Full text of "tar10"

See other formats

eC^iJeJi 




i-'/liiS 



^ 




di\ii\ 



CiJ^b oUl^b ?;l;a^\ 



j^jJi tLJt ifiitjit JL(i ddJi LiSi. i^j^i 



\r\^.'^r^■.SAiJ 



\i/\Y\V 



lof.-VN (^a 



Ni/W-Wtg^ljiVlfSj 



(r_^)11'\.-'\YL\..Y:dLjj 



r*j 







/rr. 



^^^J^ 







If 



Q i)ipj^^i::i^ 





i/ji/ui}:^ 





IJU<l|l 



diisit 



djui\j l^UUi^ i;l;^\ 



«\^' ft 





^jy&MM& 




'0 * 



V6(4)^v^^J 



.^^^(Jib^J 



>(^!^i4>Lt^';;i^::i 



(^^J2> 



f\\\\/^\t\^ 



u\ 



\ 



x\ 



oV 



VV 



\«o 



Uo 



^jL^iLvji 



t>*>^' 






fi- oi*^ f>J' v-''^ ^^J J^ a* trJ"^"^^ r^'-J r^' ^-^ 




i«iJU>-l. 



> 



t^J 





>--_^l bjji\ J^U Ui>b S^l SUJI ^ o-l^"^' ^r^^-J 

,^1* y^ Oi Hf^ • ■> 

(^\r.u/-*v."\c5)-i»-j^i 



tj 



Ujj^ ^ ^J^j v>» Jl ^^1 cy ^^1 r-^' ^^' 



k^lid. Jl».A 



^jj J\ i-yJI f >J' Ji^ (/ ^M»^ ^^' ^^-^ ^-^^ 








U!>L,VI o-J^"^' -^-^ c/'^' ■^•^^^•^ 



^ i >U»JI <lii JUp JU»»* . A 



U.^ (^UJI Ji>w«JI 5jUp Jii> JJ:^^ ify'^\ (^Ml y^ 



\VV 



J^i r«»U J«^ 



..> 



\^v 







To^ j^'(*s*U(:h'^iv .->5^jI 



j» 



^J^jjl 



4>U^I 






1 



Al-Andalus as A Cultural Bridge between East and West : The "Arabic thesis 
Concerning Literary Transmissions in Western Scholarship (17th- 20th Centu- 
ries) Ovidio Carbonell 

Hydric Aspects in Islamic City Planning: Granada and La Vega (XI-XV Centu- 
ries) Manuel Espinar Moreno - Juan Jose Quesada Gomez - Juan de 

Dios Mordllo Puga 

Mystical Dimensions of Water in the Alhambra 

Gonzalo Saenz de Buruaga - Maria Jose Val del Omar 67 

The Network of Irrigation Ditches in the Alpujarra of Granada an Example of 
the use of Water in Order to Strengthen the Social and Economic dev Elopment 



27 



of Al-Andalus 

Ghatafan Kazam Al-Alwani 

El vidrio isldmico en Murcia 

Pedro Jimenez Castillo 



83 



HI 



J 



olfL-kiJIj oLiiJI ,>-> djj^ : ^jdVI 






(*) 



t^ A-vvwj-*-^ J-o.>"l ! jj,l5wUl 









THE STATUS OF SCIENCE AND EDUCATION IN ANDALUSIA 

THROUGH '"EPISTLE ON THE CLASSIFICATION 



OF SCIENCES" BY IBN HAZM 



By 

Dr. Ahmed Chabshoub 



( AB STR ACT) 



In this paper, the researcher analyses profoundly the epistle of Ibn Hazm on the 
classification of sciances "Mardtib al Ulum", From this analysis the writer made several 
inferences relating to Ibn Hasm's view on sciences and their classification; that is to say 
the interrelationships between sciences and the principle of encyclopedic shallow 
knowledge. 

That view also emphasizes the thesis thai all sciences must be aiming at favoring 
the sharia and its comprehension, Ibn Hazm does say that Islamic Jurisprudence leads 
sciences toward the straight direction, and makes sense of their study. The author stress- 
es also Ibn Hazm's warning of using human knowledge for secular egoist purposes. 



(o^ (J^Vl JLf^l) j«Jy o^L>j ill^I t djjj^\ <^\^ ^ <Jj-OI oljji^':. (*) 



r 



olfUUIj oLJLaJl /;_- djjJ : ^^^/l 






(^^4:i^J. J,-..c»lJI 



'J 













i^ UJ vti c/->^"j -* ^Ar ix- U.>. jOj t ^^^Vb v^l C-^ oi •^:^ ui -^^^ .^ 



. j.io"\ 



^1 Ul :iJL.VIj :lj>JIj iJUVIj vjjJIj ^li:^'^' ■• ^ ^^ "'-^ Jl ^'-^' '^> v^ r^y" -^ 



_jhOA •) ^JiVlj ^>Ji^ ii'Aiji j_^.^t v^j^. ^;>; a;j> ^joiJ U^jL*!^ c^^U^l v*'^' Cr^^ 



oj^) i JjVl .>^l 4 (.>- ^1 JJL-j : ^ ^Up OU^I j^aJI ju>j ; l.U>JI J> : ^j-^ en 

.(.\AA\iy^lj 



■^*i 



iJUJ^L,,, ,.l ^1 , . L_*JI i ! 





. ^JJ^^I^^^N wl_^li^l;ilii]|^l^-NJl^- 



Ui^ti^^UJ j^ .15:; N u:! ^ c ^l^lj culWI ^yJl JtA^ c5^Lo"j S.;^ c^^' ^>" -r^'-'^ 




1 A-SA^ 



ul 



■^ 















(o.j) t^^yJ^ 






•\ 



ULJ«Jlj oLliJt ,y-* bjjJ : ^^H\ 






UJi .\J c^" ^i,^.^! (.jLJi J*:^,j Jia^l ^J OUUI jj^ : ^sr-^-'l u--i Ji 



^1^1 Uu6 )) ^1 dil- l^l jkuJI ii^lw. ^Ijliil ciyuj c jkxJ! .1^ c^- iijvi^l c>UU 



(U) 



d 






!j^i IJL* .^ J .>JI v-V. "i^- c^>iJl ( *^l ) (•> oi' c>i^^ ^^ J^^ ->*J 



ju jL^ui .u- L5 c^^"^ (>>ji v^v s> '^ '^.^ ^' '-^ "^ ^j ^ r-^ 0^' -'^ '^^^^' 






^ 



. Y • ^_;^ t « OLkLIl 



. ! Ul v-Jl^ L<-iiIj f>JI l5-^I a^-.^>JI J^l j^Ji r^' 
Jjl x^ Ixi it i^^j aJIJj jUw» ^L- ^ Jp c-^I^U » ; : T ;*.i^ ^ ^.U f Jxll vJl^ : >l ( ^ «>) 

^ . Ill M I -. . i ' I t -^' . 1 li 



. « . . . .JlJI ^ Jl JirjLi L;/i t^JUl 



V 



JjLj'yL 




LJIi 



J 




^ ^ VI .y-L- ^1 ^jZi ^ L. ^.JuuJli L^;^ ji}i olj . Ca^l ^ Iff t^. ^" ^b LfJ*J c>^LJ 

V ,^1 v^"i^ij £jjJi </ UJi Ji:i3i uiis;^! oi oji »ui iijf iUL. iKiii- Ufi ^1 ijj^\ ^\j 

.(•\r'^.j.>jiv^v)«Lf,viaiJiaL-jij--, 






^j^ t/ ^-^ 'J^-' 



(\-\) 



« ui^j ur ,,A*< ji Lfj**< ^ji ifiij c/i ur ,p«rt W-i«4 iii*^ 



diy oij^ '''^«.^ cr* (Op u^ <>^. ^j i>^ »4^ oJ^. iJ/i </Ji r-^"j» : ^i-'T^i 0- r^^ 



: Jb U? tJjUiJ ^.A^ U^lj lij.y U-L^ ci- oi 



lUJ 



. ( L^UJl ^ y> Ux dUij ) 4jb;53lj 5 ^1^1 ^Jlaj : JjNl t5_f^( 



-\ 



iuAJtiJI i-^UJIj jkuJI : ^IjJI (ijiwJ 



i 



^ ^-(JJ( ^1 ii> ^ ^03^1 (>;>■ cy) Wl c>i sril ^.JH^I ^.>^1 Ol dUi i cf 

. (vr ^ ) ajui ^Vi jUi iJikJ juii -u> c>^. :iU . (vr^) >i)i ^ ii-I Cn^ u^j '^'^ 

. . . ^1 « (V V) ^Ul li* J[ ^> JL. liy- M ^J^ ' L:/il- (^1 \>\i 





. vA / vv ^ c f>Jl c-Jij- (n) 

. A \ ^ . (.>JI L^V <^^) 



A 



ol.L_LJIj oUiJI /^ DjjJ : ^ojVI 



(^^UJlj 0>>x^ jjIj O.K-y^ o^lj ^U>. ^1 Jli-l ) iijU^lj Oj-^j:Vi Oj.^^1 "Vj ( vJI 










^^ "^^ U/i L^ ,j:i4Ui i,f./»A( (.>JI jixal JLLt djil U. jiJ"! -ulft 



: ^;^*l ^yjJUj ^^JL;*i^l ^_}>- ^;_ril X^ l*ii;> LaJL>J t j.y^l JS' y> Ju>-*>U SyvjJI oJL* o! ^ 






Jl ^j«Uir olTj .'^^ jLt J.,.,^. Vj ^-.^wj ^. ol <iliji ^ jr JUi » l_^VI cJ^ ^j » 









\ 



^ !jl-JVU c—Jl-^Ij ^ LJI S 1 







^\ iij^ jN c Sli* ^^\ ^ aJ^ ^_^ U^ OL, j>- jJ^ t5^ ^U*l f ^ U^^*j ( v) 






^;:. ^1 1^0 .J^ ^>J1 V^V V^ C^^ '^^J^ ^-i^-^' V^' O-^- '^^ ^^- ^ '^^ 



: ^_puJl ^"1^ ilUj ^ cijUJlj ^jLJI (»>■ i>;l U*-^>^ 






(^^-lAr If ^-wiiytJijoUjjaj 



\. 



o 



I.LJ«Jlj oUUdt 0-* ijrJ : a— '^*^l 



J U Jbf^- U^ i~ytJ! iiy^ >* t-^lj Ui> (-a^. J^lj U^ W^ f ^i^" f >JI 01 * 

5.L>.; . jj i4 ur ,p«u, L<^ J^ MJ' r>Ji^ ' aJis-^Viiii- lilies- ajV j ,^^>JI 



^»,^ 



.(f\UV 






(Yo) 



jkJIjU-ili 






_^ ^ j3uJf j-i J i*> 4^1 IJ^ =^-^j . . <K ^bJi y^ <j oV i (jyj :r-^ ^ 



o^ 



^ Jj l^ .j-^xiJi ^yJlj UJ^'j i-Xi!l ^:^ UJI » : jUi5 J>.j VA ^ « iA.^1 ^j v^b 



\\ 



^ IJUJ^/ L p — 1-*JI J ^ L^l 





OU . ^UjI -JU: OJuij OiJJj ^1 U* JIJ'U r^^t^ Ji:.^. » ^ 







c^:f>J'v^' 






L->-l • J:r**^' 






iUx ^1>VA^ <^ (>- r^ 



w 



ol»L_l«Jlj oLJLaJI /^ djjJ : ^oiVl 



^ dUD JL-i J t)ii lUI ^> c^ > ^j Lfi* o^lj ^. -ij ... U>l>j £31^1 






^11 
^^1 



:> 



(rA)« . 1 



l» 



<»ijli. 



^1 j^ V » ^N i i^yLlI (^ ^ ^>JI Jcv^V C-^-^' ^ J^ Sf^"-^' ^^ 



(I) 



. ('^^> < JL«U jL ^ ^^^% J^^^J^^. Jl^"^" OVJ hu^U ^i '1^1 



;:iiiJI Jl ^Juj i^LJI > .i^- l^J^ ' J*i^l Jli^V y^l dr- V^^. i' s/<^-> " : '^ W^' 



^(1 



.<'')«^jiiLJjj^ijia)ijiiUoa^oijJUiji*:>ujiji^ij^j 



. i)\o/o\i : ^c(|inV' t ^yJI >i.l/)UL^I jb : ojjjj) t i.JiJI : OjaU^I 






u^<f>Jl 



W 




Jl_aJI 





I 



ol ^1 ^:>ui > Vi u-J W-L^ ^>>^' ^>^'-' ^'^'-^ ^^ ^' ^^-^'-^ • '^-' 

J>JJ i^LJi :r*-J ^^1 ^ ^^ c^l ^.^>5I -0^1 ,>--j JiUill L*l^^ ,/ c>-^" 

L4J J d,j^ . . . ^Ul l^j ^yJI l>" w^l J>JI vl*ij WA>'1< LJ^I '^^ ^hj^\ *^' 

^i>M 2iy^\ ju^i 0- y.^" ^^"^^ ri=^ 'i^' ^^ r^' r^ ^^^' '-^ ^^-^ 

: ^r ^ c ^>J! L^i^ ilUj v-^ J>- '^^ ^^ ^ -^^ -^^^^^ ^^ ^^ °^^^ ^-^' 



«ij -^ Ui -u-i: .^1 iU^lj . tL^JI JjU lil »iU^ jlij Lj-aJI jli: ob'i "^1 *^ u-«^. 



» 




.jL-iJIj >ISUI (.JJIj . »L»JI »UI Ulj ... SU>" ^Ij jo^l (^Jl j*i< JUil vt^rij ... JUI -4 



^jb ^jJxJ Ai^ .L«ibU ^UJl > JVx."yi ^ i^ lil o~- 1-^ ^1: ^ ' ^ >/* ^ > ^V , 



(M) 



ul ^ (it) 



^^ . X ^ III ^1 U I . I.^l*^l1 I ^.*^ ij\ 



. vn : ^ I f>Jt vV « '-^ **^' J-*"^. "^^ 



. VV^;f>3lv:l^ (£0 



\1 



ol.L_Ulj oUiJI cr^ dj^ : ^^Vl 



I^^iUj ^1 ^.JJj iTL^b ii'^b bk^l (^ -iUi </ c^-^ = r^ -^ (^ ^ ^ * 

^")) ol ^liiij (Y >n III. d.jL>Ji V ^^^ c^-iJi cri^i ^-vJ' -^^^ > ' ^'">«...ui'j'^l 




)) 



J., ^1, .jJi *u. .^1 Ji* ^. i^ r'^i U^ Ji-- i^-Mi i-o'^i r>^'^ ' -*^" 




L<:^ .^^Jo-. Vj ,^. lfJ«.. Jl^. r>JI '^ ^^ 



. A\^ ; f>Jlt-Jlj* (OO 



\o 



^ !a_jVL ,. ;t ^\j p L_JI i 1 







. l>\:^\j i.\y>i\ ^j ^jM^\ (.^1 SJ^li Jljv^ ,>>• 4Jlj^ l-i^J UJ^Iyj 






UJUJI 



^>JI ^ ii.> Sjj-^ ^>JI v^"!^ aJUj ^ U ^4 ^OJ^^I ^> 0^1 Oi* ; JyJI i^tA^j 

uitsbil ^»i>j L^U. iJ^jj o>JI v^JJ^I iiUiJl i3l>u yu LU>o U yj I ^ojMIj ^>JI 
^JiP Jl ^1 t^jtiil ^Jbj UiJl ^>J1 ^ iodUl ^ j>>o (*^> ^Ul dj^ 0^1 li^ 



OLrf ^W- ^ Jjii iM^ ^vaxuJI ^^1 ^ ai^. (.> C;^N ^UJl ^"'^^ ^1 V 0^1 1 J>J 

Ji> ^ JJU:J ^Vl ^1 L.1 : JUSfl ^b -l-j'^l rJ^b Ji-^^l rJ^I : ^^i^* ^^ f>JI 



. A'V^i;-- Jl6VATi;^^:y»U)L^UI.U5Jls--^ojaU.j^,>^>A^ JyaiJ (oT) 



.jhi^ri^^jiJI JjxVl^^yJit^^Jl^l^Oi'-^^.^*^ -Ji^y" ^*^^ 



NA 



cjULJjJIj cjLJJci\ j^ djj^ : ^o^Vi 



. v^LlI ia^lj ^bUll Jl ^ i,U ^Jb^l ^jCiJIj (.;>. ^1 J\ ^J\ dUJb Oj^^ij 

^IJI ^yJI J:>U ^oj^yu jjUI ^UiJI ^LJI , ;;Ul ^^- (.^^1 ^\y iJL-j J ^jj*yi 
iujU- J JLJij ^ jJ_^l _^! ^_^JU1! Jli ^"j . JUI vj^! ^ iJlill olj; L^o JiJl vJ»t Jlp 



W 



•lA 



jjLj^L ,, ^-^\J ^ — L^i * 





^I^JIj j:iLclJI 



■^j^oi 



1 






.j*^r\VcOi^^li*JaJl:Sy*LSJUc>^lj^l>*'^ljJi-ilc>cM' - 



tUjU^^IJLP 



^ ^ <\ V , ^jjJIj yLJij ipLUi o^l jl^l : oj^ ; «u^ -oV c^-^"^' fi^ o^' 



: LisJI ,31>-1 



. A \ <\ ov t jiU» jli : oj^ (. ^Ij>-t *^jl ' (JJ^jJl 



: ^^Ij^l 



. ^ni-^ i^loUiP . i^ : sy.liiU c>Ji ^U^l 



: :)jJ^ oi' 



; ^yJl ^l>l ^L^l jli ^ •• '^Jj=>. ' ^-^^ 



:i^>Jl 



J 






: dl^jy, ^ 



. \ <\ 01 ; syUll t ,^ ^>iJl!I ^^U^ ^u^ '"-^J ^j:S\j ^y^\ J f tA^^I 



: ^^Lp 61— >-i 



. . ^ ^1 . c iijyJI jb : oj_^ c U,y s^L. ^v^ c ^-ijMi ^^^\ ^J^ - 



r 



\A 



ol^i—Wb oLliJI 0-. djjJ : ^Ju\l 



: ^yJl ^1 XP ji\ 



^\^-\Ai UUI i:;$UJI ytJ : ijjui\ hjsJl c ^^j ^1 oIj ^U- 



: i^^UJI 4t 







: ^>ij*J 



L- 



f ^ '^Ar ^jU-i^y^ oL-lji iU^ «(.> j:;.! (iJJ ("jIaJI v_L: 



J » 



-^J^^ 



^yJI <.UJ)/I JL^ t Oj_;-j t OjJU ^I Ij>,^ J, i^lji t ^>ojbJI ujUaiJl 



N^ 



U\_kJlj oUisJI ^ dj^ : ^^"^1 






^♦'^!)L1 ju^ : ili--Ml 



fci,j>«JI j,Al>«i»«u» 



« 4* 



o! TaaUt Jji- Jisi ^ ^Jl vJ^i ^riyJi v<-i' J^ ^ ^j^r ^'^-^^ ^^^' *^-'^- 
V W^ J^ ^H-UJ ^ ^>^ ^yA ^ u^r^^^ ^^ ^ ^ d'^' J^^-^^ ^^ <>' 

. JUJI IJL* J 






MATHEMATICS IN AL-ANDALUS 



By 
Mr. Mohammed Iblagh 



( AB STR ACT) 



The writer investigates one of the most important subjects which the Arabic library 
lacks. In this paper the researcher has done his best to demonstrate that the Muslims 
were not mere bridge for this science to Andalusia, but they have effected it and indicat- 
ed its origins, and they have also innovated in its topics. The writer reviews some of 
mathematical contributions which Muslims' intellects have produced, particularly in al- 
Andalus. The author stressed also other relevant topics such as: how mathematical disci- 
plines has been ti-ansferred from Orient to Andalusia; the history of Andalusian mathe- 
matics; as well as the most famous Muslim mathematicians in al-Andalus . 



. e.>JI I iJU^I f>Jlj ^\i^\ IAS ^^\^j ^U^VI ^j ii^JiJI V-^ ilx-1 (*) 



tr 



ol.LJuJIj oUiiJI ^ dj^ : ^-"Vl 



<«JLa. 






Up O-UIj rj^\ Ifiid c o-'^*^^ A^y^ '^M >' ■i'J^ J* ^^-*^' "^JJ^^ '-^ -^ ^i ^"-^ 



Xfi l^y- ii^ ^-il; V^j-^r ^Jj UiJ^" j^ ^^ ^^ -^ ^^^-r^^ tk ' ^J^ o^J^J^ 



. ("UiaNU Sy.Jir Up vUJ :u>r ^l>\ j^ Uu>o U_^ ^a;^!l ^^.u^l oU^^ ^^^ 

: aJUJI V^_;JI '^-^l ^L-'bU dUij o ^Ij ^^bjl Gj-^j ^^UJI 



iikJI dlL ^,J^\j:. \y\S 0! 1. sasU ^yJl ^jx^l > oJl^ v-i-^^" i;^ vloLJI S>)l 




jj-^lJiJ ^.ji\\j^h\ J* (Americo Castro) -ui ^. ^^1)1 ci_>JI ^yj liSO^j • s^L^I V^-)" «*^l-> 
Jl- ^1 i sy js^j (Claudio Sanchez Albomoz) jjU^. s^u!Jl LiUo-^/l iiUillj -iS^-Jt J^ ^^yJI 

^ ^ ' : >JU Jl^l I Ji* JL^ s^UJt Vlr->' V^^-^'j ^A-51 c*^ Vj*^ 

PIERRE GUICHARD, Structures sociales " oricntales" et occidenatalcs dans 1' Espagne musulmane , 

Paris - La - Haye, Mouton ( E. H. E , S . S . " Civilisations et societes " 1977, p.427. 



Yo 



tr 





ol — : ^Ljj — !l 



iJ^I ^ ^ ,H^ii i (H^ Jl (.>JI Ji^ Jl V Ij^jU- ^iJI cJjl J ajV . {. Jx)l > CU 



. ^^^ A.^lj A^"!>UI ^^^1 Jl OyJI UJoJI ^^1 5^^ A.Jj'yi J«:l^ vi:^ 



: liJlS 



/^> (i>l Jl i^ dr* j*i ^^ -u^U^ ^>* r^ Aii ^s^\ p\ j\j^^ ^j \jj^ 




A. DJBBAR, " Les mathematiques mabes et liur enviionnement" actes tic 1' Universite d'Ete du Maine sur 1 
" Histoire des mathematiques (6-13 Juillet 1984) pp. 36 - 70. 

J Oj.^ i^yJl v^l a^^^a) d^^-^l 0^>Jt A. fli t|JJI jl53l jj^l J>- ,;t.:-is:i ji 'v^i (^> 






J. SESIANO, Le Liber Mahameleth , uii traite mathcmatiqiic latin compose au Xlle siecle en Espagne, actes 
du coUoque international d' Alger ,sur 1" Historire des Mathematiques Arabes, 1988, la Mai.son de Livres 
Alger , pp. 67 - 98. 



YOUSCHKEVITCH 



oljU^ b\ ^ ^%. ^^\j CJ^\ r>' c> f^^ V^^ C^J^^ i^,^ f>J| 4J/ 5^ 






^> 0> (.>^ Uj-Pj oL^Lj ^ ii>JI C>J| ^ ^a:>c; c^t Jl Uj !>U ; U. ^I>U.^I 

I ^Jl"o> oU-lj oUjJI oUibJI j~jJ IJ5o«.j . ^i^ 0>i Ol ^y W*x^. li* V^^* 

p. Ts^t. >i . Ljjjl i^i^L-ji'^ p\ <*iJLiJi vyJi -^ijU^JL 6i>^j i^.>- iVr i^i»^i 

: >:U ^^yJI ^1 (.^ ^ ^>pj . ^ ' 1 . o^ ' J<l-3I C?"^l 

R, RASHED, La notion de science occidentale, in : Entre arithmetique ct algebre, recherches sur 1' 
histoire des mathematiques arabes, Les Belles letUcs , Paris, 1984, pp. 301 - 318. 




