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SC
SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA:
Vou. I.— Part I.
Fascicrtes I anv II.
PoLyPETALE FROM THE RANUNCULACE& TO THE POLYGALACE. —
(THALAMIFLOR& ET DISCIFLOR#&.) g 6 Th \
fie ; «f we CC CCE, 1 j
\ at C. J
of
t, C : li
J J ( a
: ~ ¥
By ASA GRAY, bi Se ei
fs ¥
LATE FISHER PROFESSOR OF NATURAL HISTORY (BOTANY) IN sinvaaol UNIVERSITY, c a y
Bd 2
© fi, ec
AND OTHERS. ‘ io oe
- 7 ra
EDITED BY
BENJAMIN LINCOLN ROBINSON, Pux.D.,
CURATOR OF THE GRAY HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
1895-1897.
an
t
NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, AND CHICAGO:
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY.
CAMBRIDGE, MASS.: CAMBRIDGE BOTANICAL SUPPLY COMPANY.
LONDON: WM. WESLEY & SON, 28 ESSEX ST., STRAND.
LEIPSIC: OSWALD WEIGEL.
Fascicie I.
Oe Ee ae TO FRANKENIACE (pages i-ix, and 1-208).
xs We bE Att re “4 Issued October 10, 1895.
1g sit MWATOG i ~ %
WS babar ree is Ey
Mere = FY Copyright, 1895, :
: By THE IDENT AND FreLLows or Harvarp COLLEGE.
, 4
bees ate ,
: A t ~ f
epee a oe vin 3 |
‘ ad ‘ n 2
Matar y tess X Fascrcie II. Ls ee
5 ) ; . 3
_ -CARYOPHYLLACEE TO PoLYGALACE& (pages x-xv, and 208-506). ~
:
Issued June 10, 1897.
Copyright, 1897,
By tur PRESIDENT AND FrLLows oF HAarvARD COLLEGE.
Aniversity ress :
Jonun Witson Anp Son, CAMBRIDGE, U.S. A.
—
SyNoPTICAL Fora oF NortH America
ISSUED FROM THE
HERBARIUM OF HARVARD UNIVERSITY.
A concise and critical treatment-of the Flowering
Plants of North. America, with clear descriptions, syn-
onymy, bibliography, and geographic range of the species
and varieties, growing without cultivation on this con-
tinent, north of Mexico; also ordinal, generic, and
specific keys to facilitate the identification of the plants
included.
Of this extended treatise Proressor AsA Gray published,
in 1878 and 1884, two parts including all the Gamopetalous
Orders. These parts, reissued_in 1886 by the Smithsonian Insti-
tution, and amounting to nearly 1,000 pages, imperial octavo,
may be had for $2.50 from the CamsripGe BotanicaL SuppeLy
Company. For some time before his death Professor Gray, con-
tinuing the. work, was engaged in monographing the earlier
Polypetalous Orders. After the death of Professor Gray the
preparation of the }Synoptical Flora. was carried on by Dr.
SERENO Watson, and.then by his successor, Dr. B. L. Rosrnson.
Following the original plan of the Flora, the treatment of the
Polypetalous Orders will form, when completed, Volume I, Part 1.
Of this portion of the work,
THE? SECOND FASCICLE,
‘including the Orders Caryophyllacee, Ficoidec, Portulucacee,
Tamariscinece, Elatinacee, Hypericacew, Ternstreemiacee, Chei-
ranthodendrece, Malvacee, Sterculiacece, Tiliacew, Linacew, Mal-
pighiacee, Zygophyliacee, Geraniacew, Rutacew, Simarubacee,
Burseracece, Anacardiacece, Meliacee, Aquifoliacee, Cyrillacee,
Olacinacee, Celastraceew, Rhamnacew, Vitacee, Sapindacee,
and Polygalacee,
IS NOW READY. (OVER.)
se Pe Ce oe e TS ene on pe ee ee re i ei K eee
= FS Se Fee ee : :
3 »- ;
This Fascicle, comprising more than 275 pages, imperial
octavo, has been printed from the manuscript of Professor Gray,
continued and edited by Dr. Robinson, with the collaboration of
Proressor Witi1AM TRELEASE, Director of the Missouri Botan-
ical Garden, Proressor J. M. Courter, of the University of
Chicago, and Proressor ‘L. H. Barrey, of Cornell University.
It may be obtained postpaid on receipt of price, from the Her-
barium of Harvard University, Cambridge, Mass., or of any of
the following authorized agents : —
AMERICAN BOOK COMPANY, |
g NEW YORK, CINCINNATI, AND CHICAGO.
é CAMBRIDGE, MASS.
AWILLIAM WESLEY & SON,
# 28 ESSEX STREET, STRAND, LONDON:
s OSWALD WEIGEL,
= “ LEIPSIC.
Price; $2.60 —II shi—li M. —13 fr. 50c.
THE... FIRS#. FASCICLE,
including the Orders Ranuwnculacee, Magneliacece, Anonacee,
Menispermacee, Berberidaceew, Nympheacee,. Sarraceniacec,-"
Papaveracee, Fumariacee, Crucifere, Cappuridacee, ,Resedacee,
Cistacee, Violacew, .Canellacew, | Bixacece, and Frankeniacee,
was issued October 10, 1895. pees. a3
Prices 489.60 Jl ch, -- 1. Mo fe S0e: gut
With Fascicle II is issued a title-page and complete generic,
specific, and synonymic index, for, Fascicles I and II, which
should be bound together.
A THIRD FASCICLE,
to include the Leguminose, is now in‘preparation by Dr. B. L.
Rogrnson, Curator of the Gray Herbarium of Harvard Univer-
sity, Cambridge, Mass.
eg ee eer eee
-_ oe
at
COlUnth Ce,
PREFACE.
Or the SynopricaAL FLorA or Nort America Dr. Gray published,
in 1878, Volume IJ. Part 1, comprising the gamopetalous orders after
the Composite, and following rather closely, in the sequence and limita-
tion of orders, Bentham & Hooker’s GENERA PLANTARUM. The object
in thus beginning with the second portion of the work was to monograph
first such orders as had not been treated in Torrey & Gray’s FLorA OF
Norta America. This earlier work, published between 1838 and 1843,
included the polypetalous orders of North America and the Gamopetale
through the Composite. In planning the Synoptical Flora, Dr. Gray
left the orders thus treated to form the subject matter of Volume I. In
1884, he published Part 2 of this first volume, including the Gamopetale
from the Caprifoliacee through the Composite. In 1886, the two por-
tions, thus published, were revised and amplified by Dr. Gray, and
reissued by the Smithsonian Institution.
In his last years Dr.Gray was engaged in monographing the earlier
polypetalous orders for Volume I. Part 1. In this work he had finished
at the time of his death most of the orders to, but not including, the
Leguminose. The treatment of several large groups, however, such as
the Cruciferae, Caryophyllacee, Hypericacee, Rhamnacee, &c., had for
various reasons been deferred. After Dr. Gray’s death the work was
continued by Dr. Sereno Watson, who prepared eleven genera of the
Crucifere, including several of the largest and most difficult of the order.
After the death of Dr. Watson, in 1892, the work was intrusted to the
present editor.
The time which has necessarily elapsed since the inception of the work
by Dr. Gray and the very considerable botanical activity throughout our
may te
lv PREFACE.
country have made it necessary to annotate and to some extent to revise
the portions written by Drs. Gray and Watsqn. Every effort, however,
has been made to indicate the place and extent of such alterations, and,
wherever consistent with the brevity necessary in the work, to show the
nature of the original manuscript and reason for change. Both Dr. Gray
and Dr. Watson, in the course of their preparation of the present work,
issued from time to time preliminary papers, such as their revisions of
the genera Ranwneulus, Delphinium, Asimina, Viola, Lesquerella, Draba,
&c., so that their views upon these groups are already to a considerable
extent known to science. The editor has therefore felt somewhat greater
liberty in revising the manuscript of such groups in the light of later
literature and recent collections. All species of which the names or
descriptions have been altered in any way, as well as recent species
which have been inserted by the editor, are marked with the asterisk (*).
The authorship of the different groups is indicated at the beginning of
each order. For additional clearness in the Crucifere@, the authorship is
also given in each genus.
In the citation of authorities and of literature, as well as in the matter
of nomenclature, the present issue has been made as far as possible to
conform to the portions of the work already published. Well known
generic names have in some cases heen conserved on the ground of usage,
notwithstanding technical lack of priority. ‘This is especially the case
with names which have received the recent indorsement of the botanists
of Kew and Berlin. In the matter of specific names, the aim has been
to follow the so-called Kew Rule, except where it leads to indefiniteness.
The recent efforts to place botanical nomenclature upon a different basis
have led to the hasty restoration in American botany of a considerable
number of names, such as Neckeria, Capnorchis, Beurera, &c., which have
been again as quickly abandoned. The detailed citation of these names,
and the numerous combinations to which they have led, forms no part of
Dr. Gray’s original plan, shown by the following words from his first
Preface: “ Compactness being essential, only the leading synomymy and
most important references are given, and these briefly.” An effort has
been made, however, to cite as synonyms such names as are at present
indorsed by the Rochester and Madison Rules, and are included in the
PREFACE. Vv
recently issued ‘List of Pteridophyta and Spermatophyta growing with-
out cultivation in Northeastern North America,’ that is, if such names
do not coincide with those in the text.
A second fascicle of the Flora will be issued at an early date, includ-
ing the remaining polypetalous orders to the Leguminose. To complete
Dr, Gray’s manuscript of this second portion of the work the following
specialists have most kindly consented to co-operate with the editor:
President J. M. Coulter (Hypericacee), Professor Wm. Trelease (Linacee,
Llicinee, Geraniacee, Rhamnacew, and Celastracee), and Professor L.
H. Bailey (Vitacew). For temporary convenience a generic index is
appended to the present issue, but the second fascicle will contain a full
specific and synonymic index, as well as title page for both parts, which
may be conveniently bound together.
It is a pleasure to acknowledge the cordial support and friendly
assistance of the botanists throughout the country, who, by contributing
valuable specimens and notes, have added greatly to the fulness and
accuracy of the present work. The names of such contributors are
frequently mentioned in the text, and to all heartfelt thanks are here-
with tendered. For permission to make free use of the rich collections
and libraries of Columbia College, the Philadelphia Academy of Natural
Sciences, the Department of Agriculture, and the National Museum, the
editor is especially indebted to Professor N. L. Britton of New York
City, the late John H. Redfield, Esq., Messrs. Thomas Meehan and
Stewardson Brown, of Philadelphia, and Mr. F. V. Coville, of Washing-
ton, respectively. Specimens of various difficult groups have also been
lent by Professor John Macoun, Government Naturalist of Canada, and
Mr. J. M. Macoun, Curator of the Government Herbarium at Ottawa,
by Professor L. H. Pammel, of the Agricultural College, Ames, Iowa,
Professor W. W. Bailey and Mr. J. F. Collins, of Brown University,
as well as from the extensive private collections of Messrs. J. Donnell
Smith, W. M. Canby, Mr. and Mrs. T. 8. Brandegee, Messrs. Walter
Deane, E. L. Rand, and Theodor Holm, to all of whom grateful acknowl-
edgment is made. The labor of preparing for press the manuscript of
the present issue has been greatly lightened by the very efficient and
painstaking clerical and bibliographical work of Miss Mary A. Day,
Fike Doras Garden and Herbarium of Heya Laban
>
.
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if
SYNOPTICAL
FLORA OF NORTH AMERICA.
CLASS I. DICOTYLEDONES ANGIOSPERME.2.
Drviston I. POLYPETALOUS DICOTYLEDONOUS PLANTS.
PErRIANTH of both calyx and corolla, the latter of separate petals.
(Exceptions numerous, especially by the absence of the petals, rarely by
their union.)
GENERAL KEY TO THE ORDERS.
* THALAMIFLOR&. Stamens free from the calyx and ovary, hypogynous
(epigynous in some Nympheacee ; perigynous in some Resedacea, and in
the genus Hschscholtzia) : ovary superior: receptacle usually small, rarely
developed into a discoid expansion (Peonia, and some Cupparidacee), or
glandular (Resedacee), occasionally elongated and columnar or (in Wym-
pheacee) much enlarged, cup-like, and enclosing the carpels.
+ Stamens free, usually indefinite, when definite opposite the inner divisions
of the perianth. Carpels solitary or distinct (cohering in the Magnoliacee,
and embedded in the fleshy receptacle or sometimes connate in the Nym-
pheacee).
1, RANUNCULACEZ. Sepals 3 to 5 (rarely more numerous or indefinite), often
petaloid. Petals as many, alternating with the sepals, or wanting. Stamens
usually numerous; anthers innate. Carpels distinct, often numerous, sometimes
solitary, in fruit achenial, follicular, or rarely baccate. Ovules 1 to several, anat-
ropous. Seeds not arillate; albumen tough or horhy; embryo minute. Herbs
or shrubby climbers.
2. MAGNOLIACEZ. Leaves simple, alternate, pinnately veined, Flowers usually
large. Sepals and petals imbricated in 3 or more series, usually indefinite and
passing into each other. Stamens with rare exceptions indefinite. Carpels coher-
ing in a conical dry or somewhat fleshy fruit. Embryo small, Trees and shrubs,
rarely climbing.
Vill GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.
3.
ANONACEZ. Leaves simple, alternate, pinnately veined, exstipulate, Sepals 3,
valvate, often coriaceous. Petals 6 in 2 dissimilar series. Stamens indefinite ;
anthers extrorse. Carpels free or more or less coalescent at maturity. Ovules 1
to several, anatropous. Seeds large, usually transverse in the pulpy fruit. _ Small
trees or shrubs.
MENISPERMACEZ. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, usually palmately veined
or lobed. Flowers small, dicecious, 3-4-merous. Floral envelopes imbricated in
bud. Sepals, petals, and stamens commonly biseriate, 6 (or more) of each.
Carpels 3 to 6, distinct, uniovulate, berry-like but drupaceous in fruit. Putamen
with a curved cavity. Seeds with scanty albumen and elongated crescent-shaped
or annular embryo. Woody climbers.
BERBERIDACE. Leaves alternate, stipulate or with a stipule-like dilation at
the base of the petioles. Floral envelopes imbricated in bud. Sepals, petals, and
stamens commonly 6, in two series each, the petals opposite the sepals and stamens
(sepals uniseriate in Jeffersonia). Anthers dehiscing by uplifted valves (except in
Podophyllum). ~Carpel single; ovules anatropous. Seeds with albumen; embryo
straight or nearly so. Shrubs or herbs,
. NYMPHZ, ACE. Leaves cordate or peltate, involute in vernation. Flowers
solitary, axillary, pedunculate or scapose. Sepals 3 to4or 6. Petals when definite
of the same number, but usually indefinite and numerous, imbricated in several
spiral series, often intergrading with the sepals or stamens, Stamens except in
the Cabombee indefinite and numerous. Carpels 3 to many, indehiscent, free or
immersed in a fleshy receptacle or more or less coalescent into a fleshy fruit.
Ovules solitary and pendulous or covering the walls of the cell, not springing
from the ventral suture. Seeds arillate or not, with or without albumen. Em-
bryo with thickish cotyledons, short radicle, and well developed plumule. Aquatic
herbs.
+ + Carpels 2 to many, more or less completely united (distinct at maturity
in Platystemon) ; ovary unilocular with parietal placents or divided by a
false partition or more rarely completely several-celled with axial pla-
centz (Sarraceniacee, and sometimes in Papaveracee, Capparidacee, and
Bixacee).
i+ Stamens free, numerous (sometimes subdefinite in Platystigma): sepals 2
to 5, imbricated: petals equal in number or more numerous, alike, rarely
wanting: seeds exalbuminous with minute embryo near the hilum: flowers
regular: leaves alternate or radical.
. SARRACENIACEZ. Sepals 5, persistent. Petals (in ours) 5. Anthers versa-
tile. Style (in ours) dilated at the summit and pentagonal or 5-fid. Ovary (in
ours) 5-locular. Bog plants with tubular trumpet-shaped or ewer-formed leaves
(phylodia).
. PAPAVERACEZ. Sepals 2 to 4, caducous. Petals usually more numerous.
Anthers innate. Ovary unilocular or rarely many-celled by the intrusion of the
placentze-bearing sutures.
++ ++ Stamens definite, usually 6, diadelphous or tetradynamous: carpels 2 :
herbaceous or rarely suffrutescent plants with alternate leaves.
GENERAL KEY TO THE, POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. 1X
9. FUMARIACEZ. Flowers dimerous, or unsymmetrical. Sepals 2. Petals 4,
(in ours) erect and connivent in two dissimilar pairs. Stamens (in ours) 6, in
two groups of 38 each. Ovary 1-celled.
10. CRUCIFERZ. Flowers regular (except sometimes in Streptanthus). Sepals 4.
Petals 4,rarely wanting. Stamens 6 (rarely 4, or only 2), tetradynamous. Ovary
with few exceptions 2-celled by a false partition. Seeds with embryo usually
folded.
++ ++ ++ Stamens indefinitely numerous or subdefinite but not diadelphous
nor tetradynamous: seeds reniform, exalbuminous, with curved embryo ;
cotyledons incumbent: leaves alternate, often palmate or dissected.
11. CAPPARIDACEZ. Floral envelopes 4-merous, usually regular. Stamens 6 to
many. Ovary l-celled (2-celled in Wislizenia and Ozystylis), often stipitate, with
2 or rarely more parietal placente. Leaves entire or more commonly palmately
compound.
12. RESEDACEZ. Flowers small, irregular. Sepals herbaceous, 4 to 7 (or 8),
more or less unequal. Petals 2 to 6, commonly cleft or toothed. Stamens 3 to
many, unsymmetrical, or declined, somewhat perigynous or borne upon an oblique
discoid expansion of the tdrus. Capsules 3-6-lobed, 1-celled; placentz 38 to 6.
Introduced herbs, with entire dentate or laciniate leaves.
++ ++ ++ ++ Stamens indefinitely numerous or definite (Violacee): seeds
albuminous and with rather large embryo (except in Canellacec). Fruit
when dehiscent splitting between the placentz: leaves undivided or rarely
palmately lobed, opposite or alternate: stipules often present.
138. CISTACE. Flowers regular, 3-5-merous. Stamens usually numerous, free ;
anthers introrse. Ovary 1-celled or imperfectly septate ; placentz parietal, 3 to 5.
Ovules orthotropous. Leaves entire. Usually low shrubby plants.
14. VIOLACE®. Floral envelopes 5-merous, irregular. Stamens 5; filaments
short or none; the subsessile anthers connivent or connate by the union of their
prolonged connectives. Carpels 3. Style and stigma simple; ovary unicellular
with 3 placenta ; ovules anatropous. Fruit a 3-valved capsule. Ours all herbs.
15. CANELLACE. Flowers regular. Sepals (in ours) 3 and petals 5. Stamens
monadelphous; anthers extrorse. Ovary 1-celled; carpels 2 to 4; fruit baccate.
Seeds campylotropous or anatropous. Trees with entire punctate aromatic leaves.
16. BIXACE. Flowers regular, perfect or unisexual. Sepals 2 to 6, in ours 5.
Petals as many, rarely more numerous or none, in ours 5. Stamens indefinite (in
certain foreign genera definite). Carpels 2 to many. Ovary 1-celled, or in ours
3-celled; ovules amphitropous or anatropous. Trees, shrubs (tropical) or ours
low herbs or scarcely shrubby, with alternate sometimes palmatifid leaves.
17. FRANKENIACEZ. Floral envelopes regular, perfect, 4-5(-6)-merous. Calyx
tubular, persistent. Petals unguiculate. Stamens 5 to many, free or slightly
connate at the base. Ovary 1-celled; placente 2 to 4; ovules anatropous. Saline
herbs or low shrubs with opposite leaves and small flowers.
+ + + Carpels 2 to many (very rarely solitary), united; ovary unicellular
or partially septate at the base or in most Micoidee completely several-
celled ; placentz axial or basal (in Mouguieria parietal but so strongly in-
x GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.
truded as to appear axial in a septate ovary, in Mesembryanthemum becoming
parietal through secondary changes in the ovary): stamens mostly definite,
less frequently oc; filaments free or slightly united at the base, hypogynous
or in many Ficotdee and the genus Fouquieria distinctly perigynous.
++ Embryo (with rare exceptions) peripheral and curved about more or less
copious albumen: herbs or rarely shrubs.
18. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Flowers perfect or through abortion polygamo-dic-
cious, commonly dichlamydeous ; floral envelopes regular, 4—5-merous. Calyx either
gamosepalous (Tribe J.) or of distinct sepals. Petals as many as the sepals or
calyx-lobes (rarely fewer or none), either unguiculate and often coronate (Tribe I.)
or sessile and unappendaged, either entire or more or less deeply bifid or laciniate.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals or rarely of some irregular num-
ber but never more numerous. Carpels 2 to 5; styles distinct or (Tribe III.)
united below; ovary free, completely unilocular or partially septate from the base ;
embryo curved about the albumen (straight in Dianthus and Tunica). Leaves
opposite or verticillate, entire or nearly so. Scarious stipules sometimes present.
19. FICOIDEZ. Calyx regular, persistent (in N. American species), 4—5-lobed or
-divided, free or more or less adnate to the ovary. Petals (modified stamens)
in Mesembryanthemum numerous, narrow, in other N. American genera wanting.
Stamens either hypogynous or perigynous, few or many, when as many as the
calyx-divisions alternate with them, when numerous often slightly united near the
base into phalanges. Cells of the ovary (except in Cypselea and sometimes in
Trianthema) 2 or more, with as many styles or free stigmas; placentz axial or
basal, but in most species of Mesembryanthemum soon appearing parietal through a
strong secondary radial or at length cupulate development of the base of the
ovary. Fruit capsular or (in Tetragonia) indehiscent. Leaves opposite (when
often unequal), pseudoverticillate, or (in Tetragonia) alternate. Scarious stipules
sometimes present.
20. PORTULACACEZ. Flowers regular or nearly so, perfect. Sepals (except in
some species of Lewisia) 2, free or more or less adnate to the ovary, mostly ovate
or orbicular. Petals mostly 5, sometimes fewer or none, very rarely more numer-
ous, free or sometimes (in Montia, Calyptridium, and Calandrinia) more or less con-
nate at the base, often deliquescent or fugacious. Stamens as many as the petals
and opposite them or sometimes more numerous and indefinite, but rarely fewer.
Ovary superior or (in Portulaca) half inferior, 1-celled; stigmas (2 to) 3; ovules
(1 to) 3 to %, on central placente. Fruit a cireumscissile or (2—-)3-valved capsule.
Leaves entire, opposite (rarely whorled) or alternate, often fleshy. Stipules when
present scarious, often laciniate.
++ ++ Seeds hairy or wing-appendaged, with straight embryo aud little or no
albumen.
21. TAMARISCINEZ. Flowers regular, perfect (rarely in foreign species dice-
cious). Sepals 4 or 5, distinct or nearly so, imbricated. Petals as many, free or
(in Fouquieria) united into a 4-5-lobed tube. Stamens (4 to) 5 or 10 orc, inserted
beneath and outside of a hypogynous or nearly hypogynous disk. Ovary free, uni-
locular, but in Fouquieria almost divided by the strongly intruded placente ; styles
and valves of the capsule 3 to 5.
GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. Xl
+ + + + Carpels 2 to 7; cells of the ovary as many and with placente at
the inner angles of the cells (i. e. axial ; false dissepiments never present) or
in the Hypericacee the ovary sometimes 1-celled with parietal placenta.
++ Stamens free, definite, either as many or twice as many as the petals: ovary
2—5-celled, with as many introrsely stigmatose styles or sessile stigmas:
stipules present.
22. ELATINACEZ. Flowers regular, small, axillary, perfect. Sepals 2 to 5. Petals
as many. Stamens hypogynous. Disk none. Ovules several to many in each
cell, borne at the inner angle. Capsules septicidal. Small often aquatic or riparian
herbs (rarely undershrubs) with opposite or verticillate dotless leaves.
++ ++ Stamens cc (very rarely subdefinite but not of the same number as the
petals), free or more commonly connate or gathered into 3 or 5 phalanges;
anthers 2-celled, versatile: ovary 1—d-celled; stigmas capitate: stipules
none.
23. HYPERICACEZ. Flowers regular, perfect, cymose or cymose-paniculate (very
rarely racemose); floral envelopes 4-5-merous. Stamens commonly in 8 or 5
bundles. Ovary 1-celled with parietal placents or completely 3-7-celled with axile
placentz. Fruit (in ours) capsular and septicidal; seeds without albumen. Herbs
or shrubs with thin opposite or verticillate pellucid-punctate mostly sessile entire
or serrulate leaves.
24. TERNSTRGEMIACE. Flowers regular or nearly so. Sepals mostly 5, some-
times more or less unequal, the inner being larger. Petals as many as the sepals,
free or somewhat connate at the base. Stamens distinct or partially united into
bundles, hypogynous or adnate to the bases of the petals. Disk none. Ovary (in
N. American genera) 3-6-celled. ‘Trees or shrubs, ours with simple alternate im-
punctate leaves. .
++ ++ ++ Stamens definite, as many as the persistent sepals and alternate with
them ; filaments connate into a tube; anthers 2-celled: ovary (4—)5-celled ;
style single ; stigma undivided: petals none: stipules small, caducous.
25. CHEIRANTHODENDREZ. Flowers regular, perfect, apetalous, normally 5-
merous. Sepals colored, persisting. Bractlets 3, deciduous. Fruit a loculicidal
5-valved capsule. Trees or shrubs with rusty stellate pubescence and alternate
palmately lobed leaves.
++ + + + Carpels (1-)3-x, united; ovary with as many cells; pla-
cent at inner angle of each cell: sepals valvate: stamens (except in Sfer-
culiacee) mostly c.
++ Anthers 1-celled.
26. MALVACEZ. Flowers regular, usually perfect ; floral envelopes both present
and 5-merous. Persistent calyx often subtended by an involucel. Petals slightly
connate at the very base and there adnate to the stamineal tube. Stamens «;
filaments connate. Carpels 3-oc (rarely in foreign genera 1 or 2); cells of the
ovary as numerous, l-c-ovuled; style simple at the base and (with few excep-
tions) divided above into more or less elongated filiform or clavellate branches.
Leaves alternate, stipulate, commonly palmately nerved. Pubescence often
stellate.
X11 GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.
++ ++ Anthers 2(-3)-celled.
97, STERCULIACEZ. Flowers regular, mostly perfect. Petals sometimes want-
ing. Fertile stamens in N. American genera only as many as and alternate with
the sepals or calyx-lobes, in foreign genera often o. Ovary (in ours) 5- or rarely
1-locular; ovules ascending or horizontal. Leaves alternate.
28. TILIACEZ. Flowers regular, mostly perfect. Stamens o, quite free or slightly
united at the base into 5 phalanges; anthers 2-celled. Ovules mostly pendulous
and with rhaphe ventral. Sepals deciduous. Leaves (in ours) alternate, simple,
serrate, dentate, or palmately lobed.
x « DiscirLor&. Stamens free from the calyx and ovary, variously inserted
upon a more or less expanded or developed torus, mostly definite, being of
the same number as the petals, or twice as many, or less frequently (through
partial suppression of one or both cycles) of some other number ; filaments
free or slightly monadelphous at the base or rarely (as in Meliacee) united
into a tube: torus commonly more or less developed into a disk-formed,
cup-shaped, annular, crenate, angled, or lobed fleshy or often glandular ex-
pansion or pulvinus, but not rarely obscure or undeveloped (Linacee, Llex,
many species of Polygala, &c.): carpels 2 to 5 or rarely more numerous,
more or less united; ovary 1—d(-oc)-celled, superior, surrounded by the
disk, or rarely half inferior ; ovules anatropous or nearly so: sepals or calyx-
lobes mostly imbricated, rarely valvate in bud, mostly 4 or 5: petals usu-
ally of the same number, inserted at the base of the calyx or upon the disk.
(N. B. Expanded disks or their glandular equivalents occur also in a few
Thalamiflore, notably in Tamariscinee, Resedacea, Peonia, and some
Capparidace@.)
+ GERANIALES. Ovules 1 to 2 (rarely o) in each cell, with few exceptions
horizontal or pendulous (in Rhus pendulous from the recurved apex of an
erect basilar funiculus) and with the rhaphe ventral, i. e. turned downward
and toward the axis of the ovary : disk mostly small (in Linacee represented
only by the glands of the receptacle, in Geraniacee often inconspicuous),
annular or lobed.
++ Filaments free nearly or quite to the base.
— Herbs with simple mostly alternate entire impunctate leaves: calyx (some-
times with marginal but) without dorsal glands.
29. LINACEZ. Flowers regular, perfect, dichlamydeous ; envelopes (4-) 5-merous.
Fertile stamens in ours 5, slightly monadelphous at the base and with as many
minute interposed rudiments. Glands of the receptacle small, opposite the sepals.
Carpels and styles 2 to 5; cells of the ovary as many or by the intrusion of false
septa twice as many. Fruit in ours capsular; seeds oily, with scanty albumen,
straightish embryo, and flat cotyledons.
= = Woody-stemmed: calyx-lobes or sepals (except in Galphimia) bearing
one or two dorsal glands: leaves (in ours) opposite, simple, entire,
impunctate.
30. MALPIGHTIACE. Flowers regular, 5-merous, 5-10-androus, in ours perfect
GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. Xlll
(sometimes dimorphous and in part cleistogamous) dichlamydeous. Ovules soli-
tary in the cells of the mostly 3-locular ovary. Seeds exalbuminous with mostly
curved or coiled embryo.
= = = Herbaceous or woody: calyx eglandular: filaments commonly
squamiferous: leaves pinnate or (1—)2-foliolate or (in Peganum) deeply
pinnatifid, not pellucid-punctate (although sometimes superficially resinous-
dotted).
31. ZYGOPHYLLACEZ. Flowers solitary, 4—6-merous, perfect, dichlamydeous (or
petals very rarely wanting), diplo(rarely triplo)-stemonous, borne on peduncles
which often spring from the axils of the stipules. Ovules 1 to several in the cells
of the 4-10-locular ovary. Fruit capsular or splitting into indehiscent cocci which
may or may not leave a persistent styliferous axis. Embryo large, straight, or
nearly so; albumen mostly scanty and tough.
= = = = Herbs (a little suffrutescent in some species of Oxalis): calyx
eglandular (sepals often with colored callosities in Oxalis): leaves palmately
or pinnately lobed or divided, rarely gnly crenate, not pellucid-punctate.
32. GERANIACEZ. Flowers perfect, 3-6- but mostly 5-merous, regular or strongly
zygomorphic (then saccate-spurred), mostly showy. Carpels and glands of the re-
ceptacle as many and stamens mostly twice as many as the sepals. Fruit usually
an elongated beaked capsule with elastic dehiscence or with indehiscent carpels at
maturity usually separating from the axis and hygroscopically coiling ; seeds ex-
albuminous except in Ozalis (where provided with horny albumen and special
arilliform elastically dehiscent integument).
= = = = = Trees, shrubs, or (in Zhamnosma and some foreign genera)
herbs: leaves mostly alternate and often compound: calyx (punctate in
Rutacee but) without solitary or geminate glands: filaments unappendaged
or nearly so.
a. Leaves dotted or punctate with mostly pellucid glands imbedded in their
substance.
33. RUTACEZ. Leaves exstipulate (or with stipular spines), commonly aromatic
or graveolent. Flowers 4-5-merous, in ours regular, symmetrical but often diplo-
stemonous. Disk present and usually conspicuous. Ovules 2 or more in each cell
of a 4-5-locular often (especially in foreign genera) deeply parted or almost apocar-
pous ovary. Fruit various, capsular, samaroid, drupaceous, or in the Aurantice
tough-rinded and baccate.
b. Leaves without glands in their substance.
34. SIMARUBACEX. Bitter-barked trees and shrubs (sometimes thorny) with
technical characters of Rutacee but foliage devoid of glandular dots. Our species
(except the cultivated and introduced Ailanthus) confined to Florida and the
Arizono-Texan region.
35. BURSERACEZ. Resiniferous trees and shrubs with alternate exstipulate
odd-pinnate leaves and small polygamo-dicecious 3-5-merous flowers. Fruit a
drupe, commonly with fleshy or leathery epicarp at length deciduous as 2 or 8
thickish valves; cotyledons thin and contortuplicate. Our species (confined to
S. Florida and S. Arizona) with 3-celled ovary and 2 pendulous ovules in each
cell,
XIV GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS.
36. ANACARDIACEZ. Resiniferous trees or shrubs with alternate impunctate ex-
stipulate leaves and small regular chiefly 5-merous flowers. Our only indigenous
genus (Rhus) with unilocular ovary, a single ovule pendulous from the summit of
an erect basilar funiculus, and drupaceous fruit.
++ ++ Filaments (in ours) completely united into a toothed cup or tube which
bears the sessile or nearly sessile anthers upon the inner surface.
37. MELIACEZ. Trees with dense hard wood and alternate pinnate impunctate
leaves. Ours southern.
+ + OxacaLes. Ovules 1 or 2 in each cell of the entire sometimes incom-
pletely septate 2—5(or rarely «)-celled ovary, pendulous but with rhaphe
dorsal, i. e. turned away from the axis of the ovary: flowers small: petals
often connate at the base: trees and shrubs with simple alternate or crowded
leaves : disk cup-shaped or annular (in the Aguifoliacee wanting).
++ Petals imbricated or contorted: ovary completely 2—d-celled.
38. AQUIFOLIACE®. Flowers through abortion dicecious, solitary or in few-
flowered axillary cymes. Disk none. Ovary 4-8-celled.
39. CYRILLACEZ. Flowers perfect, borne in many-flowered racemes. Disk con-
fluent with the base of the 2-5-celled ovary.
++ ++ Petals or lobes of a more or less gamopetalous corolla valvate: ovary
partially 3-5-locular, the septa not reaching the apex.
40. OLACINACEZ. Flowers regular, dichlamydeous. Stamens (in ours) as many
or twice as many as the petals or lobes of the corolla, and when of the same
number opposite them. Ovary 1-5-celled, but fruit a 1-seeded drupe.
+ + + CELASTRALES. Ovary superior, sessile on or more or less surrounded
by a somewhat fleshy pulvinary disk, 2—5-locular (in Glossopetalon unilocu-
lar), commonly entire; ovules 1 or 2 in each cell, erect or nearly so and
with rhaphe ventral, i. e. turned toward the axis of the ovary: stamens as
many as the sepals (fewer in Hippocratea, twice as many in Glossopetalon).
++ Stamens alternate with the petals, i. e. opposite the sepals.
41. CELASTRACEZ. Trees, shrubs, or woody climbers with simple unlobed leaves.
Flowers small, regular, 4-5-merous, dichlamydeous. Petals spreading, imbricated
in estivation, white or green. Fruit a loculicidal capsule, a drupe, or rarely dry
and indehiscent ; seeds usually arillate or carunculate.
++ ++ Stamens as many as and alternate with the sepals, i. e. opposite the
petals when these are present.
= Calyx-lobes valvate: petals when present narrow but imbricated: fruit
capsular or drupaceous: leaves simple, not lobed, impunctate, stipulate.
42, RHAMNACEZ. Trees or shrubs, often thorny, rarely climbing. Flowers
small, regular, either perfect, polygamo-dicecious, or dicecious. Small often cucul-
late petals inserted on the throat of the calyx, sessile or unguiculate. Versatile
anthers dehiscent by longitudinal sometimes confluent slits. Ovary free or sur-
rounded by and adnate to the disk, 3 (2-4)-celled. Seeds solitary in the cells of
the fruit.
GENERAL KEY TO THE POLYPETALOUS ORDERS. XV
= = Calyx small: petals valvate: fruit baccate: leaves (with rare exceptions)
palmately lobed or palmately or pinnately compound, alternate.
43. VITACEZ. Mostly woody vines climbing by prehensile or gland-bearing ten-
drils. Flowers small, regular, dichlamydeous. Petals 4 or 5, sometimes free,
sometimes coherent, often caducous, Ovary (in ours) 2-celled; ovules geminate in
the cells.
+ + + + SAPINDALES. Ovary superior, often strongly lobed or divided;
ovules 1 or 2 (very rarely «) in each cell, mostly ascending or horizontal :
stamens as many as the petals and alternate with them or twice as many or
much more often of some irregular number.
44. SAPINDACEZ. Trees, shrubs, or woody (rarely herbaceous) tendriliferous
climbers, ours with compound or palmately lobed leaves and commonly polygamo-
dicecious often irregular flowers. Disk annular or more or less deeply lobed, often
unsymmetrical, rarely obsolete. Fruit various, most frequently samaroid, or a
bladdery or coriaceous capsule. .
-— + + + + POLYGALINE&. Ovules pendulous, solitary (rarely and only
in foreign genera 2 to 4) in the cells of the 2(—5)-locular ovary ; rhaphe
ventral; disk glandular or none: stamens mostly 8 and monadelphous, more
or less adnate to the petals: seeds mostly carunculate.
45. POLYGALACE. Ours low herbs, undershrubs, or erect rarely thorny shrubs.
Pubescence of simple hairs or none. Leaves entire, alternate, opposite, or whorled.
Flowers pseudo-papilionaceous, dichlamydeous, rarely solitary, mostly in terminal
racemose, spicate, or capitate inflorescences ; these sometimes corymbosely arranged.
Calyx with sepals very unequal, three usually sepaloid and two larger showy and
petaloid. Filaments short ; anthers dehiscent by terminal pores or oblique introrse
slits.
RANUNCULACES. 1
OrpER I. RANUNCULACE.
By A. Gray.
[Descriptions of species and varieties of recent publication, which have been inserted, as well as
those modified by the editor, in the light of literature and collections subsequent to the preparation
of the original manuscript, are marked by asterisks (*).]
Herbs, or some woody plants, with acrid colorless juice. All the parts of the
flower distinct and free (hypogynous, except Peoniee), with carpels not uncom-
monly and stamens mostly indefinitely numerous, even the sepals or petals some-
times more than the normal four or five, the former very often petaloid, the
latter in a large majority of the genera either wanting or rudimentary or con-
verted into nectaries. Anthers continuous with the filament. Ovules solitary or
several, anatropous. No disk nor arillus except in the last tribe. Seeds con-
taining a hard albumen, with a minute or small embryo at its base: cotyle-
dons usually very short. Base of petiole commonly dilated and thin, often
stipule-like.
Trise I. CLEMATIDEZE. Sepals (normally 4) valvate in the bud, the margins
often induplicate. Petals none or small, transitional into stamens. Stamens
numerous, with adnate anthers. Carpels numerous in a head, long-styled, in fruit
akenes. Seed suspended: rhaphe dorsal. Herbs, or when climbing often woody,
with leaves all opposite !
1. CLEMATIS. Essentially the only genus.
Tribe Il. ANEMONEZ. Sepals few or numerous (3 or 4 to 20), imbricated in
the bud, petaloid, or at least not green. Stamens for the most part indefinitely
numerous. Carpels numerous, or occasionally few, capitate or spicate, one-ovuled,
in fruit akenes or utricles. Herbs, with alternate leaves, or with uppermost
opposite or whorled, never climbing. (Anemonew and Ranunculee of authors.)
* Petals none, rarely some petaloid sterile stamens (staminodes) : ovule and seed suspended :
rhaphe dorsal. °
+— Cauline or involucral leaves opposite or whorled: peduncles solitary or umbellate, one-
flowered : sepals petaloid: fruit of true akenes.
2. ANEMONE. Stigma introrse-unilateral from the summit of the subulate or filiform
style. Leaves compound or dissected; cauline ones or involucre distant from the flower.
3. HEPATICA. Stigma introrse-unilateral on the short subulate style. Involucre close to
the flower and simulating a trisepalous calyx . true leaves only radical and simply lobed.
4. ANEMONELLA. Stigma strictly terminal, broad and depressed, at flowering time
subsessile. Akenes terete, angulate-costate, 4 to 15, on a small receptacle. Radical leaves
and involucre compound, the latter subtending an umbel of flowers.
+— + All the leaves alternate, none involucral : inflorescence paniculate, cymose, or racemose :
flowers more commonly unisexual: akenes sometimes utricular.
5. THALICTRUM. Sepals comnletely or incompletely petaloid. Akenes not very nu-
merous, sometimes few: receptacle small. Stigma unilateral on the style or sessile and
elongated.
* * Petals none: sepals petaloid, caducous: ovule and seed ascending from near base of
the cell: rhaphe ventral: akenes utricular: leaves all alternate.
6. TRAUTVETTERIA. Sepals 3 to 5, broad, concave, imbricated in the bud. Stamens
numerous: filaments clavate: anthers didymous, pointless. Utricular akenes 20 or more,
1
Z RANUNCULACES.
capitate on the short receptacle, dolabriform-quadrangular and with a strong nerve or rib at
each angle, abruptly tipped by the short introrsely stigmatose and recurved or revolute style.
Seed not filling the cell. Embryo one third the length of the firm fleshy albumen.
* * * Petals conspicuous and deciduous, or sometimes deformed or reduced to nectaries,
or occasionally wanting: sepals 3 to 8, from herbaceous to petaloid: carpels numerous,
capitate or spicate, in fruit akenes or sometimes utricles.
+ Ovule and seed suspended: rhaphe dorsal.
7. ADONIS. Sepals and (5 to 16) petals plane, unappendaged. Stamens numerous. Akenes
capitate or short-spicate.
8. MYOSURUS. Sepals 5, produced dorsally into a spur or appendage at base. Petals as
many, small and narrow, raised on a tubular-nectariferous filiform claw, sometimes merely
staminodial or wholly wanting. Stamens 5 to 20. Akenes very numerous, spicate on a
filiform receptacle, to which they are ventrally affixed, somewhat utricular, but the back
thickened and firm.
+— + Ovule and seed ascending from the inner angle of the cell at or a little above the
base: rhaphe ventral.
9. RANUNCULUS. Sepals and petals plane, normally 5; the latter with a nectariferous
spot or pit within, on or above the claw, rarely reduced and glandular. Stamens numerous
or occasionally few. Carpels numerous in a head, rarely few, in fruit coriaceous akenes, or
in some utricular. Calyx and corolla usually deciduous.
Tribe II. HELLEBOREZ. Sepals few or several, imbricated in the bud, petaloid,
mostly deciduous or caducous. Petals variously shaped and nectariferous, or
reduced to staminodes, or wanting. Carpels several, few, or solitary, bearing
from one to many pairs of horizontal ovules on the ventral suture, becoming
follicles or in two genera berries in fruit. Herbs (with one exception), with
alternate leaves. (Helleboreew and Cimicifugew of authors.)
* Ovules more than a single pair.
+ Sepals only tardily deciduous, regular: petals inconspicuous nectaries, or slender, or
none: stigma introrse: flowers not racemose.
10. CALTHA. Sepals 4 to 10, broad, widely spreading. Petals none. Follicles 5 to 15
(rarely fewer, or still more numerous). QOvules and seeds indefinitely numerous, in two rows :
rhaphe becoming almost wing-like. Leaves simple, cordate-rounded.
11. TROLLIUS. Sepals 5 to 20, broad, ascending and incurved or in ours spreading.
Petals 5 to 20, fleshy, ligulate or linear-spatulate, with a nectariferous pit on the inner face
above the short claw. Follicles 5 to 20, sessile. Ovules and seeds rather numerous in two
rows. Leaves palmately lobed or dissected.
12. ISOPYRUM. Sepals 5 or 6, broad, widely spreading Tetals 5, small and nectariferous,
but wanting in American species. Follicles 2 to 20, sessile, rarely short-stipitate. Ovules
and seeds several or numerous, or in one species reduced to 3. Leaves 1-3-ternately
compound,
13. COPTIS. Sepals 5 to 7, broad or narrow, widely spreading. Petals 5 or 6, unguiculate
and cucullate or caudate. Follicles 3 to 10, slender-stipitate, 4-10 seeded. Leaves all radical
and compound, and scapes one- or umbellately few-flowered.
13a. ERANTHIS. Sepals 5 to 8, narrow, deciduous. Petals small bilabiate nectaries.
Follicles few, stipitate, several-seeded. Radical palmately multifid leaf and simple scape
from a globular tuber; the flower surrounded by an involucre consisting of a sessile multifid
leaf. Only adventive.
13b. HELLEBORUS. Sepals 5, broad and spreading, persistent. Petals small bilabiate
nectaries. TFollicles several, sessile or nearly so, many-seeded. Leaves palmate or pedate.
Only adventive.
+ + Sepals and large spur-shaped nectariferous petals regular, each 5: stigma introrse.
14. AQUILEGIA. Sepals oval or oblong. Petals with small limb, produced backward
into a large hollow spur. Stamens indefinite, some inner ones sterile with dilated filaments,
RANUNCULACE, 5
or reduced scarious scales. Carpels usually 5, sessile, with numerous ovules in two rows:
styles filiform, above introrse-stigmatose. Seed-coat crustaceous, usually smooth and
shining.
+ + + Sepals (5) and petals (2 or 4) irregular; upper one of the former spurred or
helmet-shaped ; stamens numerous: stigma introrse : follicles 1 to 5, several-many-seeded,
sessile, styliferous.
15. DELPHINIUM. Upper sepal extended posteriorly from the base into a spur. Petals
4 in two pairs, or the lateral pair wanting; these with a small spreading lamina on a claw of
about equal length; upper produced backward into nectariferous spurs within the calyx-
spur, in the annual species the two united into one body. Follicles 1 to 5,
16. ACONITUM. Upper sepal ample, helmet-shaped or prolonged-saccate; the others
plane, lateral larger than the lower pair. Petals only 2 (the lateral and lower either wanting
or minute rudiments), reduced to very long-unguiculate hood-shaped or hammer-shaped
nectaries covered by the upper sepal. Follicles 3 to 5, rarely more.
+ + + + Sepals 3 to 5, regular, caducous: petals much smaller, plane, unguiculate, or
reduced to staminodes, less showy than the white numerous stamens, or none: stigma
terminal or nearly so: flowers racemose: leaves decompound. (Cimicifugee.)
17. CIMICIFUGA. Carpels few or solitary, in fruit thin-walled follicles. Petals or stami-
nodes when present notched or 2-cleft at top. Flowers in elongated often paniculately
disposed racemes.
18. ACT ZA. Carpel solitary, sessile, crowned with a broad and obscurely 2-lobed depressed
stigma, in fruit a berry filled with depressed horizontal seeds. Petals plane, entire. Flow-
ers in a short raceme.
* * Ovules a single pair: flowers regular: roots and rootstocks yellow, bitter, charged
with berberine. (Xanthorrhizec.)
19. HYDRASTIS. Sepals 3, ‘petaloid, very caducous. Petals none. Stamens very
numerous, white, like those of Actea. Carpels 15 to 20, sessile and capitate: style short :
stigma terminal, 2-lipped. Ovules ascending, at first collateral, borne on the middle of the
placenta. Fruit baccate, the pulpy red 1-2-seeded carpels compacted in a globular head on
an oblong receptacle. Herb, with few palmately lobed leaves and single flower.
20. XANTHORRHIZA. Sepals 5, petaloid, tardily deciduous. Petals 5, small and gland-
like, consisting of a rounded and 2-lobed fleshy lamina on a short claw. Stamens 5, alternate
with the petals and not surpassing them, or sometimes more. Carpels 5 to 10, sessile,
2-ovuled about the middle, tapering into a subulate style with introrse stigma, in fruit one-
seeded oblong follicles of gibbous growth, the persistent style becoming dorsal and the seed
pendulous from the apparent apex. Low shrub, with pinnate leaves and racemose-panicu-
late flowers.
Trise IV (and indeed suborder), PHZONIEZ. A perigynous fleshy disk adnate
to the base of the strongly imbricated persistent calyx or concave receptacle,
bearing the large plane petals and numerous stamens. Carpels few, becoming
coriaceous many-seeded follicles. Style short or none. Sepals and petals regular,
mostly 5, or the latter often more numerous. Embryo comparatively large in firm
fleshy albumen. Perennial herbs or low shrubs, with alternate leaves, and no
acridity.
21. PZZONIA. Stigma introrse, crest-like and revolute, bilamellar. Stamens very nu-
merous: anthers entire at base. Seeds anatropous, oval or oblong, naked at base or the
yery short fleshy funiculus cupulate, the coat disposed to be externally fleshy. Embryo
straight or slightly arcuate. Herbs with tuberous roots or shrubby, with ternately compound
or divided leaves.
22. CROSSOSOMA. Stigma terminal, depressed-capitate, emarginate. Stamens 12 to
30: anthers deeply emarginate at base. Follicles 1 to 6 (to 9), when solitary stipitate,
otherwise more or less elevated ona common stipe. Ovules amphitropous. Seeds campylo-
tropous and reniform, crustaceous, furnished with a fimbriate-multifid fleshy arillus of their
own length. Embryo semiannular, little shorter than the firm fleshy albumen : cotyledons
linear, thrice the length of the radicle. Entire-leaved shrubs.
4 RANUNCULACEZ. Clematis.
1. CLEMATIS, L. (Name in Dioscorides, from «djpa, a twig, early
applied to this genus.) — Perennial herbs or more or less woody climbers (climb-
ing by incurvation and grasping of leafstalks), of wide distribution, the large-
flowered species hermaphrodite. Sepals in native plants almost always 4. Styles
elongated, either feathery or naked in fruit. The cultivated species largely hy-
bridized.— Gen. no. 460; DC. Syst.i. 131. Clematis & Atragene, L. Gen. ed.5.
§ 1. FrAmmura, DC., partly. Flowers comparatively small and commonly
cymose-paniculate, white or whitish: sepals petaloid and thin, widely spreading:
no petals: persistent styles in fruit forming long plumose tails: anthers blunt,
mostly short.
* Virein’s Bower. Half-woody climbers; the flowering shoots from naked buds, dice-
cious; sterile flowers more showy, having bright white stamens; fertile with a series of
sterile subulate or filiform filaments bearing rudimentary or non-polliniferous anthers. —
All the American species and more are referred to C. dioica, L., by Kuntze, Verh. Bot.
Brandenburg, 1885, 102.
+— Panicles floribund, and peduncles short : leaves once or twice ternate or quinate : leaflets
ovate or subcordate, acute or acuminate, mostly incisely few-lobed or toothed: sepals
about a third inch and mature fruit-tails an inch and a half long.
C. Virginiana, L. (Virein’s Bower.) Almost glabrous: leaves simply 3-foliolate (very
rarely pinnately 5-foliolate) ; leaflets thin, ovate and subcordate (2 or 3 inches long), incisely
few-toothed or somewhat lobed. — Ameen. Acad. iv. 275, & Spec. ed. 2, ii. 766; P. W. Wats.
Dendr. t. 74; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, 61, t. 12. C. Virginica, Pursh, FI. ii. 384.
C. cordifolia, Moench, Meth. Suppl. 104. C. cordata, Pursh, 1. ¢., unusual state with some
5-foliolate leaves. — Low grounds, Nova Scotia to Upper Georgia, west to Minnesota and
Winnipeg ; fl. summer.
C. Catesbyana, Pursu. Pubescent or glabrate: leaves twice ternately divided, and leaflets
(inch or two long) commonly 3-lobed, otherwise entire or very few-toothed, occasionally a
leaf only quinate by the confluence of lateral leaflets ; only uppermost simply 3-foliolate. — FI.
ii. 736; DC. Syst. i. 142. C-. holosericea, Pursh, FI. ii. 384, founded on an upper leaf of three
leaflets and a head of fruit taken from herb. Walter, most probably of this species. — Dry
ground along and near the coast, S. Carolina to Florida and Mississippi; 1! fl. late summer, in
cult. northward not before October.
C. PLuxeneéti, DC. Syst. i. 153, which has been referred here, founded on a specimen from
Catesby, is obscure, and probably not of United States.
C.* ligusticifélia, Nutr. Pubescent or nearly glabrous: leaves pinnately 5-7-foliolate, or
sometimes lowest pair of leaflets again trisected : leaflets of firmer texture than in the pre-
ceding, from cordate-ovate to oblong-lanceolate, from 3-lobed and incised to few-toothed or
nearly entire, also very variable in size: carpels numerous, densely silky-pubescent with
long straight hairs: fruiting heads an inch and a half or two inches in diameter including
the tails. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 9; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 3.— Saskatchewan
to New Mexico,” to Brit. Columbia and S. California. Runs into many forms: vars. brevi-
folia, Nutt., bracteata, Torr., Californica, Wats., &c., which are not distinctly definable.?
C.* Suksdorfii, Roriyson, n. sp. Habit and foliage of the preceding: leaves quinate,
glabrous ; leaflets an inch to an inch and a half long: sepals widely spreading or reflexed in
anthesis, velvety pubescent upon the outer surface: heads of fruit much smaller and fewer-
1 Doubtful specimens from 8. Missouri, Bush, make the distinctions between this and the preced-
ing obscure.
2 Eastward to Greene Co., Missouri, Bush.
8 A form with perfect flowers is reported by M. E. Jones, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 125, and another
with exceptionally copious production of axillary shoots in the inflorescence has been characterized as
var. perulata, by Freyn, Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. viii. 75. Dr. Gray’s description of C. ligustict-
folia has been slightly amplified to exclude more clearly the next species.
Clematis. RANUNCULACEX. 5
carpelled, not over an inch in diameter at full maturity including the curling tails: pubes-
cence of the young akenes woolly or felt-like, the hairs crinkly, not straight nor silky as in
the last; the mature akenes with broadly ovate nearly orbicular body and filiform sparsely
pubescent tails. — Klikitat River, Washington, collected and first recognized as distinct by
W. N. Suksdorf, 15 July, 1881, in flower, and 11 September of same year in fruit, no. 1.
+ + Sparsely flowered, small leaved, and with very long-tailed carpels.
C. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Cinereous-pubescent: leaves mostly pinnately 5-7-folio-
late and the leaflets (half inch to inch long) all or most of them divergently 3-cleft or some-
times parted; principal lobes oblong-ovate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, entire or
incisely 1-3-toothed ; uppermost leaves simple and 3-cleft : peduncles sometimes simple and
with a pair of leafy bracts next the base, commonly trichotomous and with higher bracts on
the lateral pedicels: sepals sericeous externally, half inch long: narrow and copious sterile
filaments of the fertile flowers as long, inane-antheriferous: tails of the carpels becoming
3 or 4 inches long and very slender. — Fl. i. 9. C. nervata, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 5. C. dioica,
var. sericea, sub-var. Drummondii, &c., Kuntze, 1. ec. 103.— Dry ground, Texas to Arizona,
first coll. by Berlandier and Drummond. (Mex.)
* * Woody or half-woody climbers (of California), producing flowering shoots of the
season from scaly buds, polygamo-dicecious, the filiform filaments of the fertile flowers
mostly bearing well-formed and sometimes polliniferous anthers: peduncles solitary and
bibracteolate below or in threes: leaves 3-7-foliolate: leaflets roundish, rarely cuneate,
not acuminate, mostly obtusely 3-lobed or incised or few-toothed.
C. paucifidra, Nurr. Minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous: leaves pinnately or some-
what biternately 5—9-foliolate, mostly quinate, but some trifoliolate: leaflets half inch long,
thickish, somewhat lucid: sepals tomentulose outside, half inch long: ovary and akene
glabrous. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 9 (by error parviflora) ; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif.
i. 3.—S. California, near San Diego and southward; first coll. by Nuttall. A form of it
(male only) near San Bernardino, W. G. Wright.
C. lasiantha, Nurt.1.c. Tomentulose-pubescent: leaves simply 3-foliolate ; leaflets an inch
or two long, more veiny: sepals two thirds or three fourths inch long, tomentulose both
sides, or glabrate above: ovary and akene more or less pubescent: peduncles 3 or 4 inches
long. — Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 29, t.1; Brew. & Wats. 1. c.— Common throughout the
western part of California.
§ 2. Viorna. The Leathery-flowered species. Flowers large, hermaphrodite,
solitary and mostly nodding on rather long peduncles: sepals thick or thickish,
from blue to red or dull purplish, erect and connivent at base or throughout:
neither petals nor staminodes: anthers long and linear, pointed: filaments hirsute
or pubescent. — Viorna, and part of Viticella, Spach.
.* Calyx ovate in anthesis, connivent throughout or at length recurved at apex only, very
thick, of cellular and when dried leathery texture, destitute or nearly so of inflexed and
at length explanate thin margins even at the apex: styles wholly persistent, forming
densely plumose carpel-tails: herbaceous or slightly woody climbers, glabrous or almost
so: shoots from naked buds: leaves pinnately 3-9-foliolate with broad and entire or
2-3-lobed leaflets, or occasionally all the secondary petioles 3-foliolate, the flowering
shoots or peduncles bearing one to several pairs of simple and entire leaves or bracts,
C. Viorna, L. (Learner-rLower.) Leaves not glaucous nor coriaceous ; leaflets from sub-
cordate-ovate to ovate-lanceolate, often acute, inconspicuously reticulated, those of the
peduncle or inflorescence ovate or cordate: calyx barely inch long, glabrous or minutely
furfuraceous-canescent outside, dull reddish or purplish. — Spec. i. 543 (Dill. Elth. 144,
t. 118); Michx. Fl. i. 318; Jacq. f. Eicl. i. t. 32; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 9 (excl. syn. Bot. Mag ;
Gray, Bot. Mag under t. 6594; Lavallée, Clem. 57, t. 17. Viorna urnigera, Spach, Hist.
Veg. vii. 270. — Moist ground, 8. Pennsylvania and Missouri to Alabama,
C.* Addisoénii, Brirron. More bushy and less spreading: leaves deep green above, pale
and very glaucous beneath ; the lower simple, sessile or nearly so, broadly oval, entire or with
one or two rounded lateral lobes; the upper leaves pinnately divided ; leaflets elliptic-oval.
6 RANUNCULACE. Clematis.
obtuse or rounded at each end: flower and fruit essentially as in the preceding.— Mem.
Torr. Club, ii. 28, t. 3. C. ovata, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 8, not Pursh, fide Britton, 1. c. — Vir-
ginia to Florida, Notwithstanding the striking differences of foliage nearly related to the
preceding, intermediate forms occasionally occurring. One of these forms is regarded as a
hybrid by Dr. Britton.
C. coccinea, Encetm. Leaves glaucous or pale, subcoriaceous; leaflets roundish or broadly
ovate, obtuse or retuse; veinlets at length conspicuously reticulated : calyx bright carmine or
scarlet, glabrous, otherwise as the preceding. — Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 7 (where the
char. is indicated) ; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6594; Gray, Bot. Mag. under t. 6594. C. Viorna,
var. coccinea, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 7. C. Texensis, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 448,
& 1870, 135; Lavallée, 1. c. 63, t. 19. C. Pitcher’, Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1878, 10, with figure,
not Torr. & Gray.— Rocky and shaded banks, Texas; first coll. by Wright, next by
Lindheimer+
C. reticulata, Warr. Leaves coriaceous and exceedingly reticulated; leaflets ovate to
oblong; simple leaves or bracts of the peduncle oblong: sepals dull colored, externally
canescent.— Car. 156; Michx. Fl. i. 318; Torr. & Gray, Fl i. 10; Hook. f. Bot. Mag.
t. 6574; Lavallée, 1. c. 55,t.16. C. Viorna, var. reticulata, Kuntze, 1. ¢. 188. — Dry thickets,
8. Carolina to Alabama and Florida, and perhaps Texas.
* * Calyx ovate or campanulate in anthesis, the upper part of the sepals soon recurved-
spreading and thin margined, the externally tomentose-canescent margins inflexed in the
bud, explanate in the flower, at least near the tip: herbaceous or nearly so.
+ Freely climbing, and with the compound leaves of the preceding division, thin or thinnish,
minutely pubescent or nearly glabrous.
C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray. Leaflets from ovate or roundish, or rarely subcordate to oblong,
reticulated (more coarsely and less conspicuously than in C. reticulata): usually a pair of
simple ovate sessile leaves on the peduncle or subtending three peduncles: calyx two thirds
to full inch long, dull purplish or violet, somewhat canescent or puberulent outside; the
inflexed margins of the sepals narrow and tardily explanate near the apex: persistent styles
either naked or very short-vlumose (in the original), the lower part and the akene pubes-
cent. — Fl. i. 10; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 4, & Bot. Mag. under t. 6594; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad.
xvii. 8317; Lavallée, Clem. 52, t. 15, var. Coloradoensis, a large flowered form. C. reticulata,
Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 3, & Pl. Wright. ii. 7, not Walt. C. Sargenti, Lavallée, 1. c. 60, t. 18,
asmall-flowered form. ©. Coloradoensis, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 448.2—
S. Indiana to Missouri, and thence to Texas. (Mex.)
Var. leidstylis, Gray, Bot. Mag. under t. 6594. Styles completely glabrous from
the first, except their very base.
Var. lasidstylis, Gray, lc. Styles villous or even short-plumose.
Var.* Bigelovii, Rorrysoy, n. var.2 Leaves more compound; leaflets glabrous, pale
and sometimes glaucous, scarcely or not at all reticulated, generally smaller and more cleft ;
segments obtusish or rounded : sepals lanceolate, usually more spreading than in the typical
form: tails of akenes plumose. — C. Bigelovii, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 61. C. Palmeri,
Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 118.—New Mexico, Bigelow, Palmer, Greene, Mathews ;
Arizona, Palmer.
Var.* filifera, Roprnson, n. var. Leaves considerably divided and leaflets rather
small and obtuse, as in the last, but more reticulated and more or less densely pubescent or
tomentose beneath: tails of the akenes very slender, nearly nakgd.— C. filifera, Benth.
Pl. Hartw. 285. C. jfilifera, var. incisa, Hemsl. Biol. Cent.-Am. Bot. i. 2,a form with leaflets
more or less trifid. (C. reticulata, Seem. Bot. Herald, 267, in part, not Walt.-— Near the
1 Also reported on Lookout Mt., Tenn., by J. F. James, Bull. Torr, Club, x. 82. Doubtful
specimens collected by Heller, distributed as ‘‘C. Texana, Buckley,” and mentioned in Contrib.
Frankl. & Marsh. Coll. Herb. i. 37, are apparently only a form of the same species.
2 Add. syn. C. Viorna, var. Pitcheri, J. F. James, Clem. 5. C. Simszi, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club,
y. 158, and others, not Sweet, which, being the S. cordata, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1816, was acc. to Gray,
Bot. Mag. under t. 6594, a form of S. crispa.
3 (©. Bigelovii, Torr. was included in C. Pitcheri, var. lasiostylis, by Dr. Gray. In the light of later
material it should have at least varietal distinction.
Clematis. RANUNCULACEZ. ve
Mexican border, Chenati Mts., W. Texas, Havard, and Santa Rita del Cobra, Bigelow.
(Mex: Coulter, Hartweg, Parry § Palmer.)
C. crispa, L. Glabrous or nearly so, climbing freely, but often flowering when only a foot
or a yard high: leaflets from ovate or even cordate to lanceolate, acute or acuminate,
membranaceous, little reticulated: peduncle naked, between a pair of compound or rarely
simple leaves: calyx rose-colored varying to violet: sepals from an inch to almost 2
inches long, recurved or spreading from near the middle, the spreading portion with broad
undulate margins: styles canescent to villous in flower, in fruit either almost glabrate (and
the upper part falling away in age) or villous with erect hairs. — Spee. i. 543 (founded
wholly on C. flore-crispo, Dill. Hlth. 86, t. 73); Willd. Spec. ii. 1289; Sims, Bot. Mag. t.
1892; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxii. t. 60; Torr. & Gray, Fl.i.10; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 16, t. 2, &
Bot. Mag. 1. c.; Lavallée, Clem. 49, t. 14, not DC. (which is European near or a var. of
C. viticella). C. Viorna, Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 71, not L. C. cylindrica, Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 1160; Torr. & Gray, 1l.c.; Lavallée, 1. c. 43, t.13. C. divaricata, Jacq. f. Ecl. i. 51, t. 33.
C. cordata, Sims, Bot. Mag, t. 1816, not Pursh. C. distorta, Lavallée, 1. c. 87, t. 11.
C. Simsii, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1; Kuntze, Verh. Bot. Brandenburg, 1885, 134, in part. Viti-
cella crispa (partly) & Viorna cylindrica, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii. 267, 269. (Perhaps the C. Viorna,
Andr., C. cylindrica, Sims, & C. divaricata, Jacq. f., originated in a cross with C. viticella.)
— Low ground, 8. Virginia to Florida and Texas.!
Var. Walteri, Gray. Flowering when low: leaflets from lanceolate (3 or 4 lines
wide) to almost linear. — Bot. Mag. under t. 6594. C. Walter’, Pursh, FI. ii. 8384. C. eylin-
drica, var. Walteri, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 10. C. lineariloba, DC. Syst. i. 155, & Deless. Ie.
Sel. t. 3, a most attenuate form, with sepals artificially outspread. —§. Carolina to Texas,
passing freely to broader-leaved form.
+— + Low and erect herbs, simple or simply branched: flowers solitary and terminal.
++ Leaves narrow, at least the lower simple and sessile, with narrow base, thinnish, not
reticulated.
C. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray. Somewhat pubescent, glabrate:.stems slender, simple or
branched from near the base, few-leaved, terminating in a long strict peduncle: leaves from
lanceolate-oblong to linear and entire, or upper ones 3—5-cleft or parted into lanceolate or
linear divisions, these more or less petioled: flower nearly of C. crispa: carpel-tails much
elongated (3 inches long), filiform, conspicuously plumose throughout. — Fl. i. 8; Chapm.
Fl. 3. — Open pine woods, Florida; first coll. by Baldwin.
++ ++ Leaves broadiy ovate (2 to 5 inches long), sessile or subsessile by a broad base,
all undivided, exceedingly reticulated : flower dull colored; sepals with narrow explanate
margins only at tip,
C. ochroletica, Arr. Densely sericeous-pubescent, glabrate in age: leaves about the length
of the internodes, pale, chartaceous in age, quite entire or upper occasionally 3-cleft or
incised : peduncle equalling or surpassing the uppermost pair of leaves: calyx externally
sericeous-canescent, greenish yellow or purplish, the tips within dull yellowish: akenes
pubescent, the styles (about inch long) very plumose.— Kew. ii. 260; Lodd. Bot. Cab.
PRGGle orc GiayepHlyindelorn MlwNe 4. 1.16, td. C. sencea, Michx. KIt i. 319.
C. ovata, Pursh, FI. ii. 736, a very glabrate form!? C. integrifolia, var. tomentosa, &c.,
Kuntze, 1. c. 176. — Dry ground, Long Island, New York, to Upper Georgia.
C. Fremontii, Watson. Loosely villous-pubescent, soon glabrate: leaves longer than the
internodes, coriaceous in age, entire, or some with few or several coarse teeth; uppermost
exceeding the short peduncle: calyx purplish, nearly glabrous except the tomentose edges
of the sepals: carpels in fruit forming a very dense head, villous; the styles sometimes
villous below and naked or even glabrous above, sometimes villous-plumose throughout. —
Proe. Am. Acad. x. 339, & Bot. Gaz. ii. 123.3 C. integrifolia, var. Fremonti’, Kuntze, 1. ¢.
177, in part. — Plains of Kansas and Missouri, Fremont, Dr. L. Watson, Letterman.
4+ +++ ++ Leaves twice pinnately or in part ternately compound, and with narrow divisions:
divisions of the upper petioles not rarely tortuous ; flower dull colored.
1 Butler Co., Missouri, Hggert, 1892.
2 A species recently reinstated by Prof. Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, ii. 30, but apparently upon
insufficient grounds. ”
8 Add Gard. and For. iii. 380, f. 49, and syn. C. cehroleuca, var. Fremontii, J. F. James, Clem. 4.
8 RANUNCULACE. Clematis.
C. Douglasii, Hoox. A foot or two high, villous-pubescent when young, glabrate, leafy :
stem and petioles angled and striate: divisions and lobes of the leayes linear or lanceolate
(from half line to 3 or 4 lines broad): peduncles sometimes slightly sometimes very much
surpassing the uppermost leaves: calyx an inch to inch and a half long, villous outside,
more or less glabrate in age, purple within: akenes pubescent: persistent styles slender, inch
long, very plumose.— Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 1, t. 1; Torr. & Gray, lc 8. C. Wyethii, Nutt.
Journ. Acad. Philad. vii. 6; Torr. & Gray, 1. ec. — Rocky Mountains from Montana, Idaho,
and north of the British boundary to Colorado and New Mexico, and west to Oregon and
Washington ; first coll. by Douglas. Varies greatly in foliage, in the degree and coarse-
ness or fineness of the dissection ; a southern form (8. Colorado and N. New Mexico) with
very narrow leaflets most distinctly showing tortuous petioles, as if disposed to climb. The
broad-leaved extreme is
Var. Scottii, Covurrer. Leaves large, pinnate with some or all the divisions 3-5-
parted or 3-5-foliolate ; lobes or leaflets oblong- or ovate-lanceolate (4 or 5 lines wide by an
inch in length) ; some upper leaves with distinctly tortuous partial petioles. — Man. Rocky
Mt. Reg. 3. C. Scottii, Porter in Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 1.— Rocky Mountains of
Colorado ;1 first coll. by John Scott, and by Porter. Also Beaver Cafion, Idaho, Watson.
§ 3. Arr&GeNE, DC. Flowers large, hermaphrodite, solitary on naked
peduncles: sepals much exceeding the stamens and pistils, spreading from the
base, thin, petaloid, marginless : anthers short on long pubescent filaments: outer-
most stamens with more or less dilated filaments bearing inane anthers or none,
or some converted into “ petals,” rather petaloid staminodes: styles wholly per-
sistent, becoming long plumose carpel-tails: half-woody climbers (but ours low),
the shoots of the season from scaly buds, early flowering: leaves ternately com-
pound. — Atragene, L. (The verticillate appearance of the foliage on the flow-
ering shoots, which gives an inappropriate name to one of the species, comes
from the pair of leaves from the opposite axils arising close to the main axis.)
C. verticillaris, DC. Leaves simply 3-foliolate, slender-petioled ; leaflets slender-petiolulate,
ovate, mostly acuminate, entire or sparingly dentate: sepals violet, inch or two long, oblong,
more or less acute: staminodes little longer than the fertile stamens, sometimes all linear
and more or less antheriferous, often outermost petaloid and spatulate. — Syst.i. 166 ; Hook.
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 2; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 10. <Atrayene Americana, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 887;
Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 14, t. 1. — Shaded and rocky soil, Hudson Bay to the Winnipeg district,
Minnesota, &c., and south to Pennsylvania ;? fl. early spring.
Var. Columbiana, Gray, n. var. Sepals “ blue,” ovate-lanceolate or narrow, soon
attenuate-acute or acuminate. — C. Columbiana, Torr. & Gray, l.¢. 11. C. alpina, var. occi-
dentalis, forma verticillaris, Kuntze, 1. c. 161. Atragene Columbiana, Nutt. Journ. Acad.
Philad. vii. 7.— Rocky Mountains, N. Utah and north to lat. 58°, and west to Brit.
Columbia. (Cape Mendocino, lat. 40°, Douglas, ace. to Hook., probably a mistake.)
C. alpina, Miu. Leaves twice ternate with ovate or ovate-lanceolate leaflets short-petiolu-
late and irregularly serrate or incised, or simply 3-foliolate with some or all the leaflets 2-3-
parted: staminodes in the Old World plant numerous and conspicuous, spatulate, and most
of them not at all antheriferous. — Dict. ed. 8, no. 9; Lam. Dict. ii. 44; DC. Syst.i. 165.
Atragene alpina & A. sibirica, L. Spec. i. 542, 543; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 530, 1951. (Eu.,
N. Asia.)
Var. occidentalis, Gray. Spatulate and petaloid staminodes few and usually with
rudiment of anthers, or none, most or all of the dilated filaments linear and more or less
antheriferous. —Gray in Powell, Geol. Surv. Rep. Dakota (1880), 531. C. alpina, vay.
Ochotensis, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 4. Atragene occidentalis, Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 1813, 520.,
A. Ochotensis, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 4. A. alpina, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 56. A. alpina,
1 Reported from Sheridan Co., Neb., by Swezey, Bull. Torr. Club, xix. 94.
2 Eastward to Maine and New Brunswick (ace. to Fowler); also reported from Monongalia, W. Va.,
by Millspaugh, Fl. W. Va. 318, and at Steamboat Springs, Col., by Miss Eastwood, Zoe, ii. 226.
Anemone. RANUNCULACEZ, 9
var. Ochotensis, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 241. Clematis Pseudo-Atragene, Kuntze,
1. ec. 160, with some of C. alpina also. — Rocky Mountains, from New Mexico to Dakota and
Washington.
Var. tenuiloba, Gray. Apparently very low: leaflets dissected into narrow lanceo-
late divisions and lobes: otherwise as in the ordinary Am. plant. — Gray in Powell, Geol.
Surv. Rep. Dakota (1880), 531, as subvar. — Black Hills of Dakota, Jenney.1
2. ANEMONE, Tourn. Antimony, Antimony, WinD-FLoweER. (The
ancient Greek and Latin name, from aveuow, to be blown upon or shaken by the
wind.) — Perennial herbs of the cooler parts of the world, mostly low, and
showy flowered. — DC. Syst. i. 188.2 Anemone & Pulsatilla, ‘Tourn. Inst. 275,
284, t. 147,148. L. Gen. nos. 458, 459.
§ 1. Puoxsatitya, Tourn. (as genus). Carpels with long filiform styles, very
villous, becoming plumose tails to the akenes: flower large, solitary on a scape
bearing a whorled involucre. — Inst. 284, t. 148; Gray, Gen. Hl.i.17. $$ Pulsa- |
tilla & Preonanthus, DC. Prodr. i. 16, 17.
* Involucre wholly sessile and mostly connate at base by the union of its three simply
palmately multifid reduced leaves: a few small spatulate staminodes outside of the true
stamens. — § Pulsatilla, DC., &e.
A. patens, L. Soft-villous, glabrate in 4ge: scapiform stem a span high and in fruit much
taller : flower erect: sepals 5 to 7, violet, sometimes whitish, widely spreading in sunshine :
mature carpel-tails inch and a half long: involucre connate at base, parted into numerous
narrowly linear lobes: radical leaves developed a little later than the flower, palmately
3-foliolate, with the divisions 3-parted and commonly again 3-cleft into lanceolate lobes. —
Spec. i. 538; DC. Syst. i. 191; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1994 (var. ochroleuca). Pulsatilla patens,
Mill. Dict. ed. 8; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iv. t.57. (Eu., N. Asia.)
Var. Nuttalliana, Gray. Lobes of the leaves linear or nearly so: flower mostly
pale. — Man. ed. 5, 36; Meehan, Native Flowers, ser.1, i. t. 13. A. patens, Hook. FI. Bor.-
Am. i.4; Torr. & Gray, Fl.i. 11, &e. <A. Ludoviciana, Nutt. Gen. ii. 20. A. Nuttalliz, DC.
Syst. i. 193; Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. v. t. 8. Pulsatilla Nuttalliana, Spreng. Syst. ii. 663 ;
Gray, Man. ed. 2,4. P. patens, Gray, Gen. Il. i. 18, t. 3. P. patens, var. Wol/gangiana,
Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxiv. 1861, pt.2, 21. Clematis hirsutissima, Pursh, F1. ii. 385.3 —
Prairies and plains, Hlinois and Missouri to Colorado, Montana, and north to the Arctic
Circle; fl. early spring. (N. Asia.)
* * Involucre of two or three compound more or less petiolate and petiolulate leaves: no
staminodes: sepals thin, brightly colored, widely spreading. — § Preonanthus, DC.
Prodr. i. 17.
A. occidentalis, Watson. From a span or two becoming 2 feet high, soft-villous, in age
glabrate : radical and involucral leaves biternately compound and the divisions once or twice
pinnately cleft into narrowly lanceolate or linear lobes : sepals 6 or 7, oval, white or purplish,
often inch long: receptacle oblong-conical, becoming cylindrical (an inch or more long)
in fruit: carpel-tails often inch and a half long, at length recurved. — Proc, Am. Acad. xi.
121, & Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 8. A. alpina, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 5; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 11, not L.— High mountains of the Sierra Nevada (Lassen, Shasta, &c.),°
California, first coll. by Brewer, to the Cascades, and Northern Rocky Mountains near British
boundary to Kotzebue Sound.
§ 2. Euanemone. Carpels with short and not plumose styles: no obvious
staminodes. — Anemone, Tourn. Inst. 275, t. 147.
1 And recently rediscovered in the same region by Rydberg.
2 Further important literature: Pritzel, Anem. Revis. Linnea, xv. 561-698; Prantl in Engl. &
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 2, 61, 62; Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vi. 215.
8 Add syn. Pulsatilla hirsutissima, Britton, 1. c. 217.
4 Add syn. Pulsatilla occidentalis, Freyn, Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. viii. 78.
5 Southward to Mineral King, Tulare Co., Calif., Coville & Funston.
10 RANUNCULACEZ. Anemone.
* Akenes densely long-woolly (except in A. Tetonensis), in ours much compressed. —
§ Eriocephalus, Hook. £. & Thoms. FI. Ind. i. 20.
+— Plants mostly low, from a multicipital caudex or in the first species from slender root-
stocks: sepals 5 or 6, rarely 8, oval, half nch long or less: style filiform, longer than the
ovary, at length wholly or partly deciduous: head of carpels globose or oval.
J NS parviflora, Micux. A span or two high from slender somewhat creeping rootstocks,
simple, one-flowered : leaves 3-parted into cuneiform 2-3-lobed and crenate-dentate divisions :
sessile involucre 2-3-leaved somewhat similar: sepals white, not over 6: style not longer
than the semi-obovate akene, erect. — Fl. i. 319; Torr. & Gray, Fl.i.12. <A. cuneifolia,
Juss. Ann. Mus. iii. 248, t. 21, f. 1, A. borealis, Richards. in Frankl. 1st Journ. ed. 1, App.
740 (reprint, p. 12), & ed. 2, App. 750 (reprint, p. 22).— Labrador and Anticosti to the
Arctic Sea and the Aleutian Islands, south to L. Superior and the Rocky Mountains in
Colorado, (Adj. N. E. Asia.)
A. Drummondii, Watson. A span or two high from a thick multicipital caudex,
glabrate: stems 1(-2)-flowered : leaves small, of rounded circumscription, 2-3-ternately
dissected; the lobes from linear to cuneate-lanceolate: involucre usually similar: sepals
bluish : styles almost capillary, prominently exserted : akenes semi-ovyate, apiculate with the
thickened and persistent inflexed base of the style. — Bot. Calif. ii. 424; Engelm, Bot. Gaz.
vi. 237. A. Baldensis, Hook. Fl. Bor-Am., i.5; Torr. & Gray, 1. ec. 12, not L.— Alpine
region of the Rocky Mountains about lat. 49°, Drummond, Lyall ;} and in the Cascade Range,
Mount Adams, Suksdorf, and Mount Hood, Henderson ; thence south to California on Scott’s
Mountains, Greene, and Lassen, J/7s. Austin, Lemmon.
A. multifida, Porr. A foot or less high, from a multicipital caudex, villous-pubescent :
stems 1-3-flowered, the lateral peduncles commonly with partial involucre: leaves 2-3-
ternately dissected into narrow lanceolate or linear lobes; those of the involucre similar,
more or less petiolate: sepals from dull crimson to yellowish or whitish, varying from a
quarter to full half inch long: style about half the length of the obliquely obovate mature
carpel, at length inflexed, somewhat persistent. — Suppl. i. 364 (the subantarctic plant) ; DC.
Syst. i. 209; Deless. Ic. Sel. i. t. 16 5 Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 13; Torr. Fl. N. Y.i.t.2. A. Com-
mersoniana, DC. in Deless. 1. ¢. i. 4, t. 17, larger-flowered antarctic form. A. Hudsoniana,
& var. sanguinea, Richards. in Frankl. 1st Journ. ed. 1, App. 741 (reprint, p. 13); Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 658, the N. Am. plant. A. lanigera, Gay, Fl. Chil. i.22,Chilian. A. decapetala,
Hook. f. Fl. Antare. ii. 223, partly, & Arc. Pl. 283.— On rocks, &c., N. E. Maine, Miss
Furbish, to Lu. Superior, Nebraska, thence to the Rocky Mountains (and south to those of
Arizona), Brit. Columbia, Alaska, and north to the arctic coast.2 (Chili, Patagonia )
A.* Tetonénsis, Porrer. Nearly related to the last, but lower and more slender: leaf-
segments somewhat broader, obtusish, glabrate: flowers deep purple or (7) pale: akenes
dorsally glabrate. — Porter in Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vi. 224. — Idaho, Teton Range,
10,000 feet, J. M. Coulter, and Needle Peak of Lost River Mountains, V. Bailey (tis.
apparently white or nearly so). A white-flowered form with longer and persisting styles,
and scarcely pubescent akenes, discovered in Utah by MW. E. Jones, is doubtfully referred to
this species, although both may prove to intergrade with A. multifida.
+— + Plants low, single, from a small tuber or tuberiform root: sepals 9 to 20, linear-oblong
or spatulate, half to three fourths inch long: style filiform, as long as the ovary, straight,
hardly persistent : head of carpels from short-oblong to cylindrical: leaves varying in the
same species from simply to thrice ternately compound or parted: leaflets when undivided
obovate-cuneate and incised, when much dissected cut into lanceolate or linear lobes.
A.* decapétala, Arp.2 A span to a foot high from an oblong tuberous root: leaves usually
appressed-pubescent or at least ciliate-hirsute, 3-foliolate ; leaflets petiolulate or sessile, broad,
ovate or ovate-oblong, crenate-dentate or shallowly and obtusely cleft: involucre very
dissimilar, borne at or above the middle of the 1-flowered stem, subsessile, its three leaves
1S, Brit. America, Macoun.
2 Eastward to New Brunswick and Anticosti, and southward in Rocky Mts. to Arizona according
to Britton, 1. c. 222.
3 Dr. Gray’s description of this species has been altered to exclude the following clearly distin-
guishable plant.
Anemone. RANUNCULACEZ. 11
short, once (or more rarely twice) palmatifid-cleft to below the middle; segments linear,
mostly entire: sepals greenish white to pink: head of carpels in fruit cylindraceous (three
fourths to one and a half inches long): style not half the length of the orbicular flat akene,
at length inflexed, completely covered by the wool of the akene.— Animad. Alt. 27;
L. Mant. 79; DC. Syst. i. 200; Britton, 1. c. 218. A. trilobata, Juss. Ann. Mus. iii. 248,
f. 21, f. 3. A. heterophylla, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 12 (under A. Caroliniana, var.
heterophylla). A. Berlandieri, Pritz. Linnea, xv. 628. A. Caroliniana, Coulter, Contrib.
U.S. Nat. Herb. ii. 8, at least in part. — Arkansas and Texas, Berlandier, Wright, Thurber,
Reverchon, and according to Prof. Britton east to Alabama and north to the Great Plains.
(Mex., Extr. Trop. S. Am.)
A.* sphenophylla, Perr. Habit and most of the characters of the last: leaves glabrate
or nearly so, 3-foliolate; divisions commonly cleft into rather narrow sometimes even linear-
lanceolate acutish segments ; leaves of the involucre (with rare exceptions) sub-similar to
the basal leaves in outline and segmentation, and not so strikingly reduced in size as in the
preceding: flowers sometimes solitary but more commonly 2-3(-4) from the same involu-
cre. — Frag. Syn. 27; Britton, 1. c. 220; Coville, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. iv. 56. A. decapetala,
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 3, t. 1; Gray in Ives, Colorado Rep. Bot. 5, excl. syn. in part, not
Ard.— W. Arkansas, Harvey ; W. Texas, Thurber, to Arizona, Smart, Pringle ; Utah, Wat-
son, Parry, Johnson, and Panamint Mts., 8. Calif., Coville & Funston. (Chili.)
A. Caroliniana, Watr. A span or two high from a globular small tuber (which is pro-
duced at the apex of a flagelliform subterranean shoot): slender stem one-flowered, usually
bearing the simply palmatifid involucre much below the middle: sepals purple, blue, or
white: head of carpels short-oblong or barely cylindraceous in fruit (usually half inch
long): style about the length of the ovate rather turgid akene, erect, its slender tip pro-
jecting from the wool, more deciduous.— Car. 157; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 12 (excl. var.
heterophylla); Torr. in Marcy, Rep. t. 1; Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. I, i. 165, t. 42.
A. tenella, Pursh, Fl. ii. 386.— Sandy soil, Florida to N. Carolina, Illinois, Dakota, and
southwest to Texas, thus partly accompanying the preceding but in different soil; fl. early
spring.
A. WAtTeERI, Pursh, FI. ii. 387, founded wholly on Walter’s character of his Thalictrum
Carolinianum, is quite obscure, no specimen being extant. If an Anemone it might be referred
to A. Caroliniana, except for the pentasepalous flower.
+ + + Plants 1 to 3 feet high from a caudex, few-several-flowered : sepals mostly 5, oval
or obovate, seldom over half inch long, white or greenish white, sericeous-canescent out-
side: style subulate, shorter and stout, wholly or mainly persistent on the semi-obovate
akene: involucral leaves similar to the radical and petioled, palmately or pedately 3-5-
divided and the divisions 2-3-cleft and incisely toothed ; fl. summer.
A. cylindrica, Gray. Somewhat silky-pubescent, strict: divisions and lobes of the leaves
mostly cuneate-lanceolate: involucre in depauperate plants 3-5-leaved and 1-2-flowered, but
usually 5-9-leaved and 2-6-flowered, with very long and naked umbellate peduncles (the
involucels if any being basal and making a part of the general involucre), or occasionally
one of the peduncles involucellate at the middle: head of carpels in fruit cylindrical, inch or
more long, very woolly; the short somewhat recurved styles slightly projecting. — Ann.
Lye. N. Y. iii. 220; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 13. — Dry ground, New Brunswick to Montana and
Saskatchewan, south to New Jersey and New Mexico.
A. Virginiana, L. More loosely pubescent or glabrate: divisions and lobes of the leaves
rhombic-oyate or ovate-lanceolate : involucre 2-3-leaved, subtending a solitary and elongated
naked peduncle and one or sometimes two proliferous ones, i. e. involucellate at the middle,
and these again often proliferous, thus continuing long in blossom: sepals usually greenish
white and only half inch long, sometimes enlarging and bright white: head of carpels in
fruit ovate or oblong, thick, as it were muricate by the projection of the conspicuous stout
styles, the apex of the akenes also naked. — Spee. i. 540; Geertn. Fruct. i. t. 74; Hook. FI.
Bor.-Am, i.7,t.4; Torr. & Gray, 1.c.; Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 2, i. 93, t.23. A. hirsuta,
Meench, Meth. Suppl. 105.— Moist ground, New Brunswick to S. Carolina, and northwest to
the Rocky Mountains and lat. 55°.
* * Akenes naked (when mature), orbicular, much compressed, wing-margined: sepals
5, obovate, white, half inch or more long: involucre closely sessile, palmately parted or
cleft.
12 RANUNCULACEZ, Anemone.
A.* Canadénsis, L.1 - A foot or two high from deep filiform rootstocks, pubescent : stem
rather slender, prolifero-dichotomous from the inyolucre after producing the slender-
peduncled primary flower, sometimes again or even again similarly proliferous from the
secondary involucres: leaves very veiny; radical long-petioled, 5-7-parted or deeply cleft
into narrowly cuneate divisions; these partly 2-3-cleft and incised or sharply toothed
toward the apex: primary involucre 2-3-leaved; secondary 2-leaved, smaller, less cut,
ascending: sepals bright white: head of rather numerous carpels globose ; carpels hirsute
when young, glabrate in age, abruptly tipped with a rigid soon straight and mainly per-
~ sistent subulate style of nearly the length of the orbicular akene. — Syst. Nat. ed. 12, iii.
App. 1, 431 (1768). A. dichotoma, L. Spee. i. 540, in part; Pursh, FI. ii. 387 (with A. Pennsyl-
vanica); Lloyd Bros. Am. Drugs & Med. i. 22, f.8. A. Pennsylvanica, L. Mant, ii. 247 (where
distinguished from the E. Asian A. dichotoma, which besides has the short-styled carpels ovate
at maturity) ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 8, t.3; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.14; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 20,
t. 4, not Ledeb. A. irregularis, Lam. Dict. i. 167. A. aconitifolia, Michx. FI. i. 320.2 — Low
grounds, Nova Scotia and Hudson Bay to Saskatchewan, and south to S. Pennsylvania,
Illinois, and along the Rocky Mountains to S. Colorado ;8 fl. early summer.
A. narcissifiéra, L. <A span or at length a foot or more high from a thick caudex, villous:
radical leaves of orbicular outline, 3-5-parted or divided into cuneate multifid divisions ;
lobes narrowly lanceolate or linear: involucre similar but closely sessile and usually more
simply cleft, subtending solitary or usually several umbellate peduncles: akenes glabrous,
apiculate with short soon inflexed style. — Spec. i. 542; Pursh,1. c. 387; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am.
i.8; Torr. & Gray, 1]. c.; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iv. t. 48.— Alpine regions, Rocky Moun-
tains of Colorado (first coll. by James) and northward, and Alaska to Bering Strait.4
(Eu., Asia.)
* * * Akenes naked or merely pubescent, less flattened, ovate-oblong or narrower, wing-
less, comparatively few in the head: sepals 4 to 6, commonly 5, obovate or oval, half inch
or more long: slender and glabrous or pubescent plants, simple and one-flowered, a span
to a foot high, with few radical leaves, or these remote and separate from the scape.
+ From elongated filiform or flagelliform rootstocks: involucre of 2 or 3 simple subsessile
leaves, and radical leaves at most trifoliolate.
A. deltoidea, Hook. Radical leaves trifoliolate; leaflets sessile or nearly so, ovate or
rhombic-ovate, acutish, obtusely dentate, somewhat incised or the lateral 2-3-lobed : invoJu-
ere of 2 or 3 ovate similarly toothed or incised leaves: sepals white, often an inch long:
carpels pubescent, glabrate in age, ovate, pointed with a very short at length straight subulate
style. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 6, t.3; Torr. & Gray, l.c.13; Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 424. — Western
part of Washington and Oregon in woods (type specimens coll. by Douglas and by Scouler) to
N. California, Greene, Rattan. Stem at length a foot high.
A. Richards6ni, Hook. Radical leaves round-reniform, deeply and somewhat palmately
5-cleft into cuneate-obovate incised lobes: involucre of 3 dilated cuneate 3-lobed and
incisely dentate leaves: sepals sulphur-color: carpels glabrous ; persistent style very long,
filiform, recurved-spreading in age, hooked at tip.— Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 6, t. 4; Schlecht.
Linnzxa, vi. 575; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢., printed Richardsoniana. A. ranunculoides, var.,
Richards. in Frankl. lst Journ. ed. 1, App. 740 (reprint, p. 12). A. Vahlii, Hornem. FI.
Dan. t. 2176. — Shores of Hudson Bay to Alaskan Islands, and through arctic America.
(Adj. N. E. Asia, Greenland.)
+— + Rootstocks horizontal, thickish: involucre 2-3-phyllous, and 3-5-foliolate ; the leaves
slender-petioled.®
1 Dr. Gray employs A. Pennsylvanica, L., for this species, but it is a later name.
2 Add syn. A. dichotoma, var. Canadensis, MacMillan, Metasp. Minn. Val. 237.
8 Westward in Brit. America to the Pacific, according to Hooker, 1. c. 8, and southward to Mary-
land according to Britton, 1. c. 228.
4 Reported in W. Newfoundland, by Reeks, List Fl. Pl. Nfd. 2, but probably erroneously.
5 A. nudicaulis, Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 17, described from imperfect specimens and placed in this
part of the genus, has subsequently been conclusively identified with Ranunculus Lapponicus, L. See
Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. vi. 233.
Hepatica. RANUNCULACES. 15
A.* quinquefolia, L.!' A span to a foot high: radical leaf and the three of the involucre
3-foliolate or by the division of the lateral leaflets often 5-foliolate ; divisions or leaflets
from obovate-cuneate or rhombic-ovate to lanceolate-oblong, mostly acute or acuminate,
serrate or somewhat incised ; the lateral ones commonly 2-parted or completely divided and
middle one 3-cleft : sepals from white, or with purplish tinge outside, to pale violet or blue:
akenes puberulent, tapering into the short recurving style. — Spec. i. 541; Bart. Fl. N. A.
ii. 10, t. 39; Britton, 1. c. 225. A. nemorosa of Amer. authors, but differing from the European
species in its generally smaller flowers, less incised leaves and more slender stem and
petioles. A. pedata, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 361, & in Desy. Journ. Bot. i. 230 (1808) ;
DC, Syst. i. 214. A. minima, DC. 1. ¢. 206. A. Grayi, Behr, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 5.
A. nemorosa, var. Grayi, Greene, Fl. Francis. 295, a broad-leaved Pacific form with white or
pale blue flowers. — Open woods, New Brunswick to coast of Brit. Columbia; in the
Atlantic States to the mountains of Georgia; fl. early spring.
Var.* Oregana, Rosgrnson, n. var. Leaflets obovate to oval-oblong and obtusish,
undivided, unequally or sparingly serrate or slightly incised : flowers rather short-peduncled :
sepals bright blue, oval or oblong, larger than in the typical form half to three fourths inch
long: filaments also blue and longer than in the type. — A. Oreyana, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xxii. 308. A. cyanea, Freyn, Deutsch. Bot. Monatsschr. viii. 176. A. Grayi, Britton, 1. c. 226,
in part, not Behr. — Open woods, on both sides of the Columbia River, Klikitat Co., Wash-
ington, Suksdorf; about the Hood River, Mrs. Barrett; on Mt. Adams, Henderson. A
striking and beautiful variety or perhaps species, apparently intergrading, however, both
with typical form and the following.
Var.* Lyallii, Ropryson, n. var. Dwarfish: leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate, more
obtusely toothed than in the type: flowers usually very small, white or pale blue, a third to
half inch in diameter. — A. Lyallii, Britton, 1. ce. 227. — From Portland, Oregon, Henderson,
and the Willamette Valley, Cusick, to Vancouver Isl., Macoun, and Salmon River, Brit.
Columbia, Dawson. Very similar forms are common in the Redwoods of California, Bolander.
A.* trifolia, L. Usually larger than the preceding species: involucral leaves with rare
exceptions regularly 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate-lanceolate rather regularly serrate, large, in
well developed specimens 2 to 3 inches in length, and more than an inch in breadth; radical
leaves subsimilar to the involucral but sometimes 5-foliolate: peduncle long and slender,
usually more than 2 inches in length: flowers large, 15 to 16 lines in diameter: sepals
white or pinkish: carpels in a globular head, much as in the preceding species. — Spec. i.
540; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iv. t. 48; Britton, 1. c. 226; Vail, Mem. Torr. Club, ii. 33, t.4
Millspaugh, Fl. W. Va. 319; Heller, Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 22. A. lancifolia, Pursh, FI.
ii. 386. A. nemorosa, var., Gray, Am. Nat. vii. 422. — Mountains of S. Pennsylvania and
Virginia, Curtiss, Small, Heller, to Georgia, Chapman. (Eu.) The American plant does
not differ by any constant or satisfactory character from the European, which is regarded
as a good species. It appears, however, in some instances to intergrade or perhaps hy-
bridize with A. quinquefolia.
3. HEPATICA, Dill. Livertear. (Latinized from jrarixds, affecting or
belonging to the liver, suggested by the shape of the leaf.) — Acaulescent low
perennials (of the northern hemisphere); with elongated and villous or at length
glabrate petioles and peduncles from a short crown or caudex, 3-lobed but other-
wise entire leaves, and solitary blue or purple or sometimes white flowers, pro-
duced in earliest spring, followed later by the foliage of the season, which lasts
over winter. Sepals 6 to 9, rarely more. Akenes pubescent, tipped with very
short style. — Cat. Plant. Giss. App. 108; DC. Syst.i. 215. Anemone §.Hepatica,
Koch, and authors ; but may be fairly well kept as a genus.
H. triloba, Cuarx. Leaves with 3 rounded or ovate and obtuse lobes; those of involucre
also obtuse. — Chaix in Vill. Dauph. i. 336; Bart. Fl. N. A. iii. 45, t. 87; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
1 Dr. Gray regarded this and the following species as forms of the European A. nemorosa, while
the var. Oregana he considered as distinct. In the light of recent publications and additional
material it seems best to modify this treatment to the one of the text.
14 RANUNCULACEZ. Hepatica.
i 15. H. Americana, Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 387. H. triioba, var. Americana, DC. 1. ¢. 2164
Anemone Hepatica, L. Spec. i. 538.— Open woods, Nova Scotia to the northern Rocky
Mountains, lat. 55°, and Sitka, according to Bongard, south through the upper country to
the border of Florida, west to Missouri and Minnesota. (Eu., N. Asia.) Passes into
H. acutiloba, DC. Lobes of the leaves ovate and acute, occasionally lateral lobes 2-cleft :
akenes slightly stipitate.— Prodr. i. 22; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. t. 5. H. triloba, var. acuta,
Pursh, FI. ii. 391.2 Anemone acutiloba, Lawson, Rey. Canad. Ranune. 30.— Quebec to upper
part of Georgia, and Iowa. Rarely has the middle lobe or all of them incised.
4, ANEMONELLA, Spach. (A diminutive of Anemone.) — Hist. Veg.
vii. 239; Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 39. Syndesmon, Hoffmansegg, Flora, 1882, ii.
Intell.-Blatt. 34, name only, referring to this and to a Z'halictrum. — Single
species, flowering in early spring.
A. thalictroides, Spacu, 1. c. 240. Low and very glabrous perennial: roots tuberiform
and fascicled: slender and simple scapiform stems and radicle petioles a span or two high;
the latter twice ternate into slender petiolules, bearing roundish leaflets with mostly sub-
cordate base and 3-lobed broad apex: involucre of 6 to 9 similar filiform-petiolulate leaflets
(i. e. belonging to 2 or 3 trifoliolate leaves with primary petiole wanting or obsolete),
subtending an umbelliform cyme of few or several (rarely solitary) slender-stalked
flowers: sepals 5 to 10, oval, white, sometimes pinkish, 4 or 5 lines long, tardily deciduous,
much longer than the stamens and carpels: anthers oval: disciform stigma horizontal or
nearly so, obscurely 2-lobed, sessile, but in fruit comparatively small and slightly elevated
on the pointed apex of the oblong-fusiform 8-10-ribbed akene. — Anemone thalictroides, L.
Spec. i. 542; Hill, Veg. Syst. 25, t. 46, f.5; Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 44; Juss. Ann. Mus. iii.
249, t. 21; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 866; Bart. Fl. N. A. ii. t. 44.3 Thalictrum anemonoides,
Michx. Fl. i. 322; DC. Syst. i. 186; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 150; Gray, Gen. Ill. i.
24, t. 6; Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 1, iil. t. 30; Lecoyer, Bull. Soc. Roy. Bot. Belg.
xxiv. 223. Syndesmon thalictroides, Hoffmansegg, 1. c., name only ;+ Lawson, Monog.
Ranune. Canad. 31.— Dry woods, New England and Ontario district of Canada to
Minnesota, to Maryland, and south along the mountains and upper country to W. Florida.
A flore pleno form has been found wild.
5. THALICTRUM, Tourn. Merapow-rvr. (Old Greek and Latin name,
of uncertain derivation.) — Perennial herbs of temperate regions, largely northern,
usually glabrous, with alternate compound or decompound leaves, petioles dilated
at base, and panicled or corymbiform cymose or rarely racemose small flowers, in
most of ours dicecious or polygamous and with dull colored sepals, these 4 or
sometimes 5 in number and deciduous. There are not rarely small appendages
to some partial petioles or leaflets, which have been called s¢ipels, but they are
inconstant. — Inst. 270, t. 143; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 4; Lecoyer, Bull. Soe.
Bot. Belg. xxiv. 1885, Te=o252)
* Flowers hermaphrodite, on a low scapiform stem: filaments capillary and drooping.
T. alpinum, L. A span or more high: leaves all or chiefly radical, inch or two long,
pinnately 5-7-foliolate, with lower pinne similarly 3-5-foliolate: leaflets cuneate-obovate,
few-lobed, prominently veined beneath: flowers drooping, purplish : anthers linear-oblong :
1 Add syn. Hepatica Hepatica, Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 559.
2 Add syn. Hepatica acuta, Britton, Ann. N.Y. Acad. Sci. vi. 234.
8 Add Garden, xxxv. 409, t. 699.
4 See also Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 39.
5 In accordance with the expressed intention of Dr. Gray, his manuscript relating to the genus
has been freely revised in the light of Prof. Trelease’s careful treatment of the group (Proc. Bost.
Soc. Nat. Hist. xxiii. 293-304); and plants of subsequent description have been inserted where
necessary.
Thalictrum. RANUNCULACEZ. 15
akenes very few, oblong, slightly ancipital, subulate-tipped. — Spec. i. 545; Lightf. FI.
Scot. i. t. 13; Fl. Dan. t. 11; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2237; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 39; Wats. Bot.
King Exp. 4.— Newfoundland and Anticosti, arctic Alaska, mountains of N. Nevada, and
alpine region of Rocky Mountains to Colorado! (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia.)
* * Flowers hermaphrodite, in loose panicles on leafy stem: sepals caducous, greenish:
filaments capillary and weak: anthers linear: akenes terete, tipped with oval stigma.
T. minus, L., var. Keménse, Treiease. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, sulcate-striate: leaves
thrice ternate: fruiting pedicels filiform: carpels few. — Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xxiii.
300. TJ. Kemense, Fries, Fl. Halland, 94; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 13; Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mose. 1861, pt. 2, 36, t. 3. TZ. minus, var. elatum, Lecoyer, 1. ¢. 283, in part. — Unalaska.
(Adj. N. E. Asia, N. Eu.)
* * * Flowers hermaphrodite, not very numerous, panicled on leafy stem, slender-pedi-
celled: sepals tardily deciduous, white or whitish: filaments clavate, erect: anthers oval or
short-oblong, pointless: akenes compressed, gibbous, one edge either straight or concave,
thin-walled, not filled by the seed, the sides with few nerves or veins.
+ Akenes slender-stipitate, dorsally gibbous, the ventral edge concave at maturity, apicu-
late with very short style or stigma.
T, clavatum, DC. Stems slender, 1-2-leaved: leaves biternate: leaflets membranaceous,
large, roundish, very obtusely lobed: flowers loosely cymose: filaments bright white, the
petaloid-dilated summit quite as wide as the oval anther: akenes somewhat lunate-oblong,
almost equalled by the filiform stipe. — Syst. i. 171; Deless. Ic. Sel. i. t. 6; Gray, Am.
Jour. Sci. xlii. 17, & Man. 39. TJ. filipes, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 38. TJ. nidicaule, Schweinitz
in. Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 39. — Wet soil on mountains, Virginia? to Alabama and Georgia ;
first coll. by Michaux, but not published.
+ + Akenes short-stipitate, ventrally very gibbous, tipped with subulate long stigmatose
style.
T. sparsifldrum, Turcz. Stem a foot to a yard high, striate-angled, leafy to the top:
leaves twice or thrice ternate or quinate, upper gradually diminished and sessile: leaflets
rather small, often pulverulent-glandular beneath: flowers sparse and narrowly paniculate :
filaments filiform with narrowly clavate summit, much longer than the often glandular-
puberulent ovaries: akenes half rhombic-ovate (a line and a half wide), very flat, the dorsal
edge straight. — Turcz. in Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Petrop. i. 40 (1835) ; Regel, 1. c. t. 1;
Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 8; Wats. l. c.4; Lecoyer, 1.¢.155. . clavatum, Hook. Fl. Bor-Am,
i.2; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 37, not DC.— Moist grounds, Hudson Bay district, from lat. 57°
to the Aleutian Islands, and southward in the Rocky Mountains to Colorado, in the Sierra
Madre to San Bernardino Co., Calif. (N. Asia.)
* * * * Flowers dicecious, in two species polygamo-dicecious, paniculate on a leafy stem:
sepals whitish, greenish, or dull purplish, early deciduous: stigmatose style slender-sub-
ulate and more or less persistent: akenes either sessile or short-stipitate, moderately or
sometimes not at all gibbous.
+ Western species: akenes compressed but more or less tumid, manifestly ancipital, thin-
walled (except in 7. venulosum) : filaments all capillary and weak: anthers linear, mucro-
nate or apiculate: leaves 2-3- or lowest 4-ternately compound, or last divisions quinate, at
least the lower cauline petioled: leaflets (as in all our species) obovate or rounded, or
cuneate at base, or subcordate.
T. Féndleri, Excerm. A foot to a yard high, with 3 to 5 cauline leaves; upper ones short-
petioled or sessile: leaflets of rather firm texture, commonly half inch long, with lobes
rounded or sometimes mucronate-acuminate: carpels either numerous or few in the head ;
akenes ovate or oblong-ovate, 2 or 3 lines long, moderately oblique, the ventral edge more
gibbous, each face mostly 3-nerved or ribbed, “the central rib more salient, and the lateral
sometimes branched ; seed linear-oblong or elongated-oblong. — Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Fendl.
5, & Pl. Wright. ii. 7; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 289 ; Lecoy er, 1. c. 134. — Mountains of
W. Texas, New Mexico, and Arizona, and north through California and the Rocky Moun-
1 Uinta Mts., Utah, Porter, and White Mts. of Mono Co., Calif., Coville & Funston.
2 Near Nuttallburg, West Virginia, acc. to Millspaugh, Fl. W. Va. 320, also E. Tennessee,
Parry, Kearney.
16 RANUNCULACE. Thalictrum.
tains to Montana and Wyoming. Variable species, passing into the two following extreme
forms.
Var. Wrightii, Treas. Slender and small-leaved: all or most of the cauline
leaves conspicuously petioled ; leaflets from a quarter to over half inch long: akenes smaller,
usually few, more angulatetumid, the midnerve being carinate-salient at maturity: seed
oval-oblong, almost completely filling the cell. — Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xxiii. 304. 7.
Wrightii, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 7. — New Mexico and 8. Arizona, a form of a drier district,
first coll. by Wright. (Adj. Mex.)
Var.* platycarpum, Trevease,1.c. Inflorescence sparsely glandular-puberulent :
akenes large and flat, erect, 2 to 3 lines long and often fully 2 lines broad, acuminate : veins
searcely reticulated. — Coville, Contr. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 55. J’. hesperium, Greene,
Pittonia, ii. 24. — Foothills and high sierras of Centr. and 8S. California, Kellogg & Harford,
Greene, Gray, Parish Bros.
T.* polycaérpum, Warson. Mostly robust and tall, thinner-leaved and glabrous through-
out: akenes more numerous, in fruit forming a globular head, larger (3 lines long including the
stipe-like base, and two lines wide), flatter, but vesicular when fresh, obovate or somewhat
orbicular, only the midnerve usually apparent and that with some branching veins, the cell
by no means filled by the oblong-linear seed. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 288, & Bot. Calif. ii.
424, TT. Fendleri, var. % polycarpum, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 61, mainly. 7. Fendleri,
Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.4, mainly. J. cesium, Greene, Fl. Francis. 309, a form with
leaves incised nearly as in the original specimens collected by Bigelow. — Shady grounds,
through California, especially along the coast, apparently to Montana. Seemingly the fruit
is a monstrous condition, but it matures seed.
T. occidentale, Gray. A foot or two high, with 2 or 3 usually slender-petioled cauline
leaves: leaflets membranaceous, glaucescent, commonly an inch or more long, the lobes
rounded ; akenes rather few or few maturing, lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate and acuminate,
hardly at all oblique, 3 to 5 lines long, hardly over a line wide, prominently 3-nerved on
each convex face, the midnerve slightly more salient: seed nearly linear and filling the
cell. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 372; Wats. ibid. xiv. 288. 7’. dioicum, var. oxycarpum, ‘Torr.
Bot. Wilkes Exped. 212. — Moist and shaded ground, Brit. Columbia, east to Montana, and
south to Plumas Co., California. T. megacarpum, Torr. in Frém. Rep. 87 (name only) &
Trelease, 1. c. 303, is probably a form of this species with shorter broader akenes and some-
what thicker leaflets, thus forming a transition to some forms of 7. F'endleri or perhaps the
following.
T.* venuldsum, Trerease. Quite smooth and very glaucous, 10 inches to 3 feet high:
stem and petioles often purplish and finely mottled: leaves 3-4-ternately divided, borne
upon rather long but stoutish and firm petioles; primary divisions well stalked but leaflets
approximate, with short petiolules, rather more firm of texture and smaller than in the
preceding species and veiny upon the pale or whitened lower surface, suborbicular in out-
line, crenately lobed: inflorescence commonly narrow: achenia 6 to 8, ovate, not strongly
flattened, almost sessile, narrowed to a slender straight or moderately curved beak, walls
thickish, at least firmer than in the neighboring species; ribs forming at maturity prominent
free angles not connected by reticulation. — Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. xxiii. 302. 4 7. Fend-
leri, J. M. Macoun, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 285.— Mountainous districts from Colorado, Parry,
Vasey, and S. Dakota, Rydberg, to Oregon, Cusick; Washington, Vasey, Piper, Hull,
Henderson, and Rocky Mts. of Brit. Columbia? Macoun. A species nearly related to the
eastern J. dioicum. A doubtful specimen with more expanded inflorescence has been
collected on the plains of the Saskatchewan, Bourgeau.
++ Eastern species: akenes terete or nearly so, costate-angled (some of the ribs rarely
branching or anastomosing), little or not at all gibbous, either sessile or short-stipitate (in
the same species), thick-walled, the cell filled by the seed: filiform-subulate styles elon-
gated, surpassing the sepals.
++ Mostly tall (2 to 8 feet high): leaves 3 or 4 times ternate; cauline several, upper or all
of them sessile or subsessile by a spathaceous base; leaflets from roundish to oblong, com-
monly with mucronate lobes or tip, of rather firm texture: akenes ovoid or short-oblong,
seldom over 2 lines long, with 5 or 6 acute angulate ribs, the sutural ones slightly more
salient: sepals caducous: filaments white in anthesis, or sometimes purplish: styles
tardily breaking away.
Thalictrum. RANUNCULACE. 17
T. polygamum, Munt. Stem tall, mostly green, glabrous, not manifestly glandular: leaf-
lets sometimes minutely and sparsely pubescent beneath (the hairs simple and paucicellular) :
panicles naked and mostly corymbose: flowers polygamous, developed toward midsummer,
more corymbosely clustered than in the following: sepals and stamens mostly white; the
latter comparatively short, erect, with strongly clavate and rugulose filaments broader than
the oval or oblong pointless (or rarely apiculate) anthers. — Cat. 54 (1813), & ed. 2, 56
(1818), with char. “smooth, polygamous.” JT. pubescens, Pursh, FI. ii. 388, by part of char.
but not as to pubescence. JZ’. corynellum, DC. Syst. i. 172; Lecoyer, 1. ¢. 143. T. Cornuti,
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 3, partly (var. 8B); Torr. & Gray, Fl.i. 38. Z. Cornuti, Gray, Man.
eds. 1-5, not L., of which see below. TZ’. leucostemon, Koch & Bouché, Ind. Sem. Hort.
Berol. 1854; Walp. Aun. iv. 12.— Low or wet grounds, New Brunswick and Lower Can-
ada to upper parts of Carolina and Florida; at the north flowering in July and Aug.
There are male plants with sterile ovaries, and female with some polliniferous stamens.
A variety (from N. New York to mountains of Carolina) has akenes rather conspicuously
stipitate.
Var.* macréstylum, Ropinson, n. var. Very slender: leaflets small, subentire:
flowers nearly dicecious, the fertile less numerous and in a more spreading panicle than in
the typical form: heads of akenes small, dense, and spherical. —7. Cornuti, var. brevifolium,
Shuttleworth in herb. 7. Cornuti, var. macrostylum, Shuttleworth in distr. Rugel. 7’.
macrostylum, Small & Heller, Mem. Torr. Club, iii. 8. — Mountains of North Carolina to
Georgia, Rugel, Small & Heller. A well marked variety, but passing into the type.
T. purpurascens, L. Stem 2 to 4 feet high or taller, often purplish: leaflets mostly
oblong or oblong-cuneate, more veiny and reticulated, beneath with or without some gland-
less or gland-tipped minute hairs or with waxy atoms: panicles loose and more pyramidal:
flowers nearly dicecious (rarely with a few imperfect anthers to the female flowers) : sepals
usually greenish or purplish: filaments white or purplish, capillary, yet occasionally clavel-
late at summit, soon drooping: anthers linear or oblong-linear, mucronate or mucronulate.
—Spee. i. 546, & ed. 2, i. 769 (7. Virginianum elatius glaucum, Morison); Gray, Man.
ed. 3,39. J. purpurascens, & T.rugosum (not Ait.), Pursh, 1. c. 388, 389; Spreng. Pugill. i. 38.
T. pubescens, Pursh, 1. c. 388, in part. 7’. purpurascens, & T. revolutum, & partly T. Carolini-
anum, DC. Syst.i.174. 7. Cornuti, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 8, t.2 (var.a), &e. 7’. dasycarpum,
Fisch. & Lall. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1841, 72; Walp. Rep. i. 13; Lecoyer, 1. c. 145, form
with akenes sparsely pubescent, and some of its ribs not rarely interrupted or branching.
T. revolutum, Lecoyer, 1. c. 146, the form with lower face of leaves and sometimes other
parts copiously glandular, the glands or waxy atoms some surmounting short hairs, some
sessile. This is 7. purpurascens, var. ceriferum, C. F. Austin in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 39; but
all the varieties freely run together. Muhlenberg, Fl. Lancast. ms., well described the
species under the name of 7. graveolens, on account of the heavy scent, which is greater in
the more glandular form.— On drier ground, Canada and Saskatchewan to Florida, Texas,
New Mexico, and Arizona; fl. spring and earliest summer.
T.* coridceum, Smatu. Diccious, 3 to 6 feet high: roots of stout bright yellow fibres: the
short petioles much dilated : leaflets obovate or suborbicular in outline and crenate-toothed
or lobed nearly as in the following, pale beneath, thickish for the genus but scarcely at all
coriaceous: akenes more or less strongly stipitate.— Mem. Torr. Club, iv. 98. 7. dioicum,
var. coriaceum, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xviii. 363. — Mountains of Southwestern Virginia
and North Carolina, Porter, Small, Heller.
++ ++ Comparatively low, wholly dicecious, and the fewer cauline leaves slender-petioled :
leaflets with rounded and pointless lobes or teeth: akenes small (less than 2 lines long),
completely terete and with equal ribs ; the stigma or style deciduous.
T. dioicum, L. Fibrous-rooted, glaucous or pale: stem a foot or two high, only 2-3-leaved :
leaves thrice or lowest four times ternate ; leaflets mostly slender-petiolulate and drooping,
roundish and subcordate : panicles rather small and pedicels umbellate : flowers greenish with
dull purplish tinge ; the male drooping, with capillary filaments little longer than the linear
fuscous mucronate anthers: carpels 5 to 13: linear stigma occupying the whole length of
the style and broader, much longer than the ovary: akenes strongly 10-12-costate. — Spec.
i. 545; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 38; Meehan, Native Flowers, i. 45, t. 12. T. levigatum, Michx.
Fl. i. 322. 7. Carolinianum, Bose in DC. Syst. i. 174, excl. var. — Wooded hillsides, New
2
18 RANUNCULACEZ. Thalictrum.
Brunswick and Canada, north to lat. 67°, west to the hase of the northern Rocky Moun-
tains, and south to Carolina, Alabama, &c.; fl. early spring.
T. débile, Buck. Fascicled roots tuberous: stems weak and slender or filiform, a span toa
foot long, 2-4-leaved: leaves mostly twice ternate ; leaflets small (2 to 8 lines long), roundish :
panicle loosely few-flowered, slender and racemiform: flowers greenish yellow ; male with 7
to 11 stamens with slender filaments shorter than the oblong-linear mucronulate anthers ;
female with 3 to 9 carpels: stigmas subulate : akenes sessile and subtended by the marcescent
calyx, oblong, 6-8-costate. — Am. Journ. Sci. xlv. 175; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 8; Chapm.
Fl. 5; Lecoyer, 1. ¢. 189. — Woods and moist prairies, Alabama, Buckley, N. W. Georgia,
Chapman, and E. Texas, Wright. Var. TexAnum, Gray (Cat. Coll. Hall, Pl. Tex. 3), is a
form with firmer stem and thicker smaller leaflets much whitened beneath and but 1 to 2}
lines in breadth; collected on moist prairies about Houston, Hall.
T. Corntt1, L. Spec. i. 545. It becomes evident that this name ought to subside, as De
Candolle suggested. It rests wholly on the descriptions and figures of Cornuti and of
Morison, the latter apparently taken from the former; which, though mentioned as “in
Canadensi solo nascitur,” was almost ‘certainly figured and described from a plant of the
European 7’. aquilegifolium, L.
T. rucésum, Ait. Kew. ii. 262, said to be a native of North America, and to have been
introduced into cultivation in England by Dr. Fothergill in 1774, has hermaphrodite flowers
and is a form of 7. glaucum of Europe. YT. discolor, Willd. acc. to Spreng. Pugill. i. 39, is
also 7. glaucum, and not American.
6. TRAUTVETTERIA, Fisch. & Meyer. (Prof. Ernst Rudolph Traut-
vetter, Russia.) — Perennial herbs; with palmatifid and reticulate-veiny leaves,
the radical ample and long-petioled, the few cauline short-petioled or sessile; the
stem branching at summit and bearing loose corymbose cymes of white flowers,
the filaments being white and conspicuous in the manner of TZ'halictrum, the
greenish white sepals falling when they open. — Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1835,
22; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 87; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 25, t. 7.7 Hydrastis, Lam. Ill.
t. 500, not L.— Three species, much alike, the third in Japan and Amur; fl.
summer.
T. palmata, Fiscu. & Meyer, 1. c. Two or three feet high, puberulent or glabrous:
radical leaves a span to a foot in diameter, 5-11-cleft, with lobes irregularly and acutely
incised and serrate, or some again 2-3-lobed, extremely and conspicuously reticulate-veiny ;
cauline leaves sessile or the lowest petioled: akenes 2 or 8 lines long, obliquely obovate in
outline, tipped with very short style. — Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.; Gray, 1. ¢. 26, & Man. 40.2
Hydrastis Carolinensis, Walt. Car. 156. H. Canadensis, Poir. Suppl. iii. 71, not L. Cimici-
fuga palmata, Michx. F1.i.316 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1630. T’halictrum ranunculinum, Muhl. in
Willd. Enum. 585; DC. Syst. i. 186. J. palmatum, Spreng. Syst. ii. 674. Actwa palmata,
DC. Syst. i. 383. — Moist ground along streamlets, Indiana? and E. Kentucky, and along the
Alleghanies from Maryland to Georgia.
T. grandis, Nutr. Not larger: leaves thinner, inconspicuously reticulate-veined ; cauline
usually petioled : akenes smaller, broader and more rounded at base, tipped with a longer
style. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 37; Wats. Bot. Calif. 11. 425; Lawson, Rev. Canad.
Ranune. 43. J’. palmata, var. occidentalis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, viii. 372. Actea pal-
mata, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 26. A. grandis, Dietr. Syn. Pl. iii. 233. — Woods, W. Idaho
and Brit. Columbia to Plumas Co., California, Mrs. Austin ; first coll. by Menzies.
7. ADONIS, Dill. Parasant’s-nre. (Adonis, the youth loved by Venus,
and after his death changed into a flower.) — Caulescent herbs of the Old World;
with finely dissected leaves and handsome flowers; a perennial vernal species
1 Recent literature : E. Huth, Revision, in Engl. Jahrb. xvi. 286.
2 Add syn. 7. Caroliniensis, A. M. Vail, Mem. Torr. Club, ii. 42.
3 Westward to Beardstown, Ill., Geyer (a thickish-leaved form, the var. coriacea of Huth, 1. c. 288).
Myosurus. RANUNCULACEAZ. 19
(A. vernalis) sometimes cultivated for ornament, and the following a precariously
nataralized weed. — Cat. Pl. Giss. App. 109, t. 4; L. Gen. no. 465.
A. autumnAxis, L. Low annual, summer-flowering, leafy : petals scarlet or crimson or paler,
with a dark spot at base: mature akenes rugose-reticulate, short-pointed. — Spec. ed. 2,
i. 771; Schk. Handb. t. 152; Hook. Fl. Bor-Am.i.9; Torr. & Gray, Fl.i.15. A. annua,
~ LL. Spee. i. 547, in part. — Labrador, herb. Hooker, doubtless a transient introduction.
Sparingly and occasionally met with in and near fields, especially in 8S. Atlantic and Gulf
States. (Nat. from Eu.)
8. MYOSURUS, Dill. Mouvserair. (Name from pis, a mouse, and
ovpa, tail, alludes to the shape of spike of pistils.) — Very small annuals, of tem-
perate countries; with linear or filiform or at first spatulate entire leaves in a
radical tuft, and simple one-flowered scapes; the yellowish or whitish flower suc-
ceeded by the slender spike or (in depauperate specimens) oblong head of carpels.
These are in all the species more or less follicular, dehiscing suturally when they
separate from the axis, liberating the seed! Spur or appendage to the sepals
variable, in some flowers obsolete. — Cat. Pl. Giss. App. 106, t. 4 (as Myosuron) ;
L. Gen. no. 257.1
* Mature carpels with back carinate from base to apex (and commonly but variably pro-
longed into a tip or beak), not suberose- or cellular-thickened.
M. apétalus, Gay. Petals not rarely wanting: body of the akene oblong, or semi-ovate,
utricular, thin or even scarious ; the narrow thickened back traversed by a salient greenish
keel: seed oblong.— Fl. Chil. i. 31, t.1; Gray, Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 2. M. aristatus,
Benth. in Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 458; Wats. Bot. King Exp.5; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif. i. 5; Hook. f. Fl. N. Zeal. i. 8.— Mountains of Colorado, Utah, and Idaho to Brit.
Columbia, California, and Arizona; first coll. by Geyer. (Chili, New Zealand, &c.) The
typical form has carpel-spike from near an inch long and linear-cylindrical down to quarter
inch and ovoid-oblong, and more or less squarrose by the prolongation of the salient keel of
the carpels into a subulate ascending or spreading beak, which is sometimes as long as the
body of the akene itself, but is occasionally erect and much shorter.?
Var. lepturus, Gray. Slender: carpel-spike narrower; carpels mostly smaller,
beakless or very short-pointed : seed elongated-oblong. — Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 2. MZ. mini-
mus, var. filiformis, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 277, in small part. M. australis, Muell.
Trans. Phil. Soc. Victoria, i. 6 (1855), & M. minimus, Benth. Fl]. Austral. i. 82 — Same
range, or nearly, from many collectors, and with intermediate forms; passed in various col-
lections as M7. minimus.
M. minimus, L. Carpel-spike commonly elongated, inch or two long: mature carpels
somewhat quadrate, with broader usually rhomboidal and flat back, traversed by very low
keel, ending in a short and appressed or often obsolete pointed tip (in eastern specimens the
tip often wholly wanting, as in fig. Schk. Handb. t. 88, & Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 28); the body
less utricular and thicker-walled: seed oval.— Spec. i. 284; Gray, 1. c. i. 28, t. 8; Baill.
Hist. Pl. i. 42, f. 71-75. M. Shortii, Raf. Am. Journ. Sci. i. 379. — Low ground, Illinois
to Florida and west to Washington and California. A variety from California (also Sicilian)
has fruiting scapes only 2 to 6 lines long.2 (Eu., N. Afr.)
M. séssilis, Warson. Flowers and cylindrical (half inch long and a line thick) carpel-
spikes sessile at the crown; the latter in a spreading tuft, much shorter than the leaves:
carpels with oval scarious utricular body and narrow acutely carinate green back, continued
1 Further literature: E. L. Greene, Revision, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 276-279; A. Gray, Notes
on Myosurus, Bull, Torr. Club, xiii. 1-4; E. Huth, Revision, in Engl. Jahrb. xvi. 283-286.
2 M. aristatus, var. sessiliflorus, E. Huth 1. c. 286, from N. W. Solano, Calif., Jepson, differs only
in its sessile flowers.
8 This is the WZ. breviscapus, var. Californicus of Huth, 1. c. 285, but appears to be thoroughly
confluent with MW. minimus.
| ee RANUNCULACEZ. Myosurus.
into a prominent erect or slightly spreading subulate beak: seed oval. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xvii. 362; Greene, 1. c. 278, — Alkaline flats in Umatilla Co., N. E. Oregon, Howell.1
* * Mature carpels with back developed into a whitish cellular- or suberose-cartilaginous
border around the salient and laterally compressed-beaked keel.
M. alopecuroides, Grernn. Scapes short and thickish, bearing a thickish fruiting
spike: mature carpels somewhat quadrate, with cellular-scarious body, and oblong thickened
cellular-bordered somewhat concave back, the short keel projecting into a prominent and
spreading subulate beak: seed oblong-oval. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 278. — California,
near Antioch, Mrs. Curran.2 Spur or appendage of sepals (as in other species) of variable
length, not rarely short or almost obsolete.
M. cupulatus, Warson. Scapes elongated and slender, bearing a mostly elongated and
slender fruiting spike: mature carpels roundish, slightly compressed within, the almost
cartilaginous much-thickened portion projecting into a shallow dorsal cup around the base
of the laterally much flattened triangular-subulate or gladiate erect or slightly spreading
green beak; the proper cell small and narrow, filled with the oval seed. — Proc. Am. Acad,
xvii. 8362; Greene, 1. c. — Hills and mountains of Arizona and adjacent New Mexico, Greene,
Lemmon, Pringle.
9. RANUNCULUS, Tourn. Crowroort, Burrercue. (Latin name of
a tadpole, applied by Pliny to aquatic species of this genus.) — A large and
much diversified cosmopolitan genus of perennial or annual herbs, of various
habit. — Inst. 285, t. 149; L. Gen. no. 464; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 10, inel.
Cyrtorhyncha, Nutt.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 5, incl. Onggraplias, Bunge; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 363-378.
R. Ficdrta, L. (representing the section FicArr1a, which has roots tuberous-thickened down-
ward, Caltha-like leaves, and scapiform peduncle bearing a 3-sepalous and about 9-petalous
flower) has been collected at Flushing, Long Island, and on the Wissahickon near Phila-
delphia? escapes from cultivation. There is no telling what Walter’s Ft. Ficaria may be,
perhaps Caltha.
R. HornemAnnt, Schlecht. Animad. Ranune. ii. 36; DC. Prodr. i. 44 (R. tuberosus, Hornem.
Hort. Hafn. ii. 527) is purely R. bulbosus, fide Lange.
R. pépixis, Raf. in Desy. Journ. Bot. i. 225 (1808), coll. near Germantown, Penn., is not
to be made out.
R. oprusrtscuuus, Raf. 1. ¢. is equally indeterminable, even with the help of a tracing from
an original sketch, possessed by the N. Y. Academy of Sciences, which is probably not true
to nature, representing cauline foliage of A. pusillus, from an annual root, 5-merous poly.
androus flowers with persistent linear-lanceolate sepals and a long style.
§ 1. Barrscutum, DC. Petals white with yellow base and a naked (not
scale-covered) nectariferous pit : akenes of Huranunculus but transversely rugose,
marginless: stamens often few: aquatic or occasionally subaquatic, either peren-
nial by rooting from the nodes or winter-annuals, with submersed leaves filiform-
dissected and either with or without emersed dilated leaves; the stipular-dilated
base of petiole membranous: peduncles solitary, opposite the leaves. — Syst. i.
233. Batrachium, S. F. Gray, Brit. Pl. ii. 720; Wimmer, Fl. Schles. 8, fide
Fries, Bot. Not. 1842, no. 8, & Novit. Mant. iii. 51. Ranunculus hydrocharis,
Spenner, Fl. Frib. 1007; Hiern in Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. 44. Between this
1 Also San Joaquin Val., Calif., Greene, ace. to Huth, who places in this species also Prof. Greene’s
M. minimus, var. apus (Bull. Cal. Acad. Sci. i. 277).
2 Also near Vacaville, Calif., Greene.
3 Also at Hingham, Mass., Cushing, and Willow Brook, Richmond Co., N. Y. ace. to Hollick &
Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xviii. 213.
“Ranunculus. RANUNCULACE. yd |
reduction to one species and the admission of 35, probably the better choice is to
admit the following along with A. fluitans, Lam., and thus preserve the earliest
names.
* Styles subulate, not longer than the ovary, introrsely stigmatose for part or all of their
length: petals deciduous.
+ Carpel-receptacle more or less hairy: submersed capillary-multifid foliage always
present, oftener no other in American plants: petals several-nerved.— R. aquatilis, L.
R. circinatus, Sreru. Wholly submersed and destitute of emersed foliage: leaves sessile
(down to the very short stipular-dilated base) and dissected into rigid lobes, all spreading in
one plane (at right angles to stem) in an orbicular outline of about an inch in diameter, not
at all collapsing when drawn out of water: style as long as the ovary, stigmatose above, not
rarely persisting as a subulate beak. — Fl. Oxon. 175; Eng. Bot. Suppl. iv. t. 2869 ; Reichenb.
Te. Fl. Germ. iii. t. 2; Fl. Dan. t. 2236. R. aguatilis, B, L. Spec. i. 556, in part; Schk.
Handb. t. 152. R. stagnatalis, Wally. Sched. Crit. 285. R. rigidus, Roth. En. Pl. Pheenog.
Germ. i. sec. 2, 633. RR. divaricatus, Koch in Sturm, Deutsch. Fl. xvi. Heft 67, &c, (not,
it is said, of Schrank, nor of Mcench); Godron, Ess. 27, f.7, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 40, & Pl.
Wright. ii. 8. R. aquatilis, var. divaricatus, Gray, Man. ed. 2,7. &. longirostris, Godron,
1. c. 32, £.9. R. aquatilis, var. longirostris, Lawson, 1. ¢. 43. Batrachium circinatum, Spach,
Hist. Veg. vii. 201 ; Fries, Herb. Norm. 1842, &c.1— In still water, Canada and Hudson Bay
to Brit. Columbia, and W. Texas, but mainly northeastward. (Ku.)
R. aquatilis, L. Leaves petioled ; the emersed ones present in the type, reniform or orbicu-
lar, 3-5-lobed or sometimes parted and the divisions 2-3-cleft: submersed ones dissected
into either filiform or capillary divisions, which are widely spreading, usually of rather firm
texture, or else flaccid so as to collapse when drawn out of water: style short. — Spec. i.
556, &c. The typical form is var. HeTEROPHYLLUS, DC. Prodr. i. 26 (fh, aquatilis, DC.
Syst. i. 234, R. heterophyllus, Weber, Fries, &c.); Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 10; Gray, Man. ed.
5, 40.2— Growing in shallow waters, in this country only from Alaska and the adjacent
islands (where taken by Schlechtendal for R. hederaceus) to Oregon and California. (Eu.,
Asia.)
Var. trichophyllus, Gray, 1. c. All the leaves dissected: the most available
name for the collective forms (R. pantothriz, Brot. in DC. Syst. i. 235); but used in
restricted sense for those with rather short and slightly rigid leaves, which do not collapse
on withdrawal from the water. — R. trichophyllus, Chaix in Vill. Fl. Dauph. i. 335, & R.
divaricatus, Schrank, Baiersche FI. ii. 104, fide Hiern. Var. BrAcuypus, Hook. & Arn. Bot.
Beech. 316, with peduncle shorter than the leaf, is the commoner form of this in California.
Var. cmspitésus, DC. Prodr. i. 26, is a dwarf and condensed form, becoming terrestrial ;
the leaves becoming somewhat fleshy or rigid. War. conrervoipes (R. confervoides, Fries,
Sum. Veg. Scand. i. 139) is a dwarf form with capillary flabby leaves, found only north-
ward. Var. rLAccipus (R. flaccidus, Pers. in Usteri, Ann. Bot. v. pt. 14, 39), with soft
capillary dissected leaves, collapsing on withdrawal from the water: New England, New
York, &c., commonly a large form, in rather deep water, with longer or less numerous leaf-
divisions: answering to R. aquatilis, var. submersus, Godron in Gren. & Godr. Fl. Fr. i. 23,
1 Add syn. Batrachium divaricatum, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 160, not Wimm. (which being
R. divaricatus, Schrank, was, acc. to Hiern, a form of the plant here called Ranunculus aquatilis, var.
trichophyllus).
2 Add syn. R. Grayanus, Freyn, Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. viii. 179, and R. aquatilis, var. his-
pidulus, Drew, Bull. Torr. Club, xvi. 150. The hispid character of the lower surface of the emersed
leaves is a very general one both in European and American specimens, and is in no wise restricted to
plants with trifid leaves.
3 Add syn. Batrachium trichophyllum, Bosch, Prodr. Fl. Bat. 5.
4 R. Porteri, Britton (Bull. Torr. Club, xvii. 310), known from imperfect specimens, appears to be
but a form of the same polymorphous species. Its akenes are three fourths line in diameter and its
leaves are dissected, some into narrowly linear, others into filiform segments. If a form of this species
it may also be placed between vars. cwspitosus and trichophyllus.
22 RANUNCULACE. Ranunculus.
& R. aquatilis, var. trichophyllus, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 40.— In ponds, and especially in slow-
flowing streams, almost everywhere. (Eu., Asia.)
+ + Carpel-receptacle glabrous: no submersed dissected leaves: petals about 3-nerved,
narrow.
R. neperscevs, L. 1. c. Rooting freely on muddy banks or in shallow water: leaves all
reniform, angulate-lobed: peduncles not surpassing the petiole: flowers small, with few and
small akenes. —Fl. Dan. t. 321; Eng. Bot. t. 2003; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iiit. 2.—In
fresh water marshes at Norfolk, Virginia, Muir. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Styles long and filiform, with small terminal stigma: petals deciduous.
R. Lobbii, Gray. Submersed leaves either none or few and of few divisions: emersed
small (at most half inch broad), divergently 3-parted into oval or oblong and entire or
1—-2-notched lobes: stamens 5 to 10: carpels not more numerous; styles about thrice the
length of the ovary, of equal width from base to apex, only the base persisting on the
oblong obliquely rugose akenes, these mostly enclosed in the marcescent-persistent petals :
receptacle small, wholly glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 364. &. hydrocharis, forma
Lobbii, Hiern in Seem. Journ. Bot. ix. 66, t. 114 (as sub-species), at least as to Bigelow’s
plant, and probably as to that of Lobb from Oregon. &. hederaceus, var., Torr. Pacif. R.
Rep. iv. 62. R. aquatilis, var. Lobbii, Wats. Bibl. Index, 17. R. hederaceus, var. Lobbii,
Lawson, Rey. Canad. Ranune. 44, partly. — In water, California, Corte Madera, Marin Co. ;
near Bay of San Francisco, Bigelow; Tomales Bay, Greene; Oregon, Lobb, in herb. Kew.
§ 2. PSEUDAPHANOSTEMMA, Gray. Petals and petaloid (white tardily decid-
uous) sepals of § Aphanostemma, with carpels and habit of § Oxygraphis: viz.
the former inane, reduced to a minute fleshy-thickened lamina or nectary on a
slender claw; the latter lanceolate, acuminate, compressed, membranaceous and
utricular, obscurely one-nerved on the sides, the cell much longer than the seed.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 865. =Kumlienia, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 537.
R. hystriculus, Gray. Low and glabrous perennial with fascicled roots: leaves mainly
radical, long-petioled, orbicular-reniform, 5—7-lobed and coarsely crenate-dentate: scapes a
span or two high, naked or one-leaved below and one-flowered, sometimes with a small leaf
above and a second flower: sepals 5 or 6, oval, quarter to half inch long: carpels numerous
in a globose and squarrose head when mature, sparsely pubescent, lanceolate and gradually
attenuate into the persistent style (together about 3 lines long); the oval seed supra-basal.
— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 328; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.6. Aumlienia hystricula, Greene,
1. c.— Moist ground, western side of the Sierra Nevada, at 5,000 feet, Yosemite to Butte
Co., Bolander, Brewer, Mrs. Austin, Rattan, &c.
§ 3. Crymoépes (i. e. glactalis), Gray. Petals rose-color or white (ample,
nectariferous and with imperfect scale), and with the sepals marcescent-per-
sistent: carpels utricular: seed oblong: showy flowered low perennials, with
fibrose-fasciculate roots, arctic or alpine, with the notable exception of the follow-
ing, glabrous at least up to the sepals. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 365.
R. Andersonii, Gray. <A span or two high: leaves chiefly radical, 2-3-ternately or
pedately divided or parted; lobes thickish, lanceolate to linear: scape one-leaved or naked,
1-2-flowered : sepals glabrous: petals rose-color or pink, orbicular or flabellate-obovate with
narrow claw, half inch long: mature carpels wholly utricular and membranous-walled but
compressed, obovate-orbicular and oblique, 3 lines long, the cell of the whole width except a_
very narrow scarious margin, abruptly apiculate with very short style. — Proc. Am. Acad.
vii. 327; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 6, t.1; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 6, with a slender form,
yar. tenellus, Wats.2— Eastern part of Sierra Nevada, California and Nevada, Anderson,
1 Also collected in Dismal Swamp, Va., Chickering, and in Newfoundland, at New Harbor, Wag-
horne, Bona Vista Bay, Osborn, and Quiddy Viddy Lake, Robinson & Schrenk. Batrachium hede-
raceum, S. F. Gray, Brit. Pl. ii. 72, is a synonym.
2 Add syn. Oxygraphis Andersoni, Freyn, Flora, Ixx. 140.
Ranunculus. RANUNCULACEZ. 23
Lemmon, &e. to near Salt Lake, Utah, Watson, &c., and Boise City, 8S. W. Idaho, Wilcox,
at 5,000 to 9,000 feet.
R. Cuamissonis, Schlecht. Animad. Ranune. i. 12, t. 1, is known only on the Asiatic side
of Bering Strait, and is much nearer the following, but with more utricular and gibbous fruit
and longer more naked style (according to herb. Kew) ; it is very little known.
R. exaciixis, L., of Europe, on the other hand, coming as near the American continent
as Greenland, has dark-hairy calyx and longer beaked broadly semi-ovate carpels ; when young
these are wholly scarious-utricular; in age the portion immediately around the seed becomes
coriaceous, the rest forming the hyaline wing, which, however, is bilamellar and pervious.
§ 4. Cyrrtornynona,' Gray. Petals pale yellow, bearing a prominent simple
or bifid callosity on the inner face (with the whitish or yellowish membranaceous
sepals) deciduous: stamens about 20: carpels in a globular head, Vhalictrum-
like, in fruit somewhat utricular akenes, oblong, terete, or ovate and laterally
flattened, prominently about 10-costate, tipped with a short subulate inflexed or
slightly recurved style, subcoriaceous, loosely filled by the oblong erect seed:
fibrose-rooted perennials. -——- (Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 6.) Proc. Acad. Philad.
1863, 56. Cyrtorhyncha, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 26.
R. Nuttallii, Gray,1l.c. A span to near a foot high, glabrous: leaves 2-3-ternately divided
and parted into oblong or lanceolate lobes; radical long-petioled, cauline one or two and
small: stems corymbosely several-flowered: petals 5 to 9, 2 lines long, spatulate-oblong :
akenes a line or so long. — Cyrtorhyncha ranunculina, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. ce. — Rocky
Mountains of Wyoming and Colorado; fl. spring and summer; first coll. by Nuttall.
R. Cooléye, Vasry & Rose. Glabrous, 3 to 10 inches high: root a cluster of stout fibres:
leaves chiefly radical, orbicular in outline, deeply and palmately 3-5-cleft, 1 to 14 inches
in diameter; the lobes flabelliform, crenate-dentate and again more or less deeply parted ;
the cauline leaves solitary or absent, smaller and of simpler contour: stem simple or once
branched : sepals greenish or yellowish white, broadly oblong, obtuse, 4 lines in length:
petals bright yellow, having a bifid thickening near the junction of the very short claw and
the narrowly oblong blade, 25 to 3 lines in length: carpels very numerous, only partly
ripening, at maturity ovate, laterally compressed and keeled, tipped with a slender gently
recurved style with small terminal stigma.— Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 289, t. 22.
Kumlienia Cooley, Greene, Erythea, ii. 193 & ? iii. 53. — Rocky hills near the snow level,
Alaska, near Juneau, Miss Cooley ; St Elias Alps above Disenchantment Bay, Funston; fl. &
fr. August. A plant of doubtful affinities, possessing much the habit of the Californian
R. hystriculus, but the shorter smooth thickish more strongly ribbed akenes as well as the
petals of the preceding.
§ 5. Hatoépes, Gray. Petals yellow, with nectariferous spot and scale,
deciduous with the sepals: mature carpels thin-walled and utricular, compressed,
the sides striate with several simple or sparingly branched nerves: perennial by
flagelliform stolons, affecting saline soil: scapes 1-3-flowered. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xxi. 366.— Comprises fk. plantaginifolius, Murr. (R. salsuginosus, Pall. acc.
to DC., R. Ruthenicus, Jacq.) of Siberia, and the following.
R. Cymbalaria, Pursu. Low, glabrous: leaves orbicular or ovate-roundish and cordate,
or sometimes with truncate base, coarsely crenate, or rarely only 3-toothed, more or less
succulent (varying from an inch down to 2 lines in length): scape 1 to 6 inches high: petals
5 to 9, narrowly oblong or spatulate, 1 to 4 lines long: akenes apiculate, small and very
numerous, in an at length oblong head on an elongated receptacle, — FI. ii. 392 ; Hook. FI.
Bor.-Am. i. 11; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 17; Fl. Dan. t. 2293. R. salsuginosus, Pall. Reise,
ed. 3, ili, 173, in part? R. tridentatus, HBK. Noy. Gen. & Spec. v. 42. &. halophilus,
1 Extended to include &. Cooleye.
24 RANUNCULACEZ. ; Ranunculus.
Schlecht. Animad. Ranune. i. 23, t. 4, f. 1,1 the diminutive and chiefly high northern form,
var. ALPinus, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 11.— Moist and brackish soil, arctic sea-coast and along
the coast to New Jersey, and at salt springs in the interior, along the Rocky Mountain
region and westward to California. (Greenland, N. & Centr. Asia, Mex., S. Amer.)
§ 6. Eurantnoutus. Petals yellow or in few species white, with nectarifer-
ous spot or pit covered by a scale on the claw, deciduous: sepals 5, sometimes
3 or 4, deciduous: carpels in fruit coriaceous or crustaceous akenes, filled by the
seed or nearly so, usually more or less compressed, the sides nerveless.
* Petals white (8 or 10): sepals 3 or 4.
R. Pallasii, Scutecnr. Creeping perennial, glabrous: stems and elongated petioles thick
and fistulous: leaves with short blade from linear to oblong, obtuse and entire, or some
cuneate and 2-3-lobed: petals quarter to half inch long, obovate: akenes thin-crustaceous,
2 lines long or more, tipped with a small short beak. — Animad. Ranune. i. 15, t. 2; Hook. FI.
Bor.-Am. i. 10; Seem. Bot. Herald, 22. &. Pallassii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 17.—In shallow
water, arctic Alaska, and Islands, Pallas, Chamisso, Seemann, Murdock, &. Also Labrador,
Jide Ascherson, but doubtful. (Arct. E. Asia, Lapland.)
* * Petals yellow, commonly 5 (3-16 in certain species).
—+ Amphibious aquatics, with dissected leaves, when submersed capillary-multifid in the
manner of § Batrachium: perennial by fibrous-rooting from the nodes: akenes smooth.
R. multifidus, Pursn. Polymorphous, fibrous-rooting: the well developed plant aquatic,
with submersed or floating elongated fistulous stems: leaves, inch or two long, all ternately
decompound into narrow filiform or capillary divisions, flaccid, or some small uppermost
emersed and 5-7-parted into cuneate lobes: flowers showy: petals 5 to 8, broadly obovate,
deep golden yellow, 4 to 6 lines long: akenes obliquely ovate, rather turgid, when ripe sub-
erose-thickened at base and ventral edge, tipped with a straight and compressed subulate
beak of half their length. — Fl. ii. 736; DC. Syst. i. 270; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 40, not Forsk.,
which being quite obscure may rest as R. Forskehlit, DC. RK. fluviatilis, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed.
1,139, not Willd. AR. /acustris, Beck & Tracy, N. Y. Med. & Phys. Journ. ii. 112, & Trans.
Alb. Inst. i. 148, t. 5.2. AR. Purshii, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 15, as to vars. a & B, t. 7, B. 1;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 19, as to vars.a& B. R. Becki, Don, Syst. i. 39. R. Purshii, var.
aquatilis, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 35.—In stagnant or slow-flowing water, Atlantic States from
N. Carolina northward to N. Canada, Brit. Columbia, California, &c. (Siberia.)
Var.* terréstris, Gray.2 Under this may be collected the series of forms of shallow
water or wet soil, which creep, rooting in the mud, with shorter stems, emersed coarsely
dissected leaves, round-reniform and once to thrice parted or cleft into more or less cuneate
lobes: flowers and fruit often somewhat smaller; also autumnal forms in exsiccated beds of
ponds, with ascending stems and broadish lobes to the leaves, these usually pubescent. —
Man. ed. 5, 41, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 366 (where as in ms. of present work the following
species was included). %R. Missouriensis, Greene, Erythea, iii. 20.— With the typical
form, and not very common. To be distinguished from the following, which it closely
simulates in foliage, by its larger akenes with a tumid suberose border about the base and
tipped with a longer flatter style.
R.* Purshii, Ricnarps. Creeping upon muddy banks: leaves small, 4 to 9(to 12) lines in
diameter, circular in outline, 3-5- or many-cleft into linear segments (filiform dissected
leaves very rarely present): flowers small, seldom over 5 lines in diameter: heads of fruit
as well as the akenes themselves considerably smaller than in the preceding, the latter desti-
tute of any distinct turgid margin and tipped with a slender style. — Richards. in Frankl.
Ist Journ. ed. 2, App. 751 (reprint, p. 23), var. a; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 15, as to vars. y & 6,
t.7,B.2&38; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 19, as to vars. y & 5. RA. Gmelini, DC. Syst. i. 303 (R.
1 Add syn. Cyrtorhyncha Cymbalaria, Britton, Mem. Torr. Cluh, v. 161.
2 Greene, Pittonia, ii. 62; C. A. Davis, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 115. Add also syn. R. delphinifolius, Torr.
in Eaton, Man. ed. 2, 395, not HBK.
8 This variety has been limited by the editor to exclude the following species.
‘ona ~~ |
Baninculas RANUNCULACEA, 95
no. 49, Gmel. Fl. Sibir. iv. t. 83, f. B), & R. Langsdorfii, DC. Prodr. i. 84. R. pusillus, Ledeb.
Mem. Acad. Petrop. v. 546, the depauperate high northern form. AR. /imosus, Nutt. in Torr.
& Gray, l. c. 20. &. radicans, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxiv. pt. 2, 44, 45, not of C. A.
Meyer & Ledeb. AR. multifidus, var. repens, Wats. Bot. King. Exp. 8, & Bibl. Index, 20. R.
multifidus, var. limosus, Lawson, Rev. Canad. Ranunec. 47.— Western arctic America to
Great Slave Lake, south to Michigan, Washington, and even New Mexico, Palmer ; also in
cold bogs of Nova Scotia, Trueman.
+ + Terrestrial arctic or alpine perennials (or first species amphibious and less alpine),
creeping and wholly fibrous-rooting, either from procumbent stems or filiform rootstocks,
glabrous ; with rounded leaves palmately 3-5-lobed or parted but not divided nor filiform-
dissected : flowers small: akenes smooth.
++ Stems leafy and rooting at the nodes: akenes small in a globular head: style short or
hardly any.
R. natans, C. A. Meyer. Creeping extensively, rooting in wet mud or floating in shallow
_ water: leaves reniform or some with shallow sinus or truncate base, 4 to 9 lines in diameter,
‘ with 3 to 5 roundish or obovate diverging lobes: petals about 2 lines long: carpels very
numerous in a globose head (of a quarter inch in diameter) with a thick fleshy receptacle :
style extremely short, with a terminal] stigma. — Meyer in Ledeb. Ic. t. 114, Fl. Alt. ii. 315,
& Fl. Ross. i. 34. &. hyperboreus, var. natans, Regel, 1. c. 43; Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863,
56. &. radicuns, C. A. Meyer in Ledeb. Ic. t. 116, is a form of the same. &. Purshii,
Torr. Ann. Lye. N.Y. ii. 162, not Richards. — Rocky Mountains of Colorado, subalpine or
lower, Hall & Harbour, James, Coulter, Rothrock, Patterson. (N. Asia.)
R. hyperboreus, Rorrs. Terrestrial in wet soil, small, depressed and creeping : leaves of
cuneate or flabelliform outline, rarely with subcordate base (2 to 6 lines broad), 3-lobed or
almost 3-parted: the lobes obovate or oblong, and the later ones sometimes 2-lobed: petals
a line long: carpels fewer in a small head with an oval receptacle: style very short. — Act.
Hafn. x. 458, t. 4, f. 16 (Fl. Dan. t. 331); DC. Syst. i. 272; Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. i. t. 11,
f. 21, 22; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 20.— Labrador, Allen, Bell, to arctic Alaska. (Arct. Asia
& Eu., Greenland.)
++ ++ Scapose from filiform rootstocks: akenes rather few in a loose head with small
receptacle, long-styled. =
R. Lapponicus, L. Long filiform runners or rootstocks sending up long-petioled radical
leaves and simple leafless or one-leaved scapes a span high: leaves reniform in outline (an
inch in diameter), 3-parted; divisions flabellate-cuneate, 3-7-lobed or crenate-incised: petals
3 lines long: akenes a line or more long, obliquely ovate, somewhat acute-margined, a little
longer than the slender introrsely stigmatose persistent style. — Spec. i. 553 (Fl. Lapp. t. 3,
f. 4); Wahl. Fl. Lapp. t. 8, f. 2; Fl. Dan. t. 2292.1— Western part of arctic America, and
Rocky Mountains south to Lat. 549.2. (N. Asia & Eu., Greenland, &c.)
+ + + Uliginous or subaquatic, fibrous-rooted, glabrous or nearly |so, with leaves all
entire or merely denticulate or crenulate, petioled.
++ Akenes beakless or nearly so, dull; the style very short and deciduous or hardly
any: subannuals; ours with erect or ascending usually weak stems, sometimes rooting
from the lower nodes, but hardly at all thereby perennial: lowest leaves cordate or ovate
or oblong and long-petioled: upper lanceolate to linear.
= Petals | to 3 or occasionally 5, not over a line long, pale yellow: stamens only 5 to 10.—
Casalea, St. Hil.
R. trachyspérmus, Enceim. Stems a span to 2 feet high, seldom rooting, and plant
vi.
probably purely annual: carpels somewhat orbicular, tumid-lenticular, narrowly margined,
and the faces minutely tuberculose, only one third line long, crowded in a cylindraceous or
oblong head with a narrow receptacle of 2 lines or so in length. — Engelm. in Gray, PI.
1 Add syn. Anemone nudicaulis, Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 17; see Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
233.
2 Also north shore of Lake Superior, at Sand Bay, J. C. Jones, and near Grand Marais, Minn.,
Cheney, acc. to Coulter & Fisher, Bot. Gaz. xviii. 299.
26 RANUNCULACEX. Ranunculus.
Lindh. i. 3 (not Ell), excl. var. Lindheimeri, but incl. var. angustifolius. —Low grounds
Louisiana, Langlois, and Texas ; first coll. by Lindheimer.
R. pusillus, Porr. Stems 6 to 20 inches high, not rarely rooting from decumbent base:
carpels somewhat obovate, half to three fourths line long, dull, smooth or irregularly some-
what papillose, rather numerous in a small globular head. — Dict. vi. 99; Pursh, Fl. ii. 392;
Deless. Ic. Sel. i. t. 28; Ell. Sk. ii. 57; Torr. & Gray, F1. i. 17, partly. R&R. Flammula, Walt.
Car. 159, not L. AR. humilis, Pers. Syn. ii. 102. (R. Bonariensis, Poir..1. c. 102, is very
near, and of no older date.) — Wet ground or in shallow water, Staten Island, New York, to
Missouri and southward to Florida and Texas, along the low country.
Var. Lindheimeri, Gray. A span or two high: akenes more papillose-roughish. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 367. R. trachyspermus ? var. Lindheimeri, Engelm. in Gray, PI.
Lindh. i. 3; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 62; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 7.1.— New Orleans,
Berlandier, no. 1939; Galveston, Texas, Lindheimer ; Napa Valley and San Rafael, Cali-
fornia, Bigelow, J. P. Moore.
= = Petals 5, bright yellow, 1 to 3 lines long, surpassing the calyx : stamens numerous. °
R. oblongifoélius, Ext. Mostly a foot or two high, paniculately branched, seldom root-
ing at base, seemingly annual: akenes rather few in a small globose head, globular or
turgid-lenticular, smooth or scabrous-puncticulate, only one third line long; the small or
slender style wholly deciduous. — Sk. ii. 58; Gray, Man. ed.5, 41. &. Flammula, Michx.
FL. i. 321. R. pusillus, var. oblongifolius, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 17. R. Flammula, vay, laxi-
caulis, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 16.2, R. Texensis, Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Lindh. i. 2.— Wet ground,
Illinois # and S. Carolina to Texas.
s+ ++ Akenes subulate-beaked (but the beak sometimes deciduous or reduced to an apiculus),
smooth, in a globular head: petals as many as 5.
= Perennial by rooting from the lower nodes of ascending stems or from most of those of
creeping stems: roots all fibrous and not thickened.
a. Some lower cordate leaves.
R. hydrocharoides, Gray. Amphibious, with erect or ascending flowering stems a span
or two high, and elongated creeping branches from the base, these stout and fistulous or
sometimes slender: leaves all entire or nearly so (inch or less long), somewhat succulent,
chiefly long-petioled; lower either round-cordate or oval, or some like the uppermost
obovate or spatulate: petals 2 or 3 lines long, much surpassing the calyx: akenes in a small
globose head, less than a line long, tipped with narrow and short abrupt beak.— Pl. Thurb.
in Mem. Am. Acad. v. 306; Rothrock in Wheeler, Rep. vi. 56.—:Marshes and springs,
S. W. Arizona, Thurber, J.D. Smith, Rothrock, Lemmon, the specimens of the last less succu-
lent and rather longer-styled ; Owen’s Valley, S. E. California, Kellogg, a slender form, with
small leaves and longer styles.
R. stoton1rer, Hemsl. of Northern Mexico, much smaller-flowered, is related to this.
b. No cordate leaves, the radical ones at most oblong or ovate. — SPEARWORT.
R. FlA4mmula, L. No representative known in N. America of the true species, which has
rather the habit of the next, with ascending stems rooting only at or near the base, a foot
or so high; with lower leaves ovate-oblong to lanceolate and often rounded at base, not
rarely with serratures; akenes small, with a small or minute beak, or the deciduous style
leaving only an apiculation. — Spec. i. 548; Fl. Dan. t. 575; Curt. Fl. Lond. vi. t. 36. — (Eu.)
Var. intermédius, Hook. Smaller: stems decumbent and creeping, often to a foot in
length: leaves all lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, entire or nearly so, inch or two long,
tapering into the petiole: petals 2 or 3 lines long: akenes of the type or more beaked. —
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 11; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 41, & Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 373. R. Flammula, var.
Unalaschensis, Ledeb. acc. to Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxiv. pt 2,41. R. reptans, var.
1 Add syn. ? R. Biolettii, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 225, nearly from character, and side K. Brandegee,
Zoe, iv. 81.
2 Add syn. R. laxicaulis, Darby, Bot. 8. St. 204.
8 §. E. Missouri, Eggert, Bush, and Isle of Wight County, Virginia, acc. to Heller, Bull. Torr.
Club, xxi. 22.
Ranunculus. RANUNCULACEZ. oF
intermedius, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 16.— Shore of Lake Ontario! to California and Oregon and
northward. (N. Asia, Eu.) Largest forms from western coast, nearly approaching the
type; very slender and linear-leaved as well as small broader-leaved forms pass into
Var. réptans, E. Meyer. Small, wholly creeping: stems filiform, a span or two long:
leaves with blade from 2 lines to an inch long, from linear to spatulate or lanceolate: petals
about 2 lines long: akenes with more conspicuous and subulate oftener curved beak, or
sometimes merely apiculate-beaked as in the type. — Pl. Labr. 96; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 41;
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iii. t. 10. &. reptans, L. Spec. i. 549 (Fl. Lapp. t. 3, f. 5); Fl. Dan.
t. 108, &e. R. reptans, var. filiformis, DC. Syst. i. 248; Torr. & Gray, 1l.c.16. RB. filiformis,
Michx. FI. i. 320; Bart. Fl. N. A.ii.t.70. R. Flammula, vay. filiformis, Hook. F1. Bor.-Am.
i. 11.— Gravelly borders of ponds and pools, New England to Penn., and westward in the
mountains of Colorado and Utah, to California, and north to arctic Alaska and Hudson
Bay. (Greenland, N. Eu., N. Asia.)
R. Aambigens, Watson. Robust, 2 feet high, erect from a decumbent rooting base: leaves
lanceolate, acute or acuminate, often serrulate, 3 or 4 inches long by 4 to 10 lines wide,
mostly much longer than the dilated half-clasping petiole: petals oblong, 2 or 3 lines long :
akenes a line long, obliquely oval, compressed, tipped with erect-incurved narrow-subulate
beaks of fully or more than half their length. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 289, & Bibl. Index,
16. R. Flammula, & R. Lingua, Pursh, Fl. ii. 391, and of all the older Am. botanists.
R. Flammula, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 16, excl. var. R. alismefolius, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 295, as to
eastern plant; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 41, not Geyer.2— In wet grassy places, New England to
Tllinois,? south to the mountains of Tennessee and Georgia, and north to Canada. The
Amer. analogue of R. Lingua.
= = Strictly perennial, terrestrial, more or less tufted, with thickened-fibrous and fascicled
roots : stems mostly short and erect, or assurgent, not at all rooting from nodes: mature
akenes turgid (a line or more long), with introrsely apical or subapical and rather short
subulate beak.
R. alismeefolius, Gerer. Commonly robust, a span to a foot high, simple or branching:
leaves lanceolate to oblong, mostly tapering into margined or base-dilated petioles, or upper
subsessile, entire (sometimes obscurely repand-denticulate), thickish, 2 to 4 inches long and
a quarter to full inch wide: petals broadly obovate, a third to half inch long, generally large
and showy: akenes glabrous and smooth, in a globose or hemispherical head. — Geyer in
Benth. Pl. Hartw. 295, as to Pacif. pl. only, the fruit not then known; Wats. Proc. Am.
Acad. xiv. 289; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif.i.6. R. Flammula, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi.
66. R. Bolandert, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 58.4— Marshes from borders of Brit.
Columbia and Colorado to central parts of California; first coll. and distinguished by Geyer.
Var. alisméllus, Gray. Usually much more slender, 4 to 10 inches high: leaves
thinner, with blade half inch to 2 inches long, from oblong-lanceolate to ovate, or radical
even cordate and on long slender petioles: flowers smaller: petals only 3 lines long. —
Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 327, viii. 372; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 6. 2. alismeefolius, var.
montanus, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 7, one of the intermediate forms.®— Same range,® but
subalpine, and in the Rocky Mountains, from Wyoming to Utah and Colorado. (R. Pseudo-
Hirculus, Schrenk, of Asia, is quite distinct and probably an entire-leaved form of R. pul-
chellus.)
1 Eastward to St. John’s, Newfoundland, Robinson & Schrenk. Add syn. R. reptans, var. strigu-
losus, Freyn, Deutsche Bot. Monatsschr. viii. 181.
2 Add as doubtful syn. R. obtusiusculus, Raf. in Desy. Journ. Bot. i. 225 (1808). A tracing from
Rafinesque’s figure of his plant shows a slender straight erect stem and single annual root, also linear-
lanceolate sepals, all at variance with the stout decumbent commonly geniculate and copiously rooting
stem and ovate sepals of the present species.
3 Westward to Springfield, Missouri, Blankinship.
4 Add syn. R. caltheflorus, & R. Hartwegi, Greene, Erythea, iii. 45. The R. alismefolius of
Geyer was properly defined by Watson, 1. c., considerably before the publication of Prof. Greene’s
synonyms, and the Rocky Mountain and Pacific forms do not appear to have any satisfactory specific
distinctions.
5 Add syn. R. alismellus, Greene, Fl. Francis. 297, & R. Populago, Greene, Erythea, iii. 19, the
form of S. W. Oregon and Idaho with rather broad cordate radical leaves.
6 Southward in California to San Jacinto Mountains, Hasse, acc. to Parish, Zoe, iv. 161.
28 RANUNCULACEZ. Ranuneulus.
R. Lemmoni, Gray. Scapiform tufted stems a span or two high, 1-2-flowered, villous-
pubescent below: leaves thickish, lanceolate, entire: petals 3 lines long, obovate or oblong :
akenes in an oval head, very turgid, villous-pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 68; Brew. &
Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 7.— Eastern part of the Sierra Nevada, California, in Sierra Valley
Lemmon.
+ + + + Terrestrial, at least some of the leaves lobed or divided: no rooting shoots or
stolons except in R. repens and R. septentrionalis.
++ Calyx clothed externally with long and soft black or brown hairs: arctic or alpine low
perennials, bearing solitary large flowers: none of the leaves divided to base: akenes
rather turgid, subulate-beaked.
R. Macauléyi, Gray. Roots a fascicle of fleshy fibres: stems a span high: leaves short-
petioled, soft-pilose when young, soon glabrous, of thick texture, from almost linear with
truncate 2-3-dentate apex to obovate-spatulate and obtusely 3-10-toothed : petals flabelli-
form, crenulate, mostly half inch long, deep yellow. — Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 45; also in An.
Rep. Chief Engineers U. S. A. 1878, p. 1833, as A. nivalis. — Alpine region of the Rocky
Mountains in San Juan Co., §. Colorado, at about 11,700 feet, McCauley, Pease. Too near
R. Altaicus, Laxm., which is R. frigidus, Willd. Spec. ii. 1312, & Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. iii.
t. 289, R. sulphureus of some authors, and perhaps an extreme form of the next species.
Akenes not seen. Young carpels with long straight subulate style.
R. nivalis, L. Glabrous or glabrate except the dark-woolly calyx: roots slender-fibrous
from a short caudex: stems a span or two high: radical and few lower cauline leaves
slender-petioled, from cuneate-flabelliform to reniform, 3-5-lobed or deeply cleft, and the
lobes diverging : petals obovate or roundish, entire or obcordate-emarginate, a quarter to a
third inch long. — Spee. i. 553 (Fl. Lapp. t. 3, f. 2); FI. Dan. t. 1699; Schlecht. Animad.
Ranune. ii. 14; Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. i. t. 2,f.6,7; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am.i.17; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 20, with vars. RR. sulphureus, Soland. in Phipp’s Voy. 202, &c., high arctic form,
approaching &. altatcus. — Arctic America, from Hudson Bay to Alaska, and sea-coast, south
in high Rocky Mountains to lat. 55°. (Greenland, N. Eu., N. Asia.)
++ ++ Calyx not dark-hairy: akenes (glabrous or pubescent) not muricate nor hispid.
= Leaves some of them quite entire (except in R. orynotus), some simply few-lobed and the
lobes quite entire: alpine or subalpine low perennials, one —few-flowered, with fascicled
fibrous or tuberous roots: glabrous.
a. Radical leaves mostly round-reniform and with 5 to 9 roundish lobes or deep crenatures:
akenes dorsally carinate, in an oblong head.
R. oxynotus, Gray. A span or two high, fibrous-rooted from a short caudex, bearing a
rosulate tuft of numerous radical leaves (of half inch or more in diameter): cauline one or
two, cuneate-flabelliform, 3-5-cleft or parted into oblong or lanceolate-linear lobes: petals
broadly obovate, 4 or 5 lines long: head of carpels at maturity about half inch long, with a
thick and fleshy receptacle: akenes semi-ovate, compressed, a line long besides the strong
subulate beak, glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 68; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 7.— High
peaks of the central Sierra Nevada, California, Brewer, Lemmon.?
b. Radical leaves not reniform nor cordate, nor several-lobed: akenes turgid, with roundish
back, forming a globose head: perennials.
R. glabérrimus, Hoox. A span high, somewhat succulent: root of thickened fascicled
fibres: radical leaves from spatulate or oblanceolate to roundish or dilated-cuneate, with
tapering or obtuse or sometimes truncate base, and from entire to crenately 2—4-toothed
or short-lobed; cauline 3-cleft or parted into narrower lobes or entire: petals broadly obovate,
a third to half inch long: akenes glabrous or minutely pubescent, tipped with a small short
beak; the mature head from 3 to 5 lines in diameter. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 12, t.5; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i.19; Brew. & Wats. 1l.c. &. brevicaulis, Hook. Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 66, not FI.
1 Excellent fruiting specimens, collected in Colorado by Miss Eastwood, show the fruiting heads to
be ovate, and akenes small, smooth, tipped with slender straightish but obliquely ascending styles ;
ef. also Watson, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 346, and Eastwood, Zoe, iv. 2, where variations are described.
2 Cloud’s Rest, Mariposa Co., Calif., Congdon, and near Mineral King Mt. ace. to Coville, Contrib.
U.S. Nat. Herb. iv. 56.
Ranunculus. RANUNCULACEZ. 29
Bor.-Am.! — Mountains and valleys from Montana and Brit. Columbia to the Sierra Nevada,
California, and to the Rocky Mountains through Colorado ; first coll. by Douglas.2
R. digitatus, Hoox. Less than a span high, from a cluster of short and downwardly
tuberous-thickened roots: radical leaves either entire and lanceolate or, like the few sub-
sessile cauline, 2-4-parted into oblong-lanceolate or almost linear lobes: petals (5 to 11)
spatulate-oblong, 3 to 5 lines long: carpels slender-styled; akenes of the preceding or
smaller, in a several times smaller head.— Jour. Bot. & Kew Mise. ili. 124, t, 4; Wats. Bot.
King Exp. 8. — Mountains of 8. Idaho, N. Nevada, Utah, &c.; first coll. by Burke.’
= = Leaves all palmately or pedately lobed or divided, small: akenes turgid‘lenticuiar,
with acute or acutish back, tipped with a small subulate beak: strictly arctic or alpine
perennials, fibrous-rooted from a short caudex, tufted, a span or less high, nearly glabrous
except that the peduncles are pubescent: flowers mostly solitary, not large, with rounded
petals little surpassing the calyx.
R. pygmeus, Want. An inch toa span high, with slender or weak one-flowered stems:
radical leaves simply or pedately 3-5-cleft into roundish lobes, and cauline often 3-parted
into narrow ones: petals 2 lines long or less, little or not at all exceeding the sepals: akenes
hardly over half line long, in an oval or short-oblong head. — Fl. Lapp. 157, t. 8, f.1;
Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. i. t. 2, f. 3-5; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 16; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 20.
R. Lapponicus, F), Dan. t. 144. RA. Sabinii, R. Br. in Parry, lst Voy. Suppl. to App. 264 ; Hook.
l.c.17, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 20.— Throughout arctic America to the polar seas, and on the high
Rocky Mountains southward to Wyoming and Colorado. (Arct. Asia & Eu., Greenland.)
R.* Grayi, Brirroy.t Stouter: radical and often the one or two cauline leaves biternately
or pedately divided and parted; the primary divisions sometimes petiolulate, and the lobes
linear-oblong or spatulate : stems 1-2-flowered : petals 3 lines long, surpassing the rounded
sparsely and finely villous sepals: akenes a line long, in a globular head. — Bull. Torr. Club,
xviii. 265. A. Hookeri, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxiv. pt. 2,47; Wats. Bibl. Index, 19,
not Schlecht. A&R. pedatifidus, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 18,t. 8, not Smith nor Schlecht. — Sum-
mit of Rocky Mountains, on eastern side, between lat 52° and 55°, Drummond ; upper part of
Gray’s Peak, Colorado, at 12,300 feet, Patterson, in flower and fruit.®
= = = Leaves all 2-4-ternately parted or divided into numerous narrow divisions (of
not over a line in width): akenes turgid, subulate-beaked, dorsally marginless, smooth
and glabrous or nearly so: «alpine or subalpine low perennials, with strong fibrous fascicled
roots and ascending stems bearing single or few large and showy flowers.
R. triternatus, Gray. Roots fleshy-fibrous: leaves mostly triternately divided and parted ;
primary divisions long-petiolulate, and lobes from filiform-linear (less than half line wide)
to linear-spatulate (a line wide) and obtuse: petals broadly obovate (4 or 5 lines long) :
akenes very turgid, rounded on the back, slender-beaked ; the head globose with a thick
globular receptacle. — Proce. Am. Acad. xxi. 370. — Klikitat Co., Washington, on high hills
near Goldendale, Howell, distributed under name of R. Hooker’. A very early flowering and
depressed form has broader radical leaves.
R. adéneus, Gray. Roots of more slender fibres: stems a span or two high, some at
length decumbent or spreading: leaves mostly 2-3-ternately parted, with primary divisions
hardly if at all petiolulate, lobes all narrowly linear and not widened upward: petals
(sometimes 6 or 8) rounded-flabelliform, often half inch long : akenes moderately compressed
and dorsally acutish, long-beaked with the straight subulate style; the head globular to
oblong. — Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 56 ; Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 8. R. amenus, Gray,
Am. Journ, Sci. ser, 2, xxxiii. 241, not Ledeb. RR. orthorhynchus, var. alpinus, Wats. Bot.
1 Add syn. R. ellipticus, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 110, a common form with elliptic-lanceolate radical
leaves and cleft cauline, said to occur at lower altitudes, but none of the distinctions prove constant.
2 A form with sparsely villons sepals has been collected in S. Utah, Siler, being R. Lemmoni,
Gray, in part, fide S. Watson, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 346.
8 Mammoth Hot Springs, Wyoming, Dewart, Burglehaus.
4 In the light of recent specimens, &. Hookeri, Schlecht., of Mexico, appears too well recognized to
permit the use of the later homonym of Regel, and the present species should be renamed as Prof.
Britton suggests. Prof. Greene’s R. Drummondii (Erythea, ii. 192) is a needless synonym.
5 Mountains near Ironton, S. 7. Cuinp, at 13,000 feet.
30 RANUNCULACEZ. Ranunculus.
King Exp. 9.— High Rocky Mountains of Colorado, first coll. by Parry, and of the Wasatch,
S. Utah, first coll. by Watson. Well developed in wet places along streamlets in the lower
part of alpine region, where it becomes procumbent. On drier soil it is often coarser-leaved,
much smaller flowered, and with longer carpel-heads, having a narrow receptacle of even
half inch in length.
= = = = Leaves mostly cleft or more divided, roundish radical undivided ones, when
present, at least crenate or dentate: akenes turgid or lenticular, marginless.
a. Montane or high northern species, truly perennials, with fibrous or slightly thickened
roots: flowers with conspicuous and pretty large petals, except sometimes in R. affnis.
1. Head of carpels in fruit globular or oval: styles elongated but usually only subulate base
persistent as a short beak or apiculus on the lenticular akene.
R. Arizénicus, Lemmon. A foot or less high, glabrate or above glabrous, below usually
with some soft villous hairs: fascicled roots more or less thickened: stems slender and naked
above, several-many-flowered : radical leaves round-cordate or sometimes cordate-oblong and
strongly crenate-dentate, or later ones about 5-cleft and the segments 3-5-lobed; cauline
once or twice 3-parted into narrow linear divisions: petals (sometimes 6 or 7, 3 to 5 lines
long) oblong or at first obovate: akenes lenticular and with thin acute margin, lightly
pubescent, commonly in a small globular head, having a subulate receptacle. — Lemmon
in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 370. &. affinis, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 29, in part; Roth-
rock in Wheeler, Rep. vi. 57.— Mountains of 8. Arizona, Wright (837) ,1 Lemmon, among rocks,
&e. Also Willow Spring, Arizona, Rothrock, a form connecting with the second variety.
Var. subaffinis, Gray,l.c. A dwarf and alpine form, simulating R. affinis, mostly
1-flowered, with thickish oval head of akenes: these densely pubescent, almost equalled by
the subulate style.2—On Mount Agassiz, of the San Francisco Mountains, at 12,000 feet,
Lemmon.
Var. subsagittatus, Gray,l.c. Rather stout, villous with a deciduous pubescence,
simple-stemmed and fewer-flowered: radical leaves mainly subcordate-oblong or somewhat
sagittate, thick; the middle nerves approximate: petals broadly obovate, half inch or less
long: head of akenes stouter, oval. —N. Arizona, in Delavergne Park of the San Francisco
Mountains, Lemmon ; in wet ground.
R. Suksdorfii, Gray. A span or less high, glabrous, with slender 1-3-flowered stems:
9
leaves small (half inch or more long) subreniform or broadly flabelliform with truncate
base, deeply 3-5-cleft 6r parted, the radical into cuneate 3-5-cleft or incised divisions, those
of the upper cauline linear: petals round-obovate, retuse, a third to half inch long, deep
yellow: akenes glabrous, turgid-lenticular, acutish-edged, surmounted by a nearly filiform
style of equal length (three fourths line), which is at length apparently deciduous; the
head globular. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 371. — Damp ground on Mount Adams, Washington,
at 6,000-7,000 feet, Suksdorf; also, wet alpine meadows in Blue Mountains, E. Oregon, at
toward 8,000 feet, Cusick, with young akenes in more oblong head, not yet turgid, obscurely
pubescent ;? fl. July, August.
2. Head of carpels in fruit oblong or cylindraceous: akenes more turgid and rounded or at
least obtuse on the back.
R.* eximius, Greene. “ Radical leaves very few, often one only, on a short stout petiole
1 to 2 inches long; the blade of cuneate-obovate or almost flabelliform outline, deeply about
7-lobed at the broad summit, otherwise entire ; upper cauline leaves sessile, broadly cuneiform,
1 inch long, cleft to the middle into about 5 lanceolate or broadly linear lobes: periphery of
the expanded large corolla quite circular by the overlapping of the numerous broadly
obovate or almost obcordate yellow petals.” — Erythea, iii. 19.— Mountains of Colorado to
Idaho. Flowers large as in R. adoneus, but foliage so close to forms of the preceding and
following species as to make its specific distinctness still doubtful, especially in the absence
of mature fruit. No authenticated specimens having been seen by the editor, the description
is here drawn from the original characterization.
1 Also at the Copper Mines, New Mexico, Thurber, no. 231.
2 Insert syn. R. Arizonicus, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 60, not Lemmon. A. subsagittatus, var. subafinis,
Greene, ]. c. 110.
8 Mt. Rainier, 0. D. Allen ; Olympic Mts., Henderson.
ae
f 2
’
Ranunculus. ' RANUNCULACEZ. 31
R. Eschscholtzii, Scurecur. A span or two or rarely a foot high, glabrous or nearly so,
1-3-flowered, slender-fibrous-rooted from a commonly oblique caudex or short horizontal
rootstock : leaves of roundish outline ; radical all 3-5-parted or deeply cleft, and their obovate
or cuneate divisions mostly lobed or incised; cauline similar or with oblong to spatulate or
lanceolate and often entire divisions: petals a quarter to nearly half inch long: akenes
glabrous, with slender-subulate and mostly straight style of more than half their length and
more or less persistent as a beak. — Animad. Ranune. ii. 16, t. 1; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 18;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 21; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 37. R. nivalis, var. Eschscholtzii, Wats. Bot.
King Exp. 8.—N. Alaska and Aleutian Islands to the Cascade Mountains and south to
those of Nevada, and the Rocky Mountains south to Colorado in the alpine regions.1
R. affinis, R. Br. A span to a foot high, pilose-pubescent to glabrous, few- to several-
flowered : leaves various, but the cauline with linear or narrow oblanceolate divisions : petals
light yellow, a quarter to a third inch long and obovate, but occasionally small and incon-
spicuous: akenes densely short-pubescent varying to glabrous: small and short mostly
recurved style much shorter than the ovary, at most a quarter of the length of the akene,
often only its thickish base persistent at maturity. — R. Br. in Parry, lst Voy. Suppl. to App.
265; Richards. in Frankl. Ist Journ. ed. 2, App. 751 (reprint, p. 23) ; Lange, Medd. Greenl. 57,
& FI. Dan. t. 3029; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 371. A. arcticus, Richards. in Frankl. 1st Journ.
ed. 1, App. 741 (reprint, p. 13). A. amanus, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. ii. 320, & Ie. t. 113. RK. pedatifi-
dus, Schlecht. 1.c.18, &c., probably not Smith.2 &. awricomus, Hook. f. Arc. Pl. 283, 312.—
Throughout arctic America, and southward to Labrabor® and the Rocky Mountains to
Colorado, (N. Asia, Greenland.) Very variable, quite distinct from R. auricomus, L., in
akenes, styles, &c.; the typical form small or slender, with even the radical leaves “ pedately
multifid,” most of them to near the base.
Var. validus, Gray, 1. c. Stouter and larger, with thicker more succulent leaves;
the radical (an inch or two long) most of them undivided and roundish, either cordate
or truncate or cuneate at base, and from coarsely crenate to 3-7-cleft or parted, occa-
sionally some divided and even with divisions petiolulate: forms various and confluent,
and passing into the more arctic-alpine slender form. — R. affinis, vars., Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am.
i, 12, t.6. £&. cardiophyllus, Hook. 1. ¢. 14, t. 5, & Bot. Mag. t. 2999, but style too long.
R. affinis, var. cardiophyllus, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 56, but name only occasionally
appropriate for this whole group of forms. AR. auricomus of Amer. authors. — Subarctic
America and Canada to Montana, and south through the Rocky Mountains to Utah,
Colorado, and N. New Mexico. Var. leiocarpus, Trautv..in Middendorf, Reise in Sibir.
62, has glabrate or glabrous fruit. Var. /asiococcus, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 213, only a
villous-fruited form.*
3. Head of carpels in fruit globose: styles minute and straight: plant resembling a low
form of the variety of the foregoing.
R. rhomboideus, Gorpir. Dwarf, a span or two high, villous-hirsute or almost glabrous,
few-flowered: radical leaves from rhombic-ovate or obovate with acute base to rotund and
rarely subcordate, and from crenulate to serrate ; lower cauline more cleft, the sessile upper
ones 3-5-parted into linear divisions: petals obovate, 2 or 3 lines long: akenes obovate,
rounded on the back, glabrous; the minute beak or style inconspicuous. — Edinb. Phil.
Journ. vi. 329, t. 11, f.1; Richards. 1. c.; Hook. 1.c. 12; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 42. R. ovalis,
_ Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 13, t. 6, probably even of Raf. Préc. Découv. 36, & in Desv. Journ.
Bot. vi. 268 (1814), from “Canada and Genessee,” which is otherwise wholly obscure.5
R. brevicaulis, Hook. 1. ¢. 13, t. 7, a very depressed almost stemless form, with radical
1 Also on summit of Grayback Mountains, 8. Calif., W. G. Wright, ace. to Parish, Zoe, iv. 161.
2 Dr. N. L. Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xviii. 265, maintains the identity of Smith’s species, and
according to that view R. affinis, R. Br., should become R. pedatifidus, Smith, while var. validus,
Gray, becomes &. pedatifidus, var. cardiophyllus, Britton, 1. c.
3 Mt. Albert, Gaspe, Lower Canada, J. A. Allen.
4 Var. micropetalus, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 110 (R. Arizonicus, var. subaffinis, Greene, 1. c. 60,
not Gray), is from character a slender small-flowered form from the San Francisco Mountains, Arizona.
5 In his provisional notes upon the genus, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 371, Dr. Gray evidently through
clerical error ascribes the name rhomboideus to Rafinesque, while clearly having ovalis in mind, as
his reference and habitat show.
32 RANUNCULACE., Ranunculus.
leaves equalling the flowers. . auricomus, var. Cassubicus, E. Meyer, Pl. Lab. 96.—
Labrador and Lower Canada to prairies of Wisconsin and N. Illinois, Saskatchewan, and
the N. Rocky Mountains, lat. 529-5591
b. Pacific coast species, large-flowered, long-styled, thickish-rooted perennial.
R. Bloémeri, Warson. Glabrous or sometimes sparsely villous or hirsute: stems ascend-
ing from a fascicle of thickened fibrous roots, a foot or two long, robust, sparsely flowered :
leaves bright green and lucid, coarsely dentate or incised; radical long-petioled, some
broadly cordate or ovate and incisely crenate-dentate or obscurely lobed (2 inches long),
some 3-parted, some 3-foliolate with the leaflets petiolulate and the terminal one even 3-lobed ;
cauline not very dissimilar, short-petioled: petals half inch long, emarginate : akenes turgid,
2 lines long, glabrous, tipped with a slender subulate beak. — Bot. Calif. ii. 426. A. Chilensis,
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 134 ? not 4. — Low grounds, about San Francisco Bay ; first coll.
by Bloomer.
c. Chiefly eastern or cosmopolite, small-flowered, few-stamened, very short-styled; with
compressed and small beakless or very short-beaked or (in R. Allegheniensis) hook-styled
akenes: stems erect and branching.
R. abortivus, L. Biennial or short-lived perennial, slender, a foot or two high, generally
quite glabrous and lucid, occasionally pubescent: radical leaves or most of them round-
reniform or oblate-subeordate and simply or doubly crenate; cauline once or twice 3-parted
or divided into oblong or linear divisions: petals pale yellow, usually not over a line long
and shorter than the calyx: akenes lenticular, glabrous, in small globular or ovoid head. —
Spec. i. 551; Walt. Car. 159; DC. Syst. i. 268; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 19. AR. nitidus, Walt.
l.c.; Poir. Dict. vi. 126.— Moist woods and along streamlets, Newfoundland? to Florida,
Arkansas, and the mountains of Colorado, northwestward to the head-waters of Fraser
River, &c. in Brit. Columbia; fl. spring. Passes freely into
Var. micranthus, Gray.’ Slightly or conspicuously villous: some or most of
radical leaves 3-parted, some 3-foliolate and leaflets even slender-petiolulate.— Man. ed. 5,
42. R. micranthus, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 18; Engelm. Am. Journ. Sci. xlvi. 94. —
Massachusetts to Saskatchewan and Colorado.
Var. Harveyi, Gray. Somewhat pubescent: leaves, &c. of the type or of the preced-
ing variety: petals conspicuous, 3 lines long, very much surpassing the calyx !— Proc. Am, —
Acad. xxi. 372.4— On damp rocks, common in Arkansas, F’. L. Harvey, Dr. Hasse.°
R.* Allegheniénsis, Britron. Habit and foliage closely as in the typical form of the
preceding species: stem glaucous, not lucid: akenes a little larger and flatter, slightly
margined dorsally or at least toward the apex, and provided with a well developed and
strongly recurved style; the latter a third as long as the akenes. — Bull. Torr. Club, xxii.
224, R. abortivus, form, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 15.— Mountains of North Carolina and
Virginia, Britton, Heller; E. Massachusetts, at Waverly, Fernald, Greenman, Schrenk ;
Woburn, Robinson; Cambridge, Deane. Intermediate stations in the Middle States will
doubtless be found as soon as the plant is generally distinguished from the habitally similar
R. abortivus, of which it may yet prove only an extreme variation, as regarded by Sir
William Hooker.
1 Black Hills, S. Dak., Forwood.
2 Labrador, Waghorne.
3 This variety has been recently restored to specific rank by Mr. E. P. Bicknell (Bull. Torr. Club,
xxi. 41), and among other distinctions attention is called to the usually glabrous receptacle, that of
the typical R. abertivus being hispid. While in their extremes the two plants appear quite different,
dubious intermediates are not lacking. The variety extends to Gaspé jfide Macoun.
4 Add. syn. R. abortivus, var. grandiflorus, Engelm. acc. to Branner & Coville, Ark. Geol. Surv.
iv. 162; Harvey, Bull. Torr. Club, xix. 93. R. Harveyi, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 159; Greene,
Erythea, ii. 189. The specific distinctions, adduced by Prof. Greene from the akenes do not appear
_to hold, since in some specimens of the small-flowered typical form the akenes are in a globular head
and when mature are quite as large and no more numerous. Nor is the difference of the roots more
constant or significant. Regarding the size of the petals some of Dr. Hasse’s specimens preserved in
the Nat. Herbarium furnish transition to the smaller-flowered form.
6 Also common in S. Missouri, ranging to St. Louis, Hasse, Bush.
Ranunculus. RANUNCULACEA., 33
R. sceleratus, L. Annual or mostly so, somewhat succulent, glabrous: radical and lower
cauline leaves 3-5-lobed or parted and the lobes crenately incised or cleft (or when sub-
mersed reduced to flaccid and filiform divisions) ; upper with narrower divisions: petals a
line or two long, usually surpassing the calyx: akenes glabrous, barely apiculate, in a
globular to oblong head with a thick receptacle. — Spec. i. 551; Fl. Dan. t. 571; Curt. FI.
Lond. ii. t. 42; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 19, with var. multifidus, Nutt., a mere form. —In shallow
pools, &e., New Brunswick and Canada, north to lat. 67°, west to Brit. Columbia, and south
to Arizona, in the Atlantic States appearing as if introduced. (Ku., Asia.)
= = = = = Leaves variously cleft or divided: akenes compressed, often flat, sur-
rounded by a more or less conspicuous firm or indurated margin: none truly alpine or
arctic.
a, Perennials,with globular or ovoid carpel-heads (except R. Pennsylvanicus) and smooth or
sometimes barely pubescent akenes, mostly fibrous-rooted.
1. Hook-styled ; with long-styles recurving (at least in age) and wholly persistent in a rigid
and uncinate elongated beak: petals only 5: stems erect, and radical leaves hardly ever
divided into separate leaflets. — &. Oncostyli, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 373, excl.
spec. 1.
R. recurvatus, Porr. Soft-hirsute or pubescent, a foot or two high, somewhat equally
leaved up to the short peduncles: leaves rather large (2 to 4 inches in diameter) and mostly
round-cordate in outline, 3—5-cleft to beyond the middle or uppermost 3-5-parted, but none
divided ; lobes rhombic-obovate, incised and dentate: petals light yellow, oblong, 2 lines
long, reflexed with and shorter or hardly longer than the calyx: style much recurved,
forming a rather slender beak which is not much shorter than the glabrous akene: recep-
tacle bristly-pilose. — Dict. vi. 125; Pursh, Fl. ii. 394; Deless. Ic. Sel. i. t. 41; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 22 (excl. vars.), 658; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 42. A. lanuginosus, Walt. Car. 159,
not L. A&. saniculeformis, Muhl. Cat. 54. RR. tomentosus, Spreng. Neue Entd. i. 287, not
Poir.— Damp woods, Nova Scotia (not “ Labrador,” specimen so named by DC. in herb.
Banks being a Geum) to Florida, Ohio, and northwestward to the Lake of the Woods.
R.* tenéllus, Nurr.1 A foot or more high, erect, very slender to stoutish, sparingly pubes-
cent to somewhat hirsute: leaves thin, deeply 3-5-cleft; the segments oblanceolate to
obovate-cuneate, sharply and irregularly few-toothed: petals small, not exceeding a line or
two in length: receptacle glabrous: akenes 12 to 30, glabrous or nearly so, in a globose
head, and tipped with slender circinnate-revolute beaks. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 23 ;
Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 214. &. recurvatus, Bong. Veg. Sitch. 123, in part, not Poir. R:
Nelsonii, var. tenellus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 374. R. occidentalis, vars. tenellus &
Hiseni (in part), Gray, 1. c. xxi. 373. R. Bongardi, Greene, Erythea, iii. 54, so far as small-
flowered plant of Bongard and yar. tenellus are concerned, but excl. syn. /X. occidentalis, var.
Lyalli. — Alaska near the coast, southward to Idaho and 8. California, Parish ; common.
Var.* Lyalli, Rogiyson, n. var. Similar in habit and foliage but commonly more
pubescent or hirsute and with broader leaf-segments: akenes more or less hispid upon the
faces. — ? R. occidentalis, var. parviflorus, Torr. 1.c. R. occidentalis, var. Lyalli, Gray, 1. ¢.—
Common in damp woodland, Pend Oreille River, Lyall, and in the Cascade Mountains from
N. California, Blankinship, to Brit. Columbia, Macoun, and northward to Wrangel, Alaska,
ace. to Miss Cooley.
R.* occidentalis, Nurr. Villous-hirsute, with the hairs on the stems widely spreading, a
span to a foot or more high: radical and lower cauline leaves of round-cordate outline,
deeply 3—-5-cleft or almost parted into cuneate-obovate mostly 2-3-cleft and again incised
segments and lobes, these commonly acute, occasionally one or two 3-foliolate and all the
leaflets petiolulate; upper smaller and with simpler narrower commonly lanceolate seg-
ments: petals spreading, various, conspicuous and twice the length of the reflexed calyx:
styles forming a stout and flattened subulate hooked beak which equals or is rather shorter
than the glabrous or sparingly bristly hairy akene: carpel-receptacle quite glabrous. — Nutt.
1 From the more copious material now at hand it has seemed necessary to modify considerably
Dr. Gray’s manuscript treatment of this and the following species. His views regarding them, how-
ever, have already been published (Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 372-374).
3
34 RANUNCULACE. Ranunculus.
in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 22; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 372. R. recurvatus, var. Nelsoni,
DC. Syst. i. 290; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 23. AR. forma prima & forma secunda, Schlecht.
Animad. Ranune. ii. 28, under R. recurvatus. WR. occidentalis (excl. var. canus) & R. Nel-
sonit, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 374. R. Schlechtendalii, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 21, as to
plant there described, but not the plant of Schlecht. (2. fascicularis) to which he referred
it, and which was the type. Jt. Hiseni, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci, vii. 115, and R, ocei-
dentalis, var. Eiseni, Gray, 1. ¢. (in its principal part), is only a short-styled form of this
species. — Open woods and low ground, northern Rocky Mountains to the Alaskan coast
and islands, and southward to the borders of California, first coll. by Nelson, then by
Chamisso. Nuttall’s original is low, rather slender and naked-stemmed, small-leaved, but
pretty large-flowered, the oblong or narrowly obovate petals 4 lines long: carpels glabrous
with often a few bristly hairs toward the back.
Var. Rattani, Gray, 1.c. Like the typical form; but akenes papillose-roughened as
well as densely hispidulous. — On the Klamath, N. California,! Rattan, with short and stout
strongly hooked beak; Josephine Co., S. W. Oregon, Howell, with more slender beak and
sparser hairs on the akene.
Var.* robustus, Gray. A span to a foot or more high, with stout stems, ample leaves
(2 to 4 inches in diameter), and large flowers: petals broadly obovate, 4 to 6 lines long:
akenes even 2 lines in diameter and numerous in the head. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 373.
Here Schlechtendal’s “forma prima” with “flores magni,” and the type of R. occidentalis,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 374. — Alaskan Islands, especially Unalaska, Attar, Kyska,
&e., Harrington, Dall, &c.
R.* Turneri, Greene. Habit and foliage much as in the taller and stouter forms of the pre-
ceding, but flowers larger, 9 to 15 lines in breadth, long-peduncled : carpels more numer-
ous, 50 to 60 in a head and tipped with very strongly circinate-revolute styles. — Pittonia, ii.
296, & Erythea, iii. 54, excl. syn. A. recurvatus, var. robustus. — Northern Alaska, on the
Porcupine River, Turner, This species may perhaps belong to the next subdivision, but the
mature akenes necessary to decide this point are not at hand.
2. Broad-hook-styled ; with recurved-hooked styles shorter than the ovary, broad and flat,
stigmatic for much of their length, wholly persistent in a very strong and flat triangular
or gladiate hooked beak, which is much shorter than the flat akene and confluent with its
sharp margin: radical leaves divided or nearly so, petals only 5.
R. acrifo6rmis, Gray. Strict and slender, a foot high, hirsute with short mostly appressed
pubescence: leaves all palmately or pedately 3-5-parted or divided into narrow 2-3-cleft
segments and lobes, the latter lanceolate or linear and mostly entire: petals orbicular-
obovate, a quarter inch long, hardly double the length of the spreading calyx: akenes over
a line long, with curved beak of half its length.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 374. &. acris
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 18 (partly), & Lond. Journ. Bot. vi. 66.— Eastern part of Rocky
Mountains in Brit. Am., lat. 58°, Drummond ; Wyoming, Parry (distrib. as R. affinis), Wind
River, Forwood, and near Cheyenne,? Greene, the latter coll. July, 1872.
R. canus, Bentu. Erect or ascending, robust, a foot or two high, soft-villous with white
hairs when young, at length commonly green and sparsely villous or glabrate : leaves mostly
3-divided and the middle or all the leaflets petiolulate, all more or less cuneate and 2-3-cleft
with the lobes incised: petals obovate, half inch or less in length, fully twice the length of
the reflexed soft-villous calyx: akenes fully 24 lines long, the broad and hooked beak less
than a line long. — Pl. Hartw. 294; Gray, lc. R&R. Californicus, var. canus, Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 8. R. occidentalis, var. canus, Gray, 1. ¢. viii. 374. — Low grounds, valley of
the Sacramento, California, Hartweg (in flower), probably near Chico, where now coll. in
flower and fruit by Mrs. Bidwell.
1 Mendocino County, Calif., Blankinship, and reported from Mt. Hamilton, Central Calif., by
Greene, Erythea, i. 88.
2 And on the Laramie River, Crandall.
8 The type of this species is silky-lanate throughout and appears to be an unusual form not since
rediscovered. Prof. Greene (Erythea, ii. 189) believes the greener sub-glabrate form a distinct
species, which he has called R. hesperoxys. He adduces, however, no satisfactory differences other
than the more deciduous indumentum.
Bish
Ranunculus. RANUNCULACEZ. 35
Var.* Blankinshipii, Rogriysoy, n. var. Silky-lanate indumentum persisting but
less dense than in the type: akenes conspicuously hispid-papillose. — Capay, Yolo County,
Calif., J. W. Blankinship, 15 April, 1893.
3. Short-styled ; the introrsely stigmatic styles thickish-subulate and mostly all persisting in
the short and straight or recurved beak: herbage hirsute or pubescent.
© Lax or weak-stemmed, Californian, no stolons: petals more than 5: beak of akenes sub-
ulate and more or less hooked.
R. Californicus, Benru. Usually pubescent or hirsute, 6 to 25 inches high, branching
and naked above: petals 6 to 15 (sometimes only 5%), deep glossy yellow, or becoming
paler, oblong or narrowly obovate, a third to half inch long: akenes flat but only slightly
margined, 2 lines or less long, and beak about half line long. — Pl. Hartw. 295; Brew. &
Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 7 (excl. var. canus); Gray, 1.¢. 373. &. dissectus, Hook. & Arn. Bot.
Beech. 316, not Bieb. . acris, var. (Deppir, Nutt.) Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 21. R. delphini-
folius? Torr. & Gray, I c¢. 659, not HBK.! — Dry or barely moist ground, common through-
out all the western part of California and adjacent Oregon; early coll. by Douglas and
by Th. Coulter. The typical form with leaves some ternately divided or parted and some
pinnately 5-divided into linear or narrow lanceolate and often 2-3-parted divisions, passes
freely into
Var. latilobus, Gray. Radical leaves palmately 3-parted or divided into broadly or
narrowly cuneate incisely cleft or laciniate divisions, and cauline leaves correspondingly
coarse. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxi.375. R. Ludovicianus, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 58. —
A common form, especially southward, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego and San Ber-
nardino. Some forms too nearly approach &. canus.?
O O Strictly erect species, introduced from Europe, no stolons: very short styles stigmatose
for all or most of their length: petals 5, broad, a third to half inch long. See also R.
parvulus.
R. Acris, L. Tall, not bulbous-thickened at base of stem, summer-flowering: leaves of
rounded outline, pedately 5-parted or almost divided ; but divisions not petiolulate, 2-3-cleft
and laciniate, lobes and teeth acute: calyx merely spreading: petals smaller and less glossy
than in the next: short style more prominent. — Spec. i. 554; Curt. Fl. Lond. i. t. 39; FI.
Dan. t. 2415; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 21, excl. var.— Moist ground, Atlantic States and
Canada, especially eastward (Nat. from Eu.): Newfoundland, &c., where,? as in Greenland,
perhaps indigenous.
R. sursésus, L. A foot or two high from a globose solid-bulbous base or corm, spring-
flowering: radical leaves of ovate outline, divided into 3 roundish leaflets, of which the
middle one is conspicuously and the lateral slightly if at all petiolulate, and all 3-cleft or
parted and incised, lobes and teeth mostly obtuse: petals obovate-orbicular, deep glossy
yellow: calyx: reflexed: style very short. — Spee. i. 554; Fl. Dan. t. 551; Schkuhr, Handb.
t. 152; Bigel. Med. Bot. iii. 61, t. 47. — Meadows and pastures, Canada to Virginia, and
even Louisiana, but most common in New England.t (Nat from Eu.)
OO O Erect or ascending, not stoloniferous, 5-petalous: straight and stout-subulate style
stigmatose for a good part of its length, and persisting in a broad-subulate beak.
R. Pennsylvanicus, L.f. Erect from an (at least sometimes) annual root, hirsute with
widely spreading almost hispid hairs: stem stout, a foot or two high, leafy to the top: leaves
all ternately compound and petiolulate leaflets 3-parted or deeply cleft into oblong or
cuneate-lanceolate and laciniate segments and lobes, these acute: peduncles short: petals
oblong or obovate and small, a line or two long, not surpassing the reflexed calyx: akenes a
line long, pointed with a nearly straight short beak, becoming spicate in the oblong or
1 Add syn. ? R. rugulosus, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 58.
2 A number of further varieties of the polymorphous R. Californicus have been characterized by
Prof. Greene, Fl. Francis. 299, & Erythea, i. 125; the material at hand, however, fails to show these
forms well marked among frequent intermediates.
8 There is little in its mode of occurrence in Newfoundland to suggest indigenous nature, since it
appears there as elsewhere in America along roadsides, about habitations, and in pastures.
4 Sparingly introduced also in the far west, S. Brit. Columbia, Macoun.
36 RANUNCULACEZ. Ranunculus.
cylindraceous head. — Suppl. 272; Poir. Dict. vi. 120; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 19; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 22. &. Canadensis, Jacq. Mise. ii. 343, & Ic. Rar. t. 105. &. trifolius, Moench,
Meth. Suppl. 70. &. Aispidus, Pursh, FI. ii. 395, not Michx. &. fascicularis, Wats. Bot.
King Exp. 9? a dwarf form. — Wet ground, Upper Georgia to Nova Scotia, and westward
to Arizona and Fort Colville on the Upper Columbia, &c.
R.* Macoutnii, Brirron.! Ascending or declined, usually but not always hispidly hirsute
with spreading hairs, annual or biennial, but the fascicled roots sometimes thickened and
more enduring: stems few-leaved, 6 to 20 inches long: leaves all ternately compound ; leaf-
lets mostly slender-petiolulate and broadly ovate in outline, 3-parted or cleft into rhomboidal
or narrower and laciniate mostly acute segments and lobes: peduncles rather long: petals
obovate, mostly 3 lines long, surpassing the spreading or hardly reflexed and early decidu-
ous calyx: akenes mostly a line and a half long, with short and straight (about half line
long) beak formed of the whole flat subulate style ; the head (as in all but the last preced-
ing species) globular or at most oval. — Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xii. 3. A. hispidus, Hook.
F]. Bor.-Am. i. 19; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 22, not Michx. &. repens, var. hispidus, Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 658, in part.— Moist ground, Canada and north shore of Lake Superior to
Saskatchewan and northward, south to New Mexico, Thurber, and Utah, west to Oregon
and Brit. Columbia. Reclining summer stems seldom if ever rooting. Species sometimes
confounded with &. Pennsylvanicus, sometimes with FR. septentrionalis. RR. hispidus, var.
Oreganus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 376 (R. nitidus, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 20, in part), is
a smoothish form, common in shaded and wet grounds, from Oregon, Howell, Suksdorf, &c.,
to Fraser River.”
OOO O Ascending, also creeping by procumbent rooting branches or stolons: short sub-
ulate style stigmatose for its whole length and all or nearly all of it persisting in the beak.
R. répens, L. Soft-hirsute or pubescent, sometimes almost glabrous: principal leaves of
ovate or roundish outline, not rarely white-variegated or spotted, some only 3-parted, more
divided into 3 rhombic-ovate 2-3-lobed and incised leaflets, the middle and often the lateral
ones petiolulate, sometimes these again 2—3-parted; lobes and teeth of lower leaves obtuse :
petals broadly cuneate-obovate, a third to half inch long: calyx spreading: akenes over a
line long. — Spee. i. 554; Fl. Dan. t. 795; Curt. Fl. Lond. iy. t. 38; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
ili. t. 20, but only partly of Amer. authors. A. prostratus, Poir. Dict. vi. 113; Eaton, Man;
ed. 5, 358. R. Clintonii, Beck, Bot. 9. — Low grounds, Nova Scotia? and Canada to Vir-
ginia, generally in waste grounds near the coast, but also on river-banks well in the interior,
and in New Mexico, Nevada, &c., where it is manifestly indigenous ; flowering later than
R. septentrionalis. (Eu., Asia.)
4 Long-styled and mostly long-beaked: i. e. styles more or less elongated and attenuate
upward, introrsely stigmatose only at and near the tip, sometimes all persistent, but
mostly with the slender upper portion deciduous from the beak at maturity or fragile.
© Petals 5: primary radical Jeaves or some of them (at least in dry soil) commonly
undivided and only 3-parted, but succeeding ones 3-5-foliolate.
R.* hispidus, Micux.5 Stems rather slender, 6 inches to 14 feet high, flexuous, hirsute or
villous especially when young, sometimes glabrate : pubescence of the lower part commonly
spreading, of the leaves appressed: root a cluster of stout fibres: leaves palmately 3-parted
or pedately and somewhat pinnately 3(—5)-divided ; segments or leaflets oblong-oblanceolate
to obovate, usually narrowed at the base, usually acutely toothed and somewhat irregularly
cleft: flowers large: petals much exceeding the sepals: head of carpels globose to ovoid ;
akenes suborbicular, rather numerous, strongly margined and tipped with a subulate per-
sistent straightish or slightly curved style. — Fl. i. 321; Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
Namie substituted for the one used in Dr. Gray’s manuscript; see foot-note 5, below.
Also at Sproat and Kootenai Lake, Brit. Columbia, ace. to J. M. Macoun, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 285.
Newfoundland, Robinson & Schrenk.
Humboldt Co., Calif., Marshall, acc. to Greene, Pittonia, ii. 38; and frequent in lawns about, San
Francisco, ace. to Greene, Man. Bay Reg. 3, where doubtless introduced.
5 This and the following two species are here interpreted in the light of Dr. Britton’s revision
cited. Dr. Gray had in his manuscript notes, made in Paris in 1887, already separated the R. hispidus
of Michx. from that of Hooker.
onre
>
Ranunculus. RANUNCULACEX. ae
xii. 4; not DC., nor Hook., nor Gray. &. Marilandicus, Poir. Dict. vi. 126, fide Gray, ms.
1887. &. repens, var. Marilandicus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 21; Torr. Fl. N. Y.i.15. RB. fuscicu-
laris, Britton, Pl. N. J. 4, fide Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xii. 83. — Common in woods,
throughout the Middle States and extending from Canada to Georgia, Arkansas, and
probably Texas ; fl. early spring, April, May; in the South, February.
R.* septentrionalis, Porr. Similar to the preceding, but stouter, taller, more erect, often
stoloniferous, from very coarsely and copiously hirsute to almost or quite glabrous: leaves
nearly all pedately and pinnately 3-foliolate: leaflets 3-parted and sharply incised: flowers
large, often more than an inch broad: fruiting heads ovoid; carpels strongly compressed,
ovate, short-ohlong, or obovate, rather gradually contracted into a long flat beak. — Dict. vi.
125. R. tomentosus, Poir. 1. ¢.127. ?R. lucidus, Poir. 1. c. 113. L&R. repens of Amer. authors
in great part. &. fascicularis, Schlecht. Animad. Ranunc. ii. 30, t.2, not Muhl. RR. Schlechten-
dalii, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 21, as to type, but see also synonyms of R. occidentalis. R. Bel-
visti, DC. Syst. i. 291. 2 R. Philonotis, Pursh, FI. ii. 393. — New Brunswick, Fowler, to New
Jersey, Kentucky, and northward to Winnipeg, Bourgeau; common in moist places;
fl. May, June.
R.* palmatus, Ex. A similar but smaller plant, weak, decumbent, sending out runners:
leaves small, thin, an inch broad, the lowest subentire or usually more or less deeply 3-parted
or divided; segments or leaflets ovate, obtusely few-toothed: flowers but half inch in diam-
eter: achenes broadly and sharply margined, few in number, tipped with a strong flat
straightish beak.—Sk. 11.61; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 658; Chapm. Fl. 8; Wats. Bibl. Index,
21; Britton,l.c.6. &..septentrionalis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 376, in part, not Poir. —
Swampy grounds in pine barrens, South Carolina to Tennessee and Florida; fl. April,
May.
R. fascicularis, Muu. A span or two high, tufted, soon spreading, but no sarmentose
stems: fascicled roots tuberous-thickened or fusiform: pubescence almost all closely ap-
pressed : earliest radical leaves ovate or oblong and almost entire or rounded and 3-lobed or
parted; later and principal ones of oblong outline, and disposed to be pinnately quinate,
some with divisions or leaflets again 3-7-parted; lobes from linear-spatulate to oblong,
obtuse: petals obovate-oblong, from quarter to half inch long: akenes lenticular, less mar-
gined than in the foregoing and with more slender style and beak.— Cat. 54; Bigel. FI.
Bost. 137 (1814); Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i. 20, t. 8, f.1; Gray, Gen. Il. i. 30, t. 9,1 not of
Schlecht. and some Amer. authors. — Moist or dry hills, Canada and E. New England and
Texas, northwest to L. Winnipeg; fl. early.
O O Petals 7 to 16; no creeping nor procumbent basal stems: plants of Mexican type.
R. macranthus, Scurere. Hirsute: stems erect and a foot or two high, or 2 to 3 feet
long and declining, commonly robust: leaves nearly as of R. septentrionalis, but many qui-
nate: petals from a third to nearly full inch long, from obovate to oblong: akenes mostly
numerous in a large head, ovate or orbicular, conspicuously thin-margined, at length with a
rather short broadly flat-subulate beak, the slender upper portion of the long straight style
falling away. — Linnea, xxi. 585; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 29; Rothrock in Wheeler, Rep.
vi. 58; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 377. R. repens, var. macranthus, Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii.
141, & Pl. Wright. ii. 8. — Moist ground, S. & W. Texas, first coll. by Lindheimer, to S. W.
Arizona, Rothrock, Pringle, Lemmon.
R. orthorhynchus, Hook. From sparsely hirsute (with spreading hairs) to nearly gla-
brous: stems erect, a foot or so high from a fascicled root of thick fibres: leaves mostly of
oblong general outline and pinnate division into 5 to 7 leaflets or segments (lower commonly
short-petiolulate, upper confluent), these again usually cleft or incised: petals a third to half
inch long, obovate (sometimes purple underneath), much surpassing the reflexed soon
deciduous calyx: akenes usually not numerous in the head, ovate, nearly two lines long,
strongly margined, bearing a slender subulate rigid and straight beak of nearly equal
length which consists of the wholly persistent style. —Gray, Proc. Am, Acad, xxi. 377.
Varies extemely in foliage: the typical form, steNOPHYLLUS, with all the leaves somewhat
bipinnately dissected into segments of a line or less in width (as in the figure), or some
radical ones simply divided into broad cuneate or obovate 2-3-lobed or toothed segments or
1 Add Meehan’s Monthly, ii. 1, t. 1.
38 RANUNCULACEZ. Ranunculus.
leaflets. — R. orthorhynchus, Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. i. 21, t. 9; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 24; Walp.
Rep. i. 43 (misprinted ornithorhynchus) ; Gray, 1. c. viii. 373. But not R. dichotomus, Mog. &
Sesse, of Mexico, as supposed by Schlecht. Linnea, vi. 579.— Wet ground, W. Oregon to
Brit. Columbia ; first coll. by Douglas. Passes into the very marked
Var. platyphyllus, Gray,1l.c. Robust, 1 to 3 (according to Kellogg even over 5)
feet high: leaves with limb 2 to 4 inches long, and leaflets or segments 1 to 3 inches long,
from oblong or rhomboidal to ovate, laciniately cleft and incised: petals varying from a
quarter to three fourths inch long: beak of akenes sometimes 2 lines long. — R. macranthus,
Wats. Bot. King Exp. 9; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 8, not Scheele. . maximus, Greene,
Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 118.— Wet soil, Wasatch Mountains, N. Utah, Watson, Jones, and
N. Nevada, near Pyramid Lake, Lemmon, to Marin and Mendocino Co., Calif., Kellogg,
Bolander,! in the largest forms.2. Smaller and moderately broad-leaved, N. California,
Greene, Mrs. Austin; Klikitat Co., Washington, Suksdorf; mountains of Idaho, Watson2
6. Annuals or biennials, all but one introduced from the Old World.
1. Akenes smooth and even, or at length with some scattered and very small papille:
flowers moderately large and showy.
R. pArvu us, L. A span to a foot high (variable in size in the manner of annuals), hirsute,
especially the lower part of the erect or ascending stems and petioles: radical leaves, some
3-parted, but most 3-foliolate, with at least middle leaflet petiolulate, all of roundish or
obovate and cuneate outline, and mostly cleft and incised or dentate in the way of R. repens:
petals much surpassing the reflexed calyx: akenes (a line long) orbicular, flat, with a thin
sharp margin, tipped with a very short triangular-subulate beak, consisting of the whole
introrsely stigmatose style. — Mant. 79; Smith, Fl. Brit. 593. &. Sardous, Crantz, Stirp.
Austr. ii. 84 (ed. 2, 1.111). A. hirsutus, Curt. Fl. Lond. ii. t. 40; Ait. Kew. ii. 268; Eng.
Bot. t. 1504; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iii. t. 23. R. philonotis, Ehrh. Beitr. ii. 145; Retz.
Obs. vi. 31; Fl. Dan. ix. t. 1459; probably not of Pursh.— Low ground, Savannah, Georgia,
Canby ; the akenes all smooth. Near Philadelphia, but only in ballast grounds, Martindale.
(Sparingly nat. from Eu.)
2. Akenes hispidulous with hooked hairs and papillose-scabrous: flowers minute.
R. hebecarpus, Hoox. & Arn. Slender, sometimes exiguous, a span to a foot high, pa-
niculately branched, lax-hirsute: leaves of rounded outline, small, ternately or pedately
parted, or some divided into petiolulate simple or laciniately cleft leaflets: peduncles short :
petals a line or less long, pale yellow, not surpassing the sepals: akenes few in the loose
heads, obliquely orbicular, flat, a line or less long, tipped with a short subulate curved beak.
— Bot. Beech. 316; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. 62; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 8, with var. pusil-
lus, mere depauperate plants. &. parviflorus, var., Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 25, 659.— Open
ground, throughout W. California to Washington. (Lower Calif.)
3. Akenes muriculate or echinate.
R. parvirLorvs, L. Villous or hirsute, slender and low, diffuse: radical leaves orbicular in
outline, 3-5-parted or divided and the cuneate segments laciniate-lobed: inflorescence and
flowers nearly of the preceding: akenes rougher papillose-scabrous, not hairy, tipped with
very short beak. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 780; Eng. Bot. t. 120; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iii. t. 22;
Torr. & Gray, l.¢., excl. var. R. trachyspermus, Ell. Sk. ii. 65. — Waste grounds near towns,
&e., Maryland to Florida, Texas, and Arkansas. (Nat. from Eu.)
R. muricdtus, L. Glabrous or sparsely pubescent, rather stout and succulent, span to a foot
or so high: leaves mostly round-cordate or reniform, 3-5-cleft and coarsely crenate-dentate :
petals deep yellow, a quarter inch long, surpassing the calyx: akenes quarter inch long
besides the stout subulate curved beak, which is confluent with the strong and salient mar-
gins, the flat faces conspicuously tuberculate or echinate.— Spee. i. 555; Michx. FI. i. 321;
Lam. Ill. t. 498; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 24.— Wet soil near towns, Virginia to 8. Carolina,
Louisiana, and California near San Francisco to 8. Oregon. (Nat. from Eu.)
R. arvensis, L. of Europe, with linear-lobed leaves and coarse echinate akenes, has been
detected in ballast grounds.+4 .
1 Sonoma Co., Calif., Congdon.
2 Similar robust forms have been recently collected in Humboldt Co., Calif., Blankinship.
3 Andin§. Brit. Columbia, Macoun.
4 This species, according to Britton (Bull. Torr. Club, xix. 219), is spreading in New Jersey.
Caltha. RANUNCULACE£. 39
Recently published species of uncertain affinities.
R.* Atistines, Greene. “Perennial by a fascicle of coarse and long fleshy-fibrous roots:
stem and leaves glabrous, weak and rather succulent, the former 6 to 10 inches high; radical
leaves few, of round-obovate outline, abruptly tapering to the very long and slender petiole
or nearly truncate at base, and with mostly about five rather shallow terminal lobes,
some with three large and rather deeper lobes; cauline leaves cuneate-obovate, 3-lobed,
sessile: flowers solitary, on very long and slender peduncles, these few and terminal or sub-
terminal: petals white: stamens yellow, rather few: carpels puberulent, rounded, neither
compressed nor margined, tipped with a long and-slender straight or nearly straight beak,
and arranged in an ovoid or more elongated head.” — Erythea, iii. 44. — Crevices of lava
rock east of Willow Creek Valley, N. Calif., Mrs. Austin. Description quoted from original
characterization.
R.* alceus, Greens. “Less than a foot high, rather slender, freely branching, soft-hirsute
and villous but not canescent: leaves only about 1 inch long, on slender petioles, of ovate
general outline and in 3 divisions, the middle one stalked, all cuneiform and doubly cleft :
flowers very small, the round-obovate petals 5 only, barely a line long: akenes rather
numerous, obliquely obovoid, smooth, or with a faint venation, tipped with a stout recurved
beak, and forming a globose head.” — Erythea, iii. 69.— Elk Mountain, Mendocino Co.,
Calif., Jepson. Description quoted from the original characterization.
10. CALTHA, L. Marsa Maricorp. (Ancient Latin name of a
strong-scented plant, probably the true Marigold, Calendula. The common
derivation, originated by Linneus, is a mere conjecture.) — Perennial herbs, of
temperate and frigid regions, glabrous; with a fascicle of strong fibrous roots,
simple leaves more or less rounded and cordate at base, and pedunculate showy
flowers, either solitary or several and cymosely clustered. — Gen. no. 463; Benth.
& Hook. Gen. i. 6.7
* Leafy-stemmed: follicles sessile: flowering in early spring.
C. palustris, L. (Mars Maricorp, vulgarly called Cowslips.) Stem erect, commonly
robust, few-leaved, usually several-flowered : leaves from orbicular-cordate to reniform, from
dentate or crenate to entire: sepals 5 or 6, rarely 7, oval, half inch or more long, golden
yellow: anthers elongated-oblong. — Spee. i. 558; Gray, Gen. Ll. i. 32, t. 10. C. palustris,
ficarioides, & flabellifolia, Pursh, Fl. ii. 389, 390, the last (t. 17) a weak form in cold
mountain springs, with thinner open-reniform leaves and smaller flowers, approaching the
following var.— In wet ground, Atlantic U.S. east of the Mississippi, from the mountains
of Carolina and Tennessee northward to Newfoundland, thence west to Minnesota and
Saskatchewan; and in some forms to Alaska and the arctic coast but mainly as var.
(Eu., Asia.)
Var. radicans, Gray, n. var. Stems becoming decumbent or procumbent and com-
monly rooting at the nodes, 1-few-flowered : flowers either similar or smaller: leaves equally
various, oftener dilated-reniform, sometimes nearly truncate at base. — C. radicans, Forst.
Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 324, t. 17. C. asarifolia, DC. Syst. i. 309. C. arctica, R. Br. in Parry,
Ist Voy. Suppl. to App. 265, said to have linear anthers, but hardly so. C. palustris, var.
Sibirica, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxiv. pt. 2, 53, in part. —Subarctic and arctic
America, Melville Island to Alaska. (Scotland to Kamtsch., Japan, &c.)
C. natans, Part. Stems prostrate or floating, rooting freely, with solitary or a few scattered
flowers: leaves round-reniform, crenulate or entire: sepals oval, 2 or 3 lines long, white or
tinged with rose: stamens few: anthers short-oval: follicles not over 2 lines long, blunt or
mucronulate, forming a close globular head. — Reise, iii. 284 (Gmel. FI. Sibir. iv. 192, t. 82) ;
DC. 1. ¢. 311; R. Br. 1. c. 265; Lawson, Rev. Canad. Ranunc. 68. — Wet sphagnous bogs
and flowing water, Brit. America, Athabasca Plains? and northward. (N. Asia, Kamtsch.)
1 Recent literature: G. Beck, K. K. zool. bot. Gesellsch. Verhandl. (Vienna), xxxvi. 347, 353.
E. Huth, Monogr. in Helios, ix. 69-74, t. 1.
2 Since collected at Tower, Minnesota, E. J. Hill, and in Vermillion Lake, Sandberg.
40 RANUNCULACEZ. : Caltha.
* * Scapose or barely one-leaved, 1-2-flowered, erect: sepals white, sometimes bluish:
follicles more or less stipitate, pointed with short style.
C. biflora, DC. Scape slender: leaves round-reniform, crenate or repand: sepals 6 to 9,
oval, becoming oblong: follicles at maturity distinctly stipitate. — Syst. i.310; Hook. Fl.
Bor.-Am. i. 22; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 27; Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 427. C. leptosepala, Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 373; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 9, mainly. — Damp ground, Alaska
to mountains of California, first coll. by Menzies.
C. leptosépala, DC.1.c. Stouter: leaves from round-oval or round-obovate to ovate with
small and narrow (cordiform or sagittiform) sinus, crenate or repand, the nerves at base
nearly parallel: sepals 7 to 10, oblong, becoming narrower: follicles obscurely stipitate. —
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 22, t.10; Torr. & Gray, l. ¢. 27; Garden, xxx. 340, t. 565.1 C. sagittata,
Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 164, not Cav.— Alaska and Washington, and higher Rocky
Mountains from Brit. Columbia to N. Nevada, Utah, and §. Colorado; first coll. by Menzies.
11. TROLLIUS, L. Guiose-rrowrer. (Name, a Latinization by Gesner
of Troll, from the German vernacular name Trollblume, of which the origin is
doubtful.) — Perennial herbs, of the northern temperate zone, glabrous; with
palmately cleft and incised or dissected leaves, and large usually solitary flowers
terminating simple stems ; fl. in spring and early summer. — Gen. ed. 5, no. 620;
Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 33, t. 11.
T. Evroraus, L., the true GLoBE-FLOWER, which answers to the name in the globular form
of the golden yellow calyx, is cultivated in gardens.
T. laxus, Sauiss. At length a foot or two high: leaves 5-7-parted: sepals 5 or 6, spread-
ing, ochroleucous or dull white: petals 15 to 25, inconspicuous, being shorter than the
stamens. — Trans. Linn. Soc. viii. 303; Pursh, Fl. ii. 391; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 18, t. 3; Gray,
l.c. & Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 241 (var. albiflorus) ; Lawson, 1. c. 70. TY. Americanus,
Muhl. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. 1791, 172, & Cat. 54; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1988; DC. Syst.
i. 313, a much earlier published name, but without character. Gaissenca verna, Raf. Med.
Rep. hex. 2, v. 351, & in Desy. Jour. Bot. ii. 168 (1809). — Bogs, New Hampshire to Michigan
and south to Delaware, also Rocky Mountains from Brit. America to Colorado and Utah,
and to the Cascades in Brit. Columbia.
12. ISOPYRUM, L. (Ioérvpov, ancient name of a Fumaria, transferred
to the present genus.) — Low perennials (or a foreign one annual), of the
northern temperate zone, glabrous, mostly white-flowered, with ternately com-
pound leaves; the primary divisions long-petiolulate in the way of Thalictrum:
ours (§ Hnemion) apetalous and with white filaments clavellate ; fl. spring and
early summer. — Gen. ed. 2, no. 533; DC. Syst. i. 323; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
i. 8; Maxim. Diag. Pl. Asiat. v. 623. Hnemion, Raf. Jour. Phys. xci. 70,
apetalous species.
* Flowers scattered, solitary and terminal or opposite the leaves: stems slender, a span to
a foot high; mostly with filiform rootstocks.
I. biternatum, Torr. & Gray. Root of copious slender fibres, some here and there
moniliform-thickened: leaflets ¢uneate-obovate or roundish, commonly 3-lobed: carpels
3 to 6, commonly 4, sessile, about 3-ovuled and 2-3-seeded, ovate, divaricate at maturity,
subulate-pointed with long persistent style; seeds smooth, with prominent rhaphe. — FI. i.
660; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 36, t. 12. J. thalictroides (which it much resembles), Short, Cat. Pl.
Kentucky, 8; Hook. Jour. Bot. i. 187. Enemion biternatum, Raf. 1. ¢.; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.
29. —Shady and moist grounds, Ohio? to Wisconsin and south to Texas.
I. occidentale, Hoox. & Arn. Root of thickened fascicled fibres: leaflets cuneate, 2-3-
lobed: follicles 5 to 7, elongated-oblong, sessile, barely spreading, mucronate with short
1 Vars. rotundifolia & Howellii, Huth, 1. c. 68, appear to have only formal value.
2 Collected at London, Ontario, Dearness, acc. to J. M. Macoun, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 285.
Coptis. RANUNCULACES. Al
style, thinnish, transversely veiny, 8-9-seeded: seeds granulate. — Bot. Beech. 316; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 660; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 9; Maxim. 1. ¢. 641. — Shaded ground,
from near San Francisco to Plumas Co.,! first coll. by Douglas. Sepals sometimes purple,
or roseate.?
I. stipitatum, Gray. Root of the preceding: slender stems only a span high: peduncles
not surpassing the leaves: leaflets or divisions oblong-linear or cuneate-lanceolate : stamens
about 10: follicles 8 to 10, elongated-oblong, apiculate with short style, hardly veiny,
abruptly short-stipitate, 3-4-seeded. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 54; Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 427.
I. Clarkei, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. vii. 131. — N. California, Siskiyou and Mendocino
Co., Greene, J. H. Clarke.
* * Flowers umbellate-cymose: stems stouter, a foot or two high.
I. Hallii, Gray. Leaflets or divisions an inch or two long, obovate-cuneate, acutely incised :
stamens very numerous, fully as long as the obovate sepals, as broad as the roundish anther :
follicles 3-5, turgid-ovate, subulate with short style, spreading at maturity, 2-4-seeded:
seeds rugulose. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 374; Maxim. 1. c. 640.— Valley of the Columbia,
Oregon, EL. Hall, Brandegee.
13. COPTIS, Salisb. Gorp-tnrEAp. (Kézrrw, to cut, from the cut foli-
age.) — Low and glabrous perennials (of the cooler parts of the northern hemi-
sphere), acaulescent: with creeping mostly filiform and yellow bitter rootstocks,
long-petioled ternately compound leaves, lasting over winter; and naked one-
few-flowered scapes; the sepals white or greenish ; seed-coat smooth and shining ;
fl. spring. — Trans. Linn. Soe. viii. 305; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 87, t. 138.2 Chryza,
Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 352, & in Desv. Jour. Bot. 1. 170 (1809).
§ 1. CuryYza, or True Coptis. Sepals oval: petals shorter than the stamens,
clavate, with enlarged and thickened hollowed and nectariferous summit: leaf-
lets 3, rarely 5, subsessile and undivided: scape 1-flowered. — Gray, 1. c. 38.
C. trifolia, Sauisp. lc. (Goip-rHREAD.) A span high: rootstocks very long and filiform,
deep yellow: leaflets 3, rounded obovate with mostly cuneate base, obscurely 3-lobed and
conspicuously crenate-dentate, teeth mucronate: sepals white with yellowish base, soon
deciduous: follicles ovate-oblong, longer than the style, equalled by the stipe; seeds black.
— Fl. Dan. t. 1519; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 173; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 60, t.5; Raf. Med. Bot. i.
t. 27; Gray,1. c. 38, t. 13; Lloyd Bros. Am. Drugs & Med. i. 188, t.13. Helleborus trifolius,
L. Spee. i. 558. Chryza borealis, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 352.4 — Bogs and low woods, New-
foundland and Labrador to mountains of Maryland, Iowa, and Minnesota, northwest through
Brit. America to Alaska, and north to the Arctic Circle. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia to
Kamtsch. & Japan.)
§ 2. Curysocéptis. Sepals linear or ligulate and attenuate, greenish or
yellowish white: petals filiform or ligulate beyond the nectariferous portion :
scape 2—-3-flowered. — Gray, 1. ce. 38. Chrysocoptis § Pterophyllum, Nutt.
Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 9, t. 1.
C. occidentalis, Torr. & Gray. Leaves simply trifoliolate: leaflets long-petiolulate, of
roundish outline (2 or 3 inches long at maturity), 3-lobed about to the middle ; lobes obtuse,
slightly 3-lobed or incised and obtusely dentate: petals shorter than sepals, and apparently
subulate from a subsessile ovate and concave base (but not sufficiently known): mature car-
pels longer than the stipe; seeds oblong. — FI. i. 28; Hook, Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 67. Chryso-
coptis occidentalis, Nutt. 1. e. 8, with poor figure of flowers, these and scape undeveloped, the
latter at length as long as petioles. — Mountain woods, Idaho, Wyeth, Geyer, Lyall, Watson.
1 Fresno Co., Calif., A. A. Eaton; and reported from Tulare Co., by T. S. Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 198.
2 The formal variety coloratum, Greene, Erythea, i. 125, collected in the Santa Cruz Mountains,
Cushman.
3 Recent literature: E. Huth in Engl. Jahrb. xvi. 299-305.
4 Add syn. Isopyrum trifolium, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xviii. 265.
42 RANUNCULACE. Coptis.
C. laciniata, Gray. Leaves trifoliolate; terminal leaflet very long- lateral comparatively
short-petiolulate ; all ovate in outline, nearly 3-parted, and divisions 3-7-cleft or incised and
dentate, mostly acute: sepals linear-attenuate (barely half line wide at base, 4 or 5 lines
long: petals nearly of the following species: mature carpels longer than stipe; seeds oval.
— Bot. Gaz. xii. 297. C. asplenifolia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 375 (coll. Hall); Wats.
Bot. Calif. ii. 427; Lloyd Bros. 1. c. i. 196, f. 51-53.1— Woods of Oregon, Hall, Cusick,
Henderson, and of N.W. California, G'. R. Vasey, Rattan.
C. aspleniifolia, Saviss. Leaves pinnately 5-foliolate ; leaflets all rather long-petiolulate,
mostly ovate-oblong in outline and pinnately 5-parted or divided; lowest pair of pinne com-
monly petiolulate and upper confluent, all 3-5-cleft and incised (about half inch long): —
sepals and petals filiform-attenuate, nearly equal; the latter with a thickened concave nec-
tary much below the middle: mature carpels shorter than the stipe. — Trans. Linn. Soc.
viii. 306; Pursh, FI. ii. 391; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 23, t. 11. Chrysocoptis (Pterophyllum)
asplenifolia, Nutt. 1. c. 9.— Woods, Brit. Columbia and Alaska; first coll. by Menzies.
Var.* biternata, E. Huru. Leaflets ternate; lateral divisions sessile by a broad
base; the terminal petiolulate.— Huth in Engl. Jahrb. xvi. 304.— Alaska, Sitka, Krause
Bros. A variety not seen; description translated from the original.
13a. ErAntuis HYEMALiIs, Salisb. (Helleborus hyemalis, L.), the WINTER
AconiTE of Europe, a very dwarf perennial, has been found growing spon-
taneously near Philadelphia, a relict of former cultivation; fl. earliest spring.
13b. HeLiEsorus viripis, L., GREEN HELLEBORE of Europe, has in
former years been found wild near Brooklyn and Jamaica, Long Island, but is
probably now extinct. More recently it has been sent from W. Virginia. It is a
low species, with palmately parted leaves having lanceolate very sharply serrate
divisions, and green sepals.
H. raéripus, L., the Fetrp Hertiesore of Europe, taller, and green-flowered, is in Muhl.
Cat., as at Philadelphia, but only as of gardens.
H. nicer, L., the Curistmas Rosn, or Buack HELLEBORE of Europe, —low, with ever-
green and shining coriaceous pedate leaves and large white flower produced on a short scape in
earliest spring, the sepals enlarging and turning green in age, —has been said to grow wild in
the State of New York, but it is not quite hardy, and can only temporarily occur.
14. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. Cotumpine. (Aguilegus, water-drawer.
The derivation from aquila, eagle, is an invention.) — Perennial herbs (of the
northern hemisphere), commonly glaucous; mostly with paniculate branches ter-
minated by showy flowers, and 1-3-ternately compound leaves; the leaflets
roundish and obtusely lobed; flowering usually in spring or early summer. —
Inst. 428, t. 242; L. Gen. no. 450.2—In cultivation the most diverse species
hybridize directly. Thus the plant figured as A.. formosa, in Hook. f. Bot.
Mag. t. 6552, is a hybrid of a red-flowered species, probably A. truncata, with
A. chrysantha.
* Old World type, with hooked or curved spurs; these ascending, the flower being pendulous
in anthesis (position in A. ecalcarata, uncertain).
+ More or less leafy-stemmed, 1-several-flowered.
A. vutedris, L. (European Cotumpine.) Flowers from blue or purple to white, pretty
large: lamina of the petals as long as the spur, shorter than the acute sepals; styles as
long as the ovary. — Spec. i. 533.— Escaped from cultivation (where often and variously
double-flowered) and established in some places, notably in Nova Scotia. (Nat. from Eu.)
1 Add syn. C. occidentalis, var. Howellii, Huth, 1. c. 303.
2 Recent literature: M. E. Jones, Rev. Am. Spec. Aquilegia, Zoe, iv. 254-260.
Aquilegia. RANUNCULACE. 43
A.* brevistyla, Hook.! A foot or more high, pubescent and somewhat glandular-pubescent
above: flower small: lamina of yellowish petals little shorter than the (half inch) obtuse
sepals and longer than the blue spur: styles (2 lines long) much shorter than the forming
pubescent-follicles. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 24; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 30. A. vulgaris, Richards.
in Frankl. 1st Jour. ed. 1, App. 740 (reprint, p. 12).— Rocky Mountains of Brit. America,
Bourgeau, Macoun, northward to Bear Lake, where first collected by Dr. Richardson, and
southward according to Rydberg to the Black Hills of S. Dakota, L. Anderson.
A.* saximontana, P. A. Rypsere. Much lower, scarcely a span high: stems slender,
several from a scaly rootstock, quite glabrous: leaves small, twice ternate, even the upper
slender-petioled, smooth: flowers much as in the preceding, but carpels glabrous. — Rydberg
in ms. A. vulgaris, var. brevistyla, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 242; Porter &
Coulter, Fl. Col.4. A. brevistyla, Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 10; Jones, Zoe, iv. 258, —
Rocky Mountains of Colorado, first collected by Parry.
A. flavéscens, Watson. A foot or two high, branching freely: flower lemon-yellow, green-
ish yellow, or ochroleucous, the sepals sometimes scarlet-tinted outside: lamina of the petals
obovate, shorter than the oblong or ovate acute sepals, equalling or shorter than the spur:
styles 3 to 6 lines long, much longer than the pubescent ovary, half the length of the full-
grown follicle. — Bot. King Exp. 10; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, iii. 149 ;. Baker, Gard.
Chron. 1878, pt. 2, 20. A. Canadensis, var. hybrida, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 24. A. Cana-
densis, var, aurea, Regel, Gartenfl. xxi. t. 734. A. cwrulea, var. flavescens, Lawson, Rev.
Canad. Ranunc. 76.— Moist ground and along streams, in the mountains. Pembina to Brit.
Columbia, and south to Oregon and Utah.?
A.* micrantha, A. Easrwoop. Slender, perennial (?), densely glandular-pubescent and
viscid above: leaflets small, cuneate, 3-cleft, with 2-3-lobed segments; petiolules of the
lateral leaflets short: flowers about 10 lines in diameter, ochroleucous: sepals 5 lines long,
2 lines broad: petals truncate or nearly so, with a short straight or curved spur.— Proc.
Cal. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 559, t. 19.— Abundant in cafions of the San Juan River, S. E.
Utah, A. Wetherill. Description here condensed from the-original characterization. A very
similar if not identical plant was collected in imperfect specimens in Southern Utah by
Siler in 1883.
A.* ecalcaradta, A. Easrwoop. A slender branched perennial, 14 to 2 feet high with
foliage and habit nearly as in the preceding: root long, woody: stems several, sparingly
glandular-puberulent above: leaflets obovate, cuneate, cleft as in the last; the lateral as
well as the terminal on slender more or less elongated petiolules: flowers white or roseate,
fragrant: petals and sepals subsimilar, 6 to 8 lines long; the former merely saccate at base :
styles rather long. — Zoe, ii. 226, iv. 3, & Proc. Cal. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 560, t. 18; Jones,
Zoe, iv. 259. — Shaded cliffs, S. W. Colorado, A. Wetherill, Miss Eastwood. As yet too
little known and appearing rather near the preceding, of which it may well prove a nearly
spurless form.
+— + Scape naked, one-flowered.
A. Jonésii, Parry. Densely cespitose, soft-pubescent : tufted radical leaves an inch or two
high ; leaflets only 2 or 3 lines long, much congested, the partial petioles very short: scape
little surpassing the leaves (2 or 3 inches long in fruit): flower blue: lamina of petals half
the length of the oblong obtuse sepals and of its own spur: follicles proportionally large
(almost an inch long), twice the length of their styles. — Am. Nat. viii. 211; Coulter, Man.
Rocky Mt. Reg. 10. —N.W. Wyoming, alpine region, Mount Phlox, Parry; Maria Pass in
Montana, at 8,200 feet, Canby.3
* * American type, with spur straight, or the callous knob at tip merely oblique.
1 The description of this species has been modified to exclude the following, which appears wholly
distinct.
2 The alpine smaller-flowered form mentioned by Dr. Watson (Bot. King Exp. 10) is regarded as
distinct by Prof. M. E. Jones. It appears to approach the following species too closely to be charac-
terized as a separate species without more copious material of both.
8 Since collected on subalpine limestones, E. Bowlder River, Park Co., Montana, Tweedy; see
Rose, Bot. Gaz. xv. 63.
44 RANUNCULACEZ. Aquilegia.
4— Flower pendulous in anthesis, the spurs therefore erect or ascending, and not over an
inch in length. Four species distinct in nature and habitat, viz. A. Skinneri of Mexico
and the following.
A. Canadénsis, L. Erect, early flowering, usually a foot high: flower red with some
yellow, rarely all yellow: spurs 3 or 4 times the length of their roundish yellow lamina,
and this not much shorter than the barely spreading sepals. — Spec. i. 533; Curtis, Bot..
Mag. t. 246; Schk. Handb. t. 146; Bart. Fl. N. A. i. 130, t. 36; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 888;
Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 40, t. 14; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, i. t. 1. A. variegata,
Meench, Meth. 311. <A. elegans, Salisb. Prodr. 374. A. flaviflora, Tenney, Am. Nat. i.
388, the yellow-flowered variation.1— On rocks, &¢., Canada, from lat. 56° to Manitoba,
south to Florida and to New Mexico, probably not west of the Rocky Mountain district ;
fl. spring and early summer.
A. formosa, Fiscuer. More spreading: flower carmine-red or scarlet : spurts little or not
at all longer than the widely spreading sepals and only about twice the length of their
roundish and truncate yellow lamina.— Fischer in DC. Prodr. i. 50; Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
30; Planch. Fl. Serres, viii. 125, t. 795 (not Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6552); Lawson, Rev.
Canad. Ranune. 75. A. Canadensis, Bong. Veg. Sitch. 124; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 24, in
part. A. arctica, Loud. Hort. Brit. 610, &. A. Canadensis, var. formosa, Wats. Bot. King
Exp. 10, &c. — Alaska and Brit. Columbia to N. California, mountains of Nevada and S. W.
Utah, extending northeastward only to Idaho.
A. truncata, Fiscu.’& Meyer. With lax spreading branches, rather late-flowering :
flower deep red or scarlet: spurs little longer than the widely spreading or reflexed sepals,
truncate at the yellow-margined orifice, the lamina being obsolete or very short. — Ind.
Sem. Hort. Petrop. ix. 1843, Suppl. 8; C. A. Meyer, Sert. Petrop. fol. & t. 11; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 10. A. Canadensis, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 296. A. Californica, Lindl. Gard.
Chron. 1854, 836, & 1857, 382; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 328. A. eximia, Planch. FI.
Serres, xii. 13, t. 1188; Morren, Belg. Hort. vii. t. 52.2— Common throughout California,
probably in adjacent Nevada; fl. summer.
+ + Flower (never red) erect or soon becoming so, the long attenuate spurs dependent
or at first horizontal: lamina of the petals somewhat ample, obovate or spatulate and
spreading.
A. ceertilea, James. <A foot or two high, rather early flowering: sepals ovate, an inch to
inch and a half long, blue, as also the spurs of 1$ to 2 inches: lamina of the petals white. —
James in Long Exped. ii. 15; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 164; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 30; Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 5477. — Along streamlets, lower alpine region and below, Rocky Mountains, from
Montana to borders of New Mexico; first coll. by James. Apparently a smaller-flowered
form in S. Utah. Varies to paler, but westward seems always to be of the
Var. albiflora, Gray, n. var. Whole flower white with merely bluish or purple tinge.
— A. leptocera, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 9; A. leptoceras, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4407.
A, macrantha, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. t. 72, in letter-press (317) A. cwrulea. A. cerulea,
Wats. Bot. King Exp. 10. A. cerulea, var. ochroleuca, Hook. Bot. Mag. under t. 5477. —
Wasatch and Uinta Mountains, Utah, to the eastern border of the Sierra Nevada, California,
north to Idaho and perhaps to Montana.
A. chrysantha, Gray. Taller, more glaucous and floribund, summer-flowering: flower
yellow: sepals lanceolate-oblong, little longer and not broader than the lamina of the
petals: spurs 24 or 3 inches long, dilated at and near the orifice. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii.
621; Masters, Gard. Chron. 1873, f. 304; Meehan, Native Flowers, i.t.7, poor. A. /eptocera,
var. flava, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 9, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 30. A. leptocera, var. chrysantha,
Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6073. — Wet places in ravines of moderate elevation, New Mexico,
Arizona, and §. Colorado; first coll. by Wright.
1 A. Canadensis, var. FLAVIFLORA, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xv. 97. Another form with salmon-
colored flowers and pale leaves, the var. PHIPPENU, J. Robinson, Bull. Torr. Club, xv. 166, has been
found in the neighborhood of Salem, Mass.
2 Add syn. A. formosa, var. truncata, M. E. Jones, 1. c. 259. Prof. Jones states that intermediate
forms ‘‘seem to occur’? between A. truncata and A. formosa.
Delphinium. RANUNCULACEZ. 45
A.* pubéscens, Covirye. A nearly related plant with very scaly caudex: flowers
sulphur-yellow, rarely with pink tinge: spurs shorter, 14 to 20 lines long; the short rounded
blades of the petals scarcely over a third the length of lance-oblong sepals. — Contrib. U.S.
Nat. Herb. iv. 56, t. 1.— High sierras of Tulare Co., Calif., near Mineral King, 10,500 feet,
in granite sand, J. W. A. Wright, 27 July, 1880; and on mountain side north of White
Chief Mine, #’. V. Coville, 6 August, 1891. Regarded by Dr. Gray as a dubious form of
the preceding.
A. longissima, Gray. Puberulent or glabrous, autumn-flowering: flowers pale yellow:
sepals lanceolate, little surpassing the narrowly spatulate petals : filiform spurs 4 to 6 inches
long, hardly enlarging up to the narrow orifice. — Gray in Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii.
317, & Bot. Gaz. viii. 295; Wats. Gard. & For. i. 31, f. 6.— Ravines of Chisos Mountains,
S. W. Texas, Havard. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.)
15. DELPHINIUM, Tourn. Larkspur. (Delphinus, dolphin, from
the shape of the flower.) — Annual or perennial herbs (of northern temperate
regions); with palmately cleft or divided leaves, and racemose or paniculate
flowers, commonly showy. — Inst. 426, t. 241; L. Gen. no. 449; Gray, Gen. III.
teed, t. 15.
§ 1. ConséLipa, DC. Carpel and follicle only one: petals (in ours only 2)
united into one body: Old World annuals, or rarely more enduring, low; with
leaves dissected into narrow linear or filiform divisions: flowers blue or violet,
varying to purple and white. — Syst. i. 541.
D. Consétipa, L. Loosely paniculate in inflorescence: slender spur horizontal: follicle gla-
brous : seeds with interrupted transverse ridges. —Spec. i. 530; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iv.
t. 66. — Old grain-fields, &c., rare, Virginia, &c. (Nat. from Eu.)
D. Asdots, L. Flowers more numerous and spicately racemose: follicle pubescent; seeds
with rugosely broken ridges. — Spec. i. 531; Reichenb. 1. ¢. t. 67.— Escaped from gardens
in Canada and Atlantic and Middle States, in certain places. D. orientale, Gay, a common
garden Larkspur with more showy (violet-colored) flowers in a denser raceme, is thought to
be the original D. Ajacis, L.; according to Lawson, Rev. Canad. Ranune. 80, it has been
collected in the far interior of Canada, probably from a cultivated plant (Nat. from Eu.)
§ 2. De_pninAstrum, DC. 1.c. 351. Carpels 3 to 5: flowers never scarlet or
orange: petals 4, distinct; upper pair usually glabrous, extending backward into
spurs ; lateral ones unguiculate, more or less hairy on the face, in ours emarginate
or 2-lobed at apex: follicles in ours almost always 3: perennials. In several
species, such as D. tricorne, the caulicle does not lengthen in germination, but the
connate petioles of the cotyledons do so, and the plumule comes out from the
base of the false stemlet which is thus formed.
* Seeds with a close smooth coat, dark-colored: stem few-leaved, from a fasciculate-tuber-
ous root: Atlantic species.
D. tricorne, Micux. Low, succulent: leaves deeply and somewhat pedately 5-parted and
divisions cleft and laciniate into a few narrow lobes: raceme loose, few-many flowered :
flowers bright blue, or variegated with white (not rarely white): spur ascending, half or
three fourths inch long: follicles 3, half inch to inch long, strongly diverging at maturity. —
Fl. i. 314 (excl. habitat “highest mountains of Carolina”); Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 306; Deless.
Ie. Sel. i. t.59; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 31; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 41,t.15; Lindl. Veg. Kingd.
426, f. 297. Delphidium fleruosum, Raf. Ann. Nat. i. 12. — Moist fertile soil, Pennsylvania to
Minnesota, south to Virginia, W. Georgia, and Arkansas; fl. spring.
1 Recent important literature: Gray, Bot. Gaz. xii. 49-54; Huth, Delphinium-Arten N, A., Bull.
Herb. Boiss, i. 327-336, & in Engl. Jahrb. xx. 322-499,
46 RANUNCULACES. Delphinium.
x »* Seeds with acellular more or less loose and rugulose coat: stem scapiform, with only
a cluster of radical and thickish or succulent leaves, from thickish branching roots, merely
puberulent or glabrate, blue-flowered.
D. scapdsum, Greene. Leaves of rounded or reniform outline and mostly oblong or sub-
cuneate divisions and lobes: scape a foot or two high; raceme several—many-flowered: sepals
oblong, fully half inch long and shorter than the more or less curved spur: follicles oval,
erect: immature seeds with rugose and rugulose arilliform coat.— Bot. Gaz. vi. 156.1—
Dry region of S. W. Utah, Palmer, and Arizona, Newberry, Palmer, Greene, Pringle, Rusby,
Lemmon.2 In Arizona is found in company with D. azureum.
* uliginédsum, Curran. Leaves so far as known all cuneate and 3-cleft, with lobes entire
or 1-3-toothed: scape commonly branching; racemes few(6-18)-flowered: sepals oval, a
third to half inch long, about equalling the straight spur: follicles turgid-oblong, erect,
nearly half inch long; seeds with coat loose only at the angles, minutely rugulose and
muriculate ?— Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 151.4— Lake Co., California, “in swampy ground,
almost in the water,” July, 1884, Mrs. Curran. .
x x * Seeds with a loose cellular coat, which becomes transversely rugose-squamellate :
root branching or fasciculate and elongated, thickish, but not tuberous: stem leafy, or
when depauperate rarely subscapose: flowers from blue to white.
D. azureum, Micux. Stem a foot or two high, mostly strict and simple, puberulent:
leaves 3-5-parted and divisions mostly again 3-5-parted or cleft usually into linear lobes:
raceme spiciform, usually many-flowered: flowers azure-blue or paler and often white,
sometimes greenish white: sepals often with a brownish spot: follicles oblong, erect. — Fl.
i. 314; Deless. Ic. Sel. i. t. 60; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 32, probably not Lindl. Bot. Reg. t.
1999, from “California.” ?D. Carolinianum, Walt. Car. 155. D_ virescens, Nutt. Gen. ii.
14; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.6—Sandy or stony soil, N. Carolina and Illinois to Texas and
Arizona, north to Saskatchewan and Wyoming; fl. early summer. (Adj. Mex.)
Var. vimineum, Gray. Broader-leaved, looser-flowered: stem 2 to 4 feet high,
sometimes branched: flowers violet to whitish. — Bot. Gaz. xii. 52. D. vimineum, Don in
Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 374; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3593; Torr. & Gray, 1l.¢. D. azu-
reum, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1999, as to f. 2, possibly of the rest. D. wrescens, Gray, Pl.
Lindh. ii. 142. — Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright, the last D. simplex,
Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 8.
* * * * Seeds with a loose cellular coat, either arilliform or when dry merely scarious-
winged or margined at the angles, not at all squamelliferous: flowers blue or violet-purple,
often partly or wholly varying to white, at least the petals. All except the first western
species.
+— Roots fasciculate (or rarely simple) at base of stem, more or less elongated and thickish
but not tuberiform, or approaching it only in the last species.
4+ Stem strict, tall or robust, many-leaved: racemes many-flowered, simple or paniculate :
pedicels seldom longer than flower or fruit, ascending or erect: follicles hardly if at all
diverging, not over half inch long and mostly short-oblong.
D. exaltatum, Air. Stem 3 to7 feet high: leaves nearly glabrous, 3-5-parted or almost
so; the divergent divisions cuneate or cuneate-lanceolate, 3-cleft or lateral ones 2-cleft into
lanceolate lobes: raceme elongated, virgate, at base commonly panicled: flowers blue
1 Add syn. D. decorum, var. scaposum, Huth, Delph.-Art. N. A. 9.
2 Also reported from 8. Colorado, by Miss Eastwood, Zoe, ii. 227.
3 Description moditied in the light of excellent specimens collected near the type locality by M7.
J. W. Blankinship.
4 Add syn. D. decorum, var. uliginosum, Huth, 1. ¢.
5 Add syn. D. Penhardi, Huth, Helios, x. 27, Delph.-Art. N. A. 10, & Bull. Herb. Boiss. i. 335,
t. 16, f. 2 (a form with white flowers and ascending somewhat curved spurs); also D. camporum,
Greene, Erythea, ii. 183 (a very similar form with spurs erect). As striking as these forms may be,
they do not appear (in a considerable series of specimens) to be distinguished from D. azwreum by any
constant character. The flowers vary through all shades from blue to white, and the position of the
spur both in the pale blue and white flowered forms varies from horizontal to erect through every
degree of obliquity. D. Geyeri, Greene, 1. c. 189, is apparently a form of the same species.
Delphinium. RANUNCULACE. 47
(varying to white), small, externally as also the inflorescence canescently puberulent. —
Kew. ii. 244; DC. Syst. i. 857; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 31, excl. syn. in part; Gray, Pl. Wright.
ii. 9. D. Carolinianum, Walt. Car. 155. D. tridactylum, Michx. Fl. i. 314. (D. urceolatum,
Jacq. Ie. Rar. t. 101, & Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1791, of unknown source, is probably not of this
species ?) — Border of woods, mountains of Alabama and Carolina to Kentucky, Ohio and
Minnesota; fl. late summer.
D. Californicum, Torr. & Gray. Stem stout, 2 to 8 feet high: leaves of rounded and
somewhat reniform outline; lower ample (4 to 7 inches in ficancter): deeply cleft into broad
cuneate and laciniate divisions ; upper with narrower divisions and lanceolate lobes : raceme
dense. flowers sordid whitish with tinges of blue, externally villous: sepals and horizontal
spur each about four lines long.— Fl. i.31; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 296; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif.i.11. DD. exaltatum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 317, not Ait.1— California, on dry
hills from Monterey to Mendocino Co. ; first coll. by Douglas.
D. scopulorum, Gray. Glabrous below or throughout: stem 2 to 6 feet (or in subalpine
forms a foot) high: leaves mostly of orbicular outline and 2 or 3 inches in diameter, 5-7-parted,
the lower into cuneate and upper into narrower cleft and laciniate divisions; petioles except
lowest hardly dilated at base: bracts and bractlets mainly filiform: flowers blue or purplish,
rarely white, glabrous or canescent-puberulent outside: sepals and spur each about half
inch long: follicles veiny.—Polymorphous species or group, analogue of the equally
polymorphous or complex VD. elatum, L., and D. hybridum, Willd., of the Old World (which
have seed-coat transversely rugulose or lamellose) ; the typical or first published form a foot
to a yard high, with upper or even all the leaves dissected into linear or lanceolate segments
and lobes; inflorescence often panicled below, the axis, pedicels, and even the whole upper
part of the stem minutely cinereous-puberulent, varying to glabrous: lower petals deeply
notched, and with the whitish upper ones little shorter than the oblong sepals: ovaries and
follicles commonly minutely pubescent. — Pl. Wright. ii. 9, & Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii.
242. D. exaltutum, Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. i. 25, at least in part. D. azureum, Gray, Pl. Fendl.
5, as to no. 10.2— Moist ground, mountains of New Mexico and Arizona through the Rocky
Mountains and those of Utah and Nevada to the plains of the Saskatchewan. Passes
freely into
Var. stachydeum, Gray. A form with narrow divisions to the leaves, strict stem
(3 to 7 feet high) cinereous-puberulent throughout, as also the long and dense spiciform
raceme and the outside of the calyx. — Bot. Gaz. xii. 52. — Interior of Oregon (foot of the
Blue Mountains, &c., Cusick) to New Mexico and Arizona, Pringle, &c.
Var. glaicum, Gray,1l.c. Like the broader-leaved forms, sometimes glaucous, even
the pedicels glabrous or only obscurely glandular-puberulent: lower petals commonly cleft
to the middle: ovaries and follicles glabrous. — D. glaucum, Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 427
(D. scopulorum, Brew. & Wats. ibid. i. 11).2— Sierra Nevada, California, at about 6,000
feet, Brewer, Lemmon; also apparently same in San Bernardino Mountains at 10,000 feet,
W. G. Wright; Yakima Co., Washington, Brandegee; and north to the Yukon River,
Kennicott.
Var. subalpinum, Gray,1.c. A foot toa yard or more high, with shorter raceme
of larger and deeper-colored flowers: inflorescence and commonly whole upper part of the
stem pubescent or villous with spreading slightly viscid hairs: petals well surpassed by the
over half inch long acute sepals, the lower moderately notched at apex: follicles glabrous:
leaves with mostly broad divisions and lobes. — D. e/atum, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci., ser. 2, Xxxili.
242, not L., &e. D. occidentale, Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 428.4 — Mountains of Colorado and New
Mexico, at 9,000-11,000 feet, first coll. by Parry. The analogue of D. alpinum, Walds. & Kit.
By less pubescent forms, of lower elevation and compound racemes (J. elatum, var.? occi-
dentale, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 11), of Wasatch Mountains, Utah to Oregon, Nevius, Cusick,
Henderson, connects with the preceding forms.
1 Add syn. D. exaltatum, var. Californicum, Huth, Delph.-Art. N. A. 11.
2 Add syn. D. exaltatum, var. scopulorum, Huth, 1. c. 12.
3 Add syn. D. exaltatum, var. glaucum, Huth, 1. c. 11.
4 D. Barbeyi, Huth (Bull. Herb. Boiss. i. 335, D. exaltatum, var. Barbeyi, Huth, Delph.-Art.
N. A. 11) is one of several forms which Dr. Gray included in his var. subalpinum.
48 RANUNCULACEZ. Delphinium.
a+ ++ Stems lax (either low or tall), bearing a loosely flowered raceme of comparatively
large and not very numerous bright violet blue (rarely purple) flowers: pedicels spreading ~
or ascending, mostly decidedly longer than the fruit: follicles when well formed elon-
gated-cylindraceous and two thirds to nearly a full inch long, often partly divergent at
maturity : -herbage glabrous or nearly so.
D. trolliifélium, Gray. Stems often reclining, 2 to 6 feet high, rather leafy: leaves
thinnish, orbicular or reniform in outline (larger ones 4 to 6 inches wide), 5-7-parted or
deeply cleft into cuneate divisions ; these 3-cleft and laciniate-lobed ; lobes acute, lanceolate
to almost linear: raceme in larger plants a foot or two long and very loose: diverging
pedicels commonly 2 inches long: sepals and spur usually three fourths inch long, upper
ones much surpassing the white upper petals: follicles (even ovaries) glabrous, mostly
recurving in age. — Proc. Am. Acad. vill. 375; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 11; Wats. Bibl.
Index, 14, excl. syn., & Bot. Calif. ii. 428.1— Low or moist and partly wooded grounds,
Columbia River below the Dalles, first coll. by #. Hall, then Howell, &c.; Humboldt Co.,
California, Rattan; there called Cow Poison.
D. bicolor, Nurr. A span (when alpine) to a foot high, from fascicled and mostly deep-
descending roots, erect, rather stout : leaves thickish, seldom over an inch or two in diameter,
radical orbicular in outline, all deeply parted and divisions cleft or upper simply parted; the
segments mostly linear and obtuse: raceme few-several-flowered : lower pedicels inch or two
long, ascending: sepals and spur half to three fourths inch long: upper petals pale yellow
or white and copiously blue-veined : follicles glabrous or when young puberulent, sometimes
quite erect, commonly recurving above.— Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 10; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
i. 33 ; Gray, Bot. Gaz. xii. 52. D. Menziesii, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 57, not DC.
Dd. D. Menz ziesii, var. Utahense, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 12. — Dry ground, mountains of Colorado
and E. Utah, north to Brit. America, west to E. Oregon and Washington; perhaps to
arctic Alaska.
++ ++ ++ Stem strictly erect, a foot or two high, and bearing a virgate or narrow raceme:
pedicels ascending, even the lowest rarely over an inch long (except when converted into
leaf-bearing branch), and upper ones not longer than the spur: follicles oblong or oval,
not over about half inch long, not recurving in age: Californian species or nearly so.
= Fascicled roots elongated and not at all tuberiform.
D. Andersonii, Gray. Robust, very glabrous, a foot or two high: leaves thickish, of
rounded outline (only an inch or two in diameter) and cuneate divisions; the lobes short,
oblong or narrower, mainly obtuse: raceme commonly dense, a span or two long: sepals
oblong, deep blue, half inch long, a little surpassing the petals and shorter than the spur. —
Bot. Gaz. xii. 52. D. Menziesii, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 11,asto W. Nevada plant. D. decorum,
var. Nevadense, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 11, mainly. — Mountains of W. Nevada and
adjacent portion of the Sierra Nevada in California, Anderson, Watson, Stretch, Lemmon, &ce.
Most resembles the last preceding species.
D. Parryi, Gray,1l.c. Minutely puberulent or glabrous: stem 1 to3 feet high from a rather
slender simple or very few-fascicled root, sparsely leaved: leaves thinnish, 3-5-parted; the
divisions and fey lobes linear or hardly broader, mostly obtuse : raceme virgate, a span to a
foot long, at length rather loose: sepals oval or broadly oblong, deep blue, over half inch
long, much surpassing the petals, fully the length of the spur. —S. California, in San Ber-
nardino Co., Parry (1850), Parry & Lemmon (1876), Parish. Apparently same near Santa
Barbara, Brewer, and San Clemente Island, Nevin & Lyon?
D. Parishii, Gray, l.c. Minutely puberulent, several-stemmed from a simple or fasciculate
deep root, a foot or two high, rather rigid, sparingly leaved: leaves all with rather few
linear divisions and lobes, mostly small: sepals oblong, blue, only 3 or 4 lines long, hardly
surpassing the petals, shorter than the spur.—S. E. California, at Agua Caliente in the
Colorado Desert, Parish. (Adj Lower Calif. to All Saints Bay, Orcutt. )
= = Roots (perhaps only biennial ?) mostly short and numerous in a close fascicle, some
of them commonly fusiform-thickened but not really tuberiform nor grumous: herbage
1 Add syn. D. exaltatum, var. trolliifolium, Huth, 1. c.
2 Also reported by Brandegee from Santa Cruz and Santa Rosa Islands.
Delphinium. RANUNCULACEX. 49
_
usually puberulent, or below hirsute-pubescent: leaves not large, only an inch or two in
diameter, well dissected into linear or little broader and obtuse or mucronulate lobes or
divisions.
D. hespérium, Gray, l.c. Commonly 2 feet high: raceme virgate, a span to at length even
a foot long, usually many-flowered : pedicels erect in fruit, lowest not over an inch and upper
only 2 to 4 lines long: flowers violet-blue or paler, or often white, sometimes reddish purple:
sepals 4 or 5 lines long, oval, about equalled by the petals and by the spur: follicles short-
oblong, puberulent, half inch or less long. — D. Menziesit, var. ochroleucum, &c., Torr. &
Gray, Fl.i.31. D. azureum, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 660, as to Calif. and Oregon pl. D. azu-
reum & D. simplex, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 317; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 295, 296. D. simplex,
Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.10.— Dry ground, plains of W. Cregon to Monterey and Mari-
posa Co., California; common. Var.* HAnsENI, Greene (FI. Francis. 304), from Amador
Co., Calif., is described as a more slender form with smaller pale flowers.
D. variegatum, Torr. & Gray. A foot or two high, usually hirsute-pubescent below,
bearing a raceme of several (rarely over 10) large flowers: sepals ample, deep violet-blue
varying to purple, rose-color or white, roundish-obovate or oval or in age oval-oblong, two
thirds to three fourths inch long, fully as long as the spur: upper or all the petals white:
follicles half inch long, turgid-oval, puberwlent. — Fl. i. 32; Brew. & Wats. 1.c. D. grandi-
florum, var. variegatum, Hook. & Arn.1.c. D. decorum, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 295, not Fisch.
& Meyer.1— W. California, along streams, &c., common from Monterey northward to
Butte Co.; early coll. by Douglas and by T. Coulter. The most showy species. Var.*
apicutAtum, Greene (Fl. Francis. 304, D. apiculatum, Greene, Pittonia, i. 285), of the
interior of California near the San Joaquin, is from character a form having smaller more
numerous flowers and somewhat broader leaf-segments.
+— + Roots grumous or fasciculate-tuberous, i. e. thickening into globular or oblong or often
palmate tubercles (of annual or biennial duration), bearing only fibrous rootlets: flowers
mostly blue or violet.
++ Raceme spiciform and virgate, mostly many-flowered: pedicels shorter than the spur,
erect or even appressed both in flower and fruit: stem strict, mostly several-leaved, simple,
or the larger plants bearing one or more smaller lateral racemes.
D. simplex, Doveu. Tall, about a yard high, pubescent throughout with short and soft
spreading almost velvety down: leaves all dissected into linear divisions and lobes; calyx
pubescent externally: root and fruit not seen (referred here from likeness to the following).
— Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 25; Gray, 1. c.; hardly of any others.2— W. Idaho; sub-
alpine range west of the Rocky Mountains, near the Columbia, Douglas, Clearwater River,
Spalding ; also probably Union Co., E. Oregon, Cusick, with glabrate leaves.
D. distichum, Geyer. A foot or two and rarely a yard high, glaucescent, glabrous or
inflorescence puberulent, rather rigid: leaves thickish; radical and lowest cauline of rounded
outline and with cuneate or sometimes narrow divisions and lobes; upper short-petioled,
erect, and with approximate or little spreading linear divisions and lobes: flowers usually
approximate in the very spiciform raceme, then conspicuously distichous: sepals at first
canescent-puberulent externally, a third to nearly half inch long, or in one form smaller and
much less colored: follicles seldom over half inch long, erect.— Geyer in Hook. Lond. Jour.
Bot. vi. 68; Gray, 1.c. D. simplex, var. distichiflorum, Hook. 1. c. 67. D. simplex, partly,
of various authors. D. azureum, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 217.— Low prairies, &c., E.
Oregon and Washington to Montana? Geyer, and various later collectors, apparently wide-
spread.
a+ ++ Raceme loose, few-several-flowered or sometimes rather many-flowered: pedicels in
flower and fruit ascending or spreading, at least the lower ones longer than the spurs:
stem erect or ascending, only a foot or two high, naked and usually attenuate at base,
where it at length readily separates directly from the grumose root-mass.
= Follicles at maturity half to three fourths inch long, oblong-cylindraceous, and almost
always widely recurving: pedicels mostly long and lax.
1 D. ornatum, Greene (FI. Francis. 304, D. Blockmane, Greene, Erythea, i. 247) was regarded by
Dr. Gray as a form of D. variegatum.
2 Add syn. D. azureum, var. simplex, Huth, 1. c.
4
50 RANUNCULACER, Delphinium.
D. Menziésii, DC. Commonly pubescent or puberulent: stem often flexuous (a foot or
two or when depauperate a span or two high): leaves all 3-5-parted and divisions mainly
cleft into linear or lanceolate lobes: sepals or some of them loosely pubescent outside, half
to two thirds inch long; slender spur of equal length: follicles pubescent or glabrate or
occasionally glabrous: lower pedicels in fruit often 2 inches long. — Syst. i. 355; Lindl. Bot.
Reg. t. 1192; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 25; Torr. & Gray, F1.i. 661, exel. syn. D. pauciflorum.l
—On hills, &c., Brit. Columbia (and perhaps Alaska) south to N.E. California, east to
Idaho; early flowering; first coll. by Menzies. A low form, apparently of this species,
Plumas Co., California, Mrs. Austin.
= = Follicles at maturity half inch or less in length and oblong, erect, or merely with
spreading tips.
D. decorum, Fiscu. & Meyer. Very glabrous or pedicels barely puberulent, bright
green: stem lax, 6 to 20 inches high, few-leaved: radical and lower cauline leaves of dilated-
reniform or orbicular outline and deeply 3-5-lobed or parted; the divisions from round-
obovate (and even an inch wide) to cuneate, sometimes entire or slightly 2-3-lobed, some-
times narrower and 2-3-cleft; upper leaves small, mostly pedately 3-5-parted into narrow
lobes: raceme sparsely 5-20-flowered, often paniculate ; pedicels slender, spreading, usually
an inch or two long: sepals oval, half inch or more long, equalled by the thickish spur:
follicles thickish, oblong.— Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1837, 33 (large-flowered form); Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 661; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 11, in part; Gray, 1. c.— California, from
Napa and Bodega to Los Angeles and San Bernardino Mountains; early flowering. The
type rather large-flowered ; varying to smaller flowers and to
Var. patens, Gray, 1. c.54. Sometimes obscurely and sparsely pubescent: stem erect :
raceme commonly more compact; pedicels ascending in fruit, rarely over an inch long:
flowers smaller, the sepals a third to half inch long. — D. patens, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 296.?
— From Siskiyou Co., to the mountains of S. California.
D. paucifidrum, Nurr. Glabrous or barely puberulent: stems slender, a span to a foot
high from a fasciculate-tuberous root (the tubercles from oblong to fusiform) ; leaves small,
all pedately parted into narrowly linear divisions of an inch or less in length: raceme 3-15-
flowered ; pedicels about the length of the flowers: sepals quarter to third inch long, oblong,
little surpassing the petals, much shorter than the slender spur: follicles so far as known
oval-oblong, about 4 lines long.— Nutt in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 33; Gray,l.c. D. Nuttalli-
anum, Pritzel in Walp. Rep. ii. 744, but the homonym of Don is not in the way of Nuttall’s
naime.? — Rocky Mountains from Wyoming to W. Colorado, and west to Idaho and eastern
borders of Washington and California.
Var. depauperdétum, Gray, l.e. Slender stems only 1-3-leaved and 1-7-flowered ;
pedicels more erect: radical and lower cauline leaves flabelliform or reniform and with
obovate to lanceolate lobes, not unlike those of D. decorum, var. patens, of which it may be a
form with reduced sepals and slender spur. — D. depauperatum, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
33; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 12.4— Mountains of E. Oregon and W. Nevada, Nuttall, Beck-
with, Watson, scanty specimens, perhaps referable to
Var. Nevadénse, Gray, n. var. Less slender, 8 to 15 inches high: leaves well dis-
sected into linear or spatulate-linear lobes: raceme 7-20-flowered: pedicels spreading, the
lower about an inch long: flowers sometimes pink-purplish: sepals a third to almost half
inch long, all shorter than the spur: follicles short-oblong. — D. decorum, var. Nevadense,
Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 11.— Sierra Nevada, California, above Cisco, Bolander, Plumas Co.,
Mrs. Austin, and adjacent Nevada, Lemmon.
D. Nuttallii, Gray, lc. Glabrous or nearly so: stem strict and simple, commonly 2 feet
high, leafy usually up to the rather strict or virgate and 10-20-flowered raceme: leaves thin-
nish, mostly 5-parted and divisions cleft into lanceolate lobes: pedicels ascending, half inch
to inch long: flowers deep indigo-blue, usually even to the petals; sepals 4 lines and slender
1 Add syn. ? D. pauperculum, Greene (Pittonia, i. 284), which, notwithstanding its later flowering,
may from character well be of this species. Add also syn. D. tricurne, var. Menziesii, Huth,.1. c. 13.
2 Add syn. D. tricorne, var. patens, Huth, 1. c.
8 Add syn. D. Menziesii, var. pauciflorum, Huth in Engl. Jahrb. xx. 445.
# Add syn. D. tricorne, var. depauperatum, Huth, Delph.-Art, N. A. 13.
Delphinium. RANUNCULACEX. 51
spur fully half inch long: follicles oblong, quarter to half inch in length, erect. — D. simplex,
Nutt. in herb., not Dougl.1— Low ground, along streams and in open woods, on and near
Columbia River, Oregon and Washington, Nuttall, Howell, Henderson, Suksdorf; fl. sum-
mer. There is apparently a variety with calyx and lower petals white.?
§ 3. PHa@nicopéLpuis, Gray, l. c.49. Like § 2, but scarlet- and yellow-flow-
ered, the calyx mostly bright scarlet and petals wholly or partly yellow: Cali-
fornian perennials, glabrous or nearly so; with branching roots not tuberous,
and showy flowers loosely racemose. (Germination in the first species with
connate petioles elongating and plumule hypogxous, emerging from base; in the
second species said to be normal.)
D. nudicatle, Torr. & Gray. Stem a foot or two high, naked or very few-leaved:
leaves somewhat succulent, 1 to 3 inches in diameter, deeply 3-5-cle{t or barely parted into
obovate or cuneate divisions, these with short obtuse lobes: racemes very loose and open;
pedicels 2 to 4 inches long: spur half to two thirds inch long, usually considerably longer
than the sepals: follicles elongated-oblong, above spreading at maturity, at first puberulent.
— Fl. i. 33, 661; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5819; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 12, with var.
ELATIUS, a taller form. WD. sarcophyllum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 317.23— Banks of rivu-
lets in the mountains, from Bay of San Francisco‘ to near the borders of Oregon; first coll.
by Douglas.
D. cardinale, Hook. Stem a yard high, more branching and with elongated many-flowered
raceme : leaves larger, mostly deeply parted into narrow divisions, with long and linear or
lanceolate lobes: pedicels an inch or two long: flowers usually larger than in the preceding,
deeper red (rarely yellow) : ovaries and oblong follicles glabrous. — Bot. Mag. t. 4887; Torr.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 30, t. 2; Regel, Gartenfl. vi. t. 208; Fl. Serres, xi. 63, t. 1105; Brew. &
Wats. 1. c. D. coccineum, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 62. — Mountains of S. W. California, Los
Angeles Co. to the Mex. boundary ; first coll. by Parry.
Recently published species of uncertain affinities.
D.* recurvatum, Grerenn. “ Perennial, the root a fascicle of fleshy-fibrous thick roots:
a foot or two high, strict and simple, or branching and the racemes more lax, glabrous and
glaucous, except a sparse pubescence on the lower face of the leaves and the petioles:
leaves divided, each part cleft into about 3 linear obtuse mucronulate segments, those nearest
the root on elongated petioles: raceme many-flowered, the pedicels ascending, an inch long:
flowers lavender-color (changing to pale blue in drying), the linear oblong sepals more than
a half inch long, conspicuously recurved, the blunt spur about as long and curved upwards.” —
Pittonia, i. 285.— “Frequent in moist subsaline grounds along the San Joaquin River, in
California, from Antioch to Tulare, flowering in March and April.” Descriptions of this
and of the two following species are quoted from the original characterizations.
D.* Emiliz, Greene. “Slender, 2 feet high, from a strong cluster of thick woody-fibrous
roots; stem retrorsely pubescent, some of the hairs hispid, others short and appressed:
leaves on long villous-hispid petioles, the lamina cleft into about 5 segments which are
broadly linear and entire below, but above the middle widened and doubly cleft, the ulti-
mate divisions ovoid, acute: racemes about 3, slender-peduncled, rather loose: flowers small,
dark blue: sepals obovoid, each with a strong apiculation which is abruptly incurved and
covers a manifest round saccate depression; spur nearly straight, horizontally projecting
or slightly ascending: upper petals glabrous, the lateral ones horizontally spreading over
the stamens and very hirsute externally: follicles pubescent, the hairs incurved and ap-
pressed.” — Erythea, ii. 120. —“‘ Hillsides, Knights Valley, Sonoma Co., Calif.,” Mrs. Hmily
G. Booth, 15 June, 1894. Said to be related to D. variegatum.
1 Add syn. D. Columbianum, Greene, Erythea, ii. 193.
2 This blue and white flowered form is, with scarcely a doubt, the D. lewcopheum, just published
by Greene, 1. c. 118. It had been named and distributed as a new species by Suksdorf some time
before.
3 Add syn. D. decorum, var. nudicaule, Huth, 1. c. 9.
4 Southward to the Santa Lucia Mountains, Hastwood, Vortriede, acc. to Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 148.
52 RANUNCULACE. Delphinium. -
D.* Burkei, Greene. “Stems one or several, a foot high or more, erect, not slender, from
a manifestly woody-fibrous root, leafy at or near the base only: foliage and lower part of
stem seeming glabrous, though somewhat puberulent under a lens; upper part of stem and
the inflorescence clothed with a short villous-hirsute pubescence: leaves 2 inches broad,
deeply parted into many linear and oblong-linear obtusish segments, the texture rather
fleshy: raceme rather long and narrow, the pedicels being equal and quite erect: sepals
deep blue, pubescent exteriorly, spur rather long, usually blunt, nearly straight and hori-
zontal; petals conspicuously white, or perhaps ochroleucous: ovaries densely appressed-
villous: follicles unknown.” — Greene, 1. c. 183.—“ Snake Country probably in Idaho,”
Burke. Said by Prof. Greene to have been referred by Dr. Gray to D. Andersonii, but this
is not shown by specimens in herb. Gray. From the characterization quoted above, the
species would appear near if not identical with some forms of D. distichum.
16. ACONITUM, Tourn. Monxsuoop, WotrsBane. (Ancient Greek
and Latin name, of uncertain origin.) — Perennial herbs (of the cooler parts of
the northern hemisphere); with palmately lobed or dissected leaves, and showy
flowers in terminal racemes or panicles. Seeds in ours densely squamellose. —
Inst. 424, t. 239, 240; L. Gen. no. 448; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 43, t. 16. — For con-
venient brevity the upper sepal is here called the hood.
A. Napétuus, L., of Europe, the officinal Aconite, Monkshood, or Wolfsbane, not rare in
gardens, is said to have escaped sparingly from them in some places, at least in Lower Canada
_ and Newfoundland.
* Stem erect (or in A. uncinatum with flowering summit declining), from tuberous thickened
conical or napiform roots: hood helmet-shaped or cap-shaped: flowers blue, rarely vary-
ing to white or pale yellow.
A. delphinifélium, DC. Stem a foot to a yard high, strict, above more or less cinereous
with a close retrorse pubescence: leaves deeply parted, divisions laciniately cleft into lance-
olate or linear lobes: flowers large: hood low, not over semicircular, almost symmetrical
and slightly crescentic in outline, only short-attenuate at base and apex: lower sepals as
long and half as broad as the lateral: follicles oblong. — Syst. i. 880; Reichenb. Monogr.
79,t.9. A. Kamtschaticum, Willd. ace. to Reichenb. Uebers. Acon. 39, & A. maximum, Pall. in
herb. ace. to DC. Syst. i. 380; Reichenb. Ill. Acon. t. 15-17; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 69; larger
forms, the former very leafy to top. A. Chamissonianum, semigaleatum (Pall.), paradoxum,
&e., Reichenb. Monogr. & Tll. Acon. A. Napellus, var. delphinifolium, Seringe, Mus. Hely.
i. 159; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 26; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 34, &.1 Varies to depauperate few-
leaved and 1-5-flowered forms. — Brit. Columbia, through Alaska to Bering Strait, and
Islands; Jasper House, N. Rocky Mountains, Burke. (Adj. N. E. Asia.)
A. Noveboracénse, Gray. Stem erect, 2 feet high, leafy, only the summit and strict
but rather loosely several-flowered raceme pubescent: leaves membranaceous, rather deeply
parted ; the broadly cuneate divisions 3-cleft, and the lobes incised into lanceolate or broader
lobelets: hood (over half inch long) gibbous-obovate, with rounded casque-shaped summi
or back about the length of the basa] portion and of the porrect-descending beak: lower
sepals small and narrow: follicles oblong. — Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 190. A. uncinatum,
Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 21?—Chenango Co., New York, on the Chenango River, at Greene,
A. Willard (1857), and below Oxford, F. V. Coville (1885).2 Habit of some forms of
the following; in the hood between it and the preceding. The specimen of herb.
Le Conte, referred to by Torrey under A. uncinatum, is not extant, and may be of either this
or that species.
A. Columbidnum, Nutr. Stem commonly 2 to 4 feet high, lax, the upper part or at least
the loose and sometimes flexuous racemes or panicles pubescent and mostly viscid: leaves
deeply cleft or barely parted, usually into rhombic-ovate or obovate-cuneate divisions, these
1 Add syn. A. Napellus, Hook. f. & Jackson, Ind. Kew. i. pt. 1, 31, in part.
2 Reported from Cuyahoga Falls, Sumit Co., Ohio, Krebs ; see Werner, Ohio Agric. Exp. Sta.
Tech. Ser. i. 235,
eee
Cimicifuga. RANUNCULACEX. 53
incisely cleft and toothed: hood half to three fourths inch long, with helmet-shaped portion
higher than the broad, at length much shorter than the downwardly narrowed basal portion,
very strongly beaked; the beak variable, sometimes broadly subulate and porrect, some-
times subulate and elongated (4 or even 6 lines long) and either porrect or decurved: lower
sepals small and oblong: follicles oblong. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 34; Wats. Bot.
Calif. ii. 428; Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 11. A. nasutum, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 26;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 12, not Fisch. & Reichenb. A. Fischeri, Regel,
Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxiv. pt. 2,98; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 12, not Reichenb.1 —
Moist grounds, Brit. Columbia to California throughout the Sierra Nevada, east to the
Rocky Mountains, and south to those of New Mexico and Arizona. Leaves thin, commonly
- rather large; lower often 4 to 6 inches in diameter, sometimes rather small. Sometimes
bears bulblets in the axils of the leaves.
A. uncinatum, lL. Very smooth and glabrous up to the short pedicels: stem 2 or 3 feet
high, with summit of stem or flowering branches often declining, and paniculate rather
than racemose inflorescence sometimes flexuous: leaves of rather firm texture, deeply cleft
or the lower parted into oblong-obovate incisely dentate or sometimes laciniate divisions:
hood over half inch high, strongly saccate, and with the porrect at length decurved beak
attaining or exceeding the length of the basal portion: lower sepals small and narrow:
ovaries pubescent or glabrous: follicles turgid, over half inch long. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 750;
Michx. FI. i. 315; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1119; Reichenb. Ill. Acon. t. 35; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 43,
t. 16.2 A. volubile, Muhl. Cat. 52, but stem not twining. — Moist ground, along the moun-
tains, from Georgia to Pennsylvania (according to Torrey in Fl. N. Y. i. 21, to adjacent part
of New York in Chenango Co.) and Wisconsin; fl. late summer and autumn.
* * Stems reclining from elongated fascicled roots: hood oblong-conical, the length about
twice the width, soon horizontal.
A. reclindtum, Gray. Nearly glabrous, soft in texture: stems 2 or 3 feet long, bearing
loose and rather few-flowered somewhat leafy racemes: leaves deeply 3-7-cleft into oblong-
cuneate laciniate-lobed divisions, lower long-petioled, 5 to 9 inches in diameter : flowers dull
white or ochroleucous, varying to purple.— Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 34, Lond. Jour. Bot. ii. 118,
& Man. ed. 5, 46.— Wet woods on mountain sides, in the Alleghanies, N. Carolina to Vir-
ginia, first coll. by Gray & Carey; fl. summer.
17. CIMICIFUGA, L. Buesane. (Cimex, a bug, fugere, to drive
uway.) — Tall perennial herbs (of northern temperate zone), nearly glabrous or
a little pubescent above ; with short clustered rootstocks and matted roots, ample
ternately and quinately compound leaves, having incised and serrate membra-
naceous leaflets, and white flowers in elongated simple or paniculately clustered
racemes, sometimes polygamous or subdicecious; fl. summer. — Ameen. Acad. ii.
354, & Mant. i. 20; Lam. Ill. t. 487; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 51, t. 20.8
§ 1. Actinéspora, Benth. & Hook., or true Cimicifuga. Carpels and fol-
licles seldom solitary, compressed, membranaceous, distinctly styliferous: stigma
small, more or less introrse: seeds not very numerous, laterally compressed or
terete (not depressed), the coat squamose or squamellose. — Acti/nospora & Cimi-
cifuga, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1835, 21; Turez. Fl. Baic.-
Dahur. i. 85, 86.
* Follicles 3 to 5 or rarely more, stipitate: seeds mostly laterally flattish; the coat con-
spicuously and copiously scarious-squamose: petals or staminodes present, 1 to 5: leaves
1 Although Dr. Gray regarded the American plant distinct from Reichenbach’s species, it is impos-
sible to find satisfactory or constant technical differences, and Sir Joseph Hooker, Bot. Mag. under
t. 7130, includes in A. Fischert, Reichenb., not only A. Columbianum, Nutt., but also A, Noveboracense,
Gray.
2 Meehan’s Monthly, iv. 81, t. 6.
8 Recent literature: Huth in Engl. Jahrb. xvi. 310-319.
54 RANUNCULACE. Cimicifuga.
2-3-ternate and then pinnately 3-5-foliolate; leaflets ovate and oblong, incised and
dentate, or terminal one also 3-cleft, mostly acuminate.
C. ré&rma, L., the original species, of N. Asia, &c., is given by Pursh as of the N. W.
Coast, no doubt mistakenly, but the original, the var. simplex (C. simplex, Wormsk.), was
from the opposite shore of Kamtschatka. It has short-pedicelled flowers and at first pubescent
short-stipitate carpels.
C. Americana, Micux. A yard or less high, with rather weak stem and lax elongated
raceme, a few shorter ones below: leaves pale beneath: pedicels widely spreading, hardly
shorter than the flower and the follicles: petals 2-horned and with a concave nectariferous
spot below: carpels 4 or 5, shorter than their slender stipe; follicles mostly 5 lines long;
seeds all over about uniformly squamiferous. — Fl. i. 316; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 56; Gray,
Gen. Ill. t. 20, f. 14-19. C. podocarpa, Ell. Sk. ii. 16. Actewa podocarpa, DC. Syst. i. 382 ;
Deless. Ic. Sel. i. t. 66.— Moist woods of the higher Alleghanies, 8. Pennsylvania to
Georgia; first coll. by Michaux ; fl. August, September; mainly hermaphrodite.
C. lacinidta, Warson. Leaves brighter green, more deeply and copiously incised and
cleft: racemes panicled, loosely flowered: flowers smaller and stamens much fewer: carpels
in flower pubescent and longer than their stipes; follicles half inch long, twice the length
of the stipe; seeds apparently shorter-squamiferous on the disk. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 352.
— Oregon, on the flanks of Mount Hood, Mrs. Barrett, Henderson. Near C. Dahurica.
Flowers apparently all hermaphrodite.
* * Follicles 1 to 3, not stipitate: seeds nearly terete: petals wanting, sometimes one or
two deformed stamens: style shorter, disposed to be recurved or uncinate: racemes
spiciform.
C. Arizoénica, Warson, l.c. Less tall: leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate (1 to 3 inches long),
moderately incised and serrate: raceme (as far as seen) solitary, with pedicel much shorter
than the very numerous stamens: ovaries and (half inch long) follicles 2 or 3, glabrous or
nearly so; seeds conspicuously squamiferous.— On Bill Williams Mountain, N. Arizona,
Lemmon.
C. elata, Nutr. Slender, 3 to 6 or 8 feet high: leaflets roundish and cordate, mostly 3-lobed,
2 to 6 inches in diameter: racemes several, slender, small-flowered: ovaries and follicles
1 to 3, the latter 4 or 5 lines long: stigma almost terminal on the short style: seeds minutely
rugose-squamellose. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 36. — Wet mountain woods of Oregon
and Washington, Nuttall, Hall, Howell, Suksdorf, &e. Approaches C. Japonica, Miq., and
the related species of § Pityrosperma, which, with short-squamellose seeds, have the short
style surmounted by a broad and depressed terminal stigma, thus making a transition to the
following section.
$2. Macrorrys. Carpels and follicles solitary, or rarely 2 or 3, terete and
ovoid, not stipitate: style extremely short, thick, the truncate summit occupied
by a strictly terminal depressed stigma (as in Actea): seeds horizontal in a
double row, depressed; the coat close, smooth and firm. — Macrotrys (abbre-
viation of Macrobotrys), Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 852, & in Desv. Jour. Bot. ii.
170 (1809). Actea § Macrotys (mistake for Macrotrys), DC. Syst. i. 883. Bo-
trophis, Raf. Med. Fl. i. 85; Fisch. & Meyer, 1. ¢. 20. Cimicifuga § Macrotys,
Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.
C. racemosa, Nutr. (Brack Snaxeroot, Biack Conosu.) Stem 38 to 8 feet high:
leaves 2-3-ternately and then often quinately compound; leaflets mostly ovate, of rather
firm texture: racemes few, virgate, rigidly erect, becoming a foot or two long: petals or
staminodes 1-2-horned: follicle rather shorter than the pedicel, not over quarter inch long,
the tip or short style abruptly recurved. — Gen. ii. 15; Ell. Sk. ii. 16; Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
36; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 51, t. 20; Lloyd Bros. Am. Drugs & Med. i. t. 21, f- 82-88. C. serpen-
taria, Pursh, Fl. ii. 372. Actewa racemosa, L. Spec. i. 504 (Dill. Elth. i. 79, t. 67); Michx.
Fl. i. 308; DC. 1. ¢. 383; Regel, Gartenfl. xiii. 200, t. 443. A, monogyna, Walt. Car. 151.
Macrotrys acteoides, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 352, & in Desv. Jour. Bot. ii. (1809) 170.
Actea. RANUNCULACEX. 59d
Botrophis serpentaria, Raf. Med. Fl. i. 85, t. 16. B. acteoides, Fisch. & Meyer, 1. c. 21. —
Open woods, &c., in rich soil, S. New England and Upper Canada to Wisconsin, and south
to Missouri, Tennessee, and Georgia; fl. early summer. Foliage runs to the following
extreme varieties or monstrosities : —
* Var. cordifolia, Gray. Leaflets only about 9, ample (4 to 6 or even 10 inches long),
at least the terminal ones cordate at base and 3-lobed. — Gray in Patterson, Checklist, ed.
1892, 1. C. cordifolia, Pursh, FI. ii. 373 (excl. syn.); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2069; Torr. & Gray,
1. c. (where char. of seeds, &c. must belong to C. Americana) ; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 47.
Acteea cordifolia, DC. Syst. i. 383. — Damp woods, mountains of N. Carolina.
Var. dissécta, Gray. Leaves irregularly pinnately decompound ; leaflets compara-
tively small, oblong or lanceolate, laciniate or incised. — Man. ed. 6, 47. — Centreville,
Delaware, A. Commons.
18. ACTASA, L. Baneserry, also called Conosa. (Axréa, Greek,
Actea, Latin name of the Elder, transferred by Linnzus.) — Perennial herbs (of
temperate parts of northern hemisphere), several forms almost of one species ;
glabrous or soon glabrate; with simple 1—2-leaved stems from short and branch-
ing rootstock, terminated by a short and simple or sometimes forked raceme (and
sometimes a second one) of small white flowers, produced in spring: leaves
ample, ternately or quinately decompound: leaflets commonly ovate or oblong,
incised or some 2—3-cleft, and irregularly dentate: berries ripening late in sum-
mer, mostly black in the Old World, red or white in the New. — Gen. no. 427;
Gray, Gen. II]. i. 49, t. 19.
A. spicata, L. Raceme at first ovate or corymbiform: petals usually rhombic-spatulate :
berries slender-pedicelled, oval, at maturity black. (Ku., Asia.)
