge on each side.
Length 15 feet.

K

66 PLESIOSA.URUS.

3. Ichthyosaurus tenuirostris, Phil. Trans. 1819, t. 15.
Cuv. Os. Fos. V. t. 28, f. 1 , t. 29, f. 8, 9, t. 28, f. 6, 7, 8.

Muzzle long and slender ; teeth slender.

4. Ichthyosaurus intermedius, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. t. 29,
f. 2, 5.

Teeth more acute and less deeply striated than in /. com-
munis, but less slender than in I, tenuirostris.

6. Ichthyosaurus grandipes, Sharp, Proceed. Geol. Soc.
xvi. 222.

The vertebra three-fifths the length of its breath ; the pad-
dle large ; humerus one-fifth the length of the animal ; the
ulna or radius notched on the outer edge ; phalanges circular
or oval. Teeth — — ? In the Ichth. communis, tenuirostris,
and intermedius, the phalanges are angular.

6. Ichthyosaurus latifrons, [Broad-headed Ichthyosaurus.)
Koenig, Icon. Fos. Sect. ii. t. ined. (v. Mus. Brit.)
Fos. Northamptonshire.

See also Ichthyosaurus uniformis, Fleming, Brit. Anim. 154.

Gen. III. PLESIOSAURUS. Conybeare.

Caput parvum ; coUum longum, vertebris numerosis ;
dentes in foveolis inserti.

The head is small, about one-fifth the length of the neck,
with the teeth inserted in small pits. The neck is very long,
with about 25 vertebrae ; the body about 4 times, and the
tail 5 times, the length of the head. The vertebrae resemble
those of the Crocodiles. The paddles are longer than those of
the Ichthyosauri, but they may vary in the species.

1. Plesiosaurusdolichodeirus, [Long-necked Plesiosaurus.)
Cuv. Os. Fos. v. t. 31. Geol. Trans, series i. t. 48,

Fos. Lyme Regis in Com. Dorset.

/3. Homii, Home. Phil. Trans. 1818, t.

2. Plesiosaurus carinatns. Vertebris carinatis. Cuv. Os.
Fos. V. 486.

Fossil in the Oolite of Boulogne.

PLESIOSAURUS. 67

3. Plesiosaiirus Auxois, Cuv. Vertebris pentagonis. Cuv.
Os. Fos. V. 486.

Fossil, Hoiiflcur.

4. Plesiosaiirus pentagonus, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 486.
Fossil, Calvados.

5. Plesioscmrus trigonus, Cuv. Os. Fos. v. 486.
Fossil, Maestricht.

6. Plesiosaiirus recentior, Conybeare, {Kimmeridge Ple-
siosaurus.) Conybeare Geol. Trans, ser. ii. t. 18, 19.

Fossil, Kimmeridge.

7. Plesiosaiirus prisais, Geol. Trans, ser. ii. t. 18, 19.
Fossil, Tilgate Beds.

G8

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Page 7, line 7, add — and Dr. Forskal appears to have con-
sidered this concavity as the characteristic mark of the
female; for in his description of Testudo, n. i. p. 12, he
observes, Mas pectore suhtus piano, feomella concavo.

Page 8, last line, add — Dr. Wagler appears to have observed
the same fact in Testudo marginata, as from the character of
the hinder part of the sternum being mobile, he has separated
this species from the other Tortoises as a genus under the
name of Cherseus.

Test. Hercules, d^^d. — instead of Test, planata, Gmel. — Test.
71. 33, (without any specific name,) Gmelin, Syst. Nat i.
1045.

Page 1 1. Test, marginata, add — Cherseus marginatus,
Wagler, Icon. Amph. t. 25, ined.

Page 11, after 6 add — n. 6*. Testudo sulcata, (^Grooved
tortoise.) Testa oblonga hemispherica subdepressa. Scutellis
subplanis sulcatis, flavis, scutello nuchali nullo, sterno antice
posticeque bifido.

Test, sulcata. Miller Cym. Physica, t. 26, cop. Test,
calcarata, Schn. Abhand, t. and Bechst. Lacep. t.

Ruppel Mus, Franc.

Chersina calcarata part, Merrem.

Test, radiata, fi senegalensis noh. Syn. Rept. i. 11 ?

Habitat in Africa Centrali, Abyssinia. Ruppel, v. t. Mus.
Francf. Senegal, v. t. Mus. Paris.

Shell oblong, hemispherical, rather depressed and flattened
on the vertebral line. The front margin over the front feet
strongly reflexed and deeply 3 -toothed on each side, with a
triangular nick for the head. The lateral margin slightly
keeled, the hinder lateral one equally reflexed, with four deep
indentations. The caudal plate very broad, slightly inflexed ;
the shields dirty yellow, deeply and irregularly grooved, with
some distant radiating ridges, to the angles. The areola
small, about half an inch wide by one-third long, placed in the
centre of the upper edge of the dorsal, and in the hinder angle
of the marginal plates. The sternum flattish, yellow, first pair
of sternal plates small, deeply lobed in front, third pair very short
and broad, the hinder end deeply and rather acutely lobed.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 69

Animal pale yellow. The head with small scales, with two
nasal, one frontal, and one subaural larger plate ; the neck
with small scales ; the front feet with very large scales ; the
back of the thighs with two large spines. Length of shell
19:1^, breadth 14 inches.

This species is very like Test, radiata, and may, when
more specimens have been examined, prove to be a variety
of it, as I was inclined to believe when I had only seen the
single specimen from Senegal, in the Paris museum ; having
observed two specimens in the Francfort museum, brought
from Abyssinia, by Dr. Ruppell, which differ from that spe-
cies in being straw coloured, and more oblong and depressed,
I have been induced to adopt Dr. Ruppell's opinion, and
consider it as the long lost Test, sulcata, of Shaw : the Franc-
fort specimens agree well with Miller's figure.

Page 12, n. 9. Test, stellata, add — Seba, 1, t, 80, f. 3,
head scales bad. Erase the reference to this figure under
Test. Geograpfiica.

Page 15. Chersina angulata, add — var. pallida. Testa
pallida, nigro macidata. v. t. Mus. Hamb.