Y"\ 



oULJ«Jlj oUlSxJI ^>-^ CijjS : ^^'i\ 






ijkaj . (*^L.yji ijjLii Ji v^i v^i ^y ^^ <L,>*^"j ^j-^1 r^^ C---) 6-^^ c5^i (f Arr 



Ml 



J±Ji d/^ .iju-. Ls:^! c^ c^ c iJjjJi uuy- Uii. lpL-^ u^ Jl i«^u^l c.^ ^ 

Marie Geneveve Baity - Guesdon , " Le Bayt al - Hikma de Baghdad", a paraiti-e dans les actes du colloquc de 
Paris Sur la Philosophle et 1' Histoirc des Sciences Arabes, 22- 25 novembie 1989. 

ui D^Ul Jltj ojfil UlLj ^ -^y ^ >il .U! ^' (f A . -^ - VAn ) J^ Jt 6j> Jl v-^ 

A, DJEBBAR , Quelques commen takes sur les bersions arabes des Elements d'Euclide'et surTeur transmission 
a r Occident musulman , a paraitrc dans Ics actes du collo<|ue international de wolfenbuttel en Juin 1990, 

Allemagne. 

- wT^ c> \ -^U c ^b '^^ ^.j^^ -r^^' jb : ^^ i iiJliJI i-JJl ' -U^l 



ly T 



YV 



O" 



)jl_jVI ,_-» oL_- — vil_i^l 




Vi-Sl v^l Jj^-^ J^l c'.jl^l c> V^^ ^>^' ^Jp 01 .1^ c J>y^\ LjiL t5^lj 



akuJI ol* ^j L* L*^- ^1 0^1 ^ y^^jx! L4J Oir U i«Lp ii^ Ui*JI (.>Jlj ^UJI /iil 
. i.Uil ^ujU^^lj U\M\ ^\:>j^ ^, ^.Ju)l ^^1 ,JU!b dUI. J-^-j vy^l W^«xii ^ ^ 



JLiJI 



U JLli OJlJI l^x^li- JjJiJI jXSL-;;;i sUj Jbo h^\ UUI i^l^l <^^ ^jy^l D** 

Vl^ Us^ yi^„ 0! J^ 01^ 5^Uajt Jl L«. ^1 ,,rJk^ Jiiil ^ ^ V^J=5I ^r^^lj V-^1 

ioyJl i;JJl Jl l^J^\ V^l J^ Ol ^S t ^^Vl J 5^.AiJI V^l L^l i^^ '^jT 






.\T\_\'\V . ^ <.\\S\ 









ii;^! Jl XxjJl . (. \ U • . oU_^l :Ul^j : OijSi)! I JUJI jl^ s^ : ojj^ ; t^j^ ,>^j3l ^ 



YA 



ol.UUllj oUidI ^ djjJ : ^^Mt 



^>" Ol U5 . <^^ UL-k -^J ^u^.^ ^^^' ^^ r-"^' r^' :UJ Ol ^i > O ' :^s^i 



e? 



15:5^ Srj^l oUJ>JI >^ ULJl ^^1 Wei ^^- ^ V-":>UI Ujjjl J^ ^ ^1 c^. f>il 



Ol .i^ i V^l VJ^I ^^ ^'-^^ ^ fJ^' ^'^ S?^ ^'^*^' "^i ■ "^-^ ^"^^^^ ^ 



4A «i I 



^11 






C-' 






Guy BeaujouM , L' enseignement de raritfimeticiue eleinenfaire a I'Ohiversite de Pans aux XHI - XIV siecles, 
SEPARATA DEL HOMENAJE A MILLAS V ALLICROSA, Vol. I , Consejo superior de investigaciones 



cientificas, Barcelona, 1954, pp. 93 - 124. 



Y^ 



J^ 



iji_jVl ,^ oL_^ iL-ij-JI 










^Vl Ol Ji^- ^-U^;! Jt V^LJ! i^jJUJI d^\ ^ ^a^" (/)! Jj^l oUjUJU IJ^Caj 



axJI ^b? Jiocv. ^;_^l L^/i l-j:5^ y>UiJl 11* oL-U . a^.JlSJI L_j:Sai Jjto c-j:S^ v"^. l5^ c3,r^t 






UJ. c ^ojSIIjuU. :>:l 






^ /X: J (AOT _ AYY) ^lill ^J\ J^ ^_y^\ j^Vl ^ .j^ Jl *Jl J>2i C^ ^ Vj^l , ^ 

A, Djebbar, Quelques Aspects de ;' algebre dans la U'adition mthematique aibe de I'occident musulman , actes 
du premier coUoque Ineteratlonal d' Alger sur I'Histoii-e des Mathematiques Arabes, Alger , La maison des 



livres, 1988, pp, 101 - 123. 



cy. 




A, Djebbar , Quelques aspects de la ti-adition mathematique'arabe dans le Maghreb extreme ( XH-XVIe (\Y') 
siecles), a paratoe dans les actes du 4 colloque Maghrebin sur I'Histoire des Mathematiques arabes(Fes, 2- 4 
decembre. 1992) 



r. 



CJ 



UUxJIj oULiJI ^ Oj^ : ^^Vl 



U. l^ j^l^j U^\ U[2i\ oL>Jb jUii U J^ ^ > Ij^^ u^^'^l ^^ > Ja. j>Ul 



^1 ^ ^ ^^.^^xakJI ^ ^ ai c ol^l oU^I jUJi 



A^Ujl c^j c5-^' v^-^' r' "^ ^^ '^■^^ "^^ "^^^ "^ ^^^^' "^^ -^ ' ^'^ 






: ^ jjV I ^bjl JLliJl j^ oUdjj 5J>^I ^U-Vl 



.^jaMi^yi 






Guy Beaujouan, La science Hispano - Aiabe et les modalites de son inf - 14 luence, XIII congres infrnational ( \ 
D'HISTOIRE DES SCIENCES URSS, Moscu, 18-24 Aout 1971, Edition Naouka, Moscou, 1971. pp. 1-23. 



' J L^^ \ 1 . \ . ^1 j^_5^,^ ^1 iji^ ^j^^ ^^ 







r\ 




^l_iJ_JI 



Jj> ^j bj^\ tijU jikJI ^,y::^j LUI oJ.^;>ci. y^, ^i^^ y,^ ^^'^\ ji^ ^ 

. < ^ "^^ ^1 ..U>^ Jt U j>->-j Ai>JU U^:^- ^. ^Ij ^\J^\ oAa OiP 



. ^U ^Wlj (.U JjVl ,>:^ Ji l^ ol^Uji j^ tl^jl o^. ^r^^^ 



;^jj^l ^ 015:* ^^^1 ^1 ^ A.>JI -u^! A:ro J^ (0^ cJiJI Ot^ b» LHi Uj 












JJJl 



A. KOYRE, Aiistotelisme et platonisme dans la Philosophie du moyen age, in Etudes d'hlstoire de la pnsee 
scientinque, Paris, 1973, Gallimard, pp. 25-27. 



a 



>di ^ ^j^ J> ^CjVi jytL-^ j^ ,^1)1 ^ t^l^i ^j . r \ - rr 



lUJiJblp JL**^ ( > V) 



Yrr-YYY.(_y» 



ij WW Sj-i; t uJJI ^ oULSJl 









i^aj i.UJl ii^r*»JI it^ 



TY 



cjULWIj oUUdl ^ bjjJ : ^ojVI 



iiliJI ^Julij! l^ ,yw^ ^\ U>\^J\ V^l A.>3 i^lji J Aij^Vl ^^- (»^L. L:-ri 

ju^ ijjXJi u,j*yi ^uJi j^;^ jjiy y^ i^wJi aUpVi ^^icj « jj-^^^D) v^ ty *--«i^i 

/^ *> (JUII ^ l^ OU>U oJl? ^1 kj>^^ '^JL. l^^u. dLUJI 

f^aijl dUJ5 ^l::; ^ 015 US' t o. j^^^l ljL U-jp^s:- l_.L->JI (Jl*j ^UiA*yi Jl cSil ^t>L-)[| 
o!>UUJI cl^j^ US' c ^1^1 JJUdI jj_^ J\ oyJl <UJI (.^ii oifj c oliljuJI ^L-^ 



«^ ijlwJI cjLidl JUjC^I ^J a---j^1 t^ ajjUcJI 

HEATH. L, Euclid the Thirteen Books of the Elements, DoVer Publications, New York, 1956, 61 2, pp. 122 { \ ^) 




-186. 



i>,;t-tU «L»Jlj ijUVl Jjl i^iS I. ^/UiJVI ji>ll ijb : JIUI Jj^ >. >l t 



u.iiiiii 1,^.. ^•VMt.i .-.K- ,111 L. II. . . IL.. .<\.i .1. ...1.1.1.. i<r .. " ii. II ,'ilili . u. . 



A. Key- :">:l ^jllUi Jii* ^1 ^j dLLSl jU* ^_ SSUI ^>p . LyJi^iUl J\ v>>^l fl5:>-Vl 

r6, Les etapes de la cosmologie scientifiques , in Etudes d*histoire ... op . cit. p. 93. 

A, Djebbar , Le ti'aitemenf des fractions dans la tradition matiiematique arabe du maghreb, in Histoire de frac- 
tions, d' Histoire , BirlchauserBa.sel . Boston . Berlin 1992, pp. 224 - 244. 

M. ABALLAGH. Les fractions ena-e ia theorie et la pratique chez Ibn al - Banna al - Murrakushi ( 1256 - 1321) 
, in Histoire de fractions, d'HistoIre, Birkhauser Basel . Boston . Berlin, 1992, pp. 247 - 258. 

A. DJEBBAR, Mathematique et linguistique dans le Moyen Age arabe. L'exemple de I'analyse combinatoire au 
Magreb. in Bernard Ribemont : Approchc dc quclqucs disciplines et personnalitcs scienti flques medt- 
vales, Pris Klinckisieck. 1991, pp. 15 - 29. 



rr 








SjU^I ^ _^ 0^ Jl ^Li^" l^ v^l ^^ »jL^ crr-^"-' ^^^' c^^l ^J^^ ^> 



Sljjj .l^liJU JjVl ^jjJb i.^W^-/JJt ^U( J>Jbr ^1 v^ .l:ii-l^- A-J-^^^l oLSJJij 






. ?N |.l 0LJ.LJI ^^ cJJl- ^ cJl5 lil U ^jJI J^ bjl U^ j>UI 






. (_^jlw*>JlS 



/JUI iiJUl ^^1 bUJ ^ Sj/i« Ujl>J .1^1 olii. ^ c^l 5^.^ L:5 dJli* 01 U5 



LlU ' j'c^I SJbJip C:? dlU (1)1 U5 

(U) 



\i 



oUL_LJIj oL-UJl ^ ijjJ : ^JoVl 






. ('f "^ liu bib ^ hj^J ^ril->- ^^" Ji ^Jj-^' ^ 




ijj-^lj iriU>JI JLplyJI j^, ^^, v^l (>* >-i-/»JI IIaj t l^ v.yJ' J^ ^ijMl oNbfcJI 



^1 oiJ>i! ;JbJi>- i^W o^ Sjlt^ >* C^^ ^^ >.r^*^ ^ l>b ' ^"^"^ c/-*il U^'J 



J*jJI IJL^Jj t iJUjjj iiJCJOj L^j\i le>j^ jiUw Jl*> V '■^•*^l ti'^' t^Jjl>»JI "^l ^ l/^ 



i^ji^JI ^L-;JI» ^jjl>JI v^ J^^^ a- ^J^ J* ^.^ '^-^- -^^ cj^>^ ^^^^^ ^ ^Jj\j^\ 



A^ ^ *li. J-UNL ^. 



^>JI 




«r^l ^ Jh^Ji -J^^ 'J^ ^^liJrOyJI ^^ Adelard de Bath ^'U' ^J^^' ^>^' v^' ^J^' t/*-> 



To 



^ !ju_;*yi ,^ oL_- i[-i^\ 




;jj^ ^Ml (JL* oJ jij c ■oJ.JbrJI A^L^I lkj^\ ol* yj ^ ^L- JiVl > ^1 j\ ^^bU 

. ^^ ^^j/JuJl ^jjlyJI > U^ Wh 1-Uii.l o-l^J V-^^"^' ^M-^ 






LJ^ .^ ^^fl v>Jl Jl 6=i»^l^l J:S <y W*^ 0:=- Jl ^^^ ^^^ ''^'>^' '^>' 



,U.jl lU^ oSjJl ^ ^ c^Jl^ IfllJ ^ SjJ^l Vl^l ^i^^^' Oi ^ SJWi ^a; S-JO^I 0^ 

UaU ^ju-.i j^i o^j .^"'^ v^i ^.> J^ ^ ^"^^ J^ a- ^^^ ' ^> °^ -^ r>^' 

A DJEBBER Quclques aspects dc Talgcbrc dans la tradition ... op . cit, p. 105, 




. AA ^^ ; J.UI ^^1 c ,/xLS;^ji 



(tY) 



T*\ 



o 



I.LUllj oUulJI ^ dj^ : ^ojVt 



. lJ JJ^I oL^UJ! jy> SOIL- cJl^ ^^1 o>UI Sj_^l ^ Ua^^J ^" jL^ ^sr-^-^^ 



^ ^! y. >dJ lliU :)l^ i|JlJli , ^'^y\ (JbJI ;>• :i2kJI al^ |.>JI ^.jb ^i^iA;:^! c^^lj 



j>.gi 015 c 0>JI il* ^ AkiJ L/J A?^ Jj^j Jl ^- ol^jJI J5 V cJir ^;iJI ciJ^ll 
.Ikpii iU53l IaJu>-j ^Ij V ^>" V^k^l u^j-^l f l-^l L^J V-^^ aKa*j Oj-aWw 

. (. \ ^ U^l ^^ VJj^Vl oLJ.L>J ,yJ>JI t^jju^l ^ '^j^r ^> 

i^JCj»)) ^y^ ^Ji>^, Jj ,_^X^I J**)b ^^-^1 ^^L-^l ^,^\sU ^-isA. N j:^Ml II* d\ ^j t i*^ 







A, DJEBBER, Enseigiiement et Recherche Mathematlqiics dans le Maghreb des XIII XIV siccles, (VV) 
Publiccaions Mathematiques d'Orsay , Fiance no 8 1 - 02, p. 66. 

A. DJEBBER, Enseigncmeiit ct Recherche Mathematiques ... , op. cit, p. 66 , p. 128 Nl.'54. (To) 

oT . J^ ;4^ ^^1 ; t5>JI Oi-^1 JW (VV) 



taman 



Sayyid pre - publication d'Orsay : Universite Paris - Sud, 1984. 



J 



. AV- Ai^ ; (.\ • <\Ar t o>Jly;Ji> : .UJl jlJJI c AiUiJi 



TV 



Ja_-;*yi , _i cj\ 




-^ 




U"**! 



J ^Ijo^j ^^k^c^ UJU ; J>-JI ^. ^U Up 6yi\ Jcv^ ^ c^-^- *^ '^^' "^^ ^-^ 



Le Cid) jj^^\ o>-^l c>>-r^> <^J^' ^*^' -^ • ^ -'-^' -'*-^^'-' ^-^^^**^' ^^I>*^1 
0>.(^l a:^ 'H^p\ ^,'^\'Koh^^^\^\ vyJI Oj^jjJI -uU jU.1 c|i3l (RodrigoDiaz 

^b:? ^l- ,^pku-. N aiWj .^I cT--^' ^ J^' c^JI ^J>JI s5* -^ ^H 





-GUI::? ^S>-\ Cj^ JbJl;^3l ^Jo^Jl <JlL^\ 11* ^ly.l ^ J^l -^l ^y. 4^^ J ^^ 0^' ^ ^^ 

^ J? ^ G,,^ Vbj-^i CJ^--^ ''•''-^^ c^^ '^^^' '^^^ '^^'^' iJiJi :^ '" ■ * 



cu 









) 



^ t ^LJt ol>uJI ^1.... ^}J^* 









3:^ , ;^L ^ >:7^M v-^ JJL-j ^ « Wr>^i cr- 



.AA 



JL.1^1 J jjSxJ\ UU. ^J ;JL-^I oV ^kj ^-^y. M -A^l ■>^^' f 



VA 



UL_U!lj oLiiJI ^ dj^ : ^J^^\ 



d\ d^ t ^X*^b ^\\dji\j <^J^i\ aJ! cJl^j lilil ^J\ ^j^^\ ir^ '^^J\ o-i* 









I 



-b Ju^ (^1 il>;L; ^U j;_rt' JjV ' kr--^h kj^^ oU>^l Jjb:j i^ JJlj ^ 



]ll!l 





/'*^ ^^JLfJl ^y> «uJi" jj^ (l)ji 






•» 4 

OJJ 



Ul iJliil UJUI wtiJLlI OU t cp oyljxJI oUji-Jl SjJiJ ^. U.J tiJUl ^^1 yoj ^bJI 
JiiP iJLJi c|.UUc-.Jl(.\*riAi^^y LjJUpIj ik^^ c,S>- ji 1 S j-^S/ 1 ^j iy ^>i 



.Ao^ t JjUI^_^I t t^>JI jjjoJIJU^- ill) 



b\S^\Jii\J^\:^'JJ^,^^iJ^\yi\^J^^^^.^^X^\6\>^\J^^i:'\^J^^ 



uUb. UjLxpI Jj> iiJuJI JlSLl"^! ^jo; 5/^ iJL-^ ^^1 jLc, ii-^ ; '^'cf^ h^-^^ 6\^'H\ 






^ .1^ ^ojI oJil i_Hrj cJ^' /-ill /^l ^y> C/. Cr^y^ 6lSx^'i\ ^\:S ^\J J^j II* ^ ^1 

Djebbar Deux mathematiciens peu Connus ... , op , cit. 



\\ 




jMi 




Ol V3 







^Wl ^>] Oj^. o=r^Uj S^ o^ 6^3 crij ^b^ t^r ^^ ^^ c^ l^t dili ^ S^l 






: cpo 



o>S Uj ^\sS ^ iwUlj ^culiJij 2-UI J ^^^i\ o>i U V /S .-uJI ^ : JjVl ^jJI ^ 

. JjL^ Up .1 jj i^gij AilWb V^lj J/"^! c/ o--^^ °/^ 

DJEBBAR La contiibution mathematique d'al - Mu' taman et son influence au Maghreb. Colloque inaghreb n 
sur les sciences arabcs. Bayt al Hiknia, 14 - 13 fevrier 1986. Carthage ( Tuni.sie) paraitre dans les actes du 

J°P° HOGNEDI JK, Discovry of an 11 th - centurry geometrical compilation ; The Istikmal of Yusuf al 
Mu'taman Ibn Hud, King of Saiagossa . Hisloria Mathcniatica 13, 43 - 52. _.,,., . . , ,, . ^..^(fK\ 



1. 



|.L_U*Jlj oLJLaJI ^ Dj^ : ^X^(I 



^l^-'^lj -o/!l)) c i^xSi"^ oUUJlj J^'yU -? c oU_^l v-"^' oU)>JI ^y 0=:? G^ 
;_p^bU «Si>Jlj ilW J^^^l ^^» ^^/ '-J^ '^^ <> ^r^ ^^^^.J ^>^ ^^ u^">^' 




J ^ij ^lj\ IJLa JJ Uj^ Aiv- JJ Uji>J ji\j ^ nVA i:-- (Giovanni Civa) LL-. J\i0\ 

ASC <l±Ji i^U (CG , BF , AE) J.>^ aJ^U cJl^ lil : L^ Jjk ji\ ^ « JU^i-NIo V^ 



AG/GB = (AF/FC). (CF/EB) : 0^ D iSj^l^ ikiJ J ^^■ 



J. P. HOGNEDI JK, Le roi - Geometre al - Mu ' Tamaii ibii Hud et son livie de la perfection (Kitab al-Istikmal) (.i\) 
actes du colloque International d' alger sur 1' histolrc des mathematlqucs arabesAlgcr, 1988, La maison 

des Uvres, p. 56. 

JP. HOGNEDI JK, Le roi - geometre al - Mu' Taman Ibn Huk ..., op. cit , p. 56. ( ° ' ) 

A. DJEBBAR , La Contribution mathematique d'al - Mu' taman ..., op. cit. ( * ^ ) 

J.L . HOGNEDI JK, Le roi - geometre al - Mu'taman Ibn Hud..., op, cit, p. 65. ( « ^ ) 



1\ 




;Vl , _j oi ^L_. -_Jt 







W^^J 






f 



\o 4 > Y 0^1 j>ri L. o-^J^^/l ^/ oL^UjI 



. <^*^^!^^1 v>JJ ^^' ^>Vl ji.LJI Cj^ J>^ ^Si=^l «I* o^ -^.-^i 



Ai^^ci^ i^D! ^Uill ^I^UJi*. UJ ^.^j^lj Oi^xi^l Otn^LJI .[^\ ij^ 



^u c^iil ^I cy. y^^ V^^J' <^^'^' ^^^^=^' o^ '^^ J^^-^ "^^' '^ ^ ''-^^ ^^"^^ 

^JL)| i^l y.j c ^^^1 ^y^ ci^^/l >l^l o^ iii^ '^^^^ ^-^"^^ O^ ^.-^l 

^>JI ^Ij ^ ^j\ Sjj-^ U (.jI- oI U^y, ^\j c 5:.s:*^i ^i^i ^.j^ J^^^Cj^^^^ 



op. cit. p 64. 

M. ABALLAGH 

Kamil , Historia Mathematica 14 ( 1987) , 147 - 158. 



(or) 






GUY BEAUJOUAN , La science Hispano - Aiabe ..., op. cit, pp. . 7 - 8. 



lY 



o 



.L_kJlj oUodl ^ OjjJ : ^-^^ 









cy 



. ,i^| liA ^ <iUI ol>ll <^ 5j/Ul v^bjl JU^^II -^ '^^* 




Nd^^^^U^ 



; i^.JuJi ^>Ji oljJ Or-jL-JI (y rfr-^^ r* 'j^^ ^^' ^'^-^ ^^ O^^J aJ^' ^ U- 

^ ^JL^l il.UJ .1^1 o,J^\ c^JJIj ^cril -Mi ^^ V^J o^ ^^ "^^ JliJI J^ J^ .A^ 



\Uil c >dJ Jli J jl. c Ja-Vl ^>JL ^Ldlj Li>^l J^ oL«rlr C^ ' V-yi ^y-J' vf 



. o't. \\ . ^ i^.jUI ii^l iLO^ v>-" -^^1 

^1 jjl j^l^pi Ji-P (oA) 



• Sit 



IV 



Jji_jV| ,^ oL_- — J>l-ij-J\ 







Lj-J l>Jb Ujuu >J>>-Ji^M dji\ J ^JbVl ^LJ* ^Lohl 0^. Ol ^i^ Ju>cJI ^j 



/^^>>^jN ^Vl j^yUJI j^l iOa^^l iojjj^^l oU.M ;/ 4^ 



^^^_J r_^ CyL. lljJ oy^ yL^ ^liJI by^\ jl y> Ai. i1li« 0>; Ol .^ o^> 0^ 



0>^. Oi^' cH-L*^ ' v^>" "J^l c> >^~^' ^^1^1 -i*^! J* Jj*^' : Or-c^J 



M.ARKOUN, PRESENTATION DJBN TUFAYL, in Pour unc critique de la ralson Islamfque Edit. 
Maisonneuve & Larose, Paris, 1984, pp. 327 - 348. 

11 



I.L_Ulj oLIaJI ^ dj^ : ^a^Vl 






Ci j ^s- ^ i* 



c. >^l ^1 ._^ ^^axU SJu^l Jl v^Sj o^\i y -^I Or-LJl :hI y'^J^^ 



o>Nl jj JiLliJIj ^1 ^ ljyrj\ ^^^ V^~-^' c/ ^'^-^^^ r^ '^^-^ oU.bJI 

^y^, a*;>^ , ia^^l ^yJI JuiiJl ,;^„ Ui - <; ^>" ci-iJij V^yi ^^^1 ./ JJ-^' 



. ^^H\ ^ oiL- 3LSi> ^j ^J^\j ^\ Ji i-^lj Vr^l </^ C^. "^ ^^^ 

/^»> ^ ^Ulj ^ ^^Ul ^yU or*^ o^jjjl 6w.kj tl^l 



A. DJEBBAR, L'analyse conibiiiatoire an Maghreb: I/exempIc d^Ibn Munini. Publications mathematiques {\0) 
d'Orsay, n'85 - 01 . Orsay : Univerite Paris - sud. 