Var. rubra, Air. Berries cherry-red, or sometimes white, in a barely oblong raceme.
— Kew. ii. 221; Michx. Fl. i. 308. A. Americana, var. rubra, Pursh, FI. ii. 866. A. brachy-
petala, var. rubra, DC. Syst. i. 385. A. rubra, Willd. Enum. 561; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 211;
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 27; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 35; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 50, t. 19. A. longipes,
Spach, Hist. Veg. vii. 388. — Woods, Newfoundland to the Saskatchewan district, and Rocky
Mountains, and south to Pennsylvania, Missouri, &c.
Var. argutta, Torr. Berries either red or white: raceme elongating in age: leaflets
more deeply incised, sometimes more sharply dentate: stem disposed to be taller. — Pacif.
R. Rep. iv. 63; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 12; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 12. A.arguta, Nutt.
in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 35. A. rubra, var. arguta, Lawson, Rev. Canad. Ranunc. 84.—
Rocky Mountains, Montana to coast of Brit. Columbia, California, and New Mexico, east-
wardly passing into the preceding form. (N. Asia.)
A.* viridiflo6ra, Gren. Stems several from the same root: flowers even during anthesis
in a narrow oblong spike: pedicels during anthesis a line or two, at fruiting three lines
long, reddish, much more slender than in the next: bractlets a third to half the length
of the pedicels: petals oblong-lanceolate: stamens greenish. — Pittonia, ii. 109.— San
Francisco Mountains, Arizona, Rushy, Greene.
A. alba, Mitt. Raceme from the first oblong, hardly elongating: leaflets more incised and
sharply dentate: petals more like staminodes, narrow and usually truncate: pedicels short
and stout, in fruit as thick as the axis of the raceme, becoming red: berries globose-oyal,
bright white (but rarely by hybridization, purplish red). — Dict. ed. 8, no. 2; Eaton, Man.
ed. 2, 1818, 123; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2,211; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am.i. 27; Torr. & Gray, Ll. ¢.;
Gray, Man. ed. 5,47; Lawson, 1. c. 83; Lloyd Bros. Am. Drugs &_ Med. i. t. 18, f. 73-75,
78. A. spicata, var. alba, L. Spec. i. 504; Michx. lc. A. Americana, var. alba, Pursh, 1. ¢.
A. brachypetala, DC. Syst. i. 385, excl. var. rubra & var. cerulea (the latter is Caulophyllum).
1 Also reported from near Knoxville, Tenn., by Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, xx. 253, who states
that it flowers considerably later in the season than the typical form.
56 RANUNCULACEZ. Hydrastis.
A: pachypoda, Ell. Sk. ii. 15. — Woods in rich soil, New Brunswick and Canada to Minne-
sota, and south to the mountains of Tennessee and Georgia.t
19. HYDRASTIS, Ellis. Yxetrow-roor, &. (Unmeaning name, sug-
gested from some likeness of the leaf to that of Hydrophyllum Canadense, with
which the sterile plant was at first confounded.) — Ellis in L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10,
ii. 1088, & Gen. ed. 6, no. 704; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 47, t. 18.2 Warneria, Mill.
Ic. ii. 190, t. 285 (1768). — Single species.
H. Canadénsis, L. (Gotpen-sear, YeLLow Puccoon, &e.) Rootstock fleshy, marked
on the upper side by cireular scars of the annually produced stem, deep yellow within:
herbage pubescent; sterile growth a long-petioled and large peltate 5-7-lobed leaf; fertile a
low and simple stem, bearing toward the summit two alternate 5-7-lobed and serrate leaves,
the lower petioled, upper sessile and a short-peduncled white flower, in early spring: the red
fruit, resembling that of a Rubus, maturing in summer.— Syst. Nat. ed. 10, ii. 1088, &
Spec. ed. 2, i. 784; Michx. Fl. i. 317; Raf. Med. FI. i. 251, t.51; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 9,
& Bot. Mag. t. 3019 & 3232; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 40; Lloyd Bros. 1. c. 76, t. 8, f. 27-29.
Hydrophyllum verum, &c., L. Spee. i. 146. — Woods in rich soil, Canada near the Lakes and
New York, to Wisconsin, Iowa, and south to Missouri, Tennessee, and Georgia along the
mountains.
20. XANTHORRHIZA, Marshall. Surus YELLOw-RooT. (ZavOos,
yellow, pila, root.) — Arbust. 167 (1785); Endl. Gen. 850; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. i. 9. Zanthorhiza (erroneous form), L’Her. Stirp. 79, t. 38 (1784); Juss.
Gen. 234; DC. Syst. i. 386; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 40; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 45,
t. 17. — Single species, with floral characters of Leanunculacee, but yellow wood
and other sensible properties of Berberis.
X. apiifdlia, L’Heur. 1. c. Stems a foot to a yard high, seldom branching, with gray bark
and bright yellow wood of Barberry, from similar rootstocks, sending off yellow fibrous
roots, from terminal scaly bud producing in spring long drooping racemes or sometimes
panicles, or a racemose cluster of them, and pinnately 3-5-foliolate leaves, the later growth
bearing 5-7-foliolate leaves; petioles much dilated at base and half-clasping; leaflets ovate
and oblong, irregularly incised and serrate, often 3-cleft: flowers small, brown-purple,
sometimes polygamous. — Ait. Kew. i. 399; Lam, Ill. t. 854; Barton, Elem. Bot. App. 26,
t.12; Nouv. Duham. iii. 151, t. 37; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1736; Barton, Veg. Mat. Med. ii.
203, t. 46; Lloyd Bros. l.c. 291, t. 25, £.99-105% X. simplicissima, Marsh. 1. c. 168. Actea
dioica, Walt. Car. 152. — Along streamlets of the Alleghany Mountain district, from S. W.
New York to Florida, west to Kentucky.
21. PAZONIA, Tourn. Pony. (Ancient Greek and Latin name, said
to be in honor of a physician, Peon.) — Robust and large-flowered herbs (or a
Chinese species shrubby), with divided leaves and ample flowers; some Old
World species familiar in gardens, one indigenous on the Pacific coast. — Inst.
273, t. 146; L. Gen. no. 445.
P. Bréwnii, Dover. Low, with glaucous or pale and rather fleshy 1-2-ternately divided
and parted leaves; lobes obovate or spatulate to nearly linear: fructiferous stems reclined
or recurved: flowers dull colored : petals 5 or 6, thickish, dull brownish red, hardly surpass-
ing the roundish concave sepals: disk many-lobed: follicles mostly 5, glabrous; seeds
oblong. — Doug]. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 27; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxv. t. 830; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 13. Ps Brownti & P. Californica, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 41.— Mostly in dry
1 Louisiana, Dr. Carpenter.
2 Recent literature: Huth in Engl. Jahrb. xvi. 291; H. Bowers, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 73, t. 8.
8 X. apiifolia, var. ternata, Huth, 1. c. 320, is the not infrequent form or state with leaves merely
3-foliolate.
eg
oe
Crossosoma. MAGNOLIACEX. 57
ground, nearly throughout California and adjacent Nevada, rare in W. Utah and W. Idaho,
north to Vancouver; fl. early spring or summer according to situation, which ranges from
the sea level to the confines of summer snow; first coll. by Douglas.
22. CROSSOSOMA, Nutt. (Kpoooo/, fringe, cdua, body, from the
fringe-like body at the hilum of the seeds.) — Much branched low shrubs, very
glabrous; with grayish and bitter bark and whitish wood: leaves oblong or nar-
rower, entire, mucronulate, obscurely pinnately veined, alternate, subsessile, those
_of short branchlets or spurs fascicled: flowers solitary and short-peduncled, ter-
minating the branchlets: petals white. — Jour. Acad. Philad. ser. 2, 1.150; Torr.
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 63, t.1; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 15; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif. i. 13.
C. Californicum, Norv. 1.c. Shrub 3 to 15 feet high; stem becoming several inches in
thickness: leaves 1 to 3 inches long, seldom much fascicled: flowers large: petals orbicular,
over half inch long, white: anthers elongated-oblong: follicles half to three fourths inch
long, 20-25-seeded; seeds with smooth and shining coat, falling out after dehiscence in a
connected row, being held together by the entangling threads of the arillus.— Torr. 1. c. as
to f. 1-4; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 112; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. — Island of Santa Catalina off
S. Calif. ; first coll. by Gambel. (Guadalupe Island, Palmer.)
C. Bigelévii, Watson. Shrub 3 to 5 feet high, slenderly and often intricately branched :
leaves largely fascicled on spur-like branchlets, a fourth to half inch long: flower fully half
smaller: petals oval, becoming spatulate-oblong, white or purplish: stamens fewer: anthers
short-oblong : follicles seldom over quarter inch long or more than 2 or 3, hardly stipitate,
10-12-seeded ; seeds with dull coat (none seen with embryo formed). — Proc. Am. Acad. xi.
122, & Bot. Calif. ii. 428. C. Californicum, Torr. 1. c. mainly, i.e. as to pl. Bigelow. —
Rocky ravines, 8. E. California and Arizona to Bill Williams Mountain (where first coll. by
Bigelow), Palmer, Parry & Lemmon, W. G. Wright, G. R. Vasey.
OrpDER II. MAGNOLIACE.
By A. Gray.
Trees or shrubs, with aromatic and bitter bark, simple mainly entire alternate
and pinnately-veined leaves, which are commonly minutely pellucid-dotted; all
the parts of the flower distinct and free (hypogynous) except the carpels when
numerous and spirally imbricated on a prolonged receptacle may cohere into a
mass ; polyandrous, with one exception; deciduous sepals and petals imbricated
and disposed to be in whorls of three, with at least two series of the latter.
Anthers adnate. Stigma usually introrse and occupying most or whole length of
the ventral edge of the style. Ovules in all ours solitary or a pair, anatropous.
Seeds with a minute embryo in fleshy albumen, not arillate. Stipules commonly
present but deciduous. — Three very distinct tribes, which may be taken as sub-
orders and have been regarded as orders. The first is the most anomalous of
the order.
1 Add syn. ?C. parviflora, Robinson & Fernald (Proc. Am. Acad. xxx. 114), an imperfectly known
species with more elongated branches, scattered leaves, and smaller flowers, first collected in the
Grand Cafion of the Colorado by Dr. Gray, and later in Sonora by C. V. Hartman. In the absence
of better material it is doubtfully distinct from C. Bigelovii, which in its turn is believed by some to
intergrade with C. Californicum,; see Vaslit, Zoe, i. 27.
58 MAGNOLIACEZ. Schizandra.
Trize I. SCHIZANDREZ. Flowers monecious or diccious, often 5-merous.
Carpels baccate, spicate or capitate. More or less climbing shrubs, hardly aromatic :
no stipules. ‘
1. SCHIZANDRA. Flowers monecious, small. Sepals and petals together 9 to 12 with
gradual passage, more commonly 5 of each with quincuncial zstivation. Male flowers with
5 to 15 monadelphous stamens: anther-cells bordering the connective. Female flowers with
a head of 2-ovulate carpels, which in fruit become berries and sparsely spicate on the then
elongated and filiform receptacle. Seed reniform, with crustaceous coat.
Tribe I. WINTEREZ. Flowers hermaphrodite. Carpels in a simple whorl, or
only one. Erect trees or shrubs, highly spicy-aromatic, with evergreen leaves and
no stipules.
2. ILLICIUM. Sepals 3 to 6, membranaceous, caducous. Petals 9 to 30. Stamens 6 (or
even 5) to 40: anthers with oblong and contiguous introrse cells, nearly as long as the thick
filaments. Carpels 6 to 18 in a whorl around a short column, one-ovuled, with subulate
introrsely stigmatose style; in fruit drupaceous but at length dry and woody crustaceous
follicles, stellately spreading, in age 2-valved. Seed-coat crustaceous.
Tribe II. MAGNOLIEZ. Flowers hermaphrodite, polyandrous and polygamous;
the envelopes 3-merous in at least three series. Carpels imbricated in a spike or
head on a prolongation of the receptacle. Trees or shrubs, with conspicuous mem-
branaceous stipules, serving as bud-scales and early deciduous, the leaves condupli-
cate in the bud: flowers terminal, large, solitary.
3. MAGNOLIA. Sepals 3. Petals 6 to 12. Anthers much longer than the filaments,
introrse. Gynophore little or not at all stipitate. Carpels ovate, more or less coherent in a
mass, fleshy, in fruit coriaceous-baccate, but at length dry and somewhat woody, dorsally
dehiscent. Styles short, recurving, intorsely stigmatose. Ovules and seeds a pair, the latter
drupaceous (the outer part of the thick seed-coat becoming baccate and the inner bony) :
funiculus very short, filled with spiral ducts, by the extended threads of which the seeds
when detached are for a time suspended. Stipules mostly connate and adnate to petiole,
caducous.
4. LIRIODENDRON. Sepals 3, deflexed. Petals 6, broad, erect, forming a bell-shaped
corolla. Anthers hardly longer than the filiform filaments, extrorse. Gynophore sessile.
Carpels numerous and closely imbricated over the prolonged and very slender receptacle, the
dilated free apex tipped with a linear introrse stigma; in fruit dry, indehiscent, falling at
maturity from the bodkin-shaped receptacle, samara-like, the small fertile portion at base
carinate, produced above into an elongated oblong wing. Ovules and sometimes seeds a
pair: seed-coat thin and dry. Stipules distinct and free from petiole.
1. SCHIZANDRA, Michx. (Syilo, to cut, dvjp, used for anther, alluding
to the cleft andreecium.) — Twining shrubs (of Atlantic U. S. and Asia), with
mucilaginous and bitterish juice, deciduous ovate leaves, and solitary small flowers
on slender peduncles from the earliest axils of the annual shoot: fl. spring. — FI.
ii. 218, t. 47; Benth. & Hook. Gen.i.19. Schizandra & Spherostemma (Blume)
of authors. — Single American species. ;
S. coccinea, Micux. 1. c. 219, t.47. Leaves slender-petioled, ovate, sometimes obscurely
and sparingly denticulate: flowers half inch or less in diameter, crimson-purplish ; stamens
5, monadelphous in a simple peltate 5-lobed disk, the ten anther-cells widely separated on
the margins of the very broad lobes or connectives: gynoecium ovate in flower, the carpels
then imbricated on the short receptacle, ventrally stigmatic from the subulate tip down to
the insertion of the ovules; in fruit the scarlet berries sparse on a lengthened pendulous
receptacle of 2 or 3 inches in length. — Poir. in Lam. Ill. t. 995; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1413 ;
Barton, Fl. N. Am. i. 45, t. 13; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 58, t. 22.— Low woods, 8. Carolina to
E. Texas; fl. early summer.
2. ILLICIUM, L. Srar Anise. (Ullicium means an allurement.) —
Shrubs or small trees (Chino-Japanese and Himalayan, except the following),
Magnolia. MAGNOLIACEZ. 59
very glabrous: leaves entire, short-petioled, coriaceous and persistent: flowers
single in the axils of the leaves or bud-scales, pedunculate, nodding: fruits yield-
ing an anisate volatile oil. Both in Japan and in America (under the name of
Porson Bay) said to be poisonous to the touch. —Syst. Nat. ed. 10, ii. 1050,
& Gen. ed. 6, no. 611; Gray, Gen. Il. i. 55, t. 21.7
I. Floridanum, Evuis. Shrub 6 to 10 feet high: leaves oblong-lanceolate, 4 to 7 inches
long: petals 20 to 30, mostly linear, dark crimson, half to three fourths inch long, widely
spreading: stamens numerous. — Phil. Trans. lx. 524, t.12; L. Mant. ii. 895; Lam. II.
t. 493, f. 1; Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 439; Michx. FI. i. 326; Nouv. Duham. iii. 190, t.47; Gray,
1. ¢.2— Sandy low ground, near the coast, Florida to Louisiana ; fl. May.
I. parvifi6drum, Vent. Leaves elliptical or oblong-lanceolate, obtuse or acute, 3 or 4 inches
long: petals 6 to 11, oval, concave, ascending, yellowish, only quarter inch long: stamens
commonly only as many as petals. — Descr. Pl. Nouv. Jard. Cels, t. 22; Michx. Fl. i. 326;
Baill. Hist. Pl. i. 151, f. 191-194. Cymbostemon parviflorus, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii. 446.—
E. Florida, and 8. E. Georgia? (Cuba, Wright.) .
3. MAGNOLIA, (Plum.) L. (Pierre Magnol of Montpellier, died 1745.
The original Magnolia of Plumier is Talauma of W. Indies.) — Trees, or some
shrubs, of Atlantic U. S., Mexico, E. Asia, and Himalayan Mountains, with
mostly large showy flowers, in spring and early summer; the cone-like fruits
rose-colored at maturity, and seed-coat scarlet. Leaves upright in the bud. A
spathaceous stipular bract at first enclosing the flower-bud. — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, &
Gen. no. 456; Juss. Gen. 281; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 59, t. 23, 24.8
M. opovAta, Thunb. (MM. purpurea, Curtis), and M. conspfcua, Salisb., Chino-Japanese
species, hardy or nearly so in the Atlantic States, are planted for ornament. The peculiar
small-flowered M. ruscAra, of China, is cultivated at the South.
§ 1. Leaves coriaceous and at the South persistent, not very large, never cor-
date: flower-buds silky: flowers very sweet-scented, white, turning fuscous in
age: petals roundish to obovate. Species at the South called Bay and LAvReEt,
M. grandiflora, L. Large tree when well developed: leaves thick and firm, bright green
and lucid above, ferrugineous-pubescent beneath or in age glabrate but dull, oblong to obo-
vate, 5 to 10 inches long: stipules adnate only to the base of short petiole: petals 3 or 4
inches long, thick, barely spreading in anthesis: carpels pubescent, numerous; the cone of
fruit 4 inches long. — Syst. Nat. ed. 10, ii. 1082, & Spec. ed. 2, i. 755 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 61 ;
Trew, Ehret. t. 33); Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 518; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1952; Michx. f. Hist. Arb.
Am. iii. 71, t.1; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 42; Sargent, U.S. 10th Census, ix. 19.4 MW. Vir-
giniana, var. fetida, L. Spec. i. 536, in part. — Woods in fertile soil, coast of N. Carolina
to Texas, never far in the interior; fl. April to June.
M. glatica, L. (Sweer Bay, Warre Bay, Wuarre Lavret, &c. of the South, BEAvEer-
TREE.) Small tree, northwardly a tall shrub with leaves deciduous: petioles slender : leaves
from oval to broadly lanceolate, 3 to 6 inches long, glaucous and at first silky-pubescent
beneath: corolla almost globular in anthesis, open only when past prime; the petals inch or
two long: carpels glabrous, rather few: fruit-cone inch or so long.— Syst. Nat. ed. 10,
1 A synopsis of the species of this genus is given by Maximowicz in his Diag. Plant. Nov. Asiat.
vii. 716, Melang. Biol. Acad. Imp. St. Pétersb, xii. 716,
2 Garden, xxxvi, 150, t. 714.
8 Add Sargent, Silv. i. 1, t. 1-12.
4 Add Gray, Pl. For. Trees N. A. t. 1.
5 Add syn. M. fetida, Sargent, Gard. & For. ii. 615, & Silv. i. 3, t. 1, 2. Prof. Sargent extends
the range to 8. Arkansas.
60 MAGNOLIACE. Magnolia.
ii. 1082, & Spec. ed. 2, i. 755 (Dill. Elth. t. 168; Catesb. Car. i. t. 39; Trew, Ehret. t. 9);
Schk. Handb. t. 148; Nouv. Duham. ii. t. 66; Michx. f. l.¢. 77, t.2; Barton, Veg. Mat.
Med. t.7; Bigel. Med. Bot. ii. 67, t. 27; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 61, t. 23; Sargent, 1c. 19.1
M. glauca, var. major, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2164.2. M. Virginiana, var. glauca, L. Spec. i. 535.
M. fragrans, Salisb. Prodr. 379. M. longifolia, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 1; Don, Syst. i. 83,
narrow-leaved form. — Swamps, Cape Ann (at Magnolia), Mass.,? and New Jersey to Texas,
through the low and middle country and up the Mississippi to lat. 35°; fl. early summer,
sometimes till autumn.4
‘
§ 2. Leaves membranaceous and deciduous, very large, subcordate at base;
those of flowering branches somewhat umbrella-clustered: stipules and young
flower-buds tomentose: flowers very large, white, fragrant.
M. macrophylla, Micux. Small tree or large shrub, with stout branches: leaves oblong-
obovate, with auriculate-subcordate base, a foot to a yard long, canescent and tomentulose
beneath as also young shoots: corolla open-campanulate: petals oblong with narrowed base,
5 to 7 inches long: carpels and ovate fruit-cone canescently pubescent. — Fl. i. 327; Michx.
f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 99, t.7; Bonpl. Malm. 84, t. 33; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2189; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i.43; Sargent, U.S. 10th Census, ix. 21.5—Open woods in fertile soil, middle
country of N. Carolina, S. E. Kentucky, and Arkansas to Louisiana and upper part of
Florida; fl, May and June.
§ 3. Leaves membranaceous and deciduous, ample, green both sides; those of
flowering or other determinate branches approximate and umbrella-like in dis-
position: flowers large and white: petals obovate-oblong or spatulate, erect,
spreading after anthesis: carpels, ample stipules and buds glabrous. — Um-
BRELLA-TREES.
M. Fraseri, Watr. Smallor slender tree: leaves glabrous even in the bud, slender-petioled,
spatulate-obovate with 2-auriculate base, 8 to 20 inches long: flowers rather sweet-scented :
petals much narrowed at base, 4 or 5 inches long: fruit-cone oblong, rose-colored. — Car.
159, with plate; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 43.6 MM. auriculata, Lam. Dict. iii. 673; Michx. FI. i.
328; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 573; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1206; Michx.f. 1. c. 94, t. 6; Ell. Sk. ii. 39.7
M. sp. Bartr. Tray. 340. M. pyramidata, Edw. Bot. Reg. t. 407; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1092.
M. auricularis, Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 43, too narrow petals. — Woods in rich soil, mountains
of Virginia to upper parts of Mississippi, Alabama, and Florida, not common in the middle
or low country; fl. May. In the mountains called Wahoo, Indian Physic, and Cucumber-tree.
M. Umbrélla, Desr. (Umerevua-rree.) <A small and branching tree: leaves short-
petioled, soft-pubescent underneath when young, soon glabrate, obovate-lanceolate with both
ends acute, a foot or two long: flowers slightly and not pleasantly scented: petals 4 or 5
inches long, less tapering at base: fruit oval-oblong, 4 or 5 inches in length, light rose-
colored when ripe. — Desr. in Lam. Dict. iii. 673; DC. Syst. i. 452; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 43;
Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 62, t. 24 (fruit), & Journ. Linn. Soc. ii. 106, f. 1-18 (ovules, &c.).8
M. Virginiana, var. tripetala, L. Spec. i. 5386. M. tripetala, L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, ii. 1082,
1 Add Lloyd Bros. Am. Drugs & Med. ii. 25, t. 28; Sargent, Silv. i. 5, t. 3; Gray, Pl. For. Trees
NeWAS Hie 12:
2 Prof. Sargent (Gard. & For. i. 268, t. 43) considers the tree illustrated in the Bot. Mag. a
hybrid between M. glauca and M. Umbrella.
3 Rhode Island (without exact locality), G. H. Smith, in Thurber Herbarium; Suffolk Co., L. I.,
ace. to Rudkin, Bull. Torr. Club, x. 95; S. Pennsylvania, A. A. Heller & Miss Halbach.
4 Nuttall’s var. pUMILUM of this species (Am. Journ, Sci. v. 295) appears to be merely a dwarfed
shrubby state with smaller leaves and flowers, doubtless due to unfavorable environment; Florida, and
near Merchantville, N. J., Martindale.
5 Add Lloyd Bros. Am. Drugs & Med. ii. t. 30 (stated to be natural size, but certainly under the
usual dimensions); Sargent, Silv. i. 11, t. 7, 8.
6 Add Sargent, Silv. i. 15, t. 11, 12; Burbridge, Garden, xliv. 438, with plate.
7 Add Gray, Pl. For. Trees N. A. t. 4.
8 Add Gray, Pl. For. Trees N. A. t. 3.
Liriodendron. MAGNOLIACEZ. 61
& Spec. ed. 2, i. 756; Walt. Car. 159; Michx. Fl. i. 327; Michx.f. 1. c. 90, t.5.1 MW. fron-
dosa, Salisb. Prodr. 379. — In woods, S. Pennsylvania to N. Carolina, Alabama, and through
Kentucky and Tennessee to S. W. Arkansas; fl. May and June. Also called Elk-wood in
some places.
§ 4. Leaves membranaceous and deciduous, mediocre, rather dull green, not
approximate in umbrella fashion on the branches: flowers rather small, greenish
to light yellow: petals oblong, commonly not over 6, erect in anthesis, much
longer than the small sepals: carpels glabrous, in fruit pointless, the styles or
stigmas filiform and deciduous: fruit-cone comparatively small and narrow, often
torose, the shape and appearance when green like a gherkin, whence the name of
CUCUMBER-TREES,
M. acuminata, L. (Cucumper-rree.) Tall tree with straight much prolonged trunk:
leaves light green, oval or oblong, more or less acuminate, and with either rounded or
acutish base, 6 to 9 inches long, soft-pubescent, especially beneath, glabrate above: petals
2 inches long, dull green and glaucous, or tinged with yellow. — Syst. Nat. ed. 10, ii. 1082,
& Spec. ed. 2,1. 756; Michx. Fl. i. 328; Michx.f. 1. c. 82, t.3; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2427.
Sargent, U. S. 10th Census, ix. 20.2 M. Virginia, var. acuminata, L. Spec. i. 536. Tulip-
astrum Americanum, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii. 483.— Woods in deep soil, W. New York, or
barely in Canada at Niagara, to Illinois, and south to Arkansas, Alabama, and Georgia,
especially in the mountains; fl. May and June.
M. cordata, Micux. A small and branching tree: leaves more pubescent, at least beneath,
ovate or oval, little or not at all acuminate, obtuse or rounded at base, only on vigorous
shoots subcordate: petals cream-yellow. — FI. i. 328; Michx. f. 1. c. 87, t. 4; Edw. Bot. Reg.
t. 325; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 474; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Sargent, U.S. 10th Census, ix. 20.3
Tulipastrum Americanum, var, subcordatum, Spach, 1. c. 485.— Georgia near Augusta and
Alabama, rare; fl. April or May.
4, LIRIODENDRON, L. Tour-rree. (Aeépwos, lily, 8é8por, tree.) —
Spec. i. 535. Earlier in the form Liriodendrum, Hort. Cliff. 223, & Gen.
no. 960. Tulipifera, Pluk. Alm. 379, & Phytogr. t. 68, 117, 348; Catesb.
Car. i. t. 48. — Conduplicate leaves in the bud, each placed upside down by cur-
vature of the petiole, and enclosed along with the younger parts by its flat stipules
applied face to face. Single or perhaps two species,* deciduous-leaved.
L. Tulipifera, L. (Turre-rrer, Wuire-woop, also wrongly called Popiar.) Tree 50 to
200 feet high, with large straight trunk: herbage glabrous; leaves long-petioled, broad,
subcordate, obscurely angulate, 4-lobed and emarginate-truncate: flower-bud spathaceous-
bracteate by the last pair of stipules, these caducous: petals very broad, greenish yellow
marked with orange, inch or two long: cone of fruit about 3 inches long. — Spee. i. 535 ;
Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 275; Schk. Handb. t. 147; Nouv. Duham. iii. 62, t.18; Barton, Veg.
Mat. Med. t.8; Bigel. Med. Bot. ii. t.31; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 64, t. 25.5— Woods of deep coil)
W. New England, 6 through New York and adjacent borders of Canada to Wisconsin, south
to Arkansas and Florida; fl. early summer. (China.)
1 Add Sargent, Silv. i. 13, t. 9, 10.
2 Add Lloyd Bros. Am. Drugs & Med. ii. 29, t. 29; Sargent, Silv. i. 7, t. 4, 5.
8 Prof. Sargent believes this to be merely a variety of the preceding, and has published it as
M. acuminata, var. cordata, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 3, xxxii. 473, Gard. & For. ii. 338, & Silv. i. 8,
t. 6, where it is stated that the exact form of the Galtivated plant has not been rediscovered, although
specimens approaching it are not infrequent upon the Blue Ridge in Carolina and in Northern
Alabama,
4 But one species ; see Hemsl. Gard. Chron. ser. 3, vi. 718.
5 Add Garden, xxxiv. 31, f. on p. 42; Lloyd Bros. Am. Drugs & Med. ii. 3, t. 26 & f. 106-111,
with map of distribution; Sargent, Silv. i. 19, t. 13,14; Holm, Proc. U.S. Nat. Mus. xiii. 13-35,
t. 4-9, showing the extraordinary variability in shape of the leaves; Gray, Pl. For. Trees N. A. t. 8
6 Eastward to Rhode Island, Thurber, and adjacent Massachusetts according to Russell, Gard. &
For. ii. 82.
62 ANONACEZ, Anona.
Orper III]. ANONACE.
By A. Gray.
Trees or shrubs; with herbage as of the preceding order, but no stipules; the
flowers all hermaphrodite and equally 3-merous (by occasional variation 4—5-
merous) and hypogynous; a calyx of 3 sepals valvate in the bud, corolla of
6 petals in two unlike series; indefinitely numerous stamens imbricated on an
enlarged receptacle, their anthers extrorsely adnate and longer than the fila-
ments; carpels either distinct or when imbricated on a prolongation of the
receptacle cohering to form an aggregate fruit; ovules anatropous, and large
seeds with a crustaceous coat, ruminated albumen (in the manner of a nutmeg),
and a minute embryo. Sepals and petals deciduous. A tropical order, except
in the Atlantic United States. ;
1. ANONA. Petals valvate in the bud, thick and fleshy, those of the inner series smaller
but little different from the outer. Anther-tips convex. Carpels numerous, one-ovuled,
imbricated over the elongated receptacle and more or less confluent in a mass, forming a
fleshy aggregate fruit.
2. ASIMINA. Petals of each series imbricated in the bud (at least the outer or the inner
distant), acerescent, membranaceous or thinnish, veiny, commonly rugulose, more or less
dissimilar ; the outer plane and spreading; inner smaller and erect, mostly thicker, concave
at base. Stamens densely covering the globose torus: anther-tips depressed and pulvinate.
Carpels few or several, distinct, sessile or very short-stipitate, few-many-seeded, only one to
three or four (or rarely six) maturing into oblong baccate fruits. Seeds horizontal, encased
in a thin membranaceous arillus.
1. ANONA, L. Cuvustarp Appts. (Corruption of a Malayan name,
menona or manoa, not from the Latin annona, provision or annual produce.) —
Tropical American trees, early carried round the world: the following natural
to S. Florida. — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 446; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 27.
A. laurifélia, Duna. Tree 10 to 30 feet high, glabrous: leaves oval to oblong: outer
petals inch or two long, ovate or subcordate; inner obovate, somewhat cucullate-concave :
fruit (hardly edible in the manner of the cultivated custard apples) 3 or 4 inches long, the
carpels all completely fused at maturity into a smooth-rinded apple-like or pear-shaped mass.
— Monog. Anon. 65 (Catesb. Car. ii. 67, t. 67); DC. Prodr. i. 84; Chapm. FI. ed. 2, 603 ;
Sargent, U. S. 10th Census, ix. 23.1 Porcelia parviflora, Audubon, Birds Amer. ii. t. 162
(and in 8vo ed. v. 14, t. 281).— Low islands and everglades, S. E. Florida. (W. Ind.,
S. Am.)
2. ASIMINA, Adans. Papraw of N. Americans. (Abbreviation of
Assiminier of the French colonists, who took the name from the Indians.) —
Consists of a small tree and three or four low shrubs of Atlantic U. S., not aro-
matic, but bruised herbage and bark unpleasantly heavy-scented: flowers ill-
scented; solitary or few in a fascicle, produced from the axils of preceding or
1 Add syn. ? A. glabra, L. Spee. i. 537 (Catesb. Car. ii. 64, t. 64). The identity of this species
with Dunal’s, of later description, has been maintained by Sargent, Gard. & For. ii. 616, & Silv.
i. 29, t. 17, 18; but the Linnean species, founded solely upon Catesby’s flowerless figure with obvi-
ously erroneous habitat, is certainly too indefinite to be satisfactorily revived. specially is this the
case, as Catesby, upon whose two figures the species were founded, evidently regarded them as dif-
ferent plants.
ola
Asimina. ANONACEE. G3
present leaves, strongly protogynous: fruit edible. Arillus very distinct in A.
grandifiora and A. pygmea,— Fam. ii. 865; Dunal. 1. c. 81; DC. 1. ¢. 87;
Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 67, t. 26, 27; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 24 (but belongs to their
tribe Uvariee); Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 161.4 Orchidocarpum, Michx. FI. i. 329.
* Flowers (in early spring) from the axils of the deciduous leaves of the preceding year,
therefore from woody stems: nascent shoots and foliage also calyx pubescent; leaves
comparatively broad, short-petioled.
+ Leaves membranaceous, ample, acute or acuminate, copiously pinnately-veined, the retic-
ulation of veinlets inconspicuous: pubescence of calyx and nascent leaves sericeous and
ferrugineous: petals moderately accrescent, from lurid green becoming brown purple, in
both series ovate, not very unlike, the inner moderately concave and not rimose-thickened
nor corrugated at base within.
A. triloba, Duna. (Papaw.) Tree 20 to 40 feet high, also flowering as a low shrub:
leaves at maturity half a foot to a foot long, obovate-oblong with tapering base: flowers on
brown-pubescent pedicels of about their own length: outer petals half mch, accrescent to an
inch in length: carpels few: style distinct and with short introrse stigma: ovules numerous
in two series: fruits sometimes 3 maturing (whence the specific name), commonly only one or
two, the larger about 4 inches long, filled with sweet somewhat aromatic but mawkish pulp:
seeds several, oblong, compressed, an inch long. — Monog. Anon. 83; DC.1. c.; Guimp. Otto
& Hayne, Abbild. Holzarten, 66, t. 53; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 68, t. 26,27; Hook. f. Bot. Mag.
t. 5854.2 A. campaniflora & A. conoidea, Spach, Hist. Veg. vii. 528, 530. Annona triloba,
L. Spee. i. 537 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 85); Marsh. Arbust. 10; Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 161,
t. 9; Schk. Handb. t. 149. Annona triloba, Nouv. Duham. ii. 83, t. 25. Orchidocarpum arieti-
num, Michx. FI. i. 329.. Porcelia triloba, Pers. Syn. ii. 95; Pursh, FI. ii. 383. Uvaria triloba,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 45; Baill. Hist. Pl. i. 193, f. 220-228.3— Alluvial soil along streams,
W. New York and adjacent Canada to Michigan and Iowa, south to Middle Florida and
E. Texas.
A. parviflo6ra, Dunat. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high, branching above: leaves smaller and
rather thicker, from obovate to spatulate: flowers fully half smaller, very short-pedicelled:
petals less accrescent and less unequal: stigma sessile: ovules about 10, nearly in a single
series: fruit oblong or pyriform, an inch or so long: seeds few, turgid, half inch long. —
Monog. Anon. 82, t.9; DC. 1L¢.; Ell. Sk. ii.41; Chapm. F115. Orchidocarpum parviflorums
Michx. Fl. i. 329. Porcelia parviflora, Pers. 1. c.; Pursh,1.c. Uvaria parviflora, Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 45.— Dry sandy soil, N. Carolina to Florida and Alabama.
+ + Leaves furfuraceous-tomentulose when young, in age chartaceous and with conspicu-
ous reticulation of veinlets, mostly retuse or obtuse, comparatively small: flowers often in
pairs or with a leafy shoot from the same axil: petals white; outer much accrescent, or-
bicular and at length obovate; inner much smaller, with saccate-concave base, purple
within and rimose-corrugate: ovaries densely pubescent, tipped with a sessile depressed
stigma; fruits an inch or two long, several-seeded ; seeds ovate-oval, flattened.
A. grandiflora, Donat. Stems 2 to 5 feet high: leaves tomentulose both sides, only gla-
brate in age, spatulate-oblong to obovate or oval; the larger 3 or 4 inches long and 1 or 2
wide: outer petals when full grown 2 inches or more in length, and 3 or 4 times the length
of the inner, these for the upper half with revolute margins. — Monog. Anon. 84, t.11; DC.
Prodr. i. 86; Ell. Sk. ii. 42; Chapm. Fl. 15. Anona grandiflora, Bartr. Trav. (Am ed.)
t. 2. Annona obovata, Willd. Spee. ii. 1269. Orchidocarpum grandiflorum, Michx. F1. i. 330.
Porcelia grandiflora, Pers. 1. ¢.; Pursh, 1. ce. Uvaria obovata, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 45.—
Sandy woods, S. Georgia and Florida; first coll. by Bartram. He describes the flowers as
sweet-scented, “the fruit of the size and form of a small cucumber, containing a yellow
pulp of the consistence of a hard custard, and very delicious wholesome food.” Fl. March,
April.
1 Add Sargent, Silv. i. 21, with conspectus of species.
2 Add Lloyd Bros. Am. Drugs & Med. ii. 49, t. 33, f. 120-125; Sargent, Silv. i. 23, t. 15, 16.
8 Add Bull. Soe. Linn. de Paris, 651.
4 Prof. Sargent, 1. c., extends the range to E. Pennsylvania and on the west to E. Kansas.
64 ANONACE. Asimina.
A. cuneata, SautrLewortu. Less pubescent, a foot or two high: leaves smaller, an inch
or two long, even the nascent ones often quite glabrous above, becoming coriaceous in age:
pedicels solitary: outer petals 1 to 1} inches long, only twice the length of the inner. —
Distr. coll. Rugel, 8; Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 163. <A. reticulata, Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 603, not
Shuttleworth. — Pine barrens of S. Florida; near L. Monroe, Ruge/, in fruit. Coll. in
flower by Palmer, Feay, Havard, the last in February ; later also by Curtiss.
* * Flowers solitary in the axils of extant subcoriaceous and reticulate-veiny subsessile
leaves, produced in spring and early summer: outer and inner petals strongly dissimilar :
styles distinct: ovules 8 to 10: flowering stems mostly simple and suffruticose from a
thickened woody base or stock: herbage quite glabrous from the first or very nearly so:
fruit an inch long or more, few-seeded : seeds globose-ovate, little compressed.
A. angustifolia, Gray. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, erect: leaves elongated, from narrowly
linear (5 or 6 inches long by 2 to 4 lines wide) to narrowly spatulate (8 to 5 inches long and
half or three fourths inch wide): flower white, large, commonly erect: outer petals much
accrescent, 14 to 2 inches long, oblong; inner much smaller, lanceolate above the strongly
concave internally purple and longitudinally corrugate-thickened base: ovaries almost
glabrous.! — Bot. Gaz. xi. 163. Orchidocarpum pygmeum, Michx. Fl. i. 330, & Porcelia
pygmea, Pers. Syn. ii. 95, in part. Asimina pygmea, Dunal, 1. c. t. 10; Ell. Sk. ii. 48,
mainly; Chapm. Fl. 15, in part. A. pygmea, var., Curtiss, distr. 87*. Uvaria pygmea,
Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 45, mainly. — Sandy pine woods, Florida and adjacent Georgia. Parts
of the flower occasionally in fours.
A. pygmeéa, Dunat, l.c. excl. syn. Stems a foot or two high, commonly declined or
arcuate: leaves from cuneate-linear to oblong, 1 to 4 inches long, half inch to full inch wide,
much reticulated: flowers strongly nodding, mostly brown purple; outer petals ovate,
becoming ovate-lanceolate or spatulate, seldom over half inch Jong, not broader nor be-
coming much longer than the thicker and broadly ovate inner ones.— Ell. 1. c. in part ;
Curtiss, distr. 87; Gray, l.c. 164. Anona pygmeu, Bartr. Tray. (Am. ed.) t.1. OUvaria
pygmea, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. in part. Asimina secundiflora, & A. reticulata, Shuttleworth in
distr. coll. Rugel, 10 & 9, the former just the plant described and figured by Bartram; the
latter a smaller-flowered form with oblong or linear-oblong leaves an inch or so in length
and not tapering to the base.— Dry pine barrens, E. Florida? and adjacent Georgia, first
coll. by Bartram.
OrpER IV. MENISPERMACE.
By A. Gray.
Woody (at least at base) and sarmentose or twining plants; with colorless
bitter juice, mostly palmate or peltate alternate leaves and no stipules, and small
dicecious flowers ; their parts 3-merous or sometimes 4-merous, with hypogynous
sepals, petals, and stamens in two series of each (or the latter more numerous in
one genus and petals wanting in another), the parts imbricated in the bud; the 3
to 6 carpels distinct, uniovulate, in fruit berry-like drupes, commonly incurved as
they grow, making the seed and embryo crescentic or annular, the latter nearly
the length of the scantyalbumen. Peduncles axillary or super-axillary. Anthers
with normal dehiscence, usually short. Ovule amphitropous. Order nearly all
tropical, except these few representatives in Atlantic N. America.
* Floral envelopes plainly of two sorts, viz. sepals and petals: anthers innate, 4-lobed and
mostly 4-locellate: carpels becoming incurved after anthesis, bringing the apex of the
drupe down next the base; the rugose and grooved and laterally flattened putamen
therefore circular or strongly reniform, bony, and the seed reniform or horse-shoe shaped :
embryo slender, with long and narrow cotyledons.
1 Seeds ovate-subglobose with distinct arillus ; see Bot. Gaz. xi. 220.
2 Since coll. at Gainesville, Central Florida, Miss Peirce.
si
Menispermum. MENISPERMACE. 65
1. COCCULUS. Sepals, petals, and stamens each 6, and anteposed, being in successive
regularly alternate threes. Inner sepals larger than the outer, also larger than the petals,
which in male flowers are partly inyolute at base around one of the short filaments. Stamens
of female flowers 6 flattened sterile filaments. Carpels 3 to 6, sessile on the common recep-
tacle: styles short and subulate, recurved, ventrally stigmatose.
2. MENISPERMUM. Sepals4to8. Petals 6 to 8 or 10, shorter. Male flowers with 12
to 24 stamens: filaments filiform. Female flowers with a short abortive stamen before each
petal, and 2 to 4 carpels on the summit of a short gynophore: stigmas broad, sessile or
nearly so.
* * Divisions of floral envelopes fewer, all alike: anthers adnate, introrse, simply 2-celled :
stigma remaining apical: drupe when dry and seed meniscoidal: cotyledons broad and
thin, laterally divergent.
38. CALYCOCARPUM. Sepals 6 in two series, similar, petaloid, oblong-obovate. Petals
wanting. Stamens in male flowers 12, with filaments flattened and somewhat dilated
upward ; in the female flowers a short abortive stamen before each sepal. Carpels 3, sessile :
ovary fusiform : stigma sessile, peltate, laciniately multifid. Drupe globular, with thin pulp
on a thin crustaceous putamen, which is broadly and deeply excavated or intruded ventrally,
forming an acetabuliform or bowl-shaped cavity, the transverse and also longitudinal section
meniscoidal. Embryo also meniscoidal, in the thin albumen; the broad and thin cotyledons
separate.
1. COCCULUS, DC. (Diminutive of «é«xos, a berry, applied by Bauhin
to the Cocculus Indicus of commerce.) — Mainly Asiatic and African species ;
ours slender-stemmed and low-twining, variable-leaved. — Syst. i. 515, in part ;
Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 71, t. 28; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 36.
C. Carolinus, DC. Tomentulose: leaves long-petioled, ovate or cordate and entire, or some
hastately 3-lobed or even sinuately 5-lobed, thinnish, glabrate or glabrous above: flowers
greenish, in either short or lengthened racemiform panicles: fruit red, 3 lines in diameter. —
Syst. i. 524; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 47; Gray, 1. c. 72, t. 28; Baill. Hist. Pl. iii. 2, f. 2-4;
Miers, Contrib. Bot. iii. 253. Cissampelos smilacina, L. Spec. ii. 1032,on Catesb. Car. i. t, 51.
Menispermum Carolinum, L. Spec. i. 340. M. Carolinianum, Hill, Veg. Syst. xvi. t. 27, f. 1;
Walt. Car. 248. Baumgartia scandens, Moench, Meth. 650. Androphylax scandens, Wendl.
Bot. Beobacht, 38. Wendlandia populifolia, Willd. Spec. ii. 275 ; Pursh, Fl.i.252. W. Caro-
liniana, Nutt. Gen. i. 241. Cocculidium populifolium, Spach, Hist. Veg. viii. 17.1 Var. hede-
racecefolius, Miers, 1. c. (Menispermum Virginicum, L.1.c¢., founded on Dill. Elth. 223, t.178),
is no more than a form with a few of the leaves sinuately 5-lobed. C’ sagittefolius, Miers,
1. c. 255, from San Felipe, Texas, Drummond, must be another form, with more hastate foli-
age. — River-banks, Virginia and S. Illinois to Florida and Texas; fl. summer.
C. diversifolius, DC. Puberulent and glabrate: flowering stems filiform: leaves short-
petioled, small, chartaceous, lucid, varying from linear and lanceolate (with ribs parallel) to
ovate or cordate and sometimes 3-lobed : flowers greenish yellow : fruit apparently purple. —
Hemsl. Biol. Cent.-Am. Bot. i. 21; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 318. C. diversifolius &
C. oblongifolius, DC. Syst. i. 523, 529, & Calques des Dess. t. 10, 11.—Southern borders of
Texas, on the Rio Grande, Palmer, Havard, and S. Arizona, Pringle; fl. May. (Mex.)
2. MENISPERMUM, Tourn. .Moonseep. (Mivy, moon, o7épya,
seed.) — Partly herbaceous twiners, but woody and persistent below ; with mem-
branaceous slender-petioled leaves angulately 5-7-lobed and peltate near the
base; the flowers in small and loose slender-pedunculate panicles, mostly shorter
than the petioles, greenish or whitish, the stamens bright white ; fl. in summer. —
Mem. Acad. Par. 1705, 237; L. Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. ed. 2, 362, in part;
Lam. Ill. t. 824; Gray, Gen. Il. i. 73, t. 29; Maxim. Diag. Pl. Nov. Asiat. v.
647, t. 2. Consists of the following species and one of E. Asia.
1 Add syn. Cebatha Carolina, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, vy. 162.
5
66 MENISPERMACEZ. Menispermum.
M. Canadénse, L. Somewhat pubescent when young, glabrate: leaves peltate close to the
broadly dilated subcordate base: petals only half the length of the inner sepals, flattish,
much shorter than the 10 to 20 stamens of the male flowers: abortive stamens of the female
flowers one before each petal and of its length: stigmas obovate or reniform, sessile: fruit
tipening late in autumn, resembling small grapes, blue-black with a copious bloom. — Spec.
i. 340; Michx. FI. ii. 241; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1910; Schk. Handb. t. 337; Torr. & Gray, FI.
i.48; Miers, Contrib. Bot. iii. 115,t.110. JZ. angulatum, Moench, Meth. 277. MM. smilacinum,
DC. Syst. 541. Cissampelos smilacina, Jacq. Ic. Rar. ili. t. 629, not L. — Alluvial ground,
along streams; Canada to Minnesota and Winnipeg, south to Georgia and Alabama in the
upper districts.
3. CALYCOCARPUM, Nutt. (Kddvé, a cup or shell, xapzés, fruit, the
’ ? Pp CEOs, ?
dry shell of the drupe with a cup-like hollow on one side.) — Nutt. in Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 48 (§ of Menispermum) ; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 75, t. 80, & Man. ed. 5,
52; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 35; Miers, 1. c. 24, t. 89. — Single species.
C.* Ly6ni, Gray.’ Climbing extensively, sparsely hirsute when young: leaves ample
and long-petioled, membranaceous, open-cordate at base, not peltate, deeply 3-5-lobed, lobes
ovate and acuminate: panicles of small white flowers, loose and slender, male much elon-
gated: drupe nearly inch long, black when ripe, globose when fresh, with ventral face at
length flattened, and when the dried epicarp breaks away disclosing the deep cavity of the
putamen, its border then more or less denticulate-crested. — Gen. IIl. i. 76, t. 30; Chapm.
Fl. 16; Baill. Hist. Pl. iii. 13, 39. Menispermum Lyoni, Pursh, Fl. ii. 8371; DC. Syst. i.
541; Torr. & Gray, l.c. — Moist woods, in alluvial soil, Kentucky and S. Illinois to Missouri,
and south to Florida and Texas; fl. late spring and summer.
ORDER V. BERBERIDACE.
By A. Gray; the genus Vancouveria revised by B. L. Roprnson.
Shrubs or herbs with colorless juice but yellow wood and bark in Berberis ;
- leaves commonly with stipular dilated and marginal bases to the petioles or ob-
viously stipulate; symmetrical and hermaphrodite hypogynous flowers, with
imbricate estivation, and parts all distinct and 3-merous (rarely 2- or 4-merous) ;
sepals, petals, stamens, and sometimes bractlets in two series of each (or occa-
sionally more), that is, taken as wholes regularly anteposed throughout ; anthers
opening by uplifted valves; carpel normally only one; seeds anatropous, with a
straight or straightish embryo in fleshy or horny albumen. Parts of flower
deciduous. Podophyllum and Achlys are anomalous exceptions, as seen below.
The Lardizabalee are an order between this and the Menispermacee.
* Shrubs, with compound but often unifoliolate (and seemingly simple) alternate leaves.
1. BERBERIS. Sepals 6 (besides 2 or 3 bracts), somewhat petaloid. Petals 6, concave and
ascending or erect, 2-glandular next the base within. Stamens 6, short. Stigma peltate
and umbilicate. Ovules few, ascending from base of the cell. Fruit a berry, sometimes
dry. Seeds with crustaceous coat.
%* * Perennial herbs, with deciduous ovary and mostly a single pair of ovules from base of
the cell; these becoming naked drupaceous seeds: leaves ternately decompound.
2. CAULOPHYLLUM. Sepals 6, usually with 3 or 4 bractlets underneath. Petals 6,
much shorter, nectariferous, flabelliform and fleshy, short-unguiculate. Stamens 6, short.
1 Dr. Gray in his manuscript (as in the 5th edition of Manual) ascribes this species to Nuttall.
The combination C. Lyoni, however, was first made in Gray’s Gen. Ill. i. 76, where there is no refer-
ence to Nuttall. The species must accordingly stand as Dr. Gray’s.
a ~ a
4 . .
~
Berberis. BERBERIDACEZ. 67
Ovary ovoid: subulate short style with introrse stigma. Seeds stipitate on their thickened
clavate funiculi, globose, with a fleshy and at length pulpy coat; the very hard albumen
deeply umbilicate at the hilum. Embryo minute at the centre.
* * * Anomalous herbs, with no floral envelopes, and dry indehiscent fruit one-seeded
from the base.
3. ACHLYS. Stamens 6 to 12; filaments elongated, filiform, or the outer dilated upward :
anthers globose-didymous. Ovary ovoid, surmounted by a broad sessile stigma. Ovule
solitary. Fruit at first somewhat fleshy, at length dry and coriaceous, lunate-incurved, dor-
sally convex and carinate, ventrally excavated each side of the fleshy salient suture or ventral
appendage. Embryo minute. Flowers spicate.
* * * * Perennial herbs: ovary with few or many ovules on the lateral placenta.
+— Forming a dry and dehiscent fruit: seeds laterally arillate: embryo minute: leaves
compound.
» 4A. VANCOUVERIA. Sepals 6 in two series, obovate, petaloid, reflexed, and below them
6 or 9 calicine bracts in 2 or 3 series. Petals 6, nectariform and unguiculate, i. e. a ligulate
claw bearing a much shorter cucullate nectariferous lamina. Stamens 6: anthers elongated-
oblong, the connective produced into a pointed tip. Ovary 2-9-ovulate; style slender ;
stigma terminal, truncate and scarious-cupulate. Follicle oblong, membranaceous, unequally
2-valved, in the manner of Epimedium (which has dimerous flowers and sessile petals or
nectaries). Seeds arcuate, with an ample lateral arillus. Leaves triternate.
5. JEFFERSONIA. Sepals 4, rarely 3 or 5, linear-oblong, petaloid, caducous. Petals
8 in two series, oblong, plane, larger than the sepals. Stamens 8; anthers oblong-linear,
longer than the filaments. Ovary ovoid, slightly stipitate, apex contracted into a short style
with terminal 2-lobed stigma. Ovules and seeds numerous and horizontal in several rows
on the broad placenta. Arillus small and laciniate. Fruit obovate, transversely (or
obliquely) dehiscent by a slit. Leaves 2-foliolate or 2-lobed.
+- + Fruit a berry: embryo comparatively large: anthers oblong, longer than the fila-
ments: rootstocks producing sterile plants of a single large and long-stalked leaf and
flowering plants of two leaves: leaves undivided but cleft and peltate.
6. DIPHYLLEIA. Sepals 6 in two series (or the three outer and smaller more herbaceous
ones bracts), caducous. Petals 6, obovate, plane and larger, spreading. Stamens 6. Ovary
5-6-ovulate toward the base of the placenta: style very short: stigma terminal, depressed,
emarginate. Berry globular, somewhat gibbous, few-seeded. Seeds oblong, naked (not
arillate).
7. PODOPHYLLUM. Bracts 3, small and green, very early caducous. Sepals 6 in two
series, broad and thin, partly herbaceous, caducous. Petals 6 to 9, rounded-obovate, spread-
ing. Stamens as many or twice as many as the petals, or more; anthers not with uplifted
valves! Ovary ovoid, crowned with a large and sessile fungoid-lobulate stigma. Ovules
and seeds very numerous in several rows covering the very broad ventral placenta; the seeds
at length immersed each in a pulpy arillus or arilliform outgrowth of the placenta. Berry
large. In monstrosity 2 or 3 carpels!
1. BERBERIS, Tourn. Barserry or Berserry. (Arabic name.) —
| Widely distributed genus of shrubs; the inner bark and wood yellow and charged
: with a bitter principle (berberine). Leaves or leaflets spinulose- or ciliate-den-
tate, or some converted into persistent spines. Flowers small, yellow, mostly in
| racemes, produced in spring or early summer, heavy scented. Filaments sensi-
tive, springing forward upon a touch at base inside. — Inst. 614, t. 385; L. Gen.
> no. 267.
$1. True Berperis. Leaves of primary axes transformed into persistent
and simple or triple spines; those of the foliage in fascicles from the axils, in
68 BERBERIDACE®, Berberis.
ours deciduous, seemingly simple, but really unifoliolate and nearly sessile, the
petiole being extremely short and articulated with tapering base or petiole of the
leaflet: racemes drooping: filaments toothless: berries red and acid, edible.
B. vuredris, L. (EuropEAN Barperry.) Shrub 3 to 9 feet high, with recurving branches :
leaves obovate-oblong, closely and strongly ciliate throughout with setiform-spinulose teeth :
racemes elongated, many-flowered: berries oval or oblong. —Spec. i. 330. 8. Canadensis,
Raf. Med. FI. i. 82, t. 15, Loud. Arboret. i. 303, f. 48, and in some earlier books. B. vulgaris,
var. Canadensis, Torr. Fl. N. & Midd. States, 336. . macracantha, laxiflora, & mitis, Schlecht.
Linnea, xii. 366-371. — Thickets and waste land, abundantly naturalized near the coast of
New England, New Brunswick, &c.;- sparingly escaped from gardens elsewhere. (Nat.
from Eu.)
B. Canadénsis, Pursu. Low: leaves pale or glaucescent, spatulate-oblong, sparsely
repand-denticulate and short-spinulose or some nearly entire: racemes short and few-
flowered, and almost corymbiform: flowers smaller than in the foregoing: petals retuse or
emarginate: berries short-oval to globular. — Fl]. i. 219; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1.50; Gray, Gen.
Ill. i. 80, t. 31, & Man. ed. 5, 53.1 % B. vulgaris, Walt. Car. 120; Michx. Fl. i. 205. B. vul-
garis, var. Canadensis, Ait. Kew. i. 479. B.emarginata, Willd. Enum. 395, which seems not
to be Siberian? J&B. crenulata (excl. syn. Bigel.) & B. emarginata? Schlecht. 1. c. 362,
372. — Common in the Alleghanies, along streams, Virginia to border of Georgia.2 (Not
Canadian !)
B. Féndleri, Gray. Low: vernicose purplish branchlets and leaves lucid: otherwise like
preceding, but flowers larger and petals entire. — Pl. Fendl. 5; Rothrock in Wheeler, Rep.
vi. 60. — New Mexico, near Santa Fé and eastward, Fendler, Bigelow, Rothrock ; also on the
Rio Grande in 8. Colorado, Brandegee.
§ 2. Manonta, Torr. & Gray. Leaves evergreen, all evolute (none reduced
to spines) and 35-several-foliolate, the petiole or rhachis articulated at the inser-
tion of the leaflets. — Mahonia, Nutt. Gen. i. 211. Odostemon, Raf. “ Florula
Missurica,” Am. Month. Mag. 1818, 265, & Med. FI. ii. 247.
* Leaves palmately 3-foliolate and no articulation of petiole below: bud-scales short and
small, somewhat persistent on the axillary spurs, which bear fascicles rather than racemes :
filaments toothless: berries red, acidulous, edible. — § T’rilicina, Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 80.
B. trifoliolata, Moricanp. (AuGeriras or Currants of Texans.) Shrub 2 to 8 feet
high, rigid: leaflets rigid and coriaceous, sessile on the apex of the petiole, oblong or
lanceolate, 3-7-lobed or toothed, the teeth and tip spinescent: flowers saffron-scented :
berries globose, the size of peas. — Pl. Nouv. Am. 113, t. 69; Gray, Pl. Lindh. ii. 142; Lindl.
& Paxt. Fl. Gard. ii. 68, f. 168. Perhaps B. trifoliata, Hartw. ex Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvii.
Misc. 149, & xxxi. t. 10; Fl. Serres, i.t.56. B. ilicifolia & B. Rameriana, Scheele, Linnea,
xxi. 591, & xxii. 352. Common in Texas, from the coast to the upper country, first coll.
by Berlandier ; fl. February, March. (Adj. Mex.) ‘There is a palmately trifoliolate species
much like this, but with generally broader leaflets, and with bidentate filaments and blue
berries. It is no. 14 of coll. Palmer, south of Saltillo, referred by Watson to B. Shiedeana,
Schlecht. (Mahonia trifolia, Cham. & Schlecht.): to this 6. trifoliata, Hartw., raised from
seeds gathered between Zacatecas and San Luis Potosi, and figured as above, may belong ;
but char. of filaments and fruit not determined.
* * Leaves pinnately 3-17-foliolate, when reduced to 3 leaflets, always having an articula-
tion where a missing pair of leaflets would be: bud-scales ovate or roundish, deciduous:
flowers in erect and commonly fascicled racemes: filaments with a pair of divergent or
recurved teeth near the apex: berries blue or rather black with a glaucous bloom
+ Fruit becoming dry at maturity and inflated, globose: inflorescence loose.
1 Not of Mill. Dict. ed. 8, no. 2, fide Hook. f. & Jackson, Ind. Kew. i. 292.
2 Also Shannon Co., Missouri, Bush ; not common.
Berberis. BERBERIDACEZ. 69
B.* Fremontii, Torr. Shrub 5 to 12 feet high: leaflets 3 to 7, rigidly coriaceous, ovate to
oblong, not over inch long, repandly or sinuately 1-4-toothed on each margin, strongly
spinescent; lowest pair or ‘an articulation close to base of petiole: racemes loosely 3-7-
flowered : pedicels slender; bractlets small or minute, lanceolate, acuminate, brown and
more or less scarious: berries at first blue, becoming dry and inflated to half inch in
diameter, 6-8-seeded. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 30 (char. fil enaonts inappendiculate incorrect) ;
Gray, Bot. Ives Rep. 5; Wat. Bot. King Exp. 416.1— Arid region, W. Texas to 8. Utah
and Arizona, first coll. by /’rémont. (Adj. Mex. in Sonora, and Lower Calif.)
+— + Fruit white or nearly so, large, juicy.
B.* Swazéyi, Bucki. Shrub with evergreen leaves much as in preceding but with leaflets
more elliptical, less stoutly spiny and with veins more closely reticulated and prominent
upon both surfaces: bractlets small but foliaceous, ovate or suborbicular: fruit white, trans-
lucent with a pale reddish tinge, nearly half inch in diameter, of pleasant acid taste. —
Southern Horticulturist, ii. 14 (as B. Swazeyii) ; Rural Alabamian, i. 479; Young, Fl. Tex.
152; Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. ii. 10; Plank, Gard. & For. vi. 332.— Limestone
hills, near the Perdales River, Hays Co., W. Teens ueileys and again in Hays Co., Plank.
+— + + Fruit unknown: leaflets small and few: inflorescence loose.
B. Nevinii, Gray, n.sp. Leaflets 3 to 7, oblong-lanceolate, rather evenly and numerously
spinulose-serrulate, half to full inch long, obscurely reticulated ; lowest pair toward base of
petiole : raceme loosely 5-7-flowered, equalling or surpassing the leaves: pedicels slender. —
S. California, near Los Angeles, Nevin. Shrub 7 or 8 feet high, on a sandy plain.
++ + + Berries juicy, ovoid, black or blue with a copious white bloom, called by
Californian Mexicans Lena Amarilla, and northward Oregon Grape: leaflets ovate to
oblong, usually 2 or 3 inches long : racemes commonly fascicled at summit of stem or in
axils, subsessile, dense and numerously flowered ; pedicels rather short.
B. pinnata, Lac. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high, very leafy: leaflets 5 to 9 or sometimes 11 to 17,
lucid above, scarcely paler beneath, repand-dentate and the teeth aristately spinescent ; lowest
pair close to base of petiole. —“ Elench. Hort. Madr. (1803) 6,” Nov. Gen. & Spec. (1816)
14; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 51; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 296; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 15; per-
haps also Don, Bot. Reg. t. 702, not HBK. of Mexico. Mahonia fascicularis, DC. Syst.
ii. 19, as to plant from Monterey, & Deless. Ic. Sel. ii. t. 3. — Common through W. Califor-
nia from San Francisco Bay to Monterey (where first coll. by Nee), and southward.
B.* dictyséta, Jerson. Leaflets 5 to 7, thicker, paler, and less crowded than in the last, dull
or scarcely lucid above, much paler and glaucous beneath, rather prominently reticulated ;
spinose teeth stout, mostly less numerous: flowers in dense panicle. — Bull. Torr. Club,
xviii. 319. — Marysville Buttes, Calif., Jepson, Blankinship ; San Diego, Palmer, Cleveland.
The fruit of the California plants is still unknown. B. Wilcoxii, Britton & Kearney (Trans.
N.Y. Acad. Sci. xiv. 29), from the Huachuca Mts., Arizona, so closely resembles this species
in foliage and flowers that it can scarcely be maintained without further distinctions, which
may appear as both plants are better known. The Arizona plant has blue-black berries with
a copious bloom. It differs from the California specimens from Marysville Buttes only in
haying slightly thinner and more finely reticulated leaves and more acute bracts. The
specimens from San Diego are in some respects intermediate.
B. Aquifélium, Pursn. Shrub 1 to 5 feet high: leaflets 5 to 11, commonly thin-coriaceous
and elongated-oblong (2 to 4 inches long), numerously spinulose-dentate, bright green and
lucid ; lowest pair at some distance from base of petiole. — Fl]. i. 219, in part, & t.4, mainly ;
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am, i. 29, partly; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1425; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 50, partly.
B. pinnata, Lag. 1. c. as to Nutka pl.; Don, Bot. Reg. t. 702% Hook. 1. c. 28. Mahonia
Aquifolium, DC. Syst. ii. 20, mainly, — Coast of Oregon to Brit. Columbia, and eastward to
near the sources of the Columbia, in hilly woods.
B. répens, Liypi2 Dwarf, depressed or prostrate, rarely rising over a foot high: leaflets
3 to 7, oval to oblong, mostly with obtuse or rounded apex, pale or glaucous, not lucid,
1 And in Gard. & For. i. 496, f.77. Dr. Gray’s description of this species has been slightly ampli-
fied to exclude more clearly the following evidently distinct species.
2 The form of the Pacific Slope attributed to this species has somewhat thicker duller leaves.
It has been characterized by Prof. Greene (Pittonia, ii. 161) as B. pUmILA, and is said not to be
70 BERBERIDACEZ, Berberis.
numerously but rather weakly spinulose-dentate ; lowest pair distant from base of petiole. —
Bot. Reg. t. 1176, & Journ. Hort. Soc. vy. 17; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1847; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 14. B. nervosa, Pursh, FI. t. 5, as to flowers only. 8. pinnata, Muhl. Cat. 36.
B. Aquifolium, Pursh, 1. c. 219, mainly as to deser.; also Hook. 1. c. 29; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.
as to glaucous form; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 5, &. B. Aquifolium, var. repens, Torr. & Gray,
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 63, &e.1 Mahonia Aquifolium, Nutt. Gen. i. 212, & Jour. Acad. Philad.
vii. 11. — Rocky Mountains and Brit. Columbia from lat. 55° to northern part of Sierra
Nevada of California and to New Mexico, eastward to Wyoming.”
* * * Leaves pinnately 13-17-foliolate: bud-scales large, coriaceo-glumaceous and persist-
ent: racemes few from the bud or solitary, erect, elongated: filaments toothless: berries
black or dark purple with a copious bloom.
B. nervosa, Pursu. Simple stems rising only a few inches above ground: leaves elongated,
often a foot or more long, with conspicuously nodose articulations: leaflets glaucescent,
thick-coriaceous, ovate to ovate-lanceolate, somewhat nervose-veiny, spinulose-dentate ; lowest
pair above base of petiole: scales of the strong terminal bud about inch long, lanceolate
from a broad base and cuspidate-attenuate, striolate: pedicels shorter than the globose juicy
berries. — FI. i. 219, t. 5, excl. flowering portion; Hook. 1. c.; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2,
t.171; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 51; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3949. 5. glumacea, Spreng. Syst. ii. 120;
Lindl. 1. c. t. 1426; Lodd. 1. ¢.t.1701. IZahonia nervosa (Nutt. Gen. i. 212), & M. glumacea,
DC. Syst. ii. 20, 21. — In woods, Oregon, Washington, and Brit. Columbia; fl. early spring,
fr. May, June.
2. CAULOPHYLLUM, Michx. Brus Conosn. (Kav\ds, stem, piAdor,
leaf, the stem seeming like a stalk to the large compound leaf.) — Fl. i. 204,
t. 21; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 43, — Single species.
C. thalictroides, Micux. 1. c. 205. Glaucescent herb, with simple stems a foot or two high
from a thickened knotty rootstock, naked below, bearing toward the top a sessile 3-ternate
leaf, the primary petiolules of which are as thick as the continuation of the stem and en-
larged at the common insertion; above commonly a second and smaller 2-ternate, and even”
a third small and less compound leaf; leaflets cuneate-obovate or oblong, very veiny, ter-
minal 3-lobed at summit and the lateral 2-lobed, and sometimes incised: flowers in small
and loose terminal and axillary cymose clusters or panicles, yellowish green and lurid
purplish, small: ovary bursting and falling away as the seeds form; the latter as large as
peas, berry-like, blue with a bloom.— Pursh, Fl. i. 218; Raf. Med. Fl. i. 97, f.19; Gray,
Man. ed. 5,53. Leontice thaiictroides, L. Spec. i. 812; R. Br. Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 145, t. 7;
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1473; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 52; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 82, t. 32.3 Actwa brachy-
petala, var. cerulea, DC, Syst. i. 885. — Woods in rich soil, New Brunswick and Canada as
far as the Great Lakes,‘ south to Missouri, Kentucky, and mountains of Carolina; fl. spring,
fr. autumn. (Japan & Amur.)
3. ACHLYS, DC. (Aydvs, the goddess of obscurity, says DC.) — Syst.
ii. 35; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 30, t. 12; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 376; Baill.
Hist. Pl. iii. 60, 75.— Consists of the following species and one in Japan very
like it.
A. triphylla, DC.1.¢. Herb with filiform creeping rootstocks, terminated by a strong and
scaly winter bud, whence proceed in spring one or two long petioles bearing on the apex
3 ample flabelliform and sinuate-dentate leaflets ; also a leafless scape terminated by a slender
at all sarmentose. The material of this form in eastern collections is unfortunately limited and
fragmentary.
1 Add syn. B. Nutkana, Kearney, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. xiv. 29. One of Lewis’s original speci-
mens from the Columbia River and now in the herbarium of the Philadelphia Acad. Nat. Sci. has
certainly the lucid acute leaflets of B. Aquifolivm as ordinarily interpreted.
2 A round-leaved form from Bellemont, Nebraska, has been collected by Webber,
8 Foerste, Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 139, where some formal variations are indicated; Lloyd Bros.
Am. Drugs & Med. ii. 141-162.
4 Westward to Cass Co., Nebraska, acc. to Swezey, Bull. Torr. Club, xix. 94.
Jeffersonia. BERBERIDACEZ. 71
densely flowered naked spike; the white filaments and small ovary making up the whole
flower; nut-like fruit barely 3 lines long.— Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 53; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif. i. 16. Leontice triphylla, Smith in Rees, Cycl. xx. no. 1.—— Woods, Brit. Columbia to
northern part of California, near the coast ; fl. spring.
4. VANCOUVERIA, Morr. & Decsne. (Capt. George Vancouver,
commander of the Discovery in the voyage to our northwest coast in 1791-95,
of which Menzies was surgeon and botanist.) — Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 351;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.52; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 44; Gray, l. c. 875; Brew.
& Wats. 1. c. 15.— Three species of the Pacific Slope. [Revised by B. L.
Rosginson. |
* Leaves thin, membranaceous, soon perishing after the maturing of the fruit, their edges
flat or nearly so, not indurated.
V.* hexandra, Morr. & Decsne, l.c. About a foot high, from slender and lignescent
creeping rootstocks, glabrous or sparsely pilose: leaves all or mostly radical, 3-ternate and
with slender common and partial petioles: leaflets rounded and cordate or subcordate,
mostly angulately 3-lobed or repand and margin obscurely undulate-crenulate or entire: scape
naked, or sometimes one-leaved at base of the simple or branched loose panicle; pedicels
filiform, recurving: flowers white or cream-colored. — Garden, xxx. 263, fig. ? V. plani-
petala, S. Calloni, Malpighia, i. 266. Epimedium hexandrum, Hook. F1. Bor.-Am. i. 30, t. 13,
dissections not very good. — In coniferous woods near the coast, Brit. Columbia (Vancouver
_ Island) to Northern and Central California, first coll. by Menzies ; fl. spring.
* * Leaves much thicker, somewhat coriaceous, narrowly cartilaginous-margined, often
crenulate or crisped at the edges, persisting.
V.* chrysantha, Greene. Stems rusty villous-pubescent, firmer than in the preceding:
thickish leaflets sub-3-lobed, glabrous and reticulated above, whitened and pubescent beneath,
margins only slightly crisped, revolute in places: inflorescence sub-racemose, 5-18-flowered,
covered with dense dark glandular pubescence: flowers a little larger than in the last, golden
yellow: sepals 3 or 4 lines long: ovules 7 or 8.— Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci.i.66. V.herandra,
var. chrysantha, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 100. V. aurea, Greene (ubi?) acc. to Rattan, Anal. Key,
17. V. hexandra, var. aurea, Rattan, 1. c.; Wats., fide Howell, Cat. Pl. Oreg. 1.— Oregon,
at Waldo, Rattan, and Coast Mts., Curry Co., T. Howell. A well marked species readily
distinguished from the preceding by its thicker foliage and larger more deeply colored
corolla, from the following by its very different flowers as well as pubescence.
V.* parviflora, Greene. Rootstock much-branched: stems numerous in groups: foliage
much as in the preceding; leaflets more or less 3-lobed or suborbicular, more distinctly
crenulate-crisped : inflorescence more paniculately branched with flowers commonly much
more numerous (25 to 35 or more), scarcely half as large: ovules but 2 or 3.— Pittonia, ii.
100. V. hexandra, Brew. & Wats. 1. ¢., in part.— Abundant upon hillsides, Central Cali-
fornia, Bigelow, Anderson, Bolander, G'reene, &c.
5. JEFFERSONIA, Barton. Twiy-Lear. (Thomas Jefferson, author
of Notes on Virginia, originator of the first expedition across the Rocky Moun-
tains to the Pacific.) —Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. iii. 342, and plate; Michx. FI.
i. 236; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 85, t. 84. — Single Atlantic-American species, but
J. dubia, Plagiorhegma dubium, Maxim. Prim. Fl. Amur. 34, t.2, of N. E. Asia,
is almost certainly another.
J.* binata, Barron, 1.c.1 Glaucescent and glabrous, tufted from short matted rootstocks,
producing below innumerable fibrous roots, sending up simple one-flowered naked scapes
(4 or in fruit 8 to 10 inches high), these at length overtopped by the long radical petioles,
which bear a pair of sessile semi-cordate (either sinuate-lobulate, repand or entire) veiny
1 Name altered from J. diphylla, acc. to Dr. Gray’s statement in ms. that Barton’s name should
have been retained, and in accordance with the recently published Index Kewensis.
72 BERBERIDACEZ. Diphylleia.
leaflets: flower white: fruit obovate or rather urn-shaped, thick-walled and at maturity
coriaceous, transversely dehiscent about two thirds way round above the middle, the persist-
ent top forming a lid. —J. diphylla, Pers. Syn. i. 418; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1513; Lodd. Bot.
Cab. t. 1036; Gray, l.c. 86, t. 34. J. Bartonis, Michx. Fl. i. 237; Raf. Med. Fl. ii. 11, f. 55,
with J. odorata & J. lobata, the latter (also Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 99) with outer
margin of leaflets sinuate-lobed. Podophyllum diphyllum, L. Spec. i. 505.— Rich and moist
soil in woods, N. New York to Illinois! and adjacent Canada, south to Virginia and Ten-
nessee, mainly along the mountains; fl. early spring, Also called RusuMATIsM-Roor.
6. DIPHYLLEIA, Michx. (As, double, and ¥AXor, leaf.) — Fl. i. 203,
t. 19, 20; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 83, t. 33.— Single species; for the D. Grayi, F.
Schmidt, of Sachalin and Japan, seems to be no more than a variety, with some
pubescence on the leaves.
D. cymésa, Micux. 1. ce. Rootstock horizontal and with large contiguous scars on upper
side left by annual growths: stout flowering stem a foot or two high, above bearing two
alternate approximate petiolate leaves and terminated by a small corymbiform cyme of
white flowers: leaves thin, very veiny, accrescent, at first 5 or 6 inches, at length a foot or
two wide, with acutely denticulate margins; cauline with shallow basal and deep central
sinus, very excentrically peltate ; large radical centrally peltate and more equally 9-13-lobed :
berries as big as peas, blue or black-purple with a bloom. — Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1666; Pursh,
Fl. i. 218; DC. Syst. ii. 30; Gray, |. c. 84, t. 33, & Am. Jour. Sci. xlii. 23.2— Springy
ground in woods, higher mountains of Virginia, Carolina, and E. Tennessee; fl. spring.
(N. E. Asia.)
7. PODOPHYLLUM, L. May-arretr, Manprake. (IIovs, foot, and
vdXov, leaf, probably in reference to the very large footstock of the radical
leaves.) — Robust perennial herbs (Atlantic N. Amer. and Asiatic, in 3 or 4
species), with strong running rootstocks, sending up in spring single centrally
peltate leaves from an undeveloped stem, also mostly 2-leaved one-flowered stems
with their leaves very eccentrically peltate: flower large, mostly white: woody
bundles in stem scattered. — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 426; Gray, Gen. IIL.
i. 87, t. 85, 36. Anapodophyllum, Tourn. Inst. 239, t. 122.
P. peltatum, L. Radical leaf of sterile shoots with petiole a foot or more high, about
equally 7—9-parted into oblong-cuneate and emarginate divisions; leaves of flowering stem a
pair at summit, with a short-peduncled flower between them: stamens 12 to 18: pulpy
fruit ovoid, nearly 2 inches long: sometimes flowering stem leafless, a naked scape; some-
times 3 alternate leaves or 2 unequal ones, the smaller 2-3-lobed, sometimes 2 or 3 addi-
tional carpels !— Spec. i. 505; Michx. Fl. i. 309; Lam. Il. t. 449; Bigel. Med. Bot. ii. 34,
t. 23; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1819; Gray, 1. c. 88, t. 35, 36; Porter, Bot. Gaz. ii. 117, with
figures of variations. P. montanum & P. callicarpum, Rat. Med. FI. 11. 59, 60. Anapodo-
phyllum peltatum, Mcench, Meth. 277.— Low and alluvial ground, borders of Canada to
Minnesota, Missouri, E. Texas, and Florida. (Japan ?)
OrpEerR VI. NYMPHAACE.
By A. Gray; the genus Nuphar by B. L. Ropryson.
Aquatic perennial herbs; with naked and one-flowered scapes or peduncles,
commonly peltate leaves which are involute in the bud; hermaphrodite flowers,
with the floral envelopes commonly in threes or fours, or indefinitely numerous,
1 Wisconsin, Lapham. 2 Add Lloyd Bros. Am, Drugs & Med. ii. 120, 121.
% Also Foerste, Bull. Torr. Club, xi. 62.
NYMPH HACE, 73
and imbricated; carpels either apocarpous or syncarpous; ovules anatropous
and when more than one not borne on the ventral suture; embryo small and
enclosed in a close sac at the base of the fleshy albumen, or the latter wanting in
the anomalous Nelumbium. Rootstocks apparently endogenous rather than
exogenous in structure. The Warer-LiLies are of three suborders, of which
the first is most simple.
Susorper I. CABOMBEZX. Sepals and petals each 3 (occasionally 4) and _per-
sistent : stamens 3 to 18, and carpels 2 to 18, all free and distinct; no evident
disk. Carpels in fruit indehiscent, somewhat nut-like, 2-ovuled and 2-seeded on
the sides or on the dorsal suture, or when 3-seeded one usually on or near the
ventral suture. Flowers small.
.CABOMBA. Petals bi-auriculate at base above a very short claw. Stamens as many as
petals and sepals, and opposite them: anthers short, adnate, extrorse. Carpels 2 or 3.
Stigma small and terminal on a short style, depressed or globular. Submersed leaves
capillary-multifid and opposite or verticellate.
. BRASENTIA. Petals narrow and plane. Stamens 3 or 4 times as many: anthers linear-
oblong, innate. Carpels 4 to 18, generally capitate-crowded. Stigma sessile and large,
oblong, unilateral. Leaves alternate and entire.
SuporpErR I]. NELUMBONE. Sepals and petals indefinitely numerous and pass-
3.
ing the one into the other, regularly imbricated, hypogynous, inner successively
larger and more colored, promptly deciduous. Stamens indefinitely numerous,
hypogynous: anthers linear, slightly extrorse, the connective prolonged into an
incurved appendage. Carpels several (15 to 30) immersed separately in an
obconical enlargement of the receptacle; ovary globular, with very short style and
depressed umbilicate terminal stigma; ovule solitary (rarely a pair) suspended.
Fruit an acorn-like nut. Seed exalbuminous, filled by the highly developed
embryo; cotyledons thick and farinaceous-fleshy, united by the obsolete caulicle,
enclosing a plumule of two or three developing leaves, from the first node of
which in germination proceed the earliest roots.
NELUMBO. The only genus.
Suporper II]. NYMPHHACEZ erorer. Sepals 4 to 6. Petals numerous, some-
5.
times reduced to or resembling staminodes or innermost passing gradually into
stamens, mostly marcescent or decaying away. Stamens very numerous: anthers
adnate, introrse. Carpels several, more or less united into several-celled compound
ovary, which bears indefinitely numerous ovules upon the ovarian walls. Stigmas
sessile and radiate. Fruit coriaceous-baccate, many-seeded. Seed and embryo as
in character of the order. Acaulescent from stout rootstocks, commonly slightly
lactescent. Stipules intrafoliaceous and united, sometimes adnate to base of
petiole.
NYMPHAZA. Sepals and petals 4-merous in numerous ranks, and stamens indefinitely
numerous passing into each other successively. Sepals 4, plane, hypogynous, herbaceous
on the outer and somewhat petaloid on the inner face. Petals plane, those of the outermost
row often greenish outside, all oblong or lanceolate, imbricated over and their bases adnate
to the surface of the 7-35-celled ovary; innermost staminodes or imperfect stamens with
petaloid filaments. True stamens with narrow filaments and linear-oblong anthers, inserted
around the broad summit of the ovary. This concave and umbonate, lineate with as many
radiate stigmatic lines as there are carpels, the tips of the latter produced into as many
incurved short processes. Surface of the spongy-baccate fruit bearing the bases of decaying
sepals or their scars. Seeds enclosed in cellular membranaceous arillus.
NUPHAR. Sepals 5 to 12, concave, roundish, mostly yellow and petaloid except greenish
base or outside, coriaceous, persistent. Petals 10 to 20, hypogynous, small and thick, the
74 NYMPH ACES. — Cabomba.
innermost or sometimes all of them like staminodes. Stamens hypogynous, numerous and
densely imbricated over the receptacle and around the ovary, at length recurving, rigid and
persistent: filaments very short; anthers linear; apex covered by the glandular truncate
tip of the connective. Stigmas radiate upon the truncate summit of the 10-25-celled ovary.
Fruit corticate-baccate, naked. Seeds not arillate.
1. CABOMBA, Aublet. (An aboriginal or unmeaning name.) — Slender,
mainly submersed, with capillary-dissected mostly opposite leaves, a few simple
peltate floating leaves and emersed flowers from their axils. — Hist. Guian. 1. 321,
t. 124; Rich. Analyse du Fruit, 46, 60, & Ann. Mus. xvii. 230, t.5; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 54; Gray, Gen. Il. i. 93, t. 38; Casp. Fl. Bras. iv. pt. 2, 138, t. 37.
Nectris, Schreb. Gen. no. 610.— The following with three similar S. Ameri-
can species.
C. Caroliniana, Gray. Floating leaves oblong-linear, obovate-linear, or elongated-oblong,
often with a basal notch: flowers white, a pair of yellow spots on base of each petal :
stamens 6; anthers oval: seeds costate and the ribs muriculate.— Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv.
47; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gardner in Hook. Ie. vii. 642; Gray, 1. c¢. 94, t. 38. C. Aubletii,
Michx. FI. i. 206, as to N. Am. Pl. C. aquatica, DC. Syst. ii. 36, in part. Nectris peltata,
Pursh, Fl. i. 239. N. aquatica, Nutt. Gen. i. 230; Ell. Sk. i. 416.— Stagnant waters,
N. Carolina in the low country and §. Dlinois! to Florida and Texas. (Cuba ?}
2. BRASENIA, Schreb. Warer-suteip. (Unexplained, perhaps named
for some obscure botanist.) — Gen. no. 938; Nutt. Gen. ii. 23; Gray, Gen. Il.
i. 95, t. 389. Hydropeltis, Michx. Fl. i. 823, t. 29; Rich. Ann. Mus. xvii. 230;
DC. Syst. ii. 87. — Single species, of wonderful distribution.
B.* Schréberi, Gmet. Leaves alternate, submersed (if any) unknown; floating ones oval,
centrally peltate, entire (1 to 4 inches long): flowers dull and dark purple: stems, peduncles,
&e. coated with a transparent jelly. — Syst. Veg. i. 853; Hook. f. & Jackson, Ind. Kew. i.
333. B. peltata, Pursh, FI. ii. 389; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.55; Gray,1. c. 96, t. 39, and in ms.
of present work. The change to Gmelin’s earlier name, evidently overlooked by Dr. Gray,
is in entire accord with his own practice. 6. Hydropeltis, Muhl. Cat. 55; Raf. Med. FI. i. 90,
f.17. B.nymphoides, Baill. Hist. Pl. iii. 82.2 Menyanthes peltata, Thunb. Nov. Act. Ups.
vii. 142, t. 4. MM. nymphoides, Thunb. Fl. Jap. 82. Hydropeltis purpurea, Michx. 1. c. 324;
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1147; DC.1.¢. 38. H. pulla, Salisb. Ann. Bot. ii. 74. Villarsia peltata,
Rem. & Schult. Syst.iv.178. Limnanthemum peltatum, Griseb. Gent. 348, & in DC. Prodr. ix.
141. Cabomba peltata, F. Muell. Pl. Vict. 15.— In still water, Nova Scotia and Canada, along
the Great Lakes to Minnesota and south to Texas; also Brit. Columbia to California ;
fl. summer. (Mex. & Cuba, Japan to Khasia, E. Australia, W. Trop. Africa.)
3. NELUMBO, Tourn., Adans. (Ceylonese name of the E. Indian species,
the Sacrep Bran.) — Perennial by slender creeping rootstocks, some internodes
of which enlarge into a farinaceous propagating tuber with only a terminal bud,
sending up very large orbicular and centrally peltate entire leaves on long and
stout petioles, the upper face concave, and a scape bearing a very large flower:
seed and tubers edible. — Tourn. Inst. i. 261; Adans. Fam. ii. 76; Gertn. Fruct.
i. 73, t. 19; Casp.in Mig. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 242, & Fl. Bras. iv.
pt. 2, 134. Melumbium, Juss. Gen. 68; Turp. Ann. Mus. Par. vii. 210, t. 11;
Rich. ibid. xvii. 249, t. 5; DC., Endl., Benth. & Hook. (all freely adopting
Negundo). Cyamus, Salisb. Ann. Bot. ii. 75. — Two species, the Asiatic M. nu-
cifera, Gertn., with white or rose-colored flowers and
1 Dunklin Co., Missouri, Bush.
2 Add syn. B. purpurea, Casp. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii, Ab. 2, 6.
Nymphea. NYMPH HACE. 75
N. litea, Pers. (Water Cuinquapin, WankaPin.) Petals pale or dingy yellow, obtuse :
anther-tip linear-clavate: peduncles minutely or obscurely muriculate and petioles little
more so: leaves usually raised high out of water, a foot or two in diameter, on petiole 2
to 6 feet long. — Syn. ii. 92; Casp. 1. ¢. 134; Baill. Hist. Pl. iii. 79, f£. 79-81. Melumbium
luteum, Willd. Spec. ii. 1259; Michx. Fl. i. 317; DC. Syst. ii. 46; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 56;
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3753; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 98, t. 40,41. NV. Pennie DC. Syst. ii. 47.
N. speciosum, Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 332, in part. N. pentapetalum, Willd. 1 CDC. lacy Aars
N. codophyllum, Rat. Fl. Lud. 22; DC. 1. ¢. Nymphaea Nelumbo, var., L. Spee. rey tall
N. Nelumbo & N. pentapetala, Walt. Car. 155, and even also N. reniformis, as to the fruit,
therefore Nelumbium reniforme, Willd. and Cyamus reniformis, Pursh. Cyamus flavicomus,
Salisb. 1. ¢.; Pursh, FI. ii. 398, with C. pentapetalus. Cyamus luteus, Barton, F]. Philad.
ii. 26, & Fl. N. Am. ii. 77, t. 63.— In shallow or rather deep water, 8. Connecticut? (prob-
bably of Indian introduction), New Jersey, Big Sodus Bay, L. Ontario, and Michigan to
Minnesota, south to Florida and Texas; fl. summer. (W. Ind., E. 8. Am.) ?
4. NYMPH ACA, Tourn. Warer-Lity. (The classical name, dedicated
to the water nymphs.) — Thick prostrate and creeping or tuberous rootstocks,
sending up long petioles and scapes; the rounded leaves with deep sinus at base.
Flowers showy, mostly fragrant, and opening at or before dawn day after day,
closing toward evening, commonly produced all summer; the fruit maturing
under water. —Inst. 260, t. 187, 138; L. Gen. no. 421; Smith, Prodr. FI.
Gree. i. 860, &e. Castalia, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 14, & Ann. Bot. ii. 71.4
§ 1. Carpels uncombined, except dorsally with the common parietes of the
compound pistil, and ventrally with the axis. — § Lytopleura, Casp.
N. ampla, DC. Rootstocks short and tuberiferous: leaves of orbicular or round oval out-
line, acutely dentate, thickish, very prominently costate and reticulate-veiny underneath:
petals white, lanceolate-oblong, 2 or 3 inches long: connective of anthers prolonged into a
linear tip: fruit much depressed; seeds very small, subglobose (half line long). — Syst. ti.
54 (mainly); Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4469; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 7; Casp. 1. c. 156, t. 28-30. —
Southern borders of Texas, Wright. (Adj. Mex. and W. Ind. to Brasil.)
§ 2. Carpels combined throughout into a many-celled compound ovary. — § Sym-
phytopleura, Casp.
* Flowers tinged with blue or violet: connective of the outer anthers produced into an
oblong appendage.
N. élegans, Hook. Petioles and scapes slender, from a short rootstock: leaves entire or
barely repand (3 to 6 inches long) of broadly oval or roundish outline with very narrow
sagittiform sinus and basal terminations slightly or not at all pointed: petals ovate-lanceo-
late, hardly inch and a half long: stamens apparently in phalanges ( Hook.) : stigmatic rays
about 15, the radiate appendages very short. —.Bot. Mag. t. 4604, not Hemsl. Biol. Cent.-
Am. Bot. for the plant of Bourgeau must be N. Mexicana, Zuce. N. Mexicana? Gray,
Pl. Wright. i. 7, not Zuee.6— W. Texas, in a pond near the head of the Leona, Wright.
(Monterey, Mex., Berlandier ?)
1 Also Gray, Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 228.
2 Since reported from Osterville, Mass., W. G. Farlow, Bull. Torr. Club, xii. 40.
8 The oriental N. nuciFERA, Gaertn., with white or pink flowers, has not infrequently been planted
for ornament, and is established in certain localities in New Jersey. See Sturtevant, Gard. & For. ii.
172, 173.
4 For full generic synonymy according to strict priority see Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 257, xv.
84, and Britten, Jour. Bot. xxvi. 6. The names here retained, however, are those established by long
usage, confirmed by recent publications by the Kew botanists and by Prof. Caspary in Engl. & Prantl.
Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 2, 1-10.
5 Add syn. Castalia ampla, Salisb. Ann. Bot. ii. 73.
6 Add syn. Castalia elegans, Greene, 1. c, 85.
7 Rediscovered near Waco, Texas, by Misses Trimble & Wright, 1888; see Sterns, Bull. Torr.
Club, xv. 18; also collected in same year near Brownsville by C. G. Pringle.
76 NYMPH Z ACER. Nympheea,
* * Flowers white varying sometimes to rose-color; the centre commonly pale yellow:
anthers inappendiculate ; pollen minutely echinulate : prostrate rootstocks elongated and
cylindrical: no stolons: leaves entire, obscurely if at all peltate, generally orbicular with
narrow or more open sinus.
N.* tetragona, Grorei. Rootstock short, vertical or nearly so, woolly with dark hairs:
leaves oval, with deep but rather open sinus, acutish lobes, and entire margin, usually small,
11 to 8 (rarely 6 to 8) inches long, two thirds as broad; flowers 14 to 24 inches in diameter :
sepals green outside, oblong lanceolate, often acutish, 1 inch long: petals 8 or 10, white, or
faintly marked with purple, a little shorter than the sepals: stamens 3-4-seriate: carpels
about 7; the free tips of the stigmas short and blunt. — Reise Russ. Reiche, i. 220.
N. pygmea, Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 293; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1525. Castalia tetragona, Law
son, Trans. Roy. Soc. Canad. vi. Sec. 4, 112; Morong, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 154% C. Leibergi
(N. Leibergi), Morong, Bot. Gaz. xiii. 124, t. 7,as to flower only, the leaves being evidently
those of a Nuphar.— Ponds, Kootenai Co., N. Idaho, Leiberg; also (acc. to Britton, Trans.
N. Y. Acad. ix. 6) in Severn Riv., Keewatin, Canada, J. MZ. Macoun, and Misinaibi Riv.,
Ontario, R. Bell. (Siberia to India.)
N. odorata, Air.t Rootstock with sparing and persistent branches: leaves floating, com-
monly reddish beneath, rarely over 6 or 8 inches in diameter: flowers deliciously fragrant :
sepals dull green tinged with purple: petals pure white with sulphur-yellow centre, or not
rarely tinged with rose, rarely bright rose-color, oval to oblong-lanceolate, 14 to 24 inches
long: seeds oblong, 1 to 14 lines long, stipitate in the arillus. — Kew. ii. 227; 2 Willd. Hort.
Berol t. 39; Andr. Bot. Rep. v. t. 297; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 819; Gray, Gen. IIL. i. 102, t. 42,
43; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, 161, t. 88. N. alba, Walt. Car. 155; Michx. FI. i.
311. Castalia pudica, Salisb. Parad. Lond. 14, & Ann. Bot. ii. 72. —In still water, New-
foundland to Winnipeg, and south to Florida and Texas. (Cuba.)
Var. minor, Sms. Leaves only 2 or 3 inches in diameter and often crimson beneath;
petioles and peduncles either glabrous or villous: sepals and petals an inch or two long,
varying from pure white to light rose or even bright pink. — Bot. Mag. t. 1652; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 57. N. odorata, var. rosea, Pursh, Fl. ii. 369; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6708.
N. rosea, Raf. Med. FI. ii. 45. — Shallow water, same range as the larger-flowered, passing
freely into it, also from pure white to pale yellow or deep pink-rose.
N. reniformis, DC. Propagating by easily detached oblong tuber-like branches of the
rootstock: leaves in shallow water emersed and ascending or erect, rarely purplish beneath,
more prominently and copiously ribbed and veiny, the larger a foot or more in diameter:
flowers odorless or slightly scented: sepals green outside, rather dull white within, never
rose-tinged: petals elongated-oblong, 2 or 3 inches long: fruit more depressed: seeds globu-
lar-ovoid, 14 lines in diameter, not stipitate in the arillus.—Syst. ii. 55; Deless. Ic. Sel.
ii. t. 5, not Walt. N. tuberosa, Paine, Cat. Pl. Oneida, 132; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 56; Garden,
xxi. 130, t. 325. N. alba, Nutt. Gen. ii. 13; Graham, Edin. New Phil. Journ. i. 386, var.
Canadensis ?3 — Still and slow-flowing waters, New York and Canada‘* along the Great
. Lakes, to Minnesota, Ilinois, and probably in the S. Atlantic States.
* * * Flowers yellow: anthers inappendiculate or nearly so; pollen smooth: rootstocks
short, roughened with salient pulvini of fallen leaves, sending off from apex along with
leaves and blossoms elongated naked stolons.
N. flava, Lerner. Leaves of broadly oval outline and with narrow or closed sinus, 3 to 8
inches long, commonly crimson-purple beneath; margin somewhat undulate or repand and
1 A noteworthy form of this plant, or perhaps distinct species, has recently been discovered at
Eustis, Florida, by G. V. Nash. The leaves are a foot or two in diameter with strongly upturned
margins; flowers white, said to be odorless. This form has been confidently identified with NV. rent-
formis, Walt., by the collector, Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 147, a disposition in no sense warranted by
the brief and wholly dubious characterization of Walter’s species.
2 Exel. Siberian plant of Gmelin, which is N. tetragona, Georgi. Add syn. Castalia odorata,
Woodv. & Wood in Rees, Cyel. vi. no. 1.
8 Add syn. Castalia tuberosa, Greene, l. c. 84.
4 Also at Ferrisburgh, Vermont, Brainerd; and reported from near Trenton, N. J., Abbott, and
Meadville, Penn. (see Gard. & For. i. 368, f. 58, 59, & vi. 415, f. 62); also near Little Rock, Arkansas,
Coville.
Nuphar. NYMPH HACER. ie
basal lobes not pointed: petals bright light yellow, lanceolate, 14 to 2 inches long. — Leitner
in Audubon, Birds Am. t. 411, with some wrong foliage; Chapm. FI. ed. 2, 604; Hook. £. Bot.
Mag. t. 6917.1— Creeks and rivers of E. Florida, first coll. by Leitner, rediscovered by
Palmer, Mrs. Treat, Dr. Gurber. Perhaps also Cedar Bayou, Harris Co., Texas, in brackish
water. Dr. Joor, with “pale straw-color” blossom, but specimen insufficient.2 (Perhaps
also N. tussilagifolia, Lehm. Ind. Sem. Hort. Hamb. 1853, 10, & Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, i. 326,
coll. in Mexico by Andrieux, &c.)
5. NUPHAR, Smith. Sparrer-pock, YELLow Ponp-Lity. (Said to be
of Arabic origin and mentioned by Dioscorides under Nymphea.) — Perennials
of northern hemisphere and extra-tropical, with cylindrical creeping rootstocks of
the White Water-Lilies, subterrestrial and aquatic: calyx more showy than
corolla, at least the upper face of the sepals being bright yellow ; fl. summer. —
Prodr. Fl. Gree. i. 361; DC. Syst. ii. 59. Mymphea, Boerh. Hist. Pl. Lugd.-
Bat. 363; Salisb. Ann. Bot. ii. 71. Mymphosanthus, Rich. Analyse du Fruit,
68, & Ann. Mus. Par. xvii. 230, t. 5. Ropalon, Raf. New Fl. Am. ii. 17. [By
B. L. Ropinson. |
* Leaves oval; sinus fully one fourth to nearly half the length of the blade.
+ Anther-cells usually nearly or quite as long as the filaments or exceeding them: stig-
matic disk 4 or 5 lines to nearly an inch in diameter, undulate margined, 12-22-rayed.
N. polysépalum, Enceim. Very robust: petioles stout; thin submersed leaves none or
at least not seen; floating leaves large, 8 to 12 inches long, 6 to 9 inches broad, with narrow
or closed sinus and very broad rounded basal lobes: the subglobose cup-shaped calyx
3 inches in diameter, when fully expanded even 4 or 5 inches broad; sepals 9 to 12, yellow
or with a reddish tinge in age: petals 12 to 18, obovate, cuneate, truncate, half inch long,
two thirds as broad: stamens very numerous, red, recurved in age; pollen yellow: fruit
subglobose, 14 inches in diameter, with short stout definitely constricted neck and convex
umbonate 15-24-rayed stigmatic disk. — Trans. Acad. St. Louis, ii. 282, & Bot. Works,
472; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 220; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 5. N.advena, Benth. Pl.
Hartw. 296; Newberry, Pacif. R. Rep. vi. 67, not Ait. f. Mymphea polysepala, Greene,
Bull. Torr. Club, xv. 84. % N. advena, Greene, FI. Francis. 288. — Colorado to Central Cali-
fornia and northwestward to Alaska, especially in alpine ponds of mountain valleys. The
farinaceous seeds are an important source of food to certain Indian tribes. Here appears to
belong the N. W. American JN. luteum of authors (Bong. Veg. Sitch. 124; Ledeb. FI.
Ress. i. 84; Rothr. Fl. Alask. 442; &c.), not Smith. Var. pforum, Engelm. 1. ¢., ig a form
with more highly colored flowers, having sepals margined with reddish brown and petals
deep red with yellow tips and bases. — Colorado, Parry, and probably elsewhere with the
duller more yellow-flowered form. A form with smaller flowers (2 to 3 inches in diameter),
in habit approaching the following, but with the characteristic dark red anthers of the
western species, has been collected in Lake County, Calif., Blankinship.
N. advena, Arr. f. Stout but smaller in all parts than the preceding: rhizome horizontal,
thick: petioles usually 4 to 4 inch in diameter: thin submersed leaves present in seedlings,
but in the mature plant rare or none; floating leaves broadly oval, often pubescent below ;
sinus usually open; basal lobes very obtuse, sometimes rounded but usually more or less
triangular in outline: subglobose flowers 1} inches in diameter, when fully expanded 2 to 3
inches broad: outer sepals greenish; the inner commonly dull yellow: petals oblanceolate-
oblong, truncate, gradually narrowed toward the base: stamens in 5 or 6 series, recurved
with age, yellow: disk pale red, yellow, or green, subentire or undulate-margined; stig-
1 Add syn. Castalia flava, Greene, 1. c. 85.
2 Specimens subsequently collected by Nealley at Rio Grande City, Texas, and by Pringle near
Brownsville, no. 1956, as well as specimens of Bourgeau and of Pringle from Mexico, agreeing well
with the Florida plant, may be referred to this species, as by Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. i. 30.
Also Castalia Mexicana, Coulter, |. ¢. ii. 12, apparently not Nymphea Mexicana of Zuccarini, which
should have white flowers.
78 NYMPH ACER. Nuphar.
matic rays 12 to 22, usually not attaining the edge of the disk; fruit ovate, with thick more
or less costate scarcely constricted neck. — Kew. ed. 2, iii. 295; Pursh, Fl. ii. 369; Gray,
Gen. Ill. i. 104, t. 44; Meehan’s Monthly, i. 17,18, t.2. . lutea, Pursh, 1. c.; DC. Syst.
ii. 60, as to Amer, plant; * Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 82; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 57, excl. var.
and (?) Alaskan plant. NN. Americanum, Provancher, Fl. Canad. i. 28. Nymphea lutea,
Walt. Car. 154. N. advena, Ait. Kew. ii. 226; Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 38; Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 684. N. arifolia, Salisb. Ann. Bot. ii. 71.— Labrador to Florida, Texas, Wyoming,
and doubtfully to California; common throughout the Eastern and Middle States, much
rarer if present upon the Pacific Slope. (Cuba.) Var. variecAtrum, Engelm. (in Gray,
Man. ed. 5, 57) is a frequent form with sepals a brighter yellow toward the edges, and
some at least red-purple or maroon toward the base within; the sinus of the leaf commonly
narrow or closed.-— Growing with the duller flowered type, but in some places the com-
moner or only form. -
Var. minus, Moronec. Similar in general aspect: leaves and flowers smaller; petioles
and peduncles more flaccid; a few thin submersed leaves commonly present: stigmatic disk
smaller, bright red (occasionally green or yellow), 9-12-rayed, rather deeply crenate, only
3 to 4 lines in diameter; ovary and fruit somewhat smaller and with a strongly constricted
neck. — The var. (7?) minor, Morong (Bot. Gaz. xi. 167), as taken by Wats. & Coulter in
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 56, to include N. rubrodiscum, Morong, 1. c., which cannot be satisfac-
torily distinguished from Dr. Morong’s type of his var. minor. N. luteum, Gray, Man. 24,
excl. var.,and not of Smith. NV. advena X Kalmiana, Casp. in Macoun, Cat. Canad. Pl. 32.
N. Fletcheri, Lawson, 1. ¢. 119. NMymphea rubrodisca, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xv. 84. —
An exact intermediate between N. advena and the following species, and, with little doubt,
of hybrid origin, frequently associated with the parent plants in Lower Canada, Ontario,
and the Northern States, westward at least to Minnesota, growing in shallower water than
N. advena, and often showing imperfect pollen as though only partially fertile; in other
localities, however, as in Lake Champlain, appearing (acc. to Dr. Morong) thoroughly inde-
pendent and fertile; so that it may be best regarded as a perpetuated or established hybrid.
Intergradation (probably rehybridization) with the parent stocks, especially toward JN. ad-
vena, makes specific distinction undesirable. Frequent and very similar hybrids between
N. minimum and WN. luteum have been repeatedly noticed in Europe by Caspary and others.
+ + Anther-cells (at maturity) only a third as long as the filaments: stigmatic disk
small, 2 to 3 lines in diameter, about 8-rayed.
N. minimum, Smirn. Rootstock horizontal, slender, enveloped at the end by the sheath-
ing membranous expanded bases of the slender flaccid petioles: floating leaves 14-3 (-4)
inches long, usually pubescent beneath; the sinus reaching almost to the middle of the leaf;
submersed leaves freely produced, suborbicular, very delicate, membranaceous and trans-
lucent; sinus more open: sepals about 5, suborbicular, 6 to 8 lines in diameter, yellow:
petals obovate-cuneate, 2 lines long, half as broad: stigmatic disk distinctly lobed, deep red
or (at least in the European form) green; stigmatic rays yellow; fruit ovoid, 6 to 8 lines in
diameter, with short slender neck.— Eng. Bot. xxxii., description of t. 2292; Hook. f. &
Jacks. Ind. Kew. ii. 320. N. pumilum, DC. Syst. ii. 61; Smith, 1. c. on plate; Casp. in Mig.
Ann. Mus. Lugd.-Bat. ii. 256; Wats. Bibl. Index, 37. NN. Kalmiana, Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iii.
295; Pursh, Fl. ii. 369. NV. lutea, var. Kalmiana, Torr. & Gray, F]. i. 58. NV. luteum, var.
pumilum, Gray, Man. ed. 5,57. Nymphcea microphylla, Pers. Syn. ii. 63. N. Kalmiana, Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 1243. — Ponds from Newfoundland to the Saskatchewan, southward to Pennsyl-
vania. (EKu.)
* * Leaves elongated-oblong, sagittate; the blade 6 to 10 times as long as the sinus:
flowers small, an inch to inch and a third in diameter when open: southern Atlantic
species.
N. sagittzefélium, Pursn. Rhizome apparently horizontal, or oblique, sending off stout
roots: petioles long and rather slender: leaves thin and relatively much narrower than in
any of the other American species; the floating ones narrowly elliptic-oblong, 7 to 12 inches
in length, 14 to 24 inches broad; the submersed considerably larger, delicately membrana-
ceous: sepals about 6 or 7; the outer green; the inner petaloid at least near the edges: petals
spatulate, truncate, thickish (said sometimes to be completely transformed into stamens) :
stamens in 4 to 6 rows; anthers fully as long as the flat filaments: disk 4 to 6 lines in
Sarracenia. SARRACENIACEA. 79
diameter; margin repand; stigmatic rays 11 to 14: fruit depressed-ovate, 7 or 8 lines in
diameter, costate and moderately constricted beneath the disk; seeds pale yellowish brown,
1} lines in diameter. — Fl. ii. 370; DC. Syst. ii. 62; Ell. Sk. ii. 8. N. sagitt:follum, Morong,
Bot. Gaz. xi. 169. N. longifolia, Smith in Rees, Cyel. no. 5. Nymphea sagittifolia, Walt.
Car. 155. WN. sagittata, Pers. Syn. ii. 63. N. longifolia, Michx. Fl. i. 312. —In stagnant
pools of the low lands, North Carolina to Georgia and (acc, to Morong) Florida; also in
S. Indiana and Illinois, Schneck ( fide Watson & Coulter).
3 OrpDER VII. SARRACENIACE 4.
By A. Gray.
Acaulescent perennial bog-plants, with colorless inert juice, and leaves trans-
formed into more or less colored secretive pitchers or tubes (in which insects are
collected); the flowers hermaphrodite, hypogynous, polyandrous; sepals and
petals each 5 and imbricated in the bud; anthers fixed by the middle and
introrse; pistil compound, 3—5-celled, with many-ovuled placente in the axis;
fruit a loculicidal capsule; seed-anatropous, with a small embryo at the base of
fleshy albumen. Flowers comparatively large, nodding. ‘rue affinity of the
order undetermined. Consists of a monotypic apetalous and tricarpellary genus
found on a single mountain in Eastern S. America, and of the following.
1. SARRACENIA. Bractlets 3 under the calyx. Sepals coriaceous, persistent. Petals
panduriform, at first connivent-incurved and imbricated over the stamens and pistil, in age
becoming deciduous. Ovary globular and 5-lobed, the lobes alternate with the petals: style
bearing 5-angled 5-rayed umbrella, the tips of the slender rays projecting from the notched
angles, recurved and introrsely stigmatose. Capsule densely verrucose, loculicidal, but the
five valves cohering by the partitions with the axis. Seeds with a close and firm reticulate
coat and broad rhaphe.
2. DARLINGTONIA. Sepals membranaceous and somewhat herbaceous, lax, marcescent.
Petals shorter, somewhat convergent, oblong-ovate, with a contraction above the middle
and the apical portion concave, marcescent. Stamens 12 to 20, short. Ovary somewhat
turbinate with depressed or umbilicate broad summit, the cells opposite the petals: style
short, 5-cleft; its short and thick branches radiate-spreading: stigma broad and terminal
Capsule oblong, smooth, 5-valved, the valves septiferous: base of the columella naked
Seeds clavate or turbinate, densely beset with short stiff bristles. Scape bracteate.
1. SARRACENIA, Tourn. Pircner-Piant, SIDE-sADDLE FLOWER,
Trumeets. (Dr. Sarrazin of Quebec, who about the year 1730 sent our
northern species and an account of it to Tournefort.)— Scape naked and one-
flowered with the cluster of radical leaves from a short horizontal rootstock; the
pitchers trumpet-shaped with a ventral wing or salient margin and an arching
hood (the lamina) at apex, some earlier leaves phyllodia-like, destitute of pitcher,
all yellowish green or purplish, or purple-veined. Petals purple or yellow. FI.
early summer or southward in spring. Species all strictly Atlantic N. American.
— Inst. 657, t. 476, & L. Gen. ed. 1-5, as Sarracena; L. Spec. i. 510, & Gen.
ed. 6, no. 652; Mill. Ic. t. 241; Croom, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iv. 98; A. DC. Prodr.
xvii. 3. Coilophyllum, Morison, Pl. Oxon. iii. 533. For account of the relation
of the pitchers to insects and references to the literature, see Goodale, Physiol.
Bot. 347-353. Sweet alluring secretion at some time more or less manifest at
80) SARRACENIACE. Sarracenia.
the orifice of the pitcher in all the species. — Hybrids and varieties of cultivation
unnoticed.
ws
S.
S.
s.
of
* Petals brown-red or maroon (rarely varying to greenish yellow), little accrescent after
anthesis.
+ Leaves short, with ventral wing broad, commonly semi-obovate, in some later-grown
leaves even wider than the pitcher: sepals coriaceous and mostly dark colored.
purptrea, L. (Srpe-sappLteE FLower, Huntsman’s Cup, &c.) Leaves ascending ;
pitcher gibbous-obovate, with open orifice; hood erect, round-cordate, concave, the inner
face strongly retrorse-hispid and reticulated with broad purple veins: petals 2 inches long.
— Spec. i. 510 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 70); Lam. Il. t. 452; Michx. Fl. i.310; Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 849; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 8308; Croom, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iv. 98; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 59.1~
S. heterophylla, Eaton, Man. ed. 4, 445 (S. purpurea, var. heterophylla, Torr. Compend. 217,
& Fl. N. Y. i. 41, t. 6), an occasional form with greener foliage and yellowish green flower.
Var. alata, Wood, Bot. & FI. 30, refers to the phyflodial wing, which in certain leaves of
most plants is wider than the diminished pitcher. — Sphagnous bogs, Newfoundland and
S. Labrador to Bear Lake and south to Florida and Alabama, but southward mainly east
of the Alleghanies. A remarkable range in latitude and climate. A monstrosity coll. by
I. Sprague has the umbrella of the style deeply 5-parted into linear divisions!
psittacina, Micux. Leaves reclined in a rosulate tuft; pitcher narrow, of clavate out-
line, 2 to 5 inches long, densely and retrorsely long-hirsute within; hood strongly incurved -
over the contracted orifiee, globose-inflated, dorsally white-variegated and commonly pur-
plish-tinged: petals inch and a half long. — Fl. i. 311; Pursh, FI. ii. 368; Croom, 1. c. 101;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Masters, Gard. Chron. 1866, 1218, fig., & 1881, pt. 1, 817, fig.; A. DC.
1. ce. 4.2 S. calceolata, Nutt. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. ser. 2, iv. 49, t. 1. S. pulchella, Croom,
Am. Jour. Sci. xxv. 75, & xxviii. 167. — Pine-barren swamps, from near Augusta, Georgia,
to Apalachicola, Florida, and S. Alabama.
+ + Leaves erect with long and narrow or trumpet-shaped open-mouthed tube and soon
ascending or erect hood; the wing a narrow margin or in the phyllodial leaves (with
reduced abortive tube) linear-lanceolate.
rubra, Watt. Leaves slender, the larger a foot or more long, wholly green with reddish
veins above; hood ovate, varying from obtuse to acuminate, usually inflexed when young,
at letigth erect and merely concave, reddish or red-veined and variegated ; retrorse pubes.
cence of inner face minute: petals inch or so long.— Car. 152; Ell. Sk. ii. 10; Croom,
Ann. Lye. N.Y. iv. 99; Hook. Exot. Fl. i. t. 13 (excl. syn.), & Bot. Mag. t. 3515; Lodd, Bot.
Cab. t. 1163; Torr. & Gray, 1.c.; Planchon, Fl. Serres, x. t. 1074.3 S. minor, Sweet, Brit.
Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 138, with only earlier small leaves. S. rubra & S. Sweetii, A. DC. 1. ¢. 5.
S. Gronovii, var. rubra, Wood, Class-Book, ed. of 1861, 222.— Swamps, N. Carolina to
Georgia and Alabama, in the middle country and toward the mountains.*
Drummondii, Croom. Leaves ampler (from less than a foot to a yard high), with
orifice an inch or two in diameter; hood roundish with contracted base, soon erect and
flattish or with recurved margins, retrorsely hispid on the inner face, and with the whole
summit of the pitcher highly variegated with red-purple reticulation on a white semitrans-
parent ground; the wing extremely narrow: plane phyllodial leaves sometimes 2 feet long :
petals 2 inches long. — Ann. Lye. N. Y. iv. 100, t.1; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.; Planchon, FI.
Serres, x. 239, t. 1071, 1072.5 S. Drummondii & S. undulata, Decsne, Rev. Hort. ser. 4, i.
(1852) 126, & FI. Serres, vii. 267, 268; A. DC.1.c¢., the latter a mere form or stage with
erect and undulate hood, well marked in leaves of original specimens. (S. leucophylla, Raf.
Fl. Lud. is essentially fictitious.) S. Gronovit, var. Drummondii, Wood, 1. ¢. — Pine-barren
1 Meehan’s Monthly, i. 86, t. 6.
2 Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 2, i, 21, t. 5.
8 Meehan, 1. c. 37, t. 9.
4 Natural hybrids apparently of S. rubra and S. purpurea have been noted, very similar to those
cultivation.
5 Meehan, 1. c. 5, t. 1.
Darlingtonia. SARRACENIACEZ. 81
swamps, S. W. Georgia and adjacent Florida, at Apalachicola, &c., first made known from
foliage coll. by Drummond and flowers by Chapman.
* * Petals and whole flower yellow: leaves with elongated pitchers or tubes, in S. States
called TRUMPETS Or TRUMPET-LEAF, and the flowers Warcuss!
S. variolaris, Micux. Leaves 3 to 14 (rarely 20) inches high; the tube narrowly or rather
broadly winged, dorsally reticulate-variegated at and below the summit with green and
purplish veining on a yellowish white translucent ground; the ovate fornicate hood inflexed
over the wide open orifice, puberulent and purple-veiny within; mouth of the tube and edge
of the wing for a time bedewed with a sweet alluring secretion: phyllodial leaves seemingly
hardly any: petals an inch or more long, little accrescent after anthesis. — Fl. i. 310; Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 1710; Ell. Sk. ii. 11; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 803; Croom, 1. c. 102; Torr. & Gray,
1. c.; Mellichamp, Nature, x. 253; A. DC.1.¢. 6.1 %S. minor, Walt. Car. 153. S. adunca,
Smith, Exot. Bot. i, 103, t. 53; Macbride, Trans. Linn. Soc. xii. 48. — Low pine-barrens,
N. Carolina to Florida in the low country.”
S. flava, L. Narrowly trumpet-shaped leaves about 2 feet long; pitcher bordered with very
narrow wing, yellowish green, unspotted; hood ovate and soon erect, with (often reddish)
base contracted or recurved at sides, hispidulous-puberulent within, commonly with purple
reticulated veinlets; autumnal phyllodial leaves oblong or lanceolate and falcate, a span or
two long; petals at first inch and a half long, becoming pendulous, elongating to 24 or 3
inches. — Spec. i. 510; Walt. Car. 153; Michx. 1. c.; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 381; Sims, Bot.
Mag. t. 780; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1957; Ell. Sk. ii, 10; Croom, 1. c. 103; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.;
Planchon, 1. c. t. 1068; A. DC.1.c.2 S. Catesbwi, Ell. Sk.ii. 11, greener form. S. Gronovit,
Wood, l. c.— Wet meadows and swamps, North Carolina to Florida; fl. spring and early
summer.
2. DARLINGTONIA, Torr. (Dr. Wm. Darlington of Pennsylvania,
author of Flora Cestrica, &c.) — Smiths. Contrib. vi. 4, t. 12, Bot. Wilkes
Exped. 221, & Bull. Torr. Club, ii. 14; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xvi. 425,
xxxv. 186; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 48; Planchon, FI. Serres, xiv. 125, t. 1440;
Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5920; A. DC. Prodr. xvii. 2; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif.
i. 17. — Single species.
D. Californica, Torr. ll.ce. Rootstock elongated and creeping, rough-scaly : leaves (a span
to 2 feet long) greenish yellow, of nervose tubes gradually enlarging upward and with
dilated and inflated-saccate externally white-variegated incurved summit, so that the con-
tracted orifice looks downward, its proper apex bearing a conspicuous divergently bifid
pendulous appendage resembling a fish-tail aud generally reddish or yellowish; the whole
leaf twisted half round, the orifice becoming averse from the scape. ventral wing a narrow
border: scape bearing several greenish and membranaceous alternate bracts, nodding at
apex, greenish, at length 2 inches long: petals greenish yellow and reddish brown or purple.
— Mountain bogs of the Sierra Nevada, California, at 1,000 to 6,000 feet, from Truckee Pass
to Shasta Co. (where first coll. without flowers, by Pickering and Brackenridge) ; also within
the borders of Oregon, Waldo Co., Howell ; fl. spring. Areolation of the inflated hooded
summit of the leaf translucent: appendage within beset with retrorse bristly hairs, and
along its margins producing a sweet alluring secretion, which sometimes extends downward
on the edge of the wing, as discovered by Mrs. R. M. Austin. For details of mode of
capturing insects, see Canby, Proc. Am. Ass. Sci. 1874, pt. 2, 64, and abstract in Brew, &
Wats. 1. c. 18.
1 Meehan’s Monthly, iv. 1, t. 1.
2 Some striking variations are noted by Miss Mary F. Peirce, Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 229.
83 Meehan’s Monthly, ii. 118, t. 8.
82 PAPAVERACEZ.
OrpEr VIII. PAPAVERACE.
By A. Gray; the genus Arctomecon by B. L. Roprnson.
Mostly colored-juiced herbs, with mostly alternate leaves, no stipules, and
narcotic or acid qualities; flowers hermaphrodite, hypogynous, polyandrous,
dimerous or sometimes trimerous i. e. sepals 2, rarely 3, and caducous, petals
double to quadruple (or even sextuple) that number and commonly very decidu-
ous; the ranks imbricated in the bud; pistil of 2 to many carpels combined to
form a one-celled ovary with parietal placenta, Filaments filiform, or rarely
dilated, distinct: anthers innate. Ovules anatropous, numerous. Fruit capsular.
Seeds with small or minute embryo at base of fleshy and oily albumen. — Several
genera have more or less colorless juice. Dendromecon is shrubby. Platystemon
has carpels in flower partly and in fruit becoming wholly distinct. Glaueium
has a falsely 2-celled ovary, and the placente in Poppy, &c., may meet in the
axis. Eschscholtzia, besides its calyptrate calyx, has a cupulate-dilated seem-
ingly perigynous disk. Platystemon and yet more Canbya and Arctomecon retain
their petals until fruiting. Platystigma and Canbya may have very few stamens.
Bucconia is apetalous. And the leaves are usually opposite or verticillate and
entire in the first tribe. So, although one of the most distinct of orders, it teems
with exceptions.
TrisE I. PLATYSTEMONEZ. Leaves mainly opposite or whorled and entire.
Flowers usually 3-merous, i. e. sepals 3 and obovate petals 6 in two series. Ovary
mostly lobed or angled: stigmas distinct, one terminating each carpel, alternate
with the placente, which never separate from the valves. No dilated torus under
the flower. Flower-buds usually drooping on the peduncle: anthesis for more |
than one day. Juice watery or yellowish.
1. PLATYSTEMON. Stamens numerous: filaments petaloid, obovate or spatulate.
Stigmas subulate-filiform. Carpels 9 to 18, each several-ovuled, at first all united in a circle
into a deeply plurisuleate compound ovary by as many parietal placentz, in fruit separating
and closing into as many torose narrow follicles, which when mature are disposed to break
up transversely into a few one-seeded joints! Petals tardily deciduous!
2. PLATYSTIGMA. Flowers occasionally 2-merous, i. e. with 2 sepals and 4 petals.
Stamens 6 to 12, rarely 4: filaments from lanceolate-subulate to filiform. Carpels 3, rarely
4, wholly combined into a somewhat 3-lobed or angled or nearly terete ovary, having as
many pluri-ovulate strictly parietal placentz; in fruit a thin-walled completely 3-valved
capsule, dehiscent through the placentz. Stigmas ovate to subulate. Petals deciduous.
Trier II. PAPAVEREZ. Leaves alternate or mainly so. Flowers rarely 3-merous.
Ovary of 2 to 20 completely combined carpels; even the stigmas more or less
confluent or else radiate from a common centre, never more numerous than the
placentz: these when the capsule dehisces persisting as a frame alternate with
and freed from the valves, while held in place by attachment to receptacle below
and combined stigmas above.
* Petals 4 or 6, usually scarious-marcescent and persistent till the fruit is grown! appar-
ently not crumpled in the bud: this drooping before anthesis: capsule ovoid, strictly
one-celled, 8-6-valved from above; valves alternating with as many nerviform placente.
38. CANBYA. Sepals3. Petals 6, obovate, after anthesis closing over the capsule. Stamens
6 cr 9: filaments shorter than the oblong-linear anthers. Ovary and membranaceous cap-
’ i
i
*
PAPAVERACEX. 83
sule ovoid-globose: style none: stigmas 3, oblong-linear, opposite the three nerviform
placentze and recurved-appressed to them, Seeds obovate-oblong, smooth, neither crested
nor carunculate. Exiguous annuals.
. ARCTOMECON. Sepals 2. Petals 4, rotund-obovate, in age thin-scarious and persist-
ing around the base of the capsule. Stamens indefinitely numerous, short: filaments longer
than the oblong-linear anthers. Ovary and subcoriaceous capsule ovoid or obovoid, 3-6(com-
monly. 4)-valved: style shorter than the globular and lobulate mass of 3 to 6 erect and
somewhat united stigmas; each stigma cordate-bilobed and over a valve, i. e. alternate with
the nerviform placentz. Seeds rather few, oblong, with sinuous-lineolate coat and a narrow
crested rhaphe, which is carunculate-dilated at hilum. Herbs.
* * Petals 8 to 12, not at all crumpled in the bud (which is never drooping), of rather firm
texture, deciduous after anthesis of a few days: stigmas (2) alternate with the nerviform
placentz, i. e. over the valves: acaulescent herb.
. SANGUINARIA. Sepals 2. Petals obovate to oblong-spatulate. Stamens about 24.
Ovary oblong, with short and stout style: stigmas 2, thickish, erect and partly united, being
confluent at their bases. Capsule fusiform, nearly membranaceous. Seeds with crusta-
ceous coat and a loose-cellular crest to the rhaphe.
* * * Petals 4 to 6, usually qumpled in the bud, thin and broad, deciduous after anthesis
of one or more days.
+— Truly shrubby, 2-carpellary: stigmas over the valves, i. e. alternate with the nerviform
placentz : flowers lasting two or three days.
DENDROMECON. Sepals 2. Petals 4. Stamens very many. Ovary narrow, tipped
with short style and broadish stigmas. Capsule linear, strictly one-celled, elastically 2-valved
from the base upward: valves firm-coriaceous, striate-costate, tardily and often incompletely
detached from the exiguous placentz. Seeds oval, fleshy-carunculate at the hilum.
+— + Shrubby-based, pluricarpellary: stigmas over the septiform placents#: flowers not
drooping in the bud, lasting for a few days.
. ROMNEYA. Sepals 3 (rarely with a dorsal wing), externally strigose. Petals 6.
Stamens very many. Style none: stigmas 7 to 12, oblong, firm-fleshy and thick, partly
cohering in a ring around and incurved over a globular epigynous disk. Ovary and coria-
ceous capsule ovate or oblong, strigose-hispid, with 7 to 12 lamelliform at length coriaceous
placentz, some or most of which meet in the axis and so form partitions: valves 7 to 12,
opening from the summit downward and so denudating the solid placental framework. Seeds
slightly incurved, with scrobiculate or rugulose and dull coat, naked at rhaphe and hilum.
+ + + Herbaceous (except one Aryemone): stigmas over the placente: sepals 2, or by
variation 3 and then petals 6.
++ Capsule 4-20 -carpellary, dehiscent only at top or to near the middle.
. ARGEMONE. Flowers erect in the bud and _ short-peduncled or sessile. Herbage
prickly. Sepals often 3 and petals 6. Stamens many. Ovary strictly 1-celled, with 4 to 6
nerviform placent: stigmas oval, somewhat radiate and united on the summit of very
short or obsolete style. Capsule 4-6-valved at summit. Seeds scrobiculate, naked, but with
salient rhaphe. Juice orange.
. PAPAVER. Flower-bud generally drooping on the peduncle until anthesis. Stamens
very many. Ovary and capsule globose to oblong, capped by the closely sessile circular flat
or somewhat conical disk of the combined radiate stigmas, and dehiscent only under the
edge of it by as many dentiform short lids: placentz 4 to 20, septiform, mostly projecting
far into the cell. Seeds scrobiculate, naked. Juice mostly white.
10. MECONOPSIS. Flower-bud drooping before anthesis. Stamens many. Ovary and
capsule tipped with a style, and with globular mass of stigmas, one-celled, and with 4 to 8
more or less intruded placente, dehiscent only by as many short teeth or valves at the sum-
mit. Juice orange.
++ ++ Capsule 2-4-carpellary, dehiscent for the whole length, the valves completely sep-
arating from the 2 to 4 nerviform placenti: juice orange or yellow.
84 PAPAVERACEZ. Platystemon.
11. STYLOPHORUM. Stamens 20 or more. Ovary in the genuine species with 3 or 4
nerviform placentx from which the valves of the capsule separate from apex to base. Style
comparatively long: stigmas 3, short and depressed, confluent. Seeds scrobiculate-reticu-
lated: rhaphe prominent and crested.
12. CHELIDONIUM. Stamens rather few. Ovary and capsule linear, strictly one-celled
with 2 nerviform placente, and a short style bearing two small simple stigmas: valves
membranaceous at maturity, dehiscent mostly from base upward. Seeds smooth: rhaphe
crested.
13. GLAUCIUM. Like Chelidonium, but mitre-shaped stigmas with divergent or deflexed
base on each side, and coriaceous capsule 2-celled by a spongy false partition between the
placentz, in which the scrobiculate seeds are partly embedded. :
Tre IIT. HUNNEMANNIZ. Leaves alternate, ternately decompound. Flowers
dimerous, i. e. sepals and placentz 2, and (deciduous) petals 4. Torus more or
less dilated and excavated under or around base of the pistil: flower thus as if
perigynous. Stamens numerous. Stigmas twice or thrice as many as placente:
ovary strictly one-celled. Capsule elongated and siliquiform, terete, striate-
costate, many-seeded, elastically 2-valved usually from the base to apex; valves ~
coriaceous, the nerviform placente remaining attached to their margins, or im-
perfectly separating. Seeds globular, inappendiculate. Juice of herbage mainly
watery and not acrid, of the root yellow. Flowers erect in the bud, in anthesis
usually more than one day, normally yellow. Consists of the adjacent Mexican
genus Hunnemannia, with calyx of distinct sepals and 4 roundish depressed
stigmas, the nerviform placentz partly separating from the valves, and
14. ESCHSCHOLTZIA. Torus under the flower dilated and hollowed, cyathiform.
Calyx calyptrate, the two sepals completely combined into an extinguisher-shaped body,
which is detached at base and pushed off at the expansion of the 4 petals. Style short and
stout or hardly any: stigmas 4 to 6, subulate or setaceous, unequal. Cotyledons said to be
2-parted. Chiefly annuals.
1. PLATYSTEMON, Benth. Cream-curs. (Maris, wide, orjpor,
stamen.) — Trans. Hort. Soe. ser. 2,1. 405; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 51. — Single
species, remarkable in the order on many acccunts, among them for anthesis con-
tinued for several days, and marcescent petals at length loosely closing over the
forming fruit.
P. Califérnicus, Bentn. 1. c. Low and slender annual, hispid with long spreading hairs,
or glabrate: leaves mainly opposite, closely sessile, ligulate-linear, obtuse, nervose : peduncles
a span or more long, sometimes scapose: petals half inch or less long, from light yellow to
cream color or white (rarely roseate): mature and separated carpels linear, moniliform,
sometimes sparsely hispid, commonly glabrous. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1679; Sweet, Brit. Fl.
Gard. ser. 2, t. 394; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 8579; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 65, with vars.; Brew. &
Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 19, with var. lesocarpus. P. levcarpus, Fisch. & Meyer, Ind. Sem.
Hort. Petrop. ii. 47 (1835); Hook. Bot Mag. t. 3750, a mere state.1— Open ground, through-
out California (except in the mountains), also S. Utah and Arizona; type coll. by Douglas.
2. PLATYSTIGMA, Benth. (I)aris, broad, otypa, stigma.) — Pacific
N. American low annuals, with linear mostly opposite leaves and light yellow or
almost white flowers; in spring. — Trans. Hort. Soc. ser. 2, 1. 406; Benth. &
Hook. 1. c. Platystigma & Meconella (Nutt.), Torr. & Gray, FI. 1. 64; Go.
§ 1. Subscapose: capsule obovoid or clavate-ovoid, of rather firm texture,
crowned.with the three broad and obtuse spreading introrsely stigmatose tips or
stigmas.
1 Add syn. ?P. crinitus, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 13 (P. Californicus, var, crinitus, Greene, Fl.
Francis. 282), apparently only a weak and more pubescent form of the inland.
Arctomecon. PAPAVERACEX. 85
P. lineare, Benru. 1. c. 407. A span or two high, branching only at base, sparsely barbate-
hispid in the manner of Platystemon, which it resembles: leaves all sessile, linear, mostly
2 inches long: petals half inch long: stamens numerous; anthers oblong-linear. — Hook.
Ie. t. 38, & Bot. Mag. t. 3575; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1954; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 65; Brew. &
Wats. lL. c. 20.1— W. California, from Los Angeles, to Oregon; type coll. by Douglas.
§ 2. Stems leafy and paniculately branching, filiform: capsule linear, with
thin or membranaceous valves, commonly twisting in age: stigmas subulate. —
Meconella, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 64.
P.* Oreganum, Benru. & Hoox.? Glabrous, an inch (in depauperate plants) to a span
or two high, with spreading branches or peduncles: leaves a quarter to at most an inch
long; lowest spatulate or obovate and contracted into petiole; upper linear-oblong or
linear, sessile: petals 4 to 6, from 1 to 2 lines in length: stamens (4 or) 6, equal or nearly
so and in single row; anthers oval, very much shorter than the filaments. — Benth. & Hook.
ace. to Brew. & Wats. 1. c.; Wats. Bibl. Index, 43. Meconella Oregana, Nutt. 1. c.; Hook.
Ie. t. 360.4 — Moist or dry ground in spring, Brit. Columbia to Oregon; first made known
by Nuttall.
P.* Califo6rnicum, Bentu. & Hoox. Flowers usually larger: petals 2 to 5 lines long:
stamens 6 to 12, unequal and biseriate: other characters closely as in the preceding (of
which Dr. Gray regarded it a form).—Gen.i. 51; Brew. & Wats. 1.c. Meconella Cali-
fornica, Torr. & Frém. in Frém. Rep. 312; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 31. Platystemon
Torreyi, Greene, Fl. Francis. 283. P. Oreganus, M. K. Curran, 1. c., in part. —Low hills, &c.,
Central and Southern California.
P. denticulatum, Greene. Very similar, more diffuse: weak stems a span to a foot
long: leaves from linear to spatulate, sometimes callous-denticulate: petals a line or two
long, apparently white: anthers (6) linear, equalling or double the length of the filaments.
— Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 218. Meconella denticulata, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 59.5—
S. California, between San Bernardino and San Diego, and on the adjacent islands, Cleve-
land, Parish, Greene.
3. CANBYA, Parry. (William Marriott Canby, of Delaware, excellent
botanist and friend.) — Singular genus of two minute acaulescent annuals, vernal
productions of the interior desert, glabrous; with a tiny root, a close tuft of
exceedingly short and densely leafy stems or branches, sending up filiform one-
flowered scapes of less than an inch in length; the leaves crowded but mainly
alternate, fleshy, oblong to linear, entire, the lowermost a line and upper quarter
inch long: petals not over 2 lines long. — Parry in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii.
St. be
C. candida, Parry,l.c. Petals bright white: foliage green. — Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 429.
— 58. E. California, on the upper part of the Mohave River, Palmer, 1876; Cajou Pass,
Parish, 1882.
C. atrea, Warson. Petals bright yellow, deciduous in age: scapes capillary: foliage
glaucescent.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 445.—On the sage plains of S. E. Oregon, June, in
flower, Howell.
4, ARCTOMECON, Torr. & Frém. ("Apxros, a bear, pjxov, poppy, from
the hirsuteness.) — Frém. Rep. (1845), 312, t. 2; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 52;
Parry, Am. Nat. ix. 139, 268; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 52, t. 2; Coville,
1 Add syn. Platystemon linearis, M. K. Curran, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, i. 242.
2 A dubious specimen from Ft. Mohave, Cooper.
3 Description modified to exclude the apparently distinct P. Californicum.
4 Add syn. Platystemon Oreganus, M. K. Curran, 1. c., so far as the northern plant is concerned.
5 Add syn. Platystemon denticulatus, Greene, Fl. Francis. 283.
86 PAPAVERACEZ. Arctomecon.
Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vii. 66, 67, & Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 58, 59.1 [By
B. L. Roginson. |
* Capsule obovoid.
A. humilis, Covitte. Low, 4 to 7 inches in height, erect leaves oblanceolate, usually
2-3-dentate toward the apex, hirsute-ciliate and sparsely villous: scapes naked and one-
flowered or more frequently stems bearing a pair of subopposite leaves and 2-3-flowered :
petals 4, suborbicular, white, three fourths inch in diameter: filaments flattened and slightly
dilated: capsule 4 lines or more in length, two thirds as broad, splitting about to the middle:
style short but present. — Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vii. 67, & Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. iy. 58.
A, Californicum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 53 (so far as Dr. Parry’s plant is concerned),
t. 2, not Torr. & Frém. — Desert of S. W. Utah, on the Rio Virgen, Parry, no 6.
A. Califérnica, Torr. & Frém. 1. c. Taller and much more densely clothed with long
gray barbellate hair: leaves crowded at the base of the plant, oblanceolate in outline or
flabelliform-cuneate and several toothed at the apex: stem about a foot high bearing about
two alternate distant reduced leaves and an umbelliform cluster of several to many slender-
peduncled successively opening flowers: filaments slender: stigma sessile. — Coville, Con-
trib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 58. —S. Nevada, first collected by /’rémont, rediscovered in the
same locality near Vegas Ranch, Lincoln Co., by Dr. Merriam & V. Bailey.
* * Capsule linear-oblong.
A. Merridmi, Covitits. Foliage and pubescence much as in the last, but flowers usually
solitary: sepals 3, villous, caducous: petals 6, white, obcordate, more than an inch in
diameter: filaments slender but slightly dilated upward: capsule narrow, an inch and a
half or more in length. — Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vii. 66, & Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 59.
— Near the same locality as the preceding, Dr. Merriam & V. Bailey, May, 1891, no. 1890.
5. SANGUINARIA, Dill. Brooproor. (Named from the blood-red.
juice.) — Hort. Elth. ii, 334, t. 252; L. Gen, no. 425, — Single species, vernal.
S. Canadénsis, L. Rootstock horizontal, fleshy and tuberous, crimson-red, surcharged as
also the glabrous partly glaucous herbage with orange-red acrid juice, sending up in early
spring, from terminal 2-3-valved buds a long-petioled leaf and a 1-flowered scape: leaves
reniform, palmately and obtusely 5—-9-lobed, reticulated: lobes repand-dentate or 3-lobed:
scape a span high, naked (has been found with a pair of opposite bracts and 3 flowers 2) :
petals inch or less long, white, sometimes tinged with rose: capsule 2 inches long, — Spec.
1.505; Lam. Ill. t. 449; Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 162; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 75, t.7; Lodd. Bot.
Cab. t. 1840; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 62; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 116, t.49; Sprague & Goodale,
Wild Flowers, 141, t. 33. S. acaulis, Moench, Meth. 227. S. vernalis, Salisb. Prodr. 376.
S. grandiflora, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 147.-—- Woods in rich soil, Nova Scotia to
Manitoba, and south to Arkansas and Florida.
6. DENDROMECON, Benth. (AéSpor, tree, pjxwv, poppy.) — Trans.
Hort. Soc. ser. 2, i. 407; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 54; Hook. Ic. t. 37, & Bot.
Mag. t. 5154; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 382, t. 3. — Single species, polymorphous
in foliage, yellow-flowered, in spring.
D.* rigida, Benra. 1. c.2 Glabrous and rigid shrub; leaves pale or glaucescent, coriaceous,
lanceolate and cuspidate-acuminate, varying to oblong and obtuse with rigid mucro, entire
or ciliolate-denticulate on callous margins (those of seedlings slightly lobed), very reticulate-
veiny and venulose and with strong midrib, short-petioled, in age falling by an articulation:
flowers naked-pedunculate at apex of branchlets: sepals orbicular: petals very broad, about
inch long, golden yellow: capsule commonly arcuate at maturity. — Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 64;
1 In the light of Mr. Coville’s recent discoveries, and more copious material secured on the Death
Valley Exploring Expedition, it has been necessary to rewrite the treatment of this genus.
2 A second interesting anomalous form is described by A. Foerste (Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 74,
t. 67), in which but two flowers are present and these alternate.
3 Description slightly modified to exclude the following species,
4
Ss
Argemone. PAPAVERACE. 87
Fl. Serres, xiv. t. 1411; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 22.— Dry hills, California, from San
Diego, San Bernardino, &c., to Butte Co,
D.* Harfordii, Kettoce. Low or arborescent shrub; leaves oval, or broadly oblong,
usually very obtuse, and mucronate at apex (rarely ovate-lanceolate and acute), thick but
somewhat less harsh than in the preceding; margins entire or inconspicuously crenulate,
‘never so scabrous-ciliolate as often in the last: axillary buds at certain stage in their
development rigid and almost thorn-like.— Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. v. 102. D. flevilis,
Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 216. D. rigida, var. Harfordii, K. Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 83. —
Islands off coast of S. California. Dr. Kellogg’s species as originally collected on Santa
Rosa Isl. is said to be a low shrub, but the foliage shows no constant or satisfactory
differences from the arborescent D. flevilis, Greene, of Santa Cruz Isl. Essentially the
same plant has been collected upon Santa Catalina Isl., Brandegee. All these insular forms
are unsatisfactorily separable from each other and none too definitely distinguished from
broad-leaved forms of the mainland, such as Hartweg’s 1641. (See T. 8S. Brandegee,
Zoe, i. 46.)
7. ROMNEYA, Harv. (The astronomer, 7. Romney Robinson, friend of
Dr. Coulter, the discoverer of the plant.) — Lond. Jour. Bot. iv. 74, t. 3 (stigmas
not well given); Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 31. — Single species, large- and white-
flowered, with colorless bitter juice.
R. Cotlteri, Harv. 1.c. 75. Herbaceous stems 3 to 8 feet high from a soft woody base,
branching, leafy to the top, glabrous, glaucescent: leaves of firm texture, pinnately parted
or divided, petioled; divisions or leaflets 3 to 9, cuneate-oblong to lanceolate, sparingly
dentate, terminal 3-cleft, margins and rhachis often sparsely ciliate-spinulose: flowers short-
peduncled, terminating the branches, delicately fragrant, a few days in anthesis: petals
bright white, 2 inches long: capsule inch and a half long. — Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.
20; W. Robinson, Garden, xxvi. 400, t. 465.1— Plains and ravines, S. California, Ventura
Co.? to San Bernardino, San Diego Co. (and Lower Calif.) ; first coll. by Th. Coulter; fl.
all summer.
8. ARGEMONE, Tourn. Prickry Porry. (Ancient Greek and Latin
name of some herb, transferred to this American genus by the herbalists.)
— Setose and spinulose-dentate herbs, chiefly annuals, but in hot countries
becoming indurated and lignescent below, leafy-stemmed and branching, with
orange-yellow and acrid juice, the leaves sinuate or pinnatifid, commonly varie-
gated with white. Sepals with cornute tip or appendage below the apex. — Inst.
239, t. 151; L. Gen. no. 422.3— Consists of the following species or forms,
which cannot be very definitely characterized.
A. rruTicosa, Thurber, fide Gray, Pl. Thurb. 306; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 318, of
Coahuila, Mexico, Thurber, Palmer, is very glaucous, with small and fleshy rigid leaves and
sessile sulphur-yellow flowers, and has the branches so completely ligneous-indurated, that it
can hardly be joined with A. Mexicana.
A. GRANDIFLORA, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 226; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1264; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3073, of Mexico, said to be perennial, has white petals of 14 to 2 inches in length, glabrous
and unarmed stems, sepals, and capsule, yet the latter occasionally bears a few spiniform sete.
A. MexicAna, L. Stems, as well as foliage, also sepals and capsule more or less setose-
prickly: petals dull or pale yellow or ochroleucous, an inch or less long, nearly sessile or
subtended by small leaves. — Spec. i. 508; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 112, t. 47. — Waste places, com-
mon southward and near coast, less so northward. (Nat. from Mex.)
1 W. Am. Scientist, viii. 5, with plate ; Gartenflora, xl. t. 1359.
2 Since collected on the Santa Maria River, Mrs. Blochman.
8 Recent important literature: Prain, An account of the Genus Argemone, Jour. Bot. xxxili.
129-135, 176-178. -
88 PAPAVERACEX. Argemone.
A.* Alba, Lestrs. Flowers white, somewhat pedunculate: capsule armed, but valves thin-
nish. — Bot. Belg. ed. 2, iii. pt. 2, 133, as interpreted by Prain, l.c. A. albiflora, Hornem.
Hort. Hafn. 439 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2342. A, Georgiana, Croom, Am. Jour. Sci. xxv. 75.—
Nebraska to Texas and 8S. Atlantic States.
A. platyceras, Link & Orro. Setose-hispid all over (but stem sometimes sparsely so) :
petals pure white, 14 to 2 inches long: capsule strongly armed, its spines sometimes simple,
sometimes herbaceous below and again prickly down their sides. — Ic. Pl. Rar. Hort. Berol.
i. 85, t.43; Wats. l.c. A. hispida, Gray,) Pl. Fendl. 5. A. munita, Durand & Hilg. Jour.
Acad. Philad. ser. 2, iii. 37, & Pacif. R. Rep. v. 5, t. 1.2 A. Mexicana, var. hispida, Torr.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 31; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 13.— Open plains and banks of streams,
Rocky Mountains of Colorado to California, Texas, &c. (Mex., and nat. in S. Am., &c.)
Var.* r6sEA, Coulter. Flowers rose-color or purplish. — Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. i. 30, ii.
12. —S. Texas near coast, Corpus Christi, Nealley. (Coahuila, Palmer.)
A. corymbosa, Grernr. Habit of the foregoing, equally prickly, very leafy up to the
crowded corymbose cyme of flowers, glabrous: leaves obovate and nearly orbicular, spar-
ingly repand, the faces as prickly as the edges: petals white, apparently only half inch
long: capsule 4-5-valved, rather narrow and pointed, only an inch long, jong-prickly. —
Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 59. — Mohave Desert, S. E. California, Mrs. Curran.
9. PAPAVER, Tourn. Poppy. (Latin name of Poppy, of obscure deri-
vation.) — Annual or perennial herbs; with narcotic juice milky, rarely turning
yellow, mostly pinnately lobed or dissected leaves, showy flowers solitary on long
peduncle, drooping in bud except in the large-flowered perennial species. — Inst.
237, t. 119, 120; L. Gen. no. 423.
x Annuals of the Old World, sparingly and locally adventive, not enough so to count as
constituents of our flora.
P. somnireruM, L. (GARDEN or Opium Poppy.) Glaucous, glabrous, or peduncles hispid:
leaves clasping, oblong, undulate, dentate or incised: corolla large, purple to white: capsule
globular, with numerous septiform placenta. — Escaped from gardens in some places at the
Kast.
P. Rudzas, L. (Corn Poppy of Eu.) Sparsely hispid: leaves deeply pinnatifid and lobes
incisely dentate or again pinnatifid: corolla 2 to 4 inches in diameter, scarlet, often with dark
centre: capsule globular, glabrous: stigmatic rays and placentz 8 to 12. — Rare in ballast
grounds: found occasionally in grain-fields.
P. ptsium, L. Smaller and leaves more cut into narrower lobes than in the last: bristles
on peduncles appressed: corolla paler red: capsule oblong, narrowed at base, glabrous:
stigmatic rays 6 to 12.— Cult. fields, S. Penn. to N. Carolina, local.
P. ArGemonE, L. Leaves twice pinnately parted into narrow lobes: flowers smaller, red-
purple: filaments dilated upward: capsule clavate, usually hispid: stigmatic rays 4 to 6.—
Commons at Philadelphia, Diffenbaugh.
* * Annual, indigenous.
P.* Californicum, Gray. Very much like P. dubium, but hairs scanty, much finer:
petals saffron or more red, with lemon-colored or greenish eye toward the base: capsule
(about half inch long) clavate-turbinate, 6-11-merous; dehiscing by dentiform subquadrate
valves a line long and wide, disclosing the placenta. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 313; Bran-
degee, Zoe, ii. 121; Greene, Fl. Francis. 280. % P. Lemmoni, Greene, Pittonia, i. 168, a very
1 In the light of Miss Eastwood’s notes (Zoe, iv. 4), A. HfsprmDA, Gray, differs strikingly in the
field from the typical A. platyceras, the former being much more densely setose, with generally
much finer spines or bristles, more sessile heads, paler foliage, and less deeply pitted seeds. It is
doubted, however, whether these differences are more than varietal, as apparent intermediates occur.
2 Add Greene, Fl. Francis. 281.
8 The description of this species, not having been prepared for the Flora by Dr. Gray, has been
translated from his original publication with slight alterations, and the literature and synonymy
added.
Chelidonium. PAPAVERACE®. 89
nearly related if not confluent species. — Santa Inez Mts., S. Calif., Spence, Brandegee, north-
ward to San Luis Obispo Co. (P. Lemmoni), acc. to Greene, 1. e., and south at least to Los
Angeles Co., ace. to McClatchie. Especially abundant on burns.
* * * Arctic-alpine, acaulescent, perennial.
P. nudicatile, L. Dwarf, hirsute-hispid: leaves all in a radical tuft, oblong-spatulate or
obovate in outline, pinnatifid or below pinnately divided; divisions spatulate to lanceolate,
entire or 2-3-cleft: petals half inch to inch long, rarely orange or whitish: capsule from
short-obovate to turbinate-oblong, mostly hispid: stigmatic rays and placentz 4 to 7, usually
6 or 7.—Spec. i. 507, & ed. 2, i. 725 (Dill. Elth. t, 224); Fl. Dan. t. 41; DC. Syst. ii. 70;
Elkan, Monog. Pap. 16. _— Whether or not the species should inclnde ES alpinum, L. of
European Alps, ours is all
Var. arcticum, Etxay, l.c. with dark hairy scapes rarely over a span high, and divis-
ions of leaves entire or sparingly cleft: capsule short and thick, or even obovate-globose (as
in P. microcarpum, DC, Syst. ii. 71, & P. nudicaule, Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. t. 742). — P.
alpinum, Hook. f. Arc. Pl. 284, 313; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxili. 407. — Through
Arctic Coast and Islands to Hudson Bay, Unalaska, and alpine Rocky Te Creatas to S.
Colorado. (Greenland E. to Kamtschatka.)
10. MECONOPSIS, Viguier. (Myjxov, poppy, dys, resemblance.) —
Poppy-like herbs, with yellow juice, W. European and Himalayan perennials,
with the following outlying species. — Hist. des Pav. 11, 48; DC. Fl. Fr.
Suppl. 586, & Syst. ii. 86; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 52.
M. heterophylla, Benru. Glabrous annual, a foot or two high, simple or branching ;
leaves somewhat succulent, pinnately parted or divided, mostly petioled ; divisions variable,
from oyal to linear, entire or incised, or some pinnatifid: peduncles slender: petals half
inch to inch long, pale scarlet or orange-red: capsule turbinate to obovate, with style shorter
than the width of the truncate summit, dehiscent by about 8 operculate lids rather than
valves at summit. — Trans. Hort. Soc. ser. 2, i. 408; Hook. Ic. t. 732; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep.
iv. 64; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 22. M. heterophylla & M. crassifolia, Benth. 1. ¢.;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 6141— Dry ground, throughout W. California; type coll. by Douglas ;
fl. summer. (Lower Calif.)
11. STYLOPHORUM, Nutt. (Formed of oridos, style, and dépw, to
bear, the style conspicuous.) — Perennial herbs with orange-yellow juice, of an
anomalous Japanese, another Himalayan, and the following original species. —
Gen: 11.7; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 113, t. 48.
S. diphyllum, Nourr.1.c. (CeLranpine Poppy.) Minutely pubescent or glabrate: stems
a foot or two high, two-leaved at summit and sometimes one-leaved below: leaves petioled,
pinnately parted, the radical into 7, cauline mostly into 5 to 7 oblong or oval sinuate-dentate
divisions, upper ones more broadly confluent: peduncles 3 to 5 in an umbelliform cluster
between the subopposite leaves, slightly drooping in bud: petals golden yellow, orbicular,
inch or less long, early deciduous: style abrupt, rather shorter than the ovary: capsule
drooping, oval, about an inch long, beset with soft spreading bristles: placente 3 or 4;
seeds reticulated, the rhaphe strongly crested.— Gray, Man. 27, & Gen. Ill. i. 114, t. 48;
Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4867. S. diphyllum & S. petiolatum, Nutt. 1.¢.7,8. S. Ohiense, Spreng.
Syst. 11.570. Chelidonium diphyllum, Michx. FI. i. 309. Meconopsis diphylla & M. petiolata,
DC. Syst. ii. 87, 88. M. diphylla, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 61. — Moist woods, W. Penn. to
Wisconsin, and Termessee : fl. spring and early summer.
12. CHELIDONIUM, Tourn. Crranpine, SwaLtow-worrt. (An-
cient Greek name, from ye.d0v, the swallow. ) — Inst. 231, t. 116; L. Gen. no.
424. — Now of single species.
C. mAsus, L. Perennial or biennial, with brittle branching stems (2 to 4 feet high) and
copious orange and acrid juice, glaucous, more or less pubescent: leaves petioled, pinnately
1 Add syn. Papaver heterophylium, Greene, Fl. Francis. 281; P. crassifolium, Greene, Man. Bay-
Reg. 9.
90 PAPAVERACES. Glaucium.
divided or parted ; divisions oval, obtusely sinuate-pinnatifid, incised or dentate, upper ones
confluent ; peduncles terminal and axillary, umbellately several-flowered ; flowers nodding in
the bud: petals yellow, half inch or less long: linear capsules inch or two long. — Spee. i.
505.— Waste and moist ground near dwellings; fl. summer. (Nat. from Eu.)
13. GLAUCIUM, Tourn. Hornep Porry. (PAavKuov, the ancient
Greek name, from the glaucous foliage.) — Annuals, biennials or subperennials,
of the Old World, one sparingly naturalized. — Inst. 254, t. 180; Hall. Enum.
Helv. i. 304.
G. Ltrevm, Seop, <A foot or two high, with stout and rigid stems, glaucous, also pubescent :
leaves thickish; radical bipinnatifid, hairy; upper cauline sinuate-pinnatifid, auriculate-
clasping: flowers mostly solitary, terminating the branches: petals golden yellow, inch or so
long: capsule a span to a foot long, filiform, rigid, curved: stigmas with divaricate or
deflexed base. — Fl. Carn. ed. 2, i. 369; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 26. G. flavum, DC. Syst. ii. 94.
Chelidonium Glaucium, L. Spec. i. 506; Fl. Dan. t. 585.1— Sandy sea-shore, Montauk, New
York,? to Virginia, in a few places; fl. summer. (Nat. from Eu.)
14. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Cham. (Dedicated by Chamisso to Dr. J. F.
Eschscholtz, his companion in the scientific expedition under Kotzebue, during
which the original of this familiar genus was by them collected. Menzies had
collected it long before.) — Pacific N. American low annuals, or the original
species perennial, pale and glaucescent, mainly glabrous; with petioled leaves
dissected into narrow linear-spatulate to filiform lobes, and (normally) yellow
pedunculate flowers, in spring and summer. Watery juice of herbage with odor
like that of hydrochloric acid, that of root yellowish. Cotyledons of the common
species notched and in germination 2-cleft. — Cham. in Nees, Hore Phys. Berol.
73, t. 15; Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i. 554; DC. Prodr. iii. 344.2 Chryseis,
Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1948; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 63.
* Dilated torus funnelform, bearing an expanded rim outside of the insertion of the calyp-
trate calyx: mature seeds with a coarse and salient superficial reticulation of the
episperm: flowers lasting for 3 or 4 days.
E. Califérnica, Cuam.1.c. Flowering as an annual, but short-lived perennial with thickish
branching roots, at length a foot or two high and leafy-stemmed: petals flabelliform, inch
and a half long at the largest, saffron or orange, varying to pure yellow: expanded rim of
the torus when fully developed a line or two wide, but varying down to less than half that
width. — Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1168; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 265; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2887 ;
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1635 (mostly narrow-rimmed form); Spach, Hist. Veg. vii. 48, t. 140.
E, crocea, Benth. Trans. Hort. Soe. ser. 2, i. 407; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1677; Sweet, Brit. Fl.
Gard. ser. 2, t. 299; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3495. . tenuifolia, var., Benth, Pl. Hartw. 296,
not of Trans. Hort. Soc., nor of Hook. Chryseis compacta, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1948.4 C. (or
1 Add syn. Glaucium Glaucium, Karst. Deutsch. Fl. 649.
2 Eastward to Rhode Island, Peckham.
8 Recent literature: Gray, Proc, Am. Acad. xxii. 271-273; Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 66-
72, 182, 183; K. Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, i. 245-251, & Zoe, i. 278-282. While Mrs.
Bealdeees’ s observations on the intergradation of these plants are substantiated by specimens, the
general reduction of forms so different to one ae is undesirable.
4 Add syn. E. compacta, Walp. Rep. i. 116, a species recently restored by Prof. E. L. Greene,
who regards it as strictly annual. £. eniizachs; Greene, Pittonia, i. 169, is a form of the same.
E. Californicum, as widely drawn by Dr. Gray, should probably include also the following species,
based alte upon vegetative and doubtfully trustworthy characteristics. 2. leptandra, Greene,
Pittonia, i. 169, a very glaucous form with short and rather broad leaf-segments. (Neither the
number of prey nor the length of the anthers furnishes a satisfactory distinction.) E. cucullata,
Greene, Erythea, ii. 120, a maritime form with leaves “‘ compact and ‘sinall, all the divisions broad,
when young strongly cucullate-incurved and even in age noticeably so.’ £. glauca, Greene, Pion
i. 45, a glaucous form with delicate foliage.
Eschscholtzia. PAPAVERACEZ. 91
EF.) Douglasit, & Californica, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 664; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 319. —
Oregon and through the whole length of California, most common along the coast, where
also most perennial and semperflorent. The var. Dowglasii is a form with narrower torus-
rim, and pure yellow corolla. First coll. by Menzies, later by Chamisso & Eschscholtz.
?#H.* ambigua, Greene. Annual, decumbent, glaucous and scabrous-puberulent through-
out: otherwise scarcely distinguishable from forms of the preceding. — Fl. Francis. 286;
Man. Bay-Reg. 11.—Central California near the coast, San Luis Obispo, Mr. § Mrs.
Lemmon, Mt. Diablo, ace. to Greene, and (?) at Castroville, Brandegee.
E.* maritima, Greene. Perennial, densely cinereous-puberulent: stems “ prostrate,” very
leafy: cauline leaves rather small, with short crowded segments: calyptra of the bud short-
oblong, half inch in length, abruptly narrowed to a blunt apex: petals three fourths inch
long, “lemon-yellow with a rhomboidal spot of orange at base:” pod an inch and a half
in length; seeds nearly smooth. — Pittonia, i. 60.— Abundant on clayey slopes near the
sea, San Miguel Island, California, G'reene.
E. peninsularis, Greene. Winter annual (or sometimes perennial 7), tufted’ and many-
stemmed from the tap-root, at first scapose, a span or two high: petals flabelliform or
broadly cuneate, golden yellow, 5 to 8 lines long; expanded rim of the torus conspicuous:
seeds less favose-reticulated. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 68, 183. —Common in S. California,
from San Bernardino Co. to San Diego, &c., Coulter, Parish, Orcutt, &c.; also as far north
as upper part of Salinas Valley, Brewer. (Lower Calif.) :
* * Dilated torus cyathiform or tubular-campanulate, destitute of expanded rim or border,
although the edge sometimes becomes sphacelate and a little recurved in age, a hyaline
internal edge (within the insertion of the calyx) commonly a little projecting: annuals,
mostly low or slender.
+— Petals from one third to two thirds or rarely an inch long, broadly cuneate, lasting more
than one day.
++ Seeds superficially reticulated or almost smooth.
EH. ramosa, Greene. Glaucous and glabrous, with rigid erect stems branching above, very
leafy to the top: leaves much dissected into narrow linear and divaricate divisions and
lobes; upper usually surpassing the short-peduncles: petals quarter to half inch long, light
yellow (or orange in drying): torus turbinate.— Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 217. E. elegans,
var. ramosa, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 182. EE. Californica, var. hypecoides, Wats.
Proce. Am. Acad. xi, 112 (form with smaller flowers). — Santa Cruz Island off Santa Barbara,
California, Greene, San Clemente, Nevin & Lyon. (Lower Californian islands, Streetz,
Palmer, Greene.)
EH. ceespitosa, Bentu. Glaucous, sparsely hispidulous below when young, or else quite
glabrous, commonly leafy only at base, and the leaves with narrow- or cuneate-linear
ascending divisions and lobes: peduncles elongated: earlier ones scapiform, a span or two
long; later ones from more or less leafy stems: petals pure yellow, half inch to inch long:
torus turbinate to oblong-turbinate. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 272; E. cespitosa &
E. tenuifolia, Benth. Trans. Hort. Soe. ser. 2, i. 408, therefore Chryseis cespitosa & C. tenui-
folia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 63, 64. E. Californica, var. hypecoides, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif.
i. 23. KE. Douglasii, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 64. HH. Austine, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad.
Sci. i. 69. —Common throughout California, especially northward and westward.
Var. hypecoides, Gray, 1.c. Leafy stemmed, slender (a span to a foot high), with
coarser lobes to the leaves, and petals half inch long or less. — EL. hypecoides, Benth. 1. e.
Chryseis hypecoides, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 64. — W. California,! Coulter, Douglas, &e. No seeds
seen: torus usually narrow.
H. Mexicana, Greene. Wholly glabrous, glaucous, low and scapose or with later leafy
branches: leaves of thick and firm texture and rather coarsely and compactly dissected :
peduncles 2 to 10 inches long: petals orange-yellow, very broad, half inch to almost inch
long: torus turbinate or campanulate. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 69; Gray, l. c. E.
Douglasii, var. parvula, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 10.— Plains of Arizona, S. Utah, and New
Mexico,? Bigelow, Thurber, Newberry, Janvier, Mrs. Thompson, Rusby, &e. (Adj. Mex. below
El] Paso, Wright, Guadalupe Island, Lower Calif., F. elegans, Greene ?)
1 Northward to Oregon, Howell. 2 San Bernardino Co., Calif., Parish.
92 PAPAVERACE. Eschscholtzia.
++ ++ Seeds with thick gray coat and large deep pits.
E. glyptospérma, Greene. Dwarf, wholly scapose: leaves much dissected into crowded
filiform-linear divisions: scapes a span high: petals very broad, hardly half inch long: seeds
globose, coarsely tuberculate-favose, the coriaceous meshes nearly as broad as the pits. —
Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 70.—S. E. California, on the Mohave Desert, Mrs. Curran. Prob-
ably also on eastern slope of San Jacinto Mountain, Parish (HZ. Parishii, Greene, 1. c..183),
and S. Utah, Mrs. Thompson, and Bill Williams Fork, Bigelow (Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 64, under
FE. Douglasii, var. tenuifolia), but seeds not seen.
++ ++ ++ Seed-coat strongly muricate-squamose : leaves with narrow and comparatively few
divisions.
B. tenuifolia, Hoox. Minutely hispidulous-pubescent below, or glabrous, scapose and
tufted from the slender root: divisions of the leaves seldom over 9 or 11, mostly narrow-
linear: scapes a span or more high: petals light yellow, at most half inch long: torus
turbinate: seeds oval, densely muricate with oblong obtuse flattened processes in about 12
longitudinal rows. — Bot. Mag. t. 4812, excl. syn.; Greene, 1. c. 70, excl. syn.; not Benth.
E. Douglasii, var. tenuifolia, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 64. E. Californica, var. cespitosa, Brew.
& Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 23, excl. syn.1— California, valley of the Sacramento and adjacent
foothills of the Sierra Nevada; first coll. by /’rémont.
+. + Petals quarter inch long or less, obovate, soon deciduous: seeds with reticulate
surface.
E. minutifio6ra, Watson. Glabrous, leafy-stemmed and branching, a span to a foot high:
leaves thickish, small: peduncles mostly shorter than the slender (inch or two long) capsule :
petals a line or two long, broadly obovate.— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122; Brew. & Wats.
l. c.; Greene, l. ec. EF. Californica, var. hypecoides, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 14, excl. syn.
E. modesta, Greene, Pittonia, i. 169.—N. Nevada, 8. Utah to W. Arizona and southern
borders of California; first coll. by Newberry in Arizona, by Watson in Nevada.
E. rhombipétala, Greene. Sparsely scabro-hispidulous below or glabrate, depressed-
spreading, very leafy at base, a span or two high: peduncles stout, subscapose, hardly
exceeding the tufted leaves, mostly longer than the large 2 or 3 inch long capsules : petals
rhombic-obovate, a quarter inch long, fugacious. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 71. — Valley of
the San Joaquin and Sacramento, Mrs. Curran.
Recently published species of doubtful affinity.
E.* Lemmoni, Greens. “ Annual, 6 to 12 inches high, with numerous ascending branches
leafy below, hoary pubescent throughout, even to the capsules, with short spreading white
hairs; leaves with elongated petioles; peduncles stoutish, quadrangular, the earliest scapi-
form; torus urceolate, 3-4 lines long, nearly glabrous, constricted just below the narrow,
erect hyaline border; calyptra ovate, long acuminate, very conspicuously hairy; petals
orange-color, nearly or quite an inch long.” — West Am. Sci. iii. 157; Fl. Francis. 287.—
“Fields near Cholame, San Luis Obispo Co., Mr. §- Mrs. Lemmon.” 'The character quoted
from the original description.
OrpER IX. FUMARIACE#.
By A. Gray.
Nearest Papaveracee, now more commonly combined with that order; but
always with bland watery juice, and irregular dimerous flowers with definite (6)
diadelphous stamens in a more or less closed corolla. Leaves compound, usually
much dissected, tender, alternate. Sepals 2, small and scale-like. Petais 4 in
two pairs ; outer (lateral ones) with spreading tips, one or both spurred or saccate
at base: inner pair narrower, with callous-crested tips cohering over the enclosed
1 Add syn. 2. ewspitosa, Greene, Fl. Francis. 287, not Benth.
as
Dicentra. FUMARIACE#. 93
stigma, which is flattened contrary to and has lobes alternate with the placente.
Stamens two sets of three each, the phalanxes opposite the outer and larger petals :
middle anther of each 2-celled, lateral ones 1-celled. Ovary 1-celled with two
parietal several-ovuled placentz ; in fruit usually a‘siliquiform capsule, with the
two valves falling away from the nerviform placentze, as in most of the Papave-
raceé. Stigma often 2-horned or 2-lobed on each side alternate with the placente.
Ovules amphitropous or anatropous. Seeds with minute embryo in fleshy albu-
men. Jumaria has a one-ovuled ovary, becoming an indehiscent nuculaceous
fruit.
* Corolla bigibbous or two-spurred; the two outer and larger (lateral) petals similar:
capsule siliquiform, several-seeded.
1. ADLUMIA. Petals permanently united into a subcordate spongy-cellular or marcescent-
persistent corolla, enclosing the slender ripe capsule. Stamens high-monadelphous, at
summit diadelphous. Seeds crestless.
2. DICENTRA. Petals less or slightly united into a 2-spurred or merely 2-gibbous necta-
riferous corolla. Stamens diadelphous; the filaments of each phalanx partly or lightly
cohering, at least about the middle, or distinct. Seeds mostly crested. Pedicels 2-bracteolate.
* * Corolla with only one of the outer petals spurred or gibbous and nectariferous, by
torsion becoming posterior, all erect and convenient up to the shut tips of the outer. A
nectariferous spur-like process from the base of the filaments on that side projects into
the petal-spur.
3. CORYDALIS, Capsule few-many-seeded. Seeds with a concave arilliform crest.
Style mostly persistent. Corolla deciduous.
FUMARIA. Flower of Corydalis on a small scale. Style deciduous. Ovary uni-ovulate.
Fruit a one-seeded nutlet. Old World genus.
F. orricinAuis, L, A widely branched low annual, with finely dissected foliage, and dense
racemes of small flesh-colored flowers with dark crimson tips, —a weed in and about gardens
and on dunghills, — can hardly be said to be naturalized in this country.
1. ADLUMIA, Raf. (Major John Adlum, a cultivator at Washington in
the early part of the century.) — Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 352, & in Desv. Jour.
Bot. ii. 169 (1809) ; DC. Syst. ii. 111. — Single species.
A, cirrhosa, Rar. 1. c. Glaucous biennial or annual, glabrous branching, leafy, climbing
over shrubs by means of the tendril-like petiolules: leaves 3-pinnate, usually quinately
divided ; leaflets small, obovate or cuneate, mostly 3-5-lobed : flowers numerous in loose and
axillary cymose panicles: corolla white with tinge of flesh-color, in age becoming dull
colored and scarious: stigma 4-lobed; seeds 8 to 12, black and shining. — Darlingt. FI.
Cestr. 399; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 189; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 68; Gray, Gen. IIl. i. 122,
t. 51; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, 67, t. 13.1 Fumaria fungosa, Ait. Kew. iii. 1.
F’. recta, Michx. Fl. ii. 51. Bicuculla fumarioides, Borkh. in Reem. Archiv. i. pt. 2,46. Cap-
noides scandens, Meench, Meth. Suppl. 215. Corydalis fungosa, Vent. Choix Cels, t. 19. —
Low and shaded grounds, New Brunswick to Lake Superior and mountains of N. Carolina;
fl. summer.
2. DICENTRA, Borkh., Bernh. (Ais, xevrpov, two-spurred : but name is
printed Diclytra, from dis and xAvtpov, said to mean ‘ with two spurs,”
there is no such word.) — Perennial and glabrous herbs; with variously com-
pound leaves, none climbing except the peculiar Himalayan section ? Dactylo-
capnos ; the genuine species all E. Asian and the following. —Bernh. Linnza,
vill. 457, 468; Endl. Gen. 859; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 119, t. 50. Diclytra & Cap-
while
1 Add syn. A. fungosa, Greene, in Torr. Club, Prelim. Cat. N, Y, 3.
94 FUMARIACEZ, Dicentra.
norchis, Borkh. 1. c. Dielytra, DC. Syst. ii. 107. ~ Dielytra, Hook. F). Bor-Am.
i. 35. Capnorchis (Boerh.), Planch. Fl. Serres, viii. 828. Biewcullata, Juss.
Jide L. Gen. ed. 6, no, 849." (Much would have been saved if Bernhardi had
taken the name Capnorchis.)
§ 1. CucurtLaria. Acaulescent and scapose: corolla white or tipped with
cream-color or flesh-color, flattened: a gland or gibbosity at base of middle fila-
ments, the more conspicuous as the nectariferous petals are more saccate: seeds
crested. — Capnorchis, Boerh. Ind. Alt. Pl. Hart. Lugd.-Bat. 809, not Borkh.
Bicucullata or Cucullaria, Juss.
* Inflorescence simple and racemiform, several—one-flowered, the uppermost flower earliest:
petioles and scapes a span high: leaves ternately decompound, the lobes linear or nearly
so. — Dicentra, Bernh. Linnea, viii. 468.
D. renurrouia, DC. (that is, Dielytra tenuifolia & D. lachenalieflora, DC. Syst. ii. 110,
Corydalis tenuifolia, Pursh), described from Pallas’s specimens, belongs to the Asiatic coast and
is not known on the American side: It is distinguished by its fibrous roots from a small root-
stock, very much and finely dissected leaves, the divisions very narrow, acute, and crowded,
1-5-flowered scape, corolla nearly an inch long, the narrow upper half of the outer petals
recurving.
D. paucifi6ra, Warson. A span or more high from thickish-filiform and fleshy creeping
and branching rootstocks which bear small granular bulblets: leaves small, 2-3-ternate and
the divisions laciniately subpinnatifid into lanceolate- or spatulate-linear lobes: scape bearing
2 or 3 or sometimes solitary nodding flowers: corolla almost inch long, white or slightly
flesh-colored, withering-persistent ; outer petals with saccate spur and linear-oblong recurving
tip considerably shorter than the body ; inner with ligulate claw abruptly contracted at apex
into a short stalk, which abruptly dilates into the elongated ligulate-spatulate lamina: style
elongated. — Bot. Calif. ii, 429. — N. California, near snow on Scott Mountains, in summer,
Greene; also, at less elevation, near Castle Lake, Lemmon.?
D. uniflora, Ketitoce. Smaller, 2 to 4 inches high, from a fascicle of narrow-fusiform
and perpendicular fleshy tubers: leaves less compound and lobes more spatulate: scape
1-2-flowered : flower seemingly erect, half inch long ; outer petals merely gibbous-saccate at
base, their spatulate-linear recurving tips very much longer than the body; inner with
lamina dilated and hastate at base directly from the oblong-linear claw: style short. — Proce.
Calif. Acad. Sci. iv. 141,.with fig.; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 24; Coulter, Man. Rocky
Mt. Reg. 14. —Sierra Nevada, California, near Cisco and Sierra Valley, Kellogy, Lemmon ;
high mountains of Wyoming and Utah, Coulter, Chadbourne, &c.; Mt. Adams, Washing-
ton, Suksdorf.
D. Canadénsis, DC. (Squrrret-corn.) A span or two high, from filiform creeping
rootstocks bearing clusters of golden yellow fleshy grains about the size of those of Indian
corn (each the thickened base of a petiole or in place of it): leaves usually once or twice
ternately and then quinately compound, then pinnately parted into linear divisions: scape
bearing few or several nodding fragrant flowers: corolla pearl-white or tinged with rose,
tardily deciduous, at most inch long, cordate in outline (the saccate bases short and round-
ish), outer petals connivent up to the short ovate-saccate spreading tips; inner conspicu-
ously wing-crested on the back at summit.— Prodr. i. 126 (Diclytra) ; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3031 (Dielytra); Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 67 (Dielytra); Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 120, t. 50.
D. eximia, Beck, Bot. 23 (Diclytra). D. eximia, var., Hook. F). Bor.-Am. i. 35 (Dielytra) ;
Darlingt. Fl. Cest. 399 (Dielytra). Corydalis formosa, Pursh, FI. ii. 462, partly. C. Cana-
densis, Goldie, Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi. 330; Thomas, Am. Jour. Sci. xxvi. 114, with plate. —
Woods in vegetable mould, Nova Scotia to Michigan, Pennsylvania, and Kentucky, but
chiefly northward ; fl. spring.
1 Add syn. Capnorchis & Capnodes, Greene, Fl. Francis. 278, 280. ~
2 Reported by Coville (Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 60) from near Mineral King, Tulare Co.,
Calif., which greatly extends the range of the species.
8 Add syn. Bicuculla Canadensis, Millsp. Fl. W. Va. 327.
Dicentra. | -FUMARIACES. 95
D. Cuculldria, DC. (Durcumay’s Breecues.) Rather larger, with similar foliage:
tuberous-thickened subterranean leaf-bases angular, white or reddish, collected to form a
kind of scaly fleshy bulb: scape bearing several nodding flowers (in Oregon sometimes
paniculate): corolla deciduous in fruiting, white with yellowish tips, divergently 2-spurred
at base, the spurs as long as the body and longer than the pedicel; crest of inner petals
small, semioval, bladdery. — Syst. ii. 108 (Diclytra) ; Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i. 35 (Déielytra) ;
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 66 (Dielytra); Lemaire, Ill. Hort. vi. t. 215 (Dielytra). Diclytra
Canadensis, Borkh. 1. c. 46. Bicucullata (Canadensis), Juss. Act. Par. 1733, cited as Cucul-
laria, Juss. by L.; whence Fumaria Cucullaria, L. Spec. ii. 699; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1127.
F, pallida, Salisb. Prodr. 377. Corydalis Cucullaria, Pers. Syn. ii. 269. Cucularia bulbosa,
Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 352, & in Desv. Jour. Bot. ii. 169 (1809)! (Diclytra bracteosa, DC.
Syst. ii. 109, would seem to be a monstrosity of this species, probably from Canada.) —
Woods in vegetable mould, Nova Scotia to L. Huron, south to N. Carolina in the mountains
and Missouri, and northwest to Idaho and Oregon? (where occurs an obscure form with
much shorter and rounded spurs) ; fl. spring.
* * Inflorescence thyrsoid, subulate-bracteate, flowering for a long time, and the usually
‘rose-purple or flesh-colored cordate corolla withering-persistent around the fruit: tips of
the inner petals rather conspicuously crested on the back: glands of the filaments obso-
lete (stigma with a double pair of lobes in both species): plants about a foot high from
rather stout and fleshy branching and spreading rootstalks: leaves once or twice ter-
nately compound and then qninately or pinnately dissected intv rather coarse oblong and
incised divisions, usually green above, glaucescent beneath.— Hucapnos, Bernh. Linnza,
vill. 468.
D. formosa, DC. Corolla cordate, and with very short neck under the short and ovate-
cymbiform spreading tips of the outer petals; crests of inner petals little surpassing their
tips; all the petals united up to above the middle.— Syst. ii. 109 (Diclytra), excl. syn.
Pursh and eastern habitat; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 665 (Dielytra) ; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif.
i. 24, ii. 429. Dielytra saccata, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, l.c, 67. D. eximia, Hook. FI. Bor.-
Am. i. 35, excl. var. Fumaria formosa, Andr. Bot. Rep. vi. t. 393 (flowers poorly repre-
sented); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1335. Corydalis formosa, Spreng. Syst. iii. 162. . Hucapnos
formosa, Bernh. 1. c. — In woods, Brit. Columbia to the middle of California ; first coll. by
Menzies. Occasionally with yellowish flowers as in coll. Rattan.
D. eximia, DC. 1. ¢. (Diclytra). Corolla tapering from the cordate base into a longer and
narrower neck, early separating to much below the middle; lax tips of the outer petals
longer and acuminate ; of the inner surpassed by the prolonged apex of the crest. — Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 665 (Dielytrd); Gray, Man. 29. Fumaria eximia, Ker, Bot. Reg. t. 50.
F, formosa, Poir. Suppl. v. 684. Corydalis formosa, Pursh, Fl. ii. 462, excl. syn. & var.;
Thomas, Am. Jour. Sci. xxvi. 114, with plate. Hucapnos eximius, Bernh. 1. c.2 — Wooded
banks, W. New York (station not now known), to the mountains of Virginia, N. Carolina,
_ and Tennessee ; perhaps first coll. by Lyon.
§ 2. Curysocapnos, Torr. Caulescent and branching stout-rooted peren-
nials: inflorescence compound, thyrsoid-paniculate: corolla yellow, subterete,
deciduous ; outer petals barely gibbous at base, hardly larger than the inner:
stamens high-diadelphous: slender persistent style at dehiscence of the capsule
usually fissile up to the stigma’ into four portions, two answering to the valves
and two to the placentz : seeds crestless, the coat dull and rough.
D. chrysantha, Hoox. & Ary. Pale and glaucous: stem stout, erect, 2 to 5 feet high:
leaves twice or thrice pinnate, and the more or less confluent divisions pinnately 3-5-cleft or
incised: thyrsus elongated, many-flowered: flowers erect, half to three fourths inch long,
golden yellow ; outer petals soon spreading or recurving to below the middle, mucronate
beyond the small saccate tip; inner dorsally crested with a long and wide undulate or
crisped wing. — Bot. Beech. 320, t. 73 (Dielytra) ; Torr. & Gray, Fl.i.665 (Dielytra); Torr.
1 Add syn. Bicuculla Cucullaria, Millsp. 1. c. 2 Washington, Suksdorf.
3 Add syn. Bicuculla eximia, Millsp, 1. ec.
96 FUMARIACEX. Dicentra.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 32; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 24. Capnorchis chrysantha, Planchon,
Fl. Serres, viii. 193, t. 820. — Dry hills, California, from Lake Co. to San Diego and farther,
first coll. by Douglas; fl. summer.
D. ochroletica, Excetm. Flowers an inch long, ochroleucous ; only the tips of the outer
petals spreading ; the inner with purple tips and still larger winged crests: otherwise like
the preceding, of which it may be a form. — Bot. Gaz. vi. 223.— Valleys of the Santa
Monica Mountains near Los Angeles, California, Engelmann ; sandy washes, Temescal, San
Bernardino Co., Lyon.
3. CORYDALIS, Vent. (Kopvdadndis, Latin Oorydalus, ancient name of
the crested lark.) — Herbs of wide range and various habit; none of ours at all
cirrhose and climbing. — Vent. Choix Cels, 19; DC. Fl. Fr. ed. 3, iv. 636, &
Syst. ii. 113; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 55, excl. Cysticapnos (which is original
Corydalis, Dill.), &c.
§ 1. Perennial and simple-stemmed from a tuber. — Bulbocapnos, Bernh.
C. pauciflora, Pers. A span high, from a simple or double oblong tuber, 1-3-leaved below :
leaves 1-2-ternately divided or parted; divisions obovate or spatulate, mostly entire ; raceme
capituliform, 2-7-flowered, leafy bracteate: corolla three fourths inch long, long-spurred,
purple. — Syn. ii. 269; Deless. Ic. Sel. ii. t. 9; Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i. 37; Torr. & Gray, FI.
i. 70; Ledeb. Ic. t. 450. Kumaria pauciflora, Steph. in Willd. Spec. iii. 861. — N. Alaska
and Islands. (EK. Siberia to Caucasus. )
C. ampfeua, Cham. & Schlecht., comes as near as Arakamtchem Island, on the Asiatic side
of Bering Strait, Wright.
§ 2. Perennial, from thickened roots, branching, with ample 2-3-pinnate.
leaves and many-flowered racemes: stigma with 6 lobes or processes, one pair
terminal, one medial, and one basal: capsules oval or oblong, rather few-seeded.
Western.
* Flowers rose-colored: root tuberous-thickened : stem squamose at base, leafless for con-
siderable height, then few- and large-leaved. (Here the Siberian C. pwoniefolia, Pers.,
& C. gigantea, Trautv. & Meyer.)
C. Scotileri, Hoox. Stem a foot to a yard high, 1-3-leaved above: larger leaves thrice
pinnate, then pinnately parted into oblong obtuse divisions of an inch or two in length,
glaucous beneath: corolla fully inch long, cylindrical spur thrice the length of the body. —
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 36, t. 14. C. Scouleri & C. macrophylla (Nutt.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 69. —
Woods of Columbia River near the coast, Scouler, Cooper, &c.
* * Flowers cream-color or white, mostly with bluish tips: stems erect from strong peren-
nial roots, 2 to 5 feet high, leafy throughout, glaucescent: leaflets oval or oblong, half
inch to inch long, mucronate: racemes terminal, dense: corolla inch or less long; the
nearly straight spur fully twice the length of the rest of the flower: species or forms,
probably all to be reunited.
C. Casedna, Gray. Stem rather lax and succulent: hood of the outer petals concave, with
spreading margins, pointless or short-pointed, and bearing a rather broad and apically pro-
jecting dorsal crest: mature fruit unknown, the forming capsules barely half inch long,
elliptical, obtuse. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 69; Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 429. C. Bidwelliw, Wats.
1. c. — In water or on very wet banks, Sierra Nevada, California, from Truckee River to the
Big Spring district in Plumas Co., Bolander, E. L. Case, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin, Mrs. Bidwell,
Parry.
C. Cusickii, Warson, 1. c.430. Raceme more bracteate : flowers white or purplish, with tips
of inner petals violet; hood of outer petals emarginate by the development of broad thin
margins which are recurved over the narrow and undulate dorsal crest: capsule oblong,
turgid, half inch long, “elastically dehiscent from the apex downward, forcibly projecting
the seeds” (Cusick); seeds nearly smooth with a conspicuous orbicular carunculate crest. —
1 Near Cholame, San Luis Obispo Co., Lemmon; San Rafael Mts., Ford.
*
Corydalis. FUMARIACE®. 9”
Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 14.— Blue Mountains and Eagle Creek Range, along alpine
watercourses, Cusick, 1877; W. Idaho, on the ridge aboye Clearwater, Watson, 1880.
Largest leaves 3 feet long.
C. Brandegéi, Watson, l.c. Stems 2 to 5 feet high: dorsal crest of the hoods obsolete
and rounded summit not emarginate, but margins recurved : capsules short-oval to oblong,
obtuse, reflexed on the ascending pedicels: seeds with a small arilliform crest. — Coulter,
1. c. — Mountains of S. W. Colorado, Brandegee, 1874, Lieut. McCauley, 1877; Utah, in the
Wasatch Mountains, at about 10,000 feet, on rather dry banks, M. E. Jones, 1879, Hooker &
Gray, 1887.
§ 3. Annuals or (chiefly) biennials, mostly branched from the base, with finely
dissected leaves and siliquiform capsule.
* Stem strict: flowers purple or rose-colored with yellow tips.
C. glatica, Pursn. A foot or two high, except in depauperate specimens, very glaucous :
lobes of the leaves mostly spatulate : racemes short, panicled at the naked summit of the
branches: flowers barely half inch long: spur short and rounded: capsule slender and
linear ; seeds minutely rugulose transversely. — FI. ii. 463 ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 37; Torr.
& Gray, F1.i.69. Fumaria sempervirens, L. Spec. ii. 700, but in no way evergreen. F’. glauca,
Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 179. Capnoides sempervirens, Borkh. in Roem. 1. ¢. 44. Corydalis sem-
pervirens, Pers. Syn. ii. 269. — Rocky or sterile ground, Nova Scotia to the northern Rocky
Mountains (and even to Brit. Columbia and Arctic Coast), south to Texas; fl. summer.
* * Low, ascending or diffuse: flowers yellow : apparently all biennials or winter-annuals ;
but a common western one seemingly more enduring.?
+— Hood or sac of the outer petals at most carinate but not wing-crested upon the back.
C. atrea, Witip, Commonly low and spreading: flowers golden yellow, about half inch
long, on rather slender pedicels in a short raceme ; spur barely half the length of the body,
somewhat decurved: capsules spreading or pendulous, about inch long, terete, torulose
when dry, 10-12-seeded: seeds turgid, obtuse at margin, the shining surface obscurely re-
ticulated. — Enum. 740; DC. Syst. ii. 125, partly; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 37; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 68, mainly; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 124, t. 52, & Man. 29. C. aurea, var. micrantha, Wats.
Bot. King Exp. 14. C. aurea, var. macrantha, Wood, Bot. & Fl. 34. Fumaria aurea, Ker,
Bot. Reg. t. 66.2 — Rocky banks, Lower Canada and N. New England, northwestward to lat.
64°, west to Brit. Columbia and Oregon, south to Texas, Arizona. (Adj. Mex., but not
Japan.) Western forms with spur almost as long as the body of ‘the corolla and passing
into
Var. occidentalis, Excerm. More erect and cespitose, from a stouter and some-
times more enduring root: flowers rather larger and spur (almost as long as the body)
commonly ascending: capsules thicker, less torulose, sometimes minutely pruinose, mostly
incurved-ascending on short spreading pedicels : seeds less turgid and acutish at the margins.
— Engelm. in Gray (PI. Fendl. 6), Man. ed. 5, 62. C. montana, Engelm. 1. ¢.; Wood, Bot.
& Fl. 34.3 — Colorado, New Mexico, W. Texas, Arizona. (Adj. Mex.) The typical form
of this (well represented by Pringle’s 198 from Chihuahua, and the plant about El Paso) by
itself seems quite specifically distinct, and nearly approaches the next species.
C. curvisiliqua, Encrrm. Commonly robust, ascending or erect, a foot or less high:
flowers golden yellow, over half inch long, in a spiciform raceme ; spur equalling the body
in length, commonly ascending: capsules rather stout, quadrangular, inch and a half long,
2 lines thick, incurved-ascending or straightish on very short and thickish diverging pedicels :
seeds turgid-lenticular with acute margins, the surface thickly and minutely muriculate. —
Engelm. in Gray, Man.- ed. 5, 62. ©. aurea, var. curvisiliqua, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad.
1863, 57 (but the plant of Hall & Harbour is rather C. aurea, var. occidentalis). C. aurea,
var., Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 10.4— Woods and thickets, New Braunfels, &c., Texas, Lindheimer.
+— + A conspicuous wing-like crest on the back of the hood or sac of the outer petals (not
developed in cleistogamous flowers).
1 For Dr. Gray’s preliminary treatment of this difficult group, see Bot. Gaz. xi. 188, 189.
2 Add syn. Capnoides aureum, Kuntze, acc. to Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 165.
8 Add syn. Capnoides montanum, Britton, 1. c. 166.
4 Add syn. Capnoides curvisiliquum, Kuntze, ace. to Britton, 1. ¢.
7
98 FUMARIACEZ. Corydalis.
C. crystallina, Encrim. Ascending or nearly erect, a foot or less high: flowers bright
yellow, about two thirds inch long, in a rather close or strict spike; spur mostly horizontal,
nearly as long as the body; dorsal crest shorter than the hood but very broad and salient,
usually 3-4-dentate: capsules linear-oblong, terete, half or three fourths inch long, erect on
extremely short pedicels, densely pruinose with (when fresh) transparent crystalline vesicles
(as in the Ice-plant): seeds with acute margins, the coat minutely tubercular-reticulated.
— Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 62. C. aurea, var. crystallina, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 665.1 —
Prairies and fields, Arkansas and S. W. Missouri; first coll. by Nuttall.
C. flavula, DC. Slender, soon diffuse, branching: flowers usually pale yellow (rarely
“bright” or eyen “deep” yellow) a fourth or third inch long, slender-pedicelled and con-
spicuously bracted; spur short and decurved; outer petals surpassing the inner, acute or
acuminate; dorsal crest very salient and 3-4-dentate: capsules linear and slender, torulose,
pendulous or spreading on filiform pedicels: seeds comparatively large, acutely wing-
margined, toward the margins rugose-reticulated. — Prodr. i. 129; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 61.
C. aurea, var. flavula, Wood, Bot. & Fl. 34. C. flavidula, Chapm. FI. ed. 2, 604. Fumaria
flavuia, Raf. in Desy. Jour. Bot. i. 224 (1808).2 — Rocky or’ gravelly places, Canada, on shore
of L. Erie, to Virginia, Tennessee, Missouri, and Louisiana.
C. micrantha, Gray. Slender and diffuse, a span or two high, with habit of C. flavula, but
with smaller bracts and short pedicels: flowers pale yellow; when well developed fully a
third inch long, narrow, with spur a line or two long, and a lunate mostly entire crest on
the back of the mucronate-tipped hoods; often producing only cleistogamous and smaller
flowers, destitute of spur and with or without the crest: capsules linear, torulose, ascending
on short pedicels: seeds turgid and obtuse at margins, as in true C. aurea. — Bot. Gaz. xi.
189. C. aurea, var. micrantha, Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 62. C. aurea, var. australis,
Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 604.3— Waste or open ground, coast of N. Carolina, Havard, to Florida,
Texas, and Missouri.4 Dr. Havard only has yet collected specimens showing both the
ordinary flowers and some cleistogamous and spurless ones.
OrpDER X. CRUCIFERZ.
The genera Draba, Lesquerella, Nasturtium, Dryopetalon, Platyspermum, Selenia, Parrya,
Leavenworthia, Dentaria, Cardamine, Arabis, and Streptanthus by S. Watson ; the remaining
genera, together with the ordinal character and generic key, by B. L. Ropinson.
Herbaceous or rarely suffruticose plants with a watery juice. Flowers perfect,
regular,’ racemose, spicate, or somewhat corymbose, and (with rare exceptions)
ebracteate. Sepals 4, usually oblong, often colored, erect and appressed to
the corolla or spreading during anthesis; the outer pair median; the inner
pair lateral, similar or more saccate at the base. Petals 4 (rarely wanting),
hypogynous, in a single whorl, equal, alternating with the sepals, more or less
distinctly unguiculate, entire, infrequently bifid or very rarely toothed or lobed,
yellow, white, roseate, or purple. Stamens normally 6 (rarely 4 or 2), hy-
pogynous, of unequal length (didynamous); the two outer ones lateral, shorter
than the others, opposite the inner sepals; the remaining four (arising by
collateral chorisis of an original median inner pair) longer, nearly opposite the
1 Add syn. Capnoides crystaliinum, Kuntze, 1. ¢.
2 Add syn. Capnoides flavulum, Kuntze, 1. ¢.
* 8 Add syn. Capnoides micranthum, Britton, 1. c.
4 Said by Patterson (PI. Ill. 3) and Hill (Bull. Torr. Cl. xvii. 172) to grow throughout Illinois;
also reported from Minnesota by MacMillan, Metasp. Minn. Val. 255. Specimens from these States
have not been seen by the editor.
5 Except sometimes in Streptanthus.
CRUCIFERZ. : 99
petals; filaments sometimes dilated or toothed below; anthers 2(—1)-celled,
longitudinally dehiscent, commonly innate, entire or sagittate at the base, rarely
contorted or spirally coiled. Honey glands always present upon the receptacle,
distinct or more or less confluent in lateral pairs flanking the shorter stamens,
or less frequently also between the bases of the longer pairs of stamens. Carpels
2, lateral, united; ovary superior, 2-celled (rarely unicellular, or by the intrusion
of false transverse partitions several-celled in Raphanus) ; cells collateral or in
one tribe (Cakiline@) superposed, 1—many-seeded; placenta parietal or rarely
basal; style simple, elongated, short, or undeveloped, often persistent; stigma
terminal, regular and circular in outline or more or less distinctly 2-lobed; the
lobes being either lateral or median: ovules horizontal or pendulous or rarely
(when solitary in indehiscent cells) erect, campylotropous or amphitropous. Fruit
capsular, 2-valved, or rarely indehiscent, either elongated (silique) or relatively
short and broad (silicel), terete, prismatic, or more or less strongly compressed,
either laterally and parallel to or obcompressed contrary to the partition, some-
times inflated or wing-margined; seeds exalbuminous; the outer coat often
becoming mucilaginous when moistened; embryo with rare exceptions curved ;
cotyledons flat, entire or rarely lobed, lying either with the surface against the
mostly ascending radicle (incumbent, in cross-section thus, d])), or with one
edge toward the radicle (accumbent, in cross-section thus, o@ ), or less frequently
longitudinally plicate and partially enveloping the radicle (conduplicate, in
cross-section thus, g>)), or finally (in certain foreign genera) spirally coiled. —
A large order, represented in almost every part of the earth, but preferring tem-
perate and subarctic regions. Plants of considerable constancy of floral character
but with much variability in fruit, economically important as furnishing a number
of vegetables (cabbage, turnip, cauliflower, Brussels-sprouts, radish, &c.), salad
plants (water-cress, garden-cress), and condiments (mustard, horse-radish).
TripeE I. ALYSSINEZ. Fruit short, orbicular, elliptical, or short-oblong, rarely
more elongated, lanceolate or linear (some species of Draba), always more or less
compressed parallel to the partition, 2-celled, dehiscent, 2-many-seeded, or rarely
(in Athysanus and certain species of Draba) indehiscent or nearly so, or through the
obliteration of the partition 1-celled, l-seeded (Athysanus). Valves flat or moder-
ately convex. Cotyledons accumbent, very rarely (in Draba) incumbent. Pubes-
cence altogether or in great part branched, only in the genus Thysanocarpus quite
simple.
* Fruit oblong, elliptic or lanceolate, rarely linear, 2-celled, dehiscent (sometimes very
tardily so), 2-several-seeded: stamens unappendaged.
1. DRABA. Sepals short and broad, obtuse, equal at the base. Petals commonly obovate,
entire or rather deeply bifid. Style short or slender and somewhat elongated ; stigma simple
or very slightly lobed. Septum thin, membranaceous. Seeds biseriate, neither margined
nor winged. Cotyledons accumbent or rarely incumbent. Pubescence branched.
* * Fruit orbicular, indehiscent, 1-celled, 1-seeded.
2. ATHYSANUS. Flowers minute. Sepals ovate, rounded, equal at the base, spreading.
Petals minute, linear, or wanting. Stamens 6, subequal; filaments slender; anthers short
Stigma small, sessile. Ovules 3 or 4, only one maturing. Fruit wingless. Pubescence
branched; the hairs on the fruit usually uncinate.
100 CRUCIFERZ.
3. THYSANOCARPUS. Flowers small. Sepals ovate, rounded, spreading. Petals spat-
ulate. Stamens asin the last. Style slender, short or rarely absent; stigma simple.
Ovule solitary. Fruit winged. Pubescence simple or none.
%* * * Fruit orbicular or nearly so, 2-celled, dehiscent, 2-several-seeded: filaments often
dilated and toothed or appendaged near the base.
4. BERTEROA. Sepals oblong, ronnded at the apex. Petals obovate, bifid, cuneate
below. Stamens 6; filaments somewhat appendaged upon the inner surface near the base.
Style slender, rather long. Stigma essentially simple. Pods flat, often tomentose. Seeds
several in each cell, winged or margined. Pubescence stellate, not appressed.
5. LOBULARIA. Sepals short, ovate, spreading in anthesis. Petals obovate, cuneate,
entire. Stamens 6; filaments slender, rarely dilated below, not toothed. Silicel small;
valves flat or slightly convex. Style slender; stigma subsimple. Cells few-seeded. Hairs
2-parted and appressed. .
6. ALYSSUM. Sepals short, ovate or oblong, more or less spreading. Petals obovate,
cuneate to spatulate or linear, entire or slightly retuse at the summit. Stamens 6; fila-
ments commonly more or less dilated at the base and toothed. Capsule with valves convex.
Pubescence densely stellate.
Trise II]. PHYSARIEZ. Fruit a silicel, 2-celled, completely dehiscent, either very
turgid with broad partition and almost hemispherical valves, or didymous, or
strongly obcompressed with narrow partition and conduplicate. Cotyledons
accumbent. Pubescence stellate.
* Silicel subglobose; partition broad, suborbicular.
LESQUERELLA. Sepals oblong or elliptical, rather short, equal at base, erect or
spreading, usually pubescent. Petals longer, spatulate to oblong-obovate, entire. Stamens
6; anthers linear, sagittate ; filaments rarely dilated or winged at the base. Style slender;
stigma entire or nearly so. Pods mostly very turgid; cells 2-16-seeded; septum nerved
from the top to the middle. Seeds rarely margined.
=
% ¥* Silicel didymous or obcompressed ; partition narrow, elliptical, oblong or linear.
+ Seeds several to many.
8. PHYSARIA. Floral envelopes and andreecium of the preceding. Style slender. Fruit
more or less strongly didymous and inflated or sometimes rather strongly obcompressed, but
the cells at least somewhat turgid at maturity.
9. SYNTHLIPSIS. Sepals oblong, spreading in anthesis. Petals longer; blade flat, obo-
vate; claw rather short. Stamens 6, unappendaged. Style slender; stigma simple.
Capsule elliptic-oblong, very strongly obcompressed ; valves sharply carinate, not auriculate
or wing-appendaged. Seeds about 10 in each cell, neither margined nor winged.
10. LYROCARPA. Sepals linear or linear-oblong, acute or acutish, erect, equal at base.
Petals long, linear to obovate, sometimes twisted. Stamens six, free, unappendaged. Style
short or none; stigma rather large, entire or somewhat lobed; the lobes lying over the
valves. Capsule very strongly obcompressed, oblong and biauriculate at the apex, or short,
broad and obcordate. Septum narrow, linear.
+ + Seeds solitary in each cell.
11. DITHYREA. Sepals ovate or oblong, erect or spreading, pubescent. Petals conspicu-
ous, broadly spatulate, with spreading blades and slender claws. Stamens 6, free and
unappendaged ; anthers linear, sagittate. Pods very strongly obcompressed and didymous ;
cells suborbicular; septum very narrow and shorter than the cells. Style almost none ;
stigma rather large, somewhat ovate, simple.
Tripe II]. LEPIDINEZ. Fruit a 2-celled silicel, strongly obcompressed (except in
the aquatic genus Subularia). Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent. Pubescence
wholly simple or none.
* Fruit strongly obcompressed, dehiscent; cells 2-several-seeded; cotyledons accumbent :
terrestrial and glabrous.
- shal»
CRUCIFERZ. 101
12. THLASPI. Sepals short, oval, obtuse, thin-margined, erect or slightly spreading.
Petals obovate or oblanceolate, entire. Stamens free, unappendaged; anthers short, oval.
Style slender or sometimes none; stigma small, entire or slightly emarginate. Capsule
orbicular, elliptic-oblong, or oblanceolate; the valves very strongly and usually sharply
keeled, often winged especially toward the apex.
* * Fruit strongly obcompressed or didymous; cells usually 1-seeded; cotyledons incum-
bent (except in Lepidium Virginicum) : terrestrial.
13. LEPIDIUM. Sepals short, ovate or elliptic-oblong, obtuse, equal at base, more or less
spreading. Petals obovate or oblanceolate-spatulate, entire, rounded at the apex, sometimes
abortive or none. Stamens free, unappendaged, all six present or by abortion the smaller
ones absent, or through further simplification only two stamens present, each representing
one of the longer pairs. Style slender and more or less elongated or stigma sessile.
Capsule orbicular, ovate, or elliptic-oblong, often notched at the apex, regularly dehiscent ;
valves very strongly compressed and sharply keeled, often wing-appendaged especially
toward the apex, not thickened nor sculptured. Ovules pendulous from near the apex of
the cells.
14. SENEBIERA. Sepals oval, equal at base, spreading, often fugacious. Petals obovate,
or more or less abortive, short, linear, or subulate. Stamens free and unappendaged, all
6 present or only 4 or 2 as in the preceding; anthers short, somewhat didymous. Stigma
sessile, nearly or quite simple. Fruit more or less distinctly didymous; the valves thickish,
often sculptured or tuberculated, falling off as 1-seeded closed or nearly closed nutlets.
Embryo folded morphologically above the base of the cotyledons.
* * * Fruit turgid, subglobose, pyriform or short fusiform, dehiscent, several-seeded ;
cotyledons incumbent: aquatic with subulate leaves.
15. SUBULARIA. Sepals ovate, equal, obtuse, spreading. Petals oblong or spatulate,
entire, without sharp distinction of blade and claw. Stamens 6, scarcely unequal, free and
unappendaged; anthers oval. Stigma sessile, slightly 2-lobed. Seeds few, 2-rowed in the
cells. Embryo folded morphologically above the radicle, the curvature being in the cotyle-
dons, not between them and the radicle nor in the latter.
TripE IV. CAMELINEZ. Fruit short, scarcely longer than broad, turgid or
obcompressed, orbicular-obovate or elliptic-oblong in outline. Cotyledons incum-
bent. Hairs some or all branched (absent in Capsella procumbens).
16.CAPSELLA. Sepals ovate or oblong, obtuse, thin-margined, spreading slightly or con-
siderably or even reflexed in anthesis, not saccate at base. Petals small, spatulate, equalling
or little exceeding the calyx. Stamens free and unappendaged. Style almost none. Fruit
capsular, 2-valved, many-seeded, more or less strongly obcompressed; septum linear to
elliptic-oblong, thin and nerveless or nearly so; valves carinate.
17. CAMELINA. Sepals short-oblong, obtuse, thin-margined, subequal at base, more or
less colored, often villous. Petals spatulate or obovate, unguiculate. Stamens 6, free and
unappendaged. Style slender; stigma simple. Capsule obovoid, 2-celled, many-seeded,
with a broad thin obovate persistent septum and somewhat firm strongly convex valves.
Seeds biseriate in the cells, wingless.
18. NESLIA. Sepals, petals, and stamens of the preceding. Style slender; stigma simple
or emarginate. Fruit globose or subglobose, indehiscent, 2-celled or more commonly,
through the obliteration of the fugacious septum, I-celled. Seeds 2, or more frequently by
abortion 1, neither winged nor margined.
Tripe V. CAKILINEZX. Fruit transversely 2-jointed; cells unequal, both 1-seeded
(in North American species) and indehiscent. The ovule in the upper cell erect,
in the lower pendulous.
19. CAKILE. Sepals short, erect or slightly spreading, oblong, obscurely saccate at base,
somewhat fleshy. Petals exserted. Stamens 6; filaments free and unappendaged. Style
none; stigma simple. Seeds oblong, turgid; cotyledons accumbent.
Trise VI. BRASSICEZ. Fruit elongated, terete or somewhat prismatic, often
torose, usually partially or wholly dehiscent by two valves, 2-celled with a longi-
102 CRUCIFERZ.
tudinal membranous or spongy dissepiment, less frequently unicellular or divided
transversely by spongy false partitions, thus becoming multicellular and indehis-
cent (Raphanus). Seeds uniseriate or biseriate ; cotyledons conduplicate. Petals
well developed. Pubescence, when present, usually hirsute. Hairs simple.
* Fruit stout, indehiscent, commonly more or less moniliform, unicellular or transversely
divided by several false partitions.
20. RAPHANUS. Sepals erect; the lateral somewhat saccate. Petals large, unguiculate,
white or pale yellow, less commonly purplish. Stamens 6, unappendaged. Fruit attenuate
to a slender or rather stout beak. Seeds globular, pendulous.
* * Fruit more slender, longitudinally 2-celled, and more or less completely dehiscent.
21. BRASSICA. Sepals erect or spreading, glabrous, equal at the base or one pair some-
what saccate. Petals large, unguiculate, light yellow or white, often with purple markings.
Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Pod terete or nearly so, tipped with a slender conical
or somewhat flattened empty or 1-seeded often indehiscent beak. Seeds globose, uniseriate
or rarely and indistinctly biseriate in the cells. :
22. DIPLOTAXIS. Sepals erect or spreading, often pilose. Petals and stamens of the
preceding. Capsules slender, subterete or angled, borne upon slender spreading pedicels ;
valves rather flat, l-nerved; beak conical, sometimes very short. Seeds ovoid or oblong,
distinctly biseriate in the cells.
TrisE VII. SISYMBRIEZ. Stigma when lobed elongated over the placentz (ex-
cept in Greggia). Fruit longitudinally 2-celled (very rarely 1-celled), from elliptic-
or lance-oblong to linear, always considerably longer than broad. Seeds numerous ;
cotyledons incumbent (very oblique or accumbent in some species of Erysimum).
A tribe of difficult limitation.
* Hairs of stem simple, stellately branched or none, not regularly bifid.
+ Stigma entire, or with short lobes spreading over the placentz.
++ Capsule 2-valved, terete, prismatic, or compressed parallel to the perfect or broad and
fenestrate septum.
= Leaves elliptical, sessile and clasping by a cordate base: pods long, of firm texture,
angled: stout glabrous annual with habit of a Brassica: introduced.
23. CONRINGIA. Sepals and petals rather long and narrow. Valves of the capsule
1-3-nerved. Style short; stigma quite simple or more or less distinctly 2-lobed. Seeds
l-rowed in the cells, oblong, thick, not margined. Leaves entire.
= = Leaves suborbicular or reniform, broadly cordate, petiolate, toothed: pubescence
simple or none: pods elongated, angled: introduced biennial with foliage of a Cardamine
and fruit suggesting that of Barbarea.
24. ALLIARIA. Sepals oval, obtuse, caducous. Petals obovate. Stamens 6, free and
unappendaged. Pod many-seeded, often torulose; valves keeled, more or less distinctly
3-nerved. Style short or none; stigma simple.
= = = Leaves various, not cordate, except in one or two species of Sisymbrium.
a. Septum of the capsule usually narrowly or broadly nerved, when nerveless having its
cells elongated longitudinally and usually rather thin-walled.
25. EUTREMA. Sepals short, ovate, rounded at apex, equal at base. Petals exserted,
entire, obovate, short-clawed. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged; anthers short, ovate.
Style short or almost none; stigma small, simple. Fruit oblong-lanceolate to linear, some-
what flattened parallel to the septum, narrowed at each end; valves 1-nerved and somewhat
keeled. Septum entire or very incomplete or almost wanting. Pubescence simple or none.
Leaves entire or nearly so.
26. SMELOWSKIA. Sepals oblong, subequal, somewhat spreading. Petals entire, obo-
vate or spatulate, exserted. Stamens 6, unappendaged ; anthers oblong, slightly sagittate at
base. Pods lanceolate to lance-oblong, more or less obcompressed ; valves sharply keeled.
Stigma sessile. Leaves deeply pinnatifid. Hairs in part or all branched.
CRUCIFER2. 103
27. SISYMBRIUM. Flowers usually small, and mostly yellow or yellowish. Sepals oblong
to linear, usually spreading in anthesis, equalling or exceeding the claws of the obovate or
spatulate petals. Stamens 6, free, unappendaged. Style short or none; stigma simple
or slightly bifid. Pods linear, short or long, nearly terete. Leaves from entire to bipin-
natifid or multifid. Pubescence hirsute with simple hairs, or stellate, or glandular, or none.
6. Septum nerveless or nearly so; its cells smaller, thicker-walled, elongated transversely :
boreal and arctic plants with hairs branched, and leaves (in American species) entire
or merely dentate.
28. BRAYA. Calyx, corolla, and andrecium of Hutrema. Style present but short; stigma
more or less distinctly 2-lobed. Fruit oblong to linear-oblong; valves flattish or convex,
faintly 1-nerved, not keeled.
++ ++ Capsule strongly obcompressed, at least the upper part, or anomalous and 4-valved !
29. TROPIDOCARPUM. Sepals ovate-oblong, spreading. Petals obovate, cuneate.
Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Style slender, sometimes short; stigma circular and
entire or slightly emarginate. Silique partially or completely 2-celled, with a very narrow
partition, or l-celled. Seeds 2-4-seriate. Pubescence chiefly simple, a few branched hairs
being mixed with the others.
+— + Stigma (anomalous in tribe) bifid with short lobes over the valves.
30. GREGGIA. Sepals oblong, spreading. Petals obovate, entire, cuneate. Stamens 6,
free, unappendaged ; anthers oblong, cordate at base. Stigma somewhat ovate or conical ;
the stigmatic surface elongated above the valves of the capsule not over the placentz.
Style slender. Seeds nearly uniseriate. Pubescence densely stellate.
+ + + Stigma subconical, with short lobes erect and approximate or connate.
31. HESPERIS. Flowers showy, mostly purplish. Sepals erect, oblong; the lateral
saccate at base. Petals with long and slender exserted claws and broad obovate or nearly
orbicular blades. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Pods very long, spreading, torulose,
beaked ; valves 3-nerved. Leaves mostly undivided. Pubescence in part branched.
* %* Cauline hairs bifid and closely appressed.
32. ERYSIMUM. Sepals oblong to linear-oblong, erect, equal at the base or the lateral
somewhat saccate. Petals commonly large, with broad obovate blades and slender elongated
claws. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged. Pods strongly compressed, broadly linear with
flat l-nerved valves, or narrow and quadrangular with convex and more or less distinctly
keeled valves. Seeds numerous, oblong and turgid or suborbicular and flattened or winged.
Cotyledons incumbent or accumbent or the radicle not infrequently very oblique.
Tripe VIII. ARABIDEZ. Stigma when lobed prolonged over the placentee.
Fruit 2-celled, sometimes incompletely so, regularly dehiscent, short or long,
flattened parallel to a broad partition, terete or prismatic. Cotyledons accumbent
(in some species of Leavenworthia the embryo straight or nearly so). Pubescence
simple, branched, or absent.
* Pods globose, terete, or prismatic, at least not compressed parallel to the partition.
+ Flowers (in North American species) white: pods subglobose to short-oblong, often
somewhat obcompressed : leaves entire, angulate, or shallowly toothed, not pinnatifid.
33. COCHLEARIA. Sepals short and broad, rounded at apex. Petals obovate, cuneate,
or very shortly unguiculate. Stamens straight, free. Style slender, sometimes very short;
stigma simple or nearly so. Capsule (in North American species) very turgid; valves dis-
tinctly I-nerved. Seeds 2-several, biseriate in the cells.
+ + Flowers yellow, rarely white: pods short-oblong to linear: some or all of the leaves
usually pinnatifid.
34. NASTURTIUM. Flowers small. Sepals ovate to elliptic-oblong, spreading in
anthesis, often colored. Petals obovate or spatulate, cuneiform at base; scarcely clawed,
sometimes minute or wanting. Pods terete or nearly so; valves thin, nearly or quite nerve-
104 CRUCIFER.
less. Seeds very small, turgid and wingless, usually numerous, in two rows in each cell
(scarcely so in NV. sylvestre), minutely tuberculate or in a few species reticulate-pitted.
35. BARBAREA. Flowers somewhat larger than in the preceding. Sepals oblong, often
colored; lateral pair often saccate at base and slightly cornute on the back near apex.
Petals spatulate or with obovate blades and slender claws. Stamens 6, free and unappen-
daged, distinctly tetradynamous. Style short; stigma bifid. Capsule linear, elongated,
somewhat tetragonal. Seeds uniseriate in the cells.
+ + + Flowers purple: pods linear, elongated.
36. IODANTHUS. Sepals oblong, shorter than the claws of the petals, somewhat spread-
ing in anthesis; the lateral pair narrower and more or less distinctly horned or appendaged
upon the back near apex. Petals broadly spatulate. Stamens 6, strongly tetradynamous.
* ¥* Pods more or less strongly compressed parallel to the partition.
+ Petals toothed or lobed: fruit narrowly linear, elongated.
37. DRYOPETALON. Sepals elliptic, purplish; the lateral gibbous at base. Petals
exserted; the blade toothed or lobed. Stamens 6, free and unappendaged ; anthers ovate-
oblong. Stigma nearly sessile, 2-lobed. Seeds many, small, somewhat 2-rowed; cotyledons
nearly accumbent. Valves of capsule 1-nerved and veined.
+ + Petals entire or retuse, not lobed.
++ Pods suborbicular: seeds broadly winged: pubescence simple.
38. PLATYSPERMUM. Flowers minute, solitary, borne on naked scapes. Sepals broad,
erect, equalling the white linear-spatulate petals. Seeds in two rows, reticulated; cotyle-
dons longer than the radicle. Leaves lyrate, few-lobed or subentire.
++ ++ Pods broad, lanceolate to elliptic or oblong: seeds mostly biseriate.
389. SELENIA. Flowers conspicuous, yellow, in a leafy bracteate raceme. Sepals erect,
ovate-lanceolate, acutish, somewhat saccate at base. Petals spatulate. Stamens 6, free and
unappendaged; anthers oblong. Pods oblong to broadly elliptic, upon short broad stipes,
and beaked by slender styles. Stigma capitate. Glands 10. Seeds in two rows, minutely
pitted and margined with a thin cartilaginous wing. Cotyledons longer than the radicle.
40. PARRYA. Flowers showy, purple or rose-colored. Sepals oblong, erect; the lateral
gibbous at base, nearly equalling the claws of the broad-bladed petals. Anthers included,
oblong, subsagittate at base. Pod with flat 1-nerved reticulated valves. Stigma 2-lobed ;
lobes approximate. Seeds orbicular, winged or wingless.
++ ++ ++ Pods narrower, linear-oblong to linear.
= Pubescence simple or none.
41. LEAVENWORTHIA. Flowers conspicuous, yellow, whitish, or purplish. Sepals
linear-oblong, equal at base, usually spreading in anthesis, considerably exceeded by the
obovate or oblanceolate cuneate petals. Stamens 6, strongly tetradynamous, free and
unappendaged; anthers oblong. Pod oblong or linear, beaked by a rather slender style,
sometimes torulose. Stigma somewhat 2-lobed. Seeds in one row, minutely pitted,
margined with a firm thick wing. Cotyledons orbicular; radicle short and straight or more
or less oblique.
42. DENTARIA. Sepals equal at base, erect or nearly so. Petals much longer, with
slender claws and ovate spreading blades. Pods linear, straight with stout replum, firm
nerveless flat valves, and nerveless partition ; stigma short, capitate or rarely 2-lobed. Seeds
in one row, wingless. Cotyledons often thick, more or less unequal and somewhat oblique,
petiolate. Funiculus often thickened in fruit.
43. CARDAMINE. Sepals equal at base, erect or more or less spreading. Petals obovate
to narrowly spatulate. Pods of the preceding. Seeds in one row, wingless; cotyledons
flattened, strictly accumbent or one slightly overlapping the radicle, more or less petiolate,
Funiculus very slender.
== = Pubescence in part or wholly branched.
44. ARABIS. Sepals erect or nearly so, green or less frequently colored ; the lateral pair
usually gibbous at base. Petals obovate or spatulate, usually unguiculate, commonly con-
Draba. CRUCIFERZ. 105
siderably exceeding the calyx and with a flat patulous entire or emarginate blade. Stamens
6, free and unappendaged. Pods with nearly flat more or less l-nerved valves; replum not
thickened. Seeds flattened, orbicular or elliptic, more or less winged. The section Sisym-
brina with oblong wingless seeds and more or less oblique cotyledons.
TripE IX. STANLEY. Stigma circular in outline or elongated or produced into
two lobes lying (except in two or three species of Thelypodium) transverse to the
partition of the ovary, i. e. over the valves of the capsule. Fruit longitudinally
2-celled, dehiscent, elongated, terete or prismatic or (in Streptanthus) compressed
parallel to partition or more rarely obcompressed (Stanfordia). Cotyledons incum-
bent or accumbent. Pubescence simple or none (branched in two species of
Thelypodium).
* Cotyledons accumbent; ovary sessile upon the receptacle ; capsule compressed.
45. STREPTANTHUS. Sepals ovate or oblong, colored, usually purplish, quite equal at
base, or one pair saccate, rarely both. Calyx commonly closed, ovoid, less frequently sub-
cylindric, or by the spreading of the tips becoming somewhat flask-shaped. Petals usually
narrow, linear or with a well developed blade and channelled claw. Stamens 6; the longer
pairs often connate below; anthers more or less elongated, sagittate at the base. Capsule
oblong to narrowly linear. Seeds flat, margined or winged. Receptacle enlarged.
* * Cotyledons incumbent, 3-parted; ovary sessile or nearly so; capsule obcompressed.
46. STANFORDIA. Calyx ovoid; sepals large, ovate, colored. Petals exserted, with
broad oblong or lance-oblong claw and narrower crisped blade. Stamens 6, free and unappen-
daged ; anthers linear-oblong, sagittate, straight or moderately curved. Style short; stigma
at first elliptic, entire, later conspicuously 2-lobed. Capsule linear-oblong, subchartaceous ;
valves keeled. Seeds many, biseriate in the cells, wingless.
* * * Cotyledons incumbent: ovary sessile or raised upon a short thick gynophore: cap-
sule terete, tetragonal, or slightly flattened parallel to the partition.
47. CAULANTHUS. Calyx of Streptanthus. Petals undulate-crisped with a broad claw
and small or obsolete blade. Stamens 6; anthers linear, sagittate. Stigma well developed
and commonly distinctly 2-lobed, persistent. Capsule somewhat flattened and narrowly
linear or subterete ; valves 1-nerved, and often reticulate-veined.
48. THELYPODIUM. Sepals oblong to linear, rather short ; calyx at first cylindric, but
often more or less spreading in anthesis. Petals flat, long and narrow or with a well
developed blade, white or purplish, rarely yellow. Stamens 6, exserted ; filaments long and
slender ; anthers narrowly linear, sagittate at base, curved or coiled. Stigma usually small,
often circular in outline, or very slightly 2-lobed. Pods slender, terete, or quadrangular,
often torulose, usually spreading.
* * * * Cotyledons incumbent: ovary raised upon a slender elongated gynophore.
49. STANLEYA. Calyx long, cylindric or clavate in bud, spreading in anthesis; sepals
linear or spatulate. Petals long and narrow, spatulate,slender-clawed. Stamens 6; anthers
linear, curved or spirally coiled; filaments elongated, spreading. Stigma sessile, small,
simple. Pods terete or subterete ; valves l-nerved. Seeds oblong, uniseriate. Flowers in
more or less elongated racemes.
50. WAREA. Calyx short-clavate in bud, spreading in anthesis; sepals short-linear or
spatulate. Petals relatively large with broad spreading laminas and slender claws. Stamens
6, exserted, spreading; filaments slender; anthers very small, curved. Stigma simple.
Pods terete, slender, widely spreading. Flowers in very short subcorymbose racemes.
1. DRABA, Dill. (ApdéBy, a name of uncertain meaning, applied by Dios-
corides to some cruciferous plant.) — Petals entire or emarginate except in
§ Hrophila. Seeds smooth or faintly tuberculate, rarely hispidulous. Pubes-
cence usually stellate. A large and widely distributed genus, the larger number
of the species arctic or alpine. Many are very variable and the number of species
has consequently been greatly multiplied, especially as in the reduced forms of
106 7 CRUCIFER. Draba.
higher regions the characters become obscured and limits of species ill defined.
Some South American species are suffruticose and have showy violet-colored
flowers. — Cat. Pl. Giss. App. 122; LL. Gen. no. 585; Gray, Gen. IIl. i. 159,
t. 68, 69; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 74; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 255.
[By S. Watson. ]
§ 1. Erépuita, Koch. Petals bitid: flowers white : pods many-seeded, round-
oval to oblong: stellate-pubescent scapose winter-annuals with coarsely toothed
or entire leaves. — Syn. 65,7
D. verna, L. (Wauirtow-crass.) Leaves rosulate, oblong-obovate to oblanceolate: scapes
very slender, glabrous or nearly so, 2 to 6 inches high: pods glabrous, round-oval to oblong,
2 to 4 lines long, shorter than the spreading pedicels; stigma nearly sessile. — Spec. ii. 642;
Barton, Fl. N. A. iii. 49, t. 88, f.2; Gray, lc. t. 69. D. verna, var. Americana, Pers. Syn.
ii. 190. Erophila Americana, DC. Syst. ii. 356. HE. vulgaris, DC. 1. c.; Hook. Fl. Bor-Am.
i, 56.— Quebec to Georgia, Chapman, and west to Minnesota and Missouri; Washington
and Vancouver Isl.; fl. early.2 (Nat. from Eu.)
§ 2, Hrreroprasa, Watson. Pedicels reflexed, secund: seeds 6 to 10, his-
pidulous : branching short-caulescent winter-annual, stellate-pubescent ; the leaves
coarsely toothed or entire: flowers white. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 256. Hetero-
draba, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 71.
D. unilateralis, M. E. Jones. Branching from the base; branches spreading, elongated,
lax, leafy below: leaves cuneate-obovate to oblanceolate, an inch long or less: racemes
usually nearly sessile: flowers very small: siliques round-oval, somewhat twisted, pubescent,
distant, 2 or 3 lines long, on pedicels a line long or less, 12-seeded ; stigma sessile. — Bull.
Torr. Club, ix. 124. Heterodraba unilateralis, Greene, 1. c. 72. — Valleys of California from
Colusa County to All Saints Bay, Lower Calif.
§ 3. DrapeLtta, DC. Short-caulescent and more or less leafy winter-
annuals (rarely biennial in D. crassifolia ; scapose in D. asprella and D. eras-
sifolia) : pubescence stellate or more or less villous: pedicels not reflexed: petals
entire or emarginate: seeds smooth. — Syst. ii. 332, 351.
* Early spring species of valleys and hillsides; southern.
+ Leaves entire: flowers white: pedicels clustered or approximate.
D. Carolinidna, Warr. Very slender, usually branched; branches often decumbent:
leaves obovate to oblanceolate, obtuse or acute, loosely stellate-pubescent, 6 lines long or
less: scape-like peduncles glabrous or pubescent, 1 to 4 inches high: flowers small: pods
clustered or approximate, glabrous, linear, 3 to 9 lines long, much exceeding the spreading
pedicels ; stigma sessile. — Car. 174; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 109. (Paronychia Myposotis Vir-
giniana, Pluk. Alm. t. 51, f. 5.) D. hispidula, Michx. FI. ii. 28. Arabis reptans, Lam. Dict.
i. 222. A. rotundifolia, Raf. Am. Monthly Mag. ii. 43.— E. Massachusetts, J. Robinson, to
the northern shores of Lakes Erie and Ontario, J/acoun, Minnesota, Arkansas, and Georgia ;
Umatilla, Oregon, Howell Bros.
Var. micrantha, Gray. Pods hispid with short sub-appressed hairs. — Man. ed. 5,
72. D. micrantha, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 109.—Tllinois to Nebraska, Texas, and
New Mexico; Utah,? Watson; Mt. Helena, Montana, Canby ; Idaho, Spalding ; Klikitat Co.,
Washington, Suksdorf.
1 Add syn. Gansblum, Adans. Fam. ii. 420. Erophila, DC. Syst. ii. 356.
2 This species is a noteworthy aggregate of similar forms, distinguished from each other by minute
but apparently constant characters, and is sometimes regarded as a group of many very closely related
species. (See Rosen, Bot. Zeit. xlvii. 565; Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 2, 190.)
The constancy of trivial characters is doubtless due to close fertilization prevalent in these plants.
3 Reported from the Panamint Monntains, Calif., by Coville, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. iv. 65.
Draba. CRUCIFERZ. 107
+- + Leaves coarsely few-toothed or entire : pedicels more remotely racemose.
++ Flowers small, white : stigma sessile or nearly so.
D. cuneifolia, Nurr. Loosely stellate-pubescent, usually branching from the base; branches
leafy below and obovate to oblanceolate, acute or acutish, $ to 2 inches long : raceme pedun-
culate, at length elongated: flowers small: pods linear-oblong, usually acutish, 3 to 6 lines
long, 16-50-seeded, hispid with short sub-appressed simple hairs (very rarely glabrous), on
spreading or divaricate pedicels 1 to 3 lines long; stigma sessile or nearly so. — Nutt. in
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 108; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 28. D. jilicaulis, Scheele, Linnza,
xxi. 583. — Illinois (7); Kentucky, Short, to Alabama; Arkansas and Texas, and west to
S. California ; $. Utah, Parry, and Jordan Valley, Watson.
Var. platycarpa, Warsoy, 1. c. Pods oblong-oval, mostly obtuse, 24 to 4 lines long,
equalling or exceeding the pedicels. — D. platycarpa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 108. D. Remeri-
ana, Scheele, 1. c. — Texas to Arizona.
Var. integrifolia, Warson, 1c. Small (1 or 2 inches high): leaves small, mostly
entire: pods glabrous, on pedicels about a line long. —Coast ranges of 8S. California;
Temescal Mountains, Grewer ; Pasadena, Los Angeles Co., O. D. Allen; Santa Maria, Jared.
' D. Sonoree, Greene. Racemes usually nearly sessile and flowers very small: pods finely
stellate-pubescent, 3 lines long, on pedicels 1 or 2 lines in length. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci.
ii. 59; Wats. i. c.—Santa Catalina Mountains, Arizona, Lemmon; Chollas Valley, San
Diego Co.,! Calif., Oreutt. (Mountains of Northwestern Sonora, Pringle.) The pubescence
of the pods is the most constant character distinguishing this species from the last.
D. brachycarpa, Nurr.1.c. Simple or branched, 1 to 6 inches high, somewhat appressed
stellate-pubescent: leaves ovate to oyate-oblong, half inch long; the cauline oblong-lanceo-
late or linear, obtuse or acute: peduncles short: flowers very small: pods narrowly oblong,
acutish, glabrous, 1 or 2 lines long, 10-12-seeded, about equalling the divaricate pedicels ;
stigma nearly sessile. — Virginia to Georgia and west to Missouri and Louisiana; Roseberg,
Oregon, Howell.
++ ++ Flowers yellow, large: style slender.
D. Mogollé6nica, Grerne.. Stems simple or loosely branching from base, about a foot
high, villous or loosely stellate-pubescent below: leaves mostly at the base, oblanceolate,
stellate-pnbescent, 1 to 3 inches long: flowers large, in broad racemes which are elongated
in fruit: sepals glabrous: pods linear or oblong, glabrous, 4 to 8 lines long, with a slender
style a line long, on usually divaricate pedicels 3 to 9 lines in length. — Bot. Gaz. vi. 157. —
In the Mogollon and Santa Magdalena Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby, Greene.
D.(*) asprélla, Greenr. Pubescent with spreading simple or forked hairs: scape-like
peduncles one to several: filaments dilated downward: pods oblong-elliptical, somewhat
turgid, hispid, on divaricate pedicels; style slender. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 125; Wats. 1. ec.
257.— Arizona. A doubtful species by reason of the turgid pods and dilated filaments.
Mature fruit has not been seen.
* * High mountain or northern species: leaves entire or few-toothed : flowers small, yellow,
becoming whitish: stigma sessile.
D. nemorosa, L. Slender, loosely stellate-pubescent, branching and leafy below, a foot
high or less: leaves rarely rosulate, ovate to oblong-lanceolate, an inch long or less, acutish:
racemes nearly sessile: calyx somewhat villous: petals small: pods narrowly oblong,
minutely pubescent or rarely glabrous, 3 or 4 lines long, on spreading or divaricate pedicels
6 to 12 lines long ; stigma nearly sessile. — Spee. ii. 643. D. nemoralis, Ehrh. Beitr. vii. 154.
D. lutea, Gilib. ace. to DC. Syst. ii. 351, & D. gracilis, Graham, Edinb. New Phil. Jour. 1828,
172, the form with glabrous pods (var. /eiocarpa, Lindbl.).— From the Great Lakes (Ft.
Gratiot, Michigan, Pitcher; Michipicotin, Lake Superior, ace. to Macoun) across the plains
to the Rocky Mountains, N. Colorado, Central Idaho, the lower Columbia Valley, and north-
ward into Brit. America. (Eu., Siberia.)
D. stendloba, Leven. Slender: stem erect or lax, a foot high or less, simple or branching
below, villous toward the base: leaves thin, mostly subrosulate, oblong-obovate or oblanceo-
late, the one or two cauline ovate to oblong-lanceolate, acutish, mostly entire, often glabrous
1 Panamint Mountains, Calif., and Vegas Wash, 5. W. Nevada, acc. to Coville, 1. ¢.
108 CRUCIFERZ. Draba.
beneath, stellate-pubescent above, or usually more or less villous and ciliate with simple
hairs, 6 to 9 lines long: racemes pedunculate or nearly sessile: sepals glabrous or sparingly
pilose: pods linear, acute, glabrous, 4 to 7 lines long, equalling or exceeding the spreading
pedicels. — Fl. Ross. i. 154; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 28.—Subalpine in Rocky Moun-
tains from Colorado and Utah to Brit. America; Blue Mountains, Oregon, Cusick ; Sierra
Nevada, Calif.,) Brewer, Jones; Unalaska, E'schscholtz, Chamisso.
D. montana, Warson. Stellate-pubescent throughout and villous below, rather stout»
simple or branched, leafy: leaves more or less densely pubescent and villous, oblanceolate
or oblong ; the cauline oblong-lanceolate : racemes nearly sessile: pods linear-oblong, finely
pubescent, obtuse or acutish, 3 to 5 lines long, erect or ascending on shorter spreading pedi-
cels. — Bibl. Index, 69 (name only), & Proce. ‘Arn, Acad. xiv. 289. — Mountains of N. Colorado,
Hall & Harbour, Vasey, Greene, Wolf:
D. crassifolia, Granam. Annual or biennial, usually scapose, slender, glabrous through-
out or leaves ciliate (rarely slightly villous): caudex simple or shortly branched : leaves
narrowly oblanceolate, 6 to 9 lines long or less: scape-like peduncles 1 to 6 inches high:
flowers small, often nearly white: pods lanceolate or oblong-lanceolate, acute, 2 to 4 lines
long, on spreading pedicels 2 to 5 lines in length. — Edinb. New Phil. Jour. 1829, 182; FI.
Dan. t. 2419; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 28. — Rocky Mountains of Brit. America, Drum-
mond, Macoun, and Colorado in Sawatch Mountains, Brandegee ; at Peregoy’s in the Sierra
Nevada, Gray. (Greenland.)
§ 4. Drap#&a, Lindbl. Perennial, with a branching leafy-tufted caudex ; in a
few species (in * * + +) sometimes biennial and simple-stemmed: leaves flat,
soft, more or less broad, not carinate. — Linnea, xiii. 318, & Stockholm Acad.
Handl. 1839, 28.
* Scapose.
+— Leaves entire (less than 6 lines long) : flowers yellow.
D. alpina, L. Densely cespitose and caudex much branched: leaves oblong-lanceolate,
obtuse or acute, with a thick midvein at base, glabrous and villous-ciliate or somewhat
villous-pubescent with simple and stellate hairs, 6 lines long or less: scape pubescent, 4 to 6
inches high: sepals more or less villous: pods usually glabrous, ovate to oblong-ovate, acute,
2 to 4 lines long, on pedicels 1 to 5 lines long, 8-20-ovuled ; style short (4 line long) ; stigma
broadly capitate. — Spec. ii. 642; DC. Syst. 11. 338 ; Lange, Medd. Green. iii. 247. D. pauer-
flora, R. Br. in Parry, Ist Voy. Suppl. to App. 266. D. micropetala, Hook. in Parry, 2d
Voy. App. 385.— Arctic coast and islands from Grinnell Land, Gree/y, to Point Barrow ;
Cape Chudleigh and Mansfield Island, Hudson Bay, A. Bell, the latter specimens with
rounded pods; Rocky Mountains, Brit. America, Drummond (D. rupestris, B, Hook. FI. Bor.-
Am. i. 53), Macoun. (Greenland, N. Eu., Siberia.)
D. Howéllii, Warson. Finely stellate-pubescent throughout, cespitose with branching
caudex: leaves broadly spatulate, mostly very obtuse, half inch long or less: scapes 3 or 4
inches high : flowers large (3 or 4 lines long), in a loose raceme, deep yellow: pods pubescent,
oblong, acute at each end, somewhat oblique, 2 to 4 lines long not including the slender
style (a line long), on spreading pedicels 3 or 4 lines in length. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx.
354. — In the Siskiyou Mountains, Calif., 7. Howell.
D. Lemmo6ni, Watson. High alpine, densely cespitose and caudex much branched: leaves
rather thick, spatulate or Sblong-oboy ate, mostly very obtuse, ciliate and pilose with simple
or forked hairs or nearly glabrous, 3 to 5 lines long: : scapes 1 or 2 inches high, pilose with
“spreading hairs: flowers 2 lines long: sepals somewhat villous: pods pubescent or glabrous,
ovate to broadly lanceolate, more or less twisted, 3 lines long, on slender spreading pedicels
2 to 4 lines long; style stout, short. — Bot. Calif. ii. 430. D. alpina, var. algida, Brew. &
Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 29, mainly. — Peaks of the Sierra Nevada, Brewer, Lemmon ; Wallowa
Mountains, E. Oregon, Cusick.
D. ventdésa, Gray. Cespitose; the slender branches of the caudex more or less densely
leafy: leaves oblong-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, densely stellate-pubescent, 2 to 5 lines
1 Southward to Mineral King, Calif., acc. to Coville, 1. c.
Deaha: CRUCIFERZ. 109
long: scapes 4 to 4 inches high, pubescent or glabrate ; raceme usually loose: flowers bright
yellow, 2 lines long or more: calyx usually pubescent: pods ovate to oblong-lanceolate,
usually acute, densely pubescent to glabrous, 2 to 4 lines long, with a short slender style (a
third line long), on pedicels 1 to 4 lines long. — Am. Nat. viii. 212. D. alpina, Wats. Bot.
King Exp. 20.— Peak above Snake Pass, N. W. Wyoming, Parry; E. Humboldt Moun-
tains, Nevada, and Uinta Mountains, Utah, Watson, no. 84, and no. 92 in part; Stein’s
Mountain, S. E. Oregon, 7. Howel/. The original specimens were very densely leafy and
densely pubescent throughout.
D. eurycarpa, Gray. Densely cespitose and stellate-pubescent ; the short branches of the
caudex very leafy: leaves oblanceolate, 6 lines long: scapes scarcely exceeding the leaves,
pubescent, few-flowered : flowers unknown : pods large, oblong-obovate, acute, glabrous, 5 to
8 lines long, 2 to 4 broad ; the slender style nearly a line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 520.—
Near summit of peak south of Sonora Pass, Calif., at 11,500 feet alt., Brewer, no. 1909.
+ + Leaves (mostly very small) entire or rarely few-toothed: flowers white: scapes rarely
with a single leaf.
D. nivalis, Linsesrap. Caudex with numerous slender matted branches: leaves in small
dense tufts, oblanceolate, acutish, with a rather stout midnerve, entire, canescent with a short
dense stellate pubescence, not at all ciliate or slightly so near the base, 2 or 3 lines long or
less: scapes slender, pubescent, 1 to 3 inches high: calyx pubescent: pods few, usually
glabrous, oblong, acute at each end, 2 or 3 lines long, with short stout style and 2-lobed
stigma, on pedicels 1 or 2 lines long or less; ovules about 10 or 12. — Vet. Akad. Handl.
1793, 208; Lindbl. Linnea, xiii. 325; Fl. Dan. t. 2417 ; Lange, Medd. Green. iii. 39. D. muri-
cella, Wahl. Fl. Lap. 174; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 104. WD. stellata, var. nivalis, Regel, Bull.
Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxiv. pt. 2, 192. — From the Arctic Coast to Labrador on the east, and to
the Aleutian Islands on the west; Macleod’s Lake, Brit. Columbia and North Kootenai
Pass, Macoun; mountains of Colorado; Uinta Mountains, Utah, and E. Humboldt Moun-
tains, Nevada, Watson. The flowers appear to be sometimes tinged with yellow. The
Rocky Mountain and other western specimens are usualiy somewhat ciliate at the base of
the leaves. (Greenland, Iceland, Spitzbergen, N. Eu.)
Var. elongata, Warson. Leaves obtuse or acutish: scapes very slender: pods long
and narrow (4 to 8 lines in length), on pedicels 1 to 5 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii.
258. % D.levipes, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 53, — Rocky Mountains of Brit. America, Bourgeau,
Macoun ; McDonald’s Peak and Upper Maria’s Pass, Montana, Canby; N. W. Wyoming,
Parry ; Uinta Mountains, Watson; Mt. Paddo, Washington, Suksdorf.
D. subséssilis, Watson. Densely cespitose: the caudex very much branched: leaves
crowded, very small, oblong, obtuse, finely stellate-pubescent or partially glabrate, not
ciliate: peduncles very short, rather stout ; the fruiting racemes an inch high, with the pods
sparsely pubescent; pedicels short: flowers small: petals white, scarcely exceeding the yel-
lowish ovate sepals: pods broadly ovate-elliptical, acutish or obtuse, 2 lines long, ascending :
style very short and thick ; ovules and seeds 6 or more. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 255, 258. —
White Mountains, Mono Co.,! California, at 13,000 feet alt., Shockley.
D. Fladnizénsis, Wurr. Caudex much branched: leaves more loosely rosulate, narrowly
oblanceolate and usually acute, entire, pilose-ciliate and usually sparsely villous or somewhat
stellate-pubescent, rarely wholly glabrous, 3 to 5 lines long: scapes 1 to 3 inches high,
usually glabrous or slightly villous: petals often yellowish: pods glabrous, ovate-oblong or
ovate, 2 to 33 lines long, several-seeded, on pedicels 1 or 2 lines in length; stigma nearly
sessile. — Wulf. in Jacq. Mise. i. 147, t. 17, f. 1. D. androsacea, Willd. Spee. iii. 428.
D. lactea, Adams, Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. v. 104. D. Lapponica, Willd. in DC. Syst. ii. 344.
D. Wahlenbergii, Hartm. Scand. Fl. 249; Fl. Dan. t. 2420. — Hudson Strait, R. Bell; Gaspé
County, Lower Canada, J. A. Allen; Rocky Mountains of Brit. America, Bourgeau, Burke ;
Mountains of Colorado, Brandegee, Hooker & Gray, Patterson; 8. Utah, Siler, a form with
the leaves regularly ciliate with unusually long hairs. (Greenland, N. and Central Eu.,
Asia.)
Var. corymbé6sa, Warson, 1. c. Leaves rather more frequently toothed, ciliate and
somewhat pubescent: scapes and sepals usually pubescent: pods stellate-pubescent; style
very short. — D. corymbosa, R. Br. in Ross, Voy. App. 143; FI. Dan. t. 2418; Lange, 1. c.
1 Also near Mt. Whitney, acc. to Coville, 1. ¢.
110 CRUCIFER®. Draba.
41.—Greenland and perhaps also (the original specimens) from the western coast of
Baftin’s Bay. Many of the specimens from Greenland and Spitzbergen that have been
referred to it appear to belong, some to VD. alpina and others to D. hirta.
* * Caulescent ; stems few- or many-leaved: leaves entire or few-toothed.
+— Flowers yellow.
++ Lower leaves often an inch long or more.
D. hyperborea, Desv. More or less pubescent with very short branching hairs; caudex
stout, simple; stems simple or branched, decumbent, a span high or less: leaves oblanceolate,
coarsely toothed, 1 to 4 inches long including the broadly winged petiole ; the cauline some-
times oblong-obovate : flowers in a broad corymb: pods broadly elliptical to narrowly ob-
long and obtuse (var. spatulata, Gray), 3 to 9 lines long, usually glabrous, on spreading
pedicels 3 to 6 lines long; style half line long.—Jour. Bot. iii. 172 (1814). Alyssum
hyperboreum, L. Spec. ii. 651. D. grandis, Langsd. in DC. Syst. ii. 355; Deless. Ic. Sel.
ii. 14, t.47. Cochlearia spathulata & C. siliquosa, Schlecht. in DC. Syst. ii. 8369. C. septen-
trionalis, DC. Prodr, i. 174, not Schlecht. — Alaska, from Sitka to the Aleutian Islands and
St. Paul’s Island.
D. chrysantha, Warson. Cespitose ; the caudex much-branched; stems 1 to 5 inches
high, glabrous or loosely pubescent: leaves deep green, very narrowly oblanceolate; the
few cauline linear to lanceolate, rarely few-toothed, glabrous or sparingly ciliate or somewhat
pubescent, 4 to 2 inches long: flowers bright yellow becoming whitish: calyx somewhat
villous: pods glabrous, oblong to oblong-lanceolate, 3 to 6 lines long: pedicels usually short,
1 to 5 lines long: style slender, about half line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 364. — High
peaks of Colorado, frequent ; peak south of Apache Pass, Arizona, Lemmon.
D. streptocarpa, Gray. Thinly villous with long spreading simple or branched hairs:
caudex simple or sparingly branched ; stems erect, simple or strictly branched, an inch to a
span high: leaves oblanceolate, or the cauline oblong or lanceolate, acute, rarely slightly
toothed, ciliate and more or less villous, 3 to 18 lines long: calyx glabrous or somewhat
villous ; pods lanceolate, acute or acuminate, usually twisted, glabrous or often pubescent on
the margin, 3 to 6 lines long, on pedicels half as long; style slender, a line long. — Am.
Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 242. — Mountains of Colorado and New Mexico; Huachuca and
Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle, a stellate-pubescent and but slightly
villous form, nearly approaching the following.
D. atirea, Vauv. Pubescent throughout with short stellate hairs and occasionally somewhat
pilose: caudex simple or sparingly branched; stems usually rather stout, erect, usually
branched from the base upward, leafy, 2 to 15 inches high: leaves oblanceolate or the cauline
lanceolate, usually narrow, frequently ciliate at base, } to 2 inches long: calyx more or less
pubescent: petals bright yellow to nearly white: pods lanceolate to linear, acute, pubescent
(rarely glabrous), often twisted, 3 to 6 lines long, on pedicels half as long; style half line
long or less. — Vahl in Hornem. Fors. Cc. Plantel. ed. 2, 599; Fl. Dan. t. 1460; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 2934.—In the Rocky Mountains from Mt. Selwyn, Brit. America, to New Mexico
and Utah; Arizona, Santa Rita Mountains, Pringle, Mt. Graham and Mt. Agassiz, Lemmon,
the last with glabrous pods; Mignon Island, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Linden. A form with
ovate pods has been collected in the Uinta Mountains, Utah, Watson, and in the Sawatch,
Brandegee. (Greenland.)
Var. stylosa, Gray, l.c. 245. Styles very slender, a line long. — Near Santa Fé, New
Mexico, Fendler. Doubtful specimens collected by Bigelow near Albuquerque, New Mexico,
and by Rothrock in Sanoita Valley, Arizona, have some of the cauline leaves broad and
ovate.
a+ ++ Leaves small, half inch long or less.
D. auréola, Watson. Rather densely stellate-pubescent throughout; caudex simple or
branched ; stems short, simple, 4 inches high or less: leaves oblanceolate ; the cauline oblong,
obtuse, entire, half inch long: raceme dense in flower and fruit: calyx glabrous: pods
broadly oblong, obtuse, pubescent, not twisted, 4 to 5 lines long, on spreading pedicels 2 or
8 lines long; style short (half line long), stout. — Bot. Calif. ii. 430. — Lassen’s Peak, Calif.,
Lemmon, Mrs. Austin.
D. corrugata, Watson, 1.c. Pubescent throughout with loose branching hairs; caudex
Draba. CRUCIFER®. li:
simple or branched ; stems branching from the base upward, very leafy, 2 to 6 inches high:
leaves oblong-oblanceolate, obtusish, entire, about half inch long or less: flowers pale yellow :
sepals pubescent: pods lanceolate to broadly oblong, acute or obtuse, pubescent, much cor-
rugated and twisted, 2 to 5 lines long not including the very slender style (a line or more
long) which is attenuate to a minute stigma: pedicels 1 to 3 lines long.— Mt. Greyback
in the San Bernardino Mountains, Lemmon, W. G. Wright.
+— + Flowers white.
++ Stems simple or sparingly branched.
‘
= Cauline leaves several (or few in DL. Brewer?).
D. incana, L. Stellate-pubescent throughout; pubescence usually loose: caudex often
simple; stem 2 to 15 inches high: leaves mostly oblanceolate or the cauline sometimes
ovate, few-toothed or entire: pods oblong to lanceolate, usually acute and straight, glabrous
or finely stellate-pubescent, 3 to 5 lines long, usually suberect on ascending pedicels 1 to 3
lines long; style very short. — Spec. ii. 643. D. contorta, Ehrh. Beitr. vii. 155. D. confusa,
Ehrh. 1. c., the form with pubescent pods. — Labrador to New Brunswick and N. Vermont ;
in the Rocky Mountains in lat. 51°, and in Colorado at Georgetown, Greene, and South Park,
Rothrock & Wolf; at Ft. Fraser and McLeod’s Lake, Brit. Columbia, Macoun. Some of the
western specimens are more finely and densely pubescent than is usual. (Greenland, Eu.,
Asia.)
Var. arabisans, Watson. Caudex much branched: pod glabrous, acuminate or
acute, often twisted, 4 to 6 lines long, beaked with a longer distinct style. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xxiii. 260, & in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 67. D. arabisans, Michx. FI. ii. 28; Gray, Gen. Il.
i. 160, t. 68. D. Arabis, Pers. Syn. ii. 190. D. glabella, Pursh, FI. ii. 4384. D. incana, var.
glabriuscula, Gray, Ann. N. Y. Lye. iii. 222. D. Henneana, Schlecht. Linnea, x. 100.
D. Canadensis, Brunet, Pl. Canad. 21, a form with ovate pods, — Labrador to N. Vermont
and New York, and the shores of Lakes Huron and Superior. Grading indefinitely into the
typical form of the species.
D. Bréweri, Watson, 1. c. Dwarf and alpine, hoary throughout with a dense stellate
pubescence; the few stems from a shortly branched caudex, 1 to 3 inches high: leaves
crowded, oblong to linear-oblong, obtuse, entire or rarely sparingly toothed, sometimes
slightly ciliate at base, 2 to 4 lines long; the cauline few, oblong-ovate; flowers small :
sepals oblong, herbaceous, shorter than the petals: pods linear-oblong, obtusish, pubescent,
2 or 3 lines long, on short. ascending pedicels: stigma sessile or nearly so.— Mt. Dana,
California, at 12,000 feet alt., Brewer ; White Mountains, Mono County, at 13,000 feet alt.,
Shockley.
D. borealis, DC. Loosely stellate-pubescent throughout, more or less cespitose; stems
2 to 12 inches high: leaves ovate to oblong-ovate, flat, glabrous or pubescent, 3 to 5 lines
long, exceeding the pedicels; style short and stout. — Syst. ii. 342. D. Unalaschkiana, DC.
1. c. 350. D. incana, var. borealis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 107. — Alaska and adjacent islands ;
Brit. Columbia, Rothrock; Arctic Coast, Franklin; Ochotsk Sea, Wright. A variety with
longer pedicels is found in Japan (D. Sachalinensis, Schmidt).
= = Cauline leaves one to three.
D. hirta, L. Loosely stellate-pubescent: caudex branched; stems low, usually lax: leaves
narrow or the cauline ovate, 4 to 1 inch long or less, sometimes ciliate: pods oblong-lanceo-
late to oblong-ovate, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, often somewhat twisted, 3 to 5 lines
long, usually exceeding the short pedicels; style short and stout; stigma often 2-lobed.—
Syst. ed. 10, 1127; Fl. Dan. t. 2422; Lange, Medd. Green. iii. 42. D. rupestris, R. Br. in
Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2,iv. 91; Fl. Dan. t. 2421. D. oblongata, R. Br. in Ross, Voy. App. 143; DC.
Syst. ii. 342. D. gracilis, Ledeb. FI. Ross. i. 152. — Alaska, Cape Thompson to Unalaska ;
the Arctic Coast to Rensselaer Harbor, Kane. (Greenland, N. Eu., and Asia.)
Var. arctica, Warson. Densely tufted and more densely pubescent: leaves short ;
the cauline ovate: pods pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 260. D. arctica, Vahl, FI.
Dan. t. 2294; Lange, 1. c. 43. — Grinnell Land, Greely. (Greenland, Spitzbergen.)
++ ++ Stems diffusely branched above.
D. ramosissima, Drsv. Thinly stellate-pubescent: caudex much branched ; stems slender,
a span high: leaves oblanceolate, laciniately toothed, acute, 14 to 2} inches long: racemes
Hg CRUCIFER 2. Draba.
numerous, rather short: flowers rather large: pods oval to narrowly oblong, pubescent,
twisted, 2 to 4 lines long, not including the very slender style (14 lines long) ; stigma lobed.
— Jour. Bot. iii. 186 (1814); Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 106. Alyssum (%) dentatum, Nutt. Gen. ii.
63. D. dentata, Hook. & Arn. Jour. Bot. i. 192; Hook. Ic. t, 31.— Mountains of Virginia
and Tennessee; cliffs of the Kentucky River, Short.
§ 5. Arzopsis, DC. Leaves linear, entire, becoming rigid with reflexed margin
and carinate by the prominent midnerve: scapose, alpine, and densely cespitose.
— Syst. ii. 332.
D. glacialis, Apams. Caudex much branched; branches short and slender: leaves 2 to 9
lines long, more or less loosely stellate-pubescent, sometimes ciliate at base: scape slender,
4 to 6 inches high, pubescent or glabrate, raceme rather few-flowered; sepals somewhat
villous or glabrous: petals yellowish: pods ovate to ovate-oblong, acute, rounded at base
(or narrowly oblong and acute at both ends), usually finely pubescent, 1 to 4 lines long on
pedicels 1 to 6 lines in length, 8 to 16-ovuled ; style a quarter to half line long. — Mém. Soc.
Nat. Mose. v. 106; Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxiv. pt. 2, 186, t. 5, f. 8,4 (var.); Hook. f.
Fl. Brit. Ind. i. 142. D. oligosperma, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 51. D. alpina, var. glacialis,
Dickie, Jour. Linn. Soe. xi. 33. — Frequent in the Rocky Mountains from Brit. America to
Wyoming and Montana, more rare south and westward; South Park, Colorado, Rothrock
& Wolf; Uinta Mountains, Utah, Watson; Blue Mountains, Oregon, Cusick; Mt. Dana,
Calif., Brewer; Cascade Mountains of Washington, Lyall, Tweedy; McLeod’s Lake and
Stewart Lake Mountains, Brit. Columbia, Macoun; also collected in the arctic regions by
Richardson in lat. 68°, on the Mackenzie River, and by Franklin. Very variable but well
marked and apparently identical with Asiatic forms, as described, originally found on the
arctic coast of Siberia and the banks of the Lena. The smaller higher alpine specimens
have sometimes the pubescence very fine and dense. (Asia, Spitzbergen.)
Var.* pectindta, Warson. Alpine and very densely cespitose, the short rigid
leaves glabrous or nearly so, and ciliate with long rigid hairs: pods 4-6-seeded, pubescent
with branched hairs, or glabrate; valves only moderately convex. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii.
260. D. densifolia, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 104. — California, Silver Mountain, Brewer,
and Mt. Lola, Lemmon; Nevada, E. Humboldt Mountains, Watson; Idaho, Nevius ; Utah,
Jones; Uinta Mountains, Watson, no. 88, a form with fleshy shorter glabrous and less
ciliate leaves.
D.* Douglasii, Gray.2 Leaves firm or even somewhat cartilaginous, at first pubescent
with short nearly simple hairs but glabrate except the strongly ciliated margins, not lucid:
scapose stems half inch to inch and a half high, finely pubescent with simple hairs: flowers
white: pods ovate, acuminate, 2 lines long: valves becoming very strongly convex, pubes-
cent with simple hairs; style slender, half line to a line in length; ovules only two (or
rarely four) in each cell, pendent from near the apex of the cells; seeds very large. — Proc.
Am. Acad. vii. 328; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 29. Braya Oregonensis, Gray, 1. ¢. xvii.
199. Cusickia, Gray, 1. c. — High mountains of the Sierra Nevada, from San Bernardino
Co, Parish, northward throughout California to Union Co., Oregon, Cusick, and Klikitat,
Washington, Howell; also in N. & W. Nevada, Anderson, Watson; first coll. by Douglas ;
fl. April to June.
2. ATHYSANUS, Greene. (4 privative, and #eavos, fringe, in reference
to the lack of the distinct border which in Thysanocarpus is present and often
cleft.) —A monotypic annual, formerly classed with Thysanocarpus, but, as Prof.
Greene has pointed out, nearly related to Draba unilateralis, Jones, and generically
1 Description amplified to exclude more clearly the following nearly related species.
2 Dr. Watson omitted this species from his preliminary treatment of the genus, having probably
noticed its identity with Dr. Gray’s Braya Oregonensis. There can be little doubt, however, that
Dr. Gray’s earlier disposition of the plant in the genus Draba was the more accurate. The micro-
scopic structure of the false septum in the fruit is of Draba, and very different from that of Braya, a
genus to which on other accounts this species can scarcely be referred. D. Crockeri, Lemmon, Bull.
Torr. Club, xvi. 221, is from character and habitat a synonym.
Thysanocarpus. CRUCIFERZ. . 1413
rather unsatisfactorily separated by its 1-celled, 2—4-ovuled, 1-seeded fruit; the
silicels falling off without dehiscence but possessing valves, which divide regularly
under the prolonged influence of moisture. From the European genus Clypeola
of similar habit it is technically separated by the absence of any membranous or
tooth-like appendages upon the filaments. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 72; Prantl
in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenfam. ii. Ab. 2,191. [By B. L. Rosinson.]
A. pusillus, Grerne, l.c. Hirsute-tomentose, branched from near the base, 3 to 9 inches
high; branches subsimple, spreading, terminating in elongated racemes: leaves oblance-
olate, obtuse, toothed or pinnatifid, 4 to 6 lines long, forming a rosette at the base; the cauline
more or less reduced: pedicels 1 to 1} lines in length, recurved: flowers very small: petals
minute, linear, or wanting: fruit # to 1 line in diameter, usually covered with spreading
uncinate hairs. — Thysanocarpus pusillus, Hook. Ic. t. 42; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 119.
T. oblongifolius, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 118.— Dry hillsides from San Diego, Orcutt,
to Brit. Columbia, JZacoun ; common.
Var. glabrior, Watson, inherb. Leaves thin, nearly smooth, at least not hirsute; fruit
ciliated but glabrous upon the faces. — Growing with the typical form near Fort Mohave,
J. G. Lemmon, April, 1884. A form with pods smooth and free even from ciliation has been
collected near San Francisco, Mrs. Brandegee.
8. THYSANOCARPUS, Hook. (@icavos, fringe, and xapzés, fruit.) —
Slender erect annuals of the Pacific Slope, with subsimple or branched stems,
minute white or purplish flowers, and very characteristic disk-shaped or concave
indehiscent one-celled fruit; the latter often toothed like a cog-wheel or per-
forated near margin by a series of openings. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 69, t. 18, f. A;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 94; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 48, excl. Z. pusillus.
[By B. L. Rozinson. ]
* Stem profusely branched; branches spreading at a considerable angle, commonly again
once or twice branched : petals purplish or white, considerably exceeding the calyx: pods
small (1} to 2 lines in diameter), often strongly concave and boat-shaped with a condupli-
cate divided or perforated wing.
T. conchuliferus, Greene. Glabrous throughout, glaucous, 4 to 8 inches in height:
leaves linear or lance-linear, sagittate-auriculate, runcinately toothed or parted; teeth 2 to 4
pairs: racemes 1 or 2 inches long, rather densely many-flowered: pedicels 2 to 3 lines long,
spreading horizontally and gently recurved: pod markedly cymbiform, finely reticulated
but quite glabrous.— Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 218, & Pittonia, i. 31; K. Brandegee, Zoe,
i. 132.— Rocky soil on the Island of Santa Cruz off coast of §. California, Greene,
Brandeyee.
Var. planitisculus, Ropgrson, n. var. Fruit plano-convex or slightly concavo-
convex, not perceptibly reticulated but hirsute upon both sides: pedicels 4 to 6 lines long.
— Island of Santa Cruz with type, 7. S. Brandegee, April, 1888.
* * Stems simple or with a few subsimple elongated nearly erect branches: pods 2 to 4
lines in diameter, plano-convex, rarely a little concaye on one side; wing entire, divided,
or perforated: flowers yery small: petals little exceeding the calyx: upper leaves
narrow.
T. carvipes, Hoox. Commonly more or less hirsute below, 8 to 12 inches in height: basal
leaves rosulate, often persisting, oblong, pinnatifid with short blunt lobes or merely dentate ;
upper leaves lanceolate or linear-lanceolate, sagittate-auriculate and clasping at base, short
(6 to 10 lines in length): pedicels very slender, 14 to 3 lines long, leaving the axis at right
angles and strongly recurved: fruit subject to much variation, 1 to 24 lines in diameter
(including wing), tomentose or glabrous; wing narrow or broad, usually entire, sometimes
crenate or with a few perforations, sometimes involute (var. rInvoLtrus, Greene, Fl.
Francis. 275). — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 69, t. 18, f. A; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 118; Brew. & Wats.
8
114 CRUCIFERZ. Thysanocarpus.
Bot. Calif. i. 48; M. E. Jones, Bot. Gaz. viii. 283. TJ. pulchellus, Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem.
Hort. Petrop. ii. 1835, 25; Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 9.— Dry ground on hills, from
S. California and Arizona to Washington, Suksdorf, and Idaho, Spalding, Wilcox.
Var. élegans, Rosrnsoy, n. var. (Lace-rop.) Fruit larger, 2 to 4 lines broad ;
wing usually perforated with regular series of roundish openings: upper leaves inclining
to be broader than in typical form.— 7. elegans, Fisch. & Mey. 1. c. 26; Hook. le, &
Ic. t. 39; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.118. 7. curvipes, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 48, in part;
Wats. Bibl. Index, 74. — Arizona, Pringle, Palmer, and California north at least to Chico,
Gray. This variety, while in its extreme form strikingly different from the typical plant,
is thoroughly connected with the latter by a very complete and’ gradual series of inter-
mediate forms. Prof. Greene states that it does not grow in the Coast Range, but it has
been collected on Mt. Diablo, Brewer, and in the Napa Valley, Bigelow.
T. lacinidtus, Nutr. Smooth or nearly so, glaucous, 8 to 15 inches high: leaves thinner
than in the preceding; those near base not forming a dense or persistent rosette, linear or
subentire or deeply pinnatifid into narrow linear acute segments; upper leaves entire,
elongated (10 to 15 lines in length), scarcely a line in breadth, inserted by a narrow base :
racemes 4 to 8 lines long: fruit obovate, elliptic, or orbicular, 1} to 1} lines in diameter
(including the entire or subentire imperforate wing), distinctly reticulated, commonly but
not always glabrous; pedicels slender, spreading and deflexed, — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl.
i. 118; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 31; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 49.— Central and Southern
California, Arizona.
Var. crendtus, Brewer. Fruit with a deeply crenate-toothed or perforated wing,
usually becoming 2 to 23 lines in breadth: racemes usually shorter and denser than in type.
—Bot. Calif. i.49. TJ. crenatus, Nutt.l.e. J. ramosus, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii.
390. — Occurring with and not always distinguishable from the typical form.
* ¥* * Pods 4 to 5 lines in diameter, plano-convex or nearly so; the wing radiately nerved,
neither toothed nor perforated: upper leaves ovate-oblong or ovate-lanceolate, cordate-
auriculate.
T. radians, Benrn. Stems 10 to 15 inches high, simple or with a few simple elongated
ascending branches, glabrous: lowest leaves runcinately toothed or pinnatifid; the upper
sub-entire: racemes long, loosely flowered; pedicels usually ascending but nodding near
apex, 4 to 8 lines long: petals purple, exceeding the calyx: fruit downy or quite smooth,
white, with dark nerves radiating in the wing. — Pl. Hartw. 297; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif. i. 49. — Central California, Sacramento Valley, northward to Oregon, Howell. Not
abundant, but striking on account of its large light-colored and radiately nerved fruit.
4, BERTEROA, DC. (Dedicated to Carlo Giuseppe Bertero, a Pied-
montese botanist, 1789-1831, who travelled in South America.) — A small genus
often united with Alyssum, with which many of its technical characters agree, but
so different in its tall branching habit, as well as its very deeply cleft petals and
generally more numerous margined or winged seeds, as to appear worthy of
generic rank, to which it has lately been restored by Prof. Prantl. — Mém. Mus.
Paris, vii. 232, Syst. ii. 290, & Prodr. i.158. Under Farsetia, Reichenb. Consp.
184. Under Alysswm, Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 74. [By B. L. Rosryson. ]
B. inchna, DC. Erect or somewhat decumbent, 1 to 2 feet high, pale green: branches
simple: radical leaves spatulate, 2 to 4 inches long; the cauline similar or lanceolate,
smaller: petals white, much exserted, deeply bifid, almost as in Stellaria: capsule elliptic,
somewhat inflated, about 3 lines long; cells about 6-seeded; style slender, persistent. —
Syst. ii. 291. Alyssum incanum, L. Spec. ii. 650.— Grain, hay, and clover fields, becoming
frequent, N. New England and Massachusetts, probably introduced with grass or clover
seed; also a ballast-weed about New York City, Judge Brown. (Ady. from Eu.)
B. wurAptuis, DC., a very similar species with pods larger and flatter, 4 to 5 lines long, is
reported as somewhat established at Hingham, Mass., Bouvé. (Ady. from Eu.)
Alyssum. CRUCIFERZ. 1
5. LOBULARIA, Desv. (New Latin Jobulus, a little lobe, presumably
in reference to the two-parted or lobed hairs.) — A small group of Old World
plants, chiefly of the Mediterranean region, often united with Alysswm, but of
distinct habit and with very different and characteristic pubescence. — Jour. Bot,
iii. 162 (1814); Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii, Ab. 2,195. Konig,
Adans. Fam. ii. 420. Aduseton, Adans. 1. ¢. ii. (25). Koniga, R. Br. in Denh.
& Clapp. App. 214.— The name here retained is the earliest desirable generic
designation, since one of Adanson’s names was not Latinized and the other
spelled in two ways by the author himself, who completes their confusion by
transposing them in his prefatory errata. [By B. L. Ropinson. |
L. marfrma, Desv. l.c. (SwreeT Atyssum.) Perennial, branching near the base, some-
times a little woody below: branches slender, leafy: leaves oblong-lanceolate to linear,
appressed-pubescent with hairs attached in the middle: racemes numerous, becoming elon-
gated; pedicels widely spreading or divaricate, 3 lines in length: flowers white, fragrant :
petals fully twice as long as sepals; blades suborbicular, entire, patulous : filaments enlarged
below but not toothed: capsule orbicular, a line in diameter; cells 1-seeded. — Clypeola
maritima, L. Spec. ii. 652. Alyssum maritimum, Lam. Dict. i. 98; DC. Syst. ii. 318.
Koniga maritima, R. Br. 1. e.; Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 175.— Cultivated and occa-
sionally spontaneous or somewhat established by roadsides. (Adv. from Eu.)
6. ALYSSUM, Tourn. (Etymology, é& privative, and Avooa, madness,
the plants having been regarded in ancient times as an antidote for hydrophobia,
see Pliny, N. H. xi. 57, 95.) — Herbaceous or suffrutescent plants, natives of the
Old World north of the tropics. One species is indigenous in Alaska and another
of different section is more or less established in the United States. — Tourn.
ace. to L. Gen. no. 5383; DC. Prodr. i. 160; Reichenb. Ic. F]. Germ. ii. 18-21;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 73. [By B. L. Ropinson.]
§ 1. Evatyssum, Boiss. Filaments laterally toothed: cells of the fruit
2-seeded. — Fl. Orient. i, 264.— Alaskan perennial (and many Old World
species).
A. Americénum, Greene. Low, spreading, densely stellate-pubescent, perennial: stems
decumbent, 3 to 5 inches in height, leafy up to the subcorymbose inflorescence : leaves spatu-
late, pale above, white beneath, entire, 3 to 6 lines long, a third as broad, rounded at the
apex: racemes even in fruit but an inch in length; pedicels divaricate, becoming 3 lines
long: sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse: petals with suborbicular narrowly notched blade and
very slender claw: filaments appendaged: capsule broadly obovate, nearly 2 lines long,
with a slender persistent style less than half its length. — Pittonia, ii. 224.— This plant
appears to stand close to A. montanum, L., and better fruiting specimens are necessary to
prove with much certainty its distinctness from this and other closely related species of the
Old World.
§ 2. Psmonima, C. A. Meyer (as genus). Filaments unappendaged : petals
cuneate : cells of the fruit 2-seeded. — Meyer in Ledeb. FI. Alt. iii. 50.
A. catycfnum, L. Low spreading annual, stellate-pubescent, branching from near the base :
leaves numerous, small, spatulate, entire, ascending: racemes becoming 2 to 8 inches long;
pedicels 1 to 2 lines in length: calyx wholly or partially persisting until the maturity of the
fruit: petals small, white or nearly so, scarcely surpassing the sepals: fruit orbicular,
double convex but with thin margin. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 908; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man.
ed. 6, 68. <A. alyssoides, L. Syst. ed. 10, ii. 1130. Clypeola alyssoides, LL. Spec. 652. —
Roadsides, ete., across the continent, not infrequent; fl. May, June. (Ady. from Eu.)
116 CRUCIFERZ. Lesquerella.
7. LESQUERELLA, Watson. - (Dedicated to Leo Lesquereux, distin-
guished paleontologist and bryologist, born near Neufchatel, 1805, died 1889.) —
A large and natural genus of North America, distinguished from <Alyssum by
having usually turgid pods (lenticular in a few species) and unappendaged fila-
ments, from the gerontogeous genus Vesicaria by having smaller flowers, shorter
spatulate rather than unguiculate petals, smaller pods with more or less nerved
septum and generally immarginate seeds. The genus occupies the greater part
of the continent from the western borders of the Great Basin, Arizona, and
Lower California to Texas, Kentucky, the Saskatchewan, Labrador, and Green-
land. A single species is S. American. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 249; Wats.
& Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 68. Vestcaria of authors, not Lam., as to
American species (excl. Physaria), thus Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 161, t. 70; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. i. 73; Wats. Bibl. Index, 74. [By S. Watson. ]
§ 1. ALty¥smus, Watson. Pubescence loosely or somewhat hispidly stellate:
winter annuals, with several often simple leafy ascending or subdecumbent stems,
not canescent or scarcely so: pods round or round-ovate, mostly sessile ; the cells
4-8-ovuled. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 250.
* Seeds margined: filaments dilated at base: style shorter than the pod.
+ Pods flattened, round-ovate, strigose-hairy ; septum not hyaline.
L. Lesctrii, Warson, l.c. Stems slender, usually branching, a span high or less: leaves
oblong-ovate or oblong, toothed ; the cauline sessile and auriculate : petals broadly spatulate,
2 to 3 lines long: filaments inflated at the base: pods 2 or 3 lines long, ascending, the style
not half so long; cells 4-ovuled; the funiculus free. — Vesicaria Lescurii, Gray, Man. ed. 2,
38. Alyssum Lescurii, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 72. — Hills near Nashville, Tenn.
+ + Pods globose, glabrous.
L. grandifiéra, Watson, l.c. Finely pubescent, rarely somewhat hispid: stems a foot
high or more: radical leaves oblanceolate, more or less deeply sinuate or sinuate-pinnatifid ;
the cauline oblanceolate to oblong or oblong-lanceolate, narrowed at base or somewhat auricu-
late-clasping : petals obovate, 2 to 5 lines long: filaments gradually dilated below: pods
suberect on ascending or divaricate pedicels, 2 or 3 lines in diameter, abrupt at base : the
style rarely a line long; cells usually 8-ovuled. — Vesecaria grandiflora, Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 3464; Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t.404; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 101, excl. var. ;
Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 148. V. brevistyla, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 102. — Middle counties of
Texas, from the Gulf to the Red River.
L. auriculata, Warson, l.c. More hirsute with spreading hairs: cauline leaves more or
less auricled: petals narrower : filaments abruptly and broadly dilated at base: pods slightly
narrowed at base; the style half its length. — Vesicaria auriculata, Engelm. & Gray, Pl.
Lindh. pt. 1, 32.— Dry prairies near San Felipe, Texas, Lindheimer.
* * Seeds immarginate: filaments slightly dilated: pods subdepressed-globose.
+— Pods hirsute.
L. lasiocarpa, Watson. Low, and slightly hispid: leaves coarsely toothed or pinnatifid ;
the lower oblanceolate; the cauline oblong, sessile, not auriculate: petals obovate, 3 lines
long: filaments subdilated for half their length: pod twice longer than the stout style ;
cells 6-ovuled. — Wats. l. c. 251. Vesicaria lasiocarpa, Hook. Bot. Mag. under t. 3464, the
name only; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 13, in part.— Near Ringold Barracks on the Lower Rio
Grande, Texas, Capt. E. K. Smith. (Tamaulipas, Mex., Berlandier, no. 3101.)
+— + Pods glabrous, substipitate.
L. densifiéra, Watson, l.c. Finely pubescent and the stems somewhat canescent, a foot
high or less: leaves entire or sparingly repand-denticulate, oblanceolate, attenuate to the
Lesquerella. CRUCIFERZ. Ail,
base: petals broadly spatulate, 2 to 4 lines long: filaments slightly dilated for a third of
their length: pods ascending, 2 lines in diameter ; the very slender style as long; cells 6-8-
ovuled; the fruiting raceme short and crowded. — Vesicaria densiflora, Gray, Pl. Lindh.
pt. 2, 145. — Central Texas.
§ 2. LesQUERELLA proper. Canescent with fine appressed often compact
or lepidote-stellate pubescence: seeds immarginate: filaments filiform or linear-
subulate. — Wats. 1. c.
* Ovary and pod finely pubescent, sessile or very nearly so; cells 2-8-ovuled.
+ Pods not globose: biennials or perennials with simple stems.
++ Pods ovate to oblong-ovate, compressed ; the valves convex (especially toward the base),
acute or acutish, erect on spreading or ascending pedicels: pubescence compact and
rarely if at all distinctly stellate : western species.
L. occidentalis, Warson, lc. Caudex usually simple ; stems a foot high or less: lower
leaves oblanceolate, coarsely sinuate-dentate ; the cauline spatulate, entire: petals spatulate,
about 3 lines long: pods oval, acutish, 3 or 4 lines long; the slender style 2 lines long; cells
4-ovuled. — Vesicaria occidentalis, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 353.— Oregon, Mitchell and
Multnomah Counties, Howell, and N. California, near Yreka, Greene. Taller specimens
from the White Bluffs of the Columbia, Washington (Brandegee), have broadly obovate
obtuse fruit and may be distinct.
L. Kingii, Warson. Stems shorter, procumbent or decumbent: leaves entire; the radical
ovate on slender petioles ; the cauline spatulate : filaments filiform: pods on shorter pedicels,
oblong-obovate, acute, 2 or 3 lines long; the cells 2~4-ovuled ; style a line long. — Wats. 1. e.
xxiii. 251. Vesicaria Kingii, Wats. 1. c. xx. 353.1 — N. Nevada, Kaolin Hills, Stretch; East
and West Humboldt Mountains, Watson ; California, Lassen’s Peak, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin2
L. alpina, Warson. Dwarf (1 to 3 inches high), usually cespitose and multicipital; stems
slender: leaves entire, narrow, linear to linear-oblanceolate: petals 2 or 3 lines long, spatu-
late, with the base somewhat broadly wing-dilated : pods on straight or more or less curved
pedicels, compressed, oblong-ovate, acute, 2 lines long ; the slender style about as long; cells
2-4-ovuled ; septum sometimes perforate. — Wats. 1. ¢. xxiii. 251. Vesicaria alpina, Nutt.
in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 102. V. Ludoviciana, Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 58, not DC. —
Cypress Hills, Canada, Macoun, to Colorado and Montana. Specimens from Greene River,
Wyoming (Parry), have the pubescence more loosely stellate throughout.
Var. intermédia, Warson,1.c. Stems stouter (1 to 6 inches high): flowers larger ;
the oblong sepals 23 to 4 lines long and the petals more narrowly spatulate: pods ovate-
elliptical; the cells 4-ovuled and the styles usually nearly as long. — Vesicaria alpina,
Gray, Pl. Fendl. 9. — New Mexico, Fendler, no. 38; §. Colorado, Pueblo County, Greene ;
S. Utah, Parry.
L. Arizénica, Watson. Dwarf, cespitose and multicipital, 1 to 3 inches high: leaves as
in the preceding but the lower usually shorter and more broadly oblanceolate: flowers large,
often bright yellow: sepals oblong-ovate, 2 lines long or less: petals with a broad wing-
dilated undulate claw scarcely longer than the rounded blade: pods broadly ovate; cells
4-ovuled; the style usually about half as long. — Wats. 1. c. 251, 254. — Arizona, Jupiter
Mountains, near Prescott, Palmer ; near Williams Station, Lemmon ; Peach Springs, Lemmon,
Jones ; Mokiak Pass, near St. George, Palmer.
++ ++ Pods oblong or ovate-oblong, acute, not compressed or slightly so, erect on usually
divaricate curved pedicels: Rocky Mountain species.
L. montana, Warson, 1. c. 251. Pubescence often evidently stellate: caudex rarely
branched ; the stems less than a foot long: leaves oblanceolate, or the radical often sub-
ovate on slender petioles, often with one or two obscure teeth: petals spatulate, 3 or 4 lines
1 Add syn. Vesicaria montana, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 43; K. Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 171, not
Gray. Physaria montana, Greene, Fl. Francis. 249.
2 And on Snow Mountain, acc. to K. Brandegee, 1. c.; also on Telescope Peak, Panamint Mts.,
ace. to Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 62.
118 CRUCIFERZ. J Lesquerella,
long: pods about 3 lines long, with a long slender style; the cells 4-8-ovuled. — Vesicaria
montana, Gray, Proce. Acad. Philad. 1863, 58.— N. Colorado and 8. Wyoming, near and on
the mountains.
++ ++ ++ Pods elliptical, somewhat obcompressed, acute or acutish, erect on spreading
pedicels: pubescence very dense and compactly lepidote: Arizona.
L. Wardii, Watson. Caudex simple; the short stems procumbent: radical leaves round-
ovate on slender petioles; the cauline short, linear to obovate-subulate: petals 3 lines long,
ligular-spatulate: filaments linear-subulate: pods on short pedicels (2 or 3 lines long), 14 to
24 lines long; the valves very convex; cells 2-4-ovuled; septum oblong; style a line long
or more; seeds somewhat turgid and irregular; the long radicle more or less curved to one
side. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 252, 255.— Utah on the Aquarius Plateau, at 11,000 feet
alt., L. F. Ward.
L. cinérea, Watson, ll. cc. Resembling the last closely in habit, more whitely canescent,
and the cauline leaves mostly linear-spatulate: flowers larger: sepals narrow, 3 lines long :
petals 4 lines long with a very broad undulate claw, somewhat contracted below the rounded
blade: pedicels longer: ovary obcompressed ; the cells 12-ovuled (mature pod unknown). —
Arizona, Palmer. Like the last abnormal in its obcompressed pods and perhaps to be
transferred to Physaria.
+— + Pods globose or nearly so and obtuse (acutish in L. Ludoviciana) ; cells 2-6-ovuled.
++ Annual or sometimes biennial: southern.
L. globdsa, Watson. Pubescence dense, but evidently stellate: stems slender, often
branched, a foot high or more: leaves entire or sparingly repand-denticulate; the lower
oblong-spatulate ; the cauline linear-oblanceolate: petals spatulate, 2 or 3 lines long: pods
on widely spreading pedicels, a line in diameter, shorter than the style; cells 2-ovuled. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 252. Vesicaria globosa, Desv. Jour. Bot. iii. 171 (1814). V. Shortii,
Torr. in Short, Pl. Ky. Suppl. iii. 336; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 102; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 38.—
Tennessee, Kentucky, and E. Missouri.
L. Berlandieri, Warson, 1. c. Pubescence often somewhat sparse: stems slender, simple
or branched, a foot high or less: lower leaves lyrately pinnatifid; cauline repandly toothed,
ovate- to oblong-lanceolate or oblanceolate, petiolate: petals spatulate, about 3 lines long:
pods globose or ellipsoidal, 14 to 23 lines long, equalling the style; cells 4-6-ovuled. — Vesi-
caria Berlandieri, Gray in Wats. Bibl. Index, 75, without description. — Near Matamoras on
the Rio Grande and at San Fernando, Tamaulipas, Berlandier, nos. 819, 884. 'To be confi-
dently expected upon the Texan side of the river.
L. Palmeri, Watson. Pubescence dense and compact: apparently biennial, with a stout
caudex; the simple stems a foot long or more: lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate, repand ;
the cauline linear-oblanceolate, entire or sparingly toothed: petals spatulate, 3 lines long:
pods ovate-globose to broadly ellipsoidal, erect on spreading or ascending pedicels, 24 to
34 lines long ; the style as long, cells 2-4-ovuled. — Proc. Am. Acad. XXill. 252, 255. — Arizona,
Palmer ; specimens cult. at Washington, D.C. (Topo Caiion, Lower Calif., Orcutt.)
++ ++ Biennial or sometimes perennial: northern.
L. Ludoviciana, Watson, 1. c. 252. Pubescence evidently stellate or compact below:
caudex very rarely multicipital and stems rarely branched, a foot high or less: leaves
mostly narrowly oblanceolate to linear; the radical frequently sparingly toothed: petals
spatulate, 3 or 4 lines long: pods more or less pendulous upon recurved pedicels, 1} to 23
lines long, usually somewhat longer than broad and acutish; the style about as long;
cells 4-6-ovuled. — Vesicaria Ludoviciana, DC. Syst. ii. 297; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 101.
Myagrum argenteum, Pursh, Fl. ii. 434. Alyssum Ludovicianum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 63.— W.
Minnesota and Central Dakota to Nebraska and N. E. Colorado; N. Arizona, Palmer.
Var. arendésa, Warson, 1. c. Low (rarely 6 inches high) and very slender with
shorter narrow leaves. — Vesicaria arenosa, Richards. in Frankl. lst Journ. ed. 1, App.
743 (reprint, p. 15). V. arctica, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2882. V. arctica, var., Hook. Fl. Bor.-
Am. i. 48. — Saskatchewan region, Richardson, Bourgeau, Macoun.
L. Douglasii, Watson. Distinguished from the last by the small obovate and very obtuse
pod, with the cells 2-ovuled, erect upon spreading pedicels: lower leaves sometimes ovate
Lesquerella. CRUCIFERZ. 119
upon a narrow petiole. — Wats. 1. c. 252,255. Vesicaria Ludoviciana, Hook. 1. e. as to hab. ;
Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 232. — Washington, on the Columbia River, east of the Cascade
Mountains, Wilkes, Lyall, Suksdorf; in the Wallowa Mountains, E. Oregon, Cusick ; first
collected by Douglas, but locality not given.
* * Ovary and pod glabrous (or pubescent in L. Gordoni and L. arctica), not at all
compressed.
+ Pods oblong or pyriform, substipitate, on long ascending pedicels: Arkansan annuals.
L. repanda, Warsoy, l..c. 252. Pubescence finely and for the most part sparingly scurfy-
stellate; stems simple or branched, a foot high: lower leaves somewhat lyrately pinnatifid ;
the upper linear-spatulate, entire: petals broadly spatulate, 3 lines long: young pods oblong,
acutish, somewhat narrowed to a very short stipe; the style about as long. — Vesicaria
repanda, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 101.— Banks of the Red River, Arkansas.
L. Nuttallii, Warson, 1. c. Resembling the last, but the radical leaves and flowers
unknown: pods erect on long spreading pedicels, broadly pyriform, somewhat constricted
above the abrupt base, 24 lines long, upon a short stipe; the slender style one or two lines
long; cells 6-8-ovuled. — Vesicaria Nuttallii, Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 148.— Prairies of the
Red River, Arkansas, Leavenworth. Probably the fruiting form of the last.
+ + Pods globose: southwestern (except L. arctica).
++ Pods pendent on recurved pedicels, sessile or scarcely stipitate ; cells 2-6-ovuled.
= Flowers white or rose-colored.
L. purptirea, Warson, 1. c. 253. Biennial or perennial with simple or branched caudex}
the firm pubescence scattered or on the lower leaves more or less compact; stems simple
or branched, often a foot high or more: leaves oblanceolate; the lower often coarsely
repandly toothed or pinnatifid: petals spatulate-obovate, 3 to 5 lines long: pods rarely
ascending, not or scarcely at all stipitate, 14 to 3 lines broad; the style a line long or less;
cells 2-6-ovuled. — Vesicaria purpurea, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 14. — From extreme W. Texas
to Arizona. (N. Mex.) Specimens from Coahuila, Palmer, no. 29, have a longer style.
L. pallida, Watson, 1.c. Annual, finely and rather sparingly scurfy-pubescent, branching,
a foot high: leaves oblanceolate, repandly toothed: pod shortly stipitate, 2 lines broad; the
style about a line long; cells 6-ovuled. —Vesicaria pallida, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.
668. V. grandiflora, var. pallida, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 101.— Prairies near San Augustine,
E. Texas, Leavenworth. Much resembling large-podded forms of L. recurvata, but leaves
toothed, style somewhat shorter, and flowers said to be white.
- = = Flowers yellow.
L. recurvata, Wartson,l.c. Annual, thinly pubescent; the slender stems often branched,
a foot high or less: leaves entire, oblong-oblanceolate or -spatulate, an inch long or less:
petals spatulate, 14 to 3 lines long: pods sessile, 1 or 2 lines broad; the very slender style
about as long; cells 2-4-ovuled. — Vesicaria recurvata, Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2,
147. V. angustifolia, Scheele, Linnea, xxi. 584, in part. — Central Texas.
++ ++ Pods suberect upon ascending or curved pedicels.
= Annual (rarely biennial?), mostly branched: pods often stipitate: very closely allied
species.
L. Lindheimeri, Watson, 1.c. Pubescence very fine or densely compact and lepidote :
stems a foot long: leaves oblong- or narrow-lanceolate, more or less repand: petals spat-
ulate-obovate, 3 lines long: pods 2 lines long, on a short stipe; the style rather shorter ;
cells 6-8-ovuled. — Vesicaria Lindheimeri, Gray, 1. ¢. 145.— Texas, McMullen, Berlandier,
no. 179; Victoria, Lindheimer, no. 327; Dallas, Reverchon, distributed as no. 186%.
L. gracilis, Warson, 1. c. Pubescence very fine, usually scanty; stem slender and lax,
branching, a foot high or more: leaves narrowly oblanceolate, entire or sparingly repand:
petals spatulate-obovate, 3 lines long: pods stipitate, 14 or 2 lines broad; the style nearly or
quite as long; cells 4—6-ovuled. — Vesicaria gracilis, Hook. Bot. Mag. under t. 3464, 3533 ;
Gray, 1. c. 148. V. polyantha, Schlecht. Bot. Zeit. xi. 619.— Central Texas to Kansas,
Montgomery Co., Plank.
120 CRUCIFERZ. Lesquerella.
Var. séssilis, Watson, 1.c. Pods sessile. — Vesicaria angustifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright.
ii. 13, in part.— Texas, Frio Co., Wright, no. 848. Lindheimer’s specimen from New
Braunfels, no. 326, in flower, referred to V. angustifolia (Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 145), is probably
the same.
L. Gordoni, Watson, 1. c, Pubescence somewhat coarser: stems a foot high or less:
leaves linear-oblanceolate, entire or rarely repand: petals spatulate, 3 lines long: pods
stipitate, 2 lines in diameter; the style somewhat shorter; cells 6-ovuled. — Vesicaria
Gordoni, Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 149.— Extreme W. ‘Texas to New Mexico and Arizona.
Very near the last.
Var. séssilis, Watson, 1.c. Pods sessile or nearly so, and often pubescent. — Vesi-
caria angustifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 13, in part. — With the same range, and 8. Utah,}
Parry. Forms approach L. argyrea.
L. angustifolia, Warson, l.c. Finely lepidote: stems simple or branched, a foot high:
leaves at base lyrate-pinnatifid; the cauline narrowly linear and petiolate; petals spat-
ulate, 24 lines long: pods sessile or on slender ascending or spreading pedicels, 2 to 24 lines
broad; the style somewhat shorter; cells 2-ovuled.— Vesicaria angustifolia, Nutt. in Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 101. — Prairies of Red River, Arkansas, Leavenworth, Nuttall.
= = Biennial or usually perennial (but often fruiting the first year): pods sessile or
nearly so on ascending or spreading pedicels; cells 6-10-ovuled.
a. Pubescence evidently stellate.
L. Engelmanni, Watson. Pubescence dense: caudex usually multicipital; stems usually
simple, often dwarf, sometimes tall and branched: lower leaves ovate and petiolate to linear-
oblanceolate, entire or sparingly repand ; the cauline linear-oblanceolate or -spatulate: petals
broadly spatulate, 3 to 6 lines long: pods usually in a short raceme, substipitate, 3 lines
long; the style as long or longer; cells 6-8-ovuled. — Wats. 1. c. 254. Vesicaria Engelmanni,
Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 162, t. 70, & Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 144. V. pulchella, Kunth & Bouché, Ind.
Sem. Berol. 1845, 15, & Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, xi. 229.— Central Texas, Austin and New
Braunfels, Lindheimer, &c.; Indian Territory, Gordon; W. Kansas, Ellis, Z. Watson; Col-
orado, bluffs of the Arkansas at Pueblo, Greene.
L. argyrea, Warson, l. c. Pubescence more or less dense: caudex often simple and
apparently annual or biennial; the leafy stems decumbent or procumbent, simple or
branched, often a foot long or more: leaves very variable, from ovate and petiolate to
usually more or less narrowly oblanceolate, entire or often repandly toothed: petals spat-
ulate, about 3 lines long, often turning purple: pods sessile in a long raceme, on straight
and ascending or spreading and curved pedicels, 2 to 24 lines broad; the style as long or
somewhat shorter; cells 6-10-ovuled.— Vesicaria argyrea, Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 146.—
S. W. Texas, from the Colorado River southward. (Northern Mex. to San Luis Potosi.)
b. Pubescence compactly lepidote, rarely evidently stellate.
L. arctica, Warson,l.c. Caudex usually simple and stems unbranched, 6 inches high or
less: leaves spatulate, 3 lines long: pods on ascending pedicels, 24 to 3 lines long; the
style a line long or less; cells 6-ovuled; septum perforate. — Vesicaria arctica, Richards. in
Frankl. 1st Journ. ed. 1, App. 743 (reprint, p. 15). Alyssum arcticum, Wormsk. Fl. Dan.
t. 1520.— West coast of Greenland and the arctic coast of N. America, east of the
Mackenzie River.
Var. Purshii, Warson,1.c. Pod somewhat pubescent ; septum entire. — Anticosti
Tsland, Shepherd, Macoun; “Canada,” Pursh (in herb. Torrey).
L. Féndleri, Watson, 1. c. Usually evidently perennial, with a multicipital caudex, often
dwarf; the simple stems rarely a foot high: leaves numerous, entire, mostly very narrowly
linear-oblanceolate, in the typical form somewhat wider: petals broadly spatulate, 3 to 5
lines long; pods in a dense and usually short raceme, 2 or 3 lines broad, sometimes ellip-
soidal and acutish; the style as long or a little shorter; cells 10-16-ovuled. — Vesicaria
Fendleri, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 9. V. stenophylla, Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 149, Pl. Wright. i. 10,
& ii. 13. — S. Colorado to W. Texas, Arizona.? (N. Mex.)