In a museum at Hamburgh, I observed a specimen of this
species of a pale horn colour, with a brownish spot in the
centre of the areola. The specimen in the British Museum
figured in the Spicilegia Zoologica is much paler than they
usually are, being bright yellow varied with black, but this
shell is much worn. This species is called Test, jiavofusca,
by Dr. Weigmann, in the Berlin cabinet.

Page 15 and 16. Kinixys and Pyxis. — Dr. Wagler has
called the first of these genera Cinyxis : it appears that by
some mistake in copying the generic characters, he has mis-
matched their names, for his character of Pyxis, thoracis pars
postica mohilis, certainly belongs to Kinixys ; but in the
character of the latter he has mistaken the thorax for the
sternum, it should be sterni lolus anticus mobilis, and not
" Thoracis pars antica mohilis.'''' Seep. 128.

Page 16, n. 1*. Kinixys BeUiana, {Bell's Kinixys.) Testa
oblongo sub-quadrata flava antice sub-depressa margine
sub-integro, scutellis vertebralibus 4 et 5 equaliter convexis ;
nuchali elongate.

Kinixys BeUiana, Gray, Griffith, Trans. Animal Kingd.

Hab. Mus. Brit.

The thorax convex, rather depressed in front, convex and
rather elevated behind. The front margin deeply but roundly
nicked in the middle, and roundly extended on the sides.

70 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

The lateral margin convex, rounded, without any prominent
ridge, perhaps rounded by the shell being old and worn.
The hinder margin evenly rounded, slightly reflexed, and the
edge scolloped by the centre of the marginal plates being
slightly produced. The shields pale yellow, rather convex,
deeply concentrically lined ; the lines become more shallow
and closer together as they approach the margin. The areolae
moderate ; in thediscal plate central, and in the marginal plates
sub-central, being rather near the hinder edge. The fourth
and fifth vertebral plates the most convex, and rather promi-
nent in the centre. Marginal plates 24 ; the nuchal one is
long and narrow, the caudal one is about one-third broader
than the others of the hinder margin. The sternum fiat,
rather bent up in front and rounded, ascending on the sides,
produced and truncated before and behind. The sides of the
anterior and posterior lobes slightly produced and rounded.
The axillary plate small, the inguinal plates large. Length
of shell 8 inches, of sternum 7^ inches ; breadth at hinder
joint 6, and over the axillary plates 5 inches.

This species is intermediate between the two before
described; it agrees with K. Homeana, in having the nuchal
plate, and with K. denticulata in the centre of the fourth and
fifth vertebral plate being convex. It differs from both in
the margin not being expanded and denticulated, and in the
side edges of the front lobe of the sternum not being pro-
duced and wing-hke, but this may be occasioned by the shell
beins; much worn.

The head with small flat scales and two larger plates
between the eyes over the nostrils, and one behind them.
The jaws are nearly entire, the fore feet are covered in
front with large unequal convex scales, and have five blunt
subequal claws. The hind feet are covered with rather thin
scales, they have four blunt claws, and large blunt claw-hke
scales at the heel. The tail is short and thick, conical,
scarcely longer than the edge of the shell.

Page 18. Cisluda. — Dr. Wagler has kept the name EmTjs
for this genus, and not having seen the Cistuda trifasciata,
he has considered that as the type of the genus Sternothcerus,
(Syst. Amph. 137, note.)

Page 19. Cistuda Eurnpea, add — Variety with the yellow
spot forming bright continued radiating lines. At Hamburgh
one with seven vertebral plates, two of the plates being divided
into three rather smaller ones, placed in a triangle. There is

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 71

a Specimen of this species, found by Baron Humboldt in the
Wolga, in the Bedin Museum.

Page 19, n. 3. Cistuda trifasciatus, add — According to
Mr. Reeve's drawing, which Gen. Hardwicke has been so
kind as to communicate to me, this species is common in
China. The head of the animal is yellow, with a black band
on the side of the head, including the eyes, forked in front,
and converging towards each other on the occiput, with
another narrower black band from the angle of the mouth.
Neck olive-green, yellowish beneath. Legs with large scales,
above brown, beneath orange. Tail exserted, beneath
orange. The sternum is black, white-edged on the sides and
behind. The band over the occiput in this figure does not
quite unite on the occiput.

Page 19, add — 3*. Cistuda Bealei, [Mr. Beale's Box
Terrapin.) Testa ova'ca oblonga sub-depressa subcarinata
fusca nigro marmorata, sterno postice bifido, capite nigro,
fronte olivacea, occipite ocellis quatuor ornato, coUo aurantio
lineato.

Inhab. China, — Beale, Esq.

Shell oblong, convex, above dark brown varied with irre-
gular blackish lines and spots, bluntly keeled before and
behind ; beneath pale, mar])led with darker brown. Margin
entire (of 26 plates without any nuchal one ?) Sternum
nearly flat, front end produced, rounded, the hinder extremity
deeply and widely nicked. Animal black-brown ; groin and
axilla reddish. Top of head olive, with two olive eyed spots
with black pupils on each side of the occiput. Neck with
five orange streaks above and several beneath, the lower
one extending to the chin. The legs covered with large
scales ; the outer edge of the upper arm. orange. Tail
exserted. Length 5, breadth 3-1 inches ; from a drawing
communicated by Mr. Reeves.

This may prove an Emys, but there is no appearance of
any axillary or inguinal plate, nor of any nuchal plate, which
are always found in the Emydes.

Page 20. Emys. — Dr. Wagler has given this genus the
name of Cliemmys, keeping Kmys for my Cistuda; he only
refers to a few species, viz. E. guttata, E. picta. He con-
siders E. Caspica and E. scripta the same species, the former
from America and the other from Asia ! and, hke Mr. Kaup,
he considers E. marmorea the same as E. picta.

Page 21, n. 3. Emys Spengleri. — According to a drawing
sent from China by Mr. Reeves, The head of the animal is

72 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

above olive-green ; the neck pale brown, reddish spotted.
The front side of the feet and the tail are covered with large
dark brown lanceolate scales with redish tips. The shell in
this specimen appeared dark brown. The sternum black
brown with a yellow margin on each side.