10 



^ ijL^Vl , ^ C^l-- iU^I 




c ^.>J1 oljj^ J-i^" V*:*^)^' '^•J^' ^y ' > ^-^^ ^?^'-' ' ^r ^ ^ ^ "^ ^ ^ 



«(u^U^I JL^I ,;,.a-^-'> ^c^Ul::^ M o^l ^^^ 



"^j 



1^1 c^L,^ i^l oNbr^l ^ i^bJl -^y^\ -^1^ J=J^ Cr^" o^ "J^ -^* ^^' 



^*>lj^ 



juioJl J\ ^UJl i^lj ^tJI c5j^ J^^.W> ^y-^ ii^' «^"'^' cr^- '^^ '^^'•^ 
liJJ^ J. LjU. O^bj JJ 0- J-^ o^ '-^ M 0^1 V^ C-^ r^ '^^ ' ^> -'^ ^^^ 

sli^ iJLJl oli^ 2i^ "o>^l vl>rJI ^^1 1-^ .> • ^"^' ^'^'-^ ^^^' 

^UJl ^.^IxSI .u^ c^DI jL^I :>A;^ </51 ^^1 VJa-"j c/l^l J^^' J^ ^^-' 

J,^ .1^ ^,J>^ ^.^^ V^^l o^-^^^l o^ '^^^J^^ r>^' o^jccJ^I diJi i^ 

A DJEBBAR,, L'analyse conibinatoirc aii Maghreb ..., op. cit, p. 7. • j^ 

: J^\ (lA) 

M ABALLAGH, RAF'AL-HIJAB D'lBN AL - BANNA. EDITION CRITIQUE.Tiaduction etude 
Philosophique et Analyse Mathematique . These du Doctoral. Univeisite de Paris I(Pantheon Sorbonne ) 1988, 



P. 747. 



i% 



o 



I^L_LJIj oL-iiJI ^ Oj^ : ^ojMi 



j,'^\ j^\ > JiLi>JI > ^^ - U I4. ^IdJ ^bN A^.jl: vW-^J - o-^^^^l u- V>*^' 



ij^iuji js- ^ W-^' c3>Ji i^i^^ iJ^j ' cP^"^' ^.cr^^j^ v-^-^'^i r>^' cr* 



ilaiJil ju. L4IP ^UJl ^ ll*L^ a,U> i;.JU. yi-lj VJ-^"^' ^^ ^--^ -^^ ^-^^ ti^U^l 



Vi>Nl ;:rL 0x0 ^ L5L4J jiuJ dUi JOo UjiU ^ ^oi'^iL v^i ^J >-^ ^^ ^'■^ 






• 1 •• 




:i*;l>- 



;^LJI ^^1 cJil:S\ U iyr^ dliij JjiJI II* ^J je ^ <^^^ M' V:^^ «j^^ 
Ijl^l ^1 dUi L^Lor Jii t ;L>J J? ^ L4^l^ 3^% (^l^lj >^lj 5>^ ^^ hi ^-^^^ 

^^ ^1 oji^ ^1 dJ^\ ^ c>Jl Lbi ^y^ijl c/i' ^>^^ • ^^' d'^^'-' C^^' '^ 






. ^UJLdJl 






IV 



)jl_jVI , _i ol_^ ^W>— II 




^^ Ojl oJl^ Wit y. ^U:NI jJHjUl ^ v^)^l cr^^^^l ^ ^^ JJ^ r*^ ^^ > 



uJi v^>i <riy^' ^^1 r-^ t> r->^' 







UUJJI A^jjj^^l OJuJI J_p.r:- iijy^ ir^ljl-' ^^^ u^ <-''^>^^^ V^' J^*-^ ^^^-^ilJI 



L^ 






C-^ 



^L^^/ ^>J1 ^>" 2^1 J^ O'yi ^" o>JI oLwplj a^L-Jlj oU^UJI cJl^ lili 






lA 



oli^L-kJIj cULUI ^ djjJ : ^JuVl 



4J1 j-^j u of (.>Ji ^^b- ^>~i .i^ c ii^^b tl-J^^i a- •J^.>Ji > ^1 '^^J ' ^>i-^ 



jUij ii^L^ gi V-iJli *^ "^ii OjM Ji^ '^•J^ >*J >^ i/^>" J-*^ o^ 



. *:Jly J.I-J 0/11 j\jJ ^ kj^\j vliiJI l::Jl-'j oU-lj ^^^ ^ 



i^ 



^ . ^ '^^—. — s^Lj^I 





. . \ AAV JbjJo. <■. iiU^I 'V^ ^^-*^' 



; iiUill 



J 



b : oj^ c ^j^\ jy.^l JU^ J>-" ^ • • • o^y^ • ^-^^^ J^'^-^- 



c 



:(jion :o)tfU{^j^fl-i^l 



c ^Ij U^i:3lj -^^1 '^ W- : «^^' ' ""^->^' c>^ '>"^ '/ 




JJI 






i^UJI obyt> : ^y c ^^ ^^ i-ryj J^" ^ -^> J^^ o^^"- 



: jbU jus*^ I t|jii^ 



U3I 



J 






0. 



oUL_k*J!j oLJUdl ^ djjJ : ^-ijVI 



:C*iVV:o) t ^ j^t ^ ju*,^ 431 jup Jit 4 t^Ju*»Jl^UJI 



ijlAL>J*y !» : OljX~ <d JU* ^ i\jj{ Ju>^ oijj! t ^>» j^-^ .aip tAi* ^_;iaJl 11* a^ 






.^\'\AY 



r 



.(.\'\VA 



o\ 



Mk 



]s-Ji\ ,^ oL_- — ^L-i^l 




. ^ox^ . ^^ul c ^liJbJbJi c ^u sjuvi (.>Jij v'^'^i V^ 



f 



^\^S^. ^UU 4.^.^1 jlJJI : sy^liil ^ a-^>Aj\(l .Up ^.jl: 




^ 



1 



jb : .ugi jijJi Oj"^' =^I' V-^Ji v>-J^ ^^I-* t'^^' ^>^ ^^'^ 



: tJ j*jiU t^-^ 



r 







oY 



o 



.U^JIj oUUdl ^ ijjJ : ^oiVt 



lajjP^X**.^ 



^Lj^ (V-JJ^"^! V^ulJI c;^>^l J^ <>• ^''>^l 'Jj^ -^ *i^ s?* OjX-u.jjJI » 

.iA_r\ 






: '*^>i\ erl^l 



Aballagh,M. &ADjebbar: 

Decouverte d'un ecrit mathematique d'al - Hassar ( Xlle S.) Le livre I du Kamil , 
Historia Mathematica 14 ( 1987). 

Aballagh, M. : 

Les fractions entre la theorie et la pratique chez Ibn al - Banna al - Murrakushi 
(1256 - 1321) , in Histoire de inactions, d'Histoire, Birkhauser Basel . Boston . 

Berlin, 1992. 
Aballagh, M. : 

Raf al-Hijab D'ibnal-Banna, Edition Critique Traduction.etude Philosophique et 
Analyse Mathematique , These du Doctorat, Universite de Paris I(Pantheon 
Sorbonne ) 1988. 

Arkoun M. : 

PRESENTATION D, IBN TUFAYL, in Pour une critique de la raison islamique 
Edit. Maisonneuve & Larose, Paris, 1984. 

Baity - Guesdon, Marie Geneveve : 

" Le Bayt al - Hikma de Baghdad", a paraitre dans les actes du coUoque de Paris 
Sur la Philosophic et 1' Histoire des Sciences Arabes, 22- 25 novembre 1989. 

Beaujouan, Guy : 

- L' enseignement de I'arithmetique elementaire a I'Ohiversite de Paris aux XIII - 
XIV siecles, SEPARATA DEL HOMENAJE A MILLAS V ALLICROSA, Vol. 
I , Consejo superior de investigaciones cientificas, Barcelona, 1954. 

- La science Hispano - Arabe et les modalites de son inf - 14 luence, XIII congres 
intrnational D'HISTOIRE DES SCIENCES URSS, Moscu, 18-24 Aout 1971, 



Edition Naouka, Moscou, 1971. 



or 



UT- 



Ijl^VI ,^ oU- ^Li^l 



Djbbar, A. : 

- L'analyse combinatoire au Maghreb: L'exemple dlbn Munim. Publications ma- 
thematiques d'Orsay, n'85 - 01 . Orsay : Univerite Paris. 

- La contribution mathematique d'al - Mu' taman et son influence au Maghreb. 
Colloque maghrebin sur les sciences arabes. Bayt al Hikma, 14 - 15 fevrier 
1986. Carthage ( Tunisic) paraitre dans les actes du colloque. 

- Deux mathematiciens peu connus de I'Espagne du Xle siecle: Al - Mu'taman et 
Ibn Sayyid pre - publication d'Orsay : Universite Paris - Sud, 1984. 

- Enseignement et Recherche Mathematiques dans le Maghreb des XIII XIV 
siecles, Publiccaions Mathematiques d'Orsay , France no 81 - 02. 

- " Les mathematiques arabes et liur environnement" actes de 1' Universite d*Ete 
du Maine sur 1 " Histoire des mathematiques (6-13 Juillet 1984). 

- Mathematique et linguistique dans le Moyen Age arabe. L'exemple de I'analyse 
combinatoire au Magreb. in Bernard Ribemont : Approche de quelques disci- 
plines et personnalites scienti fiques medivales, Pris Klinckisieck, 1991. 

- Quelques Aspects de ;' algebre dans la tradition mthematique arbe de I'occident 
musulman , actes du premier colloque ineterational d' Alger sur I'Histoire des 
Mathematiques Arabes, Alger , La maison des livres, 1988. 

- Quelques aspects de la tradition mathematique arabe dans le Maghreb extreme 
(Xll-XVIe siecles), a paraitre dans les actes du 4 colloque Maghrebin sur 
I'Histoire des Mathematiques arabes(Fes, 2- 4 decembre. 1992) 

- Quelques commentaires sur les bersions arabes des Elements d'Euclide et sur 
leur transmission a 1' Occident musulman , a paraitre dans les actes du colloque 
international de wolfenbuttel en Juin 1990, AUemagne. 

- Le traitement des fractions dans la tradition mathematique arabe du maghreb, in 
Histoire de fractions, d' Histoire , Birkhauser Basel . Boston . Beriin 1992. 

Guichard, Pierre : 

Structures sociales " orientales" et occidenatales dans V Espagne musulmane , 
Paris - La - Haye, Mouton ( E. H. E . S . S . " Civilisations et societes " 1977. 

Heath, L. : 

Euclid the Thirteen Books of the Elements, DoVer Publications, New York, 1956. 

HOGNEDI JK, J, P.: 

- Discovry of an 11 th - centurry geometrical compilation : The Istikmal of Yusuf 
al Mu'taman Ibn Hud, King of Saragossa . Historia Mathematica 13, 43 - 52. 

- Le roi - Geometre al - Mu ' Taman ibn Hud et son livre de la perfection (Kitab 
al-Istikmal) actes du colloque international d' alger sur V histoire des 
mathematiques arabesAlger, 1988, La maison des livres. 



ol 



oUUwJIj oLJudl ^ djj^ : ^AiVl 



Koyre, A. : 



- Aristotelisme et platonisme dans la Philosophic du moyen age, in Etudes 
d'histoire de la pnsee scientifique, Paris, 1973, Gallimard. 
Les etapes de la cosmologie scientifiques , in Etudes d'histoire de la pnsee 
sciantifique, Paris, 1973. 



Rashed, R*: 



La notion de science occidentale, in : Entre arithmetique et algebre, recherches sur 
r histoire des mathematiques arabes, Les Belles lettres , Paris, 1984. 

Sesiano^ J, : 

Le Liber Mahameleth , un traite mathematique latin compose au Xlle siecle en 
Espagne, actes du colloque international d' Alger sur 1" Historire des 
Madiematiques Arabes, 1988. 

Youschkevitch, A.: 

Les Madiematiques Arabes, Traducdon francaise , vrin, Paris, 1976 . 



00 



►LJ«Jlj oUiJI ^ djjJ : ^a:Vl 



^aJJjl ^/uaLj flU^Lkid 



(♦) 



^iU __^ j^j 3 J-^»^ : j_j5jJI 



V,t*>»Jl JlOUlMMU* 



. ^bJI j^j ^% J^^\ ^1 c5>^— '1 L> 'jJ^ ^*-^ '-^ 

UI^I 5UJ1 ^ S^L. ^ jt 5_^U U^ Ijyi ^.iJI Or^^'i'l Ocr^y I ^-^ JjU^j 



criJ 



THE ANDALUSIAN MATHEMATICIANS' 

CONTRIBUTION TO 
THE SCIENTIFIC LIFE IN IFRIKIA IN THE MIDDLE AGES 



By 



Dr. Hemida Hadfi 



( AB STRACT) 



The cultural life in Andalusian flourished in die beginning of the fourth Hijrian 
century (10th century A.D) i.e. with the beginning of Abderrahman Ennasser's reign, 
8th Omeiade Khalifa in Andalusia (3()0-35()AH./ 912-961AD) and philosophy. 



^_jSci\j o>dJ >Vl -^^b iU ; oL^Ljl j^.jL- : vi-^i J 6^ S^W^ - oL^LJI ^ IM (*) 



o-'y 




o\ 



l^\ SUJI ^ ^JUVI ^Ij UjbL^ 



astronomy and mathematics started being taken in interest. That favoured the birth of a 
scientific Andalusian "school" and the appearance of many scientists who influenced 
the local and regional and even international scientific levels. 



We shall try to take a census of those Andalusian mathematicians who had a direct 
or indirect effect upon the scientific life in Africa in the Middle Ages. We shall include 
in this census both the mathematicans who travelled to Africa or to one of its cities such 
as Kairouan, Mahdia, Tunis to teach or to study or to acquire knowledge in spiritual law 
by listening to famous learners (such as Imem Sahnun), and who left Andalusia and 
emigrated to Ifrikia where they settled definitely and devoted themselves to teaching. 
We shall mention, too, the Ifrikian mathematicians who studied in Andalusia. 



^. 



ol.L_kJlj oLiiJI ^ djj^ : ^ajVI 



tit ^ 



. ;LSU UJ :>\^ dj^ oU.bJI jlj «r> "J^ ol^L-^ 5:^-^1 f j^' dri^Lr* J ^^^ (/*' 






"J 






^^! 4 ^.>5JI Ja! ^ i5ij ^l" ^y. >-l J^ iJbJ SjIdP jl ^L. ("iU^" Jl iji ^ :«r-^l-!l ^ 



i_Jb ;ijj> iU^ Olj^l cJl^j ; .t^iUI ij^ ^5* SjlJ^I ^^J c/^' C^^" Jl 



ojHJ 



.<^) ^li!l 0>)l ^ i^l^j c$>?-fr^l J^l Ml ^J-^ ^ ^^^^ V^-^^ 






. 1*$:>J I c^ .loo _ 



. iJLJI oLixJI 



. <L2iJI 



. ^H\ (♦i^l AjLjJ ^ o^'^'J'^ (J^ -iJ^ 



V ' . 1 -^ iJLP . ;-jjs3i oL-i/Ji . " t^j^i viJWi 0^1 ^ ^^^ij Ui>! w oii^Ji " ^UxJt a*^ ( ^ ) 






^\ 



;^| sUJI ^ ^jljVI ^Lu i^L- 



. vJjj! uIp i-jju j^ Jl c5^! u jA J (^ ^ 1 ^ -*r • 



Oj^i Jtju vi>ii i:^! 5u>Ji ^ o-'-^'^^ ^"^'^ ^^ (:r^ "^^ d^' ^ ^^' ^ 



: Ul^Nl JL4P ^ 






I <— ^1 r^i JUj-I ^^7*^ 






(1) J^*-^ 












^i t . . . ajia*ji Vs-^ 



^Y 



oUUxJIj oUixJI ^ bjjJ : j-JojVI 



^ITj ct>;*w CK ^**- iJI'-^v- >f c^ i-i^.* CH Ju^ li^l -^f •>b cy*^.» --^"^ oU>JI ol* 






. Olj^U U.Lij JxJtJ ^^, O! ^^^ ^y (^ 






: V^UJI«!>UJlJifP-r 



. (^ ^ ) ilj^U v^liJI iJ^UI ibU ^ UJL^i^ LiJU ^ UL^JIj i^ 






,di 










a^ ' "-Vi 



^r 



A_JjJl SUJI ^ ^Si\\ ,jf^\jj i«jkL^ 



iiJbi^ AjvS'iij Jjl^ iJtiLJ ^,j-^ ^15U U.^j :4Ji^i ^ js:^ ;i^uJi i^ dis' jiijj 



I ,^1^1 1 j»5:^i J14* _r 



Oyb 41P ^ L. ^j ^t>L.>l ^y^\ J^15C ^1 ^Ui)l U^UJil ^\y b\jji\ J«rU 



. ^liil ,>»:^jj| JL* v«l. ^j (M) 

H. D . idris, la berberie orientale sous les Zirides Xe - Xllle s., Adrien, Maison neuve, Paris, 1962, T2 p 803. ( ^ o) 



. i>\y.>,A ^ UJj <i\yS' ^j I iyk* y^j ( \ "\) 






J^^\j.(^ ^A^-'\^v /^ rvi-rvn ) ^.^Ji ;Jj-Ji ^j^c^A cu^i ^i (. ua-U<\ 



^j j^ jS- r- Jji>o- ; v->>Jlj ^J^Ml jL*^r^ Vj**J' "^WI ' cr^lj-JI t^jlJ* Ch' • J^J^' 



M 



oULJ«Jlj oLJiJI ^ djj-i : ^xVl 



/^ • ^ ^LjJI dUi osl US' oT^l ^ 






0^1 IIa ^;^j LJJ^- UIp la^ Oj^- 6l Ui. iljl aiJj c l^-jbl J Ji^lj ( J^l ^b) ULw. 

/^^> «... JUj,yL«^l^ 









-Ji^l 



(Y\) 












Ao 



L^\ sUJI ^ ^juMI ^^lij i-^Lv. 









<^^> i*^l 






44 ^^^ ** 






J_^Vl jij t ^l^-*j 







^_xJi (^^) Ji^Jl ^ 



1 






.\iVY^Y 2^ . . . OjJiJI oli^ (YA) 
^L->l 5jU>Jlj i^yJI /.>l!I JUai » : ^^.^ a>^ c A ^ • ^ c Y 2- c... UyL!l_;jj3l i:iL ; ^_ji\ (T \) 



^j ; iusjJI ; jLVi ^u io ^j ,rr .r\ ^ r*L^\iL^ a y^ y\) j^j o'.^^l : *^ J^\ (tY) 






. \ 6 ^ c J. ciL5iJu jLjVi ^1 (ro 






.YlY^j^\Y^ 



11 



lfL_k«Jlj oUUxJI ^ djj-i : ^d;Vl 






fj^ jUijI dUi J.Uj 4Ji>k c/vi^i^l ^1 AiU ^ ioU U^ VJl^I sUJI ojS-j Jl2J 









^\jr.V>JI^^._.>J| 



IV 



UUI 5L>JI ^ ^JuVl ^^Ijj 4^L^ 






Lf<uAt ^j c ^y OJ^ l^ or-jl^b oL^b^ or-jJ^I d«^ Ot^^^ '■^-^ ^^.J V^ 



.YVi^.5-lf:j'illJJ;,/S:^lbL (io) 



. Yr Y _ Y « ^ ^ t ... Ui?\>. <^^kj\ ■ lj^^\ 1^ ^y- "l^ L. ;«rlr u^. ^ ^^^ 



A Aballagh et a. Djebbar, Decouverte d"un ecrit Mathematique d"al Hassm- ( XUes) ; le Liver I du Kaniil, i 
hlstoria Mathematlca 14, 1987, pp 147 - 1.58. 



lA 



UL_k*J|j oUuJl ^ Oj_^ : ^xVl 



,j^_ iJLjl .JAj . ^y oa^ oUiU^J ^>-jljJI ;5JJ 1^ Urijj jU,^l iJL^ cJUj 






: J.UrU>-> 



? ^ yi Ui t Cji«^ i-^ (1)15" lij (^1 



('•>jU^I 










.A-^v^ ;i.jLij| (o^) 

Petit Odette," les relations iiitellectuelles entre I'Espagne et I'lfrigiga aux Xlle etXIVes". in IBLA, 1971 - 1 N" 
127 

• ^y ^^^.J *^^. u:?^.J -^ SOP ^1 oilj . ^|.UUJI ^^1 J* ^ o«^ ^ Jp ,>^l _^I ( or) 



. \ "W Y^ I VJ_^! i„UJ| oU_^ c ^y t t^iULiJl i « ^j; ^x\ ^Ij JU» (0 1) 



. \iY^ c ...iJjyljoL^LJI t ^yjU 50^^ ^1 c" oUiLjQ Ll:^ "U ^ ^I ^I jiJ (00) 



\\ 



l^\ sUJi J ^X,^\ ^bj i^L^ 



■wlj o~ij-^l </ cjJuxpIj j-JjXj ^jIjuJI LJk>«u t5:>UaL5JI oUJj^ cjj^\ aiJj 



:i*;U 



LJlp ^*Ix3 c IJL* ^jj i j^j ^Ju^/U 4iiL i^Iil t5jx»^l ^ Vi>k oL^Ljl ^ jJ 



^>JI c.,,.ka:..,l SI <: ii^U i>-j:. Jl ol>JI ,y^ ^ ^OJj IjjL ^. ^ UiyI > ^JJS/I 



. iJi.Vl SjUNi J^ ^ CU 11* d\Sj jlj^l Ji ^aJ^Jl ^ o^^^UJI ^I (.UiAl i^l 

44 



J^ J o^jLmI^ ^*l" d\ jJj Ixi^jv^-j^ ji^ UJ 4i^ UJ L^jLL* jc^lAJl A^ 01? aiJ J 



. OijjJJl ^^Uj ikJUl J U^lj Ul? t tilJL-^ ^ 



Jh ^j ^\ Uv=. oU-Ljl jU-Jl ^j i.U ii^ ULJI 5L>JI .lyM ^ \j^\^ ^\ ^>!! 

W'jW-JJ '^'^JA ^^" ^J-f-- CS^I '^^ •='rS: ^^J ' (*^^ "^^ Jsu-jV.ij i^^'l i-J>Jl oC^^J 



, Ui v^j t ti^UiiJl cjiiiycj^ olI>>i^l ^y Jb Jip ^ i^UJI oUSCJI J ^^ i^ jJt V^l t5>>^" ( <> '^) 



V. 



ol^\_k«Jlj oLJiiJI ^^ djjJ : j-Jj^Vl 



^fl^lj j:31aJI 



: ^^^jaJIj^U^ 



: j^^IjijJIUIj JjpU-^1 






: t/bjjiJI t/5*^l (—^1 t^l (ji •^^>^ *UI a-p ^U jbi ,^1 ,>il 






V\ 



L*LJI !L>JI ^j ^xH\ (f-v»ljj i»j<iL«v. 