1 Also in Vegas Wash, S. W. Nevada, ace. to Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 62.
2 Also in California at San Pedro Martir, acc. to T. S. Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 202.
~
Synthlipsis. CRUCIFERZ. 121
8. PHYSARIA, Gray. (Name from ¢vodpiov, a diminutive of dica, a
pair of bellows, suggested by the didymous fruit and slender style. The name
first applied by Nuttall in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 102, as a sectional designation
in the genus Vesicaria.) — A small genus with the whole aspect of Lesquerella,
but to be distinguished by its strongly didymous fruit with a narrow partition.
Perennials, many-stemmed and spreading. — Gen. II]. i. 162; Wats. Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 363; Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 2, 187. —
Species with excellent characters in the fruit, but otherwise very difficult to
distinguish. [By B. L. Ropryson.]
: * Fruit at maturity much inflated: upper sinus acute, usually narrow.
P. didymocarpa, Gray, 1.c. Very canescent and lepidote with close white stellate pubes-
cence: radical leaves petiolate, with roundish toothed angled or entire blade or oblanceolate
and more or less sinuately toothed below: cauline leaves mostly entire, spatulate: racemes
dense; pedicels becoming 6 or 7 lines long, ascending or spreading: flowers variable as to
size: sepals lanceolate, surpassed by the rather narrow pale yellow petals: fruit strongly
didymous, rather deeply notched above, entire or more or less cordate at base, becoming
6 or 8 lines in breadth; lobes subglobose with no demarcation between the dorsal and
lateral surfaces; walls papery. — Wats. Bot. King Exp. 20, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 363.
Vesicaria didymocarpa, Hook. FI]. Bor.-Am. i. 49, t. 16; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 102. — The com-
monest species and rather variable; Colorado to N. Nevada and Oregon, northward to Brit.
America, chiefly in mountainous regions. A noteworthy form from Middle Park, Colorado,
Parry, has a laxer inflorescence and fruit divided almost to the base.
P. Newbérryi, Gray. Very similar in habit and foliage: flowers mostly larger: petals
sometimes 8 lines in length, usually narrow: cells of the fruit provided with two angles or
keels rather sharply separating the convex dorsal portion from the flattish lateral portions ;
walls firmer in texture than in the preceding, and in drying tending to fold regularly along
the keels. — Bot. Ives Rep. 6, & Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 243; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad.
xvii. 363. — Mountain valleys, New Mexico near Tegua, Newberry, Ft. Wingate, Matthews ;
Arizona, on Cave Dwellers’ Mountain, Lemmon; S. Utah, Parry; Nevada, Pahranagat
Mts., Miss Searle, and Mountain Spring, Bailey.
* % Fruit strongly compressed laterally, only moderately or scarcely at all inflated: sinus
at the apex of the fruit shallow, rounded: species of Oregon and Washington.
P. Géyeri, Gray. Whitish with very dense stellate tomentum: radical leaves with short
broadly ovate entire obtusely-pointed blades narrowed below to long channelled petioles ;
cauline leaves small, spatulate: racemes rather dense, an inch or two long; pedicels spread-
ing or curved-ascending, 3 lines long: fruit small for the genus, broadly and shallowly
obcordate, narrowed toward the base; cells but 25 to 3} lines long at dehiscence ; replum
ovate, much exceeded by the persistent style. — Gen. Ill. i. 162; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped.
232; Wats.1c. Vesicaria Geyeri, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 70, t. 5. — Sandy soils and
volcanic ash; Upper Spokane Valley, Geyer; on prairies between the Spokane River and
Ft. Colville, Wilkes, and on Spokane River, Henderson.
P. Oregona, Watson, 1.c. Leaves larger, canescent, not so white as in the preceding :
pedicels mostly curved-ascending, 6 lines or more in length: sepals ovate-lanceolate to lance-
oblong, 24 lines in length, considerably exceeded by the pale yellowish petals: capsule
becoming 6 to 8 lines broad, rounded or very shallowly cordate at base; cells somewhat
inflated but dorsally narrowed to a more or less distinct keel; style scarcely a line in
length. — Oregon, gulches near mouth of Pine Creek and upon gravelly banks of Snake
River below Brownlee Ferry, Cusick ; fl. April, fr. June.
9. SYNTHLIPSIS, Gray. (S%vOAuwhs, compression, in reference to the
flattened fruit.) — A small genus of spreading grayish-pubescent herbs of the
Southwest, nearly related on the one hand to Lyrocarpa and on the other to
Lesquerella. Stems leafy: leaves sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid. Racemes lax.
122 CRUCIFERZ Synthlipsis.
— Pl. Fendl. 116, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 34; Baill. Hist. Pi. iii. 282; Prantl,
l.c. [By B. L. Rosrnson.]
S. Grégegii, Gray, ll. ce. Canescent-tomentose, rarely smoothish: root single: stems sev-
eral, slender, elongated, spreading, simple or branched; leaves ovate, few-toothed, slender-
petioled or subsessile by a narrowed base: racemes in fruit 6 inches or more in length;
pedicels 3 to 4 lines long, widely spreading but commonly somewhat ascending: sepals
narrow, linear, spreading in anthesis: petals roseate or white, 4 lines long, with a broad
rounded blade: capsules suberect, broadly oblong, wing-appendaged and obcordate at sum-
mit, rounded or subcordate at base, 5 lines long, two thirds as broad. — Wats. 1. c. 322;
Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. iv. 21. — Collected several times upon the Mexican side of
the Lower Rio Grande, Berlandier, and doubtless extending into Southwestern Texas.
(Coahuila, Gregg, Palmer ; San Luis Potosi, Schaffner, Parry & Palmer, Pringle.) ;
S. Berlandieri, Gray. Spreading habit of the preceding, finely stellate-pubescent: leaves
more deeply sinuate-toothed or shallowly pinnatifid: pedicels longer and usually recurved,
6 to 8 lines in length: flowers yellowish or purplish, probably changing color with age:
fruit orbicular, 3 lines in diameter, neither wing-appendaged nor notched, commonly
deflexed. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 34; Walp. Ann. vii. 171. S. heterochroma, Wats. 1. c. 321, ap-
pears insufficiently separated. — Similar situations as the last, S. W. Texas, Nealley, Heller.
Passing into var. HisprpaA, Wats. 1]. c., with stem more or less hirsute with simple hairs,
which partially replace the stellate tomentum.— Laredo, Texas, Berlundier. (Mexico,
Palmer.)
10. LYROCARPA, Hook. & Hary. (Avpa, a lyre, and xapzés, fruit.) —
Erect annual or perennial herbs with fine stellate pubescence. Leaves toothed
or runcinately pinnatifid: sepals long and narrow, linear-oblong: capsule broadly
obcordate or with rounded ear-like appendages on each side of the subtruncate
end. — Lond. Jour. Bot. iv. 76, t.4; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 93. [By B. L-
Rosinson. |
L. Cotilteri, Hoox. & Harv. 1.c¢. Distinctly perennial: stems several, 1} to 2 feet high,
sparingly branched: leaves lyrately pinnatifid, 1 to 2 inches long, petioled; terminal
segment triangular or 5-lobed, acute, much exceeding the (sometimes obsolete) lower seg-
ments: flowers 8 to 10 lines broad, in a loose raceme, sweet-scented: pedicels spreading,
shorter than the slender calyx: blades of the petals linear or lance-linear, attenuate: capsule
oblong, § lines in length, conspicuously bi-auriculate above. — Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.
44; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xxiv. 39; Brandegee, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, ii. 127. —
Ascribed to California from Dr. Thomas Coulter’s original specimens so labelled, but with-
out exact locality, and perhaps from Lower California, where the species is not infrequent.
Also collected near the southern boundary of Arizona, Pringle. Flowers said to be sweet-
scented in the evening and of ochroleucous color. (Sonora, Lower Calif.)
L. PAtmeri, Watson (Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 123), from Tantillas Mountains, but a few
miles south of the Californian boundary, may be expected in the southern part of that State,
and can be readily recognized by its broadly obovate obcordate pods only 3 or 4 lines in length.
Still a third species, from Cape St. Lucas, with much broader bright purple petals, has been
recently added to the genus.
11. DITHYREA, Harv. (Aés, two or double, and @upeds, shield; the
name intended as a Greek equivalent of Biscutella, a Mediterranean genus of
similar aspect.) — A small genus of cinereous-tomentose plants of the Southwest,
habitally and in fruit considerably resembling iscutella, but differing markedly
in their sessile or subsessile stigmas and dense stellate pubescence, as well as in
widely different geographic position. — Harv. in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. iv. 77,
t.5; Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 2,187. Under Biscu-
tella, Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 91; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 48. [By B. L.
Rosrson. |
D. Califérnica, Harv.1.c. Spreading annual, usually branching from the base, 4 inches
to a foot in height: leaves thickish, ovate or almost orbicular, coarsely and obtusely few-
toothed or subentire; the radical narrowed below to slender petioles; the cauline nearly
sessile, somewhat cuneate at base: racemes very dense, often branched ; pedicels scarcely a
line in length: stellate-tomentose sepals erect in anthesis, acutish, about 3 lines long,
much exceeded by the spreading white or purplish petals: fruit notched both above and
below; lobes suborbicular, margined, tomentose at the edge, 3 lines or more in diameter. —
Engelm. in Wisliz. Tour N. Mex. 96; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 14. Biscutella Californica,
Brew. & Wats. 1. e.—Sandy soil, S. California, Th. Coulter, Parry & Palmer; White
Water, San Bernardino Co., Calif., Parish, Jones; Lincoln Co., Nev., Coville & Funston.
(Lower Calif., Orcutt.)
Var. maritima, Davinsoy, in litt. Leaves thicker, distinctly fleshy, more densely
canescent-tomentose : inflorescence very dense; pedicels “dark purple.” — Biscutella Cali-
fornica, var. maritima, Davidson, Erythea, ii. 179.— Sand dunes of coast, Los Angeles Co.,
Calif., Monica, Lyon ; Redondo, Miss Merritt.
D. Wislizéni, Enxcerm. 1. c. 95. Erect, subsimple or occasionally branching from below
and somewhat spreading, 1 to 2 feet high, becoming rather stout: leaves crowded, lanceolate
or ovate-lanceolate to linear-oblong, narrowed to a slender and often distinctly petiolate
base; the upper sessile: racemes elongated, loose; divaricate or ascending pedicels 4 to 8
lines in length: petals white: fruit notched below, but more frequently short-beaked above,
or if notched very shallowly so.—Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 10, ii. 14, & Pl. Thurb. 299; as
Dithyrea, Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2,150, & Pl. Fendl. 116; Torr. in Marcy, Rep. 280, t. 2;
Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 159. beris, n. sp., Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 166. Biscutella
Wislizeni, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 48; Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. ii. 21.— Com-
mon on sandy hills, Arkansas and Texas to Arizona and S. Utah; fl. April to August.
(Mex., Pringle.)
12. THLASPI, L. (@)4v, to crush, in reference to the pods and seeds,
which are strongly flattened as if crushed.) — A genus of moderate size, chiefly
of S. Europe and Central Asia; glabrous annuals or perennials with undivided
sessile and often amplexicaul leaves. Flowers white or purplish. — Gen. no.
5380; DC. Prodr. i. 175; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. t.5; Prantl, 1. c. 166.
[By B. L. Rosinson.]
* Capsules large, orbicular or nearly so, broadly winged, very strongly obcompressed ; sides
nerved but not keeled; apex deeply notched: introduced annual.
T. arvense, L. (Penny Cress.) <A span to a foot high, decumbent or erect, simple or
considerably branched above: leaves obtusely and rather remotely toothed or angled; the
lower spatulate; the upper oblong, obtuse: flowers small: sepals greenish, a line in length,
exceeded by the spatulate white petals. — Spec. ii. 646; Eng. Bot. t. 1659; Pursh, FI. ii.
435; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 58.—Streets of cities, about dwellings, etc., generally dis-
tributed and locally common in the northern and eastern parts of the United States and
Canada, most copious, however, in Manitoba and adjacent Minnesota, where it bears the
name of “French Weed.” (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Capsules obovate or oblanceolate, not broadly winged, nor so strongly obcompressed,
sides more or less distinctly keeled; apex until dehiscence entire or very shallowly
notched: indigenous species of the West and Southwest.
T. alpéstre, L. Perennial, quite simple or more commonly branched from the base, 2 to 8
inches, rarely a foot or more high: rootstock slender, elongated: leaves small, subentire or
finely toothed; the radical obovate or oval, rounded at the apex, narrowed to slender
petioles: the cauline ovate or oblong, 3 to 8 lines long, sessile with somewhat auriculate
bases: racemes simple, terminal, rather dense ; pedicels divaricate, in fruit 2 to 4 lines long:
sepals purplish, thin-margined: petals white or pale purple, 24 to 4 lines long: capsule
124 CRUCIFERZ. — Thlaspi.
obovate, obtuse, truncate, or shallowly retuse at the apex, cuneate at the base, becoming 4
lines long and 2} lines broad, tipped with a slender persistent style. — Spec. ed. 2, ii. 903 ;
DC. Syst. ii. 380; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 58; Torr. & Gray, 1c. 114. 7. montanum, Hook.
l.c.; Torr. & Gray, l.¢.113; not L. T. cochleariforme, DC. Syst. ii. 381; Torr. & Gray,
lic. TZ. Fendlerr, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 14; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 34.— Common
throughout the West, especially in hilly and mountainous regions, Montana to New Mexico
and westward to the Pacific. (Mex., Pringle.) Somewhat variable but neither divisible
into good species nor satisfactorily separable from the Old World form of the species.
T. Califérnicum, Warson. Similar in stature and habit to the preceding: radical leaves
oblanceolate, toothed: racemes more elongated, less densely flowered: petals white: fruit-
ing pedicels ascending: capsules oblanceolate, acute or acutish at the apex, 5 lines long,
2 lines broad: sides strongly carinate; slender style persistent.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii.
365. — Kneeland Prairie, Humboldt Co., Calif., 2,500 feet alt., Rattan.
13. LEPIDIUM, Tourn. Peprercrass. (Aeziduor, a little scale, in refer-
ence to the small flat pods from the scale-like appearance of which, it is said,
some species have been used, according to the doctrine of signatures, as a folk-
remedy for cutaneous diseases.) — A genus of considerable size, widely dis-
tributed in temperate and warmer regions of the world, seldom if ever truly
alpine or arctic. Flowers small, often considerably reduced by abortion. Plants
of little or no beauty, possessing, however, a characteristic habit from their
copious erect or ascending regular and usually rather dense ebracteate fruiting
racemes, with equal slender generally divaricate pedicels. Foliage, pubescence,
and duration very variable. Most species are slender annuals or subsucculent
biennials, several being used as salad plants; a few are perennials or even saf-
fruticose. The fruit, sometimes collected as food for birds, has given the com-
moner species the name “ Canary-grass” in some regions. — Inst. 215, t. 103;
L. Gen. no. 527; DC. Syst. ii. 527, & Prodr. i. 203; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
ii. t. 9, 10; Gray, Gen. IIL. i. 167, t. 73. [By B. L. Ropinson.]
§ 1. Style slender, sometimes rather short but distinctly developed and
persistent.
* Capsule ovate, cordate, more or less pointed at the apex, neither winged nor retuse ;
valves strongly convex. — Cardaria, Desv. Journ. Bot. iii. 163 (1814). Lepidium § Car-
daria, DC. Syst. ii. 528. — A coarse introduced perennial.
- LT. Drdpa, L. Pubescent or somewhat tomentulose: stems decumbent, 10 to 15 inches
high, corymbosely branched: leaves large, elliptic-obovate or elliptic-lanceolate, 2 to 3
inches long, obtuse, denticulate and narrowed below to an auriculate base: flowers white:
pods broader than long, shallowly cordate with rounded more or less inflated lobes; valves
I-nerved but furrowed not keeled in the middle. — Spec. ii. 645; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 74;
Greene, Fl. Francis. 275; Eastwood, Zoe, ii. 228.—Sparingly adventive in waste places
and cultivated grounds in the Eastern and Middle States; Grand Junction, Colorado, ace. to
Miss Eastwood; Yreka and Berkeley, Calif., Greene. (Nat. from Eu.)
* * Capsule ovate, rounded at the base, more or less pointed at the apex, neither winged
nor retuse; valves not convex but somewhat keeled: native species of the West.
L. Jaredi, Branpecer. A slender glaucous pubescent annual, 4 to 8 inches high, with
narrow lanceolate entire or somewhat toothed leaves and branched rather loose inflores-
cence; pedicels filiform, 5 lines in length: flowers yellow, a little over a line in length:
capsule glabrous, not retuse until by incipient dehiscence. — Zoe, iv. 398. — California, near
Goodwin, San Luis Obispo County, Jared ; near Riverdale, Fresno County, A. Haton.
L. nanum, Watson. <A compact cespitose perennial: leaves very small, spatulate, 3-lobed
at the apex, ciliate, densely clustered upon a multicipital caudex: stems a third to half
inch high, 1-5-flowered: capsule glabrous, about a line in length. — Bot. King Exp. 30, t. 4,
Lepidium. CRUCIFER. 125
f. 5-7. —N. Nevada, Holmes Creek Valley, 6,000 feet alt., Watson, and near Halleck Station,
Wheeler ; fr. September. A species very distinct in its matted habit ; the flowers still unknown.
* * Capsule orbicular, broadly elliptic or rarely ovate, abrupt or retuse at the apex.
+— Capsule wingless or inconspicuously winged at the apex, not exceeding 2 lines in breadth.
++ Flowers bright yellow: style very slender and relatively long (half the length of
capsule).
L. flavum, Torr. A glabrous prostrate annual, branched from the base: leaves lanceolate
or oblong-lanceolate in outline, slightly fleshy; the radical rosulate, regularly pinnatitid
with short rounded lobes and narrow acute sinuses; the cauline less toothed : racemes short
and dense, subcapitate, somewhat corymbosely arranged in robust individuals: capsule
glabrous, finely reticulated, bifid at the apex; teeth acute; sinus open. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv.
67; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 30; Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 65.— California,
Mohave Creek, Frémont, Bigelow; Mohave Desert, Parry, Mrs. Bush; Ash Meadows,
Vegas Valley, and Shepherd Cafion, Coville & Funston; N. Nevada, Humboldt Valley,
Watson, Humboldt Wells, Greene; fl. March, April; fr. May. (Lower Calif., Orcutt.)
++ ++ Flowers white or nearly so.
L. alyssoides, Gray. Smooth: stems 1-several, erect, leafy, corymbosely branched
above: upper leaves entire, narrow, long-linear, acute, ascending; the lower similar or
pinnately divided into a few usually rather narrow acutish entire or cleft segments: pedicels
about 3 lines long: sepals short, oval, usually caducous, much exceeded by the more per-
sistent long and slender-clawed petals: capsule rhombic-ovate. — Pl. Fendl. 10, Pl. Wright.
i. 10, Gii. 15; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 29. JZ. montanum, var. alyssoides, Jones, Zoe, iv. 266.
— Plains and mountain valleys, W. Texas to Arizona, northward to Colorado, Porter, and
Trinity Mountains, Nevada, Watson.
L. montanum, Noetr. Probably biennial, low and branched from near the base or less
frequently with a single erect stem branching above, minutely pulverulent to rather densely
hirsute: leaves even the upper ones more or less deeply toothed or pinnatifid (very rarely
entire) ; segments ovate to oblong-elliptic or very rarely linear: sepals not falling before the
petals: capsule ovate-elliptic to suborbicular. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, F1. i. 116, 669; Gray,
PL Wright. ii. 15; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 8; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 29. ZL. corymbosum,
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 323. L. Utahviense, Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 92. —In similar
places as the last, with which it may occasionally intergrade ; the majority of forms, of the
two, however, are too distinct to be united. The southern range is similar to that of the
last, but westward and northward the present species extends to California and N. Idaho,
Spalding.
L. scopulérum, Jones, in herb. Perennial, becoming suffruticose at the base, irregularly
branched, quite glabrous: leaves subcoriaceous; the lower ones obovate or oblanceolate in
outline, toothed or rather deeply parted into broad obtuse segments and narrowed at the
base into more or less elongated petioles; the upper leaves narrower, sessile, commonly
with a few spreading teeth near the apex: racemes usually numerous, rather dense ; pedicels
24 to 3 lines long: petals white, conspicuous, much exceeding the sepals; blade suborbic-
ular; claw slender: stamens 6: capsule broadly ovate, somewhat narrowed to the slightly
retuse apex, glabrous, 14 lines long; sides with low keels. —L. montanum, var. alpinum,
Wats. Bot. King Exp. 29. JZ. integrifolium, var. heterophyllum, Wats. Am. Nat. ix. 268.
L. heterophyllum, Jones, Zoe, iii. 284, not Benth. — Rocky cliffs of mountains, at moderate
altitudes, Utah, Wasatch Mountains, Watson, Jones, and near Cedar City, Parry. Certainly
a distinct species.
Var. spatulatum, Rosrnyson, n. var. More decidedly fruticose: leaves spatulate,
quite entire except at the subtruncate and obscurely 3-toothed apex: style very short. —
LL. spatulatum, Vasey, in herb. — Headwaters of the Bear River, Colorado, Vasey, no. 51,
September, 1868.
L. integrifo6lium, Nurr. Herbaceous, glabrous or puberulent, probably biennial, branched
from the base, 7 to 15 inches high: root single, stout, commonly more than half inch in
diameter: leaves oblong, oblanceolate, or spatulate, acute or apiculate, thickish, 1 to 2
inches long, 24 to 34 lines broad, entire: racemes single, terminal or more commonly
several, 1 to 2 inches long: pedicels spreading, 3 to 4 lines long: petals obovate, white,
126 CRUCIFERZ. Lepidium.
about twice the length of the sepals, indistinctly and broadly clawed, deciduous with the
sepals: stamens 2: capsules ovate-oblong, 14 lines long, barely retuse, inconspicuously
reticulated when quite ripe. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 116; Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi.
71. L. Utahense, Jones, Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 70, & Zoe, iv. 266, is exactly the same. —
Rocky Mountains of Wyoming, Letterman, westward to Utah, Ward, Jones; S. E. Wash-
ington, Nuttall, and the Muddy River on the Upper Missouri, Geyer, acc. to Hooker. A
very characteristic species, distinguished by its thick root, relatively broad-clawed petals,
and reduced stamens.
+ + Capsule ovate or ovate-oblong, distinctly winged at the retuse or bifid apex, seldom
exceeding 2 lines in breadth: annuals, introduced from the Old World.
L. sativum, L. (Garprn Cress.) Erect, glabrous: branches ascending: leaves cleft nearly
to the rhachis; segments few, oblanceolate or linear, entire or obtusely toothed or lobed
toward the apex: racemes elongated ; pedicels erect or nearly so, shorter than the capsules ;
style included in the narrow sinus between the thin erect obtuse lobes of the pod. — Spec.
ii. 644; Porter in Hayden, Rep. 1870, 473, & Fl. Col. 10; Coulter in Hayden, Rep. 1872,
761.— Sparingly introduced about dwellings in Brit. America from Gaspé to Vancouver,
Macoun ; and in the Northern States across the continent, but infrequent. (Introd. from Eu.)
L. campéstre, R. Br. (Cow Cress.) Erect, pubescent: stem simple and very leafy up to
the inflorescence: leaves oblong, obtuse, denticulate, erect; the lower ones narrowed to
slender petioles; the upper sessile by a sagittate-clasping base: pedicels horizontally spread-
ing, a little shorter than the thickish papillose capsule: petals white: anthers yellow: style
slightly exserted from the narrow notch. —R. Br. in Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 88; Beck, Bot.
27; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 115; Lockwood, Bot. Gaz. v.14; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man.
ed. 6, 73. — Becoming locally common in cultivated ground, Cape Breton and §S. Canada,
Macoun, to Virginia, not infrequent in the interior; also near Waldo, Oregon, Rattan ; fl.
May, June. (Nat. from Eu.) The subspecies L. Smfruu, Hook., with smoother pod and
purple anthers, has been collected at Milton, Mass., Dr. Kennedy, but the differences do
not appear significant. Yellow-anthered individuals with smoothish pods are not infrequent.
Nor does the length of the style furnish a satisfactory distinction.
+ + + Capsule suborbicular or somewhat obcordate, flat and broad, 24 to 4 lines in
diameter.
L. Fremontii, Watson. Suffrutescent, glabrous and glaucous, much branched, 10 to 20
inches high: leaves narrow, linear, acute, 14 to 3 inches long, entire or with 1 to 2 pairs of
narrow linear spreading acute teeth: racemes very numerous: flowers on slender spreading
often flexuous pedicels: petals 14 lines long: pods thin, light colored, usually but not always
more or less pointed at the base, shallowly obcordate with broad rounded lobes. — Bot.
King Exp. 30, t. 4, f. 38,4; Coville, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. iv. 65.— Arid places, Col-
orado, Rothrock & Wolf, to Nevada, Arizona, and 8. California; especially abundant in
the Mohave Desert; fl. May, June. A species well marked by its large pods.
§ 2. Stigma sessile or subsessile ; capsule emarginate or retuse at the apex.
* Capsule merely emarginate.
+— Cotyledons accumbent (parallel with the surfaces of the capsule and seed), relatively
broad.
L. Virginicum, L. (Preprrrcrass.) Puberulent, erect, 8 inches to 2 feet high’ lower
leaves pinnate or deeply pinnatifid, seldom persisting until fruit; segments incisely serrate ;
the terminal one much the largest ; upper leaves linear or lanceolate, erect, incisely toothed
or entire; teeth unequal and upwardly pointed: racemes 1-several, many-flowered ; pedicels
slender, widely spreading, 13 to 2 lines long: petals spatulate, white, exceeding the oblong
obtusish sepals: stamens 2 (to 4): capsule orbicular, smooth, often purple-tinged at maturity,
narrowly margined above, 14 lines in diameter ; seeds light brown, narrowly wing-margined,
very flat; the faces traversed by a curved and eccentric groove marking the division
between the radicle and flat cotyledons. — Spec. ii. 645; Michx. Fl. ii. 27; Pursh, Fl. ii.
435; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 168, t.73; Ell. Sk. ii. 140; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 65; Darl. Fl. Cest. 381;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 115; Leggett, Bull. Torr. Club, i. 5. L. Iberis, Schk. Handb. ii. 222,
t.180. ZL. triandrum, Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iii. 426. LZ. majus, Darracq, Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr.
Lepidium. : CRUCIFERZ. Toa
xy. p. xiii. [Hist. et Descr. Bayonne, ed. 2,454]. Clypeola Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 173.
Cynocardamum Virginicum, Webb & Berth. Hist. Nat. Canar.i. 97. Thlaspi Virginianum,
Poir. Dict. vii. 544. Dilepticum diffusum & D. precox, Raf. Fl. Ludoy, 85, 86. — A common
weed in dry soil of roadsides and cultivated ground. New England to Florida, westward to
Kansas and Texas. (W. Ind., also introduced into Europe.) The position of the cotyle-
dons is exceptional in the genus, and forms by far the best distinction between this and the
two following species, which in many respects closely similate it.
+ + Cotyledons incumbent (parallel to the dissepiment of the capsule); mature fruit
seldom exceeding 14 lines in length.
++ Erect annuals with stem simple below: the first species more or less pubescent, the
others nearly or quite glabrous, if granular very minutely so.
= Petals present, white, equalling or exceding the sepals: western.
L. Menziésii, DC. Root long, slender, perpendicular, simple or at length branched, some-
times biennial or perennial (?): stem 2 inches to a foot high, puberulent, simple below,
erect, branched above: basal leaves pinnately parted, petiolate, pubescent or somewhat
hirsute; segments lanceolate, acutish, subentire or rather deeply toothed; cauline leaves
merely toothed, the upper linear, entire: racemes 1 to several, not contracted near the sum-
mit; pedicels slender, early spreading or divaricate, longer than the capsules: stamens
varying from 2 to 4: capsules orbicular, retuse, glabrous, about a line and a half in diameter :
seeds narrowly margined upon one edge. — Syst. 11. 539; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 115, in part;
Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 233; Macoun, Cat. Canad. Pl. 57; not Hook., nor Brew. & Wats.,
nor of authors as to apetalous Californian plant. % L. Californicum, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray,
lc. LZ. intermedium, & L. Virginicum, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.46,not 47. L. occidentule,
Howell, Erythea, iii. 32, has no distinguishing character. — Cliffs and rocky banks, Oregon,
Howell, to Vancouver, Macoun, first coll. by Menzies. Of the identity of the type, there can
be no doubt, from De Candolle’s accurate description, as well as from a tracing of and notes
upon the original in herb. Brit. Mus. Plants appear, however, to have been early cultivated
at Geneva as L. Menziesii, which, being quite distinct, have led to a general confusion.
L. médium, Greene. Very similar to the preceding in flowers and fruit: root shorter,
more often branched, probably only of annual duration: stem usually taller, becoming 14
feet high: leaves lanceolate, dentate, but scarcely ever pinnatifid, nearly or quite glabrous ;
the rameal linear, entire. — Erythea, ili. 32. LL. intermedium, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 15; Wats.
Bot. King Exp. 25, in part; not A. Rich., nor Gray, Man. ed. 2-6, nor of authors as to plant of
Eastern States. JL. lasiocarpum, var. tenuipes, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 322, in great part
(a form with slightly flattened pedicels connecting this with ZL. lasiocarpum).— Texas
and New Mexico to S. California and northward to Puget Sound and N. Idaho. (Mex.)
Perhaps intergrading with the preceding, but of very different and much more extended
range.
Var. pubéscens, Rosrnson, n. var. Somewhat stouter, velvety-pubescent: leaves
thickish: petals in type of the variety and specimens seen always present as in typical
form: capsule a little larger, glabrous. — L. intermedium, var. pubescens, Greene, Bot. Gaz.
v. 157. — Arizona, Palmer, 1876, and New Mexico, at Mangos Springs, Greene, 1880.
L. apétalum, Witip. Habitof LZ. Virginicum but more slender, odorless: leaves somewhat
narrower and paler duller green; the basal more or less incisely toothed or pinnatifid ; seg-
ments usually acutish: flowers apetalous (minute petals present in some foreign varieties),
diandrous, closely aggregated, the pedicels remaining nearly erect during anthesis, thus
making the racemes appear contracted just below the summit: fruiting pedicels approxi-
mate, regularly and widely spreading, scarcely longer than the glabrous orbicular retuse
silicels. — Spec. iii. 439 (poorly described from a fragmentary Siberian specimen, but
type still extant and identified by Prof. Ascherson, Verh. Bot. Brandenburg, 1891, 108).
L. incisum, DC. Syst. ii. 541, and various authors, but probably not of Roth; see Ascherson,
l. c. 109. ZL. micranthum, var. apetalum, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 205; Griitter, Deutsch. Bot,
Monatsschr. viii. 80; Winkler, Verh. Bot. Brandenburg, 1891, 106. L. rudera/e, Hook. FI.
Bor.-Am. i. 68; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 115; Torr. in Frém. Rep. 87; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 10;
Hook. f. Arct. Pl. 286, 320; not L. ZL. intermediwm, Gray, Man. ed. 2-6; Wats. Bot. King
Exp. 29, in part, and authors, as to eastern plant. L. lasiocarpum, var. tenuipes, Wats.
128 CRUCIFERZ. Lepidium.
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 322, in small part. Z. Virginicum, Macoun, Cat. Canad. Pl. 57, as to
eastern plant; MacMillan, Metasp. Min. Val. 257.— Common and widely distributed,
extending from New England across the continent and south to Texas, where, as in the
northwest, probably indigenous; in the Eastern States a wayside weed appearing as though
introduced. (N. & Centr. Asia, ady. in Eu.)
L. ruper4.e, L. Nearly or quite glabrous, 8 to 12 inches high, exhaling a strong disagree-
able odor (like that of Senebiera didyma): lowest leaves bipinnatifid, seldom persisting ;
the upper narrow, linear, entire or few-toothed: racemes more slender and loosely flowered
than in the preceding: flowers small, apetalous, diandrous: capsule smooth, marginless,
broadly ovate rather than orbicular, commonly less than a line in diameter: pedicels slender,
14 lines long, more scattered and less regularly spreading than in the preceding. — Spec. ii.
645; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 168, t. 73, f. 8-10; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 73.— Waste
places and roadsides, Nova Scotia, Macoun, to Texas, Reverchon, becoming frequent about
the larger cities of the Atlantic seaboard ; fl. a little earlier than the two preceding, May to
July. (Nat. from Eu.) Leafy and paniculately branched specimens not differing from
this species in their essential characters have been collected in the Winnipeg Valley, at
Fort Ellis, and in the Saskatchewan region, Bourgeau, and at Maple Creek, Macoun.
++ ++ Lower and more spreading, pubescent or hirsute.
L. lasiocarpum, Nurr. Branching from or near the base, decumbent (rarely if ever with
a single erect stem), hirsute with spreading hairs or tomentulose: lower leaves pinnately
parted; segments usually rather broad, obtuse or rounded, sparingly toothed or entire:
racemes several; pedicels distinctly flattened, horizontally spreading, 14 lines long: sepals
broadly oblong, usually purple, with thin white margins: petals minute or none: capsule
suborbicular, thin-margined near the apex, hispid-pubescent upon both faces or at least upon
the edge (very rarely quite smooth).— Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl.i.115; Wats. Proc. Am.
Acad. xi. 113, & xvii. 322; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 46. LZ. Wrightii, Gray, Pl. Wright.
ii. 15. L. ruderale, var. lasiocarpum, Engelm. in Gray, 1. c. —S. W. Colorado, Brandegee,
and Texas to S. California. (Adj. Mex.) Also introduced upon railway ballast in Oregon,
Henderson. A species of definite geographic distribution, distinguished from the following
by its almost invariably hispid pods and less deeply divided leaves.
L. sirrynatiripum, Desy. Low, branching from or near the base: leaves all pinnatifid, the
lowest bipinnatifid; segments roundish to oblong or linear: flowers apetalous: fruiting
pedicels divaricate, seldom exceeding the orbicular glabrous silicels. — Journ. Bot. lili. 165
(1814) ; K. Brandegee, Zoe, iii. 49, & iv. 300. L. Menziesii, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 68, as to
dleser.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 115, in part; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 46, and authors as to
pl. Calif., not DC. — A common weed by beaten paths, &c., Centr. and S. California, eastward
to Arkansas, Pringle, Letterman. (Probably introduced from Mex. and S. Amer.)
++ ++ ++ Stem conspicuously granular: southwestern annual or biennial.
L. soérdidum, Gray. Spreading from the base or forming an erect flexuous much
branched stem, a foot in height: leaves all deeply pinnatifid, 6 to 9 lines long; segments
more or less cleft; racemes many, 8 to 16 lines in length: flowers very numerous, minute,
apetalous or nearly so: stamens 4: capsules orbicular, smooth, wingless, three fourths line
in diameter, on slender ascending pedicels of about the same length. — Pl. Wright. i. 10,
- & ii. 15; Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 21.— Mountain valleys and rocky hills,
W. Texas, Wright, Girard, Havard; fl.in summer. (Chihuahua, Pringle.)
+ + + Cotyledons incumbent: fruit larger, 2 to 2} lines long at maturity; the thin
margin slightly involute toward the upper or dorsal surface: Pacific species.
L. nitidum, Nurr. Erect or branched from the base and spreading, 4 inches to a foot or
more in height: pubescent or nearly smooth: lower leaves deeply pinnatifid with narrow
rhachis and attenuate segments; the upper leaves often entire: racemes one to several, rather
loosely flowered: petals white, considerably exceeding the sepals: capsule smooth and
shining, convex below and nearly flat or even concave above, 1} to 2 lines broad, often
purple: pedicels strongly flattened. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 116; Benth. Pl. Hartw.
298; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 66, vii. 8, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 34; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif.
i. 46. L. leiocarpum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 324, not DC.— Washington, Rockland,
Suksdorf, Klikitat, Howell, to San Diego, California, Thurber, Oreutt ; common on dry
hillsides; fl. through spring.
Senebiera. CRUCIFERZ. 129
Var. insigne, Greene. “Stoutish and mostly simple, 4-8 inches high; the mostly
solitary fruiting raceme shorter and denser: pods twice as large [as 14 lines in diameter],
round-obovoid.” — Fl, Francis. 274, & Man. Bay-Reg. 24. — Mt. Diablo Range, Central Calif.,
acc. to Greene.
* * Apex of the capsule produced into two distinct teeth or lobes: western annuals.
L. latipes, Hoox. Pubescent or somewhat hirsute, branched from the base; branches
short, stout, procumbent: leaves long, narrow, linear, entire or coarsely pinnatifid with a
few linear segments: racemes dense; pedicels strongly compressed, ascending or nearly
erect: petals obovate, rounded at the apex, 13 lines long, much exceeding the short sepals :
pods oyate, conspicuously reticulated, puberulent, or coarsely pubescent, ending in two
approximate ovate-lanceolate acutish teeth ; the latter being a line or more in length; sinus
very narrow.—Ic. t. 41; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 116; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 45.—
Flats and salt marshes, but also in hard clayey soil, California, near the coast from Martinez
southward.
L. dictyétum, Gray. Decumbent, spreading, much branched from the base: leaves
linear, tapering at both ends, 10 to 22 lines long, a line or less in width, usually entire,
more rarely with one or two narrow teeth near the middle: pedicels strongly flattened :
sepals scarious-margined, not persisting: petals usually none, when present narrow, white:
capsules ovate, strongly reticulated, pubescent at least when young, 1} lines broad; teeth
short, obtuse; sinus narrow. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 329; Wats. Bot. King. Exp. 30, t. 4, f.
1,2; Greene, Fl. Francis. 273, & Man. Bay-Reg. 23. — Damp and especially alkaline soil,
Washington, Duck Lake, Suksdorf, Walla Walla, Brandegee, southward to San Diego Co.,
Calif., Jones, Cleveland; also Nevada, Anderson, Watson; fl. February to June.
Var. acttidens, Gray. Racemes more elongated, loose: pedicels widely spreading
or deflexed: teeth of the capsule longer, acute or acutish, more or less spreading; sinus
triangular.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 54. — Alkaline soil, Yreka, Calif., Greene; Oregon,
Howell Bros.; San Diego, Calif., Jones. The southern specimens collected by Prof. Jones
show a transition to the type.
L. strictum, Rarran. Finely pubescent, branched, nearly erect or more or less spreading °
leaves pinnatifid; segments narrow, toothed, obtuse or acutish: racemes mostly rather
dense; pedicels short, erect or ascending, exceeded by the capsules: the latter broadly
ovate, glabrous, inconspicuously reticulated, 1 to 14 lines in breadth; teeth short, acutish ;
sinus triangular: petals none: calyx often persisting to mature fruit.— Anal. Key, 25.
L. oxycarpum, var. (?) strictum, Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 46, & Bibl. Index, 65. ZL. Oreganum,
Greene, Fl. Francis. 274, in part.— Preferring alkaline soil, Centr. and N. California ; fl.
March to June.
Var. Oreganum, Rozgrson, n. var. Segments of the leaves attenuate: capsule
larger, 1} lines broad: calyx promptly deciduous. — L. Oreganum, Howell, Pacif. Coast Pl,
coll. of 1887; Greene, 1]. c. in part. — Rogue River Valley, Oregon, Howell:
L. oxycarpum, Torr. & Gray. Slender, branched from the base, nearly or quite smooth;
branches ascending, 4 to 6 inches long, loosely floriferous more than half their length;
leayes narrow, linear, acute, subentire or pinnatifid with a few narrow acute teeth: racemes
looser than in the preceding species; pedicels widely spreading or deflexed, more slender
than in the other members of the group, 1} lines long: flowers small, apetalous: sepals
very unequal, half line long: stamens 2: capsule suborbicular, glabrate, finely reticulated,
1} lines broad, tipped with two very short widely divergent teeth.— Fl. i. 116; Hook. &
Arn. Bot. Beech. 323; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 46; Greene, 1. c.— Central Calif. to
Cadboro Bay, Vancouver, Macoun, preferring saline soil; fl. March, April.
14. SENEBIERA, DC. Warr Cress, Swine Cress. (Dedicated to
Jean WSenebier, vegetable physiologist of Geneva, 1742-1809.) — Prostrate
spreading and slightly succulent weeds from the Old World, exhaling a charac-
teristic and disagreeable odor. —Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, i. 140-146, t. 8, 9,
1799 (An 7), & Syst. ii. 521; Poir. Dict. vii. 75; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ.
li. t. 9. Coronopus, Gertn. Fruct. ii. 293. [By B. L. Rosiyson.]
9
130 CRUCIFER. Senebiera.
S. prnnatiripa, DC. Annual or biennial: stems numerous and slender: leayes short, an
inch or less in length, pinnately parted; segments 7 to 9, lanceolate, entire, or sparingly
toothed: flowers very small, greenish white: petals minute or none: fruit small, 1 to 14 lines
broad, notched both above and below, thus appearing transversely 2-lobed; its segments
turgid and finely wrinkled. — Mém. Soc. Hist. Nat. Paris, i. 144, 1799 (An 7), & Syst. ii.
523; Torr. & Gray, Fl.i. 114. S. didyma, Pers. Syn. ii. 185. Lepidium didymum, L. Mant.
92. Coronopus didymus, Smith, Fl. Brit. ii. 691; Pursh, Fl. ii. 434; Nutt. Gen. ii. 65.—
Preferring moist soil of ditches, surface drains, &c., frequent along the seaboard from New-
foundland to Florida and Louisiana, also from California to Vancouver Isl., Macoun;
occasionally found in dry situations; not frequent in the interior; fl. spring and early
summer. (Introd. from Eu.)
S. Coronopus, Poir. Annual or biennial: stems stouter: leaves longer and segments rela-
tively narrower: fruit flattened, 14 to 1} lines broad, not notched above nor divided into
two lobes, but strongly roughened and somewhat crested by radiating prominences. — Dict
vii. 76; Pers. Syn. ii. 185; DC. Syst. ii. 525; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 115; Wats. & Coulter, in
Gray, Man. ed 6, 74. Coronopus Ruellii, All. Ped. n. 934; Pursh, Fl. ii. 435; Ell. Sk. ii.
139. Coronopus Coronopus, Karsten, Deutsch. Fl]. 673.— Roadsides and rubbish heaps,
chiefly in the Middle Atlantic States, but occasionally westward; Portland, Oregon, Hen-
derson; less common than the preceding. (Introd. from Eu.)
15. SUBULARIA, L. Awtworr. (Latin subula, an awl, in refer-
ence to the leaves.) —Small aquatic perennials with clustered subulate attenuate
leaves and scapose loosely racemose inflorescence of minute white flowers. —
Gen. no. 526; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 163, t. 71; Hiltner in Engl. Jahrb. vii. 264;
Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 2, 159.— An interesting and
practically monotypic genus of which the exact affinities are still somewhat
doubtful. The following species is widely distributed in the northern temperate
zone. A second species from the mountains of Abyssinia is doubtfully distinct.
[By B. L. Rogryson. ]
S. aquatica, L. Submersed or growing on muddy banks, glabrous: root a dense cluster
of bright white fibres: leaves 12 to 20, unequal, erect or slightly spreading, thickish at the
base, 1-14(-3) inches in length, tapering very gradually to the end: floral axis naked, 1 to 4
inches high, floriferous from below the middle: the submersed flowers minute, cleistogamous,
and somewhat simplified: fruit obovate, upon short distant spreading pedicels. — Spec. ii
642; DC. Syst. ii. 698; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 113; Gray, l. c. 164, t. 71; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif. i. 43; Slosson, Bull. Torr. Club, xi. 118; Day, ibid. xvi. 291.— Edges of ponds and
lakes, also muddy banks of running water, Newfoundland, on the Exploits Riv., Robinson
& Schrenk; Maine, Nuttall, near Portland, Chickering ; New Hampshire, Franconia, Tucker-
man, Oakes, Miss Slosson, Faxon, Squam Lake, J. Schrenk; Ontario, Slater’s Bay near
Port Sandfield, coll. by botanists of Am. Assoc. 1889; Manitoba, Eagle Lake, Fletcher, ace.
to Macoun; Wyoming, Yellow-stone Lake, Parry ; California, Mono Pass, 10,000 feet,
Bolander, Summit Valley, Pringle, Webber Lake, Lemmon; and Vancouver, Sproat Lake,
Macoun. Said to have been collected on the Delaware Riv. by Durand, but its occurrence
in that region has not been recently substantiated. Easily overlooked and doubtless much
more widely distributed; the foliage somewhat resembles an Jsoetes.
16. CAPSELLA, Medic. (Latin capsella, a little box, alluding to the
fruit.) — A small genus, difficult of circumscription; branching annuals with
small white flowers and rosulate leaves. — Pflanzeng. i. 85; Moench, Meth. 271;
DC. Syst. ii. 883; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 116; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 86;
Prantl, 1. c. 189. Bursa, Tourn. Inst. 216, t. 103. AHymenolobus, Nutt. in
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 117. [By B. L. Rozsryson. ]
§ 1. Btrsex. Fruit obcordate, cuneate, reversed-deltoid in outline: intro-
duced from the Old World.
Neslia. CRUCIFERZ. 131
C, Bursa-pastoris, Medic.].c. (SHepHEeRD’s Purse.) Finely stellate-pubescent and some-
what hirsute: basal leaves oblong or oblanceolate in outline, narrowed below to winged
petioles, dentate or deeply sinuate-pinnatifid; cauline leaves lanceolate, sessile by sagittate
clasping bases: racemes in fruit loose, elongated, often branched; pedicels filiform, spread-
ing. — Thlaspi Bursa-pastoris, L. Spec. ii. 647. Bursa Bursa-pastoris, Weber acc. to Britton,
Mem. Torr. Club, v. 172. — One of the commonest door-yard weeds, doubtless of gerontogeous
origin, but now cosmopolitan. (Nat. from Eu.)
§ 2. Hymeno.ésex. Fruit elliptical, entire at the apex: indigenous, chiefly
in the West.
C. elliptica, C. A. Meyer. Low, weak and spreading, very minutely stellate-pubescent or
glabrous throughout: leaves thin, small, spatulate or lanceolate ; the lower commonly with
a few blunt teeth or more or less deeply pinnatifid: stems nearly filiform, flexuous: flowers
minute: sepals ovate-elliptic, obtuse, thin-margined, about equalled by the narrow white
petals: capsule elliptic-oblong, 1 to 14 lines in length; stigma nearly sessile. — Meyer in
Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iii. 199. OC. procumbens, Fries, Mant. i. 14; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii.
t. 11; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xvii. 311. C. divaricata, & C. erecta, Walp. Rep. i. 175.
Hymenolobus divaricatus, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 117; Hook. Ic. t. 277. H. erectus,
Nutt. 1.c. Lepidium procumbens, L. Spec. ii. 643. Hutchinsia procumbens, Desy. Jour. Bot.
iii. 168 (1814).— Dead Islands, Labrador, Allen; widely distributed in the West, from
Wyoming, Porter, to Brit. Columbia, Macoun, and S. California. (Asia, &c.)
C. ptibens, Bentu. & Hoox. Tall, erect, quite simple or with several ascending branches,
finely and rather closely stellate-tomentose throughout: stem rather stout, leafy: leaves
lanceolate or oblong, pinnately toothed or merely repand: racemes rather dense, becoming
much elongated; pedicels 4 to 8 lines long: sepals spreading in anthesis: capsules sub-
inflated, stellately pubescent and hispid, 3 to 4 lines long, tipped with a short slender style.
— Benth. & Hook. acc. to Wats. Bibl. Index, 52, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 322. _Hymenolobus
pubens, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 9, & ii. 14. — Prairies of Texas, Wright, Girard, Havard, and
New Mexico, Wright. (Mex., Palmer, Pringle.)
17. CAMELINA, Crantz. Farse Frax. (Name doubtfully derived
from xapai, on the ground, dwarf, and Xévor, flax, perhaps referring to a stunt-
ing influence upon flax, in fields of which it often grows.) — Erect geron-
togeous annuals with sagittate-clasping oblong to linear entire or dentate
thickish leaves (the lowermost rarely pinnatifid), and pale yellow or white
flowers of no beauty. — Stirp. Austr. i. 18; Reichenb.1. c.t. 24; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. i. 83; Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 2, 189. [By
B. L. Rosrnson. |
C. sariva, Crantz,1.¢. Stem simple or sparingly branched above, 14 to 4 feet high, leafy,
nearly glabrous or somewhat hirsute: leaves erect, 14 to 24 lines long, entire or nearly so:
flowers rather small, light yellow: fruiting pedicels spreading-ascending: fruit obovate,
becoming 33 to 4 lines long, three fourths as broad, glabrous, margined, finely reticu-
lated and slightly ribbed upon the faces. — DC, Syst. ii. 515; Beck, Bot. 27; Darlingt. FI.
Cest. 379; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 110. — A weed not infrequent in cultivated ground, especially
in flax-fields in Canada and the Middle States, extending across the continent; fl. early
summer. (Introd. from Eu.)
18. NESLIA, Desv. (Dedicated to J A. WV. De Nesle.) — An erect
annual monotype of the Old World, adventive in America.— Journ. Bot. iii.
162 (1814); Reichenb. l.c. [By B. L. Rosinson.]
N. panicutAra, Desy.1.c. Pubescent, a foot or more in height, simple up to the inflorescence :
leaves oblong, obtusish, 1 to 2 inches in length, erect, sessile and clasping by a sagittate
base: racemes 1 to 5, ascending; pedicels widely spreading, very slender, 3 to 4 lines long:
sepals oblong, pale yellow: petals spatulate, bright yellow: capsule subglobose, reticulated,
132 CRUCIFER&. | Cakile.
a line in diameter, tipped with a slender persistent style. — Myagrum paniculatum, L. Spec.
ii. 641. — Winnipeg Valley, Bourgeau (1858), and more or less established along the track
of the Canadian Pacific Railway, at Canmore, Macoun (1885), also coll. on ballast, Jersey
City, Judge Brown; fl. through the summer. (Ady. from Eu.)
19. CAKILE, Tourn. Sra Rocker. (Name of doubtful perhaps Arabic
origin.) — Fleshy maritime annuals, generically readily recognized by their char-
acteristic fruit. Flowers purplish or white. Leaves more or less sinuate-toothed
or incised. — Inst. Suppl. 49, t. 483; Gertn. Fruct. ii. 287; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. i. 99. [By B. L. Roziyson. ]
C. maritima, Scor. Leaves either narrow, linear or nearly so and subentire, or more
often very deeply sinuate pinnatifid, with narrow rhachis and segments: upper cell of the
fruit considerably exceeding the lower, lanceolate in outline or ensiform, slightly 4-angled
and narrowed to an acutish point; the lower cell often but not always appendaged at the
summit with two spreading teeth. — Fl. Carn. ed. 2, no. 844; DC. Syst. ii. 428.— The
typical form of this species occurs as a ballast-weed upon the Atlantic Coast of the Middle
States, Brown, Parker, and a form unsatisfactorily separable by its usually more slender
and elongated spindle-shaped pods is indigenous in Florida, Indian River, Palmer, Marquesas
Keys, Curtiss, Key West, Binney. This form, the var. aquAuis, Chapm. FI. 31, is not
exactly the C. equalis, L’Her. of the West Indies, which has more entire apparently thinner
leaves and still more slender almost linear fruit.
Var. Cubénsis, Cuarm. “Stem and branches erect; leaves linear, obtuse, dentate-
serrate, tapering into a petiole; loment obovate.” — Fl. ed. 2, 606. — “Keys of South
Florida.” Not seen, but from the description of the fruit apparently different from C.
» Americana, var. Cubensis, DC.
Var. geniculata, Rozinson, n. var. Foliage of the type: axes of the racemes very
stout and strongly geniculate: fruit fully inch in length; both cells with several prominent
ribs; the upper cell elongated, oblong, scarcely acute. — C. maritima, var. equalis, Coulter,
Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 31, & ii. 22, not Chapm.— Gulf Coast, Texas, Berlandier, no.
3103, Galveston, Lindhetmer, May, 1843.
C. Americana, Nutr. Leaves oblanceolate or obovate, shallowly sinuate-toothed or cre-
nate: upper segments of fruit ovate in outline, 4-angled near the base, acuminately narrowed
to a compressed truncate often retuse tip.— Gen. ii. 62; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 170, t. 74; Greene,
Bot. Gaz. vii. 94; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6,74; K. Brandegee, Zoe, ii. 340.
C. maritima, Pursh, FI. ii. 434. C. edentula, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 59. C. maritima, var.
Americana, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 119. Bunias edentula, Bigel. Fl. Bost. 157. — Sea beaches
Gulf of St. Lawrence to Fla.; on the Pacific in Central California (perhaps introduced),
Greene, and along the shores of the Great Lakes. Not always readily distinguishable from
the preceding species, of which it has sometimes been regarded as a variety. The difference
of foliage, however, is usually striking, and of geographic range noteworthy. A marked
form from Enterprise, Fla., Canby, has an elongated oblong strongly ribbed pod, but the
upper cell has the characteristic flattened and retuse apex of this species, with which the
foliage also closely agrees. ;
20. RAPHANUS, L. Rapisu. (Pddavos, used for padavis, radish.) —
A genus of six to ten species, stout annuals or bienniagls, all natives of the Old
World and most of them of the Mediterranean region. — Gen. no. 5389; DC.
Prodr. i. 228. [By B. L. Roprinson. ]
R. Rarwanfstrum, L. (Witp Rapisn, JornteD Cuarzock.) Leaves lyrately pinnatifid,
hirsute: petals most often light yellow or white and dark veined, rarely purplish: pod
strongly moniliform, 2-8-seeded; the more or less ribbed or corrugated segments only 14
to 2 lines in breadth; beak elongated, slender, and gradually narrowed to a point. —
Spec. ii. 669; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 120; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 35; Wats. & Coulter,
l.c.—A rapid growing and troublesome weed in waste and cultivated ground. (Introd.
from Eu.)
cee oe
Brassica. CRUCIFER 2. 133
R. sativus, L. 1. c. (Rapisu.) Much like the last in foliage: petals pale purple: pod
usually 2-3-seeded; segments becoming 34 to 4 lines in breadth, less corrugated and less
distinct from the joining necks than in the preceding: beak elongated, thickish but gradu-
ally narrowed to a point. — Gray, Man. ed. 5,75; Coulter in Hayden, Rep. 1872, 761; Brew.
& Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 49. — Occasionally escaping from cultivation in the East; becoming a
prevalent weed in California. In the wild plant the root is rather slender and tough-fibred.
(Introd. from Eu.)
21. BRASSICA, Tourn. (Classical Latin name for cabbage.) — Erect
annuals or biennials of European and Asiatic origin, usually somewhat succu-
lent; several species adventive in America or tending to escape from cultivation.
Leaves, at least the lower ones, usually lyrate.—Inst. 219, t. 106; L. Gen.
n. 542; DC. Syst. ii. 582; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. t. 91-98; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. i. 84; Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 2,177. Sinapis,
L. Gen. no. 543. Rapa, Tourn. Inst. 228, t. 118; Adans. Fam. ii. 417.
Sinapistrum, Spach, Hist. Veg. vi. 348.— Economically the most important
genus of the order. B. oleracea, with its numerous artificial varieties, furnishes
cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts, kohlrabi, kale, broccoli, &e. B. campestris
has yielded in cultivation the turnip and rutabaga, as well as the colza and rape
raised for the oil in the seeds. 2B. nigra and JB. alba furnish the mustard of
commerce. In their wild state these species form rapid growing coarse and
unsightly weeds of roadsides and waste ground. [By B. L. Rozryson.]
B. campéstris, L. (Turnir, Rurapaca.) Stout, smooth or nearly so, often very glaucous,
succulent: lower leaves sparingly toothed or pinnatifid; the upper entire or subentire,
oblong-lanceolate, sessile by a clasping cordate-auriculate base, usually obtuse at the apex:
flowers pale yellow: sepals scarcely spreading: petals about 3 lines long: pedicels spread-
ing: pods terete, 1} to 24 inches long, gradually narrowed into a subulate beak tipped with
a flattish stigma; seeds dark brown. — Spec. ii. 666; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 28; Wats. &
Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 73. — Generally cultivated in its various forms and constantly
tending to escape, sometimes becoming a noxious weed in grain fields; fl. earlier than the
other species. (Introd. from Eu., Asia.)
B. nigra, Koch (Brack Musrarp.) Tall, 2 to 5 feet in height: stem finely striate, nearly
or quite glabrous: leaves large, coarse, petiolate, commonly beset at least upon the veins
beneath with scattered spreading bristles, lyrately pinnatifid or divided; the terminal seg-
ment much the largest, ovate or suborbicular, shallowly lobed and sharply dentate; the
uppermost leaves simpler in outline, often reduced to linear bracts but always with slender
petioles: racemes long and dense: calyx spreading a little in anthesis: petals spatulate,
about 3 lines in length: siliques half inch long, glabrous, torulose, indistinctly quadrangu-
lar, short-pedicelled and appressed at maturity, tipped with slender beaks (half line long);
valves nerveless; seeds nearly black, highly pungent. — Koch in Roehl. Deutschl. Fl. ed. 3,
iv. 713; Wats. 1.c. 28; Wats. & Coulter, 1. c. 72. Sinapis nigra, L. Spec. ii. 668; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 99; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. t. 88. — Extensively cultivated, also well
established and widely distributed as a coarse wayside weed, extending across the continent,
preferring rich soil; fl. from June to late autumn. (Nat. from Eu., Asia.)
B. Sixapistrum, Boiss. (Cuartock.) An erect annual, hispid with scattered hairs: lower
leaves toothed or pinnatifid with a large ovate-oblong or deltoid shallowly lobed and dentate
terminal segment and usually a pair or two of much smaller segments below: upper leaves
ovate-lanceolate, sessile or subsessile by a narrow base, not clasping: flowers relatively
large: sepals spreading: petals nearly 6 lines long: pods ascending, erect or sometimes
appressed; the fertile portion 9 to 15 lines long, torose; valves nerved; beak slender,
flattish, nearly half as long, tipped with a globular stigma; valves at maturity rather
prominently 3-5-nerved. — Voy. Espagne, ii. 39; Wats. & Coulter, 1.¢c. Sinapis arvensis,
L. Spee. ii. 668; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 99; Eng. Bot. t. 1748.— A common and trouble-
134 CRUCIFER2. . Brassica.
some weed in cultivated ground; fl. June to August. The form which is naturalized in
America has glabrous pods, while in the Old World they are quite as often hispid. (Nat.
from Eu., Asia.)
B. stncea, Cosson. Glabrous or nearly so: upper leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear-
oblong, nearly or quite entire, always cuneate at the base: valves of the capsule 3-nerved
with lateral nerves obscure and flexuous: other characters nearly as in the preceding. —
Bull. Soc. Bot. France, vi. 609; Hook. f. & Thom. Journ. Linn. Soe. y. 170. —Sparingly
introduced in the Eastern States. (Introd. from Eu., Asia.)
B. Avsa, Boiss. 1.c. (Wuitre Mustarp.) Habitally resembling the two preceding: leaves
usually all pinnatifid: pods spreading, densely hispid, tipped with long flat beaks; seeds pale
yellow. — Gray, Man. ed. 5,70. Sinapis alba, L. Spec. ii. 668. — Often cultivated and not
infrequently spontaneous, especially in grain fields, Maine, Fernald, to Vancouver, Macoun,
and 8. California, Hasse. (Introd. from Eu.)
B. appréssa, Boiss. 1. ¢. 38 (Hrucastrum incanum, Koch), with pinnately parted leaves and
finely tomentose racemes of short closely appressed pods, has become locally established as a
wayside weed in and near the city of San Bernardino, Calif., Parish.
22. DIPLOTAXIS, DC. (AurAdos, double, and tags, row, in reference
to the biseriate seeds.) — A gerontogeous genus of some twenty species, not very
satisfactorily distinguished from Brassica. 'Two species are becoming so frequent
upon waste ground in America as to merit notice. — Syst. ii. 628; Benth. &
“Hook. Gen. i. 84; Prantl, 1. c. 176. Included in Brassica by Baill. Hist. Pl.
iii, 248, and others. [By B. L. Ropinson. ]
D. murAuis, DC. Branching from near the base, smooth or sparingly hispid: stems often
naked above: leaves oblanceolate, shallowly and bluntly toothed or pinnatifid, attenuate
below: flowers rather small]: sepals erect: petals 3} lines long, pale yellow: fruiting raceme
loose, flexuous; pedicels spreading, 4 to 6 lines long: capsules over inch in length, nearly
terete, tipped with subulate beaks; valves distinctly nerved; seeds ovoid, brown. — Syst.
ii, 634; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 82.— A ballast-weed near the ports of the Atlantic seaboard,
Camden, Parker; Philadelphia, Martindale; New York, Brown; Chelsea, Mass., Young ;
Carleton, N. B., Fowler ; Pictou, N. 8., Macoun; fl. July to September. (Ady. from Eu.)
D. renuirér1a, DC. Similar in habit: leaves deeply sinuate-pinnatifid with narrow seg-
ments: flowers larger: petals 5 lines in length: fruiting pedicels about inch long: capsules
slender, 14 inches in length. — Syst. ii. 632; Reichenb. 1. c. — Similar situations as the last
and about equally frequent. (Ady. from Eu.)
23. CONRINGIA, Heist. (Professor Hermann Conring, born at Norden,
1606; died at Helmstedt, Brunswick, 1661.) — A small natural genus of char-
acteristic habit, but without sharp technical characters. — Heist. ace. to L. Syst.
Nat. ed. 1; Link, Enum. ii. 172; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. t. 61. Under
Erysimum, L. Gen. no. 545; DC. Syst. ii. 507. — One species, perhaps of eastern
origin but now of general distribution in Centr. Europe, is adventive in America.
[By B. L. Rosryson. ]
C. perrouiAta, Link, 1. ce. Glabrous annual, with elliptical obtuse deeply cordate and
amplexicaul leaves, yellowish white flowers, and long widely spreading acutish and rather
sharply 4-angled pods. — C. orientalis, Dum. FI. Belg. 123. Brassica orientalis, L. Spee. ii.
666. B. perfoliata, Lam. Dict. i. 748. Erysimum perfoliatum, Crantz, Stirp. Austr. i. 27.
E. orientale, R. Br. in Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 117. Conringia orientalis, Andrz. in DC. 1. e.
508. — Waste places in the Canadian Provinces, Macoun, and Minnesota, Sandberg; as yet
scarcely more than a ballast-weed. (Ady. from Eu., Asia.)
24. ALLIARIA, Adans. (The Linnean specific name of LHrysimum
Alliaria, derived from Allium, onion, garlic, in reference to the odor.) — A small
ee Se ee ee ee
Eutrema. CRUCIFER. 135
and natural genus of the Old World, distinguished from Sisymbrium by its white
flowers and characteristic foliage rather than by technical characters. — Fam.
ii. 418 (the earliest known post-Linnean reference; the name is ascribed to
Matthioli by Ruppius) ; DC. Syst. ii. 488; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. t. 60;
Prantl, 1. c. 168. [By B. L. Rosrnson. |
’ A. orricinAis, Andrz. Biennial, hispid-pubescent or quite glabrous: stem tall, terete, often
branched above: leaves ovate-deltoid to suborbicular, broadly cordate, sinuate-toothed, 1 to 2
inches in diameter, thin and green upon both surfaces, slender-petioled: flowers rather small
and crowded : siliques firm, spreading-ascending, tapering at the apex, 14 inches or more in
length, on short stout spreading pedicels. — Andrz. in Marschall y. Bieberst. Fl. Tauro-Cauc.
iii, 445; DC. Syst. ii.489. Hrysimum Alliaria, L. Spec. ii. 660. Sisymbrium Alliaria, Seop.
Fl. Carn. ed. 2, ii. 26; Thome, Fl. Deutschl. ii. t. 289; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed.
6, 72. Alliaria Allaria, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 167.— Sparingly naturalized on road-
sides near Georgetown, D.C., J. D. Smith, and near New York City, Miss Rich. (Adv.
from Eu., Asia.)
25. EUTREMA, R. Br. (Ei, well, and rpjua, an opening; in the sense of
well perforated, referring to the often incomplete dissepiment of the capsule.) —
A small genus of perennials, chiefly of alpine and arctic habitat, attaining its
chief development in Siberia, closely related to Sisymbrium but of different habit.
Leaves entire, crenate, or shallowly dentate, usually ovate, oblong or subrotund,
often fleshy; the radical ones long-petioled. — R. Br. in Parry, Ist Voy. Suppl.
to App. 267, t. A, Flora, vii. pt. 1, Beilage 73, & Misc. Works, 1. 193; Benth.
& Hook. Gen. i. 78; Prantl, ].c. [By B. L. Ropinson. ]
* Septum fenestrate.
EH. HEdwardsii, R. Br. ll. cc. Glabrous: root thick, fleshy, perpendicular: stems one to
several, decumbent or nearly erect, 1 to 8 inches high: leaves entire, ovate, mostly rounded
at the base and obtusish at the apex; the radical and lowest cauline upon petioles often two
or three times as long as the blade; the upper cauline sessile or nearly so: flowers small,
pale purple or white, at first densely crowded: fruiting raceme elongated; pedicels erect or
ascending, about 2 lines long: the capsule lance-oblong, about 4 lines in length. — Hook. in
Parry, 2d Voy. App. 267, t. A, & Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 67; C. A. Mey. in Ledeb. FI. Alt. iii.
163; Ledeb. Ic. t. 258, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 112. Smelowskia cinerea, Walpers, Rep. i. 171,
in part. Draba (?) levigata, Cham. & Schlecht, Linnza, i. 25. Sisymbrium Edwardsii,
Trautv. Act. Hort. Petr. i. 59.— Crevices of rocks, Digges Island, Hudson Bay, Bell, to
the Arctic Ocean, from Grinnell Land, Greely Exped., to Alaska. (Siberia.)
E. (?)Eschscholtzianum, Rosrysoy, n. sp. Root slender, somewhat fibrous-branched,
bearing at its apex one or more elongating rhizomes covered with the subulate bases of old
petioles: leaves clustered at the ends of the rhizomes, spatulate, long-petiolate, entire,
obtuse or rounded ; scapes half inch to two inches high, naked below but bearing just under
the inflorescence an involucre of 2 to 4 approximate lanceolate foliaceous bracts: flowers
small, corymbose, white: fruit aseptate; seeds adhering to the placente long (sometimes
months) after the falling of the valves. — Aphragmus Eschscholtzianus, Andrz. in DC. Prodr.
i. 210. Oreas involucrata, Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i. 30, t. 1. Braya Eschscholtziana,
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 83, ace. to Wats. Bibl. Index, 51. — An interesting and too little
known plant growing in loose stony soil, on mountains of Unalaska, Chamisso, and in the
Aleutian Islands, Andrzejowski. The affinities appear to be with the present genus (as
suggested by Robert Brown acc. to Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 68), rather than with Braya.
Although the involucral leaves are exceptional, satisfactory flower- or fruit-characters for
the separation of this species as a monotypic genus have not yet been found.
* * Septum imperforate.
EH. (?) Labrad6éricum, Turcz. Dwarf, scarcely 2 inches high: stems solitary or several,
1-few-flowered, springing from the nodes of an oblique rhizome; leaves entire, ovate,
136 CRUCIFER. Eutrema.
acutish; the cauline 1 to 2, mostly petiolate, rarely one of them sessile: fruit narrowly
linear, many times exceeding the pedicel: septum complete. — Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxvii.
pt. 2, 305; Wats. Bibl. Index, 64.— Labrador. A species not seen by the writer, and per-
haps to be referred to Braya. The description is condensed from that of Turezaninow.
E. arenicola, Ricnarps. Glabrous, half inch to two or three inches high: stems several,
springing from a slender elongating branching rhizome: leaves spatulate, slender-petioled,
chiefly clustered at the base, obtuse, entire or nearly so; the cauline two or three: flowers
purplish: pods linear-oblong; stigma nearly capitate; septum imperforate, sometimes
obscurely nerved. — Richards. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 67, t. 24; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 112.
Smelowskia cinerea, C. A. Mey. 1. ¢. 171, in part. Parryu arenicola, Hook. f. Arct. Pl. 285,
315; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 67.— In sand on the shores of Arctic America between 107°
and 150° west long., Richardson, Franklin, Back; Glovonin Bay, Alaska, Muir; Grinnell
Land? Greely.
26. SMELOWSKIA, ©. A. Meyer. (Professor T. Smelowski, a botanist
of St. Petersburg, who died 1815.) — Low and cespitose perennials, canescent
with fine stellately branched hairs and sometimes suffrutescent below. Leaves
pinnatifid or bipinnatifid, rarely some of them entire. Flowers small, white,
pale yellow, or purplish tinged. Two species are natives of W. N. America, the
others of mountainous districts in Central Asia. — Mey. in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iii.
165; Ledeb. Ic. t. 151; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 79; Prantl. 1. c. 192. [By
B. L. Rosinson. |
S. calycina, C. A. Meyer. Very variable in foliage, finely stellate-pubescent and usually
cinereous-villous with longer simple hairs: caudex stout, branched, clothed with the scaly
bases of former leaves: leaves soft in texture, usually deeply pinnatifid, with 2 to several
pairs of linear to obovate obtuse segments and a terminal one of similar shape and size;
rarely a few of the radical leaves oblanceolate, quite entire: stems several, an inch to a span
high: racemes at first dense and subcorymbose, but becoming elongated in fruit; pedicels
ascending or erect, villous as well as the narrow sepals: petals exserted, with a broad
patulous rounded blade, white or nearly so, about 2 lines in length: capsule usually lanceo-
late, attenuate at each end (but very variable, occasionally short and obovate), tipped with
a short slender style, and capitate obscurely 2-lobed stigma; seeds few. — Mey. 1. c. 170;
Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 58; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 24. Hutchinsia calycina, Besvy,
Jour. Bot. iii. 168 (1814) ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 58, t.17,f.B. H. calycina, var. Americana,
Regel & Herder, Pl. Seminoy. ii. 145.— Mountain slopes, often at considerable altitudes,
Colorado to N. Central California, and northward to Alaska. (Siberia.)
S. Fremontii, Watson. Less canescent: foliage more finely divided and much more
rigid in texture: leaves all pinnate; segments narrow, linear, bristle-tipped and pungent
sepals ovate or oblong, glabrous: petals white: pedicels ascending or spreading, smooth;
capsules linear, tetragonal, 4 to 5 lines long, tipped with a short style; seeds rather numer-
ous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 123; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 42. raya pectinata, Greene,
Erythea, iii. 69, as to character and habitat. — A very distinct species, but apparently to be
referred to this genus. Growing on hills and in mountain valleys of N. California, Lemmon,
Mrs. Austin, Miss Plummer, and Oregon, F'rémont, Howell, Cusick.
27. SISYMBRIUM, Tourn. Hepce Mustarpv. (Name from the
ancient Greek oucvpBpiov, which designated some pungent plant, not certainly
identified.) — A large and somewhat heterogeneous group, of late considerably
divided by various authors. The genus Alliaria, through its strikingly different
habit, may well be separated. Stenophragma, on the other hand, if extended as
suggested by Prantl, loses its sharpness of definition, both as to habit and tech-
nical character. Descurainia, if confined to S. Sophia and its allies, undoubtedly
forms a natural and homogeneous group; but satisfactory technical characters
Sisymbrium. CRUCIFER. 137
have not yet been found to exclude from it various species of western and Mexi-
can Sisymbria with branched hairs, but much less divided foliage, and connecting
with others of South America still more nearly of the Husisymbrium type. The
pubescence, which if all species of both continents are considered passes from
simple or occasionally forked hairs to dense stellation, fails to give a really satis-
factory generic distinction. In view of the paucity of good technical characters
for its subdivision, it seems best therefore to retain the genus in its comprehen-
sive sense, the closer affinities of its species being more conveniently and just as
clearly indicated by subgenera and sections. Sharp limitation from T'helypodium
is most difficult. ‘The orientation of the stigma-lobes, brought forward by Prantl,
is unsatisfactory, since the stigma is so nearly circular in many species of both
genera that distinction is impossible, and in at least one species (7. elegans) of
obvious thelypodioid habit and affinities, the stigma-lobes lie over the placente.
The color of the flower ranges from white to yellow in Stsymbriwm (as here
limited) and in 7helypodium from cream-color to deep purple (in the exceptional
T. aureum, deep yellow). The problematic S. salsuginewm, Pall., with glabrous
entire cordate-clasping leaves, purplish flowers, and undivided stigma, may well
be referred to T’helypodium, from which it appears to be distinguished only by
its small size and slender habit. — Inst. 225, t. 109; L. Gen. no. 547; DC.
Syst. ii. 458; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. t. 72-80; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 151,
t. 64; Fournier, Recherches sur Fam. Crucif. et Gen. Sisymb. Descurainia &
Pachypodium, Webb & Berth. Phyt. Can. i. 72,74. Stenophragma, Celak. Flora,
1872, 438. [By B. L. Rosryson. |
§ 1. Verarum, DC. Siliques subulate, tapering almost from the base to the
apex: stigma slightly 2-lobed: pubescence of simple hairs: leaves pinnatifid. —
Syst. ii. 459. Chameplium, Wallr. Sched. Crit. i. 376. — An Old World type
represented in America by a single species widely introduced.
S. OFFICINALE, Scop. (Hepar Mustrarp.) Slender, erect, somewhat hirsute near the base,
less frequently pubescent throughout: leaves slender-petioled; segments toothed; the
uppermost leaves narrow, lanceolate, subentire or hastate at the base: racemes spiciform
and with 2 to 7 divaricately spreading branches: flowers small, pale yellow: pods on very
short erect pedicels.— FJ. Carn. ed. 2, ii. 26; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 91; Reichenb. Ic. F1.
Germ. ii. t. 72. 4S. Niagarense, Fourn. Sisymb. 85, fide Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xlii.
278. Erysimum officinale, L. Spec. ii. 660.— Roadsides and waste places, very common.
(Nat. from Eu.)
§ 2. Eusisymprium, Gren. & Godr. Leafy-stemmed: siliques cylindrical,
prismatic, or tapering both ways: stigma usually slightly bifid: pubescence of
simple hairs or none, never glandular: leaves entire to pinnatifid. — Fl. Fr.i. 95.
S. avrfssimum, L. (used comprehensively to include S. sinapistrum, Crantz, & S. Pan-
nonicum, Jacq.), with runcinate-pinnatifid leaves and long firm spreading pods (at maturity 3 or
4 inches in length), is scarcely more than a ballast-weed, about the large cities of the Atlantic
seaboard ; but has been found occurring sparingly in 8. Missouri, Bush. (Ady. from Eu.)
S. Info, L., with runcinate-pinnatifid leaves and slender pods of delicate texture (about an
inch and a half in length), is said to be locally established in some parts of the S. E. Atlantic
States. (Adv. from Eu.)
* Leaves lyrately or runcinately pinnatifid, petiolate ; petioles with auriculate stipuliform
appendages at the base.
138 ‘CRUCIFERZ. a Sisymbrium.
S. auriculadtum, Gray. Erect, 1 to 3 feet high, branched, somewhat hirsute or hispid
below with scattered hairs: leaves 3 to 6 inches long; segments triangular or oblong,
toothed or more frequently entire; the upper segments opposite; the lower reduced and
scattered upon the slender petioles: racemes becoming elongated ; fruiting pedicels divari-
cate, 3 to 5 lines long: flowers small, white or nearly so: siliques 15 to 20 lines long, slender,
widely spreading, often curved. — Pl. Wright. i. 8, & ii. 12; Fourn. Sisymb. 102. Thelypo-
dium auriculatum, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 321; Coulter, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. ii.
15.— Mountain valleys of W. Texas, Wright, Havard; fl. March to July. (Mex., Gregg,
Palmer, Pringle.) The 2-lobed stigma with lobes lying over the placente argues for the
present restoration of this species to Sisymbrium.
* * Leaves (at least the cauline) entire, sessile by a sagittate-clasping base.
S. (?) Vaséyi, Warson, in herb. Tall, erect, glabrous, probably glaucous, branching above:
leaves oblong, acutish, 2 to 4 inches long, half inch broad: flowers small, white or nearly so,
in numerous short racemes together forming an open corymbose panicle: pedicels short,
spreading: pods terete, erect, 8 to 12 lines long. — Thelypodium Vaseyi, Coulter, Contrib.
U.S. Nat. Herb. i. 30, & ii. 15, t. 1, as to plant of Vasey. (The plate is confused, the fruit-
ing branch being evidently of Neally’s plant and distinct.) — Mountains west of Las Vegas,
New Mexico, G. R. Vasey, 1881, nos. 29, 41. A little known plant of thelypodioid habit but
with the short round buds, short anthers, and placental stigma-lobes of Sisymbrium.
* * * Leaves entire or with one or two teeth or lobes (very rarely pinnatifid), subsessile
by a cuneate base.
S. linifélium, Nutr. Perennial, slightly woody at the base, quite glabrous: stems several,
slender, terete, erect, flexuous: leayes narrowly oblanceolate or oblong to linear, thickish,
1 to 3 inches long: flowers 4 lines long, yellow: pods slender, spreading, curved upwards,
1 to 14 inches long, half line in thickness; pedicels 3 lines in length. — Nutt. in Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 91, 667. S..junceum, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 61; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 91; not
Biebers. Nasturtium linifolium & pumilum, Nutt. Journ. Acad. Philad. vii. 12. Hrysimum
(4) glaberrimum, Hook. & Arn, Bot. Beech. 323.— Colorado, Jones, and Wyoming, Parry, to
S. Brit. America, Macoun; Washington, Suksdorf; Oregon, Howell Bros., to N. Arizona,
Palmer; fl. May to August.
§ 3. Desctrea, C. A. Meyer (extended). Pubescence branched, rarely
glandular, very rarely none: stigma small, entire. — Mey. in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iii.
135. Descurainia, Webb & Berth. Phyt. Can. i. 72 (as to § Sophia).
* Cauline leaves entire or nearly so, sessile, sagittate-amplexicaul.
S. virgatum, Nurr. A cinereous-tomentose biennial, 6 to 15 inches high, often branched
from the base: radical leaves numerous, rosulate, oblong, toothed, obtuse, petiolate: fruiting
pedicels spreading, 3 to 5 lines long: siliques 8 to 14 lines in length, erect. — Nutt. in Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i938; Fourn. 1. ¢. 105; Gray, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 57; Coulter, Man.
Rocky Mt. Reg. 23.— Rocky Mountains of Colorado and Wyoming, northward to Brit.
America, from Wood Mt. to Medicine Hat, Macoun. The northern specimens are more
paniculately branched ; fl. early summer.
S. pauctrLoruM, Nutt. 1.c¢., of the same region, described as a biennial with branched pubes-
cence, white flowers, and long pendulous siliques, has always been obscure, and appears to have
been founded upon immature specimens of Arabis canescens.
%* * Cauline leaves more or less undulate-dentate or pinnatifid with broad rounded seg-
ments, not clasping: capsules attenuate, pubescent.
S. diffasum, Gray. Tall and slender, diffusely branched, cinereous-tomentose: stem
terete, leafy, often flexuous above: petioles short; the upper leaves subsessile: petals white,
21 lines in length; fruiting pedicels nearly horizontal: pods widely spreading, almost divari-
cate, rarely suberect; midrib of the septum very broad. — Pl. Wright. i. 8; Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 33; Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. i. 30, & ii. 16. — Mountains and rocky hills of
W. Texas, Havard; New Mexico, Wright; S. Arizona, Lemmon ; Coso Mountains, Calif.,
Coville & Funston. (Chihuahua, Pringle.)
* * * Leaves pinnately parted with narrow segments, or bi- to tri-pinnatifid (with seg-
ments narrow or broad): capsules glabrous, obtuse or merely acutish.
+ Seeds biseriate in each cell.
Sisymbrium. CRUCIFERZ. | 139
S. canéscens, Nurr. (Tansy Musrarp.) Annual, cinereous-tomentulose to pulverulent-
glandular or rarely glabrate and green: leaves very variable, always finely dissected, thin-
nish, and delicate: segments small, elliptical, or especially in the upper leaves linear-oblong :
racemes one to several, erect ; pedicels 3 to 5 lines long, spreading: flowers small, the spatu-
late petals equalling or somewhat exceeding the short oblong sepals: capsule 4 to 6 lines
long, erect or ascending, glabrous or nearly so; seeds roughened. — Gen. ii. 68; DC. Syst.
ii. 475; Gray, Gen. IL i. 152, t. 64. S. Sophia, Pursh, FI. ii. 440, not Linn.; Gray, Proe.
Acad. Philad. 1863, 57, in part. S. brachycarpon, Richards. in Franklin 1st Journ. ed. 1,
App. 744 (reprint, p. 16). S. imcanum, Bernh. in Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop.
1835, 38 (Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, iv. 337). S. Sophia, var. canescens, Hook. Fl. Antarct. ii. 242.
S. canescens, var. brachycarpum, Wats. Bibl. Index, 69. SS. canescens, var. alpestre, T. D.
A. Cockerell, Bull. Torr. Club, xviii. 168 (so far as the brief characterization shows). SS. pin-
natum, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 390, not Barn. Hrysimum pinnatum, Walt. Car.
174. Cardamine? multifida, Pursh, Fl. ii. 440. C.% Menziesii, DC. Syst. ii. 267. Nastur-
tium multifidum & Menziesii, Spreng. Syst. ii. 8838. Descurainia canescens, Prantl in Engl. &
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 2, 192. D. pinnata, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 173.—
Common and widely distributed, Florida to S. California, northward to lat. 66° according
to Macoun. The numerous forms distinguished by Torr. & Gray and others appear com-
pletely confluent. (Mex.) :
S. Cumingianum, Fiscu. & Mey. Leaves thickish, less finely dissected, densely canes-
cent-tomentose: pods longer, more slender and acute, finely pubescent, 6 to 9 lines long, on
spreading pedicels of similar length.— Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. 1835, 38; Fournier, 1. ¢.
63. — Not infrequent in cafions, &c. of New Mexico, Wright, Greene, and Arizona, Palmer,
Rothrock. (Adj. Chihuahua, Hartman; S. Am.) The type from Chili has more finely dis-
sected leaves, but is connected with other forms of Uruguay, &c., closely like our own.
+— + Capsules very slender, half to two thirds line in diameter; seeds uniseriate in the
cells (or obscurely biseriate in short-podded forms of S. incisum).
S. Sérn1a, L. Slender branching annual with the habit of the preceding: leaves tripinnate
with small linear or lance-linear segments: racemes elongated, especially the terminal one;
pedicels filiform, half inch long, spreading: siliques 9 to 11 lines long. — Spec. ii. 659; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 92; Hook. f. Arct. Pl. 286, 319; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 72.
Descurainia Sophia, Webb, ace. to Prantl, 1. c.—In certain localities sparingly introduced,
across the continent, more common in Canada. (Adv. from Eu.)
Var. sophioides, Brenru. & Hoox. Leaves somewhat less finely divided : fruiting
racemes very short and dense, umbelliform: pods an inch or more in length. — Gen. i. 78;
Trauty. Act. Hort. Petrop. v.25. S. Sophia, Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i. 28, not L.
S. sophioides, Fisch. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 61, t. 20; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 92.— Brit.
America from Lake Winnipeg, Back, acc. to Macoun, to the Arctic Ocean. (Kamtsch.,
Siberia. )
S. incisum, Eneerm. Delicate annual, subglabrous or more frequently finely glandular-
puberulent or stellate-tomentulose, scarcely canescent : leaves thin, pinnatifid to bipinnatifid ;
segments varying greatly in contour: racemes elongated; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long, spread-
ing, exceeded by the sharp-pointed spreading or curved-ascending capsules; the latter
glabrous or nearly so. — Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Fendl.8; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 66; Fournier,
1. c. 64, incl. var. B, hygrophilum; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.41. Descurainia incisa, Brit-
ton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 173. — The typical form extends from New Mexico to S. California
and northward to N. Nevada and Winnipeg. The species is polymorphous as to foliage,
pubescence, and length of pods. The chief varieties are
Var. Hartwegianum, Warson. Leaves pinnate; the leaflets narrowly oblong or
lanceolate, obtuse, and obtusely or acutely toothed: pods short, 14 to 3 lines in length, erect,
borne upon ascending or appressed pedicels of equal length, in a usually crowded raceme ;
seeds sometimes irregularly biseriate. — Bot. Calif. i. 41. S. canescens, Benth. Pl. Hartw.
9, not Nutt. %S. canescens, var. brevipes, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 92. S. Sophia, Gray, Proc.
Acad. Philad. 1863, 57, in part. @S. brachycarpum, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 323. —
Colorado to Moose Jaw, Northwest Territory, acc. to Macoun, westward and southwestward.
S. Californicum, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 23 (Simelowskia % Californica, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
iv. 520), is merely a form with exceptionally short capsules.
140 . CRUCIFERZ. Sisymbrium.
Var. Sonnei, Rosryson, n. var. Leaves deeply bipinnatifid; pinnz ovate or broadly
oblong, pinnules very short and broad, rounded at the ends: pods short, on moderately
spreading pedicels (3 or 4 lines in length).— Sierra Nevada Mountains at Truckee, Calif.,
C. F. Sonne, July, 1890, no. 19.
Var. filipes, Gray. Foliage more nearly of the type, but the segments of the upper
leaves tending to become elongated, linear, and nearly or quite entire: fruiting raceme lax ;
pedicels 5 to 9 lines long: capsules 5 to 7 lines in length. —Pl. Fendl. 8; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 41; Macoun, Cat. Canad. P]. 47. S. longepedicellatum, Fournier, 1. ¢. 59, excl.
syn. S. incisum, var. a, xerophilum, Fournier, 1. c. 64.— Carson City, Nevada, to Oregon
and Brit. Columbia. Reported by various collectors from S. California, but specimens so
labelled which have been received from that region are rather to be referred to the type.
§ 4, Srenopursema, Celak. 1. c. (as genus). Leaves chiefly rosulate at base,
entire or serrate; those of the stem few or reduced, sessile by a narrow base:
pubescence of branched hairs, not canescent: flowers small, white: siliques
slender, tetragonal-cylindric, slender-pedicelled: midrib of the septum so broad
and thin as to be wholly obscure.
S. TuHavihnum, Gay. (Mouse-par Cress.) A slender fibrous-rooted annual, a span high,
more or less branched: leaves oblanceolate, obtuse, an inch or two in length: pods purplish,
scarcely half inch long on spreading filiform pedicels of nearly equal length. — Ann. Sci.
Nat. ser. 1, vii. 399, in note; Fournier, l. c. 126; Gaud. Fl. Helv. iv. 348. Arabis Thaliana,
L. Spee. ii. 665; DC. Syst. ii. 226. Conringia Thaliana, Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. t. 60.
Stenophragma Thaliana, Gelak. 1. c. — Frequent in dry light soil, Massachusetts to Georgia
and westward to Kansas; fl. in early spring. (Introd. from Eu.) Mr. Thomas Meehan has
found the earliest flowers sometimes apetalous.
28. BRAYA, Sternb. & Hoppe. (Count F. G. de Bray, born at Rouen,
1765, ambassador to Bavaria and while there for some time president of the
Regensburg Botanical Society.) — Root single, usually thickish, bearing a multi-
cipital caudex. Leaves chiefly tufted at the base. Flowers white or purplish,
during anthesis commonly in a globular head. Fruit sub-terete or somewhat
compressed, varying in outline from lanceolate to linear: septum of peculiar and
characteristic structure, with cells thick-walled and elongated transversely or
very obliquely. — Regensb. Denkschr. i. pt. 1, 65; DC. Syst. ii. 210; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. i. 82. Platypetalum, R. Br. in Parry Ist Voy. Suppl. to App.
266. — Arctic and alpine plants of low growth, distinguished from Parrya chiefly
by their smaller flowers and incumbent cotyledons, from the still more nearly
related Hutrema by the less leafy stems, less ancipital pods, larger and usually
bifid stigma, as well as by the branched pubescence and complete septum of
peculiar structure. [By B. L. Roprnson. ]
B. purpurascens, Buyer. Perennial from a stout fusiform root: leaves fleshy, spatu-
late, entire, glabrate, often ciliate toward the base, crowded upon the dense multicipital
caudex: stems one to several, usually leafless, half inch to three or four inches in height,
commonly more or less puberulent with rusty branched hairs: pods lanceolate or short-
oblong, style slender, nearly half line in length; stigma shortly but distinctly 2-lobed. —
Bunge in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 195. B. alpina of authors as to Am. pl. so far as specimens
show, not of Sternb. & Hoppe, which has more slender pods in denser raceme, shorter styles,
and more entire stigma. B. alpina, var. Americana, Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i. 65; Torr. &
Gray, Fl.i.111. B. glabella, Richards. in Franklin 1st Jour. ed. 1, App. 743 (reprint, p. 15),
a form with somewhat leafy stem and more elongated fruiting raceme. JB. arctica, Hook.
in Parry, 2d Voy. App. 387. B. alpina, var. glabella, Wats. Bibl. Index, 51. Platypetalum
purpurascens, & P. dubium, R. Br. in Parry, 1st Voy. Suppl. to App. 267, & Flora, vii. pt. 1,
Beil. 71, 72. — Rocky Mountains, lat 52° to 57°, Drummond, and Hudson Strait, Bell, to the
Arctic Sea. (Greenland, N. Asia, Spitzbergen.)
Tropidocarpum. CRUCIFERZ. 141
B. pilosa, Hoox. Perennial, similar in habit to scapose forms of the preceding species :
leaves densely clustered at the base, linear-lanceolate, pilose upon both surfaces and margin,
chiefly with simple hairs: flowers considerably larger than in the last, fragrant (odor said
to resemble that of the /ilac). — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 65, t.17; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 111; Seem.
Bot. Herald, 51. ? 8B. rosea, Bunge, Del. Sem. Dorp. 1839 (Linnzxa, Lit.-Ber. 1840, 118). —
“Sandy shores of the Arctic Sea at the mouth of the Mackenzie River,” Dr. Richardson;
coast west of Cape Bathurst, Pullen, ace. to Seemann.
B. htimilis, Ropryson, n. sp. Pubescent throughout with branched hairs: root single, not
strongly thickened: stems several, spreading-ascending, simple or not infrequently branched,
leafy, 2 inches to a span high, terete, slender, wiry: leaves linear-oblong or spatulate, sub-
entire to shallowly sinuate-pinnatifid, chiefly basal; the cauline rather small and remote:
flowers small, white or purplish: pods linear, terete, more or less torulose, erect, 5 to 9 lines
in length; septum nerveless. — Sisymbrium humile, C. A. Mey. in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iii. 137 ;
Fournier, Sisymb. 186; Ledeb. Ic. t. 147. Arabis petrea, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 42; Gray,
Man. eds. 1-5; not Lam. fide Wats. Bot. Gaz. xii. 200. — Willoughby Mt., Vermont, Mann,
Deane, Grout & Eggleston, &c.; Anticosti, Pursh, Macoun, to Oregon, and northward to
Alaska, Stoney. (Siberia.) A species in habit, pubescence, and technical characters quite
as near Braya as Sisymbrium, and possessing the characteristic septum of the former genus.
Dr. Watson in an herbarium note has expressed the opinion that the American plant is
distinct from the Asiatic, but in what characters does not appear.
29. TROPIDOCARPUM, Hook. (Tpdzis, keel, and xapzrés, fruit, from
the carinate valves of the capsules.) — A small Californian genus of slender erect
simple or sparingly branched more or less hirsute-pubescent annuals, reduci-
ble to three species. — Ic. t. 43, 52; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 82; Davidson,
Erythea, ii. 179.— The fruit in 7. dubium and T. eapparideum is highly
anomalous, even to the suggestion of monstrosity, and merits anatomical and
developmental study with more copious material. Aside from the fruit, satis-
factory characters for specific distinction are most difficult to define. The leaf-
outline, pubescence, length of pedicels, size of flowers, &c., all vary greatly but
as it seems independently of each other. [By B. L. Rosryson. |
T. gracile, Hoox. Leaves shallowly or deeply pinnatifid; segments acutish, cleft or entire,
very variable in number, form, and size ; the cauline leaves gradually reduced; the spread-
ing pedicels axillary, 3 to 10 lines long: pods lance-linear to linear, strongly obcompressed
throughout; style slender; seeds in 2 rows. — Hook. 1. c. t.43; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 94;
Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 66; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.44. 2. scabriusculum, Hook. Ic.
t.52; Torr. & Gray, 1. c., only a roughish form. — Centr. and 8. California, chiefly near the
coast. The septum of the fruit, not found by Hooker, appears to be regularly present,
although very narrow.
?T. dubium, Davipson,1.c¢. Closely similar in habit and foliage to forms of the preced-
ing: capsule linear, 2-celled and strongly obecompressed toward the apex, but 1-celled and
with valves flattened below; both parts fertile; placents 2.— W. California in vicinity of
Los Angeles, Nevin, Davidson; and Contra Costa Co. at Antioch, Brandegee (collected
with 7’. gracile); Byron Springs, Brandegee (collected with T. gracile and T. capparideum).
?T. capparideum, Greene. Foliage muchas in 7’. gracile; the upper leaves somewhat
more deeply parted and with longer subentire segments: fruit lance-oblong, 8 to 11 lines in
length, 2 lines in breadth, 1-celled, 6-nerved, 4-valved, tipped with a slender style; placenta
commonly 4, and seeds distinctly 4-seriate. — Pittonia, i. 217, & Fl. Francis. 278. — Alkaline
soil, Centr. California, at Lathrop, Lemmon, and Byron Springs, Greene, Brandegee. The
fruit of this noteworthy plant is not only anomalous in the order, but manifests a tendency
to vary, being sometimes divided, sometimes assuming contorted forms, and commonly con-
taining a small capsule-like structure at the base, as described and figured by Masters, Gard.
Chron. New (2d) Ser. xvii. 11, f. 1. However, many apparently fertile specimens have
been collected, and the species must be retained at least until the development of the fruit
can haye more careful study.
142 CRUCIFERZ. | Greggia.
30. GREGGIA, Gray. (Dedicated to Dr. Josiah Gregg, an active botanical
explorer, who lived in the first half of the century, and collected chiefly in
Northern Mexico.) —A genus essentially of the S. W. United States, a single
species being South American. Branching plants, somewhat frutescent at base.
— Pl. Wright. i. 8, t. 1, & ii. 18, also referred to but unnamed in PI. Fendl.
116; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 80; Prantl, 1. c. 193; not of Gertn. nor Engelm.
Parrasia, Greene, Erythea, iii. 75. [By B. L. Roprnson.]_
G. camporum, Gray. Stellate-canescent, much branched from the base, a span to a foot
high, leafy: leaves obovate to oblanceolate, shallowly few-toothed, or less frequently pinna-
tifid, narrowed to a slender base or winged petiole: racemes terminal, at first dense, becom-
ing lax; pedicels widely spreading, often curved downward, 2 to 6 lines long: flowers light
yellow, changing to purple: sepals linear or oblong-lanceolate, exceeded by the broad petals
(4 lines long): capsule 6 to 12 lines in length, 1} to 2} lines broad, straight or curved
upwards. — Pl. Wright. i. 9, t. 1, & ii, 13; Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 159; Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 87; Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. iv. 20. Parrasia camporum, Greene,
1. c. — Dry table-lands and calcareous hills of S. W.. Texas.
Var. angustifolia, Coutrer,1.c. Leaves narrower, linear to linear-oblong, entire
or subentire. — Occurring with and passing freely into the type. Abundant material of the
narrow-leaved form seems to show a complete transition to G. linearifolia, Wats. Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 8321 (Parrasia linearifolia, Greene, 1. c.), which can scarcely be maintained as
a species, since equally narrow pods and short styles are to be found with typical foliage of
G. camporum. .
31. HESPERIS, Tourn. Rocker. (‘Eozepa, evening, the flowers being
thought more fragrant at that time.) — Attractive plants with flowers large and
showy for the order and sometimes fragrant. Natives of the northern temperate
regions of the Old World. — Inst. 222, t. 108; L. Gen. no. 588; DC. Prodr.
i. 188; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. t. 57-59. — One species often cultivated
in country gardens has become locally established in America. [By B. L.
RoBInson. |
H. marronAris, L. (DAme’s Viover.) Tall erect pubescent biennial or perennial with
slender terete subsimple stem: leaves lanceolate, acuminate, or ovate-lanceolate, acutish,
denticulate ; the upper short-petioled or subsessile; the lower long-petioled and sometimes
pinnatifid toward the base: petals purple, 8 to 10 lines long, much exceeding the erect
oblong sepals: capsules slender, ascending, nodulose, attenuate, becoming 4 inches in
length. — Spec. ii. 663; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 59; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 90; Wats. & Coulter
in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 71. — Roadsides, &c.; fl. April to August. (Introd. from Eu., Asia.)
32. ERYSIMUM, Tourn. Treacte Mustarp. (Classic Greek épicmor,
the name of a garden plant.) — A large genus, chiefly of the Old World, here
combined with Chetranthus, from which it has been commonly but very unsatis-
factorily separated by its supposedly incumbent cotyledons, the accumbent posi-
tion being assumed for the latter genus. However, as the cotyledons are not
infrequently oblique and in some cases even vary from almost accumbent to in-
cumbent in the seeds of the same capsule, this character cannot form a basis for
generic division in the presence of much habital similarity and default of other
technical differences. — Inst. 228, t. 111; L. Gen. no. 545 ; DC. Syst. ii. 490, &
Prodr. i. 196; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 149, t. 63; Reichenb. Ic. FI. Germ. ii. t. 62-70;
Gay, Erys. Noy. Diag. ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 79; Prantl, 1l.¢. Chetranthus
Erysimum. CRUCIFERZ. 143
L. Gen. no. 587; DG. Syst. ii. 178; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 45; Benth. & Hook.
l.c. 68; Prantl, 1.c.194. [By B. L. Roxinson. |
* Flowers small: petals 2 to 2} lines long, yellow: siliques subterete, short, 5 to 10 lines in
length : cotyledons incumbent or nearly so.
BE. cheiranthoides, L. (Worm-srep Musrarp.) Stem slender, erect, nearly terete;
quite simple or more frequently copiously branched above: leaves lanceolate, acute at each
end, entire or remotely and inconspicuously denticulate, 15 to 3 inches long, thin, green
upon both sides, very finely pubescent; hairs mostly trifid: fruiting pedicels straight, fili-
form, widely spreading, about 4 lines long: capsule erect or spreading, glabrous, tipped with
a slender but very short beak; dissepiment only half line broad. — Spee. ii. 661; DC. Syst.
ii. 498; Wats. Bibl. Index, 63. /. parviflorum, Pers. Syn. ii.199; Nutt. Gen. ii.68. Sisym-
brium cheiranthoides, Eat. & Wright, N. A. Bot. 429.— Preferring rich moist soil of river
bottoms, but also found in dry situations, common and with wide range, Newfoundland,
Robinson & Schrenk, to N. Carolina, Curtiss, ace. to Chapman, and across the continent to
Oregon, Howell, and Alaska, Meehan.
* * Flowers larger; petals 3 to 12 lines long, yellow or orange (in /. asperum sometimes
purple) : pods terete or 4-angled, not strongly flattened, elongated (except in the first spe-
cies), 1 to 4 inches long ; cotyledons incumbent (rarely very oblique or even subaccumbent).
+— Petals 3 to 5 lines long.
BH. parvifi6rum, Nurr. Erect perennial, 10 to 18 inches high, cinereous and scabrous
with appressed 2-pointed hairs: leaves narrow, lance-linear or oblong-linear, mostly quite
entire; the radical crowded, sometimes repand-dentate: sepals linear-oblong, acute, 3 lines
in length, little exceeded by the rather narrow sulphur-yellow petals: pedicels 2 to 3 lines
in length, spreading in fruit : siliques slender, erect or nearly so, at maturity usually 1 to 2
inches long, scarcely contracted above but tipped with a short stout style and distinctly
2lobed stigma. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 95, not Pers. (which is £. chetranthoides).
E. lanceolatum, Hook. F1. Bor.-Am. i. 64, not R. Br. ? 2. hieracifolium, Hook. f. Arct. Pl.
286, 319, so far as American specimens are concerned. L. asperum, var. inconspicuum,
Wats. Bot. King Exp. 24. £. inconspicuum, MacMillan, Metasp. Minn. Val. 268.— Minne-
sota, Schnette, to Colorado, Vasey, N. Nevada, Watson, Washington, Greene, and northward,
to Alaska. Z£. syrticolum (erroneous form for syrticola), Sheldon, Bull. Torr. Club, xx. 285,
is probably from character a form of this species.
E. repAnpouM, L., a gerontogeous annual with somewhat similar flowers, but repand-denticu-
late leaves, and widely spreading usually curved pods, has been rather frequently found about
New York City and Philadelphia, but upon made land, &c., and deserves mention only.
+— + Petals longer, half inch or more in length.
EH. asperum, D.C (Western WaALL-FLower.) Erect biennial or perennial, somewhat
scabrous and usually more or less canescent with minute mostly 2-3-pointed hairs: stem
commonly simple, 2 inches to 3 feet in height, angled, in favorable situations becoming thick
and pithy: leaves very variable, lanceolate to linear, entire or repand-dentate or the lowest
pinnatifid, thickish and very canescent or thin and green: sepals oblong to linear, green,
pale yellow, or whitish: petals yellow or more usually orange, rarely purple, 8 to 12 lines in
length; blade broadly obovate or suborbicular; claw very slender, considerably exceeding
the sepals: fruiting pedicels 2 to 6 lines long, spreading: capsule usually rather sharply
tetragonal, erect or more commonly widely spreading, 2 to 5 inches in length, a line or less
in breadth; style 1 to 1% lines long; stigma commonly broad, somewhat 2-lobed; seeds
oblong, brown, often slightly wing-appendaged at the end; cotyledons incumbent or oblique.
— Syst. ii. 505; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 64, t. 22. EF. lanceolatum, Pursb, FI. ii. 436. E. as-
perum, var. Purshii, Durand, Fl. Utah, 159. E. elatum, Nutt. 1. ¢c. /. asperum, var. elatum,
Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii. 7. E. asperum, var. perenne, Wats. in Coville, Proc. Biol. Soc.
-. Washington, vii. 70, & Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 64. Cheiranthus asper, Nutt. Gen. ii,
69, not Cham. & Schlecht. 4 Hesperis Pallasii, Porter & Coulter, 1. ¢. 9. — Rare, local,
and perhaps introduced in the East, but abundant and widely distributed westward ; Mingan
Islands, Gulf of St. Lawrence, Linden; Columbus, Ohio, Sullivant ; common from Illinois
to Texas, California, and northward to the Saskatchewan. A handsome and exceedingly
144 CRUCIFERZ. | Erysimum.
polymorphous species, incapable, however, of satisfactory division even into varieties. The
form of the leaves, pubescence, color of the flowers, and dimensions of every part exhibit
in specimens from different localities the most striking differences, but the variation of each -
part is shown in a long series of specimens to be thoroughly independent of every other so
that varieties could have no more than formal value. Only two noteworthy forms need be
mentioned: var. ARKANSANUM, Gray (Man. ed. 5, 69; KH. Arkansanum, Nutt. in Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 95; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 150, t. 63), with leaves thin, lanceolate, and repand-dentate,
and var. pUMILUM, Porter & Coulter (FI. Col. 8; EL. pumilum, Nutt. 1. ¢.),a very small alpine
form, 2 to 6 inches high, with entire or subentire leaves; possessing, however, no other
satisfactory difference from the taller form with which it intergrades.
HB. insuladre, Greene. Suffrutescent, pubescent with very minute 2-pointed hairs: stem
stout, sharply angled, decumbent, profusely branched : leaves linear, crowded, attenuate and
often recurved at the tip, 14 to 24 inches long: inflorescences short; pedicels in fruit stout,
somewhat angulate, divaricate, 5 to 8 lines long; capsule erect, about 2 inches long, abruptly
contracted to a short style; partition a line in breadth; valves sharply carinate; stigma
disk-shaped ; cotyledons often oblique or nearly accumbent.— Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 218;
Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, i. 207. — Cuyler’s Harbor, San Miguel Island off
S. California, Greene; Santa Rosa Island, Brandegee; fr. June.
* * * Flowers large or medium sized: petals yellow or orange (in H. arenicola unknown) :
pods more strongly flattened parallel to the broad partition; valves 1-nerved or somewhat
keeled.
+— Cotyledons obliquely incumbent: capsule very gradually narrowed to a beak.
BH. arenicola, Watson. Cespitose perennial with densely multicipital caudex: stems
several, terete, 6 to 8 inches high: leaves chiefly clustered at the. base, very numerous,
oblanceolate, repandly denticulate, including petioles only 14 inches long, 2 to 3 lines wide,
pubescent with white appressed 2-3-pointed hairs: racemes short, rather few-flowered ;
pedicels 2 lines in length, spreading: sepals 4 lines long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxvi. 124.—
Olympic Mountains, Washington, 5,000 feet alt., Piper; fr. September.
+— +— Cotyledons accumbent: capsule rather abruptly contracted to a beak.
E. grandifi6drum, Nurr. Biennial or perennial, erect, leafy, finely pubescent with ap-
pressed 2-parted hairs: stem 3 inches to 2 feet high, somewhat angled, becoming stout,
simple or less frequently branched, sometimes from the base: leaves oblong, oblanceolate, or
spatulate to linear, attenuate below, quite entire or more or less deeply repand-dentate :
flowers at first subcapitate ; raceme elongating, in fruit sometimes a foot or more in length;
pedicels variable, 2 to 8 lines long: petals about an inch in length, light yellow (rarely
white), with broad rounded blade: capsules 15 to 4 inches long, 14 to 14 lines broad ; valves
flattish, 1-nerved; style 3 to 1 line long, stout; stigma usually rather broad; seeds brown,
oblong, sometimes margined but not winged.— Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 96, 667.
E.. capitatum, Greene, Fl. Francis. 269. Cheiranthus asper, Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i. 14,
excl. syn. C. capitatus, Doug]. in Hook. FI. Bor.-Am.i.38.— A maritime and saline species
of the Pacific Coast, from the salt-works of Los Angeles Co., Calif., Mrs. Bush, and Santa
Rosa Island, Brandegee, northward to Curry Co., Oregon, Howell; common. The recently
published H. Californicum, Greene, Erythea, iii. 69, not seen by the writer, is a nearly
related (if not identical) species, not differing by satisfactory characters so far as described.
BH. occidentale, Rogryson, n. sp. Erect annual or biennial, 2 inches to 14 feet high,
finely pubescent with appressed 2-pointed hairs: stem becoming stout, angulate : leaves nar-
rowly linear to lance-linear, acute, attenuate to long slender bases, entire or nearly so:
floral rhachis at first very short but becoming in fruit 4 to 6 inches in length, often branched
below; pedicels stout, spreading, 2 to 4 lines long: petals lemon-yellow to deep orange, 8 to
10 lines long, much exceeding the pale narrowly oblong strongly saccate calyx: capsule 3
to 4 inches long, 14 lines broad, beaked with a slender style (2 lines in length); stigma
small; seeds oblong, rather broadly winged. — /. asperum, var. pumilum, Wats. Bot. King
. Exp. 24. Chetranthus occidentalis, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 261.— Sandy soil, Carson
City, Nevada, Watson, to Oregon, Henderson, and Washington, Lyall, Suksdorf; fl. April
to June. Readily distinguished from Z.asperum by its broad flat pods, from L. grandiflorum
by its long style and narrow leaves,
Cochiearia. CRUCIFER 2. 145
* * * * Flowers large, both the petals and sepals deep purple: pod slender but some-
what compressed ; cotyledons accumbent.
E. pygmezum, Gay. Dwarf biennial with simple stem and very numerous crowded linear
or narrowly lance-linear entire or few-toothed leaves, pubescent with appressed 2-pointed
white hairs: inflorescence very dense: sepals oblong strongly saccate at the base; margins
thin, white; petals 5 to 9 lines long: pedicels ascending, 2 to 4 lines in length: pods pubes-
cent, scarcely tapering at all at the apex; stigma slightly 2-lobed. —Gay,1.¢.4. Cheiran-
thus pygmeus, Adams, Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. vy. 114. C. Pallasii, Pursh, FI. ii.436. Hesperis
pygmea, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 60, t. 19. H. minima, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 90. H. Pallasii,
Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 667° H. Hooker’, Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 174. Sisymbrium pygmeum, Trautv.
Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 60.— Arctic America from Greenland to Alaska. (Siberia.)
33. COCHLEARIA, Tourn. (Latin cochlear, spoon, from the form of the
leaves.) — Glabrous succulent herbs of Northern Hemisphere, chiefly boreal and
arctic, often maritime. — Inst. 215, t. 101; L. Gen. no. 528; DC. Syst. ii. 358,
& Prodr. i. 172; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. t. 17. — Considering its moderate
size, one of the most confused and difficult genera of the order. Until all mem-
bers of the group can be subjected to a thorough revision, the certain identifica-
tion of our American forms with the closely related European species is impossible.
However, as the occurrence of the European QO. Anglica, C. Danica, and C. offi-
cinalis in Arctic America rests upon the high authority of Sir William Hooker,
Torrey & Gray, and others, it seems best to continue to enumerate them, although
no specimens from this continent in American herbaria can be cited as exactly
representing the typical gerontogeous forms. The remaining species are here
interpreted nearly as in Lange’s careful treatment of the genus in his Conspect.
Fl. Gren. [By B. L. Roprnson. ]
C. Anglica, L. Radical leaves long-petioled, ovate or sub-orbicular, rounded at the base or
slightly and broadly cordate, subentire ; lower cauline leaves similar, short-petioled; the mid-
dle and upper ovate-oblong, sparingly and bluntly toothed, sessile by a more or less auricu-
late base: capsule subglobose, reticulated with prominent veins. — Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1128,
& Spec. ed. 2, ii. 903; DC. Syst. ii. 364; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 57; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 109.
— Anticosti, Macoun ; coast of Labrador to the Arctic Ocean and Alaska. A species dubi-
ously distinguished from the following by its reticulated capsule.
C. officinalis, L. Very similar to the preceding in habit and technical characters: leaves
somewhat more inclined to be lobed, and the radical more deeply cordate: pods globose,
smooth or obsoletely reticulate-veined. — Spec. ii. 647; DC. 1. c.; Hook. 1. c. —Shores of
the Arctic Ocean, ace. to Hooker and others. Specimens with the large flowers of the
European form have not been seen from America by the writer. Our commonest Cochlearia,
however, extending from Vancouver Island, Macoun, to Alaska, corresponds in all essential
points with this species save inits smaller flowers and often more stunted growth, differences
ascribable perhaps to climatic influences.
C. tridactylites, Banks. Cauline leaves coarsely sub-trilobed with a single obtuse tooth
on each side: silicels ovate-globose, as large as in the last ; style short, capitate; seeds 2 to
4 in each cell.— Banks in DC. 1. c. 367; Hook. 1. c.— Labrador, Banks. No specimens
accessible to the writer exactly represent this imperfectly described species (here charac-
terized from the original description). Enough are at hand, however, to show much varia-
tion in the toothing of the leaves without change of more essential characters, thus casting
much doubt upon the distinctness of a species separated upon this feature alone. Lange
may be right in referring the plant doubtfully to C. Gren/andica, or it may be a form of
C. Anglica,
C. Danica, L. Leaves smaller than in the first two species, only 14 to 2 or 3 lines in di-
ameter, “all petiolate,” deltoid, and hastately toothed at the base: capsule ovate to ellip-
soidal, nearly or quite as long as the pedicel. — Spec. ii. 647; FI. Dan. t. 100; Eng. Bot.
10
146 CRUCIFERZ. — Cochlearia.
t. 696 ; Hook. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 110. — Shores of the Arctic Ocean, Parry, Franklin,
Back, according to Hooker. American specimens with deltoid leaves and all petiolate as in
the European specimens do not seem to be represented in the leading American herbaria.
C. Groenlandica, L. Radical leaves ovate or sub-orbicular, rounded or shallowly and
broadly cordate at the base, usually quite entire; cauline narrowly elliptic to rhombic, sub-
entire or with a short tooth or two upon each side of the narrowed subsessile or slender-
petioled base: capsule globose to ovoid, not strongly reticulated. — Spee. ii. 647; DC. Syst.
ii. 366; Eng. Bot. t. 2403; Lange, Med. Green. iii. 34, & Jour. Bot. xxvii. 39. — E. Arctic
America, Grinnell Land, Greely Exped. (Greenland.) A low mostly small-leaved species.
Var. oblongifolia, Laner. Taller and more robust, 6 to 8 inches high: cauline
leaves sessile, oblong; the upper ones auriculate at the base.— Lange, l.c. 35. C. oblongi-
folia, DC, Syst. ii. 363. — Across Arctic America from Greenland to Alaska.
C. fenestrata, R. Br. Foliage much as in the preceding species: flowers small: capsule
more decidedly ellipsoidal, usually free from distinct reticulation ; seeds about 8 in each
cell. — R. Br. in Ross, Voy. 143, & Parry, lst Voy. Suppl. to App. 266; DC. Syst. ii. 367 ;
Lange, 1. ¢.36. Hutrema Rossii, Spreng. Syst. ii. 880. — Across Arctic America from Alaska
to Ellesmere Land, Wetherill. (Greenland.) A species variously referred by authors to
C. Grenlandica, C. Anglica, and C. officinalis.
34. NASTURTIUM, L., R. Br. (The classical Latin name of some
cress, from asus, nose, and tortus, distortion, from the effect of its pungency
upon the nostrils.) — A genus widely dispersed over the globe, of annual,
biennial or perennial herbs, growing in damp or wet localities or truly aquatic,
glabrous or somewhat puberulent or hispid with simple hairs. Leaves usually
lyrately or pinnately parted or toothed, auricled at base. — L. Syst. ed.1; R.
Br. in Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 109; DC. Syst. ii. 187, & Prodr. i. 137; Reichenb.
Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. t. 50-54; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. t. 53.1 Roripa, Bess. in Gren, &
Godr. Fl. Fr. i. 125, in part. [By 8S. Warsow. ]
* Petals white, exceeding the calyx: glabrous perennials.
+ Pods linear; stigma small, entire: aquatic with pinnate leaves.
N. orricinAe, R. Br.1.c. 110. (WarEeR Cress.) Stems spreading, rooting at the lower
nodes: leaflets 3 to 11 (or lateral leaflets none on the lowest leaves), from orbicular to
oblong-lanceolate, more or less sinuate or rarely obtusely toothed : pedicels and pods divari-
cately spreading or somewhat reflexed: pods 6 to 10 lines long, acuminate, alittle exceed-
ing the pedicels. — Sisymbrium Nasturtium, L. Spec. ii. 657.2 — In running water and on wet
banks of brooks and ditches; widely distributed. (Nat. from Eu., Asia.)
+ + Pods short; stigma broader than the style, lobed: leaves undivided or pinnatifid, or
the submersed capillary-dissected.
N. lactistre, Gray. Aquatic: stems elongated, branching above: submersed leaves petio-
late and entire or pinnatifid, or mostly sessile and dissected into numerous capillary seg-
ments; emersed leaves oblong, sessile, entire or denticulate or sometimes pinnatifid: pods
oblong to oblong-obovate, obtuse, 2 or 3 lines long, shorter than the divaricate pedicels ;
slender style half as long or more; septum nearly wanting. — Gen. Ill. i. 132. LV. natans,
Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. i. 39, not DC. WN. natans, var. Americana, Gray, Ann. Lye. N. Y. lii.
323. Cochlearia aquatica, A. Eaton, Man. ed. 5, 181. Armoracia Americana, Hook. & Arn.
Brit. Fl. ed. 7, 29.3— N. Vermont and Montreal to S. Ontario and S. E, Minnesota, south-
ward to Florida and Louisiana. The submersed leaves are deciduous and often take root in
the mud and start new plants.
N. (2) ArmorActa, Fries. (Horse-rapisu.) Terrestrial, tall and stout : leaves crenate, rarely
pinnatifid;+ the radical very large, narrowly oblong-lanceolate to oblong-cordate or ovate-
1 Add syn. Rorippa, Scop. Fl. Carn. 520. Roripa of authors.
2 Add syn. Roripa Nasturtium, Scop. acc. to Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, iii. no. 3, 5.
8 Add syn. Roripa Americana, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 169.
4 Prof. C. A. Davis, Bull. Torr. Club, xvii. 318, notes that the pinnatifid leaves are regularly pro-
Nastartsaae: CRUCIFER 2. | 147
oblong; the uppermost linear and entire: pedicels slender, ascending: pods ‘ globose ” or
elliptical and somewhat obcompressed, 2 lines long; the cells 4-8-seeded; style very short:
seeds smooth. — Fl. Sean. 65. Cochlearia Armoracia, L. Spec. ii. 648. Armoracia rusticana,
Gertn., Mey. & Scherb. Fl. Wett. ii. 426.1— An anomalous species; cultivated for its large
pungent roots, which are used as a condiment. An escape in moist grounds, and rarely
perfecting fruit. (Introd. from Eu.)
* * Petals yellow or yellowish, exceeding the calyx: stems from perennial underground
rootstocks: leayes pinnate or pinnatifid: pedicels usually 3 or 4 lines long or more: style
often slender.
N. sytvestre, R. Br. (YELLOW Cress.) Stems slender and flexuous, erect or decumbent,
1 or 2 feet high: leaves pinnate or deeply pinnatifid with linear to oblong entire or toothed
or laciniate segments: pods narrowly linear, 3 to 6 lines long, obtusish; style usually short
or the broad stigma subsessile. — R. Br. in Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 110.— In wet meadows,
Massachusetts to Virginia ;? rather rare, (Nat. from Eu.)
N. sinuatum, Nurr. Stems decumbent or more usually procumbent or prostrate, branch-
ing, pale green, glabrous or slightly scurfy-pubescent: leaves more or less narrowly oblong
or oblanceolate, usually deeply and regularly pinnatifid; the subequal oblong to deltoid
segments entire or with one or two teeth: pedicels mostly divaricately spreading, slender,
2 to 5 lines long: pods oblong to linear, mostly 3 to 5 lines long, acute at both ends and
beaked by a slender style; more or less curved. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 73; Brew.
& Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 43. NV. trachycarpum, Gray, Bull. U. S. Geol. & Geog. Surv. ii. 233 ;
a frequent form with the axis of the raceme, the pedicels, and pods more or less papillose-
puberulent, the pods sometimes densely so.— From the plains of the Saskatchewan to
Minnesota and Arkansas, and westward to New Mexico, Arizona, Nevada, and E. Oregon.
Var. calycinum, Warson, n. var. An extreme form of the papillose-puberulent
condition with ovate pods (1 to 14 lines long). — NV. calycinum, Engelm. in Warren, Prelim.
Report, 1855-57, 156, & Trans. Am. Phil. Soe. n. ser. xil. 184. — Sandy bottom of the Yellow-
stone, Montana, Hayden, 1854.
Var. pubéscens, Warson, n. var. Very slender, pubescent throughout with a soft
woolly pubescence, the long lax racemes with long and very slender pedicels (3 to 6 lines in
length): ovary oblong-oboyate, pubescent; style as long.— On Sauvie’s Island, Oregon,
J. Howell, 1884.
Var.* Colimbie, Suxsporr (as spec.). Low and spreading, pubescent throughout :
leaves rather narrow: pedicels even in fruit scarcely exceeding the capsules; the latter
short-oblong (about a line and a half or two lines in iength), densely pubescent with short
and rather fine scarcely papillose hairs. — Suksdorf, distr. 952.— Oregon, low gravelly
banks of the Columbia River near Bingen, Suksdorf, 1890, and earlier at Baker City,
Nevius, 1875.
* * * Petals yellow or yellowish, rarely exceeding the short calyx: annuals or biennials,
with mostly lyrate leaves: style short and thick.
+— Pedicels usually 3 or 4 lines long: seeds tuberculate.
N.* terréstre, R. Br. Biennial, erect, branching, glabrous or rarely slightly pubescent:
lower leaves lyrate; the upper more or less deeply pinnatifid or toothed; the lobes narrowly
to broadly oblong, dentate: pods turgid, oblong, 2 to 4 lines long, usually very obtuse. —
R. Br. in Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 110. NV. palustre, DC.4 Syst. ii. 191; Gray, Gen. III. i. 132,
t. 53, f. 1-5. 4N. amphibium, of authors as to Am. pl., not of R. Br. Sisymbrium palustre,
L. Spee. ii. 657; Pursh, FI. ii. 440.6— Common in wet places from Arctic America to N.
duced in spring and autumn, while those with broader blades are developed in midsummer. Prof.
Davis adds, 1. c. xx. 291, that the lower stem-leaves are invariably pinnately dissected.
1 Add syn. Roripa Armoracia, Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhattan, 18.
2 Maine, Miss Furbish ; Newfoundland, Robinson & Schrenk; also reported from N, Illinois by
E. J. Hill, Bot. Gaz. xvii. 246. Add syn. Roripa sylvestris, Bess. Enum. 27.
8 Klikitat Co., Washington, Suksdorf. Add syn. Roripa sinuata, Hitchcock, 1. c.
4 The name of this species has been altered to the earlier combination, in accordance with the
general system of nomenclature adopted in the work.
5 Add syn. Roripa palustris, Bess. 1. ¢.
148 CRUCIFERZ. Nasturtium.
Carolina and westward to the Sierra Nevada and Oregon. (Mex., Greenland, acc. to
Lange; Eu., Asia.)
Var. hispidum, Fiscu. & Meyer! More or less hispid with short spreading hairs
or rarely glabrous: pods short, mostly broadly elliptical or subglobose, 1 or 2 or rarely
nearly 3 lines long. — Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. iii. 1837, 41. N. hispidum, DC. Syst. ii. 201.
Brachylobus hispidus, Desy. Journ. Bot. iii. 183 (1814). Stsymbrium hispidum, Poir. Suppl. v.
161. — From New Brunswick to the Northwest Territory, JZacoun, and Oregon, Hall, south
to Florida and New Mexico; the more common form eastward. Tetrapoma barbareeefolium,
Turez., & T. Krupsianum, Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem Hort. Petrop. i. 1835, 39 (Camelina
barbareefolium, DC. Syst. ii. 517, Deless. Ic. Sel. ii. t. 70; 7. pyriforme, Seem. Bot. Herald,
24, t. 2), is a very closely allied form with globose or pyriform pods, which are often
abnormal in the number of carpels (2 to 6) and cells, as occasionally occurs also in var.
hispidum. It is a native of E. Siberia and is found at Norton’s Sound, Alaska, where it
may have been introduced.
Var. occidentale, Watson, n. var. Glabrous or the auricles of the leaves sometimes
ciliate: pods stout, 4 to 6 lines long, not rarely 4-carpellary. — Shumagin Islands, Alaska,
Dall, to Brit. Columbia, Lyall, Macoun, and the Lower Columbia Valley, Hall, Suksdorf,
Howell.
+ + Pedicels short (1 or 2 lines long, rarely more) : seeds tuberculate.
N. curvisiliqua, Nurr. Glabrous or slightly pubescent : stems branching, erect or decum-
bent: leaves oblanceolate, laciniately toothed or pinnatifid with broader and obtuser lobes :
pedicels short (rarely 3 lines long): flowers very small: pods linear-oblong, terete, straight
or usually more or less curved, very obtuse or acutish, 2 to 8 lines long; stigma sessile or
on a short stout style. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl.i. 73. LN. lyratum, Nutt. 1. ¢., the form
with more lyrate leaves. Nuttall’s specimens referred by him to this species are in part,
and as described in Torr. & Gray, Fl., N. sinuatum; one of the specimens in herb. Gray
represents the papillose form of that species.? Svsymbrium curvisiliqua, Hook. Fl. Bor.- Am.
i. 61.— From Brit. Columbia to Lower California, Orcutt, and eastward to N. Nevada and
Northwestern Wyoming; frequent.
Var. Nuttallii, Watson, n. var. Flowers rather larger (petals 1 to 14 lines long),
and the pods 4 to 8 lines long, on pedicels 2 to 4 lines in length. — NV. polymorphum, Nutt.
1. c. 74. — In the Lower Columbia Valley, Nuttall, Suksdorf, Howell.
N. obttisum, Nurr. Usually low and depressed, glabrous or rarely subpubescent, branch-
ing: leaves lyrately pinnatifid (or the upper oblong to narrowly lanceolate and subentire) ;
segments usually oblique and irregularly toothed : pedicels ascending, spreading or deflexed,
1 to 2 lines long, obtuse, straight or nearly so; style very short and thick. — Nutt. in Torr.
& Gray, FI. i. 74.3 — From. Keweenaw Co., Michigan, Farwell, Mlinois, Missouri, and Texas,
west to Brit. Columbia, Macoun, and 8. California.
Var. spherocarpum, Warson, n. var. Pods subglobose, about a line broad. —
N. spherocarpum, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 6.4 — Illinois to 8. California.
Var. (?) alpinum, Warson. Alpine: pedicels more elongated (2 to 4 lines long) :
pods oblong or oblong-ovate (2 to 3 lines long), beaked with a short style.— Bot. King
Exp. 15.— In the Uinta and Wasatch Mountains, Utah, Watson, Jones, and on Frémont’s
Peak in the Wind River Mountains, C. Richardson.
+ + + Pedicels short (1 or 2 lines long or less): seeds pitted.
N. tanacetifo6lium, Hoox. & Ary. Low and depressed or sometimes ascending, a foot
high or less, branching from the base, usually somewhat scurfy-pubescent below: leaves
pinnately divided or lyrate; segments very variable, more or less deeply and irregularly
toothed or often pinnatifid: pedicels spreading: pods cylindrical, straight or slightly curved,
4 to 7 lines long, acutish, ascending or widely spreading; style short, a line long; seeds
1 Prof. N. L. Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xviii. 267, and Prof. J. Macoun regard this variety as a
distinct species. Add syn. Roripa hispida, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 169.
2 Add syn. N. cernuwm, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 74, fide Wats. Bibl. Index, 66. N. occiden-
tale, Greene, F). Francis. 268. Roripa curvisiliqua, Bessey, fide Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 169.
8 Add. syn, Roripa obtusa, Britton, |. c.
4 Add syn. Roripa spherocarpa, Britton, 1. ¢.
Barbarea. CRUCIFER. 149
reddish, rather obscurely and irregularly minutely pitted. — Hook. & Arn. in Hook. Jour.
Bot. i. 190. N. palustre, var. tanacetifolium, DC. Syst. ii. 192. N. micropetalum, Fisch. &
Meyer, Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. iii. 1837, 41. NN. Walteri, Wood, Class-Book, ed. of 1861,
288. %Sisymbrium tanacetifolium, Walt. Car. 174, not L. S. Walteri, Ell. Sk. ii. 146.
S. (2) teres, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 93. Cardamine teres, Michx. FI. ii. 29. — South Carolina to
Florida and west to Texas and Mexico. What is recognized as N. MexicAnum, DC., of
Mexico, is a very similar species with somewhat stouter and obtuser pods, often deflexed,
and larger minutely tuberculate paler seeds. The West Indian UN. brevipes, Griseb., how-
ever, may rather be regarded as a variety (imsularum) of N. tanacetifolium. Its seeds are
similar in color and marking, but the pods are shorter and the style very short or stigma
nearly sessile.
N. sessilifidrum, Nurr. Glabrous, erect, branching, 2 feet high or less: leaves oblanceo-
late, usually obtuse, coarsely toothed or lyrately pinnatifid with few short segments: pedi-
cels very short (the lowest rarely 1 to 14 lines long): pods spreading, thick and cylindrical,
3 or 4 lines long, obtuse; style very short; seeds minutely pitted. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 73; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 132, t. 53, excl. f. 1-5. NV. limosum, Nutt. 1. c.— From Mlinois
and Missouri to Georgia and Texas.!
Recently published species not seen by the editor.
N.* dictyé6tum, Greene. “Stout, erect, 2 to 4 feet high, hirsute-pubescent: racemes
rather dense: pods ovate-lanceolate; valves firm in texture, with strong tortuous midvein
and anastomosing veinlets; partition thick, favose-reticulate.” — Fl. Francis. 268. Roripa
dictyota, Greene, Man. Bay-Reg. 20 (whence the foregoing descr.). — “ Marshes of the Lower
Sacramento.”
Rorfpa TENERRIMA, Greene. “ Annual, weak and decumbent, very sparingly branching,
6 to 10 inches high, of delicate texture and glabrous: leaves few, lyrate-pinnatifid, the terminal
lobe acutish: rhachis of the few racemes almost capillary: pods rather distant, subconical,
slightly curved, the tapering apex surmounted by a considerable beak-like style; valves and
septum both very thin: seeds many, in 2 rows under each valve.” — Erythea, iii. 46 (whence
deser.). —“ Modoe Co., Calif., Mrs. Austin.” :
35. BARBAREA, R.Br. Winter Cress. (Name from Hrysimum Bar-
darea, L., the most common species, and sometimes called Herb of St. Barbara.)
— Chiefly biennials, somewhat succulent, sharing most of the characters of
Nasturtium, but with somewhat stouter habit, more elongated rigid capsules and
uniseriate seeds. —R. Br. in Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 109; DC. Syst. ii. 205, &
Prodr. i. 140; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 147, t. 62; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. t. 47-49 ;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 68.— Spec. of difficult limitation. [By B. L. Roprnson. ]
B. vulgaris, R. Br. 1. c. (Common Winter Cress, YeLtow Rocker.) Stems erect,
furrowed-angulate, simple or corymbosely branched, leafy, 1 to 3 feet high: radical leaves
and lower cauline usually pinnately parted; the terminal segment ovate or orbicular,
rounded at the apex and varying from cuneate to cordate at the base, entire or with a few
rounded teeth or lobes; lateral segments very variable, usually about 3 (0 to 5) pairs, oblong,
entire or toothed; petioles auriculate-appendaged at the base; upper leaves simplified,
oblanceolate, cut-toothed, sessile, clasping at base: flowers in a short dense oblong raceme,
bright yellow: petals nearly or quite twice as long as the sepals: pods from the first ascend-
ing or suberect upon more or less spreading pedicels. — DC. Syst. ii. 206, in part. Barbarea
Barbarea, MacMillan, Metasp. Minn. Val. 259. Erysimum Barbarea, L. Spec. ii. 660; FI.
Dan. t. 985; Eng. Bot. t. 443. — Moist meadows, brooksides, &c.; in America chiefly the
formal variety arcuAra, Fries (Consp. fase. vi. no. 17), with inflorescence somewhat lax
and elongated even in anthesis and young pods rather widely spreading and more or less
curved; a form common in the Northern and Middle States across the continent and north-
ward to Labrador and Alaska, and on the Pacific Slope southward to Lower Calif., Orcutt.
(Eu., Asia.)
1 Near Richmond, Va., Churchill. Add syn. Roripa sessiliflora, Hitchcock, 1. c.
150 CRUCIFERZ. Barbarea.
B. stricta, Anprz. In its variable foliage not satisfactorily distinguishable from the pre-
ceding: flowers smaller, paler yellow, during anthesis closely aggregated and subcorymbose :
petals usually not over a third or half longer than the calyx: pods mostly appressed to the
elongated rhachis. — Andrz. in Bess. Enum. 72; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. 47. B. parvi-
flora, Fries, Novit. ed. 2, 207. B. vulgaris, var. stricta, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 35. —Same range
as the last, and eastward the commoner species. A noteworthy fruiting form of this
species or perhaps distinct plant has been collected at Seattle, Wash., Piper. It has
elongated rather loose racemes of very short erect pods (4 to 7 lines long), and bears a close
resemblance to specimens from Central France
B. pracox, R. Br.l.c. (Earty Winter Cress, Scurvy Grass.) Very similar in habit
and floral characters: radical leaves usually interruptedly pinnate; segments more numer-
ous, 4 to 8 pairs, commonly with smaller ones between the larger: siliques longer, often 24
inches in length, larger and firmer in texture: valves more strongly carinate; fruiting
pedicels very stout. — Chapm. FI. ed. 2, 606; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 71.—
Somewhat established in the Middle Atlantic States and southward, having escaped from
cultivation as a salad plant. (Introd. from Eu.)
386. IODANTHUS, Torr. & Gray. (’Id8ys, violet-colored, and dv6os,
flower.) — A small American genus of rather doubtful affinities; but on account
of its stigma elongated over the placentz, its distinctly flattened pods and nearly
accumbent cotyledons, not to be united with Thelypodium, to which it has been
reduced. — Fl. i. 72 (under Cheiranthus); Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 133, t. 54; Proe.
Am. Acad. vi. 188; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 70; Prantl, 1. c. 188. Under
Thelypodium, Wats. Bibl. Index, 73: Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6,
72.— A single described species, but probably with a Mexican congener. [By
B. L. Rosinson. |
I. pinnatifidus, Steup. Erect, slender, leafy, glabrous, often branched above: root a
cluster of tough fibres: radical leaves ovate, rounded at the base or cordate, slender-petioled ;
the cauline ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at each end, usually sharply and often doubly
serrate, sometimes merely repand; the upper sessile by narrow auriculate bases; the lower
petiolate and occasionally pinnate, bearing 1 to 3 pairs of small leaflets near the ‘hase:
sepals 14 lines long, less than half the length of the spatulate slender-clawed purple petals :
fruit 9 to 15 lines long, short-pedicelled, tipped with a slender style, widely spreading in
elongated racemes. — Nomencl. ed. 2, 812; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 188; Wats. Bot.
King Exp. 19; Prantl, lc. JZ. hesperidoides, Torr. & Gray in Gray, Gen. Il. i. 134, t. 54,
& Man. 33; Chapm. F1.25. Hesperis pinnatifida, Michx. Fl. ii. 31. Chetranthus hesperi-
doides, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 72. Arabis hesperidoides, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 68. — Rich soil,
W. Pennsylvania, Porter, to Texas, Lindheimer, and northward to Minnesota; fl. June; fr.
July and August.
387. DRYOPETALON, Gray. (Name from §pis, an oak tree, the lobed
petals resembling an oak leaf in outline.) — A branching annual with lyrately
pinnatifid mostly radical leaves and pubescence of simple hairs. Petals white. —
Pl. Wright. ii. 11. Dryopetalum, Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii.
Ab. 2, 183. — A southwestern monotype. [By S. Warsow. ] :
D. runcinatum, Gray. A foot high, glabrous above, more or less villous below with
spreading hairs (sometimes short and dense): segments of the leaves irregularly rounded to
oblong, coarsely and acutely or sinuately toothed, of the cauline leaves narrower: pedicels
of the elongating racemes slender, divaricate, usually equalling the flowers, in fruit 2 to 8
lines long: petals 5-7-toothed, 2 to 3 lines long: pods very narrow, nearly straight, spread-
ing, 1 to 14 inches long. — Pl. Wright. ii. 12, t. 11; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 32.— Moun-
tains of W. Texas, Thurber; S. Arizona, Wright, Thurber, Palmer, Greene, Parish, Pringle.
(The type from Chihuahua, Wright.)
Parrya. CRUCIFERZ. 151
38. PLATYSPERMUM, Hook. (Gr. rAarivs, broad, and o7épua, seed.)
— A single species, a slender early spring annual of the valleys of the Great
Basin. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 68, t. 18, f. B. [By S. Watson. ]
P. scapigerum, Hook. |. c. Scapes 1 to 6 inches high in fruit: leaves small, lyrately
pinnatifid with few lobes, often reduced to a single rhombic or oyate toothed or entire lobe
upon a slender petiole : flowers about a line long: petals varying from narrowly obovate to
linear-spatulate: pod 3 to 5. lines long, 8-12-seeded.— In the dry interior region, from
Klikitat County, Washington, to the Carson. River, and eastward to the Clear Water,
Spalding, and Kootenai County, Idaho, Geyer.
39. SELENIA, Nutt. (Gr. cedgvy, the moon, in allusion to the near
relation of the genus to Lunaria.) — Septum occasionally perforate or nearly
wanting. Seed-coats thick and sometimes separate. Species with golden yellow
flowers, blooming in spring. — Jour. Acad. Philad. v. 182, t.6; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 99; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 157. [By S. Watson. ]
S. aurea, Nurr.l.c. Branching usually from the base, a span high or less: leaves pinnati-
sect; the narrow lobes entire or with one or two coarse teeth; floral leaves similar: pedicels
ascending, a half to one inch long: sepals unappendaged: pod about six lines long and two
or three lines broad.— Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 6607. — On wet prairies,
from S. W. Missouri and S. E. Kansas to the Arkansas River.
Var. apérta, Warson, n. var. Pedicels divaricate: pods broadly elliptical (6 to 8
lines long), with a style 4 to 6 lines long; septum reduced to a narrow margin. — S. aurea,
var. 8, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, l. c. t.67.— Near St. Augustine, Texas, Leavenworth.
S. dissécta, Torr. Low (3 to 6 inches high), very leafy and flowering from the base:
leaves doubly pinnatisect: outer sepals much the larger, appendaged near the apex: pod
oblong-obovate, an inch long or less and 5 or 6 lines wide ; the style 1 to 4 lines long: seeds
nearly 3 lines broad. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 160, t. 1. — In extreme Western Texas; near the
mouth of Delaware Creek, Capt. Pope, and prairies south of Ft. Davis, Dr. Havard.
40. PARRYA, R. Br. (Capt. W. E. Parry, upon whose first voyage for
the discovery of a northwest passage, in the years 1819-20, the species upon
which the genus was founded was collected.) — North American and Asiatic
perennials with branching caudex and naked scape-like peduncles, glabrous or
rough-pubescent. Ten Asiatic species are described, but they vary much in their
characters and several of them are imperfectly known. The genus is here
characterized according to the more typical species. — R. Br. in Parry, 1st Voy.
Suppl. to App. 268; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i, 67; Regel, Enum. Pl. Semenov.
Suppl. ii. 20. [By S. Watson. ]
§ 1. PArrya proper. Stigma distinctly 2-lobed: seeds margined and cotyle-
dons strictly accumbent : scape naked.
P. Arctica, R.Br. Dwarf, glabrous: the slender branches of the caudex very short: leaves
short, linear-oblanceolate: scape becoming 2 or 3 inches high in fruit: pod oblong (6 to 9
lines long), obtuse, beaked by the very short nearly sessite stigmas, 6 to 8-seeded, spreading :
seeds with loose rugose testa.—R. Br. 1. c. 269, t. B. —Islands and coast of Arctic
America, east of the Mackenzie River. The Siberian specimens referred to this species by
Regel belong to the next.
P, macrocarpa, R. Br. Caudex stout; the branches usually covered with the remains of
dead leaves: leaves oblong- to linear-oblanceolate, 2 to 4 inches long including the long
petioles, usually coarsely and sharply toothed, glabrous or more or less rough-pubescent
throughout with short stiff glandular hairs: scape 2 to 6 inches high: flowers large: pods
ascending, acute and beaked with slender style, an inch or two long, 6-8-seeded; seeds.
152 CRUCIFERZ : Parrya.
broadly winged. —R. Br. 1. c. 270. Cardamine nudicaulis, L. Spec. ii. 654. Arabis nudi-
caulis & Hesperis scapigera, DC. Syst. ii. 240, 454. Neuroloma nudicaule & scapigerum,
DC. Prodr. i. 156. Parrya nudicaulis, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose, xxxiy. pt. 2, 176. —
Alpine peaks of the Uinta Mountains, Utah, Watson ; Alaska, from the Shumagin Islands,
Harrington, to the Arctic Coast. (Kamtschatka to Arctic Russia, Thibet, and Afghanistan.)
§ 2. Pnua@nicatyis. Scape leafy: stigma nearly entire and capitate: seeds
immarginate; cotyledons obliquely accumbent. — Nutt. (as genus) in Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 89.
P. Menziésii, Greene. Caudex stout; the branches covered with remains of dead leaves:
leaves spatulate or oblanceolate, acute or obtuse, densely tomentose both sides with fine
stellate pubescence, entire, 1 to 4 inches long; the petioles often nearly glabrous: scapes
twice longer than the leaves, nearly glabrous; bracts sessile, oblong to linear-lanceolate,
acute or obtuse; raceme many flowered: pods spreading, 1 to 2 inches long, attenuate to the
slender style, glabrous, 2-4-seeded. — Fl. Francis. 253. Hesperis Menziesii, Hook. Fl. Bor.-
Am. i. 60; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 322, t. 75. Phanicaulis cheiranthoides, Nutt. 1. ¢.4
Cheiranthus Menziesii, Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 68; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 35. — From
the Lower Columbia River and E. Oregon to N. W. Nevada, and in the mountains to Alpine
Co., California.
Var. lanuginosa, Warson, n. var. Pubescence more loose and woolly. — Lower
Columbia Valley east of the Cascades, Douglas, Suksdorf; near the mouth of the Chelon,
Watson ; and in Sierra Co., Calif., Lemmon.
41. LEAVENWORTHIA, Torr. (Dr. M. C. Leavenworth, U.S. A.
the discoverer of the first species, a botanist and early collector in Florida,
Louisiana, and Arkansas.) — Species very similar in habit. Peduncles all radical
and 1-flowered (1 to 6 inches long) or branching (a span high or less), with one
or two leaves toward the base, and decumbent. Seeds with a firm thick testa,
very minutely tuberculate. — Ann. Lyc. N. Y. iv. 87; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 189, &
Bot. Gaz. v. 25. [By S. Watson. ]
* Cotyledons round-cordate ; radicle straight.
L. atirea, Torr. Leaves with few (1 to 7) mostly sinuate lobes: petals emarginate, 4 to 6
lines long, “yellow” or white to purplish with a yellow base: pod not torulose, oblong to
linear, 5 to 12 lines long including a slender style 1 or 2 lines long, 4-14-seeded. — Torr.
1. c. 88, t. 5, f. 1-8; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 140, t. 57. LZ. Michauxii, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 31, in
part.— N. Alabama, Leavenworth, Hatch, Peters; Tennessee, Buckley; “Fort Towson,”
Arkansas, and at “Trish Bayou settlement,” N. W. Texas, Leavenworth.
* * Cotyledons broad-oval; radicle applied very obliquely to their base
L. Michatxii, Torr. Leaves with usually numerous (7 to 15) acutely toothed lobes:
petals subtruncate, 2 to 4 lines long, white with a yellowish claw or purplish: pod not
torulose, oblong to linear, 6 to 15 lines long, with a short stout style (a line long or less),
4-18-seeded: seeds rather larger.— Torr. 1]. c. 89, t. 5, f. 9-11; Gray, Bot. Gaz. v. 26.2
Cardamine uniflora, Michx. Fl. il. 29. — Tennbasce, about ienoxville, Michaux, and near
La Vergne and Nashville, Gattinger; barrens of Kentucky, Short; Clarke Co., Indiana,
Coulter ; St. Louis Co., Missouri, Letterman.
L. stylosa, Gray,l.c. Leaves usually about 7-lobed : petals yellow, emarginate, 4 lines long :
pods not torulose, ‘oblong, 4 to 8 lines long, not including the slender style (2 to 4 lines long),
6-8-seeded. — In wet places in cedar barrens near La Vergne, Rutherford Co., Tennessee,
Gattinger.
L. torulésa, Gray, 1. c. Leaves few-many-lobed: petals purplish with a yellow base,
emarginate, 3 or 4 lines long: pods torulose even when young, linear, 8 to 15 lines long
1 Add syn. Phenicaulis Menziesii, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 143,
2 Add syn. L. uniflora, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 171.
Dentaria. CRUCIFER®. 153
including a stout style a line or two in length, 4—14-seeded. — L. aurea, Hook. f. Bot. Mag.
t. 5730. — Barrens of Kentucky, Short; near La Vergne and about Nashville, Tennessee,
Gattinger.
42. DENTARIA, Tourn. Toornwort, Pepprr-roor. (Latin dens, a
tooth, from the toothed rootstocks of some of the species.) — Nearly or quite
glabrous perennials, growing in damp woods, and blooming in early spring, rarely
fruiting; flowers large. Distinguished from Cardamine (with which it has been
united by R. Brown and Bentham & Hooker) most obviously by its habit.
The foliage of many species is very variable. ‘The stem is rarely branched, and
the styles are usually slender and elongated. 'The remaining species are con-
fined to temperate regions of Europe, with a single species in Eastern Asia; none
are arctic or alpine. — Inst. 225, t. 110; L. Gen. no. 540; Gray, Gen. IIL. i.
137, t. 56; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. 80-32. [By S. Watson. ]
* Rootstock elongated: leaves 3-foliolate: species of the Atlantic States and Mississippi
Valley.
D. diphylla, Micux. (Prprrer-roor.) Rootstock several inches in length, often branched,
strongly toothed at the numerous nodes: cauline leaves two, approximate or opposite; the
leaflets very shortly petiolulate, ovate or oblong-ovate, sometimes obscurely lobed, coarsely
crenate, the teeth abruptly acute, glabrous or sparingly hispid on the veins beneath, often
minutely scabrous on the margin, 1 to 4 inches long: peduncle glabrous: petals white or
pale purple: pods “an inch long, the style a third of the whole or more.” — Fl. ii. 30;
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1465; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 87. D. bifolia, Stokes, Bot. Mat. Med. iii.
443. Cardamine diphylla, Wood, Bot. & Fl. 37, — Nova Scotia to South Carolina, and west-
ward to Minnesota and Kentucky.
%* * Rootstock tuberous, more or less moniliform.
+ Cauline leaves divided (rarely all entire in D. Californica).
++ Eastern closely related species.
D. laciniata, Muni. Tubers usually not jointed, nor prominently tubercled, becoming
longitudinally suleate: peduncle often pubescent and margin of the leaves scabrous, as in
the following species: cauline leaves three or two, usually verticillate or approximate,
divided or parted into three segments; the lateral segments often deeply 2-lobed, all broadly
oblong to linear, more or less laciniately toothed (very rarely entire), 1 to 4 inches long;
basal leaves similar: petals pale rose-color to white: pods an inch long or more, not includ-
ing the style (3 to 6 lines); seeds orbicular or oblong; cotyledons very unequal, one very
thick, the other very small, half the length of the acute radicle, which is cleft to the middle.
— Muhl. in Willd. Spec. iii. 479; Barton, Fl. N. Am. iii. 4, t. 72; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 86,
excl, var. 6. D. concatenata, Michx.1.¢c. Cardamine laciniata, Wood, 1. ¢. 38.-—From
Quebec to Ontario and Minnesota, and southward to Florida and Louisiana.
Var. multifida, J. F. James. Tubers deep-seated and stems erect in fruit: a slender
form with the narrowly linear segments of the leaflets usually more or less divided into
linear lobes. — Bot. Gaz. xiii. 234. D. multifida, Muhl. Cat. 60; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 87.
D. dissecta, Leavenworth, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 1, vii. 62. Cardamine multifida, Wood, 1. ¢.,
not Pursh. —N. Carolina and Georgia to Tennessee and Alabama.
D. heterophylla, Nurr. Tubers jointed, narrowly oblong, or thick-clavate, with scattered
prominent “eyes” or tubercles: leaves two (rarely three), opposite or alternate, 3-foliolate ;
leaflets distinctly petiolulate, oblong-lanceolate to linear, entire or rather deeply crenate,
rarely laciniate or lobed, 1 to 3 inches long; basal leaves with ovate or sometimes lanceo-
late leaflets, usually lobed or crenate: pods nearly as in the last; seeds orbicular; cotyle-
dons equal in length, one narrower by the thickness of the acute radicle, which is cleft to
above the middle. — Gen. ii. 66; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 87. Cardamine heterophylla, Wood,
1. c.— Pennsylvania to Georgia and west to Kentucky and Tennessee; said to bloom a week
later than the preceding species,
154 CRUCIFER Z&. Dentaria.
D. maxima, Nutr. Tubers near the surface and stems reclined in fruit: leaves two or
three, alternate, 3-foliolate; leaflets ovate or oblong-ovate, coarsely toothed and somewhat
cleft or lobed, 1 or 2 inches long: pods as in D. laciniata; seeds round-oblong; cotyledons
unequal, the smaller cuneate-oblong, half as wide as the larger; radicle acute and curved,
cleft to the middle. — Gen. ii. 66; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 138, t. 56. D. laciniata, var. 8,-Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 86. Cardamine maxima, Wood, 1. c.— Vermont, Morgan, to Pennsylvania and
Western New York; said to bloom two weeks later than D. laciniata. Nuttall’s original
specimens from Pennsylvania and W. New York are described as two feet tall and with five
to seven leaves. Nothing corresponding to this appears to have been found since. The
single small specimen, so named by Nuttall in the herb. Brit. Mus., from Pennsylvania,
has a pair of separate ternate leaves and probably belongs to this species or possibly to
D. diphylla.
++ ++ Western species.
D.* macrocarpa, Nurr. Glabrous or slightly pubescent : stems simple, 4 to 15 inches high;
joints of the rootstock about an inch long; leaves 1 to 8, approximate, shortly petiolate,
palmately or pinnately 3-5-parted or -divided, the segments linear to oblong, entire, obtuse
or acute, 4 to 2 inches long; basal leaves sometimes merely lobed or cleft; the leaflets
sessile or petiolulate, often 3-5-lobed or -toothed: raceme usually nearly sessile: flowers
purple or rose-color: pods one or two inches long (including the style, usually 3 lines long)
and a line broad; stigma capitate and entire; seeds oblong; cotyledons somewhat unequal ;
the oblique radicle cleft to the base. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 88; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 30. D. tenella, Brew. & Wats. 1. c. as to pl. Calif.; Wats. ms. of present work,
not Pursh. DL. yemmata, Wats. as to pl. of Howell, Pacif. Coast Pl. 1887 (not as to type
which was later identified with D. tenella). Cardamine Nuttallii, Greene, Bull. Calif.
Acad. Sci. ii. 389. C. gemmata, Greene, Pittonia, i. 162.—N. California (Plumas and
Siskiyou Counties) to Brit. Columbia, Lyall.
Var.* pulchérrima, Rogryson, n. var. Flowers larger than in the type: petals 6 to
8 lines long, 4 to 5 lines broad. — Cardamine pulcherrima, Greene, Erythea, i. 148. — Mosier,
Oregon, 7’. Howell. Very nearly related species, if distinct at all, are the following:
CarpDAMINeE SINUATA, Greene, 1. ¢., with suborbicular sinuate-dentate radical leaves and roots
said to be tuberous, from Crescent City, Calif., 7. Howell, and (7) Cow Creek Mts., Oregon,
Henderson; also C. QuERCETORUM, Howell, Erythea, iii. 33, with radical leaves 3-foliolate ;
leaflets ovate to elliptic-oblong, dentate, from Silverton, Oregon, 7. Howell. In their flowers,
young fruit (so far as known), cauline foliage, and general habit, these plants show such
a close resemblance to each other and to more robust forms of D. macrocarpa, that the
specific distinctions, derived chiefly from the subdivision of the radical leaves (in this genus
notably inconstant), appear very doubtful. Good specimens of the roots (not at hand) may
furnish better distinctions.
D.* tenélla, Pursn. Rootstock bearing small irregular tubers: basal leaves simple, round-
cordate, coarsely crenate or sinuate, one or two inches broad; the petiole bearing usually
several clusters of bulblets: stem 6 to 12 inches high, with one or two nearly sessile 3-folio-
late leaves, sometimes bulbiferous in the axils; leaflets linear-oblong or linear, obtuse, entire,
3 to 24 inches long: raceme sessile or shortly pedunculate : flowers rose-color: pods an inch
long and a line wide, with a slender style tipped with a broad distinctly lobed stigma. —
Fl. ii. 439; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 87. D, tenuifolia, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 46, not Ledeb. —
Banks of the Columbia, Lewis ; Washington, Klikitat Co., Suksdorf, Upper Nesqually Val.,
Allen.
D. Califérnica, Nutr. Tubers of the submoniliform rootstock mostly small: stem 4 to 2
feet high, rather stout, simple or branched above, glabrous or slightly pubescent: foliage
very variable; basal leaves entire or 3-foliolate; the leaflets petiolulate, suborbicular, cune-
ate to subcordate at base, sinuate or coarsely toothed; cauline 2 to 4, mostly shortly petio-
late and above the middle of the stem, 3- or pinnately 5-foliolate, rarely simple or lobed;
1 The treatment of D. macrocarpa and the following species has been revised in the light of more
copious material. Nuttall’s species was unfortunately characterized as having 3-foliate radical leaves
with “reniform ” leaflets. It is stated that the species was founded upon a single specimen, and a
plant, so labelled by Nuttall himself, is now in herb, Brit. Mus., and is (acc. to Dr. Watson) of the
species here described.
Cardamine. CRUCIFERZ, NaS
the leaflets mostly petiolulate, ovate to lanceolate or linear, entire or toothed, 1 to 3 inches
long: flowers white or rose-colored: pods 1 to 23 inches long (style 2 or 3 lines long) ; seeds
oblong; cotyledons thick; radicle decidedly oblique, cleft to the middle. — Nutt. in Torr.
& Gray} F1.i. 88. D. integrifolia, Nutt. 1.¢. Cardamine purpurea, Torr, & Gray, FI. i. 85.
C. paucisecta, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 297; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif.i.30.! C. cuneata, Greene,
Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 74. In the Coast Ranges from San Diego to Oregon; Chico,
Calif., Mrs. Bidwell; Vancouver Island, Macoun. C. cuneata, Greene, from the San Antonio
Mountains, Monterey Co., Calif., appears to be only a slender form with more divided
(5-7-foliolate) leaves, the terminal leaflet 3-parted and the lateral with one or two lobes on
the petiolule. A specimen from Vacaville, Solano Co., Rattan, represents the opposite
extreme, having the leaves all simple and cordate.
+ + Cauline leaves undivided (sometimes 3-foliolate in D. pachystigma).
D.* cardiophylla, Rosrysoy, n. sp. Glabrous: stem erect from a small tuber, usually
simple, 6 to 12 inches high: leaves 2 to 4, alternate or the pair nearly opposite, round-cor-
date to lanceolate, sinuate or acutely toothed, $ to 14 inches long, exceeding the petioles:
peduncle short: flowers rose-color: pods 1 to 14 inches long and a line broad or somewhat
more, with a slender style (14 to 2 lines long); seeds ovate; radicle oblique, cleft nearly to
the base, as long as the subequal cotyledons. — D. Californica, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xiv.
289, & Bot. Calif. ii. 430, in part. — Plumas Co., Calif., Mrs. R. M. Austin, Lemmon. This
species, characterized and given an unpublished name. by Dr. Watson, is with scarcely a
doubt the Cardamine cardiophylla of Greene, Fl. Francis. 266, described from specimens
collected in Solano Co., Calif., Jepson. Specimens from Rock Creek, Washington, G. R.
Vasey, appear to be the same.
D. pachystigma, Warson, n. sp. Glabrous: stem stout, 6 inches high: leaves 2 or 3,
approximate, simple and cordate to reniform, or sometimes 3-foliolate and the lower leaflets
ovate to lanceolate, somewhat crenate or sinuate or more frequently coarsely and acutely
dentate: raceme*sessile or nearly so: pods 1 or 2 inches long, 14 or 2 lines broad, with a
very short stout style and small stigma; seeds nearly orbicular; cotyledons very thick,
oblique; the short radicle cleft nearly to the base. — D. Californica, var. pachystigma, Wats.
Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 289, & Bot. Calif. ii. 430. — Plumas Co., Calif., Mrs. Ames, Mrs. Austin.
43. CARDAMINE,? Tourn. (KapSapivy, a name cited by Dioscorides as
given to some species of cress, probably Lepidium sativum.) — Mostly glabrous
plants, growing along watercourses or in moist places, for the most part with
smaller flowers, narrower pods, and smaller seeds than in Dentaria. Natives of
temperate, arctic, and alpine regions of the globe. — Inst. 224, t. 109; L. Gen.
no. 541; DC. Syst. ii. 245, & Prodr. i. 149; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 70, excl.
subgenera. [By S. Watson. ]
* Leaves undivided: perennials.
+— Alpine or arctic; dwarf.
C. bellidifolia, L. Rootstock slender with a branching caudex ; stems very short: leaves
with a long slender petiole, ovate or elliptical, occasionally subcordate and usually obtuse,
rarely with one or two lateral teeth, 1 to 6 lines long: peduncles } to 2 inches long: flowers
few, white or pinkish: pods erect, 6 to 15 lines long, on pedicels 1 to 3 lines long, the style
very short and stout; radicle cleft to the middle; caulicle thick. — Spee. ii. 654; FI. Dan.
t. 20. C. alpina, Willd. Spec. iii. 481; Reichenb. Ic. Fl, Germ. ii. 10, t. 25. C. Lenensis,
Andrz. in Ledeb. Fl. Alt. iii. 83; Ledeb. Ic. t. 268. — Mountains of Northern New England ;
Rocky Mountains of Brit. America,’ Drummond; Mt. Shasta and Lassen’s Peak, Calif. ;
Alaska and Arctic Coast. (Greenland, Eu., N. Asia.)
¥ Add syn. Cardamine Californica, Greene, Fl. Francis. 266.
2 The accent of this name, variously given in botanical works, should be determined by the quan-
tity of the iota of the Greek, which according to excellent authority is short, contrary to the marking
in Harper’s Latin Lexicon.
8 Also reported from Avalanche Mountain in the Selkirk Range, by J. M. Macoun, Bot. Gaz.
xvi. 286; and coll. in Chiquash Mts., Washington, Suksdorf.
156 CRUCIFERZ. Cardamine.
+— +— Meadows and mountain sides; eastern species.
C. rotundifélia, Micux. Rootstock very short, fibrous-rooted and very rarely at all
tuberiferous: stem lax, decumbent, becoming one or two feet long; the branches at length
rooting at the end and the raceme proliferous: leaves all rounded or ovate arid petiolate,
usually subcordate, sinuate; the larger 1 or 2 inches long, exceeding the petioles: flowers
white: pods few-seeded, attenuate to a long slender style, 6 to 9 lines long, on spreading
pedicels about as long. — Fl. ii. 30; Hook. Bot. Mise, iii. 241, t. 109. C. rotundifolia, var.
y, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 83.—In cool shaded springs, Middletown, N. J., Willis, Pennsyl-
yania, Kentucky, Short, and southward in the mountains to N. Carolina.
C. rhomboidea, DC. Stem from a small tuberous base and slender rootstock bearing
small tubers, erect, usually simple, 4 to 2 feet high, glabrous or sometimes puberulent
especially at base: leaves at base long-petiolate, rounded to ovate and somewhat cordate,
sinuate or entire; the cauline becoming oblong-lanceolate and sessile and often acutely
toothed: flowers white: pods 9 to 18 lines long including the slender style (1 to 3 lines
long), about equalling the ascending pedicels; seeds small, orbicular; radicle cleft to or
below the middle. — Syst. ii. 246; Hook. 1. c. 239, t. 108; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 136, t. 55.
C. rotundifolia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. excl. vars.! Arabis bulbosa, Schreb. in Muh]. Trans. Am.
Phil. Soe. iii. 174. A. rhomboidea & A. tuberosa, Pers. Syn. ii. 204. — Common in Ontario
and Minnesota, southward to Florida and Texas.
Var. purptrea, Torr.? Low (a foot high or less), somewhat loosely pubescent or
rarely glabrous: flowers purplish or rose-color.— Fl. N. Y. i. 56. C. rotundifolia, var. B, ©
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 83. Arabis rhomboidea, var. purpurea, Torr. Am. Jour. Sci. iv. 66.—
Ontario to W. Maryland, J. D. Smith, and westward to Wisconsin and Kentucky ; reported
as also collected by Drummond farther to the north. This species closely approaches
Dentaria. Thlaspi tuberosum, Nutt, Gen. ii. 65, is probably the same, from its tuberous root,
rose-colored flowers, and pubescence, though the pod is described as orbicular.
+ + + Western mountain species, sometimes subalpine.
C. cordifolia, Gray. Glabrous or more or less pubescent with spreading hairs: stems erect
from a slender rootstock, 1 or 2 feet high, simple: leaves (a dozen or more) petiolate; the
lowest cordate ; the rest ovate to oblong-ovate, acute or acutish, cordate or truncate at base,
more or less repand or coarsely crenate, 1 to 24 inches long: raceme sessile: flowers white:
pods 10 to 15 lines long with the short style, on ascending pedicels; radicle cleft to the
middle. —Pl. Fendl. 8. C. rhomboidea, Durand, Fl. Utah, 159.— Rocky Mountains, Col-
orado to New Mexico; Wasatch Mountains, Utah.
2
C. LyAllii, Warson. Glabrous: stem erect from a running rootstock, simple or branched,
1 or 2 feet high: leaves few (4 to 8), petiolate, reniform to cordate, sinuate, 1 to 3 inches
broad: raceme pedunculate : flowers white: pods an inch long or less, rather shortly attenu-
ate to a very short style, on spreading pedicels; radicle cleft to the middle.— Proc, Am.
Acad. xxii. 466. C. cordifolia, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 19, in part; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 376; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 229.— Cascade Mountains, Wilkes, Lyall, Hall (no.
29), G. R. Vasey, J. Howell; Blue Mountains, Oregon, Cusick; Clover Mountains, N.
Nevada, Watson; and Placer Co., Calif., near Truckee, Sonne. Resembling the European
C. asarifolia, the stem of which is branched above and the pod more attenuate.
%* * Radical leaves mostly entire; the cauline 3-5-foliolate.
+— Eastern species.
C.* (7) curvisiliqua, SuuTry.? Aquatic, glabrous, decumbent, rooting in mud at base:
stems elongating, furrowed: earliest leaves entire, suborbicular, long-petioled; the later
ones pinnate; leaflets obovate or oval, rounded at the apex, very shallowly lobed or quite
entire, acute at the base: flowers small: petals narrow, a line and a half in length: fruiting
raceme elongated, very loose, the rhachis often flexuous, the pedicels divaricate: pods
1 Add syn. C. bulbosa, Britton, Sterns & Poggenburg, Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 4.
2 This variety has been raised to specific rank by Dr. Britton as C. Douwglassii, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. ix. 8, being the Arabis Douglassti, Torr. (used as synonym) in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 83.
3 This species, although referred by Dr. Watson to Cardamine, was not described in his
manuscript.
Cardamine. CRUCIFERZ. Lo?
slender, nearly terete, curving upward, about 10 lines in length. — Shuttleworth in distr.
Rugel; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad, xv. 46. Nasturtium officinale, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 666, not
L. WN. stylosum, Shuttl. ace. to Gray, 1. c.— On river banks, &e., Florida, Rugel, Leaven-
worth, Garber, Rothrock, Simpson, Curtiss. A species with the habit of Nasturtium officinale,
and, but for its long slender pods and uniseriate seeds, to be referred to that genus.
C. Clematitis, Suurrr. Glabrous: rootstock slender: stem lax, simple or branched, a
foot high: radical leaves small, reniform-cordate, occasionally with a pair of much smaller
leaflets on the petiole; cauline petiolate; the petiole sagittately appendaged at base;
terminal leaflet reniform to oblong and subhastately 3-lobed; the lateral oblique and very
-yariable: raceme nearly sessile: flowers white: pods about an inch long, with a long
slender style; radicle cleft a third of its length. — Shuttl. in Wats. Bibl. Index, 53, excl.
syn.; Chapm. FI. ed. 2, 605; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xv. 45.— Springs and moist places in
the Southern Alleghanies;! Smoky Mountains, Ruge’, Roan Mountain, Gray; Alabama,
Buckley.
+— + Western species.
C. Bréweri, Watson. Glabrous or slightly pubescent below: stems from a slender run-
ning rootstock, erect or decumbent at base, usually branched, a foot high or more: radical
leaves simple or with a pair of small rounded lateral leaflets, round-cordate, entire or sinu-
ate; the cauline with usually rounded and sinuate or sometimes lobed leaflets; the upper
more oblong or lanceolate: flowers small, white: pods 8 to 12 lines long, with a short
thick style, ascending or erect on pedicels 2 to 4 lines long; radicle scarcely cleft. — Proc.
Am. Acad. x. 339; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 31.—In the Sierra Nevada near Sonora
Pass, Grewer, and near Carson City, Anderson; Humboldt Co., Calif., Rattan ; Oregon, Hall
(no. 31), Howell ; Teton Range, Idaho, Coulter; Henry’s Fork, Hayden.?
C. angulata, Hoox. Glabrous or more or less pubescent: stem erect from a rather slender
running rootstock, simple, 1 or 2 feet high: leaves all 3-foliolate or sometimes 5-foliolate ;
leaflets ovate to oblong, usually cuneate at base and coarsely 3-5-toothed or the lateral
entire; the terminal not greatly larger than the lateral, about an inch long, exceeding the
petioles: racemes short, few-flowered: flowers white, larger: pods about 9 lines long includ-
ing the style (1 line long), on spreading or divaricate pedicels. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 44, & Bot.
Mise. i. 343, t. 69. — Cascade Mountains of Oregon and Washington; Puget Sound, Wilkes.
C. purptrea, Cuam. & Scutecut. Glabrous or sparingly hirsute: stems erect, 2 to 6
inches high: cauline leaves one or two; leaflets entire, round-oval or ovate, acute; the
terminal subcordate and somewhat 3-lobed: raceme few-flowered, often subtended by a
3-lobed foliaceous bract: flowers rather large, often purple or rose-colored: pods erect,
nearly an inch long; style short, stout. — Linnea, i. 20; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 44. — Arctic
Alaska; also on the Asiatic side of Bering Strait, Wright. A very imperfectly known
species.
%* * * Leaves all pinnately divided with several pairs of leaflets.
+— Flowers rather large: petals (except in C. pratensis, var. occidentalis) 8 or 4 lines long.
C. praténsis, L. Glabrous or somewhat pubescent below: stems erect from usually a very
short rootstock or rarely subtuberous fibrous-rooted base, branched, a foot high or more:
radical leaves with small rounded leaflets 1 to 4 lines broad; leaflets of the upper leaves
oblong to linear or oblanceolate, entire or rarely toothed, 2 to 10 lines long: flowers rather
large (3 to 6 lines long) in a broad corymb, white to deep rose-color: pods 9 to 15 lines long
and a line wide, on ascending pedicels; style short, rather stout. — Spee. ii. 656; DC. Syst.
ii. 256; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 45; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 84; Lange, Medd. Green. iii. 48.
C. digitata, Richards. in Frankl. 1st Journ. ed. 1, App. 743 (reprint, p. 15). — Labrador to
New Brunswick; Bristol, Vermont, Pringle ; New Jersey ; Central New York, Ontario,? and
Lake Superior and northward to the Arctie Ocean; Alaska. Rarely collected in fruit.
C. digitata, Richards. appears to be an arctic form with the leaves reduced to a few approxi-
mate linear leaflets.
1 Northward to White Top Mt., 8. W. Virginia, Small; also on Grandfather Mt., N. C., Small &
Heller.
2 Northward to Vancouver Isl., Macoun.
8 Southward into Michigan and even N. Indiana, Van Gorder.
Si
RSS Si
ce a 3
158 CRUCIFER2. ~ Cardamine.
Var. occidentalis, Watson, n. var. A stout leafy form, with small flowers (2 lines
jong), fruiting freely. —Sauvies Island and Oregon City, Oregon, Howell, Henderson.
Specimens from Eagle and Washoe Valleys, Nevada, Stretch, have blunt styleless pods 18
lines long, and are perhaps distinct.
C. Gambélii, Warson. Rather stout and tall (2 or 3 feet high) but lax, deeumbent at base
and rooting at the lower joints, glabrous or sparingly soft-villous, branched: leaflets 4 to 6
pairs, ovate-oblong to linear, usually cuneate at base and acute, mostly few-toothed, + to 1
inch long: raceme nearly sessile, becoming elongated: flowers white, 3 or 4 lines long:
pedicels slender, divaricate, equalling the narrow erect or ascending often curved pod (6 to 12
lines long): style slender, a line long. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 147, & Bot. Calif. i. 30 (where
by error Gambellii). C. Schaffner:, Hook. f. in Hemsl. Diag. Pl. Nov. i. 2, & Biol Cent.-
Am. Bot. i. 32.—S. California from San Bernardino to Santa Barbara, in swamps and
ditches. (Mex.)
++ + Flowers smaller: petals a line or two in length.
++ Capsule mostly 20-30-seeded.
C.* hirstita, L.1 Low, 3 to 8 or 10 inches high; root single, very slender and with or without
long filiform branches: leaves chiefly basal and persisting in a rosulate cluster: leaflets
roundish in outline, undulately few-lobed, appressed-hispidulous above; those of the few
cauline leaves oblong: flowers small: petals white, once and a half to twice the length of
the sepals: stamens 4; pods erect on nearly erect or even appressed pedicels. — Spec. ii.
655; DC. Syst. ii. 659; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. ii. t. 26; Britton, Bull.:Torr. Club, xix.
219. — Woods, Middle Atlantic States from S. Pennsylvania, Small, to N. Carolina, 7. J.
Browne. Abundant about Washington, D. C.; perhaps introduced ; fl. April, May.
C.* parviflora, L. Very slender, glabrous or sparingly pubescent upon the stem, subsimple,
erect or nearly so: root at first single, becoming a fascicle of delicate fibres: stem often
somewhat flexuous, 6 or 8 inches high, leafy : leafletssmall; those of the lower leaves oblong
(rarely suborbicular), of the upper linear, very narrow: flowers as in the preceding, but
petals mostly narrower and relatively longer: stamens normally 6: pods erect upon spread-
ing-ascending pedicels. — Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1131, & Spec. ed. 2, ii. 914; DC. 1. c 261;
Reichenb. 1. c.; Britton, 1. c. 220. C. Virginica, Michx. FI]. ii. 29, not L. C. hirsuta, var.
sylvatica, of Am. authors, not C. sylvatica, Link. C flexuosa, Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad.
Sci. ix. 9. C. arenicola, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xix. 220.— Sandy and rocky soil, E.
New England to Georgia and across the continent to Oregon. In moist situations becom-
ing stouter and perhaps passing to the usually well marked
C.* Pennsylvanica, Munv. Larger, a foot or two in height, more leafy, branching and of
laxer growth, nearly or quite glabrous: roots a fascicle of numerous slender fibres: leaflets
of the lower leaves roundish or short-oblong; of the upper oblong, with rounded apex and
narrowed base, commonly more or less decurrent upon the rhachis, usually half inch or
more in length and 1 to 3 lines in breadth: flowers as in the last: stamens 6: pods suberect
upon ascending and more or less spreading pedicels. — Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iii. 486; DC.
1. c. 258; Ell. Sk. ii. 144; Britton, 1.¢. 219. C. hirsuta, of authors, as to Am. pl. in great
part, not L. C. fleruosa, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, iv. 103, if correctly shown by Mr.
Small’s specimen from Mt. Rogers, Va., appears to be a form of the same species with some-
what more spreading pods. — Moist places, chiefly in shade, Newfoundland to Florida and
across the continent to Central California and north to Alaska; common; fl. according to
locality from April to July. Var. Brittoniana, O. A. Farwell (Asa Gray Bull. no.7, 46; the
measurements obviously incorrect), if of this species, must be an exceptional form, with
lateral leaflets few, reduced, or obsolete. — N. Michigan.
++ ++ Capsule fewer(8-20)-seeded: western species.
C. oligospérma, Nurr. Annual, rarely sending out roots at the lower joints, slender,
hirsute or nearly glabrous, a foot high or less : leaflets small, petiolulate, roundish, often 3-5-
lobed or -toothed, in the upper leaves sometimes narrower: raceme usually few-flowered and
shortly pedunculate: flowers small (1 line long), white: pods erect, 6 to 10 lines long, 8-20-
seeded; style very short. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 85; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.
30. — From Central California to Vancouver Island, in low wet places.
1 Dr. Watson’s description of this species has been revised to exclude the two following, which,
although very nearly related, generally appear distinct, as recently pointed out by Dr. Britton.
_
Arabis. CRUCIFERS. 159
44, ARABIS, L. Rock Cress. (Name from the country Arabia.) -—
Annuals or perennials mostly of erect habit, nearly all of the Northern Tem-
perate and Arctic Zones. Pubescence branched or stellate, rarely simple or
none. Flowers white, purple, or more rarely stramineous, in more or less elon-
gated racemes. Leaves mostly lanceolate or spatulate, entire, dentate, or less
frequently pinnatifid.— Gen. no. 544; DC. Syst. ii. 213; Reichenb. Ic. FI.
Germ. ii. t. 33-44; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 58; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 69. Zur-
ritis, L. Gen. no. 546. [By S. Warson. ]
§ 1. Sisymprina, Watson.! Seeds oblong or elliptical, very small, wing-
less ; cotyledons often more or less oblique. Biennial or perennial. Pubescence,
if any, usually simple upon the upper parts, but invariably forked to some extent
when present upon the lowest leaves.
* Leaves all pinnately divided ; segments filiform.
A.* filifolia, Gremnr. A delicate glabrous somewhat glaucous annual, 8 inches to a foot in
height, stem flexuous or somewhat geniculate and branched above: flowers roseate or
purple: petals obovate, patulous, 2 to 3 lines in length, about twice the length of the calyx:
pods narrowly linear, acute, about 15 lines in length, spreading-ascending. — Bull. Calif.
Acad. Sci. ii. 390. Cardamine filifolia, Greene, Pittonia, i. 30.— Santa Cruz Isl., Calif.,
Greene, Brandegee. A species of doubtful position. Mature seeds have not been seen. A.
pectinata, Greene, Pittonia, i. 287, of Lower California, is nearly related.
* * Radical leaves lyrately pinnatifid ; segments short and broad; cauline not auriculate
at the base.
A. lyrata, L. Slender, branching from the base, glabrous or rarely somewhat hairy at the
base: the stems ascending, a foot high or less: basal leaves with few and small lateral seg-
ments or pinnately lobed, often all entire, oblanceolate or spatulate to linear: petals white
or pinkish, 2 to 4 lines long: pods ascending on slender pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, very nar-
row with a short stout style, straight or slightly curved; the valves rather thick, firm, and
nerved nearly to the top. — Spec. ii. 665. A. petra, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 67,in part. Sisym-
brium arabidoides, Hook, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 63, t. 21, at least in part. Cardamine spathulata,
Michx. FI. ii. 29.— From the Great Lakes to Connecticut and New Jersey, and southward
along the Alleghanies to N. Carolina and Tennessee.2 Southward it becomes decidedly
perennial, with more lax and slender stems, and the pods with thinner and scarcely nerved
valves. No seeds have been examined with cotyledons so strictly incumbent as figured and
described by Hooker. :
Var. occidentalis, Watson, n. var. Pods with sessile stigma or a very short and
thick style; the valves rather thin but often faintly nerved to the top. — A. ambigua, DC.
Syst. ii. 231, in part; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 81. A. petra, var., Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose.
xxxyv. pt. 2, 163.— From Alaska to British Columbia and the eastern side of the Rocky
Mts. in Brit. America; Point Pelee on Lake Erie, Macoun. (Kamtschatka, Wright.) The
true A. petrea, Lam., as it occurs in Europe, appears to be distinguished from all American
forms by its usually broader and blunter pod, more broadly elliptical or nearly orbicular
seed, and the cotyledons strictly accumbent. The Greenland specimens referred to this
species as a variety, with pilose siliques and pedicels (Lange, Medd. Green. iii. 49), are more
probably the same as Hooker’s Sisymbrium humile.
* * * Radical leaves oblanceolate, toothed or entire.
+— Cauline leaves not auriculate.
A. humiftisa, Watson. Glabrous, branching from the base; the low decumbent stems 6
inches high or less, simple or branched: radical leaves usually numerous, few-toothed, an
inch long or less; the petioles rarely slightly ciliate; cauline leaves spatulate-oblanceolate,
1 Pseudarabis, Wats. in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 67, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxy. 124, but not of Endl.,
which, being Pseudoarabis of C. A: Meyer, depends upon a different subdivision of the genus.
2S. Missouri, Hggert.
160 CRUCIFER. Arabis.
mostly entire: petals white, 2 lines long: pods (immature) an inch long by two thirds line
wide, straight, abruptly tipped with a very short thick style, ascending on slender pedicels 8
to 4 lines long ; valves nearly nerveless (3-nerved acc. to Vahl) : seeds in 2 rows; the “ coty-
ledons incumbent.” — Proc. Am. Acad. xxv. 124. Sisymbrium humifusum, Vahl, F]. Dan.
—t, 2297: Lange, Medd. Groen. iii. 51.— Ungara Bay, N. Labrador, Turner. (Greenland.)
The cotyledons are said to be incumbent, but are represented only partially so in the figure.
Var. pubéscens, Warson, n. var. Lower leaves and base of the stem pubescent. —
York Factory, Bell, Macoun. The mature pods of this variety, which appears to differ only
in its pubescence from the Greenland form, have the valves distinctly nerved, and the nar-
row acute seeds with oblique cotyledons, as represented.
A.* Nuttallii, Rogryson, n. sp. Biennial or usually perennial with a branching rootstock :
stems simple and slender, a span high or less, erect or ascending, glabrous above, more or
less hirsute below with rather long simple and often forked hairs: radical leaves spatulate-
oblanceolate, acutish or obtuse, entire, an ifch long or less; cauline narrowly oblong to
elliptical, sessile; petals 2 to 3 lines long, white: pods short, 6 to 9 lines long by one third
line wide, somewhat attenuate to a rather stout style; valves slightly convex, l-nerved and
faintly veined: seeds in 1 row, elliptical; cotyledons accumbent!— A. spathulata, Nutt. in
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 81; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 32; not DC.— Mountains of W. Mon-
tana to N. Utah, N. Nevada, and E. Washington, chiefly on low ground in valleys.
+— + Cauline leaves auriculate.
A. HookKeri, Lancer. Stems several from a biennial (or perennial?) branching rootstock,
slender, ascending, branched, a span high, hirsute below with simple or forked hairs: radical
leaves oblanceolate, acute, sinuate-dentate, 2 inches long or less, rather densely hirsute with
short forked hairs; petioles ciliate ; cauline leaves lanceolate to linear with a clasping sagit-
tate base, mostly entire: sepals and pedicels hairy: petals white, 2 lines long: pods 1 to 13
inches long by three fourths line broad, somewhat attenuate to a very short thick style,
ascending or spreading upon spreading pedicels 3 to 6 lines long; valves l-nerved; seeds in
2 rows, minute, oblong; cotyledons incumbent though slightly oblique. — Medd. Green. iii.
50. Turritis mollis, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 40; Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 2296. — Shore of the
Arctic Sea between 107° and 130° W. longitude, Richardson. (Greenland.)
A. dentata, Torr. & Gray. Biennial, branching from the base, pubescent throughout with
fine mostly stellate pubescence: stems lax, ascending or decumbent, 1 to 2 feet long: leaves
all acutely and irregularly dentate, very rarely the lower lyrate-pinnatifid ; the radical petio-
late, obovate to oblanceolate: flowers very small and nearly sessile; petals white, a line
long: pods very narrow, nearly straight, widely spreading, 8 to 12 lines long, glabrous, on
pedicels an inch Jong, beaked by a very short thick style; valves very faintly l-nerved at
base; seeds oblong, in 1 row, wingless, minute; cotyledons oblique.— Fl. i. 80; Torr. Fl.
N. Y. i. 54, t.7. Sisymbrium dentatum, Torr. in Short, Pl, Kentucky, 3d Suppl. 338. — New
York to Michigan and Minnesota, south to the Potomac, Tennessee, and Missouri.
A. perfoliata, Lam. (Tower Mustarp.) Glaucous: stem erect, solitary, simple, usually
stout and 2 to 5 feet high, commonly hairy near the base: radical leaves lyrately pinnatifid
to spatulate-oblanceolate and toothed, usually more or less hirsute or coarsely stellate-pubes-
cent; cauline glabrous, entire or the lower toothed, lanceolate to oblong, auricled at base,
1 to 4 inches long: petals yellowish white, 2 to 3 lines long: fruiting pedicels 2 to 6
lines in length: pods strictly erect, 14 to 4 inches long by one half to two thirds line wide,
beaked with a short stout style or the broad scarcely 2-lobed or cupulate stigma nearly
sessile; valves rather rigid, l-nerved and veined ; seeds crowded, irregular, somewhat tur.
gid, nearly marginless; cotyledons partially incumbent. — Dict. i. 219. Turritis glabra,
L. Spec. ii. 666. 7. macrocarpa, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 78.— From the Lower St.
Lawrence through New England (where infrequent) to New Jersey and westward to the
Saskatchewan, south in the Rocky Mts. to Colorado and N. Utah; on the Pacific Slope from
Oregon to S. California. (L. Calif., Eu., Asia.) The cotyledons vary from accumbent to
incumbent in the same pod.
§ 2. EvAraptis. Seeds in one row, at least when mature, orbicular or broadly
elliptical, more or less wing-margined; cotyledons strictly accumbent.
1 The name of this species has been altered on account of the older and still valid homonym.
Arabis. CRUCIFERZ. 161
* Leaves (at least the basal) more or less lyrately pinnatifid; the cauline not cordate nor
auriculate at base: pubescence of simple (rarely forked) hairs.
A. Ludoviciana, C. A. Mryer. Decumbently branching from the base, somewhat hir-
sute with short spreading simple hairs: leaves narrowly oblong, all deeply pinnatitid with
nearly uniform oblong to linear segments, mostly obliquely 1-2-toothed: flowers small,
white, on very short pedicels: pods spreading, 9 to 15 lines long by two thirds line broad,
on pedicels 1 to 3 lines long, beaked by a short pointed style; valves faintly veined and
obscurely 1-nerved at base; seeds narrowly winged.—Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ix. 60.4
Cardamine Virginica, L. Spec. ii. 656. C. Ludoviciana, Hook. Jour. Bot. i. 191. C. Engel-
manniana, “Ind. Sem. Hort. Berol. 1840.” — Virginia to S. Carolina, and west to Missouri
and Texas; Pt. Loma, S. Calif., Cleveland ; fl. March to May.
A. petiolaris, Gray. Stem erect, tall, simple or branching above, glabrous or sparingly
pubescent with reflexed simple hairs: radical leaves few, often large and rather thick, some-
what lyrately pinnatifid with a few (5 to 7) sinuately toothed segments, glabrous or somewhat
hairy ; cauline leaves all petioled ; the lower pinnatifid or usually hastately lobed; the upper
lanceolate to linear, acuminate, entire or somewhat sinuate: flowers purplish, 2 to 3 lines
long: pods ascending, 2 to 3 inches long by 14 to 2 lines broad, on pedicels 3 to 5 lines long,
beaked by a slender style; valves veined, 1-nerved below the middle; seeds broadly winged.
— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 187. Streptanthus petiolaris, Gray, Pl. Fendl.7. S. Brazoensis,
Buckl. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 448. — W. Texas, from the Colorado to the Rio Grande:
fl. March to May.
* * Radical leaves dentate (rarely lyrately pinnatifid in A. Canadensis); the cauline not
cordate nor auriculate at base: pubescence of simple, forked, or somewhat stellately
branched hairs.
A. blepharophylla, Hoox. & Ary. Biennial or perennial, branched at base or simple:
stems glabrous or somewhat hirsute below with forked hairs, a foot high or less: radical
leaves oblong to obovate-oblanceolate, obtuse or acutish, ciliate with forked hairs; cauline
oblong, sessile, dentate or entire: flowers large, rose-colored: pedicels and calyx substel-
lately pubescent; sepals often colored, broad, 2 to 3 lines long; petals 6 lines long: pods
erect or ascending on pedicels 2 to 4 lines long, nearly straight, 9 to 12 lines long by abont
a line broad, abruptly beaked by a short stout style; valves veined, l-nerved; seeds round-
elliptical, narrowly winged or scarcely margined. — Bot. Beech. 321; Hook. f. Bot. Mag.
t. 6087.— California, on low hills near the coast, from San Francisco to Monterey ; fl. in
very early spring.
A. furcata, Warson. Perennial: stems several from a branching rootstock, slender, erect
or ascending, glabrous, a foot high or less: radical leaves ovate to oblong-oblanceolate,
obtuse or acute, sparingly toothed, 1 to 2 inches long; cauline sessile, oblong to linear,
entire or sparingly toothed: petals white, 3 to 5 lines long, more than twice longer than the
calyx: pods 8 to 20 lines long, straight or nearly so, attenuate to a rather short style: seeds
oblong-elliptical, winged at the lower end. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 8362. — Cascade Mts. of
Oregon and Washington near Hood River and Mt. Adams, Suksdorf, Howell Bros., Mrs.
Barrett, Brandegee, Henderson.
Var. purpurascens, Watson, n. var. Whole plant usually purplish: stem some-
what pubescent: flowers purple. — A. purpurascens, Howell, Pittonia, i. 161. — Eight Dollar
Mt., Waldo Co., Southwestern Oregon, 7. Howell.
A. repanda, Warson. Biennial: stem stout and tall, branching, pubescent throughout
Torr. Club, xix. 220,
with short and mostly stellately forked hairs, usually longer and simpler at base: leaves
narrowly obovate to oblanceolate, 1 to 3 or 4 inches long, sparingly toothed or nearly entire ;
cauline mostly narrowed to a winged petiole, acute or obtuse: flowers white, small: petals
narrow, 2 lines long, but little exceeding the sepals: pods recurved-spreading on usually
stout ascending pedicels, 2 to 4 lines long, faintly 1-nerved at base; seeds elliptical, broadly
winged. — Proe. Am. Acad. xi. 122; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 32.— California, Yosemite
Valley, Bolander; near Mineral King, Tulare Co., Coville & Funston; San Bernardino,
Parish Bros.
1 Add syn. A. Virginica, Branner & Coville, Rep. Geol. Surv. Ark. 1888, 165; Britton, Bull.
(is
11
162 CRUCIFERZ. Arabis.
A. Canadénsis, L. (SickiE-pop.) Stems erect, tall, solitary, simple or rarely branched
above, sparingly hirsute near the base with forked hairs: radical leaves soon disappearing,
obovate or oblong, petiolate, 1 to 3 inches long, sometimes lyrate or runcinate; cauline
narrowly oblanceolate (widest above the middle), acute or acuminate, sessile, remotely
toothed or the upper entire, somewhat pubescent with short simple or branched hairs:
flowers spreading or pendulous in a soon open raceme: pedicels and calyx pubescent: petals
white, narrow, 2 lines long, twice longer than the sepals: pods pendulous, falcate, 2 to 3
inches long by 14 lines wide, beaked by a short thick style or stigma nearly sessile ; valves
l-nerved and veined; seeds with a broad orbicular wing. — Spec. ii. 665; Deless. Ic. Sel. ii.
9, t. 28. <A. falcata, Michx. Fl. ii. 31.— From New England to Ontario and Minnesota and
southward to Georgia and Texas; fl. June.
* * * Radical leaves dentate (sometimes nearly entire in A. hirsuta, rarely lyrately pin-
natifid in A. /evigata); the cauline more or less auriculately lobed at base (except in
A. levigata, var. Burkii).
A. levigdta, Porr. Glabrous throughout and glaucous, usually tall, simple or often
branched above: radical leaves spatulate and toothed to lyrately pinnatifid; cauline oblong-
lanceolate to linear; the lowest usually petioled and sometimes pinnatifid; the rest sessile
and toothed or entire, 1 to 6 inches long: flowers on ascending or somewhat spreading
pedicels: petals narrow, white or purplish, 2 to 4 lines long, half longer than the sepals.
pods loosely spreading on pedicels 2 to 5 lines long, straight or often recurved, 2 to 4 inches
long by two thirds line broad, beaked by a usually very short stout style or the stigma
sessile; valves thin, faintly l1nmerved; seeds elliptical, winged. — Suppl. i. 411 (as levigata).
A, heterophylla, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl.i. 81. Turritis levigata, Muhl. in Willd. Spec.
iii. 543. — Quebec and Ontario to Minnesota and southward to N. Carolina, Tennessee, and
Arkansas.
Var. Burkii, Porrer. Leaves narrower; the cauline linear to linear-lanceolate,
entire, scarcely or not at all auricled at the base: flowers smaller: petals about equalling
the sepals. — Bull. Torr. Club, xvii. 15. — Dry hills, Centr. & S$. Pennsylvania ;} first coll. by
WE Briss 1852;
A.* atrérubens, Suxsporr. Erect, 1 to 3 feet high, scabrous-pubescent upon the oblan-
ceolate obtuse dentate basal leaves: stem and broadly lanceolate or ovate-oblong cauline
leaves quite glabrous and somewhat glaucous: pedicels and calyx puberulent: flowers rather
large, very dark purple, almost black, about 4 lines in length: pods at first ascending
or almost erect but soon widely arcuate-spreading, 3 to 5 inches long, a little over a line
broad; seeds uniseriate. — Suksdorf in Greene, Erythea, i. 223.— Rocky ground on moun-
tain summits, Klikitat Co., Washington, Suksdorf; and earlier in the Simcoe Mts., J. Howell.
A. patens, Surv. Biennial, 1 to 2 feet high: stems erect, simple or branched, pubescent
throughout with spreading mostly simple hairs, or very rarely with some fine stellate hairs,
or rarely glabrous above: radical leaves ovate and petiolate to oblanceolate; cauline lanceo-
late, sessile with clasping auriculate base, acutish to short-acuminate, mostly somewhat
serrate, 1 to 24 inches long: petals white, 3 to 4 inches long, twice longer than the sepals:
flowers on spreading pedicels: pods spreading, 14 to 3 inches long by one half to two thirds
line wide, attenuate to a slender style; valves faintly 1-nerved to the middle; fruiting pedi-
cels 4 to 12 lines long; seeds oblong, narrowly; winged at the lower end. — Am. Jour. Sci.
Ixii. 49; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 142, t. 58. — Pennsylvania and Ohio to N. Alabama.
A. hirstita, Scor. Biennial, more or less hirsute, at least at the base, with spreading simple
or forked hairs (rarely stellate upon the leaves): stems erect, solitary or several from a
branching caudex, simple or strictly branched, 1 to 3 feet high, pubescent, rarely nearly
glabrous: radical leaves oblanceolate, including the winged petioles an inch or two long;
the cauline sessile, lanceolate or oblong to linear, more or less erect, coarsely toothed or
nearly all entire, even the uppermost more or less hairy or ciliate, cordate or auricled at
base: petals greenish white, 14 to 3 lines long: pods strictly erect on slender pedicels, very
narrow, 1 to 2 inches long, half line broad; style very short and stout or the stigma nearly
sessile; valves faintly nerved below the middle and more or less veined; seeds suborbicular,
very narrowly margined. — F1. Carn. ed. 2, ii. 30. A. sagittata, vars. y & 5, DC. Syst. ii. 222,
1 Also at Roanoke, Va., ace. to Small & Heller, Mem. Torr. Club, iii. pt. 1, 1, 22.
Afaben CRUCIFERA. 163
A. rupestris, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 81. Turritis ovata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 488. 7. spathu-
lata, Nutt. 1. c. 78.— Mouth of the St. Lawrence to Virginia, westward to New Mexico
and the Sierra Nevada; Oregon, and northward to N. Alaska. (Eu., Asia.) Some of the
Oregon and Alaskan specimens have slightly broader pods and longer seeds, but are not
otherwise distinguishable, nor referable to Asiatic or European forms.
A. Macoutnii, Warson. Slender biennial, branched from the base, pubescent below with
mostly stellate hairs, glabrous above or nearly so: leaves small and narrow, half inch long;
the lower few-toothed: flowers very small, pale rose-color, 2 lines long: pods very narrow,
1 to 14 inches long, half line broad, glabrous, slightly curved, widely spreading; pedicels
very slender, 2 to 4 lines long: seeds wingless. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxvi. 124.— Revel-
stoke, Brit. Columbia, J. Macoun; fl. May.
A. alpina, L. Biennial and perennial, loosely stellate-pubescent throughout or the inflo-
rescence glabrous: stems erect or decumbent, from a branching subcespitose rootstock,
leafy : radical leaves oblanceolate, 4 to 3 inches long, with broadly margined petioles; cauline
oblong- to ovate-lanceolate and sessile with a more or less cordate or -auricled base: petals
white or lacteous, 3 to 4 lines long, twice longer than the yellowish or purplish sepals:
fruiting pedicels 3 to 8 lines long, glabrous, beaked by a short thick style or stigma sessile ;
valves nearly nerveless, faintly veined ; seeds orbicular, winged. — Spec. ii. 664. — Lower
St. Lawrence, Gaspé, Macoun, to Labrador and Hudson Strait. (Greenland, arctic and
alpine regions of Eu., and Asia.) The A. stricta of Pursh’s Flora, collected in Labrador by
Colmaster, is probably this species.
* * * * Leaves all entire; cauline not cordate nor auriculate (or very slightly so) at base :
pubescence, when present,. finely stellate, sometimes very fine and dense: perennial.
A. platyspérma, Gray. Glaucous, sometimes wholly glabrous: stems erect or ascending
from a branching rootstock, 2 to 3 inches to a foot high, simple or branched: lower leaves
oblanceolate, about 1 inch long or less; the upper oblong- to linear-lanceolate, sessile: petals
rose-color or nearly white, 2 to 3 lines long: pods erect or a little spreading, 1 to 2} inches
long by 14 to 23 lines broad, attenuate to a short stout style; valves distinctly veined,
l-nerved toward the base; seeds orbicular, broadly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 519. —
San Bernardino Mts., Calif., Parish Bros., W. G. Wright, and in the Sierra Nevada north-
ward to Mt. Hood, Oregon, Howell Bros. ;.also on E. Humboldt Mts., Nev., Watson.
§ 3. Turriris, Dill (as genus). Winged seeds narrower than the valves and
somewhat in two rows.
* Radical leaves dentate; cauline more or less cordate or auriculate at base.
+— Pods erect or spreading.
A.* confinis, Warson. Scarcely glaucous: the lower leaves usually dentate and finely
stellate-pubescent or glabrous: pedicels mostly erect or ascending : pods more or less spread-
ing or erect, about 3 inches long, a line broad or less, usually more or less attenuate above
and beaked ; seeds rather email, numerous, narrowly oblong, winged. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xxii. 466. A. levigata, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 43, not Poir. A. Drummondii, Gray, Man.
ed. 5,69. Turritis glabra, & var., Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 78, 666. TJ. stricta, Torr. Fl. N. Y.
i. 53, not Grah.; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 144, t. 59.— From the Lower St. Lawrence along the
Great Lakes to Lake Winnipeg, Bouruveau, and rare southward to Dracut, on the Merrimac,
Concord, and Brookline, Mass., C. FE. Faxon, W. Deane; Thimble Islands, Conn., A. L.
Winton ; Cayuga Co., New York, Dudley ; Elgin and Dixon, Illinois, G. Vasey.
Var.* brachycarpa, Wars. & CouLrer. More slender and less strict: flowering
pedicels becoming almost horizontal or even reflexed : fruit short, 1 to 2 inches long, spread-
ing; septum thin, almost hyaline; ovules mostly abortive. — Wats. & Coulter in Gray,
Man. ed. 6, 67. A. Drummondii, var. brachycarpa, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 69. Turritis brachy-
carpa, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 79. —Canada from Tadoussac, Pickering, to Milk River Ridge,
Alberta, Macoun ; also on the south shore of Lake Superior, Farwell. In its extreme form
very marked, but certainly intergrading with the type.
+— +— Pods reflexed or widely arcuate-spreading.
t Northwestward to the foothills of the Rocky Mts. of Canada, Macoun. The description of this
species has been modified to exclude the variety,
164 CRUCIFERZ. Arabia
A. Holbcellii, Hornem. Biennial, very finely stellate-pubescent below or throughout :
stems simple or branched, one or more, erect or ascending, § to 2} feet high: radical leaves
narrowly oblanceolate, entire, an inch long or less; cauline leaves linear-oblanceolate to
narrowly oblong, acutely sagittate: flowers becoming more or less reflexed and secund on
pubescent pedicels: petals 3 lines long: pods more or less abruptly reflexed, straight or
somewhat curved, 1} to 24 inches long by nearly two thirds line broad; valves 1-nerved
to the middle; stigma sessile; seeds in one row, orbicular, winged.— Fl. Dan. t. 1879.
A, retrofracta, Grah, Edinb. New Phil. Jour. 1829, 344. 4 A. declinata, heteromalla, & lilacina,
Schrad. Ind. Sem. Hort. Gott. 1831, 1832, & Linnea, viii. 1833, Lit.-Ber. 22, 25. Turritis
retrofracta, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 41. ? Streptanthus virgatus, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
76.1 — Rocky Mountains from N. Colorado, Wolf, Vasey, to N. Idaho, Lyall, and Brit.
America, Drummond, Bourgeau, Macoun. (Greenland.)
Var. (?) patula, Watson, n. var. More glabrous, only the lower leaves and stem
pubescent and the petioles somewhat ciliate: leaves sometimes tovthed: pods somewhat
broader and the seeds more evidently in two rows. — Turritis patula, Grah. 1. c. 350; Hook.
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 40, excluding the more western localities. — Represented in herb. Gray only
by specimens collected by Bourgeau in the Rocky Mountains of Brit. America, and on the
Saskatchewan. A. Columbiana, Macoun, Cat. Canad. Pl. ii. 804, however, of Brit. Colum-
bia, Macoun, and N. Washington, Piper, scarcely differs.
Var. Féndleri, Warson, n. var. Stems often several and ascending from a biennial
root, a foot high, hirsute below with simple or branched hairs, glabrous above: lower leaves
roughly stellate-pubescent and petioles ciliate; the upper glabrous: pods somewhat curved.
— From Colorado, Parry, no. 94, Hall & Harbour, no. 36; N. Nevada.to New Mexico,
Fendler, no. 27, Palmer, Rusby; and California, Tulare Co., Coville & Funston, no. 1388.
(Chihuahua, Wright, no. 1313.)
A. arcuata, Gray. Biennial or sometimes perennial, roughly stellate-pubescent through-
out; stems usually simple and erect, 1 to 2 feet high: radical leaves narrow- or linear-
oblanceolate; the petioles often ciliate, 1 to 2 inches long; the cauline linear-lanceolate, all
somewhat toothed or entire: petals 3 to 6 lines long, more or less deeply rose-colored, more
or less widely spreading: pods arcuate, 2 to 3 inches long by a line wide or somewhat more,
acute, on divaricate or recurved usually pubescent pedicels 3 to 6 lines long; stigma nearly
sessile; seeds orbicular, narrowly winged, as broad as the valves. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 187.
Streptanthus arcuatus, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 77. — California, from Placer Co. to
Santa Barbara and the San Bernardino Mountains.? ‘To this typical form it appears neces-
sary to add the following closely united varieties, which have been variously referred to
A. Holbellii, patula, & retrofracta.
Var. subvilldsa, Watson, n. var. Biennial or rarely perennial, more glabrous
above, the pubescence especially of the lower leaves stellate, but with more or less of spread-
ing mostly simple hairs, usually sparse above on the leaves, stem, pedicels, and calyx, but
occasionally abundant on the pedicels. — ? A. sparsiflora, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 81.—
N. Nevada and Oregon to Washington and W. Idaho. A low several-stemmed specimen
from Downieville, Calif., Bigelow.
Var.* sectinda, Rorrsoy, n. var.3 Resembling var. subvillosa but less villous, slender ;
the stem (1 to 2 feet high) usually single from a base of two or more years’ growth: flowers
often pale and smaller: pods 14 to 2 inches long. — A. secunda, Howell, Erythea, iii.
33. — Washington, Mt. Adams, Suksdorf, Howell, Upper Yakima, Lyall. Approaching
A. perennans.
Var. longipes, Warson,n. var. Tall, biennial, glabrous above; the stem spreading-
villous toward the base and lower leaves somewhat stellate-pubescent: sepals glabrous or
hairy toward the top: petals pale, 3 lines long: pedicels glabrous, becoming elongated
(1 to 2 inches long or less). — California, near Fort Mchave, Lemmon, 1884.
1 A number of forms, all ascribed to this variable species, have been described by Miss A. East-
wood, Zoe, iv. 5, 6.
2 And southward into Lower Calif., acc. to Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, ii. 126.
8 This variety, distinguished and given a manuscript name by Dr. Watson, has since been described
by Mr. T. Howell as A. secunda. This name is here used in preference to Dr. Watson’s to avoid
publishing a second unnecessary designation. Of the varietal rather than the specific rank of the
plant there can be no doubt.
Arabis. CRUCIFERZ. 165
A. perénnans, Watson. Perennial, with a usually branching and somewhat woody base,
about a foot high, roughly stellate-pubescent, sometimes glabrous above: lower leaves an
inch long or less, broadly spatulate to narrowly oblanceolate ; the petioles sometimes ciliate .
flowers smaller (2 to 3 lines long), often pale: pods 1 to 2 inches long by a line wide or some-
what less; the small stigma sessile: calyx and pedicels stellate-pubescent to glabrous:
seeds orbicular, very narrowly margined.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 467. A. arcuata &
A. retrofracta, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 18, in part. Turritis patula, Gray, Bot. Ives Rep. 6.
Distributed by Pringle under the name A. Holbellii, var. perennans. — N. Nevada and Utah
to Arizona, and the Colorado and Mohave Deserts, California.
A. subpinnatifida, Watson. Very finely stellate-pubescent throughout: stems one or
more from a biennial or sometimes perennial (¢) root, a span to a foot high, rarely branched :
leaves very densely and finely pubescent; the lower linear- or narrow-oblanceolate, entire
or toothed, 1 to 2 inches long; the cauline lanceolate, more or less unequally incised or the
uppermost entire: flowers rose-colored, 3 to 6 lines long: pods pubescent, slightly curved,
14 to 24 inches long by 1 to 14 lines broad, attenuate to a short style, and pendent upon
recurved pubescent pedicels (2 to 5 lines long); valves l-nerved to the middle and veined;
seeds in 1 row, as broad as the partition, winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 353.—N, W.
Nevada, Torrey, Watson, no. 76, in part; Siskiyou Mountains, California, Greene; S. W.
Oregon, T. Howell.
* * Cauline leaves auriculate-clasping, entire; the radical also entire or (in A. Breweri,
A. Lyallit, and A. Beckwithii) obsoletely denticulate (in A. Bolanderi, as yet unknown).
+— Pods arcuate-spreading or divaricate.
A. Bolanderi, Warsoy. Biennial, more or less pubescent throughout with soft stellate
hairs: the solitary stem much branched, 1 to 2 feet high: radical leaves not known; cauline
lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long: flowers small (2 to 3 lines long), rose-colored: sepals and
pedicels (in fruit, 1 to 2 lines long) pubescent: pods mostly divaricately spreading, glabrous,
straight, 6 to 18 lines long, obtuse with a broad sessile stigma; valves l-nerved to the
middle ; seeds orbicular to elliptical, narrowly winged, somewhat in two rows. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xxii. 467. — Yosemite Valley, Bolander ; Washington, Brandegee. Also collected by
Torrey, a more glabrous form, probably in the mountains of California, though ticketed in
his herbarium from Colorado.
A. Bréweri, Watson. Perennial: stems several from a branching rootstock, 4 inches to a
foot high, more or less villous with spreading simple or branched hairs or stellate-pubescent
toward the base: lower leaves narrowly oblanceolate, entire or toothed, finely stellate-pubes-
cent, an inch long or less; the petioles often ciliate; upper cauline leaves lanceolate to
narrowly oblong, sessile with a subcordate base or obtusely auriculate, somewhat villous or
pubescent or nearly glabrous: flowers bright rose-color or purplish to nearly white, 3 to 4
lines long ; the pedicels and purplish calyx more or less villous: pods at length spreading
and more or less arcuate, 14 to 3 inches long by a line or more broad, acute with a sessile
stigma; valves l-nerved, veined; seeds orbicular, narrowly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi.
123; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 33.— From Mt. Diablo! and Lassen’s Butte, California,
to Waldo Co., Oregon.
A. Beckwithii, Watson. Resembling A. subpinnatifida, hoary with a fine dense stellate
pubescence: stem erect from a biennial root, a span high: leaves entire; the radical oblan-
ceolate, an inch long; the cauline lanceolate: pods glabrous (or slightly pubescent when
young), spreading and arcuate, 24 inches long; seeds mostly in 2 rows.— Proc. Am. Acad.
xxii, 467.—N. Nevada, Quartz Mountains, Beckwith, near Carson City, Watson, near
Candelaria, Shockley ; California, San Bernardino Mountains, Parish Bros.
+— + Pods reflexed.
++ Pubescence densely and finely stellate.
A. canéscens, Nurr. Low (4 to 8 inches), biennial or perennial, finely stellate-pubescent
throughout, stems one or several: lower leaves linear-oblanceolate, an inch long or less;
cauline leaves linear, slightly auriculate : flowers small, 2 lines long or less, pale: pods pen-
dulous, pubescent or glabrate, 1 to 14 inches long by two thirds line broad, on pedicels
1 Southward to Mt. Hamilton, acc. to Greene, Fl. Francis, 254, & Erythea, i. 87.
166 CRUCIFER. Arabis.
1 to 3 lines long; valves 1-nerved to the middle: seeds small, orbicular, winged, in 2 rows. —
Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 83. A. puberula, Nutt. 1. ¢. 82; Hook. Ic. t. 359.1— “ Rocky
Mountains,” and Blue Mountains, Oregon, Nuttall ; Camp Harney, Oregon, 7’. Howell ; near
Mt. Adams, Washington, Suksdor/-
4+ ++ Pubescence stellately branched, scanty or wanting.
A. suffrutéscens, Warson. Perennial, usually glabrous throughout : stems several from
a branching woody caudex, glabrous, a foot high: leaves glabrous or sometimes sparingly
stellate-pubescent, narrowly oblanceolate ; the cauline narrowly lanceolate, scarcely auricu-
late : flowers few, 3 lines long, purplish: pods pendulous on pedicels 4 to 6 lines long, 13 to
23 inches long by as many lines broad, more or less attenuate to a short thick style; valves
1-nerved, veined; seeds in 2 rows, orbicular, winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 362. — Bluffs
of Snake River, E. Oregon, Cusick; Mt. Adams, Washington, Suksdor/, Howell; Siskiyou
Mountains, S. Oregon, Howell.
+ + + Pods ascending, rarely widely spreading.
++ Glaucous, hoary below with fine and dense stellate pubescence.
A. Lemmoni, Warson. Perennial, low (6 inches high or less): stems several from a
branching caudex, slender, glabrous above: lower leaves spatulate-oblanceolate, rarely with
1 or 2 teeth, 6 to 9 lines long; the petiole sometimes ciliate; the cauline leaves oblong-
lanceolate, mostly glabrous or nearly so: flowers 2 to 3 lines long, rose-colored: the sepals
pubescent: pods ascending or widely spreading, somewhat arcuate, 1 to 1? inches long by
two thirds line wide, on usually short pedicels (1 to 3 lines long), glabrous, more or less
attenuate above to a sessile stigma or short style; valves l-nerved to the middle or nearly
nerveless: seeds in one row, orbicular, narrowly winged.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 467.
A. canescens, & var. latifolia, Wats. Bot. King Exp.17. A. canescens, Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif. i. 32. A. canescens, & var. (?) stylosa, Wats. ibid. ii. 431.—In the mountains of
W. Wyoming, Parry, and Montana, Richardson, Watson, Canby, to Brit. America at Bow
River Pass and Silver City, Macoun, westward to Mt. Adams, Wash., Suksdorf, and south-
ward to.N. California, Lemmon, Mrs. Austin, and N. Nevada, Watson.
++ ++ Pubescence stellate, scanty or wanting: green or scarcely glaucous.
A. Drummondii, Gray. Biennial (or rarely perennial), slightly glaucous: stems erect,
one or several, a foot or two high: radical leaves narrowly oblanceolate, more or less
pubescent with malpighiaceous hairs (attached by the middle and usually longitudinally
appressed); the cauline leaves oblong to linear-lanceolate, 1 to 2 inches in length: petals
white or pinkish, 3 to 4 lines long, twice longer than the narrow sepals: pods erect when
mature, 1 to 1} lines broad, 14 to 3 inches long, obtuse; the stigma sessile or nearly so;
valves 1-nerved, veined; seeds broadly elliptical, winged, two thirds line wide. — Proc. Am.
Acad. vi. 187. 2A. Breutelii, Lange, Medd. Green. iii. 81 (only once collected and without
fruit). Turritis stricta, Grah. Edinb. New Phil. Jour. 1829, 350. Streptanthus angusti-
folius, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 76. — Rocky Mountains from Brit. America to N. Utah;
Cypress Hills, Canada, Macoun ; E. Humboldt Mts., Nevada, Watson; Mono Pass, Calif.,
Brewer, no. 1729.
A. LyAllii, Watson. Perennial, low (rarely a foot high), glabrous throughout or some-
times more or less stellate-pubescent below: stems several or many from a branched caudex :
lower leaves spatulate to linear-oblanceolate, usually one half to one inch long, sometimes
2 to 3 inches long; the cauline narrowly lanceolate to oblong, sometimes scarcely- auricled :
flowers rose-color, 2 to 3 lines long: sepals glabrous: pods erect or ascending, straight or
nearly so, 1 to 2 inches long by two thirds to one line broad, narrowed to a short style or
sessile stigma; valves 1-nerved, at least to the middle, veined: seeds orbicular, narrowly
winged, usually in 1 row. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 122. A. Drummondii, & var. alpina,
Wats. Bot. King Exp. 17, in part. — Frequent in the mountains, often alpine or subalpine,
from Brit. America, Lyall, Macoun; W. Montana, Canby, and N. Utah, Jones, to the Sierra
Nevada, Mono Co., Calif., Brewer, Shockiey, and the Cascade Mts. of Oregon and Washington.
1 Add syn. A. pauciflorum, Nutt. in herb. (Philad. Acad. Sei.), which is with scarcely a doubt
Nuttall’s Sisymbrium pauciflorum, described in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 93 (notwithstanding the character
“not canescent’’), a species otherwise wholly obscure.
Streptanthus. CRUCIFERZ. 167
A. microphylla, Nurr. Perennial: slender stems several from a slender branching
caudex about 6 inches high, somewhat hirsute with spreading hairs at base or very nearly
glabrate : lower leaves stellate-pubescent ; petioles often ciliate, linear to narrowly oblanceo-
late, an inch long or less; cauline few, linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong: flowers pale
rose: sepals slightly pubescent or glabrous: pods usually very narrow, 1 to 2 inches long by
one half to three fourths line broad, erect or somewhat spreading; valves slightly nerved
toward the base; seeds small, in one row, slightly winged. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, F1. i. 82.
— Uinta Mts., Utah, Watson; Yellowstone Park, Wyoming, Parry, Canby; Blue Mts.,
Oregon, Cusick, Howell.
* * * Leaves all entire, not cordate nor auriculate.
~+— Pods ascending. ;
++ Glabrous, the petioles only sparingly ciliate, perennial.
A. Howeéllii, Watson. Stems low (1 to 4 inches high), from a much branched cespitose
caudex: leaves all narrowly oblanceolate, glaucous, inch long or less, acute or obtuse; the
cauline somewhat drooping: flowers pale or bright pink: pods erect, 14 inches long by 2
lines broad, acuminate ; the stigma sessile; valves nearly nerveless; seeds orbicular, broadly
winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxv. 124. — Ashland Butte, Siskiyou Mts., 8. Oregon, 7’. Howell,
1887; White Mts., Mono Co., Calif., at 11,000 feet alt., Shockley, August, 1888.
++ ++ Villous-hirsute with scattered spreading mostly simple hairs.
A. Cusickii, Watson. Stems usually several from a biennial root, a span high or less,
simple, hirsute or glabrate above: radical leaves linear-oblanceolate, hirsute and ciliate,
1 inch long or less; cauline linear to linear-oblong, sessile, not auriculate: flowers rose-
colored, 3 to 5 lines long: sepals villous: pods arcuate-ascending, glabrous, 2 to 3 inches
long by 1} lines broad, obtusish; stigma sessile; valves l-nerved below the middle; seeds
orbicular, winged, in 1 row.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 363.— Blue Mts., Oregon, Cusick ;
Cascade Mts. of Oregon and Washington, Howell, Brandegee.1
++ ++ ++ Finely stellate-pubescent.
A. Parishii, Watson. Low and cespitose (2 to 4 inches high), very finely stellate-pubes-
cent throughout, the simple slender stems from a much branched rootstock: radical leaves
numerous, linear-oblanceolate, half inch long or less, entire; the cauline few, linear, sessile:
petals rose-color, 3 to 4 lines long, twice longer than the purplish sepals: pods glabrous,
ascending on pedicels 2 to 3 lines long, an inch long including the filiform style (2 to 3 lines
long), a line broad, attenuate above; valves 1-nerved and veined: seeds somewhat in 2 rows,
elliptical, narrowly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 468. — Bear Valley, San Bernardino
Mts., Calif., at 6,500 feet alt., S. 6. Parish.
+— + Pods pendulous: finely stellate-pubescent.
A. ptlchra, Jones. Canescent throughout with a fine stellate pubescence: stems erect
from a branching woody rootstock, a foot high, leafy: leaves not rosulate at base; the lower
narrowly oblanceolate and petiolate, 1 to 2 inches long; the upper linear-lanceolate, sessile :
flowers usually large, soon spreading or reflexed: petals 3 to 6 lines long, rose-colored,
usually twice longer than the pubescent sepals: pods pendent, finely pubescent, 14 to 24
inches long by 14 lines wide on pedicels three fourths line long; stigma sessile; valves
l-nerved, veined: seeds small, in 2 rows, orbicular, winged.— Jones in Wats. Proc. Am.
Acad. xxii. 468.— Borders of the desert, W. Nevada, Stretch, Shockley, Jones; to San
Bernardino and San Diego Counties, Calif., Vasey, Parish Bros., W. G. Wright.
45. STREPTANTHUS, Nutt. (Szperrds, twisted, and dvOos, flower,
from the twisting of the petals.) — Caulescent branching often glaucous annuals
or biennials of the Pacific Coast and drier interior region to the Lower Missis-
sippi; with entire or toothed (rarely pinnatifid) usually sagittate and clasping
leaves and purple to white (rarely yellowish) flowers. — Jour. Acad. Philad. v.
134; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 145, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 182; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif. i. 33. [By S. Warson.]
1 Also in Spokane Co., Washington, Suksdorf.
168 CRUCIFERZ. Streptanthus.
§ 1. Eustrerrantuus, Gray, ll. cc. Flowers large: petals with a broad
blade: filaments distinct: pods erect or ascending: glabrous annuals: species of
the interior.
* Pedicels conspicuously bracteate: pods narrow.
S. bractedtus, Gray. Stem 1 to 3 feet high, branching above: lower leayes petiolate,
entire or repand-toothed to lyrately pinnatifid, oblong to ovate-hastate; the upper sessile,
oblong to ovate, cordately auriculate; floral bracts broadly cordate, the uppermost much
reduced: flowers rose-colored on short pedicels: pods spreading, 4 to 6 inches long by 1 to 2
lines broad, attenuate to a short style and broad entire stigma; seeds oblong, broadly winged.
— Gen. Ill. i. 146, t. 60, excl. f. 4-8, & Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 143.— Southwestern Texas, Lind-
heimer, Wright, Hall, Reverchon.
* * Floral bracts minute or none.
S. maculatus, Nurr. Glaucous, 1 to 2 feet high: cauline leaves sessile, entire, oblong to
elliptical or broadly ovate, deeply cordate-amplexicaul; floral bracts none: flowers deep
rose-color: calyx purplish: pods 4 to 5 inches long by about a line broad, erect or ascend-
ing, straight or curved, beaked with a short style; stigma small; seeds oblong, winged. —_
Jour. Acad. Philad. v. 134, t. 7. S. obtusifolius, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3317; Gray, Gen. IIL. i.
t. 60, f. 4-8. % Brassica Washitana, Muhl. Cat.61. % Stanleya Washitana, DC. Syst. ii. 512.
— Arkansas and E. Texas; St. Augustine, Leavenworth.
S. platycarpus, Gray. Branching from near the base, a foot high or more, glaucous:
lower leaves petiolate, lyrately pinnatifid; the upper lanceolate to oblong-ovate, sessile and
amplexicaul, entire or pinnatifid: lower pedicels often minutely bracteate: flowers rose-
purple; the calyx purplish: pods ascending on pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, slightly curved,
2 to 3 inches long by 2 to 24 lines broad; the broad lobed stigma sessile: seeds somewhat
in 2 rows, suborbicular, broadly winged. — Pl. Wright. ii. 10.— Valley of the Pecos, W.
Texas to Sonora.
§ 2. Evcrisia, Nutt. Petals narrow (the blade scarcely broader than the
claw), undulate-crisped.
* Filaments distinct: cauline leaves clasping: pods not reflexed.
+— Branches of the inflorescence bearing round cordate bracts; the bracts also frequently
subtending or alternating with the lower pedicels: pods narrow: species of California
and Arizona.
S. tortudsus, Kretioce. Stem more or less branched, } to 3 or 4 feet high: lower leaves
spatulate or oblanceolate and petiolate, somewhat toothed, becoming oblong to ovate, entire,
sessile and clasping; the upper little reduced and of nearly uniform size, deeply clasping
with overlapping lobes: sepals acuminate, connivent; the tips recurved in flower: petals
purple (rarely white), 3 to 6 lines long: pods recurved, spreading, 2 to 6 inches long by about
a line broad; the small stigma sessile; seeds orbicular, narrowly winged. — Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci. ii. 152, f. 46. ° S. Breweri, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 184, in part.1— Frequent in
the Sierra Nevada, from Mono Pass to Mt. Shasta; near Humboldt Bay, Rattan.
S. diversifélius, Watson. Resembling the preceding in habit: cauline leaves pinnately
divided ; the few segments very narrowly linear ; the slender petioles not auricled at the base :
bracts rounded-cordate and deeply clasping: flowers similar; the white or pinkish petals
3 to 4 lines long: pods reflexed, about 3 inches long by two thirds line broad, beaked with
a short style: pedicels 2 lines long or less: seeds broadly elliptical, narrowly winged. — Proe,
Am. Acad. xvii. 363. — On the Cosumne River, Eldorado County, California, Rattan.
S.* suffrutéscens, Greens. “Perennial, suffrutescent, the stout leafy trunk 6 to 8 inches
high; flowering branches 1 to 2 feet long: herbage glabrous, glaucous: stem-leaves cuneate-
obovate, coarsely serrate-toothed; floral leaves round-cordate or more elongated: sepals
purplish-green, their tips not reflexed: one pair of filaments connate ; all the anthers equal
and fertile.” — Erythea, i. 147, & Man. Bay-Reg. 16 (whence foregoing characterization). —
Hood’s Peak, Sonoma Co., Calif., Bioletti.
1 Add syn. S. orbiculatus, Greene, Fl. Francis. 258 (= S. Breweri, Gray, in part), a low and rather
small-flowered form.
Streptanthus. CRUCIFERZ. 169
S. Lemmo6ni, Watson. Paniculately branched : lower leaves unknown ; the upper lanceo-
late, auriculate ; the rameal bracts ovate to rounded, cordate-clasping, with very short lobes:
flowers rather small (2 to 4 lines long): sepals acuminate with recurved or spreading tips:
petals white (?): pods 2 to 8 inches long, narrow, on short pedicels; stigma sessile; seeds
unknown. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxy. 125. — Santa Catalina Mts., Arizona, Lemmon, 1880.
+— + Glabrous and glaucous biennials or perennials (?), with broad thickish leaves obtuse
or only acutish; the cauline cordately clasping: inflorescence ebracteate : stems mostly
simple: sepals obtuse, mostly more or less setosely pubescent.
S. barbatus, Warsoy, l.c. Stems apparently several from a perennial (¢) root, simple or
at length branching: the leaves all similar and nearly equal, crowded, cordate, sessile and
clasping, obtuse or acutish, three fourths inch long or less ; floral bracts none: flowers 3 to 4
lines long, purple; sepals obtusish, setosely bearded near the apex: pods spreading on
pedicels 1 to 3 lines long, curved, 1 to 2 inches long by 14 lines broad; stigmas sessile or
nearly so; seeds roundish, narrowly margined. — S. tortuosus, Gray in Torr. Bot. Wilkes
Exped. 227.— Sandy bottoms of the yp Sacramento, Wilkes Exped., 1842, Lemmon,
1879. Ripe fruit unknown.
S. cordatus, Nurr. Stems often stout, simple or sometimes branched from the base, 1 to 3
feet high: lower leaves spatulate, coarsely toothed, especially toward the summit; the
teeth often bristle-tipped, and the petiole occasionally bristly ciliate; cauline leaves oblong
to ovate or cordate, usually very obtuse and entire: sepals uniform and erect, 4 lines long ;
the narrow purple petals a half longer: filaments distinct: pods spreading, 3 to 5 inches
long by 2 to 24 lines broad, on short pedicels 3 to 5 lines long, beaked with a short thick
style or the scarcely lobed stigma nearly sessile; seeds orbicular, winged. — Nutt. in Torr.
& Gray, Fl.i. 77; Wats. Bot. King Exp.19; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 34. — In the moun-
tains of Colorado and westward to the Sierra Nevada, Ebbett’s Pass at 8,000 feet alt.,
Brewer. Specimens collected by Brewer (no. 1885) in Sonora Pass at 10,000 feet alt. differ
in their entire and more lanceolate acutish leaves (the lower oblanceolate and ciliate), and
approach the next species.
+ + + Glabrous and glaucous annuals or biennials (?), with cauline leaves lanceolate
and acute: inflorescence ebracteate: pods broad except in S. campestris,
S. Arizonicus, Watson. Leaves rather thin, all entire or nearly so; the lower oblong-
lanceolate, petiolate, not ciliate; the upper oblong to narrowly lanceolate with rounded
auricles: flowers pale; the sepals strongly saccate; the petals 6 or 7 lines long: filaments
distinct: pods erect or ascending, 2 to 3 inches long by 2 to 24 lines broad, obtuse or acute,
with broad sessile 2-lobed stigma; seeds orbicular, very broadly winged. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xxy. 125. — Mountains of S. Arizona, Pringle, 1881, Parish, Lemmon, no. 4170.
S. campéstris, Watson, l. c. Stems stout, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves rather thick, often
irregularly toothed; the teeth at first setosely tipped and the lower margin of the leaf
sparingly setose-ciliate; cauline leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate: flowers somewhat dark
purple, 4 to 5 lines long; the sepals often somewhat hairy at the top: filaments distinct :
pods spreading and curved, 3 to 6 inches long by about a line broad, beaked with a short
stout style and shortly 2-lobed stigma; seeds winged.— At Campo near the southern
boundary of California, G. R. Vasey, Parish Bros. A specimen collected by Parish Bros.
in the San Bernardino Mts. is apparently the same.
S. carinatus, Wricur. Stems 1 to3 feet high: lower leaves lyrately pinnatifid; the upper
lanceolate and usually entire: flowers large, dark purple to white: the sepals deeply sac-
cate: filaments distinct: pods erect or ascending on pedicels 3 to 8 lines long, 14 to 23 inches
long by 24 to 3 lines broad, beaked with a very short style or the 2-lobed stigma sessile ;
seeds orbicular, broadly winged. — Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 11.— W. Texas to S. Arizona.
(Chihuahua, Pringle.)
* * Filaments distinct: leaves sagittate: pods reflexed, narrow: pubescent annuals.
S. heterophyllus, Nurr. More or less pubescent throughout with spreading simple
hairs: stem usually simple, 3 feet high or less: leaves linear, at least the lowest pinnatifid
with divaricate lobes or toothed; the upper usually entire: flowers purple or white, 4 to 6
lines long: the calyx narrow but slightly saccate: pods abruptly reflexed on slender pedicels,
170 CRUCIFERZ, Streptanthus.
2 to 3 inches long by less than a line broad, subtetragonal, beaked by a slender style; stigma
sessile; seeds small and crowded, rather narrowly winged. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
77, 666; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 185, in part. —S. California, from the boundary to San
Bernardino Mts. and Sta. Barbara (?).
* * * Filaments distinct: leaves not clasping nor auriculate: pods narrow.
+— Glabrous and glaucous biennial (?).
S. Howéellii, Watson. Stems stout, 1 to 2 feet high, simple: leaves all cauline, from obo-
vate or obovate-spatulate and petiolate below to narrowly oblanceolate above, entire or
rarely sparingly toothed, 1 to 2 inches long: flowers rather large, brown purple, 4 to 6 lines
long: calyx more or less saccate, green or purplish: stigma broad and sessile; pods ascend-
ing, curved, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 1} lines broad; seeds oblong, winged. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xx. 353. — In the Coast Mts. of Curry Co. ee T. Howell, 1884, and near Waldo,
Josephine Co., 1887, by the same collector.
+ + Annuals.
S. longirdéstris, Watson. Glabrous and glaucous, branching, 1 to 2 feet high: radical
leaves ovate-spatulate, soon deciduous; cauline linear to narrowly oblanceolate, entire or
sparingly toothed: flowers spreading or reflexed, white, 2 to 3 lines long: sepals narrow:
pods pendulous on short pedicels, straight, 1 to 14 inches long by a line broad, attenuate to
a slender style: seeds elliptical, winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxv. 125. S. longifolius, var.,
Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 65. Arabs longirostris, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 17, t.2; Brew. &
Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 31.—In the Great Basin from Washington to S. Utah. (Sonora and
Lower Calif.) 1
* * * * One or both pairs of longer filaments connate: cauline leaves more or less sagit-
tately auriculate, scarcely so in S. hyacinthoides: pods narrow: annuals.
+— Sepals in approximately equal pairs: pods ascending or spreading.
++ Seeds wingless.
S. Bréweri, Gray. Glabrous and glaucous (or calyx only pubescent), 1 to 2 feet high,
branching: leaves mostly sessile and clasping; the lowermost broadly spatulate with a
winged petiole, toothed; the cauline ovate and acute to narrowly lanceolate, toothed or
entire: flowers 3 to 4 lines long, purplish: sepals acuminate: pods ascending on very short
pedicels, 1 to 23 inches long by one half line broad ; stigma sessile or nearly so; seeds small,
orbieular, wholly marginless.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 184, excl. first form.— On Mount
Hamilton and San Carlos Mt., California, Brewer, 790, 1268.2
++ ++ Seeds winged.
= Plant glabrous.
S. hyacinthoides, Hoox. Simple or sparingly branched, 1 to 4 feet high: leaves narrowly
lanceolate to linear, attenuate at base and semiamplexicaul (slightly or not at all auricu-
late), entire or sparingly toothed: flowers purple, 4 to 5 lines long: calyx saccate; the
sepals acute: pods ascending on short pedicels, 1 to 4 inches long by a line wide, beaked
with a short style; seeds oblong, winged. — Bot. Mag. t. 3516; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 146, t. 61.
S. glabrifolius, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 448. — Indian Territory to Central Texas.
S. barbiger, Greene. A foot high, branched: cauline leaves linear, entire: flowers white
or purple, 3 to 4 lines long, on very short pedicels: calyx saccate; sepals connivent with
recurved whitish tips: petals unequal: the connate pair of stamens at length exserted : fruit
deflexed, 2 inches long. — Pittonia, i. 217.— California, near Fout’s Spring, Colusa Co.,
Rattan; Highland Springs, Lake Co., Simonds; near St. Helena, Napa Co., Greene ; fl.
June, July.
S. niger, Greene. Stout, 2 to 3 feet high, much branched: leaves linear; the lower nar-
rowly lobed or toothed, “all sagittately clasping”: flowers purple, 4 to 5 lines long, long-
1 8. flavescens, Hook., doubtfully placed after S. longirostris by Dr. Watson in his preliminary
treatment of the genus, is here referred to Thelypodium.
2 With the latter number of Prof. Brewer’s collection, the recently published 8, hesperidis,
Bioletti, Erythea, i. 14, corresponds in all essential characters described.
Stanfordia. CRUCIFERZ. 171
pedicellate: calyx broad and saccate ; the sepals obtuse: pods ascending, 1 to 2 inches long
by 1 line broad, on pedicels 6 to 12 lines long; stigma entire, sessile; seeds broadly ellip-
tical, narrowly winged. — Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 141.— At Point Tiburon, Marin Co.,
California, Greene.
= = More or less pubescent, rarely glabrous throughout (in some forms of S. glandulosus).
S. hispidus, Gray. Dwarf, hispid throughout: leaves cuneate-obovate to oblong, coarsely
toothed, mostly sessile and but siightly auriculate: racemes short, sessile: flowers purple or
purplish, 4 lines long, spreading: sepals acutish: pods erect or ascending on short pedicels,
hispid, 14 to 2 inches long by a line wide, with a short stout style and broad stigma; seeds
broadly elliptical, winged. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 186.1— Near summit of Mt. Diablo,
Brewer, 1084, 1096, Bolander, 6267.
S. glanduldésus, Hoox. A foot or two high: lower leaves oblanceolate, coarsely toothed ;
the upper lanceolate to linear, toothed or entire, more or less hispid below, usually glabrous
above: the teeth callous-tipped: flowers deep purple to white, 5 to 6 lines long: the calyx
broad and saccate ; the lower sepal carinate and usually spreading: pods curved and more
or less spreading on short pedicels, glabrous or sometimes hispid, 2 to 4 inches long by a
line wide; stigma broad and nearly sessile; seeds elliptical, narrowly winged. — Ic. t. 40.
S. peramenus, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 142. S. albidus, Greene, Pittonia, i. 62 (white-
flowered form).2— Central California, from Clear Lake to San Luis Obispo; frequent.
Specimens collected by 7. Howell at Waldo in S. Oregon seem to belong here.
S.* sectndus, Greene. Slender, branched, 1 to 2 feet high, hispidulous: long lower
leaves pinnately toothed or lobed; cauline lanceolate, sagittate: racemes rather dense,
secund: flowers flesh-color, 4 lines long: sepals sharply carinate, hispid-ciliolate on the keel ;
the remote lower one distinctly, the uppermost obscurely unguiculate: petals with ample
purple-veined crisped limb: upper pair of filaments connate to near their scarcely divergent
tips, the anthers small but polliniferous : slender pods 2 inches long, falcate-recurved: seeds
wingless. — Fl. Francis. 261, & Man. Bay-Reg. 17. — Northern base of Mt. Tamalpais, Calif.,
Greene. Description condensed from the original characterization.
+— + Sepals very unequal; the outer pair much dilated: pods reflexed.
S. polygaloides, Gray. Slender, simple or branched, 1 to 3 feet high, glabrous: leaves
filiform, entire, some somewhat clasping and sagittate: flowers very shortly pedicellate,
yellowish, 3 lines long: calyx very broad; the outer pair of sepals suborbicular, unequal;
the inner lanceolate, acuminate: pods 1 to 14 inches long by one half line wide, at length
reflexed, attenuate to a short style; seeds oblong, winged (?).— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 519. —
California, near Jacksonville on the Tuolumne, Brewer, 1615, and on Mt. Bullion, Bolander.
46. STANFORDIA, Watson. (Dedicated to Senator Leland Stanford,
1824-1893, patron of the ‘ Botany of California,’ and founder of the Leland
Stanford, Jr. University.) — A rare and interesting Californian monotype, well
characterized by its obcompressed fruit and 3-parted cotyledons. — Bot. Calif. ii.
479; Prantl in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 2, 206. [By B. L.
Rosinson. |
1 §. pulchellus & S, Biolettii, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 225, appear to be forms of this species.
2 The recently published 8. MILDRED, Greene, FI. Francis. 260, of Centr. Calif., differs chiefly as
to described character in its smaller very dark-colored flowers. 8. versicolor, Greene, Erythea, iii. 99,
appears to be only a form of S. glandulosus.
Several of the characters employed in the distinction of recent species appear untrustworthy. Thus
the height to which the upper filaments are connate, as well as the degree of divergence of the free
portions, varies much in different flowers of the same plant. The depth of color of the calyx and
corolla is certainly to be distrusted as a specific character, and the wing of the seeds is most variable.
In one of the type specimens of S. glandulosus, for instance, the seeds of the same pod exhibit some-
times a short broad wing at the end, sometimes a narrow wing around much of the circumference.
By laying undue weight upon these characters the number of species could be almost indefinitely
multiplied.
172 CRUCIFERX. Stanfordia,
S. Califérnica, Watson, l.c. Annual, branching, glabrous: radical leaves oblanceolate in
outline, pinnatifid, 2 to 4 inches in length, narrowed to winged petioles; lobes subequal, entire,
opposite; cauline leaves ovate, cordate, sessile, amplexicaul, shallowly few-toothed: racemes
elongated, loosely flowered; pedicels 2 to 4 lines long, hispid-pubescent: flowers rather
large, often pendulous: calyx ovoid or campanulate, 4 lines in length; sepals purple-tipped,
paler or white toward the broad membranous bases: petals purplish, little exserted; the
claw broad, almost ovate; the blade small, crisped: capsules suberect, 12 to 16 lines in
length, 14 to 2 lines broad, becoming chartaceous in texture, tipped with slender styles 1 to
2 lines long. — Streptanthus Californicus, Greene, Fl. Francis. 256. — California, near Tulare,
Mrs. Bush; at Deer Creek, Tulare Co., Congdon; Bakersfield, Kern Co., Greene; fl. March,
April.
47. CAULANTHUS, Watson. Witp Cappace. (Kavdds, cabbage, and
avOos, flower, in reference to the popular name and the occasional use of certain
species as a substitute for the garden vegetable.) — Coarse and more or less
succulent herbs of the Far West, chiefly biennials and perennials, nearly related
upon the one hand to Thelypodium and on the other to Streptanthus, to which
several species were formerly referred. — Bot. King Exp. 19, 27, & Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 8364; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 86; Wats. Bibl. Index, 55;
Prantl, l.c. 156. [By B. L. Ropsyson. |
%* Cauline leaves developed, sessile, cordate or auriculate-clasping at the base, usually oblong
and little divided.
+— Stem glabrous or nearly so: pods ascending or widely spreading.
C. amplexicatlis, Watson. Glaucous annual, more slender and flexuous than the other
species, simple or more frequently with several spreading branches: leaves elliptic-oblong or
ovate; the lowest somewhat narrowed toward the base, shallowly sinuate-dentate, obtuse ;
the upper broadly cordate-clasping, subentire, often acutish: racemes loosely few-flowered ;
flowers ascending; pedicels 4 to 12 lines long, widely spreading. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii.
364. — Mountains about San Bernardino, Calif., at 4,000 to 6,500 feet alt., Parish BGros.,
Wright; fl. May and June. Whole plant tending to be purplish tinged.
C. Lemmoni, Watson. Probably annual, becoming much branched, smooth or somewhat
hispid below; hairs apparently always simple although sometimes clustered: leaves acute,
denticulate or entire, rather short, not usually exceeding an inch in length, oblong or more
commonly more or less deltoid, sagittate at the base, with acutish auricles; the lowest leaves
somewhat narrowed below: racemes more densely flowered: flowers much as in the pre-
ceding but pendulous during anthesis: pedicels 3 to 4 lines long, often hispid: capsules
strictly erect, stout, 3 to 4 inches long, 2 lines thick, tipped with stout spreading stigmas. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 261. Streptanthus Parryi, Greene, Fl. Francis. i. 257. — Near
Cholame, San Luis Obispo Co., Calif., J. G. & S. A. Lemmon; fl. June.
C. inflatus, Watson. Annual, essentially glabrous, occasionally a little hispid below: stem
erect, very stout, becoming strongly inflated and fistulous: leaves erect, oblong, obtuse or
obtusish, entire or denticulate, auriculate with rounded basal lobes: racemes rather dense;
pedicels short, often hispid: flowers spreading or almost horizontal: sepals glabrous: pods
3 or 4 inches long, 14 lines thick, ascending but not erect. — Wats. 1. ¢: xvii. 364. Streptan-
thus inflatus, Greene, F]. Francis. 257.— Dry hills, Mohave Desert, Lemmon, Parish Bros.,
Hasse; fl. March to May.
+ + Hirsute-pubescent: pods distinctly deflexed.
C. Cotilteri, Watson. Lower leaves oblanceolate, dentate, 2 to 3 inches long; the upper
lanceolate, acute, subentire: racemes rather loosely flowered: flowers horizontal or nearly
so: sepals narrow, recurved at the tip, strongly hirsute or quite smooth: pedicels 2 to 4 lines
long, becoming deflexed in fruit: capsules terete, 3 to 4 inches long. — Bot. King Exp. 27;
Bibl. Index, 55. Streptanthus heterophyllus, Gray, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. 145, & Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 185, in part. S. Coulteri, Gray in Wats. Bot. King Exp. 19. —S. California,
Th. Coulter; Ft. Tejon and vicinity, Xanthus..
Thelypodium. CRUCIFERZ. 173
* %* Cauline leaves often reduced to linear bracts, when well developed narrowed or dis-
tinctly petiolate at the base.
+ Sparingly pilose to hirsute.
C. pilosus, Watson. Simple or branched, biennial, 2 to 4 feet high: stem leafy up to the
inflorescence: leaves coarsely toothed or pinnatifid, 3 to 8 inches in length; terminal seg-
ment not greatly exceeding the others: raceme long, pedicels 2 to 8 lines in length, smooth
or hispid, spreading: flowers rather small, greenish, or purple, ascending: calyx narrow;
sepals linear-oblong, 3 to 4 lines in length, usually somewhat hispid, little exceeded by the
petals: siliques long and very narrow, two thirds line in diameter, flexuous, widely spread-
ing or recurved. — Bot. King Exp. 27; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. — Sandy soil, in sage brush, &c.,
N. W. Nevada, Watson, Shockley, Crystal Spring, Eastern California, Coville & Funston, to
Oregon, Howell, Cusick; fl. May and June. Immature and therefore doubtful specimens
collected at Silver City, Brit. Columbia, along the Canad. Pacif. Railway, Macoun, are prob-
ably introduced from farther south.
+ -+ Stem glabrous.
++ Flowers ascending or erect.
C. crassicatllis, Watson. Stem simple, erect, 1 to 3 feet high, very thick, fistulous: leaves
chiefly clustered at or near the base, oblanceolate in outline, lyrately toothed or pinnatifid,
2 to 5 inches long; cauline leaves few, much reduced, linear or somewhat hastate: flowers
subsessile, large: sepals oblong-lanceolate, 5 to 6 lines long, more or less pubescent, usually
densely so, often velvety: pods ascending, slender, terete, 4 to 5 inches long. — Bot. King
Exp. 27, & Bibl. Index, 55 ; Jones, Zoe, iii. 283. Streptanthus crassicaulis, Torr. in Stansbury,
Rep. 383, t. 1, & Flora, 1853, 702; Durand, Fl. Utah, 159; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 186. —
Rocky ground and slopes of foothills, Utah to Central and S. California, north to Idaho,
Miss Mulford; fl. May to July. A form with slender stem has been collected in Bear
Valley, S. Calif., Parish Bros.
Var. glaber, M. E. Jonzs. Sepals as well as other parts quite glabrous. — Zoe, iv.
266. — 8S. Utah and E. Nevada.
C. prdocerus, Warson. An erect stout sparingly branched biennial: basal and lower cau-
line leaves runcinate-pinnatifid, 4 to 8 inches long, narrowed at the base to a distinct petiole ;
uppermost lanceolate, attenuate, subentire: flowers greenish white : pedicels smooth, ascend-
ing, 3 lines long: sepals smooth, oblong, 4 lines in length, little exceeded by the petals. —
Bot. King Exp. 27; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.36. Streptanthus flavescens, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. vi. 186, in part. S. procerus, Brew. in Gray, l. ¢. 519; Bolander, Cat. 5; Wats.
l.c. 19. Thelypodium procerum, Greene, Fl. Francis. 263. — Central California.
C. glauicus, Warson. Branching, smooth and glaucous: leaves succulent, ovate or lanceo-
late, obtuse or acute, subentire; the cauline well developed, narrowed at the base or
abruptly contracted and somewhat decurrent upon the petioles: sepals smooth, tinged with
purple, oblong, 4 lines in length, a line in breadth: petals exserted and recurved: pedicels
3 to 5 lines in length, glabrous: fruit slender, terete, 3 to 4 inches long, falcate or flexuous,
widely spreading. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 364. — In clefts of rock, &e., Nevada, Candelaria,
Esmeralda Co., at 6,500 feet alt., Shockley ; Belleville, Jones; fl. May and June.
4+ ++ Flowers horizontal or somewhat deflexed.
C. hastatus, Warson. Perennial, erect, 2 to 4 feet high, simple or sparingly branched :
cauline leaves well developed, variable, usually with a large deltoid to lanceolate acutish or
obtuse subentire or hastately lobed segment and often, but not always, several much smaller
segments arranged irregularly upon the long slender petioles : racemes dense and spike-like :
flowers small for the genus, spreading and pendulous almost from the first: sepals narrow,
glabrous, greenish white: capsules slender, spreading or ascending, somewhat knotted and
often falcate or flexuous. — Bot. King Exp. 28, t.3; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 36.—
Shaded slopes of the Wasatch and Uinta Mountains, Utah, Watson, Hooker & Gray, to the
Blue Mountains of Oregon, Cusick ; fl. June.
48. THELYPODIUM, Endl. (@7Arvs, female, and zovs, foot, stalk,
referring to the more or less distinctly stiped ovary.) — A considerable genus of
the West and Southwest, most of the species biennials, often succulent, with
174 CRUCIFERZ. Thelypodium.
purple white or very rarely yellow flowers (mostly smaller than in Caulanthus)
usually in rather dense racemes. — Gen. 876; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 25, & Bibl.
Index, 72; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.37; Prantl, 1. c. 155. Pachypodiwm,
Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 96; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 81. [By B. L.
Rogrson. ]
§ 1. HesprermpAntHus. Stigma ovate, entire, with a more or less conical
apex: flowers large, purple: petals with obovate blade: cauline leaves narrow,
not auriculate.
T. linearif6lium, Warson. An erect smooth perennial, 2 or 3 feet high, with pale foliage
and somewhat corymbosely branched above: basal leaves obovate, sharply toothed, not per-
sisting ; cauline linear or linear-oblong, entire, ascending : petals showy, rose-purple, slender-
clawed, 10 lines in length: pods slender, 2 to 3 inches long, ascending or erect upon slender
spreading pedicels. — Bot. King Exp. 25; Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 821. Streptanthus lineari-
Jolius, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 7. Lodanthus or Pachypodium linearifolium, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
vi. 187.— Colorado to Texas and Arizona. (Northern Mex.) A species without close
affinities in the genus and with flowers and stigma somewhat of Hesperis matronalis.
§ 2. Euryetypépium. Style slender or short and thick, or obsolete, truncate
or slightly 2-lobed; stigmatic surface circular or elongated over the valves (ex-
cept in 7. elegans): pubescence simple or none.
* Upper cauline leaves sessile, cordate, or auriculate: pedicels very short, almost none:
siliques arcuate, strongly deflexed.
T. Codperi, Watson. Slender erect annual: stems terete, flexuous, glabrous, usually
branched, 8 inches to 13 feet in height: leaves thickish, oblong, obtusish, the basal shallowly
’ few-toothed, the others entire, cordate, or sagittate with clasping lobes; the uppermost and
rameal leaves narrower, lance-linear ; all tending to fall off, leaving the stem quite naked at
fruiting: flowers small: sepals 14 to 2 lines long, somewhat exceeded by the purplish petals;
the latter narrower than usual in the genus: siliques 14 inches long, attenuate at the end,
commonly falcate, somewhat scabrous with fine stiff hairs. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 246, &
Bibl. Index, 451. 7. ¢ Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 38.—S. E. California, Fort
Mohave, Cooper ; Mohave River, Palmer; Cashenberry Springs, Mohave Desert, Parish ;
Inyo Co., Coville & Funston ; Colorado Desert, Orcutt ; Arizona, Palmer ; fl. April to June.
A very distinct species, suggesting by its habit and fruiting racemes Arabis longirostris, Wats.
* x Upper cauline leaves sessile, cordate-clasping or auriculate at the base: capsules erect,
ascending or widely spreading, 6 to 15 lines in length (the mature fruit of 7. eucosmum
still unknown, perhaps somewhat longer). -
+ Flowers even in anthesis subspicate or racemose, i. e. opening in young inflorescences
considerably below the bud-bearing apex of the rhachis.
++ Inflorescence very dense and spike-like: flowers white or nearly so.
T. brachycarpum, Torr. Erect, 14 to 24 feet high, simple or branched, quite smooth or
somewhat hispid-pubescent below: stem becoming stout: leaves thickish; the basal oblong
or oblanceolate, sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid; the cauline as in the preceding: racemes
very dense and spike-like; fruiting pedicels 1 to 14 lines long: flowers small, white: sepals
linear, nearly or quite equal at the base: petals narrow, much exserted: siliques slender,
terete, somewhat knotted, slender-stiped and sharply beaked, 8 to 10 lines in length, ascend-
ing. — Bot. Wilkes Exped. 231, t. 1; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 520; Wats. Bot. King Exp.
25,26; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 37.— Abundant in meadows and mountain valleys,
W. Nevada to Central and N. California; fl. May to August. Said to have the odor and
taste of cabbage.
++ ++ Inflorescence laxer: flowers roseate or purple.
T. Howéllii, Warson. Erect or somewhat decumbent, slender, quite simple or with several
slender simple ascending branches, hispid-pubescent near the base, glabrous above: radical
leaves numerous, rosulate, about an inch in length, oblanceolate, obtusish, coarsely toothed,
\
Thelypodium. CRUCIFERZ. ~ 175
narrowed at the base; cauline lance-linear, attenuate, sagittate-auriculate, erect and usually
appressed, seldom an inch long: racemes 4 to 6 inches in length; buds and flowers ascend-
ing ; pedicels 1} to 2 lines long: sepals oblong, usually purplish tinged ; the lateral distinctly
saccate at the base: petals narrow, crisped, nearly twice as long as the calyx: capsules
slender, 12 to 15 lines in length, slender-beaked. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 445.— At Camp
Polk and in Harvey Valley, Oregon, Howell ; fl. June.
T. eucodsmum, Ropinson, n. sp. Biennial or perennial, glabrous: cauline leaves oblong
or lanceolate, entire, spreading, 1 to 3 inches long: racemes several, very many-flowered ;
pedicels 2 to 3 lines long: buds and flowers widely spreading, usually horizontal, deep
purple: petals spatulate, 4 lines long: pods arcuate, ascending, 1} to 14 inches long (not
mature). — A very attractive species of Oregon, first collected at Baker City, R. D. Nevius,
1875, and later in the Blue Mts., 7. Howell, 21 May, 1885, no. 345.
+— + Flowers opening close to the summit of the inflorescence, while still corymbosely
clustered.
T. sagittatum, Enpt. Biennial, usually branched from the base, often somewhat hispid-
pubescent below, quite smooth above, glaucous : stems subsimple, ascending or nearly erect,
moderately leafy: leaves entire; the radical spatulate, 1 to 3 inches long; the cauline
ovate-lanceolate to lance-oblong, sagittate-clasping with bluntish auricles: sepals about 2
lines long, but half the length of the roseate or purplish petals: fruit erect or spreading,
often somewhat incurved, torulose and tipped with a slender style. — Endl. ace. to Walp.
Rep. i. 172; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 25, in part; Brew. & Wats. 1.¢. Pachypodium sagitta-
tum, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 97. —S. Utah, Palmer, to the Yellowstone Park, Tweedy,
and Montana, Watson; in the “Snake Country,” Tolmie, and Rocky Mts. of the Northwest,
Nuttall, Burke. Said to prefer moist alkaline soil.
T. flexudsum, Rogrysoy, n. sp. Stems slender, weak, and subdecumbent, flexuous, nearly
naked above: radical leayes numerous, lanceolate, including the slender petioles 4 to 6
inches in length; cauline leaves distant, all or at least the upper much reduced, linear-
oblong or lance-linear with narrow acutish auricles: flowers and fruit nearly as in the
preceding. — 7. sagittatum, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 25, in part; Anderson, Cat. 117; not
End]. —In alkaline soil among sage brush, &c. Nevada, near Carson City, Anderson,
no. 140, Truckee Valley, Watson, no.108; California, Surprise Valley, Modoc Co., Lemmon ;
Oregon, Union Co., Cusick, no. 921, Harvey Valley, Howell, no. 341.
T. (?) salsugineum, Rosrnsoy, n. sp. A low branching annual, glabrous and glaucous
throughout : stems slender, terete, often flexuous: cauline leaves ovate to oblong, half inch
to inch and a quarter in length, entire, obtusish : flowers small: petals white or nearly so, a
line to a line and a half in length: pods 6 to 8 lines long, erect on spreading pedicels. —
Sisymbrium salsugineum, Pall. It. ii. App. no. 114, t. 5; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1.185. S. glaucum,
Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 93. Turritis salsuginea, DC. Syst. ii. 212. T.(%) diffusa,
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 41.— Rocky Mountains from Colorado at South Park, Porter, to
Brit. America and the shores of the Arctic Sea, Richardson, acc. to Hooker, 1.c. Appar-
ently the same as the plant of Central Asia, but too little known in its American occurrence :
scarcely differing from other Thelypodia except in its low slender habit and exceptional
range, but very distinct from any American Sisymbria.
* * * Leaves as in the preceding: pedicels developed (2 to 6 lines long): siliques elon-
gated, usually 2 to 4 inches long, generally arcuate-spreading or somewhat deflexed.
+— Petals with a distinctly developed blade, obovate or spatulate.
++ Flowers white or purplish.
T. Vaséyi, Courter. Rather slender, erect, glabrous and glaucous, branching from near
the base: branches terete, leafy: cauline leaves obovate, obtuse or rounded at the apex, thin,
narrowed toward the clasping base, repand-dentate: flowers very small, a line and a half in
length, white, closely aggregated at the summit of the axis: fruiting racemes lax: pods
rather few, 2 inches long, very slender, nearly erect on ascending pedicels 3 or 4 lines in
length. — Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 30, ii. 15, t. 1, as to pl. Nealley, the first mentioned
type, not pl. Vasey, which is a Sisymbriwm with much shorter fruit. In the plate, the stem
on the left and the fruiting branch are of pl. Nealley.— A very interesting species as yet
only collected near Rio Grande City, Nea/ley, evidently nearly related to T. salsugineum,
from which it differs chiefly in its larger leaves and longer fruit.
176 CRUCIFER®. Thelypodium.
T. Nuttallii, Warson. Glabrous and glaucous, branching above: leaves entire from lanceo-
late to linear-oblong, acute: pedicels 3 to 6 lines long: flowers rather large, lilac-colored,
nearly erect, all but the last usually opening some distance below the summit of the inflo-
rescence: petals 7 to 8 lines long: pods 2 inches or more in length, nearly erect upon the
spreading pedicels. — Bot. King Exp. 25, 26. Streptanthus sagittatus, Nutt. Jour. Acad.
Philad. vii. 12; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 666. —S. Idaho, on the Little Goddin River, Wyeth, to
Yakima Region, Washington, Brandegee ; Oregon, Nevius, Cusick; N. Nevada and N. Utah,
Watson; Arizona, Ives, acc. to Watson. <A species of considerable variability as inter-
preted by Dr. Watson, but difficult to render more definite, owing to Nuttall’s brief descrip-
tion and fragmentary type.
T. ambiguum, Warson. Smooth, glaucous, stout, erect, branching, 2 to 5 feet high, leafy:
leaves thick; the radical coarsely and irregularly toothed, 4 to 8 inches long; the upper
cauline and rameal oblong, subentire, acutish or obtuse and cuspidate: racemes elongated ;
pedicels 2 to 3 lines long, divaricate: floral envelopes rather deep purple, strongly contrast-
ing with the bright yellow anthers: sepals oblong, smooth, 3 lines in length: petals fully
twice as long, with broad obovate patulous blade and slender claws: siliques slender, 3 to 4
inches long, widely spreading or somewhat deflexed ; stipe 13 to 2 lines in length. — Proce.
Am. Acad. xiv. 290, & Bibl. Index, 451 (excl. syn. in part). Streptanthus sagittatus, Gray,
Bot. Ives Rep. 6. — A showy but coarse species of N. Arizona, Newberry, Palmer, Lemmon.
T. élegans, M. E. Jones. Habit and foliage much as in the preceding: cauline leaves
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acutish, very glaucous: flowers opening at the summit of the
raceme, somewhat smaller: petals narrower and much paler purple: capsules very short-
stiped or sessile on the receptacle, sometimes suberect; stigma distinctly bifid; lobes nearly
erect, and standing over the placentw.— Zoe, iv. 265.—S. W. Colorado, Brandegee, 1875,
“common on adobe plains ” near Westwater, Jones, 1890, and at Coal Mine, S. H. Camp,
1893 ; fl. May; fr. June. A specimen from North Park, Crandall, may also be of this species,
but is too immature for certainty.
++ ++ Flowers bright yellow.
T. atreum, Eastwoop. Glaucous biennial, branching from the base, somewhat pilose
below, 1 to 3 feet high: branches numerous, terete, slender, leafy : basal leaves oblanceolate,
dentate ; cauline ovate, deeply cordate-clasping, entire, an inch or more in length: racemes
rather dense; pedicels spreading, ascending, in fruit about 3 lines in length: sepals oblong,
2 lines in length, obtuse, glabrous, yellow as well as the spatulate moderately exserted
petals: siliques well stiped, ascending, 2 to 2} inches long. — Zoe, ii. 227.— Durango,
Colorado, Miss Eastwood ; fl. June. Exceptional in the color of the flowers but obviously
close to the preceding.
+— + Petals very narrow, linear: cauline leaves narrowly oblong or linear.
T. stenopétalum, Watson. Glabrous, much branched from the base, a foot or more in
height: branches slender, terete, ascending: leaves sagittate-auriculate, erect, 1 to 2 inches
long, acutish, somewhat fleshy: racemes elongated, many-flowered; pedicels ascending,
thickened at the apex: buds lance-linear: sepals narrow, 5 lines long, purple, exceeded by
the long narrow apparently white or roseate petals: siliques slender, suberect, flexuous. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 468.—Stony hillsides, Bear Valley, San Bernardino Co., Calif.,
Parish; fl. June.
* * * * Leaves sessile by a narrowed base or distinctly petioled, not auriculate.
+ Inflorescence usually corymbosely branched : spikes very dense: pods widely spreading.
T. integrif6lium, Envi. Erect, glabrous: radical leaves ovate-lanceolate, varying greatly
in size, 1 to 8 inches long, half as broad, obtusish, entire or repand, contracted below into
petioles nearly equal in length; upper cauline leaves lance-linear, sessile, acute, erect : spikes
very short, several to many ; pedicels crowded, divaricate, 1 to 5 lines long, commonly rigid
and somewhat thickened: pods slender, about an inch long, usually nodulose, sharp-pointed,
curved upwards; gynophore short, a fourth to half line in length.— Endl. ace. to Walp.
Rep. i. 172. Pachypodium integrifolium, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 96, 668; Hook. & Arn.
Bot. Beech. 321, t. 74; Torr. in Frém. Rep. 87. — Plains from Colorado and Nebraska to
S. California and Washington ; fl. in midsummer, rather common.
Var. gracilipes, Roprson, n. var. Racemes more elongated, becoming 4 inches or
more in length: pods borne upon a slender gynophore (1 to 14 lines long). —S. W. Colorado,
T. S. Brandegee, no. 1233.
Thelypodium. CRUCIFERZ. IVF.
T. Wrightii, Gray. Slender-stemmed and paniculately branched: leaves rather narrow,
lanceolate to linear, toothed or pinnatifid; segments mostly entire; the uppermost leaves
often entire: racemes 2 to 5 inches long; pedicels filiform, divaricate, in fruit 3 to 5 lines in
length: flowers somewhat larger than in the preceding: petals about 3 lines in length:
capsules very slender, 14 to nearly 3 inches in length. — Pl. Wright. i. 7, G ii. 12; Torr. &
Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 126; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 9; Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg.
21.— Colorado to New Mexico, Arizona, and S. Utah; growing in mountainous regions
at moderate altitudes. (Mex., Pringle; Lower Calif., Orcutt.)
T. laciniatum, Enpt. Glabrous biennial, usually stouter than the preceding and less
branched: leaves broader, somewhat fleshy, ovate or ovate-lanceolate, more irregularly cut ;
segments usually again toothed or lobed; the uppermost leaves often subentire ; petioles
rather long: racemes especially the terminal one sometimes a foot or more in length;
pedicels short, even in fruit seldom exceeding 2 to 3 lines in length, rather rigid, divaricate :
pods slender, widely and irregularly spreading, 14 to 3 inches long.— Endl. 1l.c. 7. ne-
glectum, Jones, Am. Nat. 1883, 875, as to pl. descr. and type in part. Macropodium laciniatum,
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 43.. Pachypodium laciniatum, Nutt. 1. c. 96. — Mountain valleys, etc.,
Nevada and N. California to Washington ; fl. May and June.
+— + Inflorescence simple, elongated, or branched ; branches usually long and more loosely
flowered than in the preceding division: pods erect or spreading, sometimes rigid.
T. flavéscens, Watson. Glabrous or more or less pilose: stem terete, erect, 2 feet or
more in height, branched above: cauline leaves oblong-lanceolate, shallowly dentate or
denticulate: pedicels about 3 lines in length, scattered, ascending: flowers nearly white:
sepals linear-oblong, acute, 3 lines long, considerably exceeded by the narrow linear crisped
petals : siliques 24 inches long, rigid, taper-pointed, at first pilose, later quite glabrous. — Bot.
King Exp. 25. Streptanthus flavescens, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 65, not of Hook. — Central
California, Benicia, Bigelow, Antioch, K. Brandegee.
T. lasiophyllum, Grerne. Erect annual, hispid below, often smoothish above: leaves
oblanceolate or oblong in outline, irregularly sinuate-toothed or pinnatifid with spreading
acute or obtuse entire or toothed segments, 14 to 6 inches long, distinctly petioled or the
upper sessile by a narrow base: flowers rather small, closely clustered, roseate or yellowish
white: sepals oblong, scarcely more than half the length of the narrow spatulate oblong
petals: fruiting pedicels very short, # to 14 lines long, rather firm, curved: pods commonly
deflexed, slender and somewhat curved, attenuate at the apex; stigma quite simple. — Bull.
Torr. Club, xiii. 142. Sisymbrium reflecum, Nutt. Proc. Acad. Philad. iii. 26, & Jour. i. 183.
2S. pygmeum, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 91, 667. S. deflerum, Harv. in Torr. Pacif. R.
Rep. iv. 66. S. lasiophyllum, K. Brandegee, Zoe, ii. 339. Turritis (4) lasiophylla, Hook. &
Arn. Bot. Beech. 321. Hrysimum retrofractum, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 230.— Sandy and
rocky soil, Utah, Pulmer, Jones, and Arizona, Palmer, to California and Washington,
Suksdorf. A common and yariable species, with the attenuate pods, simple stigma, and
often purplish flowers of this genus, but included by many and with almost equal propriety
in Sisymbrium.
Var. rigidum, Rosrsoy, n. var. Foliage and flowers as in type: pods deflexed but
widely spreading, curved outwards, very rigid and pungent. — 7’. rigidum, Greene, Pittonia,
i. 62. — Collected by Jones “on the Mexican boundary,” 1882; by May at Elmira, Calif.,
1883; and by Greene near Antioch, Calif.
Var. inaliénum, Ropsinson, n. var. Whole habit as well as floral characters of the
type: pods erect or slightly spreading, less rigid and pungent than in the last. — Sisymbrium
acutangulum, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 41, not DC. — Central California near the coast ;
“back of Sta. Barbara and Los Angeles,” Brewer, nos. 194, 417 ; Oakland, [older, no. 2524 ;
San Francisco, Kellogy & Harford, no. 55. The European Sisymbrium acutangulum, DC., of
similar habit, has shorter inflorescences, less numerous pods of less rigid texture, somewhat
larger flowers and stigmas almost always slightly 2-lobed, with lobes lying over the pla-
cent as usual in Sisymbrium.
T. Hoodkeri, Greene. Annual with habit of the preceding species: leaves hispid-pubescent
upon the midrib beneath: pedicels more widely spreading, 2 to 3 lines in length: flowers
somewhat smaller: sepals narrowly oblong, 14 to 2 lines in length, widely spreading, not
greatly exceeded by the narrow although flat petals: fruiting pedicels short, curved
12
178 CRUCIFERZ. Thelypodium.
upward: pods slender, subterete, attenuate at the apex, sometimes a little pubescent when
young. — Fl. Francis. 263. Streptanthus flavescens, Hook. Ic. t. 44. — Mountains of Central
California.
T, Lemmoni, ‘Greene. Smooth glaucous annual, becoming rather stout: lower leaves
large, 6 to 8 inches long, 2 to 3 inches broad, tapering to an obtusish point, abruptly con-
tracted at the base, sinuate-dentate; several of the teeth especially toward the base much
larger than the rest, irregular ; petioles half inch long; upper leaves lance-linear, attenuate
at both ends: pale purple flowers and fruit closely as in the preceding. — West Am.
Scientist, iii. 156, & Fl. Francis. 263.— Central California, on adobe hills near San Luis
Obispo, Lemmon, and, acc. to Prof. Greene, abundant in grain fields near Tracy. This
species in floral characters is exceedingly close to the preceding; in foliage, however, very
different. Intermediate forms are to be expected.
§ 3. Hererérurix. Stigma entire or subentire, circular in outline or slightly
elongated over the placentz:: pubescence at least in part of branched hairs.
T. micranthum, Warson. Erect biennial, densely stellate-pubescent especially below:
stem usually slender; branches elongated, virgate: lowest leaves oblanceolate, shallowly
toothed, obtuse, attenuate below to slender petioles; upper leaves lance-linear, subentire ;
floral linear : racemes elongating before the opening of the flowers; pedicels short, ascend-
ing : buds subglobose : sepals short and broad, purple, sometimes pubescent, little exceeded
by the whitish (%) petals: pods 9 to 16 lines long, nearly terete, ascending or spreading ;
valves l-nerved; style very short.— Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 321. JT. longifolium, Rothrock
in Wheeler, Rep. 65, not Wats. Streptanthus micranthus, Gray, P]. Fendl. 7. _S. longifolius,
Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 10, not Benth. — Mountains of S. W. Texas, Havard, Nealley ; New
Mexico, Fendler, Wright; Arizona, Rothrock, Pringle, Lemmon. (Mex., Schaffner, Palmer,
Pringle.)
T. longifélium, Warsoy. Erect, slender, densely pubescent below and somewhat hispid
with branched hairs: lower leaves fugacious, long-lanceolate, repand-dentate ; upper leaves
long and very narrowly linear, entire: inflorescence as in the last but flowers larger, 2 to 2}
lines long: sepals short-oblong, obtuse, usually deep-purple: siliques at maturity 25 to 3}
inches long, slender, deflexed, more or less attenuate to a slender style. — Bot. King Exp. 25,
& Proc, Am. Acad. xvii. 821. Streptanthus longifolius, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 10. — New Mexico,
Fendler; Arizona, Lemmon. (Mex., Coulter, Hartweg, Schaffner, Seaton.)
49. STANLEYA, Nutt. (Dedicated to Lord Edward Stanley, 1779-
1849, distinguished as an ornithologist and at one time president of the Linnean
Society.) — A small genus of stout western plants, usually glabrous and chiefly
distinguished from the neighboring genera by having elongated clavate buds,
cream-colored or yellow flowers, and long-stiped ovaries. — Gen. ii. 71; DC.
Prodr. i. 200; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. t. 65; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 80. [By B. L.
Rosinson. |
% Middle cauline leaves sessile, auriculate-clasping at the base, not deeply lobed.
S. viridifiéra, Nurr. Stout, glabrous, mostly simple, erect or somewhat decumbent, 1 to 4
feet high: stem angulate: leaves thickish; the basal and lower cauline ovate to oblanceo-
late, sometimes a little angled or runcinately 1-2-toothed or even pinnatifid at the base,
attenuate below into long flat winged and often somewhat toothed petioles: middle cauline
lanceolate, hastate, acute, entire, gradually reduced upward: raceme long, usually simple ;
pedicels in fruit stoutish, 3 to 4 lines long, divaricate: buds becoming 7 lines long and scat-
tered before opening by the rapid prolongation of the axis; flowers greenish. — Nutt. in
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 98; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 9; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 25; Jones, Zoe, iii. 283.
The suggested S. collina of Jones, 1. c., appears to be the typical form of the species. —
Rocky Mountains of Wyoming and 8. Montana, westward to Oregon and Nevada; fl. May
to July.
Var. confertiflora, Roprysoy, n. var. Stems terete: buds shorter, 4 to 5 lines long,
densely packed together until they open; flowers smaller and much more numerous: fruit-
ing pedicels very slender, 6 to 7 lines long, crowded, divaricate. — Base of Stein’s Mountain,
Warea. CRUCIFERZ®. 179
Oregon, Thos. Howell, 30 May,1885. A doubtful specimen with more slender and elongated
pods but otherwise similar has been collected at Candelaria, Nevada, Shockley, September,
1882.
* * Middle cauline leaves distinctly petioled or sessile by a narrow base, not auriculate-
celasping, often pinnatifid.
+— White woolly-pubescent: cauline leaves slender-petioled, hastately lobed at the base,
otherwise entire or nearly so.
S. tomentosa, Parry. Stout, simple, erect: root thick, brown, branched, perennial:
stem terete below, angled above: lower leaves lyrately pinnatifid ; terminal segment ovate-
lanceolate, 1 to 3 inches in length, about an inch broad; the lower segments ovate-oblong,
much smaller: raceme thick, 1 to 2 feet long, pedicels three fourths inch in length, clavate
at the summit: flowers cream-colored: stipe of the capsule nearly or quite as long as the
pedicels. — Am. Nat. viii. 212; Wats. Bibl. Index, 71. — Dry slopes, in gypsaceous soil, Owl
Creek, N. W. Wyoming, Parry.
+— + Glabrous or glabrate.
S. elata, M. E. Jones. Quite smooth, often glaucous, simple or branched; stem tall, terete:
leaves coriaceous; the lower narrowed toward the petiole, entire or somewhat toothed at
_ the base; the middle and upper cauline ovate-lanceolate, entire, acute, abruptly contracted
to slender petioles of a third their length: inflorescence long-peduncled; pedicels 3 lines in
length: sepals petaloid, bright yellow, with a well developed spatulate blade: petals of
about equal length but much narrower and less conspicuous : filaments woolly : mature fruit
not seen. — Zoe, ii. 16; Coville, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. iv. 64.— Hawthorne, Nevada,
Jones ; Inyo Co., Calif., Coville & Funston.
S. albéscens, M. E. Jones. Erect, branching: leaves thickish, very pale and glaucous,
oblanceolate or oblong in outline, lyrately pinnatifid or entire, distinctly petioled beneath
the narrowed often hastately auricled base: pedicels 4 to 6 lines long: sepals greenish white,
slightly enlarged above: petals 5 lines long, cream-colored, with a broad blade, smooth or
somewhat pubescent below: anthers tightly coiled: silique curved-ascending, 14 to 2 inches
long ; stipe 6 to 8 lines in length. — Zoe, ii. 17; Eastwood, ibid. ii. 227.— Dry soil, New
Mexico, Palmer ; Arizona, on the Moencoppa, Jones ; Moqui Village, Owens ; Colorado,
Grand Junction, Miss Eastwood, on the Gunnison River, Cowen.
S. pinnatifida, Nurr. Branching, glabrous or sparingly pubescent, 14 to 3 feet high:
stems terete or nearly so, flexuous, rather slender, leafy: leaves thickish, very variable,
commonly pinnatifid or pinnately divided; segments lance-oblong or oblanceolate-elliptic,
rarely linear, mostly entire; the terminal one somewhat larger; petioles narrow: racemes
long ; pedicels 2 to 5 lines in length: sepals narrow, pale yellow or greenish: petals bright
yellow, spatulate, much exserted, usually rather narrow: anthers curved or loosely coiled :
capsule 14 to 25 inches long, a line in diameter, widely spreading, ascending or somewhat
deflexed ; stipe 3 to 7 lines long. — Gen. i. 71; DC. Syst. ii. 512; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 97;
Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 154, t. 65, & Pl. Fendl. 9; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 24; Jones, l.c. S. hete-
rophylla, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.97. S. fruticosa, Nutt. Proc. Acad. Philad. iii. 23.
S. pinnata, Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. viii. 62. Cleome pinnata, Pursh, F1. ii. 739.
Var. INTEGRIFOLIA, Robinson, n. var. Leaves entire, ovate or elliptic, attenuate to each
end (S. inteyrifolia, James, Cat. 185, & in Long Exp. ii. 17; Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 166,
& in Sitgreaves, Rep. 156, t. 1, occurring in similar situations with the type and not distin-
guished except by its foliage).— W. Kansas and Nebraska to Texas and S. California,
northward to the Upper Missouri River. The commonest and most variable species, closely
simulating the Capparidacee in habit; fl. May to August.
50. WAREA, Nutt. (Mr. Nathaniel A. Ware, 1789-1853, the discoverer,
who was a teacher in S. Carolina and travelled somewhat widely in the Southern
States.) — A genus of two erect slender glabrous annuals, separated from
Stanleya chiefly by their white or roseate flowers and dense subcorymbose
inflorescence, which together with the well stalked pods recall certain Cappa-
ridacee. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 83, t. 10; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 98; Gray,
Gen. Ill. i. 155, t. 66; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 80. [By B. L. Ropinson.]
180 ' CRUCIFERZ. Warea.
W. cuneifdlia, Nurr. Root long, slender, vertical: stem 14 to 2 feet high, with a few
slender ascending simple branches: leaves obovate to oblong or linear, obtuse or retuse,
sometimes mucronate, cuneate at the base, sessile, 8 to 12 lines long; the thyrsoid or corym-
bose inflorescence dense; the lower pedicels horizontally spreading: flowers white or pur-
plish: petals sub-orbicular with a very slender claw: gynophore in fruit 3 to 6 lines long;
siliques slender, curved, pendulous, 15 lines in length. — Nutt. 1. c. 84; Gray, 1. c. 156, t. 66;
Chapm. Fl. 28. Cleome cuneifolia, Muhl. Cat. 61. Stanleya gracilis, DC. Syst. ii. 512, &
Prodr. i. 200. — Sandy hills, Georgia to S. Florida; fl. August to November.
W. amplexifolia, Nurr. Resembling the preceding closely in habit and technical char-
acters but with shorter ovate acutish leaves (6 to 7 lines long) with broad sessile slightly
clasping bases: flowers purple, a little larger. — Nutt. 1. c. 83, t. 10; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 98.
Stanleya amplexifolia, Nutt. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 297.—Sandy hills, Florida, apparently less
frequent than the other; fl. September.
ORDER XI. CAPPARIDACE.
By A. Gray.
Herbs, or in warm countries some shrubs or trees; with pungent or acrid
watery juice, alternate leaves, and 4-merous but 6-androus flowers after the type
of Cruciferce, or some polyandrous, a usually one-celled ovary with (commonly
two) parietal placentae, and no false partition between them, amphitropous or
campylotropous ovules, and reniform seeds filled with an incurved embryo, the
cotyledons incumbent. Leaves mostly palmately compound. Flowers her-
maphrodite. Receptacle often thickened or lengthened between the petals and
stamens. Fruit when dehiscent with valves apt to separate from filiform placente
in the way of Fumariacee and some Papaveracee. Fruit anomalous and 2-celled
in Wislizenia and Oxystylis.
Trize I. CLEOME®. Fruit a 2-valved capsule or 2-coccous. Chiefly herbs and
annuals.
* Shrubby: capsule inflated, many-seeded, tardily dehiscent.
1. ISOMERIS. Calyx 4-cleft, persistent. Petals 4, not unguiculate. Receptacle dilated
into a hemispherical torus, bearing the 6 exserted equal stamens, enlarged and glandular on
the upper side. Ovary long-stipitate, many-ovuled on the two placentw: style very short:
stigma minute. Capsule oval, inflated, coriaceous, tardily 2-valved. Seeds smooth.
* * Herbaceous: capsule membranaceous, several—many-seeded, one-celled, 2-valved : valves
falling away from the nerviform placente.
+ Stamens 8 to 32, rarely fewer: torus depressed, bearing a gland on the upper side.
2. CRISTATELLA. Petals laciniate, cuneate-flabelliform; the two anterior smaller, all
conspicuously unguiculate. Stamens 6 to 14. Ovary declined, behind it a conspicuous
tubular truncate gland. Capsule ascending, short-stipitate, linear. Seeds cochleate-reniform.
3. POLANISIA. Petals entire or emarginate, little unequal, commonly unguiculate. A
small solid gland usually on the torus behind the sessile or short-stipitate ovary. Capsule
linear to oblong, many-seeded.
+— + Stamens 6: torus more or less thickened and sometimes elevated between the inser-
tion of the entire more or less ascending petals and the stamens. Calyx usually deciduous.
4. CLEOME. Capsule linear to oval, several-many-seeded. Mostly a gland or projection of
the torus on the upper side, behind the ovary.
5. CLEOMELLA. Capsule few-seeded, siliculose, more or less flattened contrary to the
replum; valves cymbiform to elongated-conical! Gland of torus obsolete or wanting.
Petals not unguiculate.
Cristatella. CAPPARIDACEZ. 181
* * * Herbaceous, annual: ovary 2-celled, didymous, the cells 1-2-ovuled; in fruit each
carpel a nutlet or utricle separating*by a small perforate cicatrix from the persistent and
indurated axis and rigid style: seed conduplicate: torus very short between the obovate-
spatulate petals and the 6 stamens.
6. WISLIZENIA. Stamens with long and filiform filaments and short anthers. Ovary
with long filiform stipe: style long and filiform, soon indurated. Carpels divaricate and
oblate-obovate, in fruit coriaceous, reticulated, filled by the solitary seed, tardily falling
away from the oval pertuse replum, the scar with thickish border and small open centre.
Flowers racemose.
7. OXYSTYLIS. Stamens little surpassing the petals. Ovary with short and stout stipe:
style very long, subulate, and with the solid placental base soon indurated and spinescent.
Carpels comparatively small, obovate; in fruit smooth, thin and soft, conformed to the obo-
yate conduplicate seed, the testa of which is cartilaginous. Flowers densely glomerate.
Tribe Il. CAPPAREZ. Fruit indehiscent, more or less fleshy or baccate. Shrubs
or trees.
8. ATAMISQUEA. Sepals dissimilar; two outer concave, valvate in the bud; two inner
much smaller, spatulate. Petals 4, unequal, small. Torus cyathiform and oblique, dentate,
bearing about 9 unequal stamens, of which three or four are reduced to staminodia. Ovary
long-stipitate, ovoid, one-celled, with 4 parietal pluriovulate placentz and a subsessile
stigma. Fruit globular, fleshy, lepidote-canescent, 1-2-seeded. Cotyledons plicate-convolute.
9. CAPPARIS. Sepals 4. Petals 4. Stamens numerous, on a short torus: filaments
filiform or, capillary. Ovary long-stipitate, one-celled with 2 parietal placentz in our
species, or spuriously 2-celled: stigma sessile. Fruit many-seeded, baccate, or sometimes
becoming dry and bursting irregularly. Embryo convolute: cotyledons foliaceous.
1. ISOMERIS, Nutt. (Formed of icos, equal, pepés, part, perhaps in allu-
sion to the equality of the stamens.) — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 124; Hook,
Bot. Mag. t. 3842; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 106. — Single species.
I. arborea, Nutr. 1. c. Low and stout or sometimes taller and arborescent shrub, with
hard yellow wood, ill-scented, puberulent: leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets cblong to lanceolate,
about the length of the petiole, entire, mucronate: flowers in terminal bracteate raceme:
most of the bracts simple or unifoliolate: petals yellow: capsule inch or two long, long-
stipitate.1— Dry ground, 8. California, from Santa Barbara to the Mexican border and the
Colorado Desert; first coll. by Th. Coulter ; fl. summer.
Var.* globdsa, Covittz. Young stems not glaucous as in-the type: capsules short
and thick, subglobose, truncate or nearly so.— Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vii. 73, & Contrib.
U.S. Nat. Herb. iv. 67, t. 4.—Near Caliente, Kern Co., Calif., Coville. Said to intergrade
freely with the longer-fruited form.
2. CRISTATELLA, Nutt. (A kind of diminutive of crista, a crest, prob-
ably in allusion to the fringe-toothed petals.) —'Two very similar species of
erect and branching annuals, leafy, puberulent and viscid; with petiolate pal-
mately 3-foliolate leaves, linear leaflets, and small slender-pedicelled racemosely
disposed flowers in the axils of upper leaves, some of which are reduced to bracts :
petals white, cream-color, or yellowish, and stamens purplish. — Jour. Acad.
Philad. vi. 85, t.9; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 123; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 177, t. 77.
Cyrbasium, Endl. Gen. 891.
C. erosa, Nort. 1.c.86. A foot or two high: petals very unequal; blade of the larger com-
monly 3 lines long, and with claw almost equalling the deeply dissected smaller ones: fila-
ments elongated, at first declined: capsules inch or two long, on stipe of about twice the
length of the marcescent gland: seeds smoothish. — Cyrbasium erosum, Endl. in Walp. Rep.
1 Add syn. Cleome arborea, Greene, Pittonia, i. 200.
182 CAPPARIDACES. Cristatella.
i. 196. —Sandbanks, &c., S. W. Arkansas and Texas; first coll. by Nuttall. (Here Drum-
mond’s Texan plant, which was referred to the next.)
C. Jamésii, Torr. & Gray, lc. 124. Flowers one half smaller: petals less unequal, larger,
barely a line and a half long: stamens 6 to 9, rarely declined, little longer than the petals :
capsules inch or less long, with stipe seldom much exceeding the gland. — Gray, Pl. Fendl.
10, & Gen. Ill. i. 178. Cyrbasium Jamesii, Endl. in Walp. 1. ¢c.— Sandbanks, 8S. Kansas
to W. Louisiana and Texas; first coll. by James.
3. POLANISIA, Raf. (Contraction of roAvs, many, and dvicos, unequal,
referring to the stamens.) — Mostly glandular and viscid heavy-scented annuals ;
with palmately 3—5-foliolate leaves, uppermost reduced to bracts of the racemose
flowers; fl. in summer. — Am. Monthly Mag. 1818, 267, Am. Jour. Sci. i. 378,
& Jour. Phys. lxxxix. 98 (1819); DC. Prodr. i. 242; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 122;
Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 181, t. 79.1 Jacksonia, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 352.
P. viscésa, DC., of the East Indies, one of the ambiguous members of this genus, with
hardly any claws to the (yellow) petals, and short stamens, is an occasional ballast-weed at
eastern ports. The genuine members of the genus are N. American and Mexican.
* Leaflets and capsules linear: habit of Cristatella: flowers white.
P. tenuifélia, Torr. & Gray. Slender, freely branching, viscidulous-puberulent, but the
(3) filiform-linear leaflets nearly smooth and glabrous: petals short-unguiculate, oval or
ovate, unequal, larger 2 lines long, about the length of the 9 to 11 unequal stamens: capsule
2 inches long, terete, minutely but strongly reticulated, short-stipitate: seeds smooth. — FI.
i. 123. — Sandhills bordering the ocean, Georgia? (Le Conte) and E. Florida, Rugel, Palmer,
Garber, Curtiss. g
* * Leaflets 3, oblong-lanceolate to obovate: upper bracts of simple small leaves: capsules
turgid, lanceolate-oblong: petals white or cream-color, sometimes changing to pink,
slender-unguiculate, emarginate: filaments 12 to 24, purple.
P. gravéolens, Rar. Raceme leafy or short: petals 2 or 3 lines long, little surpassed by
the stamens: style only half the length of the ovary: capsule contracted at base into a
short stipe: seeds smooth or nearly so. — Am. Jour. Sci. i. 379, Jour. Phys. 1. ¢., & Med.
Bot. ii. 61, f. 74; Deless. Ic. Sel. iii. t. 6; Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1.123. Cleome dodecandra,
Michx. FI. ii. 32; Bart. Fl. N. A. i. 83, t. 22; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 254; not L. C-. viscosa,
Spreng. Syst. ii. 125, partly. C. graveolens, Schult. Syst. vii. 45. — Gravelly shores, &c., Lake
Champlain, the St. Lawrence at Montreal, and New York to Minnesota, southward to
- Missouri and Chesapeake Bay, acc. to Porter.
P. trachyspérma, Torr. & Gray. Mostly larger: petals 4 or 5 lines long: capillary
purple filaments at length 5 or 6 lines long: style as long as the ovary or longer: capsule
contracted more or less at base but not stipitate: seeds at maturity usually but not always
roughish or verrucose. — Fl. i. 669; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 10, & Gen. Ill. i. 182, t. 79; Brew. &
Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 51. P. uniglandulosa, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 67, & Bot. Mex. Bound.
35; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 34; not Cav.— Gravelly and sandy banks, &c., Texas to Iowa and
north to Manitoba, west to Arizona, Oregon, and interior of Brit. Columbia. (Adj. Mex.,
where sometimes petals become pink.) One extreme nearly passes into preceding, the other
approaches the next. Becoming naturalized eastward.
P. uniglanduldsa, DC. Petals (with their filiform claws) over half inch long: capillary
filaments 14 to 2 inches long: style long and capillary: capsule commonly 3 or 4 inches
long, comparatively narrow, short-stipitate; valves with midnerve extending well toward
the summit; seeds smooth. — Prodr. i. 242; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 10; Wats. 1.¢. Cleome
uniglandulosa, Cav. Ie. iv. 3, t. 306. — On the Mexican border near El Paso, Wright. (Mex.)
1 Baron F. von Mueller and the Kew botanists have recently advocated uniting this genus with
Cleome, from which, when extended to include foreign species, it is not separable upon very satisfac-
tory or constant characters.
Glan CAPPARIDACE. 7 183
A, CLEOME, L. (Name, of unexplained derivation, used in the fourth
century for some mustard-like plant, taken up by Linnzus for this genus which
Tournefort called Sinapistrum.) — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, Hort. Cliff. 341, & Gen. no.
550; R. Br., &e. Cleome, Gynandropsis, & Peritoma, DC. Prodr. i. 237, 238.
— Largely tropical or subtropical, ours all annuals.
§ 1. Gynanpropsis, Schult. Torus enlarged at base, not appendaged, pro-
longed from the centre into a more or less stalk-like column which bears the
stamens on its summit, and then into a filiform stipe of the ovary: capsule linear:
petals slender-unguiculate. — Syst. vii. 23. Gynandropsis, DC. 1. c. 2387; Gray,
Gen. Ill.i. t. 78. Cleome § Gymnogonia & § Gynandropsis, R. Br. in Denh. &
Clapp. App. 220-223.
C. rentaruYyiia, L. Viscid-pubescent, or leaves glabrate: leaflets 3 to 7, mostly 5, obovate:
flower-buds not closed, the petals and stamens growing largely after the calyx is open:
petals white or tinged with rose, quarter to half inch long: staminiferous portion of the
torus a filiform column, of nearly the length of the petals, as long as the pedicel, and about
the length of the stipe of the (at first glandular-hispidulous) capsule: seeds roughened. —
Spec. ed. 2; ii. 938 (gynandra in ed. 1); Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1681; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 15.
C. heptaphylla, Audubon, Birds of Am. t. 379, not L. Gynandropsis pentaphylla, DC.
Prodr. i. 238 (with G. triphylla & G. palmipes); Gray, Gen. Ill.i.t. 78. G. palmipes, Deless.
Te. Sel. iii. t. 1. — Sparingly introduced into waste grounds, Georgia to Louisiana; fl. sum-
mer, (Nat. from Trop. Am., but originally of Old World.)
§ 2. Evciréme. Torus little or not at all columnar below the stamens, but
commonly thickened, and bearing a glandular projection behind the ovary: this
in all ours raised on a slender stipe or carpophore. — Cleome, Benth. & Hook.,
Eichler, &c.
* Large-flowered, introduced from Tropical America, escaped from cultivation. Habit of
C. (Gynandropsis) speciosa, HBK.
C. spinosa, Jacq. Viscid-pubescent, strong-scented, 3 or 4 feet high: a pair of stipular
short spines under the petiole of most leaves (in the tropics not rarely some little prickles
on the petiole also): leaflets 5 to 7, oblong-lanceolate; bracts mostly simple: flowers rose-
purple varying to white: petals commonly an inch and stamens 2 or 3 inches, and stipe of
the linear capsule about 2 inches in length: style hardly any. — (Mill. %) Jacq. Enum.
Pl. Carib. 26; L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 939; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1640. C. pungens, Willd. Hort.
Berol. t. 18; Chapm. Fl. 32.— Waste ground, N. Carolina to Louisiana, and in ballast
ground northward; or occasionally escaped from gardens. (Nat. from Trop. Am.)
* * Comparatively small-flowered, indigenous: petals indistinctly if at all unguiculate.
+— Calyx 4-cleft, tardily deciduous, mostly by circumcision at base: capsule 10-30-seeded :
leaves petioled. — Atalanta, Nutt. Gen. ii. 73, not Corr. Peritoma, DC. Prodr. i. 237;
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii, 14.
C. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray. Glabrous, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves 3-foliolate; leaflets
from lanceolate to oboyate-oblong, entire, rarely with a few denticulations: bracts mainly
simple, oblong-lanceolate to linear: raceme dense: petals 3-toothed, rose-color (rarely white) :
appendage to torus conspicuous, flat: stipe about the length of the pedicel, shorter than the
pendulous capsule; this sometimes linear, terete and torulose, over 2 inches long, sometimes
variously shorter, elongated-oblong, compressed: seeds mostly numerous, smooth. — FI. i.
122; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 404. C. serrulata, Pursh, Fl. ii. 441; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 121,a false and misleading name. C. (Atalanta) serrulata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 73; the
leaflets are not even “obsoletely subserrulate.” C. triphylla, James in Long Exp., not L.
Peritoma serrulatum, DC. 1. ¢. P. integrifolia, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 14. — Along
streams in saline soil, on the plains, Saskatchewan and Dakota to Colorado and New Mexico,
west to borders of Oregon, Nevada, and W. Arizona. Becoming naturalized in Mississippi
Valley.