Page 21, n. 5. E. Hamiltonii. — Animal black, yellow
spotted. Head covered with a smooth skin ; the spots on
the head rather large and unequal ; two rather large ones on
each side before the eyes, three on the upper hp, one just
over the front part of the tympanum, and one on the centre
of the forehead, between the eyes. The feet black, with
minute yellow specks. The tail short, covered with very
small rough scales. The thorax is oblong, ovate, rather high,
with three distinct interrupted keels, formed by the convexity
of the plates ; the plates are smooth, with a beaded line from
each angle of the areola, they are black, with broad irre-
gular yellow rays ; the areola is rugose, placed on the hinder
edge of the plate, black, with a central irregular yellow spot ;
and those of the disk have a rather high central tubercle,
which in the costal plates is placed near the edge of the ver-
tebral plates. The vertebral plates are oblong, 6 sided, broader
than long. Marginal plates 24 ; the nuchal one rather
broad and short j the hinder ones subdentate. The thorax
flat, keeled on the sides, truncated behind, deeply and acutely
nicked ; the areola rugose and produced in the centre,
especially of the pectoral and abdominal plates. The axillary
plates small, the inguinal ones rather larger ; each with a
yellow spot. Length of thorax 2 inches 8 lines. Breadth

1 inch 1 1 lines. Breadth of head 7 lines. Length of ster-
num 2 inches 5 lines. Breadth from keel to keel 1 inch

2 lines. British Museum, and Mr. Bell's.

Page 22, n. 6. Emys Thurgii. — Head small, covered with
a smooth skin, blackish, (when dry), with a horse-shoe shaped
orange band over the nostrils, from the front upper edge of
one eye to the other, extending across the eye-brow,
and becoming narrow over the ear. Another white band
on each side, under the nostrils, to the lower front angle of
the eye, and a white band along the edge of the under jaw.
The jaws strongly wrinkled internally. The feet and tail
covered with minute scales, with some larger ones at the
front and outer edge of the fore-arm and legs ; these are
white at the tips, and form a pale edge to these limbs. The
shell bluntly keeled ; when young, above pale olive, with a
narrow yellowish edge all round ; beneath dusky yellow.

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 73

varied with black, especially on the centre of the plates.
The shields smooth, horn colour. Areola rugulose, in the
hinder part of the plate, and those of the costal ones near the
upper edge of them. The vertebral plates oblong, 6 sided,
much wider than long, except the first, which is squarish

5 sided, as wide as long, and the fifth which is triangular

6 sided, rather longer than wide ; the hinder margin is nearly-
entire. The sternum, strongly keeled on the sides, rather
wider before than behind, truncated in front, and obtusely
nicked behind. The axillary, and especially the inguinal
plates, rather large, exposed. Length, thorax 4 inches.
Breadth, 3 inches 1 line. Sternum 3 inches 10 lines.
Breadth from keel to keel, 1 inch 5 lines.

When adult the back becomes black, more convex, and
the keel more obscure, leaving only a few tubercles in the
centre of the plates ; the vertebral plates become as long
as broad, with the first one somewhat urn- shaped, and the
last more spread out at the hinder edge. The margin becomes
more rounded and loses its white edge. The sternum be-
comes convex, without any lateral keel, and black, with a
few white streaks on the edge of the plates. Shell, length 14,
breadth 1 0 inches. Sternum 1 3|- inches. Head, length 2|-,
breadth 2 inches, v. t. young and adult, Mus. Brit, and
Mr. Bell's.

This species is at once distinguished from E. crassicollis, by
its larger size, and by its not being at any age 3 keeled.

Page 22. — In the Berlin Museum I observed a very
young specimen of an Emys which I cannot refer to any
of the described species ; above it has two broad white long
streaks on each side of the vertebral plates, and one on
each costal, with netted pale lines ; the margins half ringed
on the suture. Sternum, with irregular black eyed rings
on the centre of each plate; the head and neck with black
lines. When I first observed it, I regarded it as the Emys
oculifera of Dr. Kuhl, described from a specimen in the
Berlin Museum ; but it does not agree with his account of that
species, and therefore may be provisionally distinguished by
the name of Emys Kuhlii, after Dr. Kuhl, who studied the
Reptiles wdth such care, and lost his life in the cause of science,
at Java.

Page 24, n. 10*. Emys Reeve sii, [Reeves's Terrapiii.)
Testa oblonga convexa nigra, obscure tricarinata carinis dis-
tantibus, margine integro, scutellis vertebralibus lato hexago-
nalibus, capite nigro, lateribus capitis colloque luteo lineatis.

L

74 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Inhab. China, (Common. J. Reeves, jun. Esq.)

Shell oblong, very convex, black. Back three-keeled, the
lateral keel distant. The vertebral plates hexagonal, broader
than long, the first five-sided. The margin entire, the mar-
ginal plates narrow, 25. The nuchal plates short, broad,
dilated behind. The sternum flat, keeled on the sides,
rounded and slightly produced in front, bluntly and broadly
nicked behind. The animal black. The head moderate, with
a narrow yellow streak from the hinder angle of each eye,
extending along, and coming closer together on the back of
the neck, where there is a central streak between them
and some other yellow streaks on the side. The tail mode-
rate, exserted. Length 2^, breadth 1-| inches, described
from a drawing made under Mr. Reeves, junior, inspection
in China, evidently from a young specimen.

This species has some characters in common with Emys
a-assicolUs, but the head and neck are small and yellow-lined
in that shell, even in the young state, the vertebral plates are
long sexangular, and the hinder margin is deeply serrated.

Page 24, after n. 11, add — 11 a. Emijs Caspica. [Caspian
Terrapin.) Testa depressa ovato-oblonga, olivacea lineis
flavis nigro-marginatis reticulata. Sterno nigro luteo varie-
gato. Capite supra lineis luteis subsymmetricis ornato.

Test. Caspica. S. G. Gmehn, It. ii. 59, t. 10, 11, bad,
Gmel. Sys. Nat. i. 1041, n. 24. Emys Caspica, Schw. Emys
Syriaca, Mus. Berl. Chemmys Caspica, Michah. Isis. 1829.

Hab. in Europa Orientali, Mare Caspico, Gmel. v. t. Mus.
Francfort.