Ij^^jJlOLJ t «-Ja*JI^I 



: SjjbUJi t IScs. 4JUI jlp a.*>,^ V^'>=~j o.Ji« a-^jj -ui- t U-U^^p jL>.! ^ itU^I 



: j^^^^l j-p I OjJlU ^1 



.^ ^ '^n ^ t y^lj ipLkU JLJUI c_>l::$3l jbj i^jjJI ^^1$:* : oj^ t ioJiiJ 



• cr-J* drf t/^ * -V^ tji' 



.JjbuJI jb : oyhUJI t oi-^ Jyi. . o c c_j>Jl Js^ J ^>J1 



: ^l^l^^jlip^l 










• ^ 



USUI ju>w. j^^j jUfl-t ^^u)i y t ^^UJI ^\ 

t »^jJlj j-iJIj ipLkU t^jU^I L.-c:5CJI : oj^ t (j^jj <-'-=>'^ Jc^^* t'^lc'jJ' 



VY 



ot.L_U3lj oLiiJI cr- ^Jj-* '■ u— '■^*^' 



jljJl : ^y c^UI ,>^ ^j ^Ul > jJ>Jj ^>- c ^yj U.j\ .UU oUJ, 



. C 



^ro\ 




I ^ JU»M j^ 4]| JLP JU»^ j{! t^Ujdl 






. »!;>-! i 4 J* ^r Y • t Aj^^l oyJI i*jkJI : ^y 







: i^jUalNI jujxui 4JL]| jl» _^U fL»j)l 



UiJI ili^l : ^y t ^Ul ju>^ jJl^"j jJ>o- c ^U»^l c^> 



vr 



^LJjJl 5L>JI ^J ,_^JuVl (cr^ljj A^jbL^ 



t i»j|^l JUj>-1 JUj^^ (3s^^ ^ tiUto (^.jfcJu A^l.^1 iijj^-^J tiUL*w*jt i^^jjjj dljljuJl ^^^j> 

. V^)^l ilijl^lj ^^j^^l Sjljj : -I'^JI 

t «jjjxU <L^jJI aS'jJLJI :^jj t Oli>- j/l jjI JU.;>>;^ Jj^^j <L-!ji t ^^iUaiiSI 5Jb-j 

.|.\'\VA 

^ 431 0^ /j j,Ic ^Ul 

(_5;_^kJI ^_y^j__^l a*>^ ^--^l^ i.r'J^^ ,X-^ (3:?^^ ' tT'J^' t^'^J 





. (. \ Ur t yiJIj <plkU ^:>U^I ^y^\j\i 



: oyJI^I^I 







: e-^l t^l>.:;iJl 



« •» 



.(^\^1A 



: LjUjll OjP ,^1-ji- j;,-*- 



f-l_)>-! Vt (»\ "WY t j^l <r^ ■ij-^>'' V-^>^' Miy^^j^' ojUi>JI ^ CjUjj 



VI 



ol^L-kJIj oLJLidI ^ djjJ : ^JGVI 



: ^yiUSJU>. 



. iJ_^_/ A>»— j i (j-jjj t iL»LJ)/l /»jJjJlj i—jliMl aJl? 



: *JJI JLP ^^ t ^lijJI 






:^.jJl^.^jjJI 



.iJli]|oaJlc|.^UVl 



• ft>JL^ JL%>'I fc l)IJLa^ 







^ t/*-*^ 



oJj>-j D ^ 5j^L/> ijj3j-fl i>t^ t i_JjjJI j_^l <^t>^^l ojU«a>Jlj ^y*-!l {*J^I JUijI _ 




JUJl 



|. ^ '\nA ; v-^l i-JiJI : ^y t ^U ^Uil dljlj^ ^;^ i>->.i^ aJLpI ^\j: _ 






: .:)li> ^U- ^jjii 



. Jj^JI jb : Oj^ c dJUullj 0U.LJI ^ ,yJ^I ^^1 ^\y 



Vo 



S-JUJI iUJl ^ ^juVI j^Lj i**L-. 




I^VI ^1^1 



A . Aballagh & A. Djebbar. 



decouverte d*un 6crit math^matique d'al hassar : le livrel du kamkil, in Historia 
Math^matica 14, 1987 , PP . 147 - 158 . 



Ch . Bouyahya . 

la vie litteraire en Ifriqiya sous les Zirides, Tunis, S. T . D . , 1972. 



F . Dachraoui, 

Le califat fatimide au maghreb, Tunis, 1981 



A . Djebbar. 

Ouelques 61dments nouveaux sur IdtiviltS mathfimatique arabe dans le Maghreb 
oriental (IX - XVI s.) in Actes du Deuxi^me Colloque International des 
Math6matiques Arabes, Tunis, 1988 . 



H , D . Idris . 

La Berberie orientale sous les Zrides - X - XIII s . , Adrein Maison neuve , Paris , 
1962. 



Petit Odette . 

les relationsintellectuelles entre 1 * Espagne et V Ifrqiya aux XIII et XIV s., in Ibla 
1971 -1,N° 127. 



V^ 



lam j||l t^jJEL^JL (uiLJLjJi iiLoJI ^ 



j^jXju- ^^oJl ^^U : jj::^jJI 



olfL-kJIj oLJidI jv-* djjJ : ^jJ^\ 



J=ui0||i t^^t^lt auhijull aLixll ^ 

(^ir-ir/^v-ij) 



(♦) 



JijJ^K^ ijiy j^^l ^^U : jj^^\ 



,_yjL«JI ^y\j ti^l cL«-->U Ijlj-aJL^I liLjoj ^l>Jlj OL^-j ^Uj (jlS'ly.j Oljj^jiilj 










THE ANDALUSIAN EXPERIENCE IN ALGERIA 
THE INFLUENCE OF THE B EJ AI A SCHOOL ON 
CULTURAL LIFE IN THE CENTRAL MAGHREB 



(6-7A.H./12-13A.D) 



By 

Dr. Nasereddine Saidouni 



(ABSTRACT) 



Andalusians had a tremendous influence on the cultural life in the Arab Maghreb 
throughout the Islamic period and even during the Ottoman era. As a result of the 

immigration of Andalusian scholars to the Maghrebi capitals, the Andalusian element 



. ^I^^Iwbr t «j_jlx)la^^ t (^.JL>Jlj^ijbJiibu-I t aJjjJUIj^:. (*) 



V^ 



iJL-jVli 




« • 



played a pioneering and creative role in scientific strongholds, as the cultural activity of 
such centers as Tunis, Kairoun, Marrakesh. Fez, Tlemcen, Algiers and Bougie (Bejaia) 
was a continuation of the intellectual contributions, and scientific achievements of 
Al-Andalus, which we subjected to harassment and onslaughts consequent upon the 
christian recovery of the Iberian peninsula. 

At the vanguard of the Andalusian cultural centres and intellectual schools in the 
Arab Maghreb was the school of Bejaia, which inspite of its importance, has enjoyed 
little attention from most scholar of Andalus heritage. This is what has impelled us to 
deal with Beiaia and its eenuine civilizational contribution. 



This paper will attempt to survey the circunstances that made Bejaia attractive to 
polarize Andalusian scholars for migration. It will define the special characteristics of 
this Andalusian School in Bejaia. 



A. 



ol»L_kJlj oL-iiJI r^ bjjJ : ^joVi 






Jj.Uj SjL^I jji L^j ^ojVI j-,<a:>JL! (1)1? 5^^ j^ly o>Jl jwly^ (Ji ^^;-~JJL:^/l Ijs- 



^\ij ^yj d\jjJi\ Jiu ^jkJ\ j^\j^ ^^^\ ^U-iVlj ^^Uill i»UtJl DISC* t ^Jb> 

^^ t^JJI t ^_^JuVl ,_^JbJI 2^ldlj ^s/^^ ^ V-^ Glj-^l jJl>Jlj OUJjj AjUoj ^Ij^j 

^^ (Reconquista) «l:u-^_^_^l » J\j^\ i\:ijJ^\ '^y^, i_j<^^, L« Jxi «i)li::^NIj S w9l>«JLJ 



i^ ^UJIj ^ jliJI) s^>^ >uUlj ^^Ul ^^1 J o>JI v>^i SbJI ^ u^ Gj^ 



. y^\ ^jJ^\ l^JlUpj ^1 (ijU^I L^I^L ciydl ^ :iU! ^^1 IIa ^ L«JjU; Jl 

t_JjJLJla ^JUl ,_yjp f-L«Ji| ^^S'^ IfLwr JLp JLpL.j ivJjJI AjUo iJlil. J^ ^ JaP JLi] 



(f"^' • ) iiljji J^ ja_^>^ (_> («i; ^^ t V^lAjU>J!dw-^yiJ-uJli;l>o^_^ _\ 






L4i ii-a*c:>i IaJUI iJlj-il LjJx i»^ , ^HWi> ^ ie.^ ( jftj J-* C*- ()^' </ i6>i>»» 




^Jb-jJI iJji (>LJJl -Lxj jjJjilMl JLp Jl^^l JaXvill ibijl a-. O-^w^tj tii^lj 0>-U»yj 



. YT^ ;(\'\10i iJ»X«» ) i ja>- (^^ JU>-I ytJj J-isJ 

A\ 



^J 'N\ i_jl ^ 4 ^j 




^ ioj:^lj Uj^\ ^^'^\ (vJU'y %*U^ IW^l "^^^ ^i^ (^j^ V^^ u^ ^Ij ^J 1-^ 

^UaJi ;^y^ ^ oi^j^' ^.>* -;^'l r*^^ t^j^^i c:^*^ r^>f ^ ^ jiy^'^ij Wi 

^jjj J ^jljVI c^^I v^^l ^1^1 ^ji^j (/. ^ \ \r /jb 1 • <\) (Las Navas de Tolosa) 

.(^\Y£A /j6nn)u^ij((.urA /J^^rl)l^Ji^\'^r^ /j.\rru>j)^j[^\ 

c ^ ^ or /_A £ or ^U (Saldae) l^^Jii\ ^\^il^ v^l> OISC* t^iU>JI ^LU ^;^ ^^Ul LjJax>-l c^t 



jU-j Ljj ^^Ij c 0_^^! ^j (t>^i ^j jijUl j-^ U^ jj-^ SJ^ L^^ ^:^:^ t ((> ^ • "^A 



tjL>^^ oy^j d\:i\ Ip, ^^. C- Cf,^j ^\j J^ ^r^ Jj^ '-^^ t>!^J ^J^ J'^. UJj^^ 



oUU:>Jlj ^IjjJl ^j^LoI ^y ^ :>JLp I4JJ c cS^^' V^' -A?— ^J (Jic^'l ^W>JI U^J^ ^y 






. Vn^;(^^Ar'\ tjJl>JI)4^_^.^^;0tjJLJI^^-_;.L^V^U;.laiJI_«I (X) 

. ^ \ '\V i ; ( \ "l) i^ yl>JI i iJUVl iL?~. t ijbro jSijU J_^ ^U:- i^ (r) 

- Brunschivig R. La Berbrie orieiitale sous les Hofsioes paris 1940 , TI , pp 377 . 

- Leon 1 "Africain , Descnption de l"afrique , pub. nouvelle edition ti'aduit par A. Epaulaid, paris 1956, TH, pp 

360.381. 

- Marcais G . , bidjaya , in encyclopedie de T'lslam Til pp 1240 . 1241 



. \ i \ ^ t *— 4J jJUaJI I i^y^l -V^ oi' ^ ^^ 



At 



ol^l-kJlj, oLJidI ^y^ djj^ : ^Jl^Vl 




c^ dia>o ^yw»! c5 111 dLiU dlLJl ^;-^ ^^.^^Ij 



ij_^Ju ojj^ iLi 01^ U a: >• JjjJ uI>^)/1h ^'^ jJ 



Ui^i ^JJi (ci^l ^Ul j^l J5ljl ^jJ ) ^:>: ^,11 0^1 ^ ^^^1 1^;^^^ ^-j 



: 4J ji 4J i^ 







xJ^J\l^\jjJ\jjJ^\.L^ ^j;^::;*^ jik!UI_^lj ^_^| ^ 



oJjJIjjA^^IL^oUJli^Ji cJ^lic.j5dlL4i_^jUUpL. 







\Xaj c ^a:VL : syiL. LjJpLJjIj UJ3JI l^U^-j <iiUiy"yi I^JUISCI d^ ^y L^ J_^-j 




/_A "\Ar_lVA)^l^l(3Uw.lj.!j((.\YV<\_ UVV /j.-\VA_lV0 )<aJL Jil^l 
^y^-Ail^ci^.^Uc((^U<\o_\YAi /j^l'\£_ur)^.,^::u^l^^j((>\YAi_\YV<\ 

■^^-■^jl Jl ^i t5^^ ^j tji-^j-il Jt^ ^y erJ^"^! V> c> Oj^J W^)^ l^^ "J^ "IJ^ -i^ 



. \ i ^ I J.LJI jJuaJI t ^^jXxJl (0) 



Ar 



* • 



^1 dUi J\ jLiI Jij c o=r*5'^'^l C^ (-=*J o-^l c/i^ Oi 'U^-* <^^ Jyj ^J-JJI "^Jp 




(■(),■: 



•(DjjJI ^ ^/lyi ^ l^.t*>ljj 












J "j?*^ (>*• ^^ W^ ilxi-.Nlj LUfo jj^! Jji| (Ijl jy-;.Jl J^ 2«^ U>. t L^ Uiu-^ SjU], i/.l3lj 






_^lj t (j-J j::j 4CjjjJ l4l,_y^JlJLsol^^J5:Jl^,:^^l^;)J JU>t*j_^jiJl^b)liS'y jiU^ 



e_^! ily! Ji^I Lfj xi^l aii i j;_^Ji;Vl ^Sj\ ^ iUru jj^! ^^" ^ loiL- ^jJI IJL* Jbj 



^ ^^j.*^^! Jup oUl (^' t (^\rM /jh vno) « iljJI Xj^ ^>j ^y vi5^l ^>- ^ slj^l :^^ 



. v^o^V'ij^ c n^c jiUJijJu-uJl (V) 

Al 



oUUwJIj oLJidl ^^ dj^ : j-JjcVl 



/j.v^"\) « ... ^^ij ^\j ^j^\ fU ^ >Jij Ml -^^u^j ^1 " v^ ^y ^J-^ 



» > 






dJlillj ^ ^liJI ) ^.^1 ^Ulj ^.Ul : ^^1 ^ ^-kJI ^^;c>^\ J ij, 







IJjbl llili. iiUo >--.,; ..:'CI .V^ iJl*^lj '^i^l Cr* u^'^'^^ ^^ ^*^" 01^ JiSj ^^ '^< ilyj jJu 








<UL>tJl Isf^iS] CJj-,ia>Jli i jt^JsUj aJJj ^ j "«■..«<« (-JjJLiiIj *-fiU>- i^^j Ol^^l C^bLt 

^\/i\ ^j ,;L-,jJI >U:;i ^ j^lj JSJ .y>)l ^ ^'Lijl oy^. • U> ^U)> j^l ^brJI 



. U-'W^ i j>M\ c^_j[f- ^\ j^ t (^lL^bSl*;l>-)iJjjjdl ; ^yj-^lJLP (. OjoU-i^jI C^) 



j^ j..;^ j^" 1 ilfL iioLJI iUI ^J fUjJI ^ iJj* j^^ LljjJI Oljip t juj^I (_^LjJ1 ^1 I ^>jjJ«JI ( ^ ' ) 






Leon 1 'AFricain J. op . cit , Til , p 36 1 . 



Ao 



JJL^VI A 





c (jb 100 :o ) ,^^-JlJI j^r^ (V ^ jjIj (-a^o» : o ) (l)b>Jl 4JJI JU£> J : Ji« Ij^brj 



^ i>.jLkJlj 5>Ljlj ^LiiLJlj S/IUJ ^dJ^l pUU V ^^u^j^o U15C. o^^'*^' f"^^' 






i|JLjLiJI iu>Ji 5ij>Jl bjjl>^ ioU_^L^I j_^" i_JL-l (»^^.>:j A^ljjJI 5i> Jb-bjJ 

^Ij ;Ud!lj ^^i (.jip J5^^ J^ ^t^U^'yij vioJi^l h\jjj OlyJI Ji^" Jlp Cl.1 IJu.:juJ\ 






. Y£r_UT ; \-A_ ^'_v^_^ ( jjUIjjuuJI (^r) 

. (^•\T^) t i.jaJl cOj-xU^i (u) 



AA 



ol^L-LJIj oLJiJI ,>_. bjj^ : ^JlJVI 



U OjJLSj SJQaJ'j ^^^1 ^b-^j ^uJl^ Sjiji- ^^^...v- Sjii ojii A>-jJ. ill^Nl ^^j^^j t_-i5JI a>-! ^ 

A. 

iji'ij juj\jj isL^j A^j <u-,l jSLJ .^UwJI ^ IjuJ JL>-j ^i ^1 *<».j iU«i"ifl ,_^l lil *f 
u:\3jj ^'UjJj ^LJI ^^UJIj AiUI ^ -LJ U J<>j»jj^ ^^j ^.Ji>JI iiJ /Ju eUi ^ ^lyUI Jiiu, 



o>JI ^Ij jbVl ^1 c^iAsS ^[^ . L^^jJ] oL..^>^U Ji^^^lj ^jor^l ^Ui^lj iiUJ'yi j\^\ 






AV 



piM^ 



iji-;*^! 





^.o^j^l 0^ ^ ^>J| L>J\ J^\ vi.,^ <o :ub5ai -^j^j ^j^ji 0>w,UI flJUii^lj aJJI 










' ( Lj'^^^'j JU^^I ) Jj^^l c> V^l>JI oil -r.'^^^^J ' *^:^ o^' j^'»J «^LJtJI V*^J» 






• V^n^^ tJiLJIjJLv»JUOjJiUj;;j| (\A) 



\ \ iJlv'Vl ^JLt^. ; iiJliJI tiUJI t jju.jUI ^ ^i>JL .^1 ^l;:ij yUiJI >l_^ ; JjLp _>JI t^J^I ( \ <\) 



. \«T_\'£^i((i\^VY) 



AA 



oUUaJlj oL-JiJI ^^j^ djj^ : ^xV 



yuij j>tJj uj:s1 ^y AjjjJJ! io:>^^l OjiiSlj t iL-iiJIj jkwJIj ^tAS^t Jif^j (Jjvdl J.*-iJj it^^l 
(j^^ Jl ^U^)'l^ ol*^l^j j:r-^"j ^"^J Jj-^^ 0^ ^:?f2iJI J^L^lj v^-yDt (*jLJIj c ^jl^j 




AiLSiJl LiUv?) jt^ijiSI ^y (_^ Ui f^j^ j^ U;-..*^- c3j-i-*-ll ^\ Ji^ jl ^>» ^^1 J>>^» <1)T 



(t ^'i M 

. ^^1 ^1 a^ ^! Ji. j,.^^ ^ J^ij 



' j^ji cib J:i>^' ' Sil*^ *~^l *dLJI ^ f UJUJI ^ Jy. ^ ajIjjJI bS^ ; Ju:-l ^U!l _^1 1 ^^.^l 



-V^' V Oi-^' l:S~^ -^-^ JrJ^'j J.r2;>^' ' S-J^l 



r\ i Sylill t ^_^ t^jl» J^- t oLijJI ; v_JaiJI ^^ Ji^I ^LJI y\ I ^_^-..l,-.,..5l| liuJI ^1 _ 

o~^y ' JJ-^^ -'^'^^ or*^' ' V***^'j *i"^J-»JI (Ic^J-^l j^lj ' J^--*^ <UI JLp_^1 I ,_^jjJI _ 

A^ 



^JL_jVl 




• • 




ijj*j ^ ^ L. llai* ,>i*-j LUtfj cSji\ » : jJlJL i^U ^^Lil -J y! Uju^ Jli d ll^ljJ 

... U^j «,;4:>d!»j «o^UJl)) i-jIiS'j «^*yi))j « JSl3^l»j «j/Jdl))j «vUll»j 



(t^it^UJI yL* ^lill / t^j>c^l ^iUl 0^1 j>-\j\ ) ^.>il j^ ^, x^^ <iJI Jup jj! _ 






*• W *i « ft 



^. 



cj\A U..llj oL-Jiaxll ,>-. djj^ : ^_^jjVi 



• ^ji^J «c$j-^^' "^^ ^JLk«)'j «^^l ^ij»»j «jl^Vl 

. ajL>ij pUlp- /Tti«j ^ y^j **-^ *-^l ^ A>-^)L^j ^"^ji 
oj>-Ij :jj.il>- ^2hI cjj^^i : Ji» J^l Jl^^ '^j^ jr^, t ^jj" e^ ^^ ^j;>j ^.^1 OU ^l 







\\ 



^xJ>l\l 




jUJ 





. 0Uj)/1 Jjbl (j>L»j (^y»j uLUaII x>)lij ^j^jiill o^Ij ^j-^I (jlil l^ sa^ <^l; <] ajI^jJIj 

Jj^Lv. ^ jjU (^ \ Y Y i /_AlY\ :o)^-uVlt5jU^Vl<UlJL^^a^!^Ju^_YY 

. ((.MAY /-A0VA)o^lJl4i> 



f f- 






/_*lov :o ) ^1^1 ^b oj^l ,^)/l ^^UjSfl .A^l J. > c^l J.!- Yo 



^Y 



oUL-kJIj oLJLiJi ,>_. djjS : ^JuSfl 



i.Ua>Ji ^y^ ja; 4 iUJi Ua^ ^_^ij ojjtjj ciy^ ^i-jjbJUUJLe ^y I (^\nr /j» "\n\ :o) 

L^ ^UiJI JjJj yM>Jl oa^ Jl Ifs^ i}j^ ; Lj^Uc. SjlkiJIj oUNi J^j SiUo J^j a^^ 



iJ'JJ 



iP ^11)1 0>1I kk^ /ci^l ^Ul OyJI >tjl ) ^j:N\ ^\ ,^:>^^ \ijSj J-U 



JjJj ipU^jJI S!>U. c_Ai^j (jk T\T ) L4. .UiJI Jjj i.U.^ (.is! t -uiJI JJL^j JJJdl b^_ jjU 

^\ j_^vai>Ji _^.,^:.t...JI A^JLiL-ul t ^^jJ^\j ^^"^1^1 Js\^ ^^ OUJL** a-J^I ^^1 Ji« <1>-1 frUlP 






^r 



^a_jVl4 




M 




; 0^^ ^ wiJf U J^^^j^- Jj. J^j jJipNl ^UJL ^jjj LU-. y:uvl c JJ^Ij ^y-^l J 



^W>4 (>* W! J^^ AlJlSU IjjJi- l^^^lj^j ^i ;;jj^ ^JaSfj jj.va:uJI i_$iU>Jl iil^ ^1 



/_aOA • : o ) c_jJ^I ^b oj^^l J^y\ c5jU:V| y»li. ^^ Ju>-! ^^ JU>^ _ r'^ 



iS* P 



^[^ <ij^ ^bS \J\j (jj±J\ ^\ ^j J; l^^ 4 4iUljtJjU t jj^lji JU c(/*\Ai 



-J^J^UiLTiJ-^^ 



M 



oULkJIj oLJLiJI cr-' ^Jj^ '■ u— '-^^l 



^*^ ft ** 



J *-=^UF 



liJ , ^ ^-^ Uj UV^ d_.L5l lS^L-;^^ jL-Jj 



(^_^,_>J <L_«-»iIj iSj-^, f^j-k^\j lO-i-,^ ^1 ^i>-J t.;— 51 (ti^ 



: ^Ji: ^Jj*^l -ukj^ Jl <c^ ^ 0^ ^^,..«>.x^ ^j c ^y JIJ^, 0! JJ L4. ^jij 



il_*j|j (_$U (_$i ijL-v' /♦-j>-jlj ^5iL:-lJ b iwii t—sS'jJI (^:iU>-lj 



^ *^ 






^o 



^jl_jV 




^J 







>Sfjj ,__,«aJL,JI j , n:7 .., J I -uAiz-l *; . ^jij Lfj ly ij iJL> JJl. Lb^ ^ji^\ . i^^l J| J^ 






^y^j ; « J-l^l .i.jL«Jlj j.^a,wJI JuILlI » : -J^ ^.k: 5.11 JLii ^1 a/i I A^L. ^y ;.U^ 



JL- ^_ ^J\ ^S ajL>»:l>,| ajw^j (^JLII « JIj^IjLj ^I iivaJ iLicll » L^ 0J1& lJJL" <]j « 




** M M 







. ^jj" vi.^ _^;-/iJ:^l ,_yvai>JI jUaUl ^y. i._JJaj ^^ Jl Jj>cJ j»j' ^JjNl 

I «d aA .u ^^ '*^ 



^A 



oUL-kJIj oLJLiJI ^j-^ bjj~i : ^^^'S\ 



«<^j^j i_jjlJl » 4iJb ^^ ; <dli) __^L O! JJ _^..^.VI>.>JI ,_yMai>JI OLLUI Is^U- ^y 7t--^tj 

.«^Ul,NIjJ^!o1^j^))j 
^ . ((. UVA /_*VA . : o ) ^^'"i/l ^>>JI j,,^ ^ /. J ^ ^^, L/j _^L \ 

<i]| xj> ^V AiL>c-. ^b>^l *_..,^^ Jj." t 01:^ j^l J^ jLi^ UjjJ\ ;Jjjdi i*a>. ^ JJij 