184 CAPPARIDACE. Cleome.
C. lutea, Hoox. Glabrous, a span to 2 feet high: leaves 3-7-foliolate: leaflets from linear-
lanceolate to oblong, entire: bracts simple, mostly slender-mucronate: raceme in flower
dense: petals golden yellow: appendage to torus a short and thick gland: stipe shorter
than or about the length of the pedicel, equalling or shorter than the oblong to nearly linear
(half inch to inch and a half long) capsule: seeds 6 to 20, smooth or in age tuberculate. —
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 70, t. 25; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvii. t. 67; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 51.
C. lutea & C. aurea (Nutt.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 122; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 32. Peritoma
aurea, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 15.— Along streams, N. Wyoming and Idaho to
Oregon and W. Nevada, south to Colorado ;? first coll. by Douglas.
+ + Sepals distinct to base, deciduous.
C. platycarpa, Torr. A foot or two high, villous-pubescent and somewhat viscid: leaves
long-petioled: leaflets 3, petiolulate, oval and oblong: bracts simple: raceme in flower
dense: petals golden yellow: ovary in some flowers abortive: sepals slender-subulate: gland
of torus obsolete: style short and slender: stipe equalling or shorter than the turgid oval
8-12-seeded capsule.— Bot. Wilkes Exped. 235, t. 2; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 51.
— Alkaline soil, Oregon to N. California and W. Nevada; first coll. by Pickering &
Brackenridge.
C. sparsifdlia, Watson. Glabrous, a span or two high, diffusely branched: leaves
minutely stipulate, 3-foliolate or upper simple (in original specimens small and scanty, in
better ones slender-petioled): leaflets rather fleshy, spatulate or oblong-linear, 3 to 5 lines
long: flowers few and sparse in the raceme, with linear petiolate bracts, short-pedicelled :
sepals ovate: petals 3 or 4 lines long, yellow with tinge of green, spatulate, at length narrow
and undulate, appendaged at base within by an adnate broad and inflexed nectariferous
scale: stamens not longer than the petals: torus globular, with truncate summit obtusely
4-toothed outside the stamens and no gland within: stipe barely 2 lines long: capsule linear,
three fourths to one and one half inches long, 8-10-seeded. — Bot. King Exp. 32, t. 5.2—
W. Nevada, in the Carson Desert, Watson. In sand at Rhodes, with good flowers and
foliage, Shockley.3
'C. Sonoree, Gray. Glabrous, erect, a foot or two high: leaves short-petioled and upper
almost sessile: leaflets 3, very narrowly linear as also- the simple similar bracts: raceme
loose: petals white and rose-color, spatulate, 2 lines long: capsule cylindraceous, torulose,
6-8-seeded, pendulous on a usually shorter stipe from the much longer and spreading filiform
pedicel: seeds smooth. —PI. Wright. ii. 16; Rothrock in Wheeler, Rep. vi. 67.— Saline
soil, 8. Arizona, Wright, Thurber. 8. W. Colorado in San Luis Valley, Rothrock.
5. CLEOMELLA, DC. (Diminutive of Cleome.) — South-central N.
American and adjacent Mexican annuals, with trifoliolate leaves but sometimes
simple bracts, small yellow flowers, and more or less stipitate odd-shaped capsules.
Leaves except in one species petiolate and leaflets short-petiolulate. — Prodr. i.
237; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 173, t. 75; Torr. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 11.
% Smooth and glabrous: no stipules: flowers racemose: capsules porrect on conspicuous
pedicel and stipe.
+ Leaflets obovate or oblong, obtuse or retuse, barely mucronulate: seeds smooth, not
tapering at base.
C. Mexichna, DC. 1. ¢., Mocino & Sessé, Ic. (Calques, t. 19 & xxxi), of Mexico, is low and
diffuse; with small leaves, those subtending the flowers similar to the lower and little shorter
than the pedicels; and stipe shorter than the very oblate capsule, the divaricate valves at
maturity oblong-conical.
C. longipes, Torr. Erect, a foot or two high, rather robust, with naked and ample
racemes: leaflets oblong or spatulate-obovate, inch or less long: bracts mostly simple and
1 A fragmentary and dubious specimen comes from Nebraska, Wilcox; species also reported from
N. Arizona, by M. E. Jones, Zoe, ii. 236.
2 Add Jones, Bull. Torr. Club, x. 33.
3 Also collected by Coville & Funston about Keeler, Calif., where it is said to be abundant; see
Coville, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. iv. 66.
Clesimeltas: CAPPARIDACE. 185
small: filaments exserted: style distinct: stipe in fruit half or three fourths inch long, very
slender, usually longer than the pedicel: valves of the capsule obliquely conical. — Torr. in
Hook. Jour. Bot. & Kew Mise. ii. 255, & in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 11; Wats. Bot. King Exp.
33; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 52, the var. grandiflora every way larger than the original
Mexican specimens, but fully connected.— W. Texas to Nevada and adjacent border of
California and Arizona, Wright, Anderson, Watson, &c. (North Mexico, Berlandier, Gregg.)
+ + Leaflets and simple bracts linear or the wider linear-lanceolate.
++ Stamens more or less prominently exserted: stipe of capsule elongated.
C. angustifolia, Torr. Erect, a foot or two high, with rather dense flowering racemes:
leaflets mostly inch and a half long, 2 to 4 lines wide, acutely or acuminately mucronate :
petals over 2 lines long: style hardly any: stipe shorter than the slender pedicel, longer
than the rhomboidal capsule, the valves of which are obtusely conical or helmet-shaped,
sometimes in age more extended and horn-shaped: seeds tapering at base, rugulose at
maturity. — Torr. ]. c. 12, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 35; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxili. 404,
& Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 58, as C. tenuifolia. C. Mexicana, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii.
167; Hook. Ic. t. 28; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 121; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. t. 75; not DC.— Plains
of Arkansas or Kansas and Texas; first coll. by James.
C. plocaspérma, Warson. Diffuse, a span or two high, with rather open racemes: leaf-
lets and bracts quarter to half inch long, obtuse, barely mucronulate: petals hardly 2 lines
long: style conspicuous: stipe and pedicel each about a quarter inch long, twice or thrice
the length of the broadly rhomboid capsule, the valves of which are helmet-shaped: seeds
tapering at base, smooth or nearly so. — Bot. King Exp. 33; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 52.
—Saline soil, Nevada, Watson, Burgess, Brandegee.
C. odcarpa, Gray. Erect, often diffusely branched, a span to a foot high: leaflets linear,
obtuse, inch or less long: bracts similar but smaller and setaceous-mucronate: petals 3 lines
long: style conspicuous: stipe and pedicel of about equal length (quarter to half inch) :
capsule small, not over 2 lines long, ovate, only obscurely rhomboidal, the valves only
moderately navicular: seeds smooth and shining, of broadly obovate outline, not produced
at base. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 72; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i, 52.—Saline plains of
S. W. Colorado and Nevada, and on the Mohave Desert in California, Brandegee, Torrey,
Parish, &e.
++ ++ Stamens not longer than the barely line long petals: stipe short. (Perhaps cleistog-
amous.)
C. parviflora, Gray. Slender, a span to a foot high, at length diffuse: leaflets and bracts
narrowly linear, the larger inch long: racemes loose: pedicels filiform, half inch to inch long
in fruit: style very short or obsolete: capsule obovate, barely 2 lines long; valves gibbous-
navicular: seeds smooth, not attenuate at base.— Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 520; Wats. 1. c.—
Mohave Desert, California (first coll. by Cooper), to N. W. Nevada, where first coll. by
Anderson.
* * Smooth and glabrous: no stipules: flowers very small, short-pedicelled in the axils of
nearly all the subsessile leaves: very short capsule deflexed.
C. brévipes, Warson. A span or two high, diffusely branched and flowering from the
base: leaves thickish, at most half inch long, mainly 3-foliolate and the subsessile leaflets
linear-spatulate, but the upper of similar simple leaves: flowers barely a line long, on
pedicels of hardly greater length: petals roundish, apparently whitish: stamens minute:
style very short: capsule a line or two long, on a stipe not longer than the minute calyx,
globose-ovate, 2-4-seeded, pendulous by the recurvation either of the minute stipe or of the
pedicel. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 365.— Mohave Desert, S. E. California, at Camp Cady
(where also is found the preceding), Parish.
* * * Pubescent or hirsute: tufts of deciduous bristles for stipules: slender-stipitate cap-
sule deflexed.
1 Subsequently collected near Keeler, Inyo Co., Calif., by Coville & Funston (see Contrib. U.S.
Nat. Herb. iv. 67), whose specimens show the capsule to be broadly deltoid in outline, 14 lines long
by 24 lines in breadth. The species has also been reported from Newberry Sta., Calif. (see Zoe
iv. 414).
186 CAPPARIDACE. Cleomella.
C. obtusifélia, Torr. & Frém. Diffuse and procumbent: stems a span to a foot long,
leafy throughout: leaves rather long-petioled and the three obovate rather succulent leaflets
short-petiolulate, some of the upper simple and rather smaller: petals 2 or 3 lines long, spatu-
late: stamens exserted: style filiform, longer or even twice longer than the ovary: stipe of
the fruit a quarter or third inch long, about as long as the ascending pedicel and at length
deflexed upon it: ovary rhomboid-globose: mature capsule birostrate, the valves broadly
conical and produced mostly into a long and narrow beak: seeds smooth. — Frémont, Rep.
311, & in Gray, Pl. Wright. i.12; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 329; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif. i. 52, & ii. 433. — Saline soil, S. E. California, on and near the Mohave Desert, and
adjacent Arizona;1 first coll. by Frémont. Varies from glabrate and ovary smooth to hir-
sute and the capsule also hirsute.
Species not seen and of doubtful affinity.
C.* Palmerana, M. E. Jones. Erect glabrous annual, 2 to 10 inches high, branched from
base: leaflets 3, oblong-elliptical, obtuse, mucronate; petiole an inch or less long: lower
bracts leaf-like and petiolate; the upper subulate, attenuate to hairs and tufted at base:
pedicels 3 to 4 lines long, reflexed in fruit: petals 2 lines long, oblong-lanceolate, obtuse,
veiny, orange: stamens slightly exceeding the petals: stipe a line long: fruit subtruncate
at apex, triangular, 4 to 5 lines wide, 2 to 24 lines high; style half line long: seeds ovate,
spotted, smooth. — Zoe, ii. 236. — Green River, Utah, Jones, 9 May, 1890. Description con-
densed from the original character.
6. WISLIZENIA, Engelm. (Dr. Adolphus Wislizenus, the first collector,
after Coulter, of the original species.) — Erect and branching annuals (of the
Arizona-Mexican plateau), glabrous or nearly so and not glandular, usually with
some minute and fugacious bristles for stipules, and densely racemose small
yellow flowers: filiform stipe in fruit refracted on the pedicel. — Bot. App. to
Wisliz. Mem. of Tour to Northern Mexico, 99; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 11, t. 2,
& Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 622. — Two species.
W.refracta, Encetm.1.c. Leaves all 3-foliolate ; leaflets oblong to obovate: bracts mostly
very small or obsolete: stipe of fruit quarter inch long, about the length of the pedicel, not
much longer than the persistent style and replum: nucumentaceous mature carpels a line
long, lightly reticulated and slightly tuberculate at the end. — Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 12. —
S. New Mexico, Arizona, and S. California; first coll. by Th. Coulter (mentioned in Pl.
Wright. 1. ¢. as Cleomella Coulteri, Harvey), then by Wislizenus, Thurber, Wright, &e.
Recently coll. on the San Joaquin River, Parry, Congdon, probably immigrant.? (Adj. Mex.)
W. Palmeri, Gray. Leaves so far as known all simple,? linear or subspatulate, subsessile :
racemes looser: nucumentaceous carpels 2 lines long, obovate-oblong, with truncate summit
bordered by a row of erect tubercles, and sides striate-nervose.— Proc. Am. Acad. 1. ¢. ;
Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 52. — Near the mouth of the Colorado, Arizona and California,
Palmer.
7. OXYSTYLIS, Torr. & Frém. (O&vs, sharp, orvAis, column or style.) —
Frémont, Rep. 812. — A single little known plant.
O. lutea, Torr. & Frém. 1. ¢. 313. Nearly glabrous winter annual: stem robust, erect, a
foot or more high, but flowering from the base: leaves trifoliolate, long-petioled ; leaflets
oval, petiolulate, inch or more long, rather succulent: flowers in a capituliform sessile
glomerule in the axil of each leaf: petals supposed to be yellow: carpels in fruit little over
a line long, apparently long persistent on the partly excavated but imperforate indurated
axis or base of the spiniform (quarter inch long) style, at length separating by a perforate
1 Also extending to the Sacramento Valley, see Coville, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. iv. 67.
2 Now extending to Central California.
8 A form with typical fruit of this species, but with slender-petioled mostly 3-foliolate leaves, has
been collected at Guaymas, Mex., Palmer (see Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xxiv. 39).
Capparis. RESEDACEZ. 187
scar as in Wislizenia, the pericarp in time decaying away from the more indurated seed. —
_ Desert of the borders of S. E. California and 8. W. Nevada, on the Amagoza River, F’rémont,
April 28.
8. ATAMISQUEA, Miers. (A Chilian name.) — Trav. Chil. ii. 529, &
Trans. Linn. Soc. xxi. 1, t. 1.— Single geographically dissevered species.
A. emargindta, Mrers, 1. c. Shrub or small tree, lepidote-canescent, with spinescent
spreading branches: leaves short-petioled, entire, linear or oblong-linear, retuse, inch or so
long: flowers solitary in the axils or terminating branchlets: peduncle about the length of
the calyx: fruit over quarter inch long.— Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 50; Wats. Proc.
Am. Acad. xx. 354.1— Arid district, N. W. Sonora, Mexico, not far from the U.S. boun-
dary, Th. Coulter, Pringle, Brandegee. (Lower Calif., Mendoza, Chili.)
9. CAPPARIS, Tourn. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of the Caper-
plant, C. spinosa.) — Large and diversified tropical genus, simple-leaved shrubs
or trees, of which two W. Indian (unarmed) species have extended to Florida. —
Tnst. 261, t. 1389; L. Gen. no. 437.
C. Jamaicénsis, Jace. Shrub or shrubby tree, with minutely lepidote and yellowish herb-
age: leayes soon smooth and shining above, coriaceous, elliptical, retuse: flowers corymbose,
white or whitish: sepals equal and valvate: stamens 20 to 30, inch and a half long: fruit
siliquiform, coriaceous, a span to a foot long, torose, lepidote-canescent. — Enum. Pl. Carib.
23, & Stirp. Am. 160, t. 101; Hichl. Fl. Bras. xiii. pt. 1, 270, t. 64, f.2; Chapm. Fl. 32.2
C. emarginata, A. Rich. Fl. Cub. 78, t. 9. C. cynophallophora, L. Spec. ed. 1,i.504. C. Brey-
nia, & C. siliquosa (excl. syn.), L. Spec. ed. 2, i. 721. Breynia arborescens, &c., P. Browne,
Jam. 246.— Thickets, Key West, and probably on the mainland, 8. Florida. (W. Ind. to
Brazil.)
C. eynophalléphora, L. Smooth and glabrous shrub, with long and spreading branches :
leaves coriaceous, shining above, veiny, from elongated-oblong to broadly oval, retuse, com-
monly a gland in the axil: peduncles few-flowered: sepals imbricated: stamens nearly 2
inches long: fruit a span or so in length, linear, but thickish and knobby, more fleshy,
usually about twice the length of the stipe. — Spec. ed. 2, 1.721; Jacq. 1.c. 158, t.98; Griseb.
Fl. W. Ind. 18; Chapm.1.c.; Hichl. 1. c. 282, t. 63. Breynia fruticosa, &c., P. Browne, Jam.
246, t. 27. Cynophallophorus, &c., Pluk. Alm, 126, t. 172, £. 4.— Low thickets, Key West
and Indian River, S. Florida. ‘Trop. Am.)
OrpDER XII. RESEDACEZ.
By A. Gray.
Herbs with watery and bland juice, alternate leaves, hermaphrodite irregular
and mostly unsymmetrical flowers in terminal racemes or spikes, open in the bud ;
stamens always more numerous than the petals; carpels 2 to 6, usually united
below into a one-celled ovary with parietal placentze bearing several or numerous
campylotropous or amphitropous ovules, which become reniform seeds filled by
the incumbently coiled or arcuate embryo. Stipules none or gland-like. Calyx
herbaceous, more or less irregular, of 4 to 7 or rarely 8 sepals. Petals 2 to 6,
usually laciniate or dentate. Stamens 3 to 40, borne on the base of the calyx or
on a dilated nectariferous and oblique disk, declined or unilateral. At least the
tips of the carpels distinct, not produced into evident styles, introrsely stigmatose.
1 Add Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, ii. 128.
2 Add Sargent, Silva, i. 33, t. 19.
188 RESEDACEZ. Reseda.
Fruit mostly capsular, but not splitting into valves. Seed-coat crustaceous. —
Natives of the Old World: several naturalized [and one doubtfully indigenous]
in the New.
1. RESEDA. Sepals and petals 4 to 8, unequal; the latter unguiculate, 2-many-cleft, and
the claws of some or all of them dilated and internally appendaged at base. Stamens 10 to
40, inserted on a concave posteriorly dilated torus or disk. Ovary of 3 to 6 carpels united
to near the tips, forming a 3-6-beaked capsule, which dehisces only at the beaks.
2. OLIGOMERIS. Sepals 4, or 2 to 5. Petals 2, posterior, without claws or appendages,
entire or repandly 2-3-toothed at apex. No dilated torus or disk. Stamens 3 to 10. Ovary
and capsule of Reseda.
1. RESEDA, Tourn. (Old Latin name, from resedo, to assuage.) — Inst.
423, t. 238; L. Gen. no. 447; Muell. Arg. Monogr. Resed. 96; DC. Prodr. xvi.
555.— A genus of about 50 Old World species.
R. oporAra, L., a N. African species is the MigNonEerTe of the gardens.
R. Puyteta, L., which, like the Mignonette, has foliaceous persistent sepals, occurs In
Philadelphia and New York ballast grounds.
R, Luréoua, L. (YELLOw-weep, Dyer’s Rocket, Dyrer’s Weep.) — A tall strict biennial
glabrous, leafy : leaves entire or with undulate-crisped margins, lanceolate to linear: flowers
_ very numerous in a long spike, yellow or yellowish, minutely bracteate: sepals and petals 4;
the former: persistent ; latter few-lobed: stamens 25, with long-persistent filaments: capsule
broader than high, somewhat torose, 3-lobed, 3-pointed; seeds smooth and shining. — Spec.
i. 448. — Sparingly established along roadsides in N. Atlantic States and California; fl.
summer. (Nat. from Eu.)
R. wtrea, L. Rather low biennial, less leafy: leaves irregularly pinnately parted or bipin-
natifid, with few linear obtuse lobes: flowers in a close raceme, pale yellow: sepals and
petals 6, very unequal: stamens 16 to 20: capsule clavate-oblong, 3-pointed: seeds black. —
Spee. i. 449. — Nantucket, Mass., and in ballast grounds. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.)
R.* Avsa, L.1 Tall and rather coarse: leaves pinnatifid with numerous oblong segments,
somewhat glaucous: flowers greenish white: petals 5 or 6, all trifid: stamens 12 to 15.—
Spec. i. 449. — Waste places and roadsides in a few localities, extending across the continent
but scarcely established. (Ady. from Eu.)
2. OLIGOMERIS, Camb. (OdAtyos, few, pepis, member, i. e. a reduced
Reseda.) — Low and glaucous, chiefly annuals (Indo-African), with narrow linear
and entire leaves and small greenish flowers in terminal spikes.— Camb. in
Jacquemont, Voy. Ind. iv. 23, 24, t. 25; Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xvi. 584.
Oligomeris & Holopetalum (Turez.), Muell. Arg. Monogr. Resed. 213, 208.?
O.* glaucéscens, Cams? l.c. Annual or biennial, a span or two high, much branched at
base into ascending stems: leaves somewhat fleshy: petals oblong, obscurely lobed (some-
times united), occupying with the three stamens the posterior side of the flower: capsule
depressed-globose, 4-lobed, 4-cuspidate; seeds smooth. — Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 16; Hook. f.
Fl. Br't. Ind. i. 181. ‘0. dispersa, Muell. Arg. Monogr. Resed. 214. O. subulata, Webb,
Frag. Athiop. 26; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. 435; Muell. Arg. in DC. Prodr. xvi. 587; Brew. &
Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 53. Reseda subulata, Delile, Fl Mgypt. Ill. 15 (1813). R. linifolia,
Vahl in Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 501 (1815). 2. dipetala, Spreng. Syst. ii. 463. Resedella
subulata & R. dipetala, Webb & Berth. Phyt. Canar. i. 107, t. U1. Ellimia ruderalis, Nutt. in
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 125 (& 669).— Dry grounds, 8. California to New Mexico.t (Adj.
Mex., Lower Calif., N. Afr., Asia.)
1 In Dr. Gray’s ms. only mentioned as a ballast-weed.
2 Add syn. Dipetalia, Raf. Fl. Tellur. iii. 73.
3 Dr. Gray regarded this plant as introduced in America, but subsequent observations show it to
probably indigenous ; see Parish, Zoe, i. 301.
4 Eastward to El Paso, Tex., Jones. Add syn. Dipetalia subulata, Kuntze, Rev. Gen. i. 39 ;
Coville, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. iv. 68.
b
oO
Helianthemum. CISTACEZ, 189
ORDER XIII. CISTACEA.
By A. Gray; the genus Lechea revised by B. L. Rogpryson.
Shrubby or nearly herbaceous plants; with regular and prevailingly polyan-
- drous 5-merous or 3-merous flowers, hypogynous, the one-celled ovary with 3 or 5
parietal placentz, bearing several or many orthotropous ovules, and seeds with
an embryo curved or coiled in the copious albumen. Calyx and corolla convo-
lute in the bud, usually turned opposite ways, or sometimes imbricated. Sepals
9, two wholly external, much smaller and bract-like (rather to be regarded as
bracts), persistent. Petals 5 or 3. Stamens not rarely few, sometimes def-
initely so. Style single or none: stigmas either united or separate. Capsule
loculicidally 3-5-valved. Leaves opposite or alternate, penniveined, entire,
with or without small stipules. — Largely of the Old World (and Mediterra-
nean) for species, but two of the four genera exclusively N. American, and
one genus common. Cistus, the Rock Ross, belongs chiefly to the Mediterra-
nean region.
* Petals 5, fugacious, opening in sunshine, caducous at nightfall; ovary and capsule
strictly one-celled, with 3 nerviform placent.
1. HELIANTHEMUM. Petals broad, in all well developed flowers crumpled in the bud.
Stigma capitate or cristate and 3-lobed, in ours sessile or nearly so on the ovary. Ovules
few or numerous, on long funiculi. Embryo much curved or coiled.
2. HUDSONIA. Petals not crumpled in the bud, cuneate or obovate. Stamens 9 to 30.
Style long and filiform: stigma minute. Ovary with 2 ovules to each placenta. Sepals
connivent in fruit, enclosing the 2-6-seeded capsule. Embryo uncinate-circinate. Foliage
heath-like.
* * Petals 3, persistent: placentae on incomplete dissepiments.
3. LECHEA. Petals alternate with the 3 proper sepals, not longer than they, plane in the
bud, obovate or oblong, marcescent. Stamens 3 to 12 or rarely more, when reduced to
three opposite the petals. Ovary short-stipitate: style very short or none: stigmas 3,
fimbriate-plumose. Placentz 3, broad and valve-like, each bearing a pair of erect subsessile
ovules, one on each side of the posterior face. Capsule globose and obscurely triangular,
crustaceous; valves separating from the broad placentx, which seem to be interior reversed
valves. Embryo slender, arcuate or more curved in the hard albumen.
1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. Rock Rosr, but the name properly
belongs only to Cistus. (Composed of 7Atos, the sun, and dvOepor, flower, the
blossoms opening only in direct sunshine.) — The American species are essen-
tially herbaceous or some with merely suffrutescent base, and with alternate
leaves, strictly parietal placentz, and yellow flowers, And in the first section
there is a second kind of flower, more or less diminutive and cleistogamous. —
Inst. 248, t. 128; Michx. Fl. i. 8307; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 203, t. 87.
* Atlantic species, with dimorphous flowers; viz. the normal or ephemeral, with 5 large
fugacious petals, indefinite stamens, and many-seeded capsules; and the Lecheoid,
smaller, cryptopetalous or apetalous, 8-10-androus, cleistogamous, with very few ovules
and seeds: herbage cinereous or canescent with minute and close pubescence, especially
the lower face of the leaves, the upper face glabrate and green, — Heteromeris, Spach in
Took. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 290, & Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, vi. 370.
.
190 ' CISTACEZ. Helianthemum.
H.* Canadénse, Micux.! (Frost-wEEp, so named because in this was first noticed the
shooting forth of acicular ice-crystals from the dead and cracked bark at the root in late
autumn.) Slender, with a few more or less elongated spreading flexuous branches, puberu-
lent but scarcely canescent: leaves elliptic-oblong or oblong-linear, somewhat harsh and
rigid, narrowly revolute at the margins: normal flowers large, bright yellow, usually an
inch sometimes even an inch and a quarter in diameter, the earliest borne in the primary
forks of the stem, later ones higher, becoming rather remote: capsules 3 lines in diameter:
cleistogamous flowers borne rather few in a cluster at the ends of short branches or by 2’s
and 3’s in the axils. fruiting calyx at maturity 14 to 2 lines in diameter. — FI. i. 308, as
interpreted by Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 258; Gray, Gen, II. i. 204, t. 87; Sprague &
Goodale, Wild Flowers, t. 29. % H. ramuliflorum, Michx. 1. c. 307, form with cleistogamous
flowers. — Massachusetts, on Martha’s Vineyard to the Smoky Mts., N. Carolina, Beardslee
& Kofoid, to Ft. Gratiot, Mich., Pitcher ; Illinois, Patterson, and (?) Texas, Berlandier.
H.* majus, Brirr. Sterns & PoccEens. Somewhat taller, stricter, and more canescent-
pubescent: branches short, ascending, seldom surpassing the rather close raceme of normal
flowers: corolla paler yellow and somewhat smaller: cleistogamous flowers very small in
dense many-flowered subsessile clusters: fruiting calyx about a line in diameter. — Torr.
Club, Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 6, excl. syn. Michx.; Bicknell, l.c. H. Canadense, of authors,
in part. ?@H. rosmarinifolium & H. corymbosum, Pursh, FI. ii. 364. H. Canadense, var.
Walkere, Evans, Bot. Gaz. xv. 211. Lechea major, L. Spec. ii. 90, & Ameen. Acad. iii. 11,
t. 1, f. 4. —S. Maine to New York, and westward and southwestward to the Black Hills,
S. Dakota, Forwood, Rydberg; Colorado, Mis. Walker, and Texas, Hayes; % Alabama,
Mohr.
H. capitatum, Nurr. More slender and branching: leaves linear, or spatulate-linear,
even the upper face somewhat hoary, the margins revolute: normal flowers on filiform
peduncles terminating the branches, with corolla less than half inch in diameter and calyx
minutely canescent; cryptopetalous ones capitellate-glomerate. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI.
i. 151 (as syn.), Gin Engelm. & Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 1,4, inept name. WH. polifolium, Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 151. Heteromeris polifolia, Spach, ll. cc. — Sandy soil, Texas (first coll. by
Berlandier), and Arkansas, Nuttall.
H. corymbosum, Micux. Many-stemmed from lignescent base, a span to a foot high,
canescent: leaves oval to oblong-lanceolate: flowers glomerate in a corymbiform terminal
cyme, short-pedicelled to subsessile: calyx soft-villous: normal flowers over half inch in
diameter and with sepals 3 or 4 lines long; cryptopetalous ones few. — Fl. i. 307; Torr. &
Gray, l.c.; Chapm. Fl. 35. Cistus corymbosus, Poir. Suppl. ii. 272. Heteromeris cymosa,
Spach, ll. ec. — Sands along the coast, N. Carolina to Florida.
* * S. Atlantic species with homomorphous flowers.
H. arenicola, Cuapm. Many-stemmed and diffuse from a woody base, canescent through-
out: leaves oblong-linear or the lower spatulate, obtuse, inch or less long, nearly veinless :
flowers solitary or few in a fascicle, on peduncles half or quarter inch long: corolla fully
half inch in diameter: principal sepals 3 or 4 lines long, oval, obtuse. — Fl. 35. H. Cana-
dense, var. obtusum, Wood, Classbook, ed. of 1861, 246. — Shifting sand of the coast, W.
Florida, Chapman, to Mississippi, J. Donnell Smith.
H.* Nashi, Brirron. Similar to the last in its ligneous base, its habit and pubescence:
leaves acute at both ends: flowers in leafy-bracted thyrsoid clusters: inner sepals oval, very
obtuse. — Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 147. — In “scrub,” near Eustis, Florida, G. V. Nash.
H. Carolinianum, Micux. Mostly simple-stemmed from slender merely lignescent sub-
terranean shoots, a span or two high, villous-pubescent, not hoary, few-flowered: leaves
obovate to oblong, inch or two long, radical ones rosulate-clustered: flowers terminal or
lateral, slender-peduncled: corolla inch or more in diameter: principal sepals ovate, acu-
minate, about half inch long.— Fl. i. 8307; Sweet, Cist. t. 99; Torr. & Gray, FL i. 152;
1 The description of this plant has been rewritten to exclude the following species. The credit of
the first clear distinction between these nearly related plants is due to the close observation of Mr.
E. P. Bicknell, and the names here used are those he has employed, although there is still a doubt as
to the identity of the Linnean Lechea major.
Hudsonia. CISTACER, 191
Chapm. 1. c.1 Cistus Carolinianus, Walt. Car. 152; Vent. Descr. Pl. Nouy. Jard. Cels, t. 74.
Crocanthemum Carolinianum, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, vi. 370.— Sandy pine woods, near
the coast, N. Carolina to Florida and Texas.
* * * Pacific species: flowers homomorphous.
H. scoparium, Norr. A foot or two high, suffrutescent at base, corymbosely much
branched, slender, glabrous or glabrate up to the sparse paniculate inflorescence: leaves
narrowly linear, small, often sparse and minute on the filiform branches: sepals minutely
canescent or sometimes glandular-puberulent, 3 lines long, outer usually minute: corolla
half or two thirds inch in diameter. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 152; Lindl. Jour. Hort.
Soc. v.79; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 54. Linum trisepalum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci. iii. 42, f. 10.2— Dry hills through W. California.
H.* Greénei, Rogiyson, n. sp. Base ligneous, much branched: stems 6 inches to more
than a foot in height: younger parts except the inflorescence densely white woolly: leaves
lance-linear, two thirds inch long, a line wide; margins revolute ; inflorescence a rather close
dichotomous cyme, densely covered with dark glandular hairs: calyx villous; the ovate
acuminate inner sepals 3 to 4 lines in length, half longer than the linear outer ones: petals
24 to 4 lines long: stamens about 22: fruit not seen, said to be as long as the calyx. —
H, occidentale, Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 144, not Nym. — Island of Santa Cruz, off
the Californian coast, Greene, Brandegee.
2. HUDSONIA, L. (William Hudson, author of Flora Anglica.) —
E. North American fruticulose plants, with fine heath-like foliage, i. e. leaves very
small, sessile, appressed or erect, alternate, closely imbricated on the stems and
branches, persistent: flowers small, sessile or pedunculate, terminating crowded
short branchlets, expanding in sunshine for one day only: petals yellow (about
2 lines long), as also the inner face of the three ovate principal sepals: fl. sum-
mer. — Mant. 11, & ii. 514; Willd. Hort. Berol. t. 15; Gray, Gen. Ill. i.
207, t. 90.
H. tomentdésa, Nurr. (Poverty Grass.) A foot or less high, tomentose-canescent :
leaves all appressed, subulate or uppermost broader, thickish, acutish, a line long: flowers
sessile or some short-peduncled: sepals obtuse: ovary quite glabrous. — Gen. li. 5; Sweet,
Cist. t.57; Torr. & Gray, 1.c. 155; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 80, t.9; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 208, t. 90.
H., ericoides, Richards. in Frankl. 1st Journ. ed.1, App. 739 (reprint, p. 11). — Sandy beaches
and shores, Virginia to Nova Scotia, shores of all the Great Lakes, and north to Slave
Lake, rarely (as in Lee Co., Illinois) on banks of streams inland.
H. ericoides, L. A span or two high, diffuse, cinereous with loose pubescence, glabrate in
age: leaves lax, nearly filiform, the cauline on vigorous shoots commonly 3 lines long:
peduncles filiform, as long as the flower: sepals narrow, acutish: ovary pilose or glabrous
only near the base. — Mant. 74; Berg. Stockholm Acad. Handl. xxxix. t. 1 (1778); Lam.
Il. t. 401; Willd. Hort. Berol. t.15; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 192; Sweet, Cist. t. 36; Torr.
& Gray, 1. c. 154. H. Nuttallii, Don, Syst. i. 315.—Sandy or rocky ground, Virginia
to Nova Scotia along and near the coast, extending into the interior to Conway, New
Hampshire.3
H. montana, Norr.1.c. A span high, green, minutely pubescent, only the calyx villous-
tomentose: leaves erect, nearly filiform, 2 or 3 lines long: flowers short-peduncled, com-
paratively large: sepals ovate, acuminate, sometimes 2-pointed: ovary soft-villous. — Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 155; Chapm. Fl. 36. — On the small summit of Table Mountain, N. Carolina;
first coll. by Nuttall.
1 Add Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 2, ii. 77, t. 19.
2 Add syn. ?H. Aldersonii, Greene, Erythea, i. 259. If Prof. Greene’s species is represented as
appears from character by Dr. Palmer’s no. 18 from the same region, it is with little doubt merely a
southern and more leafy form of H. scoparium, at least such was Dr. Gray’s view.
8 Also at Burlington Bay, Lake Champlain, Grout, Jones & Eggleston.
192 CISTACEX. Reena
3. LECHEA, Kalm. Prinweep. (Prof. J. Leche, of Abo.) —Perennials,
with base hardly suffrutescent, branching, and bearing numerous small purplish
flowers : leaves from alternate to irregularly verticillate, oval to linear or on the >
branchlets subulate. Flower buds seldom larger than the head of a pin, expand-
ing only in the absence of sunshine, produced in summer. Capsule in all more
or less triangular.— Kalm in L. Ameen. Acad. iii, 10, & Gen. ed. 5, no. 102;
Gertn. Fruct. t. 129; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 152. Lechea & Lechidium, Spach
in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 282,286. [Revised by B. L. Rozryson. ]
§ 1. EvticHea.! Flowers either glomerately or sparsely paniculate: pla-
cent in fruit thinnish, hardly crustaceous, fragile, free (the partitions becoming
evanescent), their sides recurving around the one or two seeds: all or most of the
species producing from the base of the flowering stem copious prostrate or barely
ascending sterile shoots, which are thickly beset with mainly opposite or verticil-
late thyme-like leaves.
* Pubescence villous and more or less spreading : leaves about half as broad as long: flow-
ers glomerate-cymulose, very short-pedicelled.
L. major, Micux. Stem erect, 2 or 3 feet high, with short lateral flowering branches, very
leafy: leaves thinnish, puncticulate, abruptly mucronate; cauline half inch to inch long,
oblong, many of them as well as the smaller ones of the radical shoots in whorls of 2 to 4:
flowers at length much crowded: capsule depressed-globose, about one sixteenth of an inch
fong, at maturity slightly exceeding the calyx, — Fl. i. 76; Poir. Suppl. iii. 340; Pursh, FI.
i. 90; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 153; Gray, Man. 49; not L., which is a Helianthemum. L. minor,
Smith in Rees, Cycl. xxi., not of L., although a specimen in herb. belongs to it. JZ. villosa,
Ell. Sk. i. 184; Nutt. Gen. i. 90.2 LZ. mucronata, Raf. Préc. Découv. 37, & (4) in Desv. Jour.
Bot. iv. 269 (1814). Probably Z. Drummondii, Spach in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 284
(elaborately described from single and very imperfect fruiting specimen, coll. Apalachicola,
Drummond), from the pubescence and thin leaves of the radical shoots; but capsule said to
be “ellipsoid.” — Dry sandy or gravelly soil, New England and adjacent Canada to Nebraska
and W. Kansas, and south to Florida and Texas.
Var. divaricata, Gray, n. var. Long-branched from near the base: flowering
branchlets sometimes divaricate: leaves oblong-lanceolate, quarter to half inch long, mostly
alternate ; stamens commonly more numerous. — LZ. divaricata, Shuttl. in distr. coll. Rugel.?
— Sandy pine woods, Florida (Manatee, &c.), Buckley, Rugel, Garber; Texas, Palmer.
(Mex., Shaffner.)
* %* Pubescence appressed: leaves narrower: flowers paniculate: capsule globose to
ellipsoid.
+ Leaves of the sterile basal shoots oval to oblong, relatively broad.
L.* minor, L. About 2 feet high, quite erect or with ascending branches, finely pubescent
but not canescent: cauline leaves oval or oblong, 3 to 4 or the larger 5 to 6 lines long,
abruptly short-petioled, mucronate, some hairy (at least the margins), some whorled or
opposite; those of the crowded panicles varying to linear: capsule obovate-globose, com-
monly surpassed by at least one of the outer sepals. —Spec. i. 90, as to one out of several
specimens, fide Britton, 1. ¢. 247. Z. thymifolia, Michx. FI. i. 77 ; Smith in Rees, Cycl. xxi.
L. Nove-Cesaree, Austin in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 81.— Dry ground, New England near the
coast to S. Carolina and even to Florida.
L.* maritima, Leccrrr. Stout and bushy, a foot or two high, canescent-tomentose :
radical shoots formed ate in the autumn, commonly ascending with thickish oblong leaves,
1 Dr. Gray’s latest views regarding this group have been largely incorporated in the sixth edition
of the Manual, and his treatment of the genus for the present work has been somewhat freely modified
in the light of Dr. Britton’s careful revision (Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 244-253) based upon the long
study and extensive collection of W. H. Leggett, Esq.
2 Add Britton, 1. c. 248. 3 Add Britton, 1. c. 249.
Lechea. CISTACE®, 193
hoary with appressed pubescence; cauline leaves puberulent or glabrous, linear to linear-
oblong, 4 to 8 lines long, ? to 14 lines broad: panicle broad, dense, pyramidal: flowers red-
dish (at least in fading) ; calyx canescent ; outer sepals nearly equalling or distinctly shorter
than the inner: capsule globose, about half line in diameter. — Leggett in Britton, Prelim.
Cat. N. J. 13, & Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 249. LZ. thymifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 91; Gray, Gen. Ill.
i. 206, t. 88. Z. minor, var. maritima, Gray, ms. Syn. Fl., & Man. ed. 6, 77.— Sandy soil
along and near the coast, Maine, Blake, Fernald, to Georgia, and (acc. to Britton) appar-
ently in White Mountains at Crawford Notch.
+— + Leaves of the sterile basal shoots relatively narrower, linear, linear-lanceolate, or
oblong-linear, the edges usually revolute: outer sepals not exceeding the inner (except in
LL. tenuifolia).
++ Fruiting calyx globular or broadly ovoid, and with the nearly globose capsule mostly
rather large for the genus.
= Inflorescence an elongated and usually narrow panicle, with short ascending branches.
L.* stricta, Leccerr. Appressed silky-pubescent and canescent: stems strict, a foot or more
in height, very leafy: leaves and short branches ascending or often appressed, almost linear,
4 to 10 lines long; those of the sterile shoots only 2 or 3 lines in length: capsule globose,
light brown, less than a line in diameter. — Leggett in Britton, 1. ¢. 251. ZL. minor, forma
stricta, Gray, ms. Syn. Fl. — Prairies of Illinois, Vasey, Bebb ; Iowa and Wisconsin (ace. to
Britton); Minnesota (acc. to E. J. Hill) and (?) to Belleville, Canada, Macoun. A well
marked inland type but more doubtful in its eastern extension. Nearly related forms from
Maine, Fernald, are probably better referred to the following.
L.* intermédia, Lecerrr. Usually about a foot and a half high, not canescent nor silky-
villous but finely strigose-pubescent : stem leaves narrowly oblong, acute or acutish at both
ends, 6 to 12 lines long, # to 14 lines broad: elongated panicle rather dense: capsule glo-
bose, a line or more in diameter, larger than in the related species. — Leggett in Britton,
lc. 252. %2Z. minor, Pursh, Fl. i.91;?% Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 72; Gray, ms. Syn. Fl., & Man.
ed. 6, 77, in part; not Linn. nor Walt. nor Lam.— Dry rocky soil, very common from New
Brunswick and Canada to Pennsylvania.
= = Inflorescence much broader, pyramidal or subcorymbose: branches slender and deli-
cate, widely spreading.
L.* Leggéttii, Brirron & Horiick. Ten inches to a foot and a half high, slender, finely
strigose pubescent or glabrate : cauline leaves linear, 5 to 10 lines long, usually acute at both
ends ; those of the sterile shoots linear to oblong-linear, 2 or 3 lines long, scarcely over half a
line wide: panicle diffuse, flowers mostly terminal and subterminal or shortly racemose at
the ends of the slender branches: capsule obovoid, three fourths line in diameter: outer
sepals shorter than or barely equalling the inner, the latter (at least in some cases) indis-
tinctly 3-nerved. — Torr. Club, Prelim. Cat. N. Y.6; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 251.
L. Leggettii, var. pulchella, Britton & Hollick, 1. c. Lamarck’s LZ. minor, placed here by
Britton, is a very poor and dubious sketch. — Dry soil, Long Island and New Jersey to Vir-
ginia and (acc. to Britton) west to Indiana. Distinguished from the following in its sepals,
taller habit, and less distinctly racemose inflorescence.
L. tenuifoélia, Micux. Low, diffuse, slender, minutely appressed-pubescent or glabrous,
or the cespitose radical shoots more pubescent: leaves all small and narrow; of the radical
shoots 2 lines long not half a line wide; cauline filiform-linear and in the diffuse racemose-
paniculate inflorescence reduced to small subulate bracts: flowers mostly very short-pedi-
celled: sepals wholly destitute of lateral ribs: capsule ovoid-globose.— Fl. i. 77; Pursh,
Fl. i. 91; Ell. Sk.i.185. JZ. minor, vars. B & y, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 154. L. thesioides,
Spach in Hook, Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 285. — Dry and sterile soil, especially in pine barrens,
E. Massachusetts to Florida, Texas, Arkansas, and Illinois.!1 (Cuba.)
++ ++ Smaller-flowered : fruiting calyx narrower: capsule ellipsoidal.
L. racemuloésa, Lam. Erect, a foot or less high, with some soft silky pubescence when
young, soon nearly glabrous except the radical shoots: leaves less rigid, broad for the
section, mucronate; those of the radical shoots hirsutely pubescent when young, narrowly
oblong, 2 or 3 lines long; cauline oblong-linear, 4 to 6 lines long, of the branchlets narrowly
1 Northwest to Wisconsin, acc. to Britton, 1. c. 250.
13
194 CISTACEZA. Lechea.
linear: inflorescence loosely racemose-paniculate, effuse ; the pedicels commonly slender and
spreading: fruiting calyx obovoid-oblong, glabrous. — Il. ii. 423, t. 281, £.3; Poir. Suppl.
iii. 340 (describing more pubescent form than usual); Michx. Fl. i. 77.— Dry and rocky
soil, Long Island, N. Y.,1 to Florida and Kentucky.
L. patula, Lecerrr. About a foot high, very copiously and effusely branched, appressed-
pubescent and glabrate: branches filiform : leaves of radical shoots not seen ; cauline linear
or lower oblong-linear, 2 or 3 lines long, of branchlets subulate : flowers racemose-paniculate,
short-pedicelled: calyx glabrate, rather shorter than the narrowly ellipsoid capsule. — Bull.
Torr. Club, vi. 251; Curtiss, distr. N. Am. Pl. 231**,— Dry pine barrens, 8. Carolina to
Florida, Ravenel, Curtiss.
L. Torréyi, Leccrerr. Erect and slender, 2 feet high, with ascending branches, cinereous-
puberulent or sparsely pubescent: leaves of radical shoots unknown ; cauline narrowly linear,
3 to 6 lines long, alternate, ascending, uppermost reduced to minute bracts of the racemi-
form branches of the loose panicles: pedicels short: calyx externally canescent, little over
half line long: immature capsules oval and triangular. — Leggett in Wats. Bibl. Index, 81.
L. racemulosa, Hook. Jour. Bot. i. 193, not Lam.— Pine barrens of Florida,2 Drummond,
Chapman, Torrey fide Leggett.
§ 2. Lecuipium, Torr. & Gray. Inflorescence at length racemiform and se-
cund (pedicels distant from the bracts): placents firm and thick, at length crus-
taceous, plane, in dehiscence bearing on their back the firm dissepiments, which’
separate from the valves: apparently no radical depressed leafy branches. — Fl.
i. 154, Lechidium, Spach in Hook. Comp. Bot. Mag. ii. 286.
L. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. A span to a foot high, with many slender stems from a
somewhat lignescent base (or root possibly lignescent-annual), cinereous-puberulent, diffusely
branched: leaves all very narrow- or filiform-linear, the larger half inch long: fructiferous
pedicels slender, spreading or decurved: calyx and enclosed capsule globose. — Fl. i. 154;
Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 206, t. 89; not Spach. Lechidiuwm Drummondii, Spach in Hook. Comp. Bot.
Mag. ii. 287, & Ann. Sci. Nat.-ser. 2, vi. 372. Linum San Sabeanum, Buckley, Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1861, 450.— Sandy woods, Texas, Berlandier, Drummond, Wright, Hall, Reverchon.
Reported from Kansas by Dr. Oyster.
OrpDER XIV. VIOLACEA.
By A. Gray.
Herbs (except in the tropics), with watery juice, somewhat acrid, alternate
(rarely opposite) and simple stipulate leaves, and axillary inflorescence. Flowers
hermaphrodite, irregular but symmetrical and 5-merous throughout, except that
the carpels of the one-celled pistil are three instead of five. Sepals nearly alike
and persistent. Petals imbricated in the bud and the lower one different from the
others. Stamens 5, with very short filaments or none, but broad connectives at
top projecting beyond the adnate-introrse two-celled connivent or connate anthers.
A single more or less club-shaped style and a single stigma. The three few—many-
ovulate placentz of the ovary parietal. Fruit a 3-valved capsule, with valves
placentiferous in the middle. Seeds rather large, firm-coated, anatropous, having
a large and straight embryo with broad and flat cotyledons nearly the length of
the fleshy albumen. Valves of the capsule in drying after dehiscence condupli-
1 Eastward to Martha’s Vineyard, acc. to Britton, 1. c. 248.
2 To South Carolina, Mellichamp, and S. Virginia, acc. to A. A. Heller, Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 23.
Viola. VIOLACER, 195
cately infolding, the gradually increasing pressure at length projecting the hard-
coated seeds. (Ours all have decidedly irregular flowers: Sauvagesiacee we
exclude.)
* Sepals produced at base beyond the insertion into auricles.
1. VIOLA. Lower petal produced at base into a nectariferous spur or deep sac; the others
of about equal length. Filaments very short or none. anthers connivent but distinct, at
most lightly coherent, the two anterior each with a dorsal appendage or spur projecting into
the sac or spur of the lower petal. Style often flexuous below, enlarged upward; stigma
various. Capsule ovoid, crustaceous or coriaceous: valves several-seeded. Seeds obovoid
or globular, smooth. Scape or peduncle 1-flowered, 2-bracteolate. Also some cleistoga-
mous flowers, more fertile than the normal.
* * Sepals not auriculate or appendaged at base: capsule, seeds, &c. nearly of Viola: style
as in most Violets club-shaped, the apex abruptly antrorse and beak-like, tipped with the
small stigma.
i)
SOLEA. Sepals linear and equal. Petals nearly equal in length, connivent almost to
tip; lower one much larger, saccate at base, emarginate at the broad apex. Stamens with
extremely short filaments and broad connectives wholly connate into an ovoid sac, open only
between the free tips, a rounded or 2-lobed scale-like gland adnate to the base anteriorly.
3. IONIDIUM. Sepals somewhat equal, or the posterior smaller. Petals very unequal ; two
upper shorter; lower longest and largest, concave or slightly saccate at base, contracted in
the middle. Stamens with distinct filaments or hardly any, the two anterior with a scale-
like gland or sometimes a spur at base; the connective broad and merely connivent.
1. VIOLA, Tourn. Viorer. (Classical Latin name, digammated form of
the Greek tov.) — Widely diffused genus, chiefly of low herbs, mostly of temper-
ate regions and the northern hemisphere; flowering in spring and early summer
(but autumnal flowers of the conspicuous sort by no means infrequent), most of
our species inodorous or faintly sweet-scented. Cleistogamous flowers, of greater
fertility, produced by most species after the normal flowering. Leaves involute
in the bud, in several caulescent species puncticulate with brownish dots at
maturity. — Inst. 419, t. 256; L. Gen. no, 679; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 185, t. 80.
§ 1. Perennials: stipules never emulating the blade of the leaf; radical or
lower ones more or less scarious: two upper petals turned backward and lateral
ones forward toward the lower or merely spreading.
* Strictly acaulescent ; the (dissected) leaves and scapes all directly from a thick and short
erect and proliferous-branched fleshy caudex, not at all stoloniferous: corolla saccate-
spurred, beardless, not yellow: gibbous-clavate style bearing a rather large antrorse-
terminal beakless stigma and beardless.
V. pedata, L. Tuberous caudex often an inch wide and not longer: glabrous or mostly
so: leaves pedately 9-12-parted, or 3-divided and the lateral divisions 3-4-parted, the lobes,
&e., from linear to spatulate, some 2-3-dentate at apex: petals half to three fourths inch
long, spatulate-obovate, light violet, or deeper, occasionally variegated, or as in all these
species varying to white, obscurely or not at all lineate toward base. — Spec. ii. 933; Curtis,
Bot. Mag. t. 89; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 153; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 69; Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
136; Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 1, i. t. 26.— Sandy soil, New England near the coast to
W. Florida, W. Louisiana, Indian Territory, and northwest to Minnesota.
Var. bicolor, Pursu. Two upper petals dark violet-purple as if velvety, in the
manner of Pansy. — Pursh, fide Raf. in DC. Prodr. i. 291; Gray, Man. ed.5,79. V. pedata,
var. atropurpurea, DC. Prodr. i. 291. V. flabellifolia, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 777, pale lateral
petals spreading. V. pedata, var. flabellata, Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 247,
figured and described as haying lateral petals recurved-ascending with the two upper!—
Sparingly with the type in the Eastern States, but abundant on shales in Maryland and
District of Columbia.
196 VIOLACE. Viola.
* * Strictly acaulescent; the leaves and scapes directly from rootstocks (or rarely from
runners): gibbous-clavate style with inflexed or truncate and beardless summit and an
antrorsely beaked or short-pointed small proper stigma.
+— Rootstocks thick and comparatively short, ascending or little creeping, never filiform or
producing runners or stolons, commonly scaly-toothed or knobby by persistent thickened
bases of petioles: corolla only saccate-spurred, blue or violet-purple with occasional
white varieties; lateral and sometimes other petals bearded toward base. Species or
forms widely different in extremes as to foliage, but running together: cleistogamous
flowers abundant and short-peduncled, close to the ground.
V. pedatifida, Don. Mostly puberulent: leaves imitating those of the preceding species,
all pedately dissected or flabellately multifid into linear divisions or lobes: flowers smaller
and more blue than in V. pedata, just as in the following. — Syst. i. 320. V. pinnata,
Richards. in Franklin Ist Journ. ed. 1, App. 734 (reprint, p. 6), not L. which has longer
and narrower spur. V. pedata, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 74, mainly (excl. syn.); Macoun, Cat.
Canad. Pl. 63. V. delphinifolia, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 136; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 78. —
Prairies, Saskatchewan to Ilinois, Colorado, and New Mexico. Occasional similar speci-
mens occur in New England. ;
V. palmata, L. From glabrous to villous-pubescent: earlier leaves roundish-cordate or
reniform and merely crenate; later ones or some of them very various, palmately or pedately
or hastately (or even subpinnately) lobed or cleft or parted, the divisions or lobes from
obovate to linear.— Spec. ii. 933 (Gronoy. Virg. 182; Pluk. Mant. 187, & Alm. t. 447,
f.9); Walt. Car. 218; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 535; Michx. FI. ii. 151 (including all the forms) ;
Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. i. 37, t. 41,42; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 137. V. cucullata, var. palmata,
Gray, Man. ed. 2,43; Willis, Cat. Pl. N.J. 8. V. ranunculifolia, Juss. in Poir. Dict. viii.
626. V. digitata, Pursh, Fl. i.171, form with much dissected leaves, answering to V. sep-
temloba, Le Conte, from whom he had it. V. heterophylla (Muhl. Cat.), palmata, congener
(triloba, Schwein.), & septemloba, Le Conte, Aun. Lye. N. Y. ii. 139-141, &e. V. edulis, Spach,
Hist. Veg. v. 508, superfluous name. — Moist or dryish ground, Nova Scotia and Canada to
Florida and Texas, in rich or wet soil disposed to produce only undivided leaves, i. e. to
become
Var. cucullata, Gray. Leaves all without division, variously rounded-cordate or
reniform, or hastate-reniform, &c., the basal sides, especially in the later and enlarging
leaves cucullate-involute. — Bot. Gaz. xi. 254. V. obliqua, Hill, Hort. Kew. 316, t. 12; Ait.
Kew. iii. 288 (pale-flowered form); not Pursh. V. cucullata, Ait. 1. c.; Sims, Bot. Mag.
t. 1795; Don in Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 298; & of authors generally. V. sororia,
Willd. Enum. 263, & Hort. Berol. t. 72; Reichenb. 1. c. 39, t. 44, £. 94. V. papilionacea,
Pursh, Fl. i. 173. V. asarifolia, Pursh, FI. ii. 732, late and large-leaved state. V. cordata
& V. villosa Walt. 1. c. 219 (V. cordifolia, Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 62, and V. villosa,
var. cordifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 148) are mainly vernal forms of drier or more sterile ground,
and apt later to produce lobed leaves. V. affinis, & V. congener, Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v.
138, 140. V. cucullata, affinis, & asarifolia, Le Conte, 1. c. 187-141. V. cucullata, vay.
striata, Willis, 1. c.,a form with pale petals and darker stripes. White or variegated flowers
not uncommon. — Same range, and extending to mountains westward, from Brit. Columbia
to Arizona. Most polymorphous; any of the forms may present some lobed or cleft leaves ;
but these are common in sterile soil.
V. sagittata, Arr. From villous to glabrous: leaves from oblong-ovate or cordate-oblong
to lanceolate, often with hastate (rather than sagittate) or subcuneate base; earlier with
short and margined petioles and crenulate or almost entire; later longer-petioled and
often hastately laciniate-lobulate at base: flowers comparatively large and bright violet-blue.
1 These forms appear sufficiently noteworthy to receive varietal distinction as follows: Var.
VILLOsA, Robinson, n. var. Leaves smaller, prostrate or nearly so, neither cucullate nor (with rare
exceptions) lobed, either villous-pubescent and somewhat silvery (V. villosa, Walt.) or green and
nearly glabrous (V. cordata, Walt.). — With the other varieties and intergrading with both the lobed
and cucullate forms, yet generally distinguishable in sterile soil of the Southern Atlantic States. The
contour of the leaf, varying upon the same individual from reniform to ovate and acute, forms no
satisfactory distinction. ;
Viola. VIOLACER. 197
— Kew. iii. 287; Pursh, 1. c. 172; Reichenb. 1. c. 38, t. 42, f. 88; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 138;
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1471; Gray, Man. 45, & Gen. Ill. i. 186, t. 80; Meehan, Nat. Flowers,
ser. 1, i. t. 33; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, t.9. V. primulifolia, Pursh, F1. i. 173.
V. dentata, Pursh, Fl. i. 172; Lodd. 1. ¢. t. 1485. V. ciliata, Muhl. Cat. 26. V. ovata, Nutt.
Gen. i. 148; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 96. V. fimbriatula, Smith in Rees, Cyel. xxxviii. V.
Alleghaniensis, Rem. & Schult. Syst. v. 360. V. sagittata, ovata, & emarginata, Le Conte,
1. c. 142-143. — Gravelly and sandy moist or nearly dry ground, Nova Scotia and Canada
to Florida, Texas, and Minnesota. Some forms pass into V. palmata.
+— + Rootstocks thickish and creeping, commonly sending off leafy and floriferous stolons or
runners above ground: corolla blue or violet, with white varieties ; lateral petals usually
bearded ; spur short and saccate: leaves round-cordate and merely crenulate.
V. Langsdorffii, Fiscner. A span or two high: radical petioles often 6 or 8 inches long :
stoloniferous shoots when present short and ascending, becoming 2-3-leaved floriferous
stems with rather large stipules: flower large, three fourths to full inch long; thick saccate
spur as broad as long. — DC. Prodr. i. 296; Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i. 77; Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i.
250; Maxim. Diag. Pl. Nov. Asiat. i. 741. V. mirabilis, var. Langsdor fit, Regel, Bull. Soc.
Nat. Mosc. xxxyv. 240, t. 6, f. 24-29, but broad spur and scaly rootstock unlike V. mirabilis.
— Arctic Alaska and Islands to Brit. Columbia.?
V. ovorAra, L. (Sweet Vioxer.) More or less pubescent, proliferous by long stolons:
stipules glandular: flowers fragrant. — Spec. ii. 934. — Escaped from cultivation in various
places. (Sparingly nat. from Eu.)
+ + + Rootstocks long and filiform (not thickened nor scaly except somewhat at base
of older flowering plants), extensively creeping underground: plants low or small.
++ Corolla blue or purple.
V. Selkirkii, Pursu, fide Gotpin. Leaves from rounded- to ovate-cordate and with deep
narrow sinus, serrate, commonly acutish (at first half inch, in age inch or two long), upper
face hirsute-pubescent : sepals acute or acuminate: petals beardless, violet-blue, 3 or 4 lines
long, little longer than the stout and very blunt cylindraceous spur. — Edinb. Phil. Jour. vi.
324 (1822); Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 75; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 137; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 78;
Franch. & Savat. Enum. Pl. Jap. i. 41, & ii. 284; Maxim. 1. c. 730. V. Aamtschatica, Ging.
Linnea, i. 406 (1826); Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxv. 227, t. 6, f. 7-15. V. wmbrosa,
Fries, Novit. 271 (1828), &. V. borealis, Weinm. Linnza, x. 66.— Damp woods, New
Brunswick and Nova Scotia to mountains of Massachusetts and Pennsylvania, Upper Michi-
gan, Minnesota, and northward. (N. Eu. to Kamtsch., &c.)
V. palustris, L. Wholly glabrous: leaves reniform-cordate, with rounded summit and
open sinus, crenulate (mostly an inch and in age often 2 inches broad): sepals ovate,
obtuse: petals light blue or lilac (rarely white or nearly so), all nearly beardless, 3 or 4 lines
long; spur short and saccate. — Spec. ii. 934; Fl. Dan. 83; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iii. t. 2;
Ging. in DC. Prodr. i. 294 (excl. var. Pennsylvanica, which, unless from White Mountains,
must be a small form of V. cucullata, under which name Bigelow sent it); Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 139; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 404; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 34. V. epipsila,
Ledeb., is probably a variety of this. — Damp and shady ground, Labrador and alpine region
of mountains of New England to Saskatchewan, and northward; higher Rocky Mountains
in Colorado, and north to those of Washington and to arctic Alaska. (Eu., N. Asia.)
++ ++ Corolla always white, mostly with brown-purple lines on lower or also on lateral
petals, or lower purple-tinged; lateral ones bearded or beardless in the same species ;
spur short and saccate: stigma as if truncate and margined and antrorsely short-pointed.
The three species seemingly run together.
= Leaves round-cordate or reniform, on slender marginless petioles.
1 The recently published V. sagittata, var. Hicksii, C. L. Pollard, Bot. Gaz. xx. 326, with pubes-
cent ovate-oblong cordate unlobed leaves, is one of several freely intergrading forms. The “recurved
fruiting peduncles ’’ and distinctly mottled seeds are not infrequently associated with quite different
foliage.
2 Southward apparently to Oregon (Howell, nos. 631, 1489), where the rootstock is more elon-
gated and slender,
198 VIOLACES.
V. blanda, Wmv. Commonly glabrous or nearly so, and with only subterranean filiform
rootstocks: leaves thin, crenulate, from ovate-cordate to round-reniform, at blossoming from
half inch to inch and a half long: scapes 1 to 3 inches high: flowers faintly sweet-scented :
sepals from oblong- to almost ovate-lanceolate: petals 3 or 4 lines long, usually all beard-
less; lower one usually conspicuously dark-veiny. — Hort. Berol. t. 24; Pursh, Fl. i. 172;
Reichenb. Ic. Pl, Crit. i. 43, t. 51, £. 104; Le Conte, l. c. 144; Gray, Man, ed. 5,77; Sprague
& Goodale, Wild Flowers, t. 21..— Low or wet and mostly open grounds, common from
Newfoundland to N. Carolina north and west to Mackenzie River, lat. 66°, Brit. Columbia,
and mountains of California.
Var. palustrifo6rmis, Gray. Larger form, growing in shady and mossy ground or
leaf-mould, where it is freely stoloniferous: leaves comparatively large, their upper face
commonly and sparsely hirsutulous in the manner of V. Selkirkii, but less so: flowers
rather larger; the petals usually 5 lines long; lower one less striate-veiny and lateral
oftener bearded: scapes and tip of spur usually reddish or purplish. — Bot. Gaz. xi. 255.
V. obliqua, Pursh, 1. ¢., not Hill. V, clandestina, Pursh, 1. ¢. 173, according to Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 139, but probably not so, although this is freely cleistogamous. V. amena,
Le Conte, 1. c. 144. V. palustris (Hook. f. Arct. Pl.), Wats. Bot. King Exp. 34.2— Canada
to Delaware, and in Rocky Mountains, &c.; passes into the type, resembles V. palustris (with
which Hooker would unite the whole), but has white corolla, narrower and acute or acutish
sepals, &e.
Var. renifolia, Gray, 1. c. From slightly to strongly pubescent with soft and
spreading multicellular hairs; but upper face of reniform leaves mostly quite glabrous:
sepals lanceolate: petals usually beardless.— V, renifolia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 288.
— Wet mossy woods and swamps, Nova Scotia to the country north of Lake Superior,
Minnesota, and south to Massachusetts, W. New York, &c.
= = Leaves from linear to spatulate or ovate or subcordate, the base decurrent into_a
margined petiole: sometimes leafy along (chiefly subterranean) summer stolons.
V. primuleefolia, L. Glabrous or pubescent: leaves from deltoid-ovate or subcordate and
acute to ovate or oblong with either obtuse or tapering base: flowers of the preceding:
lateral petals oftener bearded. —— Spec. ii. 934; Le Conte, 1. c. 145; Reichenb. 1. ¢. t. 45, f.
96; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 139. V. acuta, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 95. Damp or almost dry soil,
Lower Canada and New Brunswick to Florida and Louisiana, especially toward the coast.?
Varies nearly to preceding and to following.
Var. occidentalis, Gray, 1. c Glabrous form, with oblong-ovate or spatulate-
oblong leaves, all narrowed at base, apparently quite like eastern plants, was coll. at Waldo,
S. W. Oregon, by Howell.
V. lanceolata, L. Glabrous: leaves from broadly lanceolate or some earliest oblong-spat-
ulate to linear or nearly so, attenuate at base, callous-denticulate: petals beardless; lower
one often much colored. — Linn. 1. ¢. (excl. pl. Sibir.) ; Michx. Fl. ii. 150; Pursh, 1. c. 172;
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 211; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 52, f. 106; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 174; Gray,
Man. ed. 5,77. V. attenuata, Sweet, Hort. Brit. 37.4— Low and grassy ground, Nova Scotia,
to L. Superior, and south to Florida and Texas.
++ ++ ++ Corolla yellow: otherwise nearly of last preceding section, but adult leaves
much more accrescent.
V. rotundifolia, Micux. Minutely pubescent when young, glabrate: leaves round-ovate
and cordate with narrow or overlapped sinus, repand-crenulate, in flower seldom over inch
long, becoming in summer 3 to 5 inches in diameter and flat on the ground, then lucid:
base of some or all the petals lineate or sometimes tinged with brown-purple; lateral ones
usually bearded.— Fl. ii. 150; DC. Prodr. i, 295; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 138; Reichenb. Ic.
1 The recently published V. Macloskeyi, F. E. Lloyd, Erythea, iii. 74, is with little doubt a form
of this species. Here as elsewhere in the genus small weak plants are apt to produce reduced flowers
(with thin greenish or colorless petals), transitions from the cleistogamous ones (?).
2 Add syn. V. blanda, var. amena, Britt. Sterns & Poggenb. Torr. Club, Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 6.
3 Also reported as far inland as Minnesota, by Upham, and by MacMillan.
4 Add syn. V. parva, A. B. Simonds & others, Fl, Fitchburg, Mass., 7, as to character.
Viola. VIOLACEZ. 199
Bot. Exot. ii. t. 124; Gray,le. V. clandestina, Pursh, Fl. i. 173 (cleistogamous summer
state), from descr. & habitat.— On slopes in cold and damp woods, Nova Scotia and Lower
Canada to Penn.,! and along higher mountains to N. Carolina; first coll. by Michaux,
* * * Low-caulescent only by stoloniform flowering branches or by ascending 2-3-leaved
stems, slender, almost glabrous, multiplying by long filiform rootstocks: leaves reniform
or cordate and only crenulate-denticulate: corolla pure light yellow, with short saccate
spur: stigma terminal, beardless and beakless.
V. sarmentésa, Dover. Rootstock thickened and stipular-scaly under old flowering
plants, bearing a cluster of roundish-cordate (in age brown-punctate) leaves and scapes of
about the length of the petioles, later producing long leafy runners bearing axillary flowers :
stipules brown-scarious, ovate-subulate: petals about 4 lines long; spur very short and
broad: stigma obscurely margined.—Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 80; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 143. — Coniferous woods, Idaho and northward to Brit. Columbia, thence south to
Coast Mountains of California; first coll. by Douglas.
Var. orbiculata, Gray, n. var. Leaves round-reniform, more lucid: leafy runners
few and short, bearing only cleistogamous flowers. — V. orbiculata, Geyer in Hook. Lond,
Jour. Bot. vi. 73. ¢V. rotundifolia, Hook. 1. c.— Mountains of Idaho and Washington,
Geyer, Suksdorf.
V. bifléra, L. Flowering rarely from the rootstock, 1-2-flowered at summit of span high
2-3-leaved ascending stems: leaves round-reniform (about inch wide): stipules of cauline
leaves green, ovate or oblong, obtuse: saccate spur conical: stigma margined on two sides.
— Spec. ii. 936; Fl. Dan. t. 46; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2089; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iii. t. 1, f.
4489; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 404.— Rocky Mountains of Colorado, Parry,
Hall & Harbour. (Kamtsch. and Japan to Eu.)
* * * * Subcaulescent, first flowering from the ground, and later usually more caulescent
(producing ascending or erect leaf-bearing stems a span or two high) on slender shoots
from erect or ascending rootstocks, not stoloniferous or creeping: stipules partly and
variably adnate: corolla wholly or partly yellow (except in last two species) and with
short-saccate spur: stigma beakless, sometimes with a short lip, concave, mostly orbic-
ular, antrorse-terminal or slightly oblique at the large and gibbous clavate summit of
the style, bearded below its margin on each side by a tuft, or sometimes by nearly a ring,
of stiff and reflexed or spreading bristles. Western species, one also cismontane,
+— Leaves undivided, round-ovate or subcordate to lanceolate: lateral petals either slightly
bearded or beardless in the same species.
++ Ovary and oval capsule glabrous.
V. pedunculdta, Torr. & Gray. Barely puberulent: short-caulescent stems commonly
ascending from filiform subterranean base and soon spreading: leaves round-ovate or dilated
subcordate, mostly repand-dentate (5 to 10 lines or at length inch and a half long), com-
paratively long-petioled: stipules narrow, uppermost often sparingly toothed: flower large,
on peduncle (2 to 5 inches long) much surpassing the leaves: petals half inch long or more
deep golden yellow, with brown-purple lines at base and upper ones sometimes particolored
with same: sepals lanceolate. — Fl. i. 141; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5004; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif. i. 56; Fl. Serres, xxiii. t. 2426. — California, from San Francisco Bay to San Diego,
and nearly to Arizona.
V. Nuttallii, Purss. Villous-pubescent, glabrate, or nearly glabrous: leaves ovate to
oblong-lanceolate, obtuse, entire or slightly repand-crenate or barely denticulate, more or
less decurrent into long margined petiole: stipules narrow, entire: peduncles shorter than
or rarely surpassing the leaves, and light yellow petals 4 or 5 lines long, or (in var, major,
Hook.) longer than the leaves, and petals half inch or so long: sepals lanceolate to linear,
acute. — Fl. i. 174; Nutt. Gen. i. 151; Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i. 79, t. 26; Wats. Bot. King
Exp. 35, excl. var.; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 57. V. premorsa, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i.
80, partly, as to pl. Scouler; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; not Dougl. in Lindl. V. lingueefolia, Nutt.
in Torr. & Gray, l. c. —Plains of Kansas, Dr. L. Walson, and Colorado to Saskatchewan,
Brit. Columbia, and south to Centr. California.
1 Jefferson Co., Indiana? Hubbard, and reported from Minnesota by Upham and MacMillan.
200 VIOLACEZ. Viola.
++ ++ Ovary and globular capsule pubescent.
V. premorsa, Dover. Puberulent or cinereous-pubescent, sometimes glabrate: caudex
either short and rather stout, or longer and slender: leaves ovate or subcordate to oblong-
lanceolate, or some even linear-lanceolate, from undulate or obtusely serrate to irregularly
dentate (blade half inch to inch or more long): upper stipules lanceolate, mostly laciniate :
peduncles usually much surpassing the leaves: sepals lanceolate or linear, acute: petals .
from a third to half inch ‘long, bright yellow, or brownish-tinged outside, sometimes two
upper purple-brown. — Doug}. in Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1254; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 80, as to
pl. Dougl. V. premorsa (small form), & V. Nuttallii, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 298. V. Nuttallii,
var, premorsa, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 35. V. aurea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 185,
t. 54; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 56. V. Brooksii, Kellogg, Calif. Horticulturist, ix. 281. —
Gravelly or sandy soil, S. W. Idaho and Washington to W. Nevada? and 8. (and Lower)
California, extending to the higher mountains; in very variable forms.
Var. venosa, Gray, n. var. (V. Nuttallii, var. venosa, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 35, V. aurea,
yar. venosa, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 56, and V. purpurea, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.
i. 56) is a depressed or reduced form of the higher and drier Cascade Mountains and Sierras,
commonly with laciniate-dentate and more veiny (often purple-veined) leaves.
+ -+ Leaves dissected: mainly subcaulescent; the cluster of slender stems mainly sub-
terranean from a short and usually deep fascicled-rooted rootstock or caudex: peduncles
therefore scapiform, least so in the last species.
++ Petals beardless, yellow or upper merely brownish.
V. chrysantha, Hoox. Leaves mostly bipinnately dissected into linear lobes, short-pubes-
cent or glabrate: petals half inch long or smaller, deep orange-yellow, commonly with some
brown-purple lines, upper ones often partly and sometimes largely brown-purple. — Ic.
t.49; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 143, 671; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 58; not Schrad., which is
of no account. V. Douglasii, Steud. Nomencl. ed. 2, 771.3 —Open and dry ground, Calli-
fornia, from Mendocino Co. to San Diego, first coll. by Douglas.
V. Sheltonii, Torr. Glabrous, slender: leaves of orbicular outline, palaately 3-divided,
the obovate-cuneate divisions palmately or pedately 3-parted or again cleft into linear-spatu-
late or oblong-linear obtuse lobes: petals beardless, pale yellow, a third to nearly half inch
long. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 67, t. 2; Brew. & Wats. 1. c.— Mountains of California from
Colusa and Plumas Co.‘ (first coll. by Mr. Shelton) to 8. Oregon, Howell, partly cleis-
togamous; hillsides in White Salmon Valley, Washington, Suksdorf. The stigma is sub-
tended by two small bearded tufts, as in the others.
++ ++ Lateral petals with a tuft of beard; upper ones deep blue or violet purple.
V. Beckwithii, Torr. & Gray. Hirsutulous-pubescent, sometimes nearly glabrous:
leaves of rounded outline, palmately about thrice 3-parted into linear or spatulate-linear
obtuse (or barely mucronulate) lobes; primary divisions more or less petiolulate: petals
nearly half inch long; lateral and lower ones light blue or bluish or white and purple-
veined, with merely yellowish base. — Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 119, t.1; Wats. Bot. King Exp.
35; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 58 (in latter lower petals inadvertently described as yellow).
V. montana, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 56. — From N. W. Nevada (Diamond Moun-
tain, Beckwith) and adjacent Sierra Nevada, California to Oregon.
V. Hallii, Gray. Glabrous: leaves of ovate or oblong and irregular outline, subpinnately
or pedately about twice parted into lanceolate or linear obscurely veined or nerved or vein-
less callous-apiculate lobes: stipules variable, upper often enlarged and foliaceous, adnate,
laciniate or entire: petals strongly two-colored, lateral and lower yellow or cream-color. —
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 377; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif, i. 57. — Dry ground, from Salem,
Oregon (where discovered by £. Hali and later coll. by Howell, &c.), to Humboldt Co.,
California, Rattan.
1 Add syn. V. pinetorum, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 14. V. purpurea, var. pinetorum, Greene, FI.
Francis. 243.
2 Yellowstone Nat. Park, Dewart.
8 Add Greene, Pittonia, ii. 14.
4 Snow Mountain, Lake Co., Calif., Mrs. Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 171.
Viola.. VIOLACEZ. 201
V. trinervata, Howe. Glabrous: leaves once or twice pedately or palmately 3-5-parted
or divided; the lateral divisions upturned; all lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, tapering to a
mostly acute callous apex, thickish and firm, at length coriaceous, and prominently 3-ribbed,
lateral ribs intramarginal: stipules small and entire, free or nearly so: lower petals
“yellow”: stigma with a beak-like lip. — Howell in distr., & (under var.? of Beckwithii)
Bot. Gaz. viii. 207; Gray, ibid. xi. 290. V. chrysantha, var. glaberrima, Torr. Bot. Wilkes
Exped. 238.— Dry prairies or rocky ground, Washington; between the Spipen and the
Columbia, Pickering & Brackenridge, and Klikitat Co., Howell, Suksdorf2
* * * * * Caulescent; the few-several-leaved stems erect from short or creeping root-
stocks, no stolons, no radical flowers: spur of corolla short and saccate: lateral petals
commonly with a little papillose beard: stigma beakless, more or less bearded at
the sides.
+ Petals yellow: stems mostly naked at base, few-leaved and few-flowered above, at least
the early and main stems.
++ Leaves all or some cleft or incised, or hastate, not round-cordate: plants glabrous or
pubescent, the simple long naked stems rarely over a span or two high.
V. lobadta, Benru. Leaves very various, dilated-reniform or flabelliform in outline, pedately
or digitately 3-9-lobed, parted, or only laciniate, the lobes from linear to ovate: upper
stipules usually large and foliaceous: petals half inch or less in length, the upper often.
brownish or purple-tinged.— Pl. Hartw. 298; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 68; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 57. V. Sequoiensis, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad.. Sci. ii. 185, f. 55. — Woods,
sparsely from S. California to within the borders of Oregon; first coll. by Hartweg, later by
Bigelow, &e.
Var. integrifdlia, Watson, 1. c. Ambiguous between this and V. glabella: leaves
deltoid- or rhombic-ovate, often caudate-acuminate, only the radical cordate. — Sierra Co.,
California,? and adjacent Nevada, Lemmon; Waldo, Oregon, Howell.
V. hastata, Micux. Commonly glabrous, with slender stem from a short and horizontal
fleshy rootstock: leaves 2 to 4, approximate at summit, lanceolate-hastate to deltoid and
subcordate, acuminate or acute, denticulate-serrate; radical usually cordate-ovate: stipules
rather small, entire or with few slender teeth: petals quarter inch or more long. — FI. ii.
149; Pursh, Fl. i. 174; Le Conte, Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 150; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 1418
V. gibbosa, Raf. in DC. Prodr. i. 305. V. hirta, Lewis, in DC. 1. c. 300, pubescent form. —
Rich woods, of the Alleghanies and adjacent lower country, W. Florida to Penn. and
N. Ohio; first coll. by Michaux.
Var. tripartita, Gray. Sometimes villous-pubescent: lower leaves 3-parted or
8-foliolate; divisions or leaflets lanceolate or broader, sessile or slender-petiolulate.— Bot.
Gaz. xi. 291. V. tripartita, Ell. Sk. i. 302; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 142. — Georgia to N. Carolina,
an aberrant form.
++ ++ Leaves merely serrate, nearly all cordate. Species, along with the N. Asian V. uni-
flora, L., successively nearly or quite confluent.
V. glabélla, Nurr. Glabrous or puberulent, bright green: stems a span to at length often
a foot high from a creeping fleshy-dentate rootstock, mostly weak: leaves crenulate-serrate,
round-cordate and with a small acumination, or radical reniform ; uppermost short-petioled :
stipules small, ovate to lanceolate, thin-membranaceous or scarious: capsule oblong, gla-
brous. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 142; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 57. Maxim. Diag. Pl. Nov.
Asiat. i. 752. V. Canadensis, var. Sitchensis, Bong. acc. to Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 255. V. Cana-
densis, Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. i. 80, as to pl. N. W. Coast, “V. Scoulerii, Dougl.”; Bong. Veg.
Sitch. 125. V. striata, Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 72, not Ait. V. biflora, var. Sitchensis,
Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxv. 253; Rothrock, Fl. Alaska, 444. — Woods, Alaska and
Islands to Monterey and Mariposa Co., California,* east to the northern Rocky Mountains,
where it seems to pass into V. pubescens. (Japan.)
1 Also N. Yakima, Nevius.
2 And inner Coast Range, acc. to Greene, Fl. Francis. 244.
8 Garden and Forest, iv. 76, f. 16.
4 Valley of Kaweah, acc. to Coville, Contrib, U. 8. Nat. Herb. iv. 69.
202 VIOLACE®. . Viola.
V. pubéscens, Arr. From soft-pubescent or villous to puberulent: stems erect, often
robust: leaves crenate-dentate, mostly obtusely acuminate, round-cordate or uppermost
broadly deltoid-ovate, the larger when accrescent often 3 or 4 inches wide: stipules usually
ample, broadly ovate to oblong; upper ones membranaceo-herbaceous, commonly serrulate :
capsule (often half inch long), varying from glabrous to tomentose, and on same stem from
oblong to globular. — Kew. iii. 290; Pursh, Fl. i. 174; Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. i. 45, 92, t. 53,
f. 111; Le Conte, 1.¢. 150; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 142; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 223; Lodd.
Bot. Cab. t. 1249; Maxim. 1. c. (with V. scabriuscula & eriocarpa). V. Pennsylvanica,
Michx. Fl. ii. 149. V. pubescens & eriocarpa, Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 74,75. V. uniflora,
var. pubescens, Regel, 1. c. 255.— Rich woods, Upper Georgia to New Brunswick and Canada,
Dakota, &c. Passes variously into
Var. scabritsscula, Torr. & Gray, 1.c¢. A low form, from minutely or sparsely
pubescent to glabrate, and with leaves in age rarely over 2 inches wide: capsule from glob-
ular to oblong. — Gray, Man. 78. — With the pubescent form, and more widely distributed,
extending southwestward to middle parts of Texas and to Winnipeg. It were better named
glabriuscula than by the name Schweinitz gave it as a species, as it is not at all scabrous.
+— + Petals white with violet or purple tinge, and yellow or yellowish at base within:
stems more leafy toward the base, or more prolonged by successive leaf- and flower-bearing
increments until midsummer: stipules small, narrow, entire and scarious or nearly so:
capsule oval, glabrous.
V. Canadénsis, L. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, at length a foot high from branching
ascending rootstocks: leaves cordate and mostly acuminate, denticulate-serrate : petals
usually pale violet outside and white within with yellowish claws and some purple stripes,
sometimes more suffused with violet, or later ones nearly white throughout. — Spee. ii. 936 ;
Michx. FI]. ii. 150; Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. i. 45, t. 54, f. 118; Le Conte, 1. c. 148; Sweet,
Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t.62; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 143.— Moist woods, Newfoundland to
Saskatchewan and westward, south to the mountains of Carolina, along the Rocky Moun-
tains to those of Utah, Arizona, and New Mexico where it passes into
Var. scopulorum, Gray. Small in all its parts, very low, depressed-spreading :
leaves at flowering time only 3 to 8 lines long. — Bot. Gaz. xi. 291. ~~ Rocky Mountains of
Colorado, in Clear Creek Cajion, G'reene.!
V. ocellata, Torr. & Gray. Pubescent, slender, a span or two high from somewhat creep-
ing rootstocks: leaves cordate or subcordate, seldom acuminate or over an inch or so in
length: upper petals violet or with a deep violet spot on upper face; lower white or with
some yellow, and purple veins. — Fl. i. 142; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 56.2— Woods,
especially Redwoods, California, from Mendocino Co. to Monterey ; first coll. by Douglas.
V. cuneata, Warson. Glabrous, with ascending slender stems a span or two high from
rigid creeping rootstocks: leaves an inch or two long, irregularly crenulate or obtusely den-
tate, radical some cordate, more dilated rhomboid-ovate with cuneate base, cauline similar
or more cuneate: flowers of the preceding or all the petals turning violet-purple and beard-
less. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 290, & Bot. Calif. ii. 433. — Mountain woods, from Shasta and
Humboldt Co. to S. W. Oregon, Rattan, Lemmon, Howell.
* * * * * * Caulescent from more or less creeping rootstocks, or at first flowering
nearly acaulescent, erect or spreading: leaves cordate, merely cr enate or serrate; stipules
more or less herbaceous : corolla from blue to white, with projecting oblong to cylindrical
spur: style only moderately thickened upward, naked or nearly so, no beard at summit.
+— Spur of corolla not very long: lateral petals usually bearded: stigma inflexed, bearing
a short scarious beak. (Canine.)
++ Stipules from serrate to fimbriate-pinnatifid or pectinate: leaves apt to be brown-dotted
in age.
V. striata, Arr. Glabrous or nearly so: stems 3-4-angled, in age usually becoming a foot
or more high and later leaves an inch or two long, flowering till after midsummer: corolla
1 Var. scariosa, Porter, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. viii. 68, appears to be a form of the same, with
stipules (which are always thin) somewhat enlarged and more scarious about the base.
2 Garden and Forest, iv. 51, f. 13.
8 And northward to Cow Creek Mts., Oregon, Henderson.
Viola. VIOLACER. 203
yellowish white, lower petal with brown-purple lines; spur thick, rather shorter than the
sepals: capsule ovoid. — Kew. ili. 290; Willd. Spec. i. 1166; Pursh, Fl. i. 174; Reichenb.
Ic. Pl. Crit. i. 45, t. 54, f. 112; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 139; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 73, t. 8; Gray,
Man, ed. 5,79. V. debilis, Michx. FI. ii. 150. V. albiflora, Link, Enum. i. 241. VV. striata,
ochroleuca, & repens, Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 76, 69, 70. V. Lewisiuna, Ging. in DC.
Prodr. i, 298. — Low and shady grounds, along streams, Upper Canada and New York to
mountains of Georgia, west to Minnesota and Missouri.
V.canina, L. Mostly low and rather small-leaved, spring flowering and later cleistoga-
mous: corolla blue or violet (rarely a white variety): petals inconspicuously lineate: spur
cylindraceous, from a third to more than half the length of the petals: capsule ovoid-
oblong. — Spee. ii. 935.— A collective species or assemblage (Eu. & N, Asia), of which the
N. American forms may as well be ranked as special varieties.
Var. Muhlenbérgii, Traurv. Glabrous or nearly so, ascending or erect from short
root-stocks, a span or more high, often with some decumbent radical stems which may elon-
gate into leafy runners insummer: lower leaves round-reniform and upper round-cordate, half
inch to inch long, crenulate: petals a third to at most half inch long, light violet, occasion-
ally white. — Act. Hort. Petrop. v. 28; Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 292. V. Muhlenbergii, Torr. FI.
N. & Midd. States, 256 (1824); Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 140. V. Muhlenbergiana, Ging. in DC.
Prodr. i. 297 ; Le Conte, 1. c. 148; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 78, with var. minor, a small form, of
which the extreme is of same name by Lange, Fl. Dan. t. 2710, in Greenland. V. asarifolia
(uliginosa), Muhl. Cat. 26,not Pursh. V. debilis, Pursh, Fl.i.174; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 97,
not Michx.; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1378. V. Labradorica, Schrank, Regensb. Denskr. Bot.
Gesell. i. pt. 2, 12; DC. 1. c. 306. V. punctata, Schwein. Am. Jour, Sci. v. 67; DC. 1. 305.
V. conspersa, Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. i. 44, t.52,f.108. V. canina, var. sylvestris, Regel, Bull.
Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxy. 245, partly ; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 79; Wats. Bibl. Index, 82. — Low and
shady or wet grounds, mountains of N. Carolina and in low country of Penn. to Minnesota,
L. Superior (where a summer form in loose sand on the beach imitates the European
V. arenaria, coll. Engelmann), northward, and northeastward to Labrador and Greenland.
More like V. sylvestris than any other Old World form.
Var.* pubérula, Warson. Finely puberulent throughout: leaves ovate, shallowly or
often not at all cordate, mostly small in size: flowers also small. — Wats. in Gray, Man. ed. 6,
81. V. sylvestris, var. puberula, Sheldon, Bull. Geol. Surv. Minn. ix. 17.— Dry ground,
mostly rocky or sandy soil, Maine to Lake Superior, and adjacent Canada, and westward
eyen to Washington and Oregon.
Var. multicatlis, Gray. More depressed and stoloniferous, beginning to blossom
from radical rosettes, soon producing prostrate leafy cleistogamous flowering branches :
leaves mostly suborbicular, cordate or reniform, small: stipules commonly brownish-scarious
and strongly pectinate-laciniate. — Bot. Gaz. xi. 292. V. canina, Walt. Car. 219. V. radi-
cans, DC. Prodr. i. 297. V. repens, Schwein. l.c. 69. V. Muhlenbergii, var. multicaulis, Torr.
& Gray, 1. ce. 140.1— Rocky or sandy ground, Kentucky to Florida, Louisiana, and Texas; fl.
Feb. to April, and later cleistogamous on the runners.
Var. adtinca, Gray. Nearly glabrous, multicipital and mostly very short-stemmed
from more indurated rootstocks: leaves from ovate-orbicular to oblong-ovate, barely sub-
cordate, rarely lower ones more deeply cordate : petals from half down to quarter inch long ;
spur commonly almost as long as the petals, either a little curved or hooked or straight. —
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 377; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 55, with var. longipes. V. Muhlen-
bergi, var. pubescens, passing to V. adunca, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiil. 404.
V. adunca, Smith in Rees, Cycl. xxxviii.; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 79; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 141.
V. longipes, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 140; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 298, form with long pedun-
cles, flowers nearly of V. sylvestris, and abbreviated stems, the large spur sometimes curved,
oftener straight. V. canina, var. rupestris, Regel, 1. c. 250, as to plant of N. W. Coast. —
Rocky Mountains, from Colorado to Montana (where it passes into the preceding form) and
northward, west to mountains of Arizona, the coast of California, and Alaska, northeast
to the Ottawa, Canada.
Var. oxyceras, Watson. Spur of the rather small corolla narrow, acute, about as
long as the petals: peduncles not surpassing the leaves. — Bot. Calif. i. 56, —California in
1 Add syn. V. multicaulis, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 227.
204 . VIOLACER. Viola.
the Sierra Nevada from the Yosemite northward, Brewer, Gray, and near Donner Pass,
Torrey.
++ ++ The few cauline stipules mainly entire, subradical ones laciniate-dentate (none
squamaceous and imbricated at the innovations in the way of V. mirabilis) : leaves dotless.
V. Howéllii, Gray. Glabrous or nearly so: leaves membranaceous, reniform-cordate (larger
ones an inch or two in diameter), slender-petioled: peduncles long and scapiform ; some on
short sarmentose leafy branches: flower rather large: corolla blue, about three fourths inch
long including the very thick and short spur.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 308. V. mirabilis,
Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 293, not L.— Damp woods on or near Columbia River, near Portland,
Oregon, 7. Howell, and Klikitat Co., Washington, Suksdorf
+— +- Spur to corolla very long: petals beardless: style slender-fusiform, symmetrical,
with erect and terminal small stigma: stipules laciniate.
V. rostrata, Muuv. Glabrous or nearly so, a span or two high from short and ascending
rootstocks: leaves roundish-cordate, callous-serrate, seldom over inch long: stipules large,
lanceolate, pectinate-laciniate: peduncles elongated: corolla light violet; slender spur 5
or 6 lines long, longer than the petals. — Cat. 26; Pursh, Fl. i. 174; DC. Prodr. i. 298; Le
Conte, 1. c. 148; Reichenb. Ic. Bot. Exot. ii. 13, t. 131; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 140. — Hillsides
in rich woods, Canada to Michigan and through W. New York along the mountains to
Georgia. In N. Penn. (Dolph) found with spur 2-3-corniculate at top.
§ 2. Annuals, becoming subperennial in cultivation: stipules very leaf-like
and large: receptacle concave: lateral petals turned partly upward over the
upper pair: stigma urceolate or globose-saccate with a thin anterior bordering
lip; the large and deep cavity nectariferous.
V. tricolor, L. (Pansy, Hearrsnase.) Glabrous: stems angled, leafy: leaves obtusely
serrate or crenate ; lowest roundish or cordate; upper oblong, at least their petiole equalled
by the deeply lyrate-pinnatifid fuliaceous stipules: corolla diversely colored or variegated, in
cultivation large and widely spreading, at least the lower petal normally with some yellow
and upper violet-purple: spur short. — Spec. ii. 935.— Eu., straying more or less from
gardens, and becoming depauperate and small-flowered.
Var. arvénsis, DC. Slender, small-flowered: petals little or not much surpassing
the calyx, white with tinges of blue and yellow, or the colors more decided. — Prodr. i. 303 ;
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. iii. t. 21; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 143. V. arvensis, Murr. Prodr. Stirp.
Geett. 73 ; Roth, Fl. Germ. ii. 273. V. tenella, Muhl. Cat. 26; Schwein. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 29;
Le Conte, 1. ¢. 151. V. bicolor, Pursh, F1.i.175; Nutt. Gen. i, 151. — Barren fields, or rocks,
Canada to Texas, thought to be indigenous. (Ku.)
2. SOLEA, Spreng. partly, Ging. (William Sole, an English apothecary
and botanist, monographer of Mentha.) — Spreng. Pugill. i. 22, as to first species
(here genus actually founded, 1813, not in Schrad. Jour. 1800, where it is merely
suggested on a different plant); Ging. in DC. Prodr. i. 306, & Mem. Viol. 10;
Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 187, t. 81.
S. concolor, Gine. Herbaceous perennial, loosely pubescent : stems simple, a foot or two
high, very leafy to the top: stipules slender-subulate, deciduous: leaves alternate, mem-
branaceous, 3 to 5 inches long, oblong or somewhat obovate, conspicuously acuminate at
both ends, short-petioled, penniveined: flowers in numerous axils, small, nodding, greenish,
solitary or geminate or two or three on the short peduncles: capsule oval, nearly an inch
long: seeds large, globular, narrowly carunculate. — Ging. in DC. Prodr. i. 306; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 144; Gray,l.c. S. stricta, Spreng. Pl. Min. Cog. i. 22, as to plant and habitat,
but not Zonidium strictum, Vent. Viola concolor, T. F. Forst. Trans. Linn. Soe. vi. 309, t. 28;
Pursh, Fl. i. 175. Zonidium Sprengelianum, Reem. & Schult. Syst. v. 401. J. concolor, Wats.
Bibl. Index, 81. No/settia acuminata, DC. Prodr. i. 290.— Low woods of the Alleghany
region, W. New York and adjacent Canada to North Carolina, west to Michigan and Mis-
souri; fl. spring and early summer.
1 Also Salem, Oregon, Henderson ; Wimer, Hammond, and Vancouver Isl., Streets.
Tonidium. CANELLACEZ. 205
‘Si IONIDIUM, Vent. (“Iov, «ides, like a violet.) —Shrubs or herbs
(chiefly tropical), with branching and leafy stems, alternate or opposite leaves,
and flowers variously clustered or sometimes solitary and short-peduncled in the
axils. — Hort. Malm. i. fol. & t. 27; Mart. Spec. Mat. Med. Bras. 13, t. 3, 4;
Torr. & Gray, |. c. 144; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 117, excl. Hybanthus & Solea.
Calceolaria, Leefl. It. Hisp. 183 (1758), not Juss. Hybanthus, Baill. Hist. Pl.
iv. 351, excl. sp. (not Jacq.).
I. rruTicuL6suM, Benth. Bot. Sulph. 7, t. 2, and a probable variety pentAtTUM, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. v. 154, are from the southern end of Lower California.
I. polygaleefolium, Vent. Low, many-stemmed from a woody caudex, erect or diffuse,
leafy, puberulent or glabrous: leaves both alternate and opposite, from linear to oblanceo-
late or lower even obovate, entire, rarely subdentate: stipules sometimes like the leaves,
sometimes small or wanting: flowers solitary in the axils, nodding on peduncles shorter
than the leaves: corolla about 2 lines long, white or whitish; lower lip not stipitate nor
prolonged: a pair of small scale-like glands at base of the lower stamens. — Hort. Malm,
i. t. 27; HBK. Noy. Gen. & Spec. v. 376, t. 496, f. 1; DC. Prodr. i. 309; Wats. Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 324. J. lineare, Torr. Ann. Lyc. N. Y. ii. 168; Gray, Gen. Il. i. 190, t.-82, Pl.
Lindh. pt. 2, 151, Pl. Wright.i.12, & ii. 16. I. gracile, Mog. & Sesséin DC. 1. c. 309, & Calques
des Dess. t. 36. J. lineare & I. stipulaceum (Nutt.), Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 145. Viola verticil-
lata, Ort. Dec. iv. 50; Spreng. in Schrad. Jour. 1800, ii. 190, t. 6, where it is suggested as a
genus, Solea.1 Variable species, in Mexico commonly but not always with peduncle nearly
equalling subtending leaf; in U. 8. peduncles commonly but not always much shorter, —
Plains and low grounds, Arkansas and Texas to Arizona. (Mex.)
I. parietarizefolium, DC. A foot or two high from an annual root, erect, loosely branched,
from puberulent or above loosely pilose-pubescent to glabrous: leaves alternate or the lower
opposite, membranaceous, ovate-oblong to lanceolate, acute or acuminate, narrowed at base
mostly into a petiole, more or less serrate: stipules small and subulate: flowers axillary on
peduncles shorter than the leaf: corolla white and purplish; lower petal fully twice the
length of the others, 4 lines long, labelliform, the oval lamina slender-stipitate: a laterally
compressed gland on base of each anterior stamen. — Prodr. i. 308; Eichl. Fl. Bras. xiii.
pt. 1,371; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 415. J. riparium, var., Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 16, &
I. lineare, var. platyphyllum, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 12, both probably with some cleistogamous
flowers. — W. Texas and S. Arizona, Wright. Only the var. Berteroi, DC. 1. ¢. 308, with
subserrate leaves; near 25 & 93, coll. Palmer, in Northern Mexico; the var. Houstoni, DC.,
from farther south, has broader leaves thickly serrate with fine sharp teeth. (Mex. to
Brazil.)
ORDER XV. CANELLACEZ.
By A. Gray.
Tropical trees, with pungent-aromatic bark, pellucid-punctate evergreen and
entire penniveined leaves, no stipules, and regular hermaphrodite cymose flowers,
the 10 or more hypogynous stamens wholly monadelphous, with the 2-celled
anthers extrorsely adnate to the truncate tube, enclosing the one-celled and short-
styled ovary, which bears few to several ovules on 2 to 4 parietal placentz ; the
fruit a berry; seeds camphylotropous or anatropous, with a small embryo in
copious albumen. — American order of two genera and very few species, one
reaching Florida. i
1 Add syn. Calceolaria verticillata, Kuntze, Rey. Gen. 41.
206 CANELLACES. Canella.
1. CANELLA, P. Browne. (Canela, Spanish name for cinnamon, &c.,
probably from the quilled bark.) — Sepals 3, orbicular, imbricated, persistent.
Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, obovate, deciduous: no interior scales. Stamens
10. Stigmas 2. Placente 2 or 3, each with a pair of ovules ascending from a
pendulous funiculus. Seed-coat crustaceous. — Jam. 275, t. 27, f. 3; Swartz,
Trans. Linn. Soe. i. 96, t. 8; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 109; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
i. 121, where petals are taken for sepals and these for bracts. (Cf. Eichl. Fl.
Bras. xiii. pt. 1, 521.)
C. alba, Murr. (Wuire Cayexia or Winter’s Bark, Wuire-woop, WiLp Crynamon. )
Tree 20 to 50 feet high, heavy-wooded: leaves spatulate or oblong-obovate, 2 to 4 inches
long, shining above: flowers in small terminal cymes: flower 2 or 3 lines long, odorous,
violet, with anthers yellow: berries black, globose; seeds few, black, shining. — Syst. Veg.
ed. 14, 443; Swartz, 1.c.; Chapm. Fl. 43; Sargent, U. S. Tenth Census, ix. 24.1 C. Win-
terana, Gertn. Fruct. i. 373, t. 77.2. Winterania Canella, L. Spec. ed. 2, 636 (Catesb. Car.
ii. t. 50). — Southern Keys of Florida. (W. Ind.) Furnishes the White Winter’s Bark of
commerce.
ORDER XVI. BIXACE.
By A. Gray.
A tropical and very varied order (including Samydee) of trees and shrubs, with
2—o0-carpellary pistil and as many parietal placente, the type Bixa Orellana,
L., the Arnotto (which in the pulp investing its seeds furnishes the coloring
matter of that name), to which as Tribe CocHLOSPERME® have been somewhat
doubtfully referred Cochlospermum, Kunth, and the following related genus of
low herbs, with axile placentation, which reaches the United States.
1. AMOREUXIA, Moc. & Sessé. (P. J. Amoreux, a botanist of Mont-
pellier.) — Hypogynous, and no glandular torus. Sepals 5, lanceolate, tardily
deciduous. Petals 5, ample, rounded-obovate, convolute in the bud, deciduous.
Stamens indefinitely numerous: filaments filiform, on one side of the flower
longer than the other and incurved: anthers linear, basifixed, 2-celled, opening
introrsely at the tip. Ovary subglobose, 3-celled, with placentz in the thickish
axis: style and stigma entire. Ovules numerous in a double series, campylotro-
pous or amphitropous. Capsule large, pendulous, smooth, 3-celled; epicarp 6-
(or 3-) valved, thin coriaceous, separating from the membranaceous or chartaceous
endocarp, which is either loculicidally 5-valved or bursts irregularly. Seeds
large, with a crustaceous smooth seed-coat under a thin episperm or pellicle:
embryo more or less incurved in the copious firm-fleshy albumen ; the roundish-
oval or oblong thin cotyledons much longer than the caulicle. Low, simple-
stemmed and mostly glabrous herbs, from a stout ligrrescent perennial stock or
root: leaves alternate, long-petioled, orbicular in outline, deeply palmately 5-9-
lobed, the obovate or spatulate lobes acutely dentate: stipules subulate-setaceous,
1 Add Silva, i. 37, t. 20.
2 Add syn. Laurus Winterana, L. Spec. i. 871. Canella laurifolia, Lodd. Cat. acc. to Sweet,
Hort. Brit. 65.
veh
ia
Ja
ae
oa
Frankenia. FRANKENIACES. 207
deciduous: flowers in terminal raceme, large, mainly yellow. — Moc. & Sessé in
DC. Prodr, ii. 638; Planchon in Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. vi. 140; Gray, Pl.
Wright. i. 29, ii. 26; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 124.
A. palmatifida, Mog. & Sessk. A foot or two high: leaves almost 7-9-parted into spatu-
late lobes: petals inch and a half or less long, orange with brown purple spot at base: cap-
sule ovate-globose: seeds reniform-incurved, with the delicate outer coat close, minutely
hirsute: embryo simple, arcuate-incurved ; cotyledons oblong. — Mog. & Sessé in DC. Prodr.
ii. 638, & Calques des Dess. t. 1171; Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. i. 55; A. palmatifida &
A. Schiedeana, Planchon, 1. c. 141, t.1; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 26, t. 12, A, fruit. Huryanthe
Schiedeana, Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, v. 225.— Foothills of the mountains of S. Arizona,
Wright, Rothrock, Pringle. (Mex., New Grenada.)
A. Wrightii, Gray. Resembles the preceding: but leaves less deeply 5-7-cleft into obo-
vate lobes: capsule oblong-ovoid and 2 inches long or smaller and shorter: seeds obovate,
with short distinct rhaphe, not incurved ; outer coat glabrous, loose and arilliform ; cotyledons
nearly orbicular, flexuous. — Pl. Wright. ii. 26; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 324. A. Schei-
diana, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 29 (excl. syn.), t. 3, B, fruit. — Hills and arid plains, S. Texas to
Arizona, Wright, Thurber? Palmer, Reverchon. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, &c., and farther
south.)
A. MALV FOLIA, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 29, from Chihuahua, if distinct from the last, needs
more elucidation.
OrDER XVII. FRANKENIACE#.
By A. Gray.
Low perennial herbs or undershrubs, in saline soil; with opposite or 4-nate
and subsessile entire thickish leaves (and commonly axillary fascicles), a stipular
membrane or line connecting their bases: regular and complete small hypogy-
nous flowers ; calyx and corolla 4—d-merous, the sepals united into a tube and
persistent in the manner of St/enee@ and the petals in same way long-unguiculate
and crowned at base of the blade; stamens as many as petals and alternate with
them or more numerous; style 3—4-cleft with narrow lobes introrsely or in ours
almost terminally stigmatose; ovary one-celled with 2 to 4 one-many-ovulate
parietal placenta ; capsule included in the calyx, dehiscent through the placente ;
seeds straight and anatropous, slender-stalked, with crustaceous coat ; and mostly
cylindrical straight embryo in the axis of mealy albumen. — Single and widely
dispersed genus.
1. FRANKENIA, L. (VJ. Frankenius, Professor of Medicine at Upsal
in the 17th century.) — Gen. no. 362.
* Nearly or quite herbaceous: style 3-cleft: ovules numerous and seeds several : leaves plane
or nearly so when fresh.
F’. grandifolia, Cuam. & Scutecur. Erect or ascending from a procumbent base, a foot
high, more or less pubescent, divergently branched: leaves large for the genus (half inch or
less long), from round-obovate to spatulate, the short petiole or connecting bases mostly
hirsute-ciliate: petals mostly 5, purple: stamens 4 to 7, commonly 5.— Linnea, i. 35; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 168; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 36, t. 5; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 60.
F. grandifolia & F. latifolia, Presl, Rel. Henk. ii. 3. Velezia latifolia, Esch. Mém. Acad.
ee: x. 286.— Coast of California from San Francisco Bay to San Diego; first coll. by
enke.
208 FRANKENIACEA. Frankenia.
Var. campéstris, Gray, n. var. More tufted: leaves smaller (quarter to half inch
long), from narrowly spatulate to nearly linear, mostly with revolute margins in drying:
petals less conspicuous. — /’. grandifolia, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 326. F. Bertereana,
C. Gay, Fl. Chil. i. 247, seems to be an intermediate form. — Plains near San Jacinto, 8. W.
California, Parish; S. Nevada, Wheeler, &e. (N. Mex., interior of Chili ?)
* * Shrubby, thickly branched, a foot or more high: style 2-cleft: ovules only 2 or 3
nearly basilar: leaves small and heath-like, with margins much revolute, commonly
much fascicled.
F. Jamésii, Torr. Erect: branchlets scabrous-puberulent: leaves nearly glabrous, linear
or filiform, a quarter or third inch long: petals white, the cuneiform and erose-truncate
blade 2 lines long: stamens mostly 6, with anther-cells elongated-oblong. — Torr. in Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 622 ; Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 31. — Eastern foot of the Rocky
Mountains in Colorado, especially on the Arkansas ; first coll. by James ; Guadaloupe Moun-
tains, W. Texas, Havard.
F. Palmeri, Warson. More spreading, barely pulverulent-puberulent: leaves thicker and
shorter, a line or two long: flowers much smaller: stamens 4, with oval anther-cells. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xi, 124; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 61.— Border of salt marshes, San Diego
Bay, California, Cleveland, Parry, Pringle. (Lower Calif., Pulmer.)
F. PULVERULENTA, L., common European species, is an occasional ballast-weed in New York
Harbor.
FASCICLE, IL
OrpER XVIII. CARYOPHYLLACESA.
By B. L. Roprnson.
Herbs (rarely lignescent at the base) with bland watery juice, opposite entire
often slightly connate leaves and regular perfect or less frequently and through
abortion unisexual flowers. Stems with enlarged nodes. Sepals 4 to 5, in the
first tribe united into a cup or tube, in the others distinct. Petals as many (or
none), often emarginate, toothed, or deeply bifid, in the first tribe unguiculate
and borne together with the stamens and ovary upon a somewhat elongated or
columnar torus, in the other tribes often somewhat perigynous. Stamens com-
monly twice as many as the petals, but often fewer and when of the same num
ber alternating with them; filaments free or slightly cohering near the base;
anthers introrse. Styles 2 to 5, free or in the last tribe united below; ovary
free, unicellular or imperfectly 2—5-celled at the base; placentation axial; ovules
amphitropous or campylotropous, usually numerous. Fruit a capsule (in one
foreign genus baccate), opening by 2 to 5 entire or bifid valves; seeds many
or by abortion few, albuminous; embryo straight or moderately curved.
Trise J. SILENEZE. Sepals united into a 4~5-toothed or -lobed tube or cup.
Petals unguiculate and often scale-bearing at the junction of the blade and claw,
borne, together with the stamens and ovary, upon a columnar prolongation of the
receptacle. Stipules none. Flowers usually showy, perfect, or not infrequently
polygamous.
CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 209
* Seeds compressed or meniscoidal, attached by the flattened or concave face; embryo
straight or nearly so.
+ Calyx ebracteolate: stamens mostly 5,
1. VELEZIA. Calyx slender, elongated, cylindrical, 5-ribbed or (more often) subequally
15-ribbed, sharply 5-toothed. Petals small, scarcely appendaged; blades 2(-4)-toothed or
rarely entire. Torus not elongated. Styles 2; slender terete capsule 4-valved at the sum-
mit. Flowers sessile or very shortly peduncled.
+ + Calyx subtended by one or more pairs of bractlets: stamens 10.
2. DIANTHUS. Calyx tubular, 5-toothed, finely many-striate. Petals 5, with long claws;
the blade entire, emarginate, or several-toothed. Styles 2. Capsule dehiscent by 4 valves.
Leaves narrow, often connate by narrow scarious membranes. Flowers commonly showy.
3. TUNICA. Calyx turbinate or cylindrical, obtusely toothed, distinctly 5-ribbed, or some-
times 15-ribbed. Petals 5. Styles 2. Flowers considerably smaller and habit more slender
than in Dianthus.
* * Seeds laterally attached ; embryo curved: calycine bractlets none.
+ Styles 2; capsule 4-toothed or -valyed : introduced plants.
4. GYPSOPHILA. Calyx turbinate, tubular or campanulate, 5-toothed, herbaceous only
in the middle of the segments, the intermediate parts being scarious. Petals 5. Stamens
10. Flowers mostly small, paniculate or scattered, rarely aggregated. Capsule rather
deeply 4-valved.
5. SAPONARIA. Calyx tubular or ovoid, 5-toothed, terete with numerous faint veins,
or conspicuously 5-angled. Flowers showy. Petals 5. Stamens 10. Capsule dehiscent at
apex by 4 short teeth.
+ + Styles normally 3 (sometimes 4 or 5); capsule opening by 3 or 6 teeth: calyx com-
monly 10-nerved, rarely oc-nerved.
6. SILENE. Calyx 5-toothed, campanulate, subcylindric or turbinate, either inflated or
becoming distended by the maturing capsule, 10-cc-nerved. Petals usually appendaged at
the summit of the claw; the blade variously toothed or divided, rarely entire. Stamens 10.
Styles 3 (rarely 4 or 5). Stipe of the ovary commonly developed. Capsule 1-celled or
somewhat 3-celled at the base. Flowers solitary, racemose, or cymose-paniculate.
+ + + Styles 5, alternating with the petals when of the same number: calyx-teeth
not foliaceous.
7. LYCHNIS. Calyx ovoid, obovate, or clavate, 5-toothed, 10-nerved, inflated or not.
Petals with or without appendages ; the blade entire, emarginate, bifid or variously cleft.
Stamens 10. Ovary l-celled or divided at the base into 5 partial cells. Capsule dehiscent
by as many or twice as many teeth as there are styles.
+ + + + Styles 5, opposite the petals: calyx-teeth conspicuously prolonged into folia-
ceous appendages: introduced plants.
8. AGROSTEMMA. Calyx ovoid, with 10 strong ribs; the elongated teeth in our species
an inch or more in length, exceeding the five large unappendaged petals. Stamens 10.
Capsule 1-celled. Leaves linear.
Trise Il. ALSINEZ. Sepals free or slightly united at the very base. Petals
more or less contracted but not unguiculate below. Corona absent. Flowers
mostly small. Styles distinct to the base.
* Stipules none.
+ Capsule cylindric, more or less elongated, often curved, dehiscent by twice as many teeth
as there are carpels.
9. HOLOSTEUM. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white, subentire or denticulate toward the apex.
Stamens 3 to 5, very rarely 10. Styles 3 (occasionally 4 or 5), longitudinally stigmatic.
Pod unicellular ; seeds numerous, dorsally flattened, i. e. parallel with the incumbent cotyle-
dons; the radicle prominent upon the ventral surface. Inflorescence umbelliform.
14
210 CARYOPHYLLACEA. | Velezia.
10. CERASTIUM. Sepals in our species 5. Petals as many, retuse or bifid, very rarely
subentire, white. Stamens 10, or sometimes fewer. Styles 5 (4 or 3). Capsule usually
exceeding the calyx, often curved ; seeds numerous, more or less laterally compressed.
+— + Capsule ovoid or oblong, relatively short, dehiscent by as many or twice as many
teeth as there are carpels. ;
++ Styles usually fewer than the sepals, when of the same number opposite them.
11. STELLARIA. Sepals 5 (or 4). Petals 5 (or 4, rarely abortive or absent), always
more or less deeply bifid, often divided almost to the base, white. Stamens 3 to 10. Styles
3 or 4, rarely 5. :
12. ARENARIA. Sepals 5. Petals as many, white or nearly so, entire or emarginate
(very rarely minute or wanting). Stamens 10, or often fewer by abortion. Styles 3 or 4;
seeds many.
++ ++ Styles as many as the sepals and alternate with them.
13. SAGINA. Sepals 5 (rarely 4). Petals as many, entire or emarginate, white, not rarely
absent. Stamens usually 5, less frequently 3 to 10. Valves of the capsule as many as the
sepals and opposite them; seeds several to many. é
* * Stipules present, scarious: petals undivided.
14. SPERGULARIA. Sepals 5. Petals 5 (rarely fewer or none), purplish or white.
Stamens commonly 10. Styles 3 (very rarely 5); ovary 1-celled. Valves of the capsule as
many as the styles, when 5 in number alternate with the sepals; seeds often margined.
Leaves linear or filiform.
15. SPERGULA. Sepals 5. Petals 5, white. Stamens 10 (rarely 5). Styles 5; ovary
1-celled, many-ovuled. Valves of the capsule 5, opposite the sepals; seeds acutely margined
or narrowly winged. Leaves narrow, linear, verticillate and fascicled in the axils.
TriBE II]. POLYCARPEZ. Sepals free or somewhat united at the base. Petals
commonly small, not distinctly unguiculate, borne, together with the stamens, upon
a hypogynous or slightly perigynous disk. Style simple below, 3- or more rarely
2-branched above ; stigmas rarely sessile on the ovary.
* Petals 2 -5-parted.
16. DRYMARIA. Sepals 5, often scarious-margined. Petals 5. Stamens 8 to 5, slightly
perigynous. Ovary 1-celled, several -many-ovuled. Capsule 3-valved. Flowers small, white
or nearly so. Leaves flat, though often narrow, opposite or pseudoverticillate. Stipules
small, free, scarious or bristle-formed, sometimes fugacious.
* * Petals entire, denticulate, or none.
+ Cauline leaves numerous, flat, not linear-setaceous.
17. POLYCARPON. Sepals 5, more or less carinate, entire, scarious-margined. Petals
5, small, shorter than the sepals, sometimes emarginate. Stamens 3 to 5. Ovary 1-celled.
Capsule 3-valved, several-seeded ; seeds ovoid with the embryo but little curved.
+ + Cauline leaves setaceous.
18. LGEFLINGIA. Sepals 5, carinate and produced to rather rigid setaceous tips; the
three outer ones commonly bearing a setaceous tooth on each side. Petals 3 to 5, small, or
none. Stamens 3 (to 5%). Ovary 1-celled, several-seeded, triangular. Capsule 3-valved ;
seeds oblong, attached laterally near the base; embryo somewhat curved; cotyledons
accum bent.
+— + + Leaves forming a radical rosette ; the cauline minute or obsolete ; basal stipules
lacerate.
19. STIPULICIDA. Sepals 5, distinct, somewhat rigid, obtuse, often emarginate, scarious-
margined. Petals 5, oblong, gradually contracted below, hypogynous. Stamens 5. Capsule
ovate-globose, 3-valved, many-seeded.
1. VELEZIA, Leefl. (Named for Oristébal Velez, friend of Leefling and
author of an unpublished flora of Madrid, and not, as is sometimes said, Francisco
—- OO ———
Dianthus. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. a bi
°
Velez de Arciniega.) — Annuals with tough dichotomously branched stems,
sparse subulate foliage, and slender sessile or short-peduncled flowers. — Leefl. in
L. Spec. i. 332; Sibthorp, Fl. Gree. t. 390, 391; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi.
t. 246; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 144. — A small Mediterranean genus of charac-
teristic habit. A single species, probably of recent introduction, has just been
noted in Central California.
V. rica, L.1.c. Leaves narrowly linear, attenuate, an inch or less in length: flowers sub-
solitary at the nodes, or in the forks of the stem, and more or less crowded toward the ends
of the branches: calyx about equally 15-ribbed, glandular-puberulent, 6 to 8 lines long,
scarcely more than half line in diameter; sharp teeth erect: petals small with minute
bristle-formed appendages and small 2-toothed roseate blades: stamens 5 (to 10%).—
Reichenb. 1. c.— Dry sandy bluffs of the Tuolumne River, near La Grange, California,
Jepson, 1896; fil. July. (Adv. from Eu.)
2. DIANTHUS, L. Pins, Carnation. (Avds and dv6os, flower of
Jove.) —Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 364; DC. Prodr. i. 355; Reichenb. Ic.
Fl. Germ. vi. t. 248-268; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 144. — Chiefly natives of S.
Europe and N. Africa, deservedly popular in cultivation. Several species tend
to escape, and have become more or less naturalized. One variety only is
indigenous to this continent.
* Indigenous in the extreme Northwest.
D. alpinus, L. Low cespitose perennial with numerous ascending 1-flowered stems:
bracts 2 to 6, erect or somewhat spreading. — Spec. i. 412; Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc.
xxxiy. pt. 2,529. — (Eu., Siberia.) Very variable and according to Regel passing into
Var. répens, Reece, 1.c. 531. Root single, vertical or descending : stems procumbent
but not repent, much branched from near the base; branches simple, ascending, 3 to 6
inches in height, most often 1-flowered : leaves linear or linear-lanceolate, 8 to 16 lines long,
glabrous, slightly fleshy : involucral scales a single pair, narrowly ovate, acuminate, nearly
equalling the calyx, the attenuate tips slightly spreading: calyx somewhat inflated, 6 lines
long: corolla purple, about 7 lines broad, glabrous; petals with obovate erose-dentate
blades. — D. repens, Willd. Spec. ii. 681; Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i. 87; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 195; Seem. Bot. Herald, 27, t. 4. — Coast of N. and W. Alaska. (Siberia.)
* * Species of the Old World, naturalized, or adventive and locally established.
+ Bractlet short, half the length of the calyx: flowers solitary.
D. prettofprs, L. (Maipen Pink.) Perennial: stems decumbent, ascending, 6 inches to a
foot in height, very leafy below: leaves short, narrowly oblong to lance-linear, a line wide,
the lower obtusish, the uppermost acute: calyx long, tubular: petals narrow, red, pink, or
white. — Spec. i. 411; Eng. Bot. t. 61; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 83. — Occa-
sionally found escaped from gardens, New England, Martha’s Vineyard, Miss E. Watson,
and E. Windsor, Conn., from same collector, to Michigan (first reported in Bot. Gaz. vii.
109, as D. furcatus), L. H. Bailey. (Eu., Asia.)
+ + Bractlets narrow, attenuate, equalling or exceeding the calyx: flowers clustered.
D. sarpArus, L. 1. c. 409. (Sweet Witiram.) A smooth perennial, 1 to 2 feet in height:
stems simple, bearing the flowers in dense cymose fascicles: leaves lanceolate, large for the
genus, 14 to 3 inches long, a fourth as wide, minutely roughened on the edges: bractlets
filiform from a lanceolate base: blades of petals triangular-obovate, toothed, red, purple or
white, often variegated in cultivation. — Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 248.— Long culti-
vated, and occasionally spontaneous about old gardens. (Eu.)
D. Arméria, L. 1c. 410. (Deptrorp Pry.) Annual, 1 to 2 feet high, covered with a fine
grayish pubescence: stems branching and bearing several 2-4-flowered fascicles: bracts
subulate, attenuate, densely pubescent : flowers scentless : calyx slender, tubular, 7 to 8 lines
long, the teeth very sharp: petals roseate, spotted with white; blades elliptical, crenate-
212 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Dianthus.
dentate. — Pursh, Fl. i. 314; Bigel. Fl. Bost. 108; Torr. Fl. N. & Midd. States, 447; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 195. D. armeroides, Raf. in Desv.Jour. Bot. iii. 269 (1814), & Précis
Découv. 36 (1814). Atocion armerioides, Raf. Autikon Bot. 29.— Fields and pine woods,
Canada and Eastern States from Maine (Portland Catalogue) to Virginia and westward at
least as far as Michigan and Iowa (ace. to Shimek) ; also naturalized and spreading upon
rocky shores of Vancouver Isl. (acc. to J. M. Macoun); fl. June, July. Autumnal flowers
in October noted by L. F. Ward, and by others. (Eu., Caucasus.)
+ + + Bractlets broad, scarious, concealing the calyx.
D. prourrer, L.1.c. Annual, a foot or two in height: stems wiry: leaves narrow, minutely
scabrous, acute: heads terminal, 2—several-flowered, inclosed in thin dry ovate obtusish
mucronate imbricated bractlets: flowers expanding one at a time, ephemeral: calyx tubu-
lar; the veins faint, collected into five groups: petals small, notched, pink or red. — Eng.
Bot. t. 956. Tunica prolifera, Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, i. 299. — New Jersey, Durand ; Eastern
Pennsylvania, Smith, Porter; Staten Island, Britton ; Suffolk Co., Long Island, Hollick ;
Delaware, acc. to Commons; Cleveland, O., Beardslee; fl. all summer. This species,
especially in its calyx, forms a transition to the next genus. (Eu., Caucasus.)
3. TUNICA, Rupp. (Tunica, a tunic, probably in reference to the close
involucre.) — Slender wiry-stemmed herbs with small mostly linear leaves.
Flowers terminal, solitary or fascicled in small heads. — Fl. Jen. 105; Adans.
Fam. ii. 255, in part; Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, i. 298; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i.
145; Williams, Jour. Bot. xxviii. 193. Old World plants represented in Amer-
ica by a single species recently introduced.
T. saxfrraca, Scop. 1. c. 300. Smooth: stems numerous, slender, branching, curved-ascend-
ing: leaves small, linear, acute, less than half a line in width: the lower internodes very
short : flowers small, numerous, terminal, solitary: bractlets 2 pairs, scarious except in the
middle, acute, considerably shorter than the calyx: petals notched, pale purple; blades
a line in length. — Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 246. Dianthus Saxifragus, L. Spee. i. 413.
— Flushing, L. I., J. Schrenk, and on roadsides near London, Ontario, Burgess. (Adv.
from Eu.)
4. GYPSOPHILA, L. (Twos, gypsum, and ¢iAX«iv, to love, from a sup-
posed preference for soil rich in gypsum.) — Ameen. Acad. iii. 23 (Diss. Chen.
1751, 41), & Spec. i. 406; DC. Prodr. i. 251, in part; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 239-242 ;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 146; Williams, 1. c. xxvii. 321. — Old World herbs of
graceful habit, mostly natives of Southern Europe and Western Asia. Several
species are cultivated for ornament; the following are sparingly naturalized.
G. murduts, L. Low annual with the habit of Arenaria: leaves small, linear, acute: flowers
scattered in the forks of the branches: pedicels filiform, two or three times as long as the
calyx : petals pink with darker veins, emarginate, 2 to 3 lines in length. — Spec. i. 408; FI.
Dan. t. 1268. — Roadsides and sandy places from Maine, Miss Blatchford, to New Jersey,
Brown, and westward to London, Canada, Dearness; becoming frequent. (Ady. from S.
and Midd. Eu., Siberia.)
G. panicurAta, L. 1]. c. 407. (Basy’s Breatu.) Perennial, glabrous and somewhat glau-
cous, 2 feet or more in height: leaves lanceolate, acute, 1 to 1} inches in length: flowers
very numerous in a compound panicle: segments of the calyx with conspicuous white sca-
rious margins: petals scarcely exceeding the calyx: capsule nearly spherical. — Reichenb.
1. c. t. 242. — Doubtfully established at Emerson, Manitoba, Fowler. (Adv. from Eu.)
5. SAPONARIA, L. Soarwort. (Latin sapo, soap; S. officinalis
having been used as a substitute for soap, the juice being capable of forming a
lather.) — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 8365; DC. Prodr. i. 365; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. i. 146. — A genus of the Old World including plants of diverse habit. Two
Silene. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. FAS
rather coarse species belonging to different sections of the genus are spontaneous
in America.
§ 1. Vaccarta, Dodon. (as gen.). Annual: flowers in a broad loose flat-
topped corymb : calyx ovate, 5-angled. — Pempt. 104; DC. 1. ¢.
S. VaccAria, L. Glabrous and somewhat glaucous : leaves ovate or oblong-lanceolate, sessile
and somewhat connate : calyx with 5 sharp herbaceous angles, the intervening parts being
white and scarious: corolla rose-colored, destitute of appendages. — Spec. i. 409; Sims.
Bot. Mag. t. 2290; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 195; also variously referred by authors to Gypso-
phila, Lychnis, or more often regarded as an independent genus, Vaccaria (V. vulgaris, Host,
Fl. Aust. i. 518). — Railway ballast and cultivated ground, frequent and sometimes trouble-
some in wheatfields westward, where it bears the name of “cockle”; fl. July, August.
(Introd. from Eu.)
§ 2. Bodria, Neck. (as gen.). Perennials: flowers fasciculate-paniculate :
calyx cylindrical, not angled. — Delic. Gallo-Belg. i. 193; DC. 1. c.
S. orricinAuis, L. 1. c. 408. (Soapwort, Bouncinc Bet.) Perennial, smooth, 13 to 2 feet
high: leaves ovate-lanceolate, acute, 3-ribbed, 2 to 3 inches long, narrowed at the base ; in-
florescence terminal, somewhat pyramidal, the flowers clustered at the ends of short branches:
calyx tubular, terete: petals appendaged at the junction of the claw and the obovate retuse
blade, white or pink, often double. — Eng. Bot. t. 1060; Pursh, Fl. i. 314; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 195. — Roadsides and waste ground, common; fl. July to the end of October. (Nat.
from Eu.) Tricarpellary flowers are not infrequent.
6. SILENE, L. Carcurry, Campion. (Name from Zernvos, in refer-
ence to the viscid excretion of many species, the Greek god having been described
as covered with foam; also derived directly from oiaXdov, saliva.) — Syst. Nat.
ed. 1, & Gen. no. 3872; Otth in DC. Prodr. i. 367; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 189;
Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 303; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 269-301;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 147; Rohrb. Monogr. der Gatt. Silene; Wats. Proc.
Am. Acad. x. 340, & Bibl. Index, 106; Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii.” 130.
—A large genus of attractive plants inhabiting chiefly the northern temperate
parts of the Old World, but also well represented in North America, especially
in the Pacific region. Although the members of this genus present considerable
diversity of habit and floral characters, yet the greater part of the species do not
fall into well marked groups, and the elaborate subdivision of the genus suggested
by Rohrbach cannot be satisfactorily carried out among our American plants.
Many species, together with several nearly related members of Lychnis, have
been by many foreign writers transferred to Melandrium, Rohl. (Deutsch. FI.
ed. 2, ii. 274; Melandryum, Reichenb. F]. Germ. Ex.824). While a natural group
is thus formed, it is so poorly circumscribed by technical characters as to be
almost useless in classification. The partial septation of the capsule, usually
adduced as the strongest character for the division of Silene and Melandrium, is
wholly untrustworthy in American species. Thus S. Virginica, generally re-
ferred by continental authors to Melandrium, often shows the partial septation of
a Silene, while S. multinervia, a good Silene by habit and affinity to others of
the § Conoimorpha, has often no trace of septation. The number of carpels, the
sole technical distinction between this and the next genus, is in some cases unfor-
tunately variable. Specimens with 4 or 5 carpels have been noted especially in
214 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Silene.
the following species of western range: S. Hallii, S. Douglasii, S. pectinata, and
S. Watsoni.
§ 1. Conoimérrna, Otth, 1. c. 371. Calyx conspicuously 18-60-costate ; the
ribs about equally prominent. — Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 578. Conosilene, Fourr.
Ann. Soc. Linn. Lyon, n. ser. xvi. 344. § Oonosilene, Rohrb. 1. c. 893; subg.
Williams, Jour. Bot. xxxii. 13. — Annuals, all of the Mediterranean region but
the following problematic Californian species.
S. multinérvia, Watson. Erect, a foot high, pubescent throughout and somewhat viscid-
glandular above: leaves narrowly oblong or linear, acute : inflorescence cymose with unequal
branches: calyx ovate in fruit, contracted above, 5 lines long, 18-23-ribbed : petals small,
purplish, unappendaged, not exceeding the subulate spreading calyx-teeth : capsule narrowly
ovate; partial septa at the base commonly obscure or wanting. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxv.
126; Brandegee, Zoe, i. 133, ii, 121. S. Conoidea, Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2,
i. 202, & Zoe, i. 113; Davidson, Erythea, i. 58; not L.— Western California near the coast
from Tamalpais near San Francisco, K. Brandegee, to Jamuel, San Diego Co., Orcutt. Also
on the Island of Santa Cruz, Brandegee. This species has recently spread rapidly through
Southern and Central California, as though an introduced plant, but cannot be identified as
yet with any foreign member of this small and well marked section of the genus.
§ 2. Benendntua, Otth, |. c. 367. Calyx ovoid to globular, vesicular-inflated
and somewhat contracted at the orifice, obscurely 15—20-veined, the veins con-
nected throughout their whole extent by anastomosing veinlets. — Behen, Meench,
Meth. 709. Subg. Behen, Rohrb. l.c. 77. Subg. Gastrosilene, Williams, 1. c.—
Perennials of the Old World; the following extensively naturalized in America.
S. Cuctsauus, Wibel. (BLappER Campion.) Glaucous: stems ascending, a foot or more
in height, leafy below, smooth or somewhat rough-pubescent: leaves opposite, usually
lanceolate, acute: bracts much smaller: flowers polygamo-dicecious, sometimes a little
zy gomorphous through the reflexing of the upper petals and declining of the stamens: calyx
campanulate to subglobose, strongly inflated, glabrous, finely reticulated between the incon-
spicuous nerves: petals narrow, 2-cleft, scarcely crowned, white or pink. — Prim. Fl. Werth.
241; Rohrb. 1. c. 84; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 84. S. inflata, Smith, FI. Brit.
ii. 467; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 89; Warming, Bot. Foren. Festskr. 1890, 258. S. vulgaris,
Garcke, Fl. Deutsch. ed. 9, 64. Cucubalus Behen, L. Spec. i. 414. Behen vulgaris, Mcench,
1. c. — Fields and roadsides, New Brunswick to Brit. Columbia (ace. to J. M. Macoun),
Washington State, Piper, and southward to Tennessee, Scribner ; common, especially east-
ward. (Nat. from Eu.)
§ 3. Eusirine, Godr. Calyx campanulate to cylindrical or clavate, definitely
10-nerved (obscurely so in S. campanulata) ; anastomosing veinlets often present.
— Mém. Soc. Sci. Nancy, 1846, 414. Stlene proper and Melandrywm in part,
of European authors.
* Annuals or biennials, mostly introduced.
+ Inflorescence simply racemose, or subspicate ; pedicels solitary.
S. GAriica, L. Stem hirsute with white jointed hairs: leaves spatulate, obtuse, mucronate,
hirsute-pubescent on both sides, 8 to 18 lines in length: racemes terminal, one-sided, 2 to 4
inches long: flowers more or less pedicellate: calyx villous-hirsute, slender and subcylindric
in anthesis, becoming in fruit broadly ovoid, with contracted orifice and short narrow spread-
ing teeth: petals usually little exceeding the calyx; blades obovate, somewhat bifid,
toothed or entire. — Spec. i. 417; Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i. 40; Rohrb. l.c. 96. S.
Anglica, L. 1. ¢. 416. — Apparently of European origin, but now cosmopolitan; locally com-
mon on the Pacific Slope from Brit. Columbia to Lower Calif. ; not infréquent in cultivated
fields in the Atlantic States; fl. April to July. The typical form has very short ascending
Silene. CARYOPHYLLACES. 215
pedicels and white or pink flowers. S. Lusitanica, L. 1. c., a form with the lower pedicels
elongated (equalling or exceeding the calyx) and becoming horizontal in fruit, has been
found at Jolon, Calif., Brandegee. (Nat. from Eu.)
Var. QUINQUEVULNERA, Koch. Petals more showy, subentire, deep crimson with a
white or pink border. — Synop. Fl. Germ. & Helv. 100. S. quinquevulnera, L. 1. ec. — With
the typical form. (Adv. from Eu.)
+- + Inflorescence dichotomously racemose.
S. picuotroma, Ehrh. Tall, more or less hirsute and viscid: root annual or biennial: leaves
lanceolate or oblanceolate: flowers short-pedicelled or subsessile, larger than in the preced-
ing, half inch in diameter, often nodding in anthesis, but becoming erect in fruit: petals
white or roseate; blades obovate, more or less deeply bifid: calyx cylindric in anthesis,
becoming ovate in fruit, the prominent green nerves strictly simple, hirsute. — Beitr. vii.
143; Reichenb. 1. c. vi. t. 280.— Recently and extensively introduced in New England,
where it is becoming a noxious weed in clover and grain fields; also locally established in
other parts of the country; Texas, Nealley; Berkeley, Calif, Greene; fl. June, July.
(Introd. from 8. Eu. and W. Asia.) Var. racemoésa, Rohrb. 1. c. 95 (\S. racemosa, Otth, 1. c.
384; Boiss. Fl. Orient. i. 589) is a form or variety, which has been vaguely separated upon
various combinations of inconstant characters (chiefly the more spreading branches and
deeply cleft petals), but it scarcely occurs in America except on ballast (Philadelphia,
Martindale).
+- + + Inflorescence cymose or paniculate, not distinctly racemose.
++ Viscid-pubescent or hirsute.
S. noctrritora, L. A coarse species a foot or two in height: leaves lanceolate or ovate-
lanceolate, 2 to 3 inches long: flowers usually few in loose cymes, fragrant: calyx large, in
fruit ovoid, white with green nerves tending to anastomose ; the teeth attenuate: petals bifid.
— Spec. i. 419; Eng. Bot. t. 291; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 192; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man
ed. 6, 85. — Roadsides and cultivated grounds; fl. June to September. (Nat. from Eu.)
++ ++ Smooth or nearly so, a part of each of the upper internodes glutinous.
S. antirrhina, L.1.c. (Steery or SNapprRacon Carcurty.) Stem 6 inches to 3 feet in
height: leaves oblong-lanceolate or linear, commonly acute: flowers rather numerous, small,
ephemeral, borne in a compound cyme; pedicels long, filiform: calyx smooth, green, ovoid
in fruit, about 4 lines long, contracted above; the teeth short: ovary scarcely stiped: petals
small, pink or white, more or less emarginate or bifid. — Otth, 1. c.376; Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
191; Rohrb. 1. c. 173; Mart. Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, t.66. Saponaria dioica, Cham. & Schlecht.
Linnea, i. 38. Ebraxis virgata, Raf. Autikon Bot. 29, — Waste places, common, widely
distributed throughout the United States and Canada (also S. Am.) ; very variable in size
and foliage.
Var. lindria, Woop. “Very slender; leaves all linear except the lowest, which are
linear-spatulate ; calyx globular. Ga. and Fla.’’— Class-Book, ed. of 1861, 256, & Bot. &
Fl. 53; Wats. Bibl. Index, 107.
Var. divaricata, Rozrson. Very slender: leaves linear or lance-linear: branches
filiform, divaricate: calyx ovoid, 2 to 24 lines long: petals wanting. — Proc. Am. Acad.
Xxvill. 132, — Waltham, Mass., Boott ; Rockford, Ill., Bebb, Swezey. A very similar apetalous
form has been collected at Hartville, Wyoming, Nelson.
S. Armerta, L. 1. c. 420. Leaves elliptic or ovate-elliptic: flowers borne at the ends of the
branches in small close cymes: pedicels short : calyx slender, clavate, 6 to 8 lines long: ovary
long-stiped: petals pink, subentire or minutely toothed; appendages lanceolate, acute. —
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 194; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 284. — Occasionally found on roadsides and in
fields, having escaped from gardens. (Introd. from Eu.)
* * Perennial, subacaulescent, very low and densely matted.
S. acatlis, L. (Moss Campion.) Closely cespitose, an inch or two in height: leaves lin-
ear, crowded on the branching rootstocks: flowers small, 2 to 3 lines in diameter, subsessile
or raised on naked curved peduncles (2 to 6 lines long): calyx narrowly campanulate, 2 to
3 lines long, glabrous; the teeth short, rounded : petals purplish, rarely white, entire, retuse
216 CARYOPHYLLACEX. Silene.
or bifid, minutely appendaged. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 603; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 270. Cucubalus acau-
lis, L. Spec. i. 415. Lychnis acaulis, Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, i. 306,— An arctic and high
alpine species, widely distributed and somewhat variable; Arctic America to the White
Mts.; extending along the Rocky Mts. from Alaska to Arizona; also found in the Cascade
Mts. (Eu., Asia.) A somewhat caulescent form, with very slender elongated leaves 1 to
14 inches in length, has been found in the Rocky Mts. of Colorado, Hall & Harbour, Miss
Eastwood, and Arizona, Rothrock. It is connected, however, with the typical form by
gradual transitions.
* * * Caulescent perennials.
+ Species of the Atlantic and Gulf States and of the Mississippi Valley.
++ Calyx inflated, flowers white or pink, scattered or panicled.
S. nivea, Munx. Stem smooth or minutely pubescent above, 14 to 3 feet in height: leaves
opposite, lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, smooth or pulverulent-pubescent : flowers rather
few, nodding, borne in the forks of the branches: bracts foliar: calyx oblong in anthesis,
finely pubescent or smooth ; nerves inconspicuous, anastomosing, the teeth short, triangular,
obtuse: petals cuneate-obovate, bearing two short blunt appendages. — Muhl. acc. to Nutt.
Gen. i. 287, where first descr. (Nutt. evidently miscopying the name S. alba of Muhl.) ; Otth,
lc. 377; Torr. & Gray, F1.i. 190; Rohrb.1.c.87. S. alba, Muhl. Cat. 45 (nomen subnudum).
Cucubalus niveus, Nutt. Gen. i. 287. — Pennsylvania and Washington, D. C., and mountains
of E. Tennessee (acc. to Chapman), to S. Llinois, Iowa, and Minnesota; rather local but
not rare. Some specimens have been discovered also at Orono, Maine, by Prof. F. L. Har-
vey, who regards the species as indigenous at this extra-limital station.
S. stellata, Arr. f. (Srarry Campion.) Stems 2 to 3 feet high: leaves in whorls of 4
(the uppermost and lowest sometimes opposite), ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 2 to 3 inches
long, half as broad: flowers in an open panicle: calyx campanulate, 4 to 5 lines in length;
the teeth broad, acuminate: petals laciniately cleft, unappendaged. — [Dryander ? in] Ait.
f. Kew. ed. 2, iii. 84; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 100, t. 16; Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 1, ii. 45,
t.12. Cucubalus stellatus, L. Spec. i. 414; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1107. — Woodland, frequent,
E. Massachusetts to Minnesota and Nebraska, Hayden, Clements, southward to Georgia,
Small, and Texas.
++ ++ Calyx not inflated, distended only by the enlarging capsule.
= Flowers white or rose-colored.
S. ovata, Pursu. Pubescent or smooth: stems several from the same root, 2 to 4 feet in
height: leaves ovate to ovate-lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate, 3-5-nerved from the rounded
base, sessile, subconnate, 3 to 5 inches long: flowers borne in a narrow terminal leafless
panicle: calyx tubular, 3 to 4 lines in length, 10-nerved: petals white, blades dichoto-
mously cleft into linear segments. — Fl. i. 316; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 190; Chapm. Fl. 51.
2 Cucubalus polypetalus, Walt. Car. 141. — Alluvial woods, uplands, North Carolina to Geor-
gia and Alabama.
S. Baldwinii, Nutr. Villous: stems low, weak, decumbent, throwing out runners: lower
leaves spatulate, obtuse, with attenuate bases; the upper oblanceolate or lanceolate, acute :
flowers few, very large, 14 inches or more in diameter, pedicellate, aggregated at the ends
of the stems: calyx clavate, pubescent, 10 lines in length; the teeth ovate-lanceolate, acu-
minate: petals white or pink; the large obovate blades fringed, unappendaged: capsule
aseptate. — Gen. i. 288; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 193; Chapm. Fl. 51. 8S. fimbriata, Baldw. in
Ell. Sk. i. 515, not of Sims. Melandryum Baldwini, Rohrb. 1. c. 231; Wats. Bot. King Exp.
431. — Georgia and Florida; fl. March to May.
S. ntrans, L., a slender European species with narrow leaves chiefly clustered near the
base, and white or rose-colored flowers nodding in a narrow panicle, has been found more or
less established on Mt. Desert Isl., Maine, Miss Minot, and has been collected at Arrochar,
Richmond Co., N. Y., by W. C. Kerr (Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 460).
S. Pennsylvanica, Micux. (Wip Pink.) Viscid-pubescent: stems few or many, 6 to 9
inches high, from a strong tap-root: leaves mostly at the base, spatulate or oblanceolate,
usually acutish at the apex, tapering below to long ciliated petioles ; the two or three pairs
Silene. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 217
of cauline leaves much shorter, lanceolate or narrowly oblong, acute: cymes small, terminal,
dense, rarely more open: calyx clavate, purplish; the teeth short: petals rose-colored or
white, appendaged; blades obovate, erose, 4 to 6 lines in length: ovary long-stiped. —
Fl. i. 272; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 247; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 90; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 42, t. 115.
S. cheiranthoides, Poir. Dict. vii. 176. S. incarnata, Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 41. S. platypetala,
Otth in DC. Prodr. i. 383. Melandryum Pennsylvanicum, Rohrb. 1. c. 233, & Linnea, xxxvi.
251. S. Caroliniana, Walt. Car. 142, with scarlet or crimson petals, and S. rubicunda, Dietr.
Allg. Gartenzeit. iii. 196, with divided petals, are probable synonyms. Dr. Britton main-
tains (Bull. Torr. Club, xviii. 268) that the former species, which antedates that of
Michaux, was founded upon a plant in herb. Walter labelled “ Silene an Virginica.”
Walter’s species, however, as the description shows, was based upon two somewhat differing
plants, and there is no proof from the labelling that the plant in question represents either
of them. —Open rocky woods, E. New England to S. Carolina and Kentucky; fl. April,
May. Flowers with 5 carpels are occasionally found (acc. to J. Schrenk) as in some other
species of the genus. ;
= = Flowers crimson or scarlet, large.
a. Petals 2—4-toothed.
S. Virginica, L. (Free Pins, Carcurry.) Viscid-pubescent: stem striate, single, simple,
1 to 2 feet high: leaves spatulate or oblanceolate; the lower ones narrowed to ciliate-
fringed petioles; the upper lanceolate, sessile: flowers very large, an inch or more in
diameter, loosely cymose, commonly nodding or reflexed after anthesis: calyx clavate or
oblong, 8 lines in length, becoming obovate in fruit: petals crimson ; blades broadly
lanceolate, 2(rarely 4)-toothed at the apex. — Spec. i. 419, in part, not Willd. ; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 3342; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 192; Chapm. Fl. 51; Meehan, 1. c. 17, t.5. S. Catesbei,
Walt. Car. 142. 8S. coccinea, Moench, Meth. Suppl. 306. — Common in open woods, on rocky
hills, W. New York, 8. W. Ontario (acc. to Macoun) to Minnesota (acc. to Upham), south-
ward to Georgia and Arkansas.
S. rotundifolia, Nurr. (Rounp-teavep Catcuriy.) Viscid-pubescent: stems weak,
decumbent, branched: leaves rather large, varying from broadly lanceolate to subrotund,
rather abruptly pointed ; the lower ones contracted at the base to winged petioles: flowers
large, showy, scattered or in loose cymes: calyx tubular, 10 to 13 lines in length, abrupt at
the base, becoming clavate but not obovate in fruit: petals bright scarlet; blades 8 lines
in length, deeply bifid; lobes more or less toothed: seeds smaller, smoother, and darker
colored than in the preceding — Gen. i. 288; Otth, 1. c. 383; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 192.
Melandryum rotundifolium, Rohrb. Monogr. Sil. 234, & Linnea, xxxvi. 257; Wats. Bot.
King Exp. 431. —S. Ohio (abundant at Ash Cave, Hocking Co., acc. to Selby), Kentucky,
Tennessee, and (ace. to Chapman) Alabama; rather local; fl. June to August.
b. Petals entire or nearly so.
S. régia, Sms. (Royay Carcnrry.) Viscid-glandular above, finely pulverulent-pubescent
below: stems tall, erect, rather rigid, simple or sparingly branched, leafy: leaves ovate,
acuminate, 3—7-nerved from the rounded sessile base; the lowest more or less contracted
below: flowers showy, in a narrow oblong panicle: calyx cylindrical, 10 to 12 lines long,
becoming somewhat spindle-shaped in fruit: petals spatulate-lanceolate, subentire, scarlet.
— Bot. Mag. t. 1724; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard, n. ser. t.313; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 1938. S. Vir-
ginica, form, Michx. Fl. i. 272. “|S. Iilinoensis (Mx.),” Kellerman, Geol. Ohio, vii. pt. 2,
178, careless synonym, as Michaux employs the word J/linoensis merely in giving the distri-
bution. Melandryum regium, A. Br. Flora, 1848, 372. M. Iilinoense, Rohrb. Linnea, xxxvi.
250. — Prairies, Ohio to Georgia (acc. to Chapman) and westward to Missouri, Arkansas,
and N. W. Indian Terr., Blankinship ; fl. June to August.
S. subciliata, Roprson. Stem strict, erect, glabrous: leaves narrowly linear-oblong,
slightly fleshy, glabrous on the surfaces but sparingly ciliated on the margin, 1} to 2 inches
long, obtusely pointed with callous tips and narrowed below to short winged and ciliated
petioles: inflorescence slender, elongated, racemiform; the lower flowers distant: calyx
glabrous, cylindric, 10 lines in length: petals with elliptic entire obtuse blades and lanceolate
entire appendages. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 327. —“‘ Texas and Louisiana,” Wright. A
distinct species, but never rediscovered and hence poorly known.
218 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Silene.
+ + Rocky Mountain and Pacific species.
«+ Flowers large, rather few, scattered: calyx cylindrical or clavate in anthesis, 8 to 12
lines long: corolla (except in S. Parishii) usually more than 10 lines in breadth; petals
4-cc-cleft, very rarely bifid: stems leafy.
= Corolla deep red.
S. lacinidta, Cav. Finely pubescent: root narrowly fusiform: stems erect or decumbent,
somewhat rigid, knotty below; the branches ascending: leaves lanceolate to narrowly
linear, scabrous, ciliolate, narrowed to a sessile base: flowers terminal on the branches:
calyx subcylindric or clavate even in fruit, 10 lines in length: petals bright scarlet, 4-cleft
or very rarely bifid: capsule essentially oblong, scarcely at all ovate, commonly exserted at
maturity. —Ic. vi. 44, t. 564; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1444; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 17; Wats.
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341. S. pulchra, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 675, in part. S. speciosa, Paxt.
Mag. Bot. x. 219. S. simulans, Greene, Pittonia, i. 63. Lychnis pulchra, Cham. & Schlecht.
Linnea, v. 234. — Central California to New Mexico. (Mex., Lower Calif.)
Var. Grégegii, Warson. Leaves oblong-lanceolate to ovate, otherwise not differing
essentially from the type. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341, & Bibl. Index, 108. S. Greggit, Gray,
Pl. Wright. ii. 17.. Melandryum laciniatum, var. Greggii, Rohrb. Monogr. Sil. 232. MM. Greggit,
Rohrb. Linnwa, xxxvi. 256. — W. Texas, Nealley (acc. to Coulter); New Mexico, Wright,
Thurber, Matthews ; Arizona, Buckminster, Lemmon. (Mex., Gregg.)
S. Califérnica, Duranp. Root simple, strong, penetrating vertically to a depth of 2 to 3
feet: stems several, procumbent or suberect, leafy: leaves lanceolate or ovate-elliptic, more
or less narrowed to the base, acuminate, rarely obtusish : corolla more than an inch broad ;
petals variously cleft, most commonly with two broad lobes flanked by two narrower ones:
capstile ovoid, concealed until dehiscence by the rather broad calyx. — Pl. Pratt. 83; Brew.
& Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 64. S. pulchra, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 675, in part. S. Virginica, Benth.
Pl. Hartw. 299. SS. laciniata, var. Californica, Gray, Proc. Bost. Soc. Nat. Hist. vii. 146 ;
Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341. S. Tilingi, Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. i. 99. Melandryum
Californicum, Rohrb. Linnea, xxxvi. 252.— Coast Mts. of Currie Co., Oregon, Howell,
southward through N. and Central California to Ft. Tejon, Xanthus, and perhaps farther.
Subject to much variation in foliage, the following being perhaps the best marked of the
varieties.
Var. subcordata, Ropinson. Leaves ovate, suborbicular, shortly acuminate, closely
sessile by suhcordate bases. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 136.— Blue Cafion, Placer Co.,
Calif., Kellogg, Brandegee.
= = Corolla white or roseate, much exserted: seed-coat more or less roughened but firm.
S. Wrightii, Gray. Very glutinous: rootstock thick, ligneous: stems several, ascending,
a foot or more in length, branching, leafy : leaves lanceolate, acuminate, 14 to 2 inches long,
sessile; the lower attenuate below: calyx-teeth filiform-attenuate, nearly half as long as
the tube: petals white, 4-cleft; the lobes somewhat toothed: capsule on a stipe of nearly
its own length. — Pl. Wright. ii. 17; Wats. Bibl. Index, 110. Melandryum Wrightit, Rohrb.
Linnza, xxxvi. 253; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 431.— Mountain sides near the copper mines,
New Mexico, Wright (no. 862).
S. HooKeri, Nurr. Covered above with a fine grayish pubescence: root single, stout:
stems several, short, slender, decumbent : leaves oblanceolate, rather numerous and approxi-
mate, 2 to 3 inches in length, acute or obtusish: flowers very large: calyx-teeth acute, but
not filiform: petals 4-cleft, white or pink. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 193; Hook. f.
Bot. Mag. t. 6051; Fl. Serres, t. 2093; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341; Brew. & Wats. 1. c.
S. Bolanderi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 330, viii. 378; Bolander, Cat. 6. Melandryum
Hookeri & M. Bolanderi, Rohrb. 1. c.; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 431.— Woodlands, W.
Oregon and N. W. California; fl. June, July.
= = = Corolla white or nearly so, scarcely exserted: seed-coat vesicularly roughened
or crested.
S. Parishii, Watson. Somewhat grayish-pubescent or green: root simple, thick, with a
branching rootstock: stems several, decumbent, a span long: leaves lanceolate, acuminate,
sessile, 1 to 2 inches long; the lower oblanceolate: flowers aggregated at the ends of the
Silene. CARYOPHYLLACES. 219
branches: calyx tubular, narrowed below, an inch long, with narrow subulate teeth (3 to 4
lines in length): petals narrow, scarcely exserted from the calyx, cleft into 4 or more
filiform segments: seeds doubly crested with short vesicular hairs. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii.
366.— San Bernardino Mts., Calif., Parish Bros.; also on dry summit of Tanwitz Ridge,
San Jacinto Mts., H. M. Hall; fl. August.
++ ++ Flowers smaller, not ordinarily exceeding 6 or 8 lines in diameter.
= Flowers borne in the forks of the branches and forming a leafy inflorescence: calyx
oblong or campanulate: leaves lanceolate to orbicular.
S. campanulata, Watson. Finely glandular-pubescent: root thick, simple: rootstock
branching, somewhat woody : stems slender, erect, leafy: leaves sessile, lanceolate : flowers
on short deflexed peduncles: calyx green, broadly campanulate, reticulate-veined, toothed
nearly to the middle: petals narrow ; the limb cleft into 4 or more flesh-colored segments:
capsule globular, 3 to 4 lines in diameter. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 341; Brew. & Wats. Ll. ¢. 63.
— Mountainous districts of N. California and S. Oregon.
Var. Greénei, Watson. More pubescent throughout: leaves ovate: petals greenish
white. — Wats. in Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 137.— California, Yreka, Greene,
Trinity Co., Blankinship ; Oregon, Cafonville and Wolf Creek, Howell Bros., Ashland,
Henderson. Apparently the commonest form.
Var. orbiculata, Roxsrnson, n. var. Tomentulose: leaves shorter, rotund in general
outline, half inch in diameter, with a very short acuminate tip, broadly cordate and amplexi-
caul at the base. — Elevated ledges above Hetten Chow, Trinity Co., Calif., Blankinship,
23 June, 1893.
S. Menziésii, Hoox. Finely glandular-pubescent: stems weak, leafy, dichotomously
branched above, 6 inches to a foot or more in height: leaves ovate-lanceolate, acuminate at
each end, thin: flowers very small for the genus: calyx obconical, obovate, or oblong, only
24 to 4 lines in length: petals white, 2-cleft, commonly but not always unappendaged :
capsule 14 to 2 lines in diameter. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 90, t. 30; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 193, 676;
Rohrb. Monogr. Sil. 147. S. stellarioides, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. ce. 193. S. Dorrit,
Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. iii. 44, f. 12.— From S. Missouri, Blankinship, Nebraska,
Williams, to Assiniboia, and westward and sonthwestward to Vancouver Isl., S. California,
and New Mexico.
= = Flowers few, rather small, white or nearly so, nodding, borne in a lax naked panicle :
petals cleft into four or more narrowly linear almost filiform segments: styles long-
exserted : leaves small, lanceolate, chiefly clustered upon the more or less cespitose base.
S. Lemmo6ni, Watson. Smoothish and green or more or less hoary-puberulent, finely
glandular and viscid above: root single; rootstock considerably branched: stems slender, 6
to 14 inches high, bearing 3 to 6 loosely paniculate or subracemose flowers: leaves oblance-
olate to linear-oblong, acute: calyx in fruit obovoid, more or less narrowed below; nerves
green, those of the short ovate-lanceolate teeth rather broad: petals with spatulate pubes-
cent claws; blades divided into 4 linear-filiform segments; appendages linear, entire:
seeds reddish or ashy. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 64. S.
Palmeri, Wats. 1. c. xi. 124; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 65, an indistinguishable form of S. Calif.
S. longistylis, Engelm. in Wats. 1. c. xxii. 469, merely a narrow-leaved and somewhat canes-
cent form of the north. — Mountainous regions from Ashland Butte, S. Oregon, throughout
California to Cuiamaca Mts., San Diego Co., Palmer; fl. May to July. The three species
here united are now known from fairly copious intergrading material which leaves no
doubt that the supposed specific differences are of a trivial and inconstant nature.
= = = Inflorescence as in the preceding : petals 2-cleft into linear segments: styles very
long, the exserted portion as long as the calyx.
S. Bridgésii, Ronrs. Pubescent and viscid: stems leafy, usually simple up to the inflores-
cence, a foot or more in height: leaves sessile, lanceolate, acute, 14 to 2 inches long: flowers
slender-pedicelled, verticillately racemose or somewhat paniculate, nodding: calyx narrowly
oblong or clavate in anthesis, broadly obovate in fruit ; the teeth acute; the principal nerves
broad, green; the commissural much narrower, seldom anastomosing with the others:
petals half to three fourths inch long, considerably exserted, white or purplish: seeds very
2
20 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Silene.
large, finely tuberculate, red.— App. Ind. Sem. Berol. 1867, 5, & Monogr. Sil. 204; Wats.
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 66. S. incompta, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. vii.
330 (S. Engelmanni, Rohrb. Linnza, xxxvi. 264), is a form of the same species, differing
from the type only in the somewhat broader lobes of the petals and in the obtuse appen-
dages. — California, Yosemite Valley, Bridges, Gray ; Mt. Bullion, Bolander ; Danah, Cong-
don. A closely similar if not identical plant has been found by Aattan on the Klamath River.
= = = = Flowers scattered, or variously paniculate (in S. montana, var. rigidula, and
sometimes in S. repens, denser and subspicate or thyrsoid): styles included or somewhat
exserted, but not so long as in the preceding.
a. Fruiting calyx ovate, not contracted below, filled and distended by the subsessile
capsule.
8. Thutrberi, Warson. Densely grayish-pubescent and glandular: stems erect, 2 feet high,
somewhat rigid, with ascending branches: leaves lanceolate, acute, contracted below, sessile,
2 to 4-inches long: flowers small, rather numerous: calyx cylindric becoming narrowly
ovate, green and white striped, densely pubescent; the teeth slender with fimbriate-laciniate
margin: petals white, little exceeding the calyx; claws rather broad with upwardly pro-
duced auricles; blades bifid with short oblong lobes, each with a small lateral tooth; ap-
pendages oblong, obtuse: capsule narrowly ovoid, scarcely stiped; seeds tuberculate and
distinctly crested. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 348. S. plicata, Wats. 1. ¢. xvii. 366. — Near
Janos, S. W. New Mexico, Thurber ; peak south of Rucker Valley, Arizona, Lemmon. (Chi-
huahua, Pringle, Hartman ; Sonora, Hartman.)
8S. pectindta, Warson. Stems several, erect, 14 to 2} feet high: leaves lanceolate or
oblanceolate, acute or acuminate; the lower long, tapering into winged petioles; the upper
more or less reduced: flowers purplish rose-colored, 6 to 8 lines broad: calyx becoming
ovate in fruit: the teeth lance-linear to filiform, elongated, usually exceeding the mature
capsule: petals with narrow claws destitute of auricles; blades obovate, bifid; lobes
rounded ; appendages lanceolate, entire: capsule large, ovate. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 344;
Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 65.— Plumas Co., Calif., Mrs. Ames, Sierra Co., Lemmon ;
Carson City, Nev., Anderson. The typical form is very viscid-glandular and somewhat
branched.
Var. subniida, Rosryson. Scarcely viscid: stems subsimple: radical leaves almost
smooth, the cauline much reduced.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 140. Lychnis nuda, Wats.
Bot. King Exp. 37, & Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 248, is with scarcely a doubt merely a 5-carpelled
form from the Humboldt Mts., Watson.— Near Empire City and at Franktown, Nev.,
Jones.
b. Capsule distinctly stiped: calyx relatively narrow, cylindric or in fruit clavate or obovate
and usually rather distinctly contracted about the stipe of the capsule.
1. Petals 4(-oc )-fid.
S. Oregana, Watson. Finely pubescent and very viscid, fetid: stems one or more, erect,
simple up to the racemiform or rather densely cymose-paniculate inflorescence: the lower
leaves oblanceolate, narrowed below to long petioles; the upper leaves lanceolate or lance-
linear, sessile: petals white; claws spatulate, glabrous, distinctly auricled at the summit;
blades 2 to 3 lines long, variously cleft into 4 to 6 or more linear segments: stipe of the
ovoid capsule about 2 lines long.— Proc. Am. Acad. x. 343; Brew. & Wats. 1. c.— Moun-
tains of Oregon and Washington to Montana; fl. April to August.
S. montana, Warson, l.c. Finely pubescent: stems erect from a more or less decumbent
base, 4 to 14 inches high: leaves lance-linear or narrowly oblanceolate, acuminate, 1 to 24
inches in length; the cauline 3 to 4 pairs: inflorescence varying from subspicate to panicu-
late; flowers rarely solitary: calyx 6 to 9 lines in length: petals greenish white to rose-
colored, exserted 2 to 4 lines: ovary long-stiped: capsule acutish. — Near Carson City, Nev.,
Anderson ; Sierra Co., Calif., Lemmon. S. Shockleyi, Wats. 1. c. xxv. 127, from the White
Mts., Mono Co., Calif., is apparently only a high-mountain form of the same species.
Var. rigidula, Ropinson,1.c. Stems simple, a span high, slightly rigid: leaves short,
less than an inch in length, thickish and stiff: flowers white, subspicate. — Franktown,
Neyv., Jones. :
Silene. CARYOPHYLLACE. Zak
S. occidentalis, Watson. Viscid-glandular, 2 feet high: stems one or two from a single
strong root, branched above: leaves lanceolate or oblanceolate, 2 to 3 inches long: flowers
in a very loose open panicle: calyx elongated, cylindric, becoming clavate in fruit: petals
purple, 4-cleft into lanceolate segments; blades narrowed gradually into cuneate claws,
the latter devoid of auricles; appendages linear: capsule oblong, upon a stipe 2 lines in
length. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 343; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 64.— California, without special
locality, Bolander ; Plumas Co., Lemmon, Mrs. Austin; Butte Co., Mrs. Bidwell ; Alpine
Co., Hansen ; Modoc Co., Baker.
2. Petals with a (sometimes small but) well marked bifid blade, each lobe sometimes bearing
a very small lateral tooth.
O Blades nearly or quite as long as the glabrous claws.
S. répens, Parriy. Finely and densely puberulent: stems several from a branched and
creeping rootstock, leafy: leaves thinnish, lanceolate, attenuate both ways: inflorescence
rather dense, often thyrsoid, but sometimes more loosely paniculate: calyx purplish, 5 or 6
lines in length: spreading limb of the rose-purple petals 2 or 3 lines in length, with retuse
or entire segments; appendages oblong, entire: carpophore very long, often equalling or
exceeding the fruit.— Patrin in Pers. Syn. i. 500; Ledeb. Ic. t. 425; K. Brandegee, Zoe,
iv. 84. S. purpurata, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 229.— Porcupine River in the interior of N.
Alaska, Turner, S. Centr. Montana, Rydberg, Flodman. (N. Asia and Caucasus Mts.)
O O Blades much shorter than the claws; these pubescent below.
S. verectunda, Warsony, |. c. 344. Low, 6 to 18 inches in height, finely pubescent below,
glandular-viscid above: stems several, leafy especially near the base: leaves narrowly lan-
e ceolate, oblanceolate, or spatulate, to linear, acute: flowers terminal on the short branches
of the inflorescence or borne in 3-flowered lateral cymes: calyx soon becoming clavate or
obovate by the development of the broad ovoid capsule: calyx-teeth with membranous
ciliated margins: petals rose-colored; claws glabrous, narrowly or more broadly auricled ;
blades 2-cleft into short entire or slightly toothed oblong segments; appendages oblong or
lanceolate, blunt and often somewhat toothed at the apex. — Brew. & Wats. 1.¢.65. S. En-
gelmanni, var. Behrii, Rohrb. Linnea, xxxvi. 264. S. platyota, Wats. 1. c. xvii. 366, merely
a slender form of southern range. S. Luisana, Wats. 1. c. xxiii. 261, narrow-leaved form
not satisfactorily separable from the type. — Central California from Mt. Diablo (acc. to
Greene) and near San Francisco (first coll. at Mission Dolores by Bolander) to San Luis
Obispo, J. G. & S. A. Lemmon, and southward chiefly in the mountainous regions to the
Cuiamaca Mts., Palmer; fl. midsummer. (Lower Calif., Orcutt.) This species has long
been regarded as local, yet patient search has failed to show satisfactory or constant charac-
ters to distinguish the type from the more southern forms here included, which greatly
extend its range.
S. Sargéntii, Watson. Cespitose, minutely pubescent: stems numerous, slender, erect,
6 inches high: leaves linear or nearly so, inch or two long, a line or so in breadth; the
radical crowded, covering the rootstock with their slightly enlarged and imbricated bases;
the cauline 2 to 3 pairs: calyx cylindrical, 7 lines long; teeth short: petals white or pink ;
claws exserted, with broad laciniately cleft auricles; blades short, obovate, bifid ; segments
each bearing a small lateral tooth: capsule well stiped, cylindrical, very slender, at maturity
scarcely more than a line in diameter: seeds tuberculate-crested, smooth on the faces. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xiv. 290.— Table Mountain, Monitor Range, N. Nevada, Sargent. Known
from a single specimen only.
3. Petals with large spatulate claws; the almost obsolete blades consisting merely of two
very short entire blunt or triangular teeth; appendages 4, very small and entire: viscid-
glandular species of Idaho and Washington.
S. Spaldingii, Warson. Viscid-tomentose: stems several, knotty, a foot high, very leafy ;
branches appressed or ascending: leaves lanceolate, sessile, 14 to 2 inches long: flowers
subspicate or appressed cymose-paniculate: calyx in fruit obconical, more herbaceous than
usual in the genus, net-veined nearly to the base; teeth rather large, triangular-lanceolate,
acutish: petals greenish white, not exceeding the calyx; claws broadly auricled; blades
bifid, very short indeed, scarcely surpassing the four small appendages: capsule ovate-
222 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Silene.
oblong, moderately stiped. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 344.— On the Clear Water, Central Idaho,
Spalding; on the Imnaha, Union Co., Oregon, Cusick; fl. September.
c. Calyx broader, oblong, campanulate or rarely obovate, rather loosely surrounding the
ovary, sometimes narrowed downward but not distinctly contracted about the carpo-
phore.
1. Petals divided into 4 nearly equal segments: appendages fringe-toothed.
S. Bernardina, Watson. Covered with a fine grayish pubescence below, finely glandular
gbove: caudex branching: stems several, slender, erect, 8 to 12 inches high, furrowed, 1-5-
flowered: leaves grass-like, narrowly linear, half line to line in breadth, 1-nerved, acute :
terntinal flower developing first, the lower ones borne upon branches 14 to 2 inches long:
buds acute: calyx green-nerved; teeth lanceolate, acutish, with membranous ciliated mar-
gins: petals white with rather short blades; claws with broad laciniate auricles; appendages
4, long; the inner ones broad and toothed: capsule moderately stiped. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xxiv. 82.—On shady slopes, Tulare Co., Calif., at Long Meadow, Pulmer, near Whitney
Meadows, Coville & Funston.
2. Petals bifid; each segment with or without a smaller lateral tooth.
© Low, 3 to 8 inches in height.
S. Grayii, Warson, 1. c. xiv. 291. Cespitose, minutely pubescent and glandular: rootstock
elongated, much branched; stem simple, erect, 4 to 6 inches high, 1-5-flowered: leaves
short, oblanceolate or spatulate, slightly fleshy, 4 to 8 lines in length, the radical numerous,
crowded ; the cauline about 3 pairs: calyx broadly cylindrical; teeth rounded: petals pink,
with blades deeply bifid, the segments each bearing a lateral tooth; claws narrowly auricled
capsule short-ovoid, scarcely stiped. — Robinson, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 44, t. 6. — Mt. Shasta, above
the timber line and near snow, Brewer, Hooker & Gray, Engelmann, Packard, Pringle ;
Scott Mts., Engelmann.
S. Suksdorfii, Roxryson, 1. c. Low, densely matted, alpine: stems 2 to 3 (rarely 4 to 5)
inches high, simple, 1-3-flowered, minutely pubescent below, glandular above: cauline
leaves about 2 pairs, linear-spatulate, 3 to 7 lines long, a line wide, obtusish; radical leaves
numerous, crowded, similar or somewhat spatulate: calyx broadly cylindric or campanulate,
seldom exceeding 5 lines in length; nerves conspicuous, simple below, anastomosing above :
petals white, little exceeding the calyx, shallowly bifid; lobes entire; appendages oblong,
retuse: stipe of capsule 14 lines long. — California to Washington, Mt. Stanford, Hooker
& Gray; Mt. Paddo, Suksdorf; Mt. Hood, Howell; Mt. Stewart, Brandegee ; Mt. Rainier,
Piper.
S. Watsoni, Rozrnson. Finely glandular above, minutely pubescent or nearly smooth be-
low: stems many, cespitose from a multicipital caudex, erect, very slender, simple, 4 to 10
inches in height, bearing 1 to 5 or more flowers: leaves narrowly linear or very narrowly
oblanceolate, acute, dark green; the radical numerous, an inch in length, seldom exceeding
a line in breadth; the slender petioles expanding at the base, closely imbricated and con-
nate by scarious membranes: calyx ovate or somewhat obovate, 5 to 6 lines in length, with
purple more or less anastomosing nerves; teeth with membranous margins: petals white or
rose-colored ; blades short, a line in length, bifid; each segment usually bearing a short
lateral tooth ; appendages obtuse: styles ordinarily 3, rarely 4.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii.
143. Lychnis Californica, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 248; Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Herb. iv. 70. ZL. Parryi, Wats. 1. c., of W. Wyoming, is apparently this species, although
the single specimen on which it was based is 4-5-carpelled. In the absence of other differ-
ences its separation on this (probably inconstant) character is highly artificial. — California,
near Ebbett’s Pass, Brewer; Mt. Dana, Bolander; Sierra and Plumas Cos., Lemmon, south-
ward to Mineral King, acc. to Coville, 1. c.; and northward to the Siskiyou and Cascade
Mts., Oregon, Howell, and Washington, Piper. The anthers are often infested by Ustilago
antherarum, and in consequence enlarge and turn purple.
O O Taller.
S. Douglasii, Hoox. Finely pubescent, scarcely viscid: stems very slender, usually de-
cumbent and geniculate at the base: leaves remote, long, linear to narrowly lance-linear,
Silene. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Vets
attenuate to each end, spreading, 2 to 3 inches long, 1 to 2 lines wide: flowers borne mostly
in 3-flowered long-peduncled cymes: calyx oblong or obovate, rather narrow at the base;
the ends of the teeth surrounded by ovate obtuse inflexed membranes: petals white or
pink, 2-lobed; segments obtuse ; claws moderately auricled; appendages oblong, obtuse:
capsule narrowly cylindrical, 5 lines long; teeth recurved; stipe 14 lines long. — Fl. Bor-
Am. i. 88; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 190; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 36, 431, & Proc. Am. Acad. x.
341; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.66. %S. Lyallii, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342, in part
(as to pl. Lemmon), a form with small flowers in a pathological state, the anthers being
infested with Ustilago antherarum. Lychnis elata, Wats. 1. c. xii. 249, in part (as to pl.
Bourgeau), merely 5-carpelled individual. Cucubalus Douglasii, Eat. Man. ed. 7, 266.—
Wasatch Mts., Utah, to Central California, northward to Montana and Brit. Columbia; fl.
June to September. A common and polymorphous species, of which the following are the
chief varieties ; all of them tending to intergrade with the type, and separated from it and
each other by no constant or important floral character.
Var. multicatlis, Rosrnson, |. c. 144. Grayish-tomentulose and less glandular :
leaves more approximate, narrowly lanceolate or oblong, taper-pointed, erect: stems more
rigid. — S. multicaulis, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 192. S. Drummondii, var., Tory. &
Gray, Fl. i. 675. —“ Oregon,” Nuttall ; Washington, Yakima Co., Brandegee (no. 655 in
part) ; Klikitat, Howell ; Spokane Co., Suksdorf, Ramm ; N. Idaho, Spalding, Sandberg ;
Montana, Scribner, Canby.
Var. Macounii, Rosinson, l.c. Minutely. pubescent, somewhat glandular above:
leaves distant, long and narrow, short-pointed, tapering very gradually from near the apex
to the base: calyx oblong, rather short, 4 to 5 lines in length, narrow ; teeth purple-tipped :
styles in specimens studied 3 to 4, very rarely 5.— S. Lyallii, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 342,
as to pl. Lyall (pathological form with anthers infested by Ustilago antherarum). S. multi-
caulis, Macoun, Cat. Canad. Pl. i. 494. S. Macounii, Wats. 1. c. xxvi. 124; Macoun, Bot.
Gaz. xvi. 286. — Washington, Lyall, Brandegee (no. 655 in part) ; Brit. Columbia, summits
of Rocky and Selkirk Mts., Afacoun, Dawson.
Var. macroécalyx, Rosrnson, |. c. 145. Tall, puberulent or nearly smooth: leaves
narrowly lanceolate or linear, attenuate both ways: calyx long, cylindrical, 7 to 8 lines in
length. — Humboldt Mts., W. Nevada, Watson ; Mt. Paddo, Washington, Suksdorf, Howell.
Var. viscida, Roginson, 1. c. Glandular-viscid, especially above: stems erect, rigid,
mostly simple from a branched slightly woody base: calyx broadly oblong or almost cam-
panulate, relatively short: leaves narrowly lanceolate to linear-oblong, thickish. — Brit.
Columbia, at Kicking Horse Pass, Macoun ; Washington, Olympic Mts., Piper, Mt. Stewart,
Sandberg & Leiberg, Yakima region, Brandegee.
Var. brachycalyx, Rosrysoy,1.c. Puberulent, not viscid; leaves distant, spreading,
narrowly oblanceolate, attenuate: calyx short and broad, campanulate. — Oregon, Multno-
mah Co., and on Sauvie’s Island, Howell ; Washington, Skamania Co., Suksdorf.
Var. monantha, Rosrinson, l.c. Nearly or quite smooth: stems very slender and
weak, rising from a spreading much branched base: leaves thin, lanceolate or linear-oblong
and grass-like, narrowed both ways: flowers solitary, terminal, or 3 to 5 and loosely cymose:
calyx oblong-campanulate, inflated. — S. monantha, Wats. 1. c. x. 340; Brew. & Wats. 1. c.
63.— Cascade Mts., Washington, Harford & Dunn; Webber Lake, Calif., Lemmon; N.
Utah (2), Parry.
S. scapdsa, Rosrnson, 1. c. Finely puberulent, somewhat viscid above: stem erect, sub-
simple, almost naked, 1 to 14 feet high, rather rigid: radical leaves thickish, oblanceolate,
acute, 3-nerved, somewhat glaucous, 2 to 3 inches in length, 3 to 5 lines broad; cauline
leaves reduced to 1 or 2 pairs of distant bracts : inflorescence a narrow rigid panicle: flowers
small, erect: calyx oblong or elliptic in outline, with simple green nerves: petals white,
scarcely exceeding the calyx ; blades short, retuse; claws with somewhat saccate auricles;
appendages short, obtuse: ovary shortly stiped. — Oregon, Blue Mts., Nevius ; Cold Camp
(no. 355) and Currant Creek, Th. Howell ; fl. May.
= = = = = Inflorescence denser, subspicately paniculate or forming an elongated
thyrse: styles included or moderately exserted.
S. Hallii, Warson, 1. c. xxi. 446. Stems several, from a stout root, simple, densely glandular-
pubescent, 6 inches to 1} feet high: leaves oblanceolate, acute, tapering to the base, the
224 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Silene.
midrib prominent below: flowers verticillately spicate, nodding: calyx even in anthesis
broad, oblong or campanulate becoming obovate, strongly marked with purple or green
nerves; those at the commissures irregularly anastomosing with the others and frequently
double; teeth triangular, acute, with membranous incurved margins: petals purple, not
greatly exceeding the calyx; claws very broad, laterally ciliate; blades short, bifid; seg-
ments somewhat oblique, often toothed: capsule ovate on a short stipe.— S. Scouleri of
various authors, not Hook.; thus Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 405, & Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1863, 58; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 12; Wats. 1. c. x. 342, in part; Coulter, Man.
Rocky Mt. Reg. 32, in part. Lychnis elata, Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 148, as to
plants of Colorado, not Wats., 5-carpelled form. — Alpine regions of Colorado, Hall & Har-
bour, Greene, French, Brandegee, Patterson; a doubtful specimen from Arizona, Knowlton ;
fl. August, September.
S. Scotileri, Hoox. Pubescent, glandular-viscid above: root stout: stems simple, 1} to 23
feet high: leaves narrowly oblanceolate or lance-linear, acuminate, not at all warty:
inflorescence 6 to 8 inches long, verticillately spicate, or the lower flowers borne in short
appressed cymes: calyx clavate; nerves definite, but anastomosing above; teeth short with
broad membranous margins, ciliate: petals white or purplish; claws with rather narrow
slightly laciniate auricles; blades bifid; segments emarginate or toothed; appendages
blunt: carpophore 2 lines long. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 88; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 191; Rohrb.
Monogr. Sil. 213. S. Drummondii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 377. Elisanthe Scouleri,
Ruprecht, Fl. Cauc. i. 200.— Frequent in mountainous districts of Oregon and Idaho to
Vancouver Isl. and ‘‘ Northwest Coast,” Menzies ; Colorado, Brandegee ; fl. July, August.
S. Pringlei, Watson. Habit, inflorescence, and calyx of the last: leaves very long, usually
narrow and attenuate, both surfaces roughened (especially in the older leaves) with fine
warts: petals purplish, bifid; segments each bearing a lateral tooth ; auricles rather broad ;
appendages saccate: capsule ovate-oblong, well stiped.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 269. —
Mt. Graham, Arizona, Rothrock; New Mexico, Fendler, Greene. (Chihuahua, Pringle,
Hartman.)
7. LYCHNIS, Tourn. Cocke. (Name ancient, from Atvyvos, a lamp,
in reference to the bright color of certain European species.) — Inst. 333, t. 175;
L. Gen. no. 3881; DC. Prodr. i. 885; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 194; Endl. Gen.
972-974; A. Br. Flora, 1848, 369; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 303-308;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 147; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 246; Baill. Hist. Pl.
ix. 108; Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 147. Lychnis, Melandryum (in
part), & Visearia, Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 1b, 70, 73.
Lychnis, Coronaria, Viscaria, Hudianthe, & Melandryum (in part), Williams,
Jour. Bot. xxxi. 170, 171. — A considerable and as here taken rather composite
genus, chiefly of Europe and Asia, and too closely allied to Silene. The number
of carpels is far from being satisfactory as a crucial character in separating the
genera, and if applied consistently (as by Dr. Watson, 1. c.) leads in our western
species of Silene to artificial results. Yet it is deemed best for practical reasons
to keep the genera separate, even if the division is based (as between Arenaria
and Stelluria) upon a single and not wholly trustworthy character. Examination
of a number of specimens seems to show that in American species the characters
of partial septation of the capsule, division of the valves, inflation of the calyx,
are very variable, and do not lead either individually or in combination to more
definite or satisfactory results. The indigenous species are western or arctic
(LZ. alpina extends eastward and southward to Lower Canada), but several intro-
duced European species have become more or less common in the Atlantic and
Middle States, and in Canada.
Lychnis. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 235
§ 1, EvrYcunts, Fenzl (extended). Teeth of the usually more or less inflated
calyx not twisted: ovary unicellular at the base: capsule with its five valves
normally bifid, but sometimes indistinctly so or entire. — Fenzl in Endl. 1. ¢. 974.
Melandrium, Rohl. Deutsch. FI. ed. 2, ii. 37, 274. Melandryum of authors in
great part.
* Native species, western or arctic: leaves narrowly lanceolate, spatulate or linear; the
radical usually numerous and the cauline few.
+ Tall: stems erect, usually a foot or more in height, several-many-flowered : species
ranging from Winnipeg to the Sierras, but chiefly of the Rocky Mountains, though not
truly alpine.
L. Drummondii, Warson. Finely grayish-pubescent throughout, often purple-glandular
above: root stout, vertical : stems erect, simple, somewhat rigid: leaves narrow; the lower
oblanceolate ; the upper lance-linear: flowers on long usually appressed pedicels: calyx in
the typical form oblong-cylindric or scarcely ovate, with green nerves: petals small, included
or scarcely exserted, white or purplish, with the short bifid minutely appendaged blades
narrower than the claws: capsule sessile ; seeds uniformly tubercled, not distinctly crested.
— Bot. King Exp. 37, 432, & Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 248. Z. apetala, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci.
ser. 2, Xxxiil. 405, in part. JZ. apetala, var. pauciflora, Porter in Hayden, Rep. 1870, 473.
Silene Drummondii, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 89; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 191, in part; Rohrb.
Monogr. Sil. i. 83. S. Scouleri, Webber, App. to Cat. Fl. Neb. 30; Britton, Bull. Torr.
Club, xx. 344. Elisanthe Drummondii, Ruprecht, Fl. Cauc. i. 200.— E. Minnesota, Shel-
don, and Winnipeg, Bourgeau, Assiniboia, Macoun, to the Pacific Slope at Ft. Vancouver
and southward especially in mountainous regions to New Mexico and Arizona; fl. summer ;
very variable, especially in pubescence. A lanate form has been found in the Winnipeg
Valley, Bourgeau ; another form with broad thinnish leaves, purple glandular pubescence,
and more ovate calyx, in the Uintas, Watson, and at Gray’s Peak, Hooker & Gray,
Patterson. :
+ + Alpine, boreal, and arctic species.
++ Calyx ovate, not strongly inflated: flowers on each stem 3 or 5, densely aggregated,
rarely solitary: petals exserted: seeds tuberculate.
L. trifléra, R. Br. Viscid-tomentose: stems 3 to 8 inches high: leaves thickish, linear-
oblong, often conspicuously ciliate : flowers short-pedicelled : calyx with 10 broad indistinct
purple or green nerves: petals white or roseate; blades obcordate; claws scarcely auricled.
—R. Br. in Ross, Voy. App. exlii, name only; Sommerfelt, Mag. Naturv. ii. 151, 152
(1824); Wats. lc. 247. L. apetala, var. pauciflora, Dur. Pl. Kane. 189. L. pauciflora, Dur.
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 94. Agrostemma triflora, Don, Syst. i. 417. Melandrium triflorum,
Liebm. Fl. Dan. t. 2356; Rohrb. Linnea, xxxvi. 231. Wahibergella triflora, Fries, Summa
Seand. 155. — Greenland, from Polaris Bay, Bessel, southward; Grinnell Land, Greely.
Var. Dawsoni, Rorryson. Calyx with principal nerves double or triple, joined by
interlacing veinlets ; the intermediate nerves beneath the sinuses inconspicuous or wanting :
petals very narrow ; blades oblong, bifid, hardly to be distiuguished from the narrow claws.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xxviii. 149. — Gravel banks, N. Brit. Columbia, 100 miles northeast of
Dease Lake, Dr. G. M. Dawson.
++ ++ Calyx ovate, scarcely inflated: flowers erect or slightly nodding in anthesis : stems
usually 1-flowered, occasionally loosely several-flowered.
= Arctic or sub-arctic spécies.
L. Tayloree, Roprson,1.c.150. Very slender, 1 to 14 feet high, puberulent, nearly smooth
below, glandular above: stem erect, bearing 3 to 4 pairs of leaves and two or three long
slender almost filiform 1-3-flowered branches: leaves thin, lance-linear, acute or attenuate
both ways, finely ciliate, and pubescent upon the single nerve beneath, otherwise glabrate,
2 to 24 inches in length: flowers terminal or subterminal on the branches: calyx ovate, not
much inflated, about 4 lines long, in anthesis only 2 lines in diameter, with green nerves
interlacing above; teeth obtuse, with broad green membranous ciliate margins: petals one
and a half times as long as the calyx; blades obcordate, 14 lines long, considerably broader
15
226 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Lychnis.
than the slender narrowly auricled claws; appendages lance-oblong. — Peel’s Riv., at the
delta of the Mackenzie, Miss EH. Taylor, July, 1892. A fragmentary specimen from the
Kowak Riv., N. Alaska, McLenegan, may be doubtfully referred to this species.
L. affinis, Vaux. Glandular-pubescent, 3 to 6 inches high: leaves oblanceolate-linear, 9
lines to 3 inches in length: calyx ovate-elliptic, usually contracted at the mouth: petals
white or pink; blades narrow, entire or retuse, narrowed from near the end to the summit
of the more or less distinctly auricled claws ; appendages ‘oblong. — Vahl in Fries, Mant.
iii. 36. L. triflora, Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 2173. L. apetala, Hook. f. Arct. Pl. 321, in part.
Melandrium affine, Vahl in Liebm. Fl. Dan. xiv. 5, obs. Wahlbergella affinis, Fries, Summa
Scand. 155. Melandryum involucratum, var. affine, Rohrb. Linnea, xxxvi. 217. — Greenland
to Labrador, at Rama, Sornborger. (N. Eu., Siberia.) Warming (Vidensk. Selsk. Forhand.
1886, 129) states that in Norway the flowers are of two kinds, perfect and pistillate, and that
the petals in the latter are devoid of appendages and auricles.
= = Rocky Mountain and western alpine species.
L. montana, Warson. Glandular-pubescent : root thickish, subsimple: stems erect, 2 to 4
inches high: leaves linear, 1 to 14 inches in length: calyx green- or rarely purple-nerved,
5 to 6 lines long ; teeth short, scarcely acute: petals narrow, about equalling or a line or
two exceeding the calyx ; blades small, bifid; claws narrow, one half to three fourths line
in breadth; appendages small or absent: filaments naked: capsule sessile or nearly so, —
Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 247, excl. specimens from the Uintas. ZL. apetala, Gray, Am. Jour.
Sci. ser. 2, xxxviii. 405, & Proc. Acad. Philad. 1863, 58, in part. JZ. Kingii, var. with naked
filaments, Wats. 1. c. 247. — Mountains of Colorado, Purry, Hall & Harbour, Scovill, Wolf;
N. W. Wyoming, Parry.
L. Kingii, Watson. Densely covered with a very short pubescence, somewhat glandular
above: stems slender, erect, 4 to 6 inches high, 1-2-flowered: leaves narrowly linear: blades
of the petals rather short and broad, emarginate ; claws with broad ciliated auricles ; appen-
dages oblong; filaments pubescent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 247, excl. Wyoming plant. L.
Ajanensis ? Wats. Bot. King Exp. 37. — Peaks of the Uintas, N. Utah, Watson. Dr. Wat-
son (1. c.) states that this species can be readily distinguished from Z. apetala, with which it
grows. Aside, however, from the position of the flower in anthesis and the longer slightly
exserted petals, the material at hand fails to show any definite distinctions. In view of the
considerable variation of Z. apetala in Asia these differences are not very satisfactory.
++ ++ ++ Calyx large, much inflated, almost globose: flowers commonly pendulous in
anthesis : seeds margined : stems 1-flowered except in var elatior.
L. apétala, L. More or less viscid-pubescent : stems 2 to 6 inches high: flowers perfect or
pistillate, at first pendulous, but becoming erect in fruit: petals in the typical form included ;
blades short, bifid; segments rather irregular, sometimes with a small lateral lobe ; claws
auricled. — Spec. i. 437; Fl. Dan. t. 806. JZ. frigida, Schrank, Pflanz. Lab. 25. L. montana,
Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 247 (so far 4s the Utah specimens are concerned). Agrostemma
apetala, Don,1.c¢.i.416. Melandryum apetalum, Fenz) in Ledeb. FI. Ross. i. 326; Warming,
Bot. Foren. Festskr. 1890, 251, f. 25, 26. Wahlbergella apetala, Fries, 1. c. —N. Greenland
and Grinnell Land to Labrador (ace. to Macoun) and Alaska, also southward along the
Rocky Mts. to Montana, Canby, and Uintas, N. Utah, Watson. A polymorphous species,
the forms of which have been elaborated by Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxiv. pt. 2,
570-574.
Var. glabra, Recev. Glabrous throughout, otherwise as in the type.— Regel, 1. c.
570, 572. — Rocky Mts. of Brit. America, Bourgeau; St. Paul’s Isl., Alaska, Elliott ; Schma-
gin Isl., Harrington. The Alaskan form differs from Bourgeau’s plant, upon which the
variety was founded, in having much larger thinner leaves.
Var. elatior, Recer (extended). Pubescent, taller, 6 to 12 inches in height: stems
commonly several-flowered: petals sometimes considerably exserted. — Regel, 1. c. 573,
including var. macropeta/a, so far as the American specimens are concerned. — Kodiak Isl.
and northward in Alaska to Kotzebue Sound, acc. to Regel.
* * Species of the Old World adyentive in the Eastern and Middle States and in Canada:
corolla much exserted.
Lychnis. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. yy ¥
+ Leaves usually large; the cauline lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate: flowers mostly dic-
cious: valves of the capsule distinctly 2-toothed.
L. viofca, L. (Rep Lycunis, Rep Campion.) Flowers inodorous, expanding in the morn-
ing: calyx oblong, rather short, 4 to 6 lines long, reddish; teeth triangular-lanceolate, acute :
corolla red or pink (rarely white): capsule large, globose, with a wide mouth; teeth re-
curved. — Spec. i. 437, in part; Wats. Bibl. Index, 104; Macoun, Cat. Canad. Pl. i. 69 ;
Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 149; Hook. & Jackson, Ind. Kew. ii. 129 (excl. syn. in part).
L, diurna, Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 145; Reichenb. 1. ¢. t. 304. Melandrium silvestre, ROh1. Deutsch].
Fl. ed. 2, ii. 274. M. rubrum, Garcke, Fl. Deutschl. ed. 4, 55.— Waste ground, common,
especially in Canada and the Atlantic States. (Adv. from Eu., Asia; also in Greenland.)
L. Avpa, Mill. (Evenrne Lycunis, Wore Campion.) Flowers fragrant, opening in the
evening: calyx green, longer than in the preceding; teeth lance-linear, attenuate: corolla
more commonly white: capsule ovate-conical ; teeth erect or slightly spreading. — Dict. ed.
8,n.4. JL. dioicu, var. B, L. Spec. i. 437. L. vespertina, Sibth. Fl. Oxon. 146. Melandryum
album, Garcke, 1. c. 55.— Ballast and waste lands, sometimes by roadsides and in cultivated
fields, chiefly eastward. This and the last preceding species are not always clearly distin-
guishable, notwithstanding the rather conspicuous differences exhibited by the extreme
forms. In Europe frequent natural hybrids between them have been noticed. (Ady. from
the Old World.)
+- + Flowers perfect : valves of the capsule 5, entire.
L. Fros-ctcuui, L. (Raceep Rosgin.) A slender smoothish perennial, with furrowed
sometimes minutely roughened stem, 1} to 2 feet high: lower leaves oblanceolate ; the upper
lance-linear : calyx oblong-ovate, equally 10-ribbed : flowers cymose-paniculate: petals pink
or red, cleft to below the middle into 4 linear acute segments. — Spec. i. 436; Fl. Dan. t. 590;
Eng. Bot. t. 573; Reichenb. 1. c. t. 306. Coronaria Flos-cuculi, A. Br. Flora, 1843, 368. —
Moist fields, New Brunswick, New England, and New York. (Ady. from Eu., N. Asia.)
L. Cuatcepénica, L. 1. ¢., the Scarlet Lychnis or “Scarlet Lightning,” a tall Japanese
species with ovate leaves and globular clusters of scarlet flowers, has been known to persist in
a wild state in thickets, etc., Centr. and S. Maine, Fernald, Deane, and doubtless in other re-
gions, where commonly cultivated. (Introd. from Japan.)
§ 2. Viscdria, DC. (extended). Calyx not inflated; teeth not twisted:
ovary septate at the base; teeth of the capsule as many as the styles. — FI. Fr.
iv. 761; Endl. Gen. 973. Visearia, Rohl. Deutschl. FI. ed. 2, ii. 37, 275.
L. alpina, L.1.c. Smooth, biennial or perennial, erect, 2 inches to a foot in height: leaves
numerous, clustered at the base, linear or oblong, thickish; the cauline 2 to 4 pairs, erect or
ascending: flowers small, the densely clustered cymes forming a terminal head: bracts
conspicuous, membranaceous, tipped with red: calyx short-campanulate or turbinate, mem-
branaceous, scarcely nerved; teeth bright red: petals pink, bifid ; segments linear. — Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 194; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 307; Wats. 1. ¢. 246. Lychnis Suecica,
Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 881.— Greenland to Labrador, W. Newfoundland, ace. to Macoun, and
Mt. Albert, Quebec, Al/en, Macoun ; also Little Whale Riv., Hudson Bay, acc. to Macoun.
(Eu., Siberia.)
§ 3. AGRrostEmMMaA, Fenzl. Calyx-teeth filiform, twisted: flowers few, large :
petals with conspicuous awl-shaped appendages: teeth of the capsule as many as
the styles: plant woolly. — Fenzl in Endl. Gen. 974. Coronaria § Pseudagro-
stemma, A. Br. Flora, 18438, 368.
L. coronAria, Desr. (Mutitery Pink.) Covered with dense white wool throughout: stem
14 to 3 feet high: leaves oval or oblong: calyx ovoid; the alternating ribs more prom-
inent; teeth small, much shorter:than the tube: petals large, crimson. — Desr. in Lam.
Dict. iii. 648. Agrostemma Coronaria, L.1.¢.; Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 24; Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 452;
Reichenb. 1. c. t. 308. Coronaria tomentosa, A. Br. 1. ec. — A handsome plant, which, haying
escaped from cultivation, is established and becoming locally abundant in several places in
New England and the Middle States. (Introd. from 8. Eu., W. Asia.)
228 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Agrostemma.
8. AGROSTEMMA, L. Corn Cocxir. (Name from déypos, field, and
oréupa, crown.) — Gen. no. 379; Pax, 1. ¢. 70. Githago, Desf. Cat. Hort. Par.
266; Baill. Hist. Pl. ix. 108. Lychnis § Githago, DC. Prodr. i. 387; Benth.
& Hook. Gen. i. 148.— A genus of two species, both natives of the Mediterra-
nean region; one of them growing in cultivated fields, now cosmopolitan, having
been widely disseminated in grain seed. Although often united with Lychnis,
these species through the different relative position of the carpels and petals seem
to deserve rank as a separate genus, especially if Sagina is to be kept distinct
from Arenaria upon the same ground.
A. Girndco, L. Annual or biennial, covered with a long silky appressed or spreading pubes-
cence: stem 1} to 3 feet high, somewhat branched: flowers few, long-peduncled: leaves
linear, acute, 2 to 4 inches in length: corolla 1 to 14 inches in diameter; petals obovate, dark
purplish red, somewhat lighter toward the claw, and with small black spots: calyx-teeth
usually an inch or more in length. — Spec. i. 435; Fl. Dan. t. 576; Eng. Bot. t. 741;
Reichenb. 1. c. Lychnis Githago, Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, i. 310. Githago segetum, Desf. 1. c.
266.— An attractive but troublesome weed, common in grain fields; fl. summer. (Introd.
from Eu.) The fresh seeds have been found to contain an active poisonous principle, which
is expelled, it is said, by roasting.
9. HOLOSTEUM, Dill. (“Odos, whole, and daréov, bone ; “Oddoreov is
used by Dioscorides for some unknown plant, possibly, as Prof. Ascherson sug-
gests, in allusion to supposed healing properties in cases of bone fracture.) —
Nov. Gen. 130, t. 6; L. Gen. no. 928; Reichenb. 1. c. v. t. 221; Gay, Ann. Sci.
Nat. ser. 3, iv. 23; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 148. — A small genus of Old World
annuals and biennials much resembling Cerastiwm except in inflorescence and
seeds. ‘The commonest species is adventive in America.
H. umeevrdAtoum, L. Finely glandular-pubescent, somewhat glaucous: stems 3 to 18 inches
high: leaves sessile, ovate-oblong: umbels 3-12-flowered, terminal upon long naked pedun-
cles; pedicels 8 to 12 lines long, some of them reflexed: filaments shorter than the calyx.
— Spec. i. 88; Eng. Bot. t. 27.— Locally established in Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and
Delaware, Porter, Austin, Canby, Small, Heller & Halbach; fl. April, May. (Adv. from
Eu.)
10. CERASTIUM, L. Mouvss-kar CuicKweep. (Keépas, a horn, from
the elongated curved capsules.) — Annuals or perennials, mostly pubescent and
often viscid. Leaves usually flat. Flowers white, borne in more or less expanded
leafy or naked cymes. — Gen. no. 376 (name ascribed to Dill. by Linn. Syst.
ed. 1); Seringe in DC. Prodr. i. 414; Grenier, Flora, 1840, pt. 1, 266;
Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. v—vi. t. 228-236; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 39, t. 114; Benth.
& Hook. Gen. i. 148; Pax. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat.-Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 1b, 80;
Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 275.— A genus distinguished from Stedlaria
and Arenaria somewhat by habit, but chiefly, although not always satisfactorily,
by the form and dehiscence of the capsule.
§ 1. SrrépHopon, Seringe, 1]. c. Styles 3 to 5; teeth of the capsule finally
circinate-revolute from the tip. — Our species have pubescent leaves.
C. Texd4num, Brirron. Annual, viscid: stems several, slender, almost erect, leafy below,
nearly naked and dichotomous above : leaves oblanceolate or spatulate, 6 lines to 2 inches
in length, very pubescent or subcinereous on both surfaces: flowers rather small: petals
bifid: styles 3 to 4 (to 57%): capsule 14 to 2 times the length of the calyx. — Bull. Torr.
Club, xv. 97; Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 29. Stellaria montana, Rose, Contrib.
Cerastium. CARYOPHYLLACEA, 229
U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 93, t. 2.— Hills, Texas, Blanco, Wright, to Arizona, on the Mogollons,
Greene, Santa Catalina Mts., Lemmon. (Mex., Palmer; Lower Calif., Brandegee.)
C. maximum, L. Stoloniferous perennial with stems simple or nearly so, erect or decum-
bent, becoming a foot or more in height: leaves linear or lanceolate, attenuate: flowers
very large for the genus, an inch in diameter, borne on erect pedicels in simple or compound
cymes: sepals oblong or narrowly ovate, obtuse, 3 to 4 lines long: petals obovate, much
exceeding the calyx, deeply notched at the apex: capsule symmetrical, much exserted at
maturity. — Spec. i. 439; Ledeb. Ic. t. 242; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 399 ; Seem. Bot.
Herald, 51. C. grande, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 229.— Alaska. (Siberia.) Asiatic specimens
of this species, identified at the St. Petersburg Gardens, show that the capsule becomes
cylindric and much longer than figured by Ledebour.
§ 2. Orrnopon, Seringe. Styles normally 5; teeth of capsule erect or
spreading ; the edges sometimes slightly reflexed. — Seringe, 1. c. 415. — Our
species have pubescent leaves.
* Flowers comparatively small: petals 1 to 1} times as long as the sepals.
+ Pods 1 to 1} times as long as the calyx : introduced or doubtfully indigenous weeds.
C. vuteArum, L. (Common Mousk-£ar CuIcKWEED.) Perennial, viscid-pubescent, leaves
oblong, obtusely pointed: lower pedicels in fruit considerably exceeding the calyx: bracts
herbaceous: sepals 2 to 3 lines long, obtuse, often purple-tipped, appearing acute through
the infolding of the scarious margins: petals as long as the calyx.— Spec. ed. 2, 627;
Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxv. 313; Wats. Bibl. Index, 101; Wats. & Coulter in
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 88. C. viscosum, L. in herb.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 187; Gray, Man.
eds. 1-5, ete. C. fulvum, Raf. Préc. Découv. 36. C. triviale, Link, Enum. Hort. Berol. i.
433. — Very common on roadsides, in fields, etc., but also often remote from habitations
and cultivated ground, thus perhaps native; fl. through the summer. (Probably nat. from
the Old World.)
C. viscosum, L. (Mousn-bar Cuickweep.) Annual, lower and less spreading than the
last, viscid-pubescent, 3 inches to a span high: leaves oval or elliptic-oblong, very obtuse ;
the lowest narrowed below to short margined petioles: flowers small, at first densely clus-
tered at the ends of the branches, becoming laxer in fruit, but even the longest pedicels not
exceeding the acute sepals, which are 1% to 2 lines in length: bracts herbaceous: petals
searcely equalling the calyx: stamens frequently 5.— Spec. i. 437; Hook. f. Arc. Pl. 288 ;
Wats. Bibl. Index, 101; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6,88. C. vulgatum, L. in herb. ;
Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 187; Gray, Man. eds. 1-5; and others. C. hirsutum, Muhl. Cat. 46.
C. glomeratum, Thuill. as used by Hook. f. and others. C. connatum, Beck, Bot. 55. Depau-
perate forms with few flowers and short capsule have been regarded as indigenous, being
the C. viscosum, var. tenellum, Grenier, 1. c. 266, and the C. semidecandrum, of authors, not
of L.— Roadsides, lawns, etc., widely distributed in the United States and Canada, but in
most regions much less common than the preceding. (Probably nat. from the Old World.)
Delicate specimens apparently to be referred to this species, but with minute apetalous
flowers, have been collected at San Diego, Calif., Orcutt.
C. spmipecANpDRouM, L. Near the two preceding, but smaller and with shorter leayes: bracts,
at least the upper ones, conspicuously scarious-margined : pedicels in fruit longer than the
calyx. — Spec. i. 438; C. vulgatum, var.? semidecandrum, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 94. — New Jer-
sey, Britton, Peters, to Norfolk, Va., Britton, Small. (Ady. from Eu., W. Asia.)
+ -+ Pods 2 to 3 times as long as the calyx: indigenous species.
C. brachypodum, Rosson. Pale green annual, finely pubescent and sometimes very
viscid: leaves linear-oblong to oblanceolate, obtusish, seldom more than an inch in length :
flowers in more or less open dichotomous cymes ; pedicels, even the lower ones, only equal-
ling or little exceeding the capsules, erect or deflexed, straight or gently curved, not hooked.
— Robinson in Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 150, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 277, C. nutans,
var. brachypodum, Engelm. in herb. —St. Louis, Mo., Engelmann, to the Black Hills, 8.
Dakota, Rydberg, westward and southward to Nevada, Anderson, Watson, Arizona, Palmer,
New Mexico, Fendler, and Louisiana. (Mex., Schaffner, Palmer, Hartman.) C. tenellum,
230 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Cerastium.
Fenzl, mentioned in Watson’s Index (but never published ?), represented by. Drummond’s
no. 30 of his 3d Texan Coll., appears to be only a more slender form of the above. Exactly
the same thing, however, has been found at Milledgeville, Ga., by Dr. Boykin (Short Her-
barium), thus considerably extending the range of the species. <A very leafy and velvety-
tomentose form from Willow Spring, Arizona, Palmer, is worthy of mention.
Var. compactum, Roszinson. Inflorescence capitate-umbellate : pods very slender.
—Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 278. C. nutans, var. compactum, Engelm. in herb, — A marked
variety or form from the Bad Lands of Nebraska, Hayden; Belknap, N. Texas, Hayes ;
False Washita, Ind. Terr., Palmer.
C. nitans, Rar. A pubescent and viscid annual, 8 to 18 inches high: stems branched:
leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute ; the lowest narrowed toward the base: flowers numerous in
an open dichotomous cyme: calyx about 2 lines in length: petals somewhat exserted,
oblanceolate, bifid: pedicels elongated, ascending or spreading, tending to be hooked or
nodding at the summit: capsule 4 to 6 lines long, nodding but curved upward. — Préc,
Découv. 36, & Desv. Jour. Bot. iv. 269 (1814); Gray, Gen. Ill. ii.t. 114. C.longe pedunculatum,
Muhl. Cat. 46, the earliest name, but used without satisfactory characterization. C. glutino-
sum, Nutt. Gen. i. 291. ©. apricum, Schlecht. Linnea, xii. 208. C. oblongifolium, Anderson,
Cat. 118. — Common and widely distributed from Nova Scotia to the Pacific and from Hud-
son Bay and Little Slave Lake (acc. to Macoun) to New Mexico. (Mex.) Like the last,
paler green than the other common species. Cleistogamy in this species has been noted by
Mr. Thos. Meehan, and apetalous specimens have been found at Wawa, Penn., Brinton.
Arizona forms of this species also differ slightly in habit, but lack technical characters for
satisfactory distinction.
C. sericeum, Warson. Annual: stems one or many, 1 to 2 feet high, stout for the genus,
sericeous, very leafy below: leaves oblong-lanceolate, sessile, 1 to 2 inches long, 3 to 6 lines
broad ; the lower cinereous with dense floceulent wool; the upper green: flowers numerous
in spreading cymes: calyx 2} lines long, scarcely exceeded by the corolla: seeds larger and
rougher than in the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 354. —S. Arizona in the Huachuca
Mts., Lemmon; Santa Rita Mts., Pringle.
* * Flowers larger; petals usually twice as long as the calyx (except in C. alpinum, var.
Beeringianum) : indigenous species.
C. arvénse, L. Perennial: stems several, weak, usually almost naked above: leaves linear
to narrowly lance-oblong: petals obcordate: pod in the typical form scarcely longer than
the calyx. — Spee. i. 438; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 104; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 188; Hollick
& Britton, Bulf® Torr. Club, xiv. 45-51, t. 63-65. ?@ C. hybridum, Muhl. Trans. Am. Phil.
Soe. iii. 169. C. Pennsylvanicum, Hornem. Hort. Hafn. 435. — Rocky soil, common; fl.
May to July. (Eu., Asia, S. Amer.) Very variable in size, pubescence, relative length of
its capsules, ete. Var. ANGuUSTIFOLIUM, Fenzl, |. c. i. 413 (var. Andrewsti, Bailey, Bot. Gaz.
vii. 109), with cauline leaves narrowly oblong to linear, strongly 1-nerved, attenuate at the
base, much fascicled, 9 to 15 lines in length, and var. LaTiFOLIUM, Fenzl, 1. c. 412, with
shorter oblong leaves (6 to 8 lines long, broad at the base), are forms strikingly different in
their extremes, but rather freely intergrading and often difficult to distinguish. The latter
is perhaps a little more common in the Rocky Mts., but extends eastward to Labrador.
Better marked are the following.
Var. oblongifélium, Horrick & Britton. Leaves oblong or lance-oblong, obtuse
or obtusish : capsule longer, 14 to 24 times as long as the calyx. — Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 47,
t. 63. C. oblongifolium, Torr. Fl. N. & Midd. States, 460; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.188. ?C. di-
chotomum, Muhl. Cat. 46. C. arvense, var. bracteatum, MacMillan, Metasp. Minn. Val. 223.
2 C. bracteatum, Raf. Préc. Découv. 36. — Nova Scotia to Virginia and westward to Montana,
Scribner, and New Mexico, Vasey. This variety has been widely drawn by its authors to
include narrow-leaved forms as well as the original rather broad-leaved C. oblongifolium,
extended series of specimens showing complete transitions.
Var. maximum, Horrick & Britton, l.c. 47. Taller, 1 to 2 feet high: leaves
elongated, lanceolate, acutish, 2 to 3 lines broad: inflorescence very spreading: capsule
equalling or half exceeding the calyx or nearly twice its length. — C. oblongifolium, Torr.
Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 70. C. pilosum, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 67, not Ledeb. — California,
Cerastium. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 231
Point Reyes, where first collected by Bigelow, and elsewhere ; a rank growing form, serving
to connect the next species through var. Fscherianum, from which in some cases it can
scarcely be distinguished except by the narrow lower leaves. Similar robust forms of C.
arvense have been found on the St. Clair Riv., Wis., Houghton, and in N. Illinois, at Joliet,
Boott, and Dixon, Vasey.
Var. vill6dsum, Hotticx & Brirroy, 1. c. 49. Densely villous: leaves narrowly
lance-oblong to ovate-lanceolate. — C. velutinum, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 359. C. villosum,
Muhl. Cat. 46; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 2,279. ¢C. hirsutum, Darlingt. Florula Cest. 54. C.
oblongifolium, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 188, in part; Wats. Bibl. Index, 101. C. arvense, var.
velutinum, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 150.— Pennsylvania, Lancaster Co., Porter, Small,
Chester Co., Canby.
Var. Fuegianum, Hook.f. Depauperate, 2 to 3 inches high, with short thickish
imbricated leaves and sub-solitary terminal flowers. — Hook. f. in Gray, Bot. U.S. Expl,
Exped. 119. — Specimens collected by Coulter in the Yellowstone Park have been confidently
referred to this variety by Hollick & Britton, 1. c., and no. 41 of Parry from Northwestern
Wyoming is doubtless the same. (Fuegia.)
C. alpinum, L. Silky-villous perennial: stems weak, matted: leaves elliptic-ovate, 4 to 5
lines long: petals notched at the apex, 14 to 2 times the length of the sepals. — Spec. i. 438 ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 188; Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxv. 314, 315. C. lanatum, Lam.
Dict. i. 680. C. latifolium, Greville, Mem. Soc. Wern. iii. 429. C. vulgatum, Hook. f. Are.
Pl. 288, in part. % C. latifolium, Hart, Jour. Bot. xviii. 205.— Arctic America from Green-
land to Alaska, also in Labrador, the Hudson Bay region, and upon the Rocky Mts. of
Brit. America. (Eu., Asia.) The following varieties extend farther southward.
Var. Beeringianum, Recer,1.c. 316. Tomentulose and less silky-villous, somewhat
glandular-viscid above: leaves smaller, oblong: petals shorter, often scarcely exceeding the
calyx. — C. Beeringianum, Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i. 62. C. vulgatum, var. Beeringia-
num, Fenzl in Ledeb. FI. Ross. i. 409. C. alpinum, var. Behringianum, Wats. Bibl. Index,
100; Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 33.— Alaska to the Rocky Mts. of Colorado and
Arizona. This variety is sometimes difficult to distinguish from stunted short-leaved forms
of C. arvense, but its flowers are less densely aggregated and have the slightly larger firmer
and more herbaceous sepals characteristic of C. alpinum.
Var. Fischerianum, Torr. & Gray. Tomentose or hirsutulous, taller, 8 to 10
inches or even more than a foot in height: leaves rather thick, elliptic-lanceolate or oval-
lanceolate, acute or acutish, an inch or more in length: capsule 14 to 2 (or rarely 3) times
the length of the calyx. — Fl. i. 188; Regel,1.c.319. C. rigidum, Ledeb. Mém. Acad. Petrop.
v. 538. C. Fischerianum, Seringe in DC. Prodr. i. 419. C. vulgatum, vars. grandiflorum &
macrocarpum, Fenzl in Ledeb. F1. Ross. i. 409,410. To judge from the figure in the Calques
des Dessins, C. stellarioides, Moc., should be referred here also, having been placed by Se-
ringe probably through an error in § Strephodon.— A stout variety passing to C. arvense,
var. maximum, but with broader more elliptic-ovate leaves and longer capsules. Alaska to
Humboldt Co., Calif., Rattan. (Siberia, Japan.) The leaves are thicker and the sepals
more pubescent and acute than in C. pilosum, Ledeb., to which it is also nearly related.
Var. glabratum, Hook. Leaves and calyx nearly smooth.— Hook. in Parry, 2d
Voy. App. 390, & Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 104. — Arctic America with the pubescent forms but much
rarer. (N. Eu.)
§ 3. Dicnopon, Bartl. Styles normally 3: teeth of the capsule erect or
slightly spreading, not circinate-revolute. — Bartl. in Endl. Gen. 970.— Our
species with symmetrical capsule and short glabrous leaves.
C. trigynum, Vitv. Perennial, with stems weak, spreading, somewhat matted, smooth or
glandular-pubescent, loosely 2-3-flowered: leaves oblong, 3 to 5 (to 8) lines in length; the
uppermost ovate: sepals lance-ovate or oblong, obtuse, 2 to 3 lines long: petals 14 to 2 times
the length of the calyx, obcordate, bifid nearly half way to the base: capsule oblong-coniec,
twice the length of the calyx ; teeth finally spreading. — Prosp. 48, & Dauph. iii. 645, t. 46;
Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 396. C. cerastioides, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 150. Stella-
ria cerastoides, L. Spec. i. 422; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 184; Hook. f. Arc. Pl. 288. — Table-
topped mountain, Gaspé, Lower Canada, Allen; Cape Chudleigh, Hudson Strait, Bell;
232 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Stellaria.
—
Labrador. (Greenland, Holm; Eu., Siberia.) A species now generally appended to Ceras-
tium, but forming a transition to Stel/aria.
11. STELLARIA, L. Cuickweep, Starwort. (Stella, a star, in ref-
erence to the form of the flower.) — Low spreading herbs, sometimes a little
succulent, mostly preferring a moist shaded habitat. Leaves flat, never acerose.
— Spec. i. 421, & Gen. ed. 5, no. 504; Seringe in DC. Prodr. i. 396; Fenzl in
Endl. Gen. 969; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 222-226; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
i. 149; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. t. 113; Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii.
Ab. 1b, 79; Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 281. Alsine, L. Spec. i. 272, in
part. Stellularia, L. Syst. Nat. ed. 6, 106. Spergulastrum, Michx. Fl. i. 275.
Micropetalon, Pers. Syn. i. 509. Larbrea, St. Hil. Mém. Mus. Par. ii. 287. —
A genus somewhat artificially separated from Arenaria by the more or less
deeply cleft petals. Although convenient and generally useful this distinction
breaks down in
S. MacropETaLA, Torr. & Gray (Fl. i. 184), and S. Kiner, Wats. (Bot. King Exp. 39, t. 6,
f. 1-3), which, notwithstanding their emarginate cleft or divided petals, are doubtless mere
forms of Arenaria patula and A. capillaris respectively.
§ 1. Myoséron, Mecench (as genus). Styles 5, alternate with the sepals :
leaves ovate, acute. — Meth. 225. Malachia, Fries, Fl. Hall. 77.
S. aquArtica, Scop. Perennial, stem strongly angled and somewhat pubescent: leaves large,
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute; the upper sessile, cordate; the lower petiolate: pedicels
glandular-viscid, deflexed in fruit: petals 14 to 2 times as long as the campanulate glandular-
pubescent calyx: seeds numerous, dark-colored, tuberculately roughened. — Fl. Carn. ed. 2,
i319. Malachia aquatica, Fries, Fl. Hall. 77. Malachium aquaticum, Reichenb. 1. c. t. 237.
Larbrea aquatica, Seringe in DC. Prodr. i. 395 (excl. syn.). Alsine aquatica, Britton, Mem.
Torr. Club, v. 356. — Becoming frequent upon waste land and public grounds in the Eastern
States, and more or less established along roadsides in Brit. America, Stratford, Ont., Burgess ;
Nanaimo, Brit. Columbia, Macoun. (Ady. from Eu.)
§ 2. EustevuAris, Fenzl, 1. c. 969. Styles 3 to 4.
* Petals, except in some flowers of S. pubera, very deeply 2-parted (sometimes minute or
wanting): segments narrow.
+ Lower leaves ovate, rather abruptly contracted into slender petioles.
S. mépra, Cyrill. (Common Cuickweep.) A low annual: stems pubescent in lines: leaves
acute; the upper narrower, sessile; the lower on pubescent narrowly margined petioles:
calyx glandular-pubescent, equalled or slightly exceeded by the capsule: petals shorter
than the sepals: stamens 3, 5, or 10.— Char. Comm, 36; Eng. Bot. t. 537; Jackson, Jour.
Bot. xxv. 69. Alsine media, L. Spec. i. 272; Walt. Car. 117. Holostewm succulentum, L.
Ameen. Acad. iii. 21; Nutt. Gen. i. 89; Torr. Fl. N. & Midd. States, 159.— One of the com-
monest weeds in dooryards and cultivated grounds, especially in moist soil; fl. earliest spring
to late autumn. (Temperate and boreal parts of the Old World, Greenland.)
S. prostrata, Batpw. Annual: stems weak, elongated, prostrate, pubescent: leaves ovate,
acute or shortly acuminate; the lower subcordate on slender ciliated petioles; the upper
cauline short-petioled or subsessile; the floral reduced and bract-like: pedicels filiform :
flowers smaller than in the preceding: sepals in anthesis but a line long: petals nearly twice
as long: mature capsule much exceeding the calyx; valves distinctly circinate-revolute.
— Baldw. in Ell. Sk. i. 518; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 183; Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 152, & Pl.
Wright. ii. 17; Chapm. Fl. 50.— Moist and shaded places, rocky woods; Georgia and
Florida to Texas. (Adj. Mex.) Leaves very variable in size, from 2 lines to an inch in
length. The flowers in this species are distinctly smaller than in the nearly related Mexi-
can S. cuspidata, & ovata, Willd.
Stellaria. CARYOPHYLLACES. ase
S. nitens, Nurr. Annual, slender, erect, shining: stems filiform, forked several times,
leafy and slightly pubescent near the base, almost naked and quite glabrous above: leaves
of two forms, the lowest (1 to 3 pairs) ovate, acute, only 2 lines long, on slender petioles of
somewhat greater length, not always persisting; the other leaves lance-linear, acute, 3 to 5
lines long: sepals very acute, scarious-margined, 1-3-nerved: petals half as long as the
sepals, sometimes absent: capsule oblong, about equalling the calyx.— Nutt. in Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 185; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 69, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 37; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 378. S. menchioides, Fenzl acc. to Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 675. 3S. stricta, Hook.
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 96, in part. Alsine nitens, Greene, Man. Bay-Reg. 33. —S. California to
Brit. Columbia, Macoun; eastward to Utah, Jones; fl. April, May. (Lower Calif.)
S. craminea, L., with seldom persistent but sometimes slightly petiolate lower leaves, may
possibly be sought here.
+— + Leaves all sessile or subsessile.
++ Bracts small, scarious.
= Flowers small: petals minute or none.
S. umbellata, Turcz. Smooth: stems weak, ascending from a decumbent rooting base :
leaves varying from lanceolate and acute to elliptic-oblong, 3 to 8 lines in length: pedicels
filiform, sub-umbellately grouped at the ends of the branches, often deflexed: sepals small,
1 to 1} lines in length, glabrous, scarious-margined: capsule twice as long; valves deeply
2-todthed ; teeth obtuse. — Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. 1838, 89, xv (1842), 173, Cat. Baic. 5, & FI.
Baic.-Dahur. i. 236; Fenzl in Ledeb. FI. Ross. i. 394; Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxy.
264, 280; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 38; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 13; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif, i.67. S. borealis, var., Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 94. -Alsine Baicalensis, Coville, Contrib.
U.S. Nat. Herb. iv. 70.— Mountains of Colorado and Arizona, also Sierras of S. Central
California, Coville, to Union Co., Oregon, Cusick; fl. July, August. (Asia.)
= =} Flowers of medium size: petals equalling or exceeding the calyx (except sometimes
in S. uliginosa).
a. Seeds essentially smooth.
S. longifélia, Munt. Stems sharply 4-angled, commonly 8 inches or more in height:
leayes linear or linear-oblong, somewhat narrowed at each end, thickish, often ciliate toward
the base ; the larger ones 1} to 13 inches long: flowers rather numerous in a lateral long-
peduncled open cyme; pedicels spreading, horizontal or deflexed: petals and capsule ex-
ceeding the sepals: seeds smooth. — Cat. 45; Willd. Enum. 479; Fenzl, 1. c. 392; Gray,
Gen, Ill. ii. 38, t. 113, f. 1-5. S. graminea, Bigel. Fl. Bost. 110. Spergulastrum grami-
neum, Michx. Fl. i. 276. Micropetalon gramineum, Pers. Syn. i. 509. MZ. longifolia, Eat. &
Wright, N. A. Bot. 319. Alsine longifolia, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 150.— Newfound-
land to Maryland, westward to the Rocky Mts. and northward to Alaska; fl. June, July.
(Eu., Asia. )
S. l6ngipes, Goipre. Smooth and shining or more or less glaucous, spreading at the base:
branches erect, 3 to 12 inches high: leaves linear or lance-linear, gradually narrowed from
the base to the acute apex, l-nerved, 8 to 12 lines in length, spreading: flowers irregularly
cymose: peduncles terminal or rarely and tardily somewhat lateral; pedicels elongated,
unequal, erect; the lowest often more or less distinctly axillary: sepals oblong-lanceolate :
capsule exceeding the calyx, acutish, dark and shining; seeds very smooth. — Edinb. Phil.
Jour. vi. 327; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 95; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 184 (vars. a, B, y); Fenzl,
1. c, 386. S. palustris, Richards. in Frankl. Ist Journ. ed. 1, App. 738 (reprint, p. 10).
S. stricta, Richards. 1. c. ed. 2, App. 743 (reprint, p. 15). S. leta, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ii. 169. S. glauca, Meyer, Pl. Lab. 93. 3S. crassifolia, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 38. 8S. longi-
folia, Rothr. Enum. Pl. Cent. Col. 35. % Micropetalon gramineum, James, Cat. 181. Alsine
longipes, Coville, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. iv. 70.— A very variable species marked by its
long dark-colored acutish capsules and very smooth seeds. It is widely distributed from
Maine to Arctic America, and from Alaska (also Siberia) southward along the Rocky Mts.
to Colorado, and on the Pacific Slope to San Bernardino, Parish. The commoner form has
acute sepals and leaves varying imperceptibly from flaccid and spreading to erect and some-
what pungent (var. 8 mfnor, Hook. 1. ¢.; S. stricta, Richards. 1. c., etc.). The typical form,
234 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Stellaria.
with spreading leaves and “very obtuse” sepals, is comparatively rare. The following,
although the best marked varieties, are connected by innumerable puzzling intermediate
forms.
Var. leeta, Warson. Low, smooth or somewhat pubescent, 1 to 4 inches in height,
usually very glaucous, densely leafy at the base: leaves carinate, lanceolate-subulate to
linear, rather rigid, erect, 2 to 6 lines long, shorter than in the type, narrower than in the
following. — Bibl. Index, 112. S. /eta, Richards. 1. c.ed. 1, App. 738 (reprint, p. 10) ;
Hook. in Parry, 2d Voy. App. 390, & Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 96. S. stricta, var. y, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am.
i.96. 8S. longipes, var. 5, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 185. — Arctic America to the Rocky Mts. of
Montana and Wyoming ; also at Gaspé, Lower Canada, Allen. (Siberia.) A very similar
form has been found on the coast of New Brunswick, Fowler. The variety PEDUNCULARIS
_of Fenzl is a boreal form somewhat intermediate between this variety and the next, and
indefinitely characterized by still more elongated peduncles.
Var. Edwardsii, Watson, l.c. 113. Low, smooth or pubescent: leaves lanceolate to
ovate-lanceolate or even ovate, shorter than in the type: stems usually but 2-3-flowered ;
the lower peduncles axillary, much longer than the others. — S. Edwardsii, R. Br. in Parry,
Ist Voy. App. 271; Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i. 48; Hook. 1. c. t. 31; Fl. Dan. t. 2290.
S. nitida, Hook. in Scoresb. Greenl. 411; Cham. & Schlecht. 1.c.47. Alsine longipes, var.
Edwardsii, Britton, 1. c. — Brit. America from Labrador to Brit. Columbia, northward to the
arctic regions; Alaska. (Siberia.)
b. Seeds distinctly roughened under a lens.
S. craminna, L. Stems ascending, smooth and shining, 1 to 2} feet high, sharply 4-angled
(rhombic in cross-section) ; internodes usually elongated: leaves lance-linear, thickish, atten-
uate, furrowed above and with midrib prominent beneath: inflorescence a broad terminal
pedunculate cyme (larger and looser than in S. longifolia), often accompanied by one or two
smaller cymes springing at its base; pedicels elongated, spreading or deflexed: capsule
exceeding the calyx. — Spec. i. 422; Eng. Bot. t. 803; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 391;
Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 87. Alsine graminea, Britton, 1. c.— Introduced in
moist grassy places, Newfoundland to Maryland, and in Northern States across the conti-
nent; common. (Eu., Asia.) A shade form, var. LANcEOLATA, Fenzl, 1. c. 392, is not infre-
quent, in which the leaves are lanceolate and more narrowed at the base or the lowest even
subpetiolate. The inflorescence rarely becomes seemingly lateral through the development
of a sterile branch from its base as in S. longifolia. Fenzl has noted that the flowers of
S. graminea are of different sizes, the smaller being the more fertile.
S. uliginésa, Murr. Low, weak, diffuse: stems numerous, leafy: leaves lanceolate or
elliptic-lanceolate, 6 to 8 lines long, acute at each end: inflorescences few-flowered, pedun-
culate or sub-sessile, much smaller than in the last, becoming decidedly lateral, 14 inches or
less in length: flowers smaller and petals relatively shorter than in the related species:
sepals very acute, 1¢ lines in length. — Prod. Stirp. Gott. 55; Fenzl, 1. c. 393; Eaton &
Wright, N. A. Bot. 442; Warming, Bot. Foren. Festskr. 1890, 216, f. 10. S. alsine, Hoffm.
Deutschl. Fl. i. 153; Muhl. Cat. 45. S. borealis, Darlingt. Fl. Cest. 274. Larbrea uliginosa,
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 93, as to syn. in part, but not as to pl. of Chamisso. Alsine uliginosa,
Britton, 1. c. —On wet rocks, in brooks, etc., usually in deep shade, Atlantic Slope, Placentia,
Newfoundland, Robinson & Schrenk; Halifax, N. S., Macoun, to Delaware, Tatnall, and
Maryland ; not common; fl. May to November. (Eu., Asia.)
++ ++ Bracts foliaceous (except the uppermost in S. borealis, var. corollina).
= Leaves narrowly elliptical to lanceolate or linear.
S. longipes, Gotprs, may be sought here, as weak specimens with solitary terminal long-
peduncled flowers do not always show the scarious bracts which are developed in more
vigorous plants.
S. borealis, Brerr. Suberect, 6 to 10 inches in height, smooth or nearly so: leaves lanceo-
late, attenuate, 6 to 18 lines long, with one prominent nerve: pedicels scattered, 8 to 14
lines in length, often deflexed: sepals ovate-lanceolate, scarious-margined, acute or often
narrowed to an obtusish apex: petals much shorter than the calyx or none: capsule narrowly
ovoid, acutish, 14 to 2 timesas long as the sepals; seeds smooth. — Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 182; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 185; Fenzl, 1. c. 381; Fl. Dan. t. 2355. 4S. aquatica, Cham. & Schlecht. Lin-
Stellaria. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. ye ts
nea, i. 50; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 186; but probably not of Poll. Zarbrea uliginosa, Hook. FI.
Bor.-Am. i. 93, as to pl. of Chamisso and perhaps of Drummond. S. crassifolia, Boland.
Cat. 6. Spergulastrum lanceolatum, Michx. Fl. i. 275. Micropetalon lanceolatum, Pers. Syn.
i509. Arenaria lateriflora, Darlingt. Florula Cest. 54. Alsine borealis, Britton, 1. ¢. 149.
— New England to New Jersey ; Mendocino Co., Calif., and northward; fl. midsummer;
frequent.
Var. corollina, Fenzt, 1. c. 382. Taller: inflorescence spreading and more definitely
terminal: bracts reduced, the uppermost more or less scarious: petals usually present:
seeds slightly roughened. — S. brachypetala, Bong. Veg. Sitch. 126; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 186.
S. alpestris, Fries, Mant. i. 10, excl. var. S. Fenzlit, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxv. 280.
S. borealis, var. alpestris, Gray, Man. ed. 5,93. Alsine borealis, var. alpestris, Britton, 1. c.
— Lake Superior, Robbins, to Oregon, Howell, and northward. (Eu., Asia.)
S. crassifolia, Euru. Low, smooth: stems many, weak, ascending or suberect ; internodes
short: leaves small, numerous, thickish, oblong-lanceolate, acutish, 3 to 6 lines in length :
sepals ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, about equalled or somewhat exceeded by the petals and
capsule: seeds distinctly roughened under a lens, somewhat larger than in the last preceding
species. — Hannoy. Mag. pt. 8, 116, & Beitr. iii. 60; Fenzl, 1. c. 8383; Wats. & Coulter in
Gray, Man. ed. 6, 87, excl. Kentucky plant. S. gracilis, Richards. 1. c. ed. 1, App. 738
(reprint, p. 10), gemmiferous form? Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 97; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 184.
S. borealis, var. B, Hook. 1.c.95. Alsine crassifolia, Britton, 1. c. 150.— Wet ground and
marshy places, Labrador, Martin, Allen, to the Lower St. Lawrence, Pringle, and N. Illinois,
Vasey, Hill; Colorado, Hall & Harbour, Crandall; Montana, Canby, and northward; fl.
July toSeptember. (N. Eu., Asia.)
S. fontinalis, Rosryson. Glabrous: stems regularly and dichotomously branched, 6 to 12
inches long: branches spreading: leaves spatulate-linear, obtusish, spreading, 5 to 10 lines
long: internodes elongated, 1 to 2 inches in length: peduncles solitary in the forks of the
branches, 1 to 14 inches long, ascending: sepals 4 to 5, oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved: petals
none: stamens 4 to 8; filaments abruptly dilated at the base: styles 3 to 4, very short ;
capsule obtuse, not exceeding the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 286. S. crassifolia, Wats.
Bibl. Index, 111, in part ; Chapm. FI. ed. 2, 608; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 87,
in part. Sagina fontinalis, Short & Peter, Transyly. Jour. Med. vii. 600; Torr. & Gray, FI.
1.177. Spergula fontinalis, Dietr. Syn. Pl. ii. 1597. Alsine fontinalis, Britton, 1. c. 356. —
Cliffs of Kentucky River and Elkhorn Creek, Kentucky, Short & Peter; Nashville, Tenn.,
Gattinger ; fl. April, May. Certainly distinct from S. crassifolia, Ehrh.
= = Leaves broader, ovate or broadly oblong, seldom an inch in length.
S. humiftsa, Rorrs. Low, densely matted, smooth: stems prostrate or ascending, angu-
late, shining : leaves elliptic-ovate or oblong, acutish, 2 to 5 lines long, marcescent: pedun-
cles axillary, 4 to 7 lines in length: sepals ovate-oblong, acute, narrowly margined : petals
somewhat exceeding the calyx: seeds smooth. — Skrivt. Natur. Vidensk. Selsk. Kigb. x. 447,
t.4,f.14; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 184; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 384. S. marginata, Cham. &
Schlecht. Linnea, i. 50. Arenaria thymifolia, Pursh, Fl. i. 317; Eaton & Wright, N. A.
Bot. 132. A. Purshiana, Seringe in DC. Prodr. i. 414; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 102. Alsine
humifusa, Britton, 1. c. —Salt marshes and boggy slopes, Maine, Little Cranberry Island, Red-
Jield, Upper St. John River, Goodale ; Anticosti, Macoun, and coast of Oregon, Howell Bros.,
northward to Alaska and Arctic America; fl. July to September. (Greenland, N. Eu., Sibe-
ria.) The commoner form, var. OVALIFOLIA, Fenzl, 1. c., has leaves ovate or suborbicular,
crowded, only 1 to 3 lines in length. Var. optoneiFoé.iA, Fenzl, |. c., has internodes more
elongated and leaves oblong, 4 to 5 lines in length.
S. obttisa, Enceitm. Smooth: stems prostrate, 2 to 3 inches long: leaves thin, ovate, acute,
about 4 lines long, half as broad: flowers solitary, appearing axillary: peduncles 3 to 4
lines long : sepals ovate, obtuse, hardly at all scarious on the margins: petals none: capsule
1} to 14 times as long as the calyx, obtuse; seeds brown, under a compound microscope
covered with lighter-colored oblong tubercles with fringed edges. — Bot. Gaz. vii. 5; Macoun,
Cat. Canad. Pl. i. 76. S.humifusa, Macoun, Phenog. & Crypt. PI. of Canad. 9. — Anthracite
Creek, Colorado, 9,000 to 10,000 feet, Brandegee, to Blue Mts., Washington, Piper, and Brit.
Columbia, near Macleod’s Lake, Macoun; Kootanie Pass, Dawson ; fl. June, July.
236 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Stellaria.
S. crispa, Cuam. & Scuiecnt. Usually glabrous: stems numerous, weak, decumbent :
leaves thin, ovate, commonly crisped on the edges; the broad base rounded, subpetiolate ;
the apex short-acuminate: pedicels solitary, axillary, 3 to 12 lines long: sepals lanceolate,
acute, margined, 3-nerved, considerably exceeded by the acutish capsule: petals minute or
none. — Linnea, i. 51 ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 97; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 186, 675; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 378. S. borealis, var. crispa, Fenzl in Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 675; Torr. Bot.
Wilkes Exped. 245. S. borealis, var. apetala, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxy. 277, in
part. — Mountainous regions of N. California to Alaska. A pubescent but mostly sterile
and possibly distinct form from Lake Cushman, Washington, Piper.
S. calycantha, Bone. Perennial, more or less finely pubescent: stems numerous, decum-
bent, branching : leaves ovate-lanceolate, somewhat narrowed toward the more closely sessile
base, slightly fleshy or almost as thin as in the last, ciliolate at least near the base: flowers
small, nearly or quite apetalous, forming at length a more or less regular dichotomous
cymose inflorescence: capsule broadly ovate and very obtuse or even subglobose. — Veg.
Sitch. 127; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 186; Macoun, Cat. Canad. Pl. i. 74. Arenaria calycantha,
Ledeb. Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. v. 534. — Mt. Shasta, California, Hook. & Gray, to Washing-
ton, Howell Bros., Suksdorf, Brandegee, Allen; Brit. Columbia, Macoun, and S. Alaska, Mertens,
ace. to Bongard. (Siberia.) A species referred by Fenzl, 1. c. 382, and by various American
writers to S. borealis, but, as it seems, rightly restored to specific rank by Prof. Macoun.
A glabrous form, however, from Mt. Paddo, coll. Suksdorf, scarcely differs from S. borealis
except in its broader leaves and blunter pods, while a pubescent form from Skamania Co.,
Washington, no. 2194 of. the same collector, shows in its more racemiform inflorescence a
transition to S. crispa.
S. ruscifélia, Wiip. Glabrous : leaves coriaceous, ovate, subcordate, acuminate, somewhat
rigid with pungent tip: flowers rather large, terminal, pedunculate : sepals acute.-— Willd. acc.
to Schlecht. Berl. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Mag. vii. (1816), 194; Cham. & Schlecht. 1. c. 50; Regel,
1. c. 300. (Siberia.)
Var. arctica, Recent, |. c. 301. “Low stems, scarcely an inch in length, sepals
obtuse. — On the Melville Islands.”
= = = Leaves broad, an inch or more in length.
S. littordlis, Torr. Pubescent: stems decumbent, dichotomously branched, 8 inches in
height: leaves ovate, rounded at the base, acute or acuminate, about an inch in length, with
definite intramarginal veins: flowers rather numerous in the forks of the branches; pedun-
cles becoming horizontal or deflexed : sepals 24 lines long, acute: petals of nearly equal
length, cleft almost to the base: capsule somewhat shorter. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 69; Brew.
& Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 68. Alsine littoralis, Greene, Man. Bay-Reg. 34. — California, coast of
Marin Co.; Point Reyes, Bigelow, Blankinship; Dillon’s Beach, Congdon; bluffs near
Point Lobos, acc. to Mrs. Brandegee. In habit much resembling the Old World S. dicho-
toma, L., of which it may well prove a form. It differs, however, in its much more deeply
cleft petals.
S. ptbera, Micux. (Great Cuickweep.) Perennial, decumbent, stout for the genus:
stems pubescent in lines: leaves elliptic-oblong, finely ciliate, acute or obtusish, 6 lines to 14
inches long, or on the late tall shoots 3 inches in length : calyx nearly or quite smooth ; sepals
3 to 4} lines in length: stamens 10: capsule globose, not exceeding the calyx; teeth some-
times but not always circinate-revolute as in Cerastium § Strephodon, — FI. i. 273 ; Darlingt.
Fl. Cest. 274; Torr. & Gray, Fl.i.183. Alsine pubera, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, iv. 107. —
Rocky woods, Pennsylvania to Georgia, westward to Tennessee, Kentucky, and Indiana;
fl. April, May. According to Mr. Thomas Meehan the flowers are proterogynous. Prof.
L. F. Ward notes that the large-leaved usually sterile shoots of late spring sometimes bear
a few flowers which are smaller in size and shorter-peduncled than the earlier ones. Miss
E. F. Andrews states that the petals are sometimes cleft half their length, in other cases
nearly to the base, which is confirmed by specimens.
* * Petals retuse or shortly bifid, divided only one fourth to one half the way to the base,
commonly much exceeding the calyx: species approaching Arenaria.
+ Tall or spreading species, adventive on the Atlantic Slope: leaves long, lanceolate to
lance-linear, attenuate.
Arenaria. CARYOPHYLLACEZS. 237
S. Hoxéstea, L. Stem 6 to 18 inches high: leaves narrowly lanceolate, spreading, long-
attenuate from near the rounded sessile base, scabrous-ciliate on the margins and midrib,
1} to 3 inches in length, l-nerved: sepals lance-oblong, thin, nerveless, 4 lines in length,
exceeded by the large white petals: styles 3: valves of the capsule sometimes tardily cir-
cinate-revolute. — Spec. i. 422; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. v. t. 223. Alsine Holostea, Britton,
Mem. Torr. Club, vy. 150.— Found more or less established in the outskirts of Brooklyn,
Long Island, Ruger; Poland, Maine, Miss Furbish. (Adv. from Eu.)
+ + Indigenous species of the Southern States: leaves narrowly oblong, linear, or
spatulate.
S. uniflora, Warr. Weak and slender: stems decumbent or suberect, a foot in length:
leaves linear, acute, or the lower lanceolate, gradually narrowed below, mucronate, 8 to 12
lines in length; the floral much reduced : flowers few, solitary, on elongated slender pedun-
cles: calyx soft in texture, sepals scarcely veined. — Car. 141; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 184;
Chapm. Fl. 50. Arenaria glabra, Ell. Sk. i. 520, not Michx. ; Wood, Bot. & Fl. 56. Alsine
Walteri, Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 34. — Moist meadows, North Carolina to Florida and Alabama,
Winchell ; fl. March to May.
S. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Annual, a span high: leaves linear-oblong, obtusish; the
upper much reduced but not scarious: flowers in dichotomous racemes ; pedicels horizontally
spreading, 9 lines in length: corolla 6 to 8 lines broad. — FI. i. 183; Fielding, Sert. Pl. t. 18.
Alsine Drummondii, Fenzl in Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 675. Alsine Nuttallii, Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 34.
— Arkansas, Nuttall ; Indian Terr., Carleton (acc. to Holzinger) ; Louisiana, Hale ; Central
Texas, Drummond, Lindheimer, Wright, Hall.
+ + + Indigenous glandular-pubescent species of the Rocky Mts. and Pacific Slope.
S. dicho6toma, L. Stems terete, profusely and dichotomously branched: leaves ovate to
ovate-lanceolate, acute or acutish, cordate, spreading, 6 to 12 lines in length: peduncles
1-flowered, springing from the forks of the branches, considerably exceeding the leaves,
commonly deflexed in fruit: sepals lanceolate, acute, usually about equalling the petals. —
Spec. i. 421; Fenzl in Ledeb. FI. Ross. i. 378. — An Asiatic species of great variability.
Var. Americana, Porter. Leaves oval, obtusish: sepals oblong, obtuse, only 14
lines long, considerably exceeded by the rather narrow white petals. — Porter in Robinson,
Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 289, — Collected near Virginia City, Montana, W. B. Platt.
S. Jamésii, Torr. Viscid above: stem strongly angled: leaves elongated, lanceolate,
attenuate, smooth, 2 to 4 inches in length, 1 to 8 lines broad near the closely sessile base :
flowers in a leafy terminal panicle: sepals oblong, herbaceous, 2 lines in length. — Ann.
Lyc. N. Y. ii. 169 (as S. Jamesiana), & Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 69; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 183 ; Wats.
Bot. King Exp. 38. % S. graminea, James, Cat. 181.— Woodlands and “creek bottoms,”
Rocky Mts. of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona to Central California and Washington,
Brandegee, Henderson ; Idaho, Miss Mulford; fl. June to October. Leaves varying greatly
in breadth even on the same individual.
+ + + + Glabrous Alaskan densely cespitose species : leaves very small.
S. dicranoides, Frenzy. Dwarf and tufted perennial: stems numerous, covered with the
small oblong cuneate closely imbricated leaves: flowers small, solitary, terminal, short-
peduncled: petals shorter than the oblong-lanceolate sepals. — Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i.
395; Seem. Bot. Herald, 26,t. 3. Cherleria dicranoides, Cham. & Schlecht. Linnea, i. 63. —
Cape Lisburne, N. W. Alaska, Seemann. (Adj. Siberia, Chamisso, E'schscholtz.) A very
distinct species, but not recently collected nor very well known.
Ble. ARENARIA, L. Sanpwort. (Arena, sand, a sandy place, from
the habitat of several species.) — Leaves sessile or nearly so, either flat and with
well-developed blades or more frequently awl-shaped or acerose. Flowers of Stel-
laria, but with petals entire or barely retuse (sometimes more deeply cleft in A.
patula and A. capillaris). — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 374, in part (name used by
Ruppius for various Alsinee) ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 150; Wats. Bibl. Index,
94; Hook. f. & Jackson, Index Kew. i. 178; Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxix.
238 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Arenaria.
289. Alsine, Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. 127, not L. Arenaria, Merkia, & Honckenya,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 176, 178. Arenaria, Sabulina, Minuartia, Tryphane, Alsi-
nanthe, etc., Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. v. t. 204-219. Alsine, Arenaria, Mehringia,
Merckia, & Dolophragma, Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ii. Ab. 1b,
82-84. — A composite genus, and, when taken as here in its more comprehensive
sense, the largest of the Alsinee. Plants of wide distribution both as regards
latitude and altitude, and possessing in consequence much variability in aspect ;
being rather slender annuals or herbaceous perennials of the habit of Stellarta, or
often more densely tufted and occasionally distinctly woody at the base.
$1. Manrinera, Benth. & Hook. Seeds, at least when young, provided at
the hilum with a light-colored spongy appendage (strophiole). Habit of Stellaria.
— Gen. i. 150. Mehringia, L. Phil. Bot. 32 ; Fenzl in Endl. Gen. 968; DC.
Prodr. i. 890; Gray, Gen. III. ii. 36, t. 112.
A. laterifléra, L. Stems terete, weak, often decumbent, puberulent : leaves elliptic-oblong
or oval, obtuse or rounded at the apex, thin, puberulent or at least (under lens) papillose-
roughened, 5 to 10 lines long ; the veins and edges beneath covered with a fine spreading
pubescence: cymes pedunculate and somewhat umbellately few(1-6)-flowered : sepals ovate,
obtuse or scarcely acute, 1} lines long, only one third to one half the length of the obovate
petals: filaments pubescent. — Spec. i. 423 ; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 102, t.36; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 182, 675. A. Pennsylvanica, Muhl. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. iii. 169. A. buxifolia, Poir.
Dict. vi. 362; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 182. A. Haenkeana, Bartl. in Presl, Rel. Haenk. ii. 15.
Stellaria biflora, Pursh, Fl. i. 317. Mehringia lateriflora, Fenzl, Verbreit. Alsin. 18, 38, & in
Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 371; Gray, 1. c.— New England to New Jersey, Colorado, Oregon, and
northward to the Arctic Ocean ; fl. May to August. (Siberia.) Var. GLABRESCENS, Robin-
son, n. comb. (Mehringia lateriflora, var. glabrescens, Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxv. 259),
with glabrate or even glabrous leaves, has been collected in Delta Co., Colorado, J. H. Cowen,
and on Peel’s River near the mouth of the Mackenzie, Miss Taylor. (Siberia.)
A. macrophylla, Hoox. Stems decumbent, angled, pulverulent-pubescent: leaves Jan-
ceolate, acutish to acuminate at both ends (less commonly elliptic, obtusish), 1 to 3 inches in
length, glabrous, more or less punctate: peduncles slender, terminal or becoming axillary,
1-5-flowered : sepals ovate-lanceolate, very acuminate, exceeding the petals.— Fl. Bor.-Am.
i. 102, t. 37; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 182; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 69; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
viii. 378; Greene, Fl. Francis. 125. Mehringia macrophylla, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exp. 246. —
Extending from San Diego, Orcutt, northward through California, Oregon, and Washington,
into Brit. America, and eastward to Isle St. Ignace, Lake Superior, Wheeler; fl. April to
August. While the essential floral characters remain the same, there is considerable varia-
tion in the size, texture, and shape of the leaves.
§ 2. AmmopentA, Benth. & Hook. 1.c.151. Styles 3 to 5: disk conspicuous,
10-lobed and glanduliferous: capsule globose, somewhat baccate ; seeds not stro-
phiolate. — Ammodenia, Patrin in Gmelin, Fl. Sib. iv. 160. Honkenya, Ehrh.
Beitr. ii. 180. Halianthus, Fries, F]. Hall. 75. Adenariuwm, Raf. Am. Monthly
Mag. ii. 266, & Jour. Phys. Ixxxix. 259. — A single stout fleshy species of mari-
time habitat and with axillary flowers.
A. peploides, L. Perennial, glabrous: stems a span in height, stout, angled: leaves thick,
ovate or obovate, l-nerved, shortly pointed, clasping at the broad base: sepals ovate-
lanceolate, acuminate, 34 lines in length, about equalling the petals. — Spec. i. 423; Pursh,
Fl. i. 317. Alsine peploides, Crantz, Inst. ii. 406. Honkenya peploides, Ehrh. 1. c. 181;
Fenzl] in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 358; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 32, t. 110. Adenarium peploides, Raf.
ll. ce. — Seashores, from New Jersey and Washington State, Henderson, northward; fl.
July to September. (Greenland, N. Eu., Asia.) On the Northwest Coast the commoner
form is
i's.
Arenaria. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 239
Var. major, Hoox. Taller: leaves longer, often 15 lines in length, oblong or oblanceo-
late, more pointed and decidedly narrowed to the base. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 102. A. Sitchen-
sis, Dietr. Syn. Pl. ii. 1565. Honckenya oblongifolia, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 176. Honkenya
peploides, var. oblongifolia, Fenzl, 1. c. — Washington to Alaska. Imperfect specimens (per-
haps of the type rather than the variety) from Yellowstone Lake, Wyoming, collected by
Adams on the Hayden Surv., and kindly communicated by Professor Porter, show a note-
worthy inland occurrence of this usually maritime species. (Siberia, Japan.)
§ 3. Mércxia, Benth. & Hook. 1. c. 151. Styles 8 to 5; ovary 3-5-celled:
capsule large, depressed-globose, somewhat inflated, many-seeded; seeds not
strophiolate. — Merckia, Fisch. in Cham. & Schlecht. Linnza, i. 59; Fenzl, 1. .
359; Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 1b, 84. Merkia, Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 176.— A single glandular and slightly fleshy species of the North-
west.
A. physddes, Fiscu. Perennial, cespitose : stems weak, decumbent, 3 to 6 inches in length:
leaves ovate, cuspidately pointed, 4 to 6 lines long: flowers solitary at the summit of the
stem or becoming lateral: sepals lance-oblong, acute, 3 lines in length, equalling or slightly
exceeding the petals: capsule 4 lines (said to become half an inch) in diameter. — Fisch. in
DC. Prodr. i. 413; Wats. Bibl. Index, 97. Merckia physodes, Fisch. 1. c. 59; Hook. 1. e-
103; Torr. & Gray, 1l.c. Stellaria ovalifolia, Hook. 1. ce. 97; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 122.
— Brit. Columbia to N. Alaska; fl. July, August. (E. Siberia.)
§ 4. ARENARIA proper. Styles normally 3: capsule ovoid, dehiscent by 2-
toothed or -cleft valves; seeds not strophiolate. — Avenaria of many authors, as
Fenzl in Ledeb. FI. Ross. i. 360; Regel, 1. c. 215; Pax, 1. c.; Williams, Bull.
Herb. Boiss. iii. 593, ete.
* Leaves ovate, elliptic or linear, not acerose.
+— Annuals.
A. sprpyyiiréiia, L. (THYME-LEAVED Sanpwort.) Annual, finely pubescent, much
branched: leaves very short, 2 to 33 lines in length, ovate, acute or acuminate, rather
distinctly 3-5-nerved, rounded at the base; only the lowest being narrowed to short peti-
oles: flowers numerous in open leafy cymes; pedicels 1 to 3 times the length of the ovate-
lanceolate acuminate hispidulous sepals: petals small, about two thirds the length of the
sepals: capsule flask-shaped.— Spec. i. 423; Michx. Fl. i. 274; Ell. Sk. i. 518; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 182.— Sandy soil, Lower Canada and New England to Florida, westward to
Oregon, Washington, and Brit. Columbia; fl. April to June. (Nat. from Eu.)
Var. TENUIOR, Koch. More delicate: leaves reduced, lanceolate: flowers smaller in a
nearly naked racemose panicle: capsule more oblong.—Synop. 117. A. leptoclados, Guss.
Fl. Sic. Syn. iii. 824. — Dry situations, less frequent than the type; Maine, Fernald; Ver-
mont, Boott ; Oregon, Brandegee ; Washington, Suksdorf; fl. May to August. (Adv. from
Eu.)
A. Benthamii, Fenzu. A slender annual, branched from the base ; branches finely pubes-
cent in lines: leaves short, 3 to 4 lines in length, elliptic-lanceolate, acute and apiculate,
often punctate, narrowed to sessile bases, or the lowest to short ciliated petioles; floral
leaves much reduced : pedicels filiform, many times exceeding the ovate acuminate glabrous
often punctate sepals: seeds dark brown, minutely tuberculate.— Fenzl in Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 675; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 18; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 36. A. monticola, Buckley,
Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 449. — Rocky ground, Texas, where first coll. by Drummond; New
Mexico, Thurber.
+ + Perennials.
A. ciliata, L. Minutely glandular-puberulent: stems numerous, slender, terete, leafy,
densely matted, or in less exposed situations spreading and ascending, 1 to 5 inches long,
terminally 1-3-flowered: leaves small, ovate-oblong or lance-oblong, scarcely acute, 1 to 3
lines in length, distinctly ciliate near the cuneate base: peduncles erect, 2 to 5 lines long:
240 CARYOPHYLLACE. Arenaria.
sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, nerved, 1} to 1} lines long: petals of similar shape and equal
length: stamens 8 to 10: valves of the capsule rather deeply bifid, exceeding the calyx. —
Spec. i. 425; DC. Prodr. i. 411; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 870. (High mountains and
arctic regions of Europe.)
Var. (?) humiftisa, Hornem. Leaves without ciliation: sepals nerveless. — Hornem.
in Lange, Pl. Groen. 132. A. Norvegica, Gunn. FI. Norv. ii. 145, t. 9, f. 7-9. A. humifusa,
Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. 129. — Rich soil, Brit. America, Mt. Albert, Gaspé, Allen, Porter; Lake
Mistassini, J. M. Macoun, and what is with scarcely a doubt the same thing at Kicking
Horse Lake in the Rocky Mts., J. Macoun. (Greenland, N. Eu.) ;
A. alsinoides, Witip. Minutely pubescent with slightly hooked hairs or smoothish :
stems long, procumbent, moderately branched: leaves narrowly elliptic, acute, narrowed
below, commonly pseudoverticillate, 8 to 10 lines long, punctate: flowers axillary, solitary
at the nodes: pedicels filiform, elongated, spreading or horizontal, nearly or quite an inch in
length: sepals ovate, acute, tuberculate-punctate, 1} lines long: petals commonly smaller or
wanting: seeds smooth and shining. — Willd. in Schlecht. Berl. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Mag. vii
(1816), 201; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 327. A. diffusa, Ell. Sk. i. 519. A. nemorosa,
HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spee. vi. 35. A. anuginosa, Rohrb. in Mart. FI. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 274, t. 63.
Spergulastrum lanuginosum, Michx. Fl. i. 275. %Polycarpon uniflorum, Walt. Car. 83. Micro-
petalon lanuginosum, Pers. Syn. i. 509. Stellaria elongata, Nutt. Gen. i. 289. S. lanuginosa,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 187, 675.— Moist shaded ground, North Carolina to Florida and Texas,
Drummond, Hall. (Mex., S. Amer.) A more western form, represented from New Mexico
by Fendler’s 58 and 62 and Wright’s 864, has slightly firmer stems, more numerous sub-
paniculate flowers, and leaves less narrowed at the base. In all these respects it shows a
transition to the following.
A. saxosa, Gray. Finely puberulent, green or glaucescent: stems many, spreading from
a rather stout root, decumbent or creeping at the base, 2 inches to a foot long: leaves
numerous, opposite, not fascicled or pseudoverticillate (sometimes crowded), slightly fleshy,
lance-oblong, acute, mucronate, 2 to 9 lines long, sessile by a scarcely narrowed base: flowers
terminal and subsolitary on short simple peduncles or in stouter individuals numerous and
more or less paniculate: petals almost or quite equalling the ovate-lanceolate sharply acumi-
nate slightly fleshy sepals. — Pl. Wright. ii. 18; Walp Ann. iv. 258. Mehringia umbrosa,
Gray, Pl. Fendl. 13, & Pl. Wright. ii. 18, not Fenzl. — Colorado, Brandegee, Hooker & Gray ;
Guadelupe Mts., Texas, Havard ; New Mexico, Fendler, Wright, Wooton; Arizona, Rothrock,
Lemmon, Jones, Rusby. (Lower Calif., Orcutt.) A species of wide range, occurring alike
in rocky subalpine regions and much lower upon sandy banks, accordingly varying much in
height and diffuseness of branching. The type is a condensed few-flowered form.
Var. cinerascens, Roxninson. Somewhat more rigid, grayish throughout with a
fine pubescence: leaves pungent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 293. — Huachuca Mts., Arizona,
Lemmon.
* %* Leaves very narrowly linear, commonly acerose, often rigid and pungent: western
species.
+ Sepals broadly ovate, mostly very obtuse or at least obtusish: flowers not densely
aggregated.
A. capilldris, Porr. Leaves chiefly grouped at the base in fascicles upon a multicipital
caudex, 6 lines to 24 inches long, somewhat pungent, little spreading ; the cauline few pairs,
much reduced: stems 4 to 8 inches in height: petals obovate, considerably exceeding the
short obtuse sepals. — Dict. vi. 380; Regel, 1. c. 247. Alsine nardifolia, Anderson, Cat. 118.
The typical glabrous form with straight leaves is comparatively rare in America, but occa-
sionally occurs with var. NARDIFOLIA, Regel, ]. c. 253, which is glabrous with curved leaves
(A. nardifolia, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. ii. 166, & Ic. t. 6; Hook. FI. Bor -Am. i. 98, t. 32), and the
more common form, var. FORMOSA, Regel, 1. c. 252, which has the stem and inflorescence
glandular (A. formosa, Fischer in DC. Prodr. i. 402; Hook. f. Arc. Pl. 287, 322; Torr.
Bot. Wilkes Exp. 243).— Central California to Utah, Montana, and Brit. Columbia. ( Asia.)
Var. ursina, Ropryson, n. comb. Caudex more densely multicipital and bearing
closer fascicles or rosettes of very short filiform-linear thickish glaucous glandular-ciliolate
white punctate apiculate leaves (only 2 to 3 lines in length): sepals nerveless, little exceeded
Arenaria. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 241
by the white oblong slightly emarginate petals. — A. ursina, Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxix.
294.— Dry hills, Bear Valley, San Bernardino Mts., Parish Bros., August, 1882. Further
material of this variety, secured from the same locality in June, 1895, by S. B. Parish, leaves
little doubt that it is best regarded as a condensed stunted form of A. capillaris, with shorter
petals.
+ + Sepals ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acute or acuminate, shorter than the petals (except
in A. congesta, var. Parishiorum).
A. compacta, Covitie. Root thick, ligneous: caudex much branched and bearing very
closely tufted rosulately spreading subulate glaucous leaves ; these not exceeding 2 lines in
length, minutely glandular, ciliate: stems slender, an inch or more in height, simple or
sparingly branched, almost naked, the cauline leaves being few and much reduced: flowers
terminal on the branches: sepals 1} lines long, scarious-margined, thickened in the middle,
attenuate. — Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vii. 67, & Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. iv. 70, t. 5. — Cali-
fornia, mountains of Tulare Co., Coville ; Bloody Cafion, Mono Co., Congdon.
A. congésta, Nurr. Smooth or rarely with slight traces of a minute glandular puberu-
lence: stems slender, simple, 5 to 14 inches high, numerous, springing from a matted
non-ligneous caudex: basal leaves erect, gramineous-setaceous, 6 lines to 3 inches long,
ciliolate-serrate near the base: cauline leaves rather distant, gradually reduced : flowers
sessile in 1 to 3 dense heads (subtended by 1-several pairs of scarious-margined bracts) :
sepals carinate, obscurely 3-nerved, scarious except in the middle, 2 lines long, considerably
exceeded by the narrowly oblong petals: stigmas not strictly capitate.— Nutt. in Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 178; Torr. in Frém. Rep. 87; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 39; Porter & Coulter, FI.
Col. 138; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 69; Greene, Fl. Francis. 123 (excl. syn.) ; K. Brande-
gee, Zoe, ii. 161.— Rocky Mts. of Colorado and Wyoming to the Yosemite, acc. to Mrs.
Brandegee, and northward to Washington, Suksdorf.
Var. suffrutéscens, Roprnson. Caudex sometimes, perhaps always, very ligneous:
its branches becoming 2 to 3 lines in diameter, bearing fascicled sub-equal leaves (an inch or
less in length) : flowers somewhat smaller (sepals 14 lines long) in capitate umbels: pedicels
slender, 2 to 3 times as long as the calyx: stigmas capitate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 295 ;
Brewerina suffrutescens, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 620, under A. congesta; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 69; Wats. Bibl. Index, 95; Greene, Fl. Francis. 123. — California, Cisco,
Bolander & Kellogg ; Emigrant Gap, Jones; Tulare Co., Coville & Funston. A form too well
marked in its foliage, ligneous caudex, and allium-like inflorescence to be united with the
typical A. congesta, yet appearing to intergrade with it. One of the transitional forms has
been collected in Sierra Valley by Lemmon.
Var. subcongésta, Watson. Caudex more or less ligneous, stems smooth, glandu-
lar- or pulverulent-pubescent, often knotted with enlarged nodes: flowers as in the type,
but borne in more or less expanded dichotomous cymes: leaves varying greatly in length
and texture.— Bot. Calif. i. 69, & Bibl. Index, 454. A. Fendleri, var. subcongesta, Wats.
Bot. King Exp. 40, & Pl. Wheeler, 6; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 13; Rothr. Enum. Pl. Col.
35. A. Fendleri, var. glabrescens, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 40, & Bibl. Index, 95, differs only
in its still looser inflorescence, and should doubtless be referred hither.— Rocky Mts. of
Colorado and Arizona, Newberry, northward to Brit. America, Cypress Hills, Macoun, and
Lewis River, Dawson (acc. to J. M. Macoun), and westward to Oregon, Howell, and Cali-
fornia, Sierra Co., Lemmon, Donner Pass, Torrey.
Var. Kingii, Rosrxson, n.comb. Habit and glandular pubescence as in loose-flowered
forms of the preceding variety: petals emarginate to deeply bifid. — A. Aingii, Jones, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, v.627. Stellaria Kingii, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 39, t. 6. — Mountains
of N. Nevada, Watson, to Utah, Parry, Palmer, Jones, and Ward (form with petals merely
emarginate) ; fl. July, August.
Var. macradénia, Jovss, l. c. 626. Glabrous or nearly so: rootstock more or less
ligneous, extensively and irregularly branched: stems stout for the genus, 6 to 15 inches
high, knotted with the enlarged nodes: leaves chiefly cauline, glaucous, rigid, pungent,
6 lines to 23 inches long : flowers large, in an open cyme: sepals fleshy, subearinate, 25 to
2 lines long, with membranous margins : petals considerably exserted, obovate or oblong
with obtusish sometimes auricled bases: stamineal glands moderately developed : stigmas
subeapitate. — A. macradenia, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii, 367, in part. —S. E. California,
16
242 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Arenaria.
Parish Bros., Oliver, Coville & Funston, Davidson; 8. Utah, Parry, Palmer; Arizona,
Palmer, Lemmon.
Var. Parishi6rum, Rosiyson, n. comb. Smooth or minutely glandular-pubescent :
caudex scarcely ligneous, densely multicipital : stems slender; nodes not conspicuously en-
larged : leaves chiefly basal: petals narrowed at their bases, shorter than or barely equalling
the sepals, these fully 3 lines in length: stamineal glands very large. — A. macradenia, var.
Parishiorum, Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 296. A. macradenia, Wats. 1. ¢., in part. —
Common on mountains bordering the Mojave Desert, Parish Bros.
A. aculeata, Warson. Leaves grouped chiefly in fascicles at the summits of a multicipital
caudex, decidedly glaucous, rigid and pungent and with age strongly spreading, often purple,
6 to 12 lines in length; cauline leaves few, shorter: stems simple up to the few-flowered
cymes, 4 to 6 inches high: sepals oblong-lanceolate, acute or acutish: petals rather narrow,
elliptic-oblanceolate, obtuse, 14 to 2 times as long as the sepals. — Bot. King Exp. 40, &
Bibl. Index, 94. A. congesta, var. aculeata, Jones, 1. c. —Chiefly in mountainous districts
from Oregon, Nevius, Cusick, Howell, to N. Nevada, Watson, S. Utah and (?) Arizona,
Palmer, Toumey.
+ + + Sepals lanceolate to lance-linear, attenuate, equalling or exceeding the petals.
++ Flowers cymose, not densely aggregated.
A. Féndleri, Gray. Rather pale and glaucous, finely glandular-pubescent above : stems nu-
merous, erect, leafy, 4 to 15 inches high, closely aggregated upon the summit of a thick root:
basal leaves setaceous, gramineons, ciliolate or quite smooth, 2 to 4 inches in length, somewhat
pungent; the cauline gradually shorter, connate and sheathing at the base : internodes an inch
or two long: inflorescence dichotomous, few-many-flowered: sepals attenuate, glandular,
nearly equalling the obovate white or pale yellow petals (24 to 3 lines in length): capsule
commonly a fourth shorter. — Pl]. Fendl. 13; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 69; Wats. Bot. King
Exp. 40, exclusive of var. glabrescens; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 13. — Chiefly in the Rocky
Mts., but sometimes among the sage-brush of the plains, Nebraska, Engelmann ; Wyoming,
Nelson; and Colorado to New Mexico, G. R. Vasey; San Francisco Mts., Arizona, Lemmon ;
Los Angeles, Calif., Nevin. The var. prrrtsa, Porter & Coulter (FI. Col. 13), is a greener
form from the Rocky Mts. of Colorado and Wyoming, with a more lax and spreading inflo-
rescence and often although not always larger flowers. It intergrades with the type so that
in the herbarium specimens at least its separation is often unsatisfactory. Another form,
collected by Prof. Porter in the Garden of the Gods, has very small flowers (sepals 1} to 14
lines in length) upon curved and spreading branches.
++ ++ Flowers densely fascicled at the summit of the stem.
A. Franklinii, Dover. Caudex of numerous procumbent more or less elongated branches,
covered with somewhat persistent dried leaves: stems quite smooth, erect, simple, 3 to 5
inches high, somewhat rigid but fragile, bearing 3 to 6 pairs of narrowly subulate pungent
spreading smooth or ciliolate and minutely scabrous leaves (5 to 9 lines long) : cymes dense,
sub-involucrate : sepals elongated, attenuate, pungent with slightly spreading tips, 1-nerved,
4 to 6 lines long, distinctly exceeding the petals. — Doug]. in Hook. FI]. Bor.-Am. i. 101, t. 35;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 178; Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 244.—Sandy soil, Oregon, Douglas,
Lyall, Howell, Nevius, Cusick; Washington, Suksdorf; Idaho, Miss Mulford. Specimens
collected by Douglas at source of the Missouri may well have been the next species.
A. HooKeri, Nurr. Caudex densely multicipital: stems 1 to 4 inches high, pubescent :
leaves shorter than in the last : flowers smaller and petals about equalling or slightly exceed-
ing the sepals. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl.i.178. A. Franklinii, var. minor, Hook. & Arn.
Bot. Beech. 326; Wats. Bibl. Index, 95; Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 35. A. Frranklinii,
Engelm. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. n. ser. xii. 186 ; Coulter, 1. c., in great part ; Hook. f. & Jack-
son, Index Kew. i. 179, in part. A. pungens, Webber, Cat. Fl. Neb. 114.— Nebraska, Ryd-
berg, Webber; Rocky Mts., lat. 40°, Nuttall; Colorado, Vasey, Crandall; Wyoming, Hay-
den, Parry, Porter, Greene, Sheldon, Nelson ; plains of Green River, Gray; Montana, Tweedy.
This species with much the habit of the preceding differs in its much denser caudex and
constantly pubescent stem, as well as in the distinctions indicated. The stem is terete even
in a dried state, while the stems of A. Franklinii in drying become furrowed and angulate,
as though slightly fleshy.
Arenaria. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 2438
§ 5. Ausine, Benth. & Hook. Capsule ovoid, 3-valved; valves entire; seeds
not strophiolate: matted perennials or delicate annuals, usually with narrow
linear subulate or acerose leaves. — Gen.i. 150. Alsine, Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. 127 ;
Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 341; Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii.
Ab. 1b, 82.
* Palustrine perennial with weak elongated stems, narrow linear or lance-lineay leaves and
axillary long-peduncled flowers.
A. paludicola, Ropinson. Glabrous, flaccid: stems several, subsimple, procumbent, root-
ing at the lower joints, sulcate, shining, leafy throughout: leaves uniform, flat, 1-nerved,
acute, spreading, 9 lines to 13 inches long, 1 to 3 lines in breadth, often punctate, somewhat
connate, slightly scabrous upon the margins: peduncles solitary in the axils, 1 to 2 inches
long, spreading or somewhat deflexed: sepals nerveless, not at all indurated, acutish, about
half the length of the obovate petals. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 298. A. palustris, Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 70, & Bibl. Index, 97; Greene, Fl. Francis. 124; K. Brandegee, Zoe, ii. 341;
not Gay. Alsine palustris, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. iii. 61.— Abundant in swamps,
California, about Fort Point near San Francisco, Bolander, Kellogg & Harford; San
Bernardino, Parish Bros. ; Washington, near Tacoma, Fett, according to Piper; fl. May to
August.
* * Terrestrial annuals of the Atlantic Slope and Alleghany Mts., rarely extending to the
interior in the Southern States, essentially glabrous : eepals obtuse, soft in texture, scarcely
or not at all nerved.
A. Greenlandica, Sprenc. Somewhat fleshy: root at first simple, later of many delicate
fibres: stems few to many, decumbent or erect, subsimple, 2 to 8 inches long, bearing 1 to
5 flowers : leaves linear, obtuse, 14 to 7 lines long, at first in a dense more or less rosulate
cluster at the base; the cauline 2 to 4 pairs: sepals broadly ovate, 14 to 2 lines in length:
petals obovate, about twice as long, entire or notched: capsule subglobose to oblong, more
or less contracted to a point. — Syst. ii. 402; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 180; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 95,
t. 15; Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 298, 328. A. glabra, Torr. Fl. N. & Midd. States,
455; Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 180; not Michx. Alsine Greanlandica, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 58.
Stellaria Grenlandica, Retz. Fl. Scand. ed. 2, 107; Fl. Dan. t. 1210. %@S. Labradorica,
Schrank, Pfl. Lab. 24; Meyer, Pl. Lab. 93. — Rocky soil, chiefly but not always at higher
altitudes, Greenland to the mountains of Maine, and even reaching the coast at Bath, Gam-
bel, and Bar Harbor, Rand; also found at Middletown, Conn., Osborn, Wright; locally
abundant in the White, Green, Adirondack, Catskill, and Shawangunk Mts. ; also found on
the Kittatinny Mts. of N. W. New Jersey, Britton; in the mountains of Pennsylvania (acc.
to Porter) ; of S Virginia, Small & Heller ; and in N. Carolina, Small, where it had passed
as a form of A. glabra, Michx., having been previously collected on Roan Mt. by Gray &
Carey, Smith, and Scribner; fl. June to September. The autumnal flowers are usually
smaller than the earlier ones.
A. glabra, Micux. Glabrous, loosely matted, many-stemmed: stems weak, slender, sub-
erect, very leafy, 6 to 12 inches high: leaves narrowly linear, spreading, thin, nerveless, equal-
ling or exceeding the internodes : “peduncles filiform, elongated, spreading, 1-flowered : corolla
rather broad, considerably exceeding the calyx: sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, nerveless, 14
lines in length, somewhat exceeded by the ovoid capsule. — Fl. i. 274; Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
180, in part. Alsine glabra, Gray, Man. ed. 2, 58; Chapm. Fl. 49. — On rocks in mountains
of N. Carolina, Michaux, Table Mountain, Gray ; S. Carolina, Table Rock, Vasey ; Georgia,
Stone Mt., Gray, De Kalb Co., Small; also apparently the same in the Arroyo of Lamben,
near the Mexican boundary, Parry.
A. brevifdlia, Nurr. Glabrous: stems erect, filiform, 2 to 5 inches high, with spreading
branches : leaves linear or lance-linear, obtuse, nerveless, slightly fleshy, 1 to 4 lines long,
commonly much shorter than the internodes: sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse, only a line in
length, with a distinct thin white margin: petals rather conspicuous, obovate, 2} to 34 lines
in length, widely spreading: capsule ovoid, acuminate, a third longer than the calyx ; valves
ovate, acuminately narrowed almost to the tip. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 180. Al/sine
244 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Arenaria.
brevifolia, Chapm. Fl. 49.— On rocks, Georgia, Tatnall Co., Nuttall, Stone Mountain, Canby,
Gray, Small ; fl. April, May. Apparently the most rare and local eastern species.
* * * Terrestrial annuals of the Pacific Slope: sepals neither indurated nor very strongly
nerved.
+ Seeds much flattened and margined.
A. Douglasii, Fenzt. Thinly glandular-pubescent and somewhat viscid, or nearly gla-
brous: stems much branched, 2 to 15 inches high: leaves attenuate to filiform points: pe-
duncles filiform: flowers numerous, larger than in the related species, 4 to 5 lines in diameter :
sepals ovate, thin-margined, obscurely or more or less distinctly ribbed : petals obovate, con-
spicuous: capsule subglobose ; valves rounded at the apex; seeds large, smooth, or with
fine radiating striation, reniform, broadly margined. — Fenzl acc. to Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
674; Durand, Pl. Pratt. 83; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 69; Greene, Fl. Francis. 124, A.
verna, B, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 325. Greniera Douglasii, Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3,
iv. 27. Alsine tenella, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 36 (from char. and hab.). — Barren hillsides
and grassy slopes, S. Arizona, Palmer, and S. California to Oregon, Howell, Henderson ; fl.
May, June. Some smaller flowered specimens with seeds of A. Douglasii have been collected
by Thurber near San Diego, Calif.
+ + Seeds not flattened nor thin-margined.
A. Howeéllii, Watson. Finely glandular-pubescent: stem terete, purple, profusely branched,
more than a foot high: leaves rather thick, obtuse, 4 to 7 lines in length; the floral much
reduced: flowers 2} to 3 lines in diameter : petals oblong, little exceeding the ovate glandu-
lar nerveless sepals: capsule ovoid, pointed; valves narrowed to an acutish apex; seeds
dark, slightly tuberculate-crested.— Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 354.— Oregon, in the Coast
Mts., near Waldo, Th. Howell, June 5, 1884.
A. Californica, Brewer. Smooth, with delicate filiform stems branching from the base,
erect, 2 to 4 inches in height: leaves very short, slightly fleshy, 1 to 2 lines in length, obtuse :
flowers 4 lines in diameter: petals oblong, about twice the length of the ovate-oblong nerve-
less or inconspicuously ribbed sepals: seeds small, finely roughened. — Brewer in Boland.
Cat. 6; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 69; Greene, Fl. Francis. 124. A. brevifolia, var. (*)
Californica, Gray, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. iii. 101. — Dry hills, sandy soil, Central California
to Grant’s Pass, Oregon, Howell ; fl. March to May.
A. pusilla, Warson. Smooth, very diminutive, 1} to 2 inches high: stems purplish, fili-
form, branched from the base: leaves obtusish, only 1 to 2 lines in length: sepals not so
strongly nerved as in the preceding, 1 to 1} lines in length: petals minute or wanting:
seeds minute, smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 367. A. Californica, Wats. Bot. Calif. ii.
435, not Brew. — Plains, N. California, about Yreka, Greene, to the Dalles of the Columbia,
Howell Bros. ; Washington, at White Salmon, Suksdorf, and Pullman, Piper, where said to
be common along fences, etc. ; fl. April, May. This species bears the closest habital resem-
blance to A. capillipes, Boiss., of Spain, .but lacks the minute pulverulence of that species.
* * * * Annuals or slender-stemmed loosely matted perennials, 5 to 15 inches in height :
sepals lanceolate, acuminate or attenuate, strongly 3-5-nerved.
+ Puberulent, at least on the pedicels.
A. tenélla, Nurr. Finely glandular-pubescent: stems very slender, dichotomously branched
almost from the base, 3 to 8 inches in height: leaves attenuate from a connate prominently
ribbed base to a filiform often curved apex, 3 to 5 lines long; the uppermost considerably
reduced : pedicels filiform, several times as long as the strongly 3-ribbed sepals; the latter
equalled or more or less exceeded by the oblong petals: valves of ovoid capsule exceeding
the sepals ; seeds small, margined with a fine muriculate crest (under a strong lens). —
Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 179; Eaton & Wright, N. A. Bot. 133 (excl. Arkansas spec.) ;
Macoun, Bot. Gaz. xvi. 286 ; not Kit., which is wholly obscure. A. tenu/folia, var. Americana,
Fenzl in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 674. Greniera tenella, Gay, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, iv. 27.
Alsine tenella, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 243. — Rocky places, Oregon, Nuttall, Tolmie, Hall,
Howell, to Brit. Columbia, at Kamloops, ace, to J. M. Macoun, and Nanaimo, Miss Cooley ;
fl. May to July. Like A. Granlandica of the Eastern States, this species seems to occur
either in mats or in a segregated state. In the former condition it considerably resembles
om
Arenaria. CARYOPHYLLACEZ. 245
A. stricta, Michx., but is to be distinguished by its small flowers and puberulent inflorescence.
The habitally identical A. tenuzfolia, L., of the Old World, has shorter petals and more
slender capsules, distinctions which are none too strong.
A. patula, Micux. Stems diffusely branched, 2 inches to a foot in height, often almost
filiform: leaves spreading, slightly fleshy: inflorescence dichotomous; pedicels filiform,
spreading: sepals lanceolate, attenuate, with 3 to 5 prominent converging nerves, slightly
indurated, a little over 2 lines in length, usually minutely glandular: petals twice as long,
entire or retuse, obcordate: the obtuse valves of the capsule about equalling the calyx ;
seeds black, minutely ronghened. — Fl. i. 273; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 180; Gray, Man. ed. 5,
91; Hill, Bull. Torr. Club, xvii. 172; MacMillan, Bot. Gaz. xv. 332. A. Pitcheri, Nutt., and
2 A. tenella, Nutt. 1. c. 180, so far as Arkansas plants are concerned. Alsine microsperma,
Fenzl, l.c. <A. patula, Gray, Man. ed. 2,58; Chapm. Fl. 49. <A. Pitcheri, Wood, Class-
Book, ed. of 1861, 260; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 608. Stellaria macropetala, Torr. & Gray, FI.
i. 184 (Alsine macropetala, Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 34), differing only in the slightly more deeply
divided petals, which are themselves more or less variable, must be referred here, where its
identity of habit and calyx clearly indicates its affinity to be. — Kentucky to Florida (acc.
to Chapman); Alabama, Peters, Mohr; Texas, Drummond, Meyer, Buckley; and Indian
Terr., Carleton (acc. to Holzinger), northward to Chicago, Babcock, Hill, and Cass Co.,
Minnesota (ace. to MacMillan) ; fl. April to July. The leaves of this species are variable,
more often narrowly linear or filiform, 4 to 7 lines in length, but occasionally 14 inches long
and a line wide.
; + + Glabrous.
A. stricta, Micux. Smooth, loosely matted: stems numérous, slender, ascending, 3 to 15
inches high, leafy nearly to the middle: leaves subulate-setaceous, conspicuously fascicled
in the axils : inflorescence a loosely forked cymose panicle: petals narrowly obovate, nearly
twice the length of the somewhat rigid acuminate prominently 3-ribbed sepals: capsule
about equalling or exceeding the calyx. — Fl. i. 274; Ell. Sk. i. 521; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i.
99, t. 33 (including both var. a, a weak boreal few-flowered form with erect leaves, and
var. 8, the common form with spreading leaves); Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 179 (at least var.
B); Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, ii. 37. ? A. setacea, Muhl. Trans. Am. Phil. Soc. iii. 169.
A. Michauxiti, Hook. f. Arc. Pl. 287, 322. Alsine Michauaxii, Fenzl, Verbreit. Alsin. 18 ;
Regel, Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc. xxxv. 232, t. 8, f. 1-5. — Rocky and gravelly soil, Vermont to
S. Carolina, westward to the Black Hills, Rydberg (lax form), and (acc. to J. M. Macoun) to
the Rocky Mts. of Brit. America; fl. May to July.
Var. Texdna, Roziysoy. More rigid: stems fewer, 3 to 7 inches high, strongly
enlarged at the nodes: leaves very short, conspicuously connate; the fascicled ones only 1
to 2 lines long: flowers in a small rather dense cyme: sepals almost cartilaginous, very
strongly 3-nerved, appearing attenuate through the infolding of their margins. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xxix. 302. ? A. stricta, var. a, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 179. — Rocky Hills, Texas, Gordon,
Bigelow, Hall, Reverchon; Arkansas, Leavenworth; Indian Terr., Palmer ; Kansas, Smythe ;
and §. W. Missouri, Blankinship. A specimen from Potosi, Mo., coll. by F’. Peck, exactly
connects this variety with the type.
* * * * * Perennials, closely matted or tufted, 1 to 6 inches in height: sepals acuminate,
but not strongly nerved except in A. verna.
A. vérna, L. Rather closely tufted : stems numerous, slender, ascending or erect, smooth,
1 to 5 inches high, 1-3(or more)-flowered ; the upper internodes commonly much exceeding
the leaves: leaves linear-subulate, flat, rather strongly 3-nerved, usually erect and never
squarrose : peduncles filiform: sepals ovate-oblong, acutish to acuminate, strongly 3-nerved,
1} to 1 lines long, exceeding the obovate or oblanceolate obtusish petals : capsule somewhat
surpassing the calyx. — Mant. i. 72; Seringe in DC. Prodr. i. 405; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i.
99; Torr. & Gray, Fl.i.181. A. juniperina, Pursh, Fl. i. 318; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 98 ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 179, 674. Alsine verna, Bartl. Beitr. ii. 63.— A widely distributed
wstival rather than vernal species (fl. June to August) with numerous but ill-defined vari-
eties. The smooth typical form appears to be common in the Rocky Mts. of Brit. America,
Macoun, and extends even as far southward as Colorado, Wolf & Rothrock. It has been
found on Mt. Albert, Lower Canada, Allen. A far more frequent form is
246 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Arenaria.
Var. hirta, Watson. Finely glandular-puberulent upon the stems, peduncles, and
calyx : leaves nearly or quite smooth. — Bot. King Exp. 41; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 14;
Rothr. Enum. Pl. Col. 35. A. Airta, Wormsk. Fl. Dan. t. 1646. A. propinqua, Richards. in
Frankl. lst Journ. ed. i. 738 (reprint, p. 10). Alsine verna, var. hirta, Fenzl in Ledeb. FI.
Ross. i. 349. A. rubella, var. hirta, Lange, Pl. Groen. 132. A. propingua, Lange, Fl. Dan.
t. 2903. A. hirta, Warming, Bot. Foren. Festskr. 1890, 229. — From Greenland to Alaska,
southward to Smugglers’ Notch, Vt., Pringle, Eggleston, and along the Rocky Mts. to
Arizona, Lemmon ; also in the San Bernardino Mts., W. G. Wright.
Var. rubélla, Hoox. f. Depauperate, minutely glandular-puberulent or very rarely
smooth: peduncles and sepals purplish tinged, the latter less strongly nerved.— Jour.
Linn. Soe. v. 82. A. Giesekii, Hornem. Fl. Dan. t. 1518. A. hirta, var. glabrata, Cham. &
Schlecht. Linnea, i. 56. Alsine rubella, Schrenk in Fenzl,1.c. A. verna, var. glacialis,
Fenzl fide Wats. Bibl. Index, 99. — Occurring with and often scarcely to be distinguished
from the preceding.
A. Rossii, Ricnarpson, l.c. Dwarf and closely tufted, glabrous : leaves crowded, narrowly
linear, 3-edged, obtusish, slightly fleshy: stems many, 6 lines to 14 inches long, filiform,
usually ending in a solitary peduncle, more rarely branched and several-flowered : sepals
less attenuate than in the last, slightly fleshy, not at all rigid and scarcely or not at all
ribbed, 1 to 1} lines long: petals oblong, nearly equalling the calyx, often minute or none:
capsule shorter than the calyx.— R. Br. in Parry, 1st Voy. App. 272; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am.
i. 100; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 181; Porter & Coulter, Fl. Col. 14. A. elegans, Cham. & Schlecht.
Linnea, i.57. A. stricta, Wats. Bibl. Index, 98, in part, not of Michaux, nor Wahlenberg’s
Alsine stricta of the Old World, which is surely distinct. Alsine Rossii, Fenzl, Verbreit.
Alsin. 18. — Mountains of Colorado, Hall & Harbour, Coulter, Wolf; Wyoming, Parry ;
2S. Brit. America, Bourgeau, to Arctic America. A doubtful species not very satisfactorily
separable from forms of the preceding.
A. Nuttalli, Pax. Glandular-puberulent or tomentulose throughout : root single, vertical,
rather stout: stems many, loosely matted and much branched near the base; branches
ascending or erect, leafy: leaves subulate-acerose, rigid, pungent, tending to be squarrosely
spreading, connate, 3 to 4 lines long: flowers usually numerous in spreading cymes, rarely
subsolitary : sepals attenuate, acuminate, often purplish, not strongly nerved, 2 to 25 lines
long, exceeding the more or less pointed petals and ovoid capsule. — Pax in Engl. Jahrb.
xviii. 30. A. pungens, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 179; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 40; not
Clem. A. Nuttallii, var. gracilipes, Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, v. 626, from speci-
mens cited, does not appear to differ materially from Nuttall’s type. — Mountainous
regions, S. Brit. Columbia to 8. California, and eastward to Utah and Wyoming; fl. June
to August.
Var. gracilis, Rozryson. Sepals narrow, elongated and still more attenuate, 2} to
3 lines long : leaves less rigid, scarcely spreading or pungent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 304.
A. pungens, var. gracilis, Gray in herb.; Vasey & Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 6. —
California, mountains above Big Tree Grove, Bolander, Long Meadow, Tulare Co., Palmer,
Coville & Funston. Intergrading with the typical form.
* * * * * * Densely cespitose perennials with acicular or awl-shaped leaves: sepals
oblong or linear-oblong, very obtuse.
+ Alpine, boreal, or arctic species.
++ Petals oblong or narrowly obovate.
A. Sajanénsis, Witip. Cespitose: stems finely but rather densely glandular-hirsute,
decumbent, very leafy below and with age sheathed at the base with the dried persistent
leaves; the upper more or less erect portion of the stems 6 lines to 24 inches in length,
bearing two or three pairs of short and rather distant more or less puberulent leaves, and
terminating in 1 to 3 flowers ; lower leaves linear, obtusish, rather rigid, erect, 2 to 34 lines
long, quite glabrous or ciliolate, less commonly glandular-pubescent, straight: segments of
the calyx linear oblong, 1-3-ribbed, glandular-pubescent, 2 lines in length: petals spatulate,
equalling or half exceeding the sepals, rarely almost twice as long (but narrower than in
A. arctica): valves of the capsule linear-oblong, obtuse, often considerably exceeding the
calyx. — Willd. in Schlecht. Berl. Gesell. Nat. Fr. Mag. vii (1816), 200; DC. Prodr. i. 408.
Sagina. CARYOPHYLLACER, DAT
A. thymifolia, James, Cat. 181. A. obtusa, Torr. Ann. N, Y. Lye. ii. 170. A. biflora, Wats.
Bibl. Index, 94, not L. A. arctica, and vars. of various authors, not Stev. Stellaria biflora,
L. Spec. i.422. Alsine biflora, Wahlenb. Fl. Lapp. 128; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i.355.—
Mt. Albert, Lower Canada, Allen, Macoun, to Labrador and Bering Strait, southward to
Oregon, Cusick, and along the Rocky Mts. to New Mexico, Parry, and Arizona, Lemmon.
(Greenland, Siberia.) A common species widely distributed in alpine and arctic regions of
the Old and New World ; fl. July, August. Of its numerous and confluent forms, seemingly
due to individual environment, the following only need be mentioned: var. RIG{DULA,
Robinson (Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 305; Alsine biflora, var. rigidula, Fenzl, 1. c.), with leaves
erect, firm in texture and rather closely imbricated ; and var. CARNOsULA, Robinson, I. ec.
(Alsine biflora, var. carnosula, Fenzl, 1. c.), more flaccid, with leaves spreading and slightly
fleshy.
A. laricifolia, L.? Slightly woody and much branched at the base: stems clothed with
_linear acicular secund ciliolate-denticulate leaves: fertile branches erect, simple, 4 to 7
‘inches in height, 2-5-flowered: sepals 3} lines in length, linear-oblong, 3-nerved : petals
oblong or narrowly obovate, entire, twice as long as the calyx. — Spee. i. 424. — An alpine
European species at various times reported from Alaska, but still somewhat doubtful. Plants
collected upon the Porcupine River by J. H. Turner certainly possess much resemblance to
the European plant, but differ in their shorter sepals and less leafy stems. It is not unlikely
that they may prove merely a tall and long-petalled form of the preceding polymorphous
species.
. ++ ++ Petals broadly obovate, much exceeding the calyx: Alaskan.
A. arctica, Strv. Stems 1 to 3 inches long, glandular-pubescent: lower leaves narrow,
linear, obtuse, slightly fleshy, crowded upon the bases of the stems, nearly or quite glabrous,
sometimes slightly ciliated near the base, half a line in breadth ; upper leaves a little broader ;
pairs rather distant: flowers solitary, terminal upon slender glandular-pubescent pedun-
cles, 5 to 7 lines in diameter: capsule 3} to 4 lines long, considerably exceeding the sepals:
seeds minutely roughened and slightly crested. —Stev. in DC. Prodr. i. 404; Cham. &
Schlecht. Linnea, i. 54; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 100 (excl. vars.) ; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 181, in
part. Alsine arctica, Fenzl, Verbreit. Alsin. 18, & in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 355; Regel, Bull.
Soc. Nat. Mosc, xxxv. 219, 227 (excl. var. breviscapa). — W. and N. Alaska and adjacent
islands.
A. macrocarpa, Pursu. Stems 2 to 4 inches long, covered except near the ends with the
densely imbricated lance-linear obtuse conspicuously ciliated leaves ; these three fourths line
broad: flowers solitary, terminal, often exceeding half inch in diameter: valves of the
mature capsule fully 6 lines in length; seeds slightly margined.— Fl. i. 318; Cham. &
Schlecht. 1. c. 55; Hook. 1. c. 101; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 182, 675. A. arctica, var. B grandi-
flora, Hook. 1. c. 100, t. 34, f. B. Alsine macrocarpa, Fenzl, Verbreit. Alsin. 18; Regel, 1. c.
235, t. 8, f. 6-9; A. arctica, var. breviscapa, Regel, 1. c. 228.— W. Alaska near the coast.
(Siberia.) Regel’s elaborate subdivision of the Siberian forms of this species is not war-
ranted in America in the absence of abundant fruiting material.
+ + Species of the Atlantic and Gulf States, neither arctic nor alpine.
A. Caroliniana, Watr. Stems several to many, glandular-pubescent and viscid above,
3 to 8 inches in height, densely leafy near the base: leaves linear-subulate, rigidulous,
pungent, triangular in section, channelled above; the lower imbricated and more or less
squarrosely spreading; the upper reduced, distant: cymes few-flowered ; pedicels slender,
ascending : sepals oval, 1} lines in length: petals broad, rounded at the apex. — Car. 141;
Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 85. A. squarrosa, Michx. Fl. i. 273; Ell. Sk. i. 520;
Torr. Fl. N. Y.i. 95. A. imbricata, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 361, & in Desv. Jour. Bot. i.
229 (1808). A. Rafinesquiana, Seringe in DC. Prodr. i. 409. Alsine squarrosa, Fenzl in
Gray, Man. ed. 2, 57; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 34, t. 111; Chapm. FI. 49. — Pine barrens, S. New
York to Florida; fi. June, July.
13. SAGINA, L. Peartwort. (Name from the Latin saginare, to fatten;
the plants though small and delicate sometimes grow abundantly in otherwise
barren regions and are grazed by sheep.) — Low slender herbs commonly cespitose
248 ; CARYOPHYLLACES. Sagina.
with filiform stems and subulate or filiform leaves. — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no.