Shell depressed ovate oblong, slightly contracted in front,
front edge slightly nicked, the margin expanded and slightly
recurved, especially on the sides ; the dorsal line is bluntly
keeled, especially on the 1st, 4th, and 5th plates. Above, olive
horn colour varied with black-edged yellow irregular some-
what netted lines, which are more especially evident on the
marginal plates. The shields smooth ; the 2nd, 3rd, and 4th
vertebral plates square, 6-sided ; the nuchal plate broad,
4 -sided ; the sternum flat, truncated in front, and angularly
nicked behind, blackish on the outer edge of the femoral
and anal plates, and on the outer sides of the pectoral and
abdominal plates, with irregular yellow spots, which run
into each other by slight radiating yellow lines ; the under
part of the marginal plates black, with some irregular yellow
rays on the anterior and hinder ones ; axillary and inguinal
plates large, black, with yellow spots. The animal olive

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 75

green ; the head smooth, with some broad yellow lines on the
beak, and a broad irregular yellow spot on the side of the
chin ; three or four irregular narrow lines on the temples ; a
small spot between the eye and ear, and two or three very
thin, somewhat concentric, angular, black edged yellow lines
on the top of the head, which are continued, and become
rather broader on the back of the neck; chin and lower
part and sides of the neck with dark edged, broader, yellow
lines ; chest and front of the fore -arms, with long yellow spots ;
the front of the fore-feet with three or four broad yellow
bands, which diverge and fork, so that one goes down each toe ;
hind-feet yellow striped ; tail with two series of larger plates
beneath, and two over the upper part of the tip, with a yellow
band on each side ; skin of the hinder parts, and side of tail,
with rows of small spine-like scales. Length of the shell
6, breadth 3^ inches; length of the head 1, breadth |
inch.

I am indebted to the kindness of Dr. Ruppell for the
knowledge of this species, which has only hitherto been
described by Gmelin. It is very distinct from the other
species of the genus. Dr. Wagler, by some error, has con-
sidered it the same as Emys Scripta, which is an American
species. The species described by Gmelin, (Syst. Nat. i,
1042, note a.), appears to belong to Emys Vulgaris; his Test.
Lutraria is made up of an Emys and two Testudines.

Page 30, n. 25. Emys oriiata. — This species should be
as from Mr. Bell's Mss. I having adopted his Mss. name
for the species.

Page 33. Seba,j.t. 79, f. 1, 2, figures a species of this genus,
with three keels, which greatly resembles Cistuda amhoinensis,
in shape and in the sternum entire behind, but it has the
symphysis of the E^nydes. Linneus cited it as Testiido Scalra,
it may be distinguished provisionally as Emys Sebcs. He
describes it reddish, varied with white lines, spots, and flames.
The feet red -spotted. The sternum appears to be pale on
the sides. Much like E. vulgaris.

Page 34, Gen. Kinosternon.—Dx. Wagler has changed
the K. of this name into C, and has formed for those
species which have a very narrow sternum, as Kinosternon
triporcatum, a nej^v genus, under the name of Staurotypus.

Page 36. Kinosternon triporcatum, (three-ridged Kinos-
ternon.)— Testa oblonga convexa fusca, tricarinata ; carinis
approximatis, intermedia valde elevata postice cultrata ; sterno
angustissimo, antice mobili.

76 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Terrapene triporcata, Wiegmann, Iris 1828, xxi. 364.
Bull. Sci. Nat. xix. 293.

Staurotypus. (Genus) Wagler Araph.
Hab. in America Meridionali, Mexico, Rio Alvarado.
Wiegmann, v. t. Mus. Bed.

At page 34. I was induced, from Dr. Wiegmann's refering
to Shaw's Zool. t. 15, to refer this species to Kinosternon
scorpo'ides which that figure well represents, remarking that
the description of the sternum did not agree with that species;
having since had the opportunity of examining the original
specimen described by Dr. Wiegmann, it proves perfectly
distinct from Shaw's. It is the largest species of the genus,
being 12 inches long and 7y inches wide, and the dorsal keels
are very close together, and very high, especially the hinder
part of the central one ; the side ones are highest in front.
The vertebral plates are long and imbricate ; the nuchal
plate is broad and short, and the sternum is very narrow,
covered with very thin indistinct plates, which I could not
distinctly count as the animal is fixed upon a board. Dr.
Wiegmann describes them as 12, but Dr. Wagler, who has
formed a genus named Staurotypus for this species, de-
scribes them as 7 or 8 ! they are probably 1 1 . The axillary
and the inguinal plates appeared long and broad, so as to
cover the greatest part of the cruciform symphysis ; the front
of the sternum only is mobile. The sides of the shell are
indented, and the hinder margin is much expanded and sub-
dentate. The head depressed, lined, and spotted with white ;
chin with two beards, and the neck very thick.

This species agrees with Kinosternon odoratum in the
narrowness of the sternum, and appears to form the passage
between Kinosternon and Chelydra.

Dr. Wagler has noticed a species of this genus under the
name Cinosternon hirtipes, but I do not find it described.

Page 38. Sternotherus. — Dr. Wagler has changed the
name of this genus to Pelusios, having kept Mr. Bell's generic
name for a species of Cistnda.

Page 38. Chelodina. — Dr. Wagler proposes, (page 136,
note) to keep the name Hydraspis for this genus.

Page 39. Hydraspis. — Dr. Wagler has divided this genus
from the number of the marginal plates, and the shape and
structure of the skin of the head, into 6 genera : Viz. 1.
Pklomedusa for H. subrufa. 2. Platemys for H. pla-
niceps. 3. Rhinemys for H. depressa, H. radiolata, H.
rnfipes, and H. Caycnnensis (5. 4. Phrynops for H. viridis

ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS. 77

of which he thinks E. Geoffroyana is a synonima. 5. Po-
DOCNEMUS, H. expansa, H. DumeriUana. 6. Hydromedusa,
H, Maximiliana, which he describes " caput elongatum de-
pressissimura, cute impresso-vibicosa tectum, ore ranino,
mentum inerme, disci scuta 14, maiginis 24/' America.