^! Jl ^\j ; J ijusai Jyj c^Lji jiiJi _,^ ^l j>di_, L^ jJlpj uvno) ^^.^.i^Ji 



^»0 c>i 6>V ^^^ -^y^ ' Ot^^- ^"^1 Jl^JI ^1 Jj a- yli J:i :)! J:5 JWI j^ ^V 



VOO 14. ^^,j ;.U. ^M ; ^<^Vl ^j ^Ljlj ^^^^1 oU.^L J>dtj Jb^l JLP Jub-j 



^l^-l i^ uiTU eUi ^ Ulj vai)l ^\^ LU,;JJ ^jj^ ^lU- ^jjj ,jj^\ i^U- ^ ^ji^* 



LS* 



^U'VI 



^v 



Jjl-jVI 




J^ 




( iAJJij cJJIj dUiilj ^Ij .-jL->JI ) : i-^-Wlj V^JI <-»j^«^l - ■» 

. ^y il-^ _^./^:i>^JI j_yvaA>J! OUsJlJI 

• cT^y Ji u^ 'Jj*^' (^' ^-^ ^'-^ Jy 



i^ljjJJ l^Jt ^y Jiii ,_^Jlp f-UJil ^^ ajUo cux>-^I ^^j^jjVI f-LUI fr'y jjfc J 4JJI Jv-tii 



Ju><^ j.lj(^\YAr /jk'\AY:o)(^jUJj|^^->^, ^^JU^I^Uljjlj c (|»\U\ /jb^A« :o) 






. (tJi^j (^\r'A UAW: o)^,jJI OL-p jjIj 4jL^ pLsAS Jj_? t^Ai! 
/j»l U : o) J-^'yi ^Jb'yi liLuJl ^^UJI t^^l ^1^1 ^ x,^ aJla-p U Jj^Vl _ 



\A 



ULJ«Jlj oL-liJI :r-» Oj»^ : ^ojVi 



-^i Cr-^-J ^ j^. <^^ J^ ^*^ cs^j t ^j ^^1 SUJ ^^ iL- OlS'j Uo<ir) t^j^jJl j_^.,^.;JI 

t ( -A-\ • A) Uy-I ^ ci^^ ol^ lL;>W AjU^ ^Uiill ^-.s^ JJlJ. t (i-b-j*Jl _r^lJI <U^I 

.((.\YV\ /jk"\vo:o) 
/^ n i ♦ : o ) ^UcJI ji^\ jJtAJI ji^ll JL^ 4JJI 0^ l! ^j-^VIj jJjJI ^ijl^l - 

J^l ^1x53 ^j^))j «^l^l ^1 J_^! JLp Vi^»J «ueM'"j «^j^l»j «Jj-^l» 



. 



jt^J 






\\ 



Jjl_jMI 




t^ 



J 




\ *4 ** ■• •♦ 

. bjj^ f'Uip Lf) <up Jl>-!j 



.(Ju^l>>^yi^c(^^ror Moi :c:.)^^uji^^^^j^Uj^Vl 



cJliii ' V^)" ^j^' ^^' <-^^ J* '"^yy '^^ ^!^ "-^^jt^" V-J-^*^l S^aLwJI oJL^ 

^IjiJl jLiJi (^" 147k. .4^ J Ui> ^>-J c ^>JI i:>L (JuJl >l^j Ai^l oljL. ^0^1 (i^LJJ 



dj-^ji c a^ljdl (ijJuJI ^ Ijpjyj ti^ljJI J \jj^\ Cji^\ ^JJVI .LIp ^j^ a^Ip ii^jMl 



. J5UJI TjJ^j p\^\ p^Jl* ^JJ L)15U1 



^ ^>JI :,% L«3^ ^1 ^Ul ^I>J1 -^j^ J^ (c5^t>UJI ^ e?'^' ^ ^^' '^^' "^^^ 



Jl^'yi ^\Jh^\j ^U^NI ^j^j 615LJ1 ^^ o;^" ^Ij ^Ljlj ,^^v^i>Ji ^1 '^S^ 



jiji ^ .... ^'U% . ULJ I o> iJ^ >*- J r^V ■^'-^" ^ "^i '^-J " = '^-^ ^.^ 'J-*^ -^ 



VUj iU ^^ ju olS' JJJI (J^l v^ cP'Li Jij >^b Wl ab*^' li* t^ J*J U >J I ^ »l^l 



Uonl' African, Trip: 360. 



(n) 



N.. 



oULkJlj oLJiJI ,>-- djjJ : ^s>i\ 



iiiji ^J IjJJLjj jjUjJIj uji>waJI (^ ljj*<a:yl JJ JUJI iJll? ^^ iU-l -bj ViU?l il* (_^ JU^i^ <y*J 







llib cJLSo t ^UJI Ja^jJU U^'b Jjj (Jj Uyt ^ (J v-^jaV! iw^L^I o! VI c (ci^^UJ 

^ iCj^tJLjj 4jjjL!| ^ 45'jLjiJ A^^U iJl^^^^^aJI <— J^;>JI iwfLoJ aL^\jaj ^j-JjU j(I fU-s^ JL>u 
^,-,ialAJ| <ij^ J^ ^^ t>*' c5>**r" -^W^' iJU^ JtAtuI ^y iS'yjJl oJlte CJJ_^ JJj ti....^j;^| 

IIa ^ >j! Mj ^^^^ f(^^Vlj ^b piLjJl^ :>Ji>^LJ ... iiit ,;«* > ^yMj;rj I^>JI >l^ 

.((» ^ \ • /Jb^\^) Pierre de Navarro jjliU j:»jL> SiLi j^L^t JjJau^l ^^ j^ bt^j^j i,L>^ 






^"^ *^ <(jjJI ^ ^^1 ^. J^l ^ I^UI elL- J>u U. Jj:^. 



•• ♦ 










. ^i>^c((. UY'\.^jL)iI/ji)l!jLLJI^i-<Jlii,Jlc J>,>,^l_«l t^"j>idl(Y£) 



\.\ 



Jo-jVIa 




jLi Ji* 5^1 ol» Jl^ IjiyJ ^,jj| iJU^^I ^^ LiUjlj Jj3 ^-.^ Oi^l i^U 

(.UTrezal JIjj^" SiLL ^_y^>!! ^ji^l Lfb>-1 j! Jl»j Lf; j-j jjj Shaw, PeysonneljUj.^_Uj 



Njjfc ^ Jii i OL^^I ^ Lj^ d«:rJj^*^l ^.l>-i -Ui* V^t aJI ^La ^^1)1 c JjLUI i% 



^ ^y^jiUJI ^L^l ^ S/U-t UjjJlj jlaL^I oJLa c^^;. jiii ^ U^j ^L^ ^^^jlj ^jly^t 
^ Cw.1^ SULp|_pl^ i <iiJI J5L^ ^^j o^l j^iU ^^-j ^,J^I i.ljjj 6\j2i\ V^- 



t - 



U>JI lf.\xJ\ J\y>^\ ^L^\ J (jJ^L, C^j , <ak>JL v^'^l ^ yJI ^^ 




^ Uj^l oIa Jl iyu J-^li i l^-U_^ JU pUdJIj ^l>JI ^,>x] iJil^l i^>Jl olki»>«JI 

0^1 ^ 4.^!>JI A^jJI '^j>^\ jj^ k^jH\ it^- ^j AijU-^NI v-L-Jl jlil ,V ^^1 




hP 



F6raud, Ch . Histoire des villes de laProrincc do Constantine in Receuit de la societe arh^ologique de (To) 
Constsntinc 1969 ; Maicais, G. Op. cit, p. 1241. 



\,v 



oUUaJlj 0L45JI (>^ djjJ : ^jjVI 



J a Li=iJ I j 5^ l>J I 



: jiUtJI :Sfj! 



:CaVVV :o)4JJljup^JU>w.AUIjLPjjlIj^aJlcijJi t iU_^^J 

: oj^ . Jli^ll ^.,^i>Jl Jj> jJ>J i j\jJ^\ ^[>^j jUu'yi ^i> ^ j[^\ U>^ 



<UI JLP jj! 4 (^jJLiJl 




./i\ "^lO t ji-wJI : ^Jal-J t j-i>-i>jl 



: UV U : o) Ju^! j^ a^! ^Ul Jit 4 ^.^1 

(.HW c(d.i) :^I>J! 

: C>VM : o) ^ j^ »U^I J.! ^ Jl DU^ 4 i^^l 6^> ^l 



: C*A^ • : o) or-^ ^>i ^^Ul J.1 4 lk]i\cy\ 



.^\\X'\ I (0 . :>) : SytUJl c (j-u^ (jyn JJ^ i oLsjJI 



\.r 



J.L_jvli 




J^ 




(0.^) : jS\y>J\ , v^ J ^1 Ck^ i OL^ .UUlj .UjVl >i ^ ^buJI 



.(.\<\«A 



t J;^l ^^ ^,jj| ^^^jj>^ a.<.>^ j^4>c: i . . . ^^| ^jj^^l ^^ ^ c_JaJ| ^ 






.(.nV'l c(o.i)^,jL-i^^lSjLiJl^iiCJIii>dl 



: JiU 



• • 



'■u^Hiy 






: t^jbiJl JU>«^ i JjAJI 



C \ ^ • '\ c (0 . i) : ^lj>JI c ^.iUI JU-^ uAUJI ei.yu- 



: a^Sfl ^1^1 



Brunschivig, R. : 

La Berbrie orientale sous les Hoftioes Paris, 1940 . 

Feraud, Ch , : 

Histoire des villes de la Prorince do Constantine in Receuit de la soci6t^ 
arhdologique de Constsntinc, 1969 . 

Leon, 1. : 

"Africain , Description de T'afrique , pub, nouvelle edition traduit par A. Epaulard, 
Paris, 1956 . 

Marcais, G . : 

"Bidjaya" , in encyclopedie de T'lslam T. II . 



\.l 



oULJuJIj oLJLiJI ,>-. ^j^ : ^jdVI 



L jj ji ^ [A^^Ijj «7<>^I J^J jj^l CH f^^i^l fC^i^l JLiiljl 



(♦) 



oLi Jlp oy^^l 



v1«>mJI jj/aJL>«XMu* 



^ >^' J-^. j' V-r*^^ i^J-^' "^^ Uc» l^>w2>j V^.jIj" ^>^ ^jj>y^ L«ai JLiJ 












^ljJj>t X wM.J DlS" Uj iij^yj^^lj oJb^l iw-tbjj A^-^ajiw ^ybj *yi JliJi L^ ^_^ i-^-f* iwa>*-i 

<C>pJj1 L. J^ ^y ybj 5^ (^0 ^ 0l5 Uj oUjycJI t^jlj:>Jlj ^LJ! (yi*J U/i ^ 



THE SPREAD OF THE ARABIC BRANCHES OF KNOWLEDGE, THEIR 
MOVEMENT FROM THE ORIENT TO THE WEST, AND THEIR INFLUENCE IN 



EUROPE 



By 
Dr. All Diab 



(ABSTRACT) 



The topic is introduced by giving a historical synopsis in which we explain the 
nature of the relationship between East and West, or between the Orient and the 



i^u^ ^b'y I us J ^>jij ^a;Vi v^'vi ^j^ i (hu\j\ ^.jL) u^;,ji <«u- . ^b'y I ^ .ij^^ <*) 



" ^ 



ij-'^^ 



\.V 



V>!l o-^l 6j-^\ Cr' ^^1 (^>JI Jl^\ 



Occident,where the former was the primary origin of the transfer of Arabic Knowledge 
to the West; both Arabic and foreign well-known researchers are quoted. 

The beginning of this transfer, which was associated with the first conquests of the 
Iberian Peninsula is also emphasised. The manner in which the people of the West 
regarded the people of the East is also stressed, A list of the names of those who came 
from the Orient is given, singling out some prominent personalities who were influential 
in the new land, the achievements of whom so widely spread that their fame travelled 
and exceeded the boundaries of the Peninsula itself. 



\.A 



ULJ«Jlj cjLJLiJl ^ Ojj-J : ^JUVI 



? ^^\ ^ ^j>^ L.a:u^ ciUi ^ UiS 

i >dJ ciUj t j^ JSlJio vy^l ^yJl ^LSilL U^'lj Jj^l l^-LjJb J l^>lj ; v^Ji^Vl 

. i>UI ^jUfj . iX.^ CL:^ J^'i l>j . Cc^ li* JU l>L>J . yl^i Jl^lj J.UI ,^l< ii»jl 






(r) 



ili" t i-JytJij (jjJuJI ^;^ is%Jl liUU ^ iljj^ L>v*>- 1>\J jjjA Sjuj t /»Lu ^^1 ciSj^i IJLa 






;((.^'\'\i lOjUJIjb : SykUJi) t ,^i_J. ^_^ J^- 1 o>JI JU jj t-<yuJl i j^yuJlJL^^I (Y) 



^>JI ^1 o^\ ^ Sjjj^l ^jLMi\ JL^I 






t V'>^)'1 ^rf^' iiUilLj (. ioyJl AJjJb j»^,ij (»^ jJ^^ \j\x, (. jvJOjjJj ji^jiJl ; t3yi^i 






iJl ^ jiTI j>J ^U ^j ^UDI ^ ^f : JLL.f iljJu »Lif oA*i«i iJ»ji »Uli. ol^ . jlyJI 



iJL-il ^^1 J.U jLiJ . iLj* »jUI UL»j j^JJI ^Uul)l i^^JJIj jiUJI yiUI j>iJI jicUj .j^Li 



f iljiii ^ Ur lujJI ^ . J^l ^ oLjOiJI oLJUJI j^jI^kJI JJ ^ ^j^ ^;JJI i^ V Jil ^. 



(V) 



/''«ilJli^J,y^^c^lJaJV 












PER6S H., la poesie andalouse en Arabe Classi9ue, p.40 



(r) 



\\. 



oUL-Wlj oUUxll cj^ djj-J : ^ojVi 






aJ <ujJ j^j i-iLiJi j_,xi^l IJLfj 'oI>«*1j oUij ^ i}\>'^\ i>i\iJi JuJi^l "-Jj^Ij t -J V-'^'J 
IS, J ^ ujLjj JJi^l JuJ t AdiU ^ ^ojVI j% JUsij A^> oSli--! SjJlSJ IjjI* v^JJ '^^-J 




! i. Cm- (Jj tijf- jUjI oiUjj j»l4 I ijJl;>)l oUJ 015C* ^y V^ij^ ("UJI yx^l O! JL*i 






(A) 



/'^^Jb^Jl 



AJaljyij V~^J <LM^J Vr^l (_»* (i^^ (J^jl-^ Cf '■frV ^-^ ' *ij'j^J '^'^J "iM ^J'J'^I O'JJ* 



. ur/r'; c-jJi j^ n^>Ji (n) 

.rii/\ tA^jJUoJi (V) 



V>JI ^i 6^\ c^ o^l cAJI d\Jc^\ 



^u; ^ 015 u^ . j\^^\ ^j^y^\ ^ J ^iJ^\ y^ ^ij ^^^j , ^^xj Gi^^i 015 









0=^J>JI Oci tH-1 Vi ^^J ' cr^-i^V! ^ A-OJl <^l ^1^ ;> ^L y*I vW <^^J 



• V-i^b ^riy^ Jj-'^ ^y ^ j; jji Lj^l ^ 0! J\jyLi o=i^gij 






Ijijlj 




(W) 



^ ii'i^ ilJUu ^ aUJUl^l t^Jill y. ^^LJI ul : JLij c jIJiAj j^ ^Jj^l J\ <Jj^_^ 



(\Y) 






ijvaUJi ^y. J^Ls^ i^j c JUJI JU ^^'"^ "jJI^!! » ^blS" aljlj ; O. jJb Uj S^ ^-^ 









. vo.v* /r t<M^jJUflJi 4 ^>Ji (\\) 



. vA-vo^ t <^j,i../iJi (^r) 



WY 



ol*^L-kJlj oL-l-'dl ^>_- djj^ : ^JbVl 






c.«*-j . U* ^Ul f_^ . AJLUI ^ Ja* iJj oU»Jlj JLrt^L r,;^ olTj . Cr CU ^jjVI ,/Ui-*VI 



2^ LTlk;! ^^ »jJ^ olTj . AiJj ^ Lfa,^ ^ J>\ ^jJiSi V . oH^I ^^ C\j olTj . Ai. Ul 



^^ *^^uj Ail u>j^ rvv I:- u>jL, oLj > r^^ 



r^i Lrt ^^jj* cy.y^ui '^^^ -^ ' ^y-Ji a- aJ-^"^! Jl l^J b^j ui^l u-J 



Ijli L*b"I UjIj i 6^ Cilj ^^p^'^yi oL jj <;! U^Wj t 4;I,_^ UJli ^y>^. OlS'j <. ll^\ hjj 



J_*^( I ^ ^^U ^;v 1 ^ ^ : j.> c^l j^L 



e^ cs^ Jc^V ^'^'^ '^--*-^ l/t' c> J ^" 



^iLi _^j ^'"(JLLijlJI O-ji i^jL- -u^lj o-^Uil .UjNi 0^1 Ciil ^a:Vl (.03 ^ 

. OJ^I jjj ^ (.\ij^ iijU- cJlS'j t Uji^_b ojytJl ^_j53ljjJl 




jt-^i oIJj^ U JjLJI J^ i_^ J^^ «L-jjJ C-JLl^ ^1 



. \ii^ t A^jJUoJI (U) 



\r^^^ t A.jujju^\ (\v) 



\M^ t4*^jX^I (n) 



wr 



^>JI ^1 3j^\ c^ o^t c^LJI JUii 




^ (J L^f ^jVl Lfrlv^ij .l>JI <;jUJI lU.! ^-u"^! ^>Ui ^i>!l ^UJI ^j 

: UJj :LpjU ijA. CJ15 1^! Vi c AxLo^ ^/j^^i^l 



L.^li_^^/IJ_?J_^il L^i^l^-JUt^J^^L 



(T.) 



Ujp ^l> ,_^^\ ^jJli Ijul f»-<ii> ^.,-i^l o^-jr L« 



A^ ^S ^_^ Ldljuzofl Ijajfi o^jij ^,^^^1 yullLi LjL^I ^ cjIjlj < IJ$jb ULilj ^1 iujdVl 



^-/IS ^ I4LUL u Jl ;^L. ij*^, l^ir . U Iwaii^ jl Cil lj>*i J Ij^ljl liLi . :^t:t^^^\ 



H n 



Jii 4 (Jj-lJL^ l|7i.,i,lij IfJlp ^ (^JJVI C«)tJjl» : L_^;.vi> ^^j-^ Jj^ ^'-^ J^^l l*^ t^J 
:>y c U^ ^>JI jUil ^- ^oUJ ili-Vl ^^^ >i: OT JJ . ^>j ^Ijliiij ^- O^lj ^j (>ilj 

t-JaU- Ujl^ Alvaro Cordobe ^j^\ jyS\ ^Jli U y^ dUi ,Ju> jjuLi ^j t oJJI oIa jJl«j ^Jut 



<U^U /lP i_-ty«jj cioyJI j_^l ojJb hUjI .^ii«^ J_poj iojJ«JI jULiJl ^ <tij>J Q-V* O V^V ^ "^^^ 



PfiRfiS H. op.cit., p.46. 



(W) 



l.l_kJlj oLJjdl ^ bj^ : ^jjMi 






oLUr i^bi > J^ . ^ Jl Jl>j . j^ -^j ? i^jiJI J^uVl <> c-iT ^1 i«^-^l ^j^l 









l^Aia ^ l^^\ ^\Sj ^^H\ oUUI Jl hc>\J\ j\fi\ oJu i^^- Jl ^.^liJlj J^UL ^^ 

UUIj LJy ^ Llli)l cJl+J 0- i*LL. oU" U . ^juVL Ai.UI »Ul O-l ^IT Cluny ^^ 

^LJI .yuUI ilLJl .L;| ^ JU ji ^^Ij Lu.U. ^ :L.!>L'ill oLI^JI ^" ^j Bielawski 



iUI^ ^ .l^j . «^i* ^Ul u>il ^^ . <^UJI LUI ^Ij J»i^ . Cracoui LJ^I/ i*-U 



ut^y. J oJj^^ 4^L>o ilx^Vl HERMMANN LEY (jN oU _* ili^Vl o! U.1 <^UJb juj 



^ . ((.Hoo . ii^viJi U14J1 vs^ :5^uJi) . ^>or-^ -^i-^j: i^a;Vi>UJi^>-;LtJi. (rr) 



. iAl.lAo 



. ru^ c ((.nv . o.. : s^UJl) . (.>JI>oyJlv^)/l»jU»JI J-^ cb/j^UL/j(U) 



\\o 



^jjj\ Ji j^i ^ ;l.^i ^jL^\ jLiii 



l£ «LaiUI OyUI h\Si 



UUI ^ Jena 





J_^ Juan Vemet c-J^ Olj^ _;~53l ^^L*JI ^yU'Vl ^j>JI ol» : CiJ (»--.UL JuJi v.-a...,Ajj 

ft « ^ ^ 




( W) c*oi" (*JL-JI ^ ^*LJI ^ UJ iir Jj . j>JlJuJI ^ -u-U)> oi . J-ij Crt' >-' :«JlJ^I 



UL-I ^ Jj . J^l ^ ^>i jyJI il^ ^>. Jbu ^ . ^^ ,^UJI o>)l y^ ^Ul li* jc^( vl-*»< 



(Yl) 






«(jj^ 







^^^^iJLL. iJL^I J[ (:«iit)LJI) 




|,Jlj j-le t/*^' i,ri^ (^ji'l liiJ^I j^ L.jii*j » : oU ^iJj^ ^ (l>L.j LJbuj 









^ '■ ■ " ' . \r.\r 



i^l^Ua^lj oL,.L5;.ll ^y^ djj^ : (j-J^M 



LmkjLp ^J^J^ Ju*Jl o^i U Lu UjS Jjjj U j^j ^jt^tAil! U^'^H <pij^lj A:uftL«j "wo^ lJjj^ z,^ 



^ iij^^jLs • *J,A^LJ * Jj"J*J' v^^ 0>^. *J^* ^jJ I^IjI ' ^v* o^i il>J*< Cr* '|»'i^VI 



._^ L c^t^jjJl ^ (LJ> ^^) ^Uj^ J[ U>J ^ cJULJl <>JI ii>JI ^ aL-j .j^UI 



oUI iij^l «(_yJli» iU-,1 Guinida Guinzelli <J>u> IJi:;^^ ^1 c^jl ^yJlj (g^l JUL) 



V^l ^Ul ^j «i>'iUI» i.^^5U ,yii>VI t;^! '^jJ^ ti^M c*>l L.JLJJ IJL* ^j . J^l 






.LSJI pU! j^. ^j ^5.:>LJI ^ jlill 0^1 JJ oy. ^ ^iJUl ^jjj^/l jLiJI^I J jjl>. 



!*. ^ 



1^ Ji^JL. 01^ ^Ij c iv^U ^OJ^Ij tip ^^1 ^/^yi Jl jjJl>JI oJu ly ol Nl /;e=-J>Jlj 









^ .1^ . ^jj^is- ^LjOjV «Lj-iJi ^1 ^)) dUis^j L J^loLi^ «bjjL;N «^l J)) : Jju 

t^ijjjlj t oL-jlS" t^:>j t Aj-bj cJU t5j : Ji. (._^l ^U^j jjjLjj^l ply^) 4jL? J Uy. 