336; DC. Prodr. i. 889; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. v. t. 200, 201; Gray, Gen.
Ill. ii. 29, t. 109. — About a dozen species (chiefly of the temperate and frigid
parts of the northern hemisphere) in much need of a general revision, the iden-
tity and distinctness of several Old World species being so doubtful that it is
impossible to correlate with them the common forms of America.
* Very slender, 2 to 5 inches high: the almost capillary stems several to many, subsimple
from near the base, usually several-flowered ; the lowest flowers distinctly axillary: leaves
nearly filiform but flattened above, not proliferous in the upper axils nor forming sterile
rosettes ; the basal rosette seldom persisting: flowers small, 4-5-parted.
S. apétala, Arp. Commonly glandular- -pubescent: stems not numerous, ascending or
nearly erect; leaves 14 to 3 or 4 lines in length, scarcely flat: pedicels straight : flowers
normally 4- parted : petals minute and obovate or more often altogether wanting. — Animad.
Alt. 22, t. 8; L. Mant. ii. 559; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 338; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 177;
Reichenb. 1. c. t. 200. S. pepe var., Benth. Brit. Fl. 120. — Middle Atlantic States
near the coast and doubtfully indigenous; Amherst, Mass., Jesup, to E. Pennsylvania, Porter,
New Jersey, C. E. Smith, and formerly near Washington, D.C. (acc. to Ward). A form
with elongated capillary stems is abundant in grassy situations near Hewitt’s, Bergen Co.,
N. J., Britton; also at Berkeley, Calif., Blankinship. Specimens from Labrador, coll. Allen,
referred to S. apetala, are probably only a stunted form of S. procumbens. Var. BARBATA,
Fenzl (in Ledeb. FI. Ross. i. 338), with leaves distinctly ciliated at the base, has been found
(probably introduced) at Auburn, California, Mrs. Ames. Alsinella ciliata, Greene, from
near Ione, Calif., which is ambiguously characterized in the Fl. Francis. 126, as a very
slender and diffuse plant of compact habit, does not differ in its described characters from
this. (Eu., Asia, &c.)
S. decimbens, Torr. & Gray. Annual, quite smooth or with the younger parts slightly
glandular: stems several, decumbent or sub-erect, 2 to 5 inches high, subsimple: the filiform
straight peduncles exceeding the narrowly linear very acute leaves: flowers normally 5-
parted: calyx appressed even in fruit, obtusish but not rounded at the base, two thirds the
length of the valves of the capsule: petals (sometimes only 1 to 3 and rudimentary) scarcely
equalling the sepals: stamens 3 to 10.—Fl. i. 177. S. procumbens, Pursh, Fl. i. 119.
S. Elliottii, Fenzl in Gray, Man. ed. 2, 61. 8S. subulata, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 178, not Wimm.
@ Spergula nodosa, Walt. Car. 142. S. saginoides, Michx. FI. i. 276, not L. S. decumbens,
Ell. Sk. i. 523. S. subulata, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 93.— Dry sandy ground, New England
to Great Plains of Brit. America, Macoun, southward to Florida and Texas; fl. March to
June. Var. Smfrui1, Watson (Bibl. Index, 105; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 89;
S. subulata, var. Smithii, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 95), is a more slender nearly or quite apetalous
form, found in the neighborhood of Philadelphia, C. £. Smith, Camden, Parker, Richmond
Co., N. Y. (ace. to Hollick & Britton), S. E. Kentucky (acc. to Kearney), and probably else-
where with and poorly distinguished from the type.
S. occidentalis, Warson. Annual, glabrous, with habit and foliage of the preceding
species, but with longer pedicels (usually 7 to 10 or 12 lines in length) and larger also
5-parted flowers: capsule 1} lines in length: calyx rounded at the base. — Proc. Am. Acad.
x. 344. S. procumbens, Boland. Cat. 6; and perhaps Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 242. SS. Lin-
nei, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 378. Alsinella occidentalis, Greene, Fl. Francis. 125. — Low
grounds and salt marshes of the coast, Vancouver Isl. to S. California; common; fl. spring.
The western equivalent of S. decumbens and possibly intergrading with that species.
* * Flowering stems of lateral origin, spreading, 1 to 6 inches in length, procumbent; the
unprolonged terminal axis bearing, close to the ground, a more or less persistent tuft or
rosette of leaves: flowers normally 4-parted.
S. procimbens, L. Matted: the numerous procumbent leafy stems 14 to 4 inches in
length: leaves smooth or ciliate, narrowly linear, obtusish and mucronate: pedicels filiform,
elongated, nodding at the summit during anthesis: petals considerably shorter than the
sepals; the latter spreading in fruit. — Spec. i. 128; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 177. — Moist rocks,
Spergularia, CARYOPHYLLACEZ. YAO
also in paths, etc., Newfoundland to Pennsylvania, and (acc. to Chapman) N. Carolina;
also rarely inland as far as Michigan, Hill; fl. through the summer. (Eu., Asia, S. Amer.)
Specimens with petals obsolete or wanting do not seem to be rare. Dwarfed specimens
from Labrador, coll. Allen, may also be of this species.
* * * Stems very short, 4 lines to 2 inches long: flowers rather small, 5-parted, terminal:
leaves thickish, narrowly linear to subulate, not proliferous in the upper axils but com-
monly forming sterile rosettes about the base.
S. Linnei, Prest. Matted, 1 to 3 inches high: stems slender, decumbent, rooting and
often producing lateral rosettes: radical leaves narrowly linear, mucronate, 3 to 7 lines
long, forming dense and mostly persistent rosettes; cauline leaves short, few: pedicels
long, filiform, commonly recurved at the summit; flowers moderately large for the genus:
petals not quite equalling the calyx: capsule ovate, conic, even before dehiscence consider-
ably exceeding the sepals; the dry valves fully twice their length: stamens 5 to 10.—
Rel. Haenk. ii. 14 (Zinnez) ; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 339; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 41.
S. saxatilis, Wimm. in Lange, Pl. Greenl. 133. S. saginoides, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v.
151. Spergula saginoides, L. Spec. i. 441. Alsinella saginoides, Greene, Fl. Francis. 125. —
Labrador (?) to Greenland, Alaska, and southward in mountainous regions to New Mexico
and S. California, Palmer, Parish. (Widely distributed in the Old World.)
S. nivalis, Fries. Very condensed, one half to one inch high: leaves subulate, or linear-
subulate, 2 to 3 (rarely 5) lines long, forming one or more dense rosettes; cauline leaves
few and short: pedicels spreading, 5 lines in length, straight or curved but scarcely ever
hooked at the summit: petals equalling the purple-edged sepals, about a line in length. —
Mant. iii. 31; Hook. f. Arc. Pl. 287, 322; Babington, Jour. Bot. ii. 340; Wats. Bot. King
Exp. 42. 8S. intermedia, Fenzl, 1.c. Arenaria cespitosa, Vahl, Fl. Dan. t. 2289.— A rare
plant, first collected in America by Dr. Watson in the Uinta Mts. in 1869 (U. S. Nat. Herb.) ;
since found in Alaska, without the exact locality, Dall; Kyska Harbor, Harrington; and
also in the Rocky Mts. of Colorado near Gray’s Peak, Patterson. (Greenland, N.Eu.) The
species has been regarded by some authors, and perhaps rightly, as a boreal or high alpine
form of the preceding.
* * * * Distinctly fleshy: stems not filiform, more or less branched, several-flowered :
flowers 5-parted: species of the Pacific Coast.
S. crassicatllis, Watson. Smooth: stems several or many, branching, 13 to 5 inches
long: leaves linear, pungent, thickish, 2} to 7 (rarely 12) lines long; the basal forming a
rosette which may persist or not ; the cauline connate by broad scarious membranes: pedicels
numerous, straight: petals and sepals subequal, 14 lines in length: capsule one third to one
half longer. — Proc. Am. Acad. xviii. 191. S. occidentalis (?), Henderson (on authority of
Dr. Watson), Zoe, ii. 260. Alsinella crassicaulis, Greene, Fl. Francis. 125. — Beaches, Cali-
fornia, Marin Co., Congdon, Monterey Co., Michener & Bioletti, Tomales Bay, Blankinship,
to Washington, Ilwaco, Henderson, and Vancouver Isl., acc. to J. M. Macoun. Distinguished
from the Japanese S. maxima, Gray, by its glabrous peduncles and calyx.
* * * * * Stems simple, 2 to 6 inches in length: upper leaves short, proliferous, i. e.
bearing fascicles of minute leaves in their axils: flowers 5-parted: petals exceeding the
calyx: species of the Atlantic Slope, Great Lakes, and Hudson Bay region.
S. nodosa, Frenzy. Perennial: stems several to many, decumbent, rooting at the base,
often 5 to 6 inches in length: lower leaves filiform; the upper subulate, only a line in
length, bearing a tuft of undeveloped leaves in the axils, thus giving a nodose appearance
to the slender stems: flowers terminal, large for the genus, 4 lines in diameter when ex-
panded. — Verbreit. Alsin. 18, & in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. i. 340. Spergula nodosa, L. Spec. i. 440;
Fl. Dan. t. 96. — Moist sandy soil, along the Atlantic Coast from Labrador (acc. to Macoun),
to Cape Ann, J. Robinson; Anticosti, Pursh; also on both shores of Lake Superior and
northward to Hudson Bay, Burke; fl. July, August. The most conspicuous and attractive
species of the genus.
14. SPERGULARIA, J. & C. Presl. (Name a derivative of Spergula.)
— Annuals, biennials, or perennials, usually of maritime or saline habitat, with
250 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Spergularia.
narrowly linear often fleshy leaves. — Fl. Cech. 94; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 27, t.
108 ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 152. <Arenaria, L. Gen. no. 374, in part. <Are-
naria § Spergularia, Pers. Syn. i. 504. Oorion, Mitchell, Act. Phys. Med. Acad.
Nat. Cur. viii. App. 208; N. E. Brown, Eng. Bot. ed. 3, Suppl. 47. Zissa,
Adans. Fam. ii. 507; Baillon, Hist. Pl. ix. 116; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xvi.
125; Greene, Fl. Francis. 126, & Man. Bay-Reg. 35. Buda, Adans. 1. ¢. ;
Dumortt. Fl. Belg. 110; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 89. Lepigonum,
Fries, Fl. Hall. 76; Kindberg, Monogr. ; Leffler, Gest. Bot. Zeitschr. xix. 101-
106; Wats. Bibl. Index, 103. — A genus of moderate size but difficult, through
the natural variability of the commoner species, the inconstancy of characters
(such as the form of the seeds) which elsewhere are most trustworthy, and finally
through an unfortunate complication in the synonymy, arising both from the
most diverse views as to the number and proper limitation of the species and
from the differences in the choice of the generic name. ‘The designation here
adopted is the one which has been most widely used, is now employed by most
English and Continental authors (except the Scandinavians), and has had the recent
indorsement of the botanists of the Royal and Imperial Gardens of Kew and Berlin.
Tn limiting the species, the usually practical criterion of non-confluence would
lead, if rigidly enforced in this group, to a general reduction of the commoner
forms to one polymorphous species of widely diverse varieties. Greater clear-
ness can certainly be attained by retaining as species a moderate number of
oft-recurring and usually distinguishable types, notwithstanding the frequent
occurrence of intermediates or local intergradation.
S. MiquetongEnsis, Lebel (Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xv. 58; Arenaria Miquelonensis, La
Pylaie, ibid.), never properly described, is obscure. It may well be S. salina or perhaps S.
borealis. 5;
* Procumbent or decumbent, slender, scarcely or not at all fleshy: flowers of medium size :
petals rose-lilac: stipules lanceolate, elongated, conspicuous and silvery.
S. rubra, J. &C. Presz,1.c. Smoothish below but finely and often copiously glandular-
pubescent above: stems spreading, wiry: leaves flat or slightly grooved on both surfaces,
narrowly linear, cuspidate, 4 to 6 lines long, a third line broad: stipules attenuate, 2 to 3
lines long: inflorescence racemiform; pedicels truly filiform, exceeding the foliaceous
bracts and about twice as long as the oblong-lanceolate scarious-margined acutish glandular-
pubescent sepals: corolla 14 lines in diameter, scarcely equalling the calyx: capsule of the
same length as the sepals ; seeds pear-shaped, and minutely crested but not winged. — Gray,
Gen. II]. ii. 28, t. 108, & Man. ed. 1, 64, excl. var. S. rubra, var. campestris, Gray, Man. ed. 5,
95. iS. campestris, Aschers. Fl. Prov. Brandenb. 94. Arenaria rubra, L. Spec. i. 423, excl.
var. 8B; Bigel. Fl. Bost. 108; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 98. Lepigonum rubrum, Wahlb. FI.
Gothob. 45 (excl. var. perennans). Buda rubra, Dumort. Fl. Belg. 110. Spergula rubra,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 175, excl. vars. Tissa rubra, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xvi. 127, as to
eastern plant. — An attractive species, growing about paths and in dry sandy soil, occasionally
on sea-beaches, Newfoundland to Virginia and Ohio, common on or near the coast, but less
frequent in the interior. (Eu.) Perhaps not indigenous.
Var. perénnans, Roginson, n. comb. More fleshy and forming large mats: root stout,
biennial or perennial: internodes shorter: leaves shorter and broader, 3 to 4 lines in length,
half line in breadth: inflorescence denser. — Tissa rubra, var. perennans, Greene, Pittonia,
ii. 229. % Lepigonum rubrum, var. perennans, Kindb. 1. c. 40, — Common on the Pacific Slope
from Washington, Suksdorf, and Idaho, Miss Mulford, to Central California. (N. Eu. ?)
There appear to be no technical differences of flower or fruit between this variety and the
Atlantic form, yet the two can in general be readily distinguished by their foliage. The
Spergularia. CARYOPHYLLACES. 251
eastern form also when growing on the sea-shore sometimes has a stoutish, perhaps peren-
nial root.
S. Clevelandi, Rosrnson. Perennial, viscid-glandular: leaves ascending, conspicuously
fascicled in the axils, almost terete and filiform, very acute and attenuate, 5 to 10 lines in
length: flowers much as in the last, but often somewhat larger: seeds winged. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xxix. 310. Tvssa villosa, Britton, 1. c. 129. 7. Clevelandi, Greene, Fl. Francis.
127. JT. rubra, K. Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 84. — Sandy soil, California, San Diego, Cleveland,
Mrs. Brandegee ; San José, Mrs. Bush; and at the Presidio, San Francisco, Jepson. Differ-
ing from the S. American S. villosa, Cambess., in its lower growth, distinctly smaller flowers,
shorter pedicels, and somewhat firmer and less flaccid leaves.
* * Slender spreading or erect annuals of the West and Southwest, scarcely fleshy, and
with short deltoid stipules.
+— Corolla roseate (or white ?), more than half as long as the sepals.
S. salsuginea, Frenzy. Viscid-pubescent to nearly glabrous: leaves not fascicled, linear-
filiform: pedicels slender, about 2 lines long, spreading or deflexed: sepals in fruit 14
lines long, but little exceeded by the capsules: upper leaves much reduced, those in the
higher parts of the almost naked inflorescence not exceeding their scarious stipules: stamens
usually only 2 to 3.— Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ‘ii. 166. S. diandra, Boiss. Fl. Orient. i.
733. Arenaria diandra, Guss. Prodr. Sic. i. 515. A. salsuginea, Bunge in Ledeb. Fl. Alt.
ll. 163; Ledeb. Ic. t. 409. (Siberia.)
Var. bracteata, Roxrysoy, n. var. Closely simulating the Asiatic type in habit,
pubescence, flowers, fruit, and seeds: inflorescence leafy; even the uppermost bracts con-
siderably exceeding their stipules. — S. diandra, Robinson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 310.
Tissa diandra, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xvi. 128.— Sandy banks, Texas, Drummond,
Lindheimer ; Oregon, Henderson ; Washington, Suksdorf. Decidedly less fleshy in stems
and leaves than S. salina. Doubtful specimens from Central California, coll. Mrs.
Brandegee, are transitional to S. tenuis.
+ + Flowers very small: corolla much reduced, consisting of 1 to 3 minute petals, or
wanting.
S. Platénsis, Fenzz. Low, glabrous, 2 to 6 inches in height, diffusely branched : leaves
a third to one inch in length: stipules deltoid: flowers small, subglobose, 1 to 1} lines in
diameter, not closely aggregated; pedicels 2 to 3 lines long: sepals elliptic-ovate, a line or
less in length, thick in the middle but scarious-margined: valves of the capsule a third to
half longer than the sepals; seeds angled, somewhat triangular in outline, finely but dis-
tinctly roughened. — Ann. Wien. Mus. ii. 272. S. gracilis, Robinson, 1. ¢.311. Balardia Pla-
tensis, Cambess. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. ii. 180, t. 111. Lepigonum gracile, Wats. Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 367. Tissa gracilis, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xvi. 128.— Sandy ground,
dried ponds, ete., Dallas, Texas, Reverchon, to S. California, Parry, Nevin, Orcutt. (S.
Brazil, whence perhaps introd.)
S. ténuis, Rozrysoy, |. c. Dichotomously much-branched, becoming 8 to 10 inches in height,
somewhat glandular-puberulent or pubescent above: leaves 6 to 10 lines long: the very
numerous flowers short-pedicelled, the uppermost sessile in close groups: bracts inconspicu-
ous: stamens 2 to 5: capsule twice the length of the ovate-oblong sepals. — Lepigonum
tenue, Greene, Pittonia, i. 63. Tissa tenuis, Greene in Britton, 1.c. J. diandra? K. Bran-
degee, Zoe, iv. 84. — California near Alameda, Greene, Williams, Colusa Co., Pt. Costa, and
Tulare, Mrs. Brandegee. A species characterized by its copious branching, small closely
aggregated flowers, and reduced corolla, yet doubtless intergrading with S. salina, of which
it may be merely a soil variation. Var. 1yvotucrAra, Robinson, n. var. Heads of closely
aggregated flowers, even at full maturity subtended and exceeded by 2 to several foliaceous
bracts. — Mt. Eden, Calif., Mrs. Brandegee, growing with and passing into the typical form.
* * * Annuals or biennials, more decidedly fleshy, usually of maritime or saline habitat:
flowers of medium size: corolla more or less conspicuous, white or pink, less frequently
pink-purple: stipules ovate or deltoid, scarious but not conspicuous or silvery.
S. salina, J. & C. Presi. Commonly although not always pubescent: leaves often fascicled
in the axils: sepals ovate to oblong-lanceolate, narrowed upward although obtuse at the
252 CARYOPHYLLACE. Spergularia.
summit, 2 to 24 lines long: flowers axillary in dichotomous racemes: petals pink: capsule
equalling or a third to half longer than the calyx; seeds minute, turgid, obovate, usually
roughened, less frequently almost or quite smooth (Buda marina, var. leiosperma, N. E. Brown,
acc. to Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 90; Corion marinum, var. leiosperma, N. E.
Brown, Eng. Bot. ed. 3, Suppl. 48). — Fl. Cech. 95; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 95; Warming, Bot.
Foren. Festskr. 1890, 238, f. 20. S. Canadensis, Don, Syst. i. 426. S. rubra, var. marina,
Gray, Man. ed. 1, 64. % S. Miquelonensis, Lebel, Bull. Soc. Bot. France, xv. 58. S. media,
and var. macrocarpa, Gray, Man. ed. 5,95. Arenaria marina, Bigel. Fl. Bost. 109; % A.
Miquelonensis, La Pylaie in Lebel, l.c. Lepigonum salinum, Fries, Mant. iii. 34. L. medium,
Wats. Bibl. Index, 103, in great part. Tissa marina, Britton, 1. c. 126. J. salina, Greene
(not Britton), Fl. Francis. 128, incl. var. sordida, a form with copious glandular pubescence
and dense secund racemes, and var. Sanfordi, scarcely viscid and looser flowered. 7’. sparsi-
flora, Greene, Erythea, iii. 47, a form with more elongated leafy-bracted inflorescence, yet
freely passing to the usual form.— Common on both the Atlantic and Pacific coasts, also
occurring upon the Gulf coast, and not infrequent about salt Jakes and in alkaline regions of
the interior, especially westward.
Var. (?) minor, Rosryson, 1.c. Smaller, 2 to 3 inches high: flowers smaller and
very numerous, on short pedicels (3 to 2 lines in length) and consequently rather densely
aggregated. — Buda marina, var. ? minor, Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 90.— Coast
of New Hampshire and Massachusetts. An ambiguous form suggesting the western S.
tenuis, but smaller and with a better developed corolla.
S. borealis, Roxrysoy, 1. c. More slender and in well developed specimens more diffusely
branched than the last preceding species, 2 to 5 inches high, usually glabrous: leaves
seldom fascicled ; stipules ovate, broader than long, obtuse or obtusish: sepals ovate, 1 to 14
lines long, very obtuse: petals white or roseate: capsule ovate-oblong, usually almost or
quite twice as long as the calyx; seeds generally wingless and nearly or quite smooth, a half
line in diameter, about twice as large as in S. salina. — Arenaria rubra, B, Michx. FI. i. 274.
(Dr. Britton, who has examined the type of Michaux’s variety, pronounces it identical with
this species.) A. Canadensis, Pers. Syn. i. 504, the oldest specific name, but not to be selected
for use under Spergularia, since S. Canadensis has been employed by Don, Syst. i. 426, for
a “pilose” and “rather hispid” plant, extending from “Canada to Carolina” and being
doubtless S. salina, Presl. Lepigonum medium, Wats. Bibl. Index, 103, in part. Tissa salina,
Britton, 1. ¢. 127. ZY. Canadensis, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 152. Buda borealis, Wats.
& Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 90.— Beaches and tidal marshes, Labrador to Wells, Maine,
Deane ; also on Cape Cod at Dennis, Rev. C. N. Brainerd.
* * * * Stout and fleshy perennials: flowers large.
S. média, Presi. Root stout, perpendicular, giving off numerous accessory fibres: stems
fleshy, decumbent, ascending: pedicels commonly exceeding the flowers, deflexed ; racemes
short-bracted, secund : petals rose-lilac: sepals rather broadly ovate-oblong, obtusish, about
two thirds the length of the capsules ; the latter ovoid, becoming 34 lines long; seeds often
broadly winged. — Fl. Sic. p. xvii. & in Griseb. Spicil. Fl. Rumel. i. 213. S. marginata,
Kitt. Taschenb. ed. 2, 1003; Garcke, Fl. Deutschl. ed. 17, 96. S. marina, Griseb.1.c. <Are-
naria rubra, var. marina, L. Spec. i. 423, in great part, fide Leffler. Lepigonum marinum,
Wahlb. Fl. Gothob. 45, “et Auctores Scand. omnes!” fide Leffler. — Near Salina, New York,
Fry (herb. N. Y. Bot. Garden), and Saucelito, Marin Co., Calif., Mrs. Brandegee (herb.
Calif. Acad. Sci.). A species now generally recognized under some name by European
authors. Although difficult of technical limitation on the side of S. salina, it can in general
be readily distinguished by its stouter. root and much larger flowers and seeds. From the
following it differs in its relatively broader sepals and well exserted capsule.
S. macrothéca, Heynu. Smooth to densely glandular-tomentose: root large: stems
spreading, ascending, 8 to 15 inches in height: leaves linear, acute, mucronate, 8 lines to 2
inches in length, about a line in breadth; internodes more or less developed, usually 6 lines
to 1 inch long: floral bracts resembling the leaves: inflorescence inclined to be racemiform ;
pedicels 4 to 12 lines in length, spreading or more or less deflexed : sepals lanceolate, acutish
or subacuminate to an obtuse point, thick in the middle, nearly smooth or viscid-glandular,
conspicuously membranous-margined : petals roseate, shorter than the sepals: capsule ob-
long-ovoid, acutish, about equalling the calyx. — Nomencl. ii. 689, fide Hook. f. & Jackson,
q
Drymaria. CARYOPHYLLACES. 253
Index Kew. ii. 956 ; Robinson, 1. c. 312. Arenaria macrotheca, Hornem. in Cham. & Schlecht.
Linnea, i. 53, Lepigonum macrothecum, Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. iii. 14 ; Kind-
berg, Monogr. 16, t. 1, f. 1; Wats. Bibl. Index, 103. ZL. Chilense, Fisch. & Mey. 1.¢. Sper-
gularia rubra, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 70.— California, chiefly on or near the coast. <A
polymorphous species, the varieties of which, although diverse in aspect, appear in a large
series of specimens to be thoroughly connected by intermediates.
Var. leucantha, Roxpryson, 1. c. Erect or nearly so, more slender, with long inter-
nodes : leaves somewhat narrower and more erect than in the type: floral bracts reduced
and inflorescence more distinctly cymose; pedicels elongated, slender, rather rigidly spread-
ing or deflexed: corolla white or rose-lilac, nearly 6 lines in diameter. — T'issa leucuntha,
Greene, Fl. Francis. 127.— A variety of alkaline regions of the interior of California, from
Mendocino Co., Brandegee, and Solano Co., Mrs. Brandegee, Miss Eastwood, to San Bernar-
dino Co., Parish.
Var. scaridsa, Rozrinson, |. c. Low, pale, smoothish near the base, and often very
glandular-yiscid above, densely leafy ; the internodes scarcely or not at all developed : leaves
4 to 6 lines long, acute ; stipules conspicuous, ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, 3 to 5 lines long:
inflorescence racemiform ; pedicels not greatly exceeding the calyx: flowers inclining to be
smaller and more numerous than in the type. — 7%ssa macrotheca, var. scariosa, Britton, Bull.
Torr. Club, xvi. 129. 7’. pallida, Greene in Britton, 1. c., & Fl. Francis. i. 127. — Coast of
California at’ Monterey, Torrey, Hooker & Gray, Tidestrom, Fort Point, Brandegee, and at
Lime Point, Marin Co., Miss Eastwood. T. valida, Greene (Erythea, i. 107), from the Island
of Sta. Cruz, appears to be a firmer and more erect form of the same thing, also pale and
very viscid, but with more elongated internodes and distinctly dichotomous cymose
inflorescence. :
15. SPERGULA, L. Spurry. (Name from the Latin spargere, to
strew, in reference to the scattering of the numerous seeds.) — Annuals with nar-
rowly linear slightly fleshy apparently whorled leaves; one species common in
America, having probably been introduced with grain from the Old World. —
Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 375; Reichenb. Ic. Pl. Crit. vi. t. 511-513.
S. arvensis, L. <A foot or two high: leaves numerous in rather remote whorls: inflores-
cence a terminal naked spreading cymose panicle; pedicels often deflexed in fruit: petals
white, equalling or slightly exceeding the sepals, 2 to 24 lines long: capsule ovate-globose ;
seeds black, minutely roughened with light-colored papillx, acutely edged but scarcely
winged. — Spec. i. 440; Walt. Car. 142; Eng. Bot. t. 1535; Pursh, Fl. i. 320; Hook. FI.
Bor.-Am. i. 92; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 174; Rothr. Pl. Alask. 444. S. ramosissima, Doug.
in Torr. & Gray, 1. c.—Grain fields and cultivated ground, common, United States and
Canada, northward to Alaska, (Introd. from the Old World.)
16. DRYMARIA, Willd. (Name from Spupds, an oak copse; some
species having been supposed to prefer that habitat.) — Willd. in Rom. & Sch.
Syst. v. p. xxxi.; HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. vi. 21, t. 515, 516;,DC. Prodr. i.
395; Wats. Bibl. Index, 102, & Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 327-329. — A group of
low diffusely branched plants, chiefly of the New World, and attaining its maxi-
mum development in Mexico. Our species are weak annuals.
* Cauline leaves rather broadly ovate.
D. Féndleri, Warson. An erect annual, 2 to 10 inches high : stems, peduncles, and petioles
finely glandular-pubescent : leaves membranaceous, reniform-ovate, subcordate, abruptly
acuminate, nearly smooth, 4 to 5 lines long, on slender petioles half their length: flowers
aggregated in terminal fascicles or solitary in the forks: sepals herbaceous, lanceolate,
acuminate, 1—-3-nerved. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 328. D. cordata, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 13; not
Willd. Dz. glandulosa, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 18; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 70, & Bot.
Mex. Bound, 37.— New Mexico and Arizona; fl. August, September.
D. holosteoides, Benru. Prostrate, smooth or puberulent, somewhat glaucous: stems
numerous, each bearing 2 to 3 remote fascicles of leaves and flowers: leaves appearing qua-
954 CARYOPHYLLACEZ. Drymaria.
ternate, ovate, obtuse, thickish, 3-5-nerved, 3 to 6 lines long, rather abruptly contracted into
slender petioles 2 to 3 lines in length: pedicels equalling or slightly exceeding the petioles,
1-flowered : sepals obtusish, 1¢ lines long, with conspicuous membranous margins: seeds
black, of rather irregular form, with broad thin cotyledons incumbent upon the curved
radicle. — Bot. Sulph. 16; Wats. Bibl. Index, 103; Brandegee, Zoe, ii. 68, 69 (where prop-
erly distinguished from D. crassifolia). D. crassifolia, Vasey & Rose, Contrib. U.S. Nat.
Herb. i. 66; Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, ii. 131, not of later publications. D.
Veatchii, Curran, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, i. 227. Mollugo verticillata, var., Coulter, Con-
trib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 39. 1. Cambessedesii, Coulter, 1. c. ii. 188. — W. Texas, in dry bed
of Tarlinga Creek, Havard, Limpia Cafion, Nealley. (Lower Calif., Brandegee, Palmer.)
D. crassiF6Li4, Benth. 1. c. (Brandegee, Zoe, ii. 68, 69), is a nearly related probably peren-
nial species of Lower California (coll. Hinds, Xanthus, Brandegee), differing in its more con-
densed habit, thicker and more glaucous broadly rhombic-ovate or suborbicular leaves and more
regular seeds with narrower cotyledons.
D. rotycarpoipgs, Gray (Pl. Fendl. 12), of Northern Mexico, may attain our southwestern
borders. It resembles D. holosteoides and D. crassifolia, but has scarcely petioled ovate-lanceo-
late leaves. (Mex., Gregg, Palmer.)
* * Cauline leaves linear, pseudoverticillate.
D. sperguloides, Gray. Covered with a fine grayish pubescence or quite glabrous : radi-
cal leaves spatulate, fugacious : stem erect, with spreading branches and pseudoverticels of
4 to 8 sessile narrow obtuse slightly fleshy leaves: inflorescence diffuse ; flowers slender-
pedicelled. — Pl. Fendl. 11, & Pl. Wright. ii. 19; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 37.— Cornfields,
ete., Texas, near Presidio del Norte, Parry; New Mexico, Fendler, Wright; Arizona,
Palmer, Lemmon.
D. visc6sa, Watson (Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 469), of N. Lower Calif., if it reaches S. Cali-
fornia, may be distinguished from the preceding by its prostrate habit and smaller nearly sessile
and very viscid flowers. (Lower Calif., Orcutt, Palmer.)
* * * Cauline leaves linear, opposite: stems erect, delicate, much branched : flowers short-
pedicelled in the forks of a diffuse inflorescence.
D. effisa, Gray. Viscid, especially upon the upper part of each internode : radical leaves
obovate, seldom persisting ; cauline very narrowly linear, obtuse: sepals elliptic, obtuse or
scarcely acute, not distinctly ribbed, considerably exceeded by the petals. — Pl. Wright. ii.
19; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 37. — Mountainous districts, New Mexico, Wright; Arizona,
Rothrock, Lemmon. (Adj. Mex., Thurber.)
D. tenélla, Gray. In size and habit closely resembling the preceding, but glabrous and
not viscid: sepals acutish, rather strongly ribbed, a line in length, about equalling the
petals. — Pl. Fendl. 12, & Pl. Wright. ii. 19.—Shady places, woodland, New Mexico,
Fendler, Wright, Greene. (Adj. Mex., Pringle.)
D. nopésa, Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Fendl. 12, of Mexico, is a third closely related species,
but has glandular stems, and somewhat larger flowers with attenuate rather rigid sepals (14
to 2 lines long).
17. POLYCARPON, [Leefl.] L. (Iodvs, much, many, and xapzés,
fruit, from the innumerable capsules.) — Flowers numerous, cymose, very
small. — Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 881, later ascribed by Linnzeus (Gen. ed. 6, no. 105)
to Lefling; DC. Prodr. iii. 876; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 173. Polycarpa, Leefl.
It. 7, the earliest name but not characterized. — A small genus of low much-
branched annuals.
P. unrrLORUM, Walt. (Car. 83), is obscure. It may well have been Arenaria alsinoides.
Described as pentapetalous, it certainly cannot have been Sesuvium Portulacastrum, to which it
has been of late referred.
P. TETRAPHYLLUM, L. Nearly or quite smooth: stems 2 to 6 inches long, prostrate or ascend-
ing: leaves quaternate or opposite, oblong or obovate, obtuse, 2} to 6 lines long, abruptly
narrowed to short petioles : stipules and bracts scarious, acuminate, the latter equalling the
rather sharply carinate sepals: petals white. — Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 881, & Spec. ed. 2, i. 131;
Stipulicida. CARYOPHYLLACE®. 955
Eng. Bot. t. 1031; Ell. Sk. i. 182.— Introduced in S. Carolina near Charleston and at
Camden, Curtis ; also naturalized in California, Napa Co., Jepson, and Solano Co., Bioletti ;
and occasionally found on ballast in the Middle Atlantic States. (Introd. from the Old
World, where widely distributed.)
P. depréssum, Nurr. Smaller: stems numerous, 1 to 2 inches long : leaves opposite, spat-
ulate, obtuse, attenuate to slender petioles: bracts much shorter than the scarcely carinate
sepals : petals very narrow or subfiliform: capsule spherical. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢.
174; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 71.— Sandhills, S. California, near San Diego, Nuttall,
Cleveland, near San Bernardino, Lemmon, Parish, also on Sta. Barbara and Sta. Catalina
Ids., Brandegee. (Lower Calif., Orcutt, Palmer.)
18. LGCEFLINGIA, L. (Dedicated to Peter Lefling, a Swedish traveller
and naturalist, born 1729.) — Small spreading glandular somewhat rigid annuals,
with subulate inconspicuous leaves and sessile solitary or more commonly fascicu-
late greenish flowers. — Spec. i. 35; Leefl. It. 162; DC. Prodr. iii. 380.
* Outer sepals provided with lateral teeth.
L. Texana, Hoox. Branching from near the base: branches 4 to 6 inches long: flowers
chiefly borne: upon short secund and somewhat recurved branchlets: sepals straight or
slightly curved: stamens in the flowers examined 3 (5 acc. to Hooker and Gray): seeds
rather broadly obovate. — Ic. t. 285 (text with t. 275); Brandegee, Zoe, i. 219. L. squar-
rosa, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 674; Gray, Gen. III. ii. 23, t. 106 (figs. 7 and 8 representing the
seed too narrow and with cotyledons incumbent instead of -accumbent as is the case) ;
Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 31.— Central and Eastern Texas, Drummond, Wright,
Hall ; northward to Nebraska, Webber (acc. to Britton). Differing slightly, but as it
appears constantly, from the following.
L. squarr6sa, Nutr. Smaller, 2 to 4 inches high: branchlets scarcely or not at all se-
cund : sepals pretty strongly recurved and squarrose: stamens 3 (to 5%): seeds oblong or
elliptical in outline. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. 1.174; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif.i. 72 ; Wats. Bibl.
Index, 104 (excl. syn.) ; Brandegee, 1. c. — Sandy soil, California, from San Diego northward
to the Sacramento Valley and Sierra Co., Lemmon. (Lower Calif., Brandegee.)
* * Sepals all entire.
L. pusilla, Curran. Low and condensed, 2 to3 inches in height : branches closely flowered,
not distinctly secund: sepals lanceolate, acute and bristle-tipped : stamens (in flowers exam-
ined) 3.— Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 152; Brandegee, Zoe, i. 220.— Tehachapi, California,
4,000 {t., Mrs. Curran. This very interesting species has the calyx of a Cerdia, but is dis-
tinguished from that genus by the number of stamens, the absence of a style, and the ac-
cumbent position of the cotyledons, which in Cerdia appear to be constantly incumbent.
19. STIPULICIDA, Michx. (Name from the Latin stipula, stalk, blade,
stipule, and cedere, to cut, from its deeply divided stipules.) — FI. i. 26, t. 6;
Gray, Gen. Il. ii. 25, t. 107. — A very small or perhaps monotypic genus, scarcely
differing in its technical characters from the Old World Polycarp@a, but with a
distinct habit, somewhat that of an Hriogonum.
S. setacea, Micux.1l.c. A span high: root simple: stems dichotomously forked: radical
leaves spatulate, 2 to 4 lines long, narrowed to a slender petiole: flowers small, fascicled
(usually 3 to 6 together) at the ends of the naked branches: bracts awn-like from a lanceo-
late more or less fimbriate-margined base, and nearly equalling the flowers. —Chapm. FI.
47. Polycarpon stipulicidum, Pers. Syn. i. 111; Pursh, FI. i. 90.— Sandy soil, North Caro-
lina to Florida.
S. filif6rmis, Nasu. More slender and with more numerous branches: fascicles fewer
(1-3)-flowered : bracts shorter. — Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 148. — Dry sandy soil, in “scrub”
and pine woods, near Eustis, Florida, Nash. An apparently identical form was collected on
the Manatee River by Rugel, no. 61. It is doubted whether the differences between this and
the preceding will be found constant.
256 FICOIDEX.
OrDER XIX. FICOIDEZ.
By B. L. Roxprnson.
Herbs of annual or perennial duration, often succulent, rarely lignescerit, with
watery juice and simple entire or serrulate mostly opposite or pseudoverticillate
leaves. Flowers regular, perfect, polygamous, or unisexual. Calyx 4—5-cleft or
4—5-sepalous, free or more or less adnate to the ovary. Petals in N. American
genera wanting except in Mesembryanthemum (where narrow, numerous, and in-
serted upon the calyx). Stamens as many as the divisions of the calyx, or fewer,
or indefinitely numerous and then inclining to be grouped in phalanges, hypogy-
nous or distinctly perigynous ;_ bilocular anthers short-oblong. Ovary free, half
adnate to the calyx, or wholly inferior, 1-oc-locular ; styles or free stigmas as
many as the cells of the ovary, stigmatose along the inner surface. Fruit a
loculicidal or circumscissile capsule, or rarely indehiscent and baccate or nutlike.
Seeds 1 to oc, with sparing or copious albumen and curved peripheral embryo.
With the exception of the large and chiefly S. African genus Mesembryanthe-
mum (including about 300 species, many of which are known in horticulture),
this loosely bound and poorly defined order is composed of small and unimportant
genera. Its members, however, possess much classificatory interest, since they
exhibit affinities with the Caryophyllacee and Paronychiacee on the one hand,
and the Portulacacee and Cactacee on the other, thus serving to connect these
important orders.
Trise I. MOLLUGINEZ. Calyx free, divided nearly or quite to the base.
Petals (in ours) none. Stamens mostly hypogynous. Fruit (in ours) a loculici-
dal capsule.
1. MOLLUGO. Sepals 5, elliptic, concave, obtuse, 1-3-nerved, with thin margins. Stamens
3 to 5 (rarely in foreign species more numerous), hypogynous, when 5 alternate with the
sepals, and when 3 alternate with the carpels. Ovary 3-celled, many-seeded ; styles filiform,
short, distinct to the base. Capsule ovoid, thin-walled, rounded at the summit; seeds
estrophiolate, borne on short straight funiculi; these remaining fixed to the placenta.
2. GLINUS. Flowers mostly short-peduncled and aggregated in rather dense verticillasters
about the upper nodes. Stamens 5 to 10 (rarely more numerous). Seeds with distinct
strophiole at the hilum; funiculi very long and slender, coiled about the seeds and in great
part deciduous with them. Other characters as in the preceding.
Trine Il. AIZOIDEZ. Calyx free, with a distinct turbinate, campanulate, or
subcylindric tube, and 4-5-cleft limb. Petals none. Fruit (in ours) a circumscis-
sile capsule. Leaves (in ours) opposite, mostly unequal.
* Ovary 1-2-celled: stipules present.
3. CYPSELEA. Calyx-tube short, campanulate ; segments 4 to 5, unequal, ovate, obtuse,
erect, green, unappendaged. Stamens 1 to 3, alternate with the calyx-lobes. Ovary ovoid
or subglobose, 1-celled, many-ovuled; short erect style 2-cleft. Seeds minute, smoothish,
estrophiolate; slender straight funiculi remaining attached to the free central placenta.
Leaves opposite ; stipules scarious, laciniate.
4. TRIANTHEMA. Calyx-lobes 5, concave, colored within, with dorsal horn-like appen-
dage from beneath the apex. Stamens varying from 5 or 6 to 10, alternate with the lobes
of the calyx when of the same number. Ovary truncate, 1-2-celled ; styles or stigmas
Mollugo. : FICOIDER. 257
normally 2, centrally situated, but (in N. American species) by abortion single and at length
excentric. Capsule short-cylindric or turbinate, few(1-5)-seeded, tardily cireumscissile, the
upper portion thickened, coreaceous or suberose, with mostly 2 rounded marginal crests partly
or almost completely surrounding the concave very oblique summit.
* * Ovary 3-5-celled: stipules none.
5. SESUVIUM. Calyx 5-cleft to below the middle; oblong segments obtuse or obtusish,
but commonly cornute dorsally beneath the apex, colored within. Stamens 5 and alternate
with the calyx-lobes or numerous and indefinite, perigynous, sometimes slightly united into
phalanges. Ovary free from the calyx, many-ovuled; styles 3 (to 5), filiform, free to the
base. Capsule membranaceous, 3(-5)-celled ; seeds several to many in each cell.
Tripe WI. MESEMBRYANTHEA. Calyx-tube partially or wholly adnate to the
ovary.
* Petals 0: fruit indehiscent.
6. TETRAGONIA. Calyx-tube at length enveloping and adnate to the ovary, mostly
4-lobed or -toothed, fleshy ; lobes short, obtuse, erect and connivent after anthesis. Stamens
1 to oc, sometimes more or less united at the base into phalanges, perigynous : ovary half
inferior, at length wholly so, with 3 to 9 cells and as many short distinct styles; cells uni-
ovulate. Fruit a somewhat 4(-6)-horned nut; seeds solitary, pendent in the indehiscent
cells, pyriform, estrophiolate; embryo horse-shoe shaped.
* * Petals numerous: fruit a capsule, loculicidally dehiscent at the summit.
7. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM. Calyx normally 5-parted or 5-toothed, unequal. Petals
, linear, sometimes in several series, inserted together with the numerous and indefinite
stamens upon the tube of the calyx. Ovary 5(-o¢)-celled ; styles as many as the cells of
the ovary, free or nearly so. Fruit stellate, with distinct epicarp and endocarp, dehiscing
under the influence of moisture ; seeds numerous, minute.
1. MOLLUGO, L. Inpran Cuickweep. (Name derived from mollis,
soft, used by Pliny for some unidentified plant, and by the herbalists for Galiam
Mollugo, from which it was by Linneus transferred to the present genus, on
account, perhaps, of the superficial similarity of leaf-arrangement.) — Gen.
no. 839 ; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 13, t. 101; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 857 (excel. syn.
Glinus) ; Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 1b, 39. Mollugo, subg.
Mollugo, Fenzl, Ann. Wien. Mus. i. 875-384. Lampetia & Nemallosis, Raf. FI.
Tellur, iii. 34. — Glabrous profusely branched annuals with rosulate or pseudo-
verticillate leaves and small apetalous slender-pedicelled flowers.
* Seeds 3-5-ribbed parallel to the median dorsal line, and often minutely and transversely
rugose between the ribs : cauline leaves spatulate to lance-oblong or rarely linear: pros-
trate or ascending.
M. verticillata, L. (Carpret-wrep.) Slender terete stems radiating, dichotomously
branched : leaves 3 to 6 at each node, unequal, half inch to inch in length, the larger ones 2
to 4 lines in breadth, obtuse or acutish at the apex, gradually narrowed at the base: flowers
2 to 5 from each node, slender-pedicelled, subtended by foliaceous bracts : sepals elliptic-
oblong, obtuse, 3-nerved, not reticulated: stamens 3 (to 4): capsule short-oblong. — Spec. i.
89; Fenzl, 1. c. 376; Gray, 1. c. 14; Rohrb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 240-243 (incl. var. ©
scrobiculata), t. 55, f. 2; Meehan, Bull. Torr. Club, xiv. 218. MM. arenaria, HBK. Nov. Gen.
& Spee. vi. 20. — Lower Canada to Florida and across the continent, common especially upon
bare ground of paths, &c. (Mex., W. Ind., Trop. Amer., “ Trop. Afr.’”)
* * Seeds finely reticulated: cauline leaves very narrow, linear: habit ascending or sub-
erect ; southwestern.
M. Cervidna, Seriner. Very slender: 2 to 8 inches high, much branched: stems and
branches filiform, terete: leaves glaucous; the basal spatulate, forming a more or less
persistent rosette ; the uppermost reduced to minute bracts: flowers small, the lower verticil-
17
258 FICOIDE®. Glinus.
late about the nodes, the upper disposed in a filiform-branched panicle: sepals 1-nerved
and reticulated with green veins: capsule globose. —Seringe in DC. Prodr. i. 392; Fenzl
Ann. Wien. Mus. i. 379; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 8360; Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Nat.
Herb. ii. 138. Pharnaceum Cerviana, L. Spec. i. 272 (excl. syn. Buxb.).— River banks, also
in sterile granitic sand and on mesas, S. W. Texas, at Bluffton, Palmer, and on Pecan Creek,
acc. to Plank; New Mexico, Greene; Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle, Jones. (Mex., Palmer ;
Lower Calif., Brandegee ; Mediterranean Region; 8S. Afr.; E. Ind.)
2. GLINUS, L. (Tivos or yAcivos, a name used by Theophrastus for a
maple ; the reason for its application to the present genus is wholly obscure.) —
Spec. i. 463 (but later in Gen. ed. 5, no. 537, & Spec. ed. 2, i. 663, Linnzus
ascribes the genus to Lefling, who, in 1758, in his It. Hispan. 145, republished
G. lotoides); Fenzl, Ann. Wien. Mus. i. 355; Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenf. iii: Ab. 1b, 40. Physa, Du Petit-Thouars, Gen. Nov. Madag. 20.
Under Mollugo, Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 857. — Small genus of homely plants,
nearly related to Mollugo, but with sharp and apparently constant technical dis-
tinctions in the peculiar elongated funiculi and strophiolate seeds. Our species
annuals, pubescent with soft branching hairs.
G. lotoides, L.1.c. Diffusely branched from the base, densely clothed in cinereous tomen-
tum; stems procumbent or ascending: pseudoverticillate leaves obovate, rounded at the
apex, cuneately narrowed at the base to slender petioles: flowers pedicellate or subsessile in
glomerules: sepals 2 to 3} lines long, rather broadly oblong, scarcely mucronate : stamens
mostly 10 or more: seeds nearly black, granulated. — Leefl. 1. c.; Lam. Dict. ii. 729; Sibth.
Fl. Gree. v. t. 472. G. lototdes, var. a candida, Fenzl, 1. c. i. 357. G. dictamnoides, Lam.
l.c. (Mediterranean Reg., E. Ind.) Represented in N. Amer. chiefly if not wholly by
Var. virens, Fenzt,1.c. 358. Less densely pubescent : leaves glabrate at least above ;
the broad blade sometimes half inch in diameter : flowers mostly smaller, about 2 lines long:
sepals more narrowly oblong than in the type and more or less distinctly mucronate: stamens
5 to 10: seeds inclining to be red, granulated as in the type. — G. dictamnoides, L. Mant. ii.
243; DC. Prodr. iii. 455.— Abundant at Verdigris, Ind. Terr., and in Arkansas, Bush ;
also earlier collected in California (where perhaps introduced), at Chico, Parry, Lathrop,
Mrs. Brandegee, a more pubescent form possibly referable to the type. There can be no
doubt that the California plant is of this species rather than of the following, where first
placed by Dr. Watson.
G. Cambessidésii, Fenzz,1.c. Habit of the preceding species but less robust, cinereous-
tomentose or greener: flowers 14 to 2 lines in length: stamens 3 to 5: seeds red, very
smooth and shining.— G. radiatus, Rohrb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 238. G. lotoides,
Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 331, not L. Mollugo radiata, Ruiz & Pav. Fl. Peruv. i.
48. M. glinoides, Cambess. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. ii. 171, t. 109.— A single specimen
from our limits labelled Texas (without locality) from herb. Durand is now in herb. Gray.
The species, however, is not uncommon in Mexico, extending from the Yaqui River, Palmer,
southward. (Lower Calif., Brandegee ; Cuba; S. Am.)
3. CYPSELEA, Turp. (Kuyédn, a bee-hive, which in form the capsules
resemble.) — Ann. Mus. Paris, vii (1806), 219, t. 12; Fenzl, Ann. Wien. Mus.
j. 351, ii. 293; Benth. & Hook. 1. c. 856. Radiana, Raf. Specch. i. 88. — Incon-
spicuous prostrate W. Indian monotype, small in all parts.
C. humiftisa, Turr.l.c. Prostrate matted much branched stems from a long perpendicu-
lar annual or perhaps more enduring root: leaves opposite, those of each pair very unequal,
the axil of the smaller one bearing a fascicle of crowded leaves and a pedicellate flower ;
leaf-blade elliptical, obtuse or rounded, 1} to 3 lines in length; petiole slender, nearly as
long, with a membranous bicaudate or somewhat fimbriate stipular expansion at the base:
calyx-lobes 5: stamens (1 to) 3, inserted opposite the sinuses. — DC. Prodr. iii. 353 ; Griseb.
Fl. W. Ind. 56. — Sandy pine barrens near the coast of S. & W. Florida, Blodgett, Rugel,
Sesuvium. FICOIDEZ. 9.59
perhaps not indigenous; also Central California (where certainly introduced), on and near
the coast, Sta. Cruz, Parry; banks and marshes of San Joaquin River, Congdon, Michener
& Bioletti. (W. Ind. on Cuba, St. Domingo, Virgin Ids., &ec.)
4, TRIANTHEMA, Sauv. (Theis, three, and dvOenov, flower, from the
often ternate nature of the inflorescence.) —de Sauvages, Meth. Fol. 127; L.
Spec. i. 223; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 855.— A small genus of prostrate herbs
or undershrubs, tropical and subtropical, chiefly of Asia, Africa, and Australia,
the only American species being
T. Portulacdstrum, L. Diffusely and dichotomously branched herb, somewhat succu-
lent; procumbent or prostrate branches terete, smooth or papillose-puberulent, 6 inches to
3 feet in length: leaves opposite, obovate to suborbicular, entire or nearly so, half inch to
inch long, obtuse, rounded, mucronate, or retuse at the apex, usually cuneate at the base ;
the leaves of each pair unequal ; petioles dilated near the base into bidentate stipular expan-
sions, connate about the stem, the sheath, thus formed, bearing an intermediate tooth on
each side: flowers small, closely sessile in the forks of the branches, purplish within : sepals
ovate-lanceolate, acuminate, withering to a sort of rostrum upon the broad oblique summit
of the circumscissile few-seeded capsule; style single; ovary at length partially divided into
two superposed cells. — Spec. i. 223 (Portulaca Curassavica procumbens, Herm. Parad. Bat.
213, t. 213) ; Hook. f. & Jackson, Index Kew. ii.1101. 7. monogyna, L. Mant. 69; Lam. Il.
ii. 496, t. 375, f. 1; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 15, ii. 20; Payer, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, xviii. 241,
t.12; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 607.— Forming mats on shores, in saline places, or in rich garden
soil; Keys of Florida to Arizona, and not infrequent on ballast in the Middle Atlantic
States. (Mex., Lower Calif., W. Ind., and widely distributed in the warmer parts of the
Old World.)
5. SESUVIUM, L. Sera Purstane. (Etymology unknown.) — Syst.
Nat. ed. 10, 1058, & Spec. ed. 2, i. 684; Jacq. Stirp. Am. t. 95; Gray, Gen. II.
1, 229, t. 100; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 855. Sesuvium & Pyxipoma, Fenzl,
Ann. Wien. Mus, ii. 292, 293. — A small but widely distributed genus of fleshy
prostrate or sub-erect mostly maritime herbs or undershrubs with axillary purplish
apetalous flowers.
* Stamens many, indefinite.
S. Portulacastrum, L. ll.cc. Stems numerous, long, spreading, decumbent, often rooting
at the lower nodes, quite smooth or slightly verrucose: leaves linear-oblong to spatulate,
mostly acutish, 1 to 2 inches in length: flowers 4 or 5 lines long, usually on peduncles of
nearly or quite their own length: sepals narrowly oblong, horned on the back near the
apex. — DC. Prodr. iii. 453; Chapm. Fl. 44. S. peduncuiatum, Pers. Syn. ii. 39. Portulaca
Portulacastrum, L. Spec. i. 446 (Herm. Parad. Bat. t. 112; Pluk. Alm. t. 216, f. 1).—Sea-
beaches and sandy banks near the coast, N. Carolina, M. A. Curtis; Florida. (W. Ind.,
Bermuda, most tropics, China.)
S. séssile, Pers. More erect and bushy, never rooting from the nodes, copiously and dichot-
omously branched: stems smooth or very often finely verrucose with crystalline globules as
in Mesembryanthemum: leaves shorter and mostly broader and more obtuse than in the
preceding species, oblanceolate or obovate-oblong: flowers subsessile, 2 to 3 lines in length:
sepals rather broadly ovate-oblong, dorsally cornute near the apex. — Syn. ii. 39. S. Portu-
lacastrum, DC. Pl. Grass. t.9; Torr. in Emory, Rep. 137, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 38; Coulter,
Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 112; Greene, Fl. Francis. 239; not L. S. Portulacastrum, var. subses-
sile, Gray (Pl. Wright. i. 13, ii. 19) in Wats. Bibl. Index, 411, probably not of Cambess. in
St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. ii. 200, which, being the much smaller-flowered S. parviflorum, DC.,
of S. Am., is presumably a distinct species. — Beaches, river banks, and sterile saline plains,
coast of Texas, to 8. Kansas, Carleton, and Colorado, Crandall; N. W. Nevada, Lemmon, and
California from the valley of the San Joaquin near Stockton, Jepson, southward. (Lower
Calif., Orcutt ; Northern Mex.; S. Brazil.) A plant of too distinct habit and range, at least
260 FICOIDE. Sesuvium.
as to its N. American occurrence, to be satisfactorily classed as a variety of the preceding,
especially in the absence of more evident intergradation. An extreme form with stem,
leaves, and sepals densely vesicular-verrucose in the manner of Mesembryanthemum has
been collected in the sink of the Mojave by Parish Gros. A tendency toward this character
is, however, manifested by specimens from other regions.
* * Stamens 5, alternate with the sepals.
S. pentandrum, Ex. Procumbent or ascending, much branched: leaves obovate to
elliptic-spatulate, rounded at the apex, entire, cuneate at the base: flowers rather small,
closely sessile: calyx 2} to 3} lines long, 5-parted to below the middle; segments ovate-
oblong, obtuse but rather sharply cornute dorsally just below the apex. —Sk. i. 556; Fenzl,
Ann. Wien. Mus. i. 347 (later and independent publication of same species and, by curious
coincidence, under same name); Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 230; Chapm. Fl. 44. S. Portulacastrum,
Muhl. Cat. 49; Gray, Man. eds. 2-5; not L. S. sessile, Nutt. Gen. i. 306; Torr. Fl. N. &
Midd. States, 478; not Pers. S. maritimum, Britt. Sterns & Poggenb. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 20.
Pharnaceum maritimum, Walt. Car. 117. Mollugo maritima, Seringe in DC. Prodr. i. 393.
—Sea-beaches and low sandy banks near coast, Long Island to Florida and Louisiana,
common; fl. midsummer to late autumn. (Cuba.)
6. TETRAGONIA, L. (Terpdywvos, four-cornered, in allusion to the
form of the calyx-covered fruit; the name Terpaywvia was used by Theophrastus
for Huonymus Europeus, L.) — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 406; Fenzl, Ann.
Wien. Mus. ii. 287; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 854. Tetragonocarpus, Commelyn,
Amstel. ii. t. 102, 103. Demidovia, Pall. Demid. t. 1. | Tetragonella, Miq. in
Lehm. Pl. Preiss. i. 245.—Fleshy herbs and undershrubs, chiefly S. African
and of littoral habitat. A single species, with alternate leaves, tends to escape
from cultivation in N. America.
T. expAnsa, Murr. (New ZEALAND Sprnacu.) Succulent annual with numerous spreading
or procumbent branches, more or less thickly covered with crystalline papule: leaves ovate,
entire or merely undulate, obtuse or acutish, 1 to 2 inches long, abruptly contracted at the
base to a broad cuneately winged petiole: subsessile flowers solitary in the axils, small,
yellowish green: limb of the gamophyllous 4-lobed calyx widely spreading: styles 5 to 9;
cells of the ovary as many, l-ovuled: fruit a cartilaginous somewhat compressed 4(-6)-
horned nut, closely invested by the calyx and becoming 4 to 6 lines in diameter. —Comm.
Gotting. vi. 13; DC. Pl. Grass. t. 114; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2362; Greene, Fl. Francis. 240.
— In old fields about Manatee, Florida, Garber, and on the beaches of the Central Califor-
nian coast; doubtless escaped from gardens where sometimes cultivated as a salad plant.
(Introd. from China, Japan, New Zealand.) For historical note on garden use, see Sturte-
vant, Am. Nat. xxiv. 32.
7. MESEMBRYANTHEMUM, Dill. (Arbitrarily altered from the
earlier Mesembrianthemum, a name first used by Jakob Breyne and clearly
derived from peonuPpia, mid-day, and avOeuov, flower. In its later form the first
part of the word is derived by Linnzeus, in his Philos. Bot. 177, from pécos,
middle, and éuBpiwv, embryo, without very obvious application.) — Nov. Gen.
148, & Elth. t. 179-215; L. Gen. no. 453; Haworth, Obs. Mesemb.; Salm-
Dyck, Monog. Gen. Aloes et Mesembryanthemi; Sonder, Fl. Cap. ii. 8387. — A
large genus of low and mostly very succulent herbs and shrubs, chiefly African,
much cultivated both for their showy many-petalled flowers and their grotesque
Aloe-like foliage. Three species of wide distribution and probably introduced
without the agency of man have become established in the mild and equable
climate of Central and Southern California. It seems best to adopt the Linnean
orthography in the generic name notwithstanding its strained etymology.
: ,
Mesembryanthemum. FICOIDEZ. 261
§ 1. Paputésa, Sonder, 1. c. Surface of stem and leaves covered with
colorless shining papule: our species spreading annuals, branched from the base,
and with leaves alternate or scattered.
* Leaves linear, semiterete.
M. nodiflé6rum, L. Suberect or procumbent, matted, covered with fine papulex: leaves
half inch to inch in length, a line in breadth, obtuse: flowers scattered, small, subsessile or
shortly pedunculate: 4-5-cleft calyx considerably exceeding the minute white petals: valves
of the capsule 5, acute, not uncinate, stellately spreading when moist. — Spec. i. 480; DC.
PL. Grass. t. 88; Parish, Zoe, i. 263. M. copticum, L. 1. c. ed. 2, i. 688; Jacq. Hort. Vindob.
iii. t.6. MM. apetalum, L. f. Suppl. 258. — Sandy hills on S. Californian coast, San Diego Co.,
Cleveland, Orcutt ; San Clemente Isl., Lyon & Nevin, and Sta. Catalina Isl., Brandegee ;
locally abundant although, as Mr. Parish states, our most restricted species. (S. Afr. and
Mediterranean Region.)
* * Leaves flat, with more or less expanded lamina.
M. crystallinum, L. (Ice Pranr.) Very succulent, prostrate, forming mats: papule
large and conspicuous: leaves ovate to obovate or broadly spatulate, amplexicaul, the lowest
with a cordate or subcordate petiolate base: flowers axillary, subsessile or borne on short
thick erect peduncles: campanulate calyx 4 to 6 lines in length and about as broad: petals
pink or purplish red, varying to white: carpels 5; valves of the retuse capsule as many,
dorsally concave, uncinately incurved, hygroscopic, being opened by moisture and closed in
drought; nigrescent epicarp separating from the stramineous more cartilaginous endocarp.
— Spec. i. 480 (Dill. Elth. t. 180, f. 221); DC. Pl. Grass. t. 128; Sibth. Fl. Greece. v. t. 481;
Parish, 1. ¢. 262.— In sandy soil, coast of California and adjacent islands (where especially
abundant and luxuriant), from Sta. Barbara southward, also in Mojave Desert, Mrs. Brande-
gee, fide Parish; first collected in California by F’rémont. (Lower Calif. and adj. islands,
Greece, N. Afr., Canary Ids., S. Afr.) First recognized as indigenous on the Californian
islands by Prof. Greene.
M. corpir6.ium, L. f. (Suppl. 260), a related red-flowered species with even the upper
leaves petiolate and cordate, is reported by K. Brandegee (Zoe ii. 352), as an escape about San
Francisco. (8S. Afr.)
§ 2. Eparutosa, Sonder, |. c. 389. Stem and foliage smooth: our species
perennial with opposite thick dorsally carinate leaves.
M. zequilaterdle, Haworrs. Very fleshy: stems elongating and forming large mats:
leaves 2 inches or more in length, oblong, acute, triquetrous-prismatic, thicker than broad :
flowers large, terminal, shortly pedunculate, fragrant, 14 to 2 inches in diameter: spreading
lobes of the calyx very unequal: petals roseate: styles 6 (or more): fruit edible. — Misc.
Nat. 77, & Syn. Pl. Suc. 237; Salm-Dyck, 1. c. fase. 1, § 19, f. 1; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif.
i. 251; Parish, 1. ¢. 261. M. dimidiatum, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 75; Newberry, ibid. vi.
67; not Haw. — Sand dunes and sterile cliffs, California, on and near the coast from Point
Reyes, Bigelow, southward. (Lower Calif., Chili, Australia, Tasmania.)
A slender erect-branched purplish-flowered species, probably the S. African M. st&num,
Haw. (not the scarlet-flowered M. coccineum, Haw., as at first determined), was in 1878 collected
at Point Conception, near Sta. Barbara, Calif., by Wiss Plummer, where, as a garden-escape, it
had become temporarily established. However, acc. to Parish, 1. c., it has already disappeared
from this its only known N. American locality.
PORTULACACER.
bo
o>
bo
OrpDER XX. PORTULACACE.
By A. Gray; the genera Lewisia, Calandrinia, Claytonia, and Montia revised by
B. L. Rogsinson.?
More or less succulent herbs, rarely frutescent, with entire leaves, hermaphro-
dite and regular but mostly anisomerous flowers, calyx and corolla imbricated in
the bud; distinguished, with one or two exceptions, by hypogynous insertion,
disepalous calyx not isomerous with corolla, one-celled 2—8-merous ovary with
free central or basilar placentz, 2 to 8 introrse stigmas or style-branches, few or
many amphitropous ovules, and seeds with a cylindrical embryo curved or coiled
in or around mealy albumen, the narrow cotyledons usually incumbent (but not
rarely accumbent or oblique in the same genus). Stamens various in number,
opposite the petals when of the same number, commonly adnate to their base.
No hypogynous disk. No proper stipules. The main exceptions are the half
superior calyx of Portulaca, the larger number of sepals in Lewisia, and the
reduced number of petals in Calyptridium, &c. Corolla often slightly gamopet-
alous. Anthesis commonly ephemeral, the withering or colliquescent remains
of corolla borne for some time on the ovary or capsule.
* Lower half or more of ovary and capsule adnate to calyx-tube ; upper part in fruit with
the two calyx-lobes circumscissile ; embryo peripheric.
1. PORTULACA. Petals 4 to 6 and with the more numerous (8 to 30) stamens inserted
just where the calyx becomes free, ephemeral. Style-branches 3 to 8, filiform, introrsely
stigmatose their whole length. Ovules and seeds numerous, slender-stalked, round-reniform.
* * Calyx, corolla, and ovary free (hypogynous).
+ Shrubby: seeds obovate-oblong, somewhat hook-shaped; embryo moderately curved in
scanty albumen.
2. TALINOPSIS. Sepals 2, ovate, when dried chartaceo-scarious and nervose, persistent.
Petals 5, oval, soon colliquescent. Stamens about 20, five at base of each petal; anthers
oval. Introrse stigmas or style-branches 3, oblong, shorter than the style; ovules and
marginless seeds numerous; capsule fusiform-oblong, acuminate; the coriaceous epicarp
3-valved from apex ; chartaceous endocarp 6-valved and filiform sutures often separable from
the valves. No bracts. Leaves opposite.
+- + Herbaceous: seeds reniform, hippocrepiform, or lenticular; embryo peripheric
around the central albumen.
++ Calyx 2-sepalous, herbaceous, deciduous, sometimes tardily so.
3. TALINUM. Petals 5, or sometimes 6 to 10, ephemeral. Stamens 5 to 30. Stigmas or
short lobes of columnar style 3. Capsule globose or ovoid, 3-valved from top to bottom,
many-seeded; seeds smooth and shining.
++ ++ Calyx herbaceous (at least in part) and persistent.
== Style-branches 3 to 8: capsule circumscissile near the base, thence splitting upwards
into short irregular lobes.
1 In 1887 Dr. Gray (Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 272-285) published a preliminary revision of the N. Am.
Portulacacee. His manuscript notes, however, indicate that he was not satisfied with the treatment
of Calandrinia and its allies, and that he contemplated a further revision before publication. On this
account the editor has felt somewhat greater liberty in recasting this portion of the order. Although
the limits of the four genera above mentioned have been considerably modified in the light of recent
publications and some new material, Dr. Gray’s specific descriptions have been kept wherever possible.
Portulaca. PORTULACACEZ. 263
4. LEWISIA. Sepals 2 to 8, often glandular-denticulate. Petals 3 to 16. Anthers oblong
to linear. Style-branches 3 to 8, slender. Capsule globose-ovate, thin-chartaceous ; seeds
several to many, lenticular, mostly smooth and shining.
= = Style-branches 3: capsule 3-valved from the apex : sepals 2.
5. CALANDRINIA. Petals 3 to 7. Stamens (rarely 3) 5 to 12, seldom of the same
number as the petals. Seeds usually numerous, small, black, finely granulated. Fleshy
spreading annuals with alternate leaves.
6. CLAYTONIA. Petals definitely 5, free, equal, conspicuous. Stamens as many. Ovules
few, about 6. Seeds dark and shining. Perennials from thick roots or corms. Cauline
leaves opposite.
7. MONTIA. Petals 5 or fewer, usually somewhat unequal, and sometimes more or less
coherent or connate at the base. Stamens 3 to 5. Ovules very few, mostly 3. Seeds 2 or3.
= = = Gynecium dimerous, i. e. stigmas and valves only 2: sepals orbiculate, wholly
or partly scarious and accrescent, mostly plane and as it were bivalvular in fruit: leaves
all alternate : capsule membranaceous ; seeds reniform-lenticular, not strophiolate: anthesis
ephemeral: inflorescence usually secund.
8. SPRAGUEA. Sepals wholly scarious (or with mere greenish centre), emarginate at
apex and base, equal. Petals 4, obovate. Stamens 3, twice the length of the petals ; fila-
ments filiform ; anthers linear-oblong. Style very long, filiform; stigma 2-lobed. Capsule
globose-ovate, few-seeded.
9. CALYPTRIDIUM. Sepals scarious-margined or largely scarious, usually unequal.
Petals 2 to 4, small (distinct), obovate. Stamens 1, 2, or 3, shorter than the petals ; fila-
ments subulate ; anthers oval or oblong. Style short or hardly any; stigmas 2. Capsule
linear to oval, 6—24-seeded.
1. PORTULACA, Tourn. Purstane. (Latin name of Purslane, of
uncertain derivation.) — Low herbs, fleshy, with leaves alternate or partly oppo-
site, and stipules scarious or none, or reduced to hairy tufts ; the flowers terminal
and sessile, expanding in direct sunshine before mid-day, soon closing, and the
petals by evening colliquescent. Pyxis membranaceous to coriaceous. — Inst.
236, t. 118; L. Gen. no. 341; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. t. 99.1
* Leaves flat, naked in the axils or very nearly so: very glabrous annuals.
+ Stems terete: calyx-lobes dorsally carinate: no calycine border around the mouth of the
persistent part of the dehiscent capsule; lid high-conical and with acute tip: petals
yellow, emarginate.
P. oleracea, L. (Common Purstane.) Mostly prostrate: leaves cuneate- or spatulate-
obovate, with very obtuse or nearly truncate apex: calyx-lobes ovate, in bud somewhat
pointed by the projecting keel: stamens 7 to 12: style-lobes 5 or 6: seeds black, obtusely
granulate. — Spec. i. 445; Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 154; Gray, 1. e. — Common in
cult. grounds around dwellings, and, as is thought, indigenous on the plains of Arkansas,
Texas, and westward. (Cosmopolite.)
P. retusa, Encerm. Ascending, greener: leaves somewhat more cuneate, often retuse:
calyx-lobes in bud obtuse, strongly carinate : petals small or minute: stamens 7 to 19: style:
lobes 3 or 4 and shorter: seeds larger and echinate-tuberculate. — Engelm. in Gray, Pl.
Lindh. pt. 2, 154,& Pl. Wright. i. 13; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 74. —Plains of Texas
and Arkansas to Arizona? and to the Colorado.
+ Stem angled: petals acutish or pointed: calyx-lobes obscurely carinate: a wing-like
border around orifice of dehiscent capsule; lid depressed-conical.
P. lanceolata, Encexm. 1. c. Erect or ascending: lower leaves spatulate and obtuse;
upper oblanceolate or narrower, sometimes acute: petals spatulate or obovate, yellow or
1 Add Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 274.
2S. W. Colorado, acc. to Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 37; also reported from Kansas, Iowa, and
Minnesota, but perhaps confused with the preceding nearly related species.
264 PORTULACACES. Portulaca.
orange and partly red: stamens 7 to 27: style-lobes 3 to 6: capsule turbinate, winged with
a circular rim left by circumscission of the calyx above the adnate portion; seeds rough-
tuberculate, cinereous. — Granitic region of W. Texas,! Lindheimer, &c., to New Mexico and
Arizona,? Wright, Greene, Rothrock. “Said not to be eaten by swine,” Reverchon. (The
Cuban plant, coll. Wright, referred to this on account of the capsule, has bearded axils, and
is distinct, being probably P. oleracea, var. minor, Griseb.)
* * Leaves terete or nearly so, subulate-lanceolate to linear, hairy in their axils, otherwise
glabrous: calyx-lobes not carinate.
P. stelliformis, MoctNo & Sess&. Perennial by creeping tuberous-thickened and some-
times moniliform rootstocks : stems erect or ascending, a span to a foot high: leaves quite
terete, slender, mostly inch long, those involucrating the flowers in a radiating cluster much
surpassing them: axillary clusters of hairs short and soft: petals copper- or buff-colored,
obcordate or emarginate, quarter inch or more long: seeds blackish, granulate-tuberculate,
with metallic lustre. — Moc. & Sessé ace. to DC. Prodr. iii. 353, under P. foliosa, and repre-
sented in Calques des Dess. t. 389. “ P. foliosa, Lindl. Mevicana,’ A. DC. Calques des
Dess. 3 & 6. P. pilosa, Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 13, in part; Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 20
(var. erecta); Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 417, with doubt, the tuberous roots indicated.
P. suffrutescens, Engelm. Bot. Gaz. vi. 236, but is not suffrutescent. — Plains of W. Texas to
Arizona, Wright, &c. (Mex., Lower Calif.)
P. halimoides, L. Mostly perennial, fleshy-rooted, erect or diffuse, corymbosely branched :
leaves short, moderately flattened, half inch or less long, uppermost well involucrating the
flower-clusters : hair copious: petals yellow: capsule-lid depressed, much shorter than the
basal portion ; seeds granulose, reddish, at least when young. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 639 (Sloane,
Jam. t. 129, f.3); DC. Prodr. iii. 354; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 57. — Keys of Florida, Blodgett,
Garber, Curtiss. (W. Ind.)
P. pilosa, L. Annual, sometimes indurating in age,’ ascending or spreading: leaves nearly
terete, linear-subulate, half or quarter inch long, either much or little surpassing the copious
axillary hair: petals from carmine to crimson or purple, a line or two long, retuse: capsule-
lid hemispherical; seeds blackish and with metallic lustre, muriculate-granulose. — Spee. i.
445 (Comm. Hort. t.5; Pluk. Alm. t. 247, f.7, &c.) ; Bot. Reg. t. 792; Griseb. 1. c. — Sandy
open ground, Florida and Texas to Arizona, and a few places in California, where probably
introduced. (All Trop. Am., &c.)
P. parvula, Gray. Annual, or becoming fleshy-rooted, depressed and diffuse: leaves
nearly terete, oblong-linear, obtuse, 2 to 5 lines long, with copiously hairy axils: petals
yellow and copper-colored, barely a line long: lid high-hemispherical, fully as long as basal
part of capsule; seeds pale red, minutely granulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 274. P. pilosa,
Gray, Pl. Fendl. 14, & Pl. Wright. i. 18, in part; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 329, in part,
&e.— Plains of W. Texas and New Mexico, Fendler, Wright. (Mex.,5 Schaffner, 772,
Pringle, 543, &c.)
P. GranpirLOrA, Hook., of Extra-tropical S. America, related to P. pilosa, is the showy
Portulaca of ornamental cultivation. It tends to become spontaneous in the S. Atlantic States.
2. TALINOPSIS, Gray. (Likeness to Zalinum, which is not close.) —
Pl. Wright. i. 14, t.3; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 157, where “sepala 3” is a
misprint. — Single species.
1 P. coronata, Small (Bull. Torr. Club, xxiii. 126), from Stone Mt., Georgia, if distinct, is a very
closely related species. Although Dr. Small has kindly furnished excellent alcoholic material of the
Georgia plant, it has been impossible as vet to find satisfactory distinctions between it and the Texan
species. Perhaps these may appear when better material of the latter can be obtained.
2 Also Lower Calif., Brandegee. ‘
3 Specimens with distinctly perennial roots have been collected at Eustis, Fla., Nash, which, while
resembling P. halimoides in habit, have the capsule of P. pilosa.
4 Northward to Greene Co., Missouri, Blunkinship, S. Kansas, Carleton, and the cation of the
Arkansas in Colorado, acc. to Miss Eastwood, Zoe, ii. 228.
5 Also reported by Brandegee, from Lower Calif.
Talinum. PORTULACACEZ. 265
T. frutéscens, Gray, l.c.15. A foot or so high, woody to the repeatedly dichotomous
cymes: flowers sessile in the forks: leaves very fleshy, short-linear, terete, the pairs approxi-
mate, also fascicled in axils: corolla purple, ephemeral: capsule half inch or more long,
twice the length of the calyx. — Mountain valleys, near El] Paso and adjacent New Mexico,
Wright. (Adj. Mex., Pringle, to San Luis Potosi, Parry & Palmer, Schaffner.)
38. TALINUM, Adans. (Etymology obscure.) — Chiefly tropical and
American herbs, the only species of temperate regions North American, usually
tuberous-rooted. — Fam. ii. 245, excl. spec.; DC. Prodr. iii. 356; Fenzl, Ann.
Wien. Mus. ii. 296; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 225, t. 98; Benth. & Hook. 1. ¢.}
* Leaves plane, moderately fleshy: flowers in loose cymes forming long and naked panicles.
T. patens, Wixip. Herbaceous or fleshy-suffrutescent at base from a tuberous root, usu-
ally tall and erect or ascending: leaves obovate or spatulate, varying to oblanceolate, some-
what petiolate, 2 to 4 inches long: pedicels filiform: sepals early deciduous: petals either
rose-color or yellow, a line or two long : stamens numerous: seeds brown or black. — Spec.
ii. 863; DC. 1. c. 357; Rohrb. in Mart. Fl. Bras. xiv. pt. 2, 296, t. 67. The form with rose-
colored corolla is Portulaca paniculata, Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 22, Stirp. Amer. 148, & Hort.
Vind. ii. t. 151 (not L.), & 7. paniculatum, Geertn. Fruct. ii, 219, t. 128. The yellow-flowered
form is 7’. reflerum, Cav. Ic. i. 1, t. 1; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1543; DC.1.c.; Gray, Pl. Wright.
ii. 20; & T. spathulatum, Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 14; the latter passing into Var.
SARMENTOSUM, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 275 (7. sarmentosum, Engelm. in Gray, Pl.
Lindh. pt. 2, 153; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 14), which sends off procumbent stems. — Plains of
Texas to Arizona.2 (Mex., W. Ind., S. Am.)
* * Leaves flattish or nearly terete, fleshy, lanceolate to linear: flowers axillary: stamens
numerous.
T. lineare, HBK. A span to a foot or more high, many-stemmed from an oblong or napi-
form tuberous root (said to be esculent), ascending, loosely branching, leafy throughout :
leaves from lanceolate and 3 inches long by 3 lines wide to narrowly linear and subterete
and some only half inch long: peduncle longer than the flower, articulated and 2-bracteo-
late below the middle, 1(occasionally 2-3)-flowered, recurved in fruit: sepals ovate, acu-
minate, 3-nerved, tardily deciduous from the capsule: petals from light yellow to orange
and flame-color, about half inch long: seeds conspicuously strophiolate, saliently pluricos-
tate. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. vi. 77, the most narrow-leaved form. 7’. aurantiacum, Engelm.
l.c.; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 14, & ii. 20, with var. angustissimum, which passes into the broader-
leaved form. Calanarinia tuberosa, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 9, early state.— Rocky ground, W.
Texas to Arizona; fl. summer. (Mex.)
T. brevifélium, Torr. Depressed, an inch to a span high from a large and deep branch-
ing perennial root: leaves crowded, short and thick, quarter to over half inch long, narrow-
spatulate or clavate, apparently subterete: flowers solitary in upper axils, on very short
erect pedicels articulated at base: sepals and globose-ovoid capsule barely 2 lines long, about
half the length of the pink-red petals: stamens about 20: «style as long as the ovary, 3-cleft
at summit: seeds nearly smooth and even, with grayish pellicle. — Torr. in Sitgreaves, Zuni
Rep. 156. TJ. brachypodum, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 355. — New Mexico, on the Little
Colorado, Sitgreaves ; near Indian Village of Laguna or Komack; Lemmon.
* * * Leaves terete, linear, wholly fleshy : flowers in terminal pedunculate and commonly
scapose naked cymes.
+ Surpassed by the leaves.
T. hiGmile, Greene. Acaulescent, a short and slender caudex from a napiform orange-
colored tuber, bearing at the ground a dense cluster of terete leaves (2 or 3 inches long and
a line or two thick) “lying flat on the ground”: scape barely inch long, rather shorter than
the twice or thrice dichotomous 5-10-flowered cyme: “ petals light yellow, changing to
1 Add Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 275.
2 Also S. and Centr. Florida, Simpson, Nash, and Louisiana, Goodell, where called “pink star-
flowers.”
266 PORTULACACEX. Talinum.
orange ”: calyx promptly deciduous from the capsule : seeds lineate-costate in the way of T.
lineare. — Bot. Gaz. vi. 183. — Rocky table-land of Pinos Altos Mountains, New Mexico,
Greene.
+ + Scapiform slender peduncle much surpassing the leaves: styles united to the top ;
stigmas short and broad: valves of the capsule in dehiscence tending to separate from
and leave behind three setaceous sutures in the way of Capparidacee ; fl. summer. —
Phemeranthus, Raf. Specch. i. 86.
++ Stamens 20 to 30: petals rose-color: capsule ovoid-globose.
T. spinéscens, Torr. Fleshy caudex short and multicipital, beset with short subulate
spines, which are the indurated persistent midribs of the older (half inch long) very obtuse
leaves; these all densely clustered: scape a span or two high, inclusive of the very spreading
several times forking cyme: petals deep rose-red, 3 or 4 lines long: seeds large (a line wide),
dull and coarsely rugulose. — Bot. Wilkes Exped. 250.— Plains and rocks, State of Wash-
ington,! Pickering & Brackenridge, Brandegee, Suksdorf, Nevius.
T. teretif6lium, Pursu. Leafy stems short and rather thick, branching, ascending from
fleshy rootstock: leaves an inch or two long, cylindrical, a line or more thick: scapiform
peduncles a span or two high: cyme minutely bracteate at the forkings: petals 5, quarter
inch long: stamens 15 to 20, equalling the short straight style: sepals promptly deciduous
from the capsule (2 or 3 lines long); seeds nearly smooth and with a very thin gray pellicle,
only half a line wide. — Fl. ii. 365; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 819; Darlingt. Fl. Cest. ed. 1, 56,
t.3; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 196; Bot. Reg. xxix. t.1; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 226, t. 98; Meehan,
Native Flowers, ser. 1, ii. 53, t. 14. Phemeranthus teretifolius, Raf. 1. c. — Rocks, especially
of serpentine, W. North Carolina? and Tennessee to E. Texas, north to Pennsylvania and
Minnesota.
T. calycinum, Enerim. Rootstock thicker: bracts of cyme more conspicuous : flowers and
capsule one half larger : petals commonly 8 or 10: stamens 30 or more: sepals tardily de-
ciduous from the fruit: style exserted, declinate. — Engelm. in Wisliz. Tour in Northern
Mex., 88, & in Gray, Pl. Fendl. 14, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 154.—Sandy soil, Upper Arkansas
and Cimarron Rivers,? Wislizenus, Woodhouse.
++ ++ Stamens 5: petals pale rose or whitish: capsule mostly oval. (Here 7. napiforme,
DC., & T. Mexicanum, Hemsl.)
T. parviflorum, Nort. Short-stemmed or subcaulescent from thick and more or less
fleshy branching roots: leaves and inflorescence of the preceding, but small or more slender,
and pedicels shorter: sepals and petals hardly over a line long, the latter tardily deciduous:
seeds of 7. teretifolium but smaller. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 197; Engelm. in Gray,
Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 154; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 14, & Pl. Wright. ii. 20. 7. confertiflorum, Greene,
Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 121, a form with smaller and denser cymes. — Rocks and plains, W.
Arkansas # and Texas to Colorado and Arizona; first coll. by Nuttall. (Mex., Pringle.)
4, LEWISIA, Pursh. Brrrer-roor. (Capt. Meriwether Lewis, leader of
the first U. S. expedition across the continent, first to make the principal species
known.) — Perennial acaulescent or nearly acaulescent herbs, with a thick and
perpendicular fleshy And farinaceous caudex and root, the crown bearing in spring
a rosulate cluster of fleshy leaves and either short 1-flowered scapes or scapose-
stalked panicles: flowers conspicuous and handsome, white to roseate or deep
red. — Fl. ii. 368; Nutt. Gen. ii. 13, & Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 24, t. 2; Hook.
1 Also at Stump Lake, Brit. Columbia, McEvoy.
2 Southward to Central Georgiay Small, westward to the mountains of Colorado, acc. to Coulter.
(Rocky Mountain specimens so labelled, and seen by the editor, appear to be 7. parviflorum.)
3 Also in Greene Co., Missouri, Blankinship, in Arkansas, on Middle Fork of Red River, Marcy
Exp. (T. teretifolium, Torr. in Marcy, Red. Riv. Rep. 281), and on ‘‘hills of the Blancos,’’ Texas,
Wright.
4 Northward to Pipestone City, Minn., Sheldon.
Lewisia. PORTULACACEZ. 267
Bot. Mise, i. 345, t. 70, & Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 223; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 344,
t. 86; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 44; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 78. The genus
is here considerably extended to include the thick-rooted perennial section of
Calandrinia (§ Pachyrrhizea, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 276), rightly sepa-
rated from Calandrinia by Th. Howell on the very different dehiscence of the
capsules. Mr. Howell’s genus Oreobroma (Erythea, i. 31), however, cannot be
distinguished from Lewzsia by a single constant or satisfactory generic character
as well indicated by K. Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 86. [Re-
vised and extended by B. L. Rosinson. |
§ 1. Sepals or sepaloid bracts 4 to 8 (in LZ. rediviva, var. (?) Yosemitana,
reduced to 2).
* Scape jointed above the middle and bearing an involucre of 2 or more scarious subulate
bracts: cotyledons accumbent. — Lewisia proper.
L. rediviva, Pursn, 1. c. (Birrer-root, Racine D’AMERE.) Leaves in a dense tuft,
usually shorter than the scapes, inch or two long, subclavate: involucre of 5 to 7 subulate
scarious bracts: sepals 6 to 8, strongly imbricated, broad-oval, somewhat petaloid: corolla
bright rose-color varying to white, of 12 to 16 oval or at length spatulate (an inch or more
long) petals, rotately spreading in sunshine: stamens 40 or more: style-branches about 8.—
Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 5395.1 L. alba, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 115, f. 36. — Rocky
Mountains from north of British boundary to Wyoming and Utah, west to the Cascade
Mountains and Sierra Nevada down to San Bernardino Co., and Arizona, and even on
Monte Diablo of the Contra Costa range, California.
Var.* (?) Yosemitana, K. Branprcexn, 1. c. 89. Closely similar to the type in habit,
but very depauperate and with the number of parts in the flowers much reduced: sepals 2,
broad, concave, and emarginate: petals 5. — Yosemite Valley, Calif., Mrs. W. F. Dodd.
* * Scapes not jointed near the middle but just beneath the calyx proper, the bracts from
the joint 2, decussate with 2 sepals, which they usually closely subtend and much resem-
ble: cotyledons incumbent or oblique.
L.* Kelléggii, K. Branprcrr. Dwarf: leaves spatulate, obtuse or retuse; blades 6 lines
to an inch in length; the petioles thick, very broad below; outer leaves bractlike being broad
oblong-lanceolate scarious phyllodia: peduncles 4 to 7 lines in length, jointed at the base:
involucre none: sepals 4, oblong-lanceolate, acute, finely glandular-toothed, 3 to 4 lines in
length: petals 5, white, at least twice as long: stamens 12 to 15: style-branches 5; coty-
ledons oblique (acc. to Mrs. Brandegee). — Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 88. L. brachy-
calyx, Greene, Fl. Francis. 176, not Engelm. — Granitic sand on the Sierra Nevada Mts.,
Central California, at Cisco, Kellogg (1870); Sierra Nevada, without exact locality, Muir
(1872); and in Plumas Co., Mrs. Austin (1877). Clearly distinguished from the following
species by its glandular-denticulate sepals.
L.* brachycalyx, Excerm. Leaves spreading in an open rosulate cluster, spatulate and
oblanceolate, moderately fleshy, 1 to 4 inches long (including the margined petiole), sur-
passing the scapes: sepals 4, decussate, oval to oblong, much shorter than the corolla, outer
pair narrower: petals 5 to 9, cuneate-obovate, white, sometimes purple-veiny, half inch to
almost inch long: stamens 10 to 15: style-branches 5 to 7. — Engelm. in Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. 400; Wats. 1. c. 45; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 79. — In wet ground, mountains
of Arizona, Newberry, Palmer ; 8. Utah, Parry, &c.; San Bernardino Co., Calif., Parish.
§ 2. OrEoBROMA, Howell, |. c., as genus. Calyx of 2 sepals, without closely
subtending bracts.
* Root stout, more or less elongated, at least oblong-conical, bearing at its summit one or
more short thick erect caudices.
1 Add Garden, xxxi. 124, t. 582; Paillieux & Bois, Bull. Soc. Nat. Acclimat. xxxvi. 448-448
(1889), with wood-cut.
268 -PORTULACACEZ. Lewisia.
+ Seeds granulate, conspicuously strophiolate or arillate at the hilum.
L.* Tweédyi, Roxriyson, n. comb. Caudex and root very thick: leaves obovate, fleshy
(2 to 4 inches long, including the winged petivle, and inch or two wide), rather shorter than
the 1-3-flowered fructiferous scapes: fructiferous sepals orbicular, or broadly ovate, obtuse,
somewhat scarious and colored (5 lines long) and with the alternate narrower bracts of the
scape entire and glandless: petals apparently inch long: stamens 10 or 11: capsule 20-30-
seeded, 5-valved from below upward; seeds with a large loose scalelike round-reniform
_arillus rather than strophiole.— Calandrinia Tweedyi, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 277.
Oreobroma Tweedyi, Howell, 1. c. 32.— Alpine region, on the sides of Wenatchee Mountains,
Yakima region, Washington, at 6,000-7,000 feet alt., Tweedy, Brandegee.
+ + Seeds obscurely or not at all strophiolate, mostly very smooth and shining.
++ Plant rarely a span high, from an oblong-conical root: scapes 1-3-flowered, mostly with
a pair of bracteal small leaves, not surpassing the linear or spatulate-lanceolate moderately
fleshy radical leaves.
L.* Nevadénsis, Roxpiyson, n. comb. Sepals ample, in fruit 4 or 5 lines long, entire: petals
6 to 8, white, half inch long, unequal: stamens 6 to 9: ovules 30 to 40.— Calandrinia
Nevadensis, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 623, xxii. 276; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 75.
Talinum pygmeum, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 42, in part. Oreobroma Nevadensis, Howell, 1. c.
33.— Sierra Nevada, California, from San Bernardino Co., northward, east to the Wasatch
Mts. in Utah, and north to Washington ; first coll. by Watson.
L.* pygmea, Rosrnson, n. comb. Smaller: scapes less stout: sepals erose-dentate at the
quasi-truncate summit, the teeth gland-tipped: petals 6 to 8, rose-red: stamens about as
many: ovules 15 to 20: otherwise as in the preceding. — Talinum pygmeum, Gray, Am.
Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 407; Wats. 1. c¢., in part. Calandrinia pygmea, Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. viii. 623, xxii. 276, not Muell. C. Grayi, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xvii. 312. Oreo-
broma pygmea, Howell, 1. c.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains, Montana and
Wyoming to Colorado (first coll. by Parry), west to the Cascade Range, northward to the
British boundary, and southward to the Sierra Nevada of California.
4+ ++ Scapes or scapiform stems a span or two high from a thick multicipital caudex on
a long and thick root, paniculately several-many-flowered : sepals (as in the last preceding
species) rounded or subtruncate and erose-dentate or fimbriate, much shorter than the
obovate rose-red petals.
= Caulescent: a pair or two of opposite or subopposite foliar oblanceolate leaves on the
stem not far from the base: calyx-teeth and floral bracts glandless.
L.* oppositifélia, Ropison, n. comb. Leaves narrowly oblanceolate, the radical and
lower cauline similar, 18 lines to 3 inches long, acutish: flowers few, large, long-pedicelled,
shortly racemose or subumbellately clustered: bracts of the inflorescence ovate-oblong,
somewhat scarious, subentire or erose-denticulate, but with teeth glandless. — Calandrinia
oppositifolia, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 355; Gard. Chron. ser. 3, iv. 601, f. 83; Garden,
xl. 485, with fig.; Hook. f. Bot. Mag. t. 7051. Oreobroma oppositifolia, Howell, 1. ¢. 32.—
Bare moist hillsides, near Waldo, Oregon, and on the Coast Mts. of Del Norte Co., Calif.,
Howell.
= = Foliar leaves essentially basal; those of the stem much reduced and bractlike ;
floral bracts and calyx with fine glandular-tipped teeth.
a. Leaves fleshy but flattened, obovate to spatulate, rather large, 2 or 3 inches long, usually
half inch or more in breadth.
L.* Cotylédon, Rogrson, n. comb. Leaves obovate-spatulate; those of the cymosely
several-flowered scape very few and reduced to small oblong alternate or subopposite bracts :
petals about 10, large and red: stamens 7 or 8; their filaments dilated and more or less
coherent at the base: ovules 15 to 20.— Calandrinia Cotyledon, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xx.
355. Oreobroma Cotyledon, Howell, 1. c. — Siskiyou Mountains of N. California, Howell.
L.* Howeéllii, Rozsrson, n. comb. Leaves narrower, spatulate, with margins scarious and
crisped: flowers large, “red, streaked with orange”: stamens nearly or quite free to the
base. — Calandrinia Howellii, Wats. 1. ¢. xxiii. 262. Oreobroma Howellii, Howell, 1. c. —
Moony Mountains, Josephine Co., Oregon. Perhaps only a form of the last.
Calandrinia. PORTULACACEZ. 269
6. Leaves smaller, flat, narrowly oblanceolate or spatulate, inch or two long, a quarter to a
third inch broad.
L.* Columbiana, Rozryson, n.comb. “Not glaucous,” 4 to 12 inches high: stem bearing
few or rather numerous short-oblong glandular-toothed bracts: inflorescence loosely panicu-
late, several-many-flowered ; flowers considerably smaller than in the preceding species, red :
petals about 4 or 5 lines long. — Calandrinia Columbiana, Howell, in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xxli. 277. Oreobroma Columbiana, Howell, 1. c. — From the Columbia River, Oregon, Howell,
to the Olympic Mts., Henderson, and Vancouver Isl., J. M. Macoun ; first coll. by Lyall; fl.
June, July.
c. Leaves small, as in the last, but “terete.”
L.* Leana, Rosinsoy, n. comb. Much like the last, but said to be glaucous, 4 to 8 inches
high: inflorescence a much-branched many-flowered panicle; stems disarticulating at the
base shortly after anthesis (a trait erroneously attributed to the preceding species by Dr.
Gray, l. c.): petals about 7, “ white streaked with red”: stamens 5 to 8: ovules 5 to 8 (some
abortive and seeds fewer ¢): bracts as in the preceding species fimbriate and with reddish
beautifully glandular-tipped teeth. — Calandrinia Leana, Porter, Bot. Gaz. i. 49; Gray, 1. ¢.
277. Oreobroma Leana, Howell, 1. c. 31.—Siskiyou Mts. of California and Oregon, Lee,
Howell.
-* * Stems slender, 1 to several, arising from a small globular corm: single anomalous
species, with habit of Claytonia, but with circumscissile dehiscence of the capsule.
L.* triphylla, Roxrnson, n. comb. Corm barely quarter inch thick: plant 1 to 4 inches
high: radical leaves unknown; cauline a pair or sometimes a whorl of three, narrowly
linear, sessile (half inch to 2 inches long): paniculate cyme 2-20-flowered ; pedicels slender
and erect in fruit: petals oblong, 3 to 10, 2 lines long: capsule oblong-conical. — Claytonia
triphylla, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 345; Gray, 1. c. xxii. 278. Oreobroma triphylla, Howell,
1. c. 33. — Subalpine, Sierra Nevada, California, from above the Yosemite northward to
Washington, first coll. by the late Prof. Holton, next by Watson, in the triphyllous state ;
structure of the capsule noticed by Henderson.
5. CALANDRINIA, HBK. (J. L. Calandrini, a Genevan botanist of the
18th century.) — Pacific-American and Andean (with some outlying Australian)
low herbs, mostly alternate-leaved, and with ephemeral red or rose-colored
flowers. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. vi. 77, t. 526, as to C. caulescens, the first descr.
spec. ; Howell, Erythea, i. 33. Calandrinia § Eucalandrinia, Gray, 1. c. 277.—
The genus is here limited as by Mr. Howell to those species having the capsules
dehiscent from the apex. Ours are all annuals. [Revised and restricted by
B. L. Rozrnson. |
* Herbage green: capsule oblong-obovate, acute; seeds rather numerous, lenticular, punc-
ticulate, minutely strophiolate.
C. cauléscens, HBK. Glabrous or slightly pubescent, or leaves and sepals ciliate, some-
what succulent: stems ascending, a span to a foot high: leaves spatulate-oblanceolate to
linear : flowers racemosely extra-axillary, short-pedicelled : petals 3 to 5, rose-red to whitish,
2 to 4 lines long: stamens 3 to 6 or more: fructiferous sepals ovate, short-acuminate or apicu-
late, enveloping the ovate capsule and of about its length; the midrib slightly prominent.
—Nov. Gen. & Spee. vi. 78, t. 526; DC. Prodr. iii. 359; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 277.
C. micrantha, Schlecht. Hort. Hal. 9, t. 5, small-flowered form. — Low ground, Arizona and
S. E. California, Pringle, Parish, to islands of Lower California, Palmer, and on Columbia
River, Suksdorf, Henderson. (Mex. to Bolivia.) Passes to
Var. Menziésii, Gray, l.c. Flowers larger and longer-peduncled : petals quarter to
half inch long, rose-red or purple: stamens 4 to 11.— Talinum (Calandrinia) Menziesi,
Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. i. 223, t. 70, small form, in fruit, probably from California. C. Menziesii,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 197; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 74. C. speciosa, Lindl. Bot. Reg.
1 Also vicinity of Victoria, Brit. Columbia, Macoun (specimen distrib. as C. Menztesiz).
270 PORTULACACEZ. Calandrinia.
t. 1598. C. elegans, Spach, Hist. Veg. v. 232. C. pulchella, Lilja, Linnxa, xvii. 108. —
Low grounds throughout W. California and northward to Brit. Columbia; variable.
C. Bréweri, Warson.! Stems lax, ascending or trailing, commonly a foot long: leaves
spatulate: flowers sparse: pedicels longer, often declined or refracted in fruit: capsule
narrower and longer, 5 lines long, becoming nearly twice the length of the calyx. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xi. 124; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 74. C. Menziesii, var. macrocarpa, Gray,
Proce. Cal. Acad. Sci. iii. 102.— Santa Inez Mountains, near Santa Barbara, California,
Brewer.2, (La Grulla, Lower Calif., Orcutt.)
* * Glaucous: capsule ovoid, obtuse; seeds more turgid, dull and grayish, roughish, con-
spicuously strophiolate.
C. maritima, Nurr. Depressed and small: leaves mostly rosulate at the root, obovate or
spatulate: flowers in a loose naked cyme: petals red: fructiferous sepals ovate, 2 lines long,
a little shorter than the capsule. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 197; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif. i. 75.— Coast of S. California, near San Diego, Nuttall, Thurber, and Santa Monica,
Parry 3
* * * Very succulent annual: capsule ovoid, obtuse ; seeds rather numerous, obovate and
lenticular, naked at hilum.
C. sesuvioides, Gray. Depressed and spreading from a stout tap-root: stems a span or
more long, leafy: leaves linear-spatulate, flattish and strongly edged, very obtuse, inch or
more long, some of them opposite: flowers in terminal and lateral somewhat umbellate
clusters; pedicels rather longer than the calyx, not joited: sepals broadly ovate, obtuse,
nearly equalling the chartaceous capsule, equalling or exceeding the 5 obovate white petals:
stamens 5, sometimes 6 or 8: style very short ; stigma subcapitate, undivided : seeds shining,
minutely puncticulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 278. Claytonia ambigua, Wats. ibid. xvii.
365.4 — Colorado Desert, at Indio and El Rio, on the Californian side of the river, Lemmon,
Parish.
6. CLAYTONIA, Gronoy. Sprine Beauty. (Dedicated by Gronovius
to John Clayton, of Virginia, from whose collections and observations he edited the
Flora Virginica.) — Low and very glabrous moderately succulent perennials from
a corm or thickened caudex, sending up radical leaves and scapes or flowering
stems bearing a single pair of opposite leaves (in one species the 1 to 3 cauline
leaves commonly alternate). Flowers usually opening for two or three days. Sta-
mens always 9. Capsule 3-valved from the top, about 6-seeded ; seeds smooth and
shining, mostly with an evident conical or depressed white strophiole at the hilum
(as noticed by Humb. & Bonpl. Pl. AXquin. i. 91). — Gronov. ace. to L. Gen.
no. 849, & FI. Virg. 25; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 198; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 223,
t. 97, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 278, in part; Howell, Erythea, i. 35; K. Bran-
degee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 89. — A genus essentially confluent with
Montia, but scarcely to be united with it, owing to the diverse habit of the more
typical species of the two. The most practicable, although none too definite, di-
vision is that suggested by Th. Howell and by K. Brandegee, whereby Claytonia is
1 It has been suggested (Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 90) that this species is the Chilian
C. compressa, Schrad.,—a possible identity, which, with the scanty and not very authoritatively
named material at hand of the Chilian plant, can neither be confirmed nor wholly disproved. The
number of stamens in the Californian plant is about 6, in the Chilian said to be 3 or 4.
2 Also on the Island of Sta. Cruz, Brandegee, and apparently the same on Mt. Tamalpais,
Blankinship.
3 Also on the Island of Sta. Cruz, Brandegee, and Lower Calif., Palmer.
4 Add syn. Calandrinia ambigua, Howell, Erythea, i. 34. It is much to be regretted that Dr. Gray
in transferring this species to Calandrinia did not retain the original specific name.
Claytonia. PORTULACACEZ. 271
- limited, as here, to the cormatose and caudicose members of LHuclaytonia, Gray
(Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 278). [Revised and restricted by B. L. Roxrnson.]
* Typical Claytonia. (Sprinc Beauty.) Cormose; the slender 2-leaved stems and sparse
and few radical leaves (rarely coétaneous) from a deep globular corm: leaves linear to
oblong: petals light rose, usually with deeper-colored veins: few-seeded capsule 3-valved-
from top; the valves chartaceous and more or less conduplicate in age, persistent: race
miform inflorescence mainly bractless: flowers (produced in early spring) lasting for a
few days:. pedicels recurved or drooping in fruit: seeds lenticular, rather narrow-edged,
very shining. Species almost confluent in a series.
C. Virginica, L. <A span or two high from a deep and rather large globular compressed
corm: leaves linear-lanceolate or linear, 2 to 6 inches long including the gradually tapering
base or margined petiole, 1 to 4 lines broad: raceme rather long-peduncled, at length
rather many-flowered: petals often half inch long. —Spec. i. 204; Lam. Ill. t. 144, f. 1;
Schk. Handb. t.50; Michx. Fl. i. 160; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 941; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 643;
Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 163; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. t. 97 ; Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 1,
i. 157, t. 40. C. grandiflora (& C. Simsii), Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 216. C. acutiflora,
Sweet, Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 220.— Woods, in light soil or leaf mould, Nova Scotia to Minne-
sota,! south to Upper Georgia, Louisiana, and Texas, west to the Rocky Mountains in
Colorado. Flowers sometimes heterogone-dimorphous, as shown by E. L. Hankenson.?
C. Caroliniana, Micux. Lower and fewer-flowered: leaves oblong, oblong-lanceolate, or
somewhat spatulate, with blade an inch or two long, abruptly contracted into a margined
petiole of same or scarcely half the length: flowers rather smaller. — FI]. i. 160; Ell. Sk. i.
307; 2? Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 208. C. Virginica, var. B, Ait. Kew. i. 284. C. Virginica,
var. latifolia, Torr. Fl. N. & Midd. States, 259. C. spatulefolia, Salisb. Parad. Lond. t. 71.
C. spathulefolia, Pursh, F1.i.175. C. Virginica, var. spathulefolia, DC. Prodr. iii. 361 ; Hook.
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 224. C. spatulata, Eaton, Man. ed. 4, 263. C. spathulata, Bigel. Fl. Bost.
ed. 2, 98.3— Cool woods, Nova Scotia to Saskatchewan, Minnesota, the higher mountains of
N. Carolina, and, apparently, those of New Mexico, Newberry.‘
C. lanceolata, Pursu. A span high from a globose corm: leaves oblong or lanceolate,
half to inch and a half long; radical (rare) long-petioled ; cauline sessile either by broad or
narrowed base: inflorescence few-several-flowered, subsessile between the leaves or short-
peduncled : petals emarginate or almost obcordate. — Fl. i. 175, t. 3 (a large form); Hook.
Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 224; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 199; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 147 (excl. pl.
Kotzeb. & Siber. which should relate to C. arctica) ; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 407.
C. Caroliniana, var. sessilifolia, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 70; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 76.
C. Caroliniana, var. lanceolata, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 42. — Rocky Mountains of Brit.
Columbia, south to the Wasatch in Utah and Sierra Nevada, California. C. Caroliniana,
Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 208, seems rather to represent the present species.
C. umbellata, Watson. An inch or two high from a subglobular or obversely napiform
corm: radical leaves unknown; cauline fleshy, obovate, half inch or more long and con-
tracted into a petiole of equal or greater length: inflorescence subsessile and umbelliform,
few-several-flowered : petals obovate, entire : seeds comparatively large. — Bot. King Exp.
43, t. 6, f. 4,5; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 77. — W. borders of Nevada, near Virginia City,
Watson, Mann; on Steins Mountain, E. Oregon, Howell.
* * Caudicose; a rosulate cluster of radical leaves surrounding scapiform flowering stems,
directly from the very thick crown or perpendicular caudex surmounting the thick and
fleshy tap-root: wing-margined petioles of the radical leaves scarious-dilated and mostly
as if sheathing at base: no sarmentose shoots or offsets: inflorescence racemiform or sub-
cymose, with or without some small scarious bracts: petals white or pale rose-color, 3 to 5
lines long, apparently not ephemeral.
1 Northwest to the Saskatchewan, Drummond, fide Macoun.
2 A form with double flowers has been noted by Prof. L. F. Ward.
3 Add syn. C. latifolia, Sheldon, Bull. Geol. & Nat. Hist. Surv. Minn. ix. 15.
4 Also at Mancos, Colorado, Miss Eastwood, and eastward as far as W. Newfoundland, Waghorne.
5 Also Wyoming, Nelson.
272 PORTULACACEZ. Claytonia.
C. megarrhiza, Parry. Root very large (inch or two thick, often a foot long), conical or
fusiform : radical leaves spatulate to dilated-cuneate, 2 to 6 inches long including the long
wing-petioled base, equalling or surpassing the cymosely few-several-flowered scapes ; these
bearing mostly two or rarely more alternate spatulate to linear leaves tapering below as if
petioled, or occasionally opposite, or reduced to scarious bracts. — Parry in Wats. Bibl. Index,
118. C. arctica, var. megarrhiza, Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 406, & Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1863, 59; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 43.— Alpine region of the Rocky Mountains from
8. Colorado (where first coll. by Parry) to Brit. America and on the mountains of Oregon,
&e., where it approaches the next.
C. arctica, M. F. Apams. Radical leaves spatulate-obovate, about half the length of the
scapes or flowering stems ; cauline ovate or broadly oblong, closely sessile by broad base (half
inch to inch long), obtuse: cyme naked, short-racemiform, rather loosely several-flowered. —
Mem. Soc. Nat. Mose. v. 94 (1817); DC. Prodr. iii. 361; Cham. Linnea, vi. 559; Gray,
Am. Jour. Sci. 1. ¢. 407. C. Joanniana, Rem. & Schult. Syst. vy. 434 (1819). C. Sibirica,
Pall. in herb. Willd., not L. C. acutifolia, Ledeb. Fl. Alt. i. 253, & Ic. t. 272, not Pall. C.
Joanneana & C. arctica, Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 148. % C. sarmentosa, Seem. Bot. Herald,
t. 5. — Alaskan Islands, Unalaska, Harrington, Kyska, M. Baker. (Adj. Asia to Altai.)
C. tuberdsa, Paty. Radical leaves lanceolate-obovate and acute to linear-lanceolate, shorter
than the flowering stems; cauline lanceolate, acute, broad at sessile base: inflorescence
and flowers nearly of the preceding. — Pallas acc. to Willd. in Rem. & Schult. Syst. v. 436,
narrow-leaved form; Gray, l. c. C. acut/folia, Pall. 1. c.; Cham. Linnea, vi. 560; Fenzl
in Ledeb. FI. Ross. ii. 147, larger and broader-leaved form. C. Eschscholtzii, Cham. 1. e.
561, the most narrow-leaved form. — Arctic Alaska, Muir, but specimen wants root and
radical leaves. Also coll. by Rothrock at Plover Bay and by Wright on Arakamtchetchene
Island on the Asiatic side. (E. Siberia.)
* * * Subterranean stems (whether cormatose or caudicose) unknown: cauline leaves sub-
opposite, narrow : pedicels elongated, the lowest subtended by ashort relatively broad ovate-
lanceolate bract : sepals_unequal, narrow and attenuate.
C.* Bodini, Hotzincer. Slender stems 4 to 6 inches high, mostly 2-leaved below the middle :
leaves narrowly linear, unequal, about 2 to 3 inches in length, a line or less in breadth: lower
pedicels 13 to 2 inches long : calyx spathaceous; the lanceolate attenuate sepals 4 to 5 lines
in length, about equalling the ovate-oblong obtusish petals. — Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i.
286. — Sandy soil, Hempstead, Texas, J. H. Bodin, 1890; fl. March. A species well marked
by habit and characters but as yet poorly known and of uncertain affinities.
7. MONTIA, Micheli. (Jos. Monti, professor of botany at Bologna.) —
Nov. Gen. t. 13; LL. Gen. no. 58; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 159, excl. syn.
Leptrina, Raf., which is wholly obscure; Greene, Fl. Francis. 180; Howell,
Erythea, i. 36. Montia and Claytonia § Limnia (as well as the rhizomatose
species of Huclaytonia) Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 280, 284. [Revised and
extended by B. L. Rosinson. ]
§ 1. Rhizomatose; the flowering stems, bearing a pair of broad sessile leaves
below the racemiform mostly bractless inflorescence, and the long-petioled radical
leaves from creeping little-thickened rootstocks: petals obovate and emarginate
or obcordate, rose-color or white: pedicels in fruit erect or ascending, °
M.* sarmentosa, Roginsoy, n. comb. About a span high from creeping filiform rootstocks
or stolons moderately thickened at the crown: radical leaves obovate-spatulate, mostly obtuse,
half inch or more long, abruptly contracted into a longer petiole with no scarious dilated
base ; cauline ovate or orbicular, closely sessile : flowers few : petals broadly obovate, emar-
ginate, a third to half inch long, 3 or 4 times the length of the sepals. — Claytonia sarmen-
tosa, C. A. Meyer, Mém. Soc. Nat. Mose. vii. 137, t. 3 (1829); Fenzl in Ledeb. FI. Ross. ii.
149; Seem. Bot. Herald, 27, but the figures, t. 5, seem rather to be of C. arctica. C. Cha-
missot, DC. Prodr. iii. 361, fide Fenzl, not Ledeb. in Spreng. C. arctica, vars., Cham.
Montia. PORTULACACE. 273
Linnea, 1. ¢. 559. C. Virginica, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 123, in part. — St. Lawrence, St.
Paui and St. George Islands, Alaska, first coll. by Chamisso & E'schscholtz, and Kotzebue
Sound. (Adj. Asia.)
M.* asarifolia, Howxxt. A foot or less high from a slender or slightly fleshy creeping
rootstock: leaves succulent; radical from orbicular-subcordate or slightly reniform to
rhombic-ovate ; the larger 2 Hae (or even 4 inches, acc. to Bongard) in diameter, long-
petioled ; come pair of similar form, closely sessile : inflorescence slender-pedunculate,
loosely several-flowered, with occasionally a small bract: petals a quarter or third inch long :
fructiferous sepals rather shorter than the capsule. — Erythea, 1.39; Claytonia asar ifolia,
Bong. Veg. Sitch. 137; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 150. C. Wevadensis, Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 77, a dwarfed form. C. cordifolia, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 365.— Wet or
springy ground, Rocky Mountains of Brit. America, Macoun; Montana and Idaho, Lyall,
Nevius, Watson; and Cascade Mountains, Henderson, Suksdorf, to Sitka, Mertens. Also in
a reduced form in Sierra Nevada, California, Lemmon, &c. (Bering Island.)
§ 2. Limnia. Fibrous-rooted annuals or perennials, destitute of rootstocks,
corms, &c., but some stoloniferous or rooting from the nodes or bulbilliferous:
one sepal commonly a little larger than the other, and the two petals alternating
with these commonly larger than the others. Flowers in most species opening
more than one day. — Limnia, L. Act. Holm. 1746, 130, t. 5; Haworth, Syn.
Pl. Suce. 11.
* Cauline leaves a single sessile pair below the racemiform inflorescence ; radical numerous
and petioled: petals emarginate or obcordate : stamens always 5.
+ Bracts accompanying most of the pedicels of the simply and loosely racemiform inflo-
rescence : leaves thinnish. Connects strictly with the preceding species.
M.* Sibirica, Howerz,1.c. Annual or more enduring and with thickened crown produ-
cing offsets upon stout stolons, but no rootstock: flowering stems a span or two or a foot or
two high : radical leaves rhombic-ovate (and varying from broadly ovate or obovate to ovate-
lanceolate), contracted into long margined petioles, these fleshy-thickened at base; cauline
broadly ovate and closely sessile but distinct, sometimes obovate and with contracted base,
inch or two long: bracts oblong to linear: pedicels usually solitary and alternate, slender,
in fruit often inch or more long and widely spreading or refracted: sepals very broadly
ovate, mostly accrescent : petals rose-color or white, quarter inch long: seeds at maturity
distinctly granulate. — Claytonia Sibirica, L. Hort. Ups. 52, & Spec. i. 204 (Limnia, Act.
Holm. 1. c.); Gmel. FI. Sibir. iv. 89; Sims, Bot Mag. t. 2243 ; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 16;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 676, excl. syn.; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. ii. 149; Gray, Am. Jour. Sci.
ser. 2, xxxiii. 407; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 76. C. alsinoides, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1309,
white-fl. form; Pursh, Fl. i. 175; Cham. Linnea. vi. 559; Bong. 1. ¢. 186; Torr. & Gray, Fl.
i199. ©. Unalaschkensis, Fisch. Hort. Gorenk. ed. 2, 62, & in Roem, & Schult. Syst. v. 434;
DC. Prodr. iii. 361. Limnia Sibirica & L. alsinoides, Haworth, Syn. Pl. Succ. 11.— Moist
banks, &e., Alaskan Islands and Brit. Columbia (first coll. by Stel/er & Pallas?) and south
to San Francisco Bay and Plumas Co. in Sierra Nevada, California. (Bering Island, and
probably on the adjacent mainland ; but not otherwise known to be Siberian.)
Var.* heterophylla, Rop1son, n comb. A form with leaves, especially radical
ones, varying from ovate-lanceolate to linear-lanceolate or even linear !— Claytonia Sibirica,
var. heterophylla, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 281. C. Unalaschkensis, var. heteroph; ylla,
Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 199, & C. alsinoides, var. heterophylla, Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. — On
the Columbia River and elsewhere, in moist and shady ground.
Var.* bulbifera, Rortnson, n. comb. Thickened bases of radical leaves more fleshy
and persistent on the crown as bulblet-scales. — Claytonia bulbifera, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xii. 54; Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 435. C. Sibirica, var. bulbillifera, Gray, 1. ¢. xxii. 281. Montia
: Tere. Howell, 1. c. —N. California, on the Scott Mountains, Greene, and Wolf Creek, in
adjacent Oregon, Howell. Other less marked specimens. pass to the ordinary form of the
species.
18
274 PORTULACACEZ. Monitia.
M.* arenicola, A. A. Herter. Much more slender yet approaching in habit var. heterophylla
of the preceding species: stems numerous, 2 to 6 incbes high: radical leaves lance-oblong
to spatulate-linear, the cauline similar: raceme loose, elongated; pedicels slender, widely
spreading or reflexed : flowers roseate, rather showy: calyx often with reddish tinge: seeds
black, half line in length, very smooth and shining, scarcely more than half as large as in
the preceding species. — [List of] Idaho Plants, 1896, on the second [unnumbered] page.
(The thoughtless publication of new combinations in such irregular and obscure documents
merits severe censure.) Claytonia arenicola, Henderson, Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 49; Holzin-
ger, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 217. C. spathulata, var. tenuifolia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xxii. 282, in part. — Along creek-bottoms and on stony land, Washington, near Spokane,
Lyall, Henderson, Bingen, Suksdorf; Idaho, Spalding, Sandberg, Henderson; fl. April to
June. Nearest M. gypsophiloides, but of different range and readily distinguished by its
much more decidedly bracteate racemes, and much more slender elongated cauline leaves.
+ -+ Bracts few and minute or none: leaves succulent ; the cauline pair usually connate :
flowers apparently opening for 2 or more days: species or forms (except the first) conflu-
ent in a series.
M.* sax6ésa, Branpecer, in litt. Small and dense, succulent: root annual, subsimple, slen-
der, perpendicular: radical leaves broadly spatulate or obovate, 3 to 6 lines long, 2 to 3
lines broad, rounded at the apex, and somewhat narrowed at the subsessile base ; cauline
leaves a single pair, ovate, obtuse, quarter inch or less in length, not connate: flowers
subumbellate ; pedicels equalling or exceeding the short scape-like stem: sepals suborbicular,
2 lines in diameter: roseate petals twice as long: valves of the capsule 14 to 2 lines in length:
seeds large, black, foveolate-striate. — Claytonia saxosa, Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 150. — Shaly
slopes of Snow Mountain, Lake Co., and on Yolo Bolo, California, Brandegee. Forming
“dense succulent balls, 1 to 3 inches in diameter” and rather well marked among the re-
lated forms by its short and broad scarcely petiolate radical leaves.
M.* perfoliata, Howe t, 1. c. 38. Rather large and coarse, green and often reddening in
age, aspan to a foot high: radical leaves from subreniform or rhomboidal to spatulate-
obovate (commonly 1 to 3 inches broad), petiolate; cauline connate into an entire or often
angulately 2-lobed rounded disk: pedicels short, seldom longer than the fruiting calyx,
commonly in 3 or 4 pairs or fascicles in a short interrupted and secund raceme, sometimes
all or a part closely clustered close to the disk: sepals orbicular, in fruit commonly 2 lines
long and broader than the capsule: petals white, little surpassing the calyx: seeds turgid-
lenticular, very shining, but at maturity minutely granulate, the larger a line long or more.
— Claytonia perfoliata, Donn, Ind. Hort. Cantab. ed. 1, 25 (1796); Willd. Spec. i. 1186;
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1336; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 225; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 200. C. Cubensis,
Bonpl. Ann. Mus, Par. vii. 82, t. 6, & Pl. Aquin. t. 26, but not native to Cuba. Limnia per-
foliata, Haworth, Syn. Pl. Suce. 12. — Banks of streams, &c., California to Arizona (and adj.
Mex.), northward to Brit. Columbia, common near the coast ; first collected by Menzies,
now a weed of cultivation in many parts of the world.
M.* parviflora, Howett,1.c. More slender, green or glaucescent, a span or two high :
radical leaves spatulate to filiform-linear, when narrow usually an elongated blade and
shorter petiole; cauline a rounded disk as of the preceding, or rarely the rounded leaves
almost disjoined: pedicels slender, in fruit 2 to 6 lines long and much longer than the
(about line long) calyx, less fascicled, more commonly scattered in a looser raceme, but
sometimes inflorescence all glomerate on the disk: petals white or pale rose-color, hardly
double the length of the calyx: seeds half as large as in the foregoing, very obscurely if at
all granulate. — Claytonia parviflora, Dougl. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 225, t. 73; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 200. C. perfoliata, var. parviflora, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 71, & Bot. Mex.
Bound. 38; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 75.— California to Brit. Columbia, and east to
S. Utah and Idaho; first coll. by Douglas. (Lower Calif., Palmer.)
Var.* depréssa, Rogprnson, n.comb. Mostly small, depressed: radical leaves broadly
ovate or rhomboidal and petiolate, as in C. perfoliata ; blades sometimes broader than long ;
cauline usually small and partly disjoined, subtending sessile and glomerate or subumbellate
inflorescence of small flowers: calyx only a line long. — Claytonia parviflora, var. depressa,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 281, — River banks, &c., Brit. Columbia to Oregon and adjacent
Montia. PORTULACACEZ. 275
Idaho. Ambiguous form.! Montia rubra, Howell, 1. c., is merely a larger often erubescent
state of the same thing.
M.* gypsophiloides, Howe t,1.c. Rather slender, 3 to 8 or 10 inches high, erect or
nearly so: radical leaves linear or filiform, much exceeded by the flowering stems: cauline
leaves usually short, ovate, acutish, to oblong-linear, partially connate on one side (rarely on
both) to a small acutely biauriculate disk : inflorescence slender, elongated ; flowers conspicu-
ous: petals retuse, roseate, about 3 times the length of the sepals. — Claytonia gypsophiloides,
Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. ii. (1835), 8, & Sert. Petrop. t.35; Don in Sweet,
Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 375. C. spathulata, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 282, in part, not
Doug]. — Mountains of W. Centr. California. C. nubigena, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 294, with
flowers of this species, has cauline leaves connate into a roundish disk, as in C. parvifolia.
M.* spathulata, Howe 1, 1.c. Lower and more condensed, 1 to 4 inches high: radical
leaves linear or spatulate-linear, not greatly exceeded by the flowering stems ; cauline leaves
from lanceolate-ovate to lanceolate, almost distinct or connate upon one side into an obcor-
date or 2-lobed body or rarely united all around to a peltate disk: inflorescences short,
half inch to barely inch in length: flowers small: petals white, 1 to 2 lines in length: seeds
at maturity black, shining, conspicuously granulated (under lens). — Claytonia spathulata,
Doug]. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 226, t. 74; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 200; Greene, Fl. Francis.
179. C. perfoliata, var. spathulata, Torr. ace. to Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 75. C. exigua,
Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 435, in great part. — Open and subsaline ground, Brit. Columbia to S.
Utah and S. California; first coll. by Douglas.
Var.* exigua, Roprnson, n. comb. Even the cauline leayes narrowly oblong, linear
or when fresh terete (half inch to 2 inches long), little or not at all dilated or connate at
base, sometimes connate on one side: petals usually rose-color: passes variously into the
other form. — M. tenuifolia, Howell, 1. c. Claytonia exigua, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 200; Gray,
Pl. Fendl. 14 (a lax and dubious seemingly thinner-leaved form). C. tenuifolia, Torr. &
Gray, 1. c. 201; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 344. C. spathulata, var. tenuifolia, Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. xxii. 282.— Brit. Columbia to borders of Idaho and Lower Calif., first coll. by
Douglas.
* * Stems bearing few or several pairs of opposite spatulate leaves, fibrous-rooting from
lower nodes, often flagelliferous: seeds round-reniform, muriculate! Stamens 5, — Clay-
tonia § Alsinastrum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 201; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 282.
M.* Chamissonis, Greene. Procumbent, decumbent, or ascending, rooting from lower
nodes, producing lateral and terminal filiform runners, which become subterranean and bear
at apex a globose bulblet or cormlet, thus perennial: leaves several pairs, oblong-spatulate,
inch or two long including the tapering petiole-like base: inflorescence racemosely 1-9-
flowered, bractless except below: pedicels slender, recurved or refracted in fruit: petals pale
rose-color, 3 lines long, thrice the length of the calyx: capsule small, 1-3-seeded ; seeds
half line long, densely granulate-muriculate. — Fl. Francis. 180. Claytonia Chamissoi, Ledeb.
ace. to Spreng. Syst. i. 790. C. Chamissonis, Eschs. in litt. fide Cham. Linnea, vi. 562 (excl.
note on tubers), probably the original form of the name, but not published until six years
after Sprengel’s Syst. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 676; Fenzl in Ledeb. Fl. Ross. 1. c. 151; Brew. &
Wats. 1. c. 76. C-. stolonifera, C. A. Meyer, Mém. Soc, Nat. Mosc. vii. 139, t. 3 (1829).
C. aquatica, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 201. — Wet or mossy banks, Alaskan Islands
and Brit. Columbia, to mountains of California as far south as those of San Bernardino,
Arizona, and S. Colorado.
* %* * Stems slender, bearing numerous small alternate leaves, often sarmentose, spreading
or decumbent, and producing axillary bulblet-like propagula, apparently also perennial
by fibrous-rooting persisting creeping base of stem: leaves very fleshy. — Claytonia
§ Naitocrene, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 201, in part; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 283.
M.* parvifolia, Greens, |. c.181. Stems a span to a foot long, diffuse, ascending or some
reclined or procumbent and more or less flagelliform, sometimes reduced to filiform naked
1 Eastward to the Black Hills, S. Dakota, Rydberg. A number of interesting. but apparently
formal and confluent varieties of this and the next species have been distributed by Mr. W. N. Suks-
dorf of White Salmon, Washington.
276 PORTULACACEZ. Montia.
runners: radical and lower cauline leaves rhombic-obovate, acutish, about half inch long,
contracted at base into slender petiole ; upper narrower and small (3 to 2 lines long), when
fresh subclavate: flowers few and racemose: petals obovate or somewhat obcordate, 4 or 5
lines long, very much surpassing the rounded sepals, rose-color, varying to white. — Clay-
tonia parvifolia, Moe. Ie. Pl. Nootk. ined. acc. to DC. Prod. iii. 361, & Calques des Dess.
t. 383; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 201; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. 1.76. C. filicaulis, Hook. FI.
Bor.-Am. i. 224, t. 72.— Moist rocks, Brit. Columbia to Rocky Mountains in Montana
northward to Juneau, Alaska, Miss Cooley, and south in the Sierra Nevada and Coast Range,
California, to the Yosemite. The bulblet-like propagula or offshoots, borne in the axils of
the cauline leaves, are not commonly seen in the dried specimens. A variety from Wash-
ington, Suksdorf, with obovate obtuse chiefly radical leaves and filiform branches, differs
from the next only in its smaller flowers and less leafy stem.
M.* flagelldris, Rosrson, n. comb. Apparently less fleshy, and with broadly ovate or
obovate leaves, the weak stems a foot long, sparingly branched, the branches apparently
attenuate into a kind of stolon or stoloniform peduncle: petals over half inch long. — Clay-
tonia flagellaris, Bong. Veg. Sitch. 137. “ C. sarmentosa, Bong.” in Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xxii. 283 (by evident clerical error).— Sitka, Mertens. Perhaps a form of the preceding
growing in deep shade. Prof. Macoun (Cat. Canad. Pl. ii. 311, 312) reports the collection
of an identical or closely similar plant in the bed of Eagle Riv., Brit. Columbia (also called
“C’, sarmentosa, Bong.”). ;
* * * * Leafy-stemmed and alternate-leaved annuals: leaves not very fleshy. — Clay-
tonia § Montiastrum, Gray, 1. ¢.
+ Leaves broad and long-petioled, in the way of Stellaria media: stamens 5: seeds closely
lineate and the elevated lines closely and transversely lineolate !
M.* diffiisa, Greene, lec. <A span or two high, diffusely dichotomous, leafy, the weak stems
at first erect: leaves broadly deltoid-ovate or uppermost oblong-ovate, inch or less long,
abruptly contracted into a petiole of about equal length (lower occasionally opposite) : inflo-
rescence subcymose, several-flowered ; pedicels slender, spreading : calyx a line or two long,
surpassed by the white or pale rose-colored petals: style long. — Claytonia diffusa, Nutt. in
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 202; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 76; Gray, 1. c.— Low coniferous
woods, Washington to Humboldt Bay, California,! Nuttall, Kellogg & Harford, Suksdorf,
Howell, Rattan.
+ + Narrow-leaved annuals (lower nodes of the stem sometimes rooting) with racemose
inflorescenc? secund and pedicels recurved after flowering: leaves partly scarious and
clasping at insertion: stamens 3: seeds lenticular, thin-edged, very smooth : petals (white
or tinged with rose) obviously unequal, but narrowed or unguiculate to distinct or more
or less connate bases.
M.* linearis, Greene, 1.c. A span or two high, erect or soon diffuse: leaves linear-filiform
and fleshy, inch or two long, about a line wide throughout, or obscurely widened upward :
sepals in fruit 2 lines long or nearly so, rounded : seeds large (a line in diameter), very black
and shining. — Claytonia linearis, Doug). in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 224, t. 71; Torr. & Gray,
1. c.; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. (excl. syn. C. dichotoma) ; Gray, 1. c.— Moist ground, Brit.
Columbia to middle parts of California, and east to Montana and the Yellowstone; first coll.
by Douglas.
M.* dichétoma, Howe tt, 1.c. 36. An inch or two high, more diffuse or depressed but
not repent, smaller in all parts: leaves similar but smaller, linear or nearly so: racemes
terminal, rather dense, and numerously flowered: sepals in fruit only a line long: seeds
half or third of a line in diameter, somewhat shining or rather dull at maturity. — Clay-
tonia dichotoma, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 202. C. spathulata, Hook. Jour. Bot. vi. 230,
not Doug]. — Low grounds on the Oregon River and its lower tributaries, and borders of
California ; first coll. by Nuttall.
M.* Howéllii, Watson. Similar in habit, but still more dwarf, rooting at the lower nodes:
leaves spatulate : inflorescences several, few-flowered, axillary, subtended by ovate scale-like
1 Abundant at Mill Valley, Tamalpais, Calif., fide T. S. & K. Brandegee.
Spraguea. PORTULACACEZ. 277
bracts (or short leaves with broad scarious bases) opposite the foliar leaves: petals very
variable, sometimes apparently absent: seeds very smooth and shining. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xvili. 191; Howell, 1. c. Claytonia dichotoma, Gray, 1. c. 284, in part; Macoun, Cat. Canad.
Pl. i. 83. — Oregon, Willamette Valley, Howell, Columbia Co., Suksdorf; vicinity of Vic-
toria, Brit. Columbia, Macoun, no. 34.
* * * * * Leafy-stemmed opposite-leaved species (annual or nearly so): petals small,
white, unequal, connate at the base into a gamopetalous corolla, which is split down one
side. — Montia proper. me
M.* fontana, L. Small and ascending or procumbent annual, or subperennial by rooting
from the nodes, especially in water or very wet places, moderately succulent : stems an inch
to a span or when floating even a foot long: leaves opposite, from obovate- to linear-spatu-
late, froma tenth to half an inch long including the petiole-like base, in uppermost pairs one
often reduced to a scarious vestige or bract: inflorescence terminal or lateral, loosely few-
several-flowered : calyx and globose capsule barely a line long: corolla white, little surpas-
sing the calyx. — Spec. i. 87; Fl. Dan. t. 131, 1926. Two forms as to seeds, not clearly
distinguishable otherwise, viz.: 1. Seeds not shining, thickly muriculate in close lines:
M. minor, Gmel. Fl. Bad. i. 301. 2. Seeds more or less shining, areolate-tuberculate, the
tubercules being in various degrees flattened and smoothed: M. rivularis, Gmel. 1. c. 302, &
M. lamprosperma, Cham. Linnza, vi. 565,t. 7, f. 2, seed. — Wet places and running water,
Newfoundland, Labrador (Greenland), New Brunswick, Lower Canada, and on islands near
Mt. Desert, Maine, Great Cranberry Isle, Rand, Great Duck Island, Redfield; to Alaskan
Islands and Brit. Columbia, the smoother-seeded form ; also Oregon and California, mostly
the rough-seeded or typical species. From the latter form the imperfectly characterized
Claytonia Hallii, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 283 (C. Chamissonis, var. tenerrima, Gray,
1. c. viii. 378, and probably Montia Hallii, Greene, FI. Francis. 180), is not to be distinguished
even by corollar characters. (Most cool and temperate parts of the world.)
8. SPRAGUEA, Torr. (Jsaae Sprague, inimitable botanical draughtsman,
illustrator of this and of very many other genera, among them those of the
Genera Am. Bor. Or. Illustrata. )— Pl. Frém. in Smiths. Contrib. vi. 4, t. 1, &
Bot. Mex. Bound. 37; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5143.— Single genuine species,
almost too near the following genus, but may be retained.
S. umbellata, Torr. 1.c. Winter-annual or biennial with a tap-root, or perennial, gla-
brous, with fleshy spatulate leaves, either all rosulate-clustered at the crown and scape (2 to
8 inches high) naked or nearly so, or with few to several similar but smaller scattered
cauline leaves: inflorescence usually umbellate-cymose, at first capitate-glomerate, at length
5-13-radiate (usually from a short scarious involucre) into imbricately densely flowered
simple or forking scorpioid cyme-branches, or with these scattered; flowers subsessile,
some scarious-bracteate: scarious sepals dull white or rose-tinged, in age 3 to 5 lines in
diameter, in anthesis equalling the rose or purple or whitish (ephemeral but marcescent)
petals: stamens two opposite petals and the third alternate: these and the style exserted. —
S. paniculata, Kellogg,! Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 187, f. 56; Curran, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci.
i. 132, also S. umbellata, var. montana, M. E. Jones, Bull. Torr. Club, ix. 31, are mere forms,
the latter sometimes with alternate flowering branches lowdown on thescape. Calyptridium
umbellatum & C. paniculatum, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 144 (petals marcescent-connivent
around ovary and lower part of exserted style, not carried up on enlarging capsule). C. nu-
dum, Greene, Pittonia, i. 64.2— Sierra Nevada and Cascade Mountains, from the Yosemite
to borders of Brit. Columbia, and Nevada to N. W. Wyoming; in alpine and subalpine
stations quasi-perennial, but flowering only once ; on sand-washes of streams at lower levels
1 The supposed difference in the form of the seeds, adduced by California botanists for the separa-
tion of this species from S. wmbellata, rests upon a misapprehension, as the seeds of the typical S. wm-
bellata are quite as reniform as those of ‘‘ S. paniculata.” 0
2 Addsyn. S. nuda, Howell, Erythea, i. 39. ?Calyptridium monospermum, Greene, Erythea, iii.
63, chiefly distinguished by its ‘‘ 1-seeded’’ capsules.
278 PORTULACACE. Calyptridium.
growing as an annual or biennial; first coll. by F’rémont. The most marked subalpine
form is
Var. caudicifera, Gray. Branching from the crown, the caudex-like branches
extending for a year or more, and the leaves below dying away, at length the rosulate tufts
terminated by solitary naked scapes of an inch or two in length bearing the globular glom-
erate inflorescence: tap-root probably not perennial: leaves short and small. — Gray in
Patterson, Check-Jist N. Am. Pl. (1892) 14.1 — High mountains, from Oregon and Washing-
ton to Wyoming.
9. CALYPTRIDIUM, Nutt. (A kind of diminutive of xadvarpa, a cov-
ering or calyptre. Genus said to have “petals united into a minute diaphanous
conical corolla, slightly 3-toothed at apex, soon detached from the base and car-
ried upon the summit of the elongated capsule.” But, in fact, the petals are quite
distinct, and they close over each other and over the pistil after the ephemeral
anthesis, and are carried up as aforesaid, just as they are in Olaytonia and most
other Portulacacee !) — Low or depressed and succulent winter annuals (of W.
North America), branched from the base, with alternate spatulate leaves, and
mostly secund insignificant flowers with very small (white) petals, but accrescent
and more or less colored and scarious calyx. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 198
(excl. syn. Zalinum monandrum, which is Monocosmia, Fenzl, with inaccrescent
calyx enclosing utricular fruit) ; Benth. & Hook. Gen.i. 159; Wats. Bot. King
Exp. 44; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 78; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 284, with
new character.
* Petals 4: stamens in the same species 1, 2, or 3, when solitary opposite a petal: capsule
little or not at all surpassing the fructiferous calyx; seeds acute-margined. Connects
with Spraguea !
C. quadripétalum, Warson. A span high: leaves oblong-spatulate, the larger 2 inches
long including tapering base and petiole: flowers crowded as if imbricated in a naked and
secund scorpioid-spiciform inflorescence: sepals round-reniform, plane, at maturity fully 3
lines in diameter, white-scarious and rose-tinged with greenish centre: petals comparatively
large: style very short: capsule oblong-oval, 10-20-seeded, not surpassing the fructiferous
sepals. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 356.2 — Lake Co., California, Torrey (1865) ; and along head-
waters of Eel River, in same county, Rattan (1884).2 Has the sepals of Spraquea.
C. Parryi, Gray. Depressed, small-leaved: leaves (only half inch long) spatulate or the
rosulate radical ones cuneate-obovate with long tapering base: spikes in age secund and
scorpioid, but often with short few-flowered clusters: fructiferous sepals orbicular or oval,
not emarginate at base, less complanate, herbaceous with narrow white margin, one or two
lines long, a little shorter than the oblong capsule: style half the length of the ovoid ovary.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 285.— Mountains of San Bernardino Co., California, in Bear
Valley, Parry (1876, distrib. as C. rosewm, var. robustum), Parish, 1885.
* * Petals 2 or 3: stamen one, alternate with the petals: sepals moderately accrescent,
green-herbaceous with scarious margin: seeds more turgid, obtuse-edged: inflorescence
looser and more paniculate, the short clusters hardly scorpioid: leaves spatulate with
long tapering base, the larger inch or more long.
C. rdseum, Warson. An inch toa span high, diffuse: sepals orbicular, plane, becoming
2 or 3 lines in diameter, the broad scarious margin white or tinged with rose: petals only
2 and small: style very short, 2-parted and with subcapitate stigmas: capsule ovate-oblong,
not surpassing the calyx, 6-12-seeded.— Bot. King Exp. 44, t. 6, f..6-8; Brew. & Wats.
1 Add syn. S. multiceps, Howell, Erythea, i. 39. As striking as the extreme form of this variety
may be, it appears to pass by slight gradations into the typical form of the species.
2 Add syn. C. tetrapetalum, Greene, Fl. Francis. 182.
8 Also in Sonoma Co., acc. to Greene.
Tamarix. TAMARISCINEZ. 279
Bot. Calif. i. 78. — Dry districts, eastern borders of California and adjacent Nevada (where
first coll. by Torrey, 1865) to E. Oregon and Wyoming, in very depauperate form, first coll.
by Parry. ;
C. monandrum, Nutr. Depressed or spreading stems a span or so long: sepals only a
line long, narrow-margined, little accrescent: petals more commonly 3: filament subulate :
style very short, undivided: capsule linear, becoming much exserted, 5—-10-seeded. — Nutt.
in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 198 (excl. the doubtful syn.) ; Gray, Bot. Ives Rep. 8; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 78. —S. California on the coast, from San Diego (where first coll. by Nuttall)
to Los Angeles,! and to W. Arizona.
OrpDER XXI. TAMARISCINE.
By B. L. Rosrnson.
Trees, shrubs, or rarely perennial herbs, with alternate entire thickish often
small and scale-like exstipulate leaves and regular perfect or rarely dicecious
flowers. Sepals 4 to 5, free nearly or quite to the base and imbricated. Petals
of equal number, free or connate into a gamopetalous 4—5-lobed corolla, inserted
beneath and outside of a hypogynous or nearly hypogynous disk. Stamens 4 or
5 to « ; filaments free or connate at the base or rarely united into a tube for most
of their length ; anthers oblong, bilocular, introrse, often appendaged at the apex.
Ovary single, free, unilocular ; carpels, parietal placente, and free styles or stigma-
lobes 3 or 4 each; few or numerous erect ovules anatropous with ventral rhaphe.
Fruit capsular ; valves as many as the styles; seeds few to many, often pro-
vided with a hairy appendage or less frequently winged; embryo straight ;
albumen often scanty or none. — A small but composite order, represented in our
limits only by the sparingly naturalized Tamarix of cultivation and the anoma-
lous genus Youguieria, which shows almost equal affinity to Crassulacee.
1. TAMARIX. Sepals 4to6. Petals free nearly or quite to the base. Stamens 4 to 12,
distinct or nearly so. Ovary ovate-attenuate, with 3 to 5 short thickish styles. Placente
multi-ovulate, essentially basal. Leaves very small and scale-like.
2. FOUQUIERIA. Sepals 5, unequal. Petals united into a tubular gamopetalous 5-lobed
corolla. Stamens 10, 15, or «, free or nearly so. Ovary ovoid, not attenuate; styles 3,
slender, free or united; placentz parietal, extending the whole length of the ovary and
more or less intruded as partial septa. Leaves fleshy, obovate. Flowers showy.
1. TAMARIX, L. Tamarisx. (Classical Latin name.) — Gen. no. 240;
Ledeb. Ic. t. 253, 254, 256; Bunge, Tent. Monog. Tamar.; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. i. 160; Baill. Hist. Pl. ix. 244; Niedenzu in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflan-
zenf. iii. Ab. 6, 295. — Asiatic and Mediterranean ornamental shrubs and trees
with slender scaly branchlets and spicate white or roseate flowers of small size.
A single species often cultivated for ornament is sparingly and locally established
in America.
T. GAtiica, L. Glabrous: stems and flexuous branches purplish brown : minute juniper-like
leaves ovate, acuminate, subcarinate, semi-amplexicaul, pale green or somewhat glaucous,
half line in length, at first closely imbricated, later scattered ; tips incurved: spikes dense,
1 Northward to the San Rafael Mts., Santa Barbara Co., Ford.
280 TAMARISCINEZ. Fouquieria.
cylindrical, flexuous, rather blunt, terminal on the short racemosely arranged upper branch-
lets: flowers small, numerous: petals oblong, about a line in length, white, cream-color, or
purplish tinged: anthers yellow or purple. — Spec. i. 270; Sibth. Fl. Gr. t. 291 ; Bunge, 1. c.
61. — A beautiful shrub frequent in cultivation and tending to escape in the Southern States ;
permanently established on James Island, near Charleston, S. Car., C. E. Smith; also nat-
uralized in S, and W. Texas, Joor, Heller, &c.; fl. spring and early summer. (Introd. from
the Mediterranean Region.)
2. FOUQUIERIA, HBK. Canpiewoop. (Dedicated to Pierre Hd-
ouard Fouquier, professor of medicine at Paris during the first part of the present
century.) — Nov. Gen. & Spec. vi. 81, t. 527; Niedenzu, 1. c. 298. Fouguiera,
Spreng. Syst. ii. 568; DC. Prodr. iii. 349; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 161; Baill.
l.c. 241. Bronnia, HBK. 1. c. 83, t. 528. Phileteria, Liebm. Philet. en ny
anomal sliigt. 5, t. 1, & Vidensk. Selsk. Skrivt. ser. 5, ii. 283. dria, Kellogg, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 34. — Armed shrubs or small trees (nearly or quite leafless
during drought) with terminal racemes or panicles of showy flowers. Leaves of
the primary shoots and developed branches soon deciduous, leaving only the in-
durated outer or ventral portions of the petioles as phyllodial thorns (Engelm.
Bot. Gaz. viii. 338) in the axils of which the more or less succulent foliar leaves
are fascicled. Anomalous genus, of four species, chiefly Mexican and Lower
Californian.
F. spléndens, Encetm. (Coacu-wuir.) A shrub, 6 to 10 or even 20 feet high, branching
near the base: long branches gray, deeply furrowed between the decurrent bases of the
slender spreading spines: leaves obovate, rounded at the apex, cuneate at the base, 1-nerved,
half inch to inch in length: inflorescence racemose, thyrsoid, elongated, often branched
from the base, rather dense ; pedicels short : sepals rounded, subscarious, 3 lines in diameter :
tubular corolla bright scarlet, over an inch in length, with spreading or recurved obtuse
lobes: stamens 8 to 12, exserted : capsules 6 to 8 lines in length, with 3 or 4 lance-oblong
coriaceous valves; seeds white, lance-oblong, with long fringe of spirally thickened hairs. —
Engelm. in Wisliz. Tour. 98, 113; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 76, ii. 63; Torr. in Sitgr. Rep. 165,
& Bot. Mex. Bound. 148; Am. Gard. xili. 759, with fig. F’. spinosa, Torr. in Emory, Rep.
147, t. 8, not HBK.— Rocky hillsides, W. Texas to Arizona and S. California. (Mex.,
Lower Calif.) Often cultivated by the Mexicans to make impenetrable hedges.
F. spinosa, HBK. 1. c. iii. 452 (Bronnia spinosa, HBK. 1. ¢. vi. 83, t. 528), of Northern
Mexico, may be expected on our southwestern frontier. It has a trunk simple below, and may
be readily distinguished from the foregoing by its broad and open inflorescence (the slender
pedicels being 6 to 12 lines in length).
OrDER XXII. ELATINACEA.
By A. Gray.
Low and bland herbs; with opposite or sometimes verticillate simple dotless
leaves with stipules between them; small hermaphrodite and completely isome-
rous regular flowers usually solitary in their axils ; hypogynous sepals and petals
imbricated in the bud, these persistent or marcescent ; short stamens as many or
twice as many as the petals and when of equal number alternate with them;
ovary with as many cells as sepals; axile placentation; distinct introrsely stig-
matose styles or sessile stigmas; indefinite anatropous ovules ; capsular fruit, the
Elatine. ELATINACEX. 281
valves alternate with the dissepiments ; and oblong straight or curved seeds, the
crustaceous testa filled or nearly so by the cylindraceous embryo ; the cotyledons
short and thick. Only two genera.
1, ELATINE. Flowers 2-4-merous. Sepals membranaceo-herbaceous, obtuse, without
midrib. Capsule globose, membranaceous. Mostly aquatic annuals or sub-perennials,
glabrous.
2. BERGIA. Flowers 5-merous. Sepals pointed or acute, with thickened midrib and
scarious margins. Capsule ovoid, of firm texture. Terrestrial, some suffrutescent, usually
pubescent.
1. ELATINE, L. Warerwort. (Old Greek and Latin name for some
herb, from <Adry, a fir-tree, absurdly applied by Linnzus to this genus because a
whorled-leaved species had been named Potamopithys, i.e. River Pine.) — Aquatic
and subaquatic annuals or sub-perennials by rooting from the nodes; ours all
depressed little plants, an inch or two high, mostly creeping by rooting from the
nodes, occurring both in aquatic and terrestrial forms; with small flowers in the
axils of the entire leaves, when under water not rarely fertilized without opening ;
fl. summer. — Gen. no. 335; Seubert, Monogr. in Noy. Act. Nat. Cur. xxi. 38;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 162; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 361.
§ 1. Crvpra, Seubert, ].c. Flowers 2~-3-merous, 2-3-androus: thin capsule
often bursting irregularly, the delicate portions evanescent or fragile; seeds
slightly curved: leaves simply opposite, in ours sessile or subsessile and the
flowers sessile. — Crypta, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. i. 117 (§ Crypta, Gray,
Gen. Ill. i. 220), answers to this section more extended.
EH. triandra, Scux. Leaves oblanceolate or nearly lanceolate with gradually tapering base :
petals and stamens commonly 3, but sepals often only 2: seeds ascending over the whole
thickened axis of the capsule, more slender than those of the following. — Handb. i. 345, t.
109, f. 2; Seubert, 1. c. t. 2, f. 1-8; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 861, 862. — Ponds, Illinois
and Nebraska, EZ. Hall; Yellowstone Lake, Tweedy. Rare in Amer., widely distributed in
Old World.
E. Americana, Arn. Leaves obovate, very obtuse (1 to 3 lines long): flowers 2-merous
or occasionally 3-merous throughout, in aquatic form rarely opening and the ovules and
seeds mainly basilar, in terrestrial form flowers expanding and with larger rose-colored
petals, the seeds more axile; these cylindraceous, a third line long, slightly curved, clathrate-
sculptured with 9 or 10 longitudinal lines and 20 to 30 cross-bars. — Edinb. Jour. Nat. &
Geogr. Sci. i. 431; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 203; Gray, Gen. Tl]. i. 220, t. 95, & Proc. Am. Acad.
lic. E. minima, Fisch. & Mey. Linnea, x. 73; Seubert, 1. c. t. 2, f.9,10. . Clintoniana,
Peck, Rep. Reg. Univ. N. Y. xxii. 52, terrestrial form. Peplis Americana, Pursh, FI. i. 238.
Orypta minima, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. i. 117, t. 6, f. 1, & Gen. App.; Torr. Fl. N. &
Midd. States, i. 32. % Leptrina autumnalis, Raf. Jour. Phys. Ixxxix. 96 (1819).—In mud
and shallow water, New England! to Virginia and Brit. Columbia, along the Rocky Moun-
tains to Colorado and the Sierra Nevada to S. California. (Mex., Austral., E. Ind., &c.)
E. brachyspérma, Gray. Leaves oblong or oval with narrowed base: flowers mostly
2-merous: seeds short-oblong, straightish, barely quarter line long, sculptured in 6 or 7
longitudinal lines with 10 or 12 cross-bars.— Proc. Am. Acad. 1. c.; Wats. Bot. Calif.
ii. 436. — Illinois and Texas, Hall, Bebb, &c., to Arizona, Lemmon, and coast? of California,
Anderson, Orcutt ; chiefly terrestrial.
1 Also northward into Brit. America from Tadousac, Dr. G. G. Kennedy, and Hull, Quebec,
Macoun, to Vancouver Isl., Macoun.
2 Also on plains in the interior of the state, acc. to Greene, Fl. Francis. 113. Add syn. Alsinastrum
brachyspermum, Greene, Man. Bay-Reg. 62.
282 ELATINACEA. Elatine.
§ 2. ELATINELLA, Seubert, 1. c. 46. Flowers 4-merous and 8-androus, very
rarely 3-merous and 6-androus: capsule firmer, septifragal.
E. Califoérnica, Gray. Leaves obovate or spatulate with tapering base, lower ones dis-
tinctly petioled: flowers short-peduncled, expanding: petals white: seeds curved into a
hook or partial ring (as in £. Hydropiper), a third line long, sculptured with 10 or 12 longi-
tudinal and numerous transverse lines. — Proc. Am. Acad. xiii. 361, 364; Wats. l. c.—
Sierra Valley, E. California,1 Lemmon; Spokane Co., Washington, Suksdorf.
2. BERGIA, L. (Peter Jonas Bergius, Swedish botanist of the 18th cen-
tury.) — Mant. ii. 152. — Tropical and subtropical genus. Dehiscence generally
septicidal. But in the N. American species,
§ BerG&LA, with dehiscence septifragal, the firm portions remaining attached
to the placentiferous axis. Habit of B. ammanioides, &c.— Hlatine, subg.
Bergella, Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 219, t. 96. Bergella, Schnizl. Ic. t. 219.
B. Texana, Sevsert. Annual herb, a span toa foot high, branched from the base, puberu-
lent: stems glandular-pubescent, very leafy: leaves obovate-oblong or spatulate with taper-
ing base, an inch or half inch long, veiny, serrulate: flowers fascicled in the axils,
short-pedicelled: sepals almost 2 lines long, acuminate, equalling the white or whitish
petals: stamens either 5 or 10: seeds oblong, a little curved, obscurely clathrate-reticulate
under a lens. — Seubert in Walp. Rep. i. 285; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 80. By error
“ B. Americana, Seubert,” Wats. Bot. King Exp. 45; Gray in Hall, Pl. Tex. 5. Merimea
2Texana, Hook. Ic. t. 278. Elatine Texana, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 678; Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt.
2,187, & Gen. Ill. (subg. Bergella) 1. c. Bergella Texrana, Schnizl. 1. c.— Sandy banks of
streams, W. Texas (first coll. by Wright) and Arkansas ;? also W. Nevada, various parts of
California, and on the Columbia River; apparently a recently dispersed weed.
OrpvDER XXIII. HYPERICACE
By J. M. CouitTer.
Herbs or shrubs with opposite entire leaves dotted with pellucid spots or dark
glands, and no stipules. Flowers perfect, regular, hypogynous, solitary or
cymose. Sepals 4 or 5, imbricated in bud, herbaceous and persistent. Petals
4 or 5, mostly convolute in bud, deciduous, and yellow or flesh-color. Stamens
usually numerous and 3- or 5-adelphous, occasionally with alternating glands ;
anthers 2-celled, longitudinally dehiscent, mostly versatile. Carpels 2 to 5,
united to form a l-celled or more or less perfectly 3-5-celled ovary, which
contains numerous anatropous ovules; styles as many as the carpels, slender,
distinct or more or less united. Fruit (in ours) a septicidal capsule; seeds exal-
buminous; embryo usually straight. — A small order, but represented in all
temperate and warmer regions. Its close relationship to Guttifere has suggested
its inclusion in that order, from which it differs in its often herbaceous habit,
comparatively thin leaves, perfect flowers, and filiform styles.
1. ASCYRUM. Sepals 4, very unequal, the outer pair very broad, the inner much smaller.
Petals 4, very deciduous. Stamens numerous, distinct or slightly united at base, with no
1 Also at Sta. Monica, Calif., Dr. Hasse, and near Great Falls, Montana, acc. to R. S. Williams,
Bull. Torr. Club, xix. 194.
2 Also in Missouri and Indian Territory, Bush, and Kansas, fide Hitchcock.
Ascyrum. HYPERICACEZ. 283
interposed glands. Ovary strictly 1-celled, of 2 or 3, very rarely 4 carpels; styles distinct
or united below; stigmas not capitate. Capsule ovoid.
2. HYPERICUM. Sepals 5,! approximately equal. Petals 5, deciduous or marcescent.
Stamens usually numerous and 3- or 5-adelphous, with or without interposed glands. Ovary
of 3 to 5 carpels, l-celled or more or less completely 3-5-celled; styles 3 to 5, distinct or
united even to the apex; stigmas often capitate. Capsule conical to globose or oblong.
1. ASCYRUM, L. St. Perer’s-wort. (“Aokvpov, used by Dioscorides
for a plant presumably of this order.) — Low suffruticose leafy and smooth plants,
with small black-dotted leaves, and nearly solitary light yellow flowers on bibrac-
teolate pedicels. A genus of four or five species, peculiar to E, North America,
the West Indies, and Central America, but represented in Asia by a single
species of the Himalaya region. The propriety of a generic separation from
Hypericum is very doubtful. — Gen. no. 607; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 156, 671;
Gray, Gen. Il. i. 211, t. 91; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 164, excl. syn. Jsophyllum ;
Coulter, Bot. Gaz. xi. 79; Engler in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 6,
208, excl. syn. Lsophyllum.
* Diffuse: leaves narrowed at base, not clasping: inner sepals very small or obsolete:
petals about as long as outer sepals: styles 2, distinct or united.
A. pumilum, Micux. Low, 3 to 9 inches high, with spreading branches which are some-
what two-edged and winged above: leaves linear-oblong to oval, sometimes spatulate or
narrowly obovate, 2 to 4 lines long, about a line wide: pedicels 3 to 6 lines long, bibracteo-
late near the base, becoming more or less reflexed: inner sepals obsolete or nearly so: petals
obovate, little longer than the ovate acute or obtuse outer sepals: styles as long as the
ovary. — Fl. ii. 77; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 156. A. pauciflorum, Nutt. Gen. ii. 15; Chois. in
DC. Prodr. i. 555. — Dry ground, Georgia and Florida.
A. hypericoides, L. Taller, becoming 2 feet high or more, from decumbent and branched
at base to somewhat erect and branched above: leaves oblong, varying between narrowly
linear and narrowly obovate, 3 to 18 lines long, 1 to 4 lines wide, more or less plainly
biglandular at base: pedicels 1 to 3 (rarely reaching 6) lines long, bibracteolate close to the
flower: outer sepals ovate or cordate-ovate, obtuse or acute; inner sepals evident, petaloid:
petals linear-oblong to narrowly obovate: styles short. — Spec. ii. 788. A. Cruz-Andree, L.
Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1107, and of authors. A. multicaule, Michx. Fl. ii. 77.— Damp ground and
banks of streams, or dry thickets and woodlands towards the south, from Massachusetts
(Nantucket) to Florida, Illinois, and Texas, and extending to the West Indies, Mexico, and
Central America. Among the extreme southern and southwestern forms there appear
some with unusually narrow or short leaves, but they cannot be separated even varietally
from the ordinary type, and the attempt to maintain two distinct species seems untenable.
In any event, the North American plant should bear its original Linnean name as above.
* * Erect and stouter: leaves broader and thicker, more or less clasping: inner sepals 3
to 6 lines long, sometimes as long as the outer, seldom petaloid: petals mostly much
longer than the outer sepals: styles 3 (rarely 4), generally distinct.
A. stans, Micux. Stems 1 to 2 feet high, simple or branched above, conspicuously two-
edged and even winged: leaves oblong to oval, varying to obovate, closely sessile and
somewhat clasping, $ to 2 inches long and 3 to 8 lines wide: pedicels 2 to 6 lines long,
bibracteolate near the middle: outer sepals ovate to orbicular-cordate ; inner ones lanceo-
late: styles short. — Michx. in Willd. Spee. iii. 1473, & Fl. ii. 77; Chois. in DC. Prodr. i.
555; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 157; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 212, t. 91.—Sandy ground in the Atlantic
and Gulf States, from New Jersey to Texas. The leaves vary widely, but the usual size
is about an inch long and 5 to 6 lines in width.
A. amplexicatile, Micnx. With the general habit of A. stans: leaves ovate-cordate,
often broadly so, clasping, half inch or more long and nearly as wide: pedicels 2 to 6 lines
1 One anomalous species (7. microsepalum) is 4-merous,
284 HYPERICACEX. Hypericum.
long, with very small bractlets near the base or none: outer sepals ovate-cordate, resembling
the leaves; inner ones linear-lanceolate: styles about as long as the ovary. — Fl. ii. 77;
Torr. & Gray, Fl.i. 157. A, Cubense, Griseb. Plant. Cub. 40. Hypericum tetrapetalum, Lam.
Dict. iv. 153. —Low ground, Georgia and Florida. (Also Cuba.)
2. HYPERICUM, Tourn. Sr. Jonn’s-worr. (An ancient Greek name.)
— Herbs or shrubs, with cymose yellow or flesh-colored flowers, and more or
less black-dotted and pellucid-punctate sessile leaves. Very variable in size of
leaves, sepals, and flowers. A genus of about 200 species, widely distributed
but chiefly in north temperate regions. In North America almost exclusively
restricted to the Atlantic region. — Inst. 254, t. 1381; L. Gen. no. 606; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 157, incl. Hlodea ; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 213, t. 92, 93; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. i. 165; Coulter, Bot. Gaz. xi. 81, incl. Hlodea; Keller in Engl. & Prantl,
Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 6, 208. Sarothra, L. Gen. ed. 6, no. 383. Isophyllum,
Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, v. 367. Hlodea, Juss. Gen. 255, not Michx.
Elodes, Adans. Fam. ii. 444. Triadenum, Raf. Med. Repos. hex. 2, v. 352.
There are at least thirty-five additional generic synonyms.
H. setésum, L. Spec. ii. 787, H. evArum, Ait. Kew. iii. 104, and H. TRIPLINERVE,
Vent. Hort. Cels. t. 58, all credited to North America, should be excluded, since the first
proves to be a complex founded upon descriptive phrases, and the other two are Old World
species.!
§ 1. IsopHtiium, Spach (as genus). Sepals and petals 4 (occasionally 5) :
stamens numerous and distinct, with no interposed glands: styles 3, at first united
into a long sharp beak, becoming distinct: capsule 1-celled, with projecting pla-
cent : branching shrubs, with yellow flowers. — Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, v. 367.
H. microsépalum, Gray. Decumbent or erect, half to a foot high or more: leaves very
small, oblong-linear and obtuse, 3 to 4 lines long and hardly a line wide: flowers showy,
about an inch. broad, clustered at the summits of the branches: sepals slightly unequal,
linear to oblong, mostly obtuse, much shorter than the somewhat unequal petals: capsule
oblong-ovate, 2 to 3 lines long; seeds oblong, minutely striate and pitted. — Gray in Wats.
Bibl. Index, 456 ; Coulter, Bot. Gaz. xi. 82. Ascyrum microsepalum, Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
157; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 212; Chapm. Fl. 39. sophyllum Drummondii, Spach, 1. c. 368. —
Georgia and Florida. A species distinctly intermediate between Ascyrum and Hypericum,
and referred to either genus by botanists. Its association with Ascyrum, however, depends
only upon the usually 4-merous flowers, while in every other feature it is distinctly a
Hypericum.
§ 2. Hypéricum proper. Sepals and petals 5, the latter deciduous or marces-
cent, convolute in zstivation : stamens mostly numerous, either distinct or united
at the very base into 3 or 5 clusters, and with no interposed glands: styles 3 to 5,
distinct or united; stigmas often capitate: capsule 1-celled, or 3-5-celled: shrubs
or herbs, with yellow flowers.
* Stamens very numerous, either distinct or united into sets.
+ Styles 5, united below, distinct above; stigmas capitate: capsule 5-celled: tall perennial
herbs with large leaves and flowers.
H. Ascyron, L. Usually branching above, 2 to 5 feet high: leaves ovate-lanceolate, clasp-
ing, mostly acute, 2 to 5 inches long, about an inch wide, pellucid-punctate with elongated
dots: flowers 1 to 2 inches broad, solitary at the ends of branches and in terminal cymes:
sepals lanceolate to ovate, acute, 4 to 6 lines long: capsule ovoid-conical, 9 lines long; seeds
1 For fuller statement see Bot. Gaz. xi. 82.
Hypericum. HYPERICACES. 285
nd
terete, with a slightly winged rhaphe.—Spec. ii. 783; Maxim. Pl. Nov. Asiat. iv. 162.
H. pyramidatum, Ait. Kew. iii. 103; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 158. H. ascyroides, Willd. Spec.
iii. 1443 ; Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 545. H. macrocarpum, Michx. FI. ii. 82. —In the Atlantic
region as far south as Connecticut and Pennsylvania, and extending westward to Missouri,
Minnesota, and the Winnipeg Valley, and doubtless farther northwest. (Throughout N. E.
Asia, and in Eu.)
+ + Styles united into a long sharp beak, finally becoming distinct ; stigmas minute, not
capitate : more or less shrubby plants.
++ Styles usually 5 and capsule 5-celled : bushy shrubs with crowded leaves.
H. Kalmianum, L. A foot or two high: leaves linear to oblanceolate, tapering at base,
1 to 2 inches long, 2 to 4 lines wide, pellucid-punctate with round dots, glaucous beneath:
cymes few-flowered: sepals lanceolate to oval, half as long as the petals: capsule ovate,
about 3 lines long, often somewhat lobed ; seeds abruptly and minutely pointed. — Spec. ii.
783; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 86, t.13; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 158.— Rocky and sandy shores,
Canada, Niagara Falls, and about the Great Lakes. The capsules may be 4- or 6-celled, but
the 5-celled condition is by far the most common.
H. lobocarpum, Garrincer. A shrub 5 to 7 feet high, with upright branches: leaves
linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, 1 to 3 inches long, 3 to 9 lines broad, with smaller ones
in axillary fascicles : flowers numerous, smaller than in the last (usually resembling those of
H. densiflorum) : sepals linear-lanceolate, not foliaceous: capsule 2 to 3 lines long, lanceo-
late and tapering to the long strong beak, completely 5-celled and deeply 5-lobed, in most
cases the five carpels almost distinct, and at maturity falling away separately from the
central axis. — Bot. Gaz. xi. 275.— Oak barrens of Middle and Western Tennessee, Gat-
tinger, Western Mississippi, Stewart, and Southern Louisiana, Daves, and probably through-
out the Lower Mississippi region. The type specimens were growing in a swampy region
difficult to penetrate. In size and general habit the plant closely resembles H. densiflorum,
with perhaps even denser flower clusters; but the flowers may become almost as large as
those of H. Kalmianum and H. prolificum, which latter species it very closely resembles as
to its leaves. It is impossible to distinguish the species from forms of H. prolificum and
H. densiflorum in the absence of capsules. Certain forms also resemble H. fasciculatum in
their narrow, rigid, and very revolute leaves, and in the axillary fascicles.
++ ++ Styles usually 3 and capsules completely 3-celled : branching shrubs.
H. prolificum, L. Leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, narrowed at base, mostly
obtuse and mucronulate, 1 to 3 inches long, 3 to 9 lines broad, with axillary fascicles of
smaller ones: flowers numerous, 4 to 1 inch broad: sepals unequal, foliaceous, lanceolate to
ovate, mucronate, much shorter than the petals: capsule lanceolate to ovate, 4 to 6 lines
long. — Mant. 106; Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 547; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 159, excl. var. y.
H. rosmarinifolium, Torr. & Gray, 1. c., not Lam. Myriandra ledifolia, Spach, 1. ¢. 365. —
From New Jersey to Georgia, Alabama, Arkansas, Missouri, and Minnesota. The leaves
are exceedingly variable in size, often resembling those of the next species, especially at
the south, but the flowers and capsules are much larger and much fewer. Flowers with
four styles are occasionally found, making the separation from the last two species difficult.
H. densifidrum, Pursu. More shrubby and taller, sometimes 5 to 6 feet high, much
more branching: leaves more crowded, narrower and shorter: flowers much more numerous
and smaller: sepals smaller, not foliaceous : capsule ovate, 2 to 3 lines long. — FI. ii. 376 ;
Chois.l.c. H. galioides, Pursh,1.c., not Lam. ? H. prolificum, var. y, Torr. & Gray, 1. ec.
H. prolificum, var. densiflorum, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 84. Myriandra_ spathulata, Spach, 1. ¢. —
From the pine barrens of New Jersey to Florida, Tennessee, Arkansas, and Texas.
Occasional forms with large leaves closely simulate the last species, but the flowers and
capsules can be distinguished easily. Four and even five styles sometimes occur, but the
flowers upon any plant are prevailingly 3-styled, and even the 5-styled capsules are distinct
from those of H. lobocarpum, which are narrow and relatively long, tapering from the base
to the prominent beak, besides being very deeply lobed.
H. Buckléii, M. A. Curtis. Low, } to 1 foot high, widely branching from the base:
leaves oblong, obtuse, narrowed at base, 4 to 1 inch long, 2 to 4 lines broad, paler beneath
286 IYPERICACEZ. Hypericum.
and more or less black-dotted : flowers solitary (sometimes in threes) and terminal, on long
peduncles, about an inch broad: sepals obovate, not half so long as the petals: capsule
conical, 4 to 5 lines long. — Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 1, xliv. 80; Chapm. FI. 39. — Cliffs, moun-
tains of North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia. ‘The original form of the specific
name is that given above, and not H. Buckleyi, as commonly printed.
++ ++ ++ Styles 3: capsule 1-celled, or almost 3-celled by the projecting placentx: shrubby
at least at base.
= Placentx projecting nearly to the centre of the ovary.
a. Sepals broad, ovate, foliaceous: flowers large and showy, solitary or in leafy cymes:
leaves rather broad and somewhat coriaceous: shrubby.
H. atireum, Barrram. Widely branched above, 2 to 4 feet high: leaves oblong, more or
less attenuate at base, obtuse or acute, 1 to 3 inches long, 3 to 9 lines broad: flowers often
solitary, 1 to 2 inches broad, very showy: sepals very unequal, often enclosing the capsule:
petals orange-yellow, firm, reflexed: stamens excessively numerous: capsule ovate-conical,
not lobed, 3 to 5 lines long. — Travels, 383; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.161. H. frondosum, Michx.
FL ii. 81; Chois. in DC. Prodr.i. 544. H. ascyroides, var. B, Poir. Suppl. iii. 694. H.amanum,
Pursh, 1. c. 375; Nutt. Gen. ii. 16; Chois. 1. c.— South Carolina and Georgia to Tennessee,
Alabama, and Texas. The leaves and sepals vary much in size, certain mountain forms
having leaves closely resembling those of H. prolificum.
H. myrtifé6lium, Lam. More or less branching: leaves cordate-oblong, clasping, obtuse
(rarely acute), $ to 1 inch long, 3 to 6 lines broad, those of the cyme usually much smaller:
flowers less than an inch broad, in compound cymes: sepals resembling the leaves, often
larger than the floral bracts, often reflexed: capsule as in the last, but coriaceous and 3- or
4-lobed or -angled. — Dict. iv. 180; Chois. 1. c. 547; Torr. & Gray, l.c. 161. H. glaucum,
Michx. Fl. ii. 78; Chois. lc. H. rosmarinifolium, Chois. 1. ¢c., not Lam. H. sessiliflorum,
Willd. in Spreng. Syst. iii. 346; Torr. & Gray, lc. 166. Myriandra glauca, Spach, 1. ¢. —
From South Carolina to Florida and Alabama.
b. Sepals small, very narrow: flowers small, axillary and terminal: leaves narrow and
much fascicled in the axils: shrubby and branching.
H. fasciculatum, Lam. One to ten feet high: leaves very narrowly linear and revolute,
coriaceous, crowded, closely sessile, not tapering at base, 2 to 8 lines long: sepals resembling
the leaves: capsule 3-lobed, oblong-conical to ovate-conical, few-seeded, a line or two long.
— Dict. iv. 160; Chois. 1. c. 554; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 160. H. nitidum, Lam.1.c. #H. as-
palathoides, Willd. Spec. iii. 1451; Pursh, 1. c. 376. H. fasciculatum, var. aspalathoides,
Torr. & Gray, l. c. 672. Myriandra nitida, brachyphylla, & galioides of Spach, 1. c.— Wet
pine barrens, North Carolina to Florida, Louisiana, and Eastern Texas. Very variable in
length of leaves, the rather striking short-leaved forms being the var. aspalathoides, although
they represent Lamarck’s type material of the species. Certain large forms, four to ten
feet high, with unusually long leaves, appear quite distinct, but they are connected with the
shorter-leaved forms by a complete intergradation.
H. galioides, Lam. Like the last, but leaves longer and broader, linear-lanceolate to oblanceo-
late, generally mucronate, always tapering at base and subpetiolate, not so revolute, } to 3
inches long, as many lines wide: sepals linear-lanceolate, acute, tapering at base. — Dict. iv.
161; Chois. lc. 550; Torr. & Gray, Fl.i.159. H.azillare, Lam.1.¢, not Michx. H. fascicu-
latum, Michx. in Willd. Spee. iii. 1452, not Lam. HH. ambiguum, Ell. Sk. ii. 30; Torr. & Gray,
1. ¢. 162,673. HH. galioides, var. ambiguum, Chapm. F1.40. Myriandra Michauxii, Spach, 1. ¢.
— Wet ground, Delaware to Florida, East Tennessee, and Louisiana. In general H. fusci-
culatum and H. galioides may be distinguished from each other easily, the leaves being of
entirely different types, but narrow-leaved forms of the latter species often become perplex-
ing except to one very familiar with the group. The leaves of this species range from these
very narrow forms to the broad ones which stand for the variety ambiguum. These large-
leaved plants are recorded as becoming as much as 12 feet high. These two species bear
much resemblance to H. /obocarpum, which has the leaves of both and the same deeply lobed
capsule.
Hypericum. HYPERICACEZ. 287
c. Sepals small : flowers small, in naked cymes: leaves rather broad, thin, and veiny : some-
what shrubby at base, a foot or two high, simple or branching.
H. adpréssum, Barron. Leaves linear-lanceolate to narrowly oblong, mostly acute,
usually ascending, about 2 inches long, 3 to 4 lines broad, revolute, pellucid-punctate with-
out black dots, translucently veiny : cymes leafy only at base, dichotomal flowers mostly
very short-pedicelled : sepals linear to lanceolate, acute, to } as long as the petals, often
reflexed : capsule ovate to oblong, about 2 lines long; seeds oblong. — Fl. Philad. ii. 15
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 159. H. Bonapartee, Barton, Fl. N. Am. iii. 95, t. 106. H. fastigiatum,
Ell. Sk. ii. 31; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 166. H. adpressum, yar. fastigiatum, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.
673. — Moist ground, Massachusetts to New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Georgia.
H. nudifidrum, Micux. Leaves thinner, ovate-lanceolate or oblong, obtuse, 2 to 3 inches
long, 4 inch broad, pellucid-punctate and with very small crowded black dots: cymes pedun-
culate, naked at base, loosely flowered, dichotomal flowers pedicelled: sepals variable, linear
to oblong, about 4 as long as the petals: capsule ovate-conical, about 3 lines long; seeds
cylindrical, with prominent rhaphe. — Michx. in Willd. Spee. iii. 1456; Torr. & Gray, l. c.
162. H. cistifolium, Coulter, Bot. Gaz. xi. 86, not Lam.— From North Carolina through
the Gulf States to Texas. The more naked cymes, and the broader leaves with their very
numerous and crowded black dots, serve to distinguish this species easily from the last.
= = Placentx projecting a little, or not at all: sepals unequal.
a, Leaves mostly linear, with rather large and scattered pellucid dots: flowers in somewhat
leafy-bracted cymes: capsule conical or globose; seeds large, oval, strongly rugose
transversely.
H. cistif6lium, Lam. Simple or branched, 1 to 3 feet high: leaves linear to narrowly
oblong, mostly obtuse, 2 to 3 inches long, 3 to 6 lines wide: cyme loosely flowered, dichot-
omal flower mostly sessile: sepals varying from small and linear to ovate and as long as
the petals : capsule from depressed-globose to ovoid, about 2 lines long; seeds with rhaphe
almost winged. — Dict. iv. 158, not Coulter, Bot. Gaz. xi. 86. H. rosmarinifolium, Lam. 1. e.
159, not Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 159. H. spherocarpum, Michx. F1.ii.78 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 163
(spheerocarpon) ; Coulter, 1. c. 87:— Rocky banks of the Ohio and its tributaries, southward
to Arkansas and Alabama. The large and rough seeds are the most characteristic ones of
the genus, and serve to distinguish the species readily from any others likely to be con-
founded with it.
H. dolabrifoérme, Vent. Low, straggling, 4 to 14 feet high: leaves linear (rarely nar-
rowly oblong-linear), widely spreading, an inch or less long, 1 to 2 lines broad, mostly acute:
cyme usually few-flowered, dichotomal flower pedicelled : sepals large and foliaceous, lanceo-
late to ovate, acute or acuminate, as long as the petals: capsule ovate-conical, coriaceous,
almost triquetrous, about 3 lines long. — Hort. Cels. t. 45; Pursh, lL ¢c. 378; Chois. 1. ¢. 547;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 162. H. procumbens, Desf. in Willd. Spec. iii. 1450; Michx. FI. ii. 81;
Pursh, 1. ec. 379; Chois. 1. ec. — Dry sterile hills, Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri.
b. Leaves oblong, obtuse: flowers in nearly naked cymes: capsule ovate; seeds oblong,
minutely striate and pitted.
H. opacum, Torr. & Gray. One to four feet high: leaves linear-oblong, about 1 inch
long and 2 to 4 lines wide, closely sessile, pellucid-punctate with minute crowded dots, often
rusty beneath: flowers 3 to 5 lines broad, in divaricate cymes, the dichotomal flowers mostly
sessile: sepals oblong to obovate, about half as long as the bright yellow petals: capsule 2
to 3 lines long. — Fl. i. 163. HZ. punctulosum, Bertol. Misc. Bot. xiii. 18, t. 3, f. 2. HH. cisti-
folium, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 674, not Lam.— South Carolina and Georgia to Florida and
Mississippi.
H. ellipticum, Hoox. Mostly herbaceous, 10 to 20 inches high: leaves elliptical-oblong,
sessile or tapering at base, 4 to 14 inches long, 3 to 5 lines broad, pellucid-punctate with
large scattered dots, translucently veiny: flowers 4 to 6 lines broad, occasionally 4-merous,
in few-flowered cymes, the dichotomal flowers pedicelled : sepals mostly foliaceous and spread-
ing, oblanceolate to narrowly obovate, usually shorter than the pale yellow petals: capsule
as in the last. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 110; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 164. H/. spherocarpum, Barton,
rete) HYPERICACEA. Hypericum.
Fl. Philad. ii. 14, not Michx. — Moist ground, from Canada to Pennsylvania and westward
to Minnesota and the Winnipeg Valley.
+ + + Styles 3 or 4, very long, distinct and spreading, with capitate stigmas: capsule
ovate, strictly 1-celled, a line or two long: simple or branching herbs, 1 to 3 feet high, with
ascending sessile or clasping leaves, and the uppermost branches of the cyme bearing
alternate distant flowers.
H. virgatum, Lam. Leaves ovate, oblong-lanceolate, or narrowly oblong, acute, $ to 1 inch
long, 2 to 4 lines wide: flowers bright yellow, 4 to 8 lines broad, in nearly naked cymes:
sepals lanceolate to ovate, acute or acuminate, keeled below, more or less foliaceous and en-
closing the small capsule. — Dict. iv. 158; Chois. ]. c. 547; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 166. H. an-
gulosum, Michx. in Willd. Spee. iii. 1454; Chois. 1. c. 546; Torr. & Gray, 1. ¢. 164, 673;
Gray, Man. ed. 5, 85. H.. hedyotifolium, Poir. Suppl. iii. 700. — Sandy or rocky ground, from
the pine barrens of New Jersey to the mountains of Georgia, Tennessee, and Kentucky.
The species is quite variable in the size and form of its leaves, but the general type is oblong-
lanceolate, about an inch long and three lines broad. The following varieties can be recog-
nized usually without difficulty :
Var. ovalifolium, Brirron. Leaves oval to obovate, not more than twice as long as
broad, mostly obtuse, rather strictly erect or almost appressed. — Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. ix.
10.— Pine barrens of New Jersey. The short broad usually erect and distant leaves give
to the plant an aspect quite different from that of the more southern species. Apparently
the common form of the New Jersey pine barrens, the species proper appearing with great
distinctness only farther south.
Var. acutif6lium, Courter. Usually taller and more branching, with leaves linear-
lanceolate, tapering to a very acute apex, an inch or more long, and a line or two broad. —
Bot. Gaz. xi. 106. H. acutifolium, Ell. Sk. ii. 26; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 167.— From South
Carolina to Florida.
H. pil6sum, Watt. Scabrous-tomentose, mostly simple: leaves ovate-lanceolate, strictly
erect or even appressed, 4 to 6 lines long, | to 2 lines wide, sometimes much reduced : flowers
3 to 5 lines broad, in few-flowered cymes: sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute: petals more than
twice as long, involute when old. —Car. 190; Chois. 1. c. 549; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 163;
H. setosum, L. Spec. ii. 787, as to Clayton’s plant in Gronov. Virg. 88. H. simplex, Michx. FI.
ii. 80; Chois. 1. ¢. Ascyrum villosum, L. Spec. ii. 788. — Wet pine barrens, South Carolina
to Florida and Louisiana. :
+ + + + Styles 3, long, distinct, and usually spreading, with capitate stigmas: capsule
ovate, 3-celled, more or less covered with amber-colored glands and exhaling a heavy odor
when crushed: petals marcescent: whole plant (including petals and anthers) more or
less black-dotted: herbs, with rather large leaves and flowers, the petals much longer
than the sepals.
++ Eastern species: plants 1 to 4 feet high: capsules mostly not lobed.
H. perrorAtum, L. Much branched (usually a leafy branch in the axil of every leaf of the
primary stem) : leaves linear to oblong, obtuse, mostly tapering at base, } to 1 inch long, 1
to 5 lines wide: flowers numerous in loose cymes, about an inch broad: sepals linear-lanceo-
late, very acute or acuminate: petals bright yellow, black-dotted along the margin: capsule .
conical-ovate, 2 to 3 lines long. — Spec. ii. 785. — Common everywhere in old fields as a weed
difficult to extirpate. (Nat. from Eu.)
H. maculatum, Watt. Simple below, more or less branched above, conspicuously dotted
all over: leaves oblong- to lance-ovate, or even cordate-ovate, obtuse or acute, more or less
clasping, sometimes tapering at base, 1 to 3 inches long, 4 to 9 lines broad: flowers smaller,
3 to 6 lines broad or even less, usually crowded: sepals lanceolate to ovate, acute: petals
pale yellow, with black lines as well as dots: capsule conical-ovate, 2 to 3 lines long, often
thickly covered with conspicuous amber-colored glands. — Car. 189; Michx. Fl. ii. 80; Torr.
& Gray, Fl.i. 161, 673; Coulter, Bot. Gaz. xi. 107. H. Virginicum, Walt. 1.¢., not L. H.
punctatum, Lam. Dict. iv. 164; Chois. 1. c. 547; Reichenb. Ic. Bot. Exot. i. 61, t. 88. HH. co-
rymbosum, Muhl. in Willd. Spee. iii. 1457; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 160; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 85.
H. micranthum, Chois. Prodr. Hyper. 44, t. 5; Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i. 109. — From Canada
Hypericum. HYPERICACEZ. I89
and Minnesota to Florida and Texas. Exceedingly variable in foliage and in habit.
Mountain forms are sometimes strictly simple, while in the southwest forms oceur with
almost the same branching habit as in H. perforatum.
H. gravéolens, Bucxtrey. Simple or somewhat branched above: leaves large, elliptical-
oblong, obtuse, closely sessile or clasping, 2 to 3 inches long, about an inch wide: flowers
usually an inch or more broad, in few-flowered cymes: sepals lanceolate, very acute: petals
very scantily black-dotted, if at all: capsule somewhat lobed, ovate, 3 to 5 lines long. — Am.
Jour. Sci. ser. 1, xlv. 174. Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 214, t. 92. — Mountains of S. W. Virginia and
North Carolina.
++ ++ Western species: plants 3 inches to 2 feet high: capsules 3-lobed, 3 to 4 lines long:
petals bright yellow, often tinged with purple, with a few black dots along the margin.
H. formosum, HBK. From running rootstocks, simple or somewhat branching, often
with numerous small branchlets, 3 to 2 feet high, usually conspicuously black-dotted along
margins of leaves, sepals, and petals, and upon anthers: leaves ovate-oblong, obtuse, more or
less clasping, about an inch long and half inch or more broad, those of the branchlets much
smaller and often tapering at base: flowers 3 to 1 inch broad, in loose corymbs: sepals lan-
ceolate to ovate, obtuse or acute. — Noy. Gen. & Spec. v. 196. H. Scouleri, Hook. Fl. Bor.-
Am.i.111; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 160. H. formosum, var. Scouleri, Coulter, 1. c. 108.~—
Throughout the whole mountain region of western North America. The separation of a
northern form, H. Scouleri, from the Mexican H. formosum seems to be entirely untenable.
Certain forms of the Pacific and Great Basin regions, with narrow leaves tapering at base,
approach the following species, which may be but a variety.
H. concinnum, Benru. Somewhat shrubby and branching at base, 3 to 18 inches high,
black-dotted as in the last, but often scantily so, very leafy : leaves thickish, linear to oblong,
usually not clasping, commonly folded, 3 to 1 inch long or more, 1 to 4 lines broad, acute:
flowers over 1 inch broad, few, in rather close clusters at summit of stem: sepals ovate,
mucronate-acute or very acuminate, longer than the capsule. — Pl. Hartw. 300; Brew. &
Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 81. H. bracteatum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 65.— Apparently
restricted to the drier mountain regions of Central California. While the lower and more
shrubby habit, and the narrower and acute not clasping leaves usually distinguish this species
easily from the last, there are forms with the leaves narrow and acute, but more or less
clasping, which are still clearly H. concinnum, although not so easily distinguished.
* * Stamens 5 to 20, mostly in 3 clusters: styles 3 (sometimes 2), short, distinct ; stigmas
capitate: capsules ovate to conical, one-celled : small and slender annuals, with very small
flowers, and petals shorter than the sepals.
+ Procumbent or ascending, or forming dense mats, diffusely branching: leaves rather
broad, obtuse, clasping: capsule a line or two long.
H. anagalloides, Cuam. & Scutecut. Often forming dense mats: stems an inch to a
foot long: leaves oblong to broadly ovate, or even orbicular, very obtuse, 5- or 7-nerved at
base, 2 to 6 lines long and almost as broad: flowers 3 to 4 lines broad, in few-flowered naked
or leafy cymes: stamens 15 to 20: sepals foliaceous, unequal, lanceolate to broadly ovate,
longer than the ovate capsules. — Linnea, iii. 127; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 167, 674. 4H. mu-
tilum, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 46. — Wet grounds, from Lower California to Brit. Columbia,
and extending eastward into Montana. The Pacific representative of the next species, which
it approaches too nearly in certain forms. Both are very closely allied to the Asiatic /.
Japonicum, Thunb., and all three may constitute but one specific type. An erect form from
a decumbent base, with leaves equalling or exceeding the internodes, and a terminal cyme
on a short naked peduncle, has been set apart by Professor E. L. Greene as var. Nevadense
(Fl. Francis. 113).
H. mitilum, L. Like the last, but more erect and diffusely branching, 3 inches to 2 feet
high: leaves oblong or ovate, or even orbicular, $ to 1 inch long, 2 to 4 lines broad, 5-nerved
at base: flowers in very loose leafy cymes: stamens 6 to 12: sepals linear to lanceolate,
usually shorter than the oblong or ovate capsule. — Spec. ii. 787; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 164.
FI. quinquenervium, Walt. Car. 190; Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 550; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 110.
H. parviflorum, Willd. Spee. iii. 1456; Pursh, Fl. ii. 377. H. stellarioides, HBK. Nov.
19
290 HYPERICACEZ. Hypericum.
Gen. & Spec. v. 196. H. boreale, etc., Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 218, in part. — Can-
ada and Minnesota to Florida and Texas. (Adj. Mex.) In some cases the cymes become
almost or even entirely naked, and such plants are apt to be confused with the next species.
However, the widely spreading inflorescence, or at least the oblong or ovate capsule,
will serve to separate them from A. gymnanthum with its strict cymes and ovate-conical
capsules. Certain forms throughout the Gulf States, from Florida to Texas and Mexico,
with open cymes inclined to be naked and unusually large foliaceous sepals, may represent
a worthy variety.
+ + Almost simple, with strict stems and branches: flowers in naked cymes: sepals linear
to linear-lanceolate, acuminate.
H. gymnanthum, Enerm. & Gray. One to three feet high: leaves cordate-ovate, clasp-
ing, often quite distant, 3 inch or more long, 5- or 7-nerved and 3 to 5 lines wide at base,
tapering to an acute or obtuse apex : flowers in strict mostly few-flowered elongated cymes:
stamens 10 to 12: sepals 1 to 2 lines long, about equalling the ovate-conical capsule. — Pl.
Lindh. pt. 1,4; Walp. Ann. ii. 188. A. mutilum, var. gymnanthum, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 86.—
From Delaware and adjacent Pennsylvania to Southern Illinois, Arkansas, Louisiana, and
Eastern Texas. Ascherson and Uechtritz refer this species to H. Japonicum, Thunb., but it
seems to be very distinct. If the Asiatic species occurs in our flora at all, it is under the
name H. anagalloides.
H. Canadénse, L. From an inch or two to a foot or more high: leaves linear to linear-
lanceolate, mostly tapering to the sessile 3-nerved base, 4 to 1 inch long or more, 1 to 2 lines
wide: flowers in rather loose cymes: stamens 5 to 10: capsule very acutely conical, 2 to 3
lines long, longer or shorter than the sepals. — Spec. ii. 785; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 89; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 165. HZ. thesiifolium, pauciflorum, & Moranense, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec.
v. 192,193. H. Canadense, var. minimum, Chois. in DC. Prodr. i. 550.— Wet sandy soil,
from Canada to Georgia, and westward to Nebraska, Dakota, and the Winnipeg Valley, and
doubtless extending to the Pacific; alsoin Texas. (Mex.) Exceedingly variable in size,
but usually distinguishable by its slender habit, and narrow and often reduced leaves,
which mostly taper at base. In certain situations all the forms develop reduced rounded
and more crowded leaves below. It seems impossible to distinguish clearly the varieties
ordinarily recognized, but disregarding intergrading forms two extreme variations may be
defined as follows:
Var. majus, Gray. Stems much stouter and usually much taller: leaves larger, 1 to
2 inches long, 4 to 6 lines broad, lanceolate, 5- or 7-nerved at base, more or less clasping,
often very acute: flowers in larger more crowded cymes: sepals long-pointed: capsules
larger. — Man. ed. 5, 86. HH. majus, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 225. — Ranges with the
species ; also in Washington, Piper. In certain regions it seems worthy of specific rank, but
in large series of specimens the intergradation is complete.
Var. boreale, Brirron. Dwarf, 1 to 3 inches high, simple and few-flowered: leaves
oblong, obtuse, 4 to 5 lines long, 1 to 2 lines broad, the lower ones smaller and more crowded,
oval or orbicular.— Bull. Torr. Club, xviii. 365. H. Canadense, var. minimum, Coulter,
Bot. Gaz. xi. 110, and most American authors, not Chois. H. boreale, & H. mutilum, var.
boreale, Bicknell, Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 213, in part. — Throughout Canada and the North-
west Territory, and extending into the United States about Lake Superior; also on wet
grounds in the Dells of the Wisconsin, Lapham.
+- + + Bushy-branching, with rigid erect black-dotted stems and branches: leaves very
slender and rigid or minute, erect or appressed: flowers scattered along the upper part of
leafy branches.
H. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Stems and alternate branches rather stout, 10 to 30
inches high: leaves linear-subulate, erect, } to 1 inch long, one-nerved ; flowers pedicellate:
stamens 10 to 20: capsule ovate, about 2 lines long, not longer than the sepals ; seeds large,
oval, strongly ribbed and transversely lacunose, — Fl. i. 165. Sarothra Drummondii, Grey.
& Hook. Bot. Mise. iii. 236, t. 107.— In dry soil, from Georgia and Florida to Texas, and
extending northwest through the states of the Mississippi Basin into Illinois.
H. nudicatile, Warr. Stem and opposite branches filiform and wiry, 4 to 20 inches high,
with the awl-shaped leaves so minute and appressed as to appear naked: flowers very small,
Hypericum. TERNSTREMIACEZ. 291
mostly sessile: stamens 5 to 10: capsule very acutely conical, 1 to 3 lines long, much longer
than the sepals; seeds very much smaller than in the last, oblong, minutely striate and
pitted. — Car. 190. H. setosum, L. Spec. ii. 787, as to Pluk. syn. H. Sarothra, Michx. FI.
ii. 79; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 165; Gray, Gen. Ill. i. 214, t. 93, & Man. ed. 5, 86. H. gentia-
noides, Britt. Sterns & Poggenb. Prel. Cat. N. Y. 9. Sarothra gentianoides, L. Spee. i. 272.
S. hypericoides, Nutt. Gen. i. 204; Barton, Fl. N. A. iii. 59, t. 92.— Dry sandy soil, Canada
to Florida, and west to Illinois, Arkansas, and Texas.
§ 3. Exopia, Spach (as genus). Sepals and petals 5, the latter deciduous,
imbricate in estivation: stamens 9 (rarely more), strongly triadelphous, three
large orange-colored glands alternating with the phalanges: styles 3, distinct ;
stigmas not capitate: capsule elongated-oblong, 3-celled: perennial herbs, in
marshes or shallow water, with small close clusters of flesh-colored flowers in the
axils of the leaves at the summit of the stem. — Hist. Veg. v. 363.
H.Virginicum, L. Mostly simple, 1 to 2 feet high: leaves oblong to ovate, very obtuse or
emarginate, clasping by a broad base, about 14 inches long and 3 inch broad, glaucous beneath
and black-dotted: axillary flower-clusters at the ends of elongated branches: sepals lanceo-
late to ovate: filaments united below the middle: capsule 4 to 5 lines long.— Syst. Nat. ed.
10, 1184, & Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1104; Chois. 1. c. 546. H. campanulatum, Walt. Car. 191. H.
emarginatum, Lam. Dict. iv. 154. Elodea Virginica, Nutt. Gen. ii. 17; Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
167; Gray, Gen. Il. i. 216, t. 94. E. campanulata, Pursh, FI. ii. 379; Coulter, Bot. Gaz. xi.
111. Elodes Virginica, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 86. EH. campanulata, Wats. & Coulter in Gray,
Man. ed. 6, 95.— Apparently throughout the British possessions, and extending south-
ward in the Atlantic region to Florida and Louisiana, and in the interior to Minnesota.
(KE. Asia.)
H. petiolatum, War. Resembling the last, but usually taller and more branching :
leaves 2 to 5 inches long, } to 1 inch broad, tapering to a sessile base or petioled, not so
glaucous or black-dotted beneath: axillary flower-clusters almost sessile: filaments united
about to the middle. —Car. 191. H. axillare, Michx. FI. ii. 81. H. paludosum, Chois. 1. e.
546. *%H. tubulosum, Walt. Car. 191; Chois. lc. lodea petiolata, Pursh, Fl. i. 379 ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 168. %H. tubulosa, Pursh, 1. c.; Nutt. 1. c.; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 168.
Elodes petiolata, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 86.— From Virginia to Florida, Louisiana, Arkansas,
and Tennessee.
OrveR GUTTIFERH. CLtsia FLAVA, L., was in the collection made on Key
West, many years ago, by Blodgett, probably a chance tree: not since met with.
OrpER XXIV. TERNSTRCMIACE A.
By A. Gray.
a
Showy shrubs or trees (American and E. Asiatic) ; with alternate and simple
pinnately veined leaves; no stipules; the flowers hypogynous, hermaphrodite,
polyandrous and otherwise mostly 5-merous throughout; with imbricated sepals
and petals. Stamens monadelphous or pentadelphous at base, where the short
tube or ring or the phalanges are connate with base of petals; anthers 2-celled
and opening lengthwise. Fruit capsular, commonly woody, the cells few-seeded ;
seeds with a large embryo and little or no albumen, — Contains the Camellia,
Tea-Plant, and the two following genera, of the Tribe Gordoniee.
1. STUARTIA. Calyx 1-2-bracteolate, of 5 or 6 ovate or narrower sepals. Petals as
many, rounded-obovate, erose-crenulate, united at base by union with the monadelphous
999, TERNSTREMIACEZ. Stuartia.
ring of the filaments. Ovules a pair in each of the 5 cells, ascending, anatropous. Capsule
loculicidally 5-valved ; seeds lenticular, with crustaceous coat; embryo straight, with oval
plane cotyledons and slender caulicle, nearly the length of the albumen.
2. GORDONIA. Calyx imbricately 3-4-bracteolate, of 5 rounded coriaceous and concave
canescent sepals. Petals 5, silky-tomentulose externally. Stamens 5-adelphous. Style
columnar; stigma 5-lobed; ovules 4 to 8 in each cell, anatropous, resupinate-pendulous.
Seeds winged or wingless, destitute of albumen; embryo straightish, oblique, with the
broad and thin cotyledons somewhat undulate-plicate, much longer than the caulicle.
1. STUARTIA (at first written Srewartra), L. (John Stuart, Marquis of
Bute, statesman and botanist.) — Showy-flowered shrubs (two of E. United States
and one or two peculiar ones in Japan), more or less pubescent with soft and sim-
ple hairs ; with oval and petiolate barely serrulate deciduous leaves, and short-
peduncled or subsessile mostly solitary axillary or subterminal flowers. Petals
white or cream-color.— Act. Ups. 1741, 79, t. 2 (Catesb. Car. ii. App. 113, t. 13),
& Gen. ed. 4, no. 1025; L’Her. Stirp. Nov. vi. 153, t. 73, 74 (with correct orthog-
raphy and the two species); Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 223; Gray, Gen. III. ii. 97,
t. 138, 1389. Malachodendron, Mitchell, Act. Phys.-Med. Acad. Nat. Cur. viii.
App. 216. Stewartia & Malachodendron, Cav. Diss. v. 802, 303 ; Juss. Gen. 292,
245 3)Lam. 4), ni. t: 5933. DC. Prodr. 1. 528.
§ 1. Srudrtra proper. Styles wholly combined and a 5-crenulate stigma:
sepals and petals only 5: capsule very woody, globular; seeds marginless,
smooth and shining. — Gray, 1. c. 99.
S.* Malachodéndron, L.! Shrub 6 to 12 feet high: leaves soft-pubescent beneath, as
also the rounded sepals: petals inch or two long: stamens purple: — Spec. ii. 698 (Malaco-
dendron) ; Marsh. Arbust. 149; L’Her. 1. ¢. t. 73; Walt. Car. 176; Audubon, Birds Amer.
t. 17; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 224. S. Virginica, Cav. Diss. v. 303, t. 159; Michx. Fl. ii.43; DC.
Prodr. i. 528; Gray, Gen. Il. ii. 99, t. 138; Garden, xxxiv. 280, with fig. S. Marilandica,
Donn, Cat. Hort. Cantab. ed. 3, acc. to Andr. Bot. Rep. vi. t. 397. S. nobilis, Salisb. Prodr.
Stirp. 386.— Woods in the low and middle country, Florida and Louisiana to N. Virginia
and W. Arkansas; fl. spring.
§ 2. MaLacHopénpron, Gray, 1. c. Styles distinct, slender ; stigmas in-
trorse-subcapitate: petals often 6: capsule ovate-pyramidal and pointed, less
woody ; seeds dull, wing-margined. — Malachodendron, Cav. 1. c. 302.
S. pentagyna, L’Her. Pubescence of longer and sparser more deciduous hairs, and
leaves larger than in the preceding (5 or 6 inches long): sepals acute: stamens pale. —
Stirp. Nov. vi. 155, t. 74; Nouv. Duham. i. 15, t. 6; Smith, Exot. Bot. ii. t. 110; Torr. &
Gray, 1. c.; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 8918; Gray, Gen. IIl. ii. 100, t. 139.2 S. montana, Bartr.
Tray. 334. Malachodendron ovatum, Cay. Diss. t. 158, f. 2; Michx. 1. c.; am. 1. ¢.; Lindl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1104. MM. pentagynum, Chois. Mém. Ternst. 49. Cavanilla florida, Salisb.
Prodr. Stirp. 385. — Woods, mountains of Carolina, Georgia, and adjacent Tennessee and
Kentucky ; fl. early summer.
2. GORDONIA, Ellis. Losioriy Bay. (Dr. Garden, who sent the origi-
nal spécies to Ellis, desired the genus to be named in honor of Dr. James Gordon
of Aberdeen, his preceptor, but Ellis, in correspondence with Linnzus, substi-
tuted James Gordon, a well known London nurseryman of that day.)—~ Shrubs or
1 This name has been altered from S. Virginiea on grounds of priority. The coincidence of the
specific name with that of the subsequently applied sectional name Malachodendron is unfortunate, but
scarcely forms a valid reason for discarding the former.
2 Add Sargent, Gard. & For. i. 415.
Gordonia. CHEIRANTHODENDREZ. 293
small trees (of E. United States and Asia), with mostly coriaceous leaves, naked
leaf-buds, showy axillary or subterminal flowers, and white petals. — Phil. Trans,
Ix. 520, t. 11; (Catesb. Car. i. t. 44); L. Mant. ii. 556; Gray, Gen. Il. ii. 101,
t. 140-142.1
§ 1. Gorpont proper. Filaments short, on the summit and inner surface
of five thickened disk-like lobes which are confluent at base into a cup or ring:
petals well united at base: capsule pointed with the base of the short style ;
valves entire; seeds 4 or by abortion 2 in each cell, pendulous from its inner
angle toward the base, membranaceous-winged upward. — Gray, 1. ¢.
G. Lasianthus, Ettts,1.c. 523. (LOBLOLLY Bay.) Tree 60 to 80 feet high, or arbo-
rescent shrub : leaves subsessile, lanceolate to oblong with tapering base, firm-coriaceous,
callous-serrulate, shining, 4 to 6 inches long, the veins inconspicuous : flowers rather long-
peduncled: petals concave, often 2 inches long: capsule ovoid, canescent. — L. Mant. ii.
570; Cav. Diss. vi. 307, t. 161; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 668; Lam. III. iii. t. 594; Nouv. Duham.
ii. t. 68; Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 131, t. 1 (Zasyanthus); Audubon, Birds Amer. t.
168; Gray, l.c.2 G. pyramidalis, Salisb. 1. c. 386. Hypericum Lasianthus, L. Spec. ii. 783.
— Swamps, near the coast, Virginia to Florida and Mississippi; fl. early summer.
§ 2. Franxvinia, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 223. Filaments elongated, in 5
distinct clusters, each directly adnate to the base of one. of the nearly distinct
petals: style slender, deciduous ; ovules 6 or 8 in each cell, downwardly imbri-
cated: capsule globular, obtuse, loculicidally 5-valved from apex to below the
middle, and then septicidally from base upward; seeds closely packed on the
salient axile placentz, angled by mutual pressure, wingless or nearly so; embryo
unknown: leaves deciduous. — Gray, 1. c.
G. pubéscens, L’Her. Tree or tall shrub: leaves submembranaceous and veiny, obovate-
spatulate, serrulate, canescently puberulent beneath, tapering at base, short-petioled, 5 to 10
inches long: flowers subsessile, as large as of preceding and more open. —Stirp. Nov. vi.
156; Lam. Dict. ii. 770; Cay. Diss. vi. 308, t. 162; Vent. Malm. t. 1; Michx. f. Hist. Arb.
Am. iii. 135, t. 2; Audubon, Birds Amer. t. 185; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 223; Gray, Gen. Ill.
t. 142, & 141 in part. G. Franklini, L’Her. 1. c.4 Franklinia Altamaha, Marsh. Arbust.
49; Bartr. Tray. 16, 467. Michauxia sessilis, Salisb. 1. ce. 386. Lacathea florida, Salisb.
Parad. Lond. t. 56. — Near Fort Barrington on the Altamaha River, coll. Bartram, but not
since found : now known only in cultivation; fl. summer.
ORDER XXV. CHEIRANTHODENDREZ.
By A. Gray.
Trees or shrubs, with rusty furfuraceous-tomentulose stellular pubescence,
alternate palmately lobed leaves, small caducous stipules, and hermaphrodite
terminal flowers simply pentamerous throughout, but apetalous. Calyx deeply
5-parted, colored but persistent, strongly quincuncial-imbricated, within more or
less nectariferous-pitted at base, subtended by 38 caducous or deciduous bractlets.
1 Add syn. Lasianthus, Adans. Fam. ii. 398.
2 Add Sargent, Silv. i. 41, t. 21.
8 Add Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, 194, t. 47.
4 Add syn. G. Altamaha, Sargent, Gard. & For. ii. 616, & Sily. i. 45, t. 22.
294 CHEIRANTHODENDRES. Fremontia.
Stamens 5, alternate with the sepals and monadelphous; anthers adnate-extrorse,
2-celled, the cells parallel and more or less elongated, opening lengthwise.
Ovary 5-celled (rarely and casually 4-celled), with numerous horizontal anatropous
ovules in the axis; a single filiform style terminated by a minute undivided
stigma. Capsule hispid, loculicidally 5-valved; seeds rather large, oval or
obovoid, with crustaceous naked testa, and a straight embryo nearly the length
of the fleshy albumen; the cotyledons broadly oval and foliaceous, plane except
some incurving of the margins; radicle short. Pollen-grains smooth, somewhat
trigonous, delicately reticulated. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 203. — Consists
of the Mexican Hand-tree ( Cheiranthodendron, Larreat., Cheirostemon, Humb. &
Bonpl.) and the following.
1. FREMONTIA, Torr. (The discoverer, Gen. John Charles Frémont,
distinguished Western explorer.) — Bractlets (8, sometimes 5?) minute, caducous.
Sepals plane and thin (not carinate), roundish, rotately spreading in anthesis.
Stamens regular; filaments at base obscurely adnate to the bottom of the calyx,
monadelphous to or above the middle ; anthers elongated-oblong, emarginate at
both ends, adnate to a small and narrow inconspicuous connective; the cells
reniform-incurved and at length contorted or flexuous, obscurely camerate and
sausage-like. Capsule ovoid, firm-coriaceous; seeds smooth and not appen-
daged. — Pl. Frém. in Smiths. Contrib. vi. 5, t. 2, not of Emory Rep.; Hook. f.
Bot. Mag. t. 5591; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 212, 982; Masters, Gard. Chron.
1869, 610, & Seem. Jour. Bot. vii. 298; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 88; Gray,
]. c. 304.7
F. Califérnica, Torr. l.c.6. Branching shrub or arborescent, 4 to 20 feet high, with
hard wood and dark-colored bark: leaves subcoriaceous, round-cordate to round-ovate,
moderately 3-5-lobed or -cleft, tawny-canescent or ferruginous beneath, the larger 2 inches
wide: flowers short-peduncled on very short lateral branches: calyx nearly glabrous,
accrescent, thin, wholly light yellow in anthesis, becoming 2 or 3 inches in diameter, mar-
cescent in age, within hairy at base and with a small nectariferous pit: capsule inch long,
hispid with short pungent hairs ; the cells villous within. — Cheiranthodendron Californicum,
Baill. Hist. Pl. iv. 70, but genera quite distinct.2— California, on dry hills, chiefly of the
lower western slopes of the Sierra Nevada, from Hunt’s Val., Lake Co., Bolander, south-
ward ; fl. spring; first coll. by F’rémont.
OrpER XXVI. MALVACE.
By A. Gray; the genera Anoda, Wissadula, Malachra, and Cienfuegosia revised
by B. L. Rosrnson.
Herbs or soft-wooded shrubs or even trees, with bland mucilaginous juice,
tough fibrous inner bark, alternate and mostly palmiveined stipulate leaves and
usually stellate or fasciculated pubescence. Flowers usually hermaphrodite,
polyandrous and monadelphous, with calyx valvate and corolla convolute in the
1 Add Garden, xxix. 8, t. 525, xxxili. 562, 566 ; Sargent, Silv. i. 47, t. 23.
2 Add syn. Fremontodendron Californicum, Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 74.
MALVACES. | 295
bud, both 5-merous, the petals united at very base and adnate to tube of filaments
(column). Anthers reniform and 1-celied, dehiscent round the convex side;
pollen-grains hispidulous. Gyncecium oligo—polymerous ; seeds amphitropous,
with little albumen or none; embryo incurved, and broad foliaceous cotyledons
variously plicate or contortuplicate. Peduncles axillary; pedicels often articu-
lated with the peduncle or under the calyx. Calyx persistent, often subtended
by an involucel like an accessory calyx, sometimes called an epicalyx. — A readily
distinguished and well defined order. The tropical suborder Bombacee consists
of trees.
TrisE I. MALOPE, with indefinitely numerous 1-seeded carpels congested with-
out order or in a 5-lobed head, has no N. American representatives. Malope mala-
coides, L., a European annual, sometimes cultivated in gardens, is in Walter’s
Flora, probably by mistake; and Elliott’s plant, from his own account and
opinion, was a mallow. Kitaibelia, of Hungary, is in gardens.
Trine Il. MALVEA. Carpels as many as the style-branches and stigmas,
crowded or combined in a single series around a central axis from which they
commonly separate at maturity, 1-few-ovulate. Stamineal column antheriferous
at the summit.
Subtribe I. Eumatve. Style-branches filiform, longitudinally stigmatose ante-
riorly. Carpels numerous or rarely few, mostly reniform and indehiscent, contain-
ing a solitary peritropous-ascending ovule and reniform seed.
* Stamens simply monadelphous: flowers (hermaphrodite) involucellate under the calyx
by three or more bractlets, except in some species of Callirhoé.
1. MALVA. Involucel of 3 or rarely 2 distinct small bractlets. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals obcor-
date or deeply emarginate. Mature carpels round-reniform, beakless, much compressed,
cohering in a depressed circle around the axis (which is not expanded or enlarged at top),
at length separating from it and from each other. Herbs, of the Old World.
2. ALTHAA. Involucel of several (6 to 9 or more) bractlets more or less gamophyllous
at base. Flowers and fruit of Malva.
3. LAVATERA § Saviniona. Involucel of 3 more or less gamophyllous bractlets. Petals
reflexed after anthesis, emarginate or truncate, unguiculate. Stamineal column elongated.
Axis of fruit with more or less conical top. Carpels beakless. Shrubby. Flower-stalks
articulated above the middle.
4. CALLIRHOE. Involucel 1-3-phyllous or wanting. Petals cuneiform or flabelliform,
the broad truncate summit erose-denticulate. Mature carpels (10 to 20) straightish or little
incurved, compressed, more or less beaked or apiculate, the incurved short beak in typical
species with cavity separated from that containing the seed. Perennials with thick and
farinaceous napiform or fusiform root, one or two species excepted.
* * Stamens more or less united into phalanges in a double series: flowers hermaphrodite
or by abortion of stamens sometimes dicecio-polygamous, mostly without involucel.
5. SIDALCEA. Calyx 5-cleft or -parted. Petals commonly emarginate or truncate.
Stamineal column in the typical species distinctly double; the exterior series distinctly
below the summit of the common synema and of 5 distinct 4-10-antheriferous phalanges ;
inner or terminal series of about 10 mostly 2-antheriferous phalanges, or irregularly more
or less geminate stamens. Carpels 5 to 9, reniform, at maturity separating from a persistent
axis, then more lacerate ventrally, rarely somewhat 2-valved.
* * * Stamens at summit of simple column, not in phalanges: flowers dicecious: no
involucel.
6. NAPAA. Calyx short, not angulate, 5-lobed. Petals obovate, entire. The y flowers
with 15 to 20 stamens in a single series, and a mere rudiment of pistil; the 9 flowers
296 MALVACEZE.
with short column 15-20-toothed and no anthers or bare rudiments. Filiform style-branches
8 to 10. Carpels at maturity separating from very small central axis, beakless, barely
apiculate, hardly at all reniform, chartaceo-coriaceous, smooth, closed, or at length opening
ventrally or even 2-valved ; seed reniform.
Subtribe II. Sirona. (Sidee & Abutilew, Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 47.) Style-branches ter-
minated by a capitate or truncate stigma. Carpels 1-few-ovulate.
* Seeds 1 to 3 in each carpel, reniform, at least the lower from an ascending ovule and the
radicle inferior: calyx usually more or less involucellate-bracteolate.
7. MALVASTRUM. Ovule and seed solitary, conformed to the rounded cavity of the
carpel.
8. SPH ZX RALCEA. Ovules 1 to 3 and seeds 1 or 2 sometimes 3 in each carpel, the cell
of which is more or less extended and empty above, usually rugose-reticulated below.
9. MODIOLA. Ovules and seeds 2, one in each compartment of the transversely septate
carpel; radicle in both seeds inferior or descending. Stamens only 10 to 20, all at very
apex of the column, when only 10 indistinctly collected in five 2-antheriferous phalanges,
the additional stamens when present singly interposed.
* * Seeds solitary or few in each carpel, at least the lower one resupinate-pendulous,
turgid, usually obscurely and obtusely trigonous or cordiform; the radicle in pendulous
seeds superior or ascending: no involucel under the calyx or (in one section of Sida) this
. represented by 1 to 3 setaceous deciduous bractlets: carpels tardily if at all deciduous at
maturity, not rarely hanging for some time by a thread or dorsal partly detached nerve.
+ Carpels 3-ovuled, 1-2-seeded ; lower part in fruit strongly reticulate, upper scarious, in
the manner common in Spheralcea.
10. HORSFORDIA. Upper pair of ovules abortive, or all three fertile. Carpels 8 to 12,
disjoined at maturity, early 2-valved above, converting the upper and usually empty scarious
portion into a pair of erect and somewhat spreading wings, which equal or exceed the firm
reticulated basal portion. Shrubs.
+ + Carpels l-ovuled, the cell usually filled by the seed.
11. ANODA. Ovule and seed resupinate-horizontal or in some pendulous. Carpels 5 to 20,
mostly radiate-divergent in a depressed capsule which breaks up at maturity, the partitions
or sides of the carpels evanescent or obliterated, the firmer dorsal and superior portion
(commonly bearing a divergent cusp) partly embracing the (naked or arilliform-coated)
turgid seed. Calyx usually explanate under the fruit.
12. SIDA. Ovule and seed pendulous. Carpels with enduring walls, not divergent, either
pointless or with single or geminate erect or incumbent cusps or awns.
+ + + Carpels 2-9-ovuled, 1-9-seeded; their summits or cusps (if any) usually di-
vergent.
13. WISSADULA. Carpels 5, transversely and imperfectly bilocellate or constricted in
the middle; upper and divergent portion 2-valved, containing one or two ascending or
horizontal seeds (rarely seedless) ; lower subclavate, mostly with a single pendulous seed.
14. ABUTILON. Carpels 5 to 30, homomorphous and continuous, 3-9-ovuled, tardily if at
all separating, apically and dorsally dehiscent or at length 2-valved.
Trise III. URENEZX. Carpels or cells of the ovary 5, half as many as the style-
branches and capitate stigmas, opposite the petals, uniovulate. Stamineal column
antheriferous along the upper part, but not at the truncate or 5-toothed summit.
Seeds ascending; radicle superior.
* Carpels dry, akene-like, separating at maturity, with or without a narrow axis.
15. MALACHRA. Flowers several and sessile in a capitate or glomerate leafy-involucrate
cluster. Calyx not involucellate, 5-cleft, the lobes 3-nerved. Stamineal column short, bear-
ing about 20 stamens near its naked apex. Mature carpels oboyoid and ventrally angulate,
pointless and naked, somewhat dehiscent ventrally.
Maiva. MALVACES. 297
16. URENA. Flowers often glomerate but not involucrate, each involucellate by a whorl of
5 partly united bractlets, connate with base of calyx. Stamineal column short. Mature
carpels indehiscent, glochidiate over the entire surface.
17. PAVONIA. Flowers pedunculate. Calyx involucellate by a whorl of 5 to 15 narrow
bractlets. Stamineal column either rather short or elongated. Carpels (in ours indehis-
cent) rounded, either muticous and unarmed or 1-3-awned, these awns or spines sometimes
retrorsely barbed or glochidiate.
* * Carpels combined into a globular drupaceous berry, in age the nutlets becoming dry
and separating.
18. MALVAVISCUS. Calyx involucellate with 7 to 12 narrow bractlets. Petals unequal-
sided, strongly convolute, and with a lateral lobelet or auricle below, which holds them erect
in anthesis. Stamineal column long and slender, exserted, sparsely antheriferous.
TrispE IV. HIBISCE®. Carpels or cells of the ovary (8 to 10) of the same number
as the style-branches and stigmas. Fruit a loculicidal capsule; cells opposite the
sepals when of the same number; no central column. Stamineal column antherif-
erous along the upper part, but not at the truncate or 5-toothed summit. Stigmas
capitate or capitellate.
* Style-branches distinct and spreading: seeds mostly reniform.
19. KOSTELETZEKYA. Bractlets of the involucel several or sometimes nearly wanting.
Ovary 5-celled, a solitary ascending ovule in each cell. Capsule depressed, saliently 5-angled.
20. HIBISCUS. Bractlets of the involucel several, sometimes few or almost wanting.
Ovary and capsule 5-celled ; the cells (rarely 2-locellate by a false partition) 2-many-ovuled,
few -many-seeded.
* x Style undivided, bearing 3 to 5 sessile stigmas at the mostly thickened summit: seeds
not reniform ; cotyledons much conduplicate and crumpled.
21. THESPESIA. Involucel of 3 to 5 small and narrow commonly deciduous bractlets.
Calyx truncate or tardily 5-lobed. Capsule nearly indehiscent, woody-coriaceous, 5-celled,
few-seeded. Cordate-leaved trees.
22. CIENFUEGOSIA. Involucel of few or several small or narrow bractlets, or nearly
obsolete. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Capsule loculicidal, of 3 or 4 or rarely 5 cells and valves,
few-seeded ; cotyledons not dark-dotted. Shrubby or suffrutescent.
23. INGENHOUZIA. Involucel of 3 triangular-lanceolate entire herbaceous bractlets,
persistent. Calyx saucer-shaped, truncate. Stigma obscurely 3-lobed. Capsule globular,
coriaceous, 3-celled, 3-valved; valves partly villous inside ; seeds 5 to 8 in each cell, tomen-
tulose-puberulent and glabrate ; cotyledons dark-dotted.
24. GOSSYPIUM. Involucel of 3 ample and cordate laciniate or dentate foliaceous
bractlets distinct or united at base, persistent. Calyx truncate or 5-lobed. Stigmas and
valves and cells of the capsule 5, rarely fewer; seeds numerous, very long-woolly, rarely
naked ; cotyledons dark-dotted.
1. MALVA, Tourn. Mattow. (The ancient Latin name.) — Inst. 94,
in part; L. Gen. no. 557; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 207.1— Herbs, summer-
flowering, with rose-colored or white petals. A genus of the Old World, which,
now expurgated of heterogeneous elements (Gray, Gen. IIl. ii. 46, 49, t. 116),
should the rather include the two following, these differing only in unessential
and varying particulars.
* Flowers only from upper axils, surpassing the subtending leaves, forming a somewhat
racemose or paniculate inflorescence at the summit of stem and branches: petals much
longer than calyx : stems erect from a perennial root: radical leaves cordate-rotund and
little lobed ; cauline deeply cleft or dissected : escaped from cultivation.
1 Add EK. G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxviii. 242.
298 MALVACEZ. Malva.
M. moscuAta, L. (Musk Matitow.) Pubescent with spreading mostly simple hairs: lower
(rarely all) leaves suborbicular, rather shallowly incised ; middle and upper cauline leaves
deeply 5-parted and the divisions palmately or pinnately parted into linear lobes: carpels in
fruit rounded on the back, very hairy. — Spec. ii. 690.1 — Waste-grounds and roadsides,
near dwellings occasionally. (Nat. from Eu.) In Maine called Musk Rose.
M. Aucga, L. Pubescence short and stellular: cauline leaves 5-parted into oblong or broadly
linear and barely incised divisions: flowers larger: carpels glabrous. — Spec. ii. 689.—
Roadsides in a few places, E. New England and Michigan. (Nat. from Eu.)
% * Flowers fascicled in the axils of most of the leaves, surpassed by their long petioles :
leaves round-cordate or reniform and merely obtusely lobed: root annual or biennial.
+ Flowers large and showy, 1} to 2 inches in diameter: bractlets rather broad, oblong or
ovate-lanceolate.
M. sytviésrris, L. 1. c. (HigH Maritow.) Hairy: stem erect, a foot to a yard high:
leaves 5-7-lobed: flowers an inch or more in diameter, generally mauve- or reddish-purple :
carpels about 10, reticulate-rugose on the back and with angled edges, glabrous or short-
pubescent. — Roadsides, &c., escaped from cultivation in some places. (Nat. from Eu.)
+ + Flowers smaller: bractlets narrower, lanceolate to oblong-linear.
M.* verticirrAta, L. 1. c. Erect subsimple or branching mostly smoothish annual with
large shallowly 5-7-lobed crenate leaves: flowers subsessile, purplish or nearly white: calyx
tending to close in fruit: carpels at maturity scarcely reticulated, the transverse ridges
starting at the edges not branched and not attaining the fine straight rarely obscure mid-
nerve. — A troublesome weed in gardens about Middlebury, Vt., Brainerd. (Adv. from
Asia, N. Afr.)
M.* crispa, L. (Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1147), the CurteD Maxiow of the gardens, near
which it is sometimes spontaneous, a species of uncertain nativity, is perhaps, as originally con-
ceived by Linnzus (Spec. ii. 689), merely a variety of the preceding, from which it differs
chiefly in the more finely crenulate and undulate leaf-margins.
M. rorunpiroxia, L. (Common or Dwarr Ma.tow.) Pubescent or almost glabrous:
stems procumbent from a large and deep firm root: leaves rounded, slightly 5-7-lobed,
crenate: corolla barely half inch in diameter, surpassing the calyx, pale: carpels about 15,
puberulent and rounded but not reticulated on the back. — Spec. ii. 688; Gray, Gen. III.
ii. t. 116.— A common weed, extending across the continent, especially abundant in the
Atlantic States and northward; fl. spring to autumn. (Nat. from Eu.)
M.* parvirLora, L.? Glabrous or sparsely hairy: stems erect or ascending from an annual
root: leaves somewhat angulate-lobed: pedicels short: calyx larger than in the preceding
or with broader lobes, widely spreading under the fruit: carpels glabrous, sharply and
transversely reticulate-rugose on the back, the margins of which are somewhat winged and
denticulate. — Diss. Dem. Pl., Ameen. Acad. iii. 416; DC. Prodr. i. 433; Jacq. Hort. Vind.
t. 39; Greene, W. Am. Sci. iii. 155. MV. borealis, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 15, & Gen. Ill. t. 116, f. 5,
6; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 83, at least in great part; Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. |
i. 31, ii. 36; not Liljebl. MW. rotundifolia (borealis), Fries, Novit. ed. 2,218. M. obtusa, Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 225. — Abundant on the Pacific Coast from Brit. Columbia to S. California
and Mexico, east to Texas; also locally established in waste places in the Atlantic States.
(Nat. from Eu.?) Varying greatly in size, and under the most favorable circumstances, as
in S. California, attaining gigantic stature for an annual.
M.* pusfira, Smith. Similar in habit and foliage to the last preceding species: calyx-lobes
mostly closed over the fruit: pedicels usually somewhat longer, tending to be reflexed in
fruit: carpels dorsally rugose-reticulate, at first tomentulose, later nearly or quite glabrate ;
margins obscurely if at all denticulate, not at all winged. — Eng. Bot. t. 241. M. parviflora,
1 The M. Alcea of Rand & Redfield’s Fl. Mt. Desert is an exceptional form of M. moschata, with
none of the leaves deeply cleft.
2 Dr. Gray did not recognize the American occurrence of this species, which under the name
M. borealis was confused with the next.
Lavatera. MALVACEZ. 299
Huds. Fl. Ang. 307, not L. M. borealis [“ Wallm. in”] Liljebl. Sv. Fl. ed. 3,374; Reichenb.
Ic. Bot. Crit. t. 20; Fl. Dan. t. 1825; E. G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxviii. 341. MM. Nicewénsis,
of several Am. authors, not of Allioni.— Centr. and 8. California, about dwellings, &c., con
siderably less frequent than the last, from which it can sometimes scarcely be distinguished ;
also rarely found on ballast in the Atlantic States. (Nat. from Eu.)
2. ALTH ASA, Tourn. (Ancient Greek and Latin name of Marsu Mat-
Low, from dAGw, to heal.) — Old World herbs; A. RdsEA, Cav., the Hollyhock,
common in cultivation, and the following sparingly naturalized. — Inst. 97; L.
Gen. no. 561.
A. orricinALis, L. (Marsa Matitow.) Perennial from a thick and deep root (which
yields the mucilage for which the plant is officinal), 2 to 4 feet high, branching, tomentose-
canescent: leaves broadly ovate, serrate, partly incised or 3-lobed: peduncles axillary,
short, several-flowered: flowers short-pedicelled: petals pale rose-color, half inch long :
carpels 15 to 20.— Spec. ii. 686; Fl. Dan. t. 530; Woodv. Med. i. t. 53; Torr. & Gray, FI.
i. 229. — Borders of salt marshes, New England and New York, also in a few places west-
ward and southward to Michigan and Arkansas; fl. summer. (Nat. from Eu.)
A.* cannApina, L. (Spec. ii. 686), readily distinguished from the preceding by its digi-
tately 5-parted or -divided leaves, has been found more or less established in vacant lots in
Washington, D. C., G. Oliver (acc. to Holm, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. vii. 40).
8. LAVATERA, Tourn. (Dedicated by Tournefort to one of the family
Lavater, a physician, of Zurich.) — Mém. Acad. Paris, 1706, 86, t. 7; L. Gen.
no. 998; Dill. Cat. Pl. Giss. App. 155, t. 10.'Y— Founded on the common an-
nual L. trimestris, L., of the gardens (§ Stegia, DC.), which has an umbrella-
shaped top to the axis of the fruit. In the other sections of the genus the top is
conical, either large or small. All Old World plants (most of them shrubby),
except the following, of the § Savin16na (Saviniona, Webb & Berth. Phyt. Can.
i. 380), which are insular arborescent shrubs (Canarian and Californian!) with
long-petioled maple-shaped leaves, sinall caducous stipules, and a distinct joint in
the flower-stalk at some distance below the flower.
L. assurgentifiora, Kettoce. Shrub with simple stems, 6 to 15 feet high, soft-puberu-
lent or glabrate, the young parts sometimes canescent: leaves 5—7-cleft, 3 to 6 (or at largest
even 9) inches broad; lobes ovate-triangular, coarsely and irregularly obtusely dentate :
pedicels few in the fascicles or rarely solitary, slender, inch or two long, commonly recurved-
assurgent: bractlets of the 3-parted involucel oblong-lanceolate, shorter than the triangular
moderately accrescent calyx-lobes: petals cuneiform and truncate or obcordate, inch or
more long, mauve-purple and darker-veined ; claw bearded-pubescent at base: colamn gla-
brous: fruit below strongly winged between the carpels and apex not dilated nor exserted ;
mature carpels 6 to 8, turgid, roundish and nearly nerveless on the back, glabrous or almost
so. — Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 11, 14; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 83, ii. 437, — Islands off
the coast of S. California, Anacapa,? San Clemente, San Miguel, &c., and naturalized or
cultivated on the mainland as far north as San Francisco ;° fl. from earliest spring. Near
the Canarian ZL. acer/folia, Cay., and considerably variable.
1 Add E.G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxviii. 210 (et seq.), and for further literature on the origin and
distribution of the Pacific species of this interesting and geographically dissevered genus, see Le Conte,
Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 516; Greene, Gard. & For. iii. 878, 379, & Pittonia, i. 260-263 ; Brandegee,
Zoe, i. 109, 189; Parish, ibid. 300.
2 Upon the smail rocky Island of Anacapa, from which, it is said, the original specimens were
secured, the species has not since been observed and may now be extinct, although found on various
neighboring islands.
3 Mr. T. S. Brandegee (Zoe, i. 189) states that it is cultivated as far north as Mendocino Co., Calif.,
and inland to the foot-hills of the Sierras.
300 MALVACEX. Lavatera.
L. insularis, Watson. Low, cinereous-puberulent: leaves 7-lobed; the lobes roundish-
oval, very obtuse and obtusely dentate: pedicels less than inch long, shorter than the flower,
at length deflexed: bractlets of involucel spatulate, almost distinct, rather shorter than the
flowering and much shorter than the largely accrescent fructiferous calyx: petals spatulate-
obovate, emarginate, inch and a half long, purplish, naked at base of claws: column gla-
brous: fruit nearly of the preceding, of about 10 carpels. — Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 249, & Bot.
Calif. ii. 437. — Coronados Islands near San Diego, 8. California, Cleveland.
L. occrpENTALIS, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 118, 124; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 83,
of Guadalupe Island off Lower California, differs from the last preceding (which may be a
form of it) in the oblong bractlets of involucel more united at base, and a moderately dilated
depressed-conical top to the axis of fruit.
L. ven6sa, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 249, coll. by Dr. Streets on San Benito Island,
Lower California, in incomplete specimens,! has somewhat similar leaves, but slender pedicels
(an inch or two long), oval bractlets of involucel nearly distinct and equalling the calyx,
smaller purple and dark-veiny petals, their claws with hairy tufts at base (in the manner of
the first species), and more compressed carpels with striate-nerved sides.
4. CALLIRHOKE, Nutt. (KadA.6dn, the name of more than one mytho-
logical female.) — E. North American herbs, with mostly showy crimson-purple
or flesh-colored flowers. Cauline leaves palmately or pedately dissected; stipules
free. — Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 181 (on species destitute of involucel); Gray, Pl.
Fendl. 16, & Gen. Ill. ii. 51, t. 117, 118.2 Nuttallia, Bart. Fl. N. A. ii. t. 62;
Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 171, 172.
§ 1. Perennials, some perhaps biennials, with thick and farinaceous napiform
or fusiform root: mature carpels of rounded or subreniform outline.
* Carpels with small and deciduous beak or point, or none, even on the back and the thin
sides not rugose, at length often 2-valved: involucel 3-phyllous: calyx 5-lobed to the
middle: peduncles short, umbellately few-several-flowered : stipules small: root fusiform.
C. triangulata, Gray. Roughish-pubescent, erect, 2 feet high: radical and lower leaves
ovate-lanceolate with deeply cordate base to deltoid or slightly hastate, crenate, rarely in-
cised or pedately cleft; upper cauline variously and often deeply cleft and the lobes narrow,
some pedately hastate: pedicels about the length of the flower: bractlets of involucel
spatulate, rather small, seldom equalling the deltoid-ovate obscurely 1-nerved calyx-lobes:
petals purple, three fourths inch long, the summit repand.— Pl. Fendl. 16, Gen. Il. ii.
t. 118, f. 6, 7, & Man. ed. 5,100. Malea triangulata, Leavenw. Am. Jour. Sci. vii. 62. MM.
FToughtonii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 225, 681. Nuttallia cordifolia, Nutt, Jour. Acad. Philad.
vii. 98. N. triangulata, Hook. Jour. Bot. i. 197.— Sandy barrens and prairies, Alabama and
N. Carolina to Indiana and Minnesota; fl. summer.
* * Carpels indehiscent, with rugose-reticulated back and sides up to the short and broad in-
flexed beak: involucel 3-phyllous, close to the 5-parted calyx : sepals lanceolate, elongated,
3-5-nerved : peduncles elongated, 1-flowered : stipules conspicuous, ovate: perennial root
napiform, large; fl. summer.
C. involucrata, Gray. Hirsute or even hispid: stems procumbent : leaves of rounded out-
line, palmately or pedately 5-7-parted or deeply cleft, and the mostly cuneate divisions in-
cisely lobed, the lobes oblong to lanceolate: peduncles surpassing the leaves: bractlets of
involucel linear to oblong, about half the length of the spreading calyx-lobes: petals com-
monly inch long and crimson-purple or cherry-red, varying to paler, the edge of the broad
summit erose-denticulate: carpels 18 to 25, pubescent externally or the beak hairy, at length
glabrate. — Pl. Fendl. 15, 16, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2,159, & Gen. Ill. t. 117; Meehan, Native
1 This species has since been secured by Lt. Pond and by Dr. Edw. Palmer, whose much better
material fully confirms the characters upon which the species was based. See Greene, Pittonia, i. 261-
263, and Vasey & Rose, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 21.
2 Add E. G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxix. 49.
Callirhoé. MALVACER. 301
Flowers, ser. 1, ii. t. 2; Sprague & Goodale, Wild Flowers, t. 26. C. verticillata, Greenl.
Rey. Hort. 1862, 171, with plate. C. palmata, Buckl. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 449, small
form, pale-flowered.t Nuttallia involucrata, Nutt. ex Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 172. Malva
involucrata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 226; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4681. — Plains, Minnesota, Eastern
Iowa and Nebraska to Texas; fl. all summer. Varies in size and color of flower, hairiness,
and breadth of Jeaf-lobes : passing into
Var. lineariloba, Gray. Less hirsute, or with only close and short pubescence, or
almost glabreus : stems ascending: leaves smaller, inch or two in diameter ; upper or all of
them dissected into linear lobes: corolla pink or lilac, often with white centre: carpels gla-
brate.— Proc. Acad. Philad. 1862, 161. C. lineariloba, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xix. 74.
Malva involucrata, var. lineariloba, Torr. & Gray, 1.c. M. lineariloba, Young, FI. Texas,
180. — Texas, first coll. by Berlandier, then by Drummond. (Mex., Gregg, Palmer,? &c.)
* * * Carpels rugose-reticulated at maturity, the short and broad hollow beak incurved :
involucel none or in C. Papaver 1-3-phyllous: calyx 5-parted, the tapering acute or acu-
minate lobes 3-nerved: peduncles 1-flowered : stipules not large: root napiform.
C. alczoides, Gray. A span to a foot high, erect, strigulose-pubescent or glabrate: radi-
cal leaves oblong- or deltoid-cordate and coarsely crenate or incised, or some pedately 3-5-
parted into oblong or linear divisions or lobes, the middle one longer ; cauline more divided:
peduncles corymbosely approximate at summit of stem, an inch or more long: calyx 3 to 5
lines long: petals half inch or more long, rose-color or pale: carpels disposed to dehiscence.
— Pl. Fendl. 18, & Man. ed. 5,100; Wats. Bibl. Index, 132. C. alcwoides & C. macrorhiza,
Gray, Pl. Fendl. 18, & Gen. Ill. ii. 53. Sida alewoides, Michx. FI. ii. 44 ; Torr. & Gray, FI.
i, 234, 681. Sida macrorhiza, James fide Wats.1.c. Malva pedata, var.? umbellata, Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 227.— Barrens and plains, Tennessee and Kentucky, Michaux, Dr. Currey ;
rare. Nebraska and Kansas to Texas; first coll. by James.
C. Papaver, Gray. Sparsely hirsute or partly glabrous: stems a foot or two high, ascend-
ing, slender, rather naked above: leaves mostly pedately 3-5-parted, the radical into oblong
or lanceolate, and cauline into narrowly lanceolate or linear divisions of about equal length,
the larger ones 2 or 3 inches long: peduncles few, elongated, much surpassing the leaves:
involucel commonly of 3 linear bractlets, often a little remote from calyx, sometimes want-
ing: calyx about half inch long: petals sometimes inch and a half long, erose-denticulate at
broad summit, red-purple. — P]. Fendl. 17, & Gen. Ill. t. 118, f. 5, carpel. Malva Papaver,
Cay. Diss. ii. 64, t. 15, f. 3; DC. Prodr. i. 431; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 226, 681, excl. syn.
M. Nuttalloides, Croom, Am. Jour. Sci. xxvi. 313, & xxviii. 168. Nuttallia Papaver, Gra-
ham, Bot. Mag. t. 3287; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. ser. 2, t. 279. N. grandiflora, Paxt. Mag.
Bot. v. 217, with plate. — Open woods, W. Georgia and Florida to Louisiana and E. Texas;
fl. spring and summer.
C. digitata, Nurr. Sparsely hirsute or mainly glabrous: stem a foot or two high, erect,
few-leaved : leaves palmately or pedately 5-7-parted ; primary radical ones round-cordate,
some with short rounded lobes, others parted into narrow divisions or lobes; the cauline
commonly with narrow linear divisions or lobes (1 to 3 inches long) ; upper ones reduced to
small simple bracts : peduncles subracemose, elongated and filiform: involucel always want-
ing: petals inch long, red-purple (varying to white or violet), the summit fimbriolate. —
Jour. Acad. Philad. ii. 181 ; Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2,160, Pl. Fendl. 17, Pl. Wright. i. 15, & ii.
20; Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 160. Nuttallia digitata, Bart. Fl. N. Am. ii. 74, t. 62;
Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 129; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2612; Hook. Exot. Fl.t.171. WN. palmata,
Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 171. N. pedata, Hook. Exot. Fl. t. 172. (Sida pedata, Nutt. in
herb.) WN. cordata, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1938. Malva digitata & M. pedata (excl. var.),
1 Add syn. C. involucrata, var. palmata, Britton, Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. ix (1890), 183.
2 One of Dr. Palmer's specimens, included by Dr. Gray in var. lineariloba, has subsequently been
described by E. G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxix. 49, as var. TENUISSIMA, Palmer. It was collected in North-
ern Mexico east of Saltillo (not Salt-hills as stated in descr.), and represents an extreme form as to
dissected foliage. Var. Novo-MexicAna, E. G. Baker,’]. c., collected near McNees’s Creek, New
Mexico, Fendler, without number, a form with leaves few-lobed and lobes broadly lanceolate and acute,
represents the other extreme. More ample material of these different forms may well show specific
differences.
302 MALVACEX. Callirhoé.
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 227.—Prairies, &c., Arkansas! to Texas; fl. spring; first coll. by
Nuttall.
§ 2. Annual: carpels short-beaked, densely pubescent: involucel of 3 linear
bractlets.
C.* scabritscula, Ropryson, n. sp. Erect, subsimple, a foot and a half high, covered
throughout with a fine close slightly rough stellate tomentum: leaves suborbicular in out-
line, deeply and palmately 5-cleft ; lobes oblong or lanceolate, entire or few-toothed, obtuse ;
petioles of the lower leaves 3 or 4 inches long, channelled above; the upper leaves shortly
petioled ; stipules lance-linear: peduncles rather rigid, considerably exceeding the subtend-
ing sessile foliaceous 3-5-parted bracts: calyx-lobes lanceolate, acuminate, 3-nerved, 4 or 5
lines long: obovate subtruncate petals more than an inch in length: carpels with lateral
walls often although not always evanescent in manner of Anoda ; styles somewhat persistent.
— Collected on the Colorado River of Texas by Dr. Sutton Hayes (no. 80) while on the El
Paso and Ft. Yuma Wagon Road Exped. A single specimen in herb. Gray.
§ 3. Annual: mature carpels with beak little shorter than the body; the
latter with smooth back, 3-crenate at summit: no involucel.
C. pedata, Gray. Stem erect, a foot or even a yard high, leafy : radical and lower leaves
round-cordate, palmately or pedately 5-7-lobed or -parted and the lobes coarsely toothed or
incised, upper 3-5-cleft or -parted usually into narrow divisions: peduncles longer than the
leaves and somewhat racemose at summit of stem: calyx 5-parted ; lobes triangular-lanceolate
and attenuate, 3-nerved: petals inch or less long, red-purple or cherry-red, varying to lilac,
erose at broad summit: mature carpels straight with the thick beak excised within, more or
less rugulose-reticulated on the sides, somewhat disposed to dehiscence at base. — Pl. Fendl.
17, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 160 (excl. syn. Bart. & Hook.), Gen. Ill. ii. 53, t. 118, Pl. Wright. i. 15, &
ii. 20; Groenl. Rev. Hort. vi. (1857) 429, f. 148. Sida (Nuttallia) pedata, Nutt. in herb.,
apparently, but not NV. pedata, Hook., &c.— Prairies and thickets, common in Texas,? first
coll. by Gerlandier ; fl. spring & summer.
5. SIDALCEA, Gray. (Name compounded of Sida, to which the known
species had been referred, and Alcea, from some general likeness to that genus.)
— Herbs of W. North America, erect; with mostly palmately or pedately parted
or deeply cleft leaves, small stipules, and purple or pink or sometimes white
flowers of moderate size, appearing in spring and summer, mostly collected in
terminal racemes or spikes, not rarely polygamous by the abortion of the anthers ;
the 2 flowers being smaller. Involucels mostly 0, rarely present. Carpels
beakless or with distinct apiculation.— Gray in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 300, PI.
Fendl. 18, & Gen. III. ii. 57, t. 120; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 201.8
§ 1. Annuals, typical species, all Californian, spring-flowering: phalanges
conspicuous.
* Stamineal column conspicuously double ; the five exterior phalanges borne much below
the summit, petaloid-dilated, convolute in estivation, quadrate or oblong, undivided, their
truncate summit 5-10-antheriferous on very short free filaments; interior or terminal
phalanges mostly 10, linear and 2-antheriferous: petals with broad summit minutely erose-
denticulate, bright purple or rose-colored.
+— Carpels dorsally reticulated or favose ; meshes short.
1 Missouri, McDonald Co., Bush, ‘‘ uncommon”’; also reported earlier from Lawrence and Jaspar
Counties by G. C. Broadhead, Bot. Gaz. i. 9.
2 Northward to the Cimarron Val., Ind. Territory, Carleton, acc. to Holzinger.
3 Add Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 409, xxii. 286; Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 74; E. G.
Baker, Jour. Bot. xxix. 51. :
Sidalcea. MALVACEX. 303
S. diploscypha, Gray. Soft-hirsute, and with some fine soft pubescence, a foot or two
high, with spreading branches and racemosely or corymbosely few-flowered peduncles :
leaves round-reniform in outline, earliest merely crenate, the rest 5-7-parted and divisions
mostly 2-3-lobed, lobes and divisions of lower leaves broadish, of upper linear, of the sessile
bracteal ones almost filiform: calyx-lobes lanceolate-subulate: petals inch long: carpels
beakless, depressed- or cochleate-reniform and more or less reticulate-rugose at maturity,
lightly sulcate down the back, at separation leaving behind on the receptacle as many subu-
late obtuse processes of nearly the height of the narrow central receptacle. — Gray in Benth.
Pl. Hartw. 300, Pl. Fendl. 19, & Gen. Il. t. 120, f. 1-6; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 84;
Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 79. Sida diploscypha, Torr. & Gray, F1. i. 234, 682 ; Hook.
& Arn. Bot. Beech. 326, t. 76.— N. and W. California, not uncommon in grain-fields ; first
coll. by Douglas.
Var. minor, Gray. Smaller, the corolla barely inch and a half in diameter, seemingly
deeper-colored and with a dark-purple centre: mature carpels more rugose and turgid. —
Pl. Fendl. 19.1— Valley of the Sacramento, and Lake Co. ; the earliest collectors being F're-
mont and Hartweg.
S. hirstta, Gray. Stem soft-hirsute, at least above, often glabrous below, strict or with
ascending branches, commonly 2 feet high, bearing numerous flowers in dense and rather
short racemes or spikes: cauline leaves palmately or pedately 7-9-parted or -divided into
narrowly linear and entire divisions; lower glabrous; bracts mostly small and inconspicu-
ous: calyx densely cinereous-pubescent and hirsute ; the lobes triangular-lanceolate : petals
inch or less long, light rose-color : carpels at maturity three fourths orbicular or subreniform,
reticulated on the back and sides, ventrally tipped with a soft and hairy erect at length de-
ciduous subulate beak, at separation leaving a scarious portion of insertion on the thickish
receptacle. — Pl. Wright. i. 16; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 72 ; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 410.
S. delphinifolia, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 19, & Gen. IIl. ii. t. 120, f. 10-12; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 300,
not Sida delphinifolia, Nutt. S. Hartwegi, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 84, mainly ; Greene,
Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 78. — Valley of the Sacramento and of the Stanislaus, in low and
wet but soon exsiccated grounds ; first coll. by Hartweg, then by Bigelow.
+ + Carpels dorsally striate-reticulated with long meshes or several-ribbed.
S.* calycoésa, M. E. Jones.2 Like the foregoing, but with broader leaflets and smaller and
less copious flowers : stem pale green or stramineous, covered toward thesummit with sparse
spreading pubescence: stipules ovate, acuminate, large, 3 lines in length, green: inflores-
cences terminal, spicate, short and dense: calyx-lobes ovate or ovate-lanceolate, acuminate
(3 or 4 lines long): mature carpels reniform, striate-nervose on the rounded back, minutely
reticulated on the sides, the slender weak beak evanescent. — Am. Nat. xvii. 875; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 410. — Sonoma Co., on Russian River, M. FE. Jones.
S.* sulcdta, Curran. More slender and branching: stem mostly glabrous, purplish: leaf-
segments narrow: stipules very small, dark reddish, a line in length: inflorescence at length
loose: flowers rather small for the group and of deep color: calyx smaller and less inclined
to become scarious than in the last preceding species: petals reversed-deltoid, 6 or 8 lines in
length and breadth. — M. K. Curran in Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 79. Reduced to
S. calycosa by Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 410, Greene, Fl. Francis. 104, and E. G. Baker,
Jour. Bot. xxix. 51, but apparently distinct. — Central California, Eldorado Co., Mrs. Curran,
Mariposa Co., at White Rock, Congdon, and Marin Co., near Lagunitas Lake, Dr. Merrill.
* * Exterior phalanges closely approximate to the interior at the summit of the column,
2-parted into narrow divisions, each 2-antheriferous; interior phalanges less conspicuous ;
structure therefore similar to that of the ordinary perennial species.
S. Hartwégi, Gray. Slender, paniculately branching, a foot or two high, minutely pubes-
cent: leaves simply palmately or pedately 3-7-parted into linear divisions, or some of these
occasionally 2-3-lobed and broader: flowers few or several and rather loose in short racemes,
minutely bracteate: calyx-lobes lanceolate, attenuate-acuminate: petals half to three fourths
inch long, deep pink-purple: carpels at full maturity reniform-incuryed (at first with basal
1 Add syn. S. secundiflora, Greene, Fl. Francis. 103.
2 Description altered to exclude the next following species.
304 MALVACEX. Sidalcea.
portion straighter), strongly or even favosely rugose-reticulated, closed or slightly open at
ventral base, the small and soft glabrous apiculation evanescent ; some soft thin processes
left on the receptacle. — Gray in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 300, Pl. Fendl. 20, & Proce. Am. Acad.
xxi. 409. S. tenella, Greene, 1. c. partly. — California, with S. hirsuta in the valley of the
Sacramento, also on dry hillsides ; first coll. by Hartweg ; also from Colusa Co. to Mariposa.
Smaller-flowered forms reach extreme in
Var. tenélla, Gray. Slender and more branching, much smaller-flowered: petals
quarter to third inch long, lighter-colored. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 286. S. tenella, Greene,
Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 7.— On the Little Chico, Butte Co., Mrs. Austin. Anthers abortive
and styles very long in some flowers.
§ 2. Perennials, strong-rooted, spring- or mostly summer-flowering, with
flowers in naked (either single or paniculate) terminal spikes or racemes: exte-
rior phalanges closely approximate to the interior or terminal stamens at summit
of the column: petals seldom at all erose or denticulate.
* Phalanges manifest, at least the exterior series, but the membrane often more or less
cleft or parted: leafy-stemmed (except in S. parviflora, var. Thurbert): some or all
of the cordate-orbicular lowest leaves barely crenate-lobed or incised ; the upper cauline
always deeply parted.
+ Corolla uniformly white: anthers bluish.
S. candida, Gray. Glabrous or almost so: stem 2 or 3 feet high from somewhat creeping
rootstocks, leafy to the spiciform inflorescence: radical leaves obtusely lobed or crenate-
incised; cauline (4 to 8 inches broad) 5-7-parted and divisions 2—3-lobed at apex, or upper-
most 3-5-parted into lanceolate entire divisions: calyx-lobes deltoid: petals half inch or
more long: carpels nearly glabrous and smooth (or slightly puberulent and in age obscurely
reticulated on the sides), thin. — Pl. Fendl. 20, 24, & Gen. IIl. ii. t. 120, f. 9 (andreecium) ;
Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 126, t. 2; Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 74. — Along
streams in the higher Rocky Mountains of Colorado, New Mexico, and Utah ; first coll. by
- Frémont.
+ + Corolla rose-color or mauve-purple, rarely a white variety.
++ Herbage cinereous with a short and soft several-rayed stellular pubescence, no hirsute or
hispid hairs.
S. Califo6rnica, Gray. Stems 2 or 3 feet high, erect, bearing a simple loosely-flowered
spiciform raceme: lower leaves 2 or 3 inches broad: calyx-lobes 3-5-nerved, ovate-deltoid
becoming deltoid-lanceolate: petals inch long: young carpels sparsely hispidulous-puberulent
on the back: phalanges of outer series broad and short, truncate, 4—5-antheriferous on short
filaments. — Pl. Fendl. 19, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 286. Sida Californica, Nutt.in Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 233. — Santa Inez Mountains near Santa Barbara, California (abundant in
Mission Cafion and Cassitas Pass) ; first coll. by Nuttall.
++ ++ Herbage green, at least not cinereous: coarser pubescence when present of simple or
geminate or few-rayed stellular hairs: species difficult to discriminate, apparently more
or less confluent.
= Mature carpels when dry rugulose-reticulated, at least on the sides, mostly on the back
also (sometimes smooth or nearly so in S. Oregana): petals (except in S. Oregana & S.
parviflora) half inch to full inch long. 4
S. malveeflora, Gray. Hirsute or stems and petioles even hispid with few-rayed and some
simple spreading hairs, but hardly any minute stellular pubescence: stems ascending or
erect from decumbent base, 8 inches to 2 feet high (or rarely more) from a thick stock or
root, simple and bearing simple loosely few-many-flowered spiciform racemes: petals about
inch long: lobes of fructiferous calyx from deltoid-ovate to lanceolate: mature carpels
lightly rugulose-reticulated, when young almost smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 409, & xxii.
286, not of earlier publications, except as to syn. Sida malveflora, DC. S. humilis, Gray,
Pl. Fendl. 20; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 84; Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 75.1 Sida
1 Add syn. S. delphinifulia (and var. humilis), Greene, Fl. Francis. 105.
.
Sidalcea. MALVACEZ. 305
malveflora, DC. Prodr. i. 474 (Mocifio & Sesse, Fl. Mex. Ic. ined., & Calques des Dess. t. 70,
doubtless collected at Monterey; figure wants radical leaves, shows well the hispidity of
stem and petioles, notwithstanding the “ glabriuscula” of the Prodr.); Hook. & Arn. Bot.
Beech. 326. SS. delphinifolia, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 235, form with mostly dissected
leaves. Nuttallia malvejflora, Fisch. & Trauty. in Fisch. & Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. iii.
1837, 41. — Low grounds and hillsides along and near the coast, from San Diego to Mendo-
cino Co., California; first coll. by Mocino & Sesse.
S.* parviflora, Greene. Stems several, quite glabrous toward the base, subsimple, termi-
nating in long slender loose racemes: lowest leaves orbicular, crenate-toothed, the others
deeply divided, with divisions lobed: flowers small; pedicels (2 to 3 lines long) subtended
by simple linear bractlets scarcely their own length: calyx somewhat hirsute-pubescent :
petals a third to half inch long: carpels glabrous, at length distinctly reticulated ; beak
somewhat recurved. — Erythea, i. 148. S. malve/flora, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 38, in part,
not Gray. — Meadows, S. California, Los Angeles Co., Lyon, Hasse, San Bernardino Co.,
Parish, Miss Cummings. (Sonora, at Ojo de Gavilan, where first coll. by Thurber in 1851.)
Chiefly distinguished from the preceding by the smooth stem and considerably smaller
flowers borne in longer more slender racemes. Prof. Greene (1. c.) states that Mr. Parish’s
specimen (no. 2080) was referred by Dr. Gray to S. glaucescens. It was collected, however,
in May, 1889, more than a year after Dr. Gray’s death.
Var.* (?) Thurberi, Rosiyson, n. var. A foot high: leaves small, chiefly basal;
those of the almost naked stems sparse, divided into narrow linear segments: flowers white.
— Las Playas, Sonora, near the U. S. boundary, Thurber, 334, 340, and perhaps also in New
Mexico or Arizona.
S. asprélla, Greene. No hirsute or hispid pubescence whatever: stem 2 to 5 feet high,
simple, roughish with minute and dense stellular almost scurfy pubescence, or below gla-
brous : leaves moderately lobed or only uppermost dissected, pubescent with few-rayed short
stellular hairs: raceme virgate, loosely flowered, very naked: pedicels sometimes longer
than fruiting calyx, commonly very short: petals usually inch long: calyx canescent, in
fruit mostly 5 lines long ; lobes from ovate becoming triangular-lanceolate : carpels rugose-
reticulated throughout and glabrous at maturity, becoming concave or grooved on the back
and acute-angled at sides. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 78, founded on a lax and decumbent
leafy state, perhaps from growing in thickets; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 286. — Hillsides
of the lower Sierra Nevada, from Yuba to Siskiyou Co., Greene, Mrs. Curran; at Chico de-
scending to the low foot-hills, where the stem is strict.
S. campéstris, Greene. Either glabrous up to the inflorescence or with some hirsute
pubescence at least below and close stellular cinereous pubescence above: stems 2 to 5 feet
high, when large branching above: rounded lower leaves variously lobed ; upper usually
5-7-parted into narrow divisions: racemes strict, either rather dense and spiciform or
more loosely flowered: petals over half but rarely full inch long, their emarginate summit
often laciniate-erose: calyx 4 or 5 lines long at least in fruit, minutely canescent, some-
times also with soft slender hairs, sometimes nearly glabrous; the lobes in age usually lan-
ceolate-acuminate : carpels roughish rugose- or favose-reticulated and commonly pubescent,
the back rather rounded and dorsal angles obtuse.— Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 76 (founded
on one form); Gray, 1.¢. S. Oregana, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 20, partly. Sida malveflora, Lindl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1036; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 108. — Moist meadows, where usually smooth or
glabrate, or dry hills or plains, there more pubescent and base of stem with radical petioles
hirsute with deflexed or spreading hairs, N. California to Brit. Columbia west of the Cascade
Range; first coll. by Douglas.
S. Oregana, Gray. Very like the last preceding, merely puberulent or nearly glabrous
up to the inflorescence, 2 to 5 feet high: racemes simple or commonly paniculate, at length
loosely flowered: flowers comparatively small: petals a third to half inch long: calyx
canescent, in fruit 2 or 3 lines long and the lobes broadly deltoid: carpels obscurely rugulose-
reticulated, at least the dorsal angles and sides, the back smooth or smoothish. — P]. Fendl.
20, partly, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 287. Sida Oregana, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 234.
1 Add syn. ? 8S. malveflora, Macoun, Cat. Canad. PI. ii. 313.
20
306 MALVACE®, Sidalcea.
— Idaho and interior of Oregon and Washington ;! first coll. by Nuttall. Also westward as
far as Portland, Oregon.
S. glaucéscens, Greenr. Glabrous and smooth up to and even through the inflorescence
or an obscure pubescence on the pale or light green foliage: stems slender, a foot or two
high, simple or rather freely branching: leaves an inch or two in diameter ; upper ones
5-7-parted into narrow divisions: racemes loose: petals about half inch long, sometimes
much smaller, not rarely white: fructiferous calyx about 3 lines long, from nearly glabrous
to cinereous-puberulent, with lobes attenuate or acuminate from a broad base : mature carpels
relatively large, thin-walled, turgid, glabrous, coarsely reticulated, with the dorsal reticula-
tions mostly louger than broad, sometimes nearly smooth and even. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci.
i.77. S. malveflora, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 46, in considerable part. — Higher Sierra Nevada,
California and Nevada, for most of its length, and east to Antelope Itland, Utah, Stansbury,
Watson; the earliest collectors, Beckwith and Anderson. Also Oregon (part of no. 71,
E. Hall) and near Victoria, Brit. Columbia, Fletcher ; pistillate plants, with bright green
foliage. Connects with the following subdivision.
= = Mature carpels smooth and even, glabrous or nearly so.
a. Calyx large, 6 lines in length.
S.* Hendersoni, Watson. Tall and nearly glabrous: leaves large, deeply 5-7-cleft ;
segments irregularly few-lobed or -toothed: flowers large in loose subsimple terminal
spicate raceme: bracts linear, exceeding the short pedicels: calyx large, even in anthesis
full half inch in length; segments ovate, acuminate, purplish: petals, in dried state, deep
purple, about an inch in length: carpels few, 7 or 8, quite smooth, rather strongly beaked.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 262. — Oregon, near Clatsop Bay, Prof. L. F. Henderson, July,
1887, no. 1413; and (acc. to Piper) Washington, on beach near Seattle, and in brackish
marshes at the mouth of the Skohomish; also on Vancouver Isl., near Victoria, Macoun
(no. 53. distr. as S. Oregana). A maritime species with the foliage of S. Oregana but much
larger more deeply colored flowers.
b. Flowers smaller: calyx 2} to 4 lines in length: not rarely with hirsute pubescence on
the stem and petioles and even on the calyx: upper cauline leaves mostly parted into
linear divisions or these again lobed.
S. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. Stems a foot to a yard or even “8 feet” high, the larger
branching or with paniculate loosely flowered racemes: lower pedicels as long as the (2 or
3 lines long) calyx. — Pl. Fendl. 23, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 287. S. malveflora, Gray, PI.
Wright. i. 16, mainly (excl. syn.), ii. 20; Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 75.— Moist
ground, mountains of New Mexico and Arizona to those of Colorado ;? first coll. by Fendler.
(Adj. Mex., Gregg.)
S. spicata, Greene. Stems a foot or two high, simple or sparingly branched: flowers in a
dense and oblong or sometimes looser and interrupted spike ; pedicels all much shorter than
the calyx or hardly any: calyx 3 or 4 lines long. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 76. Callirhoé
spicata, Regel, Gartenfl. xxi. 291, t. 737, f. 3,4, from cult. plant. Also cult. as “ Sida/cea
Murryana.” —Sierra Nevada, California and adjacent Nevada, first coll. by Anderson, north
to Grant Pass,? S. Oregon, Henderson. The looser-flowered form nearly approaches S.
Neo-Mexicana.
* * Phalanges indistinct, most of the stamens separate, but the outermost combined merely
at base in threes or fours: scapose: leaves all pedately dissected.
S. pedata, Gray. Sparsely or below copiously hirsute: scapes a foot or less high, ascend-
ing-erect from a short stock rising from a tuberous root, 1-2-leaved at base, naked above or
with a single small leaf: leaves all alike, pedately 5-7-parted or nearly divided and the
narrow cuneate divisions (barely inch long) 3-lobed or basal ones 2-lobed; the lobes
1 This species extends southward to Napa Co., Calif., acc. to W. L. Jepson. The stipules in the
type are narrow and attenuate, but a noteworthy form, with shorter relatively broader stipules but
without other distinctions, has been found in Washington State by Piper and by Suksdorf.
2 Northward to Wyoming, A. Nelson.
3 And to Umpqua Valley, Oregon, Th. Howell.
Napea. MALVACEZ. 307
narrow, linear to oblong and entire: spike many-flowered, at length elongated : short
pedicels and calyx minutely stellular-puberulent, the lobes triangular-acuminate (2 lines
long) : petals 4 or 5 lines long, rose-purple: carpels mostly very smooth. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xxii. 288.— Bear Valley in the San Bernardino Mountains, at 6,000 feet, in wet places,
Parish.
* * * Phalanges as in the last: inflorescence dense: leaves flabelliform or reniform-orbicu-
lar, crenate, but none of them divided or parted.
S.* Hickmani, Greene. Tall leafy loosely stellate-pubescent perennial with habit of
Malvastrum : leaves thin, the lower suborbicular, the upper flabelliform, larger, 14 to 13
inches broad, rather deeply crenate-toothed but not lobed: flowers racemose-spicate, not
very crowded; pedicels short; geminate! bracts and involucellate bractlets narrow, elon-
gated, linear, villous: rose-purple petals 8 lines in length: carpels glabrous, smooth except
for a few transverse wrinkles, which do not reach the middle of the back. — Pittonia, i. 139.
— Reliz Cafion, Monterey Co., California, J. B. Hickman.
Var.* (?) Parishii, Rozinson, n. var. Lower in growth and with shorter stellate puber-
ulence rather than pubescence: leaves of similar form but smaller, thicker, and less deeply
crenate: bracts and bractlets broader, ovate to lanceolate: flowers more crowded, a third
smaller. — S. Hickmani, Greene, Erythea, iv. 65, not of Pittonia. — Western slope of San
Bernardino Mts., California, S. B. Parish, no. 3786. Although certainly worthy varietal
rank, this plant, if observed at intermediate stations, will probably be found to pass into the
type.
§ 3. Anomalous species, annual, with freely branching leafy stems, vitiform
leaves, and glomerate inflorescence: flowers polygamo-diccious: phalanges of
the rather few stamens indistinct at very summit of the column.
S. malachroides, Gray.? Hirsute or soft-hispid with spreading stellate-fascicled or some
simple hairs: stem 3 to 6 feet high, equably leafy to the top: leaves angulately 3-7-lobed,
membranaceous, 2 to 5 inches broad; the broad lobes unequally or doubly dentate: flowers
in dense short (and either subsessile or pedunculate) terminal and axillary spikes or heads:
calyx naked or subtended by one or two slender-subulate caducous bractlets; lobes ovate,
acuminate: petals white or purplish, quarter inch or more long: g flowers commonly
pistiliferous and perhaps often fertile ; outer phalanges short and laciniate or 2-3-parted,
and the lobes 1-3-antheriferous, very close to the inner series of distinct or geminate
stamens: flowers with few and abortive anthers or none, and with 7 to 9 smooth and
glabrous thin-walled carpels. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 332; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 84;
Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 80. S. vitifolia, Gray, 1. ¢., a softer-pubescent and less
hispid form. Ma/va malachroides, Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 326; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 681 ;
Gray, Pl. Fendl. 16.— California near the coast from Monterey to Mendocino Co.;® the
earliest collectors, Douglas and Coulter.
6. NAPAVA, [Clayt.] L. Grape Matiow. (From véry, a glade, or Na-
mata, dell-nymphs.) — L. Syst. Nat. ed. 6, 120, & Spec. ii. 686; name later
ascribed by Linneus (Gen. ed. 5, no. 748) to Clayton; Clayt. Fl. Virg. ed. 2,
102; L. Ameen. Acad. iii. 18 (excl. WV. hermaphrodita) ; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 20,
& Gen. Ill. ii. 55, t. 119. — Single species.
1 Tn this, as in some other species of this genus, the floral bracts of the primary axes are morpho-
logically stipules of obsolete leaves.
2 Prof. E. L. Greene has separated this species, at first (Fl. Francis. 106) as Sidalcea § Hespe-
ralcea, and later (Pittonia, ii. 301) as an independent genus, Hesperalcea (H. malachroides, Greene,
l.c.). To the habital distinctions, which were quite well known to Dr. Gray, Prof. Greene adds only
one of a technical nature, namely, the form of the cotyledons. These he has observed to be abruptly
contracted at the base, not cordate as in some species of Sidalcea. However telling this differ-
ence may prove in future, it is as yet unsatisfactory, the embryos of many Sidalcee being still
unknown.
3 Southward to the Sta. Lucia Mts., Wiss Lastwood, and northward to Humboldt Co., Blankinship,
ace. to Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 150.
308 MALVACEZ. Napea.
N. dioica, L. Strong-rooted perennial, roughish-pubescent : stems nearly simple, 5 to 9 feet
high: leaves ample; radical often a foot or more in diameter, palmately 9-11-cleft and the
segments laciniate-pinnatifid into lanceolate incisely serrate lobes ; upper 5-7-cleft or -parted
into lanceolate or triangulate-acuminate incisely serrate divisions or lobes: flowers small,
numerous in umbellate clusters forming terminal corymbs : petals white : carpels smoothish,
at maturity surpassing the calyx.— Spec. ii. 686. NV. scabra, L. Mant. ii. 435; Lam. IIL t.
579, f.2. Sida dioica, Cav. Diss. t. 132, f. 2; Pursh, Fl. ii. 453; DC. Prodr. i. 466; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 234, 681. — Limestone valleys of the Alleghanies, Pennsylvania to Virginia ;
also rich bottom lands, Ohio and Ilinois;} not common, but is in cultivation ; fl. summer.
7. MALVASTRUM, Gray. Fase MALtiow, as the name (coined by
De Candolle for a group which also includes all true Malve) may denote. — PI.
Fendl. 21, Gen. Ill. ii. 59, t. 121, 122, & Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. 146; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. i. 201.2— Large genus of herbs and undershrubs, American and
some §. African, of various habit.
* Peduncles or at least the earlier ones long and slender, 1-flowered: petals rose-color or
white: calyx involucellate by 3 slender bractlets: carpels orbicular, rugose,, pointless :
annuals, not canescent, usually with some hispid or hirsute spreading hairs. — Pedunculosa.
M. rotundifélium, Gray. Erect, a span to a foot high, hirsute or hispid, with simple
and stellate spreading hairs: leaves very long-petioled, reniform-orbicular, coarsely creuate,
obscurely or not at all lobed: flowers comparatively large : petals half inch long, rose-purple
commonly with a crimson blotch toward the base: carpels 40 or more, very flat, therefore
narrow on the back, rugose-reticulate; the thick axis with somewhat membranaceous-dilated
summit. — Proce. Am. Acad. vii. 333 ; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 85.3 — Desert of the Colo-
rado, California and Arizona, from the Mohave southward, Cooper, Palmer, Janvier.
M.* exile, Gray.t Soon spreading or decumbent, short stellular-pubescent but often with
some longer spreading hairs: stems a span to 2 feet long, slender, branching : leaves usually
small, 5-7-lobed, and lobes commonly laciniate: flowers of different plants of two inter-
grading sorts, one chiefly pistillate with small white, roseate, or violet-purple petals (3 to 5
lines long), the other much larger, perfect and with petals violet-purple (6 to 10 lines long) :
carpels fewer and much smaller than in the preceding species, thicker and very strongly
rugose. — Bot. Ives Rep. 8, & Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 333; Brew. & Wats. 1.¢.2 M. Parryi,
Greene, F1. Francis. 108 (form with larger and perfect flowers). —Sandy washes, Colorado
Desert with the preceding and north to Nevada and along the San Joaquin, California ; first
coll. by Parry, then by Newberry.
* ¥* Peduncles short or none: petals yellow: calyx involucellate : pubescence of stem and
foliage close or appressed, in the earlier species more or less strigose, in the later subca-
nescent or cinereous. — Sidoides.
+— Annual, northern.
M. angtstum, Gray. Erect and low (a foot or less high), with spreading branches :
leaves lanceolate, inch or so long, denticulate, nearly glabrous to the naked eye, 1-nerved
and with a pair of obscure basal veins, short-petioled : flowers solitary or glomerate in the
axils: bractlets of involucel and stipules setaceous: calyx angulate, accrescent (in age half
inch broad), with short and broad triangular lobes: petals little surpassing the calyx: car-
pels 5 or 6, thin-chartaceous at maturity, reniform, pointless, puberulent, smooth, at length 2-
valved. — Pl. Fend]. 22, & Man. ed. 5,101. Sida hispida, Hook. Jour. Bot. i. 198, perhaps
1 Also northward to Minnesota, Lapham, Sandberg, acc. to Upham.
2 Add lit. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 288, E.G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxix. 164. With regard to
the doubtful S. African Malveopsis, Presl, to which Kuntze (Rev. Gen. i. 72) has uncritically reduced
Malvastrum, see Baker, |. c. xxxii. 38.
3 Add syn. and lit. Malveopsis rotundifolia, Kuntze, 1. ¢.; Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.
iv. 74.
4 The description of this species has been amplified to show more clearly the polygamous nature
of the flowers.
5 Add syn. Malveopsis exilis, Kuntze, 1. c.
ae
Malvastrum. MALVACEZ. 309
Ell. Sk. ii. 159, hardly Pursh, Fl. ii. 452.1 — Gravelly and rocky hills and banks, Nashville,
Tennessee (not seen farther east), and along the Mississippi from St. Louis northward, west
to Kansas; fl. late summer.
+ + Chiefly perennial, subtropical: pubescence not lepidote-stellate.
M. Rugélii, Watson. Suffruticose, a yard high, branching : stems strigose with 2-4-rayed
close hairs: leaves deltoid-ovate to oblong, inch or two long, rather long-petioled, coarsely
and irregularly serrate, sparsely and minutely pubescent, straight-veined : flowers sessile or
nearly so in the axils and subcapitate at the ends of the branches: bractlets of involucel
subulate : calyx-lobes from triangular-ovate to short-acuminate, shorter than the orange-
yellow petals : mature carpels about 15, depressed-reniform, much compressed, hispidulous
above, pointless or with an obscure point behind the inflexed apex. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii.
367, without the synonymy ; Chapm. FI. ed. 2, 608. Malva scoparia, Jacq. Collect. i. 59, &
Ic. Rar. t. 139, not L’Her. MV. corchorifolia, Desr. in Lam. Dict. iii. 755 (good specif. name).
M. Americana, var., Shuttl. in distr. pl. Rugel, no. 90.— S. Florida, Rugel, Garber, Curtiss,
dist. by the latter as Melochia serrata ; perhaps introduced. (San Domingo, &c.)
M. tricuspidatum, Gray. Suffrutescent or northwardly only annual, a foot or yard
high, freely branching, strigose with mostly 2-rayed (i. e. medifixed) or some 3-rayed and
some simple hairs: leaves slender-petioled, from round-ovate or subcordate to ovate-oblong,
irregularly and thickly serrate, larger obscurely 3-lobed, numerously straight-veined : flowers
mostly solitary in the axils, mostly surpassed by the petioles: petals bright yellow (expand-
ing only at midday), exceeding the calyx: carpels 8 to 11, depressed and conduplicate-
reniform, hirsute at summit, bearing an awn-like cusp just back of the inflexed apex (splitting
into two in dehiscence) and a pair of short and blunt ones on the back. — Pl. Wright. i. 16,
& Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. 148; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 72. M. carpinifolium, Gray, Pl. Fendl.
22,a mistake. Malva Coromandeliana, L. Spec. ii. 687, but not native to India. WM. tricus-
pidata, Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 210; DC. Prodr. i.430. MM. Americana, Cav. Diss. ii. 80, t. 22,
f.2,not L. MM. subhastata, Cav. 1. c. 72, t. 21,f.3. M. Domingensis, Spreng. in DC. 1. ¢.
431. M. Lindheimeriana, Scheele, Linnea, xxi. 470 (Malvastrum Lindheimerianum, Walp.
Ann. ii. 153). Sida bracteolata & S. carpinoides, DC. 1. c. 460, 461.2 — Texas and Florida;
also a ballast-weed farther north. (Trop. Amer. and nat. on most trop. shores.) |
M. scoparium, Gray. Frutescent, with minute stellular-canescent and no strigose pubes-
cence: leaves ovate or deltoid-ovate, or subcordate, acutely serrate, with few pairs of straight
veins : flowers sessile or nearly so in the axils and subspicate at ends of branches: calyx
finely canescent, with ovate lobes obtuse or barely acute: mature carpels canescently pubes-
cent at depressed top, bearing a pair of conical tubercles on the back, but no apical cusp or
a mere vestige. — Bot. U. S. Expl. Exped. 147. Malva scoparia, L’Her. Stirp. Nov. t. 27;
* Cay. Diss. t. 21, f. 4. — Mountains south of Tgicson, Arizona, Pringle (distr. as M. tricuspi-
datum), Parish. (Mex., S. Am.)
M. spicatum, Gray. Frutescent, pubescent, not strigose, 2 or 3 feet high: leaves deltoid-
ovate, crenate-serrate, rarely obscurely lobed, more sparsely-veined, larger 5-ribbed at base,
slender-petioled: flowers mainly in terminal heads or at length cylindrical spikes: calyx
barbately hirsute or hispid ; the lobes acuminate : mature carpels depressed-reniform, hirsute
at top, pointless, the inflexed apex rostrately extended. — Pl. Fendl. 22. AZ. Americanum,
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 38. Malva spicata, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 967. M. Americana, L. Spec.
ii. 687, as to syn. Breyn. Cent. 124, t. 57. M. spicata, ovata, & polystachya, Cav. Diss. t. 20,
f. 2,4, & t. 138, f.3.3—S. Texas, on the lower Rio Grande, Schott. Introduced at Apalachi-
cola, Florida, Chapman. (Mex., Trop. Am., and now dispersed through tropics.)
+ + + Warm-temperate perennial, cinereous with lepidote-stellular very short pubes-
cence : flowers solitary and subsessile in upper axils, foliaceous-involucellate.
M. Wrightii, Gray. A foot or two high: rigid stems ascending from a lignescent base,
sparingly branched: leaves from subcordate-oval to oblong, obtuse, rather coarsely serrate
and slender-petioled : bractlets of the involucel ovate or subcordate, adnate to base of calyx
1 Add syn. Malveopsis hispida, Kuntze, 1. c.
2 Add syn. Malvastrum coromandelianum, Garcke, Bonplandia, v. 295. Malveopsis Americana,
Kuntze, |. c.
8 Add syn. Malveopsis spicata, Kuntze, 1. c.
310 MALVACEX. Malvastrum.
and more or less surpassed by the ovate-acuminate calyx-lobes: petals half inch long: car-
pels 15 to 20, firm-coriaceous, much compressed, brownish red at maturity, smooth, the
narrow back flat with acutish angles, hirsute at top, where it is dorsally 2-gibbous and ven-
trally subulate-aristate or pointed. — Pl. Fendl. 21, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 160, & Gen. Ill. ii. 60,
t. 122, Malva aurantiaca, Scheele, 1. c. 469, therefore Malvastrum aurantiacum, Walp. Ann.
ii. 153.1 — Mesquit soil, Texas, Drummond, Wright, Lindheimer, &c.; fl. summer.
* * * Peduncles or pedicels short: petals scarlet, copper-colored or sometimes rose-
colored: carpels wholly pointless: involucel of 2 or 3 very slender or rarely ovate bract-
lets, often deciduous, or obsolete. — Sphwralcevides. Western perennials, some shrubby,
canescent or tomentose with many-rayed stellular pubescence.
+— Pubescence wholly lepidote and silvery, i. e. of peltate scales fringed with very many
short hairs, indistinguishable except with a good lens: leaves very narrow.
M. leptophyllum, Gray. A foot or less high from lignescent base and stock ; stems very
numerous, erect or ascending, slender: lower leaves short-petioled and 3-parted or -divided
into narrow linear divisions; upper simple and sessile, mostly filiform: flowers few and
racemose at summit: petals copper-red, less than half inch long: fruit depressed-globular,
slightly surpassing the triangular calyx-lobes; carpels 9 or 10, tomentulose, thickish and
rounded on the back, sides coarsely and strongly reticulated. — Pl. Wright. i. 17, ii. 20.2 —
S. W. Texas and New Mexico, Wright, Thurber, &c., to S. Utah, Mrs. Thompson.
+ + Stem and leaves (at least on the lower surface) canescent-tomentose with short pu-
bescence: calyx and rather narrow lanceolate to linear involucellate bractlets hirsute or
villous: leaves roundish or obscurely lobed, obtusely dentate or crenate: carpels subor-
bicular, thin-walled and promptly 2-valved at maturity, smooth or when young tomentose.
M.* Palmeri, Watson. Herbaceous stem stout, equably leafy to summit: leaves 2 or 3
inches long, covered on both surfaces with short and persistent stellate tomentum ; the base
truncate or subcordate ; petioles long: flowers few and sessile in a capitate cluster at the
summit of a terminal peduncle, foliaceous-bracteate : calyx-lobes ovate-lanceolate, attenuate,
5 lines in length, with the linear little shorter involucellate bractlets soft-hirsute : petals
inch long, light rose-color.— Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 250, & Bot. Calif. ii. 437.—San Luis
Obispo Co., California, at Cambria, a mile from the beach, Palmer. A peculiar species.
M.* involucratum, Rosryson, n: sp. Branches terete, finely stellate-pubescent : leaves
thickish, rugulose and soon wholly glabrate above, a little paler and finely stellate-pubescent
beneath, 3-lobed and crenate, cordate at the base with a shallow mostly narrow sinus; lobes
obtuse or rounded ; petioles 6 lines to inch and a half long: flowers smaller than in the last
preceding species, densely capitate ; heads terminal, solitary, involucrate with several broad
sessile ovate or oblong acute or obtusish bracts ; bractlets 3, lanceolate : calyx half inch in
length ; segments ovate, acuminate, 24 td’3 lines long: corolla pale purple or white, 10 lines
in length: carpels about 10.— California, at Jolon, Brandegee (herb. Gray), and between
Jolon and King City, Miss Eastwood (herb. Calif. Acad. Sci.). An interesting species (pre-
sumably of restricted range), with habit of the preceding but different foliage and smaller
flowers.
M. densifidrum, Watson. Two or three feet high, suffrutescent below: leaves round-
cordate, tomentose on both surfaces, inch or more in diameter, rather long-petioled : flowers
numerous in sessile heads along the naked summit of the branches, distant or approximate
in an interrupted spike: calyx with ovate at length attenuate-acuminate teeth and along
with slender bractlets and whole inflorescence hispidly hirsute with slender spreading hairs:
petals half inch long, rose-red: carpels glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 368.—S. Cali-
fornia, near San Jacinto Mountains in the Colorado Desert, Parish, and San Juan Capis-
trano, Nevin.
+ + + Foliage and carpels of the last division: bractlets of the involucels broad, ovate,
acuminate, stellate-tomentulose but not hirsute nor villous. ;
1 Add syn. Malveopsis aurantiaca, Kuntze, 1. c.
2 Add syn. Malveopsis leptophylla, Kuntze, 1. c.
3 The description of this plant has been modified to exclude more clearly the next following nearly
related but quite distinct species.
“
i
Malvastrum. MALVACEZ. S11
M.* aboriginum, Rosrysoy, n. sp. Branches covered with a soft white felted tomentum :
leaves broadly ovate, cordate with a shallow and narrow sinus, obtuse, 3-5-lobed and crenate-
dentate, inch and a half in length, somewhat broader, rugulose above, scarcely paler beneath,
borne on petioles of nearly their own length: flowers sessile, glomerate in the upper axils
and above forming elongated flexuous almost naked interrupted terminal inflorescences:
bractlets of the involucel 3, ovate, 4 to 5 lines in length, 3 to 34 lines in breadth, sometimes
slightly connate at the base: calyx short and strongly plicate-angled, canescent-tomentu-
lose ; segments broader than long, abruptly acuminate: carpels about 8.— Indian Valley,
California, Mrs. M. K. Curran, June, 1885 (herb. Calif. Acad. Sci.). Well characterized
among American species by its broad bractlets, which, however, occur in some South A fri-
can congeners.
+ + + + Herbage and calyx densely stellate-tomentose ; no hirsute hairs: involucellate
bractlets more naked, filiform, rather deciduous: carpels oval with excised insertion, thin-
walled, at length smooth, promptly 2-valved: leaves rounded, obscurely lobed, rather short-
petioled, thickish : stems robust, 2 or 3 or even 6 to 8 feet high.
M. marrubioides, Duranp & Hitearp. Suffruticose? 2 or 3 feet high, roughish with
short-rayed tomentose pubescence: leaves broadly ovate, rarely subcordate, irregularly
and often sharply dentate, inch or two long, or uppermost smaller: flowers subsessile in
short subsessile axillary clusters: calyx-lobes long-attenuate or caudate-acuminate from
an ovate base, at length half inch long: petals over half inch long, rose-color. —Jour. Acad.
Philad. ser. 2, iii. 38, & Pacif. R. Rep. v. 6, t. 2; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 85; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 290. M. foliosum, Wats. ibid. xx. 356.1 — California, near Millerton
on the upper San Joaquin, Heermann ; also Santo Thomas, northern borders of Lower Cali-
fornia, Orcutt, 1884.
Var. paniculatum, Gray,l.c. Less canescent: flowers copious in loose sometimes
slender-pedunculate panicles, some rather slender-pedicellate. — Northern part of Lower
California, at All Saints’ Bay, Orcutt, 1886.
M.* Fremontii, Torr. Shrubby below, 4 to 8 feet high, densely soft-tomentose with
longer-rayed stellular pubescence: leaves pentagonal or roundish, shallowly or scarcely at
all cordate, crenate-toothed, the larger 3 inches broad: flowers in axillary-sessile or. short-
pedunculate clusters, at summit of stem interrupted-spicate : calyx densely lanate-tomentose,
the short triangular acute lobes 2 to 24 lines long, mucronate with a more naked tip:
“flowers rose-scented ; petals rose-color,” hardly half inch long. — Torr. in Gray, Pl. Fendl.
21.3 Spheralcea Lindheimeri, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 86, as to Calif. pl., not Gray, the
resemblance superficial. — Mountains of California, from San Bernardino Co., Parish, to
Calaveras Co., Rattan ; first coll. by Frémont, next by Brewer.
Var.* cercophorum, Rogrnsoy, n. var. Calyx much longer, 7 to 8 lines in length ;
the lance-linear divisions caudate-attenuate, equalling or nearly equalling the petals. —
Arroyo del Valle, Alameda Co., California, coll. Prof. E. L. Greene, 14 June, 1895 (herb.
Univ. of Calif.).
M.* arcuatum, Rosinson, n. comb. Shrub with long subsimple terete branches covered
with a dense white felted tomentum : leaves ovate, petiolate, obtuse or rounded at the base,
deeply crenate but scarcely or not at all lobed, thickish and very rugose, soon green above
but densely canescent-tomentose beneath: flowers sessile in the upper axils and forming at
the ends of the branches long interruptedly spicate unilateral inflorescences ; bractlets linear-
filiform, equalling the calyx : this soft tomentose but by no means so densely woolly as in the
last preceding species : petals roseate, three fourths inch long: young carpels densely tomen-
tose. — Malveopsis arcuata, Greene, Man. Bay-Reg. 66. Malvastrum marrubioides, Greene,
Fl. Francis. 109, not Dur. & Hilg.— California, “eastern slopes of the Coast Range back of
Belmont.” A species to be recognized by its peculiar very rugose ovate not pentagonal
leaves.
1 Add syn. Malveopsis marrubioides, Kuntze, |. c.
2 The description of this species has been slightly modified to exclude more clearly the next fol-
lowing.
3 Add syn. Malveopsis Fremonti, Greene, Erythea, i. 171.
2h be MALVACEZ. Malvastrum.
+ + + + + Herbage and calyx canescent with close and fine stellular pubescence, no
hispid or hirsute hairiness : involucellate bractlets small and mostly deciduous.
++ Frutescent or truly shrubby: leaves barely lobed: carpels in age glabrous or nearly so,
smooth, thin-walled, 2-valved.
= Flowers glomerate-spicate to racemose-paniculate : buds acutish.
M.* Davidsonii, Rogprysoy, n. sp. Tall shrub or small tree “ six to fifteen feet in height,”
branchlets stout, flexuous: leaves thickish, but not rugose, rather large, 2 to 3 inches in
diameter, deeply cordate with narrow sinus, 5-angled or shallowly 5-lobed, varying to 3-lobed,
irregularly dentate, covered on both sides (as are the branchlets and petioles) with copious
loose whitish stellate tomentum: flowers numerous, clustered in or shortly racemose from
the upper axils and also forming dense rather stiff sub-spicate terminal inflorescences :
bractlets considerably shorter than the calyx : calyx-segments canescent-tomentose and with-
out more naked mucronate tips, enervose or faintly l-nerved: petals rose-purple, half to
three fourths inch long: carpels stellate-tomentose above. — M. splendidum, Davidson,
Erythea, iv. 68, not Kell. — Sandy soil, 8S. California from the Coast Mts. of Los Angeles
Co., where coll. in San Fernando Valley, 1895, by Dr. A. Davidson (who first distinguished
the species from M. Fremontii), and earlier at Big Tajungo by Lyon, to Antelope Valley,
Parish, no. 1955, and Bear Valley, San Bernardino Co., Parish, Aug. 1879, the earliest col-
lection. The last two specimens have leaves with more rounded lobes. This species, here-
tofore referred to M. Fremontii, differs from it in its less densely tomentose calyx, shorter
bractlets and deeply cordate leaves. Its obsoletely nerved calyx and some other characters
argue for its distinctness from the still somewhat obscure MW. splendidum, Kellogg.
M. Thurberi, Gray. Stems 3 to 15 feet high, with the woody base often an inch or more
thick: pubescence all very short and close, almost scurfy : leaves roundish, mostly subcor-
date, crenate, obscurely 3-5-lobed or some 3-cleft, inch or two in diameter, some larger :
flowers in sessile or short-peduncled clusters, spicately or sometimes paniculately disposed on
virgate nearly naked branches, “ fragrant ”: calyx-lobes broadly ovate, obtuse and with or
without a short point: petals about half inch long, rose-purple: carpels obovate-oval, very
like those of MW. Fremontii.— Pl. Thurb. 307; Brew. & Wats. 1. c. 85. Malva fasciculata,
Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 225.1— Dry hills, &e., S. California, from San Luis Obispo to
San Diego, and on the islands ; also east to Arizona; first coll. by Nuttall. (Sonora, Thurber.)
Var. laxiflé6rum, Gray. Inflorescence somewhat loosely paniculate. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xxii. 291. MM. splendidum, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 65; Brew. & Wats. 1. c.,
but wrong carpels described.2— Sierra Santa Monica to Los Angeles and to S. Utah, a
mere form of the species.
= = Flowers chiefly terminal on the branchlets of a pyramidal and more or less fastigiate
panicle, not evidently racemose: buds obovate, very obtuse.
M.* nesidticum, Rosiyson, n.sp. A much branched shrub; branches canescent with a
minute tomentum : leaves of firm texture, somewhat pentagonal, shallowly 3-5-lobed, when
well developed deeply and narrowly cordate, green and appearing smooth (yet minutely
stellate-pubescent) above, canescent beneath, rather short-petioled, often revolute at the
crenate or subentire margins: branches of the rather rigid panicle numerous, ascending :
calyx finely canescent-pubescent ; segments obtusish, not equalling the tube: bractlets a
third to half as long as the calyx: rose-purple petals 6 to 8 lines long. — M. Thurberi, var.
laxiflorum, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 291, in small part; Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci.
ii. 392, — Island of Sta. Cruz, California, Greene, 1886, Brandegee, 1888. A doubtful species,
perhaps only an extreme form of the variable M. Thurberi, as regarded by Dr. Gray, but
with decidedly different foliage and inflorescence from any variety of the mainland as yet
seen.
++ ++ Herbaceous, low, from running rootstocks: leaves pedately 3-5-parted or nearly
divided: carpels round-reniform, tomentulose-pubescent, reticulate-rugose, tardily and
incompletely dehiscent.
1 Add syn. Malvastrum fasciculatum, Greene, Fl. Francis. 108. Malveopsis fasciculata, Kuntze,
1. c.; Greene, Man. Bay-Reg. 66.
2 Add syn. Malveopsis splendida, Kuntze, 1. c.
{Sees
;
Spheralcea. MALVACEZ. als
M. coccineum, Gray. A span or two high, tufted, somewhat silvery-canescent, the
pubescence of the calyx looser, even somewhat villous: leaves inch or less in diameter; the
cuneate or narrower divisions mostly 2-3-cleft into spatulate or linear lobes: flowers short-
pedicelled, crowded or at length looser in a terminal leafy-based raceme: calyx-lobes lanceo-
late-triangular, in age incurved over the fruit : petals copper-scarlet or brick-red. — Pl. Fendl.
21, 24 (partly), Pl. Wright. i. 17 (with var. dissectum, which is merely the most narrow-leaved
form), Gen. Ill. ii. t. 121, & Man. ed. 5,101. Malwa coccinea, Nutt. in Fraser, Cat., & Gen.
ii. 81. Cristaria coccinea, Pursh, FI. ii. 453; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1673. Sida coccinea, DC.
Prodr. i. 465; Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i. 108.1 S. dissecta, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 235;
Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 327, the narrower-leaved form. — Plains from the Saskatchewan
and W. Iowa to W. Texas, thence west to S. Arizona and E. Oregon ;? first coll. by Nuttall.
A tall form with broad-lobed leaves has been called var.* elatum, by E. G. Baker, Jour.
Bot. xxix. 171.
Species of doubtful affinity, not seen by the editor.
M.* orbiculatum, Greene. “Suffrutescent, the stout, erect, and simple branches 2 to 3
feet high; whole plant densely tomentose: leaves short-petioled, 1 to 2 inches long and as
broad, the lower and smaller round-reniform, the upper orbicular, not even obscurely lobed
but coarsely crenate, very obtuse or slightly retuse : flowers many, nearly sessile and densely
glomerate in the axils of the upper leaves and at almost leafless subterminal nodes: bract-
lets setaceous, much shorter than the lanceolate acuminate deep calyx-lobes: corolla deep
- rose-color, 6 lines long or more: fruit unknown.” — Fl. Francis. 109 (whence descr.). —
“ Mountains south of Tehachapi, Kern Co.,” Calif., Greene.
8. SPH ZZRALCEA, St. Hil. (3¢atpa, a sphere, dAxéa, a mallow, the
fruit commonly spherical.) — Pl. Us. Bras. t. 52, & Fl. Bras. Merid. i. 209;
Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 69, t. 127, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 291; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. i. 294 (excl. Meliphlea, Zucc.).? — Herbs or suffruticose plants (American
with one or two S. African), with habit of Malvastrum and Abutilon, founded on
S. Cisplatina of Buenos Ayres. The first division confluent with the second on
one hand, with Malvastrum on the other.