Page 40, n. 4. Hydrastis plcmiceps. — This species is
named Emys Schnepjii, Wiegmann, in the BerUn Cabinet.

Page 42, n. 9, add — Hydraspis lata, {Demerara Hydraspis.)
" Testa suborbicularis depressa nigra capite colloque nigris
aurantio maculatis."

" Hydraspis lata, Bell Mss." Gray, Griffith, Trans.
Cuv. Anim. King. Syn. 17.

This species is taken from a note of Mr. Bell's, made from
two living specimens in the gardens of the Zoological Society ;
since that time I have observed, in the museum of that society,
a specimen which is probably one of those described, as it
answers the above short description ; it only differs from the
Emys erythrocepkala, Spix, in being black and more orbicular ;
but the latter character may depend on an accidental circum-
stance, as the sternum is evidently deformed. Spix does not
describe the neck as red spotted, but the specimen shews
little of the spots in the preserved state, as it is figured by
him; it has the peculiar character of the grooved nose very
distinctly marked ; perhaps Emys erythrocepkala may prove
distinct from H. expansa, as from this specimen it appears
to be a much smaller species, and EmysTracaxa, Spix, may
probably prove a variety of E. DumeriUana.

Page 42. — Humbolt, in his Personal Narrative, (English
edition,) iv. 482, has described two tortoises which appear
to belong to this genus : thus,

" Testudo arraii. Testa ovali subconvexa ex griseo nigres-
centi subtuslutea ; scutellis disci 5, lateralibus 8, marginalibus
24, omnibus planis (nee mucronato conicis) pedibus luteis
mento et guttere subtus biappendiculatis." He adds, there
is " a deep furrow between the eyes, and the full grown animal
weighs from 40 to 50 pounds."

" Testudo Terekay. Testa ovali atro irridi ; scutellis disci
3, lateralibus 10, marginalibus 24 ; capite vertice maculis
duabus ex rubro fluvescentibus notate ; subture lutescenti
appendiculo spinoso. Diameter about 14 inches.

Humboldt remarked, that from the form of the head and
the appendages of the chin and throat, and the position of
the vent, seem to indicate that these species belong to a
new subdivision of Tortoises, as has since been done by Mr.

78 ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.

Bell. Humboldt gives an interesting account of their habits,
but his descriptions are not sufficiently detailed, as he himself
justly observes, to distinguish the species. The first may be
H. expavsa, and the second is perhaps H. planiceps.

Page 44. Trionyx. — Dr. Wagler keeps the generic name
of Trionijx for my Emyda, and uses that of Aspidonectes
for my Trionyx.

Page 49, after f. add — g. Trionyx ManteUi, Mantel,
Tilgate, t. 6, f. 7, and Geo!. Trans, series 2, iii. t. 16.

Page 51. Sphargis. — Dr. Wagler has used the name
Dermatochelys for this genus.

Page .54. — d. Chelonia Harvicensis. Woodward Syn. Org.
Rem. t. front — Mus. Norwich, Harwich.

e. Chelonia anliqua. Koenig. Icon. Sect. ii. f. 232.

Page 56, 62. Gavialis, Crocodilus, and Alligator. — Dr.
Wagler has given to the Gavials the name of Rhamphostoma,
he has retained the name of Crocodihis for the Crocodiles,
and given that of Champsa for the Alligators.

Page 58. Crocodilus Vulgaris. — In the Francfort Museum
there is a specimen of Crocodile brought from Africa, by
Dr. Ruppell, which he thinks is distinct, and has named it
Croc, octophractus. The beak is rather narrower than the
common Egyptian specimens, it being I82- inches long, and
at the notch of the canines 3-i-, at the eyes 7, and at the
occiput 1 0 inches wide, while in the Egyptian specimen of
nearly the same size, the head was ly inch longer, the same
width at the notch, and 1 inch wider at the eyes and at the
occiput. The former has 4 nuchal and 8 cervical plates,
while the latter has 6 nuchal and 6 cervical plates ; it may
prove to be only a variety, but the subject deserves exami-
nation.

Page 64. Enaliosauri. — Dr. Wagler has recently united
these animals with the Echidna CTachyglossus), the Platypus
(OrnithorhynchiisJ, and the Onuthocephalus, into a class,
under the name of Gryphi, which he places between Mam-
malia and Birds !

Page 64. Ichthyosaurus. — Dr. Wagler has changed the
name of this genus to Gryphus.

Page G^. Plesiosaiirus. — Dr. Wagler has given to this
genus the name of Halidracon.

:^//y.

^^.^^.^^^.i'.P

LIST OF PLATES.

Tab. I. and II. Chersina angulata

Tab. III. Upper fig. Testudo stellata, middle aged

Lower fig. Testudo pardalis, young
Tab. IV. Emys vulgaris, young
Tab. V. Emys tecta
Tab y\. f- 1. Kinosternon odoratum

f. 2. Chelodina longicollis

f. 3. Hydrastis subrufa .

f. 4. Kinosternon P ennsylvanicum .
Tab. VII. /! 1. Kinosternon scorpioides var. acuta

f. 2. Chelonia imbricata .

f. 3. Emys crassicollis

PAGE

15
12
ib.
24
23
35
39
39
35
34
52
21

The figures on the shields of the three last plates represent the
relative parts in the different species.

1. The vertebral shields, scutella vertebralia.

2. The costal shields, scutella costalia.

3. The marginal shields, scutella marginalia, seen on the

upper and under sides of the shell ; in the figures, the
small figure on the side represents the first, second, third,
&c. plate, as 2' the first costal plate, and so on.

3 a. The nuchal marginal plate, scutellum nuchale.

3 6. The caudal marginal shields, scutella caudalia.

4. The axillary shields, scutella axillaria.

5. The jnguinal shields, scutella inguinale.

6. The gular shields, scutella gularia.

6 a. The intergular shield, scutellum intergulare.

7. The humeral shields, scutella humeralia.

8. The pectoral shields, scutella pectoralia.

9. The abdominal shields, scutella abdominalia.

10. The femoral shields, scutella femoralia.

11. The anal shields, scutella analia.

12. The additional plates of the Marine Turtles, scutella

lateralia.

Tab. VIII. and IX. Emys dentata
Tab. X. Trionyx Hurum, young

20

47

ERRATA.