^y._^- U j=^l j\ J5Lio Ijl/jj t^a,^ ._^| J j^jljl o«.l>. iiw>>- ; (vJ>^j JjJliN J t (5jU 



^ c ((.Mon ( ^^1 ^Ul ^^_p ^k. : :y.Ull) ^ j:^j JiU i^_; I f^>l^l»^'ioULjJL^ (r^) 






. i*^jX«Jl i«Ji» jiijl 



\NV 



ujjJJI ^! Jj-iJl ^ iu^l ^jUH JLiJl 



. ^UiU oUs^l c*»JI oLL> ,>-^ j>.j» : ^1 ^> ^L ^ ^;:^ ^^1 Jjh : Jj^^l JUuJl 



o*^ o—^ J cjr^*^ V-^ J«i^L5=^ J^a-^l(ij^ 



^1 ^ l_^j 1,^ Ob l^j ^U- l^_^U ISI 






^ . . w 



<J 6j-JvJI y jj (^ J :J6'^ lil t_j— =^ "^ J-^>^ _^ uLS^ ci-'^-^^ j-**^ 



(rr) 



«^j^! (i>fll J 1^1 jj^ U^ '^^-^^^ J 11 SL-^J <^-r-^ 



P 






<ro, 






: I^L* LJai Jjil eUS ^j !UJ Jb*^! p^Lm« xs. jI '4>iJ>(<« 



Ol JJiU jr JL*)) : «yLP ^^UJI JjJUJI c ^-^1 ^ly ^» Jt>L;Ui^ J>. J.liJ( J3 



i^^y^^ lijj JJU <y Ui ,>«Jji o' c>^l-JI (>^» : j-^ ^:>\J^\ OjJUJI c «iCLj-e- jj-^*»V ^jJ cf=*l 



<^^>r/Ui 









NNA 



ol.^l_LJIj oLJLiJi ^ djjS : ^s!H\ 






: J>_, v-^l ^Ju" Aitj jJJI yl^l J-ii v^l ^. a/ >l iL. Jki (orij^'Lo <*^ ^y> 



^^1 cji i*<f UJ .iJI >J AiJU- jf^lj CiU oUjsiJI ,>4 ^ Cy, .J^Lli . JU*JI ^ lAi. oli" 

. ^^^^Macias ^UJU ^jlJI Uy^Ui 



: u-~>Jl ^Jia t^j^ cJlS ^I ddJ oU Jlc |»3>- ^\ UJUij! ^_^l oLVI ,yuu La :^jy>j 







Xy> ^ iJaJI oLpj-^jJI ^UJ L_JaJl ^y ip_^^ ^ t l^j'^ «(ijlxJl L_jb^» ^^S^i: JllJ 



lii?l ^y Jjl jL?j JiiJl Sj5j J^lJlJL Jbol ^ JJI ^^1 y\ SSMj . ^jJI ^va<^ j:^ Uyj] 



^y2j^ y> Jjl y.j ^_J_^I S^A^ ^_i,t^l t^ill ^^L~i>l ^j ^Ij . Ui^j J^\j Aj^JJI SjjJJI 



^ Jjl o\Sj ^^^L J^ ^JJI U^ ^1 JaU::. oI U^j 0;-'^ ^. Nj i;Jd>JI obM*y I ^1^1 

y ^5*-/ijJi (jU=.^l ol ii::-N ^ Jjl j^hj t L^jLJ J^ ^^b l^j t L_,^ i^iS/l Jjc>- 

. ^Ji'i/Lj 7-^' iji iiU^NL) 5_^JJ| A^UJL *i*l JLSj I j-va*!! jUs^L (y>y) ^ SjUp 



^J^U^Ij i^l^l oN'yi ^ ^Ij ; i^i^l oli>UJl ^\ t^JJI t^jlykjJI J— UJI j^ldUi^j 

. iJL^I 51^1 ^jl:j| Ui,l iy^^ i^\J t UjS/I Jt5lj_)j| Jl,^,^....,'^ eiLLkJI 

yi..i>- ^__^l -LfP J, IJX^ Jjl ^_r--~-l" jvj' -yij t i«Ull oyj--/JI j_;~^l y> Jjl i-JyJt Ol5 Oil 






\^^ 



^jjj\ ^1 JyiJl ^ o_;^l (.jJLJI JLi::! 



t Cy^ UJU Jfl^ JlnJi IJU ^;r*j J t o>Ij^,*^I ^ iv3L>- Sj^^ijj I— >y«J| <_$Jbt JiiJj . 4^^/I i_Ai>^ 

. Oj^l v^ u-.!::? J jl JU-i ^,^ ^\sS jSjo ^^^ <-. LjJl 



j^j ; 0:r-^>"j ^^'^^ JI^J ^ S— ^' (^' oUl^^yij oUi:5UJ! ^ ^ ^b* 



^.jjj^ cjJu! jiij t (ijjjiiaJi Ujjjl sJuL-t j»_ft <. i»Ja*Ji j^uJ j^ vy^' '^^ -^yu "^^ r^j^i 



(r-^)..,. 












(fO.. 



dij^.^ Pj^J "— '^ *-^y^ UJUp tiUij ^,j^iJ| (3 J— J i_ij^ <uL (♦-fijll 









lll»_^ ^ ^Ulj j--U)l ^^1 ^ Ljjjl CJIS' i o^JUi. (>-Ju-JI ^ ,^*J**JI Wl*JI "^^ ^J 



•^1 LL;5;jlj ?. I>JI ^- JjUi ^j Ci (.JxJI LJy aU oUjU jl^j / ^ Wi-^ cJJb. jJj Ii^')U 



.£.1 

NX. 



ol^UxJIj cjLJLiJi c^ bjj-j : ^x!^\ 



lt.\Ji\ Jj0j . fjPT iJULi iii jiB, ^, if3 (J »^.iVl ^^ ^.jJI Jl«rj ix* • i-.^*s- ur- ^ ^J 



(n) 



»..:^UJJIj 



VJUJI 5jUa>JJ bJjU^ -cuai ^iJI ^1 e5jU>JI (-l^NI Jbr JiCi. U ^. ^iJJS ^j 



^1 ^ iJuJuJI IJOJI »Ji* i>JU l,>*J.j jH-JJI (»* c^J^'^l vy^ c»i <> iJ'^-JJJ '^^ ^li 



<^^>«l^|^ 






^ dJUU J5 ^ (.i_;i > . Jj>- N J ^ ^ v^ ^ri^l SJ^-^I >'l l^jH. c5^ V^ Jlji"^ 












I (^^'\o« t o.i : ilJL~) I J^A^I^^.oJl^- .ii^y I ^ JJV I ^ ^ j*J I ij JU t ^J_^ I v^'iJL' (H) 



. on 



u-* 



NYN 



V>Jt ^1 JjJj\ ^ L,^\ ^jL^\ jLidI 



5fl^lg jaLcaJI 



: ^L-j /J 



f^6i 



I. SiUlil jb : Oj^ t (_^Li^ OL«>-l .i J:ji>J t S_;jj^l JaI ^[s^ ^ S^JJI 



. f.\^V^\'\VA 



'- l/J-J^I f J^ Lli' 



' tljLrf)'! (»c*Ul f^!-^"-? t^j^' c}*^ : 








• t^Jj*^' "^s*^ Oi' 






:i^>JI 



j^U^ jb I C->j^ t u-"^^ jL*^;^l . i (_J^^i>iJ t (wJ»jJI ^^JLj jfl ^Vf^i^ (j^ ^.^- J a,'! TtJij 



. ^\^^^ 



:C)U 



ijV_-iJ 



:,l 



. A^<\oV t iu^lv_.j:5GUL>-ljb : SysUJI t _;i^jJiUi*^y <. iJLiJIj JLij ^^1 



: viJli;> J>jT LtJL 



t ij^,.va^l <vi^l i^xS^ : Sy^LdJl t ,j-J>» t>r~^ • -^ '^■•^y <■ (_s~J-^Vl jSCiil ^ijU 



.^\Soo 



: cjUL jX»- 



t olS'^j ^I>JI ^Ul ^_y-^ i*J3^ : sytLill t _;X^3 JjU l^Ji <. c^NI Jl>^ 



. ^\^o^ 



'. JLa^iJU^>- . 




L-IjJlU 5-;yJI 4 — -j^l : cjjj^_ t v^' '^ <■ er^-^^" ^y '-r'^^* ^^•'^ 



.^\<\AA 



N^V 



oUL-LJIj oLJUdl j_. Cijj-i : ^xVl 



•k/j^^^j 



.^\^\> I s^UJI i j.>JI Ju^ o^l v:>L-VI «jUi*Jl J^ 






,A 



: L^jUj^jP 



. f\^l^ ihj.^\i.^f\\5^ : ly^m , ^y ^^j:,^ .:>l^J i^JjS\y^\ 



: jLJj^^ 



i iL>Jf aj:SC« jb oljjJL> : "^jj^i ' -^yy (l*liji • ^ ^*-*^y ^ j-J-^ j" c5* V-r^' SjUa>- 



.i 



r v^-Aij j^ i^'^ ^l^ 



^\^o» 4 ^Ijl;, c t^^loi-JJI^^' .^i^y t j^a;^l^^yJliJju 



: c:^V iilLr L-yi 



. f ^^A^ 4 <«l4Jjb : aJL;^- i ^^ ^\jJtJ\ ftij^ .ii*j>-y 4 t^^l ^^l>«^j jjibj^Uly^Ji 



I Jb^:»ii^4XijA .3 



t OyJl i-^^JI > : ^,v^ t ^ J,:^ :>l> .i v^iyu- . Ujjj! J^ c_.yJI J^ai 



.{.\<\li 



p6r6s h. la po^sie andalouse en ARABE CLASSICUE AU X 

SIlfeCLE. ADRIEN-MAISONNEUVE, PARIS 1953. 



\Yr 



oUUwJIj oLLdI ^^ bjj : ^^H\ 






(♦)-. 





r : j>:S'JJI 





. Jx^_^\ Dj>)l J!>U. Ujjjl Jl j>Ju^l Jj^jJ t5^l ^l^W ^^\ ^^Vl ^::>J 




Vt- 4 



oUbJIj ipjJ;iJI ^L>-*yi (iji ^;;-*^^l ^y l^"NU-j Jipl biyi : IJU iUy) ^yj 

ii^lj UJ!)UI oUlUI Jl t ^1 . . ILMj Lilycrj oUiL|jj i:-^j .iLUj ^ ^yi ipj::uJ 



THE SCHOOL OF TRANSLATION IN TOLEDE AND ITS ROLE IN 



THE TRANSFER OF ARAB SCIENCE TO EUROPE 



By 



Dr. Jomaa Shikha 



( AB STR ACT) 



Spain was one of the main gates through which Arab science reached Europe 
during the Middle Ages. However, die studies about the part played by the Arabo - 
Islamic culture in the renaissance of Europe have tried to undermine the importance of 
this role. The majority of these studies, and especially those about Andalusia, were 



j_>jy:u.*U._A_JjL:VlojUi>Jlili^l-ot^li_.j:^ t ^ji:jl^i(*) 



\YV 



4JLkilu i-*jrjlll iL-jX» jj^ 



carried out in Western Europe by religiously fanatic or racialist researchers. 

For this reason, and in an attempt to uncover historical truth, we focus on the 
worldwide school of translation in Tolede. 

Firstly, we have traced the beginning of this institution during Arab rule and its 
contribution to the transfer of human culture from Arabic into Latin. 

Secondly, we have identified most of its translators who belonged to different 
religions and races. 

Thirdly, we have pointed out the scientific and methodological approaches adopted 
by those scientists to translate the multiple Arab sciences including medicine, astrology, 
agriculture, mathematics, geography, philosophy etc. into Latin, Hebrew and Roman. 



\YA 



ol^^lkJIj oliiJI ^ djj : ^jjVi 



4M 




J ^ 



^M» : ^.JjJ Jl c/^>l c^yJi (-1^1 Jj^-J iJ^^l ^^1 ^:^^>-r^t ^ 



w« W ^ . tf 









IIa ^;;S3 . UOiJlj 4*^1 (^"LiJ>J ^U^jj" ^y J*^" L« J^ ^ bjjjl Ui*J J ^yJl oJ t^JUl 



(J^ Jill /l^ ^I J^iji cJjb- 1^.^ jj^ U r^ y^l oUljAll dJLa oI U U jjij 



AiiJ^ i*>-^l ^y i^jjuJl oJla j_^ j_y^L.h/l oi^l culls' ijii djlSjs^ ^ ifV .. LJ jLicl 






hj^ V'j ^^ J^ c^^j ' ^l^^*^ ;JU^I Aijli ^_^ ^j^ ^ lLa>.j 11,03 SjUi>J! 



^^1 iXJI OjVI oa;^- ^ , W /j.i 0^1 J ^^Nl ^yJI ^1 Ai3y^ J ^j4^j 



i^l .-u$:]| ol^I ^ > (.\ . /£ j ^ ^..,:^x^! ^\j ^llll ^^^^1 x^ i^U-j ij 



\Y1 



iikJJaj i*>-jy| I--J-U jji 



i^ 5^UJIj CUJI oLiSUJI ^ U^j ij:5UJI oJla. ^- ^Jj . Ljj_,! J^lS" ^ oUSiUI isj^ 

c/^lj c5-rWlj ^LJI >._^l JU^I ^ iJL^ ^UJI ^Is- SJ^\ JI>JI 0- jL5 .UIp 



(O 



(Y) 



• c/^1 crr<^ drtlj ^ rr^l ^Ij o^lj ' ''' ^Ul v^ti- oj^ CH lil-t— ,5^jWI jiJj^\j 



IjJ^ ^jjj^ l5jU: ^ jJbJI c^SU. ^ ^ajVI JLp JLi. 015- ^ J^l^l .JLa JI LxAvJ.! lib 

, 4.M^L>- -u-sAj L-^^ 

** •• *% »* 



^ 



. jLaJI ti-ij,^>H '>>^'^' iJuJL»JI jtLijVLj ^Ly^l J^aukJI ^ v^' '^^k/'^ 1^L>JI ^^^..^1 ,^>mj 

Albeldese Emilinense. « ijj^-lJI il*-JaJI 4x^^*>tJI JL^I ^y^ ^j^^j^^*^! ^JU cJii>j 







^Lj ^♦-^i^ Jj> S^LJ t J^)/ 



^_^- . v-'>UI W^i v.i_ij ^^1 J^\l ^Uj . v-'SUl JI u^b^l llA ^yj ^r^^ 'j^l 



dUij I JU»^1 ^;_rt oi^ ^'-^ U^y J^ 



(r) 



#« 1-1 



. Lukk«^l /;> Uaw2>- j:^LJI <J^ i>^ki^ ip jiUiP^L 



^^ t (JLSijI : j_^A«u^^ jUjfc^ (£) 



\r 



UlkJlj oUiJl ^ djj : ^ojVI 



j_^l J ObbS" ^ OljjJ ^j . Hermann Contracto ^'^\^ X'ia jj^ii'X. ^\*\'^ fj^i^i) 

. U^ ^\j ^^1 ylJIj c ^^J^^\ ^ A-^-^b ^ \ • /jt i 



^ LliS" jUyb cj:^ Jii .4A;>-y^l a-^^I 5:iUJI LajJiLvci^ oL^LjjJIj JiUJI j_yi ^.-^ O^^ 



^ Franco de li6ge r-U (j:> j^\J <^j ; (^JiSCJI JjP Jlp ^y^j-Jl ^ LliS'j i^^iJzJ^] 

J^L>- UL^l ^2;^ S:sJjo:^ Cj^^^ ^^ h^j^h v'j^^b V^^' -^^P^' "-^ J^ C->^I Xiij 



. ^^ L^LD ^ laj ol JJ c^U ilip i5'_^ ^ SjjiJI 



^^f^j^f*^"^' /-a^n* -.^'\nv /jhtov) LJtAxa. o!^ L^%' ^j t w^L^lj <^iyi Ul^t^ j»JU; (0) 

• >^' k? ^ LjjjjI JI oyJI ^lijVl j^:>l ^y jy >*j 
Chronic! von her inann contractus. : — j «*->y*j oU_^ V^'j^' '^ ^J ^^^ 



\r\ 



^i mW; <*5r^l L-jJU jji 



t ^0^ ^ 1^ L^JIpIj OjiS OjuJI J:*-! ^ oJl^j t slLjiJl iSO^JI iw-U ;LlkJll» cJlS" 

^ *i; ^j t a1m,a»JI Iff-^j i-vi-^l Uljj^tj jPjJI ^^L>JI Ifoj^ c^ia-'jJI J_^^l tJ-J^ 

C5i c>e <Jj^ c^J ' f ^ ^ /-*^ <l>ri't c> ^'l>il <Jj^ iS^y '^'^^ ^M' CU>W>I J^J 



(A) r 



Domingo (_jiL-jJL3 ji^ji i^v^U-lJl ,_;-~Sj ^jjljj t (-J^j-» O^O (JW^)" (.5r*«i j* ' ^l^r^' 



_ ^^^. b\Sj c liJuJIj ,»->^lj dLUJlj oL^Lj'jl ^ aJ^I u^I Jio Ujikj Gondisalvi 



. «u 




^1 JjVl OW^I O^ . akJO:^ i^^l i-.jJU ,^-^1- ^ JjVl a^^l «iA ^J 






J\j>. ^y AJa , l^jXJi\ oIa ^ Or*^J^' ^^ Cf '^ ^j'^r^ ^rMJ • *^^ J\^{^^ ^"^ 






. i-wiC3l ^jU- .li«j ^^IjlJI ^y ^Cj^\ Uj> (A) 



^rY 



l.lkJlj oLLiJI cy ^i} '• u-J-^^' 



^^ ^-^ 



^lij L'avicennisme . \:^ ^\ ^\ J*>o L.a Uj U^ UI« ^yJ Ljjjl oils' ,_^ S^ 

. ^IjUllj tiXSaJ Siluu JiL-j i*>-_/o Alfred Morly Jj_y» -b>Jt ^ ijl^^^r 



. uJU *-'^ '-ii>'-j" jJ»j Gallipus ^j^ ^\ '-Jjjs 



^ \ . /_*"\ a>)l ^ c oJU jiJI U*p ^ ^ ^l ^ jjA. c^L, LJU-^ ^^H\ >l^l ^;^ 
LfSr Hugues de Santalla ^k:^ iji ^j-Jy ^J <■ U4!L**l ^j^^-^j -^j'^ u^' fj^ "^i Jc^J 

^(sSCj, U^^- t^^ '^ Robert de Ketton dj:^ (^j o^^jjj t^;JL>jNlj Hemann de Dalmatie 

A^l Ji L'abbe, Pierre le Venerable JjI^ jLo i>.iL-\/l U^aUjI ^^x- 01 Ji j^l Jl_^lj dLUii 



. 0>ljt ciiJu JjNl j-Jjillj iilxJti dUu ^LJI j-JjiJ! ^ 



^)i\ oJla •>L^U i JUL UaI>1j ; jl^l l^^/i j^UI ^Ull ^Uti (.Uj 



. Pierre de Poitiers . ajI^ ^^ jL 25^1 oJLa (»-«^j:?j t -uJLxJj ^t)U)/l JlJ> iJl^^^l 



Hji *Jail j-A (»t>L-^j?lj t ^j^aiJl L-jli^UJ twij^;>tJ Nj yb U ul^l 01 y* : (-u>i^ (^^ ^;-,^2:;>^) 




Uj c O^U ^^ij ; ^a^..Jlj i^iljJI ^ij c casts' jflj oUlyJI ^i _^ ; iJUaJl t3jiJi ^j^ 



. Pampluna iJ^jV^ <^*Jt« t-ii*-! -, Jbu U-i ?^^i ( ^ • ) 



\rr 



iJU.lU; i»;>-jX]| io/jJU jji 









^>- t^j DjJ^L |.U Jui : i;_^^ Jbjj jiJl ;^^ ^ UjjJb v^>*j.L- yxJl j^l^l «JIa ^yj 



^ ^.-iS" 4^.^^ Abraham bar Hiyya ^jL ^Ul^l t^i^gJl ^ OjUJU Platon de Tivoli 

c iUaJLk. i^^! i^jJU J^l^ ^ iJlill <U^I JIJ^ J^ (► \ r /jbV 0^1 J>^^ O! Uj 

Miguel j^jSLm] JjU^j Marcos (j^-j^jl^ Jli-t Jb jju- (• ^V /jtV (j ^ JiJl j^*ju*oj 



((^UAi.UoX /j^^AT-loO Alfonso el Sabio j.,^1 ^jiJl Ji^ ^-L o 






Montpellier ^^^^JlJj^ Sjuo^ ^\ja ^\ iir-i.^ iikJiU ^y oy^^jl ^^^1 J.*^^! <S'_;>c3 . iaii a^^ 
jS'l^t j^ OjA*j>-^ ^^j . Reims ^r^jj Toulouse jjiyj Charters ^jLij (T^j^j 
Bobertus Ketenesis ^j.^^^.jjj^' (^>?^jj Adelard of Bath k!jLj cijl jN^ls^ aJj^L^jJu^jVI 

cT'J^j Daniel of Morly ^Jjy* oj! jLJbj Alferdus Angelcus ^j^^S^] ^j^^jii\j 

. PetiTis Alfonsi ^^jji}\ 



O^ ^^.J ' "^-rr^' lJI "^j^' v^' *-*^>^ '"^^^ LJlw^ 5^;^ <*>-jj ^y^ CjIju ^\T /-aIJ ^i^ /?* (^ ^) 
Abraham ^^^-Ijij^- ^^^1^^ oj^l \jy> ^\ t-^y j^\ ^j . aJU U>.^ ^ *ijr^^ ^yi}i ^>frJl -^^-^l 



.j.\MV /jhOir 



Judaeus 



\ri 



UlkJIj oLUJI cy ^jJ '■ ctJ-^^I 






UiJi 



: iUJIii CUj iJL-ii <>*^jiJI ^ti ^^1 






^y j^U ^^ Hugo de Sanctalla ou Sanctallensis ^^^^li^l^ jl !>l;:So^ c^^ yry - '^ 
i^ JU \ U "^ /j* ^ V i^ ^ oJuJl oJl^ Li «u^ y* JLS'j ; Michael de Tarazona ^yj j^l 

Liber de <JJI .Li U ^1 jJI^I ^l^ : U^j ' ^:^'>^l Jl ^^1 V^' Cr* ^U JS^ j^-y* 
Jl^HJ ol^^ill ^ y^ ^"^ v^J ' c^jjly^l ^.J > c^' :^' C-^-' ' Nativitalibus 



^ Jjj t A n /j»n 0/11 AjIJj ^ dlJ^\ J^, cJai^ ^1 4j=uJ^ Ow=»U CJLS'j t ly^r^l 



Plato Tiburtinus '^jli-y, y> o^y^j^ b}>'^\ yry^ ^ ulS'j . ilkJI' ^J-^ S^j-^^l oIa 



^_^j cjliliJI L_j'u^ jU*i^l Jy-i ^_> ^y^ ^" ^JUI J^ ^yjJl (Jlp ._jb^ l^j t ^t^^?^! 