* Fruit usually more or less globose-depressed: ovules 1 or 2, the upper seldom maturing:
mature carpels more or less reniform, tomentulose or glabrate, and with thin and smooth
summit or upper half usually empty, at maturity directly deciduous from the axis, only
upper part bivalvular- or introrse-dehiscent ; lower and seminiferous portion strongly and
firmly reticulated over the thin or diaphanous sides: perennial herbs except perhaps the
first.
+ Root simple, apparently winter-annual: short scarious summit of mature carpel inflexed.
S. Cotilteri, Gray. Canescent on younger parts, when older rather loosely stellular-pubes-
cent and becoming greenish: stems about a foot high, numerous, ascending from the tap
root: leaves roundish-subcordate, seldom inch long, obscurely or more distinctly 3-lobed,
incisely or doubly crenate: flowers clustered in axils and racemose at summit, short-pedi-
celled: calyx barely 3 lines long: petals quarter or third inch long, orange-scarlet: carpels
15 to 20, at maturity over a line long, flat, reniform in outline from the strong incurvation
of the quadrate-oblong scarious empty apex, l-ovuled, the thin seminiferous body also
scarious but strongly reticulated and as if fenestrate throughout, the firm meshes dark
colored. —Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 291. S. Fendleri, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 39, mainly.
Malvastrum Coulteri, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 125; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 85 (thin
projection within carpel not found).4— W. Arizona, on and near the Gila, first coll. by Th.
1 Add syn. Malwveopsis coccinea, Kuntze, 1. c.
2 Northwest to Kamloops Lake, Brit. Columbia, acc. to J. M. Macoun.
3 Add E. G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxxi. 361.
4 Add syn. Malveopsis multiflorum, Greene, Fl. Francis. 109. Malveopsis Coulteri, Kuntze, Rev.
Gen. i. 72.
314 MALVACEZ. Spheeralcea.
Coulter, then by Schott, Lemmon, &c.; common at Maricopa, Gray & Farlow. One of the
transitions to Malvastrum.
+ + Perennial (?) with carpels almost as in Malvastrum, reniform, uniovulate, deeply
reticulate upon the sides; the upper sterile portion relatively minute and inconspicuous,
incurved, muticous.
S.* (¢) Orctttii, Ros. Finely tomentose and canescent throughout, 2 to 3 feet high,
branched above: leaves petiolate, ovate-oblong, slightly 3-lobed; lobes broad and rounded,
barely crenulate or entire, the middle one much the longest, the basal sometimes obscure :
flowers small, closely grouped in and shortly racemose from the upper axils, becoming at
the summits of the branches interruptedly subspicate: calyx about 24 to 3 lines in length:
corolla 4 lines long, vermilion, drying purplish: carpels in a depressed-globose stellate-
pubescent head, not much over a line in length. — Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 289. — Near
Canso Creek in the Colorado Desert, California, Orcutt. An anomalous species, which,
except for its obvious affinities to several Spheralcec, could with equal propriety be referred
to Malvastrum.
+ + + Perennials, mostly with lignescent roots: upper and mostly empty thin and
smooth half of mature carpel moderately incurved or erect: species of difficult discrimi-
nation, at least without mature fruit.
++ Leaves all or mainly palmately or pedately parted: mature carpels very blunt, rarely
with an obscure mucro, occasionally 2-seeded : petals brick-red or orange-scarlet.
S. pedatifida, Gray. Cinereous-puberulent or stellular-hirsutulous, a foot or two high:
stems slender, often loosely branched: leaves with linear or when wider with pinnately
lobed divisions: petals quarter to half inch long: mature carpels strongly rugose or even
tuberculate on the back, barely 2 lines long.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 291. Malvastrum
pedatifidum, Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 160, Pl. Wright. i. 17, & ii. 20. Sidalcea atacosa,
Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 449. — On the Rio Grande from El Paso downward, and
at San Antonio, S. Texas; first coll. by Wright. (Adj. Mex.)
S. pedata, Torr. Silvery-canescent with very short and soft stellular pubescence, a span
to 2 feet high, rather stout: leaves with cuneate and incisely lobed divisions (sometimes nar-
rower) : petals half inch to almost inch long: mature carpels nearly of the preceding but
obscurely rugose or reticulated on the back. — Torr. in Gray, P]. Fendl. 23, & Pl. Wright. i.
17 (name only); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 291. Sida grossulariefolia, Hook. & Arn.
Bot. Beech. 326 ; therefore Malvastrum grossulariefolium, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 21. MM. coccineum,
Gray, l. c., partly (no. 81), & Pl. Wright. i. 16. % M. coccineum, var. grossulariefolium,2 and
some of Spheralcea Emoryi, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 47, 48. — W. borders of Texas and New
Mexico to S. Arizona and N. W. Nevada; first coll. by Frémont. Smaller forms much
resembling Malvastrum coccineum, except in the fruit. Malva Creeana, Graham, Bot. Mag.
t. 3698, if N. American, probably came from this, perhaps through hybridization with some-
thing else. Passes into
Var. angustiloba, Gray, with divisions of the leaves linear or narrowly oblanceolate
and entire. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 292. Malvastrum coccineum, var.? Gray, Pl. Wright.
i. 17.— W. Texas to Arizona, Wright, Schott, &c.
++ ++ Leaves undivided, at most obtusely 3-5-lobed, roundish, mostly cordate.
= Canescent, even on the calyx, with short and close stellular pubescence, not lanate-
tomentose: carpels wholly muticous, subcoriaceous on the back to the rounded summit,
within fully half smooth and thin.
S. Munroana, Spacu. Leafy to the top, a foot or two high, minutely canescent: leaves
crenately toothed or sometimes incised: inflorescence mostly thyrsoid-glomerate: petals red
(usually scarlet, but sometimes rose-red), only half inch long: calyx 2 or 3 lines long, not
surpassing the depressed fruit: mature carpels only a line or two long, oval-reniform. —
1 Also W. Mex., Palmer, Hartman.
2 Some of Dr. Watson’s specimens from the Humboldt Mts., Nevada (no. 196, in part), have much
larger flowers (calyx-lobes 5 lines in length), and are probably distinct, yet in default of fruit even
their generic affinities are somewhat doubtful.
' Spheeralcea. MALVACEZ. SE5
Hist. Veg. iii. 353; Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. xxii. 292. Malva Munroana, Doug). in Lindl.
Bot. Reg. t. 1306; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3537, & Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 106. Nuttallia Munroana,
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 16. M/alvastrum Munroanum, Gray, P|. Fendl. 21 (excl. syn.) ;
Wats. Bot. King Exp. 47, partly.1— Dry plains, interior of Brit. Columbia east to Idaho,
south through Nevada and Utah perhaps to New Mexico and Arizona;? first coll. by
Douglas.
S. ambigua, Gray. Less leafy, a foot to a yard high, tomentulose-canescent: leaves
crenulate-toothed : inflorescence more racemiform: petals rose-color, varying to white, half
inch to inch long: calyx 4 to 6 lines long, with acute or acuminate lobes surpassing
the moderately depressed fruit: carpels reniform-oblong, commonly 3 lines long (deciduous
and free at maturity).— Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 292. S, Emoryi, Gray, Bot. Ives Rep.
8; Wats. l. c. partly; not Gray, Pl. Fendl. & Pl. Wright. — Arid plains, &c., Arizona,
Nevada (the earliest collectors, Newberry, Palmer, &c.) to S. California, Thurber, Nevin,
Cleveland.*
S. suULPHUREA, Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 113, 125, of Guadaloupe Island off Lower
California, is a peculiar pale yellow-flowered species of this division, with habit of the original
S. Cisplatina, St. Hil.
= =} Densely tomentose: the leaves pannose and calyx thickly woolly.
S. Lindheimeri, Gray. Stems decumbent, a foot or two long: leaves round-cordate
(larger 2 inches long), very obscurely if at all lobed, irregularly or doubly crenate: flowers
more or less racemose at the ends of branches: calyx nearly half inch long: corolla rose-red,
the petals half inch long: mature carpels glabrous, oblong-reniform, much compressed, 2
lines long, narrowed in the middle; lower half strongly reticulate-rugose; smooth upper
half similarly rounded, commonly empty: ovules 2 or 3.— Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 162; Wats.
Bot. King Exp. 48, excl. syn.; not Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 86.— Prairies of S. Texas,
Berlandier, Lindheimer. (Adj. Mex.)
++ ++ ++ Leaves undivided, more or less lanceolate, not rarely subhastately 3-lobed :
pubescence close, canescent.
S. hastulata, Gray. A span to a foot high, with ascending stems leafy to the top: leaves
slender-petioled, inch or two long, obscurely toothed or entire on the margin, some lanceo-
late or oblong with cuneate or truncate base, some with a pair of short either ascending or
diverging lobes near the base, rarely with broader subcordate base: flowers few, mostly
slender-pedicelled: petals orange-red, half inch long: calyx with triangular-lanceolate lobes
surpassing the slightly depressed fruit: mature carpels 3 lines long, ovate and with deep
reniform ventral excision, tipped with small deciduous cusp, often 2-seeded, the smooth
upper longer than the rugose-reticulated lower portion. —P1]. Wright. i. 17, & ii. 21; Wats.
Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 331. —S. Texas and New Mexico; first coll. by Berlandier. (Adj.
Mex.) :
S.* subhastata, Courter. Much like the last preceding species but usually lower and
frutescent: leaves smaller, thicker, very rugose and with somewhat coarser tomentum:
flowers few, borne in the upper axils, somewhat smaller and more deeply colored than in the
preceding: pedicels mostly only a line or two long: carpels (acc. to Coulter) without any
cusp at the tip. — Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. i. 32, ii. 388. — W. Texas, Thurber, Havard,
Nealley ; * Mimbres Mts., New Mexico, Wright; Arizona, Toumey. (A form from Coahuila,
Palmer, scarcely differs except in its larger flowers.)
* %* Fruit little or not at all depressed: carpels 2-3-ovulate, 1-3-seeded, mostly oblong and
with some ventral excision, disposed to dorsal as well as ventral dehiscence, after separa-
1 Add syn. Malveopsis Munroana, Kuntze, Rev. Gen. i. 72.
2 Also Laramie, Wyoming, A. Nelson.
3 Add syn. S. Emoryi, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 86; Greene, FI. Francis. 110 (excl. syn.).
S. Monroana, Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 74, as to no. 634, appears also to be S, ambigua.
4 Mr. S. B. Parish of San Bernardino, California, has called attention to the fact that there isa
purple-flowered form of S. ambigua at Palm Springs, S. California. The species also shows consider-
able variation in the size of flowers, density of inflorescence, shape and pubescence of leaves. But
these distinctions cannot as yet be correlated for a satisfactory specific or even varietal subdivision.
316 MALVACEZ. Spheralcea.
tion from the axis cohering by their sides and held by a short thread which at length
commonly peels off from the base of the dorsal suture (and when detached sometimes goes
with the carpel, sometimes is left on the receptacle) : perennial herbs.
+ Carpels canescent or glabrate on the back: leaves comparatively small, not maple-like.
++ Lanceolate to linear, not lobed, rarely even incised, short-petioled.
S. angustifolia, Don. Subcanescent with somewhat scurfy pubescence, 2 to 5 feet high,
very leafy throughout: leaves 2 to 5 inches long, quarter to full inch wide, thickly and
irregularly crenulate, lower occasionally subhastately incised near base: flowers clustered
and short-pedicelled in most axils of the branches: petals rose-red, half to three fourths inch
long: calyx little surpassing the globose umbilicate fruit: mature carpels in the typical
species oblong, 2 lines or more long, rounded at summit, thinnish and smooth throughout,
or basal portion very slightly rugulose. — Syst. i. 465; Spach, Hist. Veg. iii. 353; Benth.
Pl. Hartw. 7; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 23, & Pl. Wright. i 21; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 331.
Malva angustifolia, Cav. Diss. ii. 64, t. 20, f. 3, & Ic. t. 68; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2839.
Spheroma angustifolium, Schlecht. Linnea, xi. 353. (Only Mexican.)
Var.* violacea, J. B. Davy. Leaves somewhat narrower: petals violet-purple:
carpels (as in the type) destitute of mucros. — Erythea, iii. 118. — Banks of the Rio Grande
at Painted Cave, Texas, J. Burtt Davy, no. 36.
Var. cuspidata, Gray. Leaves mostly smaller and narrower: petals quarter to
third inch long, red: carpels narrower, tipped with an erect cusp or mucro (sometimes very
short or partly deciduous, sometimes a persistent awn of a line in length, divided into two
at dehiscence), the short basal portion below the excision either slightly or conspicuously
rugose-reticulated on the sides. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 298. S. stellata, Torr. & Gray,
FL. i. 228. S. angustifolia, var., Gray, Pl. Wright. 1.c.; Wats.1l.c. Sida stellata, Torr. Ann.
Lye. N. Y. ii. 171. — Texas to Arizona and S. Colorado ;! first coll. by James. (Adj. Mex.)
++ ++ Leaves of oblong or roundish outline, often cordate, mostly 3-5-lobed, sometimes
more dissected: cusps of the carpels directed more or less outwardly.
= Leaves thickish, rugose and undulate: carpels not at all rugose-reticulated.
S. Emoryi, Torr. A foot or two high, stout, suffrutescent, branching, leafy to top, and
with mostly axillary subsessile flowers: pubescence furfuraceous-tomentose, canescent and
turning ferruginous: leaves from roundish-subcordate and obtusely 3-lobed to subhastate-
oblong (inch or two long), rugose and plicate-veiny above with undulate-crisped margins:
calyx mostly half inch long: petals brick-red, three fourths inch long: fruit about hemi-
spherical, tomentose outside; mature carpels fully 3 lines long, ovate-reniform, of rather firm
texture throughout, smooth on the sides quite to base, at least not at all reticulated, apex a
bipartite cusp. — Torr. in Gray, Pl. Fendl. 23, & Pl. Wright. i. 21, only partly of others. —
Arizona, Valley of the Gila, Emory, Parry. (Adj. Chihnahua, Mex., Gregg, Thurber.)
= = Leaves thinner, not rugose: mature carpels more or less rugose-reticulated on the
sides of the lower portion; fruit more elevated : species perhaps confluent.
S. Féndleri, Gray. From green and minutely stellular-pubescent or glabrate to cinereous-
puberulent or subcanescent: stems 2 to 5 feet high, leafy nearly to the thyrsoid-paniculate
inflorescence: leaves ovate-oblong or subhastate, or lower roundish and subcordate, nearly
all incised or lobed, some deeply 3-cleft and the lobes incised: petals rose-red, not over half
inch long: calyx 2 or barely 3 lines long, shorter than the mature ovoid and truncate fruit:
mature carpels 2 lines long, ovate and slightly excised, distinctly cuspidate, the short lower
portion rather strongly rugose-reticulated. — Pl. Wright. i. 21, ii. 21. S. miniata, Gray, PI.
Fendl. 19, & Gen. Ill. ii. 70, t. 127, excl. syn. S. incana ? var. oblongifolia, Gray, P). Wright.
ii. 21. S. incana, var. Fendleri, Wats. Cat. Pl. Wheeler Rep. 7. — Mountains of W. Texas
to New Mexico and Arizona, apparently reaching to the Rio Grande; first coll. by Fendler.
S. incana, Torr. A foot or two high, diffusely branched, velvety-canescent with fine and
very close pubescence: leaves (half inch to inch or more long) cordate or subcordate and
obtusely 3-lobed. rarely hastate- or lanceolate-oblong, usually 3-lobed or -cleft, the lobes from
obscurely crenulate to obtusely incised : inflorescence sometimes axillary-clustered, commonly
1 Also eastward to Hamilton Co., Kansas, Hitchcock.
Spheeralcea. MALVACES. 317
more naked and racemose-paniculate : flowers of the preceding or often with longer calyx
surpassing the globose-ovoid fruit of fewer carpels, their cusps sometimes obsolete. — Torr.
in Gray, Pl. Fendl. 23,& Pl. Wright. i. 21.— Plains of New Mexico and Arizona. (Adj.
Chihuahua, Mex., Wislizenus.)
Var. dissécta, Gray. A form with small leaves deeply 3-5-cleft or parted into obo-
vate or narrowly spatulate usually 2-3-lobed divisions : passing freely into the ordinary form.
— Pl. Wright. i. 21. S. Fendleri, var. dissecta, Watson, Bibl. Index, 143, partly. —New
Mexico and Arizona, Wright, Thurber, &c.
S. Wrightii, Gray. A foot or two high, subcanescently tomentose with looser stellular
pubescence : stems simple, herbaceous, racemosely several-flowered at naked summit: leaves
long-petioled, roundish-cordate (about inch long), thinnish, some lower ones crenately in-
cised, others 3-5-lobed, or nearly parted and the cuneate divisions 2-3-lobed: petals ap-
parently purple and small: calyx-lobes barely equalling the hemispherical fruit of 12 to 15
carpels; these minutely puberulent on the back, ovate-subreniform, 2 or 3 lines long, mu-
cronate-tipped, the short lower portion delicately but conspicuously reticulated on the sides.
— Pl. Wright. ii. 21. — On a mountain near Lake Santa Maria, Chihuahua, a little below
the U. S. and Mexican boundary, Wright.
S. Rusbyi, Gray. Stems a foot high from a lignescent base, slender, smooth and glabrous
or nearly so, spicately or racemosely few-several-flowered at the naked summit: leaves green,
slightly pubescent (less than inch in diameter), roundish in outline, all pedately parted and
divisions 3—5-cleft into narrow short lobes: petals red, quarter or third inch long: calyx
loosely and canescently pubescent ; the lobes ovate, barely equalling the hemispherical fruit ;
this nearly of preceding or shorter, and the carpels with obscure mucronation and sides at
base obsoletely rugulose. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 293.— Near Prescott, Arizona, Rusby,
no. 537.
S. CeproseEnsis, Kellogg, the fruit of which is unknown, from Cedros Island off Lower
California, is probably S. Emoryi, or possibly S. ambiqua.
+— + Carpels hirsute or hispid with long bristly hairs : leaves comparatively large, 3—7-cleft
as in maple; cauline with ovate-acute and serrate lobes: tall herbs, green, but more or
less pubescent.
S. acerifolia, Nutr. From stellately pubescent to glabrate: stems 2 to 6 feet high : leaves
2 to 6 inches long and wide: flowers clustered in upper axils and interruptedly spicate at
summit : pedicels usually shorter than calyx, and the ovate lobes of this shorter than or little
surpassing the mature fruit: petals rose-color varying to white, half inch to nearly inch
long: carpels obovate-oblong, thinnish, with smooth sides, 2-3-seeded. — Nutt. in Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 228 ;1 Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5404; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 48. S. rivularis, Torr.
in Gray, Pl. Fendl. 23, & Bot. Wilkes Exped. 255. Malva rivularis, Doug]. in Hook. FI.
Bor.-Am. i. 107 ; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 226.— Along streams, Rocky Mountains, from Dakota
to Colorado,? N. Nevada, Washington, and Brit. Columbia ; first coll. by Douglas ; also near
Altorf, Kankakee Co., Dlinois, H. J. Hill.
S. longisépala, Torr. More slender: stems and stalks hirsute with long and spreading
scattered hairs: flowers sparse: peduncles or pedicels long and slender: calyx-lobes caudate-
acuminate, sometimes inch long, equalling the rose-colored petals: fruit, &c., nearly of the
1 Torr. & Gray cite as syn. ‘‘ Malva (Spheroma) acerifolia, Nutt.! mss.,’’ but Nuttall’s starred
label bearing this name accompanies, at least in herb. Gray, a hirsute-pubescent smooth-carpelled Mal-
vastrum, apparently a close ally of the S. African M. calycinum. It is evident that there has been
some confusion in labelling, probably in herb. Durand, whence the specimen comes. This should
not, however, in any way invalidate Spheralcea acerifolia, readily recognizable from its excellent
characterization.
2 Among the Colorado specimens of this species, Miss Alice Eastwood calls attention (Zoe, iv. 6)
to two forms, one large-leaved and with few chiefly axillary flowers, the other smaller-leaved and with
more showy terminal nearly naked spikes. In a similar way Prof. Macoun (Cat. Canad. PI. ii: 314)
distinguishes in S. Brit. Columbia a coarse plant with sharp-lobed leaves from a more slender form
with obtuser lobes. In a considerable series of specimens, these and various other variations appear to
be indiscriminate.
318 MALVACE. Modiola.
preceding. — Bot. Wilkes Exped. 255.1 — Washington, on the upper Columbia River, Pick-
ering & Brackenridge, Tweedy, Brandegee.
9. MODIOLA, Mench. (The fruit of the form of a modiolus, which is
either a small measure or the nave of a wheel.) — Low and diffuse chiefly sub-
perennial herbs, of the warmer parts of America, hirsute with simple or geminate
hairs ; with rounded palmately lobed and incised green leaves, small flowers soli-
tary on axillary peduncles, a persistent involucel of 3 foliaceous bractlets, small
dull-red petals, a depressed fruit of 15 to 30 thin-coriaceous carpels ; these reni-
form, much compressed, the back at summit bearing a bipartible cusp, at length
falling free from the axis, and tardily 2-valved from the top.— Meth. 619; St.
Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. i. 210, t. 43; Gray, Gen. Hl. ii. 71, t. 128. — Several forms,
probably all of one species.
M. multifida, Mc«ncu, l.c. 620. Stems a span to a foot or two long: Suited commonly
filiform and equalling or surpassing the petiole: petals 2 or 3 lines long, little surpassing
the calyx : carpels hirsute, at least when young. — Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 229. M. Caroliniana,
Don, Syst. i. 466; Gray, Gen. IIl. ii. 72, t. 128. Malva Caroliniana, L. Spec. ii. 688 (Dill.
Elth. i. 5, t. 4) ; Cay. Diss. ii. t. 15, f. 1; Michx. Fl. ii. 44; DC. Prodr. i. 435. — Waste
grounds, ‘Virginia to Florida and Texas) near the coast, and sometimes a ballast-weed farther
north;? fl. allsummer. (Mex. to Buenos Ayres, &c.)
10. HORSFORDIA, Gray. (Frederick Hinsdale Horsford, of Vermont,
associate of C. G. Pringle in the collection of rare N. American plants.) —
Densely and somewhat roughly stellular-tomentose shrubby or suffruticose plants,
with much the habit of Abutilon or Spheralcea, with carpels rather of the latter
but seed of the former ; the leaves cordate to lanceolate and barely denticulate,
thickish ; the chiefly axillary peduncles 1-flowered. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 296.
— Two species.*
H. alata, Gray,l.c. 297. Frutescent, 3 to 6 feet high: leaves subcordate and ovate-lanceo-
late (1 to 3 inches long) : petals purple, half inch long, much surpassing the ovate-acuminate
calyx-lobes: carpels 10 or 12, with upper pair of ovules abortive ; upper empty portion de-
hiscent long before maturity into a pair of narrowly oblong obtuse erect scarious wings of
thrice the length of the basal seminiferous body. — Sida alata, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xx.
356. — Along water-courses in mountains of N. W. Sonora, below the boundary of Arizona,
Pringle. (Therefore Mex.)
H. Newbérryi, Gray, l.c. More shrubby: lower leaves more cordate: petals bright
yellow (according to Orcutt’s note), quarter inch long, nearly twice the length of the acutish
calyx-lobes : carpels 8 or 9, 2-3-seeded ; the scarious upper 2-valved portion obliquely and
broadly oval, somewhat divergent, hardly twice the length of the reticulated basal body. —
Abutilon Newberryi, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 125; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 87, excl.
syn. Spheralcea crotonoides, Torr. in herb. — Arizona, in the bed of the Gila, &c., Emory,
Newberry, Parry ; adjacent Californian desert, Parish; cafions on borders of Lower Cali-
fornia, Palmer, Orcutt. (Adj. Sonora, Mex., Pringle.)
11. ANODA, Cav. (Ceylonese name of an Abutilon, recorded by Bur-
mann, taken up for this American genus by Cavanilles.) — Annuals, chiefly
Mexican, with variable hastate or deltoid or cordate leaves (sometimes 3-5-cleft)
and single flowers on slender axillary or at summit racemose peduncles. — Diss.
1 Cited in Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 294, by clerical error, as S. leptosepala.
2 Also occasional in California, as at Auburn, coll. Mrs. Ames, and about Los Angeles, Miss Merritt,
ace. to Dr. Davidson.
3 Two more species of N. W. Mexico and Lower Calif. have since been added.
-~
Anoda. MALVACEZ. 319
i. 38, t. 10, 11, & Ic. v. t. 431 ; Schlecht. Linnea, xi. 205 ; Gray, Gen. III. ii. 63,
t. 124, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 297.1 [Revised by B. L. Roxpryson.]
§ 1. Evan6pa, Gray. Seed horizontal (minutely papillose and puberulent),
destitute of accessory coating or in one species with a very thin and fragile vein-
less pellicle ; capsule much depressed and radiatiform, of 9 to 20 dorsally beaked
or cuspidate (rarely pointless) carpels, the flat summit hirsute or hispid: calyx-
lobes triangular or subovate, acute or acuminate: leaves very diverse in same
species. — Proc. Am. Acad. l. ¢.
* Corolla violet or purple varying to white: calyx widely spreading under and mostly sur-
passing the hispid fruit: herbage destitute or nearly so of stellular pubescence but variably
hirsute-hispid or hispidulous with usually simple bristly hairs, or else glabrate: slender
peduncles nearly all subtended by leaves.
A.* lavaterioides, Mepic. Lowest leaves cordate and usually angulate; upper deltoid
or hastate or subtrilobate, the margins either irregularly dentate or entire : petals commonly
cuneiform and retuse, from a third to nearly an inch long: carpels 15 to 20, rather conspicu-
ously beaked, the dorso-basal portion wholly thin-scarious and veinless and with slender mid-
nerve, the sides or partitions wholly obliterated in the breaking up of the fruit; seed naked,
puberulent. — Maly. 19; Hook. f. & Jackson, Index Kew. i. 139. A. cristata, Schlecht. Lin-
nea, xi. 210; Garcke in Regel, Gartenfl. xxxvi. 428, & in Engl. Jahrb. xxi.387. A. triloba
& A. Dilleniana, Cay. Diss. i.39, 40, t.10,f.3,& t.11, f.1. A. hastata, Gray, Gen. IIL. ii. t. 124,
Pl. Wright. i. 20, ii. 23, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 298, not Cav. (Abutilon, lavatere flore,
Jructu cristato, Dill. Elth. i. 3, t. 2.) Sida cristata, L. Spee. ii. 685, excl. var. B ; Curtis, Bot.
Mag. t. 330; Andr. Bot. Rep. t. 588. —S. Texas to Arizona. (Mex., 8. Am., &.) Leaves
exceedingly variable even upon the same individual. Our form usually has the upper leaves
elongated and conspicuously hastate.
A.*triangularis, DC. Hispid-pubescent upon the younger parts, but at length glabrate
below, 8 inches to 2 feet high: stem (often purplish-tinged) suberect, in well developed
specimens with several ascending branches from near the base: leaves typically deltoid-
ovate, acute, more or less deeply and irregularly crenate-dentate, rather pale green, glauces-
cent beneath; the uppermost, rarely all, deltoid-lanceolate, more or less hastate: flowers
much smaller than in the preceding species: petals only 3 ord lines long, pale blue, little
exceeding the calyx: carpels 8 to 12; membranaceous septa of the capsule either subper-
sistent at its base or (with the carpellary lining) loosely clinging to the seed. — Prodr. i.
459; Schlecht. 1. c. 216; Garcke, ll. ce. A. brachyantha, Reichenb. Ic. Bot. Exot. t. 34. A.
hastata, var. depauperata, Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 23. A. Arizonica, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xxii. 298 (form with seeds more or less invested). Sida triangularis, Willd. Enum. 725. —
Texas to Arizona. (Mex., where acc. to Hartman used as a febrifuge; Lower Calif.,
S. Am.) In identifying this and related species kindly assistance has been received from
Professor Garcke.
Var. * digitata, Roprinson, n. comb. All but the lowest leaves hastately digitate,
with elongated lanceolate to linear middle lobe and a pair of basi-lateral lobes on each side.
— A. Arizonica, var. digitata, Gray, 1. c. —S. Arizona, Lemmon, no. 517, coll. of 1881.
A.* wastAta, Cav. (A. acerifolia, DC. 1. ¢.; Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. xxii. 298, not 299)
much resembles A. /avaterioides, but has the upper part of fruiting carpels coarsely reticulated,
at length bilamellar and clathrate, nearly in the manner of the following. It may be expected
on our southern border. The yellow-flowered plant, ascribed to A. hastata by Robinson &
Greenman, Proc. Am. Acad. xxix. 382, is probably a distinct species.
* * Corolla yellow: calyx slorter-lobed, less explanate under the densely stellate-hirsute
fruit, which it moderately or hardly surpasses. (Here also A. /unceolata, Hook. & Arn.)
A. Wrightii, Gray. Erect, 2 to 5 feet high, viscidulous-puberulent and above more or
less villous-hirsute: lower leaves deltoid-ovate and upper hastate-lanceolate: peduncles
1 Add E. G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxx. 73.
320 MALVACEZ. Anoda.
about equalling or exceeding the subtending leaves, or upper ones in a naked raceme and
subtended by linear or filiform deciduous bracts: calyx canescently pubescent: petals dull
yellow, a third to half inch long, changing to brown-purple at base: carpels 10 to 12, beaked ;
dorsal portion bilamellar at maturity; the tardily separable endocarpial layer of firm tex-
ture, clathrate-reticulate, loosely half enveloping the minutely or sparsely puberulent seed.
— Pl. Wright. ii. 22, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 299. A. parviflora, Wats. Bibl. Index, 132,
& Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 330, not Cav.—New Mexico, Wright. Has been cultivated in
botanic gardens as A. parviflora. (Mex., Schaffner.) ’
§ 2. Srpandpa. Seed resupinate-pendulous inthe 5 to 9 depressed or as-
cending dorsally umbonate or muticous merely puberulent carpels, destitute
of accessory coating: flowers small, disposed to be racemose or paniculate:
pubescence mostly fine and stellular; no bristly hairs. — Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
xa, 299.
* Corolla from blue to bluish white: calyx deeply 5-cleft, rotately spreading under and
surpassing the depressed fruit. (Connecting the preceding with the present section.)
A.* Thurberi, Gray, l.c. Slender, a foot or two high, green and barely puberulent or
glabrate below and calyx puberulent-canescent : lower leaves cordate and dentate, upper
hastate, but with spreading not strongly deflexed basal lobes: flowers mostly paniculate-
racemose : petals only 2 or 3 lines long: carpels 8 or 9, the whole dorsal and thickish apical
portion strongly 3-nerved ; seed puberulent. — A. hastata, var.? Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 23 (in
part), & Pl. Thurb. 308. —S. Arizona, Thurber, Wright, Lemmon; Chenate Region, Texas,
Nealley. (Chihuahua, Pringle, distrib. as A. parviflora, var.?) Prof. Garcke (in Eng]. Jahrb.
xxi. 390) fails to distinguish this species from A. pubescens, Schlecht., a Mexican plant in
which the basal lobes of the upper deeply hastate leaves are strongly reflexed, and the
flowers somewhat larger. No. 78 of Parry & Palmer, from San Luis Potosi, corresponds
closely in these and other regards to Schlechtendahl’s description.
* * Corolla yellow (sometimes pink in fading): calyx shorter and less deeply cleft, ascend-
ing or appressed to and not surpassing the little depressed fruit, its carpels (and closely
embraced seeds) nearly vertical, the inflexed apical portion short. =
A. pentaschista, Gray. Slender, a foot or two high, paniculately branched, minutely
puberulent and more or less cinereous : lower leaves ovate or subcordate, somewhat 3-lobed ;
upper hastate or lanceolate or some linear: calyx 2 lines long, a little shorter than the
bright yellow corolla: carpels 5, or not rarely 6 to 9; the dehiscent dorsal portion closely
applied to and half covering the puberulent seed, membranous with inflexed apex thickish.
— Pl. Wright. ii. 22, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 299. —S. Arizona, Wright, to western borders
of Texas, Parry. (Mex., Thurber, Palmer; Lower Calif., acc. to Brandegee.) Havard’s
specimens from Vieja Mt., Texas, are greener and in sepals pass to
Var.* obtusior, Rozsrnson, n. var. Foliage, pubescence, and inflorescence of the type:
base more decumbent and branched, distinctly lignescent and perhaps perennial: calyx-lobes
broadly ovate, very obtuse, mucronulate: carpels 5 to 10; seeds minutely granulated. —
Sida Palmeri, J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. vi. 113, t. 48, not Baker.— Near Corpus
Christi, Texas, Nealley, 1894, in flower and fruit (types in U.S. Nat. Herb.) ; also a frag-
mentary fruiting specimen from same locality long ago coll. by Torrey (herb. Gray).
A. abutiloides, Graf. Somewhat robust, branching, 3 or 4 feet high, canescent (branches
occasionally bearing some loose pubescence) : leaves cordate and crenately serrate, caudate-
acuminate or uppermost subcordate-lanceolate, all densely velvety-tomentose both sides:
flowers all paniculate-racemose: calyx 2 or 3 lines long, half the length of the obovate
(yellow becoming pinkish) petals; the lobes broadly ovate and apiculate: carpels 5 to 7,
when mature 2 lines high and less deep, obscurely umbonate, septicidally separating almost
entire, the diaphanous inner walls tardily breaking up and uncovering the enclosed puberu-
lent seed; dorsal portion broad and cymbiform, thin-membranaceous, with short summit
thickish, disposed to split down the back into two valves.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 300.—
Santa Catalina Mountains, 8. Arizona, Pringle (distr. in 1882 as A. pentaschista, and as Sida
Berlandieri, var.).
Sida. MALVACEZ. 321
§ 3. CLEeIsTaNoDA, Gray, l.c. Seed (glabrous) completely and permanently
invested by a firm corrugate-reticulated or in age clathrate (doubtless endocar-
pial) arilliform coat: otherwise as in § 2.
A.* crenatifléra, Orr. Minutely puberulent or glabrate, the calyx canescent: lower
leaves cordate and angulate or somewhat lobed, upper mostly hastate: upper flowers naked-
racemose: petals yellow (or changing to purplish when drying) : carpels 9 or 10, short-beaked
or pointed, hirsute at the radiate summit, the permanent dorsal portion of firm texture or
below reduced to a stout and rigid midnerve. — Dee. viii. 96 ; Schlecht. Linnea, xi. 217.
A. parviflora, Cav. Ie. v.19, t. 431; DC. Prodr. i. 459; Reichenb. Ic. Bot. Exot. t. 44;
Gray, l.c. Sida parviflora, Willd. Enum. 726.—So near our 8. W. boundary (Pringle,
&e.) that it is to be expected in Arizona. (Mex.; Lower Calif., Brandegee.)
A. reticulata, Watson. Herbage of preceding ; but nearly all the leaves cordate angulate
and upper 3-5-lobed, small: flowers mainly naked-racemose : petals biue, 2 or 3 lines long:
fruit not radiate, hardly puberulent, of 10 oval carpels with rounded summit and not even
umbonate on the back, the permanent dorsal portion thin-membranaceous, delicately 1-nerved
below and veiny above, merely concave, at length nudating the arillate seed. — Proc. Am.
Acad. xvii. 368; Gray, 1. c. —S. Arizona, in the Santa Catalina Mountains, Pringle, 1881.
12. SIDA, L. (3é8», unexplained Greek name of some’ plant.) — Herbs
or sometimes undershrubs (most largely American and of warm regions), of
various habit: pedicels mostly articulated; fl. summer and autumn, mostly open
only in sunshine or for a few hours. — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 556; St.
Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. i. 173; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 22, & Gen. Ill. ii. 61, t. 123;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 203.1
§ 1. Pseupo-Matvastrum, Gray. Usually 2 or 3 slender and deciduous
bractlets under the more or less 5-angled calyx: flowers solitary or somewhat
clustered in the axils of the leaves: peduncles commonly recurved or deflexed in
fruit: low or depressed perennials, canescent with stellular and sometimes lepidote
pubescence, except in the fruit very like species of Malvastrum and Spheralcea.
— Pl. Fendl. 23.
S. hederacea, Torr. Rather scurfy-canescent: stems decumbent: leaves obliquely sub-
reniform or ovate-subcordate, irregularly dentate (half inch to 2 inches wide): calyx-lobes
ovate or ovate-lanceolate, short-acuminate: petals pale yellow or white or sometimes
“purple,” barely half inch long, moderately surpassing the short-conical fruit of 6 to 10
turgid-ovate or triangular acutish tomentulose but glabrate carpels. — Torr. in Gray, PI.
Fendl. 23, Pl. Wright. i. 18, & ii. 21; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 48; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif.
i. 86. SS. obliqua, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 233, 681. Malva Californica, Presl, Rel.
Haenk. ii. 121. M. hederacea, Doug). in Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. i. 107; Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
227. M. plicata, Nutt. 1. c. 227. — Low banks, Washington to S. California, Utah, Arizona,
and W. Texas. (Mex.’)
S. lepidéta, Gray. Throughout scurfy-lepidote, silvery when young: leaves obliquely
deltoid-subcordate or triangular-lanceolate and commonly semicordate or semihastate, irregu-
larly or incisely dentate, mostly acute, quarter to inch and a half long, slender-petioled :
lower peduncles usually elongated and in fruit deflexed with apex incurved : petals half inch
or more long, purple or white with purple tinge: calyx almost 5-parted, somewhat ampliate
1 Add EK. G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxx. 138.
2 Also Lower Calif., fide Brandegee, and Chili, fide E.G. Baker (Jour. Bot. xxx. 138), who regards
the S. American S. sulphurea, Gray, as a variety of S. hederacea. S. hederacea, var.? parvifolia,
Hemsl. Biol. Cent.-Am. Bot. i. 104, never properly described, but vaguely credited to New Mexico, is
(as to the Mexican types cited) not of this species, being in pubescence much nearer S. lepidota, of
which it is probably only a depauperate round-leaved form.
21
322 MALVACEZ. Sida.
and angulate in age; lobes becoming much acuminate from broad base, much surpassing
the depressed glabrous and smooth fruit of 8 or 9 rounded and pointless thin-walled carpels.
—Pl. Wright. i. 18, ii. 21; Rothrock in Wheeler, Rep. vi. 75.— Plains of W. Texas to
Arizona, Wright, and later Rothrock, Lemmon, &c. With var. depauperata, merely a reduced
form, and
Var. sagittzefdlia, Gray, ll. cc. Leaves all hastate- or sagittate-lanceolate or the
base on one side bearing 2 or 3 narrow lanceolate lobes. — W. Texas to S. Colorado and
S. Arizona ; first coll. by Wright. (Chihuahua, Thurber.)
S. cuneifdlia, Gray. Tomentulose-canescent, ascending, much branched: leaves flabelli-
form or cuneiform, or some rotund with barely cuneate base, repand-dentate or crenulate
around the broad summit, half inch or so long: stipules linear, herbaceous: flowers subses-
sile: petals yellow, barely quarter inch long: calyx not surpassing the oval fruit of about
5 turgid and thin-walled short-acuminate (and in dehiscence 2-beaked) carpels. — Pl. Lindh.
pt. 2, 165, & Pl. Wright. i. 18. — Subsaline soil along and near the Rio Grande from Eagle
Pass southward, S. Texas, Berlandier, Wright. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier.)
S.* Hélleri, Rosr. Suffrutescent, much-branched, spreading or procumbent, cinereous,
2 feet high: leaves suborbicular, crenate, rounded or truncate at the base, seldom exceeding
half inch in diameter, loosely stellate-pubescent upon both surfaces ; slender petioles half or
two thirds the length of the leaves: subsessile flowers small, leafy-bracted: ovate-oblong
obtusish sepals becoming 3 lines in length: corolla “ pale copper-colored ” : carpels obtuse. —
Rose in Heller, Contrib. Herb. Frankl. & Marsh. Coll. i. 66.— Very common along sandy
shores of Corpus Christi Bay at Oso, Heller, no. 1533. Similar to but clearly distinct from
the last preceding species.
§ 2. Pssupo-Napma, Gray. Calyx (naked at base, as in the genus gener-
ally) short and 5-toothed, terete at base, unchanged in age: petals white: herb-
age green and nearly glabrous; the leaves ample and palmately cleft: flowers
corymbulose in pedunculate panicles. — Pl. Fendl. 23.
S. Napgza, Cav. Glabrous or young parts minutely cinereous-puberulent : stems 3 to 7 feet
high from a stout perennial root: leaves 3 to 8 inches long, 3-7-cleft ; lobes triangular, long-
acuminate, irregularly serrate: petals hardly half inch long: mature carpels triangular-
ovate, acuminate, nearly glabrous. — Diss. v. 277, t. 132, f. 1; Willd. Spec. iii. 766; Sims,
Bot. Mag. t. 2193; DC. Prodr. i. 466; Gray, 1l.¢.1 MNapea hermaphrodita, L. Spec. ii. 686.
N. levis, L. Mant. ii. 435; Lam. Ill. t. 579, f. 1. —Glades and river banks, rare, West Vir-
ginia and S. Pennsylvania on the Susquehanna, opposite Safe Harbor, Porter ;2 long culti-
vated in gardens; fl. late summer.
§ 3. CaLyxHyMENIA, Gray. Calyx 5-lobed, naked, strongly 5-angled, much
accrescent and membranaceous or scarious in age: carpels indehiscent, subrostrate
or apiculate but muticous: petals yellow. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 294.
S.* hastata, Sr. Hix.3 Loosely stellular-hirsute, green, partly glabrate: stems spreading
or decumbent from a fleshy-ligneous perennial root, a foot or two long: leaves rather succu-
lent, subcordate to oblong, obtuse, inch or two long, slender-petioled, crenate or serrate:
peduncles solitary in the axils, one-flowered, soon recurved : petals buff-color, hardly exceed-
ing the 5-parted calyx: lobes of the latter as if cordate, in anthesis 3 lines long and pale
green, at length 5 or 6 lines long, membranaceous and veiny, together connivent and form-
ing a vesicular globular and wing-angled loose covering over the fruit: carpels 10, ovate
with short beak-like apex, very thin-membranaceous and reticulate-veiny, sulcate round the
back, conformed to the turgid seed. — Fl. Bras. Merid. i. 190, t. 36, f.2. S. physocalyz,
1 Add syn. S. hermaphrodita, Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 223.
2 Also in E. Tennessee, acc. to Chapman, and on the Potomac flats near Washington, D. C., ace.
to Burgess.
3 There appears to be no doubt of the identity of Dr. Gray’s S. physocalyx with the South Ameri-
can plant (cf. E. G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxx. 140), and the later name must give place to the earlier.
Sida. MALVACEZ. 320
Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 163, Pl. Wright. i. 20, & ii. 22. — River valleys, Texas to S. Arizona ;
the earliest collectors, Berlandier, Lindheimer, &c. (Adj. Mex.,! Gregg, Palmer.)
§ 4. Marvinpa, DC. Calyx naked, generally 5-angled, unchanged in age:
leaves undivided: carpels mostly dehiscent at apex.— Prodr. i. 459; Gray, PI.
Fendl. 23, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 294. Malvinda, Dill. Elth. 212, t.171, 172;
Medic. Malv. 23.
* Flowers sessile or short-peduncled, mainly involucrate by petiolate leaves at the summit
of the branches : petals reddish purple: low perennial with habit somewhat of Stylosanthes.
S. ciliaris, L. Diffuse, many-stemmed, a foot or less high, strigose-pubescent : leaves oblong
or narrower, obtuse or retuse at both ends, or not rarely with cusp at tip, serrate above the
middle, 3 to 9 lines long, long-petioled: stipules filiform- or spatulate-linear, conspicuous, at
least the uppermost and the petioles hirsute-ciliate or barbate: petals quarter to near half
inch long: carpels 5 to 8, turgid, very strongly rugose-reticulated and over the back not
rarely tuberculate or muricate, dehiscent apex bicuspidate.— Syst. Nat. ed. 10, ii. 1145, &
Spec. ed. 2, ii. 961 (Sloane’s figure uncharacteristic) ; Cav. Diss. i. 21, t. 3, f. 9 (poor), &
v. t. 127, f. 2 (excellent) ; DC. Prodr. i. 461; Chapm. F1.55. S. anomala, St. Hil. Fl. Bras.
Merid. i. 177, t. 33. S. Elhiottii, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 39, as to pl. Bigelow. S. involu-
erata, A. Rich. Fl. Cub. 162. —Key West, Florida, Blodgett, Rugel. (W. Ind. to Brazil.)
Var. fasciculata, Gray. Leaves narrower and proportionally longer, mostly linear.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 294. S. fasciculata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 231. S. anomala, var.
Mexicana, Moricand, Pl. Nouv. Am. 36, t. 24. S. muricata, Cav. Ic. vi. 78, t. 597, f. 1,
seems to be a form of this. Malvastrum linearifolium, Buckl. Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 449.
— Texas, near the coast, Berlandier, Drummond, Wright, &c. (Mex.)
* * Flowers solitary or clustered in the axils, or at length sparingly paniculate or glomer-
ate at the summit of the stem in a few species, more or less pedunculate: calyx 5-angled,
the summit in bud pyramidal: petals mainly yellow.
+— Stems diffusely decumbent or prostrate from a perennial root, filiform, sometimes villous
with scattered long and spreading hairs, or destitute of them in the same species: leaves
small, mostly subcordate at base, on filiform petioles of about equal length, about equalled
by the filiform axillary peduncles: herbage minutely canescent: carpels mostly 5, little
compressed, rugose-reticulated on the thin sides.
S. diffaisa, HBK. Leaves from subcordate and roundish to lanceolate with almost truncate
base, crenate-dentate : petals 3 or 4 lines long (yellow, in specimens seeming white), much
surpassing the calyx: carpels barely apiculate or the dehiscent apex with two short stout
points. — Noy. Gen. & Spee. v. 257, but petals not “ violacea,” nor capsule “apice depressa; ”
Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 330. S. jiliformis, Moricand, Pl. Nouv. Am. 38, t. 25 (narrow-
leaved form without hairs); Rothrockin Wheeler, Rep. vi. 75. S. filicaulis, Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 232; Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 163.2 — Texas (first coll. by Berlandier) to Arizona.
(Mex.)
S. supina, L’Her. Leaves round-cordate to cordate-ovate (largest an inch long): petals 2
or 3 lines long, little surpassing the calyx : carpels 2-rostrate at the dehiscent apex. — Stirp.
Nov. t. 52; Chapm. FI. 54. SS. pilosa, & S. ovata, Cav. Diss. i. 9, t. 1, f. 8, & vi. t. 196, f. 2.
S. procumbens, Swartz, F). Ind. Oce. ii. 1211. — Florida Keys. (W. Ind., S. Am.)
+— + Stems erect : leaves rather long-petioled, crenate-dentate, nearly all cordate or sub-
cordate : calyx ovate, with 5 broadly deltoid lobes: carpels 10 to 12, their apex before
apical dehiscence 2-mucronate or 2-awned.
S. cordifdlia, L. Annual (in tropics suffrutescent), densely and minutely soft-tomentose
and velvety, very leafy: stem robust, rather tall: leaves ovate-cordate (1 to 3 inches long),
sometimes obscurely angulate-lobed: flowers all short-peduncled, glomerate or clustered:
1 Also S. Am., whence first descr. by St. Hilaire.
2S. diffusa, var. setosa, E. G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxx. 291, being S. filicaulis, var. setosa, Gray,
Pl. Wright. ii. 22, does not appear to differ essentially from the typical form of S. diffusa.
3 Also on the keys of S. Florida, acc. to Chapman.
324 . MALVACER. Sida.
calyx canescent-tomentose, 10-angled below: petals quarter inch long, tawny yellow: carpels
sparsely rugose, their awns commonly of about the same length and retrorsely hirsute (but
rarely obsolete). — Spec. ii. 684 (Dill. Elth. t. 171); Cay. Diss. it. 3, f. 2. 8. multiflora,
herbacea, micans, rotundifolia, &c., Cay. 1.c. S, althwifolia, Swartz, Prodr. 101.— Keys of
Florida. (W. Ind. to S. Am., and most tropical shores.)
S. tragizefélia, Gray. Perennial, 2 feet high, stellular-pnbescent or puberulent : leaves
subcordate-oblong, obtuse (half inch to nearly 2 inches long), coarsely dentate, upper face
glabrate: flowers mostly solitary in the axils and slender-peduncled : calyx membranaceous
in age and barely pubescent, with somewhat 10-angled base: petals orange-yellow, some-
times half inch long: carpels with thin sides rugose-reticulated below, smooth towards the
obtuse 2-mucronate apex which is green and partly bifid dorsally. — Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 164.—
S. Arizona, Wright (seeds, plant raised in Bot. Garden), Pringle, Lemmon, an ambiguous
smaller-leaved form, more cinereous with minute pubescence. (Coahuila, Mex., Palmer.)
+ + + Stems erect, branching: leaves slender-petioled, truncate-obtuse or retuse at base,
from ovate-oblong to linear; a small blunt or pointed hard tubercle usually underneath
base of petiole, but sometimes obsolete : flowers small, nearly all short-peduncled, commonly
clustered in the axils: calyx-lobes deltoid : carpels 5 or rarely more, reticulate-rugose and
sometimes tuberculate, variably 2-dentate or 2-awned at tip : annuals becoming suffruticose
in the tropics.
S. spinosa, L Green and minutely puberulent, or upper face of the oblong-ovate or ob-
long-lanceolate serrate leaves glabrous and lower subcanescent: petals pale yellow, 2 or 3
lines long. — Spec. ii. 683; Walt. Car. 176; Cay. Diss. i. 11, t. 1, £9; Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
231; Gray, Gen. III. ii. t. 123. — Waste grounds from S. New York to Kansas and south-
ward, probably introduced weed, but in the Gulf States and Texas perhaps indigenous.
(Most tropics.)
S. angustifolia, Lam. Canescent: branches virgate : leaves linear or narrowly lanceolate,
or some of the lower linear-oblong, obtuse, 1 to 4 lines wide, crenately serrulate; petiole
shorter, the tubercle under it often obscure or wanting, but sometimes manifest: otherwise
very like the preceding, but hardly passing into it. — Dict. i. 4; Cav. Diss. i. 14, t. 2, foe
Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 19, ii. 21. S. linearis, Cav. Ic. iv. 6, t. 312,f1. S. heterocarpa, Engelm.,
in Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 163. S. spinosa, var. angustifolia, Griseb. Fl]. W. Ind. 74.— Texas
and Arizona. (Mex. to Trop. Am., &c.)
+ + + + Stems erect: leaves mainly short-petioled or subsessile, acute or obtuse but
never cordate at base, usually quite destitute of tubercle under the petiole.
++ Cuneate-obovate or oblong-ovate to lanceolate leaves green or at most cinereous-puberu-
lent, serrate or serrulate, the base entire: stems branching and leafy to the top: carpels
8 to 10: annuals in the U. S., suffruticose perennials in the tropics.
S. rhombifolia, L. Leaves from rhombic-oblong or ovate-cuneate to oblanceolate, obtuse,
pale and cinereous-pubernlent beneath ; occasionally an obscure tubercle under the petiole;
stipules setaceous, caducous: peduncles all or some of them elongated: calyx minutely
cinereous-puberulent, the base at maturity with 5 to 10 nerves callous-thickened : petals pale
yellow, sometimes red at base, about quarter inch long: carpels smoothish, subulately 1-
awned, at least until dehiscence or fission, which is uncommon. — Spec. ii. 684 (Malvinda
unicornis, &c., Dill. Elth. 216, t. 172, f. 212); Cav. Diss. t. 3, f. 12; Gray, Bot. U. S. Expl.
Exped. 158; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 74. — A weed in waste grounds, N. Carolina to Florida and
Texas; probably not indigenous. (Most tropics.)
Var. Canariénsis, Grises. 1. c. Carpels with two short awns or points or soon de-
hiscent into two, sometimes almost pointless. — S. Canariensis, Willd. Spec. iii. 735. S.
Hondensis, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spee. v. 261. S. Maderensis, Lowe, Trans. Camb. Phil. Soc.
iv. 35. S. oculata, Lowe, Fl. Mader. 592. — S. Carolina, Florida, &c.; an occasional ballast-
weed as far north as Pennsylvania. (Most tropics.)
S.* actita, Burm.) Glabrous or minutely puberulent, much branched : leaves green, rather
narrowly lanceolate, acute or acuminate, veiny, unequally serrate: stipules conspicuous,
1 This species was called S. carpinifolia by Dr. Gray, but the name of Linnzus, f., has now gen-
erally given place to the earlier one of Burmann. Slight changes have been made in Dr. Gray’s
description to exclude the var. carpinifolia.
Sida. MALVACEZ. azo
mostly longer than petiole, from filiform-linear to lanceolate, tardily deciduous: peduncles
not longer than the calyx, or some of them twice or thrice longer (these jointed above the
middle) : petals yellow, varying nearly to white, quarter to half inch long: carpels reticu-
lated-rugose, subulately 2-awned or 2-mucronate even before dehiscence. —F]. Ind. 147;
DC. Prodr. i. 460; Schumann in Mart. Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 8, 325; E.G. Baker, Jour. Bot.
xxx. 238. SS. curpinifolia of many authors, as to narrow-leaved forms. S. stipulata, Cav.
Diss. i. 22, t. 3, f. 10; DC. 1.¢.; Chapm. Fl. 55. 8S. glabra, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii.
90; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 232. — Waste ground near dwellings, Florida, perhaps not indige-
nous ; also occasional as a ballast-weed as far north as New York. (Widely distributed in
tropics of both hemispheres.) :
Var.* carpinifolia, Scuumann, |. c. 326. Leaves considerably broader, ovate or
ovate-oblong, obtusish, rounded or even subcordate at the base. — S. carpinifolia, L. f.
Suppl. 307; Cav. Diss. i. 21, & v. t. 134, f. 1; Jacq. Ie. Rar. t. 135. S. spireifolia, Link,
Enum. ii. 203; Reichenb. Ic. Bot. Exot. i. 23, t. 83. S. carpinoides, DC. Prodr. i. 461. —
With the type in Florida but less frequent; also on ballast at Portland, Oregon, Henderson.
(Mex., most tropics.)
++ ++ Leaves all or mostly linear or oblong-linear and obtuse at both ends, serrate or den-
ticulate : carpels 9 to 12, glabrous, at maturity rugulose or reticulated on sides and back
and 2-cuspidate or 2-mucronate at summit close behind the more or less inflexed short
apex or rarely muticous: perennial herbs, with virgate branches: flowers yellow or in
one changing to purple.
== Stem and calyx glabrous or nearly so.
S. Hllidttii, Torr. & Gray. Stems slender, a foot to a yard high: leaves mostly narrowly
linear (inch or more long, 1 to 3 lines wide) or some lower ones occasionally oblong, serru-
late: peduncles not articulated except at insertion, some shorter than the calyx but earlier
ones commonly little shorter than the subtending leaf: petals half inch or more long : mature
carpels strongly reticulate-rugose on the sides. — FI. i. 231; Chapm. F1.55. S. gracilis, Ell.
Sk. ii. 159, not Rich. (which is an obscure W. Indian species).1— Sandy and open woods,
especially on the coast, S. Carolina to Alabama, Tennessee,” and 8. Florida; first eoll. by
Elliott.
Var.* parvifléra, Cuarm. “Stem shrubby, smooth; leaves narrow-linear, obtuse,
downy beneath ; peduncles as long as the leaves; petals barely longer than the calyx.” —
Fl. ed. 3, 48 (whence descr.). S. Lindheimeri, Chapm. Fl. eds. 1 & 2, 55, not Engelm. &
Gray. —“ Key West, Blodgett.” Not seen by the editor and from character perhaps a dis-
tinct species.
= = Stem more or less puberulent, and lower face of the leaves and calyx cinereous.
S. Neo-Mexicana, Gray. A span to a foot or more high, and diffusely many-stemmed
from a ligneous base or root, minutely puberulent, hardly at all cinereous: leaves narrowly
linear, sometimes linear-oblong : peduncles not articulated, short or very short (rarely over 3
or 4 lines long): petals orange-color, in age often changing to red, less than half inch long:
mature carpels muticous or barely mucronulate. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 296. S, Elliottii,
var.? Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 21; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 39. S. rhombifolia, var.? micro-
phyla, Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. i. 106. — E. New Mexico,? Wright, Thurber, Greene ;
S. Arizona, Lemmon. (Chihuahua, Mex., Pringle, no. 577, and San Luis Potosi, Parry &
Palmer, no. 88, small- and short-leaved form, Schaffner, no. 162, broader-leaved form.)
S. Lindheimeri, Enceim. & Gray. Cinereous-puberulent, 2 or 3 feet high, erect, herba-
ceous to base: leaves linear-lanceolate or some lower ones oblanceolate (2 inches or more
long), or upper narrowly linear, commonly glabrate above: peduncles slender, about equal-
ling the subtending leaves (half inch to 2 inches long), articulated above the middle: petals
yellow, fully half inch long: carpels dorsally puberulent or glabrate, cuspidately 2-dentate.
— PI. Lindh. pt.1, 5. S. Elliottii, with var. Texana, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 681. — Prairies of
1 §. rubro-marginata, Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, xxiii. 102, appears to be merely a broad-leaved form
of S. Elliottii.
2 Extending to Stoddard Co., Missouri, Bush.
3 Extreme W. Texas, fide Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 40.
326 MALVACE®. Shin
Texas and adjacent Louisiana, and south to the Rio Grande; first coll. by Berlandier, then
by Drummond, Lindheimer, &c. (Adj. Mex.) ;
S. longipes, Gray. Somewhat scabro-puberulent, not cinereous: stems about a foot high
from a ligneous root, strict: leaves elongated-linear or the lower lanceolate, barely serrulate
or crenulate, much surpassed by the (3 to 5 inches long) erect peduncles; these articulated
toward the summit: petals orange-color, half inch long: carpels glabrous, muticous. — PI.
Wright. i. 19, ii. 21. — W. Texas, from Live-Oak Creek to the Pecos, Wright, Woodhouse,
Havard1
* * * Flowers pedunculate and scattered in the axils or partly paniculate: calyx not
angled, globular in the bud.
S. filipes, Gray. Herbaceous from perennial root, 2 or 3 feet high, paniculately branched,
rather slender, fulvous-canescent with close stellular pubescence: leaves very short-petioled,
lanceolate or the lower oblong, serrate, hardly acute, subcordate or truncate at base, inch or
two long: peduncles filiform, longer than the leaves, the small flower nodding in and after
anthesis: calyx-lobes (hardly over a line long) ovate, obtuse: petals deep violet-purple, 2
lines long: carpels about 7, obtusely apiculate at the at length dehiscent apex, glabrate,
the sides favose-rugose. — P]. Lindh. pt. 2, 164, & Pl. Wright. i. 19.— Rocky ravines from
near Austin, Texas, to the Rio Grande, Wright, Schott. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, Edwards,
Palmer, &c.)
13. WISSADULA, Medic. (An E. Indian name.) — Habit of Abutilon,
and with paniculate or subspicate yellow flowers. — Maly. 24; Presl, Rel.
Haenk. ii. 117, t. 69; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 204. —— Genus of a few tropical
species. [Revised by B. L. Rozrnson. |
W.* rostrata, PLancu.2 Canescent with soft and close minute pubescence, no bristly
hairs: leaves all cordate with deep narrow sinus, abruptly acuminate, entire, long-petioled ;
upper face glabrous or glabrate: flowers loosely paniculate, slender-pedicelled: petals 2
lines long: carpels mucronate ; seeds 3 or 4, upper puberulent, lower one hairy. — [“ Planch.
in”] Hook. Niger Fl. 229. W. mucronulata, Gray in Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 39. Sida
hernandioides, L’ Her. Stirp. t. 58. Wissadula periplocifolia, var. hernandioides, Griseb. Cat.
Cub. 25. (Must be different from the Indian W. Zeylanica, Medic., which seems to be in-
troduced into America.) <Abutilon Nealleyi, Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 32, ii. 41.—
S. Texas, on the Rio Grande, Schott. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, &c., W. Ind., S. Am., Afr.)
W.* holosericea, Garcke.? Robust, branching, 3 to 6 feet high, densely velvety-tomentose
throughout, soft and white but in age usually tawny and somewhat roughish, heavy-scented :
leaves broadly cordate, acute or acuminate, from almost entire to dentate, sometimes
obscurely 3-lobed (the smaller 2 and larger 8 to 10 inches long): flowers short-peduncled,
solitary in lower axils, and later ones corymbose-paniculate at summit: petals orange-
yellow, half to three fourths inch long: carpels tomentose, not exceeding the short and
broad calyx; seeds glabrous. — Zeitschr. f. Naturw. lxiii. 124. % Abutilon erosum, Schlecht.
Linnea, xi. 367, fide E. G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxxi. 74. A. holosericeum, Scheele, Linnza,
xxi. 471; Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 162, & Pl. Wright. i. 20. A. velutinum, Gray, Gen. IIl. ii.
67, t. 125.— Rocky soil, W. Texas, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. (Adj. Mex., first coll. by
Berlandier.)
14. ABUTILON, Tourn. (Probably of Arabic origin, being a name used
by Avicenna, for some plant, taken by commentators to be Indian Mallow.) —
Herbs or shrubs, of warm countries, mostly with soft stellular pubescence or
1 Also southeastward as far as Duval Co., Texas, Nealley, fide Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb.
i. 32.
2 This name is substituted for the W. mucronulata of Gray, on grounds of obvious priority, the
identity of the species being evident both from specimens and from synonymy cited with their origi-
nal descriptions. ’
3 This species has been transferred from Abutilon to Wissadula, the structure of the fruit being, as
Garcke has pointed out, clearly of the latter genus.
Abutilon. MALVACE. oot
wool, cordate leaves, and axillary or paniculate flowers, the petals commonly
yellow; fl. summer and autumn. — Inst. 99, t. 25; Gertn. Fruct. ii. 251, t. 1385;
HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. v. 270; Gray, Gen. IIl. ii. 65, t. 125, 126.1
§ 1. Carpels in fruit coriaceous or chartaceous, not vesicular, more or less
divergent or spreading at summit and mostly cuspidate or mucronate back of
the proper apex.
* Inp1an MALLows, introduced species, tall and large: carpels numerous (11 to 30), mostly
several-seeded, forming a broad capsule, hirsute at top, half inch to inch long, each
hanging by thread when at length detached from the axis: leaves cordate, acuminate,
from repandserrulate to crenate-dentate, long-petioled.— Beloere, Shuttl. in Gray, Pl.
Wright. i. 21.
A.* Tueopurdsti, Medic.2, (Vetvet-rEar.) Velvety and cinereous with very short and
fine soft woolliness, annual: peduncles shorter than petioles: calyx very deeply 5-parted,
half the length of the awn-beaked capsule: petals yellow, quarter inch long. — Maly. 28;
E. G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxxi. 214. A. Avicenna, Gertn. 1. c. Sida Abutilon, L. Spee. ii.
685; Schk. Handb. t. 190.— A common weed in waste and cult. grounds, Maine to North
Carolina, and westward at least to Kansas and Nebraska.? (Nat. from Eu., Asia.)
A. fxpicum, Sweet,! var. ufrrum, Griseb. Frutescent, velvety-canescent with short fine wool-
liness and branches hirsute or villous with clammy spreading hairs: peduncles equalling or
shorter than petioles: carpels 15 to 30 in a globular capsule, little surpassing the calyx,
barely mucronate: petals yellow, commonly purple at base, half inch or more long. — Fl.
W. Ind. 78. A. hirtum, Sweet, Hort. Brit. i. 53; Don, Syst. i. 503. A. graveolens, Wight
& Arn. Prodr. Fl. Ind. 56. Sida hirta, Lam. Dict. i. 7; Reichenb. Ie. Bot. Exot. ii. 152.
Beloere cistiflora, Shuttl. in distr. pl. Rugel, 94. — Key West, Rugel, and perhaps elsewhere.®
(Nat. from W. Ind. and Ind.)
A. pepuncutAre, HBK. Velvety-tomentose and under face of leaves very canescent, the
branches and stalks villous or hirsute: peduncles equalling or surpassing the petioles (2 to
4 inches long): calyx deeply 5-cleft and with reduplicate-angled base; lobes ovate: petals
rose-color, half inch or more long, little longer than the calyx: capsule with mucronate
divergent beaks.— Nov. Gen. & Spec. v. 273, fide Griseb. 1. c.; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 609.
Sida Hulseana, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 233 (imperfect specimen), therefore Abutilon Hulseanum,
Torr. in Gray, Pl. Fendl. 23; Chapm. Fl. 56. —S. Florida; ® first coll. by Hulse at Tampa
Bay, perhaps not of human introduction. (W. Ind., S. Am.)
A. JAcquint, Don (Syst. i. 503, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 300, not Chapm.; A. lignosum,
A. Rich. Fl. Cub. 152, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 79, but not Sida lignosa, Cav.; A. hypoleucum,
Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 20), of Mexico, comes near the U. S. boundary. It may be known by its
seemingly cordate sepals equalling the hirsute erect-awned carpels.
* * Carpels 7 to 10, at maturity about half to one third inch long, few-seeded (seeds mostly
3, one above the other), from soft-pubescent to canescent-puberulent, at separation hardly
showing an attaching thread, thin-coriaceous to membranaceous: perennials, with cordate
leaves and yellow corolla.
+— Fruit villous-pubescent, equalled by the calyx: corolla orange: flowers at least partly
naked-paniculate. Extra-limital species.
t Add E. G. Baker, Jour. Bot. xxxi. 71.
2 Name changed from the later A. Avicenne, in accordance with the “Kew Rule.’ Abutilon
Abutilon, Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 222, is also a synonym.
8 Said also to occur in California, ef. Greene, Man. Bay-Reg. 67.
4 Typical A. Indicum, widely distrib. in tropics of both hemispheres, has none of the glandular
pubescence of the present variety, which by Schumann (in Mart. Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 384) is regarded
as a distinct species, A. hirtum, Sweet, while E. G. Baker follows Masters in ranking it a variety of
A. graveolens, Wight & Arn. But Wight and Arnott (Prodr. Fl. Ind.) state that all these forms,
incl. A. Indicum, ‘‘seem to pass by insensible gradations into each other.”’
5 Also on the coast of Florida, acc. to Chapman.
6 Now extending at least to Central Florida, where coll. near Eustis, by Nash.
328 ’ MALVACEA. Abutilon.
A. Palmeri, Gray. Shrubby below, tall: stems and stalks pubescent and usually villous:
leaves velvety-tomentose, round-cordate, dentate (larger 4 to 6 inches long): flowers mainly
in a naked panicle: peduncles or pedicels about inch long: calyx very villous, in fruit half
inch long, the lobes triangular-ovate, acuminate, little shorter than the petals: carpels
about 8, with short subulate beaks, very villous; seed-coat warty. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii.
289. — Yaqui River,! N. Sonora, Mex., Palmer.
A. aurantiacum, Watson. About a foot high, woody at base: leaves velvety-tomentose
and canescent both sides, round-cordate with closed deep sinus, crenate, inch or two in
diameter: peduncles mainly axillary and shorter than the leaves: calyx in fruit nearly
half inch long, cleft to the middle, very pubescent, canescent ; lobes ovate, acuminate, half
the length of the petals: carpels 10, villous-pubescent, with short subulate beaks; seeds
roughish-puberulent. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 357. — Lower California, a little below the U.S.
boundary, Parry, Orcutt.
+ + Fruit pubescent or puberulent, equalled by or moderately surpassing the calyx:
peduncles mainly axillary and shorter than the leaves.
++ Leaves very soft and velvety white-tomentose beneath, less so or even glabrate and at
length green above; the veinlets mostly obscure: calyx 5-parted; lobes ovate, acuminate.
A. permolle, Swrrr. Shrubby below, freely branching, 2 to 5 feet high: no villous hairs:
leaves ovate-cordate and mostly acuminate (larger 4 inches, smaller inch long) : later flowers
somewhat panicled: petals half inch long, much exceeding the calyx; the latter hardly at
all angled at base, barely equalling the 7 to 10 divergently mucronate-beaked carpels; seeds
minutely warty. — Hort. Brit. ed. 1, 53; Don, Syst. i. 503; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 20; Griseb.
l.c.; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 609. A. Jacquini, Chapm. Fl. 66, not Don. A. peraffine, Shuttl. in
distr. pl. Rugel, no. 956. Sida permollis, Willd. Enum. 723.—S. Florida, in many places.
(W. Ind.)
A. Wrightii, Gray. Ascending or decumbent and herbaceous from a lignescent stock :
slender branches and stalks with some soft spreading hairs: leaves round-cordate, obtuse
or acutish, an inch or more long, crenulate to dentate, very soft and white-tomentose
beneath: calyx half inch long and little shorter than the petals, or more accrescent, angu-
late at base ; the tapering acuminate lobes mostly surpassing the 7 or 8 pubescent subulate-
aristate carpels; seeds smooth and glabrous. — Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 162, & Pl. Wright. i. 20.—
S. Texas, Berlandier, Wright, &c., and Arizona, Pringle. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, Pringle.)
A. Parishii, Warson. Wholly herbaceous, erect, 2 feet high, very white-tomentose: stem
and stalks commonly villous with reflexed hairs: leaves very long-petioled, ovate-cordate,
hardly acuminate, crenate-dentate, an inch or more long: peduncles all much shorter than
the petioles: petals one third inch long: lobes of the deeply 5-parted calyx ovate, quarter
inch long, little over half the length of the 7 or 8 (rarely 5 or 6) mucronate-beaked pubes-
cent carpels; seeds puberulent.— Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 357.—Santa Catalina Mountains,
Pringle, and near Lowell, Arizona, Parish.
++ ++ Leaves and stalks canescent or cinereous with short and partly scurfy-stellular down ;
the veinlets as well as veins conspicuous beneath.
A. Lemmoni, Watson, 1. c. Fruticose, a foot or two high, much branched, erect, very
leafy: leaves ovate-cordate with shallow sinus, acute or acuminate, inch or more long:
peduncles about the length of the slender petioles: petals quarter inch long: calyx 5-parted,
canescent ; lobes broadly ovate, in fruit 3 or 4 lines long, half or two thirds the length of
the 8 or 9 puberulent-canescent mucronate-pointed carpels; seed-coat roughish-scurfy or
puberulent. — Rocky hills, S. Arizona, Thurber, Lemmon, Pringle. (Lower Calif., Streets 4
Orcutt.)
A.* Berlandieri, Gray. Branching, lignescent: leaves mostly larger than in the last pre-
ceding species, ovate or somewhat ovate-oblong, shallowly cordate, crenate-dentate, acumi-
nate: calyx deeply 5-parted ; lobes ovate, acuminate, 4 to 6 lines long, equalling or exceed-
ing the mature carpels: petals half inch in length. — Gray in Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xx.
1 This species was again collected by Dr. Palmer at Guaymas, Mex., but the plant so named,
Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 67, from Lower Calif., is probably distinct.
Abutilon. MALVACEZ. 329
358; Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 32, ii. 41; Heller, Contrib. Herb. Frankl. &
Marshall Coll. i. 64.—S. Texas, Letterman, Nealley, Heller. (Northern Mex., where first
coll. by Berlandier.)
+ + + Fruit pubescent or canescent, short, but surpassing the comparatively small
calyx : flowers all or mainly in an ample naked and nearly glabrous compound panicle:
stems herbaceous, rather tall: leaves large, 4 to 9 inches wide or long, round-cordate
with narrow or closed sinus, acuminate, and not rarely with lateral acuminate lobes or
lobelets.
A. Sonore, Gray. Stem below and long petioles hirsute or hispid with long spreading
hairs: leaves soft velvety-tomentose and canescent beneath, less so or green and glabrate
above: calyx only 2 lines long, with ovate, obtuse lobes, canescent half the length of the
corolla: truncate capsule 4 lines high, of 7 to 10 mucronate or mucronulate carpels. —
Pl. Wright. ii. 23. — Hillsides on the Sonoita, just south of Arizona, Wright. (Chihuahua,
Mex., Pringle, Palmer.)
A. revéntum, Watson. Habit and leaves of the preceding : stem glabrous throughout or
barely puberulent : calyx and corolla larger; lobes of the former more than half the length
of the mucronulate or nearly pointless carpels.— Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 418. A. Sonore,
var., Gray, Pl. Thurb. 308.— S. Arizona and adjacent Sonora, Thurber, Pringle. (Chihuahua,
Mex., Palmer.)
* * * Carpels 5 or rarely 6 to 8, closely erect in the truncate capsule, 3 or 4 lines long,
only mucronate-tipped, minutely pubescent or canescent ; seeds 2 or 3, superposed : freely
branching herbaceous perennials, small-flowered.
+ Corolla yellow, the petals 3 to 5 lines long: plants erect and bushy, a foot to a yard
high, canescent throughout with minute and compact coating, the hairs quite indistin-
guishable.
A. malacum, Warson. Pubescence somewhat pannose : stems rather stout : leaves round-
cordate, acute or short-acuminate, veiny, 2 to 4 inches long, rather long-petioled : flowers
numerous, paniculate-clustered and short-pedicelled, or some earliest solitary and rather
slender-peduncled in axils: calyx 3 lines long, the acute or acuminate lobes appressed to
and nearly equalling the broad and short stellular-puberulent capsule. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xxi. 446. (Has been variously confounded with the next.) — Texas near the Rio Grande,
from Laredo to El Paso, Bigelow, Havard, Jones. (Chihuahua, Mex., Pringle.)
A. incaénum, Sweet. Pubescence minuter and whiter: leaves mostly ovate-cordate, ser-
rate, larger 3 or 4 inches, smaller on the branchlets half inch long: flowers solitary and
mostly slender-peduncled in the axils, and sometimes loosely and slightly paniculate on the
branchlets :. calyx a line or two long, at length usually reflexed under the more or less
oblong truncate canescent-puberulent capsule; seeds when young smooth and glabrous, in
age minutely cinereous-pubescent.— Hort. Brit. ed. 1,53; Don, Syst. i. 501; Gray, Bot.
U.S. Expl. Exped. 168, & Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 301. A. Texense, & A. Nuttallii, Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 231. A. Texense, Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2,161, & Pl. Wright. i. 21. Sida incana,
Link, Enum. ii. 204. —S. Arkansas and Texas to Arizona. (Mex., Sandwich Islands.)
+ + Corolla brick-red or “pink,” the petals 2 or 3 lines long: plants diffuse.
A. parvulum, Gray. Stellular-puberulent, cinereous or greener, or when young canes-
cent: stems slender, loosely spreading or decumbent from a ligneous root: leaves from
rounded- to ovate-cordate, irregularly serrate, sometimes obscurely 3-lobed, thinnish, half
inch to 2 inches long: flowers mostly solitary and axillary on filiform peduncles: calyx a
line or two long, at length reflexed under the short-ovoid capsule. — Pl. Wright. i. 21, ii. 23,
& Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 301.— W. Texas to 8. Colorado and Arizona quite to the Rio
Colorado ; first coll. by Wright.
* * * * Carpels 5, short, submembranaceous, at length 2-valved, abruptly and divergently
10-awned (the 5 awns soon dividing); seeds 2 or 3, superposed: herbaceous, probably
perennial, with green and membranaceous leaves, and small yellow flowers.
A. Thurberi, Gray. Green, not canescent, pubescence of 3-4-rayed and some simple
bristly hairs: stems a foot or two high, slender, simple or paniculately branched above,
330 MALVACEZ. Abutilon.
sparsely hirsute or hispid: leaves membranaceous, ovate-cordate, serrate, 2 inches or less
long, on short but filiform simple and bractless peduncles; these mostly leafy-paniculate or
racemose on short axillary shoots: calyx and slender peduncle barbate-hirsute ; the former
in fruit 3 lines long, short-campanulate, cleft to about the middle, closely applied to and
nearly equalling the capsule, half the length of the orange-yellow petals: awns of the car-
pels a line or more long, sparsely hirsute; seeds glabrous. — Pl. Thurb. 307, & Proc. Am.
Acad. xxii. 302. — Shady places, N. Sonora, not far below the U.S. boundary, Thurber,
Palmer.
A. UMBELLATUM, Sweet, of this division, was collected by Berlandier in Tamaulipas, not far
from the boundary.
§ 2. Gayoipres, Gray. Carpels numerous, membranaceous and vesicular in
fruit, pointless, few-ovuled, 2—3-seeded: habit of Gaya, but no interior process. —
Gen. III. ii. 67, t. 126.
A. crispum, Mepic. Perennial, diffuse from a suffrutescent base, velvety-tomentulose or
canescent, and slender branches with or without spreading villous hairs: leaves cordate,
mostly acuminate, crenulate, veiny, inch or two long; uppermost nearly sessile: peduncles
axillary, filiform, in fruit commonly refracted at the joint: petals pale yellow or whitish, 3
lines long: fruit half inch or more long, globular, inflated, of about 12 carpels, dorsally
dehiscent, in age often undulate or crisped; seeds smooth. — Maly. 29 (as cryspum) ; Sweet,
Hort. Brit. ed. 1, 53; Don, Syst. i. 502; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 23, Pl. Wright. i. 21, & Gen. Tl.
ii. 68, t. 126; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 79, & Cat. Cub. 26 (with var. imberbe, the form with no
villosity). A. trichodum, A. Rich. Fl. Cub. t.17. Sida crispa, L. Spee. ii. 685 (Dill. Elth.
t.5; Martyn, Hist. Pl. Rar. t. 29); Cav. Diss. i. 30, t. 7, f. 1, & t. 135, f. 2; DC. Prodr. i.
469, with S. imberbis. Beloere crispa, Shuttl. in distr. pl. Rugel, no. 95. — S. Florida (chiefly
the var. IMBERBE, Grisebach) and Texas to Arizona. (Mex., Trop. Am., Ind., &c.)
15. MALACHRA, L. (Maddy, ancient name of some kind of Mallow.)
— Hispid herbs (of the warm parts of America) ; with rounded and angulate or
lobed leaves, setaceous stipules, involucral leaves usually white at base, and
yellow or whitish flowers appearing in summer. — Mant. 13; Gray, Gen.
Ill. ii. 73, t. 129.‘ — Ours annual, perhaps not indigenous. [Revised by B. L.
RoBINSON. |
M.* alcezefolia, Jace. Moderately hispid: leaves more or less 3-5-lobed: flower-heads
pedunculate or subsessile: corolla yellow, sometimes white: carpels puberulent or glabrate
at maturity, much shorter than the then attenuate-prolonged calyx-lobes. — Coll. ii. 350, &
Te. Rar. t. 549; Willd. Spee. iii. 769; DC. Prodr. i. 441; Giirke in Engl. Jahrb. xvi. 350.
M. capitata, Swartz, Obs. 262, not L., fide Giirke. (W. Ind., S. Am.)
Var.* rotundifolia, Girxe. Leaves of roundish outline obtusely angulate rather
than lobed, the upper ovate or ovate-oblong. — Giirke in Mart. F]. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 462 (where
specific name is arbitrarily altered to alceifolia), & in Engl. Jahrb. xvi. 351. M. capitata,
Cay. Diss. ii. 97 (in part), t. 86, f. 1; Moench. Meth. 614; DC. Prodr. i. 440; Griseb. FI.
W. Ind. 80; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 609; not L. MM. rotundifolia, Schrank, Pl. Hort. Mon. t. 56.
M. urens, Holzinger, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 288, not Poir.— Keys of Florida, Curtiss,
Simpson. (W. Ind., S. Am.)
M.* capitata, L. Moderately hispid: leaves roundish, sometimes undivided, when 3-5-
lobed with sinuate-rounded open sinuses and lobes very obtuse: heads peduncled : involucral
leaves round-cordate and largely white: petals yellow: carpels nearly glabrous, not much
surpassed by the ovate short-acuminate or acute calyx-lobes. — Syst. Nat. ed. 12, 458; Pers.
Syn. ii. 248; Spreng. Syst. iii. 95; Hemsl. Biol. Cent.-Am. Bot. i.115; not Cav., Desr., Sw.,
Meench, nor DC., fide Giirke. M. palmata, Moench, Meth. 615; DC. Prodr. i. 441, & Mém.
Soc. Genev. v. 163, t. 5; Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 33, ii. 43. MM. triloba, Desf.
1 Add Giirke in Engl. Jahrb. xvi. 330-361, a critical monograph, bringing considerable new light
upon the hitherto much confused specific synonymy.
Pavonia. MALVACEZ. oo
Cat. Hort. Par. 246; DC. Prodr. i. 440. M. Mexicana, Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 74, t.129, probably
not Schrad. — Texas, Wright. (Mex., W. Ind.)
16. URENA, Dill. (Uren, a Malabar name.) — More or less canescent
herbs or undershrubs (of Asiatic or African origin) ; with small and sessile or
short-peduncled flowers, yellowish or purplish corolla, and a small burr-like
fruit. — Elth. 480, t. 319; L. Gen. no. 555.
U. tophra, L. Leaves rounded, mostly broader than long, subcordate, angulately 3-lobed at
summit, serrulate, upper face green, beneath an oblong gland on the base of one or three
middle ribs: petals pink or rose-color.— Spec. ii. 692; Griseb. l.c. 81; Chapm. FI. ed. 2,
609 ; and many synonyms and varieties. — About dwellings in Florida. (Nat. from W. Ind.,
thence from India.)
17. PAVONIA, Cav. (Joseph Pavon, one of the authors of the Flora
Peruviana.) —Shrubby or suffruticose plants of warm-temperate and tropical
zones, of various habit, some near to Urena, others connecting with Malvaviscus.
— Diss. ii. App. 2, & iii. 132, t. 45-49; DC. Prodr. i. 442; Gray, Gen. III. ii.
75, t. 130.
§ 1. Carpels 3-awned or 2—3-cornute, angled, thick.
P. spinifex, Cav. Shrubby, pubescent: leaves oblong-ovate and subcordate, dentate :
flowers sfender-peduncled, mainly axillary: bractlets of the involucel several, linear or
lanceolate, fully equalling the calyx: petals yellow, an inch long, equalled by the column :
mature carpels firm-coriaceous, bearing three long spiny retrorsely barbed awns, one subter-
minal and two lower marginal ones. — Diss. iii. 133, t. 45, f. 2; DC.1.¢.; Chapm. FI. ed. 2,
608. Hibiscus spinifex, L. Spec. ed. 2, ii. 978. — Coast of Florida; perhaps introduced, as it
is at Charleston, S. Carolina. (Trop. Am.)
P. racemosa, Swartz. Shrubby, puberulent: leaves cordate, slender-acuminate, nearly
entire, 3 to 5 inches long: flowers in a terminal naked raceme: bractlets of the involucel 6
or 8, oblong-lanceolate, nearly equalling the moderately 5-lobed calyx : petals greenish-yellow
or whitish, three fourths inch long, surpassing the column: carpels smooth, with a pair of
short triangular beaks near summit of margins, and a small medial apical crest. — Fl. Ind.
Oce. ii. 1215; DC.1.¢. 443; Griseb.1.c. 83; Chapm.l.c. P. spicata, Cav. Diss. iii. 136,
t. 46, f. 1, but flowers not spicate. Malache scabra, &c., Trew, Ic. Pl. Sel. t. 90. — Coast
and keys of S. Florida, in marshes, Garber, Palmer, Curtiss. (Trop. Am.)
§ 2. Carpels unarmed and pointless, obovoid, small, dorsally 1-nerved.
P. wastAta, Cay. Frutescent, canescent with minute pubescence, much branched: leaves
hastate, obtusely dentate, inch or two long: flowers slender-peduncled in the axils: bractlets
of involucel 5 or 6, obovate to lanceolate, equalling the calyx: petals pale red with dark
spot at base, half inch long: stamens in the short column sometimes few: carpels reticu-
lated: flowers often cleistogamous. — Diss. iii. 138, t. 47, f. 2; Reichenb. Ic. Bot. Exot. iii.
t. 227. P. LeContii, Torr. & Gray in Gray, Pl. Fendl. 16. P. Jonesii, Feay in Wood,
Class-Book, ed. of 1861, 269. Malva LeContii, Buckley, Am. Jour. Sci. xlv.176. Greevesia
cleisocalyx, F. Muell. in Hook. Jour. Bot. & Kew Misc. viii. 8. — Georgia near the coast,
introduced. (Nat. from extra-trop. 8. Am.)
P.* lasiopétala, Scuerte.2 Shrubby, tomentulose and cinereous: leaves cordate or sub-
cordate, serrate or repand, sometimes slightly angulate-lobed, 1 to 3 inches long: flowers
slender-peduncled in the axils: bractlets of involucel 5 to 8, linear, rather longer than the
ovate acuminate 3-5-nerved calyx-lobes: petals rose-color, half to three fourths inch long:
carpels smooth or obscurely reticulated. — Linnza, xxi. 470. P. Wrightii, Gray, Gen. IIl.
1 Add Giirke in Engl. Jahrb. xvi. 361-385. es
2 The earliest name, abandoned on account of its not infrequent inapplicability (the petals being
often glabrous), is here restored on grounds of priority, as by Hook. f. & Jackson, Index Kew. ii. 442.
ae MALVACEZ. Malvaviscus.
ii. 76, t. 130, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 161, Pl. Wright. i. 22, & ii. 24.1— Rocky woods, W. Texas;
first coll. by Lindheimer. (Adj. Mex.)
18. MALVAVISCUS, Dill. (Composed of Malva and viscum, birdlime
from the viscid or mucilaginous fruit.) — Tropical American (except our species),
shrubs or tall herbs, with subcordate and occasionally angulate-lobed leaves, and
showy red ‘flowers on axillary peduncles. — Elth. 210, t.170; Cav. Diss. iii. 181,
t. 48; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 77, t. 181. Achania, Swartz, Fl. Ind. Oce. ii. 1221.
M. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Tomentulose: leaves round-cordate and mostly angu-
lately 3-lobed, fally as broad as long: bractlets of the involucel narrowly spatulate : corolla
vermilion-red, inch long: column at length well exserted: fruit red. — Fl. i. 230; Gray,
l.c.; Griseb. Cat. Cub. 28. Pavonia Drummondii, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 682, the fruit at first
fleshy 2 but at length dry and separable. (Near M. mollis, DC., which has slender involucel-
late bractlets, &c.) — Texas, Louisiana, and Florida. (Adj. Mex., Cuba.)
19. KOSTELETZKYA, Presl. (Prof. V. F. Kosteletzky, of Prague.)
— Perennial herbs (chiefly of N. and Central America), with cordate or sagit-
tate and sometimes lobed leaves, and axillary or somewhat racemose or paniculate
flowers. — Rel. Haenk. ii. 130, t. 70; Endl. Gen. 982; Gray, Gen. III. ii. 79,
t. 132. Pentagonocarpus, Mich. acc. to Parl. Fl. Ital. v. 105.
§ 1. Column long and filiform, at length exserted and much surpassing the
erect convolute corolla. — § Orthopetalum, Benth. Pl. Hartw, 285.
K. Thurberi, Gray. Herbaceous? 5 to 10 feet high, scabrous-puberulent, not hirsute:
leaves round-cordate and angulately 3-lobed (lower not seen) or uppermost oblong-ovate and
acuminate, serrulate, roughish-pubescent with 3-4-rayed short hairs, especially the lower
face: flowers numerous in a loose and naked compound panicle: bractlets of the involucel
setaceous, a line or two long: calyx 3 lines long, not accrescent: corolla less than inch long,
rose-color, outer face obscurely puberulent: stamens rather few near the apex of the fili-
form column: capsule 3 lines high, glabrate, acutely 5-lobed, hispid along the angles. —
Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 314. K. paniculata, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 40, not Benth. — Cafion
near Cocospera, Sonora, Mex., at considerable distance below the Arizona boundary,
Thurber, Schott. (Mex.)
§ 2. Column not longer than the widely open petals.
* Flowers small: involucel of very few and setaceous bractlets : petals only quarter or half
inch long: leaves hardly any hastate. (Like the preceding extra-limital.)
K. digitata, Gray. Roughly stellular-pubescent, paniculately much branched, slender,
probably low: leaves digitately 8-5-parted into lanceolate or linear denticulate divisions ;
petioles hispid: flowers racemose, slender-peduncled : corolla apparently purplish: capsule
setose at the angles; seeds glabrous. — Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 289. — Yaqui River, Sonora,
Palmer. (Mex.)
K. Cotilteri, Gray. Hispidulous and the slender low stems or branches sparsely hispid :
leaves small (barely inch long), cordate, either 3-5-lobed or deeply 3-5-cleft : peduncles
mostly axillary, not surpassing the petioles: corolla yellow (7): capsule setose at the
angles; seeds glabrous. — Pl. Wright. i. 23.— Yaqui River, Sonora, Palmer.2 (Sonora
Alta, Mex., Th. Coulter.)
1 Add Meehan’s Monthly, ii. 177, t. 2.
2 According to Dr. E. Palmer the fruit, both raw and cooked, is eaten in Texas, where it bears the
name of ‘* May-apple.”’
3 A second and doubtful form, with larger more deeply 5-7-parted leaves, has since been coll. by
Dr. Palmer, near Guaymas, Mex., and is mentioned by Dr. Watson, Proc. Am. Acad. xxiv. 41. One
or both these forms may be referable to K. palmata, Presl, Bot. Bemerk. 19 (K. hispidula, Garcke,
Jahrb. Bot. Gart. Berl. i. 223); see Garcke in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 395.
Hibiscus. MALVACEZ. 333
* * Flowers larger, the rose-colored petals an inch or more in length: bractlets of involucel
filiform or setaceous-subulate, rather shorter than the calyx : seeds carinate-ribbed on the
back.
K. smilacifoélia, Gray. Slender, glabrous or barely puberulent, 2 feet or more high:
leaves all but the lowest hastate with long middle lobe linear-lanceolate and entire or
denticulate and the lateral lobes mostly linear: branches few-flowered: calyx minutely
canescent: capsule hispid, angles little salient; seeds glabrous, very obscurely lineate. —
PL Wright. i. 23; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 610. Hibiscus (Pentaspermum) smilacifolius, Shuttl.
in distr. pl. Rugel, no. 103, fide Gray, 1. c. — Low grounds, between the Manatee River and
Sarazota Bay, S. Florida, Rugel.
K. Virginica, Presv. Stellular-puberulent, cinereous or green, and somewhat scabrous,
3 to 5 feet high: lower leaves cordate and often angulate or coarsely few-toothed, also serru-
late : upper or some of them lanceolate-hastate (2 to 6 inches long), the lateral lobes or
auricles short and triangular: calyx canescent: capsule hirsute, or hispid when young, the
rounded lobes slightly carinate-angled ; seeds as of the preceding. — Pres] in Gray, Gen. III.
ii. 80, t. 132; Gray, Man. ed. 2, 68; Chapm. FI. 57, partly. Hibiscus Virginicus, L. Spec. ii.
697; Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 142% Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 114. H. clypeatus? Walt. Car. 177.
H. pentaspermus, Nutt. Am. Jour. Sci. v. 298. Pavonia Virginica, Spreng. Syst. iii. 98. —
Swamps near the coast, New York to Lonisiana.!
K. althezefdlia, Gray.2 Roughish-tomentose with stellular hairs and finer down and
branches roughly stellular-hirsute : leaves cordate, acuminate, and upper ovate-lanceolate
with subcordate base and usually some of them hastate: calyx stellular-hirsute as well as
catiescent : capsule hirsute-hispid, carinate-angled; seeds glabrous, striate-lineate on the
sides. — Pl. Wright. i. 23 (genus indicated but no specific descr.), & in Wats. Bibl. Index, 136
(first publication as species). K. Virginica, var. altheefolia, Chapm, FI. 57. K. hastata,
Griseb. Cat. Cub. 28, not Presl. Hibiscus Virginicus, Michx. FI. ii. 46; Ell. Sk. ii. 167, at
least partly. H. (Pentaspermum) althecefolius, Shuttl. in distr. pl. Rugel, no. 102. ? Malva
abutiloides, Pursh, F). ii. 454, not L.— Marshes, chiefly along the coast, Carolina to Florida
and Texas. (Cuba.)
20. HIBISCUS, L. Rose Martow. (Name of Dioscorides for Marsh
Mallow.) — Herbs, shrubs, or even trees, of warm-temperate and tropical coun-
tries, mostly with showy flowers produced in summer and autumn. — Gen. no.
562 (excl. syn.) ; DC. Prodr. i. 446; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 81, t. 133 (with Abdel-
moschus) ; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 207.
§ I]. Evnrsiscus. Calyx 5-cleft, not spathaceous, persistent, as also mostly
the distinct bractlets of the involucel: capsule simply 5-celled. — Hibiscus, Endl.
Gen. 982; Gray, l. c.
* Matvaviscofpes. Corolla cylindraceous, the petals strongly convolute and erect or only
at summit spreading, but not auriculate : column at length exserted: seeds rather numer-
ous, clothed with long cottony wool. — Part of Cremontia, DC., of Bombicella, Griseb.
H. tubifl6rus, DC. Frutescent or shrubby, with slender branches, hirsutely stellular-
pubescent or on the stems hispidulous: leaves cordate or subcordate, serrate, sometimes
angulate or 3-lobed: peduncles recurving, 1-flowered, longer than the petioles and upper
longer than the leaves: bractlets of the involucel about 10, slender, hardly equalling the
fructiferous calyx: corolla bright crimson, an inch long. — Prodr. i. 447; A. DC. Calques
des Dess. t. 83; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 8302. H. Bancroftianus, Macfadyen, Fl. Jam.
70; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 85. 4H. truncatus, A. Rich. Fl. Cub. 144, t.16. H. Peppigii,
Garcke, Jahresb. Naturwiss. Ver. Halle, 1849-50, 133. H. Floridanus, Shuttl. in distr.
1 A specimen somewhat intermediate as to pubescence between this species and K. althee/folia has
been collected at Stockton, Maryland, by Rusby.
2 This name is arbitrarily altered to K. altheifolia by Dr. Rusby (Mem. Torr. Club, v. 224), who,
overlooking the prior publication in Watson’s Bibl. Index, cites the species as his own.
334 MALVACEZ. Hibiscus.
pl. Rugel, no. 104; Chapm. Fl. 58. Achania pilosa, Swartz, Prodr. 102, & Fl. Ind. Occ.
ii. 1224; Ait. Kew. ii. 459. A. Peppigii, Spreng. Syst. iii. 100. Malvaviscus pilosus, DC.
Prodr. i. 445. M. Floridanus, Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 89; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 229. —
Keys of Florida. (W. Ind., Mex.)
* * BompicetLa, DC. Corolla widely spreading in anthesis: calyx mostly 5-parted or
deeply 5-cleft: seeds rather numerous, bearing long cottony wool.
H. Cotlteri, Harvey. Suffruticose and a foot or more high, or more shrubby and 6 to 8
feet high, strigosely hirsute with few-rayed stellular hairs: leaves (about an inch in diame-
ter) of rounded or ovate outline ; lowest commonly undivided, cordate or ovate, incisely
serrate and slightly lobed ; upper 3-cleft and the lobes ovate or some 3-5-parted into narrower
serrate lobes, sometimes all 3-5-parted: flowers few, long-peduncled: bractlets of the
involucel 10 to 14, linear-setaceous, rigid, inch or less long, about the length of the attenuate-
lanceolate 3-nerved lobes of the 5-parted calyx, both sparsely hispid with simple rigid hairs:
petals broad, inch to inch and a half long, lemon- or sulphur-yellow and commonly purple-
tinged: capsule glabrous, shorter than the calyx. — Harvey in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 23. —
W. Texas to S. Arizona in the mountains, Wright, Thurber, Havard, &. (Adj. Mex.,
Berlandier, Th. Coulter, Gregg, &c.)
H. rierrorius, Gray! Proc. Am. Acad. v. 154, is a nearly related species of Lower
California ; also H. siséprus, Wats., of Chihuahua.
H. denudatus, Benru. Suffruticose, a foot or two high, canescent-tomentose : leaves
ovate to rotund, slightly if at all cordate, half inch or inch long, slightly serrate: flowers
short-peduncled in the axils and commonly along the somewhat naked flexuous summit of
the branches: involucel of 4 to 7 short setaceous bractlets, sometimes half the length of the
5-parted canescent-tomentose calyx, sometimes shorter or almost obsolete: petals lavender-
purple, half inch or more long: capsule nearly glabrous. — Bot. Sulph. 7, t. 3 (a more
branched form, leafy to the top) ; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 22, var. INVOLUCELLATUs (form with
involucel more developed) ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 40.— El Paso, borders of Texas to
Arizona, and borders of California. (Lower Calif., adj. Mex.)
* * * Kétmra. Corolla spreading or open in anthesis: calyx herbaceous, applied to or
filled by the fruit: seeds from glabrous to hirsute. — Aetmza, Tourn. Inst. 99, t. 26.
+ Calyx 5-parted into lanceolate acuminate spreading lobes in the manner of the preceding :
would be referred to that section but for the naked seed.
H. cardiophyllus, Gray. Herbaceous from a lignescent perennial base, canescent-
tomentose: stems a foot or more high, equably leafy to top: leaves round-cordate, obtuse,
more or less crenate, 2 inches or less wide, slender-petioled: peduncles surpassing the
leaves: involucel of about 10 spatulate-lanceolate 3-nerved tomentose bractlets, rather
shorter than the calyx, which considerably surpasses the glabrous capsule: petals deep
rose-red or “vermilion-red” (Palmer), an inch long: seeds rather few, puberulent. — Pl.
Wright. i. 22, not Baill.—S. W. borders of Texas, Wright. (Adj. Mex., Th. Coulter, Ber-
landier, Gregg, &c.)
+ + Calyx 5-cleft or 5-toothed, campanulate.
++ Shrub, native of Armenia.
H. Syrfacus, L. (Suruppy Attruma of gardeners.) Tall shrub, nearly glabrous: leaves
rhombic-ovate, incisely dentate, mostly 3-lobed: flowers short-peduncled in the upper axils:
petals often 2 inches long, rose-color, varying to white, dark purple at base. — Spec. ii. 695.
— Escaped from cultivation in some parts of Atlantic States, but hardly naturalized ;? fl. late
summer. (Cult. from the Old World.)
++ ++ Tall perennial herbs (the first species shrubby in the tropics), large-flowered.
1 This species, rediscovered at San José del Cabo by Brandegee, is to be distinguished by its pubes-
cent capsule, the fruit of H. Coulter being glabrous. The leaves of H. ribifolius are sparingly pubes-
cent, even in the type, not glabrous as originally described, and the flowers are sulphur-yellow instead
of purple.
2 Now fully naturalized in various places from Pennsylvania to Georgia, acc. to Dr. Small.
Hibiscus. MALVACEA. 335
= Bractlets of the involucel filiform or nearly so, mostly 2-forked or dilated at tip, or with
one or two lateral lobes: flowers short-peduncled: corolla yellow: calyx mostly hispid or
hirsute, its tube 10-ribbed, commonly an oblong gland on the midrib of the lobes: cap-
sule strigose-hispid ; seeds glabrous.
H. furcellatus, Lam. Shrubby, minutely tomentose, cinereous: leaves cordate, commonly
augulate or 3-lobed, denticulate: corolla 3 inches long: calyx and capsule inch or more
long. — Dict. iii. 358; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 610.— Shores of Indian River, S. Florida, Palmer,
Curtiss ; perhaps adventive. (Cuba, S. Am.)
H. aculeatus, Warr. Herbaceous, 2 to 6 feet high, very rough-hispidulous: leaves green,
roundish in outline, lower somewhat cordate or reniform and angulate or 3-lobed; upper
3-5-cleft or parted into obovate or spatulate or narrower and often laciniate-dentate divi-
sions: petals 2 inches long, with dark purple base. — Car. 177; Poir. Suppl. iii. 220; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 236. H. scaber, Michx. Fl. ii. 45; Ell. Sk. ii. 169. — Edges of swamps, S.
Carolina to Florida and Louisiana.
= = Bractlets of involucel entire, slender, numerous: flowers moderately long-peduncled :
stems stout, 3 to 8 feet high.
a. Herbage tomentose or canescent, at least the lower face of the leaves: capsule with walls
hairy inside ; seeds glabrous, concentrically lineolate when dry, at full maturity minutely
and sparsely papillose.
H.* lasiocarpos, Cav.1 Stem pubescent: leaves more or less velvety-tomentose both sides,
cordate or subcordate, acuminate, crenately dentate, some angulate or slightly 3-lobed (4 to
6 or larger 8 inches long) ; upper ones often ovate-lanceolate: bractlets more or less ciliate
with villous or hirsute hairs: calyx-lobes at maturity prominently 5-7-nerved : corolla white
or pale rose-color with crimson or deep purple centre, the petals 3 or 4 inches long: capsule
hirsute. — Diss. iii. 159, t. 70, f. 1 (only uppermost leaves figured); Gray, Proc. Am. Acad.
Xxii. 302 (excl. syn. H. grandiflorus).2 H. grandiflorus, Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y. ii. 172; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 238, in part; Gray, Man. ed. 5, 102 ; not Michx.— Marshes, coast of Georgia
to Louisiana, thence north to Tennessee, S. Illinois, 8S. Missouri, and W. Arkansas.2 Pubes-
cence soft-velvety : the species westward passing into
Var. occidentalis, Gray, 1. c. 303. Leaves more uniformly cordate: capsule less
hirsute but densely pubescent. — H. Moscheutos ? var. occidentalis, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped.
256. H. Californicus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. iv. 292; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.
87; Wats. ibid. ii. 437.4 California on the Sacramento and San Joaquin; first coll. by
Pickering & Brackenridge. (Mex. near Janos, Chihuahua, Thurber.)
H.* grandifilorus, Micnx. Stem soon glabrous: leaves ample, 3-lobed, covered on both
surfaces with a close pale tomentum, canescent beneath ; lobes ovate, irregularly crenate or
even incisely serrate, acute : bractlets of the involucels finely tomentose but not hispid-ciliate :
corolla very large, 5 or 6 inches long. — FI. ii. 46; Ell. Sk. ii. 166; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 238,
in part. H. /asiocarpus, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 302, 303, as to syn. HH. grandiflorus. —
Brackish marshes, Florida, Michaux, Curtiss, Nash, and Georgia fide Michaux, who also
extends the range westward to the Mississippi.
H. Moschettos, L. Leaves canescent beneath with minute and close down, less so or
glabrate and green above, ovate with rounded or subcordate base, acuminate ; some lower
ones angulately 3-5-lobed and incisely dentate and uppermost oblong-lanceolate ; base of
petiole and peduncle not rarely connate: bractlets and calyx canescent but not hairy ; lobes
of the latter nearly nerveless: petals 2 to 4 inches long, light rose-color or white, with
crimson-purple base: capsule short-ovoid, glabrous. — Spec. ii. 693; Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
237; Gray, Man. 1.c., & Gen. Ill. ii. t. 133. H. Moscheutos, & H. palustris, L. Spec. ii. 693
(Cornut. Canad. t. 145; Moris. Hist. ii. sect. 5, t. 19, f. 6); Cav. Diss. iii. t. 65; Willd. Spec.
1 Description and synonymy altered to exclude the next following species, which, as Dr. Small has
pointed out (Bull. Torr. Club, xxiii. 127, 128), is with little doubt distinct.
2 Add Watson, Gard. & For. i. 425.
3 Also in Hemphill and Moore Counties, Texas, Carleton, fide Holzinger, Contrib. U.S. Nat.
Herb. i. 203.
4 Add Watson, Gard. & For. i. fig. 68 on p. 426 (without varietal name).
336 MALVACES. . Hibiscus.
iii. 806, 808. H. Moscheutos, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 286; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxiii. t. 7;
Fl. Serres, xii. t. 1233.1 H. palustris, Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 882; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1463;
Jackson, Jour. Linn. Soc. xix. 9. H. Carolinianus, Chapm. FI. 58. H. roseus, Thore in
Loisel. Fl. Gall. ii. 434; DC. Prodr. i. 450; Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. t. 277; & H. aquaticus,
DC. Fl. Fr. ed. 3, vi. 627, & Prodr. 1. c.; the plant nat. in S. Eu. — Swamps, mostly brack-
ish, Canada near L. Erie and L. Ontario, to Florida and E. Texas, but chiefly near the
coast.
H. incdanus, Wenpt. Leaves mostly ovate-lanceolate and merely serrate : petals sulphur-
yellow with crimson base: otherwise as H. Moscheutos.— Bot. Beob. 54, & Hort. Herrenh.
fase. 4, 8, t. 24; Willd. Spec. iii. 807 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 237; Chapm. Fl. 57. —Swamps,
S. Carolina to Florida and Alabama ; first coll. by Bartram.
b. Herbage glabrous and green throughout, very smooth: calyx accrescent, looser and thin-
membranaceous in fruit: walls of capsule (always ¢) glabrous within; seeds pubescent.
H. coccineus, Watr. Leaves ample; lower palmately or pedately 5-7-parted into lanceo-
late acuminate divisions (4 to 8 inches long); uppermost hastately 3-cleft or ovate and
3-lobed, with middle lobe caudate-acuminate: calyx in fruit 2 inches long, deeply 5-cleft,
much surpassing the glabrous capsule, the lobes triangular-lanceolate: petals deep red,
spatulate-obovate, 3 to 5 inches long, widely spreading. — Car. 177; Bartr. Trav. 104; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 238; Chapm. Fl. 58; Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 1, ii. t. 1. H. speciosus,
Ait. Kew. ii. 456; Wendl. “ Hort. Herrenh. fase. 2, 15, t.11”; Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 360;
Michx. FI. ii. 47; Barton, Fl. N. A. i. 33, t. 9. — Swamps of Georgia and Florida, near the
coast ; first coll. by Bartram. (S. Am.)
Var. integrifélius, Cuarm. A form with only moderately 3-cleft or angulate-lobed
but more serrate leaves. — Fl. ed. 2, 610.2— E. Florida, in deep marshes, Chapman.
H. militaris, Cav. Less tall: leaves mainly hastate, the middle lobe ovate-lanceolate and
acuminate, but some upper ones only deltcid- or ovate-lanceolate, and lower broadly sub-
cordate and 3-cleft: calyx slightly 5-lobed, becoming oblong-campanulate and at length
ovoid, loosely enclosing the puberulent or glabrous capsule, the lobes incumbent: petals
pale flesh-color with purple base, broad, 2 or 3 inches long, moderately spreading from erect
base. — Diss. vi. 352, t. 198, f. 2; Willd. Spec. iii. 808; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2385; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 238. H. levis, “Scop. Del. Flor. iii. 35, t.17.” H. Virginicus, Walt. Car. 177,
not L. H. hastatus, Michx. Fl. ii. 45. H. riparius, Pers. Syn. ii. 254. H. Carolinianus,
Muhl. Cat. 63, & probably Ell. Sk. ii. 168. — Wet banks of rivers, Pennsylvania to Minne-
sota and southward to Florida and Texas.
H. Rosa-Sineénsis, L. Shrub with very smooth green leaves and large intensely red
flowers, may sometimes escape from cultivation in S. Florida and S. Texas, but hardly.
* * * * Triénum, DC. Corolla rotately spreading, open only for a few hours in sun-
shine: calyx vesicular-inflated and closed over the globular capsule: seeds not woolly. —
Trionum, Medic. Malv. 46.
H. Tri6num, L. (FLower-or-an-nour.) Annual, low, sparsely hispid or glabrate: lowest
leaves round or cordate and 3-lobed ; upper 3-5-parted into cuneate-oblong or spatulate and
incised divisions, the middle one of upper leaves longer ad lanceolate : calyx soon scarious
and green-nerved: corolla sulphur-color or nearly white with a brown-purple eye: seeds
muricate-papillose. — Spec. ii. 697; Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. 209; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. v.
t. 181. #H. Collinsiana, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 237, as to pl. Ware. H. pallidus, Raf.
Jide Wats. Bibl. Index, 135.— Spontaneous about gardens, and especially in the Mississippi
Val. becoming a troublesome weed on cultivated ground. (Nat. from Eu., &c.)
§ 2. Asetméscuus. Calyx spathaceous, 5-toothed, splitting down one side
and deciduous from or near the base: bractlets distinct, often deciduous: capsule
5-celled, many-seeded. — § Manihot and part of Abelmoschus, DC. Abelmoschus,
Medic. Maly. 45. Introduced tropical annuals.
1 Add Meehan’s Monthly, ii. 161, t. 11.
2 Add syn. H. semilobatus, Chapm. Fl. ed. 3, 52.
Cienfuegosia. MALVACER. 337
H. MAntuor, L. Tall and stout, glabrous, with some bristly hairs on the branches and stalks:
* leaves large, palmately or pedately 5-9-parted into long and narrow lobes: bractlets oblong-
lanaeolate, persistent for some time: corolla 4 or 5 inches in diameter, pale yellow or straw-
color with a dark purple eye: capsule oblong, hispid, especially on the angles. — Spee. ii.
696 ; Michx. Fl. ii. 45; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1702, & Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3152 (the var. palma-
tus, with upper leaves cleft into ovate-lanceolate incisely serrate lobes); Torr. & Gray, Fl.
i. 236. H. Collinsiana, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 237, partly. — Sparingly spontaneous in most
southerly Atlantic States. (Nat.? from S. E. Asia.)
H, escuréntus, L. (Oxra, Gomso.) Low, hairy or glabrate, not bristly: leaves rounded
and 5-lobed, lobes broad : flowers on short stout peduncles: bractlets narrowly linear, cadu-
cous : corolla 3 or 4 inches in diameter, yellow, with purple eye: capsule oblong-lanceolate
or narrower, 4 to 6 inches long (when young and mucilaginous used for okra or gombo soup).
— Spec. ii. 696 ; Cav. Diss. t. 61; Desc. Fl. Ant. iv. t. 269. H. Collinsiana, Torr. & Gray,
1. c. partly, not Nutt. — Rather cult. than nat. in S. Atlantic States. (Nat.? from Africa
via W. Ind.)
§ 3. Paririum. Involucel a campanulate 8-10-toothed or -cleft cup: calyx
5-cleft : capsule with the 5 cells more or less bilocellate by a dorsal thin-mem-
branaceous and indehiscent bilamellar intruded false partition ; seeds numerous:
stipules oblong, caducous. — Paritium, A. Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. i. 255.
— Tropical trees or high shrubs: yield Cuba bast, &c.
H. tiihceus, L. Leaves ample, round-cordate, short-acuminate, entire or obscurely crenate,
glabrous or glabrate above, tomentulose-canescent beneath, and bearing a linear gland on
base of one or more of the ribs : involucel and calyx persistent: petals yellow, hardly over
2 inches long: seeds glabrous or merely puberulent. — Spec. ii. 694; Desc. Fl. Ant. ii. t.
148; Chapm. Fl. 58. Paritium tiliaceum, A. Juss. in St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Mer. i. 255; Griseb.
Fl. W. Ind. 86.— Keys of S. Florida; probably a natural introduction from W. Ind. (All
tropical shores, probably of Old World origin, while the large-flowered hairy-seeded H.
elatus, Swartz, is indigenous in America.)
21. THESPESIA, Solander. (@eo7éovos, divine or excellent.) — Mostly
tropical trees or shrubs, with ample cordate and entire leaves, and large flowers ;
habit of Hibiscus, § Paritium. — Solander in Correa, Ann. Mus. Par. ix. 290,
t. 8, f. 2; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 208. Malvaviscus, Gertn., not Dill.
T. rpoptinea, Solander, 1. c. Low tree: leaves green, barely puberulent : 1-flowered peduncles
shorter than the petioles: petals 2 inches long, yellow and purplish: fruit globose, over an
inch in diameter. — DC. Prodr. i. 456; Wight, Ic. i. t. 8; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 87. Hibiscus
populneus, L. Spee. ii. 694 ; Cav. Diss. iii. t. 56, f. 1.— Keys of Florida, Curtiss ; probably
introduced from W. Ind. (Most tropical shores, probably of Old World origin.)
22. CIENFUEGOSIA, Cav. (B. Cienfuegos, a Spanish botanist of the
time of Bauhin.) — Suffruticose or suffrutescent plants, with the habit of the
smaller Hibisct, mostly yellow-flowered. — Cay. Diss. iii. 174, t.72, f£. 2. Fugosia,
Juss. Gen. 274; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 208. Cvenfuegia, Willd. Spec. iii. 723.
Redoutea, Vent. Descr. Pl. Nouv. Jard. Cels, t. 11. [Revised by B. L.
RoBInson. |
C.* sulphtrea, Garcxe. Herbaceous or nearly so, almost glabrous: stems ascending,
barely a foot high: leaves oval, inch or two long, repand-dentate, rather long-petioled: pe-
duncles about equalling the subtending leaves: involucel of 7 to 9 linear or spatulate-
lanceolate bractlets, little shorter than the deeply 5-cleft calyx: petals greenish yellow or
sulphur-yellow, nearly inch long: stigmas 4 or 5: capsule globular, glabrous; seeds 2 in
each cell, tomentulose. — Bonplandia, viii. 150; Morong & Britton, Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci.
vii. 60. Fugosia sulfurea, St. Hil. Fl. Bras. Merid. i. 252, t. 49. #. Drummondii, Gray, Pl.
Wright. i. 23 & ms. of present work; J. G. Smith, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. vi. 113, t. 49. Eli-
22
338 MALVACEZ. Cienfuegosia.
durandia Texana, Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 450. — Texas, Gonzales, Drummond,
Corpus Christi, Heller, and lower Rio Grande, Gen. Eaton. (Also S. Brazil and Paraguay,
Morong.) s
C.* heterophylla, Garcxs,1.c. Shrubby, with slender spreading branches, almost gla-
brous: leaves from oval to linear-lanceolate and linear, entire, or some coarsely 3-5-toothed,
equalled or surpassed by the peduncle, this clavate at summit: involucel of very few and
minute subulate bractlets or nearly obsolete: calyx dark-dotted, 5-parted: petals half inch
long, yellow with purple base: stigmas and valves of capsule 3 or 4; seeds few, densely
woolly. — Fugosia heterophylla, Spach, Hist. Veg. iii. 8397 ; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4218 ; Chapm.
Fl. ed. 2, 609. Redoutea heterophylla, Vent. 1. c.; DC.1. c. 457. — Keys of Florida, where
first coll. by Blodgett. (W. Ind., 8. Am.)
23. INGENHOUZIA, DC. (Dr. John Ingenhousz, distinguished vege-
table physiologist.) — Prodr. i. 474. Thurberia, Gray, Pl. Thurb. 308; Torr.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 40, t. 6. (Bractlets of involucel not cordate, as inadvertently
stated in Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 209.)
I. triloba, DC.1.c¢. Suffrutescent perennial, 4 to 10 feet high, glabrous throughout, with
slender branches: leayes 3-parted or some pedately 5-parted into lanceolate acuminate entire
divisions, or uppermost entire and lanceolate, slender-petioled, black-dotted as also branchlets :
stipules small and very caducous: peduncles axillary and above subcorymbose : petals white
turning rose-color, dark-dotted, inch long: capsule half inch long. — A. DC. Calques des
Dess. p. 6, note. Thurberia thespesioides, Gray, 1. c. Gossypium Thurberi, Todaro, Prodr.
Gossyp. 7, & Rel. Cult. Coton. 120.— Cafions of S. Arizona. (Adjacent States of Mexico;
first rediscovered by Thurber.)
24. GOSSYPIUM, L. Corron. (The late Latin name of Cotton plant.)
— Tropical herbs or shrubs, cult. as annuals in warm-temperate regions, of a
very uncertain number of ill-defined species ; ours probably two, which have been
intermixed by crossing, having palmately 3-5-lobed leaves and corolla sulphur-
color or whiter, changing to rose-color at or before fading. — Syst. Nat. ed. 1,
& Gen. no. 559; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 209.1
G. nerBAcEum, L. (Upianp Corton.) Herbaceous as cultivated, either pubescent or gla-
brous: leaves with broadly ovate lobes: bractlets of the involucel roundish, much shorter
than the corolla: capsule globular ; seeds with a close persistent wool under the long cotton.
— Spec. ii. 693. — Cultivated through S. Atlantic States, &c.; and a form of it (G. religio-
sum, Roxb. FI. Ind. iii. 185, Nanxrn Corton) with tawny cotton, frutescent and run wild
on the coast of Florida and Texas, probably from W. Indies.
G. Barpapénse, L. 1. ¢. Larger, from herbaceous to shrubby: leaves deeper cleft and with
longer more tapering lobes: bractlets of the involucel usually longer and more incised :
petals with a deep crimson spot at base: capsule le.ger, ovoid and pointed; seeds smooth
and naked when separated from the long cotton. — Cult. on the coast, as SEA-ISLAND CoTTon,
also upland. Of American origin.
ORDER XXVIII. STERCULIACEZ.
By A. Gray; the genus Nephropetalum by B. L. Roprnson.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs (chiefly tropical or subtropical), with general characters
of Malvacee, except that the anthers are of two (or three) parallel cells and ex-
1 Add Schumann in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 6, 51. An extended scientific and
economic treatment of the cultivated species of cotton has recently been issued from the Office of Ex-
periment Stations, U. S. Dept. Agric., as Bull. 33.
Hermannia. STERCULIACEZ. 339
trorse, the stamens not rarely reduced to five, these (or the phalanges) opposite the
petals or the place of those when wanting, as in Sterculiee. ‘This tribe is repre-
sented by Sterculia (Mirmiana) platanifolia, of China, &c., sometimes planted
southward, remarkable for having its large and thin follicles opening long before
maturity into a kind of leaf bearing two or three large seeds on the edges. The
few N. American members of the order are of two tribes.
Trise I. HERMANNIEZ. Flowers perfect, 5-androus. Petals plane, strongly
convolute in zstivation, usually marcescent.
1. HERMANNIA. Calyx deeply 5-cleft. Petals erect, obovate, with involute claws.
Stamens 5, with no trace of a second series ; filaments monadelphous at base, unappendaged.
Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled ; styles filiform, connivent, but little if at all united. Capsule
6-celled, loculicidal; seeds reniform, with a strongly arcuate narrow embryo in copious
fleshy albumen.
2. MELOCHIA. Calyx 5-cleft. Petals spatulate or oblong. Stamens 5, monadelphous
below, sometimes as many interposed short teeth between the filaments. Ovary 5-celled, a
pair of ovules in each cell; styles slender, united ‘below, nearly distinct. Seeds mostly soli-
tary in each cell of the 5-angled capsule ; embryo straight in fleshy albumen, with broad
flat cotyledons.
3. WALTHERIA. Calyx 5-toothed, turbinate, 10-nerved. Petals spatulate. Stamens 5;
no intermediate teeth. Pistil of a single carpel ; ovary 2-ovuled; but lower ovule infertile ;
style eccentric, filiform; stigma penicillate. Follicle akene-like, usually dehiscent length-
wise ; seed (ascending) and embryo as in Melochia.
TrisE Il. BUETTNERIEZ. Flowers perfect. Petals ligulate and cucullate.
Sterile stamens (staminodia) alternate with the fertile series at summit of stamen-
tube. (Here Theobroma, the chocolate-tree.)
4. AYENIA. Calyx 5-parted. Petals with a long concave claw, bearing an urceolate hood
at the inflexed apex, which is more or less adnate with the urceolate summit of the stamen-
tube. Fertile stamens 5, one in each sinus between truncate staminodia ; anthers short, of
three parallel cells! Ovary stipitate, 5-celled, a pair of ovules in each cell; styles united
into one, bearing a capitate or 5-lobed stigma. Capsule globular, muricate, 5-celled; the
five 1-seeded carpels in dehiscence separating from a central column and septicidally from
each other, then loculicidally 2-valved ; seeds transversely rugose ; albumen none; embryo
straight, but the orbicular cotyledons longitudinally convolute.
5. NEPHROPETALUM. Calyx 5-parted. Petals unguiculate ; blade concave, reniform,
with deep sinus, free at the apex, neither appendaged nor glandular. Stamens and stamino-
dia as in the last preceding genus. Ovary sessile, globose, 5-celled; cells 2-ovuled ; styles
simple, bearing capitate stigma. Capsule globular, muricate with pubescent processes ; cells
by abortion 1-seeded.
1. HERMANNIA, Tourn. (Paul Hermann, professor at Leyden, who
sent the first species to Tournefort.) — Inst. 656, t. 482; Dill. Elth. t. 147;
L. Gen. no. 551; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 87, t. 185. — Large African (chiefly Cape)
genus of frutescent plants, a few Mexican, and the following on our borders.
H. Texadna, Gray. Low, suffrutescent, tomentose-canescent with stellular pubescence :
stipules minute, deciduous ; leaves roundish and subcordate, obscurely serrate, inch or two
long: short axillary peduncles loosely few-flowered ; pedicels recurved in fruit: petals dull
scarlet, 4 lines long: anther-cells with tapering tips: capsule globular, somewhat inflated,
half inch or less long, villose-tomentose, short-stipitate ; valves crested on the back with
soft filiform processes; seeds coarsely favose. — Gen. Ill. ii. 88, t. 135 (figure wrong in
representing spreading petals, single style, and erect capsules), Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 165, & PI.
Wright. i. 24. — Rocky soil, S. and W. Texas, Berlandier, Wright, Lindheimer, &c. (Adj.
Mex.)
340 STERCULIACE. Hermannia.
H. paucifiéra, Watson. Lower, diffuse, cinereous-tomentulose or partly glabrate: leaves
smaller, deltoid- or oblong-ovate, serrulate: peduncles 1-flowered: petals 2 or 3 lines long,
yellow: anther cells blunt: capsule oval and deeper-lobed, glabrate, more vescicular,
minutely toothed along the edges of the valves. — Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 368. — Mountains
near Tucson, 8. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. (Mex., Palmer.)
2. MELOCHIA, Dill. (From melichiye or melichia, the Arabic name of
the oriental pot-herb Corchorus olitorius, L., but borrowed by the Arabs, through
the Syriac, from the Greek paddy or poddxy, the mallow.) — Elth. 221, t. 176;
L. Gen. no. 553; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 93; Schumann in Mart. F]. Bras. xiii.
pt. 3, 27. —Tropical genus, barely on southern borders: flowers heterogone-
dimorphous, small.
§ 1. Eumeécuta, Griseb.l.c. Capsule pyramidal, simply loculicidal through
the salient or wing-like angles: no involucellate bractlets: calyx not enlarging:
leaves mainly with prominent and straight pinnate veins. — Melochia, DC. Prodr.
i. 490; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 85, t. 134. (Sectional name not well chosen, for
type of genus is of next section.)
M. pyramidata, L. Barely suffrutescent or even annual, glabrous: branches slender :
leaves oblong-lanceolate or lower oblong-ovate, serrate, thin: peduncles terminal or opposite
the leaves, loosely 1-few-flowered : calyx-lobes lanceolate, subulate-acuminate, shorter than
the rose- or violet-red corolla: filaments monadelphous only at base: capsule almost vesicu-
lar, the wing-like angles with a salient point at base. — Spec. ii. 674; Cav. Diss. t. 172, f. 1;
Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 86, t. 134, & Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 165. Sida Sabeana, Buckley, Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1861, 449. — Texas, in rocky soil. (All trop. Am.)
M. tomentosa, L. Shrubby, finely tomentose-canescent: leaves rather firm, strongly
plicate-veined, ovate to oblong, crenate or serrate: flowers more numerous and clustered :
stamens monadelphous higher up: capsule tomentulose, with salient angles rounded or
obtusely pointed at base. — Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1140 (Sloane, Hist. t. 139); Cav. Diss. t. 172,
f. 2; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 40. WM. crenata, Vahl, Symb. iii. t. 68. — Near the lower Rio
Grande, Berlandier, Schott. (Trop. Am.)
§ 2. RiépLeA, Griseb. ]. c. Capsule globular and obscurely or moderately
5-lobed, loculicidal and at length also mostly septicidal into half valves: involucel
of 3 or more slender bractlets usually surpassing the unchanged calyx: venation
commonly of the preceding. — Riedlea, Vent. Choix Cels, t. 37. Riedleia, DC.
Prodr. i. 490, excl. spec. Melochia, Dill. Elth. 221, t. 176.
M. hirstita, Cav. Suffruticose or herbaceous, 2 to 4 feet high, in the type silky-villous
rather than hirsute: leaves short-petioled, from ovate-lanceolate or ovate-subcordate to
oblong, serrate, often doubly serrate: flowers in small capitate clusters in axils of upper
leaves (mostly reduced to bracts), therefore interruptedly terminal-spicate: calyx short-
campanulate and with short ovate subulate-pointed lobes: corolla (anthesis matutinal)
purple or violet : stamens in short-styled flowers distinct to below the middle, in the capillary
long-styled monadelphous throughout : capsule hirsute. — Diss. vi. 323, t. 175, f.1; Triana &
Planch. Fl. Nov. Gran. 213; Schumann, |. c. 45. M. serrata, St. Hil. & Naud. Ann. Sci. Nat.
ser. 2, xviii. 36. M. serrata, & M. hirsuta, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 93, 94, the two heterogone
forms! Riedlea serrata, Vent. Choix Cels, 37,t.37. R. elongata, Presl, Rel. Haenk. ii. 148,
but not “California ad Monterey.” Mougeotia hirsuta, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. v. 331.
(Trop. Am.)
Var. glabréscens, Gray. Thin-leaved and thinly pubescent. — Gray in Patterson,
Check-list, 1892, p. 17, name only. Melochia serrata, Chapm. FI. ed. 2,610. MM. hirsuta, var.
Regnellit, Schumann, |. c. t. 10, nearly. Riedlea serrata, var. glabrescens, Presl, 1. c. 147, by
character. — Low pine barrens, S. Florida, Garber, Curtiss, &c.
Nephropetalum. STERCULIACES. 34]
M. corcuortréxia, L. Herbaceous, slightly hispidulous-pubescent or almost glabrous:
leaves ovate or subcordate, thin, more loosely veined, mostly long-petioled: flowers capitate-
clustered at leafy summit of stem or short branchlets: petals smaller, pale purple with
yellow claws. — Spec. ii. 675 (Pluk. Alm. t. 44, f. 5; Dill. Elth. t.176). M. hirsuta, Chapm.
1. c.; Curtiss, distr. no. 400.— Streets of Mobile, Savannah, and in rice-field embankments,
Georgia, Peay, Curtiss. (Nat. from India.)
38. WALTHERIA, L. (A. F. Walther, professor in Leipsic.) — Tropical
and subtropical suffruticose plants: the common species of world-wide distribu-
tion: small-flowered. — Gen. no. 552.
W. Americana, L. Canescent-tomentose becoming fulvous: leaves from ovate to nar-
rowly oblong, serrulate, plicate-veined: flowers in dense axillary glomerules, which are
sometimes all sessile, sometimes pedunculate and then often compound: bractlets and calyx-
lobes subulate, hirsute-villous. — Spee. ii. 673; DC. Prodr. i. 492; Chapm. Fl. 59. — Keys of
Florida. (Most tropics.)
W. detdénsa, Gray. Minutely canescent, low and diffuse: leaves round-oval to oblong,
somewhat serrulate, thin, with few and slender primary veins: flowers in small loose
glomerules, some few sessile in axils, mostly interruptedly spicate or concatenate on slender
peduncle or along slender summit of stems: calyx and ovary minutely canescent. — PI.
Wright. ii. 24; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 40.—S. Arizona, Thurber, Wright, Lemmon. (Adj.
Mex.)
4, AYENIA, Leefl. (Due d’ Ayen, botanical patron.) — Suffruticose, small-
flowered, all from warm parts of America, euphorbiaceous in habit. Pedicels
axillary. —It. 199; L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1247, & Gen. ed. 6, no. 1020; DC.
Prodr. i. 487; Schumann, 1. c. 101.
A. pusilla, L. Low and diffuse from a ligneous base, puberulent: leaves most variable,
from orbicular or subcordate to narrowly lanceolate, serrate or sometimes entire, from a
quarter to inch and a half long, slender-petioled: flowers solitary or 2 or 3 in short-peduncled
fascicle: petals with nearly capillary claws and with a dorsal appendage to the hood:
stamineal column slender and at summit abruptly cup-shaped, its sterile lobes roundish,
much longer than the anthers: ovary shorter than its slender stipe, which in fruit is of
variable length. — Act. Stock. 1756, 23, t. 2 (Leefl. It. 200), & Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1354; Cav.
Diss. vy. 289, t. 147; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 24, ii. 24; Schumann, 1. c. 105, t. 24.— Key West,
Florida, and southern borders of Texas, Arizona, and California. (W. Ind., Mex. to Brazil.)
A. microphylla, Gray, Il. cc. Woody and rigid, a foot or less high, canescent with
stellular pubescence: leaves orbicular or round-cordate, 2 or 3 lines long, dentate: flowers
mostly solitary in the axils, short-pedicelled : hood or limb of petals without dorsal appen-
dage: stamineal column short and wholly cup-shaped; its sterile lobes thick, notched at
summit and surmounted by a reflexed acuminate appendage: ovary and capsule shortly
stipitate. — Rocky ravines, southwest borders of Texas to S. Arizona, Wright, Pringle.
(Adj. Mex.)
5. NEPHROPETALUM, Robinson & Greenman. (Nedpds, kidney,
méraXov, petal.) — Stellate-tomentulose shrub with simple ovate petiolate crenate-
dentate leaves and very small flowers in pedunculate axillary few-flowered
umbelliform cymes. — A single species of the habit of Ayenia and recently
discovered on the Texan frontier. [By B. L. Roxrnson.]
N.* Pringlei, Roprnson & GreENMAN. Stems terete, at first cinereous-tomentulose, soon
glabrate: leaves ovate, obtusely acuminate, crenate-dentate, palmately 7-nerved, deeply
cordate with a narrow sinus, finely stellate-pubescent above, paler and tomentulose beneath,
34 to 5 inches in length: cymes an inch in length, 2-3-flowered ; pedicels about equalling
the peduncles: flowers greenish, only a line in diameter. — Bot. Gaz. xxii. 168.— Valley of
the Rio Grande at Hidalgo, Texas, Pringle, no. 2272.
342 TILIACEZ. Triumfetta.
OrDER XXVIII. TILIACEZ.
By A. Gray.
Trees, shrubs, or herbs, polyandrous and with two-celled anthers and valvate
calyx like Sterculiacee. Sepals deciduous. Petals not rarely imbricated in the
bud. Stamens hardly if at all monadelphous, yet sometimes 5-adelphous at base
(the phalanges opposite the petals), and unconnected with the petals. Ovary
2-10-celled, and styles united into one; ovules anatropous or incompletely so,
commonly pendulous with rhaphe ventral. Embryo in rather abundant fleshy
albumen, and with broad foliaceous cotyledons. Except Zilia this is a mainly
tropical order or of southern rather than northern hemisphere.
% Herbaceous or barely shrubby: sepals 5, distinct, narrow: petals somewhat convolute in
the bud.
1. TRIUMFETTA. Petals with glandular thickening or pit at base inside (rarely want-
ing). Stamens 10 to 30, distinct, usually on a short torus bearing the 2-5-celled ovary.
Style filiform; stigma 2-5-lobed; cells of ovary 2-ovuled. Fruit globular, bur-like, being
covered with prickles or bristles, indehiscent, rarely splitting into 2 to 5 closed carpels.
2. CORCHORUS. Petals naked at base. Stamens 10 to 30 or more, distinct. Ovary
2-5-celled; style commonly short; stigma slightly lobed. Capsule various, 2-5-celled,
many-seeded, 2-5-valved, loculicidal.
* * Trees: petals imbricate or incompletely convolute in the bud.
3. TILIA. Sepals 5, lanceolate or ovate, subcoriaceous. Petals spatulate-oblong. Stamens
numerous, on a short hypogynous torus, either indistinctly aggregated in 5 clusters or (in
the American species) more or less 5-adelphous with a petaloid body (staminodium) to each
phalanx placed before a petal; anther-cells quite separate or even short-stalked by forking
of the apex of the filament. Ovary 5-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell; style colum-
nar, 5-lobed at summit; lobes introrsely stigmatose. Fruit globular, dry and woody-
coriaceous at maturity, by abortion 1-celled, 1-2-seeded, indehiscent or tardily bursting ;
embryo in hard fleshy albumen; cotyledons contorted and crumpled, very broad and thin,
palmately 5-lobed.
1. TRIUMFETTA, Plumier. (G. B. Triumfetti or Trionfetti, Italian
botanist.) — Tropical weedy plants, yellow-flowered. — Nov. Gen. 40, t. 8; L.
Gen. no. 864. — One species has reached Florida.
T. semirrftopa, Jacq. Suffrutescent annual, minutely pubescent: leaves round-ovate, serrate,
some angulate or 3-lobed: flowers in small paniculate fascicles: sepals quarter inch long,
apiculate behind the hooded apex: stamens about 15: fruit 2-celled, 2 lines in diameter, the
prickles as long, uncinate-tipped, retrorsely hispid. — Enum. Pl. Carib. 22; L. Mant. 73;
Chapm. FI. ed. 2, 611; Schumann in Mart. FI. Bras. xii. pt. 3, 134, t. 27, f.2.— A weed near
dwellings in Peninsular Florida. (Nat. from W. Ind.)
2. CORCHORWUS, Tourn. (The Greek and Latin name of some plant,
early applied to this genus.) — Mainly tropical or subtropical herbs or low
shrubs; with small yellow flowers axillary or opposite the leaves. — Inst. t. 135;
L. Gen. no. 442; Gray, Gen. Il. ii. 93, t. 137..
C. hirtus, L., var. glabéllus, Gray. Annual, slender, from somewhat appressed pubes-
cent to almost glabrous: leaves mostly lanceolate-oblong and acute, evenly serrate, slender-
petioled: flowers 1 to 3 in a fascicle, 2 or 3 lines long, exceeding the pedicels: sepals
Tilia. TILIACEZ. 343
acuminate, about equalling the petals: stamens commonly 10: capsule siliquiform, 2-celled,
often 2 inches long, compressed contrary to the partition, pointed by the short subulate
style, divergently spreading or ascending, glabrous or minutely strigose-puberulent (not
villous) and mostly straight.— Gray in Patterson, Check-list N. A. Plants, 1892, 17, name
only. (For species, L. Spec. ed. 2, i. 747; Jacq. Hort. Vind. iii. t. 58; Schumann, 1. c. 127,
t. 26, with vars.) C- siliquosus, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 239; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 94, t. 137, not L.
C. pilolobus, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 24; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 332;1 not quite of Link,
Enum., &c.— Florida to S. Texas and Arizona. (Mex.)
C. siriquésus, L. Glabrous: leaves ovate to oblong-lanceolate; those of flowering branchlets
often small and rounded : linear capsules 2 or 3 inches long, at apex truncate and apiculate
with 4 short spreading teeth, two to each valve. — Spec. i. 529; Jacq. Hort. Vind. iii. t. 59;
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 97, excl. ref. to Gray, Gen. Ill.—S. Florida, near dwellings, Curtiss.
(Nat. from W. Ind.)
C.* acurAncutus, Lam.? Indian and African, naturalized in W. Indies, occurs as a
ballast-weed at Pensacola, Curtiss. Its ovate leaves bear at base a pair of salient setiferous
teeth; and the capsule is 5-celled and 5-corniculate at apex. — Dict. ii. 104.
C. tripens, L., an Old World species with narrow leaves and 3-celled 3-corniculate capsules,
has occurred as a ballast-weed at Philadelphia. — Mant. ii. 566.
8. TILIA, Tourn. Linpen, Lime-rren, Basswoop. (The classical Latin
name.) — Forest trees of temperate parts of northern hemisphere ; with soft
white wood, very fibrous and tough inner bark abounding in mucilage, few-scaled
winter buds, rounded and often cordate veiny and serrate alternate leaves on
long petioles, with membranaceous caducous stipules. Peduncles axillary, adnate
half way up to an accompanying membranaceous ligulate bract, cymosely several—
many-flowered. Flowers cream-color, opening in early summer. — Inst. 611,
t. 381; L. Gen. no. 440.8
T. Evrop#a, L. (the small-leaved form, 7. parvifolia, Ehrh., sometimes the larger-leaved
T. grandifolia, Ehrh., or intermediate forms), the EuRoPpEAN Limb, is often planted as a shade -
tree in towns and may be known by the want of the petaloid scales (staminodia) among the
stamens. These are conspicuous in all American species, which, moreover, seem to be as con-
fluent as are the Old World forms. — Spec. i. 514.
T. Americana, L. Leaves ample, glabrous (except in the tufted axils of the veins), of firm
texture, both faces green, upper shining: floral bract usually tapering to stalked base :
spatulate staminodes exceeding the stamens: fruit ovoid, a third to nearly half inch long,
obsoletely costate. — Spec. i. 514; Marsh. Arb. 153; Michx.f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 311, t. 1;
Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 92,t. 136.4 7. glabra, Vent. Monogr. Til. 9, t.2; DC. Prodr. i. 513. 7.
nigra, Borkh. Handb. Forstb. ii. 1219; Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 340, t. 15; Bayer,
Monogr. Til. (ex Verh. Bot. Verein. Wien, xii. 1862) 53. 7. Canadensis, Michx. FI. i. 306.
@T. pubescens, Nouv. Duham. i. t. 51.— Woods, New Brunswick to Georgia, and west to
Winnipeg, Kansas, and E. Texas, &e.
T. pubéscens, Arr. Small tree: leaves mostly’thinner and rather small, pubescent be-
neath or glabrate in age: floral bract usually rounded at base and even the lowest very
short-stalked : fruit globular, quarter inch long. — Kew. ii. 229; Vent. 1. c. 10, t.3; Michx.
f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. t.3; Ell. Sk. ii. 3; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 240 (7. Caroliniana, Mill.
Dict. ed. 8; Marsh. Arb. 154; Wang. Anpfl. Nordam. Holz. 56, are all doubtful and prob-
ably of preceding species, so this older name cannot be adopted.) 7’. /aiflora, Michx. FI.
i. 306; Spach, 1. c. 343, t. 15. J. Americana, var. pubescens, Loud. Arb. i. 374, t. 24; Gray,
Man. ed. 1, 72.— Wading Riv., Long Island, Z. S. Miller, and from North Carolina to
Florida and Texas.
1 Add Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 45. act
2 Species taken by Dr. Gray from imperfect material for C. olitorius, L.
8 Add Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 305.
4 Add Gray, Pl. For. Trees N. A. t. 10 (fr. globose).
344 TILIACEZ. Tilia.
Var. leptophylla, Vent. 1.c. 11. Leaves larger (sometimes equalling those of 7.
Americana) and membranaceous. — Torr. & Gray, 1. c. —8. Carolina to Texas.
T. heterophylla, Venr. Large tree: leaves ample (oftener 6 or 8 inches long and of ovate
outline), glabrous and shining above, whitish and when young canescent-puberulent and sil-
very beneath : floral bract tapering to short-stalked or subsessile base; this and especially
the peduncle elongated: fruit globular, not costate or lineate. — Anal. Hist. Nat. Madrid, ii.
68 (1800), & Monogr. Til. (Mém. de l’Inst. class 1, iv.) 16, t.5; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 239; Nutt.
Sylv. i. 90, t. 23. TZ. alba, Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii. 315, t. 2, not Ait. Z. laxiflora,
Pursh, Fl. i. 363, not Michx. J. Americana, var. heterophylla, Loud. 1. c. 375, t. 23. — Along
the Alleghanies from S. Pennsylvania to Florida, west to 8. Illinois and Tennessee.
T. Ava, Ait. (7. rotundifolia, Vent.), is the Hungarian 7. argentea, by mistake credited to
N. America.
ORDER XXIX. LINACEZ.
By W. TRELEASE.
Herbaceous or sufirutescent terrestrial plants (in our region). Leaves soon
alternate, only exceptionally opposite or in whorls of 3, sessile or nearly so,
simple, entire except sometimes the uppermost, with or without stipules or their
equivalents. Flowers racemose or in more or less open subpanicled cymes, often
small but commonly showy, variously colored, perfect, mostly 5-merous, hypo-
gynous, without a disk. Glands of the receptacle 5, small, opposite the sepals,
which are mostly distinct, imbricate, often glandular-toothed. Stamens as many
as the petals and alternate with them, slightly monadelphous at base, persistent ;
anthers oblong, introrse, more or less versatile, 2-celled, with longitudinal dehis-
cence. Carpels and styles 2 to 5; ovary slightly 4-10-lobed, its cells equal in
number to the styles or twice as many from the intrusion of a false septum from
the back of each cell, the true cells 2-ovuled. Seeds oily, with a little albumen ;
embryo usually straight, with plane cotyledons.
1. LINUM, Tourn. Frax. (Ancient classical name.) — Flowers 5-merous,
symmetrical except that in Hesperolinon the carpels are reduced in number. Sepals
mostly persistent. Capsules splitting through the false septa and also septicidal
in most species. Stipules replaced by small glands, or wanting. — Inst. 339, t.
176; L. Gen. no. 254; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 204, 678; Planch. Lond. Jour. Bot.
vi. 593, vii. 165, 473, 507; Gray, Gen. Tl. ii. 107, t. 148, Proc. Am. Acad. vi.
521, & vii. 833; Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 25; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i.
242; Baill. Hist. Pl. v. 63; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 89, ii. 438; Trelease,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 7, t.34; Reiche in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii.
Ab. 4, 30. — Chiefly of the temperate regions of both hemispheres.
* Exstipulate: leaves and bracts entire, alternate: pedicels elongated : flowers large, blue
(though albinos sometimes occur) : sepals not glandular-margined, persistent: petals not
appendaged : filaments with slender intervening appendages: carpels 5, not cartilaginous
at base; styles distinct: capsule large (3 or 4 lines long), with membranous septa, the
half carpels somewhat longitudinally hollowed and 2-grooved on the back ; false septa in-
complete; seeds compressed, 2 to 3 lines long: bluish glabrous plants a foot or two high.
— § Eulinum.
Linun. LINACEZ. 345
+ Annual: stigmas elongated: species introduced through cultivation.
L, usitarissrmum, L. Corymbosely branched above, loosely leafy: leaves lanceolate, very
acute, 3-nerved, the larger an inch or two long: sepals broadly ovate, acuminate, the interior
scarious-margined and ciliate, prominently 3-nerved, the lateral nerves evanescent: petals
about 5 lines long: stigmas subclavate, about as long as the styles: capsule broadly ovoid-
conical, about 3 lines long, a little surpassing the calyx, nearly indehiscent, the septa not
ciliate. — Spec. i. 277; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 204; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 329, f. 5155;
Planch. 1. c. vii. 165; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. 860; Trelease, 1. c. 12. — Along railroads, about flax-
mills, in fields, etc., at various points throughout the country. (Introd. from Old World.)
L. ute, Mill. Similar to and commonly confounded with the last, but mostly lower:
capsule 3 to 4 lines long, nearly twice as long as the calyx, more deeply dehiscent, with cili-
ate septa. — Dict. ed. 8, no. 2; Planch. 1. c.; Boiss. Fl. Or. i. 861; Trelease, l.c. JZ. usita-
tissimum, B. erepitans, Schiib. & Martens, Fl. Wiirtemb. 211. — In similar situations to the
last, east of the Mississippi River. (Introd. from Old World.)
+— + Perennial but often flowering the first year: stigmas little longer than broad:
Western.
L. Lewisii, Pursu. Mostly cespitose: leaves oval to linear, sometimes rather obtuse, 3-5-
nerved, the larger over an inch long: flowers somewhat corymbed: sepals broadly ovate, the
inner margins scarious, sometimes erose but not ciliate, more or less 3-5-keeled below : petals
7 to 10 lines long : capsule ovoid, frequently acute, 3 to 4 lines long, once or twice exceeding
the calyx, incompletely 10-celled and 10-valved, with ciliate septa, the valves dehiscing widely
above and separating through the mealy partitions nearly to the centre below. — Fl. i. 210;
Barton, Fl. N. Am. i. 30, t. 8; Alefeld, Bot. Zeit. xxv. 250; Trelease, l.c. ZL. perenne,
L. Spee. i. 277, in part; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 204; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 108, t. 143, f. 9, 10;
Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 1, i. 117, t. 30. Z. Sibiricum, var. Lewisii, Lindl. Bot. Reg.
t. 1163. JZ. perenne, var. Lewisii, Eat. & Wr. N. A. Bot. 302. LZ. decurrens, Kellogg, Proce.
Cal. Acad. Sci. iii. 44, f.11. Z. Lyallanum, Alefeld, 1. c. 251. — From the Hudson Bay region
to Brit. Columbia, south through Washington and the Dakotas to California and Texas.
* * Exstipulate or with stipular glands: pedicels mostly short: flowers small or medium-
sized, yellow: at least some of the sepals glandular-ciliate or serrulate : petals not appen-
daged : filaments without intervening appendages: carpels 5; stigmas capitate: capsule
small (less than 3 lines long), with firm septa, the false septa sometimes membranous
toward the inner margin or incomplete; seeds flattened, small.— § Linastrum.
+ Sepals persistent : capsule small (scarcely 2 lines long), 10-valved: carpels without car-
tilaginous insertions at base: more or less corymbosely or paniculately branched slender
glabrous plants about a foot high.
++ Leaves and bracts entire: no stipular glands: styles distinct to base.
= False septa nearly or quite complete, not ciliate: Eastern.
a. Stem terete below, only the lowest leaves opposite.
L. Floridaénum, Trevease. Perennial: stems several from the same root, erect, simple
below, terete and striate or the branches slightly angled : leaves oblong or oblong-lanceolate,
mostly acute, 1-nerved, the larger 10 lines long, mostly suberect : flowering branches few,
ascending or recurving, sparingly leafy, with few sometimes secund flowers: sepals ovate,
taper-pointed, keeled, the covered margins glanduliferous: petals about 3 lines long: cap-
sule ovoid, a line and a half long, equal to or exceeding the calyx. — Trelease, l.c.13. LZ.
Virginianum, var.? Floridanum, Planch. 1. ¢. vii. 480. — S. Carolina, Santee Canal, Ravenel,
to Florida and Louisiana, Covington, Drummond, 96.
L. Virginianum, L. Similar to the last, annual, or suckering from the base, less clus-
tered, more loosely branched, the flowering branches recurved-spreading or corymbose:
leaves sometimes bluish, often spreading: capsule depressed-globose, very obtuse, a line
long, mostly shorter than the calyx.— Spee. i. 279; Hill, Veg. Syst. xiv. t. 43, f.1; Walt.
Car. 117; Ell. Sk. i. 375; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 204; Planch. 1. c.; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 108, t.
143, f. 1-8; Trelease, 1. c. — Canada to N. Carolina and Alabama, westward to Texas and
Missouri.
346 LINACEZ. Linum.
b. Stem angled: leaves mostly opposite below the first branch.
L. striatum, Watt. Annual: stems often somewhat clustered, ascending, striate and
somewhat ridged even below: leaves yellowish-green, slightly viscid, elliptical-oblong, acute,
several of the lower opposite or in whorls of 3: flowering branches often forking, at first
strikingly racemose, at length spaced out along the stem: calyx shorter: otherwise like the
last. — Car. 118; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 205; Trelease, l.c. 14. LZ. Virginianum, Reichenb. Ic.
Bot. Exot. ii. 35, t. 198. LZ. Virginianum, var. oppositifolium, Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright.
i. 26. LZ. simplex, Wood, Class-Book, ed. of 1861, 276.— Range of the preceding, chiefly
in wetter places. Canadian specimens with erect firm bluish leaves, may perhaps be varie-
tally separable.
= = False septa incomplete, ciliate.
a, Leaves opposite : adventive from Europe.
L. catufrticum, L. (Spec. i. 281.) A small glabrous annual with opposite obovate small
leaves, occasionally ciliate at base, slender nearly terete stem several times forked above,
few small flowers terminating the branches, and minute 10-valved capsules about 1 line
long, has been collected as a seaside introduction at Pictou, Nova Scotia, Burgess. (Adv.
from Eu.)
b. Leaves chiefly alternate: Southwestern.
L. Neo-Mexicanum, Greene. Annual or biennial (or perennial ?): stems simple or
branched below, strict, angled above: leaves narrowly oblong, the upper acute, 1-nerved or
with 2 faint accessory nerves at base, less than 8 lines long: flowers on erect pedicels, in
long virgate racemes: sepals lanceolate, obtuse to taper-pointed, sometimes 3-keeled, the
inner margins minutely glandular: petals about 3 lines long: capsule broadly ovoid, rather
acute, a line and a half long, about equalling the calyx, the false septa incomplete above. —
Bot. Gaz. vi. 183; Trelease, 1. ec. — Arizona and New Mexico. (Northern Mex.)
L. Kingii, Watson. Perennial, usually very glaucous: stems cespitose, subterete, ascend-
ing : leaves crowded and somewhat appressed, firm, oblong or spatulate, subacute, 1-nerved,
4 or 5 lines long: flowers densely corymbose-panicled at the ends of the branches: sepals
small, broadly ovate, obtuse to taper-pointed, 3-nerved, the inner margins glandular-ciliate :
petals 3 to 5 lines long: capsule ovoid, acute, a line and a half long, somewhat exceeding
the calyx, the false septa incomplete nearly to the base. — Bot. King Exp. 49; Trelease, 1. c.
— Uinta and Wasatch Mountains of Utah to Wyoming.
Var. pinetérum, Jones. Compact and low: leaves elliptical, mostly obtuse, appressed
and imbricated : flowers racemosely disposed along the branches. — Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.
y. 628. — Utah, Uinta Mountains, Hayden; Tropic, Jones, 5306.
++ ++ Sepals and bracts glandular-toothed: small globose stipular glands usually present :
stems angled throughout: petals somewhat hairy at base: styles separate, or united
below the middle: false septa of capsule incomplete, more or less ciliate.
L. Gréggii, Enxerim. Perennial, glaucous: stems mostly closely cespitose, branched below
and somewhat panicled above: lower leaves commonly opposite or in whorls of 3, elliptic-
lanceolate, acute, 1-nerved, entire, about 6 lines long, the upper small, remote, less serrulate
than usual in the group: flowers rather numerous and closely placed, almost sessile: sepals
lanceolate, acute, keeled and with a pair of faint lateral nerves: petals about 2 lines long:
styles distinct: capsule globose-ovoid, a line and a half long, mostly about equal to the calyx.
— Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 26.— Western Texas, Guadalupe Mountains, Havard, 5,
Chisos Mountains, Havard, 1. (Mex.) Perhaps scarcely distinct from L. Schiedeanum,
Cham. & Schlecht.
L. rupéstre, Enertm. Perennial: stems several, slender, with few elongated nearly naked
corymbose branches above: leaves linear, acute, l-nerved, the lower scarcely 6 lines long,
sometimes sparingly ciliate, the upper minute, glandular-serrulate: flowers mostly few and
remote: sepals ovate, very acute or almost bristle-pointed, keeled, with a pair of fainter lat-
eral nerves: petals 3 to 5 lines long: styles distinct nearly to the base: capsule globose-
ovoid, a line and a half long, about equal to the calyx. — Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2.
232; Trelease, l.c.15. ZL. Boottii, var. rupestre, Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 155.— Texas. (North-
ern Mex.)
Linum. LINACEX. By yi
L. sulcdtum, Rippetz. Annual, glabrous: stem subsimple below or with a few strict
branches at base, corymbosely branched near the top: leaves lanceolate, very acute, 3-keeled
with the lateral nerves close to the margin, the lowest entire, about 10 lines long, the upper
much smaller and glandular-serrulate: flowers scattered on the rather short upper branches :
sepals lanceolate, very acute, keeled and with a pair of more or less prominent lateral
nerves, occasionally elongated and leaf-like: petals 6 lines long: styles variously united
below the middle: capsule ovoid, rather acute, a line and a half long, often conspicuously
shorter than the calyx. — Cat. Pl. Ohio, Suppl. 10; Gray, Man. ed. 5,105; Trelease, 1. c. 14.
L. Bootii, Planch. 1. c. vii. 475. — Connecticut to Manitoba, south to Virginia and Texas.
+ + Capsule medium-sized (2 to 3 lines long), 5-valved through the complete false septa,
the true septa with cartilaginous dorsal thickenings at base: styles united almost to the
top: stems mostly angled: upper leaves or bracts glandular-serrulate : petals bearded at
base: rather rigid often very corymbose frequently puberulent alternate-leaved Western
species.
++ Sepals at length deciduous: leaves scattered except sometimes at base of shoots, the
broader spreading: stipular glands commonly present: capsule oblong-ovoid ; false septa
more or less thickened outwardly: small group of variable closely related species, with
flowers ranging from deep orange to nearly white.
== Leaves narrow: capsule 2 lines long; false septa thickened for a very small distance.
L. aristatum, Encetm. Much branched toward the base or throughout, the branches
slender, ascending, bluish, glabrous or puberulent: leaves erect, narrowly linear-lanceo-
late, 3 or 4 lines long, awn-pointed, l-nerved: flowers few, solitary at the ends of the
branches or seemingly opposite the leaves, their pedicels long, grooved rather than wing-
angled: sepals lanceolate, gradually aristate, with prominent midrib and occasionally 2
lateral veins above : petals 6 to 8 lines long: capsule scarcely more than half as long as the
calyx ; the false septa membranaceous except for a short distance from the outer margin. —
Engelm. in Wislizenus, Tour Northern Mex. 101; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 25, 26; Trelease,
1. c. 15.— Southern Utah through Arizona, New Mexico, and Western Texas. (Northern
Mex.)
Var. stbteres, Tretzase. Blue-green, glabrous, of the lax habit of the type, though
more branched below, nearly without stipular glands: branches slightly angled: pedicels
sometimes greatly elongated (occasionally 2 inches long), not prominently winged: sepals
acute, l-nerved, more persistent than usual in the group. — Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, vi.
285. — Nevada, Sprucemont, Jones, and Utah, Bluff City, Wetherill, Willow Creek, Miss
Eastwood.
L. rigidum, Pursn. Perennial?, glabrate or with the angles slightly roughened : stems
somewhat cespitose, corymbosely branched aboye, the branches rather rigid and, like the
pedicels, strongly wing-angled: leaves green to bluish, linear-lanceolate, obtuse or acute,
about 6 lines long, 1-nerved, the broader often with 2 lateral keels towards the apex : flow-
ers more or less numerous: sepals lanceolate, slender-pointed, short-awned, strongly 1-3-
wing-nerved : petals sometimes 8 lines long: capsule somewhat shorter than the calyx, the
false septa thickened for about a third their width. — Fl]. i. 210; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 204, in
part; Planch. 1. c. vii. 474; Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 25; Trelease, 1.c.16. Z. an-
nuum, Nees, Verzeichn. Pfi. Maximilian von Wied, 5, & Bot. Zeit. ii. 547. — Brit. America to
Oregon and Iowa, south to Texas. Also collected at Miami, Florida, in 1877, by Garber.
Var. pubérulum, Enceitm. Annual, blue-green, puberulent : stems mostly solitary
and low, corymbosely stout-branched above : leaves linear, acute, 3 or 4 lines long, 1-nerved:
otherwise like the type. — Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 25; Trelease, 1. c. Colorado to
Nevada, Southern California, and Texas.
= = Leaves usually broader, green: capsule 2} lines long; false septa thickened for
half their width.
L. Berlandieri, Hook. (as LZ. Berendieri). Perennial ?, nearly glabrous, few-branched or
simple below and rather closely corymbose above: leaves clear green, lanceolate, acute,
mostly spreading, occasionally 3 lines wide and 15 lines long, more or less 3-ribbed: sepals
elongated, lanceolate, gradually very acute, short-awned, strongly 3- or even 5-ribbed: petals
348 LINACEX. Linum.
sometimes 10 lines long: capsule a third shorter than the calyx.— Bot. Mag. t. 3480;
Gray, Gen. IIl. ii. 108, t. 143, f. 11-14; Planch. 1. ¢. vii. 474; Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright.
i. 25; Trelease, l.c. JL. rigidum, var. Berendieri, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 204. — From the Red
River (Marcy Exped.) through Texas. A low spreading cespitosely branched plant from
Galveston, Lindheimer, 22, Van Huff, Rio Brazos, Drummond, and S. W. Louisiana, Dodson,
with the broad scarious margin of the sepals coarsely dentate, is var. PLorzu, Trelease,
Tie. 16:
++ ++ Sepals persistent: leaves appressed, crowded and overlapping on the slender
branches : no stipular glands: capsule globose-oyoid, 2 lines long; false septa entirely
membranaceous.
L. multicatile, Hoox. Annual?, more or less puberulent: leaves very narrow, mostly
linear, awn-pointed, less than 3 lines long, 1-nerved below, often revolutely concave, fre-
quently ciliate, the upper often scarious-margined: flowers mostly few, terminating the
branches : sepals ovate, abruptly bristle-pointed, more or less evidently 1-nerved, with broad
scarious often subentire margins: petals 4 or 5 lines long, deeper colored at base: capsule
about as long as the sepals.— Hook. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 678; Planch. 1. ¢. vii. 185;
Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 25; Trelease, 1. c. L. hudsonioides, Planch. 1. c. 186. —
Texas, from the centre eastward.
* * * Exstipulate or with stipular glands: pedicels often elongated: flowers mostly very
small, yellow, white, or roseate: sepals usually glandular-ciliate, persistent: petals com-
monly with lateral teeth and 1 to 3 ventral appendages at base: filaments sometimes
2-toothed at base, otherwise unappendaged: carpels 2 or 3, without cartilaginous inser-
tions; styles distinct ; stigmas small, oblique or subcapitate: capsule very small (scarcely
a line long), separating into twice as many valves as there are carpels, with firm septa
long-ciliate at base ; seeds mostly plump, small: mostly forking slender annuals, of the
Pacific Coast. — § Hesperolinon.
+ Carpels 2: false septa complete: petals yellow, not appendaged.
L. digynum, Gray. A span or less high, glabrous, somewhat glaucous: stems slender,
striate, mostly simple below, several times corymbosely forked above, without stipular
glands: leaves usually opposite, elliptic-spatulate, the larger 5 lines long, 1- or obscurely
3-nerved, the lower entire and obtuse, the upper serrate, acute or mucronate: flowers sub-
racemose or loosely corymbed, short-pedicelled : sepals very unequal, ovate-oblong, obtuse,
glandular-serrulate or lacerate, 1- to somewhat obscurely 3-nerved at base: petals 14 lines
long: capsule ovoid, slightly retuse at apex, a little shorter than the calyx.— Proc. Am.
Acad. vii. 334; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 89; Trelease, 1. c. 17.— Washington to the
mountains of Central California. A small plant of the aspect of L. catharticum.
+ + Carpels 3: false septa incomplete: petals mostly appendaged.
++ Leaves glandular-denticulate: no stipular glands: false septa narrow.
L. drymarioides, Curran. A span or two high, sparingly white-villous: stems rather
coarse at base, repeatedly dichotomous, with long slender internodes: leaves opposite or
the lowest subverticillate, broadly ovate, the larger 5 lines long, rather loosely veined, acute
or acuminate, with short crowded marginal glands: flowers roseate, scattered along the
branches, mostly short-pedicelled: sepals lanceolate, acute or mucronate, minutely serrulate
and occasionally glandular-ciliate, l-nerved: petals minute, 2-toothed and appendaged at
base, the median appendage rounded and glabrous or sometimes wanting: capsule ovoid,
acute, as long as the calyx. — Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 152; Trelease, 1. c. — Lake County,
California, Mrs. Curran.
L. adenophyllum, Gray. A span to a foot high, glabrate or somewhat villous, espe-
cially just above the nodes: stems slender, repeatedly forked, striate: leaves alternate or
the lowest opposite or in threes, remote, very narrowly oblong, less than an inch long,
folded along the midrib, obtuse, somewhat cordate, 1-nerved, closely and conspicuously
glandular-denticulate : flowers yellow, terminating the branches, slender-pedicelled : sepals
lanceolate, acute, usually minutely glandular-denticulate, l-nerved: petals 2 or 3 lines
long, the broad confluent appendages somewhat pubescent : filaments abruptly dilated and
obtusely 2-toothed at base: capsule ovoid, acute, as long as the calyx. — Proc. Am. Acad.
Linum. " LINACEZ. 349
viii. 624; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 90; Trelease, 1. c. 18. — Western California, Lake
and Mendocino Counties.
++ ++ Leaves entire, without marginal glands, alternate except sometimes at the very
base: false septa widened below.
= False septa complete below: flowers yellow or yellowish.
L. Clevelandi, Greene. A span to a foot high, glabrate, repeatedly dichotomous:
leaves oblong, 5 lines long, 1-nerved, subacute, without stipular glands: flowers minute, on
filiform pedicels (sometimes an inch long) : sepals narrow, acute, sparingly glandular-ciliate :
petals yellow or pale, a line long or less, 2-toothed, 3-appendaged, the median appendage
oblong, glabrous: capsule ovoid, acute, somewhat longer than the sepals. — Bull. Torr.
Club, ix. 121; Trelease, 1. c. — California, Lake and Mendocino Counties.
= = False septa not reaching the axis except in the last species: flowers white, roseate,
or purplish.
a, Loosely branched, the flowers slender-pedicelled.
L. micranthum, Gray. A span to a foot high, of the aspect of the preceding, glaucous,
somewhat soft-pubescent toward the base of the slender nearly terete branches, loosely
dichotomous: leaves alternate, spatulate-oblong, 3 to 7 lines long, l-nerved, obtuse or sub-
acute, mostly with stipular glands: flowers white or faintly roseate, considerably exceeded
by their slender straight pedicels: sepals ovate-lanceolate to oblong, subacute, the inner
sparingly glandular-ciliate: petals 1 to occasionally 24 lines long, 2-toothed, mostly unappen-
daged : capsule ovoid, acute, about equal to the sepals.— Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 333; Brew.
& Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 90; Trelease, 1. c. 18.— Oregon to the vicinity of San Francisco,
California.
L. spergulinum, Gray. Similar to the last and perhaps scarcely separable: leaves linear,
5 to 10 lines long, with or without stipular glands: flowers roseate, somewhat nodding on
filiform pedicels (occasionally 7 lines long) : petals 2 to 4 lines long, 2-toothed, 3-appendaged,
the median appendage ligulate and the lateral sometimes greatly reduced : capsule ovoid,
acute, nearly twice as long as the sepals. — Proc. Am. Acad. vii. 333; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif. i. 90; Trelease, 1. c. 19. —Central California.
b. Often more corymbose, the short-pedicelled flowers rather closely clustered at ends of the
branches.
L. Calif6rnicum, Bentx. Somewhat taller, glaucous, glabrate or sparingly puberulent
near the nodes, loosely dichotomous, with angled or striate branches: leaves linear, 5 to 15
lines long, rather obtuse, with prominent stipular glands: flowers pale or roseate: sepals
lanceolate, acute, keeled below, glabrous, rather thick, with pale sparingly glandular-ciliate
inner margins: petals 2 to 3 lines long, 3-appendaged, the median appendage rounded,
hairy: capsule ovoid, acute, a little shorter than the sepals.— Pl. Hartw. 299; Gray,
Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 521; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 90; Trelease, 1. c. — California,
Butte and Colusa Counties to the region east of San Francisco. When low, leafy, and with
rather dense inflorescence, it is the scarcely separable var. conFERTUM, Gray in Trelease,
1. c., of the San Francisco region, to which pertains the type of LZ. Breweri, Gray, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci. iii. 102, & Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 521, from the Mt. Diablo Range, Brewer, 1181,
the flowers of which are described by error as golden.
L. congéstum, Gray. From less thana span high to stout and tall: stem glabrous, glau-
cous, striate below, with corymbose angled branches at top : leaves mostly somewhat pubescent,
linear-lanceolate, 3 to mostly 10 or 15 lines long, acute, with stipular glands: flowers rose-
purple, in glomerate clusters terminating the branches: sepals ovate-lanceolate, acute, con-
spicuously pubescent : petals 3 to 4 lines long, 2-toothed, 3-appendaged, the median appen-
dage elongated, somewhat hairy: capsule short-ovoid, nearly as long as the calyx, the false
septa complete near the base. — Proc. Am. Acad. vi. 521; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 90;
Trelease, 1. c. 20, — California, in the region adjacent to San Francisco.
350 MALPIGHIACER. Byrsonima.
ORDER XXX. MALPIGHIACE,
By A. Gray.
Shrubs or woody climbers, with opposite simple mostly entire commonly stipu-
late leaves, regular 5-merous 5—-10-androus and tri(rarely di)-carpellary flowers.
Sepals imbricate and petals between imbricate and convolute in the bud, the
latter usually unguiculate and penniveined. Ovules solitary in each cell, between
orthotropous and anatropous, often uncinate, and ascending on the pendulous
funiculus; micropyle superior. Seeds destitute of albumen ; the embryo curved
or coiled, or rarely straight. No dilated hypogynous disk. Commonly some
large glands on outside of calyx. A tropical order, of which, however, six genera
reach our southern borders.
* Stamens 10, all perfect: styles 3.
+— Fruit wingless.
1. BYRSONIMA. A pair of thick glands on back of each sepal. Petals with slender claws
reflexed in anthesis. Filaments short, monadelphous at base, there bearded. Stigmas
acute. Fruit asmall 3-celled drupe; embryo with slender and circinately coiled cotyledons.
2. MALPIGHIA. A pair of thick glands on back of most or all the sepals. Flowers of
preceding, but base of filaments glabrous and stigmas truncate. Drupe containing 3 dis-
tinct dorsally 3-5-crested nutlets; embryo straight, with short radicle and plano-convex
cotyledons.
3. GALPHIMIA. Calyx glandless. Petals spreading, with distinct claws and thickish
midrib to denticulate blade. Filaments slender, distinct or nearly so; anthers oval. Styles
filiform ; stigmas minute. Fruit a 3-coccous capsule ; embryo uncinate-incurved.
+ + Fruit winged, samaroid.
4. HIRA®A. Glands one or two on back of each sepal. Filaments and styles short. Ovary
3-lobed, 3-crested. Samarz 1 to 3 maturing, broadly winged all round the margin; embryo
with short cotyledons uncinate-incurved.
* %* Flowers dimorphous, the more fertile cleistogamous, usually dicarpellary and with
glandless calyx ; these with only one or two diminutive stamens; the normal with 5 or 6
monadelphous stamens, two or three of them not rarely deformed and sterile: calyx 8-10-
glandular: ovary of 3 lobes or carpels around the base of a single columnar style; stigma
obliquely truncate or depressed-capitate.
5. JANUSIA. Normal flowers with unguiculate mostly entire petals. Fruit samaroid,
winged on the back.
6. ASPICARPA. Normal flowers with unguiculate and mostly fimbriolate petals, sterile or
less fertile than the cleistogamous; cleistogamous flowers with hardly any style, maturing
a single carpel (or sometimes a pair of carpels) into an oblique triangular nutlet, which
usually becomes horizontally incumbent on the receptacle and in shape may be likened to
the head of a serpent; cotyledons obovate, flattish, incurved.
1. BYRSONIMA, Rich. (Bripoa, a hide; bark or leaves used for tan-
ning.) — Rich, in Juss. Ann. Mus. xviii. 481.
B. licida, HBK. Shrub, erect, much branched, glabrous: leaves cuneate-obovate, inch or
more long, obscurely veined, shining: flowers in short terminal racemes: petals nearly
white, changing to rose-color or some to yellow, the blade reniform, equalled by the claw:
drupes the size of peas, greenish. — Novy. Gen. & Spec. v. 147; DC. Prodr. 1. 580; A. Juss.
Malpigh. 40; A. Rich. Fl. Cub. 271; Chapm. Fl. 82. Malpighia lucida, Swartz, FI. Ind.
Oce. ii. 852. — Keys of S. Florida. (W. Ind.)
Janusia. MALPIGHIACEZ. BOL
2. MALPIGHIA, Plumier. (JM. Malpighi, celebrated anatomist and
physiologist of 17th century.) — American shrubs or small trees. Flowers not
yellow. Pubescence when present of malpighiaceous, i. e. medifixed, hairs,
these in some species rigid and fusiform, very sharp-pointed at the two ends
and stinging. — Nov. Gen. 46; L. Gen. no. 358; Rich. in Juss. Ann. Mus.
Xviii. 480.
M. glabra, L. (Barsapors Cuerry.) Shrub, wholly glabrous, with slender branches:
leaves ovate, thinnish, inch or two long, almost sessile: peduncles axillary, short, umbel-
lately several-flowered : petals rose-red or paler, with rounded erose blades: drupes red,
small; the nutlets obtusely quadrangular, transversely rugose between the short crests or
ribs. — Spec. i. 425 (Mill. Ic. t. 181) ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 813; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 48. —
Corpus Christi Bay, and lower Rio Grande, Texas, Schott, Palmer. Perhaps introduced.
(Mex., W. Ind.)
8. GALPHIMIA, Cav. (Anagram of Malpighia.) — Suffruticose or suf-
frutescent, with slender stems and branches terminated by racemes of usually
yellow flowers. — Ic. v. 61, t. 489; A. Juss. Malpigh. 67, t. 7.— Chiefly Mexican.
G. angustifolia, Benru. A foot or two high: many slender stems from ligneous base
and strigose-pubescent with medifixed hairs or glabrate: leaves glabrous, glaucous, variable,
lanceolate or linear, acute at both ends and subsessile, or lower oblong to oval and obtuse at
both ends and slender-petioled: raceme virgate, loosely-flowered : petals with oblong-ovate
blades (a line or two long), yellow changing to red. — Bot. Sulph. 9, t.5; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. v. 155. G. linifolia, Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 166, & Gen. III. ii. 196, t.173.1— 8S. Texas,
first coll. by Berlandier, then by Wright, &e. (Adj. Mex., Lower Calif.)
4, HIRAGA, Jacq. (J. MN. LaHire.) — American shrubs, usually some-
what twining, and with cymulose flowers at ends of branches. — Enum. PI. Carib.
4, & Stirp. Am. 137, t. 176, f. 42; A. Juss. 1]. c. 294, t. 19.
H. macroptera, DC. Glabrous or nearly so: leaves ovate-oblong to oblong-lanceolate,
inch or two long, thinnish: petals yellow, 4 or 5 lines long including the short claw; blades
rounded, crenulate-erose : fruit-wings when full grown an inch and a half across. — Prodr.
i. 586; A. DC. Calques des Dess. t. 130. H. septentrionalis, A. Juss. 1. c. 309; Gray, Pl.
Wright. i. 37, & var., Gray, Pl. Thurb. 303. — Below the boundary of Arizona in Sonora,
Thurber, Palmer, &c. (Mex.)
5. JANUSIA, A. Juss. (Name in reference to the double facies of the
flowers.) — Twining shrubby or suffruticose plants. Solitary or umbellate-cymu-
lose flowers at the ends of the branches or in the axils, the normal with yellow
petals and mostly fertile; the minute cleistogamous ones in same or separate
inflorescence. — Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, xiii, 250, & Malpigh. 349, t. 21; Benth.
& Hook. Gen. i. 262.
J. gracilis, Gray. Strigulose with medifixed hairs: numerous very slender diffuse and
somewhat twining stems a foot or two high from a thick ligneous base: leaves lanceolate-
linear, inch or more long, very short-petioled : flowers 1 to 3 together: petals about 2 lines
long, with ovate or subcordate blade, turning reddish or brownish: fertile stamens 2 or 3:
scarious fruit-wing oblong, 4 lines long. — Pl. Wright. i. 37, ii. 30 ; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii.
9, t. 1. — Western border of Texas to Arizona; first coll. by Wright. (Adj. Mex.)
J. Catirornica, Benth. Bot. Sulph. t. 4, is a related species from Lower California, with
oval leaves.
1 Add syn. Thryallis angustifolia, Kuntze, Rev. Gen. 89; and 7. angustsfolia, var. oblongifolia,
A. M. Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 228 (G. linifolia, var. 8, oblongifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 36), the
broad-leaved form.
352 MALPIGHIACEZ. Aspicarpa.
6. ASPICARPA, Rich. (Aozis, used in the Latin sense, viper, xap7ds,
fruit, the nutlet likened to a viper’s head.) —Low or diffuse suffrutescent
plants, or woody-based herbs (of Mexico and adjacent borders). Slender erect
or diffuse stems hardly at all twining, strigulose-pubescent with medifixed hairs.
Glabrate or glabrous leaves. Flowers axillary or terminal. —Mém. Mus. Par.
ii. 398, t. 13 ; Lag. Nov. Gen. & Spec. 1; DC. Prodr. i. 583; A. Juss. 1. c. 343,
t. 21.
A. loéngipes, Gray. Stems diffusely spreading or decumbent, 2 or 3 feet long: leaves oval
or ovate-oblong, obtuse and with rounded or subcordate base, thinnish, veiny (a third to inch
and a half long), lower short-petioled : petaliferous flowers somewhat umbellate at ends of
branches, with petals quarter inch long; cleistogamous flowers solitary on filiform axillary
peduncles, and subtended by a pair of small foliaceous bracts : nutlets smoothish and with
rounded or slightly margined lateral angles. — Pl. Wright. i. 37, ii. 30.—S. W. Texas to
Arizona; first coll. by Wright, then by Thurber. (Adj. Mex., some forms near to A. Hart-
wegiana, A. Juss.)
A. hyssopifolia, Gray. Stems erect, a span to a foot high: leaves linear-lanceolate or
linear and closely sessile or partly clasping by a broadish base (half inch to inch long) or
lowest short and oval, nearly veinless, glabrous: flowers all axillary and solitary ; petalifer-
ous on bractless peduncles nearly equalling the leaf, the fimbriate-edged petals 2 or 3 lines
long ; cleistogamous sessile: nutlet reticulate, with acutely crested back and marginless
sides. — Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 167, & Pl. Wright. Il. cc. —S. Texas, on and near the Rio Grande,
Wright. (Adj. Mex., Berlandier, Palmer.)
OrpDER XXXI. ZYGOPHYLLACEZ.
By A. Gray.
Herbs or hard-wooded trees and shrubs, the branches commonly with articu-
lated nodes, with opposite or alternate leaves, these more commonly pinnate and
always impunctate, the leaflets entire; the 1-flowered peduncles often springing
from the axils of the stipules, which are interpetiolar when the leaves are oppo-
site. Flowers perfect, 5-merous (rarely 4—6-merous), regular and mainly sym-
metrical, all the parts free and hypogynous. Stamens double (in one genus
rarely triple) the number of the petals and the outer series opposite them.
Sepals mostly imbricate and petals either imbricate or convolute in the bud.
Pistil of as many carpels as petals (or rarely twice as many or fewer), combined
into a few-several-celled ovary and terminated by a common style and barely
lobed stigma; ovules solitary or several in the cells, anatropous or nearly so,
with micropyle superior. Fruit never baccate ; embryo large and straight or
merely curved. Leaves, when opposite, usually with one (sometimes suppressed
or abortive) smaller than its fellow. Largely African and Asian; a few reach-
ing our southern borders.
P&Ganum, which belongs here rather than with Rutacee, isanomalous in the number of sta-
mens, mostly fewer carpels, and numerous seeds. In the alternate leaves it agrees with two
Mexican genera, Sericodes and Chitonia, of which the former may possibly belong to our
flora, for
SericOépes Greecu, Gray, occurs not far south of New Mexico.
Tribulus. ZY GOPHYLLACES®. 353
* Herbs, with no albumen to the seed, an almond-like embryo, and abruptly pinnate mostly
opposite leaves.
1. TRIBULUS. Sepals and petals 5, rarely 4 or 6. Filaments slender, naked; those be-
fore the petals sometimes adnate to their bases ; the alternate ones with a hypogynous gland
behind each. Ovary sessile ; cells as many or twice as many as petals, 1-5-ovuled. Fruit
lobed, 5-10(-12)-coccous, i. e. splitting at maturity into as many hard and closed nutlets,
these usually muricate or spinescent on the back.
* * Herbs with albumen to the seeds and alternate leaves.
2. PEGANUM. Sepals 4 or 5, foliaceous, often cleft or pinnatifid, open in the bud, persist-
ent. Petals 4 or 5, lightly convolute in the bud. Stamens 12 to 15, inserted around a
low annular disk, one series alternate with the petals, the others in pairs before them ; fila-
ments naked; anthers linear. Ovary 2-4-lobed, 2-4-celled ; numerous ovules in each cell
upon a central placenta; style slender, at length twisted, above acutely 2-4-angled and
the angles stigmatose. Capsule globose, coriaceous, tardily or imperfectly dehiscent,
many-seeded ; seeds with spongy scrobiculate testa, and a slightly curved embryo in fleshy
albumen.
* * * Woody or suffrutescent plants, with albumen to the seeds and opposite leaves.
+— Leaves 1-3-foliolate: subherbaceous or suffruticose.
3. FAGONIA. Sepals 5, deciduous. Petals 5, unguiculate, early deciduous. Stamens 10,
with filiform naked filaments and short anthers. Ovary sessile, 5-celled ; a pair of collateral
ovules in each cell. Fruit ovate, 5-lobed, subulate with the style, smooth, 5-coccous ; the
carpels separating from each other and from the styliferous axis, dehiscent ventrally, and
thin epicarp separable from the cartilaginous endocarp ; seed solitary, with mucilaginous
coat and horny albumen.
+— + Leaves abruptly pinnate; leaflets from one to several pairs: calyx deciduous.
4. LARREA. Sepals and petals 5. Stamens 10; filaments slender, bearing on the inside
near the base a conspicuous 2-cleft or laciniate petaloid scale ; anthers oblong. Ovary short-
stipitate, globular, 5-celled, about 3 pairs of ovules in each cell; style filiform; stigmas 5,
minute. Fruit villous, 5-lobed, 5-coccous; the carpels 1-seeded, at maturity separating from
each other and from the slender axis, indehiscent ; embryo slightly arcuate in the horny
albumen ; its oblong cotyledons anterior and posterior in the carpel.
5. GUAIACUM. Sepals and petals 5 or sometimes 4. Filaments naked or bearing a small
scale; anthers oblong, incurved in age. Ovary variously stipitate, 2-5-angled, 2-5-celled,
and with 4 or 5 pairs of ovules in each cell; style slender-subulate; stigma small. Fruit
glabrous, 2-5-coccous, coriaceous or at first fleshy; the carpels 1- or sometimes 2-seeded,
separating at maturity, ventrally and sometimes dorsally dehiscent ; seed with thick coat
and straight or somewhat curved embryo in horny albumen; oval cotyledons with edges or
sometimes their faces ventral and dorsal in the carpel.
1. TRIBULUS, Tourn. Gattrops. (TpéBodos, ancient name of Trapa,
transferred by the herbalists to this genus.) — Prostrate or ascending herbs,
mostly pubescent, with abruptly pinnate leaves, some or in certain species all of
them becoming alternate by suppression of one of the pair, and yellow flowers on
simple peduncles. — Inst. 265, t. 141; L. Gen. no. 360; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
i. 264. Tribulus & Kallstremia (Scop.), Endl. Gen. no. 6030, 6031; Gray,
Gen. Ill. ii. 115, 117. t. 145, 146.
§ 1. Calyx deciduous: cells of the ovary only as many as the petals, i. e. 5,
rarely 4, few-ovulate, forming as many nut-like spinescent or tuberculate 2—5-
seeded cocci which at separation leave no central axis; the seeds superposed,
nearly horizontal and separated by transverse septa.— Zribulus, Scop. Introd.
253, &e.
23
354 ZYGOPHYLLACEZ. Tribulus.
T. cistoides, L. Perennial: leaves silky-canescent, sometimes glabrate and greener:
leaflets oblong, 3 to 5 lines long: petals usually an inch long, equalling the peduncle: car-
pels 3-5-seeded, tuberculate, armed with two to four long and stout spines. — Spec. i. 387 ;
Jacq. Hort. Scheenb. t. 103; Gray, 1. c. 116, t. 145; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 134. — Coast
of S. Florida; also southwestern borders of Arizona, (Jrop. cosmopolite mostly on sea
coasts.)
T.* rerréstris, L. Silky-villous annual, branched from the base; branches elongated, de-
cumbent : leaflets 5 to 7 pairs, small, oblong: short-peduncled flowers small: pale yellow
petals a line or two in length, scarcely exceeding the sepals: hirtellous carpels with median
warty or spinulose crest and 2 (to 4) stout spreading spines (those from neighboring sides
of adjacent carpels approximate in pairs). — Spec. i. 387; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. v. t. 161;
Schk. Handb. t. 115. — Not infrequently collected on ballast and made land in the Midd. and
S. Atlantic States, Brown, Parker ; also found at Newport, Rock Co., Nebraska, J. M. Bates,
communicated by Prof. Britton.
§ 2. Calyx mostly deciduous: cells of the ovary double the number of the
petals (8 to 10) and uniovulate, sometimes one or more of the alternate ones
abortive: seed solitary and suspended in the cells.
T.* Califérnicus, Watson.! Depressed, cinereous-pubescent : leaflets (4 to) 5 or 6 pairs,
2 or 3 lines long, half as broad : petals 2 or 3 lines long: fruit ovate in outline, conspicuously
beaked, the maturing carpels 2 lines long, armed with a few equal short rather sharp but
soft spines. — Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 125; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 91 ; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xxii. 306.2—S. Arizona, Pringle, Lemmon. (Northern Mex., Palmer ; Lower Calif.,
Palmer, Brandegee.)
T.* brachystylis, Ropryson, n. comb. Leaflets only 4 pairs, when fully developed con-
siderably larger than in the last preceding species, 5 or 6 lines long, half as broad, very
oblique at the base: calyx commonly deciduous much before the maturity of the fruit: petals
2 or 3 lines long, little exceeding the sepals, orange-yellow: carpels 9 or 10, carinate and
bearing a few low warts; style short, not a line in length. — Kallstremia maxima, Gray,
Pl. Wright. ii. 26. K. brachystylis, A. M. Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, xxiv. 206. — New Mexico,
east side of Rio Grande, Wright, no. 912, at Mesilla, Hayes, and on mesa near Las Cruces,
3,900 feet, Wooton. (Guaymas, Mex., Palmer.) Distinguished from the following by its
more promptly deciduous calyx, deeper-colored petals, and shorter style.
§ 3. Calyx more or less persistent: cells of the ovary by duplication double
the number of the petals, 10 or 12, all fertile and uniovulate, at maturity form-
ing as many rugose or barely tuberculate akeniform nutlets, which fall away
from a persistent styliferous axis; solitary seed suspended: stamens opposite the
petals adnate to their bases: ours annuals, and the stems ascending. — Kallstremia,
Scop. Introd. 212; Endl. 1. c. no. 6031; Gray, Gen. IIl. ii. 117, t. 146.
T. maximus, L. Hirsute-pubescent : leaflets 2 to 4 pairs, oblong or oval, 4 to 9 lines long:
peduncles not surpassing the leaves : sepals oblong-lanceolate, or in age linear, not surpassing
the mature carpels: petals greenish yellow, quarter inch long: conical or thickened style
hardly longer than the carpels (2 lines long), all but its base often deciduous from the fruit.
— Spec. i. 386 (Sloane, Hist. Jam. i. 209, t. 132, whence Linnzus took the inappropriate
name); Jacq. Ic. Rar. t. 462; Ell. Sk. i. 476. 7. terrestris, Muhl. Cat. 42. TJ. trijugatus,
Nutt. Gen. i. 277, but fruit wrong. Kallstremia maxima, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 213; Gray,
Gen. Ill. ii. 118, t. 146; Engler in Mart. Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 2, 71.— Texas? to Arizona and
borders of California; and naturalized eastward to Georgia and Florida. (Mex., S,
Am., &c.)
1 Description somewhat amplified to exclude more clearly the next following species.
2 Add syn. Kallstremia Californica, A. M. Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 230.
8 Northward to Oklahoma Territory, where a noxious weed, acc. to Carleton, and Kansas, Smyth,
Hitchcock.
Larrea. ZYGOPHYLLACEA. 355
T. grandiflorus, Benru. & Hoox. Barbately hispid, or below and sometimes almost
wholly glabrate: leaflets 4 to 7 pairs, oblong, from a quarter to full inch long: peduncles
surpassing the leaves: sepals narrowly lanceolate, much acuminate, in age linear-attenuate,
surpassing the fruit, shorter than the slender persistent style: petals deep yellow or orange,
commonly an inch long. — Benth. & Hook. acc. to Wats. Bibl. Index, 149; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 91. Keallstremia grandiflora, Torr. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 28, & Bot. Mex.
Bound. 42.1 — Southwestern borders of Texas to Arizona and probably borders of California.
(Mex. and Lower Calif., first coll. by Th. Coulter.)
2. PEGANUM, L. (Ancient Greek name of Rue, transferred by Linnzus
to the Harmala of the herbalists.) — Low and branching perennial herbs, with
alternate mostly pinnately parted leaves, small and setaceous or subulate adnate
stipules, and flowers solitary and ferminal or opposite the leaves. — Gen. no. 443;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 287; Baill. Hist. Pl. iv. 418, 505, £. 506-508. — Four
Mediterranean-Oriental and one Mexican species.
P. Mexicanum, Gray. A span or two high from a deep lignescent root, very leafy : leaves
rather fleshy, once or twice pinnately or subternately dissected into linear-filiform lobes;
flowers very short-peduncled, 4-merous: petals pale yellow, shorter than the laciniate-cleft
leaf-like sepals: filaments hardly dilated at base: fruit recurved on the short peduncle;
seeds clavate oblong (Pl. Wright. ii.) or like those of P. Harmala, L. — PI. Wright. i. 30,
& ii. 106.— Mountains of S. New Mexico and Arizona? Wright, Thurber. (Adj. Mex.,
Berlandier, Gregg, &c.) }
3. FAGONIA, Tourn. (Guy ©. Fagon, professor of botany at Paris in
the 17th century.) — An Old World genus, excepting the following and a very
nearly related Chilian species. — Inst. 265, t. 141; L. Gen. no. 359.
F’. Califérnica, Bentu. Suffrutescent, exceedingly branched, slender: stipules acerose,
varying from 1 to 3 lines long: leaflets obovate-spatulate to lanceolate, quarter to half inch
long, lateral ones seldom equalling the slender petiole: petals rose-purple, two or three lines
long: fruit only 2 lines long, much shorter than the deflexed fructiferous peduncles. — Bot.
Sulph. 10; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. v. 359, t. 1; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 418; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 92. Varies from glabrous, var. Hindsiana, to granulose- or glandular-puberu-
lent, var. Barclayana, Benth. 1. c.3— Arid region of Arizona and S. E. California. (Adj.
Mex., Lower Calif.)
4, LARREA, Cav., not Ort. (J. A. H. de Larrea, a Spanish ecclesiastic. )
— Balsamic-resiniferous shrubs, all except the following species of extra-tropical
South America, with fleshy-coriaceous small leaves, and short-peduncled or sub-
sessile yellow flowers terminating the numerous branchlets. — Anal. Hist. Nat.
Madrid, ii. 119, t. 18, 19, & Ic. vi. 39, t. 559, 560; A. Juss. Mém. Mus. xii. 456,
f. 15; £5:
L. Mexicana, Moricanp. (GoBeRNADORA, CREOsOTE-PLANT.) Shrub 3 to 10 feet high,
very much branched, somewhat unpleasantly balsamic-scented, viscous, very leafy : leaves
very short-petioled, bright and deep green, mostly of a single pair of oblong inequilateral
and somewhat falcate leaflets (a quarter to half inch long), which are closely sessile and
somewhat connate by their broad bases: sepals ovate, silky: petals 3 or 4 lines long: sta-
mineal scales nearly equalling the filaments: fruit a quarter or third inch long. — Pl. Nouv.
Am. 71, t. 48; Torr. in Emory, Rep. 138, t. 3; Gray, Gen. III. ii. 120, t. 147; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 92. — LZ. glutinosa, Engelm. in Wisliz. Tour Northern Mex. 93 (p. 9 of reprint).
1 Add syn. T. Fischeri, Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. vii. 162.
2 Also in Eagle Mts. of extreme Western Texas, acc. to Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 53.
3 Add syn. F. Californica, var. glutinosa, A. M. Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 229.
856 ZYGOPHYLLACE. Guaiacum.
Zygophyllum tridentatum, Moc. & Sessé acc. to DC. Prodr. i. 706; A. DC. Calques des Dess.
t. 159.1 — Arid districts, S. Texas? to S. Utah and S. California; fl. summer. (Mex.)
5. GUAIACUM, Plumier. Lignum-virm. (Aboriginal name.) — Trop-
ical and subtropical American trees or shrubs, with very hard and heavy resinous
wood, abruptly pinnate somewhat coriaceous leaves, and blue or purplish solitary
or umbellate-fascicled flowers. — Noy. Gen. 39, t. 17; L. Gen. no. 394; Gray,
Gen. Ill. ii. 121, t. 148, 149. — Name also written Guajacum, which, however,
was not the original form.
§ 1. Filaments naked: branchlets much articulated: leaflets comparatively
large and few, obovate to elliptical. ‘
G. sanctum, L. (One of the two kinds of Lignum-vite, yielding Gum Guaiacum). Small
tree: leaflets 3 or 4 or rarely 5 pairs, obovate-oblong or elliptical and oblique, inch or less
long: petals very short-unguiculate, quarter to third inch long, double the length of the
glabrous sepals: fruit short-stipitate, obovate in outline, wing-angled, abruptly pointed,
usually all five carpels maturing. — Spee. i. 382; Gray, Gen. II. ii. 123, t. 148; Nutt. Sylv.
iii. 17, t. 86 (var. parvifolium, a small-léaved form) ; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 134; Sargent, U. S.
10th Census, ix. 28.3 G. verticale (Ort. Dec. viii. 93%), A. Rich. Fl. Cub. 321. G. Sloane,
Shuttl. in distr. pl. Rugel, no. 68, 69.— Keys of Florida. (W. Ind.)
§ 2. Filaments with a small scale at or near the base: leaflets approximate,
comparatively small, narrow, and more numerous ; stipules in our species small
and subspinescent. — Porlieria, Ruiz & Pay. Prodr. 55, t.9. Guatacum § Guaia-
cidium, Gray, 1. c. 124, t. 149.
G. Cotilteri, Gray. Shrub 8 to 10 feet high: leaves 3 to 5 pairs, linear-oblong, obscurely
veiny, half inch long: fruit 4—5-coccous, retuse at both ends, mucronulate, half inch high ;
the carpels merely carinate on the back. (Flowers not seen.) —Pl. Thurb, 312.— Below
boundary of Arizona, in Sonora, between Rayon and Ures, Thurber. (Mex., Th. Coulter,*
but needs comparison.)
G.* angustif6lium, Encrim.6 Much-branched shrub or small tree, with spinescent
branches : leaflets 4 to 8 pairs, oblong-linear or linear-spatulate, quarter to half inch long,
reticulated : flowers mostly single, very short-peduncled, 5-merous or occasionally 4-merous:
filaments with a short scale at base: ovary 2-celled: fruit somewhat obcordate-bilobed, cari-
nate-margined. — EKngelm. in Wisliz. 1. c. 113 (p. 29 of reprint) ; Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 158,
& Gen. Il. ii. 124, t. 149. Porlieria angustifolia, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 28; Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 42.— 8. and W. Texas from the Colorado south and west to the Pecos; where first
coll. by Lindheimer. (Mex., first coll. by Berlandier.)
1 The nearly related S. American L. divaricata, Cav., with which this species has recently been
united (see A. M. Vail, Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 229), has, in the four specimens at hand, more narrowly
oblong and more widely spreading leaflets, which are less inclined to be falcate and are more decidedly
connate. In herb. Gray, there is, on the other hand, a specimen collected by Macre and labelled
“TInt. Buenos or Chili,’’ which is without doubt identical with L. Mexicana. The following synonymy
may be added to our own species: L. tridentata, Coville, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iv. 75. Zygophyl-
lum Californicum, Torr. & Frém. in Frém. Rep. 257, ace. to Coville. Covillea divaricata, A.M. Vail,
l.c., not L. divaricata, Cav.
2 Northward to §. Colorado, acc. to Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 43.
3 Add Silv. i. 63, t. 28.
4 Also about Guaymas, Mex., Palmer.
5 This species is referred to by Dr. Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxii. 306, as ‘‘ G. parvifolium,” while
G. parvifolium, Planchon, was unnecessarily given a new name, G. Planchoni, Gray, which must fall
into synonymy,
GERANIACER. 357
ORDER XXXII. GERANIACES.
By W. TRELEASE.
Herbaceous or suffrutescent terrestrial or marsh plants (in our region), of
various duration. Leaves alternate or occasionally opposite or pseudo-verticil-
late, simple, parted or compound, mostly cut-toothed, the petiole commonly with
stipular enlargements. Flowers either evidently cymose, solitary and terminal,
or seemingly racemose or umbellate, usually showy, variously colored, perfect,
mostly d-merous (3-6-merous in Limnanthee, and the earliest flower of Oxalis
not infrequently 6-merous), symmetrical, nearly hypogynous. Glands of the
receptacle as many as the sepals and opposite them (reduced and opposite the
petals in Ozalis), or wanting when the flower is spurred. Sepals and petals dis-
tinct or nearly so. Stamens mostly twice as numerous as the petals, distinct (or
somewhat connate in Oxalis and Jmpatiens); anthers round-oval, more or less
versatile, 2-celled, with longitudinal dehiscence. Carpels as many as and alter-
nate with the sepals, united about a columnar prolongation of the receptacle
except in Limnanthee ; ovary usually deeply lobed, its cells 1-many-ovuled;
styles mostly united below, the capitate or lateral stigmas usually distinct. Seeds
exalbuminous or nearly so except in Oxalis; embryo straight or bent, the
cotyledons somewhat plicate and lobed in the genera with dissected leaves. —
Five very distinct tribes or suborders, which are generally treated as orders by
Continental writers.
Trine I. GERANIEZ, Flowers regular or nearly so, 5-merous. Sepals imbricate,
persistent, enlarging somewhat in fruit. Petals imbricate, deciduous. Antherif-
erous stamens as many as and opposite the sepals, or twice as many, with persist-
ent filaments. Glands of receptacle conspicuous. Carpels 2-ovuled, becoming
l-seeded, breaking elastically from the persistent fluted beak; seeds with little
albumen ; embryo with sinuously folded incumbent cotyledons.
1. GERANIUM. Leaves radiately divided. Peduncles 1- or mostly 2-flowered. Flowers
regular. Stamens with anthers 10, except in G. pusillum. Ripened carpels dehiscent on
the inner suture, the stylar portion merely arched, and nearly glabrous on the inner side g
seed often alveolate.
2. ERODIUM. Leaves often pinnately lobed or dissected. Peduncles mostly umbellately
several-flowered. Upper petals slightly smaller than the others. Antheriferous stamens 5.
Ripened carpels sharp-pointed below, at most tardily dehiscent, the stylar prolongation when
freed spirally twisting below, bearded on the inner side ; seed smooth.
Trise II. PELARGONIEZX. Flowers somewhat irregular. Sepals imbricate, the
posterior spurred. Antheriferous stamens neither as many nor twice as many as
the petals. Glands of receptacle wanting. Seeds exalbuminous.
3. PELARGONIUM. Spur decurrent and adnate to the pedicel. Stamens 10, or fewer
by abortion, 7 usually with anthers. Carpels 5, 2-ovuled, at length dry, 1-seeded, plumed,
beaked, breaking from the axis and coiling as in E’rodium.
4. TROPAZOLUM. Spur free. Stamens 8, all with anthers. Carpels 3, l-ovuled, fleshy,
beakless.
358 GERANIACE. Geranium.
Tripe III. LIMNANTHEZ. Flowers regular, slightly perigynous, symmetrical.
Sepals valvate, persistent and accrescent. Petals withering-persistent. Stamens
twice as many as the petals, all antheriferous. Glands of the receptacle evident.
Seeds exalbuminous.
5. FLO£RKEA. Flowers solitary at the ends of bractless axillary peduncles, 3-5(or rarely
6)-merous. Petals convolute or not overlapping when small. Carpels 1-ovuled, distinct, the
5-lobed style rising from the centre, in fruit becoming semi-drupaceous rugose-tuberculate
nutlets; embryo straight, with flat cotyledons.
Trips IV.. OXALIDEZ. Flowers regular, normally 5-merous, symmetrical, often
heterogone. Sepals imbricate, persistent, scarcely accrescent. Petals convolute,
often somewhat united toward the base. Stamens 10; filaments sometimes toothed
or with an additional set of auricles or sterile scales. Glands of the receptacle
greatly reduced or wanting, alternate with the sepals when present. Seeds al-
buminous.
6. OXALIS. Flowers dichotomously cymose or seemingly umbellate. Stamens monadel-
phous in 2 sets of different length. Ovary somewhat 5-lobed, forming a loculicidal several-
seeded capsule tipped by the persistent distinct styles with capitate stigmas; seed with a
longitudinally dehiscent arilloid outer coat, the firm inner integument usually sculptured ;
embryo straight, with plane cotyledons.
Trize V. BALSAMINEZ. Flowers irregular, hypogynous, usually unsymmetri-
cal from the suppression of 2 sepals. Sepals and petals imbricate, deciduous.
Stamens as many as the petals, all antheriferous. No glands of receptacle. Seeds
exalbuminous.
7. IMPATIENS. Flowers several, on loosely branched bracteate axillary peduncles.
Sepals 3, the posterior petaloid, saccate, and mostly slender-spurred. Petals 5, the lateral
pair on each side united. Stamens somewhat united by their appendaged filaments and
with more or less connate anthers. Style almost none; ovary not deeply lobed, somewhat
fleshy. Valves of the capsule at length breaking elastically from their septa and coiling ;
seeds with 4 longitudinal ridges ; embryo straight, with nearly plane cotyledons.
1. GERANIUM, Tourn. Cranespity. (Name from yépavos, a crane,
because of the beaked fruit.) — Usually caulescent herbs with simple radiately
divided petioled stipulate leaves, some of which are radical. — Inst. 266, t. 142;
L. Gen. no. 554; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 272; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 206; Gray,
Gen. Il. ii. 127, t. 150; Trelease, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 72, t. 9, 10,
12; Reiche in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 4, 8. — Widely distrib-
uted in temperate regions.
* Perennial from a stout caudex : flowers large (7 to 14 lines in diameter).
+ Erect, not cespitose: leaves usually few, large (often 4 or 5 inches), incisely 3-5-parted,
with cuneate divisions, the lowest of which are 2-cleft and all once to thrice 3-lobed at
apex and acuminately serrate; basal sinus mostly V-shaped.
++ Scarcely glandular except the calyx : petals purplish, not villous on the inner surface:
fruiting pedicels erect.
G. maculatum, L. Over a foot high, beset with spreading or mostly retrorse hairs: leaves
mottled, all the cauline except the primary pair greatly reduced: pedicels at length about
an inch long, very slender: outer sepals finely villous: filaments somewhat ciliate: beak
of fruit finely pubescent. — Spee. ii. 681; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 84, t. 8; Raf. Med. Bot. i. 215,
t. 42; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 128, t. 150; Trelease, 1. c. 74.—Open groves, Canada and New
England to the Great Lakes, south to Iowa, Mississippi, and Florida.
G. erianthum, DC. From a span to over a foot high, more leafy-branched : leaves in small
specimens not over 2 inches wide, with more numerous narrower crowded lobes: pedicels
Geranium. GERANIACEZ. 359
scarcely over half inch long, rather stout: calyx densely woolly-villous, many of its hairs
gland-tipped: filaments long-pilose : beak of fruit canescent and somewhat villous. — Prodr.
i. 641; Trelease, ].c. G. maculatum, B, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 116.— Alaska and N. W.
Brit. America. (N. E. Asia.)
++ ++ At least the pedicels conspicuously glandular-pubescent: petals more or less beset
on the inner surface with long white rather stiff hairs: filaments villous: fruiting pedi-
cels spreading or reflexed and bent.
G. incisum, Nurr. Coarser than the preceding and leafy-branched : pedicels and often
petioles or even the entire plant dingy glandular-pubescent with rather short hairs, and
somewhat unequally and commonly retrorsely villous, or occasionally (in a slender form)
canescent with very short incurved hairs: petals purple: beak of fruit very glandular. —
Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 206 ; Trelease, 1. c. 74. G. albiflorum, var. (2) icisum, Torr.
& Gray, lc. G. Hookerianum, var. incisum, Walp. Rep. i.450. G. viscosissimum, Fisch. &
Mey. Ind. Sem. Hort. Petrop. xi. Suppl. 18. G. pentagynum, Engelm. in Wisliz. ‘Tour
Northern Mex. 90. G. Fremontii, Macoun, Phenog. & Cryptog. Pl. of Canad. 10. G.
erianthum, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 251 ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxvii. Misc. 44, xxviii. t. 52. —
Woods and open places; the coarser more villous form from the mountains of Brit. Columbia
and Saskatchewan to Oregon, Idaho, and 8. Dakota; the slender more canescent form from
Central California to Oregon, Idaho, and Utah. A form doubtfully referable here, with
the purple glands of the next species and seemingly glabrous magenta petals, occurs in
Oregon, Miss Mulford. Some Washington specimens have the glandular hairs almost con-
cealed beneath the very abundant long hairs.
G. Richardsonii, Fiscu. & Traurv. Slenderer, inconspicuously retrorsely pubescent
below, the peduncles and pedicels and sometimes the upper part of the stem villous with
long white hairs tipped with purple glands : leaves thin, the uppermost with the terminal
lobe longer than the often greatly reduced lateral lobes: pedicels straighter: petals white,
mostly roseate-veined: beak of fruit sparingly puberulent and glandular-villous. — Ind.
Sem. Hort. Petrop. iv. 37 ; Trelease, l. c. 75. G. albiflorum, Hook. FI. Bor.-Am. i. 116, t. 40.
G. Hookerianum, Walp. Rep. i. 450.— Open places and ravines in the mountains, Saskatch-
ewan to Utah and New Mexico. A reduced very slender occasionally somewhat cespitose
plant, scarcely to be referred elsewhere, occurs in the mountains of New Mexico, Walcott ;
Arizona, Knowlton, Lemmon; and S. California. Some Colorado specimens have leaves ap-
proaching those of G. #remontii in outline, and it is not certain that the two species do not
hybridize.
G. Mexicanum, HBK. Slender, a couple of feet high, coarsely white hairy, the hairs ap-
pressed on the leaves, but little glandular: leaves 3-lobed with openly V-shaped basal sinus ;
the lowest very long-petioled ; the uppermost less than an inch long, with the lateral lobes
greatly reduced : flowers short-pedicelled: petals white, about 4 lines long: fruit not seen.
— Noy. Gen. & Spec. v. 230. G. Hernandezii, Trelease, 1. c. 76. — Huachuca Mountains,
Arizona, Lemmon. Perhaps also Rio Zuiii, New Mexico, Wooton. (Mex.)
+— + Spreading and cespitose from the branched summit of the caudex, leafy-branched :
leaves firm, of medium size (1 to 3 inches), 3-parted with broadly cuneate divisions; the
cauline mostly truncate at base, incisely once or twice 3-lobed at apex ; the lower once or,
especially in radical leaves, twice cleft on the lower side: petals villous within: fruiting
pedicels refracted.
G. Fremontii, Torr. A span toa foot or two high, the smaller plants sometimes sub-
acaulescent, the larger with slender spreading leafy branches, dingy glandular-pubescent at
least above: petals rather light rose-purple: beak of fruit dirty-glandular. — Torr. in Gray,
Pl. Fendl. 26, & in Marcy, Rep. 303, t. 3; Trelease, 1. c. 75. — Mountains, from the Black
Hills to Utah and New Mexico, extending, in a more loosely branched perhaps separable
form with longer and paler glandular hairs, into Arizona, Knowlton, Lemmon; and S. Cali-
fornia, Parish, Orcutt. A tall form of the Colorado mountains, with loosely villous as well
as short glandular pubescence, and often slender elongated petioles, is var. PArry1, Engelm.
ig Gray, Am. Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 405.
G. cespitésum, James. Usually slenderer, often rooting at the nodes, with longer
slenderer retrorsely hispid or canescent but not glandular pedicels: petals roseate to rich
360 GERANIACE. Geranium.
purple, turning brown, seemingly more spreading or reflexed than in related species: beak
of fruit gray-pubescent : otherwise closely resembling the last, which it approaches by vari-
ously glandular forms of the extreme Southwest, while a few specimens with the pubescence
of this species rather than of G. F’remontii have been collected in Colorado, Wyoming, and
California. — James in Long, Exped. Am. ed. ii. 3, as cespitose ; Torr. Ann. Lye. N. Y.
ii. 173; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 25; Trelease, 1. ¢. 75.— Arizona, New Mexico, and southward.
(Lower Calif.)
* ¥ Annuals or winter-annuals without a stout caudex (except in G. pilosum): leaves rarely
2 inches long, often much smaller: pedicels mostly bent im fruit except when crowded:
flowers small (2 to 8 lines in diameter) : petals not conspicuously villous within.
+ Segments of ripe ovary bearing a tuft of white hairs at the base within, the top not filif-
erous: leaves radiately lobed or mostly dissected.
++ Peduncles 1-flowered: leaves 3-cleft, with serrate acute divisions.
G. Srsfricum, L. Slender, repeatedly forked, short-villous: petals dingy white with purple
veins: divisions of ovary puberulent and sparingly villous : seed minutely reticulate-areolate.
— Spec. ii. 683; Trelease, 1. c. 76. — Established on Manhattan Island, and occasional else-
where, e. g., Illinois, Bebb ; California, Miss Edmonds. (Introd. from Asia.)
a+ ++ Peduncles 2-flowered: leaves several-lobed.
= Peduncles and pedicels long (1 to 3 inches) and slender: carpels neither villous nor
wrinkled : seed deeply pitted, subglobose.
G. cotumpfnum, L. Very slender, spreading and prostrate, hispid with short close retrorse
gray hairs which on the calyx are nearly confined to the nerves; not glandular : leaves 3- or
5-divided and dissected into numerous linear divisions: petals rose-purple : beak of fruit ap-
pressed-hispid. — Spec. ii. 682; Trelease, 1. c.— Pennsylvania, Virginia, and 8. Dakota.
(Introd. from Eu.)
= = Peduncles and pedicels short (except in G. Carolinianum, var. longipes) : carpels either
conspicuously hairy or wrinkled.
a. Seed reticulately ridged or pitted: carpels hairy, not wrinkled.
G. Carolinid4num, L. A span to a foot high, spreading when large, loosely gray-pubes-
cent and mostly dingy-glandular: leaves incisely 3- or 5-parted, the cuneate segments more
or less deeply cut-toothed or dissected, with the ultimate divisions rather broad: peduncles
and pedicels seldom over an inch long, at length often densely crowded among the upper
leaves: petals rose-colored: beak of fruit loosely villous or glandular ; carpels villous-hispid,
usually black; seed low-reticulate. — Spec. ii. 682; Trelease, 1. c. G. atrum, Meench,
Meth. 285. G. lanuginosum, Jacq. Hort. Scheenb. ii. 8, t. 140.— Open places, Canada to
Washington, south to the Gulf and California. Most common in the South and West. (Mex.,
W. Ind.) A form from New Braunfels, Texas, Lindheimer, with deeply pitted round seeds,
but scarcely differing otherwise, is var. TExANuM, Trelease, l.c. About New York City,
and elsewhere in the East, a form with narrower sepals and longer pedicels and beak than
usual is G. Bicknell’, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xxiv. 92.
Var. longipes, Watson. Of looser habit: leaves commonly cleft into 3 equal broad
primary lobes: peduncles long and spreading ; pedicels scarcely bent. — Bot. King Exp.
50. — Mountains, Colorado and Utah to Washington, Suksdorf, and Brit. Columbia, M/acoun.
G. pvissectum, L. Very like the preceding, but the principal lobes of the leaves conspicu-
ously narrow, with ultimate divisions mostly slender, falcate, and very acute: petals deeper
purple. — Cent. i. 21, & Ameen. Acad. iv. 282; Trelease, 1. c. 77.— Vancouver Island to
California. (Introd. from Old World.)
G. piLésum, Forst. f.? Slender and spreading from a thick perennial rootstock, the branches
at length a foot or two long, retrorsely canescent-pubescent but not glandular : leaves nearly
as in G. Carolinianum but smaller and with more open sinuses, the ultimate segments narrow :
petals deep purple: carpels puberulent and somewhat villous. — Prodr. 91; F. Muell. Key
Syst. Vict. Pl. i. 152. G. retrorsum, Greene, Man. Bay-Reg. 69.— About San Francisco
Bay, California. (Ady. from Austral., N. Zeal.)
Erodium. GERANIACES. 361
G. PARvIFLORUM, Willd. Slender and spreading, retrorsely gray-pubescent: leaves with
broad less lobed divisions: flowers not aggregated, small, the deep violet petals little ex-
ceeding the calyx. — Enum. 716; A. Eastwood, Erythea, iv. 145. — California, Mt. Tamal-
pais, Congdon, Duncan’s Mills, Davy. (Adv. from So. Pacific Ids.) Probably not separable
from the preceding, with which, also, it has sometimes been referred to G. dissectum.
G. rotrunpiré.iium, L. Low and spreading, slender, scarcely a span high: pedicels, etc.,
villous with purple-glandular long white hairs: petals entire, small: fruit and seed nearly
as in G. dissectum.—Spec. ii. 683; Trelease, 1. c. 77.— Michigan and about New York
City. (Introd. from Eu.)
b. Seed neither pitted nor reticulately ridged: petals scarcely exceeding the calyx except
in the second.
G. pusillum, Burm. f. Slender, spreading, soft-pubescent or the calyx, etc., somewhat
glandular-villous or with short glands: leaves small, round-reniform or the cauline truncate
at base, equally cleft into about 7 cuneate oblong lobes each more or less regularly 3-toothed
at apex: peduncles distributed along the stem : petals pale to deep violet, somewhat notched :
antheriferous stamens only 5 (exceptional in the genus) : fruit very small with puberulent
beak, the carpels 1 line long, finely canescent, not wrinkled.— Spec. Geran. 27; L. Spee.
ed. 2, ii. 957; Trelease, 1. c. 77. — Open places, Canada to West Virginia, Ohio, and Illinois;
also in Utah, Jones, and from Idaho northwestward.
G. PyrrenAricum, Burm. f. (Spec. Geran. 27), a European perennial with the aspect, fruit,
and seed of the last, but with obcordate petals twice as long as the calyx, appears to have been
collected many years ago at Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, Wolle.
G. motize, L. Resembling G. pusillum, but lower, the leaves shorter-lobed and the flowers
fewer, more numerous toward the top: softly and densely glandular-villous: petals deep
purple, obcordate: fruit as large as in the last, but the carpels glabrous and conspicu-
ously transversely wrinkled; seeds slightly striate. — Spec. ii. 682; Trelease, 1. c. 77; A.
Eastwood, Erythea, iv. 151. — Canada to Vancouver Island, south to California, Ohio, and
New York. (Sparingly introd. from Eu.) Specimens with unwrinkled carpels have been
collected at Falmouth, Mass., Deane, and Painesville, Ohio, Beardslee.
+— + Ovarian portion of ripened carpels deciduous from the style, bearing two bristle-
like tufts of fibres at upper end: leaves 1—2-ternately divided.
G. Robertianum, L. (Hers Roser.) A span to a foot and a half high, erect, spread-
ing or decumbent, purple-tinged, puberulent and loosely glandular-villous, graveolent : leaves
3-5-angled, their ultimate lobes oblong, coarsely acuminate-toothed : pedicels rather short
and not refracted: flowers open funnel-form, rose-purple : carpels loosely wrinkled, sparingly
pubescent ; seeds smooth. — Spec. ii. 681; Trelease, l.c. 78. G.inodorum, Don, Syst. i.
721. — Damp ravines, etc., New Brunswick and Canada to Pennsylvania, Ohio, and Minne-
sota. (Old World.)
2. ERODIUM, L’Her. Srorxspity. (Name from épwéxds, a heron, because
of the beaked fruit.) — Acaulescent or at length caulescent herbs with the radical
and cauline leaves either round-ovate and little lobed or elongated and pinnati-
sect. — Geraniol. t. 1-6; Willd. Spec. iii. 625; Torr. & Gray, Fl.i. 207 Gray,
Gen. Ill. ii. 129, t. 151; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 272; Trelease, Mem. Boston
Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 80, t. 10; Reiche in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii.-Ab.
4, 9. — Mostly natives of the north temperate portion of the Old World, some
species widely distributed as weeds, especially in sandy regions.
* Leaves round-ovate, not lobed or with approximated broad lobes : filaments greatly dilated
at base: beak of fruit nearly 2 inches long; seeds large (2 to 24 lines long). Native
species.
E. macrophyllum, Hoox. & Arn. Usually nearly or quite acaulescent, tomentose, with
copious interspersed long glandular hairs, at least on the pedicels: leaves triangular-ovate
or reniform to nearly deltoid, sometimes crenately lobed, closely crenate: flowers mostly 2
:
362 GERANIACES. Erodium.
or 3 together: petals white, 5 to 8 lines long, little surpassing the broad sepals: beak of
fruit stout ; ripened carpels more hairy than in our other species, conspicuously truncate at
top. — Bot. Beech. 327; Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 679; Trelease, 1. c. 81. £. Californicum, K.
Brandegee, Zoe, iv. 86.— Oregon, Ashland, Howell, through California. (Lower Calif.,
Parry, Orcutt.)
E. Califérnicum, Greene. Tall and branching, puberulent and beset with purple-tipped
glandular hairs: leaves ovate, reniform-cordate, crisped, crenate, crenately about 7-lobed :
flowers frequently 5 or 6 in a cluster: petals deep rose-red or purple except in albinos. —
Fl. Francis. 99, & Man. Bay-Reg. 70. — California, from San Francisco southward. —
E. Texanum, Gray. Cespitose, with ascending leafy branches, canescently appressed-
pubescent, without glandular hairs: leaves elongated-ovate, cordate to truncate or the upper
narrowed at the base, the radical slightly crenately lobed and the cauline obtusely 3-5-lobed .
with rather acute open sinuses, shallowly crenate to dentate: flowers in clusters of about 3 :
sepals narrow, often silvery, usually purple-veined: petals purple, 7 to 9 lines long on the
earliest flowers, but mostly greatly reduced or suppressed: beak of fruit slender; carpels
not prominently truncate. — Gen. Il. ii. 130, t. 151, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 157, & Pl. Wright. ii.
25; Trelease, l. c. 81.— Texas to Central California and Lower California.
* * Foliage of the preceding, but the upper leaves more incisely cut and serrate: fruit
small, its beak about an inch long; seeds not over 1} lines long. Ballast plants from the
Mediterranean Region.
HE. mavacofpgs, Willd. Caulescent, somewhat glandular and hispid-villous: upper leaves
incisely 5-9-lobed, irregularly toothed : sepals tipped with bristle-like hairs: petals small,
pale roseate. — Phyt. 10, & Spec. iii. 639; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. v. t. 185, f. 4868 (Hero-
dium) ; Trelease, 1. c. 81 (malachoides). — On ballast, New York City, Brown.
* * * Leaves oblong-ovate, pinnatifid to tripinnatifid: fruit large, its beak 3 to 5 inches
long; seeds as in the last. Occasional rather large caulescent plants from the Mediter-
ranean region.
EH. cicén1um, Willd. Even the large cauline leaves subternately 2- or 3-parted with cuneate
lobes, the lowest of which are often somewhat stalked, round-toothed : sepals long-pointed, not
bristle-bearing : petals moderately large, deep dull purple.— Spec. iii. 629; Reichenb. Ie.
Fl. Germ. vy. t. 184, f. 4866 (Herodium); Trelease, 1. c. 81.—On ballast, Philadelphia,
Martindale. )
EH. Borrys, Bertol. With coarse white pubescence: cauline leaves smaller, pinnatifid into
oblong broad-based acute serrate segments: sepals mostly short-pointed and tipped with
1 or 2 short bristles: petals deep violet. — Ameen. Ital.35; Trelease, 1. c. 81.— Ballast and
refuse, various points in California, and at Boston, Mass., Murray. Sometimes flowering
when acaulescent and very small in all its parts.
* * * * Leaves oblong, pinnate or bipinnate: petals rose-purple, small: fruit small, its
beak 1} to 1? inches long; seeds as in the preceding section. Hispid or glandular-villous
cespitose Mediterranean species, established in the Southwest and occasional elsewhere.
H. moscuAtum, L’Her. Acaulescent and closely prostrate or soon with ascending branches,
mostly stout and glandular: leaflets usually large, short-stalked, ovate to elliptical, serrate,
somewhat incisely broad-lobed, the terminal cuneately 3- or 5-parted ; stipules large, rather
obtuse: sepals not terminated by long bristles: antheriferous filaments 2-toothed. — L’Her.
in Ait. Kew. ii. 414; Willd. Spec. iii. 631; Torr. Pac. R. Rep. vii. 8; Reichenb. Ic. FI.
Germ. v. t. 184, f. 4867 (Herodium) ; Trelease, l. c. 81; Parish, Zoe, i. 8. — California and
Lower California, and occasional in the Northern Atlantic States, usually in heavy soil.
HE. cicurArium, L’Her. Habit of the last, but mostly low and slender, less glandular, often
coarsely canescent: leaflets small, nearly sessile, the uppermost confluent, more oblong,
incisely pinnatisect with acute usually narrow often toothed lobes; stipules commonly
small and acute: sepals with 1 or 2 terminal bristle-like hairs: filaments not toothed. —
L’Her. in Ait. Kew. ii. 414; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 116; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. v. 21, t.
183, f. 4864 (Herodium); Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 136; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 208; Gray,
Gen. ii. 130; Trelease, 1. c. 82; Parish, Zoe, i. 8.— Vancouver to Lower California,
Texas, and Colorado, chiefly in sandy soil, also occasional in the Eastern States.
Flerkea. GERANIACEZ. 363
3. PELARGONIUM, L’Her. (Name from zedapyés, a stork, for the
same reason as in Hrodium.)— At length caulescent herbs or low shrubs with
leaves and stipules as in Hrodium. Flowers usually clustered on commonly
elongated peduncles. — Geraniol. t. 7-35, etc.; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 273;
Reiche in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 4, 10.— Mostly natives of
Africa and Australia, including the so-called Geraniums of cultivation.
jee ANCEPS, L’Her. Cespitosely spreading from a stout root, with subsessile glandular pubes-
cence above : leaves round-reniform, crenulate and obscurely crenately lobed, more or less
erisped, usually much shorter than their petioles: flowers rather densely umbelled, minute,
deep violet: petals about equal to and pedicels a little longer than the short scabrous sepals :
beak of fruit about 6 lines long. — L’Her. in Ait. Kew. ii. 420; Jacq. Collect. iv. 184, t. 22
“<,
f. 3; A. Eastwood, Erythea, iv. 34.— Oakland, California, Miss Eastwood. A chance
introduction. (Adv. from S. Afr.)
4. TROPAOLUM, L. Nasturtium. (Name from rpéraoy, a sign of
victory, from the shield-shaped leaves.) — Climbing or spreading slender-stemmed
pungent herbs with alternate frequently peltate round leaves. Stipules wanting
or minute. Flowers solitary in the axils, mostly on slender peduncles. — Gen.
no. 323; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 274; Reiche, 1. c. 26; Buchenau in Engl.
Jahrb. xv. 180-259, xxii. 157-183. — Natives of South America.
T. mAsus, L. Straggling, glabrous: leaves round, peltate, repand: flowers large, variously
yellow or reddish, the lower petals fimbriate at base. — Spec. i. 345; Curtis, Bot. Mag. t. °
23; Greene, FI. Francis. i. 99. — A Peruvian plant, escaping from cultivation in California
Jide Greene, 1. c.
' 5. FLGQRKEA, Willd. (Named after Flérke, a German botanist.) —
Pungent, soft-stemmed annual herbs with alternate once—thrice-pinnately dissected
petioled mostly exstipulate leaves. — Neue Schr. Ges. Nat. Fr. Berlin, iii. 448;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 210; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 139, t. 154; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
i. 275; Baill. Hist. Pl. v. 20; Trelease, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 85;
Reiche in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. ii. Ab. 5, 187. — Exclusively North
American ; the type of the genus trimerous, while the other species constitute
Limnanthes, a scarcely separable genus which, however, is still maintained by
some authors.
* Flowers trimerous: petals oblong, entire, subacute, shorter than the sepals, open in zsti-
vation : stigmas little enlarged : peduncles bent below the flower. — Flerkea proper.
F. proserpinacoides, Wittp. 1.c. 449. (Fatse Mermarp.) Glabrous, weak-stemmed,
a span to a foot high: divisions of leaves 3 to mostly 5, linear, lanceolate or occasionally
elliptical, remote, entire: petals white, not over a line long: fruit subglobose, 15 to 2 lines
long, loosely tuberculate. — Lindl. Jour. Bot. i. 1, t. 113; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 210; Gray,
l.c.; Trelease,1.¢. 85. F. lacustris, Pers. Syn. i. 393. F. uliginosa, Muhl, Cat. 36. F’. palus-
tris, Nutt. Gen. i. 229. Nectris pinnata, Pursh, FI. i. 239. Cabomba pinnata, Schult. Syst. vii.
1379. — Canada to Oregon, south in the East to Pennsylvania and Illinois, and in the West
to California and Utah.
* * Flowers 4-6-merous: petals oblong- to obovate-cuneate, truncate or emarginate, con
volute : stigmas small, capitate: peduncles mostly straight. — Limnanthes.
+ Flowers 4-merous: petals short and narrow.
F. Macotnii, Trereasr,n.comb. Glabrous, 2 or 3 inches high: divisions of leaves 5 to
9, remote, small, ovate, mostly 3-cleft, with acute lobes: sepals rather obtuse: petals white,
14 to 2 lines long: nutlets obovoid, 14 lines long, with very prominent tubercles. — Lim-
nanthes Macounii, Trelease, 1. c. 85. — Vancouver Island, Macoun.
364 GERANIACE. Fleerkea.
+— + Flowers 5 (or exceptionally 6)-merous: petals broader, usually exceeding the sepals :
nutlets about 2 lines long.
F. Douglasii, Barton. Glabrous, very spreading, the branches a span to a foot or more
long: divisions of leaves 3 to mostly about 9, from linear and entire to mostly lanceolate
and laciniately once or twice cleft into narrow acute lobes: sepals narrow, acute: petals
yellow, white, or occasionally roseate near the end, rather narrow: nutlets from smooth to
strongly tuberculate. — Hist. Pl. v. 20, f. 50-54; Greene, Fl. Francis. 100. Limnanthes
Douglasii, R. Br. Lond. & Edinb. Phil. Mag. ii. 70; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1673; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 3554; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 95, excl. syn.; Trelease, 1. c. 85. L. grandiflorus
and L. sulphureus of gardens. — Oregon to Southern California. A low form 2 or 3 inches
high, with the petals scarcely equalling the rather broad sepals, from ‘Table Rock, Oregon,
Howell, 635, is L. pumila, Howell in herb. Tall Californian plants, a foot or more high,
often at first somewhat woolly as in F. alba, constitute F’. versicolor, Greene, Erythea,
iii. 62.
F’. rosea, Greene. Glabrous, scarcely over a span high: divisions of leaves more linear
or filiform, less incised : petals broader, whitish, marked by longitudinal roseate lines: fruit
very rough: otherwise like the last. — Fl. Francis. 100. Limnanthes rosea, Hartw. in Benth.
Pl. Hartw. 302; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. ii. 438; Fl. Serres, v.431 b; Trelease, 1. c. 85. —
Northern Central California.
F. alba, Greene. Low, rather erect and often subcorymbose: young parts and flower buds
very white-woolly with long hairs: leaf-segments about 7, narrowly lanceolate, commonly
entire except for the lowest pair which are 3-divided, but occasionally pinnatifid with about
5 ultimate segments: sepals relatively broad: petals yellowish white, often roseate or pur-
plish at top: nutlets prominently rugose-tuberculate. — EF]. Francis. 100. Limnanthes alba,
Hartw. in Benth. Pl. Hartw. 301; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 95; Trelease, 1. c. 84. —
Oregon and the Sierras of California. Tall plants, a foot or more high, with the flowers
soon almost glabrous, have been collected in California, at Madera, Buckminster, Tunis Mill
and Ione, Grandegee, and perhaps represent a state of F’. versicolor, Greene, Erythea, iii.
62, which is held to be merely a transiently hairy form of F’. Douglasiv.
6. OXALIS, L. Woop Sorrer. (’Oégvs, sharp, from the acid taste.) —
Annual or perennial acid herbs sometimes woody at base, with compound petioled
leaves with entire or emarginate leaflets, some species producing cleistogamous
flowers at base. — Gen. no. 377; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 210; Gray, Gen. Il. ii.
111, t. 144; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 276; Baill. Hist. Pl. v. 41; Trelease,
Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 86, t. 11; Reiche in Engl. & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenf, iii. Ab. 4, 19. — Mainly South American and African, but a few species
in the temperate regions of the Old and New World.
* Caulescent: flowers yellow, sometimes, like the rest of the plant, tinged with red-purple.
+ Leaves unifoliolate, with free setaceous stipules: flowers homogone ?
O. dichondreefolia, Gray. A span to a foot high, appressed gray-villous throughout,
fruticose at base, the cespitose branches spreading: leaflet round-ovate, wavy-margined,
cordaté, abruptly mucronate, 6 to 15 lines long, articulated at the summit of the often longer
petiole: flowers 6 lines long, solitary on axillary peduncles often exceeding the leaves, seta-
ceously bibracteate near the top: sepals auriculately cordate: petals narrow, clawed, about
twice as long as the calyx, rounded or mucronulate at apex : capsule round-ovoid, scarcely
as long as the sepals ; seeds about 3 in each cell, broad, about 1 line long, with prominent
tubercles somewhat obliquely confluent. — Pl. Wright. i. 27, ii. 25; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
41; Trelease, 1. c. 87, t. 11, f. 1; Heller, Contrib. Herb. Franklin & Marshall Coll. i. 54.
— Southern and Southwestern Texas. (Mex.)
+ + Leaves pinnately trifoliolate, exstipulate: flowers heterogone ?
O. Berlandieri, Torr. About a span high, loosely dingy-villous throughout, suffrutescent
at base, the few ascending basal branches rather strictly subcorymbose above : leaflets oblong,
Oxalis. GERANIACES. 365
short-stalked, about 5 lines long, obliquely emarginate, the terminal mostly larger and cune-
ate ; the common petiole longer than the leaflets : flowers about 6 lines long, short-pedicelled,
mostly 3 together, at the ends of axillary peduncles about equal to the leaves and very short-
bracted at top: sepals lanceolate: petals obovate, thrice as long as the calyx, rounded at
apex: capsule ovoid, a little surpassing the sepals ; seeds 1 to 3 in each cell, reddish, fusi-
form, somewhat flattened, three fourths line long, with 8 longitudinal zigzag wings or rows
of teeth. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 41; Trelease, 1. c. 87, t. 11, f. 2.— Southern Texas.
+ + + Leaves palmately trifoliolate, exstipulate or with short adnate stipules: leaflets
subsessile, somewhat obliquely obcordate-cuneate, variously surpassed by the common
petiole: capsule several-seeded ; seeds about three fourths line long, reddish brown, ovate,
acute at apex, flattened, with 1 to 3 deep marginal grooves and numerous transverse
ridges somewhat interrupted by 2 low longitudinal elevations on each side.
++ Flowers small, homogone, the styles about equalling the longer stamens.
= Leafy branches from a stout erect woody caudex.
O. Wrightii, Gray. About a span high, more or less appressed-villous throughout, cespi-
tose, the prostrate and rooting or ascending slender stems suffrutescent and more or less
branched below: leaflets 2 to 5 lines long, often broader; the common petiole somewhat
stipular-dilated at base: flowers about 5 lines long, orange-colored, often drying witha tinge
of blue, 1 to 3 at the ends of (or occasionally distributed along) the elongated axillary pedun-
cles, which are short-bracted at top; the refracted pedicels at length about 8 lines long:
sepals lanceolate, mostly obtuse: petals obovate, twice as long as the calyx, usually emargi-
nate: capsules oblong, several times as long as the sepals. — Pl. Wright. i. 27, ii. 25; Torr.
& Gray, Pac. R. Rep. ii. 161; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 41; Trelease, 1. c. 88; Brandegee,
Proc. Cal, Acad. Sci. ser. 2, i. 202; Parish, Erythea, iii. 60.— Central California to Texas.
(Mex.)
= = Not from a stout caudex, herbaceous.
a. Without subterranean runners, mostly perennial: inflorescence seemingly umbellate ;
pedicels refracted in fruit.
QO. cornicuLAra, L. Annual, cespitose, prostrate and rooting at the nodes or ascending ;
the slender branches from a span to a foot long, somewhat rough-villous : leaflets 3 to 5 lines
long and mostly a little wider; stipules evident, round-topped or truncate, adnate to the
petiole: flowers about 3 lines long, solitary, or usually paired or umbelled; the shortly
bracteate peduncles longer than the leaves; pedicels elongated: sepals lanceolate to oblong,
rather obtuse: petals obovate, about twice as long as the calyx, obscurely crenulate or
emarginate ; styles and longer stamens about as long as the sepals: fruit as in the last.
— Spec. i. 435; Jacq. Oxal. 16, 30, t. 5; Ell. Sk. i. 525; Zuce. Oxal. 34, & Nachtr. 53;
Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 117; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 211; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. v. t. 199, f.
4896; Trelease, l. c. 88, in part, & Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 286. O. pusilla, Salisb. Trans.
Linn. Soc. ii. 243, t. 23, f. 5. — Occasional on the Atlantic coast, especially southward, and
a greenhouse weed everywhere. (Introd. from Eu. and Tropics.) A form with deep red-
purple stems and foliage, sometimes cultivated for bedding effect, and more or less persist-
ent about gardens, is var. ATROPURPUREA, Planch. FI. Serres, xii. t. 1205, sometimes known
also as var. rubra, var. lurida, and as O. tropeoloides.
Var. Dillénii, Trerease, n. comb. A span or less high, cespitose, mostly suberect,
branched from the base, rather stout-stemmed, from a thickish perennial root, appressed gray-
strigose : petiole dilated below the pulvinus into an entirely adnate stipular membrane : pedi-
cels rather stout and short, or exceptionally elongated and bracteate near the middle:
flowers 4 or 5 lines long: petals frequently brown within toward the base: styles sometimes
evidently longer than the stamens: capsule relatively large: otherwise like the type. —
O. Dillenii, Jacq. Oxal. 15, 28 (Oxys lutea Americana humilior et annua, Dill. Elth. ii. 298,
t. 221, f. 288); Pursh, Fl. i. 323; Zuce. Oxal. 35. 20. furcata, Ell. Sk. i. 527. O. cornicu-
lata, Trelease, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 88, in large part. O. stricta, Small, Bull.
Torr. Club, xxiii. 267.— From the Great Lakes to Vancouver, Texas, Florida, and New
Jersey. A more erect stouter and more canescent form than the type, appearing specifically
distinct in spring, but the more prostrate forms, especially late in summer, passing into
366 GERANIACEZ. Oni
the type. Some Floridan specimens for the present referred here (Nash, no. 118, Palmer,
no. 67) have very slender capsules.
b. Producing horizontal perennial rhizomes in summer: inflorescence dichotomously cymose
in luxuriant specimens ; pedicels not refracted,
O. stricta, L. Annually renewed from the slender rhizomes: stems slender, solitary, erect,
a span to a foot or more high, somewhat branched above, softly villous and a little strigose, or
glabrescent : leaflets 3 to 8 lines long and mostly broader ; slender elongated common petioles
without evident stipules: flowers 3 to 4 lines long: pedicels slender, short, divergent : sepals
lance-ovate, obtuse: petals subentire, scarcely twice as long as the calyx: styles generally
a little longer than the stamens and sepals. — Spec. i. 435 (Oxys s. trifolium luteum cornicu-
latum Virginianum, etc., Morison, Plant. Hist. ii. sec. 2, t. 17, f. 3); Jacq. Oxal. 29, t. 4 (but
pedicels shown as refracted) ; Ell. Sk. i. 526; Zuce. Oxal. 34, & Nachtr. 64; Hook. Fl. Bor.-
Am. i. 118; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 212; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 112, t. 144, f. 7-11. O. corniculata,
var. stricta, Sav. in Lam. Dict. iv. 683; Trelease, 1. c. 88. %0. florida, Salisb. Prodr. 322.
O. ambigua, Salisb. Trans. Linn. Soe. ii. 242, t. 23, f. 4. O. cymosa, Small, Bull. Torr.
Club, xxiii. 267. — New Brunswick to South Dakota, Colorado, Indian Territory, and South
Carolina; fl. some three weeks later than the preceding. (Old World.)
++ ++ Flowers larger, heterogone-trimorphous.
O. rectirva, Exuiorr. A span high, at length with very slender prostrate stems a foot or more
long, with greatly elongated internodes, from a seemingly perennial root, usually villous :
leaflets 3 to 7 lines long, deeply notched; stipules small, adnate, somewhat rounded at top :
flowers 5 to 6 lines long, usually in pairs, the very slender elongated pedicels a little arcuate,
often bent near the capsules or refracted, occasionally bracted about the middle: sepals
lanceolate, rather acute: petals more than twice as long as the calyx: styles decidedly
longer than the sepals in the long-styled form. — Sk. i. 526 (the short-styled form) ; Small,
Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 474, t. 222. 40. Lyoni, Pursh, Fl. i. 322. %0. cespitosa, Raf. New
Fl. ii. 27. O. corniculata, var. (?) macrantha, Trelease, 1. c. 88, t. 11, f. 5, as to the eastern
form. O. macrantha, Small, Bull. Torr. Club, xxiii. 268.— Pennsylvania to E. Texas and
Florida. Intermediate in aspect between O. stricta and O. corniculata.
O. ptimila, Nutr. Perennial, from at length woody creeping rootstocks: stems single or
somewhat approximated, a span or two high, slender, more or less villous: leaflets 4 to 8
lines long and somewhat broader, without stipules: flowers 6 to 9 lines long, solitary or
usually in pairs, bright yellow ; pedicels very slender, elongated, spreading or somewhat re-
fracted in fruit : sepals oblong, rather obtuse : petals about three times as long as the calyx:
styles or longest stamens twice as long as the sepals: capsule usually little exceeding the
sepals. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 212, note. O. Suksdorfii, Trelease, 1. c. 89, & Trans.
St. Louis Acad. v. 288; Eliot, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 278, f.1; Small, Bull. Torr. Club,
xxiii. 456. O. corniculata, var. (?) macrantha, Trelease, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 88,
as to Californian specimens. — Oregon to Central California. The west-coast representative
of the preceding: both comparable with a part of what has been referred to O. microphylla,
Poir. in Australia. O. pilosa, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 212; Small, Bull. Torr. Club,
xxiii. 457, of California from the Sacramento to Santa Barbara, if separable, differs chiefly
in the stouter subterranean parts and the capsule 7 to 8 lines long.
O. grandis, Smarty. Perennial by slender horizontal rootstocks that are villous toward
the base: stems single, little branched, at length 2 feet high, mostly stout and soft-villous
throughout : leaflets about an inch long, often very cuneate and shallow-notched, brown-
margined ; no stipules: flowers 8 to 9 lines long, in few-flowered umbels, or cymose, their
slender pedicels rather short, sometimes refracted in fruit: sepals ovate-oblong, obtuse :
petals about three times as long as the calyx, bright yellow, brown-striate within at base:
styles or longest stamens twice as long as the sepals. — Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 475, t. 223.
O. recurva, Trelease, 1. c. 89, & Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 289, not Ell. — Pennsylvania to
S. Missouri and North Carolina. A trimorphous species long confounded with O. stricta.
* * Acaulescent, perennial by a slender rootstock covered above with imbricated dilated
fleshy leaf-bases: flowers white or pinkish, mostly red-veined, homogone : leaves palmately
trifoliolate.
Oxalis. GERANIACEZ. 36 74
+ Scapes 1-flowered: capsule round-ovoid, few-seeded.
O. Acetosélla, L. Sparingly villous: petioles a span long or less; leaflets 5 to 8 lines
long and considerably wider, vbcordate, with a small membranous fold in the sinus: scapes
solitary or few, slender, a little longer than the leaves, bibracteate shortly above the middle:
flowers about 8 lines long: sepals ovate-oblong, rather obtuse, purple-tipped : petals obovate,
broadly notched, about 4 times as long as the calyx: capsule a line and a half long; seeds
ovoid, acute above, obscurely pitted and with about 5 shallow grooves on each side. — Spec.
i. 433; Jacq. Oxal. 20, 114, t. 80, f. 1; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. v. t. 199, f. 4898; Raf. Med.
Bot. ii. 46, t. 68; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 211; Trelease, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 90, t.
11,f.7. O. longiflora, L. Spec. i. 433. O. Americana, Bigel. in DC. Prodr. i. 700; Zuce.
Oxal. 26, & Nachtr. 35. — New Brunswick to Minnesota, south to Virginia and the mountains
of North Carolina. (Old World.) Recurved scapes bear cleistogene flowers mostly concealed
among the moss, etc., at base of the plant.
O. Oregana, Nutr. Coarser and more densely rusty-villous: petioles sometimes a foot
long; leaflets becoming 134 inches long, then relatively narrow: scapes shorter than the
leaves, an inch to a span long, broadly bibracteate an inch or less below the flower: petals
nearly an inch long: capsule 5 lines long ; seeds nearly 2 lines long: otherwise resembling
the preceding. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 211. 0. Acetosella, var. Oregana, Trelease,
l.¢. 90. Oxys Oregana, Greene, Man. Bay-Reg. 71.— Mountains, Washington to Central
California.
+ + Scapes umbellately several-flowered : capsule linear-oblong, several-seeded.
O. trilliifélia, Hoo. Aspect of larger specimens of the last, at most sparingly villous:
petioles sometimes a foot long; leaflets 1 to 2 inches long, relatively narrow when large:
scapes mostly several, as long as the leaves, umbellately about 6-flowered; pedicels from
half inch becoming as much as 3 inches long: bracts narrow, acute: sepals ovate-lanceolate,
variously acute: petals nearly white, deeply notched, 3 to 6 lines long, scarcely twice as
long as the calyx: capsule 10 to 15 lines long; seeds reddish brown, oblong, somewhat
longitudinally striate, obscurely coarsely pitted, a line long. — Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 118; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 211; Trelease, 1. c 90, t. 11, f.9. O. Oregana, Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 96,
as to fruit and, in part, inflorescence. — Mountains, W. Washington and Oregon.
* * * Acaulescent, perennial from a scaly bulb, in summer with slender scaly bulb-
tipped rhizomes: flowers rose-violet, heterogone trimorphous (the mid-styled form some-
times suppressed): leaves palmately 3-10-foliolate : sepals (and usually leaflets) tipped
with orange callosities.
+ Capsules round-ovoid : leaflets 3, obreniform to openly cordate.
O. violdcea, L. Glabrous or the pedicels and leaf-bases very exceptionally a little pubes-
cent: petioles 1 to 6 inches long ; leaflets 3 to 8 lines long, somewhat wider, broadly obcor-
date with divergent lobes, or obreniform, somewhat succulent : scapes once or twice as high
as the leaves, umbellately 3-15-flowered: flowers 7 to 10 lines long; slender pedicels at
length somewhat longer, recurved before and after flowering: sepals oblong-ovate, rather
obtuse, with 2 more or less confluent callosities at apex : petals undulate or truncate, 3 times
as long as the calyx : capsule 24 lines long, a little exceeding the sepals; seeds compressed-
ovoid, irregularly rngose-tuberculate, three fourths line long. — Spec. i. 434 ; Jacq. Oxal. 16,
35, t. 80, f. 2, & Hort. Vind. ii. t. 180; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2215; Ell. Sk. i. 525; Zucc. Oxal.
19, & Nachtr. 27; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 211; Gray, Gen. IIL. ii. 112, t. 144, f. 1-6; Baill. Hist.
Pl. v. 24, f. 64; Trelease, 1. c. 90, 95, t. 11, f. 10, Am. Nat. xvi. 13, f. 1-2, Bot. Gaz. xiii.
191, t. 12, & Trans, St. Louis Acad. v. 289.— New England to the Dakotas, Colorado, New
Mexico, and Florida. Said to be introduced in Ceylon (Trimen, Handbook, i. 197), and
Italy (Beguinot, Bull. Soc. Bot. Ital. 1895, 110). In late summer and autumn, after the
leaves have disappeared, some specimens flower again on long slender scapes, the pedicels
occasionally elongated and branched. An albino is also sometimes found.
+— + Capsule oblong-ovoid (unknown in O. divergens).
++ Leaflets 3, large, thin, obcordate.
O. Martina, Zuce. Large and lax, the leaflets with deep narrow sinus, without apical
callosity, but dotted on the under surface and with a marginal row of small round orange
368 GERANIACEZ. Oxalis.
callosities : scapes and petioles more or less villous. — Oxal. 20. — Florida, Meehan, Fred-
holm, and in greenhouses elsewhere. (Ady. from S. Am.)
++ ++ Leaflets 3 to 5, medium-sized, rather succulent, obcordate-deltoid to V- or Y-shaped,
nearly or quite without apical callosity.
= Leaflets 3, obcordate-deltoid to mostly V-shaped.
O. Drummoéndii, Gray. Glabrous: petioles about a span high; leaflets 3 to 10 lines
long and decidedly broader, deeply V-shaped, usually with narrow spreading lobes: scape
nearly twice as long as the leaves, umbellately few-flowered : flowers 7 to 10 lines long, their
slender pedicels at length an inch long: sepals and bracts acutish, the former frequently
with 4 to 6 more or less confluent apical callosities: capsule somewhat pubescent, 5 lines
long; seeds pale brown, round-ovoid, flattened longitudinally, 8-10-creased and trans-
versely wrinkled, half line long. —Pl. Wright. ii. 25; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 41. 0.
vespertilionis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 679; Trelease, Mem. Boston Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 91, t. 11,
f. 13.— Arizona, Palmer, and S. W. Texas.
= Leaflets 3 to 5, deeply obcordate.
O. divérgens, Bentu. Glabrous: petioles an inch toa span long ; leaflets mostly 4,5 to 10
lines long and about as broad, obcordately parted to the middle, the lobes narrow and ascend-
ing: scapes 1 to 3 times as long as the leaves, umbellately 3-10-flowered : flowers 5 to 7 lines
long, nearly equalling their slender pedicels: sepals rather acute, with 2 callosities. — Pl.
Hartw. 9; ? Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1620 (white-flowered) ; Trelease, 1. c. 91, t. 11, f-11. O.
vespertilionis, Gray, Pl. Fendl. 27. 0. violacea, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 27, ii. 25. —S. Arizona
to W. Texas. (Mex.)
Var. amplifolia, TrELEass, n. comb. Nearly glabrous: leaflets 3, an inch long, and
twice as broad, rather thin, somewhat ciliate, very openly obcordate-deltoid with divergent
lobes: flowers about 7 lines long, shorter than the pedicels: sepals broadly oblong, very
obtuse, with 4 oblong callosities: petals obovate, entire, about 4 times as long as the calyx:
capsule 4 to 5 lines long, about twice the length of the sepals; seeds ovate, acute above,
transversely rugose, with about 4 longitudinal grooves on each side, half line long.— O.
latifolia, Trelease, 1. c. 91, t. 11, f. 12, not HBK.— Santa Rita Mountains, Arizona, Pringle,
and Organ Mountains, New Mexico, Vasey, to S. W. Texas, Havard, and Magdalena Island,
Lower California, Brandegee. Intermediate between O. divergens and O. Drummondii.
++ ++ ++ Leaflets 3 to 10, long but relatively narrow, rather succulent, obcordate-cuneate
to mostly Y-shaped, without apical callosity.
O. decaphylla, HBK. Glabrous: petioles a span long or less: leaflets ¢ inch to 2 inches
long, notched or parted halfway to the base, occasionally a little ciliate: scapes slightly
longer than to twice as long as the leaves, umbellately several-flowered : flowers 5 to 10 lines
long, scarcely shorter than the slender pedicels: sepals obtuse, with 2 apical callosities :
capsule about 4 lines long, its cells about 4-seeded; seeds pale brown, compressed, round-
ovoid, longitudinally 8-10-creased and transversely wrinkled, half line long. — Nov. Gen.
& Spec. v. 238, t. 468; Trelease, 1. c. 91, t. 11, f. 14.— Mountains of Arizona and New
Mexico. (Mex.)
O. ckrnua, Thunberg, a bulbiferous species with large yellow flowers, has been collected in
Duval County, Florida, F’redholm, as escaped but not hardy. (Cape.)
7. IMPATIENS, Rivin. Barsam, JewreL-weep. (Named from the
elastic dehiscence of the fruit when touched.) — Annual mild herbs with succulent
translucent stems and simple thin alternate petioled exstipulate leaves. Some
small regular cleistogamous flowers normally produced in addition to the irregular
ones. — Tetrap. t. 121; L. Gen. no. 680; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 208; Gray, Gen.
. 183, t. 152, 158; Benth. & Hook. Gen. 1. 277; Baill. Hist. Pl. v. 39;
Te Mem. Beco Soc. Nat. Hist. iv. 99; Warburg & Reiche in Engl. &
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 389. — A rather large genus, mostly of Asia
and Africa.
Impatiens. RUTACEZ. 369
I. aurea, Munr. (Pate Toucu-me-nor.) Sometimes 5 or 6 feet high, mostly light green :
leaves often 3 to’4 inches long, mostly exceeding their petioles, paler below, elliptical,
coarsely crenate-serrate, rounded or acute at base, the apex and some teeth occasionally
mucronate: bracts ovate, acute: flowers rather large, pale yellow, usually little mottled, ex-
ceptionally pinkish or white: the saccate sepal broadly conical, scarcely longer than broad,
its slender spur short (2 to 3 lines in length), abrupt, refracted at base, the end notched. —
Cat. 26. J. pallida, Nutt. Gen. i. 146; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 208; Trelease, 1. c. 99. — Canada
to the Saskatchewan, south to Kansas and North Carolina ; also in Oregon, Lyall.
I. bifl6ra, Warr. (Srorrep Toucu-me-not.) Two to four feet high, somewhat orange-
or purple-tinted and a little glaucous: leaves smaller, usually 2 or 3 inches long: bracts
narrow: flowers orange or occasionally pinkish, usually copiously mottled with reddish
brown : the saccate sepal evidently longer than broad, its slender spur long (4 to 5 lines),
rather abrupt, flexuously recurved : otherwise resembling the last. — Car. 219; Willd. Spec.
1.1175; Pursh, Fl. i. 171; Rem. & Schult. Syst. v. 349; Ell. Sk. i. 304. J. fulva, Nutt.
Gen. i. 146; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 117; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 209; Gray, Gen. Il. ii. 135,
t. 152, 153; Trelease, 1. c. 99. J. maculata, Muhl. Cat. 26. J. nolitangere, B, Michx. FI. ii.
149. — Newfoundland to Washington, south to Kansas and Mississippi. (Introd. into
England.)
I, nouirAncere, L. (The true Toucu-mg-nor.) Leaves larger, often more strikingly serrate,
sometimes cordulate : flowers clearer yellow: saccate sepal larger and still more elongated,
gradually tapering into the long recurved spur which usually is not notched at tip. — Spec.
ii. 938 ; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. v. t. 198 b; Ett. & Pok. Physiotypia Pl. Austr. x. t. 925.—
Noosack River, Washington, Suksdorf. (Introd. from Eu.) ,
OrpER XXXIII. RUTACE.
By A. Gray ; the genera Citrus and Amyris revised by L. H. Barney and B. L.
ROBINSON respectively.
Woody or rarely herbaceous plants, punctate with oil-glands in the form of
pellucid or dark dots in the leaves, petals, &c., or as pustules, these charged with
essential oil (graveolent, pungent, or aromatic). Leaves destitute of stipules,
except prickles. Flowers 4—5-merous, mainly regular and mostly symmetrical.
Stamens as many or twice as many as the sepals (imbricated in the bud) and
petals or occasionally more numerous, inserted on or mostly around a hypogynous
disk. Anatropous or amphitropous pendulous ovules two or more in each cell
or carpel. Embryo straight or curved, either filling the seed or large in propor-
tion to the albumen. — Order largely represented in the tropics and in the
southern hemisphere, feebly so in. North America, and the larger tribes absent.
The characteristic dots are obsolete or wanting in one or more coriaceous-leaved
species of Xanthoxylum.
Rtra GRAVEOLENS, L., the common Rue, of the Old World, a familiar denizen of gardens,
is of a group represented in N. America by Thamnosma.
DicrAmnus Fraxinéwia, L., of Europe, which has somewhat irregular flowers and a
5-lobed ovary, in fruit becoming as many nearly separate and 2-valved carpels, is common in
old gardens.
Trine I. RUTEZ. Heavy-scented herbs or suffruticose plants, with strictly her-
maphrodite flowers. Ovules several (3 to 20) in each cell or carpel. Embryo
surrounded by fleshy albumen, more or less curved, except in Dictamnus.
24
370 RUTACEZ.
1. THAMNOSMA. Flowers 4-merous but pistil dimerous. Calyx 4-lobed, short, persistent.
Petals imbricate in the bud, erect or barely spreading in anthesis, ovate or oblong, in-
serted on the base of a thickened crenate or lobed hypogynous disk, deciduous. Stamens 8,
with slender filaments and oval glandular-apiculate anthers. Ovary 2-lobed, more or less
stipitate, with few or several ovules in each cell on a central placenta; style filiform, entire ;
stigma capitate. Capsule coriaceous, obcordate or didymous, few-seeded, lgculicidal above ;
seeds reniform, with coriaceous testa and arcuate or incurved embryo in thin albumen.
Leaves simple.
Triee II. XANTHOXYLEZ. Shrubs or trees, with aromatic or pungent and
bitter bark and foliage, and either unisexual or hermaphrodite flowers. Ovules
only a pair in each carpel or cell. Seeds usually solitary; embryo with superior
radicle, mostly flat cotyledons, and surrounded by some albumen.
* Carpels or capsule dehiscent: flowers hermaphrodite, 5-merous (sometimes 4-merous) and
diplostemonous, symmetrical.
2. CHOISYA. Sepals imbricate in the bud, deciduous. Petals spreading, oblong with
narrow base, slightly imbricate in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 10 or 8, with lanceolate
filaments, those opposite the petals shorter; anthers somewhat didymous. Hypogynous
disk inconspicuous. Ovary 5-lobed to below the middle, pubescent; the carpels conically
produced at apex, bearing a pair of subcollateral ovules about the middle; styles ventral,
filiform-clavate, connivent and cohering above, as also the enlarged terminal stigmas.
Fruit dry, 4-5-coccous or by abortion 2-3-coccous ; the mature carpels dorsally corniform-
umbonate near summit, at length 2-valved, and the cartilaginous endocarp separating from
the thin exocarp; seeds solitary or sometimes geminate, reniform, with nearly smooth
subcrustaceous testa and arcuate embryo in thin albumen (in C. dumosa). Leaves opposite,
palmately compound.
* * Fruit samaroid, indehiscent: flowers hermaphrodite or polygamous, 5—5-merous, usu-
ally 4-merous, isostemonous.
8. HELIETTA. Flowers nearly of Ptelea, but hermaphrodite and carpels as many as
petals, united at the axis, separating in fruit into akeniform cocci, each bearing a large
dorsal ascending wing.
4. PTELEA. Flowers moneciously or diceciously polygamous. Sepals 4 or 5, small, decid-
uous. Petals 4 or 5, commonly 4, much surpassing the calyx, imbricated in the bud, decid-
uous. Stamens 4 or 5, with narrow filaments, in sterile flowers inserted at base of a small
annular disk; in fertile flowers small and often abortive. Ovary in sterile flowers rudi-
mentary ; in the fertile compressed, 2-celled (rarely 3-celled), with a pair of ascending
hemitropous ovules in each cell, the lower ovule infertile; style short; stigma 2-lobed.
Fruit an orbiculate 1-2-celled, 1-2-seeded samara, completely winged all round (the wing
thin and reticulated), or in an anomalous species nucumentaceous and almost or wholly
wingless. Leaves alternate, palmately trifoliolate.
* * * Carpels dehiscent: flowers dicecious, 3-5-merous, isostemonous, small.
5. XANTHOXYLUM. Calyx 3-5-lobed or -parted and petals (mostly imbricated in the
bud) as many, in one species either calyx or corolla wanting. Stamens alternate with the
petals. Pistila mere rudiment in the ¢ flowers; in ? flowers as many carpels as petals
and opposite them, or fewer, or rarely reduced to one, usually on an ovoid disk or short
gynophore, connivent or slightly cohering ventrally (either as to ovaries or upper part of
the styles), separating in age. Fruit drupaceous-follicular, at length partly 2-valved, the
endocarp hardly at all separable; seed solitary or sometimes a pair, ovoid or globular,
sometimes with a slightly fleshy at length friable outer coat, which falls away from the dark
and shining crustaceous inner one; embryo straight or nearly so in fleshy albumen, with
broad and flat cotyledons. Leaves alternate, mostly pinnate.
* * * * Carpel solitary with almost basal style, in fruit subdrupaceous: flowers her-
maphrodite, 4-merous, diplostemonous.
6. CNEORIDIUM. Sepals 4, persistent. Petals 4, much larger, ovate, much imbricated
in the bud. Stamens 8, short, those opposite the petals shorter ; anthers ovate, mucronulate.
Choisya. RUTACEZ. SEL
Pistil of a single carpel on a small cupulate disk ; ovary globular, with a pair of ascending
ovules; style suprabasal, clavellate; stigma subcapitate. Fruit globose, pea-shaped, thin-
drupaceous, a narrow layer of pulp between the smooth epicarp and a parchment-like
endocarp ; seed globular, with a thick crustaceous testa, campylotropous ; embryo almost
annular in a very thin stratum of fleshy albumen; cotyledons oval, rather fleshy, longitudi-
nally convolute-infolded. Simple-leaved shrub.
Trise HI. AMYRIDE®. Shrubs or trees, balsamic-resinous, with hermaphrodite
or polygamous flowers, and a solitary carpel with a terminal sessile stigma. Ovules
a pair, collateral. Embryo straight, with very thick cotyledons; no albumen.
7. AMYRIS. Calyx 4-toothed, persistent. Petals 4, imbricated in the bud, at length widely
spreading. Stamens 8, those opposite the petals shorter. Stigma sessile or subsessile,
depressed-capitate. Drupe globular, with thin flesh and chartaceous putamen, 1-seeded.
Tribe IV. AURANTIE. Trees or shrubs, aromatic (fragrant with volatile oil),
with hermaphrodite flowers. Stamens often 3 or 4 times as many as petals or
somewhat indefinitely numerous, then disposed to be irregularly polyadelphous.
Pistil of few or several cells or carpels completely combined, both as to ovary and
style (the latter deciduous) ; ovules not rarely several in each cell. Fruit baccate
and corticate; seeds destitute of albumen. Leaves 1-several-foliolate. Wholly
of the Old World. The familiar genus is
8. CITRUS. Flowers 4-8 (mostly 5)-merous. Calyx cupular. Petals narrowly oblong,
thickish, imbricated in the bud, deciduous. Stamens 20 to 60, inserted around a strong
annular or cupular disk. Ovary several-celled and several ovules in each cell. Embryo
straight, with short radicle and fleshy cotyledons; in cultivation not rarely two or more
embryos developed in each seed.
1. THAMNOSMA, Torr. & Frém. (@épvos, a bush, dap, scent or bad
smell.) — Rue-scented low-shrubby or nearly herbaceous pustulate-dotted plants,
with small simple sessile alternate leaves, and somewhat racemiform inflorescence
at ends of rigid branches. Petals yellowish or purplish-tinged. — Frém. Rep.
313; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 73, t. 38; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 288; Brew. &
Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 97. Rutosma, Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 158.
T. montana, Torr. & Frém.|.c. Shrubby, broom-like: rigid branches pustulate, largely
leafless: leaves very small, linear or broader, few or deciduous : petals half inch long, mostly
erect, purple: filaments and style filiform, the latter exserted: ovary and capsule didymous,
almost bifollicular at maturity, raised on a slender but occasionally short stipe; seeds few or
by abortion solitary, somewhat cochleate-reniform, the coat nearly smooth; cotyledons
linear. — Desert-region of Arizona and adjacent borders of Utah and California ; first coll.
by Frémont.
T. Texdana, Torr. Herbaceous from a woody base: stems slender, erect or spreading, a
foot or less high, leafy: leaves filiform-linear, half inch long: petals 2 lines long, ovate-
oblong, spreading, pale greenish-yellow or whitish or purplish outside: style not exserted:
stipe of deeply obcordate fruit very short or hardly any; seeds several, globular-reniform,
muriculate-papillose ; cotyledons oblong. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 42; Brew. & Wats. 1. c.;
Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 45. Rutosma Texana, Gray, |. c., Gen. Ill. ii. 144, t. 155, &
Pl. Thurb. 298, 304. — Rocky hills, Texas to 8. Colorado and Arizona; first coll. by Berlan-
dier. (Adj. Mex., Gregg, &c.)
2. CHO[SYA, HBK. (J. D. Choisy, Genevese botanist.) — Branching
shrubs of Mexico and adjacent Arizona, glandular-punctate and aromatic, some-
what pubescent, with chiefly opposite palmately 3—-9-foliolate leaves and sessile
leaflets, and rather showy white or cream-colored flowers somewhat umbellately
cymose at the summit of leafy branches. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. vi. 4, t. 513
gyneecium incorrect); DC. Prodr. i. 724 (where char. “capsula 5-rostrata”
372 RUTACEZ. Choisya.
first appears) ; Adr. Juss. Mém. Rut. 107; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 297; Baill.
Hist. Pl. iv. 471 (describes the separable endocarp); Morren, Belg. Hort. xxx.
314, t.17; Gray, Proc. Am, Acad. xxiii. 224, second species added. Juliana,
Ialav. & Lex. Nov. Veg. Desc. ii. 4. — Congener of C. ternata, HBK., now cult.
for ornament, is
C. dumosa, Gray, 1. c. Much branched, very leafy, 3 to 6 feet high, acrid-aromatic :
branches glandular-pustulate : leaflets 3 to 9, narrowly linear, longer than the petioles (the
larger 2 inches long), their margins as if crenately denticulate by coarse glands: petals a
third to half inch long: carpels almost separate at maturity, usually only 2 or 3 fertile,
ovoid, and with short conical cusp ; seed with a deciduous caruncle ? (or attached portion of
endocarp). — Astrophyllum dumosum, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 161, & Bot. Mex. Bound. 42.—
Rocky hills, W. borders of Texas (first coll. by Wright, without flowers or fruit) and New
Mexico to S. Arizona, Bigelow, Schott, Henry, and fine specimens by Pringle. (Adj. Mex.
Palmer.)
3. HELIETTA, Tulasne. (Dr. Hélie, a writer on the toxic properties
of Rue.) — Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 3, vii. 280; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 301. ? Pi-
crella, Baill. Adansonia, x. 149, t. 10.—Two’ S. American and the following
species : —
H. parvifolia, Benru. Shrub or small tree, glabrous, with slender branches: leaves
opposite, palmately trifoliolate ; leaflets cuneate-obovate, obtuse, not petiolulate, entire,
minutely pellucid-punctate, commonly inch long and middle one larger; petiole slightly
margined: flowers 4-merous, very small, in terminal and upper axillary cymes, short-pedi-
celled: petals white: mature carpels 3 lines long, oblong, the broadly obovate veiny and
rather coriaceous wing 4 lines long and broad.— Benth. in Hook. Ie. t. 1385 ; Wats. Proc.
Am. Acad. xvii. 335.2. Ptelea parvifolia, Gray, quoad Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. i. 170,
excl. fruit. — Hills near Ringgold, S. W. Texas, Havard. (Adj. Mex., Coahuila, Monclova
to Monterey, Berlandier, Gregg, Palmer, Pringle.)
4. PTELEA, L. Hop-rrese, Warer-asu, &c. (Greek name of the elm,
transferred to this genus on account of similarity of the fruit.) — Shrubs or small
trees (N. American and Mexican) ; with bitter bark and fruit (the samare used
in brewing as a substitute for hops), alternate and pellucid-dotted trifoliolate
leaves, and rather small greenish-white flowers in loose terminal cymes ; fl. sum-
mer. — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 78; Adr. Juss. Mém. Rut. t. 26 (42); Gray,
Gen. Ill. ii. 149, t. 157.
P. penTANDRA, Benth. (not DC.), Pl. Hartw. 14, is apparently sterile Rhus Toxicodendron.
There are probably only two genuine species (these very variable and not well distinguishable)
and an outlying anomalous one, viz. * —
P. Aptera, Parry. (Proc. Davenp. Acad. iv. 39, & Bull. Torr. Club, xi. 10.3) A shrub
with small leaves (leaflets less than inch long, obovate, subsessile), few-flowered clusters, and a
nucumentaceous cartilaginous and turgid fruit (occasionally tricarpellary, half to two thirds inch
long), pustulate-glandular, bordered with a very narrow wing, or sometimes wingless !— All
Saints Bay, northern part of Lower California, Parry, Orcutt. So it may be found on the U.S.
boundary.
P. trifoliata, L. Tall shrub or low tree, strong-scented: leaves puberulent when young,
commonly glabrate ; leaflets membranaceous, ovate, mostly acuminate, obsoletely serrulate
or entire (2 to 4 inches long), the lateral sessile and roundish or barely acute and terminal
one cuneate-attenuate at base: flowers usually 4-merous: full-grown samara an inch or less
1 A third S. American species has since been added.
2 Add Sargent, Silv. i. 81, t. 35.
8 For further notes on and figure of this species, see Gard. & For. iii. 332, f. 45.
Xanthoxylum. RUTACEZ. ots
broad, orbicular or round-oval, rarely notched at either end.— Spec. i. 118 (Dill. Elth.
t. 122); Lam. Ill. t. 84; Nouv. Duham. i. t. 57; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 215; Gray, Gen. Ill.
ii. 150, t. 157.1 P. pentandra, & P. podocarpa, DC. Prodr. ii. 83% P. viticifolia, Salisb.
Prodr. 68.— W. New York, Canadian shore of Lake Erie, to Minnesota, south to Florida
and Texas. (Mex.)
Var. mollis, Torr. & Gray. Puberulent, smaller-leaved : leaflets at maturity sericeous-
tomentose beneath or rarely glabrate, less pointed, seldom over 2 inches long : samara half to
three fourths inch long, often retuse at base and apex. — F1.i.680. P. mollis, Curtis, Am. Jour.
Sci. ser. 2, vii. 406.2? — Texas to 8. Colorado and Arizona; also (?) Wilmington, N. C.
P. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 215. Pleasant-scented (Lindheimer), or sometimes
unpleasant (Brewer), glabrous or early glabrate : leaflets chartaceo-membranaceous, oval to
oblong-lanceolate or obovate-spatulate, obtuse or some acute or slightly acuminate, an inch
or two long, all contracted and terminal one attenuate at base: samara orbicular or oblate,
more commonly emarginate at both ends, half to two thirds inch in diameter. Founded on
depauperate flowering specimen. — P. angustifolia, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 9 (flowering speci-
mens); Gray, Pl. Fendl. 28; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 50; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 97.3—
E. Florida, Baldwin, Rugel, and Texas to Northern California and southward; common in
Arizona. (Mex.) Various forms, some too near the preceding ; others pass into
Var. parvifolia, Gray. Leaflets less than inch long, spatulate or oblong-lanceolate :
samara barely half inch in diameter. — Gray in Patterson, Check-list, 1892, 18. P. parvi-
Jolia, Gray in Hemsl. Biol. Centr.-Am. Bot. i. 170, as to pl. Gregg, Buenavista, and fruit
described. — St. George, S. Utah, and Arizona, Palmer. (Mex., Gregg, Palmer.)
5. XANTHOXYLUM, L. as Zanthoxylum. Prickty Asn, Toorn-
ACHE-TREE. (Name composed of gav6ds, yellow, and éAov, wood, apparently
originated by Plukenet, whose first species was a Fustic, and this accounts for
the name “ Yellow-wood,” a quality which seems not to be marked in any W.
Indian species, and does not occur in the N. American, The original faulty
form of Zanthoxylum has been continued by most classical botanists; but, as
Miller very early wrote Xanthoxylum and nearly a dozen authors have followed
him, including Smith, Sprengle, and Lindley, and as the correction of the initial
letter in this case will, happily, give little inconvenience in indexes, it is best to
adopt it.) — Bitter and pungent aromatic trees or shrubs (largely tropical and
subtropical) ; with alternate mostly imparipinnate leaves, often prickly stems and
stalks, and small white or greenish flowers in cymes or fascicles, produced in
spring. — Hort. Cliff. 487, & Gen. ed. 5, no.3835; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 147, t. 156;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 297; Triana & Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 5, xiv. 308.
— Our few species represent almost as many sections.
§ 1. Perianth simple, 5-merous: flowers in umbelliform sessile fascicles from
axils of deciduous and sometimes abruptly pinnate leaves; the rhachis wingless.
— Zanthoxylum, Colden ex L.
X. Americanum, Mitzi. (Prickiy Asn.) Shrub or very small tree, with short prickles
in pairs occupying the position of stipules, and commonly some slender ones on the petioles,
flowering along the naked branches just before the leaves of the season develop: leayes
1 Add Sargent, Silv. i. 76, t. 33, 34.
2 Add syn. P.? tomentosa, Raf. Fl. Ludov. 108.
3 Add syn. P. crenulata, Greene, Pittonia, i. 216, apparently a mere form thoroughly confluent
with the Texano-Mexican plant which also often has crenulate leaves. Prof. Greene’s description of
the odors of the two forms is quite at variance with the accounts of the above mentioned collectors who
have made notes upon the subject. It is probable that the odor varies considerably in different indi-
viduals even in the same locality. P. trifoliata, var. angustifolia, Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.
ser. 2, v. 629.
374 RUTACEZ. Xanthorylum.
pubescent, 5-9-foliolate ; leaflets oval or oblong-ovate, entire or nearly so, pale: petals (as
the perianth-segments may be called, being alternate with the stamens) pubescent at tip:
carpels 5, or fewer ripening, with slender connivent styles, stipitate. — Dict. ed. 8; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 214; Gray, Gen. Ill. 1.c. X. Clava-Herculis, Lam. Dict. ii. 38 (excl. syn.), &
Ill. t. 811. X. fraxinifolium, Marsh. Arb. 167. X. fraxineum, Willd. Berl. Baum. 544, &
Spec. iv. 757; Nouv. Duham. vii. 2, t.3; Bigel. Med. Bot. iii. 156, t. 59; Hook. FI. Bor.-
Am. i. 118.1 X. ramiflorum, Michx. Fl, ii. 235. X. mite, Willd. Enum. 1013, form wanting
prickles. X. tricarpum, Hook. 1. c., not Michx. — Canada to Minnesota, and southward to
Virginia and E. Kansas.?
§ 2. Perianth complete: flowers 4-merous, in axillary and sessile short spikes.
— Fagara, L. Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 897. (Hagara Pterota, P. Browne, Jam. t. 5,
f. 1, but Pterota, p. 146.)
X. Pterdéta, HBK. (Basrarp Iron-woop.) Tortuous shrub or small tree, with curved stip-
ular prickles, or sometimes unarmed, glabrous, evergreen : leaves 7-11-foliolate ; leaflets (half
inch to near inch long) obovate, more or less crenate, the few dots mostly near the notches ;
rhachis and petiole winged or margined : carpels 1 or 2, stipitate. — Nov. Gen. & Spee. vi. 3 ;
DC. Prod. i. 725; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 680; Nutt. Sylv. iii. t. 84.3 Schinus Fagara, L. Spec.
i. 389. Fagara Pterota, L. Amon. Acad. v. 3938, & Spec. ed. 2, i. 172. F’. lentiscifolia,
Willd. Enum. i. 165; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 137. — Florida and Texas. (Mex. to Brazil.)
§ 3. Perianth complete: flowers 5-merous, in terminal cymes, following the
leaves: these in ours deciduous. — Zanthoxylum, Catesb. Car. i. 26, t. 26; L.
Hort. Cliff. 487.
X. Clava-Hérculis, L. (Tooruacne-TrRee,! Peprper-woop, SEA AsH, WILD ORANGE.)
Small tree, the bark studded with stout conical warty prickles, glabrous: prickles of the
branches and petioles scattered and straight: leaves 7-17-foliolate, orange-scented ; leaflets
chartaceo-membranaceous, ovate-lanceolate, often acuminate, unequal-sided, crenate-serru-
late, mostly with conspicuous gland-dots at the notches: flowers in an ample compound
cyme: carpels mostly 3 or 2 or in fruit solitary, obscurely or not at all stipitate. — Spec.
i. 270 (Catesb. Car. i. 26, t. 26, bad, the fruit borne on a branch with sterile flowers !) ;
Triana & Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 5, xiv. 8317; Wats. Bibl. Index, 155;5 not Lam., nor
DC., nor Griseb. X. fraxinifolium, Walt. Car. 243. X. Carolinianum, Lam. Dict. ii. 39, &
Til. t. 811, f.1; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 214; Nutt. Sylv. iii. 8, t. 83. X. aromaticum, Willd.
Spec. iv. 755 (excl. syn.) ; Jacq. f. Eclog. i. 103, t. 70. X. tricarpum, Michx. FI. ii. 235 ;
DC. Prodr. i. 726. X. Catesbianum, Raf. Med. Fl.ii. 114. Fagara fraxinifolia, Lam. Ml. i.
334.6 Kampmania fraxinifolia, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 352. — Near the coast, S. Vir-
ginia to Florida and Texas, also S. Arkansas. Passes into
Var. frutic6sum, Gray. Commonly a mere shrub, sometimes a tree, young branch-
lets and stalks usually pubescent: leaflets 5 to 11 ( according to Nuttall even 17), ovate or
oval, less unequal-sided, some obtuse, becoming thin-coriaceous : carpels 2, sometimes 3.—
Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 225. X. macrophyllum, Nutt. Sylv, iii. 10, but leaves usually small.
X. alveolatum, Shuttl. in distr. pl. Rugel, no. 71. X. hirsutum, Buckl. Proc. Acad, Philad.
1861, 450, & 1870, 136, the pubescence when present minute.? — Arkansas (where the other
form also grows) to Texas; a similar form on Atlantic Coast.
X.* Texd4num, Bucxrey.’ Shrub, somewhat aromatic, wholly unarmed: branches with
roughish cortex and prominént lenticels: leaves 3-foliolate ; leaflets rather small, ovate-
1 Add Engler in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 4, 115.
2 And Indian Territory, Carleton, acc. to Holzinger, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i. 204.
8 Add Engler in Engl. & Prantl. Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 4, 117, and syn. X. Fagara, Sargent,
Gard. & For. iii. 186, & Silv. i. 73, t. 32.
4 The name Hercules Club in the S. States is commonly given to the stems of Aralia spinosa.
5 Add Sargent, Silv. i. 67, t. 29.
6 Add syn. F. Caroliniana, Engler, 1. c. 117.
7 Add syn. X. Tweedii, Engler, 1. c. 115.
8 This species was not mentioned in Dr. Gray’s manuscript, although Dr. Palmer’s plant evidently
belonging to it was referred to X. Clava-Herculis, var. fruticosum.
Amyris. RUTACER. 370
oblong, rounded or very obtuse at each end, glabrous: flowers in small terminal corymbose
panicles. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 90. X. Clava-Herculis, var., Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii.
335.— 8. W. Texas, near Corpus Christi, Buckley ; also at Lamar, Aransas Co., on Copano
Bay, Palmer, no. 2125. Perhaps only an extreme form of the preceding variety, which
approaches it through a host of intermediates.
X.* flavum, Vauw.! (Sarin-woop.) Tree unarmed, young shoots and foliage minutely
stellular-pubescent and canescent, early glabrate: leaflets oblong-ovate or oblong, distinctly
petiolulate, irregularly and sometimes obscurely crenulate and with numerous small glands
along the margins, in age subcoriaceous and shining, minutely reticulated; those of sterile
branches 7 to 11 and mostly acute or acuminate, 2 or 3 inches long; those near the fertile
paniculate cymes 5 to 7 (rarely reduced even to one) obtuse or barely acute: flowers some-
times 4-merous, white or yellowish: carpels 2 to 4 with very short and cohering styles, in
fruit rather short-stipitate.— Eclog. Am. iii. 48. X. cribrosum, Spreng. Syst. i. 946.
@ X. Elephantiasis, Macf. Fl. Jam. 198. X. Floridanum, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 14, t. 85; Chapm.
Fl. 66. X. Caribeum, Wats. Bibl. Index, 155, not Lam. X. Caribeum, var. Floridanum,
Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 225. Fagara flava, Krug & Urban in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 571.
— Keys of S. Florida, Blodgett, Curtiss, Sargent. (W.Ind.) The specimens lack the angu-
larity and thickening or wartiness of peduncles and their divisions of the W. Indian X. Cari-
beum and of X. Elephantiasis, Macf. (which is like ours unarmed), nor are these glabrous.
§ 4. Perianth complete: flowers 3-merous, in terminal cymes: leaves coria-
ceous, mostly dotted only along the margins, and there sometimes obsoletely or
obscurely. — Tobinia, Desyv. in Hamilton, Prodr. Fl. Ind. Occ. 56; Griseb. Abh.
Gott. Ges. vii. 189.
X.* coriadceum, A. Ricu.2 Shrub, unarmed or with some small and sparse acicular
prickles, very glabrous: leaflets 4 to 8, more or less obovate (1 to 3 inches long) obtuse or
retuse or sometimes more notched, shining especially above, transversely veiny and reticu-
lated: flowers in dense cymes: carpels 2 or 3, not stipitate.— Fl. Cub. 326, t. 34; Walp.
Rep. ii. 825, not i. 521. X. emarginatum, Wright. & Sauv. Fl. Cub. 19; Sargent, Silv. i.
65, note ; not Sw. ace. to Urban. Fagara coriacea, Krug & Urban in Eng]. Jahrb. xxi. 591.
— Miami, S. Florida, Garber.
6. CNEORIDIUM, Hook. f. (Like Oneorum, a S. European and N.
African genus.) — Benth. & Hook..Gen. i. 312; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i.
97; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 2238. Pitavia § Gastrostyla, Torr. Bot. Mex.
Bound. 43. — Single species.
C. dumosum, Hook. f. 1. c. Low shrub, much branched, Rue-scented and somewhat
balsamic, glabrous: leaves opposite, crowded, spatulate-linear, sessile, obtuse, about inch
long, entire, nearly veinless (except midrib), opaque and subcoriaceous (pungent in taste),
evidently glandular-dotted especially the lower surface and margins: peduncles axillary and
terminal, short, 1-3-flowered : petals white, 2 lines long, widely spreading, often sparingly
glandular-punctate : fruit 2 or 3 lines in diameter, obscurely stipitate or sessile ; the epicarp
sparsely glandular-punctate. — Pitavia dumosa, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 215. — Coast
of S. California, at and near San Diego ; fl. spring; first coll. by Nuttall. (Lower Calif.,
Pringle.)
7. AMYRIS, P. Browne. Torcu-woop, Rose-woop. (’A intensive and
pvpov, balsamic juice, which the trees yield.) — Small trees or shrubs (Tropical
American), with translucent-dotted 1-5-foliolate leaves, heavy and very resinous
1 The name and synonymy of this species have been altered in the light of Professor Urban’s
tecent critical work upon the group (see Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 571). It seems best, however, to retain the
genus Xanthoxylum in its comprehensive sense, as interpreted by Dr. Gray.
2 The nearly related X. emarginatum, Sw., of Jamaica, to which Dr. Gray referred this plant,
appears to be distinct, as pointed out by Urban, I. c. 590-592, since it has ovate rather than obovate
leaves and (acc. to Urban) smoother fruit.
376 RUTACEZ. Amyris.
fragrant wood, small and white paniculate-cymose flowers, and small oily-
aromatic drupes. — Jam. 208; Jacq. Stirp. Am. 107; L. Gen. ed. 6, no. 473;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 827; Triana & Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 5, xiv. 321;
Urban, in Engl. Jahrb. xxi. 595 et seq. [Revised by B. L. Ropinson. ]
A.* elemifera, L. Shrub or small tree, quite glabrous or with minute pulverulent pubes-
cence upon the branchlets and inflorescence : foliage Rue-scented ; leaflets 3 (rarely reduced
to 1), ovate, obtuse or acute or acuminate (one or two inches long), shining, prominently
many-veined and reticulated, all petiolulate: disk present or rudimentary or obsolete: fruit
truly globose. — Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1000, & Spec. ed. 2, i. 495 (excl. syn. Plum. and hab.
Carolina) ; Triana & Planch. Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 5, xiv- 324; Urban,1].c. 601. A. maritima,
Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 19 (1760) & Stirp. Am. 107; L. Spee. ed. 2, i. 496; Gray, Proc. Am.
Acad. xxiii. 226. Sargent, Sily. i. 85, t. 36; Urban, 1. c. 603. A. sylvatica, DC. Prodr. ii.
81; Sargent, U.S. 10th Census, ix. 33; not Jacq. A. Floridana, Nutt. Am. Jour. Sci. v.
294; not (?) Syly. ii. t. 78, which as to oval fruit is rather of the following species. A. mari-
tima, var. angustifolia, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 226, form only. — Coast and keys of
S. Florida. (W.Ind.) Prof. Urban separates A. maritima on the presence of a disk and
the total absence of minute and variable pubescence, — differences which in this group
appear to have little weight and to lead to artificial distinctions.
A.* balsamifera, L. Shrub or small tree with habit of the last, but leaflets 3 to 5, larger,
ovate-lanceolate, more attenuate-acuminate, 2 to 34 inches long: fruit decidedly elongated,
oval or obovate in outline, somewhat stiped at the base. — Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 1000, & Spec.
ed. 2, i. 496 (excl. syn. Sloane) ; Urban, 1. c. 604. ? A. Floridana, Nutt. Sylv. ii. t. 78 (as
to form of fruit but scarcely as to leaves). A. maritima, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 226,
in small part.— Miami, S. Florida, Garber, in fl. May, and fr. June, 1877. (W. Ind.,
S. Am.) :
A. parvif6lia, Gray. Low shrub, glabrous: leaflets rhombic-ovate or narrower, obtuse,
dull, inconspicuously reticulated, irregularly crenate or crenulate, half inch to inch long,
lateral ones (and sometimes the terminal) short-petiolulate or subsessile: flowers small.
— Proc. Am. Acad. xxiii. 226. —S. Texas, banks of Rio Grande near its mouth, Sargent.
(North Mex., Eaton & Edwards, Pringle.)
8. CITRUS, L. Oranee, &c. (Ancient name of Citron-tree.) — Tropi-
cal-Asian spinescent trees or shrubs, with bright green and somewhat coriaceous
unifoliolate leaves, commonly winged petiole, and mostly white (or outside pur-
plish) sweet-scented axillary flowers. — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 605. — The
Lemon, Lime, Citron, and various kinds of Orange familiar in cultivation ;
one variety of the last completely naturalized in Florida. [Revised by L. H.
BalLey. |
C.* Avr&ntivm, L., var. vuLGAris, Wight. & Arn. (Sour and Brrrer Orances.) Glabrous :
petiole distinctly winged : fruit small, orange-colored, oblate, with rugose and very aromatic
rind, the pulp bitter-sweet or bitter and sour.— Prodr. Fl. Ind. i. 97. Var. Bigaradia,
Brandis, For. Fl. 53. C. vulgaris, Risso, Ann. Mus. Paris, xx. 190; DC. Prodr. i. 539;
Nutt. Sylv. ii. 106, t. 76. C. Bigarradia, Loisel. in Nouv. Duham. vii. 99. — A spontaneous
form of the orange, likely a reversion from cultivated varieties and thoroughly naturalized
in Florida from an unknown period. (Similar run-wild forms in many parts of the world.)
ORDER XXXIV. SIMARUBACEZ.
By A. Gray.
Trees and shrubs, with the general characters of Rutacee Xanthorylee, except
that the leaves are dotless and the pervading principle pure bitterness without
SIMARUBACER. B77
aroma, balsam, or resin, and the fruit always indehiscent. Two anomalous
Arizono-Mexican genera are appended.
Trise I. SURIANEZ. Carpels entirely distinct, neither ovaries nor styles united.
Flowers perfect. (Cneoridium would belong here except for the glandular-punctate
foliage and rutaceous odor.)
1. SURIANA. Calyx 5-parted, persistent. Petals 5, imbricated in the bud, unguiculate.
Stamens 10, with slender filaments, those opposite the petals shorter or sometimes wanting.
Disk obscure or adnate to base of calyx. Carpels 5, opposite the petals; ovaries globular,
hairy, with 2 collateral ascending campylotropous ovules ; styles filiform ; stigma capitellate.
Fruit akeniform; embryo horseshoe-shaped ; cotyledons thick, oblong, incumbent.
Trine II]. SIMARUBEZ. Carpels (1-ovuled) united only at base or by their
styles, in fruit becoming distinct and forming
* Samaras: exotic.
2. AILANTHUS. Flowers polygamo-dicecious; the ? with smaller mostly sterile sta
mens ; ¢ with only a rudiment of pistil. Calyx small, 5-parted. Petals 5, oblong, valvate-
induplicate in bud, or the tips imbricated. Stamens borne on the base of a 10-crenate disk,
in sterile flowers 10, with oval or oblong anthers, in fertile flowers sometimes fewer and
with small or abortive anthers. Carpels 2 to 5, distinct (but the medial styles connate; the
thickened stigmas divergent), in fruit becoming linear-oblong samaras bearing the rounded
seed at the middle of the thin and veiny ventrally emarginate wing ; albumen little ; cotyle-
dons orbicular.
* * Drupes.
38. SIMARUBA. Flowers diecious. Calyx short, 5-toothed. Petals 5, imbricated in the
bud, connivent below, widely spreading above. Stamens 10, borne on a hemispherical disk
or torus (in fertile plant only rudimentary) ; filaments with scale-like appendage at base
inside. Carpels 5, slightly cohering, with styles united into one and a 5-lobed stigma.
Drupes 1 to5, not stipitate; embryo with thick and fleshy cotyledons and retracted radicle.
Leaves pinnate.
4. CASTELA. Flowers polygamo-diccious, 4-merous. Calyx 4-parted, small. Petals 4,
oblong, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 8, inserted under an 8-crenate disk ; those of fertile
flowers smaller and commonly imperfect ; filaments short, not appendiculate. Carpels of fer-
tile flowers 4, styles short, united below, revolute and introrsely stigmatose above. Drupes
small, subsessile, with thin flesh and crustaceous endocarp ; seed globose-ovate, with little al-
bumen ; cotyledons orbicular, plano-convex, not enclosing the short radicle. Leaves simple.
5. HOLACANTHA. Flowers diecious. Calyx 5-8-parted. Petals 7 or 8, obovate-spatu-
late, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 12 to 16 in sterile flowers, their subulate filaments
hairy-tufted at base, 6 to 8, and with small imperfect anthers in the fertile. Disk annular,
erenulate. Carpels 6 to 10, lightly cohering around a low conical axis; styles divergent,
terminal, subulate, above introrsely stigmatose. Drupes small and dry, stellately divergent,
sessile, ovoid, tardily separating from the conical fissile axis; embryo amygdaloid, in thin
albumen ; radicle nearly retracted within the base of the obovate flat cotyledons. Leaves
reduced to mere scales on grown plants.
Tre II. PICRAMNIEZ. Carpels consolidated into a 2-5-celled ovary; their
styles more or less united.
* Genuine.
6. PICRAMNIA. Flowers diccious. Calyx 3-5-cleft. Petals 3 to 5, narrow. Stamens
as many as petals and opposite them ; filaments slender, naked; in fertile flowers reduced
to vestiges. Ovary 2-3-celled, with a pair of ovules in each cell. Fruit an olive-shaped 1-
seeded berry ; no albumen ; embryo nearly entire. Leaves imparipinnate.
* * Anomalous, of uncertain affinity, green-thorny shrubs with habit of Holacantha:
flowers hermaphrodite: no obvious hypogynous disk : anthers ovate.
7. KGQZBERLINIA. Sepals 4, small, deciduous. Petals 4, convolute-imbricate in the bud,
deciduous. Stamens 8; filaments thickened in the middle, subulate-attenuate. Ovary ovoid,
378 ; SIMARUBACEZ. Suriana.
short-stipitate, 2-celled, tapering into the subulate style; stigma terminal, obtuse ; ovules
numerous in each cell, on central placenta, horizontal or descending, anatropous. Fruit a
globular small berry, becoming dry, 2-celled; cells by abortion 1-2-seeded; seed circinate-
cochleate, with crustaceous testa; embryo annular, in a very thin stratum of albumen;
cotyledons semiterete ; radicle ascending.
8. CANOTIA. Calyx small, 5-lobed, imbricated in the bud, persistent. Petals 5, imbricated
in the bud, oblong, enlarging in anthesis, deciduous. Stamens 5, alternate with the petals ;
filaments filiform, naked, persistent ; anthers apiculate. Ovary ovoid, with a solid base or
gynobase, above with 5 small cells (opposite the petals) and about 6 amphitropous ovules
in each cell; style persistent, elongating ; stigma truncate, 5-crenate. Fruit drupaceous-
capsular, oblong-ovoid, pointed with the subulate indurated style; thin fleshy epicarp at
length dry, persistent on the woody and thicker endocarp, in age dehiscent above through
the persistent style into 10 short and slender-tipped valves; no columella; seeds solitary or
a pair in each cell; nucleus oval or oblong with a close subcoriaceous coat, below the insertion
produced into a membranaceous wing ; embryo straight in athin stratum of fleshy albumen ;
cotyledons oblong, flat; radicle short, inferior.
1. SURIANA, Plum. (D. Surian, a French physician.) — Nov. Gen.
37, t. 40; L. Gen. no. 852; Lam. Ill. t. 889; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 313;
Baill. Hist. Pl. iv. 427, 511, f. 526-529. — Single species.
S. maritima, L. Shrub a yard or two high, soft-pubescent, thickly branched: leaves
linear-spatulate, alternate, entire, thickish and veinless, much crowded on the branches:
flowers solitary or few and short-peduncled in terminal clusters: sepals ovate, acuminate,
equalling the yellow petals, 3 lines long. — Spec. i. 284 (Sloane, Jam. ii. 29, t. 162, f. 4;
Pluk. Alm. t. 241, f. 5); DC. Prodr. ii. 91. — Sea-shore, Florida. (Most tropical coasts.)