Page 2, line 7, for Fam. road Ord., and in other parts of this Table.

■ 9, line 38, for planata read planitia.

9, line 36, and Test. Boiei, Wagler, Icon. t. 13, adult

12, line 5, erase Test. Boiei.

20, line 31 and 36, for Dhor read dentata.

24, line 22, for Michaux read Michahelles.

INDEX.

Alligator, 62, 77

• — Eye-browed, G3

Missisipensis, 62

Palpebrosus, 63

Pike-headed, 62

■ — Sclerops, 62

Spectacled, 62

Areola, 5, 6
Aspidonectes App. 77
Birds, App. 78

Box Terrapin, Amboina, 19

American, 18

European, 19

Three-banded, 19

Box Tortoise, 16

Radiated, 16

Breast-bone, 4
Cataphracta, 2
Caretta Atra, 53

Cepediana, S3

Tmbricata, 52

Nasicornis, 52, 54

Thunbergii, 53

Caiman, 62

Fissipes, 63

Niger, 63

Champsa, App. 77
Champsis, 57
Chelodina, 7, 38, 76

GeoiFroyana, 40

LongicoUis, 39

Long-necked, 39

— Maximiliana, 43
Radiolata, 41

CbelodinidEe, 4, 50
fchelonia, 8, 52

Antiqua, 77

Caretta, 53

Couanna, 53

Cuvieri, 54

Harvicensis, 77

Hoftnanni, 54

Imbricata, 52

Japonica, 53

Knorri, 54

Multiscutata, 52

Mydas, 52

Chelonia Olivacea, 54

Radiata, 53

Virgata, 53

Cheloniadee, 8, 50
Chelonie de Glavis, 54

de Luneville, 54

de Maestricht, 54

Chelonii, 2, 3
Chelouura, 36

Serpentine, 36

Chelydae, 3, 7, 37
Chelydidae, 37
Chelydra, 4, 7, 36

Lacertina, 36

Serpentina, 36

Serpentine, 36

Chelys, 3, 7, 37, 45

Demerara, 77

— Firabriata, 44

Matamata, 43

Chemmys, App. 71
Cherseus, App. 68

Marginatus, App. 68

Chersina, 7, 14

Angulata, 15, 69

Bell's, 15

Calcarata, 11, 68

Retusa, 9

Scorpioides, 34

Cinosternon, App. 76

Hirtipes, App. 76

Cinyxis, App. 69
Cistuda, 4, 7, 19, 75

Amboina, 19, 75

■ Amboinensis, 19

Bealei, 71

Carolina, 18

Carolina, 17

Clausa, 18

Europaea, 19

Odorata, 35

Trifasciata, 19

Coriudo, 51

Coulta, 36

Crocodile, American, 60

Armoured, 59

d'Anteuil, 61

M

80

INDEX.

Crocodile de Blaye, Gl

de Brentford, 61

de Maunji, 61

de Mans, 62

de Provence, 61

de Shepey, 61

-de Sussex, 61

des Graviers de Castel-

naudary, 61
des Marnieres d'Ar^ren-

ton, 61

des Platrieres, 61

Common, 57

Double Shielded, 59

Flat-headed, 59

Indian, 58

Intermediate, 59

Noir, 59

Square Shielded, 58

— • Siam, 60

Crocodilidae, 56
Crocodilini, 54
Crocodilus, 57, 77

■ Aciitirostris, 56

Acutus, 60

Americanus, 63

Bequereli, 61

— Biporcatus, 58

Biscutatus, 59

Blavieri, 61

Brongniartii, 60

Caiman, 63

Carinatus, 59

Cataphractus, 59

Champsis, 58

Complanatus, 58

Cuvieri, CI, 62

Cusopholis, 58

Delucii, 61

Dodunii, 61 "

Galeatus, 60

. — Gravesii, 59

Intermedins, 59, 60

Jouanneti, 61

' Journei, 60

Lacimosus, 58

Longirostris, 56

Lucius, 62

Mantelli, 61

• Marginatus, 58

Meudon, 60

Niloticus, 58, 63

Octophractus, 78

— Pentonyx, 60

Planirostris, 59

Crocodilus Porosus, 58

Priscus, 56

— • — ■ — ■ Rhombifer, 58

Rollinatii, CI

— ■ — Sclerops, 63

Siamensis, 60

Suchus, 58

Tenuirostris, 56

Terrestris, 60

Trigonatus, 63

Trimmeri, 61

— Vulgaris, 57,58,60,

77

■Yacari, 63

Dermatochelys, App. 77
Dermochelis, 51

Atlantica, 51

Echidna, App. 78
Elk Horns, 54
Emyda, 8, 49

Javanica, 48

Punctata, 49

Punctured, 49

Emyda?, 7, 17

Emyde de Bruxelles, 33

Dehic, 33

Emys deJura, 33

de Shepey, .33

de Sussex, 33

des Molasses, 33

des Platrieres de Paris, 33

des Sables d'Aste, 33

Emydidae, 17
Emydosauriens, 54
Emydosauri, 2

Emy?, 7, 20

Adansonii, 40

Amazonica, 42

Amboinensis, 19

Annulifera, 32

— I — Aspera, 40, 41

Baska, 24

Batagur, 23, 24

Bellii,31

Bitentaculata, 42

Bipunctata, 25

— — Camperi, 33

Caniculata, 40

Caspica, App. 71

Castanea, 38

Cayennensis, 42

Centrata, 27

Cinerea, 26

Concentrica, 27

Concinna, 28

INDEX.