If 



.L- 



r^y 



(^yjjj ^\ ^'K'^ lj»i\\ k^ iikJLk; Jj j^ JiU : Abraham Ibn Ezra lj_^ jj f^lj^^ -^ 



\ro 



iiW.lWi i«jfjiJI i-jju jji 






t De Auditu Natural! jL^jS ^j^\ fUlJI ^\:S : If^ C,^\ Jj^^^l ^^ ciUUJlj iUUJIj 



^y <UJi!j uJJI' ^! jAj : Liber Canonis Primus quim Princeps Ix--. j^*y dj^JUJl ^\sSj 

t iJlj-^l j;:u^| ^5ij^ : Jean de Seville (Aben Dreath) (juj^ ^^k'^ JW^)'' ^jd- ° 
L^Lij^l . (^^^o. /jfcoio.^ur- /j»oXo)RaimondojwUj^_,akii.iA5L-l^|.JL>-j 

. ^;l^j ^rfy^l f ^j^ iLuCL^I i_jL^I ^y oLi^^xJI aJlSI ^ jjfcj : Liber Algorismi ^ 



^^■^^ " ^* t# I 



•^_ y 



Jij . iiijji::- Si^ UUJ 1^^^ Gardan o:>jIp Juj U-i l^-si*^ J^j ^j-^l jj-^l 5ia^l^ c^^rfj^' 



Metaphisica L^ ^N ^iXiJI •-jUS'j Metafisica Algazelis ^J\y^ ii^^UJl jL^Li* c-jIj5 U^I 
j^ (j^l i-jbJj De elo et Mundo ab Avicenna L^ ^y ^'^^j «'L*--JI ^^j Avicenna 



t^l (J^)" (_«r^ oUj>-y «>--i*:j olS" : Domingo Gondisabvi ^LoJJ jii^i _"^ 



^_^l pUi^I ^1:5 ^ ^^-fi. De Ortu Scientiarum c-jU^ <! . Ve^^l Jl ^>>*iJ tiJl^^l 



iSj>J\ ^ ijTjJ^^ V*^ r^y ' ^-^' .^^ (>• Michael Scotto o^SC.- JJLi.^* - ^ 



I 



\r^ 



ol^lkJIj cjUUxII ^ djj : ^jJjjVi 



:cj) t ^W/jbV OjaII ^ ^;^-A^_;iJI ^ Hermann le Dalmatie ,_y>~JjLil ^yy* _ A 
<!L.j JiJj ; {> \ Y i • |J^^r^ i^ ILklk >^jV JtA^^^I v^ c> ^J oi"^ -^J^' G^l 

; ^ ^r /jbV 6 ^ JjVl viiiJi <Uj ^ tijJ^l Alfred de Sareshel JU^ ^j :>yi] _ <\ 



«I* ^j ; Sy- ^ O.L' ^">Ulj ol>-i oil 0=^ ^j A-j^/ v^l V^ ^rV'^l Jl (^y 



. Lv- ^N OiUJI ^liS- Ji U^ t aJUjJI ji <lij jlp! i^yJI 



: L4U yjjvaJI Jii J ci^ SOP iUaJikj i*j».jili L-jJlJ ^jIjJI Jii^tAj 

cJl^ t ^a;Vl ^% J oyiji ^1 i^yJl i::SUJI jltiU V : Vi»l ^ l^)i\ _ \ 
U : JUil y^l Jp 'j^- i^^l U^ cJl^j ; V-"'^l Ji <^\ cJL* Ji; JI 0,^*:ryJI 

Vi»ll ^y^, j^y^ Pt^jUJl JI ^^^j : i^jdill ^^1 5p|y J ^yi^^iJ^ isj\i i»>i^l 



^. 4 dU Nj _ JjS/U ; l*^_^l LUp J ^yv.^ dllyjil J^ ^y: ^j . ii^i oJL^ 



(U)/- 



ji^ cu-Jj cJ^I dUS J LyJ iiJ ^j ) ;3Lli!l JI ^^yJI ^1 J^ Jj::. - OyJI 

c^^)" c*:- U-il ^1 ^ ii>il oiAj . UjSUI ji iJll^l ^ JiJL JWI ^y.^^\ ^yuj 

o^. Jliil d\Sj ( JbuLill ) 4;^Uj JI ^^__, ^^1 ^y^^ ji^ JjV/u . IL^.xSj (.jL -^1) 

.4l;N_A;)l-J_4y : JUlyJjl Jpj^-i^_;j|c:jis:i , sIjSUIj iljUjJI ^ 



J\^^\^\Jk^ji\'^\^j^\jiji\i^\Xii(\^) 



\rw 



IIUL i^^l i^jju jj. 



Michel o_^ jLi^ c iiUi, ^ 1^ \ r /^V 0^1 J o_^_^| 4^1 ^JUI ^jlJ^\ _^_, 
^1 oU3>J A;u^y ^ lUUj c ^>-Ml lij. (Jk. 61^ L^^U jt ilkUa. ^j Aj^ Scott 



. Burgos ^^ j^^ ;i^l ^ ^\j 



^ o^L* jai| OlS- Jii Oj*./ t5i ijl^^ ^1 J5bJI ii.> ^j : s^LJl UiJ^\ _ r 






f-^ lib • Cs'j^'j ^A-^ urf^' 'u^>^ ^^J-<^1 o^ LajIl- oU^^I oJU J5 ^ ojlul ll,j 
Hel- H j^^- ^^1 ^J_k^ b^i JliJ! J_- JUi . ^^1 ^JlJwlJI 1^1 ^1 ^J k„^J| 

Ezeig ^.^Ij t Almudaratj oI^Ij^Ij t Opogeoj ^\j , Benenaz j ^yuj obj t muhayn 

. . , pnJ 






a^ osj . <^'iS\ J\ l^j :C^I J\ Cjm]\ ^ c^j oU^^I oIa ^_;^ ol ^jl^l ^>*j 



^ ^ 



' (^>^l u^l t/ V'jy ^^.^ ^5i^l u^l c^ V'^SI ^^.'^l u^.j*-' Jl ^W* u?*^>^^ 



IJS dili Jlp ili-S/lj . iS^y^\ ^jbJI ^>< <^U^l C-^jS- AjUwaJI ^Lw.!j . .^UiUJl ^ya*^ jl 






UlkJlj oUidI ^ djj : ^JCVI 




. io_^l Uill ^ ^ ^>1 ^Sj 






: ^>Jb i5^1 Ori i-^i" ^v- 



i*>-j; ^1 iUaJiaj Oj^ijjJIj il-^ V-/^' '■'^*^ ""^ ' illlJti i-w'Uj i*:>-^l i^jJUj ^j-j^LnJl 



(♦-^'y^ i/ <i>-^ ^S"!^ j_^ ilJio i<^^l ;^^ Cv*jiJu" \^j, . JiJ^\ hrjjSl CJj^\ *._j:SOI 



djii\ ^ ajIj. (^_;^! jS"!^ jj^ mui], ^ J^^yJl 2Sj>- oJiX- t ^jU i^j ^yJl J^ 
Jai oJ^j ^jjJj Salerno jJjL. /^ ^ JxJUJI oi>-l j_/ll Palermo j^_^L 5-^L>-j i * ^ T /j.V 

. L.:.y Ljj) 4iikj» iikll? ^ OlS" Ic^^ LJp llwj jlJLij ^ 

: ^^1 oULaJI ^Uw'! ^^^1 J^l llj. -UJU ^Uj Jij . ^^1 Jl iiJ /^ JU^I ^1 



:iw-UJI 






\r\ 



Ml 



m\ 






. i.^lol4.j_^^_d^U^-^>^!^^;JaJa_;j . il, ^U^ ^ jJ^ j] iJ\ ^\Z^] l^^ 



■^j irih cs^jA^I "^'j^ V (1^ Quaestiones : oIj:jo LliS" ^3^ cjj5L- J^oU^* -^-^ -^J 






>^ t/-r^^ I j^ij t^jUalu aJj^i .^i ^ j^ yi>o ^jjSfi ojo-p ^;_rii j.*>- u ijlaj 



. j»^ ».UIp Jl l^Jj-^-^jj l4J_^.^^,iw. _ 4 




^ SiUi y> c ^jJI 5^*>r.J! i^l oUj^_^l J iv'l^-j Lft^^^U*! c^-^. Ji\ .^lk>-Sf I ^j^j 



>lxJlj dLUJlj LUI J c^ULJL:^Nl oJLA j^ ^js:i . /;Iv>JI l^Uw^! Jl 0*JI oULl:5Vl 






^1 ;5_^^l :U15UJ1 .'j3 J o^Jl^I .ULJI ^_,^ j^ .lk;i'^! diL-j jUiNI IJLa 1^ ^j 



<ij3j <la^j 'U-^j U5 (_yJ-^l i-l-c^l <L>i^4^ ; i--JLjJl fljiUJI ^_^i^ 5:>ljj t *— ^y^ cuoJlS cjUj>-^I 
JiJi l^ljS : iwjLP i-^t-ji* iz...A' 4julaJI 5l:>*yij 4j^>-LJI iL^Jl ^y» Uj:;Xoj J.^^^^! Jj^I 



\£ 



cjUUwJIj oLLUI ^ ojj : ^ajVl 



£Jk i^ I g p LaJ I 



: ijj^l^l^l 



: jjiU C/j 4 C^j 



jl:}\j ^^ j,^ IvifrJ jb : y^ <. (JUJI JLp o^Ij v^)^' 5jL,ii>Jl J-^ 



: iljiij^^j*- 



=V-'^IL,jJjl^^l>:i)lji: 



I JL«i>ii4 C j^MiJ4A^ 



|.nAO t L.$:>J|C^ : ^jj; >_JyJl Jl vt>L-NlSjU>JljOyJl^jLJijLiJ! 




liO^U-i 



iSa*Jl v^.il?! oljJi) US^\j 4yJI o^^^l 0=i J^' t> ^'^1 ^1 ->J^ 












• jt^y <■ (}ij^^ 






: l^'^\ ^1^1 



Alonso Alonso E: 

-Traducciones del drabe al latino' por Juan Hispano ( Ibn Dawud) 
- Al-Andalus, V. 17 (1952) - pp 128 - 152 



\i\ 



A,IJaJLlaj iA>-^l i^jJU jji 



Burnette C.S.F : 



- A group of arable - latin translators working in northern Spain in the mid - 12 th 

century, 
" Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, n^ 1/1977, pp. 62 - 108. 



Ferre Dolores : 



- Traducciones al hebreo de obras m^dicas en los siglos XIII y XIV. 

- Miselanea de Estudios Arabes y Hebraicos : vol XXXIII fax 2 1984, pp. 61-64 



Golner Carol : 



les premieres traductions de Tarabe au latin 
ST- Act. or, III 1962, pp. 139 - 152. 



Harvey L. P : 



The Alfonsine school of translators : translations from arable into castilan 
produced under the patronage of Alfonso the wise of castille. (1221 - 1252 - 1284) 
Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society ; n° 1/977, pp. 109 - 117. 



Hourani George: 

- The medieval translations from arabic to latin made in Spain. 

- M.W, LXII/2 (Avril 1972), pp. 97-144. 

Les traducteurs chrtStiens et la science arabe de recherches d'islamologie par I 

Madkour. Louvain, ed. Peeters, 1977, pp. 201 - 206, 



Tomiche Nada : 



la litt^rature arabe traduite, mythes et r6alit6s, Paris, Geuthner, 1978, p. 74 



Van Riet S : 



Traductions arabo-latines et inforniatiques, Bruxelles correspondance d' Orient n^ 
11/1970, pp. 473 -488. 



Vernet Juan : 



- ce que la culture doit aux arabes d'Espagne. pub. Sindabad, Paris 1985, p. 455. 

- les traductions Scientifiques dans I'Espagne du X^ siecle, les C. T. XVm, n° 69 



ere .. rs erne 



- 70 (1970 - r^ et 2 '='"'' trimestre, pp. 47 - 60). 
- la cultura hispano-arabe en orienle y occidente. Barcelona, Aiiel 1978, 391 P. 



MY 



oULWIj olJLaJI j^ djj : ^^Vl 



Vetsch Brigitte : 



- les centres de traductions dans (les ai^abe et 1' Occident). 

- labor et fioles. pub. orientalistes de france, Paris 1982, pp. 123 - 129 



Watt W. Montgomery : 

- rinfluence de I'lslam sur TEurope medievale 

- R.E.I, XL/2 (1973), pp. 297 - 327 

XLI/I/ (1973), pp. 127-156. 



Agreda Burillo Fermando : 

- Autores espanoles traducidos al arabe. 

- Cuadernos de la bib, Espanola de Tetuaedn no 23 - 24 (Juindecembre 1981), pp 
5-74. 



J. M. Lilla-Vallicrosa : 

la corriente de traducciones cientificas de origin actual hasta firus del siglo Xin 
dans cah ; d'histoire mondiale Vol II, n^ 2, 1954, pp. 395 - 428. 



Werrie P: 



r6cole des traductions de Tol^de : Ecrits de Paris (Juillet - Aout 1971), p. 296 



Terres Elmas : 



er . rtCme 



le developpement de la civilisation arabe h Tolede. C.T. XVIII- 1970 1 et 2 
trimestrepp: 73 - 86. 



Thery G: 

Tol5de. grande ville de la renaissance m&dievale. Oran Heintz, 1944, p. 150 . 
Alfonso Ganier : 

Toledo - school of translatore dans J. of Pakistan History Society vol XIV/2 Avril 
1966, pp : 85-92. 



ur 



oUU^Jlj oL_J_ax)l ^ Oj^ : ^j-JJuVl 



d^ I^JJl ^:3u'yi j:aj ^fj^l JaJaicJI 



(») 



:>U>JI aJUI jlp ju>^ : j_^J-!l 



<iA»«JI ^ji/alitnT..!* 



^1 Jj^; iJU->i OJlJJ t^.^.^^1 cc^lj i»Ja^l JJI> <^I>^1 Jl vi^l IJLa ciJL^j 



^jl-uJIj oUU>Jl5 oUJI cjLIuJIj ^LwJIj Jj>-LwJ1j jj-^I -uJiJ ^ cu-Jii^x^l ^ 



ARCHITECTURE AND URBAN PLANNING OF MUSLIM SPAIN 

BY 



Dr. Mohammed A. Al-Hammad 



(ABSTRACT) 



Muslim civilization of Al-Andalus (today's Spain and Portugal) lasted for about 
eight centuries (711-1492 A.D.) of alternating stability and turbulenc. Muslim Spain's 
turbulence may be attributed to several factors, but mainly a prevalence of ethnic, 



racial, religious and cultural diversities. Despite its relatively short periods of stability, 
Muslim Spain produced a high civilization that expressed itself in architecture, urban 

planning, agriculture and science. 

This paper will seek to discuss urbanization and architecture of Muslim Spain, and 
to show how the existing Spanish cities were transferred after the conquest into urban 
settings that eventually came to embody cross-cultural influences in which the Islamic 
one played the dominent role. Furthermore, the plurality of communities in Muslim 
Spain with its unique ecology were important factors in the evolution of Muslim Spain 
architecture. 



. ^LJL 0^1 .L;)f ^^1 J^l ^U jiX^ c <jlJIj Aijb^lj v^^^l cijUIj Jl J t\jyS:^ (*) 



\1V 



oi^L_k*Jij oL-J-iJl ,>^ Ojj-J : ^xVl 



: IaMa 



■j^\ ^^ ^U51 J Ji^^ ; {.U U^Jj! : ojjdi] ,j;^j ^AA ^y o> d^l II* 




^^y> ^IkSj 4 ^Ul i.lp JC^ i)_^^;>^ vi ^^^ LJ^ cr'l u-J-^^l J f^V' CP^" V^'j^ t> 



^ fjJl? JLv- ^i-^ *=riJI 1-^ ^^ J^J ' obcl;>JI J lii (.U*VI ^.,.i>Jlj t 0:,i2lJl ^ 



^^ l»^. Ci,va>^ ^j-^r ct-jV- ^^I I-^ -^^ : L^lJj -0=^^' ^^ ijtri "-J-^^ us^J*-^ 




(J Uy>i\ oUUjiJNIj oliUiJIj jbi^/l iJLOi (j|^<w>^ ^y c Ojj* i*^ J:>U 'J>jj>j Ujbjf 0^ 

t oii Ai_^ ^ j^, ^, .h-.:iij ^jiijtJij oi^i ^ ijb i^ ojuJI ^ J c Ojy ajl*j* «j^ ^jljVu 



oU sa5Lil ^jjNI ^ ^^L->l ^^jbJl uJl^ ^^.iu^ ^Uy\ Jl ^y^^ lI^I IJU b^ b^l 

A-*I>.^I (*Ji:lj OJuJI JaJai^ ^y 4JUJL» Uj ^;;JJUl!l Jl>i^ JjljJ J^U- ^ diJij t ^jUUJl 

Jl 












. L^ Lya>- L*jj-« «uJ-Lj J 1 O-UJI Cols' J ojU^^J ?T^^ L^L**^j^ aj ^S^^lj 
ti^^va^JI ^«^*i>c^l pJi:j ;kL- :»j^>-j jj^ (jd"UjJI J G^ aM i>^" (*^ v-''-^^' *^^l t^l 



.V^)^l^-^lj^l 




M^ 



V^>L^>1 ^AJ^^I OJuJ J\j.^\ Ja-Jaidl 



I <L»sjjUaJLj 



^ ^ojVI ^^Jj^i JJ \y[S y^li\ t Oj^ri>Jl i'jii! O^^Jl-^I l4>^ ^j^ UL^l j,.5:>o dl^ 



j»-jJLi jUjJj ^bi jSj . UUul L^_j t '^\^jj\ iij>I^Nl cLUU- o^...-:^! ^I l±>.jzJ\ JjUJl 





c ^U OjJb Uy>-i ip_^l jl ^^ o.^^- it>UJ j»^-jl-il 4J^ ' LjLr-i J Vb SjU^ 






oa t l*^\ji\ oUUa«>l!j ^.^1 ^l^U (*^- <5^I UJp L^i^jL-i A^.^1 oJlS'j tii>.>«J| 



jIJ^Ij I ^jikJI ^ IJ'^J^ Cl^/j t ^Ui>-*yi jJJiJIj ^«-»J:;>v^I iLJ ^ U^^^aj c 




^1 i)IJI Jl 'NL jL" (Jj ^U^lj ^UVI Jlp ^i^l cu^jU j^ J c di JJJl Sj^ 



. ^JuSfl ^ JUp j;j-JL.^ iJjj^ IjLS' dUJd 



(J ^jl;'"^! ^ jl : JyJ! j^, ^1 j:>. \j^_ La, ol^ ^! d\ ^l c <i]jUJl ^^^ Vk*I ^>« (»J^^i 



^jjl .1^ SjUj tj;-.l »JI J^ Ot» ' J^l Jcr~- J^J ' iJ-^^ ^^ ui^^ t>« P*^ V^ 



\ «• at 



(3>,JU^ Nj Low? d^ ^^4:^ U^I_>^1 o"^ ^ ^jl> (j^-^J ^'-^j^ ^^-^rr^ '^'^ JUJJI ^ oUipUo 



. i.>r.s^! 




"y 0-uJl (jlS^ ^^-^^'J *• (*-fjUa5j --^ajI^^ Js»U:>.*y! ^j^ oU^Nl ^jylaJ^^*^ ^ JuJ^I A-U>t^ 






\o. 



cjWLL^\j cjLJ-tl\ ,y^ djj-j : ^ajVl 



JJ (^ cJl^ jJI JUVlj oJuJi di>U! Jl UUJI ^ ^;,^JL^I ^Jj] Jz^ (Jj c ^jVl VrbJl 






SjLyb- (>UJ LpUi=rNlj o^ytdl oUjUl ^aj'^b ajJi>JI ^y.">L-Nl j»i::>JI Jj J3j 

Ij^l j^ '•^J ^7* *-!-''-* o_^riaJ *bj o__^L« Ttlill JL>u _ ^>li4 _ wLpI Jii t JUjfcl -Uj Ifiilyi 

^ji Jii c^- j^-^^l ^j , ^|>^Nlj jl>u-NI ^ ol> v^)^l o-^^^^l ^JJ**" 



t jjullj ^>Jlj UJlj Ai>lj_^lj i*L^| J ojU>J| dJL- y»Ul. cuUjj t ojjjVl cLUU^I 
Orj Mj t v^^l v-JjuVl ^!_pJI J ^U JilJL. oj^j ; iJLjNl oUpLiJl ^L-j 



UJ Ij^^. jjj c U>j U^Ij iiULj U,^ : Jiu iL^ L-j^ ^^^"^1 \j\^^ ^^ 




^UJI a^.^1 i.lil ciUi ^j L oUaJ Jwil Jp O^OaJI ^^ JU.^ j,^ ^^^Ij c iJl^l 

'tyi^'jjy'^^^1*^^)'' j^V.-P^'f^-J'^' V^l/yjt3'>-'^'j ' '"jL-Vljbj tibJuJlJa^j 



p^LiJL iU li lUiJ^ liwj bull, Lrujo; o._::^lj ; aJUI Uj>1I J!>Uj ^1 Jc^ i^Jiill 
6^ i.Ut. ^^Vb J_^.J^I ^' Jj c ^^bU v-WI ^1 ^j> ^]j ; JL^NI ^^1 



. i A ^ I (vJjUJi jb : 5y>Ull) I ^Ju^\ J o^l ; pUJI Jp ( ^ ) 



\o\ 



VtA->l ^jj'Vl oa^ ^1^1 ia-J.^1 



^Ij^ ^ Siji:;^ Uju j! t '<1>J ^J SjaIjJIj *-ly>^! ^JUi' t i*jjLi!L; SJUai* sjl.jl>- IJju olijl 

^ i«^ (IJJL. ^!AJ >1 .,<7.a:...^ Jilij l-Jj^Vl OJuJi 01^^ iaJaio l^ljOJl Jj UJ JjbXl.-,, 



Ifll^^A^j a:jjlJI JaJa>j 






jr^l cS^lj^b *Wj>«Ijsj^* <J^=r u^ cr-Jy^* cM" C^ '^^ C?~^ ci^^ ^ ■^^" ^-^ "^^ 



JJ U Jl UiojlJ i_^. /.Jill ^ ibjU OJ^ U^yj . S>J AjU c-^lj _^ V (^y- (iJJI 



c 5jU;>U Ijb UjJUJt ^^^^Ju^i ^j c l4Jl^l ^>.^I ^ ^- ^J ((.V ^ \ ) jk ^r j-Ip Oj^Ju^l 



A^ JL-JL 0^^ (jJu cij")^ ^Jo-l <iU-j J>-lJJI t>*^^' -V" rk^ <y 1^1* ^j^"-> 



iJJJ 






lT^ 0^y^-!> ^ Ji^Jj^^ j^^3ufS\ X^ jj-^ iLl>^ iojJliJI ijJUJI C-Jl5j c Uajj ^^jlS'j \S>-\j 



WW 



\oY 



oULkJIj ciL-JUcJi j^ Oj^ : ^JuVl 



o! juo ^1 j-pVi ^ j^ Ljiu>o ^. ^ ^Lj^/1 ul t ^,\ji\ jji^, oxJi jvajj i> Y rr 



^ cJjSO- U.^ 01 iJl^^l .>u JU dJJUj i (i^l^l c^iij Wij^ jlj-""^! ^^-j^ *^l '^ 




j>.-J^l J^l (JLp Lf-^j o_^:iJI ^Ju. «iij Ujls-I t_jl_^! 4jw- ii.y jj^ 015'j t Oa^ 







OUi> 

^Ul ^ ^^l^ill j«;^j: ^i^ c SU ^UJ v-Jj^^^l oxJ\ iij\j t3> cJlS-j . ^^\ Jii>J iJj^ 

<4;>J1 U c oLgjr -^^^ i>« U^j^ <3-J^ *4^>^ >^l *^^J ^^ji o^l ^^' L*^J^j t l:^Jc^ 







I »b : c 



J 



( iSj o JL. J»k;^ ) 







\or 



V>L^>I ^^'Vl o-lJ J\j,^\ JiJ,>^ 






vT cri '''^^ t^^j 0=^ ky^h <5Uo ^;-.A^- SjI^ :)1^j t i^Ui iwij u«^u^ ^.^i oo^j 






jb o-but ^^^ ^ t ^_^ LjL^lj, tilj-'Nij o^LiJIj oUU^I o^jjJj c L^k^j ^ ^UJ! 




J . ^I_^t i,^^ aJ c:^^ t5 JJlj oL^l ^^^<^ j^ L^ JpU! ^^jJl ^^1 ;liU^ J( ^l^| 



jij-^ 



y> l^ ^J\ ji>!L l^"y_^ ^UJI ,Lij >_.I_^Vl Sl^j C;r^^l^ '> ^>JI ^^1 



\o£ 



I.UaJi_, oLJ_4iil ^ djjS : ^xN\ 



( 4j^I iaJai^ ) 



^ i))f f \ 




\N < W o^ 






pA 1 « 




\ 





\ v-O^i^ 




u 



^— ^ ^-^y 0^ 



•I 



(. 






* 



\oo 



i^-^L^y] ^jjVi dxJ ^\^\ Ja_i«i^ 



I 



: SUU> (^) 



oJl^ ^1 S^l 5iN_^ i^L-j g v>f N S^Jw» iLjJi. ^JUVI ^ JUp oJlS- a5i <1pL-> Ul 






j;^ ilj ^ Ai.lJ_/i ijwU >«ij'j . Lfo^l AjNjJi oJUolj t LjJLs^ iiaU^ cJb- ^ji>- i.^j>^\ 



\jtjs>^^ ^ji>Jlj J^l ^ oLUJI Ia_^- c bUJl^-^ JL>J L^ c^^' JUAll ai*j jO^^I 












JJ UU ^>.^-^j ^>:::5U l?J^ J> L^^ ^^> OO^ .Ui i dUi J j> *:>/ j t j_^ U^ JS3j 



jLw-NI ^JuL cJ=^ ^1 vJoi'yi 0X^\ ^ili^ ^ 0_^J— Jl Lfr^ i*^ M ' *^'^> *5^^L*^ -^>-' 



\ol 



ol^Ua^lj oLl I'M cj^ djj^ : ^^'H\ 



( :U:»U> OJLi ia]a>^ ) 







u^ 



«■ 



.-^v > ,y 



- - - ■ - T ■ / 






\^t^y^r\ 



■ I -- 



^•£i^'ir^ 



^'' ^ON^^ 







i^M Ul^l^ 






*■ i - t • 



.'':;■:^^ 




« ,• 



/ i-"- — -* 



I 



t 



' JiU^J .Jf^J 










■ I 



% 











I A 




vJJtxIl ii>J ^k« : SykUJI ) t ^^^r,JI Lj^l gijU'j ^xVl il^) t oiip <iJi xj> 






\o' 



V>^)/t ^a;S/l ojlJ ^1^1 iuJa^idl 



: Ai. JuJ I Jk^ J ( Y ) 



•C 



M(!) 