2. AILANTHUS, Desf. Armanrus-TREE, CHINESE SuMACH, &c.
(Atlanto, said to be native name of Chinese species, and to mean Tree of Heaven.
Name often corrected to Azlantus, but it was published in the other form.) —
Mém. Acad. Sci. Par. 1786, 265, t. 8.
A. Guanputésus, Desf. 1.c. Tall tree, of rapid growth, bitter bark, and somewhat ill-scented
foliage, not glandular: leaves very large, pinnately 13-27-foliolate ; leaflets oblong-ovate,
acuminate, entire or with a few irregular coarse teeth: flowers in panicles, in early summer,
yellowish white, very ill-scented, especially the sterile: keys 2 inches long. — L’Her. Stirp.
Am. t. 84. — Much planted as a shade tree, and often self-sown, especially in or near eastern
towns, becoming naturalized southward. (Nat. from China.)
3. SIMARUBA, Aubl. Brrrer-woop. (Supposed native namé.) — Trop-
ical American trees, with very bitter bark, alternate abruptly pinnate leaves on
naked petioles, and rather small white flowers in terminal and axillary compound
panicles. — Pl. Guian. ii. 859, t. 331, 332 (Simarouba) ; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
i. 8309; Engler in Mart. FI. Bras. xii. pt. 2, 222, t. 45.
S. glatica, DC. (Parapisx-TREE.) Tree 30 to 50 feet high, glabrous: leaflets 7 to 12,
coriaceous, shining above, pale and glaucescent beneath, obovate-oblong, commonly retuse,
beneath transversely veined from a prominent midrib: anthers linear-oblong; short appen-
dage to the filament densely villous: drupes olive-shaped, almost inch long, scarlet. — Ann.
Mus. Par. xvii. 328, & Prodr. i. 733; Chapm. FI. 67; Nutt. Sylv. iii. 20, t. 87 (poor) ;
Engler, 1. c. 224.1 S. medicinalis, Endl. Mediz. 528, &c. Quassia Simaruba, Wright, ‘Trans.
Edinb. Roy. Soe. ii. 73, t. 1, 2.— Keys of S, Florida. (W. Ind. to Brazil.)
4, CASTELA, Turpin. (René Castel, wrote a poem upon plants.) — Spinose
shrubs (of subtropical American coasts), with small and entire alternate leaves of
coriaceous texture, and small flowers solitary or fascicled in their axils. Wood
1 Add Sargent, Silv. i. 91, t. 88, 39.
Canotia. SIMARUBACEX. 379
and bark very bitter. — Ann. Mus. Par. vii. 78, t.5; Planch. Lond. Jour. Bot.
v. 567; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 153, t. 158.
C. Nicholsoni, Hoox. A rigid and very spiny low shrub, tomentulose-canescent, except
the upper face of the leaves: these lance-linear to oblong-spatulate, from retuse to mucro-
nate or apiculate, very coriaceous, veinless above, obscurely transversely veined beneath,
quarter to half inch long, with mostly revolute margins: flowers saffron-colored, very short-
pedicelled: drupes red, a quarter or third inch long.— Bot. Mise. i. 271, t.55; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 680; Planch. 1. c. 566; Gray, lc. C. erecta, Griseb. Fl..W. Ind. 140, in part, not
Turp., which is green and glabrous. — Coast of Texas.! (Antigua, Mex., &c.)
5. HOLACANTHA, Gray. (“Odos, complete, dkavba, thorn, the naked
branches all thorn-like.) — Pl. Thurb. 810; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 45, t. 8;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 310. — Single species.
H. Emoryi, Gray, 1l.c. Rigid shrub, 5 to 10 feet high, with bitter wood, the young parts
canescently pubescent, much branched, the terete long and naked branchlets tapering into
spines: leaves in seedlings alternate, lanceolate or linear, half inch long, thickish, entire or
repand or with a pair of basal lobes (a small spine in most axils) ; in grown plants mostly
reduced to small ovate or subulate green scales, and these deciduous: flowers glomerate on
spinescent branchlets, subsessile, canescent outside, white within: drupes soon dry and nut-
like, quarter inch long.— Arid plains of S. Arizona; first coll. by Emory, and figured
without name by Engelmann (Emory, Rep. 158, no. 14).
6. PICRAMNIA, Swartz. ([Iuxpdés, bitter, Oduvos, shrub.) — Tropical
American shrubs with bitter wood, alternate imparipinnate leaves, and small
greenish flowers more or less glomerate in long and slender pendulous spikes or
racemes. — Prodr. Veg. Ind. 27, & Fl. Ind. Occ. i. 217, t. 4; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. i. 315.
P. pentandra, Swartz. Leaflets 5 to 9, ovate-oblong, acuminate, glabrous, shining above:
petals and stamens 5: stigmas 2, sessile, diverging: berries rounded at both ends, reddish,
turning black.— Fl]. Ind. Oce. i. 220, t.4; A. Rich. Fl. Cub. 379; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 140.
— Forests of S. Florida, Garber, Curtiss.
7. KOQXBERLINIA, Zuce. (C. L. Koeberlin, a German amateur bota-
nist.) — Zucc. Abh. Akad. Miinchen, i. 358, & Flora, 1832, pt. 2, Beibl. 74;
Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 30. — Single species.
K. spinosa, Zucc. ll.ce. Leafless shrub or small tree: branches slender and green-
barked, rigid but rush-like, spine-tipped, either alternate or opposite, and subtended by
minute and subulate glabrous scales: flowers small, in umbelliform lateral fascicles, white or
whitish: berries red, not over three lines in diameter, soon dry. — Benth. Pl. Hartw. 35; Torr.
Bot. Mex. Bound. 42.2 —S. Texas, on and near the Rio Grande, to S. Arizona. (Mex.)
8. CANOTIA, Torr. (Native Mexican name.) — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 68;
Gray, Bot. Ives Rep. 15, & Proc. Am. Acad. xii. 159; Brew. & Wats. Bot.
Calif. i. 190; Rothrock in Wheeler, Rep. vi. 81, t. 1.4— Single species.
C. holacantha, Torr. 1.c. A glabrous and green-branched shrub or low tree (sometimes
20 to 30 feet high with trunk at base a foot in diameter): branches slender, rush-like,
mostly spiny-tipped, not very rigid: wood and bark not bitter: leaves so far as known
reduced to minute alternate scales, and these deciduous: flowers in small fascicles or pani-
cles, globular in the bud: petals greenish white, 2 lines long: fruit an inch long. — Plains,
hillsides, and cafions of Arizona ;* first coll. by Hmory, then in fruit by Bigelow, in flower by
Palmer, Rothrock, and Pringle.
1 Ascending the Rio Grande as far as Eagle Pass, acc. to Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. ii. 55.
2 Add Sargent, Silv. i. 93, t. 40.
8 Add Sargent, |. c. 87, t. 37.
4 Also on the Providence Mts., S. E. California, Cooper, acc. to Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 190.
380 ' BURSERACER. Bursera.
ORDER XXXV. BURSERACEZ.
By A. Gray.
Trees or shrubs (all tropical or subtropical), with alternate and pinnately com-
pound leaves, no stipules, and small regular flowers, like Rutacee and Simaruba-
cee except that the foliage is destitute of pellucid or glandular dots and there
is no particular bitterness, but the wood and bark are resiniferous (the juice
yielding myrrh, copal, and various balsams). Ovary 2—5-celled, with a pair of
collateral pendulous anatropous or amphitropous ovules in each cell (micropyle
superior). Fruit drupaceous or the epicarp valvular-dehiscent ; seeds solitary,
without albumen; embryo with thin contortuplicate cotyledons. Represented on
southern borders only by
1. BURSERA, Jacq. (J. Burser, a botanist of the 16th century.) —
Flowers polygamous, 3—5-merous. Calyx small. Petals ovate or oblong, in-
serted on the base of annular hypogynous disk, imbricate or induplicate in the
bud, above widely spreading. Stamens 6 to 10. Ovary ovoid, 3-celled; style
very short; stigma 3-lobed. Fruit globular or trigonous, by abortion mostly
1-celled and 1-seeded; fleshy or coriaceous epicarp 2-d-valved and falling away
from the bony endocarp. — Jacq. acc. to L. Spee. ed. 2, i. 471, & Stirp. Am. 94, t.
65 (Burseria) ; L. Gen. ed. 6, no. 440; Engler in Mart. Fl. Bras. xii. pt. 2, 251,
& DC. Monogr. Phan. iv. 36. — American trees or shrubs, some of them copalifer-
ous, with pinnately compound leaves, small and white or yellowish mostly pani-
cled or fascicled flowers, and small drupes.
B. gummifera, L. (Gumso Limpo, Mastic-TREE.) Resiniferous tree, with spongy wood
and reddish bark which exfoliates in thin layers (whence the name W. Ind. birch-tree),
glabrous : leaflets 3 to 9, ovate or oblong, acuminate, thinnish, petiolulate (2 or 3 inches
long) ; common petiole slender: flowers in lateral panicles from the base of leafy shoots of
the season, commonly 5-merous: fruit only quarter inch long; the brownish husk falling in
3 valves from the white and triangular persistent nut.— Spec. ed. 2, i. 471 (Sloane, Jam.
t. 199; Catesb. Car. i. t. 30); Lam. Il. t. 256; Nutt. Sylv. ii. 117, t. 79; Chapm. Fl. 68;
Engler in DC. Monogr. Phan. iv. 39. Pistacia Simaruba, L. Spec. ii. 1026.1— Coast and
keys of S. Florida.2 (W. Ind. to Venezuela.)
B. microphylla, Gray. Tortuous shrub or small tree, with trunk 4 to 6 inches in diam-
eter, densely branched, glabrous: leaves mostly crowded at summit of branchlets, 11-33-
foliolate; leaflets linear-oblong, obtuse, thickish, 2 or 3 lines long, sessile on the narrowly
margined rhachis: peduncles short, 2-4-flowered, terminating the branchlets: flowers
5-merous: petals more or less induplicate in the bud: drupes small, ovoid ; cotyledons very
contortuplicate, biternately dissected into linear lobes.— Proc. Am. Acad. v. 155, & xvii.
230; Engler, 1. c. 47, 537.— Rocky hills near Maricopa, S. Arizona, Parry, Pringle.
(Lower Calif., Xantus, Palmer ; Mex., Palmer.)
B. Hinpsr4na, Benth. & Hook. ace. to Wats. Bibl. Index, 157, & Engler, 1. c. 58 (Elaphrium,
Benth. Bot. Sulph. 10), which is unifoliolate, and var. RHOIFOLIA, Engler, 1. c., which is trifolio-
late, are of Lower California. The latter form was collected by Pringle in N. W. Sonora, near
the Gulf of California, and may probably occur in 8. W. Arizona.
1 Add syn. B. Simaruba, Sargent, Gard. & For. iii. 260, & Silv. i. 97, t. 41, 42.
2 On the eastern coast as far north as Cape Canaveral, acc. to Sargent, 1. c.
Rhus. ANACARDIACEZ. 381
OrpDER XXXVI. ANACARDIACE.
By A. Gray.
Shrubs or trees (of temperate and largely of tropical countries), with resinous
juice, alternate dotless leaves and no stipules. Flowers small and regular,
mostly 5-merous, symmetrical except as to number of carpels. Calyx and corolla
imbricated or valvate in the bud. Stamens as many as petals and alternate with
them, or sometimes twice as many, inserted with the petals outside of or on a
hypogynous or subperigynous disk. Ovary mainly 1-celled but with 2 or 3 styles
or stigmas (in the Mango simple, in the Hog Plums 3-5-celled), and a solitary
anatropous ovule. Fruit almost always drupaceous; seed with large embryo
and little or no albumen ; the flat or plano-convex cotyledons in ours accumbent
on the radicle. — Represented only by the polymorphous and wide-spread genus
Rhus, except as to the following.
PistActa Mexicdna, HBK., being unknown as to flowers, is more probably a Rhus (as
below placed) than a solitary American member of an Old World genus.
VeArcuia CEDROSENSIS, Gray, Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 290, of the islands off Lower Cali-
fornia (Rhus Veatchiana, Kellogg), is the type of a peculiar genus with accrescent scarious petals
and utricular fruit.1
Scuinus MO. ts, L., the well-known Perrer-TREE or Cu1L1 PEPPER, native of Chili and
Peru, long ago widely distributed and extending to the U.S. borders, is much planted as an
ornamental tree in S. California.
Sponpras LuTEA, L., the West Indian Hoc Pivum, may have effected a lodgment on the
Keys of Florida, as its nut-like 5-celled putamen is occasionally found on the beaches.
1. RHUS, Tourn. Sumacu, &c. (The ancient Greek and Latin name
of the S. European species.) — Flowers polygamous or dicecious, seldom truly
perfect, small, white, greenish, or rarely yellow rose-color. Calyx small, 5-parted.
Petals 5, imbricated in the bud. Stamens 5. Ovule on a funiculus which rises
from the base of the cell. Embryo with a short radicle accumbent. — Inst. 611,
t. 381; L. Gen. no. 241; DC. Prodr. ii. 66; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 157, t. 159, 160;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 418, excl. Lithrea. Rhus, Cotinus, & Toxicodendron,
Tourn. Inst. 610, 611; Engler in DC. Monogr. Phan. iv., also Metopium, P. Br.
Jam. 177. — Trees or shrubs of varied habit, all with resinous and often milky
juice, in some poisonous (even the effluvium) to the skin; bark and foliage of the
true Sumachs abounding in tannin, and therefore valuable in leather-dressing.
§ 1. Cétinus, DC. Dry and smooth drupe in its growth becoming very gib-
bous, the remains of the styles therefore deeply lateral: flowers in ample loose
panicles, polygamous; pedicels elongating after flowering and becoming plu-
mose-villous : leaves simple and entire. — Prodr. ii. 67. Cotinus, Tourn. Inst.
610; Engler, 1. c. 349, t. 12.
1 This species has subsequently been identified by Mr. T. S. Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.
ser. 2, ii. 140, with the problematic Schinus ? discolor of Benth. Bot. Sulph. 11, t. 9, and redescribed
as Veatchia discolor.
382 ANACARDIACEZ. Rhus. .
R. cotinoides, Nutr. (American SmoKE-TREE, CurrTam-woop.) Tree 25 to 40 feet
high, with soft and light orange-colored wood, glabrous or nearly so: leaves thin and mem-
branaceous, oval, with mostly acute or narrowed base, 3 to 6 inches long: flowers (greenish
yellow) and fruit as in R. Cotinus. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 217, as synonym ; Chapm.
Fl. 70; C. Mohr, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1881, 217; Sargent, U.S. 10th Census, ix. 52. R. Co-
tinus, Nutt. Trav. Arkansas, 177. R. Cotinus? Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 216.1 Cotinus Ameri-
canus, Nutt. Sylv. iii. 1, t. 81.2— Wooded calcareous banks, on Grand River, a tributary of
the Arkansas (in the Indian Territory), Nuttall, also N. Alabama,® in the mountains,
Buckley, Nevius, Mohr ; rare and local.
§ 2. Mer6érium. Drupe symmetrical, glabrous and with thin chartaceous and
smooth putamen; style very short and undivided; stigma 3-lobed: flowers in
ample loose panicles, perfect or barely polygamous: leaves pinnate. — Metopium,
P, Br. Jam. 177, t. 13, £. 3; Engler, I. ¢. 367, t. 13, £. 82-38.
R. Metopium, L. (Jamaica Sumacu, Porson-woop, but hardly poisonous.) Low tree,
glabrous: leaves usually 5-foliolate ; leaflets long-petiolulate, ovate, with rounded or sub-
cordate base, from obtuse or emarginate to abruptly acuminate, entire (or undulate-mar-
gined), shining above, 2 to 4 inches long: fruit obovoid or oblong, scarlet when ripe. —
Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 964, Ameen. Acad. v. 395, & Spec. ed. 2, i. 381 (P. Br. 1. c., Sloane, Jam.
iit. 199, f.3); Descourt. Fl. Ant. ii. t. 79; Chapm. Fl. 69.4 Metopium Linnei, Engler, 1. c.
— S. Florida along the coast and on the keys. (W. Ind.)
§ 3. Ruts proper. Drupe symmetrical or nearly so, with crustaceous or bony
putamen; short styles and stigmas distinct or partly united: flowers mostly
polygamous, in some dicecious : leaves (turning red in autumn) and inflorescence
various.
* ToxicopENnDRON. Drupes dun-colored or whitish, the thin and almost always glabrous
epicarp at length falling away from the granular-waxy mesocarp, this traversed by copious
longitudinal or partly reticulating fibres in one or two series and more persisting around
the dull and somewhat rugose or undulate stone (putamen): leaves deciduous, pinnately
3-several-foliolate : flowers in axillary open panicles: whole plants glabrous or glabrate,
occasionally pubescent, the juice and effluvium acrid-poisonous; fl. summer. — Tozrico-
dendron, Tourn. Inst. 610; Mill. Dict. ed. 8. Rhus § Toxicodendron, Gray, Man. eds. 2-5;
DC., and Engler, in part. (R. trichocarpa, Miq., is of this section, notwithstanding the
hirtillous drupe: a Japanese form of R. Toxicodendron has the same anomaly in a less
degree.)
+ Leaves trifoliolate: panicles short: stems in same species sometimes erect but low,
sometimes climbing (even to the tops of trees) by multitudinous rootlets (never “ volu-
ble”). — Porson VINEs.
R. Toxicodéndron, L. (Porson Ivy, Porson Oak.) Glabrous, or more commonly with
young foliage and often the adult more or less pubescent, or villous-bearded on midrib and
veins beneath: leaflets variously ovate, all or some acuminate (2 to 5 inches long), entire or
angulate-dentate or sinuate or 3-5-lobed, lateral ones short-petiolulate: panicles almost
always shorter than the petioles: drupes 2 or 3 lines in diameter; waxy mesocarp multi-
costate when dry, the outer circle of fibres being much impressed. — Michx. FI. i. 183;
Pursh, FI. i. 205 ; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1806 (“a, vulgare”); Nouv. Duham. ii. t. 48; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 218; Emerson, Trees & Shrubs Mass. ed. 2, ii. 577, with plate; Engler, 1. c. 393,
excl. var. R. Toxicodendron, & R. radicans, L. Spec. i. 266, & ed. 2, i. 381 (Cornuti, Canad.
f.97; Dill. Elth. t. 291), & various authors. In general the high climbing plants have the
1 Add syn. R. Americanus, Sudworth, Bull. Torr. Club, xix. 80.
2 Add Sargent, Silv. iii. 3, t.98, 99. C. cotinoides, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 216.
3 Also mountains of E. Tennessee, and near Medina River, W.Texas, Reverchon, acc. to Sargent, l.c.
4 Add Sargent. Silv. iii. 13, t. 100, 101.
5 A noteworthy form from the Keys of Florida (where coll. in fruit by Blodgett) has been called
R. Blodgettii by Kearney, Bull. Torr. Club, xxi. 486. It differs in its somewhat smaller drupes and
Rhus. ANACARDIACES. 383
more entire leaves and answer to R. radicans, L. R. verrucosa, Scheele, Linnxa, xxi. 592,
the mesocarp described for the surface of the drupe. Tomicodendron vulgare, pubescens, crena-
tum,} volubilis, & serratum, Mill. Dict. ed. 8. (Varieties indiscriminate: a J apanese one, coll,
Maximowicz, has hispidulous fruit !) — Moist or shady ground; Nova Scotia to Florida, west
to Brit. Columbia, Oregon, and Arizona. (Bermuda, Mex., Japan.)
R. diversiloba, Torr. & Gray. (Porson Oak, YEARD.) Leaflets oblong or oval or
somewhat obovate, with rounded or very obtuse apex, varying from entire to subpinnatifid
(1 to 3 inches long); lateral ones subsessile: panicles surpassing the petioles not rarely
equalling the leaves: otherwise as the preceding. — Fl. i. 218; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxxi. t. 38;
Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 110. &. lobata, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 127, t. 46, not Poir.
h. Toxicodendron, var. diversiloba, Engler, 1. c. 395. — Common throughout California, north
to the borders of Washington, where probably it passes into the preceding.
+ + Leaves pinnate: panicles slender: stems never rooting or climbing. — VarnisH
TREES.
R. venenata, DC. (Poison Docwoop, Porson Exper, Poison Sumacu.) Arborescent
shrub, glabrous, or almost so: leaves 7-13-foliolate, with reddish petiole ; leaflets membrana-
ceous, oblong or oval, acuminate, entire, acute at base and somewhat petiolulate, pale
beneath, 2 or 3 inches long: panicles narrow: drupes small, the stone broader than long,
obtusely sulcate longitudinally. — Prodr. ii. 68; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 126; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 218, 681; Emerson, 1. ¢., with plate ;»Engler, 1. c. 397.2. R. Verniz, L. Spec. i. 265,3
except as to syn. Kempf., whence however the name (Dill. Elth. t. 292; Pluk. Alm. t. 145,
f.1); Marsh, Arb. 180; Lam. Ill. t. 207, f.2; Bigel. Med. Bot. i. 96, t. 10. — Wooded swamps,
Northern New England and Canada to Minnesota, south to Georgia * and W. Louisiana.
* * Matosma, Nutt. Drupes whitish, very small, smooth ; the mesocarp a thin granular-
waxy layer without fibres; the obscurely didymous stone smooth and bony : leaves simple,
thin-coriaceous: flowers polygamous, very numerous in an ample terminal panicle: petals
slightly imbricated in the bud: plant apparently innocuous.
R. laurina, Nutr. Shrub, very leafy, evergreen, exhaling odor of bitter almonds: leaves
oblong, verging to lanceolate, entire, acute or obtuse, mucronate, pinnately veiny, 3 or 4
inches long, rounded at base, rather long-petioled: flowers very small, white: drupes a line
or hardly two lines in diameter. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 219; Brew. & Wats. 1. ¢.
111; Engler, 1. c. 393. Lithrea laurina, Walp. Rep. i. 551; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 73,
& Bot. Mex. Bound. 44, t. 7.—S. California in valleys near the coast, from Santa Barbara
to San Diego® and islands; first coll. by Nuttall.
* * * Stmac. Drupes red, sour, and the epicarp clothed with acid secreting hairs;
the mesocarp thin fleshy and not ceriferous, its delicate fibres coherent rather with the
epicarp and freely separating from the smooth and even stone: no poisonous qualities,
except possibly in R. pumila. —§ Sumac in part, & Lobadium (Raf.), DC. Prodr. ii. 67, 72.
§ Trichocarpe, Engler, 1. ¢. 376, excl. R. trichocarpa.
+ True Sumacus: leaves pinnately plurifoliolate, deciduous or in one species subpersist-
ent, the leaflets sessile: polygamous (or dicecious) flowers and crimson fruit in a dense
and sessile terminal thyrsus or with smaller ones in axils of uppermost leaves ; bracts
minute, thin and deciduous: erect shrubs or small trees, with large leaves and stout
branches, orange or yellow wood, bark and especially foliage astringent (rich in tannin)
and used in tanning; fl. summer.
++ Rhachis between the leaflets naked.
its smaller thicker less pubescent leaflets, — distinctions of doubtful value in a plant so near the widely
distributed and polymorphous R. Toxicodendron. Similar specimens from W. Florida, Rugel, and
Texas, Lindheimer, are in some regards transitions to the typical form.
1 T. crenatum, Mill. 1. ¢., probably was R. Canadensis, Marsh.
2 Add Millspaugh, Med. PI. i. 37, t. 37.
3 Add Sargent, 1. c. 23, t. 107, 108.
4 Florida, Rugel.
5 Also extending far southward into Lower Calif., acc. to Brandegee.
384 ANACARDIACEZ. Rhus.
R. glabra, L.1 (Smoorn Sumacu.) Shrub 3 to 15 feet high, glabrous at least up to the
inflorescence: leaflets mostly broadly lanceolate, acuminate, sharply serrate (2 or 3 inches
long), bright green above, glaucous-white beneath: fruit of the next or shorter-haired
(leaflets also sometimes laciniate.?) — Spec. i. 265 (Dill. Elth. t. 243); Lam. Ill. t. 207, f. 1;
Marsh. Arb. 128 (but there are no varieties with “scarlet flowers”); Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
217; Gray, Gen. Il. ii. t. 159; Emerson, 1. c. ii. 572, with plate. R. Canadensis, Mill. Dict.
ed. 8. R. elegans, Ait. Kew. i. 366. — Open dry ground, Canada to W. Florida and Texas,
west to Brit. Columbia, E. Oregon, and mountains of Arizona.
R. typhina, L. (Common or Stac-worn Sumacu.) Tall shrub or small tree with spread-
ing branches, these with petioles and inflorescence densely velvety-villous: leaflets lanceo-
late, acuminate, sharply serrate (2 to 4 inches long), thin, pale or whitish beneath, more or
less pubescent: fruit in a large and very dense crimson thyrse; the velvety-hispid drupes
sharply acid. (Varies rarely with laciniate-dissected leaves or confluent leaflets, when it is
Datisca hirta, LL. Spec. ii. 1037.) —Cent. Pl. ii. 14, Ameen. Acad. iv. 311, & Spee. ed. 2, i.
380; Marsh. Arb. 129; Nouv. Duham. ii. t.47; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Emerson, 1. c. with plate.3
R. hypselodendron, Meench, Meth. 73. R. viridiflora, Poir. Dict. vii. 504.4— Fertile dry
soil, New Brunswick® to Minnesota, and along the mountains southward to Georgia and
Mississippi. Apparently hybridizes with R. glabra.
R. pumila, Micux. Shrub one to three feet high, with procumbent base, soft-pubescent :
leaflets fewer, oval or oblong, commonly obtuse, strongly and unequally serrate, velvety
beneath (2 or 3 inches long): thyrse more open.6— Fl. i. 182; Pursh, Fl. i. 204; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 217; Curtis, Cat. N. Car. 93; not Meerb.7— Pine woods and barrens, middle
upper country, N. Carolina to Georgia ; first coll. by Michaux.
++ ++ Rhachis margined or winged between the firmer and coriaceous leaflets: copious
copalline juice from the stems: drupes with very short and fine pubescence.
R. copallina, L. (Dwarr Sumacu.) Low shrub with running subterranean shoots, or
southward arborescent and 10 to 30 feet high, soft-pubescent or puberulent when young:
leaflets 9 to 23, oblong-ovate or oblong or oblong-lanceolate, from obtuse to acuminate,
entire or coarsely few-toothed, more or less inequilateral, the upper face at length shining ;
the purple rhachis below narrowly and between upper pairs of leaflets more broadly wing-
margined: thyrse comparatively open: flowers yellowish-tinged.— Spec. i. 266; Marsh.
Arb. 128; Lam. Ill. t. 207, f.3; Jacq. Hort. Scheenb. iii. 50, t. 341; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 217 ;
Engler, 1. c. 383, with vars. — Sterile and dry ground, but also in sandy bottom lands, New
England and adjacent Canada ® to Minnesota, south to Florida, and Texas.
Var. leucdantha, DC. Leaflets lanceolate, not rarely faleate, mostly quite entire:
flowers white. — Prodr. ii. 68; Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2,158. A&. leucantha, Jacq. 1. ¢. t. 342.
R. copallina, var. lanceolata, Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 158.9 — Dry sandy soil and limestone
bluffs, Texas to Florida. (Cuba.)
+ + LopApium. Leaves pinnate or palmate or simple: flowers sessile or nearly so and
subtended by squamaceous chartaceous or coriaceous concave bracts within which is a
_ 1 A species very closely allied to (if not merely a low and greener form of) R. glabra is R. Caro-
LINIANA, W. W. Ashe, Bot. Gaz. xx. 548, t. 37, ‘‘ growing in old fields and low woods ”’ of Central
N. Carolina. The species appears to be unrepresented in the larger American herbaria, and an appli-
cation to its author has thus far secured neither the gift nor loan of authentic specimens.
2 Var. LACINIATA, Carriére, Rev. Hort. 1863, 7.
3 Add Sargent, 1. c. 15, t. 102, 108.
4 Add syn. R. hirta, Sudworth, Bull. Torr. Club, xix. 81, not Harv.
5 Nova Scotia, ace. to Macoun.
6 There has long been a doubt concerning the poisonous qualities of this species, and recent evi-
dence is also very conflicting. While Sargent, Gard. & For. viii. 404, asserts its extreme virulence,
Ashe, Bot. Gaz. xx. 549, states that the berries are innocuous, being greedily eaten by negro children
without ill effects.
7 Add syn. R. Michauaii, Sargent, 1. c. viii. 404, f. 55.
8 Also at Lansdowne, Ont., Young, acc. to J. M.Macoun. Species said to be very rare in Canada.
Add lit. Sargent, Silv. iii. 19, t. 104, 105.
9 Add Sargent, 1. c. 20, t. 106.
Rhus. ANACARDIACEZ. 385
pair of transverse bractlets; inflorescence of short and at first commonly amentiform
spikes, either solitary or thyrsoid-glomerate, or more loosely paniculate: disk commonly
lobed: drupes viscid-pubescent : erect shrubs.
++ Evergreen, with rigid coriaceous pinnate leaves, wingless rhachis, rather open paniculate
inflorescence, and white or rose-colored barely polygamous flowers.
R. virens, Linpn. Shrub, 4 to 12 feet high, glabrous or mostly young parts soft-puberulent :
leaflets 3 to 9, ovate or oblong, inch or more long, entire, shining above, slightly petiolulate :
panicles mostly shorter than the leaves: drupes 4 or 5 lines in diameter. — Lindh. in Gray,
Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 159 (Jan. 1850); Gray, pl. Wright. i. 31, ii. 27. R. sempervirens, Scheele,
Linnza, xxiii. 556 (1850?); Engler, 1. c. 390, excl. var.— W.& S. Texas (first coll. by
Berlandier) to S. Arizona; fl. autumn, or also in summer. (Mex., first coll. by Th.
Coulter.)
++ ++ Evergreen, with very rigid coriaceous and mostly simple leaves, more glomerate
and bracteate inflorescence, and rose-colored or white polygamous flowers. — Styphonia,
Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 220.
R. integrifolia, Benru. & Hook. Shrub, 2 to 6 feet high, or southward a small tree, very
leafy : leaves oval, very obtuse at both ends or acutish at base, entire or variably spinulose-
denticulate, inch or two long, dark green and shining above, and with transverse veins in
dry state prominulous, short-petioled, occasionally a longer petiole bearing 3 similar leaflets,
the lateral ones sessile and smaller: inflorescence and young parts cinereous or canescently
puberulent: bracts and similar but thinner bractlets orbicular: sepals oval-orbicular, thin-
chartaceous, and somewhat scarious-margined, glabrous or glabrate, ciliolate: drupes half
inch in diameter, very viscid and acid. — Benth. & Hook. acc. to Wats. Cat. Pl. Wheeler
Rep. 7, & Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 358 (Brew. & Wats, Bot. Calif. i. 110, in part) ; Engler, 1. ¢.
387, in part.1 Styphonia integrifolia, & S. serrata, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 220, & Sylv.
iii. 4, 6, t. 62. — Cliffs on the sea-shore, S. California and islands, Los Angeles Co.? to San
Diego, first coll. by Nuttall. Fruit or its excretion used for acidulous drinks. (Lower
Calif.)
R. ovata, Watson. Shrub, more glabrous: leaves larger and more lucid (2 or 3 inches
long and petiole half to three fourths inch long), ovate or subcordate, mostly entire and acu-
minate or acute: bracts and calyx as in preceding but more glabrate, the latter hardly
at all ciliolate: drupes a third inch in diameter (the viscid acid secretion becoming a
sweet manna-like incrustation, Orcutt, W. Am. Scient. ili. 46).—- Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 358,
but flowers white and pink, not “pale yellow.” R. integrifolia, Engler, 1. ¢., in part. Sty-
phonia serrata, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. vii. t. 2 (excl. a separate leaf), & Bot. Mex. Bound. 44,
mainly, — Mountains of S. Californa, from Santa Barbara® to San Diego, and S. W. Ari-
zona, probably first coll. by Th. Coulter. (Lower Calif.)
R. Léntit, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 16, & plate in Hesperian (November, 1859,
ace. to Mrs. Curran), reprinted in Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. i., is an allied species of Cedros Island,
with very large fruit. 2. Hindsiana, Engler, 1. c. 388, can hardly be the same if it has ovate
acute bracts and leaves less obtuse at base.
++ ++ ++ Deciduous-leaved shrubs: flowers polygamo-dicecious, in solitary or small-clus-
tered spikes or heads which are formed in summer or autumn and develop in spring
before the leaves. —§ Lobadium, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 219. Lobadium, Raf. Am. Monthly
Mag. iv. 357.
R. Canadénsis, Marsu. Shrub with spreading branches, 3 to 7 feet high, with bark and
foliage not unpleasantly scented: leaves membranaceous, 3-foliolate, soft-pubescent when
young, commonly glabrate at maturity ; leaflets rhombic-obovate or ovate, the terminal one
cuneate-attenuate at base but sessile or nearly so, sometimes 3-cleft, all coarsely or sinuately
toothed or incised, 1 to 3 inches long: flowers honey-yellow: drupes as large as peas. —
Arb. 129 (1785, and adequately characterized). £. aromatica (the pubescent), & R. sua-
1 Add Sargent, Silv. iii. 27, t. 109.
2 Northwestward to Santa Barbara, Dr. Antisell.
8 Also (acc. to Brandegee) upon the Santa Barbara Islands, where inclining to be arboreous.
25
386 ANACARDIACEZ. Rhus.
veolens (the more glabrous form), Ait. Kew. i. 367, 368. R. aromatica, Michx. FI. i. 184;
Turp. Ann. Mus. Par. vy. 445, t. 30; Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 160, t. 160;
Engler, 1. c. 385, excl. var. y. Betula triphylla, Thunb. Diss. Betul. 12, t. 1, f. 2, ace. to
Swartz, Adnot. 25.1 Turpinia pubescens, & T’. glabra, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 352, &
Desy. Jour. Bot. ii. 170 (1809).— Dry rocky banks, N. W. New England and adjacent
Canada to Minnesota and Saskatchewan, south to Kentucky and Arkansas,? passing into
the following forms.
Var. mollis, Gray. Leaves and young shoots densely velvety-tomentose, but other-
wise as the following. — Gray in Patterson, Check-list, 1892, 21. &. trilobata, var. (molliter
tomentosa), Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 27. &. trilobata, var. pilosissima, Engler, 1. c. 386. — New
Mexico,’ &e., Fendler, Wright, &c.
Var. trilobata, Gray. Glabrous or early glabrate: leaves smaller ; leaflets usually
half inch to inch long, obovate-cuneate, crenately few-lobed or incised, mainly at summit. —
Gray in Coulter, Contrib. U.S. Nat. Herb. ii. 68. &. aromatica, var. trilobata, Gray, Am.
Jour. Sci. ser. 2, xxxiii. 408 ; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 53; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 110.
R. trilobata, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 219; Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 159, Pl. Wright. i. 31,
ii. 27, &e. R. trilobata, var. glaberrima, Engelm. 1. ¢c.— Rocky bluffs and poor soil, Dakota
to Texas,4 and west to California and Oregon.
Var.* simplicifolia, Greene. Like the last, but leaves all or mainly simple, round-
cordate, crenate-lobulate or some deeply 3-cleft.— Bull. Torr. Club, xvii. 18. — Cafions of
N. Arizona, Greene; Cantillas Mountains, on the borders of Lower California, Orcutt.
Var.* quinata, Jerson (under R. trilobata). Terminal leaflet deeply 3-fid, the seg-
ments approaching in size the crenate or incised lateral leaflets, thus rendering the leaves
apparently 5-foliolate. — Erythea, i. 141. — Napa Co., Calif., Jepson.
R. microphyila, Enceim. Tall shrub with verrucose branches, puberulent or glabrous :
leaves subcoriaceous, pinnately 7—9-foliolate ; leaflets a quarter to barely half inch long, ob-
long, entire, veinless, sometimes silky-pubescent beneath, not shining ; rhachis winged be-
tween the pairs : flowers white, small, in heads or oblong spikes: fruit nearly of the preceding.
— Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 31, & ii. 27; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 44; Engler, 1. c.
387. — Margin of thickets and rocky hills, 8S. & W. Texas to S. Arizona, Wright, Lindheimer,
Reverchon. (Mex., Schaffner, Palmer, Pringle, &c.)
* * * * Pisraciofpes. Drupes glabrous and with smooth even stone; aromatic pulp
neither acid nor ceriferous.
R. Mexicana, Gray. Shrub or small tree, glabrous (in age): leaves crowded at summit
of slender branchlets, deciduous ; leaflets 9 to 17, subcoriaceous, oblong, obtuse, very unequal-
sided, mucronate, somewhat shining above, obscurely veined (half inch or more long) :
rhachis narrowly margined :; panicles axillary, much shorter than the leaves: flowers and
bracts unknown: drupes spicately sessile or subsessile on the few branches of the panicle,
naked (calyx and bracts deciduous), globular, with thin epicarp and mesocarp (the latter
said to be resinous), not fibrous, adherent to the lenticular thin-osseous stone. (Taste of
drupe rather of Schinus, but the stone and insertion of seed as in Rhus, and foliage, &c. not
unlike R. microphylla.) — Gray in Patterson, Check-list, 1892, 21. Pistacia Mexicana, HBK.
Noy. Gen. & Spee. vii. 22, t. 608; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 44.—S. W. Texas, on the Rio
Grande, Bigelow. (Mex. in northern parts, Gregg, Parry, and Palmer.)
1 Add syn. Lobadium amentaceum, Raf. Am. Monthly Mag. iv. (1819), 358.
2 Florida, Chapman.
8 Also in Arizona on the Gila River, Rusby, and at Ft. Verde, Mearns.
4 Nebraska, Clements, Rydberg; Kansas, Shear, Dorman; Ft. Towson, Arkansas, Dr. Edwards;
Georgia, Small ; also northward into Brit. America, Assiniboia, Alberta, Macoun.
‘
Swietenia. MELIACEZ. 387
OrpDER XXXVII. MELIACEA.
By A. GRaAy.
Mainly tropical trees or shrubs, with hard wood ; characterized in general by
dotless alternate and pinnate leaves, no stipules, paniculate inflorescence, and
perfect mostly 5-merous small and regular flowers. Sepals mostly imbricated and
petals imbricated or convolute in the bud. Stamens monadelphous, often to such
a degree that the anthers (never more than double the petals) are enclosed within
the mouth of the tube; anthers 2-celled, introrsely dehiscent. Ovary with mostly
as many cells as petals, its base surrounded by an annular or cup-shaped disk ;
styles and stigmas combined into one; ovules anatropous, pendulous. Embryo
large. — Sparingly represented by one exotic and one barely indigenous tree.
1. MELIA. Petals 5 or 6, narrowly spatulate, spreading. Stamen-tube cylindrical, with 10-
12-toothed orifice and as many included sessile anthers. Ovary with a pair of superposed
ovules in each cell. Drupe 5-6-celled or by abortion 1-celled, with thin flesh and a single
seed in each cell of the bony putamen ; embryo in thin fleshy albumen.
2. SWIETENIA. Petals 5, oval, spreading. Stamen-tube somewhat urn-shaped, 10-toothed ;
anthers as many, in the sinuses. Ovary 5-celled, many-ovuled on axile placente. Capsule
5-celled, septicidally 5-valved from the base upward; valves thick, sometimes bilamellar ;
axis thick, 5-angled ; seeds numerous, downwardly imbricated, above with broad wing much
longer than the body ; embryo transverse, conferruminate with the fleshy albumen; radicle
very short.
h oME LTA, Li. (Greek name for the Ash-tree, transferred to this genus by
Linneus.) — Gen. no. 357. — Asiatic trees, the following species now widely
dispersed.
M. Azéparacu, L. (Prive or Invi, Cu1na-TREE.) Tree 30 to 40 feet high, fast growing,
nearly glabrous: leaves twice pinnate ; leaflets ovate or oblong, acuminate, serrate: flowers
in loose panicles from upper axils, lilac, fragrant, produced in spring: drupes globose, half
inch in diameter, yellowish. — Spec. i. 384. — Planted as a shade tree and naturalized in
S. Atlantic States (Persia to China, whence introd.)
2. SWIETENIA, Jacq. Manocany. (Dr. Gerard van Swieten of
Leyden, in the 18th century.) — Enum. PI. Carib. 4, & Stirp. Am. 127; L. Gen.
ed. 6, 209. — The principal species is
S. Mahagoni, Jace. (Manocany-rrer.) A noble tree, with hard reddish brown wood,
very glabrous: leaves abruptly pinnate ; leaflets 6 to 12, petiolulate, oblong-ovate and un-
equal-sided, somewhat falcate, acuminate, entire, coriaceous: flowers greenish yellow, in
short axillary panicles: capsule oval, 3 inches long.— Enum. Pl. Carib. 20, & Stirp. Am.
127; L. Spec. ed. 2, i. 548 (Catesb. Car. ii. t. 81); Cay. Diss. t. 209; Hook. Bot. Mise. i. 21,
t. 16, 17.2 S. Mahogoni, Nutt. Sylv. ii. 99, t. 75; Chapm. Fl. 62. — Keys of S. Florida. (W.
Ind., Mex., Centr. Am., &c.)
1 Also much planted and (acc. to Coulter) ‘‘extensively naturalized in Central and Southern
Texas.”’
2 Add lit. and syn. Sargent, Silv. i. 100, t. 43, 44. Cedrus Mahogani, Mill. Dict. ed. 8, no. 2.
888 AQUIFOLIACEZ. Tlex.
OrpER XXXVIII. AQUIFOLIACEZ,
By W. TRELEASE.
Shrubs or small trees. Leaves alternate, simple; entire, crenulate, or pungently
toothed, petioled, with minute often persistent stipules. Flowers solitary or few
in the axils, or in small axillary cymes, small, greenish, dicecious by abortion,
4-9-merous (in ours), without disk. Calyx minute, with triangular frequently
persistent imbricate segments. Petals sometimes connate at base, imbricate, not
hooded. Stamens as many as and alternate with the petals; anthers short,
2-celled, introrse, innate on short filaments. Pistil compound; ovary 4—8-celled,
slightly lobed, superior ; ovules suspended, 1 in each cell; style short or want-
ing; stigmas nearly confluent. Fruit drupaceous, with as many indehiscent
stones as carpels; seeds not arillate, with abundant fleshy albumen; embryo
small, straight, with plane cotyledons.
1. ILEX. Flowers 4-9-merous. Calyx present and persistent in both fertile and sterile
flowers. Corolla slightly gamopetalous, with oblong obtuse lobes. Stamens adnate to the
base of the corolla.
2. NEMOPANTHUS. Flowers 4-5-merous. Calyx often obsolete, especially in the fertile
flowers. Petals distinct, linear, acute. Stamens free.
1. ILEX,L. Horry. (Classical name of the Holly Oak.) —Shrubs or
small trees with evident though small pointed stipules. — Gen. no. 91; Benth.
& Hook. Gen. i. 356; Maximowicz, Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. ser. 7, xxix. no. 3,
14; Baill. Hist. Pl. xi. 211; Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 345; Sargent,
Silv. i. 103; Kronfeld in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. i. Ab. 5, 186.—
Mainly of warmer regions, especially of the New World.
* Flowers 4-merous: drupe red or occasionally yellow; nutlets prominently few-ribbed on
the sides and back: leaves coriaceous, evergreen. — § Aquifolium.
I. opdaca, Arr. (American Hotty.) Arborescent: young twigs sparingly velvety-pubes-
cent: leaves elliptical to obovate, 2 to 4 inches long and about half as broad, pungently
acuminate, mostly spinosely dentate, at least above, and often crisped, dull, the petiole (3 lines
long) and upper surface of the midrib somewhat puberulent: sterile cymes 3-9-flowered,
half inch to an inch long; the fertile mostly 1-3-flowered and half as long ; the puberulent
peduncle 2-bracted at or below the middle: calyx-segments acute, ciliate: drupe spheroidal
or ovoid, 4 or 5 lines long; stigma broad and sessile. — Kew. i. 169; Poir. Suppl. iii. 65;
Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 191, t.11; Raf. Med. Bot. ii. 7, t. 53; Emerson, Trees & Shrubs
Mass. ed. 2, ii. 385, with plate; Mellichamp, Bull. Torr. Club, viii. 112; Maximowicz, 1. ec.
29; Trelease, |. c. 345; Sargent, Silv.i.107, t.45. J. quercifolia, Meerburgh, Afbeeld. Zelds.
Gew. t.5; Dippel, Handb. Laubholzkunde, ii. 504. Ageria opaca, Raf. Sylv. Tellur. 47.—
Massachusetts to Florida and Texas, chiefly near the coast, and up the Mississippi Valley to
8. E. Missouri and Kentucky.
I. Cassine, L. (Danoon Hotty.) Arborescent: young twigs and often the lower surface
of the leaves, at least along the midrib, puberulent: leaves elliptical to obovate-oblong,
mostly oblanceolate, 2 to 3 inches long, narrower, obtuse to mucronulate, entire or remotely
low-serrate above, cuneate into petioles 4 to 6 lines long, upper surface glossy: fertile cymes
mostly 3-flowered and 3-fruited: drupe subglobose, 2 to 3 lines in diameter. — Spee. i. 125,
in part; Willd. Hort. Berol. i. t. 31; Kerner, Oekonom. Pflanzen. t. 65; Lésener, Bot.
Centralbl. xlvii. 163; Sargent, Silv. i. 109, t. 46; Dippel, 1. c. 506, f. 242. 7. Dahoon, Walt.
Car. 241; Maximowicz, 1. c. 26; Trelease, 1. c. 345. J. Cassine, var. latifolia, Ait. Kew. i.
Tlex. AQUIFOLIACEZ. 389
170. J. cassinoides, Link, Enum. i. 148. J. laurifolia, Nutt. Am. Jour. Sci. y. 289. Ageria
palustris, Raf. Sylv. Tellur. 47. A. obovata, Raf. 1. c. 48. A. heterophyla, Raf. 1. ¢. —
North Carolina, Curtis, to Florida. (Mex., W. Ind.) With oblanceolate leaves 1 to 3
inches long and scarcely over 6 lines wide, and sometimes 8 or 10 drupes on a naked shoot,
it is var. ANGUSTIFOLIA, Willd. (Spec. i. 709; Sargent, Silv. i. 110, t. 46, £. 8; J. angustifolia,
Willd. Enum. 172; J. ligustrina, Ell. Sk. ii. 680; %Z. Watsoniana, Spach, Hist. Veg. ii.
429), of about the range, scarcely to be maintained, and merging into
Var. myrtifolia, Sarcenr. Leaves crowded, very narrowly elliptical, revolute, less
than an inch long, mucronate, mostly entire and glabrous: drupes mostly solitary and short-
stalked. —Gard. & For. ii. 616, & Silv. i. 110, t.47. JZ. myrtifolia, Walt. Car. 241; Nouv.
Duham. i. 10, t. 4; Maximowicz, 1. c. 26, 31. J. Dahoon, var. myrtifolia, Chapm. FI. 269;
Trelease, 1. c. 346. Z. rosmarinifolia, Lam. Ml. i. 356. JL. ligustrifolia, Don, Syst. ii. 19.—
South Carolina to Florida and Alabama.
vomitoria, Ait. (Cassena, Yauron.) Occasionally arborescent : twigs, petioles, and
occasionally pedice:s puberulent: leaves elliptical, about an inch long, very obtuse or emar-
ginate, coarsely crenate-serrate with a deciduous gland at each sinus, rather glossy ;_ petioles
1 to 2 lines long: sterile cymes 3-9-flowered, with a short common peduncle (4 lines long) ;
the fertile sessile, 1-3-flowered : calyx-segments rounded, scarcely ciliate: drupe globose, 2
or 3 lines in diameter, on pedicel of equal length, contracted below the stigma.— Kew. i.
170; Sargent, Silv. i. 111, t.48; Dippel, 1.c.508. JZ. Cassine, Walt. Car. 241; Maximowicz,
lc. 22; ‘Trelease, 1. c. 346; Hale, U.S. Dep. Agr. Bot. Div. Bull. 14. J. Cassine, B, L. Spec.
1,125. J. Cassena, Michx. FI. ii. 229. J. ligustrina, Jacq. Collect. iv. 105, & Ic. Rar. ii. 9,
t.310. J. Floridana, Lam. Ill. i. 356. J. religiosa, Bart. Fl. Virg. 66. JZ. (Emetila) ramu-
losa, Raf. Sylv. Tellur. 45. J. Caroliniana, Losener, Bot. Centralbl. xlvii. 163. Cassine
Peragua, L. Mant. ii. 220, in part. C. Caroliniana, Lam. Dict. i. 652. C.ramulosa, Raf. FI.
Lud. 110. Hierophyllus Cassine, Raf. Med. Bot. ii. 8. Ageria Cassena, Raf. Sylv. Tellur.
47. — North Carolina to Florida and Texas, northward to Arkansas. =
* * Flowers 4-6-merous: drupe red or purple; nutlets as in the last: leaves deciduous. —
§ Prinoides.
+— Cymes 1-flowered, bractless : leaves frequently crowded on short spurs.
++ Leaves oblanceolate.
I. decidua, Warr. Subarborescent: twigs glabrous, almost white in winter: leaves oblan-
ceolate or narrowly obovate, 2 or occasionally 3 inches long, acuminate to mostly obtuse or
emarginate, crenate-serrulate, cuneate into a short mostly puberulent petiole, narrowly
grooved along the midrib above and the other veins often somewhat impressed, pubescent
beneath, at least along the midrib: flowers appearing with the leaves: sterile pedicels 3 to
6 lines long: calyx-segments obtuse to acute, not ciliate: drupe depressed-globose, about
3 lines in diameter, scarcely exceeded by the pedicel ; style usually very short, occasionally
half line long. — Car. 241; Maximowicz, 1. c. 30; Trelease, 1. c. 346 ; Sargent, Silv. i. 113,
t. 49; Dippel, lc. 510. J. prinoides, Ait. Kew. i. 169. J. estivalis, Lam. Dict. iii. 147.
I. Prionites, Willd. Enum. Suppl. 8. Prinos deciduus, DC. Prody. ii. 16. — North Carolina to
Kansas, southward to the Gulf.
++ ++ Leaves lanceolate to ovate or obovate.
= Fruiting pedicels 10 or 12 lines long.
ldngipes, Cuarm. Large shrub: leaves thin, elliptical to broadly lanceolate, about 3
inches long, emarginate or obtuse to blunt-pointed, low-serrate or crenate, especially above,
the base mostly acute, sparingly ciliate with short thick hairs or slightly pubescent along the
impressed midrib on one or both surfaces, otherwise glabrous; petioles 3 or 4 lines long:
sterile pedicels 6 to 8 lines long: drupe globose, about 4 lines in diamter, its filiform pedicel
nearly an inch long: otherwise similar to the preceding. —Chapm. in Trelease, 1. c. 346 ;
Trelease, Gard. & For. iii. 344, 345, f. 46.— North Carolina, Buckley, to Tennessee, Gat-
tinger, south to Georgia, Chapman, Alabama, Buckley, and Louisiana, Drummond.
= = Fruiting pedicels less than half inch long: three closely related species perhaps
scarcely separable.
ambigua, Cuapm. Scarcely arboreous: twigs cherry-like, with large lenticels, glabrous
or somewhat puberulous : leaves rather broadly lanceolate, elliptical, ovate, or obovate, three
390 AQUIFOLIACEZ. Ilex.
fourths inch to 2 inches long, mostly acuminate, sparingly low-serrate or biserrate, gradually
acute or cuneate at base, the deeply grooved petiole (1 to 3 lines long) and the upper sur-
face along the midrib mostly pubescent: calyx-segments rounded in fertile flowers, ciliate :
drupe subglobose, about 3 lines in diameter, with sessile stigma; the pedicel a half shorter.
— Fl. 269; Maximowicz, ]. c. 30; Trelease, 1. c. 347. Cassine Caroliniana, Walt. Fl. 242.
Prinos ambiguus, Michx. Fl. ii. 236. | Synstima acuminata, Raf. 1. ¢. 49. S. ambigua, Raf.
ex Wats. Bibl. Index, 157. Nemopanthes ambigua, Wood, Class-Book, ed. of 1861, 497.—
North Carolina to Florida and Texas, north to Arkansas, F'endler. Exceptionally the sur-
face of the leaves is sparingly puberulent, especially beneath. A form from Tampa, Florida,
Garber, with the small leaves glabrous and very firm, is var. corn1AcrA, Trelease, 1. c. 347.
MOllis, Gray. Scearcely arboreous, at first softly gray-downy, the twigs and often upper
surface of the leaves at length glabrate: leaves thin, lanceolate to mostly broadly ovate, 13
to 4 inches long: otherwise very close to the next, and somewhat intermediate between it
and the preceding. — Man. ed. 5, 306 ; Maximowicz, l. c. 30; Trelease, l. c. 347. J. dubia,
Britt. Sterns & Poggenb. Prel. Cat. N. Y.11. J. montana, var. mollis, Britton, Bull. Torr.
Club, xvii. 313. J. monticola, var. mollis, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 217. Prinos dubius,
Don, Syst. ii. 20.— Blair and Carbon Counties, Pennsylvania, to North and South Carolina
and Georgia, in the mountains.
monticola, Gray. Occasionally arborescent, glabrous except for the veins of the leaves,
especially above : leaves thin, lanceolate to ovate, 2 to 6 inches long, mostly acuminate, rather
coarsely serrate ; the base acute to rounded ; petioles 3 to 6 lines long: calyx-segments sub-
acute, more or less ciliate: drupe slightly elongated and usually with an evident style:
otherwise resembling J. ambigua, from which it is most readily separable by the larger size
of the leaves. — Man. ed. 2, 264; Maximowicz, l. c. 30; Trelease, l. c. 347; Sargent, Silv.
i. 115, t. 50; Dippel, 1. ¢. 511, f. 246. TL. montana, Torr. & Gray in Gray, Man. 276. J. Ame-
lanchier, var. monticola, Wood, Bot. & Fl. 208. — Pennsylvania to Tennessee, N. Carolina, and
N. Miabama, in the mountains.
+— + Sterile cymes several-flowered from a common peduncle.
Amelanchier, M. A. Curtis. Low shrub, more or less persistently soft-pubescent
throughout: leaves thin, elliptical, 14 to 3 inches long, subacute, minutely and inconspicu-
ously serrulate, acute or rounded at base, rugose-veiny beneath ; petioles 3 to exceptionally
8 lines long: calyx-segments acute, scarcely ciliate : drupe globose, about 5 lines in diameter,
dull, as in Nemopanthus ; the slender bractless pedicels 3 to 9 lines long. — Curtis in Chapm.
Fl. 270; Sargent, Gard. & For. ii. 40, f. 88; release, l. c. 347. — Society Hill, South Caro-
lina, Curtis, and Covington, Louisiana, Drummond.
* * * Flowers mostly 6-9-merous: nutlets not ribbed. — § Prinos.
+ Leaves evergreen, coriaceous, slightly revolute, dotted beneath; the midrib elevated on
both surfaces: fruit black.
glabra, Gray. (Inxperry.) Shrub: young twigs somewhat angled when dry, finely vel-
vety : leaves cuneately elliptical to oblanceolate, 1 to 2 inches long, mostly obtuse, crenately
2-6-toothed near the apex, minutely puberulent on the midrib above; the velvety petiole 2
to 3 lines long: staminate and sometimes fertile peduncles several-flowered, bracteate, often
velvety : calyx-segments from narrow and acute to broad and rather blunt, often more or
less ciliate : drupe subglobose, 2 to 3 lines in diameter ; the pedicel of equal length ; stigma
nearly or quite sessile. — Man. ed. 2, 264; Maximowicz, l. c. 26; Trelease, 1. c. 347. Prinos
glaber, L. Spee. i. 330; Lam. Ill. t. 255, f. 2; Nouv. Duham. iii. 215, t.54; Lodd. Bot. Cab.
t. 450. Winterlia triflora, Moench, Meth. 74. Ennepta myricoides, Raf. Sylv. Tellur. 52. —
Massachusetts to Florida and Louisiana, in the vicinity of the coast.
coriacea, Cuapm. Tall shrub: young twigs somewhat viscidly puberulent: leaves glossy
above, elliptical or obovate to oblanceolate, 2 or 3 inches long, acute to acuminate, entire or
usually with several low but sharp serratures on each side, often velvety on the midrib
above, acutely tapering into a petiole 2 to 4 lines long: peduncles 1-flowered, bractless,
glabrous: drupe about as in the last, but the style often more prominent and the pedicel
somewhat longer. — Fl. 270. J. lucida, Torr. & Gray in Wats. Bibl. Index, 159; Maxi-
mowicz, 1. c. 26; Trelease, l. c. 348. Prinos lucidus, Ait. Kew. i. 478. P. coriaceus, Pursh,
Fl. i. 221. P. atomarius, Nutt. Gen. i. 213. Ennepta coriacea, Raf. Sylv. Tellur. 52.
E. atomaria, Raf. 1. «. — North Carolina to Florida and around the coast to Louisiana.
Nemopanthus. A AQUIFOLIACE. 391
+ + Leaves deciduous, thinner, not punctate: fruit subglobose, with sessile stigma, red
or exceptionally yellow, mostly exceeding the pedicels.
I. verticillata, Gray. (Brack ALprr, Winterserry.) Tall loosely branched shrub,
often somewhat pubescent throughout when young: leaves lanceolate, oblanceolate, or obo-
vate, 14 to 3 or rarely 4 inches long, mostly acuminate, rather coarsely serrate or biserrate,
veiny, usually loosely pubescent especially beneath, acute at base; the downy petiole 3 to 6
lines long: sterile cymes fascicled, mostly short and 3-flowered; the fertile 1-3-flowered
from a very short bibracteate peduncle; peduncles and pedicels mostly glabrous or glabres-
cent: calyx-segments mostly obtuse, ciliate and often loosely pubescent: drupe often slightly
elongated, 3 lines in diameter. — Man. ed. 2, 264; Maximowicz, 1. c. 30; Trelease, 1. ¢. 348;
Dippel, 1. c. 513; Millspaugh, Med. Pl. i. t. 106. Prinos verticillatus, L. Spec. i. 830; Lam.
Ill. t. 255, f.1; Bigel. Med. Bot. iii. 141, t.56; Barton, Fl. Med. t. 17; Guimp. Otto & Hayne,
Abbild. Holzart. t. 56. P. padifolius, Willd. Enum. 394. P. confertus, Mcench, Meth. 481.
P. Gronovii, Michx. FI. ii. 236. — Canada to the Great Lakes, south to S. Carolina, Illinois,
and Alabama. (Japan.) A northeastern form with ample lanceolate or oblanceolate thin
leaves, less pubescent and less veiny than usual, is var. TENUIFOLIA, Torr. Fl. N. & Midd.
States, 338. A northern form with the leaves smaller and more obovate than usual is var.
papiroiia, Torr. & Gray in Wats. Bibl. Index, 160. The original Prinos padifolius, Willd.
Enum. 394, is scarcely more than the common form of J. verticillata.
I. levigata, Gray. Lower rather compact shrub: twigs glabrous: leaves rather narrowly
lanceolate, mostly 14 to 2 inches long, acute at both ends or subacuminate, low-serrulate, at
ee veiny, glabrous or with a few persistent soft long hairs beneath, especially along the
midrib; the glabrous or somewhat pubescent petiole 2 to 5 lines long: sterile flowers soli-
tary on bractless glabrous filiform pedicels often half inch or more long, or occasionally
in peduncled umbels of 3; the fertile solitary on shorter pedicels: calyx-segments mostly
acute, not pubescent but sometimes ciliate: drupe depressed-globose, usually 4 or 5 lines in
diameter. — Man. ed. 2, 264; Maximowicz, 1]. c. 30; Trelease, l..c. 348; Dippel, 1. c. 513;
Sargent, Gard. & For. iv. 220, f. 39. Prinos levigatus, Pursh, Fl. i. 220.— Massachusetts to
New Jersey and Pennsylvania.
I. ranceoxAta, Chapm. 1. c. 270, Trelease, 1. c. 348, is a doubtful species. Prinos lanceolata,
Hill, Veg. Syst. xvi. 57, t. 61, from the fascicled leaves might be taken for a poorly drawn
I. decidua.
2. NEMOPANTHUS, Raf. Mountarn Horry. (Name from vipa,
thread, zrovs, foot, and avos, flower, from the filiform peduncles.) — Shrub with
nearly exstipulate leaves. — Am. Monthly Mag. ii. 176, iv. 857, & Am. Jour.
Sci. 1. 377. Nemopanthes, Raf. Jour. Phys. lxxxix. 96; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
i. 857; Baill. Hist. Pl. xi. 219; Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 349;
Kronfeld in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 188. Nuttallia, DC.
Rapp. Jard. Genev. 1821, 44. Jlicioides, Dumont-Cour. Bot. Cult. iv. 127. —
A single species.
N. fascicularis, Rar. Glabrous or nearly so: leaves often fascicled on spurs, mostly 1 to
14 inches long, elliptical, more or less acute at both ends, mucronate, entire or very low-ser-
rulate, thin but firm, finely reticulate-veiny, as in Vaccinium; the petiole about 4 lines long :
pedicels solitary or clustered, simple or the staminate exceptionally in 3’s from a peduncle
of equal length, 6 to 14 lines long: flowers scarcely expanding over 2 lines: drupe red, dull,
ovoid, styleless, about 3 lines in diameter, on a filiform suberect pedicel; nutlets obscurely
somewhat ribbed on the back. — Am. Monthly Mag. iv. 357. Nemopanthes fascicularis, Raf.
Jour. Phys. Ixxxix. 97. N. Canadensis, DC. Mém. Soc. Genev. i. 450, & Pl. Rar. Genev. 8,
t. 3; Trelease, 1. c. 349. Ilex Canadensis, Michx. FI. ii. 229, t.49. J. delicatula, Barton, FI.
Virg. 67. Prinos integrifolius, Ell. Sk. ii. 706. P. longipes, Raf. Sylv. Tellur. 50. Nuttal-
lia Canadensis, DC. Rapp. Jard. Genév. 1821, 44. Vaccinium mucronatum, L. Spec. i. 350.
Ilicioides mucronata, Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, vy. 217.— Newfoundland to New Jersey, Ohio,
and the Great Lakes.
392 CYRILLACEZ. 7 Cyrilla.
-ORDER XXXIX. CYRILLACEA.
By A. Gray.
Shrubs or small trees with essentially regular perfect flowers, 5-parted or
5-divided calyx and 5, or rarely 4, imbricated or convolute hypogynous sessile or
shortly unguiculate petals. Calyx-segments sometimes unequal. Hypogynous
stamens 5, alternating with the petals, or 10 in 2 often unequal series, the inner
stamens, i. e. those opposite the petals, being shorter ; anthers bilocular, fixed
by the middle, introrse, longitudinally or apically dehiscent; pollen very fine,
simple. Ovary 2-5-celled; cells 1-4-ovuled. Fruit in Cliftonia and Costea
indehiscent, in Cyrilla very tardily dehiscent or at least at maturity separable
septicidally into two parts. Leaves alternate, exstipulate, thickish, entire,
cuneate-obovate or oblanceolate. A small order of the S. Atlantic States, the
West Indies, and the northern part of S. America, related probably most closely
to the Aqutfoliacee, but also through the W. Indian genus Costea exhibiting
affinities to the Hricacee.
1. CYRILLA. Calyx 5-parted, persistent; the lobes ovate or triangular, acute, imbricated
in xstivation. Petals 5, distinct, much longer than the calyx, sessile, the axis thickened
toward the base inside, imbricate or convolute in xstivation, spreading in anthesis, decidu-
ous. Stamens 5, inserted with the petals underneath the disk ; filaments subulate; anthers
oblong or subsagittate, deeply cleft at the base; the cells opening longitudinally ; pollen
globose-triangular with angles projecting and rounded, nearly as in the Onagracee. Disk
hypogynous, entire, adnate to the base of the ovary, sometimes obscure. Ovary ovoid,
2-celled, rarely 3-celled, with 2 or 3 anatropous or half-anatropous ovules suspended from
the apex of each cell on a filiform pendulous placenta (the rhaphe dorsal) ; style persistent,
very short; stigmas 2, rarely 3, short. Fruit a small and dry 2-celled drupe, cellular-corky
at maturity when readily septicidal into two pyrene; the cells small and 1-seeded; testa
thin and membranaceous, conformed to the nucleus; embryo cylindrical, at the micropylar
end of the fleshy albumen, and about a quarter of its length ; cotyledons small and terete ;
radicle superior.
2. CLIFTONIA. Calyx very small, 5-lobed, rarely 4-8-lobed, persistent. Petals 5 (rarely
4 to 8), distinct, roundish-obovate with the base contracted into a short claw, strongly imbri-
cated in zxstivation, deciduous. Stamens twice as many as the petals and inserted with
them ; those opposite the petals commonly shorter; filaments dilated below the middle, the
dilated portion terminating in 2 short and rounded teeth or lobes; anthers didymous; the
cells longitudinally dehiscent ; pollen globular and with 3 projecting rounded angles (nearly
as in Cyrilla). Disk as in Cyrilla. Ovary ovoid-corfical, 3-4-celled, with a single linear
and anatropous ovule suspended from the summit of each cell; the rhaphe dorsal; style
none ; stigma thick, 3-4-lobed. Fruit dry and cellular-corky, 3-4-angled, the angles extended
into narrow wings, 3-4-celled; seeds solitary, filling the small cells, oblong, with a thin
testa. conformed to the nucleus; embryo in the axis of the fleshy albumen, of nearly its
length; cotyledons very small; radicle long and slender, superior.
1. CYRILLA, Garden. (Dominico Cyrillo, professor of medicine at Na-
ples, murdered in 1799, the author of the now very rare Pl. Rar. Reg. Neap.) —
Leaves glabrous, reticulate-veiny: flowers small, white, crowded in long and
dense virgate racemes which are usually fascicled in the axils of the preceding
year! bracts and adnate bractlets subulate, persistent. — Garden in L. Mant. i. 5;
Cliftonia. OLACINEZ. 393
Jacq. Coll. i. 162, & Ic. Rar. t. 47; Michx. Fl. i, 157; Planch. Lond. Jour. Bot.
v. 254. — A small genus, perhaps best regarded as a variable monotype of remark-
able range.
C. racemifiora, L.1.¢. 50. Shrub 10 to 12 feet high: leaves cuneate-oblong or oblanceo-
late, manifestly reticulated upon both sides, 1 to 3 inches long: sepals triangular : petals
oblong, acutish, contiguous at their broad bases: fruit scarcely more than a line long, dry
at maturity, inclined to separate into two parts.— Walt. Car. 103; Jacq. 1. ¢.; Ell. Sk. i.
294; Nutt. Syly. ii. 96, t. 74.1 C. Caroliniana, Michx. Fl. i. 158. C. parvifolia, Shuttl. Bot.
Zeit. iii. 221, a small-leaved variety.? [tea Cyrilla, Swartz, Prodr. 50, & Obs. t. 4, f.1;
L’Her. Stirp. t. 66; Willd. Spee. i. 1146.—Sandy and wet pine woods, N. Carolina? to
Florida and westward near the Gulf to Hardin Co., Texas, Nealley ; fl. June. (W. Ind. 2,
Northern 8. Am.?) Linnzus wrongly described the fruit as a 2-valved many-seeded capsule
and the petals as longitudinally villous inside.
2. CLIFTONIA, Banks. Tim, Buckwuear-trer. (Francis Clifton, a
London physician, who travelled in Jamaica, where he died, 1736.) — Leaves
coriaceous, scarcely reticulated. Flowers white or rose-colored in nodding racemes
terminating the branches of the preceding year. Bracts minute, caducous;
bractlets none. — Banks in Geertn. f. Fruct. iii. 246, t. 225; Endl. Gen. 1413;
Planch. 1. c. 255. Mylocaryum, Willd. Enum. 454, in note. Mylocarium, Ell.
Sk. i. 508 Waltertana, Fras. in Endl. Gen. 1413. — A monotype of the S. E.
United States.
C. nitida, Grrn. f. 1. c. 247. A shrub or small tree, 8 to 15 feet high, glabrous: leaves
obovate-oblong, 1 to 14 inches long, shining above, pale or glaucous beneath, evergreen :
racemes dense, 1 to 2 (to 4) inches long: petals 2 to 3 lines long: fruit 4 lines long. — C.
ligustrina, Sims in Spreng. Syst. ii. 316; Nutt. Sylv. ii. 92,t.73. Mylocaryum ligustrinum,
Willd. 1. c.; Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1625; Lindl. Veg. Kingd. 445, f. 309. Mylocarium ligustri-
num, Pursh, FI. i. 302, t. 14; Ell. Sk. i. 508.4— Pine-barren swamps, 8. Carolina to Alabama é
and Florida; fl. March. A plant of obscure affinities, exhibiting not one of the distinguish-
ing characters of the Malpighiacee, to which Nuttall referred it.
OrDER XL. OLACINEZ.
‘ By A. Gray.
Mostly tropical trees or shrubs, with alternate simple leaves, no stipules, and
regular flowers. Petals hypogynous, valvate in the bud and sometimes united into
a tube, and with the stamens inserted on the outside or margin of the disk; the
latter of same number as and opposite the petals or twice as many. Ovary
1-celled or 2—5-celled only at base, whence rises a placental axile column (in the
manner of Santalacee), bearing on its apex 2 to 4 pendulous anatropous ovules
with dorsal rhaphe (i. e. micropyle next the placenta) ; style only one with ter-
1 Add lit. Sargent, Silv. ii. 3, t. 51.
2 Add syn. C. racemosa, Loud. Arb. iv. 2577, f. 2503. C. polystachia, parvifolia, & fuscata, Raf.
Aut. Bot. 8. Andromeda plumata, ‘ Bart. Cat.’’ Marsh. Arb. 9.
3 §. E. Virginia, Heller.
4 Add syn. Ptelea monophylla, Lam. Ill. i. 836. Walteriana Caroliniensis, Cat. Hort. Fraser, 3.
Cliftonia monophylla, Britton, Bull. Torr. Club, xvi. 310 ; Sargent, Silv. ii. 7, t. 52.
5 Westward to E. Louisiana, acc. to Sargent, I. c.
394 OLACINEZ. Ximenia.
minal undivided stigma. Fruit a 1-celled 1-seeded drupe; seed with a simple
thin coat, becoming spuriously erect by placental adhesion; embryo minute at
apex of fleshy albumen.
1. XIMENIA. Calyx small, 4-5-toothed, persistent, not enlarging. Petals 4 or 5, narrow,
the whole inner face densely bearded. Stamens 8 or 10, with filiform filaments and linear
anthers. Ovary conical, 3-5-celled at base. Drupe naked.
2. SCHGEPFIA. Calyx small, 2-6-dentate or entire, at length deciduous or obsolete. Petals
4 to 6, united into a tubular or campanulate corolla, the free tips reflexed in anthesis. Stamens
as many as the lobes; filiform filaments adnate to the tube of the corolla; a little fascicle
of hairs behind each; anthers short. Hypogynous disk cupulate, adnate to lower half of
the partly 3-celled ovary, in fruit becoming fleshy and adnate, investing all but the summit
of the small drupe.
1. XIMENIA, Plum. (Father Francis Ximenes, early missionary to W.
Indies, &c.) —Shrubs and low trees, often spinescent, with entire glabrous
leaves, commonly becoming vertical by a twist of the petiole, and fragrant whitish
flowers in sessile or short-peduncled axillary clusters: the fruit edible. — Nov.
Gen. 6, t. 21; L. Gen. no. 902.
X. Americana, L. (Mountain Pium of W. Ind., Hoc Prum, Witp Lime.) Very gla-
brous: trunk 10 to 15 feet high, with very hard and tough wood: leaves oblong, mucronate
from retuse apex, 2 inches long: flowers usually 4-merous: petals 5 lines long, yellowish or
greenish-white with the dense beard becoming rusty: fruit the size of a small plum, acid-
ulous. — Spec. ii. 1193; Descourt. Fl. Ant. ii. t. 132; Chapm. Fl. 61; Engler in Mart. FI.
Bras. xii. pt. 2,9, t. 2. X. multiflora, Jacq. Stirp. Am. 106, t. 177.—S. Florida.t (W. Ind.
to Brazil, 8. Pacif. Ids. to Africa.)
X. ramosisstma, Shuttl. in distr. pl. Rugel, no. 87, is Bumelia angustifolia, Nutt. Sylv. iii.
38, t. 93; corolla and stamens fallen.
2. SCHCEPFIA, Schreb. (Dr. J. D. Schepf, surgeon of Hessian troops
sent to America in 1777, who published “ Materia Medica Americana.”) — Shrubs
or small trees, with leaves not unlike those of Ximenia, or thinner, and similar
inflorescence. — Gen. 129; A. DC. Prodr. xiv. 622; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 310;
Engler, 1. c. 34, t. 7, no. 4. Codonium, Vahl, Skrivt. Natur. Selsk. Kj¢b. ii.
pt. 1, 206. Diplocalyx, A. Rich. Fl. Cub. ii. 81, t. 54.
S. Schréberi, Gmev. Tall shrub, glabrous: leaves ovate or ovate-lanceolate, mostly ob-
lique and obtusely acuminate, about 2 inches long: peduncles very short, bearing 2 or 3
sessile flowers: corolla yellow, short-campanulate, about 2 lines long; its ovate lobes a third
or nearly half the length of the tube (minutely puberulent or glabrous) : drupe ovoid, 4 or
5 lines long. — Syst. 376 (1791); Lam. Ill. ii. 51. S. Americana, Willd. Spec. i. 996. S.
arborescens, Reem. & Schult. Syst. v. 160; DC. Prodr. iv. 319, xiv. 622; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2,
611. S. arborescens, & S. Marchii, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 310. 8S. chrysophylloides, Planch.
Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 4, ii. 261, founded on Diplocalyx chrysophylloides, A. Rich. Fl. Cub. ii. 81,
t. 54. Codonium arborescens, Vahl, Skrivt. Natur. Selsk. Kj@b. ii. pt. 1, 207, t. 6, & Symb.
Bot. iii. 36 (1794). —S. Florida, Chapman, Palmer (outside of corolla and inside of lobes
minutely puberulent), Garber (with corolla glabrous or lobes obsoletely puberulent, the S.
chrysophylloides) ; the forms evidently of one species. (W. Ind., Mex.)
1 As far north as Lake Co., Central Peninsular Florida, Nash.
CELASTRACEA. 395
ORDER XLI. CELASTRACEA.
By W. TRELEASE.
Woody plants, sometimes spinose or climbing. Leaves alternate or opposite,
simple, not lobed, entire or serrate, not glandular-punctate, with minute or fre-
quently abortive stipules. Flowers commonly in reduced axillary cymes, rarely
subpanicled, small, often greenish, perfect or dicecious by abortion, 4—5-merous,
with a conspicuous disk often surrounding the base of the ovary. Calyx deeply
parted, with imbricate persistent segments. Petals distinct, inserted below the
free margin of the disk, not hooded. Stamens mostly as many as the petals and
alternate with them (fewer in Hippocratea, and mostly of double the number in
Glossopetalon), distinct, commonly inserted on or beneath the margin of the disk ;
anthers short, rounded, 2-celled, introrse, versatile on short filaments. Pistil
mostly compound; ovary 1—5-celled, scarcely lobed, free from the calyx but
sometimes more or less invested by the disk; ovules 1 to 10, variously situated ;
style mostly short or wanting ; stigmas | to 5, capitate, lateral or rarely expanded,
mostly short. Fruit capsular (then loculicidal, with the septa adhering to the
valves), drupaceous or winged, 1—few-seeded; seeds mostly arillate or caruncu-
late, albuminous except in Maytenus and Hippocratea ; embryo with flat cotyle-
dons. — Represented in our flora by two very distinct tribes, sometimes treated
as orders.
Trize I. CELASTREZX. Stamens mostly 4 or 5, inserted on or below the margin
of the disk. Fruit and seeds not winged in our genera.
* Stamens as many as the petals or sepals.
+ Fruit loculicidal: ovary nearly or quite immersed in the disk: leaves normally opposite.
1. EUONYMUS. Flowers seemingly perfect but really polygamo-triccious, 4—5-merous.
Style mostly short, terminal; ovary 3-5-celled, with 2 to 10 ovules in each cell. Capsule
lobed, coriaceous, often magenta-colored, with usually a single large seed in each cell; seed
enclosed in a scarlet or orange aril.
2. PACHISTIMA. Flowers perfect, 4-merous. Style short, at length commonly unilat-
eral; ovary 2-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell. Capsule not lobed, small, oblong,
2-edged, usually 1-seeded and commonly unilateral by abortion; seed with a pale lacerate
aril at base.
+— + Fruit loculicidal: leaves alternate.
3. CELASTRUS. Flowers subdicecious, 5-merous. Anthers oval, mucronate. Ovary free,
usually 3-4-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell. Seed enclosed in a crimson aril.
4. MAYTENUS. Flowers polygamo-diccious, 4-5-merous. Anthers round-cordate. Ovary
confluent with the disk below, usually 3-4-celled, with a single erect ovule in each cell.
Seed exalbuminous, with a red aril open above.
+ + + Fruit dry or drupaceous, indehiscent : leaves mostly alternate.
5. GYMINDA. Flowers diccious, 4-merous. Stamens erect. Stigma sessile, terminal;
ovary partly immersed in the disk, 2(—47)-celled, with a suspended ovule in each cell.
Drupe spheroidal; seed almost without aril.
396 CELASTRACE. Euonymus.
6. RHACOMA. Flowers mostly perfect, 4—-5-merous. Stamens outcurving. Style slender,
at length somewhat unilateral; ovary partly immersed in the disk, 1-2-celled, with an erect
ovule in each cell. Drupe obovoid; seed sometimes with aril.
7. SCHAAFFERIA. Flowers diccious, 4-merous. Style terminal, 2-cleft; stigma with
4 often large and incised or fimbriate divisions; ovary free from the disk, 2-celled, with an
erect ovule in each cell. Drupe spheroidal, somewhat flattened; seed without aril.
8. MORTONIA. Flowers perfect, 5-merous. Style terminal, 5-lobed; ovary free from the
disk, 5-celled, with 2 erect ovules in each cell. Fruit dry, oblong, fluted, 1-celled by abor-
tion; seed solitary, filling the ovary, without aril.
* x Stamens twice as many as (or at least more numerous than) the petals or sepals: fruit
coriaceous, at most tardily dehiscent: leaves alternate.
9. GLOSSOPETALON. Flowers perfect, 4-6-merous. Stigma sessile, slightly notched ;
ovary free from the disk, l-celled, with 2 basal anatropous ovules. Fruit follicular, striate ;
seeds 1 or 2, minutely arillate or carunculate at base.
Trise I]. HIPPOCRATEZ. Stamens mostly 3, inserted on or within the disk,
usually adnate to the ovary below. Seeds exalbuminous.
10. HIPPOCRATEA. Flowers perfect, 5-merous. Style short, terminal, somewhat
3-lobed; ovary 3-celled, with several ovules in each cell. Capsule 3-lobed, the segments
separate and wing-like above, the outer half of each falling away, each cell with several flat
seeds winged at one end.
1. EUONYMUS, Tourn. Sprypre Tree. (Name from é, good, and dvopa,
name, by antithesis, because the foliage was supposed to be poisonous to cattle.)
—Shrubs or small trees with more or less square or 4-angled glabrous twigs,
opposite usually serrulate pinnately veined mostly ample and deciduous leaves
with minute or abortive stipules, and cymose (or by abortion solitary) axillary
flowers. — Inst. 617, t. 888; L. Gen. no. 79; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 257; Gray,
Gen. Ill. ii. 187, t. 171; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 360; Baill. Hist. Pl. vi. 1, 30;
Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 351, 353; Liésener in Engl. & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 199.— Mostly of the temperate or higher Asiatic regions,
the European species few, some also in the Malay Islands.
* Fruit tuberculate, rather shallow-lobed: corolla greenish or reddish yellow, 5-merous:
ovules horizontal, 4 to 10 in each cell: winter buds rather small (1 or 2 lines long).
EK. Americanus, L. (Srrawserry Busu.) Large shrub: leaves ovate or broadly lan-
ceolate, rounded to acute at base, acuminate, crenate-serrulate, glabrous or a little pubescent
toward the base of the principal veins, 14 to 3 inches long, nearly sessile ; the petioles a line
long or less: peduncles scarcely an inch long, 1-3-flowered : sepals round, entire: petals
mostly clawed and not meeting: fruit very rough. — Spec. i. 197; Nouv. Duham. iii. 26, t. 9;
Pursh, FI. i. 168; Lodd. Bot. Cab. t. 1322; Don, Syst. ii. 5; Loud. Arb. ii. 499, f. 168, 169;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 258; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 142, t. 19; Baill. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. v. 815, &
Hist. Pl. vi. 2; Trelease, 1. c. 353; Dippel, Handb. Laubholzkunde, ii. 492, f. 236. E. sem-
pervirens, Marsh. Arb. 44. E. alternifolius, Mcench, Meth. 71. E. muricatus, Raf. New FI.
Am. iii. 59. — New Jersey to Florida, Eastern Texas, and Kentucky.
Var. angustifdlius, Woop. Similar to the type, but the leaves lanceolate to ellip-
tical, less than half inch wide, somewhat falcate. — Bot. & Fl. 76; Trelease, 1. ¢.353. FE. an-
gustifolius, Pursh, Fl. i. 168; Don, Syst. ii. 5; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 258; Baill. Bull. Soc. Bot.
Fr. v. 315.— Kentucky to Florida. In its extreme form appearing quite distinct, but pass-
ing into the type by numerous intermediate specimens, chiefly from the middle range of the
species, pertaining to Z. Americanus, B, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 258.
Var. sarmentésus, Nurr. Low, rooting, with erect branches: leaves variously
lanceolate, acute: otherwise about as in the type. — Gen. i. 154; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 258;
Trelease, 1. c. 353. E. sarmentosus, Don, Syst. ii. 5. — Southwestern range of the species.
Pachistima, CELASTRACE. 397
EH. obovatus, Nurr. About a foot high, with prostrate rooting stems and erect nearly
simple shoots: leaves mostly obovate, cuneate, usually very obtuse; the petioles often 2
lines long: peduncles mostly 2-3-flowered ; flowers expanding about 3 lines: petals approx-
imated: fruit less tuberculate: otherwise resembling the preceding.— Gen. i. 155; Don,
Syst. ii.5; Zabel, Gartenfl. xxxviii. 638; Gard. & For. ix. 384, f.51. HE. Americanus, 8,
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 258. EL. Americanus, var. obovatus, Torr. & Gray ace. to Gray, Gen. Il.
ii. 188, t. 171; Trelease, 1. c. 353. — Canada, in the region of the Great Lakes, to Illinois
and Kentucky.
* * Fruit not tuberculate: ovules 2 in each cell.
+— Flowers 4-merous: ovules ascending, with introrse rhaphe: fruit deeply lobed: winter
buds small, as in the last : Atlantic species.
EK. atropurptreus, Jacq. (Burnine Busu, Wanoo.) At length becoming a small tree:
leaves elliptical or somewhat ovate, acute at base, acuminate, minutely serrulate or biserru-
late, mostly puberulent beneath, 2 to 4 inches long, on slightly margined petioles 3 to 9 lines
long: peduncles | to 2 inches long, twice or thrice dichotomous, usually 7-15-flowered : petals
obovate, brown-purple, with pale margin: style very short.— Hort. Vind. ii. 55, t. 120;
Pursh, Fl. i. 168; Don, Syst. ii. 5; Loud. Arb. ii. 499, f. 167; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 257;
Baill. Bull. Soc. Bot. Fr. v. 314, & Hist. Pl. vi. 2; Millspaugh, Med. Pl. i. t. 42; Trelease,
1. c. 353; Sargent, Silv. ii. 11, t. 53; Dippel, 1. c. 490, f. 235. E. Carolinensis, Marsh. Arb.
43.— New York to the Yellowstone, south to Northern Texas ;, also in Florida, Rugel.
Unassigned names, perhaps pertaining to this species, are EL. acuminatus, E. cuneatus, and
E. heterophyllus, Raf. New Fl. Am. iii. 59.
E. Evropaius, L. (Sprypte Tree.) Leaves rather small, more finely serrulate to nearly
entire, glabrous: peduncles shorter: flowers and fruits fewer and more clustered: petals
greenish white: ovary conically prolonged into an evident style: otherwise like the last. —
Spec. i. 197; Reichenb. Ic. Fl. Germ. vi. t. 309, f. 5134; Ett. & Pok. Physiotypia Pl. Austr.
v. t. 463; Britt. Sterns & Poggenb. Prelim. Cat. N. Y. 11; Trelease, 1. c. 353. — Persistent
in old gardens about eastern cities. (Introd. from Eu.)
+— + Flowers 5-merous, purple: ovules descending, with extrorse rhaphe: fruit not deeply
lobed: winter buds large (2 to 5 lines long) : glabrous species of the Pacific coast.
E. occidentalis, Nurr. A large shrub: winter buds 2 to 3 lines long: twigs whitened:
leaves ovate or elliptical to lanceolate, subcordate to mostly acute at base, acute or acumi-
nate, irregularly serrulate or biserrulate, 14 to 3 inches long, on petioles 2 to 4 lines long:
peduncles an inch long, 1-3-flowered. — Nutt. in Torr. Pac. R. Rep. iv. 74; Trelease, 1. ¢.
354. E. atropurpureus, var. B? Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 258.— Oregon to Southern California,
and Carson City, Nevada, Anderson.
E. Parishii, Treveass,1l.c. Weak but rather large shrub: winter buds 3 to 5 lines long :
leaves elliptic-ovate to obovate, gradually cuneate or abruptly contracted and cuneate at
base, obtuse or blunt-pointed, finely crenate-serrulate : peduncles 2 inches long, 3-7-flowered :
flowers somewhat smaller than in the last, to which the species is closely related. — San
Jacinto Mountain, California, Parish.
2. PACHISTIMA, Raf. (Name said to be from axis, thick, and oriypa,
stigma, from the slightly enlarged stigma.) — Low shrubs with squarish minutely
verrucose twigs, opposite crenulate or serrulate coriaceous 1-nerved rather small
evergreen leaves with minute stipules, and few-flowered axillary cymes shorter
than the leaves. Am. Monthly Mag. ii. 176. Pachystima, Benth. & Hook. Gen.
i. 361; Baill. 1. c. 30; Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 352, 354; Loésener
in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 211. Oreophila, Nutt. in Torr. &
Gray, FI. i. 258. — Confined to the mountains of the United States and Mexico.
P. Myrsinites, Rar. A foot or two high, spreading: leaves often on the same plant from
broadly elliptical to oblong-ovate or subspatulate, slightly revolute, nearly entire or crenulate
to sharply serrulate above, obtuse, 6 to exceptionally 20 lines long, the base rounded or
key
398 CELASTRACEZ. _ Pachistima.
cuneate: peduncles and pedicels about a line long, the former 1- to mostly 3-flowered: fruit
narrowly ovoid, 4 lines long.— Am. Monthly Mag. ii. 176, & Sylv. Tellur. 42; Gray, Proc.
Am. Acad. viii. 378, 624; Trelease, 1. c. 354. Ilex ¢ Myrsinites, Pursh, Fl. i.119. Myginda
myrtifolia, Nutt. Gen. i. 109; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 120, t. 41. Oreophila myrtifolia, Nutt.
in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 259.— Brit. Columbia to California, New Mexico, and Colorado.
(Northern Mex.)
P. Canbyi, Gray. Trailing and rooting, the branches a span or two high: leaves narrowly
elliptical or exceptionally obovate, slightly revolute, 5 to 10 lines long, the upper half ser-
rulate, obtuse, the base rounded or subcuneate : peduncles and pedicels filiform, frequently
2 lines long: otherwise similar to the preceding.— Proc. Am. Acad. viii. 623; Meehan,
Native Flowers, ser. 1, i. 173, t. 44; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 613; Trelease, 1. ¢. 354. — Mountains
of Virginia. A specimen, unquestionably of this species, labelled Jacksonville, Florida,
Brendel.
8. CELASTRUS, L. Srarr-rrer. (An ancient Greek name, of un-
certain application.) — Twining shrubs with terete glabrous stems, alternate ser-
rate pinnately veined ample petioled deciduous leaves with very minute stipules,
and rather ample terminal and often axillary somewhat pedunculate panicles or
racemes, drooping in fruit. — Gen. no. 168; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 257; Gray, Gen.
Ill. ii. 185, t. 170; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 364; Baill. Hist. Pl. vi. 36; Trelease,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 352, 854; Lésener in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf.
ili. Ab. 5, 205. — Mostly of India and Eastern Asia, also reaching Australia and
Madagascar.
C. scandens, L. (Suruppy or Ciimpine Bitrer-sweeEt.) Climbing to a considerable
height: the leaves more or less 2-ranked from torsion of the stem, ovate or exceptionally
obovate to ovate-lanceolate, acute at base, acuminate, low-serrate or crenate-serrate, glabrous,
2 to 4 inches long: pedicels articulated below the middle: fruit 6 lines in diameter, orange,
when dehiscent exposing the very showy crimson aril. — Spec. i. 196; Gzertn. Fruct. ii. 85,
t. 95; Schk. Handb. i. 153, t. 47; Nouv. Duham. vi. 110, t. 83; Loud. Arb. ii. 502, f. 171;
Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 257,685; Gray, Gen. IIl. ii. 186, t. 170; Schnizl. Ic. iv. t. 236, f. 1, 12-14,
27; Emerson, Trees & Shrubs Mass. ed. 2, ii. 545, with plate; Trelease, l. c. 354; Dippel,
1. c. 482; Losener, 1. c. 191, f.117 E. C. bullatus, L. Spec. i. 196. Huonymoides scandens,
Meench, Meth. 70.— Canada and New England to South Dakota and New Mexico.
4, MAYTENUS, Mol. (Name from the Chilian word mayten.) — Shrubs
with terete glabrous twigs, alternate mostly entire evergreen leaves with minute
aud evanescent stipules, and reduced few-flowered axillary cymes shorter than
the leaves. — Mol. acc. to Juss. Gen. 449; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 364; Griseb.
Cat. Pl. Cub. 53; Lésener in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 205, &
Engl. Jahrb. xv. Beibl. no. 38, 6. Haenkea, Ruiz & Pav. Prodr. 36, t. 6.
Tricerma, Liebm. Vidensk. Meddel. 1853, 97. Monteverdia, A. Rich. Fl. Cub.
i. 8346. — Of the tropical or subtropical American region.
M. phyllanthoides, Benrn. Rather large shrub : leaves pale, thick, dull, obovate, acute
at base, very obtuse or somewhat emarginate, entire or slightly repand above, glabrous, an
inch long, the petiole about a line long: flowers very short-stalked: capsule 4 to 6 lines
long, contracted at base or substipitate, deep red, somewhat glaucous. — Bot. Sulph. 54;
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 47; Gray, Proc. Am. Acad., v. 155; Chapm. Fl. 77; Hemsl. Biol.
Centr.-Am. Bot. i. 189; Trelease, 1. ¢.355. Tricerma crassifolium, Liebm. Vidensk. Meddel.
1853, 98.— Cape Sable, Pumpkin Key, Cedar Keys, and Key West, Florida. (Mex., Lower
Calif.)
5. GYMINDA, Sargent. (Name by transposition from Myginda.) — Shrub
or smal] tree with more or less 4-angled glabrous twigs, opposite nearly entire
&
Schefferia. CELASTRACER. 399
firm short-petioled leaves, and axillary few-flowered cymes shorter than the leaves.
— Gard. & For. iv. 4, & Silv. ii. 13; Liésener in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzent.
iii, Ab. 5, 217. Myginda § Gyminda, Griseb. Cat. Pl. Cub. 55.— A single
subtropical American species.
G. Grisebachii, Sarcent. Leaves thick, pale, obovate, tapering to a very short petiole,
rounded above, crenulate to entire, glabrous, 1 to 2 inches long: inflorescence glabrous,
commonly shorter than the leaves, few-flowered, the lateral pedicels stout and divergent:
flowers greenish white: drupe 1-2-seeded, 2 to 4 lines long, bluish black. — Gard. & For. iy.
4, & Sily. ii. 14, t. 54. Myginda integrifolia, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. vii. 66; DC. Prodr.
iil. 13; Griseb. l.c.; Sargent, Bot. Gaz. xi. 314, & Gard. & For. ii. 352; release, 1. c. 356;
not Lam. WM. pallens, Sargent, U.S. 10th Census, ix. 38, not Sm. M. ? latifolia, Chapm.
Fl. 76; Trelease, 1. c. 356; not Swartz. — Florida Keys. (W. Ind.)
6. RHACOMA, L. (A name of Pliny for the rhubarb; the application to
the present genus not clear.) — Shrubs of various habit, ours with square or
4-lined glabrous or slightly downy twigs, rather small opposite entire to spiny-
margined leaves with minute stipules, and small axillary downy cymes. — Syst.
Nat. ed. 10, 896, & Gen. ed. 6, no. 144; Lésener in Eng]. & Prantl, Nat. Pflan-
zenf. iii. Ab. 5, 217. Myginda, Jacq. Enum. Pl. Carib. 1 (Myeinda), 12; L. Gen.
ed. 6, no. 178. — Of the tropical and subtropical American region.
* Leaves pungently dentate.
R. ilicif6lia, TreLeass, n.comb. Low shrub, glabrate or puberulent: leaves thin but firm:
veiny, ovate, acute at both ends, 6 to 9 lines long: inflorescence shorter than the leaves:
flowers red: drupe 2 or 3 lines long, 1-celled. — Myginda ilicifolia, Poir. Dict. iv. 396; Tre-
lease, 1. c. 355. — Everglades and keys of Florida. (W. Ind.) The toothing of the leaves is
much shallower than in Cuban specimens referred here, our plant being nearest to MW. aqui-
folia, Griseb., as represented by Wright, no. 2210.
* * Leaves not at all pungent.
R. Crossopétalum, L. Small shrub, glabrate or slightly downy: leaves rather thin,
ovate or elliptical to mostly obovate, tapering to the short petiole, obtuse or emarginate,
sometimes mucronate, shallowly crenate-serrate, less than an inch long: pedicels slender,
ascending, shorter than the leaves: flowers dark red: drupe 2 to 3 lines long, red, 1-2-celled. —
Syst. Nat. ed. 10, 896, & Ameen. Acad. v. 393. Myginda Rhacoma, Sw. FI. Ind. Oce. i. 340;
Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 146; Chapm. Fl. 75; Trelease, 1. c. MM. pallens, Trelease, 1. c. (when
with 2-celled fruit). — Subtropical Florida and Florida Keys. (W. Ind.)
7. SCH AFFERIA, Jacq. (Named after J. C. Scheffer, a German nat-
uralist of the last century.) —Shrubs with glabrous closely ribbed sometimes
spinescent twigs, alternate firm rugose-veiny entire subsessile glabrous leaves,
often fascicled on spurs, with setaceous or abortive stipules, and small few-flowered
fascicles axillary or seeming as if terminal on the spurs. — Enum. Pl. Carib. 10,
& Stirp. Am. 259; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 367; Trelease, 1. c. 356; Sargent,
Silv. ii. 15; Lésener in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 219. — Of the
West Indian and Mexican region.
S. frutéscens, Jaca. Small tree with rather slender zigzag green twigs: leaves elliptical
to spatulate-elliptical, acute at base, at length 1 to 2 inches long, the apex variously acute
or mucronate: pedicels about 3 lines long: drupe 2 lines long, red, mammillated, shortly
beaked. — Enum. PI. Carib. 33, & Stirp. Am. 259; Lam. III. iii. 402, t. 809; Trelease, 1. ¢.
356; Sargent, Silv. ii. 17, t. 55. S. completa, Sw. F1. Ind. Oce. i. 327, t. 7, f. A (Sloane, Jam.
ii. t. 209, f. 1). S. buxifolia, Nutt. Sylv. ii. 42, t.56.— Metacombe Key and Key West, Flor-
ida. {W. Ind.)
400 CELASTRACES. Scheefferia.
S. cuneifolia, Gray. Shrub, with rigid somewhat spiny gray twigs: leaves spatulate-
cuneate, rounded or emarginate at apex, half inch long: pedicels a line long or less: drupe
flattened and grooved: otherwise resembling the last. — P]. Wright. i. 35, i1. 29; Torr. Bot.
Mex. Bound. 47; Trelease, 1. c. 356. — New Mexico and W. Texas. (Mex.)
8. MORTONIA, Gray. (Named for Dr. S. G. Morton, an American
naturalist of the first half of the present century.) — Mostly intricately branched
shrubs with subterete often hispid twigs, very thick alternate small entire 1-nerved
revolute leaves with abortive stipules, and small cymes in the upper axils mostly
aggregated into a small terminal panicle. — Pl. Wright. i. 34, ii. 28; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. i. 8368; Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. vy. 856; Lésener in Engl.
& Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 218. — Of the Texano-Mexican region.
* Leaves elliptical, short.
M. sempérvirens, Gray. Leaves obtuse to subacute, entire, revolute, glabrous, smooth,
2 to 3 lines long, very short-petioled: peduncles a line or two long, with 2 obtuse bracts
close to the flower: fruit oblong, 3 lines long, abruptly beaked. — P]. Wright. i. 35, t. 4, il.
28; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 47; Trelease, 1. c.— W. Texas, Wright, Bigelow.
M. scabrélla, Gray. Divaricately branched: twigs hispidulous: leaves obtuse to stout-
pointed, papillate-roughened, about 3 lines long: otherwise like the last.— Pl. Wright. ii.
28; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 47; Trelease, 1. c.; Losener in Eng]. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf.
iii. Ab. 5, 218, f. 127. — Arizona to S. W. Texas, along the Mexican line. A rather large
form, with large flower-clusters and leaves half inch long, is var. UraneEnsis, Coville, in herb.,
from Utah and Nevada.
* * Leaves oblong-spatulate.
M. Gréggii, Gray. Twigs puberulent: leaves mucronate or acuminate, glabrous, minutely
punctate, half inch to inch long and 2 lines wide, tapering to a short petiole: fruit shorter,
stout. — Pl. Wright. i. 35; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 47; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 336 ;
Trelease, 1. c.— Northern Mexico, perhaps extending into the United States. M. effusa,
Turez. Bull. Soc. Nat. Mose. xxxi. 453, based on Berlandier’s collections, if separable, differs
in its thinner and rather broader less revolute leaves. The other Mexican species, J/.
Palmeri, Hemsl. Diagn. Pl. Nov. pars alt. 24, frequently confounded with M. Greggii, if
really separable, differs in its narrower leaves, which are half inch long, a line wide, very
thick, and more revolute.
9. GLOSSOPETALON, Gray. (Namé from yAdésca, tongue, and
méraXov, petal, because of the shape of these members.) — Small shrubs with
angled green nearly or quite glabrous often spinescent twigs, small entire alter-
nate leaves with setaceous stipules adnate to the dilated often red or purple base
of the petioles, and subsolitary axillary flowers shorter than the leaves. — PI.
Wright. ii. 29, t. 12, f. B; Baill. Hist. Pl. vi. 42. Glossopetalum, Benth. &
Hook. Gen. i. 8368; Lésener in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 219 ;
not Schreber. orsellesia, Greene, Erythea, i. 206.— Of the Western Moun-
tain region. :
G. spinéscens, Gray. Low intricately branched spinescent shrub: leaves glaucous, gla-
brous to puberulent, oblanceolate, tapering to a petiole about 1 line long that is gradually
dilated below and often with minute setaceous adnate stipules, acute, 3 or 4 lines long, and
about a line wide: pedicels equalling the leaves: flowers mostly 5-merous: stamens 10:
fruit ovoid, usually curved to one side, acute, finely striate. — Pl. Wright. ii. 29, t. 12, f. B,
Pl. Thurb. 299, & Proce. Am. Acad. xi. 73; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 47, & Pac. R. Rep. iv. 74;
Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 109; Lisener, 1. c. 219, f. 128. Forsellesia spinescens, Greene,
pe si — Snake River, Oregon, Cusick, to W. Texas, and the Mojave Desert, California,
arish,
Hippocratea. RHAMNACEZ. 401
Var. meionaéndrum, Trevease, n. comb. Stamens 5 to 7: otherwise very like the
type. — G. meionandrum, Koehne, Gartenfl. xliii. 237, f. 52. — 8S. Colorado, Purpus.
G. Nevadénse, Gray. Usually minutely puberulent: leaves elliptical, a little longer than
in the last, 2 or 3 lines wide, the broad stipuliferous base abrupt: flowers 4-merous: stamens
8.— Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 73; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 109. Forsellesia Nevadensis,
Greene, 1. c. 206. — Washoe County, Nevada.
10. HIPPOCRATEA, L. (Named for Hippocrates, the Greek physician
and naturalist.) — Climbing shrubs with prehensile twigs, opposite crenate ample
short-petioled deciduous leaves with minute stipules, and flowers in small dichoto-
mous axillary cymes. — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 908; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
i. 369 ; Peyritsch in Mart. Fl. Bras. xi. pt. 1, 127; Baill. Hist. Pl. vi. 45;
Lésener, 1. c. 226. — Mostly of the tropics of both continents.
H. ovata, Lam. Climbing to a considerable height: leaves thin, elliptic-ovate, obtuse or
blunt-pointed, glabrous, 13 to 23 inches long ; the petioles 2 or 3 lines long: flowers almost
sessile, somewhat rusty-pubescent: valves of capsule 14 inches long, elliptical, obtuse, closely
parallel-veined. — Ill. i, 100, t. 28; release, 1. c. 357; Losener, 1. c. f. 130, a-d. — Ever-
glades and Keys of Florida. (W. Ind.)
ORDER XLII. RHAMNACE.
By W. TRELEASE.
Woody plants, sometimes spinose or climbing. Leaves alternate or opposite,
simple, not lobed, or slightly lobed in some forms of Condalia, entire, denticulate
or serrate, not glandular-punctate (but sometimes with surface glands below),
with small or caducous stipules. Flowers in reduced axillary cymes or occasion-
ally subspicate or thyrsoid, small, mostly greenish, perfect or occasionally dicecious
by abortion (in some species of Rhamnus and Gouania), 4—5-merous, with a con-
spicuous disk lining a short calyx-tube and sometimes adnate to the ovary. Calyx-
segments valvate, usually cristate down the inner face, often deciduous. Petals
distinct, inserted on the calyx near the margin of the disk, or in some genera
wanting, short-clawed, hooded or with incurved margins. Stamens as many as
and alternate with the calyx-lobes, hence in front of and mostly embraced by the
petals when these are present, distinct, inserted at or below the margin of the
disk ; anthers short, versatile, 2-celled, on more or less elongated filaments.
Pistil compound, 2—3-celled, or 1-celled by abortion, sometimes lobed; ovules
anatropous, 1 or rarely 2 in each cell; style evident, terminal, mostly notched or
lobed, with lateral stigmas. Fruit drupaceous, sometimes dry at maturity, or
septicidally capsular, the cocci or segments 1-seeded and frequently indehiscent ;
seeds not arillate, generally with scanty oily albumen; embryo straight (some-
what curved in Reynosia), usually with broad occasionally green cotyledons. —
The tribes readily separable, but the genera often scarcely distinguishable by
technical characters alone, though usually differing in habit, inflorescence, or
venation of leaves.
Tripe I. ZIZYPHEZ. Lobes of calyx deciduous (except in one section of Con-
dalia) ; disk lining the shallow calyx-tube, nearly or quite free from the ovary.
26
402 RHAMNACEZ. Condalia.
Fruit drupaceous, mostly fleshy and often edible, with a single 1-4-celled stone
enclosing as many seeds, or 1-seeded by abortion; seed-coats membranaceous.
* Embryo relatively large ; albumen not ruminated.
+— A single ovule in each cell.
1. CONDALIA. Apetalous or with hooded clawed petals. Style notched or somewhat
2-3-lobed, its base persisting on the incompletely 2-celled fruit.
2. RHAMNIDIUM. Apetalous (in our species). Style 2-lobed, its base persisting on the
1-celled fruit.
3. MICRORHAMNUS. Petals hooded, clawed. Style notched, disarticulating close to
the small 1-celled fruit.
4. BERCHEMIA. Petals acute, with incurved margins, clawless. Style slightly 2-lobed,
deciduous close to the elongated 2-celled fruit.
+— + Two ovules in each cell.
5. KARWINSKIA. Petals hooded, very short-clawed. Style slightly 2-3-lobed, forming
a beak on the 2- or incompletely 4-celled fruit.
* * Embryo small, within copious rnminated albumen.
6. REYNOSIA. Apetalous. Style somewhat 2-lobed, its base persistent on the large
1-celled fruit.
TrisE II. RHAMNEZ. Lobes of calyx deciduous (except in Sageretia and one
species of Colubrina); disk lining the calyx-tube, or both adherent to the ovary.
Fruit drupaceous or becoming dry, enclosing 2 to 4 nutlets or cocci; seed-coats
mostly hard.
* Fruit fleshy, free from the calyx.
7. SAGERETIA. Calyx shallow. Petals hooded and clawed. Style short, 3-lobed.
8. RHAMNUS. Tube of calyx rather deep. Petals small and clawless, or wanting. Style
rather elongated, 2-lobed.
* * Fruit becoming nearly or quite dry, partly inferior.
9. CEANOTHUS. Calyx-lobes petaloid. Petals large for the order, hooded and long-
clawed, often spreading away from the stamens. Style mostly elongated and 3-lobed.
Inflorescence usually compound and thyrsoid.
10. COLUBRINA. Calyx not petaloid. Petals small, sessile, surrounding the stamens.
Flowers in small axillary umbels.
Tre II]. COLLETIE. Lobes of calyx persistent; disk lining the cup-shaped
calyx-tube, mostly investing, but free from, the lower half of the ovary. Fruit
dry, enclosing 3 cocci.
11. ADOLPHIA. Petals hooded. Style short, notched. Anthers introrsely dehiscent by
an arcuate line.
Trine IV. GOUANIEZ. Lobes of calyx persistent, the often star-shaped disk
joining its tube to the entire surface of the ovary. Fruit dry, 3-winged.
12. GOUANIA. Petals hooded. Fruit separating through the wings into 3 indehiscent 2-
winged segments.
1. CONDALIA, Cav. (Named in honor of Antonio Condal, a Spanish
physician, who accompanied Leefling on his journey up the Orinoco.) — Shrubs or
trees with mostly divaricate and often spiny twigs, alternate mostly entire some-
times 3-nerved rather small leaves with minute stipules, and sessile or short-pe-
duncled umbel-like axillary cymes. — An. Hist. Nat. Madrid, i. 39; Brongn. Mém.
Rhamn. 48, & Ann. Sci. Nat. x. 355; Gray, Gén. Il. ii. 171, t. 164; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. i. 8376; Baill. Hist. Pl. vi. 82; Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v.
Condalia. RHAMNACEX. 403
361; Weberbauer in Engl, & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 404 (including
Zizyphus of writers on North American botany).— Of the warmer regions of
the New World.
* Apetalous: sepals persistent : placenta 1; styles slightly 2-3-lobed. —§ Eucendalia.
C. obovata, Hoox. Small tree, velvety-pubescent or at length glabrate, the somewhat
angled twigs with white flaking epidermis: leaves drying brown or black above, at length
glabrous, spatulate to obovate, long-cuneate, mostly mucronate and entire, minutely sub-
revolute, short-petioled, 6 to 12 lines long: flowers very short-stalked: drupe subglobose, 2
to 3 lines in diameter ; the short stout style disarticulating at about the middle; stigma 3-
lobed. — Ie. t. 287; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 685; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 172, t. 164; Trelease, 1. c.
361; Sargent, Silv. ii. 25, t. 57; Weberbauer, l. c. — Central and 8. Texas. (Mex.)
C. Mexicana, Scutecnr. In aspect somewhat intermediate between the preceding and
following, mostly persistently dingy-velvety: leaves short-villous, obovate or oblanceolate,
acute below, almost sessile, about 3 lines long: flowers nearly sessile: drupe ellipsoidal, 2
to 3 lines long; style short, disarticulating at about the middle. — Linnzea, xv. 471; Trelease,
1. c. 362.—S. Arizona. (Mex.) Specimens from San Julio Cafion, Lower Calif., Brandegee,
have elongated fruit 3 lines long, and large obovate mucronate to deeply emarginate long-
decurrent glabrous leaves, as in the preceding, but pass into the type through Mexican speci-
mens, Gregg, no. 795.
C. spathulata, Gray. Shrub, mostly velvety, the twigs reddish with pruinose incrusta-
tions: leaves typically smaller, narrowly spatulate, cuneate, acute to emarginate, green on
both sides, glabrous or velvety, thick, with few broad veins, very short-petioled, 3 to scarcely
6 lines long : pedicels a line long: drupe obliquely ovoid, 2 lines long, the slender style dis-
articulating near the end ; stigma 2-lobed. — Pl. Wright. i. 32, ii. 27 ; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
47; Trelease, 1. c. 362; Weberbauer, 1. c. —S. W. Texas to Mesquite, California, Parish,
no. 793. (Mex.)
* * Petals present: sepals deciduous: placent 2; style bifid. Zizyphus of most writers
on North American botany. — § Condaliopsis.
+— Umbels on a short peduncle: calyx fleshy: drupe beakless, with a thin-walled stone.
C. obtusifélia, Wresernaver, lc. Mostly rigid and spinose, somewhat pubescent to gla-
brate, the angled twigs with pruinose flaking epidermis: leaves sometimes glabrescent,
typically thin and green, spatulate to elliptical or ovate-deltoid on long shoots, acute to
emarginate, entire or the broader forms unequally and coarsely serrate or almost lobed, 3
to 12 lines long, mostly 3-nerved : peduncle and pedicels each about a line long, mostly vil-
lous, like the calyx: drupe subglobose, 4 lines in diameter. — Rhamnus ? obtusifolius, Hook.
in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 685; Scheele, Linnea, xxi. 595. Zizyphus obtusifolia, Gray, Gen.
Ill. ii. 170, t. 163, & Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 168; Trelease, lc. 362. Paliurus Texanus, Scheele,
Linnea, xxi. 594. —§. Texas. (Northern Mex.)
C. lycioides, Wrenernaver, l.c. Very rigid and spinose, the striate zigzag twigs whitened :
leaves subglabrous, rather thin, pale, oblong or occasionally ovate, obtuse or emarginate,
usually entire, 6 lines long or less: drupes as in the last or somewhat elongated. — Zizyphus
lycioides, Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 168; Trelease, 1. c. 363. —S. W. Texas. (Mex.)
Var. canéscens, TrELEASE, n. comb. More hairy, with green-gray twigs, the
mostly tomentose leaves thicker and usually broader, elliptical to ovate-deltoid, entire,
denticulate or somewhat 3-lobed. — Zizyphus lycioides, var. canescens, Gray in Rothrock,
Wheeler Rep. vi. 82; Trelease, 1. c. 363. —S. E. Arizona to Mammoth Tank, California,
Pringle & Parish, no. 1181. (Lower Calif.) In aspect of foliage connecting this species
with the preceding.
+- + Umbels sessile: calyx-segments thinner, less keeled within: drupe larger, beaked,
nearly dry, with a thick-walled hard and bony kernel.
C. Parryi, Wenerraver, |. c. Flexuously much branched and slender-spiny, glabrous
throughout: twigs less sulcate, scarcely incrusted : leaves mostly fascicled, green, glossy, at
length firm, reticulate-veiny, obovate to elliptical, 4 to 6 lines long, tapering to slender peti-
oles of equal length: pedicels very slender, 2 or 3 lines long, becoming twice as long and
404 RHAMNACEZ. Rhamnidium.
recurved in fruit: drupe ovoid, 7 lines long. — Zizyphus Parryi, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
46; Brew. & Wat. Bot. Calif. i.99; Trelease, 1.c.; Kellogg, W. Am. Sci. vii. 64, fig. —
S. California. (Lower Calif. and adj. ids. )
2. RHAMNIDIUM, Reiss. (Name from fdpvos, the buckthorn, and <idos,
form.) — Shrubs or small trees with thornless twigs often roughened by promi-
nent lenticels, mostly subopposite firm entire pinnately veined medium-sized
leaves with minute stipules, and short-peduncled axillary cymes. — Reiss. in
Mart. Fl. Bras. xi. pt. 1, 94; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 378; Baill. Hist. Pl.
vi. 74; Sargent, Silv. ii. 27. — Of the tropical American region, ours from the
West Indies and differing from the representative Brazilian species in its apetalous
flowers, firmer stone, etc.
R. férreum, Sarcent. (Brack Iron-woop.) Small tree: twigs somewhat velvety: leaves
broadly elliptical, emarginate and mucronate, entire or wavy, minutely subrevolute, thin but
coriaceous, glossy above, glabrous except for the short petiole and upper surface of midrib,
paler beneath, drying very dark, 12 to 18 lines long: peduncle a line long, short-forked, the
pedicels becoming 2 or 3 lines long in fruit : drupe globose-ovoid ; style short, forked nearly
to the middle. — Gard. & For. iv. 16, & Silv. ii. 29, t. 58. Rhamnus ferreus, Vahl, Symb.
pt. 8, 41, t. 58. Myginda integrifolia, Lam. Dict. iv. 396. Zizyphus emarginatus, Sw. Fl. Ind.
Oce. iii. 1954. Ceanothus ferreus, DC. Prodr. ii. 30. Scutia ferrea, Brongn. Mém. Rhamn.
56, & Ann, Sci. Nat. x. 363. Condalia ferrea, Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 100; Gray, Bot. Gaz. iv.
208; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 612; Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 13, 40; Trelease, 1. c. 362.
Sarcomphalus ? ferreus, Weberbauer, 1. c. 405.— S. Florida and Florida Keys. (W. Ind.)
3. MICRORHAMNUS, Gray. (Name from prxpds, small, and fapvos,
the buckthorn, because of the minute leaves.) — Small intricately branched very
spiny shrub with alternate fascicled entire 1-nerved small heath-like revolute
leaves with minute stipules, and solitary axillary flowers. — P]. Wright. i. 33;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 876; Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 360, 363;
Weberbauer in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 405.—A single
species.
M. ericoides, Gray. Glabrous or exceptionally minutely puberulent : leaves elliptical, acute,
revolute to the broad midrib, the enclosed grooves densely short-tomentose, 1 to 3 lines long,
sessile; stipules broadly triangular, ciliate ; pedicels about a line long: drupe oblong, 3 or
4 lines long, the slender style disarticulating from its abruptly pointed summit. — PI.
Wright. i. 34, ii. 28; Torr. & Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 162; Trelease, 1. c. 363.— W. Texas.
(Northern Mex.)
_4. BERCHEMIA, Neck. (Name of unknown derivation, but supposed
to be personal.) — Shrubs or small trees (ours twining) with spineless twigs, al-
ternate thin entire pinnately veined ample slender-petioled leaves, minute stipules,
and rather loose more or less leafy terminal panicles. — Elem. Bot. ii. 122;
Brongn. Mém. Rhamn. 49, & Ann. Sci. Nat. x. 356; Gray, Gen. Ill. il. 173 ;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 377; Baill. Hist. Pl. vi. 78; Trelease, Trans. St. Louis
Acad. v. 360, 363 ; Weberbauer in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 405.
Oenoplea, Hedw. f. Gen. i. 151. Ocenoplia, Schult. Syst. v. 332. — Of the Asiatic
region, one species African, and ours peculiar to Eastern North America.
B. volibilis, DC. (Suprre Jack.) Climbing over trees to a great height, glabrous
throughout: leaves ovate, acute or narrowly acuminate-cuspidate, undulate and slightly
revolute, an inch or two long: drupe blue, ellipsoidal, 4 lines long, the style deciduous near
the base. — Prodr. ii. 22; Brongn. Mém. Rhamn. 50, & Ann. Sci. Nat. x. 357; Torr. & Gray,
Sageretia. RHAMNACEZ. 405
Fl. i. 260, 685 ; Loudon, Arb. ii. 528, f. 196; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 174, t. 165; Trelease, 1. c.
363. B. scandens, Trelease, 1. c. 364; Britton, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 220; Weberbauer, I. ¢.
406, f.199 D-G. Rhamnus scandens, Hill, Hort. Kew. 453, t. 20, & Veg. Syst. xiv. 64, t. 17.
R. volubilis, L. £. Suppl. 152; Jacq. Ie. Rar. ii. 12, t. 336; L’Her. Sert. Angl. 5. Zizyphus
volubilis, Willd. Spec. i. 1102. — Virginia to Central Texas and Florida.
5. KARWINSKIA, Zucc. (Named in honor of Baron Karwinsky, a
Bavarian traveller.) — Shrubs or small trees with spineless branches, mostly sub-
opposite entire pinnately veined black-punctate ample rather thin leaves with
minute stipules, and flowers in short-peduncled axillary clusters. — Abh. Akad.
Miinchen, 1. 8349; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 377; Baill. Hist. Pl. vi. 75 ; Trelease,
Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 360, 364; Weberbauer in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflan-
zenf. iii. Ab. 5, 405. — Of the Mexican region.
K. Humboldtiana, Zucce. 1. c. 353. Shrub or small tree: twigs glabrescent: leaves
nearly as in Berchemia, elliptic-ovate, rounded or subcordate at base, obtuse, mucronate or
long-acute, entire or undulate, mostly glabrous, slightly paler and with some small black
glandular dots beneath, 1 to 3 inches long, their slender petioles usually about one third as
long, but sometimes greatly reduced : peduncle a line long or less, few-flowered ; pedicels of
equal length, both elongating in fruit: drupe ovoid, apiculate, 6 lines long ; style articulated
near the top. — Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i 100; Trelease, 1. c. 364. K. glandulosa, Zuce.
1. c. 351, t. 16, & Flora, xv. pt. 2, Beibl. 71. K. affinis, Schlecht. Linnea, xv. 460. K. bini-
flora, Schlecht. 1. c. Rhamnus umbellatus, Cav. Ie. vi. 2, t. 504. R. Humboldtianus, Rem. &
Schult. Syst. v. 295; HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. vii. 52, t. 618. — Southwestern border of
Texas. (Mex., Lower Calif.)
6. REYNOSIA, Griseb. (Named for Dr. Alvaro Reynoso, a Cuban
chemist of the middle of the present century. )— Shrubs or small trees with thorn-
less twigs, mostly opposite coriaceous entire pinnately veined medium-sized ever-
green leaves with minute stipules, and sessile axillary umbels. — Cat. Pl. Cub.
33; Eggers, Vidensk. Meddel. 1877, 173; Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad.
v. 360, 364; Sargent, Silv. ii. 19; Weberbauer in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflan-
zenf. iii. Ab. 5, 405. — Of the West Indian region.
R. latifolia, Grises. 1. c. 34. Small tree, glabrous or the twigs at first slightly puberulent :
leaves broadly elliptical, spatulate-oblong, or obovate, rounded at both ends, emarginate and
commonly mucronate, entire, slightly revolute, very thick, often paler or reddish beneath
and with a thick midrib, finely reticulate, 6 to 18 lines long, on short thick petioles: flowers
appearing with the new leaves: pedicels from 2 becoming 4 lines long: fruit ellipsoidal, 6
lines long, short-beaked. — Eggers, Vidensk. Meddel. 1877, 173, t. 2, & Bull. U. S. Nat.
Mus. no. 13, 40; Gray, Bot. Gaz. iv. 208; Chapm. Fl. ed. 2, 612; Trelease, 1. c. 364;
Sargent, Silv. ii. 21, t. 56, & Gard. & For. iv. 15. — Miami and the Keys of Florida. (Baha-
mas, W. Ind.)
7. SAGERETIA, Brongn. (Named for Augustin Sugeret, a French
horticulturist and vegetable physiologist.) — Trailing, scrambling, or spreading
shrubs with spiny divaricate twigs, mostly obliquely opposite often serrulate pin-
nately veined glossy leaves of medium size with minute stipules, and nearly
sessile flowers forming interrupted axillary spikes often aggregated into rigid
compound clusters at ends of the branches. —Mém. Rhamn. 52, & Ann.
Sci. Nat. x. 859; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 175; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 379;
Baill. Hist. Pl. vi. 79; Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 361, 867;
Weberbauer in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 408.— Mostly of
the Asiatic region.
406 RHAMNACEA. Sageretia.
S. Michatxii, Bronen. Trailing or scrambling: twigs somewhat angled, becoming te-
rete, at first tomentose: leaves ovate, mostly cordate, acute.or acuminate, somewhat mucro-
nate, incurved-serrulate or on lax shoots sharply serrate; the larger about 14 inches long,
their tomentose petioles 1 or 2 lines long; veins beneath and occasionally the surface some-
what tomentose: inflorescence at length ample, loose, leafless above, terminating the upper
branches, the lower spikes spreading from the axils of the uppermost foliar leaves: flowers
very fragrant: fruit 4 lines long, sessile. — Mém. Rhamn. 53, & Ann. Sci. Nat. x. 360;
Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 263; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 176, t. 166; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 358;
Trelease, 1. c. 367. Rhamnus minutiflorus, Michx. Fl. i. 154; Nutt. Gen. i. 152; Pursh, Fl.
i. 166; Ell. Sk. i. 289; DC. Prodr. ii. 27. Afarca parviflora, Raf. Silv. Tellur. 30.
Segregatia Michauxii, Wood, Class-Book, ed. of 1861, 292. — South Carolina to Alabama,
around the coast.
S. Wrightii, Watson. Shrubby, as much as ten feet high: leaves elliptical or obovate,
not cordate, glabrescent, half inch to nearly an inch long: inflorescence often simpler,
with mostly short lateral brancnes. — Proc. Am. Acad. xx. 358; Trelease, 1. ¢. 367.—
W. Texas to the Sta. Rita Mountains of Arizona. (Northern Mex., Lower Calif.)
8. RHAMNUS, Tourn. Buckrnorn. (Pépros, the ancient Greek name
of the Buckthorn.) — Shrubs or small trees, mostly spineless, with alternate,
obliquely opposite or opposite, entire to serrulate or pungently toothed pinnately
veined mostly thin and ample leaves with often Janceolate but caducous stipules,
and small sometimes dicecious flowers solitary in the lower axils or in sessile or
peduncled axillary umbels. — Inst. 593, t. 8366; L. Gen. no. 165; Brongn. Mém.
Rhamn. 53, & Ann. Sc. Nat. x. 362; Gray, Gen. Il. ii. 179; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. i. 377 ; Baill. Hist. Pl. vi. 74; Trelease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 361, 365;
Sargent, Silv. ii, 31; Weberbauer in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab.
5, 409. — Includes Frangula, sometimes kept apart. Cosmopolitan but chiefly of
the north-temperate zone.
* Flowers mostly polygamo-diccious, appearing nearly with the leaves, without a common
peduncle: seeds grooved down the back (except in R. alnifolia), the rhaphe lying in the
groove ; cotyledons relatively thin, curved with the seed: winter buds scaly.
+ Leaves firm though rather thin, evergreen, often pungently toothed: flowers 4-merous:
fruit red, the mostly 2 cocci widely dehiscent on the inner angle.
R. crdcea, Nurr. Spreading shrub or rarely arborescent, with rather red bark: twigs di-
varicate, puberulent or glabrescent, often ending in blunt spines: leaves alternate or fas-
cicled, glossy, mostly bronzed beneath, glabrous or somewhat puberulent on the petiole and
midrib beneath, nearly round to broadly ovate or elliptical, emarginate to mucronate-acumi-
nate, glandular-dentate or bidenticulate, 3 to 12 lines, their petioles 1 or 2 lines long:
flowers mostly apetalous: fruit 2 or 3 lines long: pedicels at length 1 to 2 or exceptionally
3 lines long. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 261 ; Jour. Hort. Soc. London, vi. 217, with fig. ;
Wats. Cat. Pl. Wheeler, 7, & Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 114; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 100;
M. K. Curran, Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, i. 251; Trelease, 1. c. 365; Sargent, Gard. & For.
ii. 364, & Sily. ii, 33, t. 59. BR. ilicifolia, Kell. Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 37. — California, from
Mariposa County southward, chiefly in the Coast Range. (Lower Calif.)
Var. insularis, Sarcent, is an arborescent form differing in its grayer bark, larger
less toothed leaves, longer flowers and fruit (commonly 3 lines long), and said to flower six
weeks later than the ordinary form. — Gard. & For. ii. 364, & Silv. ii. 34, t. 60. R. insularis,
Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 392, & Pittonia, i. 201. A. pirifolia, Greene, Pittonia, iii.
15.— Islands of California and Lower California from Sta. Barbara southward, also about
San Diego.
Var. pilésa, Treveass, is a form with the mostly larger, toothed leaves, and the
inflorescence, strikingly gray-velvety.— Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, i. 251, & Trans. St.
Louis Acad. y. 365; Sargent, Silv. ii. 33.—San Diego County, California, passing into the
type through Arizona specimens, Palmer, Jones.
Rhamnus. RHAMNACEX. ase i
+ + Leaves deciduous, never pungent : fruit becoming nearly black ; cocci at most tardily
dehiscent.
++ Petals present: flowers mostly 4-merous.
= Long shoots ending in spines: leaves subopposite.
R. caruArtica, L. Becoming a small rough-barked tree with glabrous mottled twigs : leaves
broadly elliptical to subovate, somewhat acute at base, often blunt-pointed, crenulate or
serrulate, more or less pubescent on the veins beneath (some of the veins running to the
apex), 1to 2 inches long, on slender petioles: flowers appearing shortly after the leaves,
mostly solitary in the lower axils: pedicels glabrous, 3 or 4 lines long: carpels 3 or 4:
groove of seed deep and narrow. —Spec. i. 193; Brongn. Mém. Rhamn. 76, t. 2, f.4; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 261; Nutt. Silv. ii. 53; Millspaugh, Med. Pl. i. t. 41; Trelease, 1. c. 365.—
A hedge plant, escaping somewhat in the East, said to be abundant in Virginia, Canby.
(Introd. from Old World.)
= = Not spinose: leaves 4-ranked in interrupted decussate pairs, or on leaders uniformly
distributed.
R. lanceolata, Pursu. Tall shrub: the gray branchlets puberulent or glabrate: leaves
lanceolate or ovate-lanceolate, rounded or acute at base, from rounded becoming blunt-pointed
when grown, minutely incurved-serrulate, finely pinnately veined, from golden-puberulent
becoming mostly glabrous at least above, 1 to 3 inches long, short-petioled: flowers appear-
ing with the leaves, 2 or 3 in each of the lower axils: pedicels at length glabrescent, 1 to
3 lines long: carpels 2: seed with a broad open groove. —Fl. i: 166; Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
261; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 180, t. 168; Trelease, 1. c. 365; Greene, Erythea, iv. 85. R. Shortii,
Nutt. Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 91. R. parvifolius, Torr. & Gray, 1c. 262. R. Smithii, Greene,
Pittonia, iii. 17, & Erythea, iv. 134.— Pennsylvania to Colorado, Central Texas, and
Alabama.
++ ++ Apetalous : flowers 5-merous : seeds scarcely grooved : twigs not spinose.
R. alnifélia, L’Her. Lowshrub: the gray or mottled branches mostly puberulent: leaves
elliptical, obtuse to mostly acuminate, more coarsely incurved-serrate or biserrate, with
coarse upcurved veins, soon glabrate except for some veins, 1 to mostly 4 inches long :
flowers appearing nearly with the leaves, solitary or 2 or 3 together in the lower axils:
pedicels glabrate, 1 to 4 lines long: carpels3: seed flat, with flat thin cotyledons. — Sert.
Angl. 5; Guimp. Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holzart. 77, t. 61; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 122, t. 42;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 262; Gray, Gen, Ill. ii. 180; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 100; Trelease,
1. c. 366; Greene, Erythea,iv.86. &. franguloides, Michx. F].i.153; Pursh, Fl. i. 166. Gir-
tanneria alnifolia, & G. franguloides, Raf. Sylv. Tellur. 28.— Swamps, Maine to Brit.
Columbia, south to New Jersey in the East, and in the West to Wyoming, Oregon, and the
mountains of Northern California.
* * Flowers mostly perfect, appearing after the leaves, most of the umbels pedunculate :
fruit becoming nearly black ; cocci at most tardily dehiscent; seeds notched at base, not
grooved, with lateral rhaphe; cotyledons thick and fleshy: winter buds naked, hairy:
leaves alternate. —§ Frangula.
R. Caroliniana, Warr. Tall shrub or small tree with more or less puberulent gray or
reddish often mottled twigs: leaves oblong-elliptical, mostly acute or acuminate, minutely
revolute, entire to remotely and obscurely low-serrate or crenulate, coarsely pinnately
veined and sometimes with conspicuous transverse connecting veinlets, puberulent below or
glabrescent, 2 to 5 inches long, firm, sometimes glossy, short-petioled, deciduous: peduncle
1 to 4 lines long, not exceeding the petioles; pedicels 2 or 3 lines long, both usually hairy :
flowers 5-merous: carpels 3.— Car. 101; Torr. & Gray, Fl]. i. 262; Nutt. Sylv. ii. 50, t. 59:
Trelease, 1. c. 366; Sargent, Silv. ii. 35, t. 61; Greene, Erythea, iv. 135. Frangula fragilis,
Raf. Fl. Ludoy. 97. F. Carolintana, Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 178, t. 167. Sarcomphalus Caro-
linianus, Raf. Sylv. Tellur. 29. — Missouri to North Carolina, Florida, and Texas.
R, FrAneutra, L. Small tree: leaves broadly elliptical to mostly obovate, frequently acumi-
nate, usually cuneately narrowed at base, entire or very minutely denticulate, about 2 inches
long, thin, very slender-petioled: pedicels usually inserted directly on the stem: otherwise
resembling the preceding species. — Spec. i. 193; Greene, Erythea, iv. 136; Pollard, Bot.
408 RHAMNACE. Rhamnus.
Gaz. xxi. 235. — Established in swamps at New Durham and Secaucus, N. J., and on Long
Island, N. Y. (Introd. from Eu.)
R. Purshiana, DC. Small or medium-sized tree with somewhat yellow-pubescent often
greenish gray (or reddish?) twigs: leaves broadly elliptical, rounded or slightly cordate at
base, very obtuse to abruptly blunt-pointed, slightly if at all revolute, often undulate, irregu-
larly and closely spreading-serrulate or denticulate, coarsely pinnately veined and mostly
with evident transverse veinlets (the midrib broad and usually pale as seen from the upper
surface), usually persistently short-villous beneath and on the veins above, 2 to 6 inches long,
rather thin, deciduous ; the short petioles downy: peduncles 4 to 15 lines long, at least the
upper longer than the petioles; pedicels 2 or 3 lines long: flowers 5-merous: carpels 3. —
Prodr. ii. 25; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 123, t. 43; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 262; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 101; Trelease, 1. c. 366; Sargent, Gard. & For. iv. 75, & Silv. ii. 37, t. 63, in
part; Rusby, Druggists’ Bull. iv. 334, f. 1, 8. Cardiolepis obtusa, Raf. Sylv. Tellur. 28.
Frangula Purshiana, Coop. Smithson. Rep. 1858, 259. — Northern Idaho to Brit. Columbia,
Washington, Oregon, and, in less characteristic form, the Sierras of Northern California.
A form from Placer County, California, Carpenter, with obovoid cuneate leaves 3 to 5 inches
long, is R. anonefolia, Greene, Pittonia, iii. 16. - A form approaching the next, with elliptical
obtuse coriaceous leaves about 2 inches long, with midrib exposed above and the inflores-
cence reaching to the middle of the blade, is R. occidentalis, Howell, Pacif. Coast Pl. 1887;
Greene, Pittonia, ii. 15; Rusby, 1. c. 335, f. 6,7; R. Californica, K. Brandegee, Zoe, i. 241,
from Waldo County, Oregon, Howell.
R. Califérnica, Escus. Tall shrub or exceptionally arborescent, with somewhat tomentose
green to purple twigs: leaves elliptical, mostly rounded at base, obtuse to subacute, mostly
a little revolute, entire, serrulate, or denticulate, prominently pinnately veined (the midrib a
mere sunken often granular impressed line as seen from above), glabrate or short-tomentose
on the veins beneath, often somewhat glossy below, 1 to 3 or rarely 4 or 5 inches long, ever-
green in the warmer districts and then often reticulated; the short petioles tomentulose :
peduncles 2 to 8 lines long, not commonly much exceeding the petioles ; pedicels 1 to 3 lines
long, both glabrous or puberulent : flowers 4-5-merous: fruit subglobose; the cocci mostly
2, large and usually not attenuated at base. — Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. ser. 6, x. 285; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 263; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 101; Trelease, 1. c. 366; M. K. Curran, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, i. 252; K. Brandegee, Zoe, i. 240; Rusby, l.c. 335, f.2,3,9. BR. olei-
folius, Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 123, t. 44; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 260; Rev. Hort. 1874, 354, f. 47.
R. laurifolius, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 260. R.leucodermis, Nutt.1.c. 261. R. Purshi-
ana, Sargent, Silv. ii. 37, t.62, in part. Hndotropis oleifolia, Raf. Sylv. Tellur. 31. Perfonon
laurifolium, Raf. 1. ¢. 29. Frangula Californica, Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 178. — Throughout Cali-
fornia. A form with large elliptical leaves sometimes over 5 inches long, from Mendocino,
Bolander, and Pasadena, brandegee, approaches the preceding.
Var. betulzfolia, TreLeasn, n. comb. A form approaching the preceding species,
with thin elliptical minutely serrulate obtuse or bluntly acuminate leaves about 4 inches
long. — R. betulefolia, Greene, Pittonia, iii. 16. — Guadalupe Mountains, Texas, Havard, and
Mogollon Mountains, New Mexico, Rusby.
Var. rubra, Treveass, |. c. 367. A scarcely separable form with slender glabrous red
twigs, oblong-lanceolate or very narrowly obovate thin deciduous nearly glabrate leaves
scarcely 2 inches long, with the midrib often more visible above, and mostly obovoid fruit
with the cocci attenuate below. — R. rubra, Greene, Pittonia, i. 68, 160. R. Purshiana,
Sargent, Silv. ii. t. 63, f. 3.— Eastern slope of the Sierras (Truckee and the Upper
Sacramento).
Var. tomentélla, Brew. & Wars. With tomentose reddish twigs, revolute mostly
entire evergreen leaves persistently yellow-tomentose below, and peduncles commonly exceed-
ing the petioles. — Bot. Calif. i. 101; Trelease, 1. c. 367. R. tomentella, Benth. Pl. Hartw.
303 ; Rusby, Druggists’ Bull. iv. 335, f.4, 5; K. Brandegee, Zoe, i. 244. FR. Purshiana, var.
tomentella, Sargent, Silv. ii. 39, t. 68, f. 2.— Extends from Southern California to Arizona
and New Mexico, and is connected with the type of the species by occasional specimens
from more northern parts of its range, Brownsville, /Zill, Sta. Cruz Mountains and Alta,
Brandegee.
Ceanothus. RHAMNACEZ. 409
9. CEANOTHUS, L. New Jersey Tea, Cauironnta Livac. (Ked-
vobos, a name applied by Theophrastus to some prickly plant, and transferred to
this genus by Linnzeus.) — Shrubs or rarely small trees with often divaricate
sometimes spiny twigs, alternate or opposite frequently serrate 3-nerved or pin-
nately veined usually ample leaves with minute or spongy-thickened stipules, and
small but showy white, blue, or purplish flowers in often long-peduncled dense
axillary or terminal clusters. — Act. Soc. Upsal. 1741, 77, & Gen. ed. 6, no. 267 ;
Brongn. Mém, Rhamn. 62, & Ann. Sci. Nat. x. 369; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 181;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 878; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 333; Baill. Hist. Pl.
vi. 80; Trelease, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2,1. 106, & Trans. St. Louis Acad.
v. 361; Parry, Proc. Davenp. Acad. v. 162, 185; K. Brandegee, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 174; Weberbauer in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii.
Ab. 5, 412. — Chiefly of the Western United States, a few in Mexico and the
Atlantic States.
* Leaves alternate, not pungent, entire or mostly glandular-toothed; stipules thin and
mostly fugacious: fruit sometimes keeled or crested on the back of the carpels, but with-
out dorsal horns. — Huceanothus.
+ 1. Leaves ample in all but the last, thin, 3-nerved, toothed, deciduous: twigs subterete,
neither rigidly divaricate nor spinose: inflorescence rather simple and mostly compact,
at the ends of leafless or nearly leafless peduncles: flowérs white: fruit about 2 lines in
diameter.
++ Peduncles often rather stout, usually from lateral buds of the old wood.
C. sanguineus, Pursn. Tall shrub, with purple or reddish glabrous twigs: leaves broadly
elliptical, varying to ovate obovate or orbicular, rounded or cordulate at base, very obtuse,
paler beneath, soon glabrous or with a few long hairs on the veins beneath, serrate, 1 to 3
inches long, their frequently somewhat villous petioles about a third as long: peduncles
4 or 5 inches long, pale, fugaciously villous, floriferous on the upper half or occasionally
bearing scattered corymbs from,the base up: capsules obovoid, somewhat lobed at top,
nearly smooth and crestless. — Fl. i. 167; Nutt. Gen. i. 153; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 265, in
part; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 125; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 334; Trelease, Proc. Calif.
Acad, Sci. ser. 2, i. 107, 114; Parry, Proc. Davenp. Acad. v. 168; K. Brandegee, Proc. Calif.
Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 180. C. Oreganus, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 265; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 5177. — Brit. Columbia to N. California, Yreka, G'reene, and Idaho.
++ ++ Peduncles slender, from leafy shoots of the present season.
C. ovatus, Desr. Low shrub, with at length brownish or purplish tomentose or puberulent
glabrescent twigs: leaves rather narrowly elliptical, rounded or mostly acute at base, obtuse
to acute, scarcely paler beneath, becoming glabrous and glossy, crenate-serrulate, 1 to 2
inches long; their petioles mostly 2 or 3 lines long: flowers in a single often short-pedun-
cled corymb terminating the branch, or a few additional similar or longer-peduncled clus-
ters from the upper leaf-axils: capsules nearly globose, somewhat lobed at top, smooth and
crestless. — Hist. Arbr. & Arbris. ii. 381; Wats. 1. c.; Trelease, 1. c. 108; Parry, 1. c.; K.
Brandegee, 1. c. 179, 180. C. ovalis, Bigel. Fl. Bost. ed. 2, 92; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 265,
686; Torr. Fl. N. Y. i. 145, t. 20. C. glandulosus, Raf. New F1. Am. iii. 57. — New England
to Manitoba, Colorado, Texas, and Alabama. In the Southwest the larger leaves are not
infrequently ovate, but deep green on both surfaces and of the texture usual in C. ovatus.
Var. pubéscens, Torr. & Gray. Persistently dingy villous-tomentose: the dull leaves
usually very broadly elliptical: inflorescence of two or three corymbs near the top of the
often more elongated peduncle. — Torr. & Gray, ace. to Wats. Bibl. Index, 166; Trelease,
l.c. 108. C.mollissimus, Torr. in Frémont, Rep. 88.— Western imits of the species. Ap-
proaching the next.
C. Americanus, L. (New Jersey Tra.) Low shrub with green or at length dull pur-
plish tomentose, pubernlent or glabrous twigs: leaves ovate, rounded at base, or rounded to
410 RHAMNACEZ. Ceanothus.
the lateral nerves and then abruptly cuneate, obtuse to mostly acute or somewhat acuminate,
paler beneath, dull, sparingly pubescent to dingy-tomentose, finely and irregularly serrate,
14 to 3 inches long; their pubescent or glabrate petioles 3 to 6 lines long: flower-clusters
from several of the upper axils as well as terminal; the long ascending peduncles naked or
1-2-leaved above, somewhat thyrsoidly branched: capsules globose, little lobed, somewhat
roughened and crested. —Spec. i. 195; Lam. Il. t. 129, f.1; Schk. Handb. i. 152, t. 46;
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 1479; Nouv. Duham. vi. t. 31; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 264; Gray, Gen. Ill.
ii. 182, t. 169; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 333; Trelease, 1. c. 108; Parry, 1. c. 168; K.
Brandegee, l. c. 179. C. trinervus, Meench, Meth. 651. C. tardiflorus, Hornem. Hort. Hafn.
230. C. perennis, Pursh, Fl. i. 167. C. herbaceus, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 360. C. offici-
nalis, Raf. Med. Bot. ii. 205.— Canada to the Great Lakes, S. Carolina, Louisiana, and
Texas. The western form commonly with firmer more tomentose leaves and more up-
right peduncles, and in some specimens scarcely separable from the preceding variety. ‘The
lowermost leaves are frequently elliptical and more coarsely toothed than the upper.
Var. intermédius, Tretxase, n. comb. Low shrub with slender branches: leaves
ovate to ovate-lanceolate, mostly less than an inch long, short-petioled: peduncles very
slender, mostly numerous; the small often subsimple inflorescence at their ends: otherwise
as in the type. — C. intermedius, Pursh, Fl. i. 167. Tennessee (acc. to Pursh) and S. Caro-
lina, Goose Creek, Hexamer & Maier, to Louisiana, New Orleans, Drummond, no. 73, and
Florida.
C. serpyllifélius, Nurr. Low decumbent shrub, with reddish finely puberulent twigs.
leaves elliptic-ovate, crenate-serrulate, coarsely appressed-hairy on the veins, 3 or 4 lines
long and 1 to 3 lines wide: peduncles elongated, naked except at base of the few-flowered
corymb. — Gen. i. 154; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 266; Chapm. Fl. 74; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad.
x. 335; Trelease, l. c. 108; Parry, l.c.172. C. microphyllus, var. serpyllifolius, Wood, Class-
Book, ed. of 1861, 291. C. microphyllus, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 180, in part.—S. Florida,
Nuttall. Closely allied to C. Americanus, var. intermedius, from which it differs chiefly
in size.
+ 2. Leaves very small (1 or 2 lines long), 3-nerved, finely glandular-toothed: twigs
terete, slender, neither rigidly divaricate nor spinose: inflorescence small, nearly simple,
corymbose or subracemose, terminal and usually sessile on many of the branches; flowers
white: fruit about 2 lines in diameter.
C. microphyllus, Micux. Low spreading shrub, with green or at length reddish nearly
glabrous branches and. numerous ascending very slender twigs: leaves minute, often fas-
cicled, obovate or elliptical, sparsely and fugaciously short-strigose below, very short-peti-
oled: peduncles not over 4 lines long, often leafy throughout or at the very top, the corymb
half inch in diameter: capsules little lobed, smooth and crestless. — FI. i. 154; Nutt. Gen.
1.154; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 266; Chapm. Fl. 74; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 335; Trelease,
l. ce. 107; Parry, 1. c. 172; K. Brandegee, 1. c. 180. — Florida, mainly in sandy barrens.
+ 3. Leaves ample, firm, 3-nerved, closely dentate-serrate: twigs slightly angled or terete,
neither glaucous nor spinose: inflorescence ample, compound.
C. velutinus, Dover. Large shrub: twigs olive, buff, or at length brown, puberulent,
terete: leaves broadly elliptical, mostly subcordate to the lateral nerves near the base,
thence cuneate, very obtuse, dark green, glabrous and usually heavily varnished above,
minutely canescent beneath, 2 or 3 inches long; their stout petioles often 8 lines long:
peduncles somewhat angled, minutely and rather sparingly puberulent: flowers white:
capsules subglobose, 2 to 24 lines in diameter, deeply lobed at top, smooth or minutely
roughened, nearly crestless. — Doug]. in Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 125, t. 45; Hook. Bot. Mag.
t. 5165; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 265; Wats. I. c. 334; Trelease, 1. c. 110; Parry, ]. c. 169; K.
Brandegee, 1. c. 189. — Mountains from the Columbia River to Central California, Nevada,
Colorado, and the Dakotas. Strongly cinnamon-scented.
Var. levigdtus, Torr. & Gray. Subarborescent: leaves glabrous, light green and
somewhat glaucous below: inflorescence mostly more ample and compound: capsules glo-
bose, 3 lines in diaméter, less lobed, smooth, somewhat crested. — Fl. i. 686; Wats. Bibl.
Index, 167; Trelease, l. c. 110. C. levigatus, Doug]. in Hook. Fl. Bor.Am. i. 125; Davy,
Gard. Chron. ser. 8, xx. 363.— Mountains of California, Mendocino Co., Kellogg, Napa
Co., Brandegee, Humboldt Co., Rattan.
Ceanothus. RHAMNACEZ. 4]]
@
C. arboreus, Greexn. Small tree, with at first angled gray-puberulent at length glabres-
cent reddish and glossy twigs: leaves elliptic-ovate, subcordate or rounded at base, or
abruptly short-cuneate along the lateral nerves, mostly obtuse to subacute, dark green, dull
and glabrate or microscopically downy above, densely but microscopically white-tomentose
beneath, 14 to 3 inches long; their stout canescent petioles 4 lines long: peduncles canes-
cent: flowers pale blue: capsules subglobose or depressed, 4 lines in diameter, scarcely lobed,
wrinkled, strongly cristate.— Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 144; Trelease, 1. c. 110, 115; Parry,
1. c. 169,187; Brandegee, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, i. 208; K. Brandegee, 1. c. 192.
C. velutinus, var. arboreus, Sargent, Gard. & For. ii. 364, & Silv. ii. 45, t. 65. — Islands off the
Californian coast, Sta. Cruz, Greene, Sta. Catalina, Nuttall, Lyon, Davidson, Brandegee,
Fritchey, Mrs. Trask.
+4. Leaves medium-sized, rather thin, normally entire: inflorescence compound, elon-
gated, on few-leaved branches: fruit 2 to 3 lines in diameter.
++ Twigs slightly angled when young, neither rigidly divaricate nor spinose: leaves decid-
uous, at least the largest 3-nerved, mostly obtuse: inflorescence commonly rather dense.
C. parvifolius, Trereasr. Slender and low, with olive glabrous flexible twigs: leaves
elliptical, acute at base, mostly mucronulate, glabrous, 4 to 8 lines long: inflorescence
oblong, subsimple, about an inch long; the naked peduncle 2 or 3 inches long: flowers blue:
capsules 2} lines in diameter, nearly smooth and crestless. — Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2,
i110. C. integerrimus, var.% parviflorus, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 334. C. integerrimus,
var. ? parvifolius, Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 102; K. Brandegee, 1. c. 183. C. integerrimus, Parry,
1. c. 172, in part. — California, in the Yosemite region.
C. Anders6ni, Parry. Tall shrub, with green or at length purplish glabrescent twigs:
leaves narrowly elliptical or elliptic-oblong, mostly acute at base, usually very obtuse, often
mucronulate, half inch to inch long: inflorescence from narrow to quite broad, 2 (when
simple) to 4 inches (when compound) long, or in fruit double this length, equalled by the
often nearly leafless at length rather stout peduncles: flowers white: capsules nearly glo-
bose, 2 lines in diameter, lobed, smooth and crestless.— Proc. Davenp. Acad. v. 172.
C. integerrimus, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 181, in part. — Sta. Cruz Mountains, California.
C. integérrimus, Hoox. & Arn. Tall shrub with green or at length somewhat brown
glabrescent sometimes irregularly and sparingly low-verrucose rather stiff twigs: leaves
broadly elliptical to ovate, rounded at base, sometimes acute, somewhat loosely hairy above
at least when young, lighter green and glabrescent or with a few soft hairs beneath, 1 to 3
inches long, their very slender somewhat long-hairy petioles 3 or 4 lines long: inflorescence
3 or 4 to 6 or 7 inches long, 1 to 4 inches thick: flowers blue varying to white: capsules
subpyriform, 2} to 3 lines in diameter, somewhat lobed at top, nearly smooth, and with low
but broad deeply dorsal evanescent crests. — Bot. Beech. 329; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 686;
Wats. 1. c..334; Trelease, 1. c. 109; Parry, 1. c. 172, in part; K. Brandegee, 1. c. 181, in part.
C. Californicus, Kellogg, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. i. 55. C. Nevadensis, Kellogg, 1. ¢. ii. 152,
f. 45. C. thyrsiflorus, var. macrothyrsus, Torr. Bot. Wilkes Exped. 263.— Klikitat Co.,
Washington, Suksdorf, to the Yosemite region, California; S. E. Arizona, Smart, Lemmon,
Palmer. No characters have as yet been detected by which the specimens from Arizona can
be separated, although far out of the usual range of the species.
++ ++ Twigs usually angled, often twisted: leaves evergreen, rather firm or even cori-
aceous, most of them obscurely if at all 3-nerved: inflorescence lax.
C. Palmeri, Tretease. Twigs green, glabrous, exceptionally glaucescent, neither rigidly
divaricate nor spinose: leaves elliptical or elliptic-lanceolate, rounded or subacute at base,
obtuse or emarginate, green, slightly glaucous on the lower surface, firm but rather thin,
soon nearly or quite glabrous, 1 to 14 inches long, their slender petioles 2 to 4 lines long:
inflorescence 2 to 3 or at length 6 inches long, the stout peduncle few-leaved below: flowers
white: capsules about 3 lines in diameter, somewhat roughened and narrowly crested. —
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2,1. 109. C. integerrimus, Parry, 1. c. 172, in part. — San Diego
Co., California, about Cuiamaca, Palmer, Orcutt, Brandegee.
C. spinosus, Nort. Tall shrub or almost arborescent, with at length cinnamon-brown
more or less divaricate sparingly slender-spiny glabrous twigs: leaves elliptical (on vigorous
412 RHAMNACES. Ceanothus.
shoots occasionally ovate, 3-nerved, and serrate or dentate), rounded or subacute at base,
very obtuse to emarginate, drying brown above, clear green beneath, coriaceous, soon nearly ©
or quite glabrous, about an inch long, their glabrous or appressed-pubescent petioles 2 to 4
lines long: peduncles 1 to 2 or 3 inches long, from the upper axils, floriferous for nearly
their whole length, aggregated into a large thyrsus (5 or 6 inches long and half as thick),
the upper part of which is quite leafless: flowers pale blue: capsules depressed, about 3
lines in diameter, scarcely lobed, smooth, crestless. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 267;
Wats. 1. c. 337; Trelease,1.c. 109; Parry, 1l.¢c.172; K. Brandegee, 1. c. 185, excl. var. —
California, in the Middle Coast Range.
+ 5. Leaves medium-sized or in C. incanus rather large, often thick, evergreen, 3-nerved,
sparingly serrulate or occasionally entire: inflorescence mostly compound, ample in the
first : twigs terete, frequently pruinose, often very divergent and rigid, some of them end-
ing in firm spines. ;
C. divaricatus, Nurr. Tall shrub, almost arborescent, with olive glabrous or variously
puberulent mostly very glaucous twigs: leaves ovate, the broader often slightly cordate,
obtuse or subacute, glabrous and glaucous to gray-tomentose, the upper surface mostly
darker, 4 to 10 lines long, short-petioled : inflorescence glabrate or velvety, mostly narrowly
oblong, dense, 2 to 3 inches long: flowers usually pale blue: capsules smooth, 2 to 2} lines
long, not lobed, scarcely crested. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 266, 686; Wats. 1. c. 336 ;
Trelease, l. c. 111; Parry, lc. 168. C. oliganthus, var. hirsutus, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 197, in
part. — California, chiefly in the Southern Coast Range. (Lower Calif.) Along water-
courses at low altitudes, not forming thickets. The typical form, about Santa Barbara and
perhaps in San Diego Co., has the leaves gray-tomentose beneath and with a few marginal
serratures. A commoner form, with entire thick mostly glabrous very glaucous leaves and
often nearly white flowers, is var. EGLANDULOsUS, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 75 (C. eglandu-
losus, Trelease, 1. c. 110; C. spinosus, var. Palmeri, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 185, in large part).
The latter form passes to the inconstant var. GROssE-sERRATUS, Torr. 1. c., Trelease, 1. c.
111, with rather thick coarsely serrate-dentate leaves, especially on suckers and vigorous
shoots, and sometimes deep blue flowers. A few specimens of the species from Tehachapi,
with more ample inflorescence than usual and flowers seemingly white, may perhaps be
crossed with C. integerrimus, and what seems to be a hybrid with C. spinosus occurs about
Santa Barbara, Hubby, and in the San Bernardino Mts., Parry, Engelmann.
C. cordulatus, Keiioce. Low flat-topped shrub, with olive or brownish mostly puberu-
lent somewhat glaucous twigs: leaves elliptical to nearly round, sometimes cordate, very
obtuse, mostly denticulate especially near the apex, scarcely 6 lines long, green, or gray-
puberulent beneath, the darker upper surface microscopically tomentulose to usually nearly
glabrous, the slender closely tomentulose petioles 1 or 2 lines long: inflorescence minutely
velvety, about an inch long, rather loose: flowers white : capsules about 2 lines in diameter,
soon smooth, slightly crested, evidently lobed at top. — Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 124, f. 39 ;
Wats. 1. c. 337; Trelease, 1. c. 111; Parry, 1. c. 168; K. Brandegee, 1. c. 187.—S. W.
Oregon to S. California, chiefly in the Northern Sierras. (Lower Calif.) In dry soil, often
at higher altitudes than the last, forming thickets. Varying in foliage toward C. incanus,
the more tomentose Oregon specimens, with more elliptical leaves, perhaps separable.
Specimens from Mt. Shasta, Brandegee, no. 8, have the fruit somewhat verrucose, as in
C. incanus.
C. glaber, TreLeEasex, n. comb. Small shrub with slender reddish at first sparsely and
minutely puberulent rather closely soft-verrucose twigs: leaves broadly ovate, 1 to 14 inches
long, rounded or subcordate at base, very obtuse, the margin serrulate or denticulate, the
dull but slightly waxen upper surface drying dark, both faces with a few minute soft hairs ;
the petioles about 3 lines long: inflorescence sparingly puberulent, 2} inches long: the
rather few flowers white: capsules 2 to 24 lines in diameter, deeply indented, nearly crest-
less, smooth. — C. sorediatus, var. glabra, Wats. Bot. King Exp. 51. C. cordulatus X velu-
tinus, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 188. — East Humboldt Mts. of N. Nevada, Watson, no. 212, and
apparently Placer Co., California, Brandegee, no. 9.
C. incdanus, Torr. & Gray. Tall shrub, with at length olive or reddish puberulent or
glabrous very glaucous twigs: leaves because of their size seeming thin for the group, ellip-
Ceanothus. RHAMNACEZ. 413
tical to ovate, rounded at base and sometimes slightly cuneate along the strong lateral
nerves, very obtuse, usually entire or nearly so, microscopically tomentulose to glabrescent
and dull above, minutely tomentulose-canescent beneath, 1 to occasionally 24 inches long,
their slender slightly villous petioles sometimes half inch long: inflorescence finely velvety,
the short dense axillary clusters scarcely peduncled and aggregated into a rather dense
thyrsus 2 to 3 inches long: flowers white: capsules 24 lines in diameter, depressed, verru-
cosely roughened, shallowly lobed at top. — Fl. i. 265; Wats. 1. c. 336; Trelease, 1. c. 110;
Parry, 1. c. 168; K. Brandegee, 1. c. 187. — California, in the Middle Coast Range region.
In foliage and inflorescence smaller specimens approach C. cordulatus, while larger ones
recall the thicker-leaved C’. velutinus.
C. Féndleri, Gray. Low and dense often prostrate shrub, with greenish very canescent
sometimes glaucous slender twigs; the spines slender and sharp: leaves elliptical, rounded
or subacute at both ends, finely denticulate-serrulate or nearly entire, thin, green and spar-
ingly appressed-silky upon the upper surface, densely but microscopically gray-tomentulose
beneath, half inch to occasionally an inch long, their slender petioles 2 or3 lines long : inflo-
rescence very short, mostly few-flowered: flowers white: capsules 2 lines in diameter,
smooth, somewhat acutely keeled at first, scarcely lobed at top. —Pl. Fendl. 29; Wats.
]. c. 337; Trelease, 1.c.111; Parry, 1.c. 168; K. Brandegee, 1. c. 189.— S. Dakota, Bull
Springs, Rydberg, no. 590, to New Mexico and Arizona. (Northern Mex.) With nearly
glabrous green twigs, red spines, and small broad leaves, it is var. vfrip1s, Gray in Tre
lease, 1. c. 111, of S. E. Arizona, Lemmon, Greene, Toumey. With leaves thicker, broadly
elliptical, rounded at both ends, finely tomentose on both surfaces and with veins very
prominent beneath, it is var. venosus, Trelease, n. var., which closely resembles some small-
leaved Oregon specimens referred to C. cordulatus, and occurs in Texas, Limpia Mts.
Havard, and Arizona, Ft. Whipple, Coues & Palmer, Sta. Catalina Mts., Lemmon. (Northern
Mex.) Specimens somewhat resembling C. ovatus occur in Colorado, Parry, 1864, Coal
Creek, Brandegee, 1881.
+ 6. Leaves medium sized or small, firm but rather thin, nearly all 3-nerved; the margin
conspicuously glanduliferous rather than toothed : inflorescence subsimple, oblong, mod-
erately large : twigs terete, usually intricately branched and occasionally rigid but scarcely
spinose or pruinose.
C. tomentdésus, Parry. Medium-sized shrub, with slender gray or reddish at first tomen-
tose mostly densely verrucose twigs: leaves elliptical to usually round-ovate, commonly
rounded at base and apex, very conspicuously glanduliferous on the margin, dull microscopi-
cally velvety and drying dark on the upper surface, densely brown- or commonly white-
tomentose beneath, 4 to 10 lines long (on suckers, and usually in the San Bernardino form,
1 to 14 inches long and nearly as wide, and very coarsely dentate), short-petioled : inflorescence
loosely tomentose, 1 or 2 inches long ; flowers deep blue or exceptionally white: capsules 2
lines in diameter, somewhat depressed, smooth, slightly crested, evidently lobed. — Parry,
l.c. 190. C. oliganthus, var. tomentosus, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 198. C. azareus, Kellogg, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci. i.55. C. sorediatus, Trelease, 1. c.111, in part; Parry, 1. c. 169. — California,
from the Sierras of Amador Co. to San Diego. (Lower Calif.) Apparently uncommon in
the middle region.
C. sorediatus, Hoox. & Arn. Rather low densely branched shrub, with olive or at length
purplish minutely tomentose and somewhat villous sparingly and finely red-warty commonly
very rigid twigs: leaves narrowly ovate to elliptic-lanceolate, rounded at base, frequently
acute, 4 to 10 lines long ; the margin about as in the last ; the convex upper surface mostly
at first with a few rather short hairs, soon glabrescent, dull but looking as if waxed; lower
surface darker green or gray and minutely appressed-silky ; the short petioles (like the
principal veins beneath) appressed-hairy : inflorescence nearly as in the last or smaller, at
first loosely villous: flowers deep blue: capsules globose, 2 lines in diameter, smooth or
somewhat wrinkled, neither crested nor deeply lobed. — Bot. Beech. 328; Torr. & Gray, FI.
i. 686, in part; Wats, l. c. 336, in part; Trelease, ]. c. 111, in part; Parry, 1.¢.189. C. in-
tricatus, Parry, 1. c. 168. C. oliganthus, var. hirsutus, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 197, in part. —
California, Mendocino Co. to Santa Barbara. Somewhat aberrant specimens from San
Diego Co., Orcutt.
414 RHAMNACEZ. Ceanothus.
C. hirstitus, Nurr. Tall shrub or small tree: twigs clive, gray, or somewhat reddish,
irregularly but densely villous, more or less red-verrucose, rather flexible : leaves ovate to
broadly elliptical, rounded or the larger cordate at base, obtuse to typically acute, half inch
to 2 inches long, rather short-petioled, the upper surface drying darker, conspicuously beset
with scattered appressed rather long hairs, the green or occasionally glaucescent lower sur-
face loosely hirsute, especially along the veins: inflorescence loosely puberulent-villous, 1 or
2 inches long, rather loose, subsessile: flowers deep blue to purplish: capsules somewhat
depressed, 24 to 3 lines in diameter, generally smooth, strongly crested, not conspicuously
lobed. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 266 ; Wats. 1. c. 336, in part; Trelease, ]. ¢. 111, in part ;
Parry, 1. c.169. C. oliganthus, Nutt. 1. c. 266 ; K. Brandegee, |. c. 196, in part. — Coast Range
of Central California. The narrower-leaved form, which often has a smaller inflorescence,
is C. oliganthus, Nutt., which can hardly be separated. The species appears to hybridize with
C. spinosus and the preceding species.
Var. Orctittii, Trereasr, n. comb. Flowers paler blue: fruit strongly rugose and
loosely villous: otherwise like the type. — C. Orcuttii, Parry, Proc. Davenp. Acad. v. 193.
C. oliganthus, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 196, in part. — San Diego Co, California, Orcutt,
Brandegee.
+ 7. Leaves medium-sized or small, mostly thin, not 3-nerved or some of them with a
pair of strong sub-basal lateral veins ; the flat margin minutely glanduliferous : inflores-
cence as in the preceding group, but rather smaller, sometimes subglobose: flowers deep
blue: twigs terete, not spiny, pruinose in only one species.
C. diversifolius, Keriroce. Low and trailing, with green to reddish flexible irregularly
very villous sparingly verrucose twigs: leaves thin and flexible, broadly elliptical, rounded
or mostly acute at base, obtuse or subacute, with the pubescence of the last on the upper
surface, but pale, often whitened and more or less loosely tomentose-villous beneath, short-
petioled, 4 to 14 inches long, commonly (as in others of this section) with axillary fascicles of
smaller size: inflorescence about half inch long, elongating in fruit, with a peduncle of thrice
its length: capsules slightly pyriform, 2 lines in diameter, very smooth, somewhat evanes-
cently crested, slightly lobed. — Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.i.58; K. Brandegee, l.c. 200. C. hir-
sutus, Trelease, 1. ¢. 111, in part. C. decumbens, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. x. 335; Trelease,
l. c. 112; Parry, 1. ce. 168. — California, Sierras of the Yosemite region.
C. Lemm6ni, Parry. Low, spreading, but not decumbent, with gray or buff pruinose at
first tomentose slightly verrucose rigid twigs: leaves thicker, firm, elliptical, rounded or sub-
acute at both ends, 3 to 10 lines long, very short-petioled, finely appressed-pubescent to nearly
glabrous and dull waxen above, the lighter green to glaucous loosely villous lower surface
at length prominently reticulated: inflorescence about as in the last, but often shorter-
peduneled, exceptionally 3 inches long and somewhat thyrsoid : capsules as in the last, but
more strongly crested. — Proc. Davenp. Acad. vy. 192. C. diversifolius, var. foliosus, K.
Brandegee, 1. c. 201, in part. C. decumbens, of other writers, in part.—N. Central Cali-
fornia, Lake and Butte Counties, &c.
C. folidsus, Parry. Rather low densely branched shrub: twigs greenish, gray, or red-
dish, slender but rather rigid, at first velvety or villous and mostly little verrucose : leaves
thin but rather firm, broadly elliptical, 2 to 6 (or the primary 10) lines long, mostly acute at
base, with obtuse or occasionally acute apex, on the darker upper surface with finer appressed
pubescence than in the last or glabrescent, appearing as if waxed, paler and often glaucous
beneath, with a few appressed coarse hairs along the veins: inflorescence scarcely half inch
long, becoming twice that length, little surpassed by the loosely villous peduncles: capsules
depressed, scarcely 2 lines in diameter, smooth, rather strongly crested, conspicuously lobed.
— Proc. Davenp. Acad. v. 172; Davy, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xx. 363. C. diversifolius, var.
foliosus, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 201, excl. syn. C. dentatus, Trelease, 1. c. 112, in part. — Cali-
fornia, from the vicinity of San Francisco to Mendocino Co. What seems to be this species
also from Cuiamaca, Parish, no. 423.
+ 8. Leaves medium-sized or small, firm, usually not 3-nerved ; the upper surface strongly
elandular-papillate throughout or near the revolute glanduliferous margin : inflorescence
and twigs about as in the preceding group: flowers deep blue or exceptionally varying to
white.
Ceanothus. RHAMNACE. 415
C. dentatus, Torr. & Gray. Rather low densely branched shrub, with gray or red-brown
at first very villous-tomentose slightly verrucose rigid twigs: leaves elliptical, rounded at
both ends, or appearing retuse from the infolding of the apex, 2 to 6 lines long, papillate
only on and near the margin; the darker waxen upper surface loosely hairy, lighter and
coarsely spreading-hairy beneath: inflorescence subglobose, very tomentose; the peduncle
with reduced leaves: capsules globose or somewhat depressed, 2 lines in diameter, smooth,
slightly crested, scarcely lobed. — Fl. i. 268 ; Planch. F1. Serres, vi. 103, t. 567, f. 2 ; Morren,
Belg. Hort. iii. 101, t. 16, f. 2; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 46, t. 10; Trelease, 1 c. 112, in part;
Parry, l.c. 190; K. Brandegee, 1. c. 202. C. papillosus, var. dentatus, Parry, 1. c. 170. —
California, in the Santa Cruz Coast Range. With very numerous and dense scarcely pe-
duncled flower-clusters, it is var. FLORIBUNDUS, Trelease, n. comb.; C. Jloribundus, Hook.
Bot. Mag. t. 4806, Lem. Ill. Hort. vii. t. 238, which has been regarded as a hybrid with C.
thyrsiflorus. With nearly round leaves having the veins deeply impressed on the upper sur-
face, it is var. ImpREssus, Trelease, n. comb.; C. impressus, Trelease, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.
ser. 2,1. 112; from Sta. Barbara County, Sta. Barbara, Miss Plummer, Sta. Maria, Jared.
C. papillésus, Torr. & Gray. Habit of the last, with at first densely yellowish villous-
tomentose slightly verrucose twigs: leaves elliptical to narrowly oblong, rounded or slightly
cordate at base, from 2 inches to more commonly | inch or less long (then short-petioled) ;
the dark waxen upper surface slightly villous and irregularly and rather closely glandular-
papillate, like the margin ; the paler lower surface loosely and densely villous: inflorescence
more oblong, about 1 inch long, very villous, the peduncles of like length: capsules as in the
last, rather less than’ 2 lines in diameter. — Fl. i. 268; Hook. Ic. t. 272, & Bot. Mag. t. 4815;
Planch. FI. Serres, vi. 103, t. 567, f. 1; Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. 74, f. 50, & Baines ed. i. 70, f.
48; Morren, Belg. Hort. iii. 101, t. 16, f. 1; Trelease, l. c. 112; Parry, 1. c. 170, excl. vars.
C. dentatus, var. papillosus, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 203. — California, Santa Cruz Mts. Too
near the last in some forms, but typically very distinct. It appears to hybridize with C.
thyrsiflorus.
+ 9. Leaves medium-sized, 3-nerved (the lateral nerves sometimes closely marginal and
then concealed), finely toothed, more or less revolute; the surface not papillate: inflores-
cence ample, forming a compound thyrsus: flowers deep blue: twigs strongly angled,
neither rigidly divaricate, spinose, nor pruinose.
C. Parryi, Trerease. Rather large spreading shrub, with green or red-brown at first
loosely and softly tomentose rather abundantly verrucose twigs: leaves elliptical, or the
largest occasionally somewhat ovate, rounded at base, obtuse, glabrous above, lighter green
and densely cobwebby beneath, half inch to 2 inches long, on short cobwebby petioles : inflo-
rescence rather narrow, 3 or 4 inches long ; the few-leaved peduncles of like length : capsules
globose, 2 lines in diameter, sometimes slightly crested and wrinkled. — Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci. ser. 2, i. 109; Parry, l. c. 170; Davy, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xx. 363. C. integerrimus, var.
Parryi, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 183. — California, Napa and Sonoma Counties. Also in herb.
Gray, as from Humboldt Co., Bolander, no. 6572, bis.
C. thyrsifl6rus, Escus. From asmall prostrate shrub in exposed places becoming a small
tree with green or at length deep brown nearly glabrous scarcely verrucose twigs: leaves
elliptical, acute at base, obtuse, glabrous except for a few appressed rather coarse hairs along
the very prominent veins beneath, drying brown, about an inch long, on short hairy petioles:
inflorescence mostly about 3 inches long, oblong, at length usually thyrsoid, mostly long-
peduncled with leaves subtending one or two of the lower fascicles, somewhat loosely hairy
to nearly glabrous: flowers varying to white: capsules globose, 2 lines in diameter, smooth,
not crested, little lobed. —Mém. Acad. St. Pétersb. ser. 6, x. 285; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxx. t.
38; Nutt. Sylv. ii. 44, t.57; Wats. 1. c. 334; Trelease, ].c. 108; Parry, l.c. 170; K. Bran-
degee, 1. c. 191; Davy, Gard. Chron. ser. 3, xx. 363, f. 65. C. bicolor, Raf. New Fl. Am. iii.
57. % C. elegans, Lem. Ill. Hort. vii. t. 268.— Near the coast, Oregon, Curry Co., Howell,
to California, Monterey Bay. Hybridizing with C. dentatus ? (= C. Lobbianus, Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 4810, or by error 4811, Planch. Fl. Serres, x. 125, t. 1016), C. papillosus, C. sore-
diatus, C. foliosus, and possibly C. rigidus ( =C. Veitchianus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5127,
known only in cultivation).
Var. griseus, TRELEAsE, n. var. Leaves more broadly ovate, about an inch long and
416 RHAMNACES. Ceanothus.
three fourths as wide, revolutely dentate, microscopically gray-tomentulose beneath : other-
wise scarcely separable from the type. — California, apparently confined to the vicinity of
Monterey.
* * Leaves opposite and pungently toothed in many species; stipule-bases persistent, thick
and corky or spongy: fruit frequently with strong horns as well as crests: flowers in
compact umbels, usually little surpassing the leaves. — Cerastes.
+— Leaves alternate (exceptionally a few in pairs in the first): flowers white: capsules glo-
bose or depressed.
C. macrocarpus, Nutr. Rather large shrub, with reddish or gray at first appressed-
pubescent rather loose and flexuous twigs: leaves spatulate or obovate, cuneate, obtuse to
emarginate, glabrous and dull above, microscopically canescent beneath, 6 to 9 lines long
or exceptionally somewhat larger, short-petioled, the slightly revolute margin entire or
exceptionally a little denticulate: capsules 4 to 6 lines in diameter, laterally horned, the
apical crests very low, scarcely lobed. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 267; Greene, Bull.
Calif. Acad. Sci.i. 80; Trelease, 1. c. 114. C. megacarpus, Nutt. Sylv. ii. 46; Parry, l.c. 174.
C. cuneatus, Wats. 1. ¢. 838, in part. C. cuneatus, var. macrocarpus, K. Brandegee, 1. ¢. 205.
— California, about Sta. Barbara and Monterey and on the islands of Sta. Cruz, Greene,
with nearly hornless fruit, and Sta. Catalina, Brandegee, with variable phyllotaxis.
C. verrucosus, Nurr. Rather low shrub, with gray or brown glabrate to loosely dingy-
tomentose slender twigs: leaves round-obovate, cuneate or rounded at base, obtuse to mostly
deeply obcordate, usually denticulate along the sides, nearly glabrous, 2 to 6 lines long, very
short-petioled ; stipules horizontal, at length very large and wart-like: capsules about 3
lines in diameter, neither crested nor horned, scarcely lobed. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
267; Greene, ]. c. 81; Trelease, 1. c. 114, 117; Parry, 1. c. 174; K. Brandegee, 1. c. 206.
C. rigidus, Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. t. 9.— California, Sta. Barbara, Nutta// in herb. Gray,
and San Diego Counties, apparently not recently collected north of San Diego Co. (Lower
Calif.)
+ + Leaves opposite.
++ Flowers white : erect or spreading rigidly branched shrubs, with entire or nearly entire
leaves except in the last two species and in hybrids.
C. cuneatus, Nurr. At length a tall rigidly much branched shrub, with usually gray
minutely tomentulose twigs: leaves spatulate to obovate-cuneate, mostly obtuse, entire,
microscopically tomentulose beneath, 3 to 10 lines long, extremely short-stalked: capsules
slightly oblong, 24 lines in diameter, with three conspicuous erect horns near the top. — Nutt.
in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 267; Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. vi. 220, fig.; Morren, Belg. Hort. viii.
170, t. 44; Wats. Bibl. Index, 164, in part; Trelease,1.c.113; Parry, l.c. 174; K. Bran-
degee, 1. c. 204. — Oregon, Nuttall, Howell, through California. (Lower Calif., Pringle.)
Leaves occur rarely as much as 1 inch wide, and on suckers they sometimes show a few
teeth. Appears to hybridize with C. crassifolius (t= C. vestitus, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 101),
C. prostratus (when nearer C. cuneatus, = C. connivens, Greene, Pittonia, ii. 16, when nearer
C. prostratus, = C. pumilus, Greene, Erythea, i. 149), C. rigidus (= C. cuneatus, var. ramu-
losus, Greene, Man. Bay-Reg. 77), and C. pinetorum.
C. Gréggii, Gray. Low intricately and rigidly much branched shrub: twigs with olive,
gray, or occasionally brown, at first closely gray- or rusty-tomentose : leaves elliptical, mostly
acute at both ends, often with one or two small teeth on each side, 3 to 5 lines long, very
short-petioled ; the lower surface sometimes concealed by tomentum: capsules slightly
oblong, 2 lines in diameter, small-horned from about the middle. — Pl. Wright. ii. 28; Wats.
Proc. Am. Acad. x. 338; Trelease, l.c. 113; Parry, 1. c. 174. C. verrucosus, var. Greggit,
K. Brandegee, 1. c. 208. — 8S. Utah, Palmer, Bishop, to W. Texas, Wright, Thurber, Havard.
(Mex., where it passes into a form with more spatulate larger leaves very white-tomentose
beneath.)
C. crassifélius, Torr. Tall shrub, with gray or brown white- or rusty-tomentose twigs:
leaves thick, elliptic-obovate, cuneate or rounded at base, obtuse, somewhat revolute, pun-
gently dentate, half inch to somewhat over an inch long ; the upper surface minutely rough-
ened, at length glabrous and green, the lower surface densely tomentose ; the stout petioles
Ceanothus. RHAMNACES. I re
C.
C.
c
C.
2 lines long; stipules very large: capsules subglobose, 4 lines in diameter, with thick exo-
carp and three stout suberect horns near the top.— Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 75, & Bot. Mex.
Bound. 46, t.11; Wats. 1.c. 338; Trelease,1.¢. 113; Parry, 1.¢. 173. C. verrucosus, var.
crassifolius, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 208. — California, in the Middle and Southern Coast Range.
perpléxans, TRELEASE, n. sp. Related to the preceding ; the gray or red twigs closely
tomentose, becoming glabrous and glossy: leaves very thick, subelliptical, mostly acute, not
revolute, entire or mostly pungently low-toothed, from minutely gray-velvety on both sides
becoming nearly glabrous, 6 to 12 lines long, the upper surface frequently concave ; the
stout petioles 2 lines long: capsules globose, about 3 lines in diameter, with thin smooth
flesh, the three small dorsal horns spreading. —S. W. California; Arizona, Yampai Valley,
Bigelow. (Lower Calif. and Guadalupe Isl.)
++ ++ Flowers blue or purple, only exceptionally white: leaves toothed, at least near the
apex.
rigidus, Nurr. Medium-sized rigidly intricate shrub, with green or brownish at first
loosely tomentose 2-lined twigs: leaves firm but rather thin, obovate, cuneate, obtuse to
obcordate, 2 to 6 lines long, nearly sessile, the upper half finely dentate, soon nearly glabrous
on both sides, the lower surface little paler: capsules nearly as in C’. cuneatus but a little
larger. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 268; Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. v. 197, fig. ; Hook. Bot.
Mag. t. 4664; Paxt. Fl. Gard. i. 74, f. 51, & Baines ed. i. 70, f.49; Morren, Belg. Hort.
iii. 102, t. 16, f. 3-5; Wats. 1. c. 339, in part; Trelease,1.c. 113; Parry, 1.¢.173. C. verru-
cosus, Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 4660. C. verrucosus, var. rigidus, K. Brandegee, 1. c. 207. — Cali-
fornia, from above San Francisco to Monterey. In shape and size of leaves very similar
to C. verrucosus.
Var. grandifolius, Torr. Leaves from thick to quite thin, at length glabrate on
both sides becoming an inch or more long capsules globose, about 3 lines in diameter, with
three stout somewhat dorsal horns. — Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 75; Trelease, 1.c.113. C. cras-
sifolius, var. glabratus, Gray in Bolander, Cat. 8. C. verrucosus, var. grandifolius, K. Bran-
degee, 1. ¢. 207. — California, Mendocino Co., Bolander, no. 4713, Brandegee, no. 82,
Bigelow.
pinetorum, Covitie. Low but erect densely branched shrub: twigs gray, brown, or
reddish, stout, divaricate, at first appressed-puberulent: leaves elliptical, very thick, abrupt
at both ends, often folded along the midrib or crisped, soon glabrescent except between the
veins beneath, 6 to 8 lines long, very short-petioled, the margin somewhat revolute, coarsely
pungently dentate, like holly leaves: flowers often white: capsules oblong, 3 to 4 lines in
diameter, with strong suberect horns near the apex and low intermediate crests. — Contrib.
U.S. Nat. Herb. iv. 80. C. prostratus, var. pinetorum, K. Brandegee, ]. c. 211. C. Jepsonii,
Greene, Man. Bay-Reg. 78. — California, from Lake Co. to Mt. Tamalpais and Tulare Co.
(the original locality).
prostratus, Benrx. Procumbent and rooting, with somewhat compressed frequently
bright red at first often appressed-hairy twigs: leaves thick and firm, obovate or spatulate,
cuneate, flat or sometimes revolute, pungently several-toothed above, one to three of the
teeth mostly apical, at first often minutely silky, about half inch long, short-petioled :
flowers blue: capsules slightly elongated, 3 or 4 lines in diameter, with thick often red
flesh, three large wrinkled horns somewhat spreading from near the apex, and low inter-
mediate crests. — Pl. Hartw. 302; Wats. 1. c. 339, in partg Trelease, 1. c. 113, 116, in
part; Parry, 1. c. 173; KK. Brandegee, 1. c. 209. — Klikitat Co., Washington ; Humboldt Co.
and the Sierra region of California, and W. Nevada, Carson, Anderson, Washoe Mts.,
Watson. C. rugosus, Greene, Fl. Francis. 88, from near Truckee, Calif., has been held
to be a hybrid of which this species or C. cuneatus is one parent, and C. velutinus the
other.
Var. divérgens, K. Branprecer. Low spreading or scrambling shrub, with at first
tomentose slender but rigid twigs: leaves obovate-spatulate, very thick, cuneate, somewhat
revolute and crisped, pungently dentate, more or less persistently loosely white-hairy, about
half inch long, nearly sessile: capsules rounder than in the type, about 3 lines in diameter,
with smaller more lateral horns. — Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, iv. 210. C. divergens,
Parry, l. c. 173. — California, Napa to Santa Cruz Counties.
27
418 RHAMNACEZ. Colubrina.
10. COLUBRINA, Rich. (Name from Latin Coluber, a serpent, the ap-
plication uncertain.) — Shrubs or trees with often rigidly divaricate but scurcely
spiny twigs, alternate entire or denticulate pinnately veined or 3-nerved small to
ample leaves (frequently glanduliferous beneath and with mostly small stipules),
and tomentose inconspicuous flowers in sessile or pedunculate axillary umbels. —
Rich. in Brongn. Mém. Rhamn. 61, & Ann. Sci. Nat. x. 868; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. i. 379; Grisebach, F]. W. Ind. 100; Baill. Hist. Pl. vi. 77; Trelease, Trans.
St. Louis Acad. v. 361, 368; Sargent, Silv. ii. 47; Weberbauer in Engl. &
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 415. Warmer American region ; one species
tropical in the Old World.
»% Leaves medium-sized or usually rather small, some of them denticulate: common peduncle
very short or wanting: calyx-segments tardily and incompletely deciduous: fruit short-
beaked by the persistent style.
C. Texénsis, Gray. Large shrub: branches mostly rigidly divaricate, zigzag, terete, gray-
tomentose or glabrescent and whitened: leaves elliptical to spatulate-obovate, cuneate to
rounded at base, obtuse, acute or mucronate, often 3-nerved, glabrescent, scarcely an inch
long; their petioles about 2 lines long: fruit 4 lines in diameter, often solitary, on mostly
reflexed pedicels of about the same length. —Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 169, & Pl. Wright. i. 33 ;
Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 47; Trelease, 1. c. 368. Rhamnus ? Texensis, Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
263. R. Drummondii, Young, Fl. Tex. 204. — Central Texas and southward. (Mex.)
* * Leaves ample, entire, elliptical to ovate-lanceolate: common peduncle evident: calyx-
segments soon falling: styles deciduous at base.
C. ferruginésa, Bronen. Scarcely arborescent, at first densely red-tomentose: twigs lax,
nearly terete, gray to reddish brown: leaves firm, more or less 3-nerved near the margin,
somewhat glossy above, 1 or 2 to at length 4 or 5 inches long: the lower surface more per-
sistently red-hairy and with a submarginal series of smooth glands, and frequently several
additional glandular spots: cymes densely red-tomentose even in fruit: capsules 2 to 4
lines in diameter, little grooved, more clustered than in our other species; pedicels rather .
stout, the longer becoming 4 or 5 lines in length. —Mém. Rhamn. 62, t. 4, f. 3, & Ann.
Sci. Nat. x. 369; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 100; Trelease, 1. ¢. 369. C. ferruginea, Brongn. Mém.
Rhamn. 77, & Ann. Sc. Nat. x. 384 (by error). C. Americana, Nutt. Sylv. ii. 47, t. 58;
Chapm. Fl. 74. Rhamnus colubrinus, Jacq. Wort. Vind. iii. t. 50. R. ferrugineus, Nutt. Jour.
Acad. Philad. vii. 90; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 263. Ceanothus colubrinus, Lam. Ill. ii. 90. Per-
fonon? ferrugineum, Raf. Sylv. Tellur. 29. Marcorella colubrina, Raf. 1. c. 31.—S. Florida
and Florida Keys. (W. Ind.)
C. reclinata, Bronen. A large tree, the old trunks deeply fissured: twigs slender, sulcate,
soon glabrous: leaves not at all 3-nerved, thinner, glabrate, not rusty, scarcely 3 inches
long, with a few submarginal glands beneath: inflorescence becoming glabrous: fruit
about as in the last. —Mém. Rhamn. 62, & Ann. Sci. Nat. x. 369; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 101 ;
Eggers, Bull. U. S. Nat. Mus. no. 13, 40; Trelease, 1. c. 368; Sargent, Silv. ii. 49, t. 66.
Ceanothus reclinatus, L’Her. Sert. 6. Rhamnus ellipticus, Ait. Kew. i. 265; Swartz, Prodr.
50. Zizyphus Domingensis, Nouv. Duham. iii. 56. Diplisca elliptica, Raf. 1. c. — 8. Florida
and Florida Keys. (W. Ind.)
11. ADOLPHIA, Meisn. (Named for Adolphe Brongniart, a French
botanist of the early half of the century, and monographer of the order.) —
Shrubs with divaricate spine-tipped opposite twigs articulated with the stem, small
mostly caducous leaves, and inconspicuous flowers in sparse axillary clusters. —
Gen. i. 70, ii. 50; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 384; Baill. Hist. Pl. vi. 90; Tre-
lease, Trans. St. Louis Acad. v. 361, 369; Weberbauer in Engl. & Prantl,
Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 423. — Of the warmer American region; perhaps
scarcely separable from Colletia.
Gouania. VITACES. 419
A. infésta, Metsn. Mostly puberulent or somewhat retrorsely short-villous, 3 to 5 feet
high: branchlets all spinose, short, nearly straight, spreading nearly at right angles, 4-ranked
or distichous: leaves | to 5 lines long, 1-nerved, lanceolate or oblong, acute or obtuse and
mucronate, entire or low-serrate : fruiting pedicels rather stout, 2 lines long: capsule 2 lines
in diameter, globose, deeply 3-grooved, crowned by a short beak (half line long) formed
of the base of the style. —Gen. ii. 50; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xi. 126; Brew. & Wats.
Bot. Calif. i. 101; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 34, ii. 28; Trelease, 1. c. 369. Ceanothus infestus,
HBK. Noy. Gen. & Spec. vii. 61, t.614. Colletia infesta, Brongn. Mém. Rhamn. 59, & Ann.
Sci. Nat. x. 366. C. (4) multiflora, DC. Prodr. ii. 29. C.2 disperma, DC. Prodr. ii. 29.
Colubrina infesta, Schlecht. Linnza, xv. 468.— W. Texas. (Mex.)
A. Calif6rnica, Watson. Lower: branchlets often curved, less spinose, the lateral spines
shorter: leaves broadly spatulate to obovate, mostly mucronate and entire, 1 or 2 lines long:
style deciduous close to the fruit: otherwise similar to the preceding. — Proc. Am. Acad.
xi. 126; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 101; Trelease, 1. c. 369. —San Diego County, Calli-
fornia. (Lower Calif.)
12. GOUANIA, Jacq. (Named for Antoine Gowan, professor of botany
at Montpellier in the latter part of the last century.) — Shrubs or trees, often
climbing by prehensile spreading twigs, and with alternate coarsely glandular-
serrate often 3-nerved ample leaves with small stipules, and small flowers loosely
fascicled along the slender naked ends of the branches. — Stirp. Am. 263; L.
Gen. ed. 6, no. 1157; Brongn. Mém. Rhamn. 71, & Ann. Sci. Nat. x. 378;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 385; Baill. Hist. Pl. vi. 83; Trelease, Trans. St. Louis
Acad. v. 861, 869; Weberbauer in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5,
425. — Chiefly of the tropical American region.
G. Domingénsis, L. Twigs angled, loosely hairy to glabrate: leaves elliptic-ovate, acute
to subcordate at base, acuminate, 1 to 3 inches long, glabrescent or persistently hairy along
the veins, the coarse-teeth commonly ending in cup-shaped glands: inflorescence short-villous
rather than tomentose: fruit glabrous, 3 lines long and 4 broad, notched at top and bottom.
— Spec. ed. 2, ii. 1663; DC. Prodr. ii. 39; Brongn. Mém. Rhamn. 73; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind.
101; Chapm. Fl. 75; Trelease, 1. c. 369; Weberbauer, 1. c. 425, f. 208.—S. Florida and
Florida Keys. (W.-Ind., Mex.)
OrpER XLIII. VITACE.
By L. H. Barrey.!
Alternate-leaved woody plants with acidulous watery juice, climbing by ten-
drils opposite the leaves (the stem being sympodial) or rarely wanting tendrils
and erect. Base of petiole enlarged and articulated at insertion, commonly more
or less stipulate. Flowers small, paniculate-ccymose, commonly polygamous,
4—5-merous, with short hypogynous and scarcely lobed calyx. Petals valvate in
the bud and deciduous. Hypogynous stamens as many as petals and opposite
them. Ovary usually girt with or its base adnate to a nectariferous disk or with
glands alternate with the stamens, 2-celled, with a pair of collateral anatropous
ovules erect from the base of each cell; style terminal; undivided, or hardly any,
and stigma depressed. Fruit a berry, containing 1 to 4 bony seeds; embryo
1 Ordinal and technical generic characters by A. Gray.
420 VITACE. Vitis.
minute, at the base of very hard albumen. (Characterized without reference to
Leea, which makes a transition to Meliace@.)
* Nectariferous disk or glands surrounding the ovary or its base, and at least partly free
from it: plants climbing by the prehension and coiling of naked-tipped tendrils.
1. VITIS. Flowers polygamo-diccious (i. e. some individuals perfect and fertile, others
sterile with at most rudimentary ovary), 5-merous. Corolla calyptrately caducous, the
petals in anthesis cast off from the base while cohering by their tips. Hypogynous disk
of 5 nectariferous glands alternate with stamens. Style short and thick, or conical. Berry
pulpy ; seeds pyriform, with contracted beak-like base. Leaves simple in ours.
2. CISSUS. Flowers perfect or sometimes polygamous, 4-merous or several 5-merous.
Petals expanding in anthesis. Disk annular or cupular, girting the base of the ovary and
below adherent to it, the margins or summit free. Berry inedible, mostly with scanty
pulp; seeds usually obovate-trigonous. Leaves simple or ternately compound.
* * No distinct disk or free nectariferous glands, but a nectariferous and wholly confluent
thickening of the base of the ovary, or even this obsolete: plants climbing, mostly by
adhesion of dilated and disciform tips of the tendril-branches.
3. AMPELOPSIS. Flowers perfect or rarely sub-polygamous, 5-merous. Petals expand-
ing in anthesis. Seeds trigonous-obovate, beakless. Leaves palmately compound.
1. VITIS, Tourn. Vine, Grape-vine. (The classical Latin name.) — A
widespread genus in the North Temperate Zone, richest in species in North
America. The species undergo marked adaptations to local conditions, and
several of them hybridize freely, so that the study of them is perplexing; and
the difficulty is increased by the fact that the foliage varies in character on dif-
ferent parts of the plant, and herbarium material cannot properly represent the
fruit. The large viticultural interests of North America, outside of the hot-
houses and the Pacific Slope and Mexico, have been developed within the cen-
tury from the native species of grapes (chiefly Vitis Labrusea and V. estivalis)
and their hybrids with the Old World wine-grape (Vitis vinifera). The last is
almost exclusively grown in California, and is sometimes inclined to be sponta-
neous. It has rounded and thinnish notched and more or less lobed leaves which
are either glabrous or arachnoid-tomentose beneath, intermittent tendrils, and
pulp of the fruit cohering with the skin. — Inst. 613; L. Gen. no. 161; DC.
Prodr. i. 633; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 242; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 163; Planch. in
DC. Monogr. Phaner. v. 321.
§ 1. Muscapinia, Planch. 1. c. 324. Bark bearing prominent lenticels, never
shredding: nodes without diaphragms: tendrils simple: flower-clustérs small and
not much elongated: seeds oval or oblong, without a distinct stipe-like beak. —
Puneticulosis, Munson, Wild Grapes N. A. 8, 14.
V. rotundifolia, Micux. (Muscapine, Sournern Fox Grape, BuLiace or BuLrit or
Burt Grape.) Vine with hard warty wood, running rampantly even 60 to 100 feet over
bushes and trees, and in the shade often sending down dichotomous aérial roots: leaves
rather small to medium (2 to 6 inches long), dense in texture and glabrous both sides (some-
times pubescent along the veins beneath), cordate-ovate and not lobed, mostly with a
prominent and sometimes an acuminate point (but somewhat contracted above the termina-
tion of the two main side veins), the under surface finely reticulated between the veins, the
teeth and the apex angular, coarse and acute, the basal sinus shallow, broad and edentate ;
petiole slender and (like the young growth) fine-scurfy, about the length of the leaf-blade:
tendrils (or flower-clusters) discontinuous, every third node being bare; fruit-bearing clusters
Vitis. VITACE. 49]
smaller than the sterile ones, and ripening from 3 to 20 grapes in a nearly globular bunch ;
berries falling from the cluster when ripe, spherical or nearly so and large (half inch to
inch in diameter), with very thick and tough skin and a tough musky flesh, dull purple in
color without bloom (in the Scuppernong variety silvery amber-green), ripe in summer and
early autumn; seeds + to 2 inch long, shaped something like a coffee berry. — Fl. ii. 231;
Millardet, Vignes Am. 233; Planch. 1. c. 8362; Munson, Trans. Am. Hort. Soe. iii. 138, Proce.
Am. Pom. Soc. xx. 97, Wild Grapes N. A. 14, Gard. & For. iii. 474, Am. Gard. xii. 661, &
Rev. Vit. vi. 425, f. 64, 65; Britton in Bailey, Am. Gard. xiv. 353 ; Foéx, Vitic. 29; Viala
& Ravaz, Vignes Am. 47. V. taurina, Bartram, Med. Rep. hex. 2, i. 22. V. vulpina, Am.
Auth. ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 245; Engelm. Bushberg Cat. ed. 3,19; not L. V. vulpina, var.
rotundifolia, Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. ii. 394. V. muscadina, angulata, verrucosa, peltata,
& Floridana, Raf. Am. Man. Grape Vines, 16, 17, are evidently (from the very poor descrip-
tions) only forms of this species. — River banks, swamps, and rich woodlands and thickets,
S. Delaware, Commons, to N. Florida and west to Kansas and Texas.
V. Munsoniana, Smrson. (Mustanc Grape of Florida, Brrp or Eversearine
Grape.) Very slender grower, preferring to run on the ground or oyer low bushes, more
nearly evergreen than the last, flowering more or.less continuously: leaves smaller, thinner,
and more shining, more nearly circular in outline and less prominently pointed; the teeth
broader in proportion to the blade and more open or spreading: clusters larger and more
thyrse-like ; berries a half smaller than in the last and often more numerous, shining black,
with a more tender pulp, acid juice, no muskiness, and thinner skin; seeds half smaller than
in the Jast.— J. H. Simpson in Munson, Addr. on Am. Grapes, Lansing, 1886, 5 (being a
reprint and revision of a paper in Proc. Am. Pom. Soc. xx., in which this grape is referred
to V. Floridana, Raf.) ; Munson, Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1887, 59, Wild Grapes N. A.
14, Gard. & For. iii. 475, Am. Gard. xii. 661, & Rev. Vit. vi. 427; Planch. 1. c. 615; Foéx,
Vitic. 30.— Dry woods and sands, Florida, at Jacksonville, Lake City, and southwards,
apparently the only grape on the reef keys. (Also in the Bahamas.) Difficult to distin-
guish from V. rotundifolia in herbarium specimens, but distinct in the field.
§ 2. Evuviris, Planch. Bark without distinct lenticels, on the old wood
separating in long thin strips and fibres: nodes provided with diaphragms: ten-
drils forked; flower-clusters mostly large and elongated: seeds pyriform. —
Vignes Am. 102, & in DC. Monogr. Phaner. v. 322.
* GREEN-LEAVED GRAPES, mostly marked at maturity by absence of prominent white,
rusty, or blue tomentum or scurf or conspicuous bloom on the leaves beneath (under sur-
face sometimes thinly pubescent, or minute patches of floccose wool in the axils of the
veins, or perhaps even cobwebby) ; the foliage mostly thin: tendrils intermittent, i. e.,
every third joint bearing no tendrils (or inflorescence). V. cinerea and V. Arizonica are
partial exceptions and might be looked for in * *,
+ Vulpina-like grapes, characterized by thin light or bright green mostly glossy leaves
(which are generally glabrous below at maturity save perhaps in the axils of the veins
and in V. Champini) with a long or at least a prominent point and usually long and large
sharp teeth or the edges even jagged.
++ Leaves broader than long, with truncate-oblique base (V. T’re/easez might be sought here).
V.rupéstris, Scueete. (Sanp, Sucar, Rock, Busu, or Mountain Grape.) Shrub 2 to
6 feet high, or sometimes slightly climbing, the tendrils few or even none, diaphragms plane
and rather thin: leaves reniform to reniform-ovate (about 3 to 4 inches wide and two
thirds as high), rather thick, smooth and glabrous on both surfaces at maturity, marked by
a characteristic light @laucescent tint, the sides turned up so as to expose much of the
under surface, the base only rarely cut into a well marked sinus, the margins very coarsely
angle-toothed, the boldly rounded top bearing a short abrupt point and sometimes two
lateral teeth enlarged and suggesting lobes: stamens in fertile flowers recurved laterally or
rarely ascending, those in the sterile flowers ascending: cluster small, slender, open and
branched ; berries small (4 to 3 inch in diameter), purple-black and somewhat glaucous,
pleasant-tasted, ripe in late summer; seeds small and broad. — Linnza, xxi. 591; Planch.
in DC. Monogr. Phaner. v. 346; Millardet, Vignes Am. 179, t. 18, 22; Engelm. Bushberg
429 VITACEA. Vitis.
Cat. ed. 3, 18; Munson, Trans. Am. Hort. Soc. iii. 132, Proc. Am. Pom. Soc. xx. 97, Wild
Grapes N. A. 9, Gard. & For. iii. 474, Am. Gard. xii. 659, & Rev. Vit. iii. 159 ; Foéx, Vitic.
45; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 102. — Sandy banks, low hills and mountains, District of
Columbia and S. Pennsylvania to Tennessee, Missouri, and 8S. W. Texas.
Var. dissécta, Ecerrt, in herb., is a form with more ovate leaves and very long
teeth, and a strong tendency towards irregular lobing. — Missouri.
++ ++ Leaves ovate in outline, with a mostly well marked sinus.
= Diaphragms (in the nodes) thin: young shoots not red: leaves not deeply lobed.
V. monticola, Bucxtry. (Sweet Mountain Grarz.) A slender trailing or climbing
plant (reaching 20 to 30 feet in height) with very long and slender branches, the young
growth angled and floccose (sometimes glabrous), the diaphragms plane and rather thin:
leaves small and thin (rarely reaching 4 inches in width and generally from 2 to 3 inches
high), cordate-ovate to triangular-ovate, with the basal sinus ranging from nearly truncate-
oblique to normally inverted-U-shaped, rather dark green but glossy above and grayish
green below, when young more or less pubescent or even arachnoid below, the blade either
prominently notched on either upper margin or almost lobed, the point acute and often pro-
longed, margins irregularly notched with smaller teeth than in V. rupestris: clusters short
and broad, much branched ; berries medium or small (averaging about $ inch in diameter),
black or light colored, seedy, sweet ; seeds large (about } inch long) and broad. — Pat. Off.
Rep. 1861, 485, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 450, & 1870, 136 ; Planch. 1. ec. 367 ; Munson,
Wild Grapes N. A. 13, Gard. & For. iii. 475, Am. Gard. xii. 586, Rev. Vit. ili. 81, & v. 166,
f£.54, 55; Foéx, Vitic. 44; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 123. V. Terana, Munson, Proc. Soe.
Prom. Agr. Sci. 1887, 59. V. Foexeana, Planch. 1. ¢. 616. — Limestone hills in 8S. W. Texas.
This species has been the subject of much misunderstanding. Buckley’s description seems
to be confused, but his specimens of V. monticola (in herb. Acad. Philad.) are clearly the
small-leaved and glabrous species here designated. See, also, Viala, “ Une Mission Viticole
en Amérique,” 1889, 67; and V. Berlandieri, below.
V. vulpina, L. (Riversan« or Frost Grape.) A vigorous tall-climbing plant, with a
bright green cast to the foliage, normally glabrous young shoots, large stipules, and plane
very thin diaphragms: leaves thin, medium to large, cordate-ovate, with a broad but usually
an evident sinus, mostly showing a tendency (which is sometimes pronounced) to 3 lobes,
generally glabrous and bright green below, but the veins and their angles often pubescent,
the margins variously deeply and irregularly toothed and sometimes cut, the teeth and the
long point prominently acute: fertile flowers bearing reclining or curved stamens, and the
sterile ones long and erect or ascending stamens: clusters medium to large on short pedun-
cles, branched (often very compound), the flowers sweet-scented ; berries small (less than 4
inch in diameter), purple-black with a heavy blue bloom, sour and usually austere, generally
ripening late (even after frost) ; seeds rather small and distinctly pyriform.— Spec. i. 203,
in part (see Britton in Bailey, Am. Gard. xiv. 353) ; Bailey, Am. Gard. xiv. 353, with plate ;
Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 221; Munson, Rev. Vit. iii. 161. V. riparia, Michx. FI. ii. 231 ;
Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2429; Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 244; Planch. 1. c. 352; Millardet, Vignes Am.
159, t. 18, 19, 23; Engelm. Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 233, & Bushberg Cat. ed. 3, 18; Munson,
Trans. Am. Hort. Soc. ili. 131, Proc. Am. Pom. Soc. xx. 97, Wild Grapes N. A. 9, Gard. &
For. iii. 474, & Am. Gard. xii. 659; Foéx, Vitic. 49; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 132.
V. serotina, Bartram, Med. Rep. hex. 2, i. 22. V. odoratissima, Donn, Hort. Cantab. ed. 6,
62. 7% V. Lilinoensis, & V. Missouriensis, Prince, Vine, 184, 185, % V. tenuifolia, LeConte,
Proc. Acad. Philad. vi. 271, & Flora, 1853, 707. V. cordifolia, var. riparia, Gray, Man.
ed. 5, 113. V. vulpina, var. riparia, Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. ii. 395.— New Brunswick,
ace. to Macoun, to N. Dakota, Kansas, and Colorado, and south to W. Virginia, Missouri,
and N. W. Texas; the commonest grape in the Northern States west of New England,
particularly abundant along streams. Variable in the flavor and maturity of the fruit.
Forms with petioles and under surfaces of leaves pubescent sometimes occur. Occasionally
hybridizes with V. Labrusca eastward, the hybrid being known by the tomentose young
shoots and unfolding leaves, and the darker foliage which is marked with rusty tomentum
along the veins of the less jagged leaves.
Var. precox, Barry, n. comb., is the June Grave of Missouri, the little sweet fruits
ripening in July. — V. riparia, var. priecox, Engelm. ace. to Bailey, Am. Gard. xiv. 353.
Vitis. VITACER. 423
V. Treleasei, Munson, in herb. Plant shrubby and much branched, climbing little, the small
and mostly short (generally shorter than the leaves) tendrils deciduous the first year unless
finding support, internodes short, the diaphragms twice thicker (about 5 inch) than in V.
vulpina and shallow-biconcave: stipules less than one quarter as large as in V. vulpina;
leaves large and green, very broad-ovate or even reniform-ovate (often wider than long),
thin, glabrous and shining on both surfaces, the basal sinus very broad and open and making
no distinct angle with the petiole, the margin unequally notch-toothed (not jagged as in V.
vulpina) and indistinctly 3-lobed, the apex much shorter than in V. vu/pina: fertile flowers
with very short recurved stamens, sterile with ascending stamens : cluster small (2 to 3 inches
long); the berries 4 inch or less thick, black with a thin bloom, ripening three weeks later
than V. vulpina when grown in the same place, thin-skinned ; pulp juicy and sweet; seeds
small. — Brewster County, S. W. Texas, EL. L. Gage, and New Mexico to Bradshaw Moun-
tains, Arizona. Little known, and possibly a dry-country form of V. vulpina. In habit it
suggests V. Arizonica, var. glabra, from which it is distinguished, among other things, by
its decidedly earlier flowering and larger leaves with coarser teeth and less pointed apex.
V. Longii, Prince. Differs from vigorous forms of V. vulpina in having floccose or pubes-
cent young growth: leaves decidedly more circular in outline with more angular teeth and
duller in color, often distinctly pubescent beneath: stamens in fertile flowers short and
weak and laterally reflexed, those in sterile flowers long and strong: seeds larger. — Vine,
184 (1830). V. Solonis, Planch. Vignes Am. 119, & in DC. Monogr. Phaner. v. 354; Engelm.
Bushberg Cat. ed. 3, 18; Munson, Wild Grapes N. A. 9, Am. Gard. xii. 660, & Rey. Vit. iii.
159; Foéx, Vitic. 121; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 202. V. Nuevo-Mexicana, Lemmon in
Munson, Trans. Am. Hort. Soe. iii. 182; Munson, Wine & Fruit Gr. vii. 85 (1885), Proc. Am.
Pom. Soc. xx. 97, & Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1887, 59. —N. W. Texas and New Mexico.
Regarded by French authors as a hybrid, the species V. rupestris, vulpina, candicans, and cor-
difolia having been suggested as its probable parents. It is variable in character. In most of
its forms it would be taken for a compound of V. rupestris and V. vulpina, but the latter
species is not known to occur in most of its range. It was very likely originally a hybrid
between V. rupestris (which it sometimes closely resembles in herbarium specimens save for
its woolliness) and some tomentose species (possibly with V. Arizonica or V. Doaniana), but
it is now so widely distributed and grows so far removed from its supposed parents and
occurs in such great quantity in certain areas, that for taxonomic purposes it must be kept
distinct. It is not unlikely that it has originated at different places as the product of unlike
hybridizations. Late French writers designate the jagged-leaved forms as V. Solonis, and
the dentate forms as V. Nuevo-Mexicana. This interesting grape was found some thirty
years ago by Engelmann in the Botanic Garden of Berlin under the name of Vitis Solonis,
without history. Engelmann guesses (Bushberg Cat. ed. 3,18) the name to be a corrup-
tion of “Long’s.” It is probable that the plant was sent to European gardens as Vitis
Longii — very likely from Prince’s nursery — and the name was misread on the label.
The original name, which was duly published by Prince with description, may now be
restored.
Var. microspérma, Baitey, n. comb. (V. Solonis, var. microsperma, Munson, Rey.
Vit. iii. 160), is a very vigorous and small-seeded form, which is very resistant to drought. —
Red River, N. Texas.
V. Champini, Prancu. Probably a hybrid of V. rupestris or V. Berlandieri and V. candi-
cans, bearing medium to large reniform or reniform-cordate leaves which are variously
pubescent or cobwebby but become glabrous, the growing tips mostly white-tomentose :
berries very large and excellent.—Jour. Vigne Am. vi. 22, ix. 192, & in DC. Monogr.
Phaner. y. 327; Munson, Trans. Am. Hort. Soc. iii. 137 (as hybrid), Proc. Am. Pom. Soc.
xx. 97, Wild Grapes N. A. 11, Gard. & For. iii. 474, Am. Gard. xii. 661, t. opp. p. 579, &
Rev. Vit. iii. 81; Foéx, Vitic. 118; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 192.—S. W. Texas. In
some places associated with V. candicans, Berlandieri, and monticola only, and in others with
the above and V. rupestris. Often found composing dense thickets.
= = Diaphragms very thick and strong: young shoots bright red: leaves often strongly
lobed.
V. palmata, Vani. (Rep or Car Grape.) A slender but strong-growing vine, with
small long-jointed angled red glabrous herb-like shoots and red petioles; leaves small to
424 VITACER. . Vitis.
medium, ovate-acuminate, dark green and glossy, sometimes indistinctly pubescent on the
nerves below, the sinus obtuse, the blade either nearly continuous in outline or (commonly)
prominently lobed or even parted, coarsely notched: stamens in the sterile flowers long and
erect: clusters loose and long-peduncled, branched ; the flowers opening late; berries small
and late (4 to 2 inch in diameter), black without bloom, with little juice and commonly con-
taining but a single seed, which is large and broad.—Symb. iii. 42; DC. Prodr. i. 635 ;
Engelm. Bushberg Cat. ed. 3, 17, & Bot. Gaz. viii. 254; Munson, Trans. Am. Hort. Soe,
iii. 133, & Proc. Am. Pom. Soc. xx. 97; Sargent, Gard. & For. ii. 340, f. 118. V. monosperma,
Michx. Journ. 124. V. rubra, Michx. acc. to Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phaner. v. 354; Mil-
lardet, Vignes Am. 223; Munson, Wild Grapes N. A. 13, Am, Gard. xii, 586, & Rey. Vit. v.
165; Foéx, Vitic. 48; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 145. V. riparia, var. palmata, Planch.
1. c. 352. — A handsome plant ; Illinois and Missouri to Louisiana and Texas.
+ + Cordifolialike grapes, with thickish and dull-colored or grayish green leaves often
holding some close dull pubescence below at maturity (and the shoots and leaves nearly
always more or less pubescent when young), the teeth mostly short or at least not deep-
cut, the point mostly triangular and conspicuous.
++ Plant strong and climbing, with stout persistent tendrils.
= Young shoots terete, and glabrous or very soon becoming so.
V. cordifdlia, Micux. (True Frost Grape, CuicKen, Raccoon, or WINTER GRAPE.)
One of the most vigorous of American vines, climbing to the tops of the tallest trees, and
sometimes making a trunk 1 or 2 feet in diameter: internodes long; the diaphragms thick
and strong: petioles long ; leaves long-cordate, triangular-cordate with a rounded base, or
cordate-ovate, undivided but sometimes very indistinctly 3-lobed or 3-angled, the basal sinus
rather deep and narrow and normally acute, the margin with large angular acute teeth of
different sizes and the point long and acute, the upper surface glossy and the lower bright
green and either becoming perfectly glabrous or bearing some close and fine inconspicuous
grayish pubescence on the veins: stamens erect in the sterile flowers and short reflexed-
curved in the fertile ones: clusters long and very many-flowered, most of the pedicels
branched or at least bearing a cluster of flowers ; berries numerous and small (about 2 inch
in diameter), in a loose bunch, black and only very slightly glaucous, late and persistent,
with a thick skin and little pulp, becoming edible after frost ; seeds medium and broad. —
Fl. ii. 231; Pursh, Fl. i. 169; DC. Prodr. i. 634; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 244; Engelm. Am.
Nat. ii. 321, ix. 269, Bull. Torr. Club, vi. 233, & Bushberg Cat. ed. 3, 17; Planch. 1. ¢, 350;
Millardet, Vignes Am. 169, t. 18, 19, 23; Munson, Trans. Am. Hort. Soe. iii. 133, Proc. Am.
Pom. Soc. xx. 97, Wild Grapes N. A. 13, Gard. & For. iii. 474, Am. Gard. xii. 586, & Rev. Vit.
v. 165; Foéx, Vitic. 41; Britton in Bailey, Am, Gard. xiv. 353; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes,
Am. 93. V. pullaria, LeConte, Proc. Acad. Philad. vi. 273, & Flora 1853, 708. V. vulpina,
var. cordifolia, Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. ii. 394. — In thickets and along streams- from
Pennsylvania (and probably S. New York) to E. Kansas and southwards to Florida and
Texas.
Var. fcetida, Encrrm., has fetidly aromatic berries, and grows in the Mississippi
Valley. — Am. Nat. ii. 321. ;
Var. sempérvirens, Munson. A glossy-leaved form holding its foliage very late in
the season: leaves sometimes suggesting forms of V. palmata. — Rev. Vit. v. 165, f. 58.—
S. Florida.
Var. Hélleri, Barry, n. var. Leaves more circular (i. e., lacking the long point), and
the teeth round-obtuse and ending in a short mucro. — Kerr County, S. Texas, 1600 to 2000
feet, Heller, no. 1750.
= = Young shoots angled, and covered the first year with tomentum or wool.
V. Baileyana, Munson. (’Possum Grape.) Less vigorous climber than V. cordifolia,
rather slender, with short internodes and very many short side shoots: petioles shorter and
often pubescent; leaves frequently smaller, the larger ones shortly but distinctly 3-lobed
(lobes mostly pointed and much spreading), bright green but not shining above and gray
below and pubescent at maturity only on the veins, the point only rarely prolonged and
often muticous, the teeth comparatively small and notch-like and not prominently acute,
sinus more open: floral organs very small; the stamens reflexed in the fertile flowers:
"itis. VITACEZ. A425
pedicels short, making the bunch very compact: berries about the size of V. cordifolia, black
and nearly or quite bloomless, late; seed small and notched on top. — Vitis Baileyana (a
leaflet issued June 20, 1893), & Rev. Vit. vi.421; Rusby, Mem. Torr. Club, v. 220. V. Vir-
giniana, Munson, Wild Grapes N. A. 14, Gard. & For. ili. 475, & Am. Gard. xii. 659, not
Lam.— Mountain valleys, 800 to 3000 feet altitude, Southwestern Virginia and adjacent
West Virginia and Western North Carolina, Tennessee and N. Georgia; also at common
levels in the uplands of West-central Georgia. The eastern counterpart of V. Berlandieri.
V. Berlandieri, Puancu. (Movunrarn, Spanisu, Faui, or Winter Grape.) A stocky
moderately climbing vine, with mostly short internodes and rather thick diaphragms:
leaves medium-large, broadly cordate-ovate or cordate-orbicular (frequently as broad as long),
glabrous and glossy above, covered at first with gray pubescence below but becoming gla-
brous and even glossy except on the veins, the sinus mostly inverted-U-shaped in outline but
often acute at the point of insertion of the petiole, the margin distinctly angled above
or shortly 3-lobed and marked by rather large open notch-like acute teeth of varying
size, the apex mostly pronounced and triangular-pointed: stamens long and ascending in
the sterile flowers, laterally recurved in the fertile ones: clusters compact and compound,
mostly strongly shouldered, bearing numerous medium to small (4 inch or less in diameter)
purple and slightly glaucous very late berries which are juicy and pleasant-tasted ; seed (fre-
quently only 1) medium to small.— Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. Paris, xci. 425-428, Jour.
Vigne Am. 1880, 318, & in DC. Monogr. Phaner. v. 341; Foéx, Vitic. 42; Munson, Gard.
& For. iii. 475, Wild Grapes N. A. 14, Am. Gard. xii. 659, Rev. Vit. iii. 81, & vi. 422, f. 62;
Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 71. V. monticola, Engelm. Bushberg Cat. ed. 3, 15; Millardet,
Vignes Am. 199, t. 21; Munson, Trans. Am. Hort. Soe. iii. 1384, & Proc. Am. Pom. Soc. xx.
97; not Buckley. V. estivalis, var. monticola, Engelm. Am. Nat. ii. 321. — Limestone soils
along streams and hills, S. W. Texas. Well marked by the gray-veined under surface of the
leaves. (Adj. Mex.) ;
V. cinérea, Encerm. (Sweer Winter Grape.) Climbing high, with medium to long
internodes and thick and strong diaphragms: leaves large, broadly cordate-ovate to trian-
gular-cordate-ovate (generally longer than broad), the sinus mostly wide and obtuse, the
margin small-notched (teeth much smaller than in V. Berlandieri) or sometimes almost
entire, mostly distinctly and divaricately 3-angled or shortly 3-lobed towards the apex, the
triangular apex large and prominent, the upper surface cobwebby when young but becoming
dull dark green (not glossy), the under surface remaining ash-gray or dun-gray webby-
pubescent : stamens in sterile flowers long, slender and ascending, in the fertile ones short,
and laterally recurved: cluster mostly loose and often straggling, containing many small
black berries, these only slightly if at all glaucous, ripening very late, and after frost
becoming sweet and pleasant; seeds small to medium. — Bushberg Cat. ed. 3, 16; Planch.
1. c. 343; Millardet, Vignes Am. 193, t. 18, 20, 24; Munson, Trans. Am. Hort. Soc. iii. 133,
Proc. Am. Pom. Soe. xx. 97, Wild Grapes N. A. 14, Gard. & For. iii. 475, Am. Gard. xii.
659, & Rev. Vit. vi. 423, f. 63; Foéx, Vitic. 39; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 99. V. estivalis,
var. ? cinerea, Engelm. in Gray, Man. ed. 5, 679.— Along streams, mostly in limy soils,
Central Illinois to Kansas and Texas; also-N. Florida. Readily distinguished from V. esti-
valis by the triangular-topped sharply 3-lobed ash-gray leaves and the gray tomentum of
the young growth. (Mex.)
Var. Floridana, Munson. Growing tips rusty-tomentose, as are sometimes the veins
on the under sides of the leaves: cluster longer-peduncled and more compound. — Wild
Grapes N. A. 14, Gard. & For. iii. 474, & Rev. Vit. vi. 424. — Manatee Co., Florida, and ap-
parently also in Arkansas ; not unlikely a compound with V. estivalis, but the leaves have
the characteristic shape of V. cinerea. Not to be confounded with any form of V. Caribea,
DC., because of the lobed triangular-topped leaves and much larger teeth.
Var. canéscens, Baitey, n. comb. A form with rounded or heart-like leaves, the
upper half of the leaf lacking the triangular and 3-lobed shape of the type. — V. estivalis,
var. canescens, Engelm. Am. Nat. ii. 321, fide spec. in herb. Gray. — St. Louis, Missouri,
Engelmann, Eggert, and S. Illinois, Schneck, to Texas, Wright, and Curtiss no. 453 a, in part.
++ ++ Plant scarcely climbing, the tendrils perishing if failing to find support.
V. Arizo6nica, Excerm. (CaNon Grape.) Plant weak, much branched, with short inter-
nodes and thick diaphragms, branchlets angled: leaves mostly small, cordate-ovate and
426 VITACEE. Vitis.
with a prominent triangular-pointed apex, the sinus broad or the base of the blade even
truncate, the teeth many and small and pointed or mucronate, the margin either continuous
or very indistinctly 3-lobed (or sometimes prominently lobed on young growths), the leaves
and shoots white-woolly when young, but becoming nearly glabrous with age: stamens
ascending in sterile flowers and recurved in the fertile ones: bunches small and compound,
not greatly, if at all, exceeding the leaves, bearing 20 to 40 small black berries of pleasant
taste; seeds 2 to 3, medium size. — Am. Nat. ii. 321, ix. 268, & Bushberg Cat. ed. 3, 16 ;
Planch. 1. c. 340; Millardet, Vignes Am. 229; Munson, Trans. Am. Hort. Soc. iii. 132, Proc.
Am. Pom. Soe. xx. 97, Wild Grapes N. A. 10, Gard. & For. iii. 474, & Am. Gard. xii. 660 ;
Foéx, Vitic. 48; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am.131. V. Arizonensis [Parry], Rep. Dept. Agric.
1870, 416. V. estivalis, var.? Gray, Pl. Wright. ii. 27; Torr. Pac. R. Rep. vii. 9. — Along
river banks, W. Texas to New Mexico and Arizona, mostly south of the 35th parallel, to
S. E. California. (Northern Mex.)
Var. glabra, Munson. Plant glabrous, with glossy and mostly thinner and larger
leaves. — Wild Grapes N. A. 10, Gard. & For. iii. 474, & Am. Gard. xii. 660. — In mountain
gulches and cafions, with the species and ranging northwards into 8. Utah. Readily distin-
guished from V. monticola by its triangular-pointed and small-toothed leaves.
+— + + Orbicular-scallop-leaved species of the Pacific Coast.
V. Califérnica, Benrn. A vigorous species, tall-climbing upon trees but making bushy
clumps when not finding support, the nodes large and diaphragms rather thin: leaves mostly
round-reniform (the broader ones the shape of a horse’s hoof-print), rather thin, either gla-
brous and glossy or (more commonly) cottony-canescent until half grown and usually
remaining plainly pubescent below, the sinus ranging from very narrow and deep to broad
and open, the margins varying (on the same vine) from finely blunt-toothed to coarsely
scallop-toothed (the latter a characteristic feature), the upper portion of the blade either
perfectly continuous and rounded or sometimes indistinctly 3-lobed and terminating in a
very short apex: bunches medium, mostly long-peduncled and forked, the numerous small
berries glaucous-white, seedy and dry but of fair flavor; seed large (} to =; inch long),
prominently pyriform.— Bot. Sulph. 10; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 45; Buckley, Pat. Off.
Rep. 1861, 483; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 105, mostly ; Engelm. Bushberg Cat. ed. 3, 15;
Planch. 1. c. 8339; Millardet, Vignes Am. 226; Munson, Trans. Am. Hort. Soc. iii. 137, Proc.
Am. Pom. Soc. xx. 97, Wild Grapes N. A. 10, Gard. & For. iii. 474, 475, & Am. Gard. xii.
660; Foéx, Vitic. 832; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 57. V. Caribea, Torr. & Gray, FI. i.
683, not DC. — Along streams in Central and N. California and S. Oregon. Leaves becom-
ing handsomely colored and mottled in fall.
* * COLORED-LEAVED GrapEs, marked by thick or at least firm foliage, the leaves promi-
nently rusty or white-tomentose or glaucous-blue below. V. cinerea, V. Arizonica, and
possibly V. Californica may be sought here ; and late-gathered forms of V. bicolor may be
looked for in *.
+— Leaves only flocculent or cobwebby or glaucous below when fully grown (i. e., not covered
with a thick dense felt-like tomentum, except sometimes in V. Doaniana).
++ White-tipped grapes, comprising species with the ends of the growing shoots and the
under surfaces of the leaves whitish or gray.
V. Girdiadna, Munson. (Vartey Grape.) Strong climbing vine, with thick diaphragms :
leaves medium to large and rather thin, broadly cordate-ovate, with a rather deep and
narrow sinus and nearly continuous or obscurely 3-lobed outline (sometimes markedly 3-lobed
on young shoots), the teeth many and small and acute, the apex short-triangular or almost
none, the under surface remaining closely ashy-tomentose: clusters large and very compound,
each one dividing into three or four nearly equal sections, which are in turn shouldered
and thyrse-like; berries small, black and slightly glaucous, the skin thin but tough, pulp
finally becoming sweet ; seeds medium in size, pyriform. — Proc. Soe. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1887,
59, Wild Grapes N, A. 10, Gard. & For. iii. 474, & Am. Gard. xii. 660. — S. California, south
of the 36th parallel. Differs from V. Californica in the more pubescent shoots and foliage,
smaller and sharp teeth, decompound clusters, smaller less glaucous berries, and smaller
seeds. Shoots of V. Californica often bear leaves with small and muticous teeth, and such
specimens without the flower-clusters are difficult to distinguish from this species. Some
Vitis. VITACEX. 427
of the forms which have been referred to V. Girdiana are evidently hybrids with the wine-
grape, V. vinifera; and at best the plant is imperfectly understood and its merits as a
species are yet to be determined.
V. Doaniana, Munson. Plant vigorous, climbing high or remaining bushy if failing to
find support, with short internodes and rather thin diaphragms : leaves bluish green in cast,
mostly large, thick and firm, cordate-ovate or round-ovate in outline, bearing a prominent
triangular apex, the sinus either deep or shallow, the margins with very large angular
notch-like teeth and more or less prominent lobes, the under surface usually remaining
densely pubescent and the upper surface more or less floccose: cluster medium to small, |
bearing large (3 inch and less in diameter) black glaucous berries of excellent quality ;'
seeds large (+ to 3 inch long), distinctly pyriform.— Wild Grapes N. A. 9, Gard. & For.
iii. 474, Am. Gard. xii. 660, & Rev. Vit. iii. 160; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 204 (considering
it a hybrid of V. candicans and the V. Longii group) ; Sears, Gard. & For. ix. 454, £. 59.—
Chiefly in N. W. Texas, but ranging from Greer Co., Oklahoma, to beyond the Pecos River
in New Mexico. The species varies greatly in pubescence, some specimens being very
nearly glabrous at maturity and others densely white-tomentose. The plant would pass at
once as a hybrid of V. vulpina and V. candicans except that the former does not often occur
in its range. It is very likely a hybrid, however, and V. candicans seems to be one of the
parents.
++ ++ Rusty-tipped grapes, comprising the xstivalian group, the unfolding leaves and
(except in V. bicolor) the young shoots distinctly ferrugineous, and the mature leaves
either rusty or bluish below, or sometimes becoming green in V. bicolor.
V. estivalis, Micux. (Summer, Buncu, or Pigeon Grape.) Strong tall-climbing vine,
with medium-short internodes, thick diaphragms, and often pubescent petioles: leaves mostly
large, thinnish at first but becoming rather thick, ovate-cordate to round-cordate in out-
line, the sinus either deep (the basal lobes often overlapping) or broad and open, the limb
always lobed or prominently angled, the lobes either 3 or 5, in the latter case the lobal
sinuses usually enlarged and rounded at the extremity, the apex of the leaf broadly and
often obtusely triangular, the upper surface dull and becoming glabrous and the under
surface retaining a covering of copious rusty or red-brown pubescence which clings to the
veins and draws together in many small tufty masses: stamens in fertile flowers reflexed
and laterally bent: clusters mostly long and long-peduncled, not greatly branched or even
nearly simple (mostly interrupted when in flower), bearing small (4 inch or less in diameter)
black glaucous berries, which have a tough skin and a pulp ranging from dryish and as-
tringent to juicy and sweet ; seeds medium size (} inch or less long), two to four. — FI. ii.
230; DC. Prodr. i. 634 ; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 244; Engelm. Am. Nat. ii. 321, & Bushberg Cat.
ed. 3,16; Planch. 1. c. 334; Millardet, Vignes Am. 185, t. 20, 23; Munson, Trans. Am.
Hort. Soe. iii. 134, Proc. Am. Pom. Soc. xx. 97, Wild Grapes N. A. 12, Gard. & For. iii. 474,
475, Am. Gard. xii. 584, & Rev. Vit. v. 164; Britton in Bailey, Am. Gard. xiv. 353; Foéx,
Vitic. 37; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 69. V. sylvestris, occidentalis, & Americana, Bartram,
Med. Rep. hex. 2, i. 21, 23. V. Nortoni, Prince, Vine, 186. V. Labrusca, var. estivalis,
Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. ii. 396. V. bracteata, & V. aruneosus, LeConte, Proc. Acad.
Philad. vi. 271, 272, & Flora, 1853, 708. (There are specimens in herb. Acad. Philad. labelled
V. araneosus, as if LeConte’s type, but there is no proof that they are his type. These
specimens are V, cinerea, which is not known to occur in “the upper parts of Georgia,” to
which V. araneosus is credited ; moreover, the “more or less ferruginous ” leaves belong to
V. estivalis rather than to V. cinerea.) —Chemung Co., New York (7. F’. Lucy), and Long
Island to Central Florida (Nash, no. 525, Bailey), and westward through Southern Pennsyl-
vania to the Mississippi and Missouri. A marked type among American grapes, being
readily distinguished from other species by the reddish fuzz of the under sides of the leaves.
Most of the tomentose-leaved species have been at one time or another confounded with it,
but when allowed to stand by itself, it is not a difficult species to understand.
Var. glatica, Barrer, n. comb. Leaves (and mature wood) glaucous-blue on the body
beneath, but the veins rusty: berriesand seeds larger. —V. Lincecumit, var. glauca, Munson,
Wild Grapes N. A. 12, Gard. & For. iii. 474, Am. Gard. xii. 585, & Rev. Vit. v. 159. —S.
W. Missouri to N. Texas. Much like V. bicolor, but leaves thicker and more pubescent
below, and tips of shoots rusty-tomentose.
428 VITACEZ, Vitis. —
Var. Linsecoémii, Munson. (Post-oax, Pine-woop, or TurKEY Grape.) More
stocky than V. estivalis, climbing high upon trees but forming a bushy clump when not
finding support: leaves densely tomentose or velvety below: berries large (} to ~ inch
in diameter), black and glaucous, mostly palatable; seeds mostly much larger than in
V. estivalis (often 2 inch long).— Proc. Am. Pom. Soc. xx. 97. V. diversifolia, Prince,
Vine, 183, not Wall. V. Linsecomii, Buckley, Pat. Off. Rep. 1861, 485, Proc. Acad.
Philad. 1861, 451, & 1870, 136; Planch. 1. c. 338; Millardet, Vignes Am. 211, t. 21; Mun-
son, Wild Grapes N. A. 12, Gard. & For. iii. 474, 475, Am. Gard. xii. 585, & Rev. Vit. v.
159; Foéx, Vitic. 36; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 66.— High post-oak (Quercus stellata)
lands, S. W. Missouri to N. Texas and E. Louisiana. Very likely derived from the
estivalis type through adaptation to dry soils and climates. Perhaps worth recognition as
a geographical species.
Var. Bourquiniana, Barry, n. comb. A domestic offshoot, represented in such
cultivated varieties as Herbemont and Le Noir, differing from V. estivalis in its mostly
thinner leaves which (like the young shoots) are only slightly red-brown below, the pubes-
cence mostly cinereous or dun-colored or the under surface sometimes blue-green: berries
large and juicy, black or amber-colored.— V. Bourquiniana, Munson, Wild Grapes N. A.
12, Gard. & For. iii. 474, Am. Gard. xii. 584, & Rev. Vit. v. 159; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes
Am. 237 (considering it a vinifera-estivalis hybrid). — A mixed type, some of it probably
a direct amelioration of V.cstivalis, and some hybridized with the wine-grape (V. vinifera).
Much cultivated south.
V. bicolor, LeContz. (Brun Grape, or Summer Grape of the North.) A strong high-
climbing vine, with mostly long internodes and thick diaphragms, the young growth and
canes generally perfectly glabrous and mostly (but not always) glaucous-blue, tendrils and
petioles very long: leaves large, round-cordate-ovate in outline, glabrous and dull above
and very heavily glaucous-blue below, but losing the bloom and becoming dull green
very late in the season, those on the young growth deeply 3-5-lobed and on the older
growths shallowly 3-lobed, the basal sinus running from deep to shallow, the margins mostly
shallow-toothed or sinuate-toothed (at least not so prominently notch-toothed as in V. esti-
valis): cluster mostly long and nearly simple (sometimes forked), generally with a long or
prominent peduncle; the purple and densely glaucous berries of medium size (3 inch or less
in diameter), sour but pleasant-tasted when ripe (just before frost) ; seeds rather small. —
Proc. Acad. Philad. vi. 272, & Flora, 1853, 708; Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phaner. v. 614;
Munson, Wild Grapes N. A. 12, Gard. & For. iii. 474, Am. Gard. xii, 585, & Rev. Vit. v. 163 ;
Foéx, Vitic. 37; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 68. V. argentifolia, Munson, Proc. Soc. Prom.
Agr. Sci. 1887, 59. — Abundant northwards along streams and on banks, there taking the
place of V. estivalis. Ranges from New York and Illinois to the mountains of W. North
Carolina, Bailey, and to W. Tennessee, F’endler. Well distinguished from V. estivalis (at
least in its northern forms) by the absence of rufous tomentum, the blue-glaucous small-
toothed leaves, and long petioles and tendrils. It has been misunderstood because it loses
its glaucous character in the fall.
V. Caribea, DC. Climbing, with flocculent-woolly (or rarely almost glabrous) and striate
shoots: tendrils rarely continuous: leaves cordate-ovate or even broader and mostly acumi-
nate-pointed, sometimes obscurely angled above (but never lobed except now and then on
young shoots), becoming glabrous above but generally remaining rufous-tomentose below,
the margins set with very small mucro-tipped sinuate teeth: cluster long and long-
peduncled, generally large and very compound; berry small and globose, purple; seed
obovate, grooved on the dorsal side. — Prodr. i. 634; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 102; Planch.
1. c. 330; Engelm. Bushberg Cat. ed. 3, 15.— A widely distributed and variable species in
the American tropics, running into white-leaved forms (as in V. Blanco’, Munson). Little
known in the United States; Louisiana, Hooker; Lake City, N. Florida, Nash, no. 2493;
swamp, near Jacksonville, Florida, Curtiss, no. 4791.
+ + Leaves densely tomentose or felt-like beneath throughout the season, the covering
white or rusty-white.
++ Tendrils intermittent (every third joint with neither tendril nor inflorescence opposite).
V. candicans, Excerm. (Mustane Grape.) Plant strong and high climbing with
densely woolly young growth (which is generally rusty-tipped), and very thick diaphragms:
Vitis. VITACEZ. 429
leaves medium in size and more or less poplar-like, ranging from reniform-ovate to cordate-
ovate or triangular-ovate, dull above but very densely white-tomentose below and on the
petioles, the basal sinus very broad and open or usually none whatever (the base of the leaf
then nearly truncate), deeply 5-7-lobed (with enlarging rounded sinuses) on the strong
shoots and more or less indistinctly lobed or only angled on the normal growths, the margins
wavy or sinuate-toothed: stamens in the sterile flowers long and strong, those in the fertile
flowers very short and laterally reflexed: cluster small, mostly branched, bearing a dozen
to twenty large (# inch or less in diameter) purple or light-colored or even whitish berries,
which have a thick skin and a very disagreeable fiery flavor; seeds large, pyriform. —
Engelm. in Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 166, Am. Nat. ii. 321, & Bushberg Cat. ed. 3, 15; Planch.
1. c. 326; Munson, Trans. Am. Hort. Soe. iii. 137, Proc. Am. Pom. Soc. xx. 97, Wild Grapes
N. A. 11, Gard. & For. iii. 474, & Am. Gard. xii. 661; Foéx, Vitic. 34; Viala & Ravaz,
Vignes Am. 61. V. Mustangensis, Buckley, Pat. Off. Rep. 1861, 482, Proc, Acad. Philad.
1861, 451, & 1870, 136. V. Labrusca, var. ficifolia, Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. ii. 396. —
E. Texas, mostly on limestone soils.
Var. coriacea, Baritey, n. comb. (LEATHER-LEAF or CALLoosA GRAPE.) Differs
from the species chiefly in bearing much smaller (about 4 inch in diameter) thinner-skinned
and more edible grapes with mostly smaller seeds, and perhaps a less tendency to very deep
lobing in the leaves on young shoots and possibly rather more marked rustiness on the young
growths. —V. coriacea, Shuttl. distr. pl. Rugel (Chapm. FI. 8. States, 71); Planch. 1. ¢. 345;
Munson, Wild Grapes N. A. 11, Gard. & For. ii. 474, & Am. Gard. xii. 661; Foéx, Vitic.
34; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 61. V. Caribea, Chapm. Fl. 71; Munson, Trans. Am. Hort.
Soe. iii. 136 ; not DC. — Florida, chiefly southward, in which range various Texan plants
reappear. The more agreeable quality of the fruit is probably the result of a more equable
and moister climate.
V. Simpso6ni, Munson. Distinguished by mostly much-cut leaves on the young shoots
and comparatively thin large and large-toothed ones on the main shoots, rusty-white tomen-
tum below and very prominently brown-tomentose young growths, — the character of the
leaves and tomentum varying widely, the foliage sometimes becoming almost blue-green
below. — Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci. 1887, 59, Wild Grapes N. A. 12, Gard. & For. ili. 474,
Am. Gard. xii. 661 (said to be hybrid of V. coriacea and V. cinerea), & Rev. Vit. v. 164,
f.52; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am. 221 (calling it a hybrid of V. cinerea and V. coriacea).
— Central Florida, Lake Co., Nash, no. 399; Manatee River, Rugel, no. 112, ete. This is
likely a hybrid of V. estivalis and V. candicans, var. coriacea. Some forms of it are very
like V. Labrusca, and might be mistaken for that species.
++ ++ Tendrils mostly continuous (a tendril or inflorescence opposite every node).
V. Labrtsca, L. (Fox Grave, Skunk Grape.) A strong vine, climbing high on thickets
and trees: young shoots tawny or fuscous with much scurfy down: leaves large and thick,
strongly veined (especially beneath), broadly cordate-ovate, mostly obscurely 3-lobed towards
the top (on strong growths the sinuses sometimes extending a third or even half the
depth of the blade, and rounded and edentate at the bottom) or sometimes nearly con-
tinuous in outline and almost deltoid-ovate, the petiolar sinus mostly shallow and very open
(ranging to narrow and half*or more the length of the petiole), the margins shallowly
scallop-toothed with mucro-pointed teeth (or sometimes almost entire), and the apex and
lobes acute, the upper surface dull green and becoming glabrous but the lower surface
densely covered with a tawny-white, dun-colored or red-brown tomentum: stamens long and
erect in the sterile flowers and (in wild forms) short and recurved in the fertile ones: raceme
short (berries usually less than 20 in wild types), generally simple or very nearly so, in an-
thesis about the length of the peduncle: berries large and nearly spherical, ranging from
purple-black (the common color) to red-brown and amber-green, generally falling from the
pedicel when ripe, variable in taste but mostly sweetish musky and sometimes slightly
astringent, the skin thick and tough; seeds very large and thick. — Spee. i. 203, in part ;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 244; Gray, Gen. Il. ii. t. 161; Engelm. Bushberg Cat. ed. 3, 14; Mil-
lardet, Vignes Am. 219; Munson, Trans. Am. Hort. Soc. iii. 156, Proc. Am, Pom. Soc. xx.
97, & Rev. Vit. v. 157; Britton in Bailey, Am. Gard. xiv. 353; Viala & Ravaz, Vignes Am.
51. V.vulpina, Bartram, Med. Rep. hex. 2, i. 21, and other authors. V. Blandi, Prince,
Vine, 177. V. Labrusca, var. typica, Regel, Act. Hort. Petrop. ii. 395.— New England and
430 VITACEX. Cissus.
southwards in the Alleghany region and highlands to West-central Georgia. Not known to
oceur west of E. New York in the North, but reported from 8. Indiana, M/unson. The parent
of the greater part of American cultivated grapes. It is often confounded with V. estivalis
in the South, from which it is distinguished by the habitually continuous tendrils, the more
felt-like leaves which are not floccose, and especially by the small-toothed leaves, very short
clusters and large berries and seeds.
2. CISSUS, L.1 (Kwods, Greek name of Ivy.) —A vast genus, mainly
tropical, of various habit, the typical species 4-merous, some of the d-merous
species near to Vitis. — Ameen, Acad. i. ed. Holm. 389, ed. Lugd. Bat. 115, &
Gen. ed. 5, no. 137. Ampelopsis, Rhoicissus, Cissus, etc., Planch. in DC.
Monogr. Phaner. v. 453, 463, 470.
§ 1. Flowers mostly 5-merous and perfect: disk cupulate or at length ex-
planate, with barely lobed or crenate border, its base coherent with that of the
ovary: berries soon dry or with scanty pulp, inedible: tendrils in ours few, and
mostly in the inflorescence: foliage, etc., not fleshy. — Ampelopsis, Raf., Planch.,
and partly Michx.
C. Ampeldpsis, Pers. Nearly glabrous, moderately climbing: leaves simple (2 to 4
inches long), deltoid-subecordate or with truncate base, acutely serrate, acuminate, some-
times tricuspidate by obscure lateral lobes: cupulate disk as high as the ovary and free
almost to base: style slender: berries bluish or greenish, mawkish, the size of peas. —Syn.
i. 142; Pursh, Fl. i. 170; Torr. Fl. N. & Midd. States, 266. Ampelopsis cordata, Michx. Fl.
i. 159; DC. Prodr. i. 633; Planch. 1. ¢. 453. A. cordifolia, Raf. Med. Bot. ii. 122. Vitis indi-
visa, Willd. Berol. Baum. ii. 538; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 243. — Banks of streams, Virginia
and Ohio to Illinois, south to Florida and Texas; fl. spring. (Mex.)
C. stans, Pers. Glabrous or glabrate, erect, rarely with a few tendrils and somewhat
climbing: leaves bipinnately compound; pinnz and leaflets about 2 pairs and an odd one;
leaflets ovate and cuneate-obovate, incisely few-toothed: cymes shorter than the leaves: disk
shorter than the ovary and largely adnate to it: style conical-subulate: berries dark purple;
seeds with a prominent and oval dorsal chalaza. — Syn. i. 143; Pursh,l.c. C. bipinnata,
Nutt. Gen. i. 144; Ell. Sk. i. 304. Vitis arborea, L. Spec. i. 203; Marsh. Arb. 164; Jacq.
Hort. Schoenb. iv. 14, t. 428. V. bipinnata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 243; Chapm. Fl. 70. Ampe-
lopsis bipinnata, Michx. FI. i. 160; DC. 1. c.; Planch. 1. c. 461. Hedera arborea, Walt. Car.
102. (Cissus orientalis, Lam., is a related species of Asia Minor, with 4-merous flowers.) —
Banks of streams, Virginia to S. Illinois and Missouri, S. Florida, and Texas; fl. summer.
(Mex., Cuba.)
§ 2. Flowers 4-merous and mostly perfect: disk cupulate, united with the base
of the ovary, the margin 4-lobed: tendrils mostly strong: foliage in ours thick
or even fleshy (detaching in drying). —Cissus, Planch.
* Leaves 3-lobed or trifoliolate.
C. acida, L. A low climber, with slender and striate somewhat succulent branches, glabrous :
leaves trifid or trifoliolate; the leaflets or divisions broad-cuneate and sharp-toothed on top,
rather small: flowers small, in corymb-like or umbel-like clusters: berry ovoid and mucro-
nate, dark purple, with 1 or 2 large seeds, the pedicel recurved at maturity. — Spec. ed. 2,
i. 170; DC. Prodr. i. 630; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 102; Planch. 1. c. 534, in part. Vitis acida,
Chapm. Fl. 70.—Key West; also in Arizona, Pringle, no. 371, Lemmon, no. 533.
(W. Ind., Mex.)
C. incisa, Drsmout. Either slender or a strong climber, sometimes reaching 20 to 30 feet,
with very fleshy stems, the tendrils sometimes penetrating the support like roots: leaves
1 §1and C. Ampelopsis & stans by A. Gray.
Ampelopsis. VITACEZ. 431
pale green, 3-parted or trifoliolate, very fleshy; the divisions or leaflets wedge-ovate and
mostly notched on the sides as well as on the top, and the middle one sometimes lobed:
inflorescence umbelliform: berry oboyoid, blackish, with 1 or 2 seeds, the pedicel strongly
recurved, — Desmoul. in Durand, Monogr. Vit. 59; Planch. 1.¢.535. C. incisa, var. Rocheana,
Carr. Rev. Hort. lvi. 272, figs. C. Rocheana, Planch. Jour. Vigne Am. 1888, 102. Vitis
incisa, Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 243; Chapm. Fl. 70. V. acida, Planch. 1. ¢., in part. —
Arkansas and Texas; also Florida, St. Vincent’s Isl. and Hillsboro River, Curtiss, no. 458,
and probably southward. Leaves various. Not unlikely a geographical form of the last.
Root sometimes tuberous-thickened.
* * Leaves not lobed.
C. sicyoides, L., var. Floridana, Piancu. Climbing, with pilose striate branches:
leaves ovate-oblong and often acuminate, subcordate at the base, strongly nerved, pubes-
cent below (at least on the veins), the margin beset with small ascending mucronate teeth:
inflorescence umbel-like and peduncled; berry nearly globular, black, 1-seeded. — Planch.
in DC. Monogr. Phaner. v. 530. —S. Florida: Caloosahatchee River to Cape Sable, Curtiss,
no. 457*. A form in which the flowers are transformed (by the fungus Ustilago Cissi) into
cigar-form bodies, the cluster becoming elongated, is Spondylantha aphylla, Presl. — Cape
Romano, Florida, Curtiss, and the West Indies.
3. AMPELOPSIS,! Michx., in part. (“Apzredos, the vine, dys, likeness.)
—E. North American and Asiatic woody climbers, with short and branched ten-
drils, their tips often with disk-like dilatations which adhere to impinged surfaces.
«Cymes not tendriliferous. Flowers greenish, estival. Leaves various. — FI.
i, 159, in part; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i, 245; Gray, Man. ed. 1-6, & Gen. IIL. iu.
165, t. 162. Qucnaria, Raf. Am. Man. Vines (1830), 6, & Med. Bot. ii, 122.
Landukia & Parthenocissus, Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phaner. v. 446, 447
(1887).
A. TRicuspipATA, Sieb. & Zucc. Fam. Nat. Fl. Jap. (Abh. Akad. Miinchen, iv.) i. 88 (the
A. Veitchii of gardens), —a Japanese species, remarkable for its three forms of leaves, two
of them simple, and the greater development of what answers to ovarian disk, — is in common
cultivation as Japanese Ivy, Japanese Creeper, or Boston Vine. It promptly covers walls, attach-
ing itself firmly by means of its very short disciferous tendrils. A. heterophylla, Blume (Lan-
dukia Landuk, Planch.) is a clear congener.
A. quinquefolia, Micux. (Viremia Creerer, Woopstne erroneously.) Tall vine,
climbing by both disciferous tendrils and aérial rootlets, with warty and dark-colored canes :
leaves palmately 3-7-foliolate, but normally 5-foliolate, the leaflets ovate or obovate to oblong-
ovate, cuneate-obovate or even oblong-lanceolate, upon distinct petiolules, ranging from
coarsely serrate to dentate, notched or even incised-dentate, mostly acuminate, generally
glabrous or soon becoming so: cymes various but mostly broadly dichotomous, sometimes
elongated and leafy: berries globular, the size of peas, purple with a dark blue bloom, the
pulp thin and subacid. — Fl. i. 160; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 114; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 245 (and
var. hirsuta); Gray, Gen. Il] ii. t. 162. A. hederacea, DC. Prodr. i. 633; Loud. Arb. i. 482,
f. 146. A. hirsuta, Donn, Hort. Cantab. ed. 6, 62; DC. 1. ¢. 633. Vitis hederacea, Ehrh.
Beitr. vi.85. V. quinquefolia, Lam. Tl. ii. 135. Hedera quinquefolia, L. Spec. i. 202. Quinaria
hederacea, & Q. hirsuta, Raf. Med. Bot. ii. 122. Cissus hederacea, Pers. Syn. i. 143. Par-
thenocissus quinquefolia and vars. typica, hirsuta, & laciniata, Planch. in DC. Monogr. Phaner.
v. 449. — Rich woods and banks, Quebec to Winnipeg and the Rocky Mountains, and to
S. Florida, Texas, and New Mexico. (Cuba.)
Var. vitacea, Knerr. Aérial roots none, and tendrils little or not at all disciferous
(the vine therefore not clinging well) ; the canes smoother: cymes rather more dichoto-
mous and open: berries larger and earlier. — Bot. Gaz. xviii. 70. Parthenocissus vitacea,
Hitchcock, Spring Fl. Manhattan, 26 (1894). — Michigan to Kansas.
1 Remarks under genus, and account of A. tricuspidata, by A. Gray.
432 SAPINDACEZ.
Var. heptaphylla, Gray, n. comb. Leaflets smaller, mostly 6 or 7, generally very
strongly toothed or incised, the fruit clusters more or less pendulous. — A. heptaphylla,
Buckley, Proc. Acad. Philad. 1861, 450, 1870, 136. — Texas.
Var. pubéscens, Baitry,n. comb. Leaflets grayish-pubescent below, mostly bluntly
toothed, and inflorescence elongated. — A. pubescens, Schlect. Linnea, x. 251. Vitis pubes-
cens, Miq. Ann. Mus. Bot. Lugd.-Bat. i. 90. — Occurs in Northern Mexico, and probably in
our southwestern territory.
OrDER XLIV. SAPINDACE#.
By B. L. Rogsrnson.
Trees, shrubs (very rarely herbs), or in warm countries lianas. Flowers regu-
lar or zygomorphous, in Suborder I perfect, in the other suborders often appear-
ing perfect or polygamous, yet generally through reduction or suppression of one
set of essential organs, moncecious or (in Dodonea and rarely in Acer) dicecious.
Calyx inferior, mostly (4—)5-parted or -divided; segments or sepals imbricated or
rarely valvate in bud. Petals in regular flowers usually 5, in zygomorphous 4
(the posterior obsolete). Disk annular, crenate, or lobed, often glandular, in
Dodonea and sometimes in Acer obsolete. Stamens usually 8 or 10 (4 to o),
hypogynous or sometimes somewhat perigynous, mostly inserted within or upon
(sometimes on the outer edge of) the disk; anthers introrse, 2-celled, dehiscent
by longitudinal slits ; filaments usually pubescent. Style simple or more or less
deeply 2-3(-4)-cleft or -divided ; ovary few (mostly 2—3)-celled ; ovules solitary,
geminate, or rarely more numerous in the cells, usually attached to the axis and
ascending with rhaphe ventral. — A large and, as here taken, somewhat composite
order. The principal and more typical suborder (Sapinde) is chiefly tropical
and includes a large number of genera, most of which are small or even mono-
typic. Two considerable genera, Serjania and Paullinia, woody climbers of
Tropical America are noteworthy for the variety and complexity in the structure
of their stems.
SuporperR I. STAPHYLINEZ. Flowers perfect, regular. Sepals, petals, and
stamens of the same number. Fruit (in ours) capsular, vesicular-inflated ; seeds
albuminous, several in each cell.
1. STAPHYLEA. Sepals concolorous with the petals, oblong, erect, imbricated in the bud.
Disk fleshy. Carpels (2 to) 3; styles slender; stigmas capitate or subcapitate. Fruit
bladder-like, with (2-)3-horned summit; seeds several and nearly horizontal, biseriately
arranged along the inner angle of each cell.
Suporper II. ACERINEZ. Flowers regular, polygamous, andromoncecious or
androdicecious or (in Acer § Negundo) dicecious. Petals (often wanting), when
present, as many as the sepals. Fruit normally of 2 diverging carpellary sama-
roid more or less coherent nutlets, or (in certain foreign species) capsular with two
samaroid valves. Trees and erect shrubs with opposite leaves.
2. ACER. Flowers polygamo-dicecious or dicecious, in lateral or terminal umbellate, race-
mose, or paniculate inflorescences. Petals usually about 5 and isomerous with the calyx-
lobes or wanting. Stamens more often anisomerous, in ¢ flowers reduced or (in § Negundo)
wanting. Disk either intra- or extra-stamineal, or bearing the stamens, mostly crenate or
SAPINDACEX. 433
lobed, rarely rudimentary or wanting. Styles 2, elongated, filiform, introrsely stigmatose.
Nutlets 1-2-seeded, each surmounted by a mostly oblong-oblique obtuse veiny morphologi-
cally ascending or widely spreading dorsal wing, which is thickened and nerved on the
outer margin; seeds horizontal or ascending, laterally compressed; embryo variously
oriented, with thin elongated spirally coiled or irregularly folded cotyledons.
Suporper III. DODONZX. Fruit (in ours) a septicidal 3(2-4)-winged capsule ;
seeds exalbuminous. Flowers regular, appearing polygamous, but by abortion
dicecious. Petals, when present, of the same number as the calyx-lobes. Disk
(in ours) obsolete. Erect shrubs; the American with simple alternate oblong or
narrower leaves.
3. DODONZ®A. Flowers small. Petals 0. Calyx 3-5-lobed. Stamens 5 to 8 or rarely
more numerous ; filaments short ; anthers innate. Carpels3 or 4; styles united to or nearly
to the apex; ovary sharply angled, 3-4-celled ; cells 2-ovuled; placente on the axis; the
upper ovule of each pair ascending, the lower pendulous.
SuporpER IV. SAPINDEZ. Flowers irregular or (in Sapindus) sub-regular, ap-
pearing polygamous, but not truly perfect. Sepals or calyx-lobes 4 or 5. Petals
often of unequal number, the posterior one commonly reduced or absent. Disk
present, variously developed. Fruit capsular, or more or less deeply divided into
samaroid or rarely baccate carpellary lobes. Seeds exalbuminous. Leaves alter-
nate, pinnately or ternately compound.
* Fruit a 3-celled septicidal or septifragal capsule of mostly 3 panieroid carpels more or less
coherent about the axis: flowers irregular : shrubby climbers.
4. URVILLEA. Sepals 5. Capsule papery, 3-angled and 3-winged, septicidal or septi-
fragal ; wings thin, of nearly equal breadth from the base to the summit. Leaves ternate.
Otherwise as in the next.
5. SERJANIA. Flowers zygomorphous. Sepals 5 (or4). Petals4,appendaged. Stamens 8.
Disk present, somewhat irregular, bearing 2 larger upper and 2 smaller lower glands. Fruit
with 3 turgid at length separable seminiferous often reticulated or tomentulose lobes at the
summit, each extended downward along the axis into a semi-ovate or very rarely semi-
obovate or -oblanceolate wing. Inflorescences axillary and terminal, pedunculate and sub-
tended by 2 or 3 recurved and coiling tendrils. Leaves mostly biternate.
% * Fruit a bladdery inflated loculicidal capsule: tendriliferous herbaceous climber with
biternate leaves. Ovules solitary in the cells.
6. CARDIOSPERMUM. Flowers zygomorphous. Sepals 5 or more commonly, by the
union of 2 of them, reduced to 4, these broad and very obtuse, in two unequal pairs. Petals
4, alternating with the sepals, imbricated in the bud, each bearing from near the base an
irregular somewhat unguiculate winglike or hooked appendage; the appendages of the
upper petals being larger. Disk extra-stamineal, bearing opposite each of the upper petals
a short and rounded or long-cornute gland. Stamens 8, deflexed. Seeds exarillate, black
with light-colored scar.
%* * * Fruit of 1 to (rarely) 3 indehiscent baccate wingless rounded carpellary segments:
flowers regular or nearly so (sepals often somewhat unequal) : our species trees or erect
shrubs.
+— Ovules solitary in the cells.
7. SAPINDUS. Sepals 5, obtuse, rarely petaloid. Petals usually of the same number,
more or less pubescent, and bearing just above the short claw a villous or ciliated comb or
appendage. Disk annular, commonly crenate, bearing the 8 (to 10) stamens. Seeds ex-
arillate, with bony testa, black or nearly so.
+ + Ovules 2 in each cell, but fruit by abortion 1-celled, 1-seeded.
8. EXOTHEA. Calyx deeply 5-parted, tomentulose; segments rounded, imbricated, at
length reflexed. Petals 5, unappendaged, slightly unguiculate. Ovary 2-celled; ovules a
pair in each cell, collateral, somewhat pendulous. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded ; embryo with
very thick cotyledons and short radicle.
28
434 SAPINDACEZ. Staphylea.
9. HYPELATE. Sepals 5, subglabrate, rounded, imbricated. Petals 5, unappendaged,
sessile. Ovary 3-celled ; ovules 2 in each cell, superposed, the upper ascending, the lower
somewhat pendulous. Fruit 1-celled, 1-seeded; embryo with thin somewhat crumpled
cotyledons incumbent upon a long radicle.
* * * * Fruit a coriaceous 3-valved loculicidal capsule: tree or erect shrub with pinnate
leaves and showy zygomorphous flowers : ovary and capsule stipitate.
10. UNGNADIA. Calyx deeply 5-parted ; segments imbricated in the bud. Petals mostly
4, obovate-spatulate, unguiculate, each with a bushy crest at the summit of the woolly-
pubescent claw. Disk thin, obliquely developed, bearing the stamens and closely enveloping
and adnate to the stipe-like base of the ovary. Stamens mostly 8, unequal, much exserted
in the ¢ flowers, in the ? shorter than or about equalling the petals. Seeds by abortion
solitary in the cells, brown, smooth and shining, carunculate-appendaged at the broad
hilum.
Susporper V. HIPPOCASTANEZ. Flowers irregular, polygamous, showy. |
Sepals or calyx-lobes 5. Petals 5 (or 4), unguiculate. Leaves opposite, palmately
5-9-foliolate.
11. ASCULUS. Calyx cup-shaped or tubular, usually unequal and gibbous. Petals hy-
pogynous, irregular, unappendaged. Stamens 5 to 8, usually 7, declined, exserted (at least
in sterile flowers). Ovary 3-celled; cells each with a pair of superposed ovules. Fruit cap-
sular, loculicidal ; cells by abortion mostly only 1 or 2, and 1-seeded; the valves thick, cori-
aceous, often spinescent or spiny. Seeds large, brown, smooth and shining, with large
dull white hilum.
1. STAPHYLEA, L. Brapper-nur. (SradvA7, a bunch of grapes, re-
ferring to the clustered flowers and fruit. The name as first applied by Tourne-
fort was Staphylodendron.) — Shrubs with opposite stipulate pinnate 3—7-foliolate
leaves, nodding racemosely or cymosely paniculate white flowers, and strongly
inflated 3 (or rarely 2)-lobed capsules. — Spec. i. 270; Lam. Ill. t. 210; Schk.
Handb. t. 84; Deless. Ic. iii. t. 51; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 191, t. 172; Benth. &
Hook. Gen. i. 412; Zabel, Gartenfl. xxxvii. 498-504, 527-531 ; Pax in Engl. &
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 260. Staphylodendron, 'Tourn. Inst. 616, t.
386. Staphyllodendron, Scop. Fl. Carn. ed. 2, i. 228. Bumalda, Thunb. FI.
Jap. 8. — A small genus of some eight species ; one European, three or four Asiatic
(often cult. for ornament and frequently hybridized), one Mexican, and the
following.
S. trifolia, L. A neat shrub, 6 to 12 feet high, with green branchlets and 3-foliolate pubes-
cent or glabrate leaves: leaflets ovate, sharply acuminate, finely serrate, paler beueath:
sepals oblong, greenish white: petals a little longer, sub-unguiculate, with broad pubescent
claws: stamens and pistil scarcely or not at all exserted: filaments pubescent : the 3-horned
bladdery capsules 14 to 2 inches long. — Spec. i. 270; Torr. Fl. N. Y.i.139, t.19; Gray, Gen.
Til. ii. 192, t. 172; Chapm. Fl. 77. SS. érifoliata, Schmidt, Arb. ii. t. 81. Staphylodendron
trifoliatum, Mcench, Meth. 65. — Rich moist soil, Lower Canada to Minnesota and southward
to North Carolina, Tennessee, and Missouri, Bush; common; fl. May; fr. June; autumnal
flowers and fruit also occur. Zabel’s vars. typica & pauciflora (the latter based apparently
upon cult. pl.) are not clearly distinguishable in the specimens at hand.
S. Bolanderi, Gray. Leaves glabrous, 3-foliolate ; leaflets broadly ovate-oblong or suborbicu-
lar, scarcely acuminate, finely serrate, paler beneath, thickish (at least of firmer texture than
in preceding): stamens and pistil much exserted nearly twice the length of the floral en-
velopes ; filaments not always (as originally described) glabrous: fruit 15 to 18 lines in length,
sharply 3-horned. — Proc. Am. Acad. x. 69; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 108; Sargent,
Gard. & For. ii. 544, t. 142. — California, on McCloud’s Fork, Shasta Co., Bolander, Lem-
mon; Fresno Co., Parry; also near Sequioia Mills (acc. to Brandegee) ; fl. April; fr. July ;
rare.
Acer. SAPINDACEZ. 435
2. ACER, Tourn. Marte. (Classical Latin name for the maple.) — Trees
or shrubs with firm white wood and copious saccharine sap. Leaves opposite, in
ours palmately lobed or divided, except in § Megundo, where pinnate. Fruits
with supernumerary carpels are frequent in many species. — Inst. 615, t. 386;
L. Gen. no. 317; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 199, t. 174; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 409;
Pax in Engl. Jahrb. vi. 287-374, vil. 177-272, xi. 72-83, & in Engl. & Prantl,
Nat. Pflanzenf. iii, Ab. 5, 269; Wesmael, Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg. xxix. 17-65.
Sargent, Silv. ii, 79-113, t. 82-97; Schwerin, Gartenfl. xlii. 161, e¢ seq.;
Trelease, Rep. Mo. Bot. Gard. v. 88-106, t. 4-16 (showing also winter state) ;
Beal, Sugar Maples of Centr. Mich. (reprint from Rep. Sec. Agric. Mich. xxxiii).
— About seventy species, nearly confined to the N. Temperate Zone; more than
half of them of E. Asia. In China and Japan the foliage of certain species
shows remarkable departures from the stellate lobing so characteristic in most of
our own maples. Not only do ovate or oblong pinnately veined leaves occur,
but in some species pedately or sub-pinnately 3-foliolate leaves, wholly invalidat-
ing the foliar distinction of Negundo,—a group not well separable generically
by the absence of the disk, this being in some cases obsolete in Acer proper.
A. PLATANO{DES, L. Spec. ii. 1055, the Norway Mar ez, frequently planted as a shade tree
and said to be occasionally self-sown, is of a section not represented in our flora, and may be
recognized by its close dark Tvlia-like bark, large 5-lobed sinuately sharp-toothed leaves, and
very large fruit spreading 3 or 4 inches from tip to tip of the divaricate wings. (Cult. from
Eu., Asia.)
§ 1. Sprcfra, Pax (extended). Flowers polygamous, in racemes or racemi-
form panicles: both floral envelopes present; disk well developed. — Pax in
Engl. Jahrb. vi. 326.
* Petals narrow, much exceeding the short-ovate sepals: inflorescences at first erect or
ascending.
A. spicatum, Lam. (Mountain Marte.) A shrub or small tree, seldom 25 feet in
height, with thin smooth bark: branchlets tomentulose when young but soon quite glabrate :
leaves rather small, of soft texture, with 3 principal acuminate lobes, and often two shorter
ones near the cordate or subcordate base, rather sharply serrate-dentate, above glabrate,
green, and with furrowed veins, the lower surface paler, tomentose or very tardily glabrate
(except the tufted axils of the veins): flowers small and numerous in terminal slender-
peduncled racemiform panicles; pedicels spreading, 3 to 5 lines in length at anthesis:
petals spatulate, thrice the length of the pubescent sepals: stamens about 8, regular and
symmetrical, or all more or less strongly deflexed: g flowers with hairy rudimentary
pistil: disk of nearly separate glands alternating with and somewhat external to the fila-
ments: fruit atematurity about an inch broad; the outer margins of its divergent wings
making an angle of about 90°. — Dict. ii. 8381 ; Audubon, Birds Am. t. 134; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 246; Chapm. Fl. 80; Emerson, Trees & Shrubs Mass. ed, 2, ii. 567, with plate; Sar-
gent, Silv. ii. 83, t. 82, 83; Gray, Pl. For. Trees N. A. t. 25. A. Pensylvanicum, Du Roi,
Diss. 61; Wang. Nordam. Holzart. 82, t. 12, f. 30; not L. A. parviflorum, Ehrh. Beitr. iv.
25, vi. 40. A. montanum, Ait. Kew. iii. 485; Michx. Fl. ii. 253; Guimp. Otto & Hayne,
Abbild. Holzart. 59, t. 48; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 111. —Preferring rocky soil in open
woods, Newfoundland, S. Labrador, and Nova Scotia to the mountains of N. Carolina and
Georgia and northwest to Winnipeg, the Saskatchewan, and even the shores of Hudson Bay ;
fl., ace. to locality, May to July; fr. July, August. A variety in E. Asia has 5-9-lobed
more deeply serrate leaves.
* * Petals and sepals rather broad, subequal in length: inflorescences drooping or pen-
dulous.
436 SAPINDACE®. Acer.
+ Fruit glabrous: species of the Eastern States and Mississippi Valley. .
A. Pennsylvanicum, L. (Srrivep Marie, Moosrwoop.) Shrub or small tree with
smoothish longitudinally striped bark: leaves large, thin, dark green, glabrous above,
scarcely paler and tawny pulverulent-puberulent beneath, finely, sharply and somewhat
doubly serrate all around, rounded or somewhat cordate at the base; lobes 3 to 5 sharply or
caudately acuminate ; flowers large, rather few in the simple flexuous racemes; pedicels
slender, scarcely spreading: petals pale green, obovate, slightly exceeding the oblong acut-
ish sepals : filaments inserted outside the crenate disk: no rudimentary pistil in the d flow-
ers: fruit at maturity 14 to 2 inches in breadth; the outer edges of the wings making a
very obtuse angle. — Spee. ii. 1055 (as Pensylvanicum); Michx. Fl. ii. 252; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 246; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 200, t. 174, f. 1-4; Emerson, 1. c. 566, with plate; Sargent,
Sily. ii. 85, t. 84,85. A. Canadense, Marsh. Arb. 3. A. striatum, Du Roi, Diss. 58; Michx. f.
Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 242, t.17.— Shaded situations protected by other trees, Nova Scotia,
New Brunswick, and Lower Canada to Minnesota and south to the mountains of Georgia ;
fl. May, June; fr. July, August. Several nearly related species in E. Asia.
+ + Body of fruit soft- or more or less arachnoid-tomentose at length glabrate: geron-
togeous species frequently planted.
A. Psgupo-eLAtanus, L. Spec. ii. 1054, the Sycamore Mapte, with thickish 5-lobed
bluntly serrate leaves dark green above and much paler beneath, is common in cultivation, and
self-sown seedlings are sometimes found in parks, on lawns, &c., of cities. (Cult. from the
Old World.)
+ + + Body of the fruit hirsute: species of the West.
A. macrophyllum, Pursu. A tall tree with thick rough and furrowed bark: younger
parts with a milky juice: leaves large, of firm texture, deeply (3-)5-parted, at first soft-
pubescent, later quite glabrate above and with only a microscopic puberulence beneath,
reticulate-veiny ; the lobes with 1 to 5 coarse irregular teeth, the margins otherwise entire:
racemes rather many-flowered: anthers sagittate ; filaments pubescent at the base, inserted
above (within) the disk: fruit very large, wings (each 1 to 2 inches long) diverging mostly
at an acute rarely obtuse angle; the body of the carpels large, upwardly bristly with stiff
tawny hairs. — Fl. i. 267; Nutt. Sylv. ii. 77, t. 67 (by error numbered 68); Hook. FI. Bor.-
Am. i. 112, t. 38; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 246; Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 74, & Bot. Mex. Bound.
47; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 107; Sargent, Silv. ii. 89, t. 86, 87. A. palmatum, Raf.
New Fl. Am. i. 48, not Thunb. — Preferring rich soil near streams, in the Sierra Nevada and
on the Pacific Coast from Alaska to S. California; fl. April, May ; fr. June to September.
Specimens with 3-5-carpelled fruits have been found in Washington by Suksdorf.
§ 2. GiABra, Pax. Flowers polygamous, with both calyx and corolla: in-
florescence umbelliform or corymbose; pedicels slender: disk well developed. —
Pax in Engl. Jahrb. vi. 327.
* Petals flat, about equalling the sepals: leaves 3-5-lobed or palmately 3-foliolate.
A. glabrum, Torr. Shrub or small low-branching tree with smoothish bark: branchlets
glabrous, light brown: leaves mostly rather small, glabrous except for a sparse tawny pul-
verulence more or less persistent especially upon the veins beneath, 3(-5)-lobed or often
upon the same trees or branches 3-foliolate ; lobes or leaflets unequally and somewhat in-
cisely serrate, acute or obtusish: inner bud-scales lance-oblong, soft-pubescent on the upper
surface, roseate, usually tipped with a rudimentary lamina: inflorescences few-flowered, in
anthesis short, spreading or nodding: petals rather narrow, spatulate-oblong, veiny, about
equalling the oblong sepals: stamens about 8, shorter than or barely equalling the floral
envelopes ; filaments borne in sockets of the disk: rudiment of pistil in # flowers none:
fruit strongly and irregularly rugose ; wings diverging at an acute or right angle. — Ann.
Lye. N.Y. ii. 172; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 247, 684; Nutt. Sylv. ii. 86; Wats. Bot. King Exp.
52; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif.i. 107; Sargent, Silv. 17. 95, t. 89. A. Douglasii, Hook. Lond.
Jour. Bot. vi. 77, t.6. Var. rrrpartirum, Pax (in Engl. Jahrb. vii. 218; A. tripartitum,
Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 247, & Sylv. ii. 85, t. 71), is a form having leaves mostly
although inconstantly 3-foliolate. — Rocky ground, in woods and along streams, mountains
of Colorado, New Mexico, and Arizona, to §. Central California, Brit. Columbia, and
Acer. SAPINDACEZ. AS
Alberta, Macoun ; fl. May, June ; fr. August, September. A species with strikingly variable
foliage.
* * Petals cucullate, considerably shorter than the sepals: leaves mostly 7-9-lobed.
A. circinaétum, Pursu. (Vine Martz.) A small tree orlow spreading or even prostrate
shrub, with smoothish brown bark: branchlets glabrous or very early glabrate: leaves of
nearly orbicular outline, cordate or subtruncate at the base, and with 5 to 11 short ovate
acute or acuminate, sharply serrate lobes, at first villous, at maturity quite glabrous except
for a tuft of hairs on the upper surface at the very base where the principal nerves diverge:
the inner bud-scales very large, 1 to 2 inches in length, broadly spatulate, soft-pubescent,
usually rose-colored, somewhat persistent: flowers in nodding or pendulous subsessile or
peduncled corymbs: sepals oblong, purple or red: petals small, greenish, ovate, acutish,
with strongly inflexed margins: segments of the fruit very widely spreading or commonly
divaricate. — Fl. i. 267 ; Nutt. Sylv. ii. 80, t. 68 (by error numbered 67); Torr. & Gray, FI.
i, 247; Hook, Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 112, t. 39; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 107; Sargent, Silv.
ii. 93, t. 88. A. virgatum, Raf. New FI. Am. i. 48.— Rich soil, by streams and in woodland,
N. Central California to Brit. Columbia; fl. April, May.
§ 3. Rtpra, Pax. Flowers appearing before the leaves, polygamous, monc-
cious, or dicecious, with or without petals ; the g flowers subsessile or short-
pedicelled in capitate or subcapitate clusters; @ flowers in sessile umbels. disk
rudimentary or obsolete : leaves simple, glaucous beneath. — Pax in Engl. Jahrb.
vi. 326, & in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii, Ab. 5, 326. — Sorr Martes.
* Petals present nearly or quite equalling the almost distinct sepals.
A. ribrum, L. (Repor Scarier Marte.) A tree mostly of small or medium size, but
sometimes becoming 3 feet or more in diameter, and 80 to 100 feet in height: bark at length
rather thick and deeply fissured, dark gray; the branchlets grayish brown, nearly or quite
glabrous: leaves 3-5-lobed, usually rather small, cordate with a narrow sinus, or with
rounded base, soon glabrate and bright green above, very pale and often with a somewhat
persistent tomentum beneath; lobes triangular-ovate, acute or acuminate, rather evenly
serrate, seldom incised: flowers usually red, rarely (in the formal var. pallidiflorum; Pax)
dull or yellowish green, pedicellate, but in anthesis aggregated in close subcapitate umbels;
these terminal on short branchlets or sessile in the upper axils of the last year’s leaves :
petals narrower than sepals: ovary nearly or quite glabrous; fruit long-pedicelled, pendu-
lous, glabrous, usually red ; carpels seldom exceeding an inch in length ; wings when imma-
ture subparallel, later diverging at an acute or right angle. — Spec. ii. 1055; Ehrh. Beitr.
iv. 23; Schmidt, Oestr. Baum. i. 10, t.6; Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 210, t.14; Wats.
Dendr. Brit. ii. t. 169; Emerson, Trees & Shrubs Mass. ed. 2, ii. 551, with plate; Sargent,
Silv. ii. 107, t. 94; Gray, Pl. For. Trees N. A. t. 20. 4A. glaucum, Marsh. Arb. 2.
2A. Carolinianum, Walt. Car. 251. A. coccineum, Michx. f. 1. c. 203. A. microphyllum, &
A. semi-orbiculatum, Pax in Eng]. Jahrb. vii. 180, 181 (both treated as subspecies by Wes-
mael, 1. c. 29), are founded on trivial differences chiefly of the very variable foliage. Wars.
eurubrum (typical), sanguineum, & clausum, Pax, 1. c. 181, 182, have scarcely a formal value.
— Rich woodland, Newfoundland to Central Florida and Louisiana, northwest to Winnipeg,
E. Dakota (acc. to Sargent), and Nebraska. A species of neat and attractive appear-
ance at all seasons but in early autumn becoming (especially in the Eastern States) very
conspicuous by its bright scarlet foliage. Sterile specimens of a noteworthy form with ovate-
lanceolate serrate but scarcely lobed leaves, entire at the base, has been collected in Florida
by Chapman. Toward the south and southwest the species passes into
Var. Drummondii, Torr. & Gray. Leaves rather large for the species (often 4 to
5 inches in length and breadth) and rather more deeply 3-lobed, densely tomentose beneath :
fruit decidedly larger than in the typical form ; wings 1} to 14 or (acc. to Sargent) even 2
to 24 inches in length. — Fl. i. 684 (Drummondii parenthetical but apparently used as a
varietal name) ; Sargent, U. S. 10th Census, ix. 50, & Sily. ii. 109, t. 95. A. Drummondii,
Hook. & Arn. Jour. Bot. i. 200; Nutt. Sylv. ii. 83, t. 70. A. rubrum, var. y, Hook. &
Arn. 1. c. 199. ? A. rubrum, var. tomentosum, Pax in Engl. Jahrb. vii. 182. — Louisiana,
where first collected by Drummond, and Texas, north to Missouri, where leaves become
438 SAPINDACEA. Acer.
nearly glabrate (coll. Bush), and occasional in the Eastern Gulf States to Georgia (acc. to
Sargent).
* * Petals minute or more commonly none: calyx of the ¢ flowers a narrow turbinate
cup, merely crenate-toothed.
A. saccharinum, L., not Wang. (Sirver Marte.) In favorable situations becoming a
large tree 4 or 5 feet in diameter and 60 or 80, or even 100 feet in height: trunk dividing
at no great height into 2 to several large ascending branches, the ultimate branchlets some-
what pendulous: bark of the trunk and large branches gray, cortex of the branchlets red-
dish brown, lucid: leaves at first silky-tomentose, then puberulous and soon quite glabrate,
incisely 3-5-lobed, being cleft two thirds of the way to the base, green above, very pale and
glaucous beneath except on the veins; lobes again rather deeply and somewhat doubly
incised, the outer pair, when present, much smaller than the others: bud-scales small,
ovate to oblong, tomentose on the margins: flowers small, greenish yellow, appearing
much before the leaves: filaments of the ¢ flowers very slender, much exceeding the calyx:
fruit large, carpels at full maturity 2 inches in length, at first tomentose, later nearly or
quite glabrate ; the body strongly and longitudinally nerved ; one carpel usually abortive or
empty. — Spec. ii. 1055; Koch, Hort. Dendr. 80; Sargent, Gard. & For. ii. 364, & Silv. ii.
103, t. 93. A.dasycarpum, Ehrh. Beitr. iv. 24; Pursh, Fl.i. 266; Nutt. Sylv. ii. 87; Ell. Sk.
i. 449; Emerson, Trees & Shrubs Mass. ed. 2, ii. 556, with plate; Sargent, U. S. 10th
Census, ix. 49; Pax in Engl. Jahrb. vii. 179. A. rubrum mas, Schmidt, Oestr. Baum.
i. 11,t.7. A. rubrum, var. pallidum, Ait. Kew. iii. 434. A. eriocarpum, Michx. FI. ii. 253 ;
Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 205, t. 18. The Linnean description and the still extant
authentic specimen leave no doubt whatever of the application of the Linnzan name, which,
notwithstanding the regrettable displacement of Wangenheim’s later homonym, is here used
consistently with the laws of specific nomenclature followed in other parts of this work. In
no system of nomenclature can such unfortunate changes be altogether avoided and the
Kew Rule certainly leads toas few as any. It may be noted that the name saccharinum, as
here applied, is not wholly inappropriate, since the present species is regularly tapped in
some localities and yields a fair quantity of sugar. — Rich woods, especially on river bot-
toms (hence sometimes called “ Intervale Maple”), New Brunswick and Lower Canada to
Florida and northwest to Dakota (acc. to Sargent); fl. February to April; fr. May to June,
sometimes adhering until August. An attractive and rapid growing shade-tree, much cul-
tivated, but unfortunately short-lived and subject to injuries from insects and ice. The
seedling var. laciniatum, Sargent, 1. c. 105 (the A. laciniatum Weirii of horticulturists), also
much planted in eastern cities, has still more deeply cleft leaves with very narrow and elon-
gated segments.
§ 4. SaccHarina, Pax. Flowers appearing with or a little before the leaves,
monochlamydeous, andro-moneecious, pendulous on filiform pedicels; these in
fasciculate-umbels ; the fertile at the ends of the branchlets; the sterile mostly
lateral: calyx united into a 5-toothed cup: divaricate segments of the fruit
strongly connate, seldom separating until after falling ; wings more or less spatu-
late, subparallel to almost divaricate: leaves simple, 3-5-lobed, with rounded
sinuses ; the lobes entire, undulate or coarsely sinuate-dentate. — Pax in Engl.
Jahrb. vi. 828. —SuGar Maries, Harp MAPLEs.
* Species of the Atlantic Slope and Mississippi Valley: calyx promptly deciduous.
+ Chiefly Northern: large trees, with grayish or almost black bark.
A. saccharum, Marsu. (Sucar Marre, Rock Mapte.) Tall tree, in favorable situa-
tions becoming 100 feet or more in height and 2 to 4 feet in diameter; wood firm, heavy,
fine-grained, white ; bark pale to rather deep gray, in some individuals remaining close and
firm, in others at length scaling off in large irregular flakes : leaves mostly 5-lobed, cordate
with shallow open basal sinus; lobes sinuately 1-3-toothed ; upper surface green ; the lower
more or less whitened or glaucous, often tomentulose ; petioles mostly glabrous or nearly so ;
stipules none: pedicels and yellowish green flowers villous: calyx campanulate, obtusely
toothed: disk of sterile flowers surrounding the insertion of the filaments: keys early gla-
Acer. SAPINDACEZ. 439
brate, highly variable (mostly 1} to 14 inches long, with wings usually subparallel or only
moderately spreading), not as yet furnishing trustworthy diagnostic characters. — Arb. 4;
Britton, Cat. Pl. N. J. 78; Trelease, 1. c. 93, t. 4. A. saccharinum, Wang. Nordam. Holzart.
26, t. 11, f. 26; Nouv. Duham. iv. 29, t. 8; Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 218, t. 15; Torr. &
Gray, Fl. i. 248 ; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 200, t. 174 ; Emerson, Trees & Shrubs Mass. ed. 2, ii. 558,
with plate; Gray, Man. ed. 1-6; not L. A. barbatum, Michx. FI. ii. 252, only in part (see
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 684); Sargent, Gard. & For. ii. 364, & Silv. ii. 97, t. 90. A. saccharo-
phorum, Koch, Dendr. i. 533. A. saccharinum, var. pseudo-platinoides, Pax in Engl. Jahrb.
vii. 242. A. palmifolium, var. pseudoplatanoides, Schwerin, Gartenfl. xlii. 455, but probably
not A. palmifolium, Borkh. — A well known and valuable forest tree, ranging from New-
foundland to the Lake of the Woods (acc. to Sargent), Nebraska, E. Texas, and the uplands
of the S. Atlantic States, but at the South largely replaced by the nearly related species
(or varieties) described below. The firm durable wood is much used in manufactures, the
irregular grained varieties, “Curly and Bird’s-eye Maples,” being especially prized for
cabinet work. ‘This species also furnishes the largest amount of maple sugar and syrup.
In New England and along the Great Lakes the foliage in autumn turns intense scarlet to
deep crimson, while in the middle West the color varies from yellow to bright orange or
claret which soon fades to brown. From Maine (Fernald) to Tennessee, Missouri, and
Michigan occurs a sometimes well marked but not always separable form, the var. BARBA-
tum, release (1. c. 94, t. 6; A. Rugelii, Pax in Engl. Jahrb. vii. 243; A. saccharinum, subsp.
Rugelit, Wesmael, 1. c. 61; but probably no part of A. barbatum, Michx.), with mostly
3-lobed leaves (also pale beneath) of firm or at length chartaceo-coriaceous texture, and
with lobes subentire. However, as Professor Beal has pointed out, such leaves sometimes
occur upon the upper branches of trees which below have foliage of the typical form.
Better marked is
Var. nigrum, Brirron. (BLrack Marte.) Bark darker colored: leaves mostly
large and limp, 3-5-lobed ; lobes entire or nearly so; the basal sinus inclining to be closed
by the approximate or even imbricated basal lobes; lower surface yellowish green, soft-
downy, not glaucous, and scarcely paler than the upper: wings of the fruit variable, yet in-
clining to be more widely divergent. — Trans. N. Y. Acad. Sci. ix. 10. Trelease, 1. c. 96,
t.7. A. saccharinum, Michx. Fl. ii. 252 (ace. to Gray), not L., nor Wang. A. nigrum,
Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. ii. 238, t. 16; Bailey, Pop. Gard. iii. 24, & Bot. Gaz. xiii. 214.
A. saccharinum, var. nigrum, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 248; Gray, Man. ed. 1-6. A. barbatum,
var. nigrum, Sargent, Gard. & For. iv. 148, f. 27, & Silv. ii. 99, in part, but syn. A. Rugelii
wrongly included and foliage on t. 91, if of this var., highly uncharacteristic, as will be
seen on comparison with orig. plate of Michx. f. A. palmifolium, var. concolor, Schwerin, 1. ¢.
457, f. 95, nos. 6, 7.— Montreal, Jack, and Vermont, Robbins, Pringle, to Minnesota, Arkan-
sas, Kentucky, S. Virginia, and probably somewhat farther southward in the mountains;
common and also valued as a lumber and sugar tree; in some places appearing very dis-
tinct from the type, in others passing into dubious intermediates. Conspicuous but incon-
stant foliaceous stipules are sometimes developed, especially westward.
+ + Southern, mostly smaller sized: bark white.
A. Floridanum, Pax. A small tree (acc. to Chapman) or sometimes becoming 3 feet in
diameter (acc. to Small), with “ chalky-white” bark: leaves rather small, 2 or 3 inches in
diameter, somewhat broader than long, divided about to the middle into 8 to 5 obtuse lobes
with few and blunt teeth ; base truncate or shallowly open-cordate ; upper surface dark green-
glabrous, and lucid; the lower more or less whitened and varying from puberulent to densely
canescent-tomentose : flowers (acc. to Chapman) appearing before the leaves: keys variable
but in most individuals much smaller than in A. saccharum ; the seminiferous portion coy-
ered with sparse at length deciduous setous pubescence; wings mostly widely spreading. —
Pax in Engl. Jahrb. vii. 243; Schwerin, 1. c. 457; Trelease, 1. c. 98, t. 8; Small, Bull. Torr.
Club, xxiv. 64. A. saccharinum, var. Floridanum, Chapm. Fl. 81. A. barbatum, var. Flori-
danum, Sargent, Gard. & For. iv. 148, & Silv. ii. 100, t. 91. A. saccharum, var. Floridanum,
Small & Heller, Mem. Torr. Club, iii. 24; Sudworth, Rep. U.S. Dep. Agric. 1892, 325, —
Swamps and river banks, North Carolina to Florida, E. Texas, Sargent, and (acc. to Trelease)
Arkansas. Very characteristic in its more typical form, yet near A. grandidentatum on the
one hand and northward inclining to pass into A. saccharum, var. barbatum, Trelease.
440 SAPINDACEZ. | Acer,
A. leucodérme, Smatv. Tall shrub or small tree, becoming 25 feet high and 18 inches
in diameter, commonly dividing near the base; bark close and white, not exfoliating : twigs
dull red, soon becoming gray: leaves rather small as in the last, 3(to somewhat 5)-lobed ;
lobes caudate-acuminate, coarsely and sinuately 1-3-toothed or undulate; upper surface
dark dull green ; lower surface yellowish green (not at all glaucous), velvety-tomentulose
and exceedingly soft to the touch; base subtruncate or shallowly cordate with a narrow
sinus: seminiferous part of the key sparingly setulous, at length glabrate ; wings commonly
but not always widely divergent, sometimes almost divariente: — Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 367,
xxiv. 64. A. Floridanum, var. acuminatum, Trelease, 1. c. 99, t. 11.— Walls of gorges, &c.,
North Carolina, Hunter, Small, to Florida and Louisiana, Hale.
* %* Western species: leaves rather small, fully as broad as long; lobes coarsely and ob-
tusely toothed or undulate: young branchlets rather deep glossy red: calyx tending to
persist at the base of the young or even mature fruit.
A. grandidentatum, Nourr. Tall shrub or small tree with trunk seldom over a foot in
diameter and branches vovered with pale thin bark: leaves of rather firm texture, 2 or 3
inches in diameter, 3(to somewhat 5)-lobed, above glabrous, often shining, pale green and
finely reticulated, below paler (yet not canescent) and covered with a fine tomentum ; lobes
rarely subentire, more often undulate-dentate with large blunt teeth; base mostly cordate:
filiform pedicels and obtusely 5-toothed campanulate calyx villous: wings 8 to 12 lines long,
somewhat divergent; the body (at least when young) setulous. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 247, & Sylv. ii. 82, t. 69; Wats. Bot. King Exp. 52; Trelease, l. c. 104, t. 13. A. bar-
batum, var. grandidentatum, Sargent, Silv. ii. 100, t. 92.— Wooded valleys in the Rocky
Mts. from N. Montana, where first coll. by Nuttall, to Arizona and W. Texas. (Northern
Mex., Palmer, Hartman.) A geographical species without very strong technical distinctions;
rather rare and local. Although scarcely distinct from the Rock Maple of the East this
species is by Pax and Wesmael unaccountably referred to another section of the genus.
§ 5. Neatnvo, Koch. Flowers strictly diccious, neither the g¢ nor 2 with
rudimentary organs of the other: disk obsolete : petals none: stamens 5, episepa-
lous ; anthers linear, appendaged or mucronate at the tip: leaves pinnately 3-7
(or even 9)-foliolate. — Dendr. i. 543. Megundo, Mcench, Meth. 334. Negun-
dium, Raf. in Desv. Jour. Bot. ii. 170 (1809).
A. Negundo, L. (Box Exper.) A widely branched tree 30 to 50 rarely 75 feet in height,
seldom more than 2 or 3 feet in diameter: bark light colored, considerably fissured but of
close firm texture: branchlets and young shoots pale green turning brown, glabrous or
covered with a very fine close puberulence: leaflets ovate-lanceolate, mostly acuminate,
coarsely and unequally serrate-dentate from below the middle, light green above, somewhat
paler and finely pubescent on the veins beneath ; terminal leaflet always and lateral usually
petiolulate: bud-scales villous: flowers small, green, on slender pedicels, drooping, the
f fascicled, the ? in somewhat elongated racemes: fruit cuneate at the base; carpels at
maturity inch to inch and a half in length, with rather narrow body, a third to half the
length of the broad incurved wing. — Spec. ii. 1056; Wang. Nordam. Holzart. 30, t. 12,
f. 29; Michx. Fl. ii. 253; Guimp. Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holzart. 118, t. 95; Sargent,
Silv. ii. 111, t. 96. A. (Negundo) fraxinifolium, Nutt. Gen. i. 253. Negundo aceroides,
Meench, Meth. 334; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i.250; Gray, Gen. IIL ii. 202, t. 175, & Man. ed. 1-6.
N. trifoliatum, & lobatum, Raf. New Fl. Am. i. 48. N. Negundo, Karsten, Deutsch. FI. 596.
Negundium fraxinifolium, Raf. Med. Rep. hex. 2, v. 352. Rulac Negundo, Hitchcock, Spring
Fl. Manhattan, 25.— A widely distributed tree, common especially westward, N. Vermont
to Connecticut, Central New York, and Ontario south to Florida and across the continent to
California. (Mex.) Passing into var. TexAnum, Pax (in Engl. Jahrb. vii. 212, in great
part; A. Californicum, var. Teranum, Pax, |. c. xi. 75), a form with tomentulose branchlets
and somewhat more soft and copiously pubescent leaflets, occurring in Texas, Lindheimer,
and a very similar northern form (ranging through Ontarid and Assiniboia, Macoun, to
Montana, Scribner) with hoary-tomentulose branchlets. Both of these forms serve to con-
nect the type with
Var. Californicum, Wesmart. Bark “darker”: branchlets tomentulose: leaves
Urvillea. SAPINDACEZ. 44]
3-foliolate, covered, especially, beneath, with a more or less pronounced and persistent tomen-
tum; leaflets more coarsely toothed: fruit also tomentulose.— Bull. Soc. Bot. Belg.
xxix. 43 (as subsp.) ; Sargent, Gard. & For. iv. 148. A. Californicum, Dietr. Syn. ii. 1283.