81

Emys Constricta, 43

Couro, 19

Crassicollis, 21, 22, 73

Cuvieri, 33

Decussata, 25, 28

Depressa, 40, 41

Dhor, 20

Discolor, 40

Dorsalis, 25

Dorsafa, 25

Dubia, IS

Dumeriliana, 42, 77

Erythrocephala, 42, 77

Expansa, 42, 77

Fusca, 25

Geoftroyana, 40, 77

Geographica, 27, 31

' Gibba, 42

Glutinata, 35

Guttata, 21, 26, 71

Harailtonii, 21, 72

Hasselti, 20

Hugi, 33

Inscripta, 26

Kinosternoides, 32

Kuhlii, 73

Lesueuri, 31

Liueata, 23

Livida, 27

LongicoUis, 39

Lucii, 33

Lutraria, 19, 24*

iMacquarrii, 40

Macrocephala, 42

Mantelli, 33

Mamiorata, 26, 71

Marmorea, 25

Maximiliaua, 43

Muhlenbergi, 25

Nasua, 41

Oculifera, 22, 73

Odorata, 35 •

Olivacea, 40

Ornata, 30, 75

Parisiensis, 33

Parkinsonii, 33

Pennsylvanica, 35

Picta,25, 26, 71

Planiceps, 40

Platycephala, 41

Polyphemus, 11

Pseudogeographica, 31

Pulchella, 19

Punctulaiia, 25

Radiolata, 41

Emys Reevesii, 73

Reticularia, 27

Reticulata, 27

Refzii, 34

Rubriventris, 30

Rufipes, 41

Riigosa, 30

Scabra, 24, 26

Schneideri, 18

Schoepfii, App. 77

Scorpioides, 34

Scripta, 29, 71, 75

Sebae, 75

Serrata, 28, 29, 33

Sigritzii, 24

Speciosa, 26

Spengleri, 21

Spinosa, 20

Stenops, 41

Subnigra, 38

Subrufa, 40

Syriaca, App. 74

Tecta, 23

Thurgii, 22, 72

Tracaxa, 42, 77

Tricarinata, 34

i Trionychoides, 33

Viridis, 41

Vittata, 28

Vulgaris, 24, 75

Enaliosauri, 64, 78
Gavial, 56, 57

de Caen, 57

de Honfleur, 57

de Manheim et de Bell, 66

Gangetic, 56

Gavialis, 56, 77

: — Bacheleti, 57

Gangeticus, 56

Jurinii, 57

Lamourouxii, 57

Priscus, 56

Gryphi, App. 78
Gryphus, App. 78
Halidracon, 78
Hydraspis, 7, 37, 39, 42, 77

Adansonii, 40

Adanson's, 40

Barbatula, 43

Bitentaculata, 42

Cape, 39

Cayenne, 42

Cayennensis, 42, 76

Constricta, 43

Demerara, 77

82

INDEX.

Hydraspis Depressa, 41, 76

Depressed, 4 1

Dumeriliana, 42, 77

Dumeril's, 42

Expanded, 41

Expaiisa, 41, 77

Flat-headed, 40

Green, 41

■ Lata, App. 77

— — Macquarrii, 40

Maxiniilliana, 43, 77

New Holland, 40

— — Pachyura, 43

Planiceps, 40, 77

Radiolata, 41, 77

Radiolated, 41

Red-legged, 41

Rufipes, 41, 76

Subrufa, 39, 76

Viridis, 41, 76

Hydromedusa, App. 77
Ichthyosauri, 78
Ichthyosaurus, 74, 78

Communis, G4

Grandipes, 04

latermedius, 64

Lalifrons, 64

Platyodon, 64

Tenuirostris, 64

Jacaretinga, 62

Punctulata, 63

Kinosternon, 7, 16, 32, 34
Brevicaudatum, 35,

36

- Longicaudatum, 34

- Musky, 35

- Odoratum, 35, 76

- Pennsylvanian, 35

- Scorpioides, 34

- Shaviauum, 34

- Three-keeled, 34
Three-ridged, App. 75
Triporcatum, App. 75

Kinixys, 7, 15

Bellii, App. 69

Bell's, App. 69

Castanea, 16

Erosa, 16

. Eroded, 16

Homiana, 15

Home's, 15

Lacerta, 54

Crocodilus, 5S

Gangetica, 56

Maxima, 62

Loricata, 54
Luth, Coriaceous, 51
Manis, 14
Mammalia, App. 78
Matamata, 43

Brazilian, 43

Fimbriata, 44

Ornithocephalus, App. 78
Ornithorhynchus, App. 78
Ophidii, 2
Ophisaura, 2
Pamphractus, 14
Pelomedusa, App. 76
Pelusios, App. 76
Platemys, App. 76
Platypus, App. 76
Plesiosaurus, 66, 78

■ Auxois, 67

Carinatus, 66

DoUchodirus, 66

Pentagonus, 67

Recentior, 67

Trigonus, 67

Phrynops, 76
Podocnemis, App. 77
Pyxis, 7, 16

Aranoides, 16

Rhamphostoma, App. 77
Rhinemys, App. 76
Sauri, 2

Saurochelys, 36
Scuta, 3
Scutella Abdominalia, 5

Analia, 5

Caudalia, 5

Disci, 5

Femoralia, 5

Gularia, 5

Humeralia, 5

Marginalia, 5

Pectoralia, 5

Scutellum Axillare, 6

Inguinale, 6

Intergulare, 5

Nuchale, 5

Scutum, 3
Scutum Dorsale, 3
Scytina, 51
Sphargis, 50

Coriacea, 51

Mercurialis, 51

Squamata, 2
Staurotypus, App. 76
Steneosaurus, 57
Rostro Major, 67

INDEX.