^^J jl/^^ Jl ^^ "^J r^ J o^ jj.,^'.Jl JJ ^ f ^AV /^rVV ^Li^ U^t olS* Sa^Oi^ o!^ 



y I -UlSCo l....:S i«li|j O. f.J>" f»-U -Uj OlS^jLi aJ JL5 Oii ^ <3jU^3 ^JJJ ^ *^^ ^JiPj 4jguk>J 









(r) .. 



J6 "\V >»Lp ^y ^I x-oU- f l;j ^_;_^Jl>-jJI iiji ^y> c^*^' VW^M t^LSL. :>Ai^ :>'^^ jl ^>^j t *GjUp 






. iTi^ c(f ^'\A^/-ft\n* . ^Ijbi^yi. : sa>-)t 'uWJ.l^^yU,^ * Jl_p.j^K;-t^...i^j. (t) 



\oA 



oifLkJIj ol -X.s-W ^ Ojj-^ '■ o — ''^*^' 



l^ J\ SJ>- ^jS^\ ^y^ ^j I Ujjjlj ^^\ >\>^\ J \^\j^\ Aij^l AJjlXo cjj^\ 



(O 






ill __;5! <U<9jl«i Uwbf S_yfcljJl a>c — Jjc>- yiLfr ^1 ^^^ jj-,^aUJ! iljl ^jf^ i -b-lj jVM ^5* ^l>- 



f- 



Sysl^l Jl>c^ J^^ aSj <UI Jj-^jll iiJLoj OJlJI ^UvJl (t-^ij^j t lilli jl^fH (t-J^ J^UJI t/*lj 



jiUiJI ot>bil v-..^ I'jb^--^ iV^j J^r— « ''"A* • ^ U^Jip ^jlyj Up^ ^ S^ cJlS" 

.015LJI 



t 4jjb><dl CJ^jUc^l l^JLLvf ^ Jaia ^;;jjjJ ^y 5J?^ ^bf Jja- Jlj-- J 1 ^^1^ '^^l^ V'j* i^ 

i>-UI j! ( ,_,^Jl«Jl i>.>^l ) ^^1 Ji>]l Jl ^ XL^ ^jji Jj> pJirJ oJl5j t OjU.^ 
JlSj s_y>-Ull jl Sivftill xJlJI HjJu (j.-ai^o cJlS'^j t _/>x-tji ijpy>- ji f'l-" ^y'j^' ^4 "^j^ -^ (J**^ 









Me y^ (^' t>i' ^^^ l/ M'j^ '^'j^ "^^-^ t^l " Jt^ -"^ J ^ Wi f 'j^*^' ( (3>*JI c.-o-U?) c^.^*-j:>i^1 



^"^ O-J^Ji0i>-^* •j t ljjJUA*i300 






Philip K. Hitti , Capital Cities Of Arab Islam . 1973 . P . 155 . 



(n) 



^o^ 



V!>U>I ^a;Vl OjlJ j\j^\ J*_k;c)| 



: oUU>JI 0^) 



CJl^c l^ ^ JUVl -Lji^ Jbo ^^vaj^lll ^ ^. ..U Jl OJ>^! ^1 ^/yUJI ^>^U^ b\^d^ijfi 



i_jy J^v*^ cuUUjJI cJlS" . iJL-« ^_^-ij Atjjfli ^^ TwaAi L» cjULjJI j_yip (!.^l iij ^ of j_jy 



JJ j:^ iJlX« i^Vl jy c-;...:^lj t ^bjNlj oOuJI ^l>o1 ii ^ c^jjJj ci^LiJIj ^l>>JI 



u-*-Lu jij^ jjjj (-Aj Nl t i^L- Vl ^^^iJij ^y i*^ *i^i olj fl^iU- x^L;>JI ^y >— 'jilLi iL»!>L«^l 




oUtjUJI i.Ulj »x«Jlj v^ v-L-I 5JU-J Uuj jl5 ^jjl»jj\ ^U>JI ill! ^;^->- ^ c Sj 



c j^LI Oj.*>eu-^l ^, « :.jUi c^JI » ^ c Sjl^j liij (ly^) c--. J? 2:jJx.j t a^^yj 



^j^ . • . ..^ ..o^ Jjj t SjJJU iilUll Vr jUJi ^JJI 4J|J^ _^l ^y jlii. j»>u^! j,-^ tiU JLp 



: d\SiJ\j b\Si^y\ (f) 



/>jjJI i-^U:- Ul t i*UJLl ^j Ijb ^>ot--^j i*r-j i-iiJl j-^ ^"^^j jb *-^^ ^5^4 cJlU ^U ^1 






. > ^ \ 1 ^ t JiL- ^j^ t PhiUp Hitti (A) 



ol^LLxJIj oL,Ll-JI ^ bjj^ : ^xVl 



W 



, ^\ ik^jl, CJI^ JL53 i.^! U ^'^ ^jUJl j,^:^ C^- ^>.^| vJ-^Vl OJUJI I._^ JL*. 



W*^ (jF^J ' Ul'i' ^ "^ * ^ ^ LjJ ^^j t -aO i Y /"iU i*^' i>Jt i^.j^j '*-*r^, 1^^^ i'i*' jJlSj 



^UJVI iJUJI /i Jij c JJiJbdJI Nl OliUI ^ l^ ^, (J c ^ \ U^ (.U 0L^jJl5ai 0^ 



^,^1 ^ \j\> 0*^T U*>- ^ ^JJH CJI^ j! JL«j t AJUJLJ ^y^ jjj jj Ujji jJLt Ol j_jr-. 



^^'^.^^Nl 



^^^UJI dyW J!>U ^JJ^^L jL^lj j|> Ju> oJl^ Jii t i*LJI jjjJI ^b ^1^ ^ Uf 



ob»>j! i3> c^l U.JJ c IjL;.! ^ ^j c pLij olJ;^^ S-Lp ^ 0^. oJI 01^ t^^l 



.Ul bU Ul; vi^ (J^ jf ^>]| ^ j^ ^j, j.> ^ UjJl j^_^_ j^iJi ^ ob> 

. Sj'_^i o-lJI jtjL^ lf*^Uw oJl^^^l J^jii\j j=r^\ c^[^ 2^lM\ 



^LjMl ^l^ UJlj ; ^UJI ^j^l ^\^\ J,U; ^/ ^jjV/l c^^^iJI ^ ^LjVl 







.i.%' U,_^ Dl^j . jjj\ ^\y\ ^ SiiLJl l^J\ ^>J| J^ ^UJI CJLU! jSj ; i^bj jl,L,_, 







V--UJI J^ ii^l J (■^t^\ j\aS ) OUL^I ^^_ CL^j U.JJ , l^ -^j ^UJI ^1^1 y_^- 






V^^V o^-i^'^'^ ^-^ tyl^l W .tr^uJI 






«j 



'-* — «" (j^WjJ'j J-c*r "^-^J ajIs'^U^Iaj^J^JoL 



ajlj_^ ol*5s>t<JI jj-..j>tj\ /y)j SiLp ,»../> A.a '^■^Ij L»Jbj 



A^U^ij oL<JI :»jlj^_ 



OjuJI cJl^ dJUU t LjiUJ oUji^ j^ W^'jl^j ^ CjjuJI ^U) t^y*j>- i»j^ aUJI yy d\ 



CjJU ^j t 4Jb>o c^JiljJ _;i^^ j^ c-wa^ ^^^ ^ CJl5 Jui AJj^I UI . LgjIiUc^ yu (jSi\ JjlJ- 






J-,.aj>J dJlS* Upy ^ ifl-^UJI jjvaS O! jjl ^^ U JlSLfcj t j»-*jj^ j\ ^J^ AJit ^ Aj>Ja-^ 



JLpJI Sjc.ia.t (llbjbj . oJLju iiLwij ^^^ oJiifll ^_^L^^I ^^ ^c^l>« c5i^ (>^ JLj>Ji ^^ ^U! ^^^Ip 



jJlp Jj.Ma>JI jJ Lf-^ iiM^ CotJl Ji L^bt y>-Ijl ^J l)15UI /wo J ybLjl UiJUu Si>U^ OJ^ 



^j-.-^^ LgJ ^ti;^ ^1 xilj^l j^ jLNl ^;i>J oJl5 c oJuJl ^j\ <Sot3 JCuJ i;ij>- olj:i Jt>l>- 



<wJL>J aJLoj c.-»J1 Ala <iyS\ ^y L4I t^ljJI ili^ljj cjNI^JI (^^r^ t_y ^LJl ^j Ujjj t JjLJij 



^ oLJI AiUai ^Js- JiU>JI ^y U4» Ijji ^._.*..-:>^! ^..^ Jij . OJuJI ^1 <ub>ti (_5:ilj ^-.-^a^ j^ (^LJI 






MT ^^ c JiLJI^^t t ubp <]Jl JUp JU>^ (\r) 



\\>f 



oULkJIj oL_UJI ^ ojj-i : ^^*^l 



: ^^oiVl cJJuJ ij'j**^' o^UiJI 



^y ,yju L^ t (^lj**Jl t>!^lj JS^I 'i-^ ^ <«U. ^Ua;^ V^)" V-J-^^^l OJUD 



: v-=ljl ^U^l J. Li /JUj ; J\2ii\ ^'^\j 



l>y^ cJlS" jS\j t »«iill jlp oJj»-j ^_/J1 ii._^l OjuJI Jj;- ijJaiVl joJI o.A-..y ( 



oU^U^I /^- ^L^ liL^j J\ v^>l ilJ-^i Slj^ 5i.jiJl OjlJI o>c^U t jy»-dl ^y 5JU ^y 



i_^jj AjjL>ci)l cjUsLiJIj ojU)/l jb i>>-_>j ^ijb)'! i^LvJlj t j^x^l ^bjJI Jj^_^ Vi-^' 






U.JJ c vJJ^Ij ^J^^l c^"j '^.-^1 J^ J V^'^l h^l^i"^' -^^ Jl ^T "^'l c*» ^-^' 



.U.^IiJL^ljJi>:L(J^!Nl 



(y^J^' t>; jl__;^l J-^^ly \^jj . j:Ji\j ^jiJI Cjl_/i C-^j:^ ^;^-;- (jiLiJ! l4J_p- 0__^ Lujj 



ij^ jLS::^ i iwotf. j\ ^}yo J5 iva-^a^i- e/'^J*^' '^'^ -y^'^J Lf^.J Ori :>J^^I cJcs^li 






\ir 



^L-)/l ^JU'yi OjlJ ^^1^1 i.J,^| 




1^ 4^j^.j>^ jl ii^ i^jLu Jjloij^^^L^ JS'ola^j ^^t i-*. — i» (ilj^^l oils' (i) 

. ioJUJl jlj^! ^jU- CJl^ VjiaJlj ^'^1 i*U<3 Ji* c5>-b 41.JLJI J^b 01? ij-A.^; oUli^l 

jj^ ^ 01^ L. Nl t Cj^ ^j^li» (>. ^1 i^> jJ- v-^jj^^l 0-uJl ^ ^/UJI cJlS" (o) 



r-jU U^^iS"! olS'j « ob>- » jl < oL^ » Uj-^lj oU^^b iv:>b>- Oj-JjjVI Js^ i^) 



«j.j_;i)lj ojdJ OJUJI 015^ UiUjI -^-c^ t i*-JaJI jl^r-o^lj t U.^j ;i»U> 



|.UiAl ^ ^ ^Ij Cu^l A^bJI oUU>JI .b-. v^>l i-JjjVl OJlJI cu*iaI b*^ (V) 









Av-oj ^ojVI > O'j r->^ or- U'^V) ^1 ,>^JI ^ 0^ ^1 «U!li.)) J c ^_^l .U^ 



Jjj Oii Aj^l *.t-^ jy. 4jWU S^lj iJL^JI vl«>- ^ V-c^' t3j-i^" ^:^t '^^J ' '^r-^^J '^^^ 

ais . SibJI Sb^ Ij^Uj t J_^l JJu \y^j:^\j c L^-J^Ij V-JJ^"^! c^b"^' v^V V^' 






(.biJI ^y^ ^Jl5 [aXj^ ^0:^1 ol^ di^bub ljyL>-l Ji «a_^jULJl)) jl^j c JxJl ^ LjyJb 



N'M 



o!fU«Jlj oL_Lidl ,>> dj^ : ^juVI 



^ iAJ>\ J ^L iUj ^^ JjLt ^_^ olS" il i ^a;Vl ^ ^y ij^ LjtL^ j>J\ j^L, 



^ojVI Jl S^ ^.^ c^> j>. c-,>JI Jl i»>)l > JjUp ^ .Ul oUj 6l Uj ;^^l 



yyJl 0^ t SJUyJI jipLj\ J L>- ^ ^^1 >U-lj 4 i:X;JI i^l dlL" ^ oJbJL>- SL;- ^^...uL- 










. i,_^l ^y i:>UI 






^LyaU r^^ Lf-lj>-t ^>" oJl^ ^1 ^L^ ^ o^Ul <;^^ !j^^ t i:^ iLU* ^1 Jjl 



C 



j_ys^Uj t ^^jill ^^*_, ^j o> JS" ^ j»4! i j^ i^U .L^I J Jj-Vij i:>JI Ojiji IjJli'j 







i- . . ► (^y.) 



^ Oi-^jJI SSJSj t^jUJI i.^ ^ IjO^ ur^l^l 01 >/''' (.tjL-^l j_^^ c5jL^ 



^ oii dUi *^j i ^IjjJI juU ^I ^ \jiy>.\ Jii I ^2^;;Jl^I nj, ^js^ i^^>^\..^ ^yj^. 






Jl A^^l ._j:$3I Ij^^ UUlllj i^l SL>JI ^ ^^1 i^L. oij ; ^,j;>JI ^_g> 



'\o_VA^cJ.Ul^^l;pMJ^ (^V) 



\1o 



i^'^y\ ^jjVi ojuJ ^1^1 i»-U^i 






Ui c^jxoli 4 oLjL^NI ^y. Oj^-U!l j._;Jlj ^j*S\ ^jy; ot jl~ Ij^ Jiii OjjJj^l U 






^Jlj i ^.^[ .^i; IjUuJl AJ^)" (^"^''^ ^Lw^ J^ :)jjJj^l iiiU as J t JU-'VI ^ JL* lj3j 



lo^ U^ t I4J lj^^iju"j OjJL^l ^1 jl~u>l ^ (w^jf; ljC*i^! (,^1 Nl c!>L-)!b !jJb ^^I j^ 












i*kiio ol^ ^ jjiij J-^j >:^lj t Sj^l *r~2: ^y OjUJI <,^^ ^^Ij c^^l ^ 



i^!j A-x*Jl : ^^.-i;! c-^yJI ^ iX* *:r^' ^J^'J ' -^ 'r^ ^^' Cr* -^' -^^J ^^J 













\*\"\ 



ol^LkJIj oLJLidI ^ ujj-i : ^jjVi 



^1 ^ly^jJl ^.JuJ oo^ IS ^JJiJI L--W L_u>»xU vJ-^^1 "^-^l c~^^"j t S^Ju/» oULS- 






. ^■■>.L.vil J5a* j>.\ c U.U> KUJ s^VI (.uVI ^ j>-j t v>^^l o-^^^l 



M^lj o-jI'JuJI : ii/iJb vJ^' « W 






V>«JI j*-ii 'oj^'?*i t;jl-^l (^'>! ui" : Jlj vi.jJ|j ijooJI Sydl oU»I J\^\ ^\Sj 



Lf^ j.f-^j Vj*^I ^ •oj*4^ i^lj ie^^l iii^lj 4/^1 v*'^! ^ ^ j' ^.il 0^:-^. ^ 



(_)jjJljj>-i Jjii r^ Lfj ijJsLj JL»j ! v_»_^l i^^-**! ^ I4J ,,-jcJI iji-.j>w ^JJI jifl LJ oyJI 



^^^-w^c^ pJipVl d3^iJuJI (»^UJI <^ ioyJI iiJJI cJLJ JJi Jil^^'^^.liVl L^>j :LjUVI ^ ,^-JL'f 






V>L->II ^jJ^\ OjlJ J\j-^\ U },i<:i 




i JSUJI >l ;i,U> i^X^ ^\^[j ^jj^^l i>j2^ j^j i ii^l ^\J, ^j^^^^ ^jjNI 



^ «^^,j^^jj|» _^1 ^ l_^/t ^_jlJ| ^^,^J_J1 ^JiJi^^j, ^^1 oi^U t ^jS^ 






• ^j:^ Uj»<jw u- il^J 01 C-j«j»^ jJ ij^^, ,^^ t 1j»^>;:<=-j 



VtA^yi ^^Vl ^ oJi^ oSj . j.>JI ^ ol>-iU ^L-Vl ^U_^l ^ oL::SUJI cJlS 






0_^. j^lj J-^l l_^_,t ul^j i I4J ^.^N ^(j_^ ^I5ij c 5^U <^ rv U,y J Ol^j 






U* UJjj '^■J-^ vl-^ ^y ll^ j»i_^l ^j 4 *_j:^1 ;_i^5UaJ oU]>Jl jx-J ajjU- (>*---.j 

^y.y^LtJl Jl* .lyJLJIj .b/'^lj .ULJl iUi. J l^J* OLS- Jli a:!>JI Jj;> J V»J^lj 

•^j^\ J* Uu JUUi i^ J ^jc":;! 0=^1^1 J_^i j^j t ^_^ ^.^U ^"^ 

iiJiJIj ^>JI ^j JI>JI ^UNI v^ |»^Lf J o:.j> ; ji! jw- Jp . i^.aJl ^jJbJL NJ 
^;^l tij--i~dJI j»j>iLfkj>( ^y ^ J 0|j t slLj ^_A>-i IjJlS^ (>-*-^ Oj-b-jJl ^\j t i»Lp 2i-^ 






. rA_XA^ loLJxt c .DL*. <JJI Jup JU>^ (\A) 



WK 



oULkJtj cjLJ-iJI ,2^ Oj^ : ^jSi\ 









U^^a ) 4Jbj a.Li UM\) <^y> u^r-;) v-^ u^rr) u»y ojuJ ^IjpI s^lp j!>u 






ilsUji^ ^U! ^y t_s::SOl »^ vl.J._>>.>-J- Jbjj_^l ^1 oljX-. yL»j ii.Uj> O-U kji-- Ji*jj 



m 



(^'\)l• 



^y UJbil li|j t U3I ^j^oUi) iJ-XJjS UjJlij liJI ^jJiP-j JLw»:>-j AJUj frljJj (_$i ''iJ-'^^ '-•'J'^D 






. <iUJ 




x>- 1 jl5 i»ukJ I 



jj^LJij i^lj t i^jJuJlj c ^UJi J_p- j^p«:o" v^^l '^■J--" t/ V^' '^Sj>Ji\ oJir 



Jjl L^lj L;1_^1 ^j\^\ jOo ^ Jii ^UJI u! 4 i^UJl ^>Jl.cJIj ^L-jJI oUUj ^>ilj_^l 

^UJI ^y^ l^jjJI cJLSi^l (^jUo ^j . ^j>^\ J>UJI (J>JI >ljl ^ SJCJ^\ (.U ^Vl Jjl 






. r\"\^ 4 ^JUVl^il^ ; 01::p -dJI Jl-p Ju>^ C^^) 



\-\^ 



V^L-^I ^XVI OJ-J ^\^\ h>4dl 



^jj ' c ^ V'M /-aVo • Si-. ^ ^ dJLU JjVl v_L-jj uLijI ii.lJ> ^ 1^jSj> \^j li^lij 



iULAll JJL^ Ocr-^-^*^' J^'^ ci-J^I <^-^' '^J-* Ch' '-^ ' ^^ "^"^^^ J ^J^. Cx^^l -^^ 






olliJI ^ j^ ,_^ V'J^J -J^ (.-fJ <1)^ (>• <:» i»J^\ 11^ - lJL>>=-« J-*-! U^ _ pJUill OlS'j 









: ijJuJI SjbJ 



^L^j t V-L^*^l ^.^-^1 J ''-^ j^"^^ Jl ^j^ V-J^^l v^^^l '^-^1 'jl^l ^^ 



JiJ ^ (......-JiJMJ I J c oLcjLJi ijjii ^y ,_jvilillj t cjLji«JI ^yj t>« j" -^-^ ty ila^-iJI 



: ^ ^Ul .-j^Jul! v-L-Nl J^ljiJI a! oj^cJIj , ^d:S\ J^ oJi/ ^1 JjjJI ^ iiLk^ 



^UlJ! (i) . ijjui\ oJuJI JaI J^ (r) c *±uJL>Jlj 5;UI (T) ; (^.>3l d\Ji\ (\) 

sUJt jilj JJ ^1 NJ 4^l^l <*Ja;j iiiiUo. p\ Juy ^Ul L_^UI (1)1 ^jj t" '^iU^I 



. ^r£^ c ^-ijUi jj;> o^ ^ iJL-i> ^L^Nij ^UJi jjotJi ' ^j:*o^-^*-- (^•> 



w. 



ol^UxJij oL-LiJl ^ Ojj_i : ^xVl 



]x^\ j^^ , SJi>oU^I J5-LLJ! iL>JU. ^ l*JkP V**! ^''^^iL-^l ^UiJ! fjuJ OlS^j 






(TT). 




UUI Oj>lllj c vj=^' «W^^ ^^ ^VJl l-W! "Jl^J ' ^^ jr^J e'j-J^I -^J ' 






iwiiajj t *.LfiiJI ^y iJLP ,JLp oiUiitl i^i tilvaJi j^^ApL.^ Ijts- il^Jj ^15 J5^ OlS'j 









Ul^ AXiJ^j u! jJuj c ^^)^li3y^l jj^ v^V'cr-'-^^'^^'^^'jr^*^' '-^-^ ^ ^^' 



. 4j jUp oU jLi) cJlS" ijty 



ia^ 0j---jL*j ^.^..-.j^t^ij 4 4jp^^i L-,^u^j t aijo^i <w,^-^Lv:» jis" frU^i ^_^ '^y^j 



UbJU^ twiil*-'j t^„-..wJ>^l iiJaj (^^j^/L>JI *,4:>^l J^ljJ JllC- L*-^j ^ ^^^^^Jb i(l (_5^^y-,A>JI *-*I>t*J 






V^^^l ^j-J-UVl OJUJ J\j^\ Ja-JaicJI 




j^j >cJl ^ ^b -ij^l^ /"^l > r>2i cri^* vL-^*^' <^ J-^*^' •• "^ 



^^>^ 







-u"U 



:^»J3— * 



l» - 



« V 



J t o^^^^ajxjj ^ 



!>UNI 




i 



J 



jjaj jt^ U 



J 



LibjjB ?v^' 








i^JJ ^ 



£, ft 







^i J 




- i^jj ' (i^l ^l^pJl Uw-'y t O-UJl J:p:-b 




;l^-U 




ol 




JcUl 



^ <Dj.<^„ lyl^j c l^Vb ^.-J^l f jlj-i J o-^^l jly V Jc^L> .JI>U ^,..^1 ilJ^l c_^U 

« ;i>ytJi » ._^u»j « ijjuji » ^-^u* ^>H oyJ' rr^jj" "^ V^j^' jiUoJij «^ijjJi» J j_;J-u^ifi 



J 



ol5 







:i^-UJI 



^- ^ ^_^S^\ ^JJI SjliNI .J-- .^.--^ Jr>l;>«-^WI j> ^ oJl5j ^jl:VI OjJl-^I ^ 



c i]j-L]| ol^lyj ^^ e^.^Jlj JLJI .^i ^ ^j cy.^\ OJuJi 015L- jA J^^\ iiiJI 



ij^l LfrJLP Jljl oi JiJH j^b ^^1 oUjli. IL^^UNI ^JJ^^I 0^ (tiC>JI ^j JiJ 



\VY 