Negundo Californicum, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 250, 684; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech. 327, t. 77;
Nutt. Sylv. ii. 90, t. 72. N. aceroides, Torr. Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 74, &., not Moench. WN.
aceroides, var. Californicum, Sargent, 1. ¢. ii. 364.— River banks, &c., Central California,
together with but much more common than a smoothish 3-foliolate form indistinguishable
from the type.
A. sERRATUM, Pax (in Engl. Jahrb. vi. 296 et seq. ; Negundo Mexicanum, DC. Prodr. i. 596 ;
A. Mexicanum, Pax, 1. ¢. vii. 212, not Gray), is a nearly related species of S. Mexico and Centr.
America, characterized by an even sharp serration of its caudate-acuminate leaflets. After ap-
plying the name A. Mexicanum to this species, notwithstanding the earlier use by Dr. Gray of
the same combination for a species of Acer proper, Professor Pax appears to have confused
. the two, as he refers (in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 271) to an “A. Mexicanum
(DC.) Gray.”
8. DODONAA, L., not Plum. (Rembert Dodoens, Flemish botanist,
1517(?) to 1585, archiater at the German imperial court, and author of the
Cruydeboek.) — Shrubs and small trees with alternate oblanceolate to linear
entire or (in Madagascar and Australia) toothed or pinnate leaves, commonly
with glands emitting a viscous resinous or varnish-like exudation. Flowers dic-
cious, apetalous, anomalous in the obsolete disk. — Gen. no. 855; Lam. IIl. t. 304;
Cav. Ic. t. 8327; DC. Prodr. i. 616; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 217, t. 182; Benth. FI.
Austr. i. 472; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 410; Radlk. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 8356. Hmpleurosma, Bartl. in Lehm. Pl. Preiss. ii. 228. —
A difficult and chiefly Australian genus, of which a single highly polymorphous
and widely distributed species attains our southern borders.
D. viscosa, Jace. Glabrous viscid shrub, 4 to 12 feet high: branchlets covered with red-
dish shredded bark : leaves very variable in breadth, entire, finely pinnately veined, cuneate
to short petioles, resinous-dotted on both surfaces, scarcely paler beneath: flowers small,
greenish, at length slender-pedicelled in short axillary or terminal racemes: capsules 6 to
10 lines broad, nearly as long, broadly 3-winged, notched at the apex and more or less cor-
date at the base: seeds dark-colored, only one maturing in each cell. — Enum. PI. Carib.
19; L. Mant. ii. 228; DC. l.c.; Gray, l.c. D. Burmanniana, DC.1.¢. D. Schiediana,
Schlecht, Linnza, xviii. 49; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 48.— Very widely distributed in
warm countries and in the Southern Hemisphere, variable but with ill-defined forms. The
commoner more typical form (var. vuLGArtis, Benth. 1. c.) with leaves lanceolate, acute or
acutish, and capsule mostly large with deep narrow notch at the summit, is common in
Mexico and approaches the Lower Rio Grande, Berlandier, no. 2359. Within our limits are
the following foliar varieties.
Var. spathulata, Benrnu. 1. c. 476. Leaves oblong-spatulate, relatively broad, very
obtuse, rounded, or often retuse and mucronulate at the apex: capsule of the type. —
D. spathulata, Smith in Rees, Cycl. xii.— Sandy soil, Florida, on the Indian River, &c.,
Garber, Curtiss, Hassler. (W.Ind., Australia.) D. nana, Shuttl. ined., is a small-leaved
form of this, Florida, coll. Rugel.
Var. angustifolia, Benrn. 1. c. Leaves linear or nearly so, acutish, somewhat
thicker and paler than in the other varieties: capsules mostly smaller and with shallower
more open sinus at the summit. — D. angustifolia, L. f. Suppl. 218.— Sandy soil, near
streams, Arizona, in Santa Catalina Mts., Pringle; Ft. Lowell, Lemmon; Mescal Mts.,
Jones; fl. February to September; fr. adhering nearly throughout the year. (Sonora,
Thurber, Hartman; Chihuahua, Palmer; and widely distributed with the broader-leaved
forms.)
4, URVILLEA, HBK. (Rear Admiral J. 8. C. Dumont d’ Urville, born
1790, commander of a French antarctic exploring expedition, 1837-1840.) —
4492, SAPINDACEZ. Urvillea.
Slender shrubby climbers of tropical and subtropical America, only the most
common species (of § Physelytron, Radlk., with inflated fruit) entering our flora
on the Mexican border. Stems usually 3- or 6-grooved. Leaves alternate,
3-foliolate. Flowers small, whitish, in ours borne in subsessile or slender-peduncled
axillary spikes; these commonly tendril-bearing at the base of the floriferous
portion. — Nov. Gen. & Spec. v. 105, t. 440; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 392;
Radlk. Sitzungsb. Kgl. Bayer. Akad. 1878, 263, & in Engl. & Prantl, Nat.
Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 305, f. 158. — A small group, closely related to the large
tropical genera Serjania and Paullinia, and distinguished from them chiefly by
character of fruit.
U. ulmacea, HBK. 1. c. 106. Tomentose: leaflets ovate, acute or acuminate, rarely ob-
tusish, rounded or subcordate at base, unequally or somewhat doubly serrate, 14 to 2 inches
long, an inch wide, paler beneath: flowers scarcely more than a line in diameter: the 3-
winged fruit about 8 lines in length, half or two thirds as broad. — Radlk. ll. ce. U. Mexi-
cana, Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 38; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 48; Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat.
Herb. ii. 64. U. triphylla, Poir. in Lam. Il. iii. 604 (U. Berteriana, DC. Prodr. i. 602), is,
Jide Radlk., only a smooth form, but does not reach our limits.— Cameron and Hidalgo
Counties, Texas (acc. to Coulter, 1. c.); fl. ace. to location almost throughout the year, but
chiefly in the winter months. (Mex., Berlandier, Eaton & Edwards, Gregg, Thurber, Pringle ;
Centr. Am., U. 8. of Colombia, Trinidad.)
5. SERJANIA, Plum. (Dedicated by Plumier to Philip Sergeant, a
French monk of the 17th century, “skilled in botany, more skilled in medi-
cine.’’) — Woody climbers with alternate biternate or rarely pinnate leaves, and
pedunculate thyrsoid-paniculate clusters of small flowers. Inflorescences com-
monly subtended by recurving tendrils at the summit of the peduncles. — Nov.
Gen. 34; Juss. Ann. Mus, xxiii. 476; DC. Prodr. i. 602; Benth. & Hook. Gen.
i. 393; Radlk. Monogr. Sap. Gat. Serjania (a detailed and masterly treatment),
& in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 302.— The largest genus of
the order; occurring throughout tropical and subtropical America, and especially
noteworthy for the complex structure of its rope-like stems.
* Fruit rather large, 1 to 14 inches long, obtuse at base, nearly smooth at maturity ; wings
broad, abruptly contracted at the base.
S. incisa, Torr. Climbing, 4 to 6 feet in height: leaves 3-divided; divisions 3-5-foliolate ;
leaflets inch long, usually somewhat rhombic in outline, toothed: flowers in racemiform
panicles (an inch in length excl. the slender spreading peduncles): wings of fruit a third
inch broad. — Bot. Mex. Bound. 47; Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 267. S. @ aff. S. racemose, Gray,
Pl. Wright. i. 388.— On the Rio Grande, Wright (without fruit and hence doubtful) ;
near Eagle Pass, Texas, Havard ; a second specimen secured by the latter collector from
near the mouth of the Pecos River is only in flower, but probably of this species. (Northern
Mex., where first coll. in Coahuila by Bigelow.)
* * Fruit rather short, broadly 3-winged, and cordate at base, nearly or quite glabrous ;
wings rounded.
+ Seeds not wholly filling the somewhat chartaceous and inflated cells.
S. racemosa, Scuumacuer. Shrubby climber, finely and rather densely pubescent to
smoothish: leaves mostly biternate, or with the terminal division pinnately 5-foliolate :
leaflets rhombic-ovate, acute or obtusish, mucronate, few-toothed, 14 to 14 inches in length -
panicles racemose-thyrsoid, 14 to 2 inches long, solitary at the axils, but approximate and
forming more or less pyramidal inflorescences at the ends of the branches: peduncles nearly
equalling the inflorescences, tendriliferous at the summit: fruit 6 to 8 (to 10) lines long,
broadest near the cordate base. — Skrivt. Natur. Selsk. Ki@b. iii. pt. 2,127, t. 12, f.3 (1794) ;
Sapindus. SAPINDACEZ. 443
Willd. Spec. ii. 465; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 15; Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 264. — Rio Grande, Mex.,
J. Eights, and throughout Mexico. The specimen collected by Eaton & Edwards at Mon-
terey and ascribed to this species by Dr. Gray (Pl. Wright. i. 38) appears to be S. macro-
cocca, Radlk,
+ + Seeds nearly or quite filling the cells; these of firmer texture.
S. brachycarpa, Gray. Closely related to the preceding but with leaflets mostly smaller
(6 to 10 lines long), thicker, and more densely tomentose beneath : racemes in flower not an
inch in length, in fruit somewhat more elongated : fruit 5 or 6 lines long, fully as broad at
the deeply cordate base.— Gray in Radlk. Monogr. Serj. 259.— Corpus Christi Bay, S.
Texas, Palmer. (Northern Mex. at Victoria, Tamaulipas, where first coll. by Berlandier.)
6. CARDIOSPERMUM, L. (Kapdva, heart, and oépya, seed.) —
Slender herbaceous or (in warm countries) slightly woody climbers with or with-
out tendrils. Leaves alternate, biternate; leaflets usually incised. Peduncles
usually bearing two short recurving tendrils near the umbelliform clusters of
small slender-pedicelled flowers. — Syst. Nat. ed. 1, & Gen. no. 332; Gaertn.
Fruct. i. t. 79; Lam. Ill. t. 317; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 215, t. 181; Benth. & Hook.
Gen. i. 3893; Radlk. Sitzungsb. Kgl. Bayer. Akad. 1878, 260, & in Engl. &
Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 306.— A small but’ rather confused genus ;
the commoner species widely distributed and often cultivated.
C. Halicacabum, L. (Batioon Vine, Heartseep.) A graceful herbaceous climber
with annual root, slender angulate-furrowed stem and smoothish or moderately pubescent
leaves : leaflets more or less distinctly petiolulate and cut-toothed: petals whitish, about 2
lines long : upper glands of the disk short-oblong, transverse : fruit subglobose or somewhat
obovate, rather large, usually an inch to inch and half in diameter; seeds glabrous, black,
but marked with a conspicuous white heart-shaped scar. — Spec. i. 366; Michx. Fl. i. 242;
Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 254; Gray, 1. c.; Chapm. Fl. 79.— Preferring moist soil and climbing
over low shrubbery; Gulf States from E. Florida, where spontaneous about dwellings,
Curtiss, and S. Florida, where apparently indigenous (acc. to Chapman), west to Texas,
where certainly so; fl. and fr. throughout summer and autumn. (Mex.,S. Am., Afr., E. Ind.)
Often cultivated. The southwestern form is somewhat more pubescent and has leaflets of
slightly firmer texture, thus showing some transition to
C. Corindum, L. Perennial, suffrutescent at base: leaves and stems soft-tomentose :
upper glands of the disk short, oblong, somewhat obliquely placed : seeds with semicircular
rather than heart-shaped scar. — Spec. ed. 2, i. 526; Radlk. Sitzungsb. Kgl. Bayer. Akad.
1878, 261. C. molle, HBK. Noy. Gen. & Spec. v. 103; Coulter, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. i.
33, & ii. 65. — Common in Mexico, at Tamaulipas, Berlandier, &c., and W. Texas, Presidio
County, and mountains west of Pecos (acc. to Coulter, ll. cc.).
C. microcdéarpum, HBK. With habit of C. Halicacabum, but sometimes a little woody
toward the base: flowers minute: petals a line or less in length: fruit depressed-obovoid,
8 to 10 lines in diameter ; seeds with a broad lunate rather than heart-shaped scar. — Noy.
Gen. & Spec. v. 104; Griseb. Fl. W. Ind. 122. C. Halicacabum, var. microcarpum, Bl. Rum-
phia, iii. 185; Radlk. 1. c.— Centr. and S. Florida, at Key West, Rugel, and in clayey soil
of “ hammocks,” near Eustis, Nash. (W. Ind., 8S. Am., Afr., Pacif. Ids.)
7. SAPINDUS, Tourn. (Sapo, soap, and Indus, Indian, from the quali-
ties of the W. Indian S. Saponaria, the soap-berry.) — Tropical and subtropical
trees and shrubs with yellow wood, alternate exstipitate abruptly (rarely odd)
pinnate leaves and small whitish flowers in lateral or terminal racemes or pan-
icles. Fruit baccate, usually of a single maturing carpel and globose or nearly
so, less frequently 2- or even 3-lobed through the development of one or both of
the other carpels; seeds solitary in the carpels, large, nearly globose, exalbumi-
444 SAPINDACEZ. Sapindus.
nous, with bony testa. — Inst. 659, t. 440; L. Gen. no. 898; Lam. Ill. t. 307;
Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 213, t. 180; Radlk. Sitzungsb. Kgl. Bayer. Akad. 1878, 265,
315, & in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5, 315; Sargent, Silv. ii. 67,
t. 74-77. — Of a dozen species, widely dispersed in warm countries, the following
of the § Husapindus, Radlk., are constituents of our southern flora.
S. Saponaria, L. (Soap-serry.) A small tree with rough grayish bark: leaves large,
4-7-foliolate ; leaflets oblong-lanceolate and acute to elliptic-ovate and obtusish, opposite or
alternate, entire, of firm texture, glabrous veiny and lucid above, tomentulose beneath ;
rhachis usually interruptedly winged : petals about equalling the sepals, scarcely unguicu-
late, with rounded blade pubescent on the inner surface and ciliated: fruit lucid, 6 to 8 lines
in diameter. — Spec. i. 367 ; Descourt. Fl. Antil. iv. 121, t. 261; Baill. Hist. Pl. v. 349, f. 353 ;
Chapm. FI. ed. 2, 613; Sargent, Silv. ii. 69, t. 74, 75 (but leaves seldom so regularly impari-
pinnate). —S. Florida and Keys. (W. Ind., S. Am.) Specimens coll. by Simpson show
that the compound leaves are in some cases replaced by long oblong-lanceolate subsessile
simple ones, which by various transitions pass on the same shoot to the compound.
S. marginatus, Wittp. A larger tree: leaflets more numerous (7 to 13), lance-oblong,
acuminate, often somewhat falcate, glabrous and lucid above, slightly paler and essentially
glabrous except on the midnerve beneath, 2 to 5 inches long, a fourth to a third as broad ;
the upper usually subopposite, the lower mostly alternate upon the wingless narrowly mar-
gined or marginless rhachis : flowers white, often with a reddish tinge, borne in ample pyram-
idal panicles: petals short-clawed ; the ovate obtuse blade ciliated and bearing near the
base inside a 2-lobed villous scale: filaments villous: fruit yellow; the 1 or 2 maturing
carpels large, becoming 8 lines in length, more or less distinctly carinate dorsally, somewhat
oblong, not truly spherical, not drying black.— Enum. 432; Muhl. Cat. 41; DC. Prodr.
i. 607; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 255, as to pl. Ga. & Fla.; Nutt. Syly. ii. 72, t. 65, numbered by
error 66 (very poor), in part; Chapm. Fl. 79 (excl. westward range); Sargent, Silv. ii. 71,
as to southeastern plant. S. Saponaria, Michx. Fl. i. 242; Pursh, Fl. i. 274; Ell. Sk. i. 460;
not L. (Lamarck’s figure is poor and dubious, but probably is of this species.) S. falcatus,
Raf. Med. Bot. ii. 261. S.acuminata, Raf. New Fl.Am. iii. 22. S. Manatensis, Shuttl. in distr.
pl. Rugel, no. 115, & Radlk. Sitzungsb. Kgl. Bayer. Akad. 1878, 318, 400; Nash. Bull. Torr.
Club, xxiii. 102. — Lowlands of Florida, chiefly near the coast, formerly collected in Georgia
and S. Carolina, but no specimens from north of Jacksonville, Fla., are in the larger Amer.
herbaria. Acc. to Radlkofer’s critical notes (1. c. 394) S. marginatus, Willd., appears to be
only a form of S. Saponaria ; but this view has an inherent improbability, since, both from
description and assigned range, Willdenow’s not very satisfactory type is much more likely
to appertain to the present species, which extends to E. and N. Florida, and not to S. Sapo-
naria, which as all available evidence indicates is confined to the shore and keys of S. Florida,
where the flora has a much stronger W. Indian cast. :
S. Drummondi, Hoox. & Arn. Similar to and long confused with the foregoing species :
leaflets in general more numerous (8 to 19), narrower, lanceolate, 14 to 3 inches long, more
often faleate, taper-pointed, glabrous above, soft-pubescent or very tardily glabrate beneath ;
rhachis wingless : petals rhombic-lanceolate, strongly unguiculate, narrowed to an obtusish
sometimes lacerate point ; internal scale much as in the last: fruit of a single maturing car-
pel, truly globose, not at all carinate, yellow, drying black, somewhat smaller than in the
last species. — Bot. Beech. 281,as toa. S. marginatus, Engelm. & Gray, PI. Lindh. pt. 1, 33,
pt. 2, 168; Gray, Gen. IIl. ii. 214 (as to western pl.), t. 180; Sargent, Silv. ii. 71, as to west-
ern pl. S. acuminatus, Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 116, not Raf. — Hillsides, &c.,
Arkansas to W. Louisiana, westward to Kansas and Arizona. (Mex.) Known in Texas
(where abundant) as “ Wild China Tree” from a superficial likeness to Melia Azedarach.
8. EXOTHEA, Macfadyen. (’Eéwféw, to eject, used in reference to the
separation of this genus from the Amyridee, to which its author believed it nearly
related.) — Trees with alternate exstipulate leaves. — Fl. Jam. i. 232; Endl.
Gen. 1134; Radlk. in Durand, Ind. 81, Sitzungsb. Kgl. Bayer. Akad. xx. 276, &
in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 5,358; Sargent, Gard. & For. iv. 100,
Ungnadia. SAPINDACEZ. 445
& Silv. ii. 73, t. 78, 79. Melicocea, Juss. Mém. Mus. iii. 187, t. 5, in part.
Hypelate, Cambessedes, 2bid. xviii..31, in part; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 408, in
part.— Small subtropical genus consisting of one Mexican species, and the
following.
E. oblongifolia, Macrapyren, l.c. A handsome tree of moderate size, with hard dense
but (ace. to Blodgett) brittle wood and reddish brown bark: leaves abruptly pinnate and
normally 2-4-foliolate, rarely 6-foliolate or by abortion with an odd number of leaflets ;
these oblong or elliptical, obtuse or rounded at the apex, somewhat narrowed at the sessile
base, thickish, glabrous, somewhat lucid above, 2 to 5 inches long, $ to 14 inches broad :
common petiole and rhachis 4 to 2 inches in length: flowers many, white, in terminal sub-
corymbose panicles, fragrant : buds on short pedicels and clove-shaped, tomentulose : bract-
lets minute, subulate: sepals and petals broadly ovate or suborbicular, 14 to 2 lines in
length ; the former tomentalose, persistent and at last reflexed : fruit half inch in diameter,
globose, changing from orange to purple, juicy at maturity, but with thin rind and large
mahogany-colored papery-coated seed; cotyledons very thick, almost hemispherical. —
Hook. Lond. Jour. Bot. iii. 226, t. 7. H. paniculata, Radlk. ll. ec.; Sargent, Silv. ii. 75,
t. 78, 79. Melicocea paniculata, Juss. 1. c.; Nutt. Sylv. ii. 74, t. 66. Hypelate paniculata,
Cambessedes, 1. c.32 ; Hook. 1. c. 227. Sapindus luctdus, Hamilton, acc. to Radlk. Sitzungsb.
Kgl. Bayer. Akad. xx. 276. — E. and S. Florida and Keys, where first coll. by Blodgett; fl.
January to April; fr. ripe about September. (Cuba, Jamaica, San Domingo.)
9. HYPELATE, P. Br. (Pliny’s name for the Butcher’s Broom, derived
from v7o, under, and éAdrn, pine or fir, applied by Browne to this genus.) — Leaves
palmately trifoliolate ; leaflets glabrous, lucid, thickish and veiny, evergreen.
Flowers in terminal or subterminal panicles. — Hist. Jam. 208; Swartz, Fl. Ind.
Oce. ii. 655, t. 14; Deless. Ic. iii. 23, t. 89; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 408 (excl.
Hf, paniculata) ; Sargent, Gard. & For. iv. 100, & Silv. ii. 77, t. 80, 81.—W.
Indian monotype.
‘H. trifolidta, Swartz. (Wuire Ironwoop.) A small and slender tree with smoothish
bark: leaflets coriaceous, spatulate, or narrowly obovate, 1 to 14 inches long, a third as
broad, rounded or very obtuse at the apex, cuneate at the base; common petioles 8 to 18
lines in length, usually narrow-winged near the summit: flowers white, 14 to 2 lines in
diameter: petals and sepals subequal, nearly orbicular: fruit ovoid, sweetish, the size of a
pea. — Prodr. 61; Chapm. Fl. 78; Sargent, ll. ce. Amyris Hypelate, A. Robinson in Lunan,
Hort. Jam. i. 149.—§. Florida, on Umbrella Key and Upper Metacombe Key, Curtiss ;
fl. June, July; fr. September. (Cuba, Jamaica, Porto Rico.)
10. UNGNADIA, Endl. (Dedicated to David von Ungnad, Austrian
ambassador to Constantinople, who in 1576 by sending seeds of the horse-
chestnut to Vienna introduced that attractive tree into western cultivation.) —
An ornamental shrub or small tree with reddish twigs, alternate and unequally
pinnate exstipitate leaves, conspicuous irregular but bilaterally symmetrical rose-
colored fascicled or somewhat corymbose flowers upon jointed pedicels. — Atakt.
t. 86; Endl. & Fenzl, Nov. Stirp. 75; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii, 209, t. 178, 179;
Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 398; Radlk. in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab.
5, 365. — A southwestern monotype.
U. speciosa, Enpu. ll. cc. (Mexican Buckeye.) Young parts tomentulose: leaflets 2
to 3 pairs and an odd one, ovate-oblong, acuminate, obtusish or rounded at the base, serrate,
at maturity 4 to 6 inches in length, a third to half as broad, glabrous above, pubescent or
tomentulose beneath : fascicles lateral, sometimes crowded : flowers numerous, half inch in
diameter : the long-stiped pendulous leathery capsule, when ripe, more than an inch in diam-
eter, light-colored, with 3 rounded lobes and tipped with the pointed somewhat persistent
; 446 SAPINDACEZ. Afsculus.
style; seeds smooth and shining, 5 lines in diameter, dark brown or black, but light-colored
at the relatively large hilum. — Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 253, 684; Gray, Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 167,
Pl. Wright. i. 38, & ii. 30; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 48; FI. Serres, x. 217, t. 1059; Schniz-
lein, Ic. t. 230 **, f. 2;8; Koch, Dendr. i. 515; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 337; Sargent,
U. S. 10th Census, ix. 44, & Silv. ii. 65, t. 73. U. heterophylla, & U. heptaphylla, Scheele,
Linnea, xxi. 589, xxii. 8352. — Rocky hills, Texas, where first collected by Drummond, to
Organ Mts., New Mexico, Wright; fl. acc. to locality, March to May; fr. two months later.
(Mex. southward at least to Nuevo Leon, Palmer.)
11. ASCULUS, L. Horse-cuestnvut, Buckeye. (Classical Latin name
of an oak, presumably from escare, to eat, in allusion to edible acorns.) — Shrubs
or trees of moderate size with opposite digitately or pedately divided exstipulate
leaves. Long petioles enlarged at the base and, on falling, leaving large some-
what triangular scars upon the thick terete branchlets; the latter terminated in
winter by large scaly leaf-buds. Leaflets large, narrowed at both ends and usu-
ally acuminate, serrate or very rarely entire.— Syst. Nat. ed. 2, 22 (as Esculus) ;
Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 205, t. 176, 177; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 398; Baill. Hist.
Pl. v. 424; Sargent, Silv. ii. 51, t. 67-72; Pax in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflan-
zenf. iii. Ab. 5, 275. Hippocastanum, Adans. Fam. ii. 883. Pavia, Poir. Dict.
v. 93. Macrothyrsus & Calothyrsus, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 61, 62.—A
group of 13 or 14 species of northern temperate and E. Ind. tropical regions.
The related genus Bellia of Mex. & §. Am. with calyx divided nearly to the
base and leaves 3-foliolate may be regarded as distinct. -dsculus may be con-
veniently and naturally subdivided into sections as by Prof. Pax, 1. ¢.
§ 1. Evascutus, Pax, l. c. Petals 4 (or 5), usually subequal in length;
the upper pair with narrow spatulate blades, the lateral with rather broad blades,
all exceeded by the stamens: calyx short, campanulate, essentially regular,
5-lobed: fruit (at least in its early state) muricate with weak or firmer spines.
/E. HippocAstanum, L., the Hors&-cuestnut, a rapid growing ornamental shade tree of
Greek origin, cult. since the 16th century, and deservedly popular for its attractive foliage
and numerous showy thyrsoid panicles of white and pale yellow, or roseate-purple flowers pro-
duced in spring, is much planted (in several varieties) in cities. It may sometimes be self-
sown, but shows little or no tendency toward naturalization.
44. glabra, Witty. (Onto or Fetrp Bucknye.) A tree of small size, rarely 60 or 70
feet high: branchlets and petioles green, yellowish, or brownish, finely tomentulose when
young: leaflets mostly 5, but not rarely more numerous, lance-oblong, oblanceolate, or less
frequently obovate, sharply acuminate, finely and sharply serrate, scarcely pedate or quite
sessile, pubescent upon and tufted in the axils of the veins and green upon both surfaces,
scarcely paler beneath: thyrse ovate-oblong; the spreading branches each bearing upon
the upper side a succession of about 6 short-pedicelled greenish yellow or straw-colored
flowers: calyx (2 to) 3 or 4 lines long, pubescent: corolla little over half inch in length,
pubescent ; the blades even of the upper petals equalling or considerably exceeding the
claws: fruit globose, spiny when young, and echinulate-roughened even in age.— Enum.
405; Pursh, Fl. i. 255; Guimp. Otto & Hayne, Abbild. Holzart. t. 24; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii.
207, t. 176, 177; Sargent, Silv. ii. 55, t. 67, 68; Gray, Pl. For. Trees N. A. t. 27. 4. pallida,
Willd. 1. c. 406. 4. echinata, Muhl. Cat. 38. 4. Ohioensis, Michx. f. Hist. Arb. Am. iii.
242; DC. Prodr. i. 597; Lindl. Bot. Reg. xxiv. t. 51 (Ohiotensis). 4’. muricata, ochroleuca,
verrucosa, & alba, Raf. Alsogr. 68, 69. Pavia Chioensis, Michx. f. Sylv. ii. 111, t. 92. P. pal-
lida, & P. glabra, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 54. .d’. (or Pavia) carnea, rubicunda, &
Watsoniana, Hort., forms with prickly fruit but roseate or variegated flowers, are of uncertain
(perhaps hybrid) origin, and not known out of cultivation. — Rich woods, along alluvial river
sculus. SAPINDACEZ. 447
banks, &c., from W. Pennsylvania to Iowa, Kansas, Indian Territory, and southward ; fl.
April to June. Passes west of the Mississippi into
Var. argtta, Ropryson, n. comb. <A shrub or small tree without constant floral
differences but with leaves mostly 6-7-foliolate and leaflets narrower, lanceolate, and gener-
ally more attenuate at both ends, sharply and somewhat doubly serrate, seemingly of some-
what firmer texture and with veinlets often prominulous.— 4. arguta, Buckley, Proc.
Acad. Philad. 1860, 443 ; Young, Fl. Tex. 209; Wats. Bibl. Index, 177. 4. glabra, Gray in
Hall, Pl. Tex. 5. — Mt. Pleasant, Iowa, Mills, to Missouri, Bush, Kansas, Kellerman, Norton,
and Texas, Buckley, Hall. An imperfect specimen from Lampasas Co., Texas, Munson,
having similar foliage but still narrower and more numerous leaflets (6 to 10) is said to have
smooth fruit and may be distinct and of the following section.
§ 2. PAvia, Reichenb. Petals 4, very dissimilar, and at least the upper pair
of them about equalling or usually exceeding the stamens. Calyx more tubular,
5-lobed, more or less distinctly gibbous or oblique at the base. — Nomencl. 198;
Pax, 1. c. 276. — Ohio and Mississippi Valleys, S. Atlantic and Gulf States.
4. octandra, Marsu. (Sweet Buckeye.) In favorable situations a tall tree with
roughish gray-brown bark but sometimes (especially southward) flowering as a low shrub
only 3 or 4 feet in height: leaves 5-foliolate; leaflets obovate, gradually or rarely abruptly
acuminate, gradually narrowed to a subsessile or petiolulate base, finely sharply and some-
what doubly serrate or serrulate, green and glabrous above, paler and finely pubescent to
somewhat flocculent-tomentulose beneath : flowers pale yellow, finely pubescent or granular,
borne on the upper side of the spreading branches of an ovate short-peduncled thyrse :
pedicels short and thick, in anthesis 1 to 3 lines in length: calyx tubular-campanulate, 5 to
6 lines in length: lateral petals nearly an inch in length, with broad ovate sometimes cor-
date or subcordate crisped blade about equalling the claw; the upper petals still longer,
but with small blades much shorter than the elongated claws: stamens usually 7: smooth-
ish fruit mottled, at first oblong or somewhat pear-shaped, at length subglobose. — Arb. 4;
Sargent, Gard. & For. ii. 364, & Silv. ii. 59, t. 69,70. 4’. flava, Ait. Kew. i. 494; Pursh,
Fl. i. 255; Guimp. Otto & Hayne, 1. c. 27, t. 23; Wats. Dendr. Brit. ii. 163, t. 163; Lodd.
Bot. Cab. t. 1280; Gray, Man. ed. 1-6. . neglecta, Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1009. Pavia
flava, Meench, Meth. 66. PP. neglecta, Don in Loud. Hort. Brit. i. 143. P. fulva, & P. bi-
color, Raf. Alsogr. 74. Paviana flava, Raf. Fl. Ludov. 87.— Rich woods, W. Pennsylvania
to S. Iowa and southward to Georgia and Texas. Runs into the following variety connect-
ing with the next species.
Var. hybrida, Sareent. Shrubby or rarely arboreous with “paler bark”: flowers
flesh-colored, dull red, or purplish, on pedicels about 3 to 4 lines in length: calyx less
inclined to be companulate or inflated: leaflets more commonly flocculent-tomentulose be-
neath. — Silv. ii. 60. 47. Pavia, Willd. Berl. Baum. 12, at least in part, not L. dd. hybrida,
DC. Hort. Monsp. 75. 4. discolor, Pursh, Fl. i. 255, at least in part; Lindl. Bot. Reg.
t. 310; Gray, Pl. For. Trees N. A. t. 30. 4. Pavia, var. discolor, Torr. & Gray, F1.i. 252.
LE. flava, var. purpurascens, Gray, Man. ed. 5, 118. Pavia discolor, Poir. Suppl. v. 769.
P.hybrida, DC. Prodr. i. 598. P. livida, mutabilis, versicolor, & lucida, Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat.
ser. 2, il. 56, 57, 60. — Occurring with the type but especially southwestward. An aggregate
of forms differing by trivial and inconstant characters of foliage, pubescence, and shade of
flowers, and all more or less intermediate between the foregoing species and the following.
AY. Pavia, L. A neat shrub, 6 to 15 feet high, with slender branches: leaves 5-foliolate ;
leaflets much as in the last, but averaging somewhat longer (5 to 6 inches) and relatively
narrower: flowers scarlet or crimson, slender, 1 to 14 inches in length: pedicels slender, 4
to 8 lines long, tending to be aggregated or subfasciculate near the ends of the short
branches of the thyrse; this oblong, 6 inches in length and raised on a peduncle 1 to 14
inches long: calyx more slender and more decidedly tubular than in the preceding species,
6 to 8 lines long. — Spee. i. 344; Marsh. Arb. 5; Pursh, Fl. i. 254. Guimp. Otto & Hayne,
1. c. t. 21; Bart. Bot. App, 28, t. 15, f.3. Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 252 (excl. var.) ; Chapm. FI.
79. cE. humilis, “Lod. Cat.” ; Lindl. Bot. Reg. t. 1018, hence Pavia humilis, Don in Loud.
Hort. Brit. 143. P. atropurpurea, Lindleyana, Willdenowiana, (?) intermedia, & Michiausxii,
Spach, Ann. Sci. Nat. ser. 2, ii. 58-61. — Low rich woods and also on dry hillsides through
448 SAPINDACEX. Esculus.
the Southern States from Kentucky and W. Tennessee to N. Carolina and Florida; fi.
March to April.
§ 3. Macroruyrsus, Reichenb. l.c. Petals 4(-5), narrow, spatulate, sub-
equal, much exceeded by the stamens. Calyx regular or nearly so, narrow, tubu-
lar, 5-toothed. Fruit smooth except for the persistent spine-like base of the style.
— Macrothyrsus, Spach, 1. c. 61. —S. Atlantic and Gulf States.
44. parvifléra, Watt. A shrub,5 to 10 feet high : leaves pedately 5(—7)-foliolate ; icisiots
large, obovate, finely serrate, sharply or even caudately acuminate, dark green and glabrous
above, pale and tomentulose beneath: racemose panicle very long, slender, at first spike-
like: calyx 3 lines in length, much exceeded by the narrow white petals, these in their turn
much surpassed by the long filiform stamens (inch to inch and half in length): fruit small,
globose, tipped with the sharp and somewhat persistent style. — Car. 128; Chapm. FI. 80;
Gray, Pl. For. Trees N. A. t. 31. 42. macrostachya, Michx. FI. i. 220; Jacq. Ec. i. 17, t.9;
_ Sims, Bot. Mag. t. 2118; Ell Sk. i. 436; Colla, Hort. Ripul. t.19; Guimp. Otto & Hayne,
l.c. t. 26.— Upper country, Georgia, S. Carolina, and Alabama. An attractive species
frequent in cultivation.
§ 4. CaLoruyrsus, Reichenb. 1. c. Petals 4, subequal, much exceeded by
the stamens. Calyx short, symmetrical at the base; limb 2-lipped and cleft
somewhat more deeply upon one side; the lips entire or minutely 2—3-toothed.
Fruit unarmed, at first (as well as the calyx) canescent-tomentulose, soon gla-
brate. Flowers relatively small and very numerous. — Pax, 1. c. Calothyrsus,
Spach, 1. c. 62. — Pacific Slope.
4M. Califoérnica, Nurr. A tree of moderate height with purple branchlets : leaves 5-folio-
late; petioles stout, flattened or grooved above; leaflets glabrous upon both surfaces, and
crenate-serrulate, oblong-lanceolate in outline, acutish to acuminate at the apex, but mostly
abrupt or even subcordate at the base, paler and yellowish green beneath, the outside pair
subsessile, or with short petiolules, the other three slender-stalked : petals with short claws
and oblong crisped blades. — Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 251; Hook. & Arn. Bot. Beech.
327 ; Benth. Pl. Hartw. 301; Nutt. Sylv. ii. 69, t. 64; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 5077; FI. Serres,
xiii. 39, t. 1312; Sargent, Si, WedGMe thea (ll, ves Galbihynae: Californica, Spach, 1. c. Pavia
Californica, Hartw. Jour. Hort. Soc. Lond. ii. 123. — Western Central California from Mt.
Shasta (ace. to Brew. & Wats.) to Santa Barbara Co. and eastward to Fort Tejon, Rothrock ;
fl. ace. to locality May to July.
JE. PArryti, Gray (Proc. Am. Acad. xvii. 200), is a related species of N. Lower California,
but on account of its 5-fid calyx scarcely to be referred to this section. It may reach S. Calif.,
and may be readily distinguished by its obovate obtusish leaflets which are canescent-tomentu-
lose beneath. (N. Lower Calif., Pringle & Parry, Orcutt.)
ORDER XLV. POLYGALACEZ.
By B. L. Rosrnson.
Herbaceous, shrubby, or in warmer countries arborescent plants with watery
juice (except in the roots of certain species), simple alternate or more rarely
opposite or verticillate entire mostly exstipulate leaves, simple hairs, and zygo-
morphous pseudo-papilionaceous flowers. Sepals 5, free (in one foreign genus
adnate to the petals and andreecium), strongly imbricated, the odd one dorsal, this
and the anterior pair external, small, sepaloid; the lateral (inner) ones, com-
Polygala. POLYGALACEER. 449
monly known as wings (or ale), larger and petaloid. Petals 5 and alternate with
the sepals, or more commonly reduced to 3 (an odd anterior one and a dorsal
pair) ; the lower petal, or keel (carina) concave, often crested or beaked, more or
less connate with the others or at least adnate to the lower portion of the stami-
neal column. Stamens commonly 8 (the anterior and posterior members of the
theoretical 10-stamened 2-whorled andreecium being suppressed) ; filaments rarely
free, more commonly connate into a dorsally cleft tube; anthers erect, innate,
usually 2-celled at first but becoming unicellular by the resorption of the partition
wall. Carpels 2, rarely 1, or in a foreign genus 5; ovary 2(rarely 1)-celled;
ovules (with rare exceptions) solitary in the cells, anatropous, pendulous. Seeds
albuminous or exalbuminous, commonly provided with a more or less conspicuous
caruncle at the hilum; embryo straight.— A widely distributed order of which
more than half of the species belong to the typical genus Polygala.
Krameria, Leefl. It. 195, which has often been associated with this order should be posi-
tively excluded from it upon the grounds admirably stated by Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 227. There
appears to be no good reason why the genus should not be placed in the Leguminose Cassiew,
as by Taubert in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflanzenf. iii. Ab. 3, 85.
1. POLYGALA. Calyx free; sepals very dissimilar, the lateral (inner) pair larger, peta-
loid. Petals rarely 5, commonly (through the suppression of one pair) 3, united below into
a dorsally cleft tube ; the anterior petal strongly carinate, often crested or beaked. Stamens
8; filaments more or less completely united into a dorsally cleft tube adnate at the base to
the gamopetalous corolla. Style usually bent and stigma variously and unequally 2(-4)-
lobed, often tufted or cucullate-appendaged. Fruit a compressed 2-celled wing-margined
or wingless capsule ; seeds solitary in the cells, pendulous, coutnonls, hairy and in most of
ours conspicuously carunculate.
2. MONNINA. Calyx asin Polygala. Petals 3, nearly or quite free; the lower one cari-
nate, more or less inclosing the upper connivent pair; these adnate at the base to the
stamineal tube. Fruit indehiscent, 1-2-celled, winged or wingless.
1. POLYGALA, Tourn. Mirxwort. (IloAvs, much, ydAa, milk ;
TloAvyadov, a name used by Dioscorides for some low shrub, reputed a stimulant
to lactation.) — Inst. 174, t. 79; L. Gen. no. 567; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 221, t.
185, 184; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 136; Bennett, Jour. Bot. xvii. 137 et seq. ;
Wheelock, Mem. Torr. Club, ii. ee Chodat, Monogr. Polyg. (Mém. Soc.
Phys. Hist. Nat. Genév. xxxi. pt. 2, no. 2), & in Engl. & Prantl, Nat. Pflan-
zenf, ili. Ab. 4, 330. — Extensive but natural genus of more than 400 species,
chiefly of warm regions and about half of them American. The subdivision of
the genus, as here given, is essentially that of Chodat’s detailed monograph.
P. NurKAna, Moe. in DC. Prodr. i. 330, & A. DC. Calques des Dess. t. 39, with ovate acu-
minate leaves, orbicular wings, and emarginate capsules, differs widely from any species known
to grow upon our Western Coast. There can be little doubt that Dr. Watson was quite
right in regarding it a Mexican plant near P. Americana while its confident identification with
P. cucullata, Benth. by Chodat is not supported by a single character.
§ 1. Hepecfrra, Chodat. Low undershrubs with alternate leaves, caducous
sepals, ecristate beakless keel, and ciliated, pubescent, or tomentulose capsule. —
Monogr. Polyg. 9. — Well marked group including 8 W. Indian small-flowered
thick-leaved species (Badiera, DC. Prodr. i. 334), several Mexican and S.
American species, and the following of our southwestern borders.
29
450 POLYGALACEZ. Polygala.
x Flowers solitary in the upper axils, violet-purple and white: wings spatulate: small ob-
long leaves commonly with conspicuous brownish glands upon the lower surface.
P. macradénia, Gray. Erect much branched cinereous-tomentose undershrub, 3 to 8
inches high from stout ligneous root : leaves only 2 or 3 lines in length, a line or less in
breadth: violet wings somewhat exceeding the keel: capsule ovate-oblong, emarginate,
puberulent; seeds compressed, narrowly oblong, appressed silky-villous, 2} lines long, sur-
mounted by a helmet-like puberulent 3-lobed caruncle.— Pl. Wright. i. 39, i. 80; ‘Torr. &
Gray, Pacif. R. Rep. ii. 162; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 49; Chodat, l.c. 36, t. 14, f. 33-36. —
Hillsides, W. Texas, Wright, Thurber, to Arizona, Palmer, Pringle, Lemmon; first coll. by
Wright. (Adj. Mex., Palmer.)
% * Flowers in terminal or lateral spicate racemes, yellowish or greenish white (rarely
“blue” 2): wings lanceolate or obovate: leaves without conspicuous glands.
P. pubérula, Gray. Puberulent, branched from the base: lowest leaves sometimes oval
or often like the others linear, lance-linear, or linear-oblong : wings obovate, obtuse, shorter
than the keel: capsule suborbicular, emarginate, 4 lines in diameter, glabrous or puberulous
upon the surfaces, pubescent upon the very narrow margin ; seeds oboyvate-oblanceolate in
outline, finely puberulent and with rounded caruncle. — Pl. Wright. i. 40, ii. 30; Torr. Bot,
Mex. Bound. 48; Wheelock, 1. c. 150; Chodat, 1. c. 22.— W. Texas (acc. to Coulter, re-
ported as far east as Coleman County and Leona River) to Arizona; common. (Mex.,
Lower Calif. ?)
P. ovatifdlia, Gray. Moderately branched from a lignescent base, soft tomentose-pubes-
cent : leaves ovate, obtuse or acutish, shortly petiolate, pubescent upon both surfaces, 8 to
10 lines long, two thirds as broad ; the uppermost somewhat narrower, ovate-lanceolate :
wings lanceolate, acute or acutish, shorter than the keel: capsule large (at maturity 5 lines
in diameter), orbicular, smooth on the surfaces but strongly ciliated upon the rather broad
and distinctly marked border ; seeds ovate, finely silky-villons and with hood-shaped puber-
ulous caruncle. — Pl. Wright. i. 39 ; Chodat, 1. c. 19, t. 18, f. 26-30. P. ovalifolia, Gray, Pl.
Lindh. pt. 2, 151 (not of later publications) ; Wats. Bibl. Index, 91, in part ; Wheelock, 1. c.
148 (by evident clerical error) ; Coulter, Contrib. U. 8. Nat. Herb. i. 31, ii. 27; not DC.—
Hillsides, S. and W. Texas, Wright, Reverchon, &c.; New Mexico, Wright. (Adj. Mex.,
Eaton & Edwards, Palmer.)
P. myrtiLLofipes, Willd. (Spec. iii. 889; P. buxifolia, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. v. 407,
ace. to Chodat ; P. ovalifolia, DC. Prodr. i. 331), of Mexico differs in its shorter puberulent
rather than pubescent indumentum, obtuser leaves, and longer obtuser wings, which fully
equal or somewhat exceed the keel.
§ 2. Hesiciapa, Chodat, ].c. 43. Lower pair of sepals connate; entire
calyx persisting in fruit: keel without crest or beak: a single species of the
S. Atlantic and Gulf States with some closely allied species of W. India and
S. America.
P. grandifiéra, War. Root lignescent: stems usually several, erect or somewhat flexu-
ous and spreading, slender subsimple or somewhat branched, covered with short appressed
puberulence: leaves ovate-lanceolate to lance-linear or narrowly linear-oblong, mostly ap-
pressed-puberulent : racemes terminal and lateral, loose and secund ; pedicels a line or two
long: flowers violet-purple turning greenish in age: wings obovate-cuneate or flabelliform,
veiny, 3 lines long, nearly as broad : capsule elliptic-oblong, glabrous, mostly shorter than the
wings ; seeds oblong, scarcely compressed, appressed-hairy. — Car. 179 ; Torr. & Gray, FI.
i, 132, 670; Chapm. Fl. 84; Wheelock, 1. c. 151; Chodat, lc. 56. P. Senega, var. rosea,
Michx. FI. ii. 53. P. pubescens rosea, Muhl. Cat. 63. P. pubescens, Ell. Sk. ii. 181. P.
Muhlenbergii, Don, Syst. i. 358. — Pine woods, old fields, &c., South Carolina to Florida and
Mississippi; fl. through summer.
Var. canéscens, Suurrt. Stem and leaves canescent-tomentulose, the latter lance-
oblong, obtuse: flowers essentially as in the type. — Shuttl. in distr. pl. Rugel, no. 39, & in
Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 41. P. grandiflora, var. pubescens, Chodat, 1. ec. 57 (as to pl. descr.), is
probably the same, but P. pubescens rosea, Muh]., was more likely nearer the typical form. —
Long Island, Tampa Bay, Florida, Ruge/, no. 39.
Polygala. POLYGALACEZ. 451
Var. angustifolia, Torr. & Gray. Leaves very narrow, linevr, acutish, glabrous
or nearly so: flowers smaller: capsule slightly narrower and mostly equalae the wings. —
Fl. i. 671; P. flabellata, Shuttl. distr. pl. Rugel, no. 37; Gray, 1. ¢c.; Chodat, 1. ¢. 53, t. 15,
f. 25, immature seed (the ripe ones not differing essentially from those of the type). — Centr.
and 8. Florida, Leavenworth, Rugel, Cooper, Palmer, Garber, Nash (plants of the last three
in floral char. approaching the type).
§ 3. CHamaBuxus, DC. Herbs or undershrubs, sometimes spiny: leaves
Blieriate : calyx mostly deciduous: keel beaked or crested: disk more or less
developed. — Prodr. i. 331, as modified by Chodat, 1. c. 93.
* Keel beaked with a cucullate or cornute process: flowers (homomorphous or heteromor-
phous), mostly in leafless racemes: Western and Southwestern.
+— Unarmed.
++ Soft canescent-tomentulose: leaves obtuse or obtusish: flowers rather large in short
racemes: species of the Southwest.
P. Rusbyi, Greene. Low undershrub: stems (3 to 5 inches long) from a much branched
ligneous rootstock: leaves elliptic or oblanceolate, cuneate at the base, 5 to 8 lines long,
nearly half as broad: flowers nearly half inch in length, slender-pedicelled : wings carneous,
elliptical, 4 or 5 lines long, half as broad, somewhat surpassed by the rose-purple petals :
keel with oblong bluntish beak. — Bull. Torr. Club, x. 125; Wheelock, 1. c. 145; Chodat,
1. c. 104, t. 18, f. 1-3. — Arizona, Palmer, Rusby, Jones, Lemmon ; first coll. by Palmer ; fl.
early summer.
++ ++ Pubescent or puberulent: leaves of firm texture, at least the upper acute or mucro-
nate: flowers smaller, developing successively upon and soon deciduous from a slender
bracteolate and mostly geniculate axis: upper sepal often persisting under the young
puberulent capsule: southwestern very closely related species with numerous stems from
a woody root or branched lignescent stock.
= Upper leaves lanceolate.
P. Lindheimeri, Gray. Pubescent or even tomentose-pubescent with spreading hairs :
leaves reticulated, mucronate, not glaucescent ; the lower oval, 6 to 9 lines long, a third to
more than half as broad; racemes (inch or more in length) few-flowered ; rhachis with 4 to
6 soon strongly geniculate joints: flowers purple, 2 to 24 lines long: outer sepals pubescent
and ciliated, narrow and acutish : wings cuneate at the base : capsule elliptic-oblong, covered
with spreading pubescence. — Pl. Lindh. pt. 2, 150, Pl. Wright. i. 39, & ii. 80; Wheelock,
1. ec. 142, at least in great part, but excl. var.; Chodat, 1. c. 107, t. 18, f. 10-12.— Rocky
ground, Texas and New Mexico; the earliest collectors, Lindheimer, Wright.
P. Texénsis, Ropinson, n. sp. Habit and foliage of the last preceding species : covered
throughout with a very fine incurved or appressed puberulence : upper leaves more narrowly
lanceolate: racemes much longer; rhachises with 12 to 18 joints: outer sepals shorter,
elliptic-oblong, obtuse, finely incurved-puberulent upon the outer surface: wings scarcely
narrowed at the base: appendage of the keel rather narrowly oblong: fruit unknown. —
Rocky places, Texas, on the Upper Guadalupe River, Lindheimer, no. 337, July, 1845.
Evidently growing with or near the type of the last; also near Comanche, Reverchon, no, 708.
P. Arizone, Cuopar. Similar in habit to the last two preceding species: glaucescent and
covered (under lens) with very short incurved or appressed hairs: leaves lanceolate to lance-
linear, carinate, not strongly reticulated : inflorescences rather short ; rhachises 4-8-jointed :
outer sepals ovate-oblong, relatively short and broad, obtuse, minutely puberulent : appen-
dage of the keel very short and blunt: puberulent capsule shorter and broader than in
P. Lindheimeri.— Monogr. Polyg. 108, t. 18, f. 13-15. P. Lindheimeri, var. parvifolia,
Wheelock, 1. ec. 148. — Arizona, on limestone ledges in foot-hills of the Santa Rita Moun-
tains, Pringle, 1884; also secured (acc. to Chodat) on the Mex. Bound. Sury. no. 190, and in
New Mexico by Wright, no. 946.
= = Upper leaves linear.
P. Tweédyi, Brirroy. Glaucous and (under lens) incurved-puberulent: all leaves except
the lowest oblong-linear to linear, acute, pale, erect, 4 to 10 lines long, a line or less ip
452 POLYGALACEZ. Polygala.
breadth: inflorescences short, 3-4-flowered, soon recurving :* flowers and fruit much as in
the last but beak of keel more slender. — Britton in Wheelock, 1. c. 143. P. Arizone, var.
tenuifolia, Chodat, 1. c. 109. — W. Texas, Tom Greene Co., Tweedy, and what appears to be
the same in S. Arizona, Lemmon, nos. 497 and 2641.
++ ++ ++ Glabrous or nearly so: low shrubs of the Pacific Slope.
P. corntita, Ketioce. Branching shrub, 2 to 6 feet high: leaves elliptic-cblong to oval,
obtuse, often thickish, 6 to 15 lines long, rather abruptly narrowed at the base to distinct
but very short petioles: outer sepals tomentulose over the whole outer surface, rarely almost
glabrous : flowers 4 lines in length, yellowish or greenish white, borne in short mostly ter-
minal racemes: wings oblong: petals scarcely equalling the keel ; this tipped with a slender
straightish beak: capsule orbicular, retuse, 4 lines in diameter; seeds very hairy with deeply
lobed caruncle half their length. — Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci. 1.62; Wheelock, l.¢.147. P. Cali-
fornica, Nutt. in herb, as to preserved types; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 59, but certainly
not P. Californica, Nutt. (as syn.) in Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 671, which without doubt relates
to the next species. P. cucullata, Newberry, Pacif. R. Rep. iv. 76, not Benth. P. Califor-
nica, Chodat, 1. c. 106, t. 18, f. 6-9. — Coniferous woods, &c., mountains of California from
Los Angeles Co., Nevin, northward perhaps to Oregon ; first coll. by Nuttall.
P. Califérnica, Nurr. Similar in foliage but mostly of lower stature; stems shorter, more
slender and numerous: flowers of two kinds; the larger showy, half inch in length, roseate,
borne in short terminal racemes, mostly sterile: outer sepals ciliolate, otherwise glabrous :
wings spatulate: petals mostly exceeding the keel; this bearing a short thickish mostly
recurved beak : inconspicuous fertile flowers upon basal shoots: capsule ovate to suborbicu-
lar, 3 to 4 lines in diameter; soft puberulent seeds capped by a less deeply lobed caruncle. —
Nutt. in Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 671 (where definitely characterized but erroneously regarded as
identical with the very different and probably Mexican P. Nutkana) ; Greene, FI. Francis.
93; Wheelock, l.c. 111. P. Nutkana, Torr. & Gray, 1. c.; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 49, t. 12;
Chodat, 1. c. 105, t. 18, f. 5; not Moc. P. cucullata, Benth. Pl. Hartw. 299; Brew. & Wats.
1. c.; Wheelock, 1. c. 146 (by clerical error, see Bull. Torr. Club, xix. 32). — Mountains and
hillsides, Oregon, Howell, to Sta. Barbara, California, and southward, as P. Fishie, Parry,
Proc. Davenp. Acad. iv. 39, of Lower Calif., is doubtless, as stated by Chodat, Bull. Herb.
Boiss. iv. 898, only a robust southern form of the same species.
+— + Branches mostly indurating with age and spinescent-tipped.
P. subspinosa, Watson. Puberulent or rarely pubescent to almost glabrous, 2 to 6 inches
or more in height, from a long stout ligneous root and considerably branched stock: leaves
lance-oblong to elliptic, spatulate or almost linear, of firm texture, acute to very obtuse, 5 to
10 lines long, narrowed to a sessile base : flowers 4 to 5 lines long: elliptic-oblong mostly acute
or acutish wings and tips of the lateral petals rose-purple; keel yellow, with a distinct but
blunt beak : obovate retuse glabrous or glabrate capsule veiny.— Am. Nat. vii. 299; Ben-
net, Jour. Bot. xvii, 140; Brew. & Wats. Bot. Calif. i. 59; Wheelock, 1. c. 144; Chodat, l.c.
109, t. 18, f. 16-17. — Foothills of W. Colorado, H. C. Long, to Silver City, Nevada, Kellogg,
and northern borders of Arizona, Palmer.
P. acanthoéclada, Gray. Stems more ligneous, 2 or 3 feet high, becoming an inch in
thickness (acc. to Jones), at first cinereous-tomentulose, copiously branched; branches end-
ing in divaricately spreading spines: leaves much as in the last, but in the type smaller, 3 to
5 lines in length, 1-nerved : flowers white or with petals purplish-tinged at the tips: wings
obovate, rounded at the apex: keel with a short blunt or in some cases almost obsolete beak
or mere ridge; fruit (acc. to Jones) oblong-ovate, 24 lines long, deeply notched. — Proc.
Am. Acad. xi. 73; Coulter, Man. Rocky Mt. Reg. 30; Wheelock, 1. c. 144; Jones, Zoe, iii.
284; Chodat, 1. ¢. 110, t. 18, f. 18-20. — W. Colorado, Brandegee, to Esmeralda Co., Nevada,
Shockley, and Sta Catalina Mts., Arizona, Lemmon ; first coll. by Brandegee.
Var. intricata, A. Easrwoop. Leaves about twice as large (8 or 10 lines long), gla-
brate or nearly so: wings “tipped with rose-color”: fruit oval, deeply emarginate, about 2
lines in length, “red on the margin.” — Proce. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, vi. 283. — Near the
eastern border of Utah, Miss Kastwood. Without characters which well developed speci-
mens of the too little known type may not also exhibit.
Polygala. POLYGALACEX. 453
* * Flowers of two kinds, the showy ones few, large (6 to 9 lines long), solitary in the
upper axils or appearing terminal: keel with a conspicuous plumose crest: species of the
Atlantic Slope, extending westward to Winnipeg.
P. paucifolia, Wirip. (Frincep PoryGara, FLowrrinc WINTERGREEN.) Stems
several from a slender elongating rhizome, erect, 3 to 6 inches or more in height; lower
leayes small and bractlike ; the uppermost clustered at the summit of the stem, cuneate at
the petiolate base, rounded and apiculate, obtuse or acutish at the apex, 6 to 20 lines in
length, half or two thirds as broad, glabrous or puberulent: wings and petals rose-colored
varying to white: obcordate glabrous capsule nearly orbicular in outline, 4 lines in dia-
meter: cleistogamous flowers produced at or near the ends of slender seyeral-bracted
branches from the rhizome or bases of the erect stems. — Spec. iii. 880; Barton, Fl. N. A. ii.
59, t. 56, f. 1; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 2852, & Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 86; Beck, Bot. 46, with var. alba,
Eights, the white-flowered form ; Gray, Gen. Ill. ii. 224, t. 184; Wheelock, ].c.141. P.uni-
flora, Michx. Fl. ii. 53. P. purpurea, Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 244. Triclisperma grandiflora,
Raf. Specch. i. 117. — Cool sphagnum bogs, &ec., Anticosti (acc. to Macoun), New Bruns-
wick, New England, and the Middle Atlantic States, southward in the uplands to Georgia,
northwestward along the Great Lakes to Winnipeg, the plains of the Saskatchewan,
Bourgeau (% ace. to Macoun), and Minnesota.
§ 4. OrTHOPOLYGALA, Chodat, 1. c. 120. Unarmed herbs or undershrubs
with alternate, opposite, or verticillate leaves, persistent calyx, and crested keel.
* Oblong capsule oblique at the end, and winged (or wing-margined) upon one edge (wing
sometimes inconspicuous or almost obsolete in P. scoparia): suffrutescent glabrous per-
ennials of the Southwest with erect alternate linear-oblong acute or even pungent leaves
and small whitish spicate-racemose flowers: stigma bilabiate, the upper lobe minutely
penicillate.
P. hemipterocdrpa, Gray. Stems 1 to several, erect, a foot or two high, sharply
furrowed-angulate, subsimple: leaves half inch to inch in length, carinate: flowers soon
spreading or deflexed in elongated terminal rather loose secund racemes: wings elliptic-
ovate, cuneate at the base, rounded at the apex, scarcely equalling the capsule; wing of the
capsule broad, white, crenulate or crisped; seed long and slender, soft-villous, and with a
caruncle a third to more than half its length. — Pl. Wright. ii. 31; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound.
49; Wheelock, 1. c. 138; Chodat, 1. c. 281, t. 26, f. 1-2 (incl. var. bracteata). — Mountains,
W. Texas ? (see Wheelock, 1. c.); New Mexico, Wright ; Arizona, Lemmon, Pringle.
P. scoparia, HBK. Of lower growth, 6 to 15 inches high, usually much branched from
the ligneous base; stems or branches slender, flexuous, leafy: leaves 4 to 6 lines long, pun-
gent : capsule with a very narrow wing-margin on one edge: otherwise much like the last.
— Nov. Gen. & Spec. v. 399; Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 38, ii. 30, incl. var. multicaulis ; Seem.
Bot. Herald. 269; Wheelock, 1. c. 137; Chodat, 1. c. 282, t. 26, f. 3-5. %P. scoparioides,
Chodat, 1. c. 284, t. 26, f. 6, 7 (differences probably formal).— Mountains and foot-hills,
Central and W. Texas to Arizona. (Mex.)
* * Capsule wingless.
+ Sepals not conspicuously decurrent upon the pedicels: flowers purple, roseate, white, or
cream-color: wings obtuse or obtusish except in P. Hookeri, P. brevifolia, and P. cruciata.
++ Perennials (except P. alba, P. Boykini, and P. pretervisa) with stems (in well devel-
oped plants) always several to many from an often lignescent root or stock.
= Flowers of two kinds, namely, small green cleistogene very fertile ones commonly borne
on pale basal more or less buried shoots, and larger roseate or white less fertile ones in
rather loose terminal racemes: leaves. alternate.
P. polygama, Watr. Stems angled, leafy, 4 inches to a foot or more in height: leaves
elliptic-oblong to linear, obtuse but often mucronulate at the apex, cuneate at base, on the
slender fertile basal shoots reduced to small scales: larger flowers rose-colored to almost
violet-purple: pedicels slender, soon horizontal and at length recurved, considerably exceed-
ing the deciduous bractlets: wings oval, narrowed at base: capsule broadly oblong-ovate ;
seed hairy or subglabrous, with conspicuous bilobed loosely cellular caruncle three fourths
454 POLYGALACEZ. Polygala.
its length: cleistogene flowers with reduced greenish or pale envelopes and styleless ovary.
— Car. 179; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 132; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 86, t. 29; Wheelock, 1. ¢. 139;
Chodat, 1. ¢. 279, t. 25, f. 36-40 (incl. formal vars. obtusata and macrospora); not DC. P.
rubella, Willd. Spec. iii. 875; Bigel. Med. Bot. iii. 129, t. 54. — Sandy fields and rich woods,
Nova Scotia to Ontario and Lake of the Woods, Dawson (acc. to Macoun), south to Florida
and Texas; fl. spring and summer, somewhat according to latitude. A pale-flowered form,
the var. pallida, Hollick (or rather Britton %), Bull. Torr. Club, xviii. 256, occurs in some
localities with the typical one. Forms with short racemes of cleistogamous flowers spring-
ing from the upper leaf-axils or even with the flowers of the terminal raceme reduced and
cleistogamous (var. aBortivA, Chodat, 1. c. 280), are occasionally found.
= = Flowers greenish white (persistent wings sometimes erubescent or purplish), subses-
sile in terminal mostly compact spikes: none cleistogene: leaves all alternate, lanceolate
to ovate: root becoming thickish: wings suborbicular.
P. Sénega, L. (Seneca Snakeroor.) Root stoutish, often irregular, surmounted by a
compact branching caudex: stems simple or nearly so, terete, slightly puberulent, 6 to 15
inches in height, leafy: lowest leaves scale-like, obtuse, often erubescent ; the others lance-
linear to elliptic-lanceolate, 6 to 18 lines in length, a fourth as broad, with scabrous (or
under lens denticulate) margins: capsules thickish, broader than long; seeds black, puberu-
lent, somewhat pyriform, conspicuously carunculate.— Spec. ii. 704; Sims, Bot. Mag. t.
1051; Hook. Fl. Bor.-Am. i. 85; Bigel. Med. Bot. ii. 97, t. 30; Gray, Gen. II. ii. 223, t. 183 ;
Wheelock, 1. ¢. 134; Chodat, 1. c. 278, t. 25, f. 34, 35. — Open woods in rich soil, Aroostook
Falls, New Brunswick, Hay; Vermont, Oakes; east shore of Hudson Bay, &. Bell; the
Rocky Mountains of Brit. America; and southward to N. Carolina, Tennessee, and Arkan-
sas; fl. through summer. Extensively collected for officinal root and becoming scarce in
most localities. Certainly passing into the often strikingly different ;
Var. latifolia, Torr. & Gray. Root mostly more slender: stems taller: leaves (at
least the upper ones) ovate, acuminate at each end, 2 or 3 inches long, an inch or even more
in breadth, mostly serrulate: inflorescences inclining to be laxer and capsules and seeds
mostly larger than in the typical form. — Fl. i. 131; Gray, Man. ed. 2-6; Wheelock, 1. ec.
135. P. Senega, var. dentata, Chodat, 1. c. 279, from description, in which author neglects
to mention type specimens or range. — Rich woods, Pennsylvania to Georgian Bay, Lake
Huron, Dickson, acc. to J. M. Macoun, westward to S. Dakota, ace. to Rydberg, and south-
ward to Tennessee. The more marked specimens are western, those of the Virginian
mountains showing transitions to the type.
—= = = Flowers (of one kind) white or roseate, in terminal tapering spikes: root not
thickened : leaves linear-lanceolate to elliptic-oblong, all or at least the primary ones tend-
ing to be verticillate.
a. Species of the Southern States east of the Mississippi: capsule suborbicular.
P. Boykini, Nurr. Glabrous, | to 3 feet high: stems sharply angled: lower leaves elliptic
or oval, obtuse, often apiculate; the upper lance-oblong, acute, all verticillate or the upper
scattered : spikes 1} to 4 inches long, gradually tapering, long-peduncled ; the nearly sessile
white or greenish white flowers with broad oval or suborbicular wings: capsules 14 to 2
lines in diameter; seeds appressed-pubescent, curved, somewhat tapering to the apex;
lobes of the caruncle rather broad, often imbricated. — Jour. Acad. Philad. vii. 86 ; Chodat,
1. c. 137, t. 20,f.15, 16. P. Boykinii, Torr. & Gray, FI. i. 131, 670; Wats. Proc. Am. Acad.
xxi. 416; Wheelock, l. c. 120, excl. var. P. bicolor, Hook. Jour. Bot. i. 194; Torr. & Gray,
Fl. i. 130. P. alba, Chapm. FI. 85, from char. — Preferring calcareous soil, from Georgia,
where first coll. by Boykin, to Florida and westward to New Orleans, where early coll. by
Drummond ; fl. ace. to conditions, from early spring to autumn. Narrow-leaved specimens
from Alabama, Buckley, in habit simulate P. alba, but owing to their shorter and relatively
broader capsules are by Dr. Watson referred to the present species.
b. Species of Florida: capsule elliptic-oval.
P, pretérvisa, CHopar. Slender glabrous annual (2 feet high) with several flexnous
simple or considerably branched slightly angled scoparious stems with a few approximate
verticels of leaves near the base, otherwise sparingly alternate-leaved or nearly naked and
junciform: leaves lanceolate to linear, acutish or very acute, even the largest only 4 or 5
atl
Polygala. POLYGALACE. 455
lines long and a line or line and a half broad: slender long-peduncled spikes of small white
flowers very tapering, 1 to 2 inches long: capsule smaller than in the related species, at
full maturity scarcely a line in length, two thirds as broad: small cylindrical appressed-
hairy seed with bilobed caruncle half its length ; the lobes not imbricated. — Monogr. Polyg.
140, t. 20, f.19, 20. P. Boykinii, var. sparsifolia, Wheelock, 1. c. 121. — Coral soil, Cudjoe
Key, S. Florida, Curtiss, no. 503*; fl. early spring. Amply distinct from P. Boykini in its
capsule as well as smaller leaves and scoparious habit.
c. Species of western range : capsule short-oblong.
P, alba, Nurr. Root single, of doubtful perhaps varying duration: stems erect, 8 to 20
inches in height, leafy up to or somewhat above the middle, terminating in slender naked
peduncles : leaves all alternate, or the lowest verticillate, narrow, oblong to linear, half inch
to inch in length, a line in breadth; the lowest ones broader, spatulate, obtuse, the others
acute: spikes 1 to 3 inches long, at first very dense: flowers white: wings ovate, narrowed
at base, exceeding the capsule: 2-lobed caruncle about half the length of the oblong dark-
colored appressed-villous seed. — Gen. ii. 87; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 131; Gray, Pl. Fendl. 30,
Pl. Wright. i. 38, & ii. 30 (excl. Sonoran plants) ; Wheelock, 1. c. 136; Chodat, 1. e. 135,
t. 20, f. 13, 14. — Plains, Louisiana to Dakota and westward to Washington and Arizona.
(Mex.) Common and at the Southwest somewhat variable.
Var. suspécta, Warson. Lower in stature, with more slender perhaps annual root
and decumbent stems : all of the leaves or at least the lower and middle cauline verticillate,
oblong-lanceolate : flowers (sometimes erubescent), fruit, and seed essentially as in the typ-
ical form. — Proc. Am. Acad. xxi. 416. P. alba, form, Gray, PI. Wright. ii. 30, as to
Sonoran plants. P. alba, var. Schaffneri, Chodat, 1. c. 137.— Mountains of Arizona, Lem-
mon, Wilcox. (Common in Mex., where coll. by Seemann, Gregg, Wright, Schaffner, Parry
& Palmer.) Very closely related if not identical is P. bicolor, HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. v.
394, t. 507, regarded both by Gray and by Chodat as a low variety of P. alba. The North-
ern Mexican P. subalata, Wats. Proc. Am. Acad. xxvi. 132, of identical habit, appears to
differ only in seed-characters of doubtful constancy.
++ ++ Strictly annual (except P. setacea): root slender, simple or branched and perpendicu-
lar, or of slender fascicled fibres, neither ligneous nor thickened: stem single at base
(rarely 2 or 3 in the leafless P. setacea), erect, sometimes branching from the lower inter-
nodes but not from a caudex.
= Leaves all alternate: petals united into a slender tube more than twice the length of the
spatulate wings.
P. incarnata, L. Tall slender flexuous smooth and glaucescent annual, simple or few-
branched : stems angled, often almost naked: leaves narrow, linear, acute, erect, seldom
over half inch long, sometimes much reduced: spikes terminating the axis and elongated
branches, cylindric, rather dense: tubular corollas roseate, spreading from near the summit,
2 lines or more in length, conspicuously crested: fruit soon exposed. — Spec. ii. 701 ; Hill,
Veg. Syst. xxii. t. 51, f. 1; Hook. Fl. Bor-Am. i. 84; Chapm. Fl. 84; Gray, Man. ed. 1-6;
Wheelock, 1. c. 124; Chodat, 1. ¢. 189, t. 22, f. 10-18. —Dry thin soil, oak and pine barrens,
also on prairies, New Jersey to S. Ontario, Dodge, ace. to J. M. Macoun, Wisconsin, Indian
Territory, Bush, and southward to Florida and Texas; fl., acc. to situation, from April to
September. The var. 6 of Torr. & Gray (FI. i. 129; P. paniculata, LeConte, not L.) coll.
in Georgia by LeConte, and described as paniculately branchéd, almost leafless, and with
corolla-tube little exceeding the wings, is obscure, perhaps not of this species.
== = Leaves all alternate: wings exceeding the corolla: root a fascicle of numerous slender
fibres : racemes elongated very slender and loosely flowered : species of the Southwest.
P. paludosa, Sr.Hin. Very slender, glabrous, 1 to 2 feet high, simple below, mostly
branched above; the branches few, erect: leaves narrowly linear, very acute, erect: small
pale or rose-purple flowers at length nodding on very short filiform pedicels in the slender
soon loosely flowered attenuate spicate racemes: elliptic-obovate cuneate-based wings and
short-oblong fruit about three fourths line in length ; seed pubescent and provided with a
small bilobed caruncle about one eighth of its length. — Fl. Bras. Merid. ii. 8, excl. vars. in
part ; Chodat, 1. c, 226, t. 24, f.4,5. P.leptocaulis, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 130; Wheelock, 1. ¢.
456 POLYGALACEZ. Polygala.
127. — Moist sandy and grassy places, Louisiana and Texas. (S. Am. in S. Brazil, Para-
guay, &c.) Overlooking the small but distinct bilobed caruncle, Chodat, 1. c., has called the
N. American form var. exappendiculata. In the seeds examined the caruncle appears to be
essentially as in the S. American plant. In its peculiar geographic distribution this species
may be compared with Spergularta Platensis, Cienfuegosia sulphurea, &e.
= = = Leaves, at least the lower ones, verticillate : wings obtuse or rounded at the apex :
flowers in slender tapering spikes.
P. leptdéstachys, Suurry. Tall and slender, scarcely branched, 1 to 2 feet high: inter-
nodes four to six times as long as the linear-oblong acute verticillate leaves: spikes a line
aud a half in diameter; small flowers sessile: elliptical wings exceeded by the elliptic-
oblong capsule. — Shuttl. in Gray, Pl. Wright. i. 41; Chapm. Fl. 85; Wheelock, 1. ¢. 121;
Chodat, 1. c. 140, t. 20, f. 21. — Dry pine barrens, Florida, first coll. by Leavenworth. Readily
recognizable by its very elongated internodes.
P. verticillata, L. Rather low, seldom over 8 inches in height except at the southwest,
when well developed rather copiously and verticillately branched and somewhat flat-topped: -
leaves all or nearly all verticillate: flowers white or greenish but rarely with distinct pur-
plish cast, compactly arranged: wings usually smaller than the capsule which is apt to be
conspicuously exposed at maturity. — Spec. ii. 706; Hill, Veg. Syst. xxii. t. 53, £. 3; Torr.
& Gray, Fl. i. 130; Wheelock, 1. c. 122; Chodat, 1. c. 138, t. 20, f. 17, 18, inel. var. apari-
noides, at least as to no. 26 of Drummond, but excl. var. ambigua. — Dry pastures, &c., Maine
to Florida, west to the Saskatchewan, Bourgeau, Wyoming, Colorado, Texas, and even
Utah ; common; fl. midsummer. A taller form from ‘Texas, coll. Wright, has longer more
loosely flowered spikes.
Var. ambigua, Woop. Quite simple or irregularly branched, often taller than the
type: upper and sometimes middle cauline leaves alternate: spikes often loosely flowered
below : flowers commonly but not invariably purple-tinged: wings about equalling and often
appressed to the fruit. — Class-Book, ed. of 1861, 296; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man.
ed. 6, 122; Chodat, 1. c. 139. P. ambigua, Nutt. Gen. ii. 89; Gray, Man. ed. 1-5; Wheelock,
1. c. 124. — Dry rich soil, Hartford, Maine, Parlin; Vermont, Brainerd ; Springfield, Massa-
chusetts, Mrs. Smith; Rhode Island, J. F’. Collins (white-flowered) ; New Jersey to Georgia,
and westward to Louisiana, Missouri, and Indian Territory, C. S. Sheldon (ace. to Holz-
inger). Generally recognizable from the type but not distinguished from it by a single
constant or wholly satisfactory difference.
= = = = Leaves all alternate, sometimes much reduced: wings about equal to or sur-
passing the corolla: root simple or branched, not of fascicled fibres.
a. Leaves almost filiform or reduced and scale-like: inflorescences (rather dense) ovoid to
cylindric, with conical gradually tapering summit: very slender simple or few-branched
species of the Gulf States, a foot to 18 inches in height.
P. setacea, Micux. Perennials, sending up successive slender subsimple almost filiform
apparently naked stems ; these (rarely 2 or 3 coétaneous) in turn dying down and leaving
only their blackened persisting bases; branches when present simple, erect: leaves scale-
like, linear-subulate, scarcely more than a line in length: flowers small, white or nearly so:
wings spatulate: small capsule at length somewhat deltoid from a broad base. — FI. ii. 52;
Ell. Sk. ii. 183; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 129 ; Wheelock, 1. c 126; Chodat, 1. c. 195, t. 22, f. 28-
31. — Pine woods, &c., Florida and perhaps Georgia ; fl. spring.
P. Chapmanii, Torr. & Gray. Similar in its slender flexuous habit but annual: leaves 4
to 8 lines in length: flowers rose-purple: crest of keel reduced to 2 or more low blunt pro-
cesses. — Fl. i. 131; Chapm. Fl. 83; Wheelock, 1. c. 132; Chodat, 1. c. 192, t. 22, f. 21-23. —
Florida, where first coll. by Chapman, to Alabama, Mohr, and S. Mississippi, Miss Skehan.
b. Leaves linear to narrowly oblong: inflorescences subglobose, ovoid, or short-cylindric,
very obtuse or (in P. Curtissi/) tending to be abruptly apiculate : plants when well devel-
oped considerably branched.
P. Curtissii, Gray. When young subsimple but soon copiously branched, 6 to 15 inches
high: branches widely spreading, curved-ascending, leafy: stem-leaves oblong-linear, about
an inch long ; the rameal linear, 4 to 9 lines in length, not a line in breadth: inflorescences
Polygala. POLYGALACEZ. 457
slender-peduncled, commonly rather dense, ovoid or even oblate, half inch or more in diam-
eter, tending to be apiculate through the protrusion of the bract-covered axis: flowers rose-
purple, on filiform divaricate pedicels, these two or three times exceeding the wholly
persistent bractlets: wings narrowly ovate-elliptic, conspicuously unguiculate, about a line
in breadth: fruit at length exposed, broader than long; small black seeds pyriform, almost
beaked, surmounted by a caruncle scarcely a fourth as long. — Man. ed. 5, 121; Wheelock,
lc. 129. P. Nuttalli, Chodat, 1. c. 190, t. 22, f. 19-20, not Torr. & Gray. — Dry ground on
hillsides, fields, and in open woods, Pennsylvania, at Bethlehem, Wolle, acc. to Wheelock,
southward to Georgia, westward to Alabama, Tennessee, Kentucky, and (?) Arkansas;
especially abundant in Maryland and District of Columbia; fl. June to October. The
original specimens (coll. near Alexandria, Virginia, by Curtiss) have the flowers loosely
racemose with some of the subtending bractlets elongated and subfoliaceous, but are in these
regards highly exceptional, possibly abnormal, so that there is scarcely need to apply Dr.
Gray’s name var. pycnostachya (published by Knowlton, Proc. Biol. Soc. Washington, iii.
106) to the ordinary more densely flowered form.
P. Mariana, Mim. Resembling the last preceding, but mostly with fewer more erect
branches: smaller roseate flowers clustered at the summit of the elongated axis in an ovoid
mostly very short and obtuse slender-pedunculate inflorescence (4 to 5 lines in diameter) :
lower bractlets deciduous with or soon after the flowers: wings oval, obtuse, rather abruptly
contracted below and very short-clawed : small relatively broad rather turgid pods and pyri-
form seeds much as in the last. — Dict. ed. 8, no. 6, acc. to Wheelock, 1. c. 131, the type
having been examined by Prof. Britton (Pluk. Mant. 153, t. 438, f.5). P. fastigiata, Nutt.
Gen. ii. 89; Chapm. Fl. 83; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 121; Chodat, 1. c. 193, t.
22, f. 24,25. P. sanguinea, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 126, in part. — Hillsides, &c., Delaware,
Canby, to Florida, W. Tennessee, Bain, Texas, Wright, and Arkansas, acc. to Lesquereux.
P. Nuttallii, Torr. & Gray. Similar to the two preceding but of lower stature (4 to.9
inches high), almost always with a few erect branches: pedunculate inflorescences more
slender and distinctly cylindric, 2 to 3 lines in thickness, obtusish or subacute ; divaricate
branchlets persisting on lower parts of the floral axes : small flowers nearly sessile, purplish
or greenish white: elliptic-lanceolate subacute wings about a line in length. — FI. i. 670
(as to first syn. P. sanguinea, Nutt.); Chapm. Fl. 83; Wheelock, l. c. 133. P. sanguinea,
Nutt. Gen. ii. 88, not L. P. Torreyi, Chodat, 1. c. 194, t. 22, f. 26, 27 (who by Warwich,
Kingtown, and Cogdon, doubtless means Warwick, Kingston, aud Congdon). — Mostly in
poor soil, Martha's Vineyard, Oakes, Rhode Island, Thurber, Olney, Congdon, and from Long
Island, Winton, S. Pennsylvania, Porter, southward to Maryland, Canby, and Kentucky,
chiefly near the coast and seemingly most common in the barrens of New Jersey; fl. late
summer. The Missouri occurrence of this species, mentioned by Wats. & Coulter in Gray,
Man. ed. 6, 121, and its Arkansas occurrence acc. to Branner & Coville, Rep. Geol. Surv.
Ark. iv. 168, have not been verified by the writer. Wats. Bibl. Index, 91, and Wheelock,
1. c., would seem to be in error in citing P. ambiqua, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 180, as a synonym
of this species.
P. sanguinea, L. More leafy and leaves broader, even the rameal often oblong rather than
linear: spikes thick, soon cylindric, when fully developed half inch in diameter, blunt :
flowers considerably larger than in the foregoing related species: the broadly ovate-oblong
wings closely imbricated, in fruit 3 lines in length, two thirds as broad, sometimes slightly
mucronulate at the broad rounded apex, rose-purple passing through various gradations to
greenish white, with conspicuous more deeply colored midnerve: bractlets usually persist-
ent, from half to fully as long as the spreading pedicels: flask-shaped puberulent black seed
with a caruncle half or more than half its length. — Spec. ii. 705; Michx. FI. ii. 52; Bigel.
Fl. Bost. 166; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6, 121; Chodat, 1. ¢. 191. P. viridescens,
L. 1. c.; Wheelock, 1. ¢. 127, inel. var. albiflora, the white-flowered form. P. purpurea, Nutt.
Gen. ii. 88; Barton, Fl. N. A. ii. t. 47 (wings too acute). — Meadows and roadsides, Nova
Scotia, McCulloch, southward to N. Carolina, westward to Minnesota, Kansas, and Indian
Territory, Palmer; fl. June to October. An attractive species, the commonest of the North-
eastern States. Albinos are not infrequent.
= = = = = Leaves all or in great part verticillate: wings acute to caudate-acuminate.
P. HooKeri, Torr. & Gray. Slender flexuous angulate stem more or less branched above,
458 POLYGALACEZ. Polygala.
6 to 15 inches high, soon almost leafless below: leaves 3 to 6 lines long, scarcely a line wide:
pedunculate racemes rather loose and terminated even in fruit by the protruding sterile
imbricate-bracted apex of the axis: wings ovate-oblong, slightly narrower and more acute
than in the next, mostly conduplicate and thereby appearing still more sharply pointed,
commonly exhibiting near the apex a spongy (glandular ?) thickening: seeds scarcely half
line long. — Fl. i. 671; Chapm. Fl. 84; Wheelock, 1. c. 119; Chodat, 1. c. 188, t. 22, f. 13-
15. P. attenuata, Hook. Jour. Bot. i. 195, not Nutt. — Gulf States from Florida to Louisi-
ana; first coll. by Drummond.
P. brevifdlia, Nurr. Erect, much branched, 6 to 10 inches high or rarely taller: leaves
narrowly elliptic to linear-oblong, mostly obtuse, 6 to 8 lines long, a line and a half in
breadth, the rameal commonly alternate: flowers rose-purple in pedunculate rather dense
spicate or capitate racemes which are soon obtuse at the summit: wings broadly ovate-oblong,
commonly expanded and flattish, merely acutish: seeds ovoid, fully three fourths line in
length, almost black, loosely puberulent, about equalled by the two long narrow scale-like
lobes of the caruncle.— Gen. ii. 89; Chapm. Fl. 84; Wats. & Coulter in Gray, Man. ed. 6,
122; Wheelock, l. c. 119; Chodat, 1. c. 187, t. 22, f. 10-12. P. cruciata, Torr. & Gray, FI. i,
127, in part. — Margins of swamps, &c., New Jersey, where apparently common; also in
Florida, Chapman, and Mississippi at Ocean Springs, Zracy, Pollard, where in its taller
growth and more apiculate racemes it approaches the last. Intermediate stations of this
(ace. to present knowledge) geographically dissevered species may be sought with interest.
Its occurrence in Ohio, although mentioned in the original description, does not appear to
have been confirmed in recent times.
P. cruciata, L. Mostly low (3 to 10 inches in height) and corymbosely branched: stem
wing-angled: leaves, in fours or fives, narrowly elliptic-oblong, obtuse or mucronulate, punc-
tate, about an inch in length, 1 to 2 lines in breadth, the uppermost usually surrounding and
often surpassing the short thick subsessile spicate or capitate rather dense sometimes apicu-
late racemes of rose-purplish to greenish white flowers (rather large for the genus): wings
caudate-acuminate from broad deltoid subcordate base: seed sparingly pubescent, black or
nearly so, elliptic-oblong in outline, nearly equalled by the caruncle. — Spec. ii. 706; Gray,
Gen. Ill. ii. 223, t. 183, f. 12, 13, & Man. ed. 1-6; Wheelock, 1. c. 117; Chodat, 1. c. 185, t.
22, f. 6-9. P. cuspidata, Hook. Jour. Bot. i. 194, not DC. — Peat bogs, margins of swamps
and occasionally in drier situations, New England to Minnesota and southward to the Gulf
of Mexico; fl. midsummer and early autumn. The very characteristic caudate acumination
of the wings is sometimes reduced or wanting (Leggett). In the Gulf States plants of taller
stature, and with narrower linear leaves, pedunculate inflorescences, and deeper-purple
flowers, may be distinguished as var. RAmOsIOR, Nash, in herb. (Florida, Duval Co., Curtiss,
no. 509, Lake Co., Nash, nos. 1210, 2192, New Smyrna, Palmer, no. 30; Alabama, Gates ;
Mississippi, Ocean Springs, Pollard, no. 1069), but the name is not well chosen, as the de-
gree of branching is neither constant nor marked.
+ + Flowers (homomorphous) bright yellow or orange (except in P. Baldwini), borne in
short thick terminal or corymbosely paniculate obtuse or apiculate spikes or racemes :
erect glabrous mostly showy-flowered annuals or biennials with fibrous or single and few-
branched roots and always alternate or basal leaves: sepals tending to be decurrent upon
the thus angled or narrowly winged pedicels: species of the Middle and §. Atlantic and
Gulf States: wings acute or cuspidate. — Decurrentes, Chodat, 1. c. 197.
++ Spicate or capitate racemes solitary or few and remote, terminating the stems or their
few simple branches.
= Wings ovate-lanceolate, gradually and sharply acuminate: keel with a long crest of
slender bifid processes: stems low (14 to 4 or 5 inches high), often subscapose.
P. nana, DC. Subacaulescent annual with slender perpendicular simple or sparingly
branched root and chiefly radical spatulate obtuse or mucronulate leaves: flowers very
numerous in compact oblong spikes bristling with the sharp-pointed wings, yellow turning
dark bluish green in drying: caruncle scarcely more than half the length of the seed. —
Prodr. i. 328; Torr. & Gray, FI. 1.127; Chapm. FI. 83; Wheelock, 1]. c. 116; Chodat, 1. ¢. 199,
t. 22, f. 40,41. P. lutea, var. nana, Michx. Fl. ii. 54. P. viridescens, Walt. Car. 178; Ell.
Sk. ii. 186; not L.— Dry fertile soil and low coniferous woodland, S. Carolina to Florida,
Polygala. POLYGALACEA. 459
Louisiana, and Arkansas; fl. March to June. Var. humillima, Chodat, 1. c. 200, is merely
the most dwarf form (or perhaps state) with inflorescences subsessile among the radical
leaves.
== = Wings ovate-oblong or elliptic-oblong with short sharp apical cusp: keel with a short
crest: stems (mostly 8 inches to a foot or more in height) leafy.
P. lutea, L. Annual, erect, 6 to 15 inches high: stems often several from a subfibrous
root, simple or with a few spreading branches near or above the middle: cauline leaves ob-
long-lanceolate, acute ; the lower and radical ones passing to spatulate or even obovate-
cuneate with rounded apex: flowers in broad dense obtuse or (through the projecting
innermost bracts) cuspidate long-peduncled capitate racemes, sulphur yellow or orange, not
turning dark in drying: wings becoming 3} lines in length and 13 lines in breadth: crest of
the keel of 6 or 8 short processes (half line or less in length), the upper (dorsal) ones rather
broad and not filiform: seed with a slender caruncle most often of nearly its own length. —
Spec. ii. 705; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 127; Chapm. Fl. 83; Meehan, Native Flowers, ser. 2, ii.
125, t. 31; Wheelock, ]. c. 115; Chodat, 1. c. 197, t. 22, f. 32-35. P. Pseudosenega, Bertol.
Bot. Miscel. xv. 21, t.3, f. 2 (Bot. Zeit. xiv. 784), ace. to Gray. — Sandy soil, low pine woods,
&c., Long Island, New York, and S. E. Pennsylvania, to Florida, Mississippi, and (ace. to
Lesquereux) Arkansas ; fl. April to July.
P. Rugélii, Suurrt. In technical characters very close to the preceding: taller, a foot or
two in height: stems simple or with a few simple mostly erect branches: inflorescence ovoid
becoming oblong: flowers somewhat larger (wings becoming fully 2 lines in breadth),
lemon yellow, turning dark bluish green in drying: crest of the keel a little over half line
in length, the processes subfiliform, often bifid : seeds essentially as in the last. — Shuttl. in
Chapm. Bot. Gaz. iii. 4, & Fl. ed. 2, 613; Wheelock, lc. 114; Chodat, 1. c. 198. P. Rey-
noldscee, Chapm. FI. ed. 2, 613. — Low ground, Florida; fl. May to September.
++ ++ Racemes numerous and corymbosely arranged in a terminal many-branched inflores-
cence: flowers small but showy.
= Basal leaves rosulate, elongated, attenuate ; the cauline much reduced.
Pp; cymosa, Watt. Root a fascicle of long slender fibres: stems single, erect, large, fistu-
lose, 1 to 3 feet or more in height: radical leaves linear, attenuate, 3 to 6 inches long, yel-
lowish green: racemes at first dense but soon somewhat lax: flowers rather small, yellow
becoming greenish black in drying: wings abruptly cuspidate from an obtuse or rounded
apex: seeds small, subglobose, acutish at the apex, glabrous; caruncle obsolete. — Car.
179; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 128, 670; Chapm. Fl. 82; Wheelock, ]. c. 112; Chodat, 1. c. 201,
t. 23, f. 1-3. P. corymbosa, Michx. FI. ii. 54, in part. P. gramineifolia, Poir. Dict. v. 500.
P. attenuata, Nutt. Gen. ii. 90. P. acutifolia, Torr. & Gray, i. 128.— Marshy places and
margins of ponds in pine barrens, &c., Delaware, Canby, to Florida and Louisiana; fl. June
to September.
== = Stems leafy: radical leaves obtuse or obtusish.
P. ramosa, Err. Fibrous-rooted annual, 8 to 15 inches in height: stem not enlarged be-
low, in most specimens equably leafy to the inflorescence: leaves half inch to inch and a
half in length; the cauline oblong, acute; radical spatulate, obtuse: flowers slender-pedi-
celled, in size and arrangement much as in the last preceding species, also yellow and turn-
ing green or black in drying: wings more gradually acuminate: seed small, dark brown,
soft-puberulent, and with a minute bifid terminal caruncle. — Sk. ii. 186; Chapm. FI. 82;
Wheelock, 1. c. 112; Chodat, 1. c. 202, t. 23, f. 4, 5. P. cymosa, Poir. Dict. v. 500, not
Walt. P. corymbosa, Nutt. Gen. ii. 89; Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 128; not Michx. — Sandy hills,
also low pine barrens, &c., with same range as the preceding, but westward to Texas,
Leavenworth, ace. to Wheelock, 1. c. 113; fl. midsummer.
P. Baldwini, Nurr. Stature, habit, and foliage as in the preceding : stem strongly angled :
flowers somewhat larger (lanceolate acuminate wings 2 lines in length), white, short-
pedicelled or subsessile in dense corymbosely arranged heads, fragrant, in typical form dry-
ing yellowish white. — Gen. ii. 90; Ell. Sk. ii. 187 (Ba/duini); Chodat, 1. c. 203, t. 23, f. 6,
7. P. Baldwinii, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 128; Wheelock, 1. ¢. 113. — Moist sandy soil, in pine
barrens, &c., Georgia to S. Florida, westward to Mississippi, Tracy; fl. midsummer. Var.
460 POLYGALACES. Monnina.
CHLOROGENA, Torr. & Gray, 1. c. 129 (where printed chlorgena), is a form in which the
flowers turn deep green in drying, but the other distinctions do not hold.
2. MONNINA, Ruiz & Pav. (J. Monino, Spanish nobleman and patron
of botany.) — Fl. Peruv. Syst. i. 169; HBK. Nov. Gen. & Spec. v. 409, t. 501-
505; Hook. Bot. Mag. t. 3122; Benth. & Hook. Gen. i. 189; Baill. Hist. Pl.
vy. 89; Chodat, Bull. Herb. Boiss. iv. 248. Hebeandra, Bonpl. acc. to DC.
Prodr. i. 838. — A genus of tropical and subtropical America, ranging from
Mexico to Brazil and including some 70 species of herbs, shrubs, and even small
trees. Only one species, a smoothish annual, resembling a Polygala, reaches
our southwestern border.
M. Wrightii, Gray. Erect, slender, subsimple or moderately branched, 10 inches to 2
feet in height: leaves subsessile, lanceolate, entire, cuneate at the base, the lower ones ob-
tusish at the apex, the upper ones narrower, lance-linear, long-attenuate: flowers in simple
terminal pedunculate spikes, crowded in bud, laxer in anthesis and somewhat scattered in
fruit, 14 lines long, greenish or cream-colored, becoming bluish with age: fruit deflexed,
suborbicular, puberulent, about 2 lines in diameter including the radiately nerved wing. —
Pl. Wright. ii. 31; Torr. Bot. Mex. Bound. 49. — Gravelly slopes and rocky hillsides, New
Mexico, near the copper mines, Wright, no. 938; S. Arizona, Lemmon, no. 499. (Chihuahua,
Pringle.)
PULP OEMENT. 20; VOL. -I.. PART T.
(Issurep witu Fascicie II.)
ADDITIONS AND CORRECTIONS.
By B. L. Rospinson.
During the last year and a half much has been written relating to the
orders treated in Fascicle I. To subject this newly published but already
copious matter to the careful critique which it merits, and to incorporate
any great part of it in the present issue would considerably delay the
appearance of Fascicle II. On this account it seems best merely to cor-
rect the evident errors in Fascicle I, which have come to the notice of
the editor, and to add only such supplementary matter as can be satis-
factorily presented without loss of time, judgment upon many of the
recently proposed species and varieties being necessarily deferred.
GreNeERAL Key TO THE ORDERS, page vii, under *, line 2, after “ perigy-
nous in some fesedacee,” add, many Ficoidee.
RANUNCULACEZ.
1. CLEMATIS, L.
C. Virginiana, L., p.4. Add locality, N. E. Nebraska, Clements, a pubescent form.
C. Suksdorfii, Ropinson, p. 4. Add lit. Gard. & For. ix. 255, f. 36.
C. Viorna, L., p.5. Extend range to Middle Georgia, acc. to Small.
C. Addisonii, Brirron, p.5. Add lit. Gard. & For. ix. 324, f. 43, and extend range to
Cumberland Mts., Tennessee, acc. to Small. The form mentioned at the close of the de-
scription is the “ C. viornioides”’ of Britton (named in Mem. Torr. Club, ii. 30, and defended
by Small, Bull. Torr. Club, xxii. 473), confessedly a hybrid, never independently described,
nor subsequently included in Professor Britton’s own list of species (Mem. Torr. Club, v.
158).
C. Pitcheri, Torr. & Gray, p.6. Add to range, Kansas, Norton. For “Var. leid-
stylis” and “Var. lasidstylis,” read, Var. leiostylis and Var. lasiosty-
lis, and in note 2, p. 6, for “S. cordata” and “ S. crispa,” read, C. cordata and C. crispa,
respectively,
462 SUPPLEMENT.
C. ochroletica, A1rt., p. 7. In line 5, for “ about inch,” read, 15 lines to 2 inches.
C. Douglasii, Hoox., p. 8. Add syn. C. Douglasii, var. Bigelovii, Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci. ser. 2, v. 614, not C. Bigelovit, Torr.
Var. Scottii, Courter. Add to range, Black Hills, S. Dakota, Rydberg, and Mon-
tana, acc. to Small.
C. verticillaris, DC., p. 8. Range should be extended to Delaware, acc. to Canby, and
Southwestern Virginia, acc. to Small.
Var. Columbiana, Gray. Add lit. Jones, 1.c. Professor Jones, who had indepen-
dently reached the same conclusion as Dr. Gray regarding this plant, states that his Contrib.
to Western Bot. vii., although printed 3 October, 1895, was not distributed until after the
issue of Fascicle I of the present work.
C. alpina, var. tenuiloba, Gray (1895), p. 9. Later republished by Rydberg, Contrib.
U.S. Nat. Herb. iii. 479 (1896). Dr. Gray’s name should stand as authority.
2. ANEMONE, Tourn.
$1. Puxsatitya, Tourn., p. 9. Add lit. E. Huth in Engl. Jahrb. xxii. 582-
592.
PoursaTitita MULTICEPS, Greene, Erythea, i. 4, of N. Alaska (where coll. Turner), is known
to the editor only from the vague and unsatisfactory description. Asiatic species are to be
expected in the region and the dwarfed dimensions are very likely the result of the high
latitude.
A. Drummondii, Warson, p. 10. Very near this must stand (ex char. et icon.) the re-
cently proposed A. Californica, Eastwood, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, vi. 423.
A. Tetonénsis, Porter, p. 10. Add lit. Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci., ser. 2, v. 615.
A. Canadénsis, L., p. 12. Add locality, Kansas, Norton.
5. THALICTRUM, Tourn.
T. Féndleri, var. platycarpum, Treveass, p. 16. Add syn. 7. platycarpum, Greene,
Pittonia, i. 166, not Hook. f. & Thoms.
T. occidentale, Gray, p.16. Add locality, Wyoming, Nelson.
T. venulé6sum, Trerease, p. 16. ZT. campestre, Greene, Erythea, iv. 123, is said on excel-
lent authority to be a synonym.
T. polygamum, Munt., p.17. For “Var. macrostylum,” read, Var. macrosty-
lum. Rugel’s plant is probably the one mentioned in Bot. Zeit. iii. 218-219, as 7. Cornuti,
var. monostyla (clerical error *).
T. coriaceum, Smatt, p.17. Add locality, Cumberland Mts., Tennessee, acc. to Small.
8. MYOSURUS, Dill.
M. apétalus, Gay, p. 19. Add locality, Assiniboia, Macoun.
M. minimus, L., p.19. Extends to S. E. Virginia, acc. to Small; also northward to As-
siniboia, Macoun.
9. RANUNCULUS, Tourn.
R. hystriculus, Gray, p. 22. Extend range to Portland, Oregon, Miss Cummings.
R. Andersonii, Gray, p. 22. Strike out reference to var. tenellus, and at close of descrip-
tion add
RANUNCULACEZ. 463
R. juniperinus, Jones. Nearly related to and with much the habit of R. Andersonii :
stem taller and more slender, commonly branched, bearing one leaf and mostly 2 flowers:
leaves more finely dissected : petals internally white, but becoming at least externally rose-
purple: akenes flat, not inflated, 1 to 1} lines in length, hence much smaller than in R&.
Andersonii. — Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, v. 616. &. Andersonii, var. tenellus, Wats.
Bot. King Exp. 7, t. 1, f. 8-10. — Rocky soil, coniferous woods, Utah, Watson, Parry, John-
son, Jones. Good fruit-characters separate this from the preceding.
R. Cymbalaria, Pursn, p. 23. On last line of page, strike out “ed. 3,” and for “ 173,”
read, 265.
R. alismeefolius, var. alisméllus, Gray, p. 27. The extreme form of this plant with
broad and even cordate leaves, the &. Populago of Greene has been redescribed as R.
Cusickit by Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, v. 615. Although it may well be worthy
varietal rank, it lacks constant or satisfactory characters for specific separation.
R. Lemm6ni, Gray, p. 28. This rare species has recently been rediscovered near Truckee,
California, by C. F. Sonne.
R. glabérrimus, Hoox., p. 28. Add syn. R. glaberrimus, var. ellipticus, Greene, FI.
Francis. 298, a form again raised to specific rank by Greene, Pittonia, iii. 92.
R. Allegheniénsis, Brirroy, p.32. Specimens of this interesting and geographically dis-
severed species have been collected on Mt. Monotuck, Easthampton, Massachusetts, Purdie,
and in the Adirondack Mts., ace. to Britton.
R. recurvatus, Porr., p. 33. Occurs as far west as Montana, acc. to Small.
R. fascicularis, Muut., p. 37. For “E. New England and Texas,” read, E. New Eng-
land to Texas.
13a. ErAnruis nyemAuis, L., p. 42. In line 3 of descr., for “ relict,” read, relic.
14. AQUILEGIA, Tourn. The etymology of the generic name is at
best doubtful.
A. brevistyla, Hoox., p. 43. Add lit. Rydberg, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 481, t. 18.
A. saximontana, P. A. Rrpgere, p. 43. Add lit. Rydberg, 1. c. 482, t. 19. Perhaps too
nearly related is the recently proposed A. Laramiensis, A. Nelson, Wyoming Exper. Sta.
Bull. xxviii. 78.
A. Jonésii, Parry, p. 43. Add lit. Gard. & For. ix. 365, f. 48. For “ Maria Pass,” read
Old Marias Pass. Specimens with taller bibracteate scape and larger leaflets yet probably
of this species have been collected on Sheep Mt., S. Brit. America, by Macoun.
A. certlea, James, p. 44. The following varieties have recently been proposed.
Var. alpina, A. Nerson, 1. c. Flowers smaller, yellow, with short spurs; upper
leaflets entire. — Alpine region, Union Peak, Wyoming, Nelson. Professor M. E. Jones
suggests that this may well be a hybrid of A. cerulea and A. flavescens.
Var. calcarea, Jones. Glandular-pubescent : leaves reduced; leaflets small, thick,
firm in texture, closely approximated or imbricated by 3’s: flowers half to two thirds as
large as in the typical form: sepals blue-purple: petals roseate. — Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci.
ser. 2, v. 619.— Barren soil, Utah, Kanab, Mrs. Thompson, Cannonville, Jones. Well
marked.
15. DELPHINIUM, Tourn.
D. Andersonii, Gray, p.48. For “very glabrous,” read, nearly glabrous.
In note 1, p. 49, for “ D. Blockmane,” read, D. Blochmane.
D. recurvatum, and D. Emilie, Greene, p. 51. From authenticated specimens
(named, it is said, by Professor Greene himself) these species seem referable to D. hes-
perium and D. variegatum respectively.
464 SUPPLEMENT.
MAGNOLIACE#.
3. MAGNOLIA, (Plum.) L.
M. glatica, L., p. 60, note 3. According to information furnished by J. W. Congdon, the
Rhode Island specimen mentioned was probably taken from a cultivated plant. The only
known indigenous occurrence northeast of Long Island is at Magnolia, Massachusetts,
where the species (unfortunately much sought and frequently transplanted for cultivation)
is now very rare in a natural state.
M. Umbrélla, Desr., p. 60. Dr. Small reports the recent discovery of this species on
Stone Mountain, N. Georgia.
M. acuminata, L., p. 61. In the synonymy, for “I. Virginia,” read, M. Virginiana.
ANONACE.
2. ASIMINA, Adans. Add lit. Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, xxiii. 284-242.
A. triloba, Dunat, p. 63. Extend range to Kansas, Hitchcock; also to New Jersey and
Nebraska, ace. to Small.
After + +, the species may be revised as follows : —
A. speciosa, Nasu, 1. c. 238. Shrub 2 to 5 feet high: branchlets and spatulate-oblong
leaves (3 to 6 inches in length) covered with dense pale or tawny tomentum, which at
length becomes thin but does not fully disappear even in age: peduncles 4 to 8 lines long,
racemose upon the wood of the previous year: petals very dissimilar, the outer strongly
acerescent, ovate-oblong to obovate, becoming 2 inches in length, fully three times as long
as the inner. — A. grandiflora, Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 163, in great part, not Dunal. Uvaria
obovata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 45, in part. — Sandy soil, S. E. Georgia, Small, ace. to Nash, and
E. Florida, Leavenworth, Canby, Donnell-Smith, Curtiss, Miss Pierce.
A. reticulata, Cuarm. This name published with description by Chapman, FI. ed. 2, 603
(1884), should, as it appears, be reinstated for the species which Dr. Gray later called
A. cuneata, Shuttl. (Bot. Gaz. xi. 163, 1886). While unfortunate that the A. reticulata,
“ Shuttl.” of Chapman is not the A. reticulata of Shuttl. in herb., the latter was merely a
manuscript name until after the former had been duly described and published.
x %* Flowers terminal or solitary in the axils of extant subcoriaceous and reticulate-veiny
subsessile leaves, produced in spring and early summer.
+ Outer petals, at least when young, ovate, more or less strongly dissimilar to the inner.
A. grandifiéra, Dunav. Shrub 3 to 6 feet high: branchlets, peduncles, calyx, and lower
surface of the short and rather broad ovate-oblong to obovate firm leaves rufous-pubescent :
flowers large, nearly sessile at the ends of short branches: outer petals cream-colored,
becoming obovate and 2} inches long. — Monogr. Anon. 84, t- 11; Gray, Bot. Gaz. xi. 163,
in part. A. obovata, Nash, 1]. ¢. 239. Anona grandiflora, Bartr. Tray. (Am. ed.) t. 2. An-
nona obovata, Willd. Spec. ii. 1269. Uvaria obovata, Torr. & Gray, Fl. i. 45, in part. From
their rufous pubescence Orchidocarpum grandiflorum, Michx. FI. i. 330, and hence Porcelia
grandiflora, Pers., may have been of this species rather than of A. speciosa, as suggested by
Nash. — Pine barrens, Florida, Palmer, Nash, Straub.
A. angustifélia, Gray, p. 64. Amply characterized. Extends, acc. to Small, as far
north as Middle Georgia.
A. pygmea, Donat, p. 64. Inline 2, strike out “oblong,” and substitute, oblanceolate.
In the synonymy strike out references to the now clearly distinct A. reticulata, Shuttl. (not
Chapm.), for which see below.
NYMPHZ ACES. 465
+ + Petals all oblong, short, narrow, and very similar.
A. Rugélii, Rozryson, n. sp. Low undershrub with flexuous red ferrugineous-tomentulose
stems: early glabrate reticulate-veiny chartaceo-coriaceous leaves (inch to inch and a half
in length, half inch in breadth) typically oblong, rounded at the apex, abruptly contracted
at the subpetiolate base: flowers very small, short-pedicelled: petals until their fall not over
3 or 4 lines in length, thick, subsimilar: carpels only 2 or 3, pubescent when young;
ovules about 7.— A. reticulata, Shuttl. in distr. pl. Rugel, not of Chapm., nor A. pygmea, to
which reduced by Gray. —In pine woods, near Smyrna, Florida, Rugel, no. 9, May, 1848.
With habit of A. pygmea, but differing in its shorter typically oblong not cuneate leaves,
smaller flowers, and thick oblong petals.
MENISPERMACE.
2. MENISPERMUM, Tourn.
M. Canadeénse, L., p. 66. Extend range west to Kansas, Shear, Hitchcock, and Nebraska,
ace. to Small.
BERBERIDACEZ.
1. BERBERIS, p. 66. In generic character for “ bracts,” read, bractlets.
1. BERBERIS, Tourn.
B. Nevinii, Gray, p. 69. Add. lit. Gard. & For. ix. 415, f. 54.
B. pinnata, Lae., p. 69. It is probable that the type of this species was communicated
rather than collected by Neé, whose voyage of exploration does not appear to have ex-
tended to California.
B. Aquifdlium, Purss, p. 69. Ranges eastward to Waterton Lake, Alberta, Macoun.
B. répens, Linpt., p. 69. Extends eastward to Alberta, Macoun, and the Black Hills,
Rydberg. Note 1, on p. 70, should apply not to this species but to 6. Aquifolium, Pursh, on
the preceding page. ‘These species have been the subject of much misunderstanding and
several contradictory statements. It is probable that both were collected by Lewis &
Clarke, and that both send out procumbent sarmentose branches. Pursh describes his
species as having shining leaves and one of Lewis’s specimens, now in herb. Acad. Philad.,
shows this character. On the other hand, Lindley states that B. repens has leaves glaucous
upon each side, so that there seems no good reason to change the general interpretation on
pages 69 and 70. To B. repens, as there interpreted, B. nana, Greene, Pittonia, iii. 98,
should be added as a synonym.
B. nervosa, Pursu, p. 70. Extends eastward to Latah Co., Idaho, Sandberg. The time
of fruiting extends from May to September.
NYMPH AACE.
4. NYMPHAA, Tourn.
N. élegans, Hoox., p.75. In second line of synonymy, for “ must be N. Mexicana, Zuce.,”
substitute, is probably NV. flava, Leitner.
N. renifo6rmis, DC.,.p. 76. Abundant near Delaware City, Del., Commons.
5. NUPHAR, Smith.
N. advena, Arr. f., p. 77. Typical specimens with the medium-sized flowers and yellow
anthers of this species have been found at Stockton, California, Jepson.
30
466 SUPPLEMENT.
SARRACENIACE.
2. DARLINGTONIA, Torr.
D. Califérnica, Torr., p. 81. Add. syn. Chrysamphora Californica, Greene, Pittonia,
i Oe
PAPAVERACEX.
8. ARGEMONE, Tourn. Add lit. Prain, Jour. Bot. xxxiii. 207-209,
307-812, 325-333, 363-371; Eastwood, Erythea, iv. 93-96. In the light of
Prain’s admirable revision, our species may be treated as follows: —
* Flowers orange, yellow, or at least ochroleucous, mostly small for the genus.
A. MexicAna, L. Moderately prickly upon stem, sepals, capsules, as well as margins and
midribs of otherwise smooth and glaucescent coarsely sinuate-pinnatifid leaves: flowers sub-
sessile or short-peduncled : petals obovate, orange-colored or more commonly lemon-yellow,
an inch or less in length: stigma sessile. — Spec. i. 508; Prain, l.c. 308, where copious synon-
ymy is duly cited.— Common in waste places especially in the Atlantic and Gulf States.
(Introd. from Mex., W. Ind., S. Am., and extensively nat. in warmer parts of Old
World.)
Var. ochroletica, Linpt. Petals ochroleucous: style evident. — Bot. Reg. t. 1343;
Prain, 1. c. 310. A. ochroleuca, Sweet, Brit. Fl. Gard. iii. t. 242. — Texas, where indigenous,
and occasional in waste places in Middle Atlantic States, where (like typical form) introd.
(Mex.)
%* * Flowers white or roseate, mostly larger.
+ Flowers more or less peduncled ; the bracts scattered upon the branches.
A. Alba, Lesrrs. Foliage much as in the last but less deeply sinuate and with more
numerous spine-tipped teeth: petals oblong, cuneate at the base: capsule armed with rather
numerous ascending or incurved spines. — Bot. Belg. ed. 2, iii. pt. 2, 133; Prain, 1. c. 329.
—S§. Carolina, M. A. Curtis, to Florida, Buckley, Nash, westward to Texas, Drummond, acc.
to Prain. (A variety in Sandwich Ids. and Polynesia.)
+ + Flowers sessile or subsessile, the more or less closely subtending foliaceous bracts
being grouped toward the ends of the floriferous branches.
A. intermédia, Sweet. Stout, very glaucous, moderately prickly with scattered stramine-
ous spines, otherwise smooth and without any minute setulous hispidity: leaves Sonchus-
like, repand-toothed to sinuate-pinnatifid: flowers large: petals white or roseate: sepals
only sparsely spiny, and with horns usually quite unarmed and not even hispid: valves of the
capsule not firm nor thickened and only moderately spiny. — Hort. Brit. ed. 2, 585; Prain,
1. c. 363, with copious synonymy. A. alba, James in Long, Exp. Am. ed. i. 461; Robinson,
Syn. FL. i. pt. 1, 88, in part; not Lestib. A. platyceras, at least in part, of many Am.
authors. — Kansas and Nebraska to Idaho, Miss Mulford, and southward to Texas and
Mexico.
Var. corymbosa, A. Eastwoop. Leaves obovate, subentire, or repand-toothed :
flowers somewhat regularly corymbous: petals small.— Erythea, iv. 96. A. corymbosa,
Greene, Bull. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii. 59. — Mohave Desert, Mrs. Curran.
A. platyceras, Linx & Orro. More densely prickly, glaucescent: leaves sinuate-pinna-
tifid: triangular-lanceolate horns of sepals armed at least dorsally with spines and sete :
petals obovate to reversed-deltoid with truncate summit: capsule-valves of firm texture,
very densely appressed-spiny, at length more or less indurated. — Ic. Rar. i. 85, t. 43; Prain,
1. c. 366, with synonymy. — Texas to S. California. (Mex.)
Var. hispida, Praiy, 1]. c. 367. Whole plant densely setulous-hispid as well as armed
with stouter stramineous spines: petals obovate with rounded summit. — A. hispida, Gray,
CRUCIFERZ. 467
Pl. Fendl. 5, in part. A. munita, Durand & Hilg. Jour. Acad. Philad. ser. 2, iii. 37, & Pacif.
R. Rep. v. 5, t. 1. — From Kansas, Hitchcock, Colorado, and New Mexico to E. California.
14. ESCHSCHOLTZIA, Cham. Although the treatment of this genus
on pages 90-92 is essentially unsatisfactory, and material at hand shows that
several of the species rest upon untrustworthy characters, yet no successful revis-
ion can be made without prolonged field study. Unfortunately, nearly all the
more recent species have been made without any recognition of the inherent
variability of the plants in question, or, what is still more delusive, the changes
which individuals undergo as the season progresses. It is affirmed by the more
cautious California botanists, who have taken no part in the discussions relative
to this genus, that plants which early in the season bear large and deeply colored
flowers are apt later to produce small and paler ones. Size and color of the
flowers are, therefore, not to be lightly used as specific distinctions. It is to be
feared, also, that undue importance has been ascribed to the dilated rim of the
torus, which in some cases is variable in otherwise similar plants.
FUMARIACE.
2. DICENTRA, Borkh., Bernh.
D. paucifilo6ra, Watson, p. 94. Add syn. Capnorchis pauciflora, Greene, Fl. Francis. 279.
D. Canadénsis, DC., p. 94. Extend range westward to Nebraska, acc. to Webber.
In note 1, p. 94, strike out “& Capnodes,” also “ 280.”
D. ochroletica, Encewm., p. 96. Add syn. Capnorchis ochroleuca, Greene, 1. ¢.
3. CORYDALIS, Vent.
C. Caseana, Gray, p.96. Add syn. Capnodes Caseanum, & C. Bidwellianum, Greene, 1. c.
280.
CRUCIFER 2.
1. DRABA, Dill.
§ 3. Drapéiia, DC., p. 106. In key under *, after “southern,” insert, ex-
cept the first species.
D. crassifolia, Granam, p. 108. Add locality, La Plata Mines, Wyoming, Nelson.
D. nivalis, var. elongata, Warson, p. 109. For “Upper Maria’s Pass,” read, Old
Marias Pass.
D. auréola, Warson, p. 110. Add locality, Mt. Rainier, Washington, at 10,000 feet, Piper
& Smith.
D. corrugata, Watson, p. 110. Add locality, Mt. San Jacinto, California, at 11,000 feet,
Davidson.
D. incana, var. ardbisans, Warson, p. 111. Southward to Moosehead Lake, Mt.
Kineo, Maine, Kennedy, and in Vermont to Mt. Eolus, Dorset, Mrs. Terry.
D. Bréweri, Warson, p. 111. Add locality, Mt. Warren, Tuolumne Co., California,
Congdon.
468 SUPPLEMENT.
D. borealis, DC., p.111. In line 2 of descr., after “ oblong-ovate,” insert: flowers usually
large: pods broad, ovate to oblong-ovate.
38. THYSANOCARPUS, Hook. Of this genus three species have been
recently proposed as new by Professor Greene, Pittonia, iii. 86, 87.
T. laciniatus, Nurvr., p. 114. In line 5 of descr., for “4 to 8 lines,” read, 4 to 8 inches.
4, BERTEROA, DC.
B. rcAna, DC., p. 114. Add syn. Farsetia incana [R. Br. in] Ait. f. Kew. ed. 2, iv. 97.
Extend range to Connecticut, where coll. at E. Windsor by C. H. Bissell. This species has
minutely stellate-canescent elliptic-oblong capsules 3 to 5 lines in length, while in B. muta-
bilis the fruit is broader, oval, and glabrous or nearly so.
8. PHYSARIA, Gray.
P. didymocarpa, Gray, p. 121. Eastward to Nebraska, Rydberg, acc. to Webber.
P. Newbérryi, Gray, p. 121. Add syn. P. didymocarpa, var. Newberryi, Jones, Proc.
Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, v. 624, at least as to syn. cited.
13. LEPIDIUM, Tourn.
L. Menziésii, DC., p. 127. Add locality, Waterman Hot Spring, near San Bernardino,
California, Parish.
L. médium, GREEN», p. 127. This species appears to be introduced in the neighborhood
of New York City, where detected by H. P. Bicknell. After the description of var.
pubéscens, Rosinson, insert, ;
= = Petals obsolete or none.
L. strictum, Rarray, p. 129. Extend range northward to Victoria, Brit. Columbia,
Macoun.
15. SUBULARIA, L.
S. aquatica, L., p. 130. Add localities, Mt. Desert Isl., Maine, Faxon & Rand, Marlboro,
Vermont, Grout & Eggleston, Whatcom Lake, Washington, Suksdor/.
17. CAMELINA, Crantz. After C. sativa, add,
C. syivéstris, Wallr. More slender: inflorescences more elongated but pedicels mostly
shorter: fruit smaller, less turgid, more decidedly margined. — Sched. Crit. 347. C. micro-
carpa, Andrz. in DC. Syst. ii. 517. — Less frequent, yet widely introduced, Rhode Island,
J. F. Collins, Kansas, Norton, Washington State, Suksdorf. Perhaps only a variety of
C. sativa.
20. RAPHANUS, L.
R. Rapuanfstrum, L., p. 132. Strike out, “the more or less ribbed or corrugated segments,”
and substitute, segments in dried specimens more or less ribbed or corrugated.
21. BRASSICA, Tourn. Add lit. Robinson, Bot. Gaz. xxii. 252, 253.
B. Sryapfstrum, Boiss., p. 133. From the descr. strike out, “The form which is naturalized
in America has glabrous pods, while in the Old World they are quite as often hispid.” To
the descr. add : — stem not glaucous: upper leaves rhombic-ovate, rather abruptly contracted
at the base: fruiting pedicels short and thick, 2 or 3 lines long, often hispid: fruit usually
glabrous, more rarely hispid; beak decidedly ancipital, commonly containing a single seed
in an indehiscent cell.
CRUCIFERZ. 469
B. stncea, Coss., p. 134. Taller than the preceding, decidedly glaucous: upper leaves ob-
long, cuneate at the base: fruiting pedicels slender, 3 to 5 lines in length: fruit with
slender conical seedless beak. — Already widely introduced, with and eastward even more
common than the preceding. Several nearly related and somewhat inconstant forms with
more cleft or even crisped foliage have been noted at various points in the Kastern States
from Maine (Bicknell, Miss Furbish) southward, and probably represent escaped and de-
generated states of a cultivated salad plant, doubtfully identifiable with 6. Japonica, Siebold.
(See Bailey, Cornell Univ. Agric. Exper. Sta. Bull. 67, 184.)
All reference to B. appré&ssa, Boiss., p. 134, should be struck out, the San Bernardino
plant, referred to this species, having proved to be immature Sisymbrium officinale, Scop.
23. CONRINGIA, Heist.
C. rerrouiAra, Link, p. 134. Add locality, Farmington, Maine, C. H. Knowlton.
26. SMELOWSKEIA, C. A. Meyer.
S. calycina, C. A. Merer, p. 136. From descr.- of fruit strike out parenthetical expres-
sion, and after descr. add
S. ovalis, Jones. With habit of the preceding but mostly lower in stature and more
densely cinereous-pubescent: capsule short, ovate, abrupt or even subcordate at the base. —
Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, v. 624.— Higher peaks of the Cascade Mts., from Mt. Rai-~
nier, Allen, to Lassen’s Peak, California, Lemmon.
27. SISYMBRIUM, Tourn.
S. avrissrmum, L., p. 137. Already a common weed of waste and cultivated ground, espe-
cially in the Northern States and Southern Brit. America.
S. linifélium, Nourt., p. 138. Add syn. Erysimum linifolium, Jones, 1. c. 622, & Schno-
crambe linifolia, Greene, Pittonia, iii. 127.
S. virgatum, Norr., p. 138. Add syn. Stenophragma virgatum, Greene, Pittonia, iii. 138.
S. Sopnta, L., p. 139. In line 1 of descr. strike out “of the preceding,” and substitute, of
S. canescens.
S. incisum, Encewm., p. 139.
Var. Hartwegiadnum, Watson. Extend range eastward to Minnesota, where coll.
by C. B. Taylor.
Var. Sonnei, Rosrnson, p. 140. Add syn. Sophia Sonne, Greene, 1. c. 95.
29. TROPIDOCARPUM, Hook. Add. lit. Greene, Proc. Acad. Philad.
1895, 551-554; Robinson, Erythea, iv. 109-119, t. 3.
30. GREGGIA, Gray.
G. camporum, var. angustifolia, Courter, p. 142. Add syn. G. camporum, var.
linearifolia, Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ser. 2, v. 625.
382. ERYSIMUM, Tourn. Most of the American species of this genus
have recently been enumerated (with much subdivision) by Professor Greene,
Pittonia, ili. 128-138, under Chetranthus. For the considerable synonymy, cre-
ated by this (to most botanists wholly unwarranted) change, reference may be
had to the paper cited above.
HE. parviflorum, Nourr., p. 143. Add syn. EH. asperum, var. parviflorum, Jones, 1. c. 622,
and extend range eastward to Keweenaw Peninsula, N. Michigan, on authority of Wheeler.
470 SUPPLEMENT.
34. NASTURTIUM, L., R. Br.
N. lacustre, Gray, p. 146. Add syn. Neobeckia aquatica, Greene, Pittonia, iii. 95.
N. sytvésrre, R. Br., p. 147. Becoming frequent in various parts of New England.
N. sinuaétum, Nurr., p. 147. Add syn. Roripa trachycarpa, Greene, 1. c. 96.
N. curvisiliqua, Nurt., p. 148. Add syn. Roripa occidentalis, Greene, 1. c. 97.
N. obtusum, var. spherocarpum, Warsoy, p. 148. Strike out “n. var.,” and as
reference add, Wats. in Allen, List Pl. Gray’s Man. 123 (1893).
N. tanacetifolium, Hook. & Arn., p. 148. Add syn. Roripa Walteri, Mohr, Bull. Torr.
Club, xxiv. 23. F
N. sessiliflorum, Nurr., p. 149. Add locality, Iowa City, Iowa, Hitchcock.
42. DENTARIA, Tourn. Add lit. Greene, Pittonia, iii. 117-124, where
species of this genus and Cardamine are redistributed.
D. cardiophylla, Roxzinson, p. 155. Strike out last sentence.
43. CARDAMINE, Tourn.
. C. rhomboidea, DC., p. 156. In range, for “common in,” substitute, common from E.
New England to.
44. ARABIS, L.
A. filifélia, Greens, p. 159. Add syn. Sibara filifolia, Greene, Pittonia, iii. 11.
A. hirstita, Scor,, p. 162. A rare and exceptional form from Sunderland, Massachusetts,
coll. Churchill & Deane, has spreading capsules.
A, Holbcellii, Hornem., p. 164. Eastward to Thunder Bay, Michigan, Wheeler.
A. suffrutéscens, Watson, p. 166. Southward to Truckee, California, Sonne.
A. Howéllii, Watson, p. 167. Add locality, Mariposa Co., California, Congdon.
A. pulchra, Jonszs, p. 167. Eastward to Grand Junction, Colorado, Miss Eastwood.
45. STREPTANTHUS, Nutt. The treatment of this genus on pages
167-171, lacking the last touches of its author, contains several serious errors in
the arrangement and keys, due in considerable part to imperfect editing. In the
light of much more copious material now at hand, the following rearrangement
may be offered as a substitute.
§ 1. Eustrerrdntuus, Gray. Flowers large: petals with broad blades;
filaments distinct: pods erect or ascending: glabrous annuals: species of the
interior.
* Pedicels conspicuously bracteate: pods narrow.
S. bracteatus, Gray, p. 168.
* * Floral bracts minute or none.
S. maculatus, Nurr., p. 168.
S. platycarpus, Gray, p. 168.
§ 2. Eucrista, Nutt. Petals narrow (the blade scarcely broader than the
claw), usually undulate-crisped.
* Filaments all free to the base.
+ Stem and leaves (sometimes ciliate on the margin but otherwise) glabrous and often
glaucous.
CRUCIFERZ. 471
++ Flowers rather Jarge: sepals 3 to 6 lines in length: plant stout.
= Stem leaves sessile by cordate- or auriculate-clasping bases.
a. Capsules broad, erect or nearly so ; seeds broadly winged.
1. Leaves (at least the lower) runcinate-pinnatifid: Southern.
S. carinatus, Wricurt, p. 169.
2. Leaves entire or merely dentate.
S. Arizonicus, Warsoy, p. 169.
S. cordatus, Nutr., p. 169.
b. Pods much narrower, } to 1} lines in breadth; seeds slightly wing-margined or wingless :
leaves cordate-clasping.
S. campéstris, Warson, p. 169. Upper leaves oblong-lanceolate, acute.
S. barbatus, Warson, p. 169. Upper leaves elliptical, oval, or suborbicular, obtuse. — To
this species is doubtfully referred a specimen from Shasta Co., California, coll. Whitmore.
== = Stem leaves cuneate to petiolate exauriculate bases: capsules narrow, erect or nearly
so: species of Oregon.
S. Howéllii, Watson, p. 170.
++ ++ Flowers smaller: sepals 14 to 24 lines long: plants more slender: capsules narrow,
mostly reflexed or pendulous at maturity.
= Floral leaves elliptical or ovate, deeply cordate and amplexicaul.
S. Lemmo6ni, Warson, p. 169.
S. diversifolius, Warson, p. 168.
== = Leaves all oblong to linear, narrowed and not auricled at the base: annual.
S. longirdstris, Watson, p. 170.
+ + Stem and leaves hirsute-pubescent : annual with narrow reflexed pods.
S. heterophyllus, Nutt., p. 169.
* * Filaments of one or both pairs of longer stamens connate (except in S. tortuosus, S.
orbiculatus, & S. suffrutescens, where sometimes all distinct): capsules rather narrow:
flowers often more or less zygomorphous: upper pair of anthers frequently reduced or
sterile.
+— Sepals subequal: flowers dark purple or violet. all four longer filaments connate in
pairs: leaves linear-oblong, cuneate or subamplexicaul at the base: slender erect annual
of Texas and Indian Territory.
S. hyacinthoides, Hoox., p.170. Stem either quite glabrous or more often hispid-pwhes-
cent near the base.
+ + Sepals of the outer pair similar to each other, often more or less strongly saccate or
carinate, yet not very dissimilar to the inner pair: species of the Pacific Slope.
== Stem and foliage more or less hispid-pubescent or hirsute.
a. Calyx quite glabrous, rather broad and saccate: leaves lanceolate to narrowly oblong,
more or less sagittate-auriculate at the base.
S. glanduldsus, Hook., p. 171. A common and somewhat variable species (ranging from
the San Bernardino Mts., W. G. Wright, northward to S. Oregon), of which the following
are certainly only forms: S. peramenus, Greene, Bull. Torr. Club, xiii. 142; S. albidus,
Greene, Pittonia, i. 62; and S. Biolettii, Greene, 1. c. ii. 225. The following, not seen by the
writer, would also seem to be nearly related: S. MILprEp«#, Greene, FI. Francis. 260, differ-
ing chiefly, as to described character, in its smaller very dark-colored flowers; and S.
versfcoLor, Greene, Erythea, iii. 99, with flowers said to be more irregular than in the
related forms, the petals “ white, changing to lilac-purple, very unequal.”
b. Calyx narrower: sepals hispid-ciliate upon the midnerve: leaves lanceolate or oblong,
acute, coarsely toothed, sagittate-auriculate at the base.
472 SUPPLEMENT.
S. sectndus, Greens, p. 171. Add localities, Marin Co., California, Congdon, Miss East-
wood, and Mendocino Co., Miss Eastwood. The type is pale-flowered, but S. pulchellus,
Greene, Pittonia, ii. 225, scarcely differs except in its more deeply colored flowers.
c. Calyx narrow: sepals hirsute: leaves obovate, coarsely toothed at the rounded summit,
cuneate to a narrow slightly auriculate base.
S. hispidus, Gray, p.171. Add locality, Fresno Co., California, Brandegee, Miss Eastwood.
= = Stem and foliage glabrous.
a. Upper cauline and floral leaves lance-linear to oblong-linear, acute or attenuate at the
apex, cordate or auriculate at the base.
1. Flowers (very dark purple or almost black) on long slender pedicels (half inch in
length).
S. niger, GREENE, p. 170.
2. Flowers subsessile: leaves all narrow, linear.
S. barbiger, Greene, p.170. Seeds often, perhaps always, wingless.
3. Flowers very short-pedicelled: middle cauline leaves large, broad, ovate, amplexicaul,
obtuse; upper narrow and acute.
S. Bréweri, Gray, p. 170. Add localities, Snow Mt., Lake Co., California, Mrs. Brandegee,
and Mt. Hepsidom, San Benito Co., Miss Eastwood.
b. Upper cauline and floral leaves acutish, elliptic-oval or elliptic-lanceolate: cordate-
clasping at the base.
S. hespéridis, Jerson. Low slender tortuous-branched annual: lower leaves unknown;
the upper entire or sparingly toothed, acutely narrowed to a rounded cartilaginous-thick-
ened tip at the apex: flowers small and rather numerous, subsessile in slender flexuous
terminal racemes: calyx green, flask-shaped: narrow apparently white petals exserted and
recurved : posterior pair of longer filaments connate nearly to the summit, elongated, much
exserted and conspicuously recurved, purple: capsules narrow, ascending or falcate-spread-
ing, 2 inches in length; seeds scarcely or not at all winged. — Erythea, i. 14. By error
accredited to Bioletti on page 170 of present work. — Knoxville Grade to Lower Lake in
region of Clear Lake, California, Jepson, July, 1892. Near S. Breweri and S. tortuosus, but
probably distinct.
ec. Upper cauline and floral leaves oval to orbicular, not at all narrowed to the very obtuse
or rounded and abruptly apiculate apex, deeply cordate-clasping at the base: filaments
apparently variable, one pair said to be connate, yet in most flowers examined all distinct.
1. Flowers small: sepals with tips erect or slightly recurved, obtuse or acutish but not
caudate-attenuate.
S. orbiculdtus, Greens. Low profusely branched annual with short ascending axis only
2 or 3 inches long, much surpassed by the slender ascending branches: leaves rather small ;
the lower spatulate-oblong, obtuse, subentire or undulate-margined: the upper suborbicular,
usually rounded and not apiculate at the apex: pods falcate-recurved ; valves thin and toru-
lose. — Fl. Francis. 258.— Near Carson City, Nevada, Anderson, and in the Sierras of Cali-
fornia from Sta. Lucia Mts., Miss Eastwood, and Mono Co., Coville & Funston, to Shasta,
Brewer. A species of highly characteristic habit in well developed individuals, yet without
very strong technical characters.
S. suffrutéscens, Greene. Biennial or perhaps perennial, lignescent at the base, the
stout sparingly branched leafy axis becoming a foot or more in height : leaves much larger
than in the last, those of the stem 2 or 3 inches long: sepals erect or slightly reflexed :
flowers and fruit essentially as in the last preceding species. — Erythea, i. 147, & Man. Bay-
Reg. 16. — Hood’s Peak, Sonoma Co., California, Bioletti. In habit very different from
S. orbiculatus, yet perhaps only a more robust and enduring form of it.
2. Flowers larger: sepals caudate-attenuate, the tips conspicuously reflexed.
S. tortudésus, Kerioce. Erect sparingly branched annual, 1 to 3 feet high: lower leaves
obovate-spatulate, undulate-toothed ; the upper suborbicular, but mostly with a short abrupt
CAPPARIDACES. A473
apiculation: buds very acute: pods recurved-spreading, 2 to 6 inches in length, longer and
seemingly of firmer texture than in the two foregoing species. — Proc. Calif. Acad. Sci. ii.
152, t. 46. — Sierras of E. Central California from the Yosemite to Plumas County.
+ + + Sepals of the outer pair flabelliform-orbicular, dilated, light yellow and petaloid,
very unequal and much larger than the oblong sepals of the inner pair: one pair of longer
filaments connate.
S. polygaloides, Gray, p.171. Extend range to Calaveras Co., Davy.
47. CAULANTHUS, Watson.
C. pil6sus, Warson, p. 173. Strike out last sentence, which relates to poor and unusually
hispid specimens of Sisymbrium altissimum, L.
48. THELYPODIUM, Endl.
T. Howellii, Watson, p. 174. Add syn. Streptanthus Howellii, Jones, Proc. Calif. Acad.
Sci. ser. 2, v. 623, not Wats. The fruit appears to be distinctly that of a Thelypodium, and
the type seems very remote from Streptanthus cordatus to which it is compared by Professor
Jones.
T.(?) salsugineum, Rosinsoy, p. 175. Add locality, Moose Jaw, Assiniboia, Macoun.
T. lasiophyllum, var. rigidum, Rogrnson, p. 177. In line 3, for “ by May at Elmira,
Calif., 1883,” read, by Mrs. Curran at Elmira, Calif., May, 1883.
50. WAREA, Nutt. Add lit. Nash, Bull. Torr. Club, xxiii. 101; Small,
ibid. 408, 409. As Dr. Small has pointed out, it is quite clear from the material
now at hand that in describing W. amplexifolia, Nuttall (Jour. Acad. Philad. vii.
83, t. 10) combined two distinct plants.
The species of the genus may be revised thus : —
W. cuneifolia, Nurt., p. 180. Amply characterized.
W. sessilifolia, Nasu. Leaves rather small, 6 to 10 lines long, half as broad, ovate, ses-
sile by a rounded exauriculate base: flowers deep purple. — Bull. Torr. Club, xxiv. 101.
W. amplexifolia, Nutt. 1. c. as to descr. in great part and as to plant from W. Florida fig-
ured. — Sandy soil, W. Florida, Ware, Nash. The name is not distinctive, as all the known
species have leaves sessile or nearly so.
W. amplexifodlia, Nutr. Leaves larger, becoming an inch or two long, and half as
broad, elliptic-ovate, deeply cordate and auriculate-amplexicaul: flowers white or pale
purple. — Nutt. 1. c., in part, namely, as to syn. Stanleya? amplexifolia ; Small, 1. ¢., but
Nutt. should stand as authority. It is quite evident both from his synonymy and in his
descr. (in which occurs “ leaves sessile and amplexicaule ”) that he had both plants in mind
when he described W. amplexifolia, and if one of these plants is removed as W. sessilifolia,
the other must stand for Nuttall’s species. — Sandy soil, E. Florida, St. Augustine, Miss
Reynolds, 'Tavaris, Lake Co., Webber, acc. to Nash.
CAPPARIDACE.
2. CRISTATELLA, Nutt.
C. Jamésii, Torr. & Gray, p. 182. Extend range to Nebraska, ace. to Rydberg. |
4, CLEOME, L.
C. integrifolia, Torr. & Gray, p. 183. In first line of descr. for “2 or 3 feet high,” read,
2 to 6 feet high. And to range add, occasional in California, as at San Emidio Cafion,
Kern Co., Tevis, acc. to Miss Eastwood.
474 SUPPLEMENT.
RESEDACEA.
1. RESEDA, Tourn.
R. vtrea, L., p. 188. For Amer. distrib. substitute, Locally established in fields, &c., chiefly
in Atlantic States, but said to extend westward as far as Michigan.
CISTACEZ.
In the second line of the generic key strike out the word “ nerviform.”
1. HELIANTHEMUM, Tourn. In the generic character, for “strictly
parietal,” read, parietal or septiform.
H. Canadénse, Micux., p. 190. Common in E. Massachusetts and extending northeast-
ward to York Co., Maine, Fernald.
H. arenicola, Cuapm., p.190. The Mississippi occurrence appertains to the following
species.
H. Nashi, Brirron, p. 190. This species on further investigation proves to have heteromor-
phous flowers and should therefore be placed in the preceding division of the genus. Many
of its cleistogamous flowers have 2-valved apparently bicarpellary fruits.
2. HUDSONIA, L.
H. montana, Norr., p. 191. In line 4, for “ Table Mountain,” read, Table Rock.
3. LECHEA, Kalm.
L. intermédia, Lreceert, p. 193. A dubious form, somewhat intermediate between this
species and ZL. stricta, and mentioned under the latter (on p. 193) as occurring in Maine, is
also found in the White Mountains. It is the recently proposed LZ. juniperina, Bicknell,
Bull. Torr. Club, xxiv. 88, but lacks satisfactory characters.
VIOLACE.
1. V{OLA, Tourn. For recent literature, see Greene, Pittonia, iii, 33-42,
87, 189-145; Pollard, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash. x. 85-92, & Bot. Gaz. xxiii. 53 ;
Holzinger, Contrib. U. S. Nat. Herb. iii. 214; Britton, Bull. Torr. Club. xxiv.
92. It may be noted that nearly all the recently proposed or reinstated species
represent plants familiar to Dr. Gray at the time of his revision, and that their
altered presentation is largely due to differing views as to the taxonomic value or
scope of the term species.
V. pedatifida, Don, p. 196. Extends eastward to Marblehead Isl. in Lake Erie, near San-
dusky, Ohio, E. L. Moseley.
V. Langsdorfii, Fiscner, by error Langsdorffii, p.197. In references, after Bull.
Soc. Nat. Mosce., strike out “xxxv. 240,” and substitute, xxxiv. pt. 2, 485.
V. Selkirkii, Pursu, p. 197. In references, after Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc., strike out “xxxv.
227,” and substitute, xxxiv. pt. 2, 472.
VIOLACES. 475
V. lanceolata, L., p. 198. Add locality, Centr. Minnesota, W. D. Frost.
V. glabélla, Nurr., p. 201. In references, after Bull. Soc. Nat. Mosc., strike out “xxxvy.
253,” and substitute, xxxiv. pt. 2, 498.
V. canina, var. Muhlenbérgii, Trautv., p. 203. In references, after Bull. Soc. Nat.
Mosc., strike out “xxxv. 245,” and substitute, xxxiv. pt. 2, 490.
3. ION{DIUM, Vent.
I. polygalefolium, VeEnt., p. 205. Add locality, Riley Co., Kansas, Norton.
INDEX.
Names of orders are in CAPITALS; of suborders, tribes, &c., in SMALL CAPITALS; of
admitted genera and species, in ordinary Roman type; of synonyms, as also of subgenera,
sections, and all species merely referred to, in Italic type.
Abelmoschus, 333, 336.
Abutilee, 296.
Abutilon, 296, 326.
Abutilun, 319.
Abutilon, 327.
aurantiacum, 328.
Avicenne, 327.
Berlandieri, 328.
crispum, 330.
cryspum, 330.
erosum, 326.
graveolens, 327.
hirtum, 327.
holosericeum, 326.
Hulseanum, 327.
hypoleucum, 327.
incanum, 329.
Indicum, 327.
Indicum, 327.
Jacquini, 327.
Jacquini, 328.
Lemmoni, 328.
lignosum, 327.
malacum, 329.
Nealleyi, 326.
Newberryi, 318.
Nuttallii, 329.
Palmeri, 328.
Parishii, 328.
parvulum, 329.
pedunculare, 327.
peraffine, 328.
permolle, 328.
reventum, 329.
Sonore, 329.
Sonore, 329.
Texense, 329.
Theophrasti, 327.
Thurberi, 329.
trichodum, 330.
umbellatum, 330.
velutinum, 326.
Wrightii, 328.
Acer, 432, 435.
Carolinianum, 437.
circinatum, 437.
coccineum, 437.
dasycarpum, 438.
Douglasii, 436.
Drummondii, 437.
erlocarpum, 438.
Floridanum, 439.
Floridanum, 440.
Sraxinifolium, 440.
glabrum, 436.
glaucum, 437.
grandidentatum, 440.
grandidentatum, 439.
laciniatum, 438.
leucoderme, 440.
macrophyllum, 436.
Mexicanum, 441.
microphyllum, 437.
montanum, 435.
Negundo, 440.
nigrum, 439.
palmatum, 436.
palmifolium, 439.
parviflorum, 435.
Pennsylvanicum, 436.
Pensylvanicum, 435, 436.
platanoides, 435.
Pseudo-platanus, 436.
rubrum, 437.
rubrum, 487, 438.
rubrum mas, 438.
Rugelii, 439.
saccharinum, 438,
saccharinum, 439.
saccharophorum, 439.
saccharum, 438.
saccharum, 439.
semi-orbiculatum, 437.
serratum, 441.
spicatum, 435.
striatum, 436.
tripartitum, 436.
virgatum, 437.
Peppigii, 334.
Achlys, 67, 70.
triphylla, 70.
Aconite, 52.
Aconitum, 3, 52.
Chamissonianum, 52
Columbianum, 52.
Columbianum, 53.
delphinifolium, 52.
Fischeri, 53.
Kamtschaticum, 52.
maximum, 52.
Napellus, 52.
Napellus, 52.
nasutum, 53.
Noveboracense, 52.
Noveboracense, 53.
paradoxum, 52.
reclinatum, 53.
semigaleatum, 52.
uncinatum, 53.
uncinatum, 52.
volubile, 53.
Acta, 3, 55.
Acta, 54.
alba, 55.
Americana, 55.
arguta, 55.
brachypetala, 55, 70.
cordifolia, 55.
dioica, 56.
grandis, 18.
longipes, 55.
monogyna, 54,
pachypoda, 56.
palmata, 18.
podocarpa, 54.
racemosa, 54.
rubra, 55.
spicata, 55.
spicata, 55.
viridiflora, 55.
Actinospora, 53.
Adenarium, 238,
peploides, 238.
Adlumia, 93.
cirrhosa, 93.
ACERINE®, 432.
Achania, 332.
pilosa, 334,
barbatum, 439, 440.
Californicum, 440, 441.
Canadense, 436.
478
fungosa, 93.
Adolphia, 402, 418.
Californica, 419.
infesta, 419.
Adonis, 2, 18.
annua, 19.
autumnalis, 19.
vernalis, 19.
Aduseton, 115.
ZEsculus, 434, 446.
alba, 446.
arguta, 447.
Californica, 448.
carnea, 446.
discolor, 447.
echinata, 446.
flava, 447.
glabra, 446.
glabra, 447.
Hippocastanum, 446.
humilis, 447.
hybrida, 447.
macrostachya, 448.
muricata, 446.
neglecta, 447.
ochroleuca, 446.
octandra, 447.
Ohioensis, 446.
Ohivtensis, 446.
pallida, 446.
Parryi, 448.
parviflora, 448.
Pavia, 447.
Pavia, 447.
rubicunda, 446.
verrucosa, 446.
Watsoniana, 446.
Afarca parviflora, 406.
Ageria Cassena, 389.
heterophyla, 389.
obovata, 389.
opaca, 388.
palustris, 389.
Agrostemma, 209, 228.
Agrostemma, 227.
apetala, 226.
Coronaria, 227.
Githago, 228.
triflora, 225.
Ailanthus, 377, 378.
glandulosus, 378.
Ailantus, 378.
Ailantus-tree, 378.
AIZOIDE®, 256.
Aizopsis, 112.
Algeritas, 68.
Alliaria, 102, 134.
Alliaria, 136.
Alliaria, 135.
officinalis, 135.
Alsinanthe, 238.
Alsinastrum, 275.
brachyspermum, 281.
Alsine, 232, 238, 243.
aquatica, 232.
arctica, 247.
Baicalensis, 233.
INDEX.
biflora, 247.
borealis, 235.
brevifolia, 243.
crassifolia, 235.
Drummondii, 237.
JSontinalis, 235.
glabra, 243.
graminea, 234.
Grenlandica, 243.
hirta, 246.
Holostea, 237.
humifusa, 235.
littoralis, 236.
longifolia, 233.
longipes, 233, 234.
macrocarpa, 247.
macropetala, 245.
media, 232.
Michauzii, 245.
microsperma, 245.
nardifolia, 240,
nitens, 233.
Nuttallii, 237.
palustris, 243.
patula, 245.
peploides, 238,
Pitcheri, 245.
propinqua, 246.
pubera, 236.
Rossii, 246.
rubella, 246.
squarrosa, 247.
stricta, 246.
tenella, 244.
uliginosa, 234.
verna, 245, 246.
Walteri, 237.
ALSINEA, 209.
Alsinella ciliata, 248.
crassicaulis, 249.
occidentalis, 248.
saginoides, 249.
Althea, 295, 299.
cannabina, 299.
officinalis, 299.
rosea, 299,
Alysmus, 116.
ALYSSINE, 99.
Alyssum, 100, 115.
Alyssum, 114, 116.
alyssoides, 115.
Americanum, 115.
arcticum, 120.
calycinum, 115.
dentatum, 112.
hyperboreum, 110.
incanum, 114.
Lescurii, 116.
Ludovicianum, 118
maritimum, 115.
montanum, 115.
American Holly, 388.
Smoke-tree, 382.
Ammodenia, 238.
Amoreuxia, 206.
malveefolia, 207.
palmatifida, 207.
Scheidiana, 207.
Schiedeana, 207.
Wrightii, 207.
Ampelopsis, 420, 431.
Ampelopsis, 430.
bipinnata, 430.
cordata, 430.
cordifolia, 430.
hederacea, 431.
heptaphylla, 432.
heterophylla, 431.
hirsuta, 431.
pubescens, 432.
quinquefolia, 431.
tricuspidata, 431.
Veitchii, 431.
AMYRIDE#, 371.
Amyris, 371, 375.
balsamifera, 376.
elemifera, 376.
Floridana, 376.
Hypelate, 445.
maritima, 376.
parvifolia, 376.
sylvatica, 376.
ANACARDIACE4Z, 381.
Anapodophyllum, 72.
peltatum, 72.
Andromeda plumata, 393.
Androphylax scandens, 65.
Anemone, 1, 9, 462.
aconitifolia, 12.
acutiloba, 14.
alpina, 9.
Baldensis, 10.
Berlandieri, 11.
borealis, 10.
Californica, 462.
Canadensis, 12, 462.
Caroliniana, 11.
Caroliniana, 11.
Commersoniana, 10.
cunetfolia, 10.
cyanea, 13.
cylindrica, 11.
decapetala, 10.
decapetala, 10, 11.
deltoidea, 12.
dichotoma, 12.
Drummondii, 10, 462.
Grayi, 13.
Hepatica, 14.
heterophylla, 11.
hirsuta, 11.
Hludsoniana, 10.
trregularis, 12.
lancifolia, 13.
lanigera, 10.
Ludoviciana, 9.
Lyallii, 13.
minima, 18.
multifida, 10.
narcissiflora, 12.
nemorosa, 13.
nudicaulis, 12, 25.
Nuttallii, 9.
occidentalis, 9.
Oregana, 13.
parviflora, 10.
patens, 9.
patens, 9.
pedata, 13. |
Pennsylvanica, 12.
quinquefolia, 13.
ranunculoides, 12.
Richardsoni, 12.
Richardsoniana, 12.
sphenophylla, 11.
tenella, 11.
Tetonensis, 10, 462.
thalictroides, 14.
trifolia, 13.
trilobata, 11.
Vahlit, 12.
Virginiana, 11.
Walter, 11.
ANEMONE, 1.’
Anemonella, 1, 14.
thalictroides, 14.
Anemony, 9.
Annona obovata, 63, 464.
triloba, 63.
Anoda, 296, 318.
abutiloides, 320.
acerifolia, 319.
Arizonica, 319.
brachyantha, 319.
crenatiflora, 321.
cristata, 319.
Dilleniana, 319.
hastata, 319.
hastata, 319, 320.
lanceolata, 319.
lavaterioides, 319.
parviflora, 320, 32).
pentaschista, 320.
pentaschista, 320.
pubescens, 320.
reticulata, 321.
Thurberi, 320.
triangularis, 319.
triloba, 319.
Wrightii, 319.
Anona, 62.
glabra, 62.
grandiflora, 63, 464.
laurifolia, 62.
pygmea, 64.
triloba, 63.
ANONACEZ, 62, 464.
Aphanostemma, 22.
[135.
Aphragmus Eschscholtzianus,
AQUIFOLIACE A, 388.
Aquifolium, 388.
Aquilegia, 2, 42, 463.
arctica, 44,
brevistyla, 43, 463.
brevistyla, 43.
cerulea, 44, 463.
cerulea, 48, 44.
Californica, 44.
Canadensis, 44.
Canadensis, 43, 44.
chrysantha, 44.
INDEX.
chrysantha, 42.
ecalcarata, 43.
ecalcarata, 42.
elegans, 44,
eximia, 44.
flavescens, 43.
Jlavescens, 463.
Jlaviflora, 44.
formosa, 44.
Sormosa, 42, 44.
Jonesii, 43, 463.
Laramiensis, 463.
leptocera, 44.
leptocerus, 44.
longissima, 45.
macrantha, 44.
micrantha, 43.
pubescens, 45.
saximontana, 43, 463.
Skinneri, 44.
truncata, 44.
truncata, 42, 44.
variegata, 44.
vulgaris, 42.
vulgaris, 43.
ARABIDE®, 103.
Arabis, 104, 159, 470.
alpina, 163.
ambigua, 159.
arcuata, 164.
arcuata, 165.
atrorubens, 162.
Beckwithii, 165.
blepharophylla, 161.
Bolanderi, 165.
Breutelii, 166.
Breweri, 165.
bulbosa, 156.
Canadensis, 162.
canescens, 165.
canescens, 138, 166.
Columbiana, 164.
confinis, 163.
Cusickii, 167.
declinata, 164.
dentata, 160.
Douglassii, 156.
Drummondii, 166.
Drummondii, 163, 166.
falcata, 162.
filifolia, 159, 470.
fureata, 161.
hesperidoides, 150.
heteromalla, 164.
heterophylla, 162.
hirsuta, 162, 470.
Holbeellii, 164, 470.
TTolbaellii, 164, 165.
Hookeri, 160.
Howellii, 167, 470.
humifusa, 159.
levigata, 162.
levigata, 163.
Lemmoni, 166.
levigata, 162.
lilacina, 164.
longirostris, 170, 174.
479
Ludoviciana, 161.
Lyallii, 166.
lyrata, 159.
Macounii, 163.
microphylla, 167.
nudicaulis, 152.
Nuttallii, 160.
Parishii, 167.
patens, 162.
patula, 164.
pauciflorum, 166.
pectinata, 159.
perennans, 165.
perennans, 164.
perfoliata, 160.
petiolaris, 161.
petreea, 141, 159.
platysperma, 163.
puberula, 166.
pulchra, 167, 470.
purpurascens, 161.
repanda, 161.
reptans, 106.
retrofracta, 164, 165.
rhomboidea, 156.
rotundifolia, 106.
rupestris, 163.
sagittata, 162.
secunda, 164.
sparsiflova, 164.
spathulata, 160.
stricta, 163.
subpinnatifida, 165.
suffrutescens, 166, 470.
Thaliana, 140.
tuberosa, 156.
Virginica, 161.
Arctomecon, 83, 85.
Arctomecon, 82.
Californica, 86.
Californicum, 86.
humilis, 86.
Merriami, 86.
Arenaria, 210, 237.
Arenaria, 228, 238, 239, 250.
aculeata, 242.
alsinoides, 240.
alsinoides, 254.
arctica, 247.
arctica, 247.
Benthamii, 239.
biflora, 247.
brevifolia, 243.
brevifolia, 244.
buxifolia, 238.
ceespitosa, 249.
Californica, 244.
Californica, 244.
calycantha, 236.
Canadensis, 252.
capillaris, 240.
capillaris, 232, 241.
capillipes, 244.
Caroliniana, 247.
ciliata, 239.
compacta, 241.
congesta, 241.
480
congesta, 241, 242.
diandra, 251.
diffusa, 240.
Douglasii, 244.
elegans, 246.
Fendleri, 242.
Fendleri, 241.
formosa, 240.
Franklinii, 242.
Franklinii, 242.
Giesekii, 246.
glabra, 243.
glabra, 237, 243.
Greenlandica, 243.
Haenkeana, 238.
hirta, 246.
Hookeri, 242.
Howellii, 244.
humifusa, 240.
imbricata, 247.
juniperina, 245.
Kingii, 241.
lanuginosa, 240.
laricifolia, 247.
lateriflora, 238.
later: flora, 235.
leptoclados, 239.
macradenia, 241, 242.
macrocarpa, 247.
macrophylla, 238.
macrotheca, 253.
marina, 252.
Michauxti, 245.
Miquelonensis, 250, 252.
monticola, 239.
nardifolia, 240.
nemorosa, 240.
Norvegica, 240.
Nuttalli, 246.
Nuttallii, 246.
obtusa, 247.
paludicola, 243.
palustris, 243.
patula, 245.
patula, 232.
Pennsylvyanica, 238.
peploides, 238.
physodes, 239.
Pitcheri, 245.
propinqua, 246.
pungens, 242, 246.
Purshiana, 235.
pusilla, 244.
Rafinesquiana, 247.
Rossii, 246.
rubra, 250, 252.
Sajanensis, 246.
salsuginea, 251.
saxosa, 240.
serpyllifolia, 239.
setacea, 245.
Sitchensis, 239.
squarrosa, 247.
stricta, 245.
stricta, 245, 246.
tenella, 244.
tenella, 245.
Astrophyl
Atalanta, 183.
INDEX.
tenuifolia, 244, 245.
thymifolia, 235, 247.
ursina, 241.
verna, 245.
verna, 244.
Argemone, 83, 87, 466.
alba, 88, 466.
alba, 466.
albiflora, 88.
corymbosa, 88.
corymbosa, 466.
fruticosa, 87.
Georgiana, 88.
Pa 87.
ispida, 88, 466.
intermedia, 466.
Mexicana, 87, 466.
Mexicana, 88.
munita, 88, 467.
ochroleuca, 466.
platyceras, 88, 466.
platyceras, 466.
Armoracia Americana, 146.
rusticana, 147.
Ascyrum, 282, 283.
amplexicaule, 283.
Cruz-Andree, 283.
Cubense, 284.
hypericoides, 283.
microsepalum, 284.
multicaule, 283.
pauciflorum, 283.
pumilum, 283.
stans, 283.
villosum, 288.
Asimina, 62, 464.
angustifolia, 64, 464.
campaniflora, 63.
conoidea, 63.
cuneata, 64.
cuneata, 464.
grandiflora, 63, 464.
grandiflora, 63, 464.
obovata, 464.
parviflora, 63.
pygmea, 64, 464.
pygmeea, 63, 64, 465.
reticulata, 464.
reticulata, 64, 464, 465.
Rugelii, 465.
secundiflora, 64.
speciosa, 464.
speciosa, 464.
triloba, 63, 464.
Aspicarpa, 350, 352.
Hartwegiana, 352.
hyssopifolia, 352.
a ho 352.
serrulata, 183.
Atamisquea, 181, 187.
emarginata, 187.
Athysanus, 99, 112.
pusillus, 113.
Atocion armerioides, 212.
Atragene, 4, 8.
um dumosum, 372.
alpina, 8.
Americana, 8.
Columbiana, 8.
occidentalis, 8.
Ochotensis, 8.
Sibirica, 8.
AURANTIE®, 371.
Awlwort, 130.
Ayenia, 339, 341.
microphylla, 341.
pusilla, 341.
Baby’s Breath, 212.
Badiera, 449.
Balardia Platensis, 251.
Balloon Vine, 443.
Balsam, 368.
BALSAMINEA, 358.
Baneberry, 55.
Barbadoes Cherry, 351.
Barbarea, 104, 149.
Barbarea, 149.
parviflora, 150.
preecox, 150.
stricta, 150.
vulgaris, 149.
vulgaris, 150.
Barberry, 67.
Basswood, 343.
Bastard Iron-wood, 374,
Batrachium, 20.
circinatum, 21.
divaricatum, 21.
hederaceum, 22.
trichophyllum, 21.
Baumgartia scandens, 65.
Bay, 59.
Beaver-tree, 59.
Behen, 214.
vulgaris, 214.
Behenantha, 214.
Bellia, 446.
Beloere, 327.
cistiflora, 327.
crispa, 330.
BERBERIDACEZ, 66, 465.
Berberis, 66, 67, 465.
Aquifolium, 69, 465.
Aquifolium, 70.
Canadensis, 68.
Canadensis, 68.
crenulata, 68.
dictyota, 69.
emarginata, 68.
Fendleri, 68.
Fremontii, 69.
glumacea, 70.
ilicifolia, 68.
laxiflora, 68.
macrantha, 68.
mitis, 68.
nana, 465.
nervosa, 70, 465.
nervosa, 70.
Nevinii, 69, 465.
Nutkana, 70.
pinnata, 69, 465.
pinnata, 69, 70.
pumila, 69.
repens, 69, 465.
Remeriana, 68.
Schiedeana, 68.
Swazeyi, 69.
trifoliata, 68.
trifoliata, 68.
vulgaris, 68.
vulgaris, 68.
Wilcoxii, 69.
Berberry, 67.
Berchemia, 402, 404.
scandens, 405.
volubilis, 404.
Bergella, 282.
Texana, 282.
Bergia, 281, 282.
Americana, 282.
ammanioides, 282.
Texana, 282.
Berteroa, 100, 114, 468.
incana, 114, 468.
mutabilis, 114.
mutabilis, 468.
Betula triphylla, 386.
Bicuculla Canadensis, 94.
Cucullaria, 95.
Sumarioides, 93.
Bicucullaria eximia, 95.
Bicucullata, 94.
Canadensis, 95.
Bird Grape, 421.
Bird’s-eye Maple, 439.
Biscutella, 122.
Californica, 123.
Wislizeni, 123.
Bitter Orange, 376.
Bitter-root, 266, 267.
Bitter-sweet, 398.
Bitter-wood, 378.
Bixa Orellana, 206.
BIXACEA, 206.
Black Alder, 391.
Cohosh, 54.
Hellebore, 42.
Iron-wood, 404.
Maple, 439.
Mustard, 133.
Snakeroot, 54. |
Bladder Campion, 214.
Bladder-nut, 434.
Bloodroot, 86.
Blue Cohosh, 70.
Grape, 428.
Bombacee, 295.
Bombicella, 333, 334.
Bootia, 213.
Boston Vine, 431.
Botrophis, 54.
acteoides, 55.
serpentaria, 55.
Bouncing Bet, 213.
Box llder, 440.
Brachylobus hispidus, 148.
Brasenia, 73, 74.
Hydropeltis, 74.
INDEX.
nymphoides, 74.
peltata, 74.
purpurea, 74.
Schreberi, 74.
Brassica, 102, 133, 468.
Brassica, 134.
adpressa, 134.
adpressa, 469,
alba, 134.
alba, 133.
campestris, 133.
Japonica, 469.
juncea, 134, 469. -
nigra, 133.
oleracea, 133.
orientalis, 134.
perfoliata, 134.
Sinapistrum, 133, 468.
Washitana, 168.
BRassIcE#, 101.
Braya, 103, 140.
Braya, 136.
alpina, 140.
arctica, 140.
Eschscholtziana, 135.
glabella, 140.
humilis, 141.
Oregonensis, 112
pectinata, 136.
pilosa, 141.
purpurascens, 140.
rosea, 141.
Brewerina suffrutescens, 241.
Breynia arborescens, 187.
Jruticosa, 187.
Broccoli, 133.
Bronnia, 280.
spinosa, 280.
Brussels sprouts, 133.
Bucconia, 82.
Buckeye, 446.
Buckthorn, 406.
Buckwheat-tree, 393.
Buda, 250.
borealis, 252.
marina, 252.
rubra, 250.
BuETTNERIE®, 339.
Bugbane, 53.
Bulbocapnos, 96.
Bull Grape, 420.
Bullace Grape, 420.
Bullit Grape, 420.
Bumalda, 434.
Bumelia angustifolia, 394.
Bunch Grape, 427.
Bunias edentula, 132.
Burning Bush, 397.
Bursa, 130.
Bursa-pastoris, 131.
Bursece, 180.
Bursera, 380.
gummifera, 380.
Hindsiana, 380.
microphylla, 380.
Simaruba, 380.
BURSERACE&, 380.
31
Burseria, 380.
Bush Grape, 421.
Buttercup, 20.
Byrsonima, 350.
lucida, 350.
Cabbage, 133.
Cabomba, 73, 74.
aquatica, 74.
Aubletii, 74.
Caroliniana, 74.
peltata, 74.
pinnata, 363.
CABOMBE®, 73.
Cakile, 101, 132.
cequalis, 132.
Americana, 132.
Americana, 132.
edentula, 132.
maritima, 132.
maritima, 132.
CAKILINE#, 101.
Calandrinia, 263, 269.
Calandrinia, 262, 267.
ambigua, 270.
Breweri, 270.
caulescens, 269.
Columbiana, 269.
compressa, 270.
Cotyledon, 268.
elegans, 270.
Gray?, 268.
Howellii, 268.
Leana, 269.
maritima, 270.
Menziesti, 269, 270.
micrantha, 269.
Nevadensis, 268.
oppositifolia, 268.
pulchella, 270.
Ppygmea, 268.
sesuvioides, 270.
speciosa, 269.
tuberosa, 265.
Tweed yi, 268.
Calceolaria, 205.
verticillata, 205.
California Lilac, 409.
Callirhoé, 295, 300.
alczecides, 301.
digitata, 301.
involucrata, 300.
involucrata, 301.
lineariloba, 301.
macrorhiza, 301.
palmata, 301.
Papaver, 301.
pedata, 302.
scabriuscula, 302.
spicata, 306.
triangulata, 300.
verticillata, 301.
Calloosa Grape, 429.
Calothyrsus, 446, 448.
Californica, 448.
Caltha, 2, 39.
arctica, 39.
481
482
asarifolia, 39.
biflora, 40.
jicarioides, 39.
Slabellifolia, 39.
leptosepala, 40.
leptosepala, 40.
natans, 39.
palustris, 39.
palustris, 39.
radicans, 39.
sagittata, 40.
Caltrops, 353.
Calycocarpum, 65, 66.
Lyoni, 66.
Calyptridium, 263, 278.
monandrum, 279.
monospermum, 277.
nudum, 277.
paniculatum, 277.
Parryi, 278.
quadripetalum, 278.
roseum, 278.
roseum, 278.
tetrapetalum, 278.
umbellatum, 277.
Calyxhymenia, 322.
Camelina, 101, 131, 468
barbareefolium, 148
microcarpa, 468.
sativa, 131.
sylvestris, 468.
CAMELINE®, 101.
Camellia, 291.
Campion, 213.
Canary-grass, 124.
Canbya, 82, 85.
aurea, 85.
candida, 85.
Candlewood, 280.
Canella, 206.
alba, 206.
laurifolia, 206.
Winterana, 206.
CANELLACEA, 205.
Cafion Grape, 425.
Canotia, 378, 379.
holacantha, 379.
Capnodes, 94, 467.
Bidwellianum, 467.
Caseanum, 467.
Capnoides aureum, 97.
cerystallinum, 98.
curvisiliquum, 97.
flavulum, 98.
micranthum, 98.
montanum, 97.
scandens, 93.
sempervirens, 97.
Capnorchis, 93, 94.
chrysantha, 96.
ochroleuca, 467.
pauciflora, 467.
CAapPpaARE®, 181.
CAPPARIDACE 4, 180, 473.
Capparis, 181, 187.
Breynia, 187.
cynophallophora, 187.
INDEX.
cynophallophora, 187.
emarginata, 187.
Jamaicensis, 187.
siliquosa, 187.
spinosa, 187.
Capsella, 101, 130.
Bursa-pastoris, 131.
divaricata, 131.
elliptica, 131.
erecta, 131.
procumbens, 131.
pubens, 131.
Cardamine, 104, 155, 470.
Cardamine, 153, 470.
alpina, 155.
angulata, 157.
arenicola, 158.
asarifolia, 156.
bellidifolia, 155.
Breweri, 157.
bulbosa, 156.
Californica, 155.
cardiophylla, 155.
Clematitis, 157.
cordifolia, 156.
cordifolia, 156.
cuneata, 155.
curvisiliqua, 156.
digitata, 157.
diphylla, 153.
Douglassii, 156.
Engelmanniana, 161.
Silifolia, 159.
flexuosa, 158.
Gambelii, 158.
Gambellii, 158.
gemmata, 154.
heterophylla, 153.
hirsuta, 158.
hirsuta, 158.
laciniata, 153.
Lenensis, 155.
Ludoviciana, 161.
Lyallii, 156.
maxima, 154.
Menziesii, 139.
multifida, 139, 153.
nudicaulis, 152.
Nuttallii, 154.
oligosperma, 158.
parviflora, 158.
paucisecta, 155.
Pennsylvanica, 158.
pratensis, 157.
pulcherrima, 154.
purpurea, 157.
purpurea, 155.
quercetorum, 154.
rhomboidea, 156, 470.
rhomboidea, 156.
rotundifolia, 156.
rotundifolia, 156.
Schaffneri, 158.
sinuata, 154.
spathulata, 159.
sylvatica, 158.
teres, 149.
uniflora, 152.
Virginica, 158, 161.
Cardaria, 124.
Cardiolepis obtusa, 408.
Cardiospermum, 433, 443.
Corindum, 443.
Halicacabum, 443.
Halicacabum, 448.
microcarpum, 443.
molle, 443.
Carnation, 211.
Carpet-weed, 257.
CARYOPHYLLACEA, 208.
Casalea, 25.
Cassena, 389.
Cassine Caroliniana, 389, 390.
Peragua, 389.
ramulosa, 389.
Castalia, 75.
ampla, 75.
elegans, 75.
flava, 77.
Leibergi, 76.
Mexicana, 77.
odorata, 76.
pudica, 76.
tetragona, 76.
tuberosa, 76.
Castela, 377, 378.
erecta, 379.
Nicholsoni, 379.
Cat Grape, 423.
Catchfly, 213, 217.
Caulanthus, 105, 172, 473.
amplexicaulis, 172.
Coulteri, 172.
crassicaulis, 173.
glaucus, 173.
hastatus, 173.
inflatus, 172.
Lemmoni, 172.
pilosus, 173, 473.
procerus, 173.
Cauliflower, 133.
Caulophyllum, 66, 70.
Caulophyllum, 55.
thalictroides, 70.
Cavanilla florida, 292.
Ceanothus, 402, 409.
Americanus, 409.
Americanus, 410.
Andersoni, 411.
arboreus, 411.
azareus, 413.
bicolor, 415.
Californicus, 411.
colubrinus, 418.
connivens, 416.
cordulatus, 412.
cordulatus, 413.
cordulatus X velutinus, 412.
crassifolius, 416.
crassifolius, 416, 417.
cuneatus, 416.
cuneatus, 416, 417.
decumbens, 414.
dentatus, 415.
dentatus, 414, 415.
divaricatus, 412.
divergens, 417.
diversifolius, 414.
diversifolius, 414.
eglandulosus, 412.
elegans, 415.
Fendleri, 413.
JSerreus, 404.
Jloribundus, 415.
foliosus, 414.
foliosus, 415.
’ glaber, 412.
glandulosus, 409.
Greggii, 416.
herbaceus, 410.
hirsutus, 414.
hirsutus, 414.
tmpressus, 415.
incanus, 412.
infestus, 419.
integerrimus, 411.
integerrimus, 411, 412, 415.
intermedius, 410.
intricatus, 413.
Jepsonii, 417.
leevigatus, 410.
Lemmoni, 414.
Lobbianus, 415.
macrocarpus, 416.
megucarpus, 416.
microphyllus, 410.
microphyllus, 410.
mollissimus, 409.
Nevadensis, 411.
officinalis, 410.
oliganthus, 412, 413, 414.
Orcuttii, 414.
Oreganus, 409.
ovalis, 409.
ovatus, 409.
Palmeri, 411.
papillosus, 415.
papillosus, 415.
Parryi, 415.
parvifolius, 411.
perennis, 410.
perplexans, 417.
pinetorum, 416, 417.
prostratus, 417.
prostratus, 416, 417.
pumilus, 416.
reclinatus, 418.
rigidus, 417.
rigidus, 415, 416.
rugosus, 417.
sanguineus, 409.
serpyllifolius, 410.
sorediatus, 413.
sorediatus, 412, 413, 415.
spinosus, 411.
spinosus, 412, 414.
tardiflorus, 410.
thyrsiflorus, 415.
thyrsiflorus, 411, 415.
tomentosus, 413.
trinervus, 410.
INDEX.
Veitchianus, 415.
velutinus, 410.
velutinus, 411, 413, 417.
verrucosus, 416.
verrucosus, 416, 417.
vestitus, 416.
Cebatha Carolina, 65.
Cedrus Mahogani, 387.
Celandine, 89.
Poppy, 89.
CELASTRACEZA, 395.
CELASTRE®, 395.
Celastrus, 395, 398.
bullatus, 398.
scandens, 398.
Cerastes, 416.
Cerastium, 210, 228.
Cerastium, 228.
alpinum, 231.
alpinum, 231.
apricum, 230.
arvense, 230.
arvense, 230, 231.
Beeringianum, 231.
brachypodum, 229.
bracteatum, 230.
cerastioides, 231.
connatum, 229.
dichotomum, 230.
Fischerianum, 231.
fulvum, 229.
glomeratum, 229.
grande, 229.
hirsutum, 229, 231.
hybridum, 230.
lanatum, 231.
latifolium, 231.
longe pedunculatum, 230.
maximum, 229.
nutans, 230.
nutans, 229, 230.
oblongifolium, 230, 231.
Pennsylvanicum, 230.
pilosum, 230, 231.
rigidum, 231.
semidecandrum, 229.
semidecandrum, 229.
sericeum, 230.
stellarioides, 231.
Texanum, 228.
trigynum, 231.
triviale, 229.
velutinum, 231.
villosum, 231.
viscosum, 229,
viscosum, 229.
vulgatum, 229.
vulgatum, 229, 231.
Chamebuzxus, 451.
Chameeplium, 137.
Charlock, 133. [293.
CHEIRANTHODENDREA,
Chetranthodendron, 294.
Californicum, 294.
Cheiranthus, 142, 150, 469.
asper, 143, 144.
capitatus, 144,
483
hesperidoides, 150.
Menzesti, 152.
occidentalis, 144.
Pallasii, 145.
pygmeus, 145.
Chetrostemon, 294.
Chelidonium, 84, 89.
diphyllum, 89.
Glaucium, 90.
majus, 89.
Cherleria dicranoides, 237.
Chicken Grape, 424.
Chickweed, 232.
Chili Pepper, 381.
China-tree, 387.
Chinese Sumach, 378.
Chitonia, 352.
Chittam-wood, 382.
Chocolate-tree, 339.
Choisya, 370, 371.
dumosa, 372.
ternata, 372.
Christmas Rose, 42.
Chrysamphora Californica, 466,
Chryseis, 90.
Californica, 91.
ceespitosa, 91.
compacta, 90.
Douglasii, 91.
hypecoides, 91.
tenuifolia, 91.
Chrysocapnos, 95.
Chrysocoptis, 41.
asplenifolia, 42.
occidentalis, 41.
Chryza, 41.
borealis, 41.
Cienfuegia, 337.
Cienfuegosia, 297, 337.
heterophylla, 338.
sulphurea, 337.
Cimicifuga, 3, 53.
Americana, 54.
Americuna, 55.
Arizonica, 54.
cordifolia, 55.
Dahurica, 54.
elata, 54.
foetida, 54.
Japonica, 54.
laciniata, 54.
palmata, 18.
podocarpa, 54.
racemosa, 54.
serpentaria, 54.
simplex, 54.
Cimicifugee, 2, 3.
Cissampelos smilacina, 65, 66.
Cissus, 420, 430.
Cissus, 430,
acida, 430.
Ampelopsis, 430.
bipinnata, 430.
hederacea, 431.
incisa, 430.
orientalis, 430.
Rocheana, 431.
484
sicyoides, 431.
stans, 430.
CISTACEZ, 189, 474.
Cistus, 189.
Carolinianus, 191.
corymbosus, 190.
Citron, 376.
Citrus, 371, 376.
Aurantium, 376.
Bigarradia, 376.
vulgaris, 376.
Claytonia, 263, 270.
Claytonia, 271.
acutiflora, 127.
acutifolia, 272.
alsinoides, 273.
ambigua, 270.
aquatica, 275.
arctica, 272.
OrenGas 2hlen2 72s
arenicola, 274.
asarifolia, 273.
Bodini, 272.
bulbifera, 273.
Caroliniana, 271.
Caroliniana, 271.
Chamissoi, 272, 275.
Chamissonis, 275, 277.
cordifolia, 273.
Cubensis, 274.
dichotoma, 276, 277.
diffusa, 276.
Eschscholtzii, 272.
exigua, 275.
Jilicaulis, 276.
flagellaris, 276.
grandiflora, 271.
gypsophiloides, 275.
Halli, 277.
Joanneana, 272.
Joanniana, 272.
lanceolata, 271.
latifolia, 271.
linearis, 276.
megarrhiza, 272.
Nevadensis, 273.
nubigena, 275.
parviflora, 274.
parvifolia, 275, 276.
perfoliata, 274, 275.
sarmentosa, 272, 276.
saxosa, 274.
Sibirica, 272, 273.
Simsii, 271.
spathulefolia, 271.
spathulata, 271, 274, 275,
spatulefolia, 271. [276.
spatulata, 271.
stolonifera, 275.
tenuifolia, 275.
triphylla, 269.
tuberosa, 272.
umbellata, 271.
Unalaschkensis, 273.
Virginica, 271.
Virginica, 271, 273.
Cleistanoda, 321.
INDEX.
CLEMATIDE®, 1.
Clematis, 1, 4, 461.
Addisonii, 5, 461.
alpina, 8, 462.
alpina, 8, 9.
Baldwinii, 7.
Bigelovii, 6, 462.
Catesbyana, 4.
coccinea, 6.
Coloradoensis, 6.
Columbiana, 8.
cordata, 4, 6, 7, 461.
cordifolia, 4.
crispa, 7.
crispa, 6, 461.
eee 7.
toica, 4, 5.
distorta, 7.
divaricata, 7.
Douglasii, 8, 462.
Douglasii, 462.
Drummondii, 5.
Silifera, 6.
Jlore-crispo, 7.
Fremontii, 7.
hirsutissima, 9.
holosericea, 4.
integrifolia, 7.
lasiantha, 5.
ligusticifolia, 4.
lineariloba, 7.
nervata, 5.
ochroleuca, 7, 462.
ochroleuca, 7.
ovata, 6, 7.
Palmeri, 6.
parviflora, 5.
pauciflora, 5.
Pitcheri, 6, 461.
Pitcheri, 6.
Plukenetii, 4.
Pseudo-Atragene, 9.
reticulata, 6.
reticulata, 6.
Sargenti, 6.
Scotti’, 8.
sericea, 7.
Simsii, 6, 7.
Suksdorfii, 4, 461.
Texana, 6.
Texensis, 6.
verticillaris, 8, 462.
Viorna, 5, 461.
Viorna, 6, 7.
viornioides, 461.
Virginiana, 4, 461.
Virginica, 4.
viticella, 7.
Walteri, 7.
W yethii, 8.
Cleome, 180, 183, 473.
Cleome, 182.
arborea, 181.
aurea, 184.
cuneifolia, 180.
dodecandra, 182.
graveolens, 182.
gynandra, 183.
heptaphylla, 183.
integrifolia, 183, 473.
lutea, 184.
pentaphylla, 183.
pinnata, 179.
platycarpa, 184.
pungens, 183.
serrulata, 1838.
Sonore, 184.
sparsifolia, 184.
speciosa, 183.
spinosa, 183.
triphylla, 183.
uniglandulosa, 182.
viscosa, 182.
CLEOME™®, 180.
Cleomella, 180, 184.
angustifolia, 185.
brevipes, 185.
Coulteri, 186.
longipes, 184.
Mexicana, 184.
Mexicana, 185.
obtusifolia, 186.
_ odcarpa, 185.
Palmerana, 186.
parviflora, 185.
plocasperma, 185.
tenuifolia, 185.
Cliftonia, 392, 393.
ligustrina, 393.
monophylla, 393.
nitida, 393.
Climbing Bitter-sweet, 398.
Clusia flava, 291.
Clypeola, 113.
alyssoides, 115.
Caroliniana, 127.
maritima, 115.
Cneoridium, 370, 375.
Cneoridium, 377.
dumosum, 375.
Coach-whip, 280.
Cocculidium populifolium, 65.
Cocculus, 65.
Carolinus, 65.
diversifolius, 65.
Indicus, 65.
oblongifolius, 65.
sagittefolius, 65.
Cochlearia, 103, 145.
Anglica, 145.
Anglica, 146.
aquatica, 146.
Armoracia, 147.
Danica, 145.
fenestrata, 146.
Groenlandica, 146.
Grenlandica, 145.
oblongifolia, 146.
officinalis, 145.
officinalis, 146.
septentrionalis, 110.
siliquosa, 110.
spathulata, 110.
tridactylites, 145.
CocHLOSPERME®, 206.
Cochlospermum, 206.
Cockle, 224.
Codonium, 394.
arborescens, 394.
Cohosh, 55.
Coilophyllum, 79.
Colletia, 418.
disperma, 419.
infesta, 419.
multiflora, 419.
CoLLETIE®, 402.
Colubrina, 402, 418.
Americana, 418.
Serruginea, 418.
ferruginosa, 418.
infesta, 419.
reclinata, 418.
Texensis, 418.
Columbine, 42.
Colza, 133.
Common Chickweed, 232.
Mallow, 298.
Mouse-ear Chickweed, 229.
Purslane, 263.
Sumach, 384.
Winter Cress, 149.
Condalia, 402.
Jerrea, 404.
lycioides, 403.
Mexicana, 403.
obovata, 403.
obtusifolia, 403.
Parryi, 403.
spathulata, 403.
Condaliopsis, 403.
Conoimorpha, 214.
Conosilene, 214.
Conringia, 102, 134, 469.
orientalis, 134.
perfoliata, 134, 469.
Thaliana, 140.
Consolida, 45.
Coptis, 2, 41.
aspleniifolia, 42.
asplenifolia, 42.
laciniata, 42.
occidentalis, 41.
occidentalis, 42
trifolia, 41.
Corchorus, 342.
acutangulus, 343.
hirtus, 342.
olitorius, 343.
pilolobus, 343.
siliquosus, 343.
siliquosus, 343.
tridens, 343.
Corion, 250.
marinum, 252.
Corn Cockle, 228.
Poppy, 88.
Coronaria, 224, 227.
Flos- cuculi, UDyl.
tomentosa, 227.
Coronopus, 129.
Coronopus, 130.
INDEX.
didymus, 130.
Ruellii, 130.
Corydalis, 93, 96, 467.
ambigua, 96.
aurea, 97.
aurea, 97, 98.
Bidwellic, 96.
Brandegei, 97.
Canadensis, 94.
Caseana, 96, 467.
crystallina, 98.
Cucullaria, 95.
curvisiliqua, 97.
Cusickii, 96.
flavidula, 98.
flavula, 98.
Sormosa, 94, 95.
Sungosa, 93.
gigantea, 96.
glauca, 97.
macrophylla, 96.
micrantha, 98.
montana, 97.
peonicefolia, 96.
pauciflora, 96.
Scouleri, 96.
sempervirens, 97.
tenuifolia, 94.
Costa, 392.
Cotinus, 381.
Americanus, 382.
cotinoides, 382.
Cotton, 338.
Covillea divaricata, 356.
Cow Cress, 126.
Cowslips, 39.
Cranesbill, 358.
Cream-cups, 84.
Cremontia, 333.
Creosote-plant, 355.
Cristaria coccinea, 313.
Cristatella, 180, 181, 473.
erosa, 181.
Jamesii, 182, 473.
Crocanthemum Carolinianum,
Crossosoma, 3, 57.
Bigelovii, 57.
Californicum, 57.
Californicum, 57.
parviflora, 57.
Crowfoot, 20.
CRUCIFER A, 98, 467.
Crymodes, 22.
Crypta, 281.
minima, 281.
Cuba bast, 337.
Cucubalus acaulis, 216.
Behen, 214.
Douglasvi, 223,
niveus, 216.
polypetalus, 216.
stellatus, 216.
Cucullaria, 94, 95.
bulbosa, 95.
Cucumber-tree, 60, 61.
Curled Mallow, 298.
Curly Maple, 439.
[191.
485
Currants, 68.
Cusickia, 112.
Custard Apple, 62.
Cyamus, 74.
JSlavicomus, 75.
luteus, 75.
pentapetalus, oe
reniformis, 75.
Cymbostemon parviflorus, 59.
Cynocardamum Virginicum, 127,
Cynophallophorus, 187.
Cypselea, 256, 258.
humifusa, 258.
Cyrbasium, 181.
erosum, 181.
Jamesit, 182.
Cyrilla, 392.
Caroliniana, 393.
Juscata, 393.
parvifolia, 393.
polystachya, 393.
racemiflora, 393.
racemosa, 393.
CYRILLACE A, 392.
Cyrtorhyncha, 20, 23.
Cymbalaria, O4.
ranunculina, 23.
Cysticapnos, 96.
Dactylocapnos, 93.
Dahoon Holly, 388.
Dame’s Violet, 142.
Darlingtonia, 79, 81, 466.
Californica, 81, 466.
Datisca hirta, 384.
Decurrentes, 458.
Delphidium flexuosum, 45.
Delphinastrum, 45.
Delphinium, 3, 45, 463.
Ajacis, 45.
alpinum, 47.
Andersonii, 48, 463.
Andersonii, 52.
apiculatum, 49.
azureum, 46.
azureum, 47, 49.
Barbeyi, 47.
bicolor, 48.
Blochmane, 49, 463.
Blockmane, 463.
Burkei, 52.
Californicum, 47.
camporum, 46.
cardinale, 51.
Carolinianum, 46, 47.
coccineum, 51.
Columbianum, 51.
Consolida, 45.
decorum, 50.
decorum, 46, 48, 49, 50, Bis
depauperatum, 50.
distichum, 49.
distichum, 52.
elatum, 47.
Emiliz, 51, 463.
exaltatum, 46.
exaltatum, 47, 48.
486
Geyeri, 46.
glaucum, 47.
grandiflorum, 49.
hesperium, 49.
hesperium, 463.
hybridum, 47.
leucopheeum, 51.
Menziesii, 50.
Menziesii, 48, 49, 50.
nudicaule, 51.
Nuttallianum, 50.
Nuttallii, 50.
occidentale, 47.
orientale, 45.
ornatum, 49.
Parishii, 48.
Parryi, 48.
patens, 50.
pauciflorum, 50.
pauciflorum, 50.
pauperculum, 50.
Penhardi, 46.
recurvatum, 51, 463.
sarcophyllum, 51.
scaposum, 46.
scopulorum, 47.
scopulorum, 47.
simplex, 49.
simplex, 46, 49, 51.
tricorne, 45.
tricorne, 50.
tridactylum, 47.
trolliifolium, 48.
uliginosum, 46.
urceolatum, 47.
variegatum, 49.
variegatum, 51, 463.
vimineum, 46.
virescens, 46.
Demidovia, 260.
Dendromecon, 83, 86.
Dendromecon, 82.
Plexilis, 87.
Harfordii, 87.
rigida, 86.
rigida, 87.
Dentaria, 104, 153, 470.
Dentaria, 156.
bifolia, 153.
Californica, 154.
Californica, 155.
cardiophylla, 155, 470.
concatenata, 153.
diphylla, 153.
diphylla, 154.
dissecta, 153.
gemmata, 154.
heterophylla, 153.
integrifolia, 155.
laciniata, 153.
laciniata, 154.
macrocarpa, 154.
maxima, 154.
multifida, 153.
pachystigma, 155.
tenella, 154.
tenella, 154.
INDEX.
tenuifolia, 154.
Deptford Pink, 211.
Descurainia, 136, 137, 138.
canescens, 139.
incisa, 139.
pinnata, 139.
Sophia, 139.
Descurea, 138.
Dianthus, 209, 211.
alpinus, 211.
Armeria, 211.
armeroides, 212.
barbatus, 211.
deltoides, 211.
Jurcatus, 211.
prolifer, 212.
repens, 211.
Saxifragus, 212.
Dicentra, 93, 467.
Canadensis, 94, 467.
chrysantha, 95.
Cucullaria, 95.
eximia, 95.
eximia, 94.
formosa, 95.
ochroleuca, 96, 467.
pauciflora, 94, 467.
tenuifolia, 94.
uniflora, 94.
Dichodon, 231.
Diclytra, 93, 94.
bracteosa, 95.
Canadensis, 94, 95.
Cucullaria, 95.
eximia, 94, 95.
Jormosa, 95.
lachenalie flora, 94.
tenuifolia, 94.
Dictamnus Fraxinella, 369.
Dielytra, 94.
Canadensis, 94.
chrysantha, 95.
Cucullaria, 95.
eximia, 94, 95.
formosa, 95.
saccata, 95.
Dilepticum diffusum, 127.
precox, 127.
Dipetalia, 188.
subulata, 188.
Diphylleia, 67, 72.
cymosa, 72.
Grayi, 72.
Diplisca elliptica, 418.
Diplocalyx, 394.
chrysophylloides, 394.
Diplotaxis, 102, 134.
muralis, 134.
tenuifolia, 134.
Dithyrea, 100, 122.
Californica, 123.
Wislizeni, 123.
Dodonea, 433, 441.
angustifolia, 441.
Burmanniana, 441.
nana, 441.
Schiediana, 441.
spathulata, 441.
viscosa, 441.
Dovon 2”, 433.
Dolophragma, 238.
Draba, 99, 105, 467.
alpina, 108.
alpina, 108, 109, 110, 112.
androsacea, 109.
Arabis, 111.
arabisans, 111.
arctica, 111.
asprella, 107.
asprella, 106.
aurea, 110
aureola, 110, 467.
borealis, 111, 468.
brachycarpa, 107.
Breweri, 111, 467.
Canadensis, 111.
Caroliniana, 106.
chrysantha, 110.
confusa, 111.
contorta, 111.
corrugata, 110, 467.
corymbosa, 109.
crassifolia, 108, 467.
crassifolia, 106.
Crockeri, 112.
cuneifolia, 107.
densifolia, 112.
dentata, 112.
Douglasii, 112.
eurycarpa, 109.
Jilicaulis, 107.
Fladnizensis, 109.
glabella, 111.
glacialis, 112.
gracilis, 107, 111.
grandis, 110.
Henneana, 111.
hirta, 111.
hirta, 110.
hispidula, 106.
Howellii, 108.
hyperborea, 110.
incana, 111, 467.
incana, 111.
lactea, 109.
levigata, 135.
levipes, 109.
Lapponica, 109.
Lemmoni, 108.
lutea, 107.
micrantha, 106.
micropetala, 108.
Mogollonica, 107.
montana, 108.
muricella, 109.
nemoralis, 107.
nemorosa, 107.
nivalis, 109, 467.
oblongata, 111.
oligosperma, 112.
pauciflora, 108.
platycarpa, 107.
ramosissima, 111.
Remeriana, 107.
rupestris, 108, 111.
Sachalinensis, 111.
Sonore, 107.
stellata, 109.
stenoloba, 107.
streptocarpa, 110.
subsessilis, 109.
Unalaschkiana, 111.
unilateralis, 106.
unilateralis, 112.
ventosa, 108.
verna, 106.
Wahlenbergit, 109.
Drabea, 108.
Drabella, 106, 467.
Drymaria, 210, 253.
cordata, 253.
crassifolia, 254.
crassifolia, 254.
effusa, 254.
Fendleri, 253.
glandulosa, 253.
holosteoides, 253.
holosteoides, 254.
nodosa, 254.
polycarpoides, 254.
sperguloides, 254.
tenella, 254.
Veatchii, 254.
viscosa, 254.
Dryopetalon, 104, 150.
runcinatum, 150.
Dryopetalum, 150.
Dutchman’s Breeches, 95.
Dwarf Mallow, 298.
Sumach, 384.
Dyer’s Rocket, 188.
Weed, 188.
Early Winter Cress, 150.
Ebraxis virgata, 215.
Elaphrium, 380.
ELATINACEA, 280.
Elatine, 281.
Elatine, 282.
Americana, 281.
brachysperma, 281.
Californica, 282.
Clintoniana, 281.
Hydropiper, 282.
minima, 281.
Texana, 282.
triandra, 281.
Elatinella, 282.
Elidurandia Texana, 337.
Elisanthe Drummondii, 225.
Scouleri, 224.
Elk-wood, 61.
Ellimia ruderalis, 188.
Elodea, 284, 291.
campanulata, 291.
petiolata, 291.
tubulosa, 291.
Virginica, 291.
Elodes, 284.
campanulata, 291.
petiolata, 291.
INDEX.
Virginica, 291.
Emetila ramulosa, 389.
Empleurosma, 441.
Endotropis oleifolia, 408.
Enemion, 40.
biternatum, 40.
Ennepta atomaria, 390.
coriacea, 390.
myricoides, 390.
Epapulosa, 261.
Epimedium hexandrum, 71.
Eranthis, 2, 42.
hyemalis, 42, 463.
Eriocephalus, 10. —
Erodium, 357, 361.
Botrys, 362.
Calitornicum, 362.
Californicum, 362.
ciconium, 362.
cicutarium, 362.
macrophyllum, 361.
malachoides, 362.
malacoides, 362.
moschatum, 362.
Texanum, 362.
Erophila, 105, 106.
Americana, 106.
vulgaris, 106.
Erucastrum incanum, 134.
Erysimum, 103, 142, 469.
Erysimui, 134.
Alliaria, 134, 135.
arenicola, 144.
Arkansanum, 144.
asperum, 143.
asperum, 143, 144, 469.
Barbarea, 149.
Californicum, 144.
capitatum, 144.
cheiranthoides, 143.
cheiranthoides, 143.
elatum, 143,
glaberrimum, 138.
randiflorum, 144.
hieracifolium, 143.
inconspicuum, 143.
insulare, 144.
lanceolatum, 148.
linifolium, 469.
occidentale, 144.
officinale, 137.
orientale, 134.
parviflorum, 143, 469.
parviflorum, 143.
perfoliatum, 134.
pinnatum, 139.
pumilum, 144.
pygmezum, 145.
repandum, 143.
retrofractum, 177.
syrticolum, 143.
Eschscholtzia, 84, 90, 467.
Eschscholtzia, 82.
ambigua, 91.
Austine, 91.
ceespitosa, 91.
cespitosa, 92.
487
Californica, 90.
Californica, 91, 92.
Californicum, 90.
compacta, 90.
crocea, 90.
. cucullata, 90.
Douglasii, 91, 92.
elegans, 91.
glauca, 90.
glyptosperma, 92.
hypecoides, 91.
Lemmoni, 92.
leptandra, 90.
maritima, 91.
Mexicana, 91.
minutiflora, 92.
modesta, 92.
Parishii, 92.
peninsularis, 91.
ramosa, 91.
rhombipetala, 92.
tenuifolia, 92.
tenurfolia, 90, 91.
tenuisecta, 90.
FEsculus, 446.
Euesculus, 446.
Eualyssum, 115.
Euanemone, 9.
Euarabis, 160.
Eucalandrinia, 269.
Eucapnos, 95.
eximius, 95.
formosa, 95.
Euceanothus, 409.
Euclaytonia, 271, 272.
Eucleome, 183.
Euclisia, 168, 470.
Eucondalia, 403.
Eudianthe, 224.
Euhibiscus, 333.
Eulechea, 192. ~
Eulinum, 344.
Eulychnis, 225.
EUMALVES®, 295.
Eumelochia, 340.
Euonymoides scandens, 398.
Euonymus, 395, 396.
acuminatus, 397.
alternifolius, 396.
Americanus, 396.
Americanus, 396, 397.
angustifolius, 396.
atropurpureus, 397.
atropurpureus, 397.
Carolinensis, 397.
cuneatus, 397.
Europzus, 397.
heterophyllus, 397.
muricatus, 396.
obovatus, 397.
occidentalis, 397.
Parishii, 397.
sarmentosus, 396.
sempervirens, 396.
Euranunculus, 24.
European Barberry, 68.
Columbine, 42.
488
Lime, 343.
Euryanthe Schiedeana, 207.
Eusapindus, 444.
Eusilene, 214.
Eusisymbrium, 137.
Eustellaria, 232.
Eustreptanthus, 168, 470.
Euthelypodium, 174.
Eutrema, 102, 135.
Eutrema, 140.
arenicola, 136.
Edwardsii, 135.
Eschscholtzianum, 135.
Labradoricum, 135.
Rossii, 146.
Euvitis, 421.
Evanoda, 319.
Evening Lychnis, 227.
Everbearing Grape, 421.
Exothea, 4338, 444.
oblongifolia, 445.
paniculata, 445.
Fagara, 374.
Caroliniana, 374.
coriacea, 375.
Slava, 375.
Sraxinifolia, 374.
lentiseifolia, 374.
Pterota, 374.
Fagonia, 353, 355.
Californica, 355.
Californica, 355.
Fall Grape, 425.
False Flax, 131.
Mallow, 308.
Mermaid, 363.
Farsetia, 114.
meana, 468.
Fetid Buckeye, 446.
Hellebore, 42.
Ficaria, 20.
FICOIDE®, 256.
Fire Pink, 217.
Firmiana platanifolia, 339.
Flammula, 4.
Flax, 344.
Flerkea, 358, 363.
alba, 364.
alba, 364.
Douglasii, 364.
lacustris, 363.
Macounii, 363.
palustris, 363.
proserpinacoides, 363.
rosea, 364.
uliginosa, 363.
versicolor, 364.
Flowering Wintergreen, 453.
Flower-of-an-hour, 336.
Forsellesia, 400.
Nevadensis, 401.
spinescens, 400.
Fouquiera, 280.
Fouquieria, 279, 280.
spinosa, 280,
spinosa, 280.
INDEX.
splendens, 280.
Fox Grape, 429.
Frangula, 406, 407.
Californica, 408.
Caroliniana, 407.
Sragilis, 407.
Purshiana, 408.
Frankenia, 207.
Bertereana, 208.
grandifolia, 207.
grandifolia, 208.
Jamesii, 208.
latifolia, 207.
Palmeri, 208.
pulverulenta, 208.
FRANKENIACEA, 207,
Franklinia, 293.
Altamaha, 293.
Fremontia, 294.
Californica, 294.
Fremontodendron Californicum,
French Weed, 123. [294.
Fringed Polygala, 453.
Frost Grape, 422, 424.
Frost-weed, 190.
Fugosia, 337.
Drummondii, 337.
heterophylla, 338.
sulfurea, 337.
Fumaria, 93.
aurea, 97.
Cucullaria, 95.
eximia, 95.
Jlavula, 98.
Jormosa, 95.
JSungosa, 93.
glauca, 97.
officinalis, 93.
pallida, 95.
pauciflora, 96.
recta, 93.
sempervirens, 97.
FUMARIACEZ, 92, 467.
Gaissenia verna, 40.
Galphimia, 350, 351.
angustifolia, 351.
linifolia, 351.
Gansblum, 106.
Garden Cress, 126.
Poppy, 8&8.
Gastrosilene, 214.
Gastrostyla, 375.
Gayoides, 330.
GERANIACEA, 357.
GERANIE®, 357.
Geranium, 357, 358, 363.
albiflorum, 359.
atrum, 360.
Bicknellii, 360.
ceespitose, 360.
cespitosum, 359.
Carolinianum, 360.
columbinum, 360.
dissectum, 360.
dissectum, 361.
erianthum, 358.
erianthum, 359.
Fremontii, 359.
Fremontii, 359, 360.
Hernandezii, 359.
Hookerianum, 359.
incisum, 359.
inodorum, 361.
lanuginosum, 360.
maculatum, 358.
maculatum, 359.
Mexicanum, 359.
molle, 361.
parviflorum, 361.
pentagynum, 359.
pilosum, 360.
pusillum, 361.
Pyrenaicum, 361.
retrorsum, 360.
Richardsonii, 359.
Robertianum, 361.
rotundifolium, 361.
Sibiricum, 360.
viscosissimum, 359.
Girtanneria alnifolia, 407.
Sranguloides, 407.
Githago, 228.
segetum, 228.
Glabra, 436.
Glade Mallow, 307.
Glaucium, 84, 90.
Glaucium, 82.
flavum, 90.
Glaucium, 90.
luteum, 90.
Glinus, 256, 258.
Glinus, 257.
Cambessidesii, 258.
dictamnoides, 258.
lotoides, 258.
lotoides, 258.
radiatus, 258.
Globe-flower, 40.
Glossopetalon, 396, 400.
meionandrum, 401.
Nevadense, 401.
spinescens, 400.
Glossopetalum, 400.
Gobernadora, 355.
Golden-seal, 56.
Gold-thread, 41.
Gombo, 337.
Gordonia, 292.
Gordonia, 293.
Altamaha, 293.
“ranklini, 293.
Lasianthus, 293.
Lasyanthus, 293.
pubescens, 293.
pyramidalis, 293.
Gordoniec, 291.
Gossypium, 297, 338.
Barbadense, 338.
herbaceum, 338.
religiosum, 338.
Thurberi, 338.
Gouania, 402, 419.
Domingensis, 419.
GOUANIE®, 402.
Grape-vine, 420.
Great Chickweed, 236.
Green Hellebore, 42.
Greevesia cleisocalyx, 331.
Greggia, 103, 142, 469.
camporum, 142, 469
camporum, 469.
linearifolia, 142.
Greniera Douglasii, 244.
tenella, 244.
Guaiacidium, 356.
Guaiacum, 353, 356.
angustifolium, 356.
Coulteri, 356.
parvifolium, 356.
Planchoni, 356.
sanctum, 356.
Sloanei, 356.
verticale, 356.
Guajacum, 356.
Gum Guaiacum, 356.
Gumbo Limbo, 380.
GUTTIFER A, 291.
Gyminda, 395, 398.
Gyminda, 399.
Grisebachii, 399.
Gymnogonia, 183.
Gynandropsis, 183.
palmipes, 183.
pentaphylla, 183.
speciosa, 183.
triphylla, 183.
Gypsophila, 209, 212.
Gypsophila, 213.
muralis, 212.
paniculata, 212.
Haenkea, 398.
Halianthus, 238.
Halodes, 23.
Hard Maple, 438.
Harmala, 355.
Heartsease, 204.
Heartseed, 443.
Hebeandra, 460.
Hebecarpa, 449.
Hebeclada, 450.
Hedera arborea, 430.
quinquefolia, 431.
Hedge Mustard, 136. 137.
Helianthemum, 189, 474.
Helianthemum, 192.
Aldersonii, 191.
arenicola, 190, 474.
Canadense, 190, 474.
Canadense, 190.
capitatum, 190.
Carolinianum, 190.
corymbosum, 190,
corymbosum, 190.
Greenei, 191.
majus, 190.
Nashi, 190, 474.
occidentale, 191.
polifolium, 190.
ramuliflorum, 190.
INDEX.
rosmarinifolium, 190.
scoparium, 191.
Helietta, 370, 372.
parvifolia, 372.
HELLEBORE®, 2.
Helleborus, 2, 42.
foetidus, 42.
hyematlis, 42.
niger, 42.
trifolius, 41.
viridis, 42.
Hepatica, 1, 13.
acuta, 14.
acutiloba; 14.
Americana, 14.
Hepatica, 14.
triloba, 13.
Herb Robert, 361.
Herbemont, 428.
Hercules Club, 374.
Hermannia, 339.
pauciflora, 340.
‘Texana, 339.
HERMANNIE®, 339.
Herodium, 362.
Hesperalcea, 307.
malachroides, 307.
Hesperidanthus, 174.
Hesperis, 103, 142.
FTookeri, 145.
matronalis, 142.
matronalis, 174.
Menziesii, 152.
minima, 145.
Pallasii, 148, 145.
pinnatifida, 150.
Pygmea, 145.
scapigera, 152.
Hesperolinon, 344, 348.
Heterodraba, 106.
unilateralis, 106.
Heteromeris, 189.
cymosa, 190.
polifolia, 190.
Heterothrix, 178.
HIBIsce®, 297.
Hibiscus, 297, 333.
aculeatus, 335.
althecefolius, 333.
aquaticus, 336.
Bancroftianus, 333.
biseptus, 334.
Californicus, 335.
cardiophyllus, 334,
Carolinianus, 336.
coccineus, 336.
Collinsiana, 336, 337.
Coulteri, 334.
clypeatus, 333.
denudatus, 334.
elatus, 337.
esculentus, 337.
Floridanus, 333.
furcellatus, 335.
grandiflorus, 335,
grandiflorus, 335.
hastatus, 336.
489
incanus, 336.
levis, 336.
lasiocarpos, 335.
lasiocarpus, 335.
Manihot, 337.
militaris, 336.
Moscheutos, 335.
Moscheutos, 335, 336.
pallidus, 336.
palustris, 335, 336.
pentaspermus, 333,
Peppigii, 333.
populneus, 337.
ribifolius, 334.
riparius, 336.
Rosa-Sinensis, 336,
roseus, 336.
scaber, 335.
semilobatus, 336.
smilacifolius, 333,
speciosus, 336.
spinifex, 331.
Syriacus, 334.
tiliaceus, 337.
trionum, 336.
truncatus, 333.
tubiflorus, 333.
Virginicus, 333, 336.
Hierophyllus Cassine, 389.
High Mallow, 298.
HiIppocastaNE&, 434.
Hippocastanum, 446.
Hippocratea, 396, 401.
ovata, 401.
HipPpocraTEe®, 396.
Hirzea, 350, 351.
macroptera, 351.
septentrionalis, 351.
Hog Plum, 381, 594.
Holacantha, 377, 379.
Emoryi, 379.
Holly, 388.
Holopetalum, 188.
Holosteum, 209, 228.
succulentum, 232.
umbellatum, 228.
Honckenya, 238.
oblongifolia, 239,
FHonkenya, 238.
peploides, 238, 239.
Hop-tree, 372.
Horned Poppy, 90.
Horse-chestnut, 446.
Horse-radish, 146.
Horsfordia, 296, 318.
alata, 318.
Newberryi, 318.
Hudsonia, 189, 191, 474.
ericoides, 191.
ericoides, 191.
montana, 191, 474.
Nuttallii, 191.
tomentosa, 191.
Hunnemannia, 84.
HuNNEMANNI4A, 84.
Huntsman’s Cup, 80.
Hutchinsia calycina, 186.
490
procumbens, 131.
Hybanthus, 205.
Hydrastis, 3, 56.
Hydrastis, 18.
Canadensis, 56.
Canadensis, 18.
Carolinensis, 18.
Hydropeltis, 74.
pulla, 74.
purpurea, 74.
Hydrophyllum verum, 56.
Hymenolobee, 131.
Hymenolobus, 130.
divaricatus, 181.
erectus, 131.
pubens, 131.
Hypelate, 434, 445.
ypelate, 445.
paniculata, 445.
trifoliata, 445.
HYPERICACE ZA, 282.
Hypericum, 283, 284.
Hypericum, 283, 284.
acutifolium, 288.
adpressum, 287.
adpressum, 287.
ambiguum, 286.
amenum, 286.
anagalloides, 289.
anagalloides, 290.
angulosum, 288.
ascyroides, 285, 286.
Ascyron, 284.
aspalathoides, 286.
aureum, 286.
axillare, 286, 291.
Bonapartec, 287.
boreale, 290.
bracteatum, 289.
Buckleii, 285.
Buckleyi, 286.
campanulatum, 291.
Canadense, 290.
Canadense, 290.
cistifolium, 287.
cistifolium, 287.
concinnum, 289.
corymbosum, 288.
densiflorum, 285.
densiflorum, 285.
dolabriforme, 287.
Drummondii, 290.
elatum, 284.
ellipticum, 287.
emarginatum, 291.
fasciculatum, 286.
JSasciculatum, 285, 286.
fastigiatum, 287.
formosum, 289.
formosum, 289.
Srondosum, 286.
galioides, 286.
galioides, 285, 286.
gentianoides, 291.
glaucum, 286.
graveolens, 289.
gymnanthum, 290.
INDEX.
gymnanthum, 290.
hedyotifolium, 288.
Japonicum, 289, 290.
Kalmianum, 285.
Kalmianum, 285.
Lasianthus, 293.
lobocarpum, 285.
lobocarpum, 285, 286.
macrocarpum, 285.
maculatum, 288.
majus, 290.
micranthum, 288.
microsepalum, 284.
microsepalum, 283.
Moranense, 290.
mutilum, 289.
mutilum, 289, 290.
myrtifolium, 286.
nitidum, 286.
nudicaule, 290.
nudiflorum, 287.
opacum, 287.
paludosum, 291.
parviflorum, 289.
pauciflorum, 290.
perforatum, 288.
perforatum, 289.
petiolatum, 291.
pilosum, 288.
procumbens, 287.
prolificum, 285.
prolificum, 285, 286.
punctatum, 288.
punctulosum, 287.
pyramidatum, 285.
quinquenervium, 289.
rosmarinifolium, 285, 286,
Sarothra, 291. [287
Scouleri, 289.
sessiliflorum, 286.
setosum, 284, 288, 291.
simplex, 288.
spherocarpon, 287.
spheerocarpum, 287.
stellarioides, 289.
tetrapetalum, 284.
thesitfolium, 290.
triplinerve, 284.
tubulosum, 291.
virgatum, 288.
Virginicum, 291.
Virginicum, 288.
Tberis, 123.
Ice Plant, 261.
Idria, 280.
Ilex, 388.
estivalis, 389.
ambigua, 389.
ambigua, 390.
Amelanchier, 390.
Amelanchier, 390.
angustifolia, 389.
Canadensis, 391.
Caroliniana, 389.
Cassena, 389.
Cassine, 388.
Cassine, 388, 389.
cassinoides, 389.
coriacea, 390.
Dahoon, 388, 389.
decidua, 389.
decidua, 391.
delicatula, 391.
dubia, 390.
Floridana, 889.
glabra, 390.
leevigata, 391.
lanceolata, 391.
laurifolia, 389.
ligustrifola, 389.
ligustrina, 389.
longipes, 389.
lucida, 390.
mollis, 390.
montana, 390.
monticola, 390.
monticola, 390.
Myrsinites, 398.
myrtifolia, 389.
opaca, 388..
prinoides, 389.
Prionites, 389.
quercifolia, 388.
ramulosa, 389.
religiosa, 389.
rosmarinifolia, 389.
verticillata, 391.
verticillata, 391.
vomitoria, 389.
Watsoniana, 389.
Tlicioides, 391.
mucronata, 391.
Seca 58.
Floridanum, 59.
parviflorum, 59.
Impatiens, 358, 368.
aurea, 369.
biflora, 369.
Sulva, 369.
maculata, 369.
nolitangere, 369.
nolitangere, 369.
pallida, 369.
Indian Chickweed, 257.
Mallows, 327.
Physic, 60.
Ingenhouzia, 297, 338.
triloba, 338.
Inkberry, 390.
Todanthus, 104, 150.
hesperidoides, 150.
linearifolius, 174.
pinnatifidus, 150.
Tonidium, 195, 205, 475.
concolor, 204.
fruticulosum, 205.
gracile, 205.
lineare, 205.
parietarizefolium, 205.
polygalefolium, 205, 475.
riparium, 205.
Sprengelianum, 204.
stipulaceum, 205.
strictum, 204.
Isomeris, 180, 181.
arborea, 181.
Isophiyllum, 283, 284.
Drummondii, 284.
Isopyrum, 2, 40.
biternatum, 40.
Clarkei, 41.
Hallii, 41.
occidentale, 40.
stipitatum, 41.
thalictroides, 40.
trifolium, 41.
tea Cyrilla, 393.
Jacksonia, 182.
Jamaica Sumach, 382.
Janusia, 350, 351.
Californica, 351.
gracilis, 351.
Japanese Creeper, 431.
Ivy, 431.
Jeffersonia, 67, 71.
Bartonis, 72.
binata, 71.
diphylia, 71, 72.
dubia, 71.
lobata, 72.
odorata, 72.
Jewel-weed, 368.
Jointed Charlock, 132.
Juliana, 372.
Kale, 135.
Kallstremia, 3538, 354.
brachystylis, 354.
Californica, 354.
grandiflora, 355.
maxima, 354.
Kampmannia fraxinifolia, 374.
Karwinskia, 402, 405.
affinis, 405.
biniflora, 405.
glandulosa, 405.
Humboldtiana, 405,
Ketmia, 334.
Kitaibelia, 295.
Koeberlinia, 377, 379.
spinosa, 379.
Kohlrabi, 133.
Konig, 115.
Koniga, 115.
maritima, 115.
Kosteletzkya, 297, 332.
altheifolia, 333.
althezfolia, 333.
altheefolia, 333.
Coulteri, 332.
digitata, 332.
hastata, 333.
hispidula, 332.
palmata, 332.
paniculata, 332.
smilacifolia, 333.
Thurberi, 332.
Virginica, 333.
Virginica, 333.
INDEX.
Krameria, 449.
Kumlienia, 22.
Cooleye, 23.
hystricula, 22.
Lacathea florida, 293.
Lace-pod, 114.
Lampetia, 257.
Landukia, 431.
Landuk, 431.
Larbrea, 232.
aquatica, 232.
uliginosa, 234, 235.
Lardizabalee, 66.
Larkspur, 45.
Larrea, 353, 355.
divaricata, 356.
glutinosa, 355.
Mexicana, 355.
Mexicana, 356.
tridentata, 356.
Lasianthus, 293.
Laurel, 59.
Laurus Winterana, 206.
Lavatera, 295, 299.
acerifolia, 299.
assurgentiflora, 299.
insularis, 300.
occidentalis, 300.
trimestris, 299.
venosa, 300.
Leather-flower, 5.
Leather-leaf Grape, 429.
Leavenworthia, 104, 152.
aurea, 152.
aurea, 153.
Michauxii, 152.
Michauzxii, 152.
stylosa, 152.
torulosa, 152.
uniflora, 152.
Lechea, 189, 192, 474.
divaricata, 192.
Drummondii, 194.
Drummondii, 192.
intermedia, 193, 474.
juniperina, 474.
Leggettii, 193.
major, 192.
major, 190.
maritima, 192.
minor, 192.
minor, 192, 193.
mucronata, 192.
Nove Cesaree, 192.
patula, 194.
racemulosa, 193.
racemulosa, 194.
stricta, 193.
stricta, 474,
tenuifolia, 193.
thesioides, 198.
thymifolia, 192, 193.
Torreyi, 194.
villosa, 192.
Lechidium, 192, 194.
Drummondii, 194.
Leea, 420.
Lemon, 376.
Lena Amarilla, 69.
Le Noir, 428.
Leontice thalictroides, 70.
triphylla, 71.
LEPIDINE#, 100.
Lepidium, 101, 124, 468.
alyssoides, 125.
apetalum, 127.
bipinnatifidum, 128.
Californicum, 127.
campestre, 126.
corymbosum, 125,
dictyotum, 129.
didymum, 130.
Draba, 124.
flavum, 125.
Fremontii, 126.
heterophyllum, 125.
Iberis, 126.
incisum, 127.
integrifolium, 125.
integrifolium, 125.
intermedium, 127.
Jaredi, 124.
lasiocarpum, 128.
lasiocarpum, 127.
latipes, 129.
leiocarpum, 128.
majus, 126.
medium, 127, 468.
Menziesii, 127, 468.
Menziesti, 128.
micranthum, 127.
montanum, 125.
montanum, 125.
nanum, 124.
nitidum, 128.
occidentale, 127.
Oreganum, 129.
oxycarpum, 129.
oxycarpum, 129.
procumbens, 131.
ruderale, 128.
ruderale, 127, 128.
sativum, 126.
sativum, 155.
scopulorum, 125.
Smithii, 126.
sordidum, 128.
spatulatum, 125.
strictum, 129, 468.
triandrum, 126.
Utahense, 126.
Utahviense, 125.
-Virginicum, 126.
Virginicum, 127, 128.
Wright, 128.
Lepigonum, 250.
Chilense, 253.
gracile, 251.
macrothecum, 253.
marinum, 252.
medium, 252.
rubrum, 250.
salinum, 252.
491
492
tenue, 251.
Leptrina, 272.
autumnalis, 281.
Lesquerella, 100, 116.
Lesquerella, 121.
alpina, 117.
angustifolia, 120.
arctica, 120.
argyrea, 120.
Arizonica, 117.
auriculata, 116.
Berlandieri, 118.
cinerea, 118.
densiflora, 116.
Douglasii, 118.
Engelmanni, 120.
Fendleri, 120.
globosa, 118.
Gordoni, 120.
gracilis, 119.
grandiflora, 116.
Kingii, 117.
lasiocarpa, 116.
Lescurii, 116.
Lindheimeri, 119.
Ludoviciana, 118.
montana, 117.
Nuttallii, 119.
INDEX.
LINACEA, 344.
Linastrum, 345.
Linden, 343.
Linum, 344.
adenophyllum, 348.
annuum, 347.
aristatum, 347.
Berendieri, 347.
Berlandieri, 347.
Bootii, 347.
Boottii, 346.
Breweri, 349.
Californicum, 349.
catharticum, 346.
Clevelandi, 349.
congestum, 349.
decurrens, 345.
digynum, 348.
drymarioides, 348,
Floridanum, 345.
Greggii, 346.
hudsonioides, 348.
humile, 345.
Kingii, 346.
Lewisii, 345.
Lyallanum, 345.
micranthum, 349.
multicaule, 348.
apetala, 226.
apetala, 225, 226.
Californica, 222.
Chalcedonica, 227.
coronaria, 227.
dioica, 227.
dioica, 227.
diurna, 227.
Drummondii, 225.
elata, 223, 224.
Flos-cuculi, 227.
Srigida, 226.
Githago, 228.
Kingii, 226.
Kingii, 226.
montana, 226.
montana, 226.
nuda, 220.
Parryi, 222.
pauciflora, 225.
pulchra, 218.
Suecica, 227.
Taylors, 225.
triflora, 225.
triflora, 226.
vespertina, 227.
Lyrocarpa, 100, 122.
Lyrocarpa, 121.
Coulteri, 122.
Palmeri, 122.
Lytopleura, 75.
occidentalis, 117.
pallida, 119.
Palmeri, 118.
purpurea, 119.
recurvata, 119.
repanda, 119.
Neo-Mexicanum, 346.
perenne, 345.
rigidum, 347.
rigidum, 348.
rupestre, 346.
San Sabeanum, 194.
Wardii, 118. Schiedeanum, 346.
Lewisia, 263, 266. Sibiricum, 345.
alba, 267. simplex, 346.
brachycalyx, 267. spergulinum, 349.
brachycalyx, 267. striatum, 346.
Macrobotrys, 54.
Macropodium laciniatum, 177.
Macrothyrsus, 446, 448.
Macrotrys, 54.
acteoides, 54.
Macrotys, 54.
Magnolia, 58, 59, 464.
Columbiana, 269.
Cotyledon, 268.
Howellii, 268.
Kelloggii, 267.
Leana, 269.
Nevadensis, 268.
oppositifolia, 268.
pygmea, 268.
rediviva, 267.
triphylla, 269.
Tweedyi, 268.
Lignum-vitz, 356.
Lime, 376.
Lime-tree, 343.
LIMNANTHEA, 358.
Limnanthemum peltatum, 74.
Limnanthes, 363.
alba, 364.
Douglasii, 364.
grandiflorus, 364.
Macounii, 363.
pumila, 364.
sulcatum, 347.
trisepalum, 191.
usitatissimum, 345.
usitatissimum, 845.
Virginianum, 345.
Virginianum, 345, 346.
Liriodendron, 58, 61.
Tulipifera, 61.
Lithrea, 381.
laurina, 383.
Liverleaf, 13.
Lobadium, 388, 384, 385.
amentaceum, 386.
Loblolly Bay, 292, 293.
Lobularia, 100, 115.
maritima, 115.
Leeflingia, 210, 255.
pusilla, 255.
squarrosa, 255.
squarrosa, 255.
Texana, 255.
Lychnis, 209, 224, 228.
acuminata, 61, 464.
acuminata, 61.
auricularis, 60.
auriculata, 60.
conspicua, 59.
cordata, 61.
Setida, 59.
Jragrans, 60.
Fraseri, 60.
frondosa, 61.
fuscata, 59.
glauca, 59, 464.
glauca, 60.
coe 59:
ongifolia, 60.
macrophylla, 60.
obovata, 59.
purpurea, 59.
pyramidata, 60.
tripetala, 60.
Umbrella, 60, 464.
Virginia, 61, 464.
rosea, 364. Lychnis, 213. Virginiana, 59, 60, 464.
sulphureus, 364. acaulis, 216. MAGNOLIACE#, 57, 464.
Limnia, 272, 273. affinis, 226. MAGNOLIE#, 58.
alsinoides, 273. Ajanensis, 226. Mahogany, 387.
perfoliata, 274. alba, 227. Mahogany-tree, 387.
Sibirica, 273. alpina, 227. Mahonia, 68.
Aquifolium, 69, 70.
Jascicularis, 69.
glumacea, 70.
nervosa, 70.
trifolia, 68.
Maiden Pink, 211.
Malache scabra, 331.
Malachia, 232.
aquatica, 232.
Malachium aquaticum, 232.
Malachodendron, 292.
ovatum, 292.
pentagynum, 292.
Malachra, 296, 330.
alcezfolia, 330.
alceifolia, 330.
capitata, 330.
capitata, 330.
Mexicana, 331.
palmata, 330.
rotundifolia, 330.
triloba, 330.
urens, 330.
Malacodendron, 292.
Mallow, 297.
Malope malacoides, 295.
MALorPEe#, 295.
Malosma, 383.
Malpighia, 350, 351.
glabra, 351.
lucida, 350.
MALPIGHIACE &, 350.
Malva, 295, 297.
abutiloides, 333.
acerifolia, 317.
Alcea, 298.
Alcea, 298.
Americana, 309.
angustifolia, 316.
aurantiaca, 310.
borealis, 298, 299.
Californica, 321.
Caroliniana, 318.
coccinea, 313.
corchorifolia, 309.
Coromandeliana, 309.
Creeana, 314.
crispa, 298.
digitata, 301.
Domingensis, 309.
JSasciculata, 312.
hederacea, 321.
Houghtonii, 300.
involucrata, 301.
LeContii, 331.
Lindheimeriana, 309.
lineariloba, 301.
malachroides, 307.
moschata, 298.
moschata, 298.
Munroana, 315.
Niceénsis, 299.
Nuttalloides, 301.
obtusa, 298.
ovata, 309. ™
Papaver, 301.
parviflora, 298,
INDEX.
parviflora, 298,
pedata, 301.
plicata, 321.
polystachya, 309.
pusilla, 298.
rivularis, 317.
rotundifolia, 298.
rotundifolia, 298.
scoparia, 309.
spicata, 309.
subhastata, 309.
sylvestris, 298.
triangulata, 300.
tricuspidata, 309.
verticillata, 298.
MALVACEA, 294.
Malvastrum, 296, 308.
aboriginum, 311.
Americanum, 309.
angustum, 308.
arcuatum, 311.
aurantiacum, 310.
calycinum, 317.
carpinifolium, 309.
coccineum, 313.
coccineum, 314.
coromandelianum, 309.
Coulteri, 3138.
Davidsonii, 312.
densiflorum, 310.
exile, 308.
Jusciculatum, 312.
foliosum, 311.
Fremontii, 311.
Fremontii, 312.
grossulariefolium, 314.
involucratum, 310.
leptophyllum, 310.
Lindheimerianum, 309.
linearifolium, 323.
marrubioides, 311.
marrubioides, 311.
Munroanum, 315.
nesioticum, 312.
orbiculatum, 313.
Palmeri, 310.
Parryi, 308.
pedatifidum, 314.
rotundifolium, 308.
Rugelii, 309.
scoparium, 309.
spicatum, 309.
splendidum, 312.
Thurberi, 312.
Thurberi, 312.
tricuspidatum, 309.
Wrightii, 309.
Malvaviscoides, 333.
Malvaviscus, 297, 332.
Malvaviscus, 331, 337.
Drummondii, 332.
Floridanus, 334.
mollis, 332.
pilosus, 334.
MALVE», 295.
Malveopsis, 308.
Americana, 309.
arcuata, 311.
aurantiaca, 310.
coccined, 313.
Coulteri, 313.
exilis, 308.
fasciculata, 312.
Fremonti, 311.
hispida, 309.
leptophylla, 310.
marrubioides, 311.
multiflorum, 313.
Munroana, 315.
rotundifolia, 308.
spicata, 309.
splendida, 312.
Malvinda, 323.
unicornis, 324.
Mandrake, 72.
Mango, 381.
Manihot, 336.
Maple, 435.
Marcorella colubrina, 418.
Marsh Mallow, 299.
Marigold, 39.
Mastic-tree, 380.
May-apple, 72.
Maytenus, 395, 398.
phyllanthoides, 398.
Meadow-rue, 14.
Meconella, 84, 85.
- Californica, 85.
denticulata, 85.
Oregana, 85.
Meconopsis, 83, 89.
crassifolia, 89.
diphylla, 89.
heterophylla, 89.
petiolata, 89.
Melandrium, 213, 225.
affine, 226.
rubrum, 227.
silvestre, 227.
triflorum, 225.
Melandryum, 213, 214, 224
album, 227.
apetalum, 226.
Baldwini, 216.
Bolanderi, 218.
Californicum, 218.
Greggit, 218.
Fookeri, 218.
Tilinoense, 217.
involucratum, 226.
laciniatum, 218.
Pennsylvanicum, 217.
regium, 217.
rotundifolium, 217.
Wrightii, 218.
Melia, 387.
Azedarach, 387.
Azederach, 444.
MELIACE &, 387.
Melicocea, 445.
paniculata, 445,
Meliphlea, 313.
Melochia, 339, 340.
corchorifolia, 341.
493
, 225
494
crenata, 340.
hirsuta, 340.
hirsuta, 340, 341.
pyramidata, 340.
serrata, 309, 340.
tomentosa, 340.
MENISPERMACE”, 64, 465.
Menispermum, 65, 465
angulatum, 66.
Canadense, 66, 465.
Carolinianum, 65.
Carolinum, 65.
Lyoni, 66.
smilacinum, 66.
Virginicum, 65.
Menyanthes nymphoides, 74.
peltata, 74.
Merckia, 238, 239.
physodes, 239.
Merimea Texana, 282.
Merkia, 238, 239.
Mesembrianthemum, 260.
MESEMBRYANTHEA, 257.
Mesembryanthemum, 257.
Mesembryanthemum, 260.
zquilaterale, 261.
apetalum, 261.
coccineum, 261.
copticum, 261.
cordifolium, 261.
crystallinum, 261.
dimidiatum, 261.
nodiflorum, 261.
stenum, 261.
Metopium, 381, 382.
Linnei, 382.
Mexican Buckeye, 445.
Michauxia sessilis, 293.
Micropetalon, 232.
gramineum, 233.
lanceolatum, 235.
lanuginosum, 240.
longifolia, 233.
Microrhamnus, 402, 404.
ericoides, 404.
Mignonette, 188.
Milkwort, 449.
Minuartia, 238.
Modiola, 296, 318.
Caroliniana, 318.
multifida, 318.
Mehringia, 238.
lateriflora, 238.
macrophylla, 238.
umbrosa, 240.
MOoLuucinge&, 256.
Mollugo, 256, 257.
Mollugo, 257, 258.
arenaria, 257.
Cambessedesii, 254.
Cerviana, 257.
glinoides, 258.
maritima, 260.
radiata, 258.
verticillata, 257.
verticillata, 254.
Monkshood, 52.
INDEX.
Monnina, 449, 460.
Wrightii, 460.
Monocosmia, 278.
Monteverdia, 398.
Montia, 263, 272.
Montia, 270, 277.
arenicola, 274.
asarifolia, 273.
bulbifera, 273.
Chamissonis, 275.
dichotoma, 276.
diffusa, 276.
flagellaris, 276.
fontana, 277.
gypsophiloides, 275.
gypsophiloides, 274.
Halli, 277.
Howellii, 276.
lamprosperma, 277.
linearis, 276.
minor, 277.
parviflora, 274.
parvifolia, 275.
perfoliata, 274.
rivularis, 277.
rubra, 275.
sarmentosa, 272.
saxosa, 274.
Sibirica, 273.
spathulata, 275.
tenuifolia, 275.
Montiastrum, 276.
Moonseed, 65.
Moosewood, 436.
Mortonia, 396, 400.
effusa, 400.
Greggii, 400.
Palmeri, 400.
scabrella, 400.
sempervirens, 400.
Moss Campion, 215.
Mougeotia hirsuta, 340.
Mountain Grape, 421, 425
Holly, 391.
Maple, 435.
Plum, 394.
Mouse-ear Chickweed, 228, 229.
Cress, 140.
Mousetail, 19.
Mullein Pink, 227.
Muscadine Grape, 420.
Muscadinia, 420.
Musk Mallow, 298.
Rose, 298.
Mustang Grape, 421, 428.
Myagrum argenteum, 118.
paniculatum, 132.
Mycinda, 399.
Myginda, 399.
aquifolia, 399.
ilicifolia, 399.
integrifolia, 399, 404.
latifolia, 399.
myrtifolia, 398.
pallens, 399.
Rhacoma, 399.
Mylocarium, 393.
Mylocaryum, 393.
ligustrinum, 393.
Myosoton, 232.
Myosuron, 19.
Myosurus, 2, 19, 462.
alopecuroides, 20.
apetalus, 19, 462.
aristatus, 19.
australis, 19.
breviscapus, 19.
cupulatus, 20.
minimus, 19, 462.
minimus, 19, 20.
sessilis, 19.
Shortii, 19.
Myriandra brachyphylla, 286.
galioides, 286.
glauca, 286.
ledifolia, 285.
Michauxii, 286.
nitida, 286.
spathulata, 285.
Naitocrene, 275.
Nankin Cotton, 338.
Napza, 295, 307.
dioica, 308.
hermaphrodita, 307, 322.
levis, 322.
scabra, 308.
Nasturtium, 103, 146, 363, 470.
amphibium, 147.
Armoracia, 146.
brevipes, 149.
calycinum, 147.
cernuum, 148.
curvisiliqua, 148, 470.
dictyotum, 149.
hispidum, 148.
lacustre, 146, 470.
limosum, 149.
linifolium, 138.
lyratum, 148.
Menziesii, 139.
Mezxicanum, 149.
micropetalum, 149.
multifidum, 139.
natans, 146.
obtusum, 148, 470.
occidentale, 148.
officinale, 146.
officinale, 157.
palustre, 147, 149.
polymorphum, 148.
pumilum, 138.
sessiliflorum, 149, 470.
sinuatum, 147, 470.
sinuatum, 148.
spherocarpum, 148.
stylosum, 157. :
sylvestre, 147, 470.
tanacetifolium, 148, 470.
tanacetifolium, 149.
terrestre, 147.
trachycarpum, 147.
Walteri, 149.
Nectris, 74.
aquatica, 74.
peitata, 74.
pinnata, 363.
Negundium, 440.
Sraxinifolium, 440.
Negundo, 435, 440.
aceroides, 440, 441.
Californicum, 441.
lobatum, 440.
Mexicanum, 441.
Negundo, 440.
trifoliatum, 440.
Nelumbium, 73, 74.
codophyllum, 75.
Jamaicense, 75.
luteum, 75.
pentapetalum, 75.
reniforme, 75.
speciosum, 75.
Nelumbo, 73, 74.
lutea, 75.
nucifera, 74, 75.
NELUMBONE4S, 73.
Nemallosis, 257.
Nemopanthes, 391.
ambiqua, 390.
Canadensis, 391.
faseicularis, 391.
Nemopanthus, 388, 391.
fascicularis, 391.
Neobeckia aquatica, 470.
Nephropetalum, 339, 341.
Pringlei, 341.
Neslia, 101, 131.
paniculata, 131.
Neuroloma nudicaule, 152.
scapigerum, 152.
New Jersey Tea, 409.
New Zealand Spinach, 260.
Noisettia acuminata, 204.
Norway Maple, 435.
Nuphar, 73, 77, 465.
advena, 77, 465.
advena, 77.
advena X Kalmiana, 78.
Americanum, 78.
Fletcheri, 78.
Kalmiana, 78.
longifolia, 79.
lutea, 78.
luteum, 77, 78.
minimum, 78.
polysepalum, 77.
pumilum, 78.
rubrodiscum, 78.
sagitteefolium, 78.
sagittifolium, 79.
Nuttallia, 300, 391.
Canadensis, 391.
cordata, 301.
cordifolia, 300.
digitata, 301.
grandiflora, 301.
involucrata, 301.
malve flora, 305.
Munroana, 315.
palmata, 301.
INDEX.
Papaver, 301.
pedata, 301, 302.
triangulata, 300.
Nymphea, 73, 75, 465.
Nymphea, 77.
advena, 77, 78.
alba, 76.
ampla, 75.
arifolia, 78.
elegans, 75, 465.
flava, 76.
flava, 465.
Kalmiana, 78.
Leibergi, 76.
longifolia, 79.
lutea, 78.
Mexicana, 75, 77, 465.
microphylla, 78.
Nelumbo, 75.
odorata, 76.
odorata, 76.
pentapetala, 75.
polysepala, 77.
pygmea, 76.
reniformis, 76, 465.
reniformis, 75, 76.
rosea, 76.
rubrodisca, 78.
sagittata, 79.
sagittifolia, 79.
tetragona, 76.
tuberosa, 76.
tussilagifolia, 77.
NYMPH AACEA, 72, 465.
NYMPHHACEA, 73.
Nymphosanthus, 77.
Odostemon, 68.
Oenoplea, 404.
Oenoplia, 404.
Ohio Buckeye, 446.
Okra, 337.
OLACINEA, 393.
Oligomeris, 188.
dispersa, 188.
glaucescens, 188.
subulata, 188.
Opium Poppy, 88.
Orange, 376.
Orchidocarpum, 63.
arietinum, 63.
grandiflorum, 63, 464.
parviflorum, 63.
pygmeum, 64.
Oreas involucrata, 135.
Oregon Grape, 69.
Oreobroma, 267.
Columbiana, 269.
Cotyledon, 268.
Howellii, 268.
Leana, 269.
Nevadensis, 268.
oppositifolia, 268.
pygmea, 268.
tryphylla, 269.
Tweedy’, 268.
Oreophila, 397.
myrtifolia, 398.
Orthodon, 229.
Orthopetalum, 332.
Orthopolygala, 453.
OXALIDE®, 358.
Oxalis, 358, 364.
Acetosella, 367.
Acetosella, 367.
ambigua, 366.
Americana, 367.
Berlandieri, 364.
cernua, 368.
cespitosa, 366.
corniculata, 365.
corniculata, 365, 366.
cymosa, 366.
decaphylla, 368.
dichondreefolia, 364.
Dillenii, 365.
divergens, 368.
Drummondii, 368.
Jlorida, 366.
JSurcata, 365.
poe 366.
latifolia, 368.
longiflora, 367.
Lyoni, 366.
macrantha, 366.
Martiana, 367.
microphylla, 366.
Oregana, 367.
Oregana, 367.
pilosa, 366.
pumila, 366.
pusilla, 365.
recurva, 366.
recurva, 366.
stricta, 366.
stricta, 365, 366.
Suksdor fii, 366.
trilliifolia, 367.
tropeoloides, 365.
vespertilionis, 368.
violacea, 367.
violacea, 368.
Wrightii, 365.
Oxygraphis, 20, 22.
Andersoni, 22.
Oxystylis, 181, 186.
lutea, 186.
Pachistima, 395, 397.
Canbyi, 398.
Myrsinites, 397.
Pachypodium, 137, 174.
integrifolium, 176.
laciniatum, 177.
linearifolium, 174.
sagittatum, 175.
Pachyrrhizea, 267.
Pachystima, 397.
Peeonia, 3, 56.
3rownii, 56.
Californica, 56.
PRONIER, 3.
Peony. 56.
Pale 'Touch-me-not, 369,
496
Paliurus Texanus, 403.
Pansy, 204.
Papaver, 83, 88.
alpinum, 89.
Argemone, 88.
Californicum, 88.
crassifolium, 89.
dubium, 88.
heterophyllum, 89.
Lemmoni, 88, 89.
microcarpum, 89.
nudicaule, 89.
nudicaule, 89.
Rheeas, 88.
somniferum, 88.
PAPAVERACESA, 82, 466.
PAPAVERE®, 82.
Papaw, 62, 63.
Papulosa, 261.
Paradise-tree, 378.
Paritium, 337.
tiliaceum, 337.
Parrasia, 142.
camporum, 142.
linearifolia, 142.
Parrya, 104, 151.
Parrya, 140, 151.
arctica, 151.
arenicola, 136.
macrocarpa, 151.
Menziesii, 152.
nudicaulis, 152.
Parthenocissus, 431.
quinquefolia, 431,
vitacea, 431.
Paullinia, 432, 442.
Pavia, 446, 447.
atropurpurea, 447.
bicolor, 447.
Californica, 448.
carnea, 446.
discolor, 447.
flava, 447.
Sulva, 447.
glabra, 446.
humilis, 447.
hybrida, 447.
intermedia, 447.
Lindleyana, 447.
livida, 447.
lucida, 447.
Michauxii, 447.
mutabilis, 447.
neglecta, 447.
Ohioensis, 446.
pallida, 446. ,
rubicunda, 446.
versicolor, 447.
Watsoniana, 446.
Willdenowiana, 447.
Paviana flava, 447.
Payonia, 297, 331.
Drummondii, 382.
hastata, 331.
Jonesii, 331.
lasiopetala, 331.
LeContii, 331.
INDEX.
racemosa, 331.
spicata, 331.
spinifex, 331.
irginica, 333.
Wrightit, 331.
Pearlwort, 247.
Pedunculosa, 308.
Peganum, 352, 353, 355.
Harmala, 355.
Mexicanum, 355.
PELARGONIB®, 357.
Pelargonium, 357, 363.
anceps, 363.
Penny Cress, 123.
Pentagonocarpus, 332.
Pentaspermum
altheefolium, 333.
smilacifolium, 333.
Peplis Americana, 281.
Peppergrass, 124, 126.
Pepper-root, 153.
Pepper-tree, 381.
Pepper-wood, 374.
Perfonon ferrugineum, 418.
laurifolium, 408.
Peritoma, 183.
aurea, 184.
integrifolia, 183.
serrulatum, 183.
Pharnaceum Cerviana, 258.
maritimum, 260.
Pheasant’s-eye, 18.
Phemeranthus, 266.
teretifolius, 266.
Phileteria, 280.
Pheenicaulis, 152.
cheiranthoides, 152.
Menziesti, 152.
Pheenicodelphis, 51.
Physa, 258.
Physaria, 100, 121, 468.
Physaria, 116, 118.
didymocarpa, 121, 468,
didymocarpa, 468.
Geyeri, 121.
montana, 117.
Newberryi, 121, 468.
Oregona, 121.
PHYSARIE®, 100.
Physelytron, 442.
Picramnia, 377, 379.
pentandra, 379.
PICRAMNIEA, 377.
Picrella, 372.
Pigeon Grape, 427.
Pine-wood Grape, 428.
Pink, 211.
Pinweed, 192.
Pistacia Mexicana, 381, 386.
Simaruba, 380.
Pistacioides, 386.
Pitavia, 375.
dumosa, 375.
Pitcher-plant, 79.
Pityrosperma, 54.
Plagiorhegma dubium, 71.
Platypetalum, 140.
dubium, 140.
purpurascens, 140.
Platyspermum, 104, 151.
scapigerum, 151.
Platystemon, 82, 84.
Platystemon, 85.
Californicus, 84.
Californicus, 84.
crinitus, 84.
denticulatus, 85.
leiocarpus, 84.
linearis, 85.
Oreganus, 85.
Torreyi, 85.
PLATYSTEMONE®, 82.
Platystigma, 82, 84.
Californicum, 85.
denticulatum, 85.
lineare, 85.
Oreganum, 85.
Podophyllum, 67, 72.
callicarpum, 72.
diphyllum, 72.
montanum, 72.
peltatum, 72.
Poison Bay, 59.
Dogwood, 383.
Elder, 383.
Ivy, 382.
Oak, 382, 383. |
Sumach, 383.
Vines, 382.
Poison-wood, 382.
Polanisia, 180, 182.
graveolens, 182.
tenuifolia, 182.
trachysperma, 182.
uniglandulosa, 182.
uniglandulosa, 182.
viscosa, 182.
Polycarpa, 254.
Polycarpea, 255.
POLYCARPEA, 210.
Polycarpon, 210, 254.
depressum, 255.
stipulicidum, 255.
tetraphyllum, 254.
uniflorum, 240, 254.
Polygala, 449.
acanthoclada, 452.
acutifolia, 459.
alba, 455.
alba, 454, 455.
ambigua, 456, 457.
Americana, 449.
Arizone, 451.
Arizone, 452.
attenuata, 458, 459.
Balduini, 459.
Baldwini, 459.
Baldwinii, 459.
bicolor, 454, 455.
Boykini, 454.
Boykinii, 454, 455.
brevifolia, 458.
buxifolia, 450.
Californica, 452.
Californica, 452.
Chapmanii, 456.
cornuta, 452.
corymbosa, 459.
eruciata, 458.
cruciata, 458.
cucullata, 449, 452.
Curtissii, 456.
cuspidata, 458.
cymosa, 459.:
cymosa, 459.
fustigiata, 457.
Fishie, 452.
flabellata, 451.
gramineifolia, 459.
grandiflora, 450.
grandiflora, 450.
hemipterocarpa, 453.
Hookeri, 457.
incarnata, 455.
leptocaulis, 455.
leptostachys, 456.
Lindheimeri, 451.
Lindheimeri, 451.
lutea, 459.
lutea, 458.
macradenia, 450.
Mariana, 457.
Muhlenbergi, 450.
myrtilloides, 450.
nana, 458.
Nutkana, 449.
Nutkana, 452.
Nuttalli, 457.
Nuttallii, 457.
ovalifolia, 450.
ovatifolia, 450.
paludosa, 455.
paniculata, 455.
paucifolia, 453.
polygama, 453.
preetervisa, 454.
Pseudosenega, 459.
puberula, 450.
pubescens, 450.
pubescens rosea, 450.
purpurea, 453, 457.
ramosa, 459.
Reynoldse, 459.
rubella, 454.
Rugelii, 459.
Rusbyi, 451.
sanguinea, 457.
sanguinea, 457.
scoparia, 453.
scoparioides, 453.
Senega, 454.
Senega, 450, 454.
setacea, 456.
subalata, 455.
subspinosa, 452.
Texensis, 451.
Torreyi, 457.
Tweedyi, 451.
uniflora, 453.
verticillata, 456.
viridescens, 457, 458.
INDEX.
POLYGALACE&, 448.
Poplar, 61.
Poppy, 88.
Porcelia grandiflora, 63, 464.
parviflora, 62, 63.
pygmea, 64.
triloba, 63.
Porlieria, 356.
angustifolia, 356.
Portulaca, 262, 263.
coronata, 264.
foliosa, 264.
grandiflora, 264.
halimoides, 264.
halimoides, 264.
lanceolata, 263.
oleracea, 263.
oleracea, 264.
paniculata, 265.
parvula, 264.
pilosa, 264.
pilosa, 264.
Portulacastrum, 259.
retusa, 263.
stelliformis, 264.
suffrutescens, 264.
PORTULACACES, 262.
’Possum Grape, 424.
Post-oak Grape, 428.
Potamopithys, 281.
Poverty Grass, 191.
Preonanthus, 9.
Prickly Ash, 373.
Poppy, 87.
Pride of India, 387.
Prinoides, 389.
Prinos, 390.
ambiguus, 390.
atomarius, 390.
confertus, 391.
coriaceus, 390.
deciduus, 389.
dubius, 390.
glaber, 390.
Gronovii, 391.
integrifolius, 391.
levigatus, 391.
lanceolata, 391.
longipes, 391.
lucidus, 390.
padifolius, 391.
verticillatus, 391.
Pseudagrostemma, 227.
Pseudaphanostemma, 22.
Pseudarabis, 159.
Pseudoarabis, 159.
Pseudo-Malvastrum, 321.
Pseudo-Napea, 322.
Psilonema, 115.
Ptelea, 370, 372.
angustifolia, 373.
aptera, 372.
Baldwinii, 373.
crenulata, 373.
mollis, 373.
monophylla, 393.
parvifolia, 372, 373.
32
497
pentandra, 372.
pentandra, 373.
podocarpa, 373.
tomentosa, 373.
trifoliata, 372.
trifoliata, 373.
viticifolia, 373.
Pterophyllum, 41.
Pterota, 374.
Pulsatilla, 9, 462.
hirsutissima, 9.
multiceps, 462.
Nuttalliana, 9.
occidentalis, 9.
patens, 9.
Puncticulosis, 420.
Purslane, 263.
Pyzxipoma, 259.
Quassia Simaruba, 378.
Quinaria, 431.
hederacea, 431.
hirsuta, 431.
Raccoon Grape, 424.
Racine d’Amere, 267.
Radiana, 258.
Radish, 132, 133.
Ragged Robin, 227.
RANUNCULACE 4, 1, 461.
Ranunculus, 2, 20, 462.
abortivus, 32.
abortivus, 32.
acriformis, 34.
acris, 35.
aeris, 34, 35.
adoneus, 29.
adoneus, 30.
affinis, 31.
affinis, 30, 31, 34.
alceus, 39.
alismzfolius, 27, 463.
alismeefolius, 27.
alismellus, 27.
Allegheniensis, 32, 463.
Altaicus, 28.
ambigens, 27.
amenus, 29, 31.
Andersonii, 22, 462.
Andersonii, 463.
aquatilis, 21.
aquatilis, 21, 22.
arcticus, 31.
Arizonicus, 30.
Arizonicus, 30, 31.
arvensis, 38.
auricomus, 31, 32.
Austine, 39.
Becki, 24.
Belvisii, 37.
Biolettir, 26.
Bloomeri, 32.
Bolanderi, 27.
Bonariensis, 26.
Bongardi, 33.
brevicaulis, 28, 31.
bulbosus, 35.
498
bulbosus, 20.
Californicus, 35.
Californicus, 34.
caltheflorus, 27.
Canadensis, 36.
canus, 34.
canus, 35.
cardiophyllus, 31.
Chamissonis, 23.
Chilensis, 32.
circinatus, 21.
Clintonii, 36.
confervoides, 21.
Cooleyx, 23.
Cusickii, 463.
Cymbalaria, 23, 463.
debilis, 20.
delphinifolius, 24, 35.
dichotomus, 38.
digitatus, 29.
dissectus, 35.
divaricatus, 21.
Drummondii, 29.
Eiseni, 34.
ellipticus, 29.
Eschscholtzii, 31.
eximeus, 30.
fascicularis, 37, 463.
Juscicularis, 34, 36, 37.
Ficaria, 20.
Siliformis, 27.
Jlaceidus, 21.
Flammula, 26.
Flammula, 26, 27.
Jluitans, 21.
SJluviatilis, 24.
Forskehlii, 24.
Srigidus, 28.
glaberrimus, 28, 463.
glaberrimus, 463.
glacialis, 23.
Gmelini, 24.
Grayanus, 21.
Grayi, 29.
halophilus, 23.
FHlartwegi, 27.
Harveyi, 32.
hebecarpus, 38.
hederaceus, 22.
hederaceus, 21, 22.
hesperoxys, 34.
heterophyllus, 21.
hirsutus, 38.
hispidus, 36.
hispidus, 36.
FTookeri, 29.
Fornemanni, 20.
humilis, 26.
hydrocharis, 20, 22.
hydrocharoides, 26.
hyperboreus, 25.
hyperboreus, 25.
hystriculus, 22, 462.
hystriculus, 23.
juniperinus, 463.
lacustris, 24.
Langsdor fii, 25.
INDEX.
lanuginosus, 33.
Lapponicus, 25.
Lapponicus, 12, 29.
laxicaulis, 26.
Lemmoni, 28, 463.
Lemmoni, 29.
limosus, 25.
Lingua, 27.
Lobbii, 22.
longirostris, 21.
lucidus, 37.
Ludovicianus, 35.
Macauleyi, 28.
Macounii, 36.
macranthus, 37.
macranthus, 88.
Marilandicus, 37.
maximus, 38.
micranthus, 32.
Missouriensis, 24.
multifidus, 24.
multifidus, 25.
muricatus, 38.
natans, 25.
Nelsonii, 33, 34.
nitidus, 32, 36.
nivalis, 28.
nivalis, 28, 31.
Nuttallii, 23,
oblongifolius, 26.
obtusiusculus, 20, 27.
occidentalis, 33.
occidentalis, 33, 34, 37.
Oncostyli, 33.
ornithorhyncus, 38.
orthorhynchus, 37.
orthorhynchus, 29, 38.
ovalis, 31.
oxynotus, 28.
Pallasii, 24.
Pallassii, 24.
palmatus, 37.
pantothrix, 21.
parviflorus, 38.
parviflorus, 38.
parvulus, 38.
parvulus, 35,
pedatifidus, 29, 31.
Pennsylvanicus, 35.
Pennsylvanicus, 33, 36.
philonotis, 37, 38.
plantaginifolius, 23.
Populago, 27, 463.
Porteri, 21.
prostratus, 36.
Pseudo-Hirculus, 27.
pulchellus, 27.
Purshii, 24.
Purshii, 24, 25.
pusillus, 26.
pusillus, 20, 25, 26.
pygmezus, 29.
radicans, 25.
recurvatus, 33, 463.
recurvatus, 33, 34.
repens, 36.
repens, 28, 36, 37, 38.
—_—$—— $e
reptans, 26, 27.
rhomboideus, 31.
rigidus, 21.
rugulosus, 35.
Ruthenicus, 23.
Sabinit, 29.
salsuginosus, 23.
saniculeformis, 33.
Sardous, 38.
sceleratus, 33.
Schlechtendalii, 34, 37.
septentrionalis, 37.
septentrionalis, 28, 26, 37.
stagnatalis, 21.
stolonifer, 26.
subsagittatus, 30.
Suksdorfii, 30.
sulphureus, 28.
tenellus, 33.
Texensis, 26.
tomentosus, 33, 37.
trachyspermos, 38.
trachyspermus, 25, 26.
trichophyllus, 21.
tridentatus, 23.
trifolius, 36.
triternatus, 29.
tuberosus, 20.
Turneri, 34.
Rapa, 133.
Rape, 133.
Raphanus, 102, 132, 468.
Raphanistrum, 132, 468.
sativus, 133.
Red Campion, 227.
Grape, 423.
Lychnis, 227.
Maple, 437.
Redoutea, 337.
heterophylla. 338,
Reseda 188, 474.
alba, 188.
dipetala, 188.
linifolia, 188.
lutea, 188, 474.
Luteola, 188.
odorata, 188.
Phyteuma, 188.
subulata, 188.
RESEDACE A, 187, 474.
Resedella dipetala, 188.
subulata, 188.
Reynosia, 402, 405.
latifolia, 405.
Rhacoma, 396, 399.
Crossopetalum, 399.
ilicifolia, 399.
RHAMNACE &, 401.
RHAMNE®, 402.
Rhamnidium, 402, 404.
ferreum, 404.
Rhamuus, 402, 406.
alnifolia, 407.
anonefolia, 408.
betulefolia, 408.
Californica, 408.
Californica, 408.
Caroliniana, 407.
cathartica, 407.
colubrinus, 418.
crocea, 406.
Drummondii, 418.
ellipticus, 418.
Jerreus, 404.
Serrugineus, 418.
Frangula, 407.
Sranguloides, 407.
Humboldtianus, 405.
ilicifolia, 406.
insularis, 406.
lanceolata, 407.
laurifolius, 408.
leucodermis, 408.
minutiflorus, 406.
obtusifolius, 403.
occidentalis, 408.
oleifolius, 408.
parvifolius, 407.
pirifolia, 406.
Purshiana, 408.
Purshiana, 408.
rubra, 408.
scandens, 405.
Shortii, 407.
Smithii, 407.
Texensis, 418.
tomentella, 408.
umbellatus, 405.
volubilis, 405.
Rheumatism-root, 72.
Rhoicissus, 430.
Rhus, 381.
Rhus, 382.
Americanus, 382.
aromatica, 385, 386.
Bilodgettii, 382.
Canadensis, 385.
Canadensis, 383, 384.
Caroliniana, 384.
copallina, 384.
cotinoides, 382.
Cotinus, 382.
diversiloba, 383.
elegans, 384.
glabra, 384.
fHindsiana, 385.
hirta, 384.
hypselodendron, 384.
integrifolia, 385.
integrifolia, 385.
laurina, 383.
Lentii, 385.
leucantha, 384.
lobata, 383.
Metopium, 382.
Mexicana, 386.
Michausxti, 384.
microphylla, 386.
ovata, 385.
pumila, 384.
pumila, 383.
radicans, 382, 383.
sempervirens, 385.
suaveolens, 385.
INDEX.
Toxicodendron, 382.
Toxicodendron, 372, 383.
trichocarpa, 382, 383.
trilobata, 386.
typhina, 384.
Veatchiana, 381.
venenata, 383.
Vernix, 383.
verrucosa, 383.
virens, 385.
viridiflora, 384. -
Riedlea, 340.
elongata, 340.
serrata, 340.
Riedleia, 340.
Riverbank Grape, 422.
Rock Cress, 159.
Grape, 421.
Maple, 438.
Rose, 189.
Rocket, 142.
Romneya, 83, 87.
Coulteri, 87.
Ropalon, 77.
Roripa, 146,
Americana, 146.
Armoracia, 147.
curvisiliqua, 148.
dictyota, 149.
hispida, 148.
Nasturtium, 146.
obtusa, 148.
occidentalis, 470.
palustris, 147,
sessiliflora, 149.
sinuata, 147.
spherocarpa, 148.
sylvestris, 147.
tenerrima, 149.
trachycarpa, 470.
Walter?, 470.
Rorippa, 146.
Rose Mallow, 333.
Rose-wood, 375.
Round-leaved Catchfly, 217.
Royal Catchfly, 217.
Rubra, 437.
Rulac Negundo, 440.
Ruta graveolens, 369.
Rutabaga, 133.
RUTACEA, 369.
Rute”, 369.
Rutosma, 371.
Texana, 371.
Sabulina, 238.
Saccharina, 438.
Sacred Bean, 74.
Sageretia, 402, 405.
Michauxii, 406.
Wrichtii, 406.
Sagina, 210, 247.
apetala, 248.
crassicaulis, 249.
decumbens, 248.
Elliottii, 248.
fontinalis, 235.
intermedia, 249.
Linnzi, 249.
Linncei, 248.
Linnei, 249.
maxima, 249.
nivalis, 249.
nodosa, 249,
occidentalis, 248.
occidentalis, 249.
procumbens, 248.
procumbens, 248.
saginoides, 249.
saxatilis, 249.
subulata, 248.
St. John’s-wort, 284.
St. Peter’s-wort, 283.
Samydec, 206.
Sand Grape, 421.
Sandwort, 237.
Sanguinaria, 83, 86.
acaulis, 86.
Canadensis, 86,
grandiflora, 86.
vernalis, 86.
SAPINDACE&, 432.
SAPINDE®, 433.
Sapindus, 433, 443.
acuminata, 444.
acuminatus, 444.
Drummondi, 444,
Jalcatus, 444.
lucidus, 445.
Manatensis, 444.
marginatus, 444.
marginatus, 444.
Saponaria, 444.
Saponaria, 444.
Saponaria, 209, 212.
dioica, 215.
officinalis, 213.
officinalis, 212.
Vaccaria, 213.
Sarcomphalus Carolinianus, 407.
Jerreus, 404.
Sarothra, 284.
Drummondii, 290.
gentianoides, 291.
hypericoides, 291.
Sarracena, 79.
Sarracenia, 79.
adunca, 81.
calceolata, 80.
Catesbei, 81.
Drummondii, 80.
flava, 81.
Gronovii, 80, 81.
heterophylla, 80.
leucophylla, 80.
minor, 80, 81.
psittacina, 80.
pulchella, 80.
purpurea, 80.
purpurea, 80.
rubra, 80.
Sweetii, 80.
undulata, 80.
variolaris, 81.
500
SARRACENIACEA, 79, 466.
Satin-wood, 375.
Sauvagesiacee, 195.
Saviniona, 295, 299.
Scarlet Lightning, 227.
Lychnis, 227.
Maple, 437.
Scheefferia, 3$6, 399.
buxifolia, 399.
completa, 399.
cuneifolia, 400.
frutescens, 399.
Schinus discolor, 381.
Fagara, 374.
Molle, 381.
Schizandra, 58.
coccinea, 58.
ScHIZ ANDRE”, 58.
Schenocrambe linifolia, 469.
Scheepfia, 394.
Americana, 394.
arborescens, 394.
chrysophylloides, 394.
Marchii, 394.
Schreberi, 394.
Scurvy Grass, 150.
Scutia ferrea, 404.
Sea Ash, 374.
Purslane, 259.
Rocket, 1382.
Sea-island Cotton, 338.
Segregatia Michauxti, 406.
Selenia, 104, 151.
aurea, 151.
aurea, 151.
disseeta, 151.
Senebiera, 101, 129.
Coronopus, 130.
didyma, 130
pinnatifida, 130.
Seneca Snakeroot, 454.
Sericodes Greggii, 352.
Serjania, 433, 442.
brachycarpa, 443.
incisa, 442.
macrococca, 443.
racemosa, 442.
Sesuvium, 257, 259.
maritimum, 260.
parviflorum, 259.
pedunculatum, 259.
pentandrum, 260.
Portulacastrum, 259.
Portulacastrum, 254, 259,
sessile, 259.
sessile, 260.
Shepherd’s Purse, 131.
Shrub Yellow-root, 56.
Shrubby Althea, 334.
Bitter-sweet, 398.
Sibara filifolia, 470.
Sickle-pod, 162.
Sida, 296, 321.
Abutilon, 327.
acuta, 324.
alata, 318.
alceoides, 301.
[260.
INDEX.
altheifolia, 324.
angustifolia, 324.
anomala, 323.
Berlandieri, 320.
bracteolata, 309.
Californica, 304.
Canariensis, 324.
carpinifolia, 324, 325.
carpinoides, 309, 325.
ciliaris, 323.
coceined, 313.
cordifolia, 323.
crispa, 330.
cristata, 319.
cuneifolia, 322.
delphinifolia, 303, 305.
diffusa, 323.
diffusa, 323.
dioica, 308.
diploscypha, 303.
dissecta, 313.
Elliottii, 325.
Eiliottii, 323, 325.
fasciculata, 323.
Jilicaulis, 323.
Jiliformis, 323.
filipes, 326.
glabra, 325.
gracilis, 325.
grossulariefolia, 314.
hastata, 322.
hederacea, 321.
Helleri, 322.
herbacea, 324.
hermaphrodita, 322.
hernandioides, 326.
heterocarpa, 324.
hirta, 327.
hispida, 308.
Hondensis, 324.
Hulseana, 327.
imberbis, 330.
incana, 329.
involucrata, 323.
lepidota, 321.
lepidota, 321. |
lignosa, 327.
Lindheimeri, 325.
Lindheimeri, 325.
linearis, 324.
longipes, 326.
macrorhiza, 301.
Madrensis, 324.
malveflora, 304, 305
micans, 324.
multiflora, 324.
muricata, 323.
Napza, 322.
Neo-Mexicana, 325.
obliqua, 321.
oculata, 324.
Oregana, 305.
Palmeri, 320.
parviflora, 321.
pedata, 301, 302.
permollis, 328.
physocalyx, 322.
pilosa, 323.
procumbens, 323.
rhombifolia, 324.
rhombifolia, 325.
rotundifolia, 324.
rubro-marginata, 325.
Sabeana, 340.
spinosa, 324.
spinosa, 324.
spireifolia, 325.
stellata, 316.
slipulata, 325.
sulphurea, 321,
supina, 323.
tragizfolia, 324.
triangularis, 319.
ovata, 323.
Sidalcea, 295, 302.
Sidalcea, 307.
asprella, 305.
atacosa, 314.
Californica, 304.
calycosa, 303.
calycosa, 303.
campestris, 305.
candida, 304.
delphinifolia, 303, 304.
diploscypha, 303.
glaucescens, 306.
gaucescens, 305.
Hartwegi, 303.
Hartwegi, 303.
Hendersoni, 306.
Hickmani, 307.
Hickmani, 307.
hirsuta, 303.
hirsuta, 804.
humilis, 304.
malachroides, 307.
malveflora, 304.
malveeflora, 305, 306.
Murryana, 306.
Neo-Mexicana, 306.
Oregana, 305.
Oregana, 305, 306.
parviflora, 305.
pedata, 306.
secundiflora, 303.
spicata, 306.
suleata, 303.
tenella, 304.
vitifolia, 307.
Sidanoda, 320.
SIDE”, 296. 33
Side-saddle Flower, 79, 80.
Sidotides, 308.
Silene, 209, 213.
Silene, 224.
acaulis, 215.
alba, 216.
Anglica, 214.
antirrhina, 215.
Armeria, 215.
Baldwinii, 216.
Bernardina, 222.
Bolander/, 218.
Bridgesii, 219.
Californica, 218.
campanulata, 219.
campanulata, 214.
Caroliniana, 217.
Catesbei, 217.
cheiranthoides, 217.
coccinea, 217.
conoidea, 214.
Cucubalus, 214.
dichotoma, 215.
Dorrii, 219.
Douglasii, 222.
Douglasiv, 214.
Drummondii, 223, 224, 225.
Engelmanni, 220, 221.
Jimbriata, 216.
Gallica, 214.
Grayii, 222.
Greggit, 218.
Hallii, 223.
Hiallii, 214.
Hookeri, 218.
Illinoensis, 217.
incarnata, 217.
incompta, 220.
inflata, 214.
laciniata, 218.
laciniata, 218.
Lemmoni, 219.
longistylis, 219.
Luisana, 221.
Lusitanica, 215.
Lyallii, 223.
Macounii, 223.
Menziesii, 219.
monantha, 223.
montana, 220.
multicaulis, 223.
multinervia, 214.
nivea, 216.
noctiflora, 215.
nutans, 216.
occidentalis, 221.
Oregana, 220.
ovata, 216.
Palmeri, 219.
Parishii, 218.
pectinata, 220.
pectinata, 214.
Pennsylyanica, 216.
platyota, 221.
platypetala, 217.
plicata, 220.
Pringlei, 224.
pulchra, 218.
purpurata, 221.
quinquevulnera, 215.
racemosa, 215.
regia, 217.
repens, 221.
repens, 220.
rotundifolia, 217.
rubicunda, 217.
Sargentii, 221.
scaposa, 223.
Scouleri, 224.
Scouleri, 224, 225.
INDEX.
Shockleyi, 220.
simulans, 218.
Spaldingii, 221.
speciosa, 218.
stellarioides, 219.
stellata, 216.
subciliata, 217.
Suksdorfii, 222.
Thurberi, 220.
Tilingi, 218. |
verecunda, 221. .
Virginica, 217.
Virginica, 217, 218.
vulgaris, 214.
Watsoni, 222.
Watsoni, 214.
Wrightii, 218.
SILENES, 208.
Silver Maple, 438.
Simurouba, 378.
Simaruba, 377, 378.
glauca, 378.
medicinalis, 378.
SIMARUBACEA, 376.
SIMARUBEA, 377.
Sinapis, 133.
alba, 134.
arvensis, 133.
nigra, 133.
Sinapistrum, 133, 183.
SISYMBRIEZ®, 102.
Sisymbrina, 159.
Sisymbrium, 103, 136, 469.
Sisymbrium, 135, 175.
acutangulum, 177.
Alliaria, 135.
altissimum, 137, 469.
altissimum, 473.
arabidoides, 159.
auriculatum, 138.
brachycarpon, 139.
brachyearpum, 139.
Californicum, 139.
canescens, 139.
canescens, 139, 469.
cheiranthoides, 143.
Cumingianum, 139.
curvisiliqua, 148.
deflexum, 177.
dentatum, 160.
diffusum, 138.
Edwardsii, 135.
glaucum, 175.
hispidum, 148.
humifusum, 160.
humile, 141, 159.
incanum, 139.
incisum, 139, 469.
incisum, 140.
Trio, 137.
junceum, 138.
lasiophyllum, 177.
linifolium, 138, 469.
longepedicellatum, 140.
Nasturtium, 146.
Niagarense, 137,
officinale, 137.
officinale, 469.
palustre, 147.
Pannonicum, 137.
pauciflorum, 138.
pauciflorum, 166.
pinnatum, 139.
pygmeeum, 145, 177.
reflerum, 177.
salsugineum, 137, 175.
sinapistrum, 137.
Sophia, 139, 469.
Sophia, 136, 139.
sophioides, 139.
tanacetifolium, 149.
teres, 149.
Thalianum, 140.
Vaseyi, 138.
virgatum, 138, 469.
Walteri, 149.
Skunk Grape, 429.
Sleepy Catchfly, 215.
501
Smelowskia, 102, 136, 469.
Californica, 139.
calycina, 136, 469.
cinerea, 135, 136.
Fremontii, 136.
ovalis, 469.
Smooth Sumach, 384.
Snapdragon Catchfly, 215.
Soap-berry, 444.
Soapwort, 212, 213.
Soft Maple, 437.
Solea, 195, 204.
Solea, 205.
concolor, 204.
stricta, 204.
Sophia, 138.
Sonnei, 469.
Sour Orange, 376.
Southern Fox Grape, 420
Spanish Grape, 425.
Spatter-dock, 77.
Spearwort, 26.
Spergula, 210, 253.
arvensis, 253.
decumbens, 248.
Jontinalis, 235.
gracilis, 251.
nodosa, 248, 249.
ramosissima, 253.
rubra, 250.
saginoides, 248, 249.
subulata, 248.
Spergularia, 210, 249.
borealis, 252.
borealis, 250.
campestris, 250.
Canadensis, 252.
Clevelandi, 251.
diandra, 251.
macrotheca, 252.
marginata, 252.
marina, 252.
media, 252.
media, 252.
Miquelonensis, 250.
Miquelonensis, 252.
502
Platensis, 251.
rubra, 250.
rubra, 252, 253.
salina, 251.
salina, 250.
salsuginea, 251.
tenuis, 251.
tenuis, 252.
villosa, 251.
Spergulastrum, 232.
gramineum, 233.
lanceolatum, 235.
lanuginosum, 240.
Spheralcea, 296, 313.
acerifolia, 317.
acerifolia, 317.
ambigua, 315.
ambigua, 315, 317.
angustifolia, 316.
angustifolia, 316.
Cedrosensis, 317.
Cisplatina, 313, 315.
Coulteri, 313.
crotonoides, 318.
Emoryi, 316.
Emoryi, 314, 315, 317.
Fendleri, 316.
Fendleri, 313, 317.
hastulata, 315.
incana, 316.
incana, 316.
leptosepala, 318.
Lindheimeri, 315.
Lindheimeri, 311.
longisepala, 317.
miniata, 316.
Munroana, 314.
Munroana, 315.
Orcuttii, 314.
pedata, 314.
pedatifida, 314.
rivularis, 317.
Rusbyi, 317.
stellata, 316.
subhastata, 315.
sulphurea, 315.
Wrightii, 317.
Spheralceoides, 310.
Spheroma acerifolium, 317.
angustifolium, 316.
Spherostemma, 58.
Spicata, 435.
Spindle Tree, 396, 397.
Spondias lutea, 381.
Spondylantha aphylla, 431.
Spotted Touch-me-not, 369.
Spraguea, 263, 277.
Spraguea, 278.
multiceps, 278.
nuda, 277.
paniculata, 277.
umbellata, 277.
Spring Beauty, 270, 271.
Spurry, 253.
Squirrel-corn, 94,
Staff-tree, 398.
Stag-horn Sumach, 384.
INDEX.
Stanfordia, 105, 171.
Californica, 172.
Stanleya, 105, 178.
Stanleya, 179.
albescens, 179.
amplexifolia, 180, 473.
collina, 178.
elata, 179.
Sruticosa, 179.
gracilis, 180.
heterophylla, 179.
integrifolia, 179.
pinnata, 179.
pinnatifida, 179.
tomentosa, 179,
viridiflora, 178.
Washitana, 168.
STANLEY®, 105.
Staphylea, 432, 434.
Bolanderi, 434.
trifolia, 434.
trifoliata, 434.
STAPHYLINE, 432.
Staphyllodendvon, 434.
Stauphylodendron, 434.
trifoliatum, 434.
Star Anise, 58.
Starry Campion, 216.
Starwort, 232.
Stegia, 299.
Stellaria, 210, 232.
Stellaria, 228, 237.
alpestris, 235.
alsine, 234.
aquatica, 232.
aquatica, 234.
biflora, 238, 247.
borealis, 234.
borealis, 233, 234, 235, 236.
brachypetala, 235.
calycantha, 236.
cerastoides, 231.
crassifolia, 235.
crassifolia, 233, 235,
crispa, 236.
crispa, 236.
cuspidata, 232.
dichotoma, 237.
dichotoma, 236.
dicranoides, 237.
Edwardsii, 234.
elongata, 240.
Fenzlii, 235.
fontinalis, 235.
glauca, 233.
gracilis, 235.
graminea, 233, 234.
graminea, 233, 237.
Grenlandica, 2438.
Holostea, 237.
humifusa, 235.
humifusa, 235.
Jamesiana, 237.
Jamesii, 237.
Kingit, 232, 241.
Labradorica, 248.
lta, 233, 234.
lanuginosa, 240.
littoralis, 236.
longifolia, 233.
longifolia, 233, 234.
longipes, 233, 234.
longipes, 234.
macropetala, 232, 245.
marginata, 235.
media, 232.
menchoides, 233.
montana, 228.
nitens, 233.
nitida, 234.
Nuttallii, 237.
obtusa, 235.
ovalifolia, 289.
ovata, 232.
palustris, 238.
prostrata, 232.
pubera, 236.
ruscifolia, 236.
stricta, 233, 234.
uliginosa, 234.
umbellata, 233.
uniflora, 237.
Stellularia, 232.
Stenophragma, 136, 137, 140.
Thaliana, 140.
virgatum, 469.
Sterculia platanifolia, 339.
STERCULIACEZ, 338.
Sterculiec, 339.
Stewartia, 292.
Stipulicida, 210, 255.
filiformis, 255.
setacea, 255.
Storksbill, 361.
Strawberry Bush, 396.
Strephodon, 228, 231.
Streptanthus, 105, 167, 470.
Streptanthus, 98, 172.
albidus, 171, 471.
angustifolius, 166.
arcuatus, 164.
Arizonicus, 169, 471.
barbatus, 169, 471.
barbiger, 170, 472.
Biolettii, 171, 471.
bracteatus, 168, 470.
Brazoensis, 161.
Breweri, 170, 472.
Breweri, 168.
Californicus, 172.
campestris, 169, 471.
carinatus, 169, 471.
cordatus, 169, 471.
cordatus, 473.
Coulteri, 172.
crassicaulis, 173.
diversifolius, 168, 471.
Jlavescens, 170, 178, 177,
glabrifolius, 170. (178.
glandulosus, 171, 471.
hesperidis, 472.
hesperidis, 170.
heterophyllus, 169, 471.
heterophyllus, 172.
hispidus, 171, 472.
Howellii, 170, 471.
Howellii, 473.
hyacinthoides, 170, 471.
inflatus, 172.
Lemmoni, 169, 471.
linearifolius, 174.
longifolius, 170, 178.
longirostris, 170, 471.
maculatus, 168, +70.
micranthus, 178.
Mildredee, 171.
Mildrede, 471.
niger, 170, 472.
obtusifolius, 168.
orbiculatus; 472.
orbiculatus, 168.
Parryi, 172.
peramenus, 171, 471.
petiolaris, 161.
platycarpus, 168, 470.
polygaloides, 171, 473.
procerus, 173.
pulchellus, 171, 472.
sagittatus, 176.
secundus, 171, 472.
suffrutescens, 168, 472.
tortuosus, 168, +72.
tortuosus, 169.
versicolor, 171, 471.
virgatus, 164.
Striped Maple, 436.
Stuartia, 291, 292.
Malachodendron, 292.
Marilandica, 292.
montana, 292.
nobilis, 292.
pentagyna, 292.
Virgumca, 292.
Stylophorum, 84, 89.
diphyllum, 89.
Ohiense, 89.
petiolatum, 89.
Styphonia, 385.
inteyrifolia, 385.
serrata, 385.
Subularia, 101, 130, 468.
aquatica, 130, 468.
Sugar Grape, 421.
Maple, 438.
Sumac, 383.
Sumach, 381, 383.
Summer Grape, 427, 428.
Supple Jack, 404.
Suriana, 377, 378.
maritima, 378.
SURIANEZ#, 377.
Swallow- wort, 89.
Sweet Alyssum, 115.
Bay, 59.
Buckeye, 447.
Mountain Grape, 422.
Violet, 197.
William, 211.
_ . Winter Grape, 425.
Swietenia, 387.
Mahagoni, 387.
INDEX.
Mahogoni, 387.
Swine Cress, 129.
Sycamore Maple, 436.
Symphytopleura, 75.
Syndesmon, 14.
thalictroides, 14.
Synstima acuminata, 390.
ambigua, 390.
Synthlipsis, 100, 121.
Berlandieri, 122.
Gregeli, 122.
heterochroma, 122.
Talinopsis, 262, 264.
frutescens, 265.
Talinum, 262, 265.
aurantiacum, 265.
brachypodium, 265.
brevifolium, 265.
calycinum, 266.
confertiflorum, 266.
humile, 265.
lineare, 265.
Menziesti, 269.
Mexicanum, 266.
monandrum, 278.
napiforme, 266.
paniculatum, 265.
parviflorum, 266.
parviflorum, 266.
patens, 265.
pygmeum, 268.
reflecum, 265.
sarmentosum, 265.
spathulatum, 265.
spinescens, 266.
teretifolium, 266.
teretifolium, 266.
TAMARISCINE A, 279.
Tamarisk, 279.
Tamarix, 279.
Gallica, 279.
Tansy Mustard, 139.
Tea-Plant, 291.
TERNSTRGIMIACEZ, 291.
Tetragonella, 260.
Tetragonia, 257, 260.
expansa, 260.
Tetragonocarpus, 260.
Tetrapoma barbarecefolium, 148.
Krupsianum, 148.
pyriforme, 148.
Thalictrum, 1, 14, 462.
Thalictrum, 14.
alpinum, 14.
anemonoides, 14.
aquilegifolium, 18.
cesium, 16.
campestre, 462.
Carolinianum, 11, 17.
clavatum, 15.
clavatum, 15.
coriaceum, 17, 462.
Cornuti, 17.
Cornut?, 18, 462.
corynellum, 17.
dasycarpum, 17.
im
debile, 18.
dioicum, 17.
dioicum, 16, 17.
discolor, 18.
Fendleri, 15, 462.
Fendleri, 16.
Jilipes, 15.
glaucum, 18.
graveolens, 17.
hesperium, 16.
Kemense, 15.
leevigatum, 17.
leucostemon, 17.
macrostylum, 17.
megacarpum, 16.
minus, 15.
nudicaule, 15.
occidentale, 16, 462.
palmatum, 18.
platycarpum, 462.
polycarpum, 16.
polygamum, 17, 462.
pubescens, 17.
purpurascens, 17.
ranunculinum, 18.
revolutum, 17.
rugosum, 17, 18.
sparsiflorum, 15.
venulosum, 16, 462.
venulosum, 15.
Wrightii, 16.
Thamnosma, 370, 371.
Thamnosma, 369.
montana, 371.
Texana, 371.
Thelypodium, 105, 173, 473.
Thelypodium, 137, 150, 170, 172.
ambiguum, 176.
aureum, 176.
aureum, 137.
auriculatum, 138.
brachyearpum, 174.
Cooperi, 174.
elegans, 176.
elegans, 137.
eucosmum, 175.
flavescens, 177.
flexuosum, 175.
Hookeri, 177.
Howellii, 174, 473.
integrifolium, 176.
laciniatum, 177.
lasiophyllum, 177, 473.
Lemmoni, 178.
linearifolium, 174.
longifolium, 178.
longifolium, 178.
. micranthum, 178.
neglectum, 177.
Nuttallii, 176.
procerum, 173.
rigidum, 177.
sagittatum, 175.
saqittatum, 175.
salsugineum, 175, 473.
stenopetalum, 176.
Vaseyi, 175.
Fc
904
Vaseyi, 138.
Wrightii, 177.
Theobroma, 339.
Thespesia, 297, 337.
populnea, 337.
Thlaspi, 101, 123.
alpestre, 123.
arvense, 123.
Bursa-pastoris, 131.
Californiecum, 124.
cochleariforme, 124.
Fendleri, 124.
montanum, 124.
tuberosum, 156.
Virginianum, 127.
Thryallis angustifolia, 351.
Thurberia, 338.
thespesioides, 338.
Thyme-leaved Sandwort, 239.
Thysanocarpus, 100, 113, 468.
Thysanocarpus, 112.
conchuliferus, 113.
crenatus, 114.
curvipes, 113.
curvipes, 114.
elegans, 114.
laciniatus, 114, 468.
oblongifolius, 113.
pulchellus, 114.
pusillus, 113.
radians, 114.
ramosus, 114.
Tilia, 342, 343.
alba, 344.
Americana, 343.
Americana, 343, 344.
argentea, 344.
Canadensis, 343.
Caroliniana, 343.
Europea, 343.
glabra, 343.
grandifolia, 343.
heterophylla, 344.
lariflora, 343, 344.
nigra, 343.
rotundifolia, 344.
parvifolia, 343.
pubescens, 343.
pubescens, 343.
TILIACEA, 342.
Tissa, 250.
Canadensis, 252.
Clevelandi, 251.
diandra, 251.
gracilis, 251.
leucantha, 253.
macrotheca, 253.
marina, 252.
pallida, 253.
rubra, 250, 251.
salina, 252.
spars?flora, 252.
tenuis, 251.
valida, 253.
villosa, 251.
Titi, 393.
Tobinia, 375.
INDEX.
Toothache-tree, 373, 374.
Toothwort, 153.
‘Torch-wood, 375.
Touch-me-not, 369.
Tower Mustard, 160.
Toxicodendron, 381, 382.
crenatum, 383.
pubescens, 383.
serratum, 383.
volubilis, 383.
vulgare, 383.
Trautvetteria, 1, 18.
Caroliniensis, 18.
grandis, 18.
palmata, 18.
palmata, 18.
Treacle Mustard, 142.
Tree of Heaven, 378.
Triadenum, 284.
Trianthema, 256, 259.
monogyna, 259.
Portulacastrum, 259.
Tribulus, 353.
brachystylis, 354.
Californicus, 354.
cistoides, 354.
Fischeri, 355.
grandiflorus, 355.
maximus, 354.
terrestris, 354.
terrestris, 354.
trijugatus, 354.
Tricerma, 398.
crassifolium, 398.
Trichocarpe, 383.
Triclisperma grandiflora, 453.
Trilicina, 68.
Trionum, 336.
Triumfetta, 342.
semitriloba, 342.
Trollius, 2, 40.
Americanus, 40.
Europezeus, 40.
laxus, 40.
Tropzolum, 357, 363.
majus, 363.
Tropidocarpum, 103, 141, 469.
capparideum, 141.
dubium, 141.
gracile, 141.
scabriusculum, 141.
Trumpet-leaf, 81.
Trumpets, 79, 81.
Tryphane, 238.
Tulipastrum Americanum, 61.
Tulipifera, 61.
Tulip-tree, 61.
Tunica, 209, 212.
prolifera, 212.
saxifraga, 212.
Turkey Grape, 428.
Turnip, 133.
Turpinia glabra, 386.
pubescens, 386.
Turritis, 159, 163.
brachycarpa, 163.
diffusa, 175.
glabra, 160, 163.
leecigata, 162.
lasiophylla, 177.
macrocarpu, 160.
mollis, 160.
ovata, 163.
patula, 164, 165.
retrofracta, 164.
salsuginea, 175.
spathulata, 163.
stricta, 163, 166.
Twin-Leaf, 71.
‘Umbrella-tree, 60.
Ungnadia, 434, 445.
heptaphylla, 446.
heterophylla, 446.
speciosa, 445.
Upland Cotton, 338.
Urena, 297, 331.
Urena, 331.
lobata, 331.
URENE®, 296.
Urvillea, 433, 441.
Berteriana, 442.
Mexicana, 442.
triphylla, 442.
ulmacea, 442.
Uvaria oborata, 63, 464.
parviflora, 63.
pygmeea, 64.
triloba, 63.
Uvarie, 63.
Vaccaria, 213.
vulgaris, 213.
Vaccinium mucronatum, 391.
Valley Grape, 426.
Vancouveria, 67, 71>
aurea, 71.
chrysantha, 71.
hexandra, 71.
hexandra, 71.
parviflora, 71.
planipetala, 71.
Varnish-trees, 383.
Veatchia Cedrosensis, 381.
discolor, 381.
Velarum, 137.
Velezia, 209, 210.
latifolia, 207.
rigida, 211.
Velvet-leaf, 327.
Vesicaria, 116, 121.
alpina, 117.
angustifolia, 119, 120.
arctica, 118, 120.
arenosa, 118.
argyreda, 120.
auriculata, 116.
Berlandieri, 118.
brevistyla, 116.
densiflora, 117.
didymocarpa, 121.
Engelmanni, 120.
Fendler?, 120.
Geyer?, 121.
globosa, 118.
Gordoni, 120,
gracilis, 119.
grandiflora, 116, 119.
Kingit, 117.
lasiocarpa, 116.
Lescurii, 116.
Lindheimeri, 119.
Ludoviciana, 117, 118,119.
montana, 117, 118.
Nuttallii, 119.
occidentalis, 117.
pallida, 119.
polyantha, 119.
pulchella, 120.
purpurea, 119.
recurvata, 119.
repanda, 119.
Shortii, 118.
stenophylla, 120.
INDEX.
eriocarpa, 202.
Jimbriatula, 197.
Jlabellifolia, 195.
gibbosa, 201.
glabella, 201, 475.
glabella, 201.
Hallii, 200.
hastata, 201.
heterophylla, 196.
hirta, 201.
Howellii, 204.
Kamtschatica,.197.
Labradorica, 203.
lanceolata, 198, 475.
Langsdorffii, 197, 474.
Langsdorfii, 474.
Lewisiana, 203.
linguerfolia, 199.
lobata, 201.
longipes, 203.
505
Selkirkii, 197, 474.
Selkirkii, 198.
septemloba, 196.
Sequoiensis, 201.
Sheltonii, 200.
sororia, 196.
striata, 202.
striata, 201, 203.
sylvestris, 203.
tenella, 204.
tricolor, 204.
triloba, 196.
trinervata, 201.
tripartita, 201.
umbrosa, 197.
uniflora, 201, 202.
verticillata, 205.
villosa, 196.
VIOLACEA, 194, 474.
Violet, 195.
Viorna, 5.
cylindrica, 7.
urnigera, 5.
Virginia Creeper, 431.
Villarsia peltata, 74.
Vine, 420.
Maple, 437.
Viola, 195, 474.
Macloskey/, 198.
mirabilis, 197, 204.
montana, 200.
Muhlenbergiana, 203.
acuta, 198.
adunca, 203.
affinis, 196.
albiflora, 203.
Alleghaniensis, 197.
amena, 198. :
arenaria, 203.
arvensis, 204.
asarifolia, 196, 203.
attenuata, 198.
aurea, 200.
Beckwithii, 200.
Beckwithii, 201.
bicolor, 204.
biflora, 199.
biflora, 201.
blanda, 198.
blanda, 198.
borealis, 197.
Brooksii, 200.
Canadensis, 202.
Canadensis, 201.
canina, 203, 475.
canina, 203.
chrysantha, 200.
chrysantha, 201.
ciliata, 197.
clandestina, 198, 199.
concolor, 204.
congener, 196.
conspersa, 203.
cordata, 196.
cordifolia, 196.
cucullata, 196, 197.
cuneata, 202.
debilis, 203.
delphinifolia, 196.
dentata, 197.
digitata, 196.
Douglasti, 200.
edulis, 196.
emarginata, 197.
epipsila, 197.
Muhlenbergii, 203.
multicaulis, 203.
Nuttallii, 199.
Nuttallii, 200.
obliqua, 196, 198.
ocellata, 202.
ochroleuca, 203.
odorata, 197.
orbiculata, 199.
ovata, 197.
palmata, 196.
palmata, 197.
palustris, 197.
pulustris, 198.
papilionacea, 196.
parva, 198.
pedata, 195.
pedata, 195, 196.
pedatifida, 196, 474.
pedunculata, 199.
Pennsylvanica, 202.
pinetorum, 200.
pinnata, 196.
premorsa, 200.
premorsa, 199.
primulzfolia, 198.
primulifolia, 197,
pubescens, 202.
pubescens, 201.
punctata, 203.
purpurea, 200.
radicans, 208.
ranunculifolia, 196.
renifolia, 198.
repens, 203.
rostrata, 204.
rotundifolia, 198.
rotundifolia, 199.
sagittata, 196.
sagittata, 197,
sarmentosa, 199.
scabriuscula, 202.
Scoulerii, 201.
Virgin’s Bower, 4.
Viscaria, 224, 227.
VITACEA, 419.
Viticella, 5.
crispa, 7.
Vitis, 420.
Vitis, 430.
acida, 430, 431.
zestivalis, 427.
Americana, 427.
angulata, 421.
araneosus, 427.
arborea, 430.
argentifolia, 428.
Arizonensis, 426.
Arizonica, 425.
Arizonica, 423, 426.
Baileyana, 424.
Berlandieri, 425.
Berlandieri, 422, 423.
bicolor, 428.
bicolor, 426, 427.
bipinnata, 430.
Blancoi, 428.
Blandi, 429.
Borquiniana, 428.
bracteata, 427.
Californica, 426.
Californica, 426.
candicans, 428.
candicans, 423, 427, 429.
Caribzea, 428.
Caribeea, 425, 426, 429.
Champini, 423.
cinerea, 425.
cinerea, 425, 426, 427, 429.
cordifolia, 424.
cordifolia, 422, 423.
coriacea, 429,
diversifolia, 428.
Doaniana, 427.
Doaniana, 423.
[429, 430.
estivalis, 420, 425, 426, 428
?
506
Floridana, 421.
Foexeana, 422.
Girdiana, 426.
hederacea, 431.
Illinoensis, 422.
incisa, 431.
indivisa, 430.
Labrusca, 429.
Labrusca,420, 422,427,429.
Lincecumti, 427.
Linsecomii, 428.
Longii, 423.
Longii, 427.
Missouriensis, 422.
monosperma, 424.
monticola, 422.
monticola, 423, 425, 426.
Munsoniana, 421.
muscadina, 421.
Mustangensis, 429.
Nortoni, 427.
Nuevo-Mexicana, 423.
occidentalis, 427.
odoratissima, 422.
palmata, 423.
palmata, 424.
peltata, 421.
pubescens, 432.
pullaria, 424.
quinquefolia, 431.
riparia, 422, 424.
rotundifolia, 420.
rotundifolia, 421.
rubra, 424.
rupestris, 421.
rupestris, 423.
serotina, 422.
Simpsoni, 429.
Solonis, 423.
sylvestris, 427.
taurina, 421.
tenuifolia, 422.
Texana, 422.
Treleasei, 423.
verrucosa, 421.
vinifera, 420, 427, 428.
Virginiana, 425.
vulpina, 422.
vulpina, 421, 422, 423, 424,
[427, 429.
Wafer-ash, 372.
Wahlbergella affinis, 226.
apetala, 226.
triflora, 225.
INDEX.
Americana, 341.
detonsa, 341.
Wankapin, 75.
Warea, 105, 179, 473.
amplexifolia, 180, 473.
amplexifolia, 473.
cuneifolia, 180, 473.
sessilifolia, 473.
Warneria, 56.
Wart Cress, 129.
Watches, 81.
Water Chinquapin, 75.
Cress, 146.
Water-Lily, 75.
Water-shield, 74.
Waterwort, 281.
Wendlandia Caroliniana, 65.
populifolia, 65.
West Ind. Birch, 380.
Western Wallflower, 143.
White Bay, 59.
Campion, 227.
Canella, 206.
Iron Wood, 445.
Laurel, 59.
Mustard, 134.
Winter’s Bark, 206.
White-wood, 61, 206.
Whitlow-grass, 106.
Wild Cabbage, 172.
China Tree, 444.
Cinnamon, 206.
Lime, 394.
Orange, 374.
Pink, 216.
Radish, 132.
Wind-flower, 9.
Wine Grape, 428.
Winter Aconite, 42.
Cress, 149.
Grape, 424, 425.
Winterania Canella, 206.
Winterberry, 391.
WINTERES, 58.
Winterlia triflora, 390.
Winter’s Bark, 206.
Wislizenia, 181, 186.
Palmeri, 186.
refracta, 186.
Wissadula, 296, 326.
holosericea, 326.
mucronulata, 326.
periplocifolia, 326.
rostrata, 326.
Zeylanica, 326.
Xanthorrhiza, 3, 56.
aplifolia, 56.
simplicissima, 56.
Xanthorrhizee, 3.
XANTHOXYLES, 370.
Xanthoxylum, 370, 373.
Xanthoxylum, 375.
alveolatum 874.
Americanum, 373.
aromaticum, 374.
Caribeum, 375.
Carolinianum, 374.
Catesbianum, 374.
Clava-Herculis, 374.
Clava-Herculis, 374, 375.
coriaceum, 375.
cribosum, 375.
Elephantiasis, 375.
emarginatum, 375.
Fagara, 374.
flavum, 375.
Floridanum, 375.
JSraxineum, 374.
JSraxinifolium, 374.
hirsutum, 374.
macrophyllum, 374.
mite, 374.
Pterota, 374.
ramiflorum, 374.
Texanum, 374.
tricarpum, 374.
Tweedii, 374.
Ximenia, 394.
Americana, 394.
multiflora, 394.
ramosissima, 394,
Yaupon, 389.
Yeard, 383.
Yellow Cress, 147.
Pond-Lily, 77.
Puccoon, 56.
Rocket, 149.
Yellow-root, 56.
Yellow-weed, 188.
Yellow-wood, 373.
Zanthorhiza, 56.
Zanthoxylum, 373, 374.
ZIZYPHE®, 401.
Zizyphus, 403.
Domingensis, 418.
emarginatus, 404.
lyciodes, 403.
obtusifolia, 403.
Parryi, 404.
volubilis, 405.
ZYGOPHYLLACEA, 352.
Zygophyllum Californicum, 356.
tridentatum, 356.
Wahoo, 60, 397.
Walteriana, 393.
Caroliniensis, 398.
Waltheria, 339, 341.
Wolfsbane, 52.
Wood Sorrel, 364.
Woodbine, 431.
Worm-seed Mustard, 143.
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