83

Stemotherus, 16, 37, 76

Black, 38

Boscii, 35

Castaneus, G8

Chesnut, 38

Leachiamis, 38

Odoratus, 35

Subiiiger, 38

Trifasciatus, 19

Sternum, 4

Tachyglossus, App. 78
Teleosaurus, 57
Terrapene Bicolor, 19

Carolina, 18

Europea, 19

Guttata, 18

Nebulosa, 18

Triporcata, 34, App. 76

Terrapin, 17, 20

Alligator, 36

Banded-necked, 28

— Batagur, 23

— Bell's, 31

Boscii, 35

Common, 24

Concentric, 27

Decussated, 28

Dhor, 20

Dotted, 25

Eye-bearing, 22

Hamilton's, 21

Lesueur's, 31

Lettered, 29

Lined, 23

Marbled, 25

Muhlenberg, 25

Ornamented, 30

Painted, 26

Red-bellied, 30

Reticulated, 27

Ring-bearing, 32

Rough, 24

Rugose, 30

Serrated, 20

Specious, 26

Spengler's, 21

Spinous, 20

Spotted, 26

Thick-necked, 21

Thurgy, 22

Tinted, 23

Tricarinata, 34

White-spotted, 32

Testa, 3
Testudiaata, 3

Testudinidse, 7, 8
Testudo, 3, 7, 8

Actinodes, 12

Africana, 15

Amboinensis, 19, 24

Angulata, 15

Anonyma, 26

Areola, 8

— Areolata, 13

Armata, 12

Arrau, 77

Atra, 53

Badia, 40

Bartrami, 45

Baska, 24

Batagur, 24

Bellii, 15

Bipunctata, 12

Boddaerti, 48

Boei, 12

Brevicaudata, 18

Calcarata, 11, App. 68

Calcarata Senegalensis, 1 1

Californica, 9

Campanulata, 11

Carbonaria, 9

Caretta, 53

Carinata, 18

Carolina, 11, 13, 18

Cartilaginea, 48

Casado, 10

Caspica, App. 74

Cepediana, 53

Chira, 46

Chitra, 46

Cinerea, 26

Clausa, 18

Concentrica, 27

Coriacea, 51

Corianna, 53

Coui, 11

Couro, 19

Denticulata, 10, 14, 16

Depressa, 11, 41

Dura, 23, 50

Dussumieri, 9

Elephantopus, 9

Erosa, 16

Euphraticus, 48

Europeea, 19

Fasciata, 13

Ferox, 45

Fimbriata, 44

Flava, 19

Flavo fusca, 69

84

INDEX,

Testudo Galeata, 40

Geometrica, 12, 13, 20

Gigantea, 9

Glutinata, 35

Gotaghol, 48

Graii, 11

-m Granosa, 49

Granulata, 49

. Grseca,8, 10, 11, 12, 13

Guttata, 26

Hecate, 10

Hercules, 9

Hermanni, 13

Homeana, 15

. — Huriun, 46

Japonica, 53

Imbricata, 52

Incarcerata, IS

— Indica, 9

■ Juvencella, 14

Katuya, 23

■ Kliagraskata, 23

• Lachrymata, 53

Lamanonii, 14

Longicauda, 36

• Longicollis, 39

Luteola, 12

Lutraria, 1,11, 19, 24,75

Macropus, 53

Maculosa, 52

Madagascarensis, 11

Marginata, 11, 12

Martinella, 40

Matamata, 44

Melanocephala, 22

Meleagris, 19

Membranacea, 45

Miniata, 15

Muhlenbergii, 25

Mydas, 52

Nasicornis, 54

Neraudii, 14

Nigra, 9

Nigricans, 38

Nilotica, 45

Ocellata, 46

Oculifera, 22

Odorata, 35

• Orbicularis, 19, 24

. Pallida, 13

Palustris, 27

Pangshure, 23

Pardalis, 12

Pennsylvanica, 35

Picta,26

Testudo Planiceps, 40
Planitia, 9

Platycephala, 40

Polyphemus, 1 1

Pulchella, 19

Punctata, 19,26, 49

Punctularia, 25

Pusilla, 15

Radiata, 11, 68

Rapara, 44

Rascht, 48

Reticularia, 27

Reticulata, 27

Retzii, 34

Rostratus, 48

Rugosa, 30

Scabra, 24, 40, 49, 75

Schweigeri, 9, 10

• 1- Scorpioides, 34

• Scripta, 29

Sculpta, 10

Senegalensis, 40

Serpentina, 21, 36

Serrata, 21,28, 29, 36

Signata, 13, 14

Spengleri, 21

Squamata, 14

Stellata, 12, 69

Sulcata, 11, App. 68

Subnigra, 38

Subriifa, 35, 40

Tabulata, 9, 10

Tabulata Africana, 15

■ Tentoria, 12

Terekay, 77

Terrapin, 27

— Tesselata, 10

• Thurgii, 22

— Tricarinata, 21, 34

Triunguis, 45

Tuberculata, 51

Verrucosa, 24, 45

• Virgulata, 18

Viridis, 52

Zolkafa, 13, 68

Tortoise, 8

Areolated, 13

■ — Cinerous, 26

Chagrined, 49

Elegant, 12

Fierce, 45

Galeated, 40

Geometrical, 12

Gopher, 1 1

— • Grooved, 68

INDEX.

85

Tortoise, Hercules,, 9

Indian, 9

Leopard, 12

Lettered, 29

Marked, 13

Painted, 26

Pennsylvanian, 34

Radiated, 11

Schweiger's, 10

Speckled, 19

Spinous, 51

Spotted, 26

Starred, 12

Tabular, 10

Tuberculated, 51

Tortue d'Aix, 14

Isle de France, 14

Trionycidae, 4, 7

Trionyx, 4, 5, 6, 8, 45, App.77

Amansii, 49

Armless, 45 •

Brongniarti, 45

Carinatus, 45

Coromandelicus, 49

Cuvieri, 50

des Graviers de Castle-

nandary, 40

des Graviers de Lot et

Garonne, 40

des Molasses de la Gi-

ronde, 49
des Platrieres de Paris,

49

des Sables d'Avaray, 49

Trionyx Dodunii, 49

Egyptiacus, 45, 4G

-T Egyptian, 45

■ Euphrates, 48

Euphraticus, 48

Ferox, 45

Fierce, 45

Flat, 48

■ — Gangeticus, 46

Georgicus, 45

Hurum, 46

Indian, 46

Indicus, 46

— Javanese, 48

Javanicus, 48

— Laurillardii, 49

Lockardi, 49

Manour, 49

Manouri, 49

Muticus, 45

Niloticus, 45

Parisiensis, 49

Spiniferus, 45

Stellatus, 48

Subplanus, 48

Turtle, 51

Coriaceous, 51

Fresh-water, 45

Great Soft-shelled, 45

Green, 52

Imbricated, 52

Loggerhead, 53

Rhinoceros, 54

Sea, 4

DIGGENS AND JONES, PRINTERS,
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BY THE SAME AUTHOR,
TO BE HAD OF ALL BOOKSELLERS,

ILLUSTRATIONS of INDIAN ZOOLOGY, consisting
of Coloured Plates of New and hitherto Unfigured Indian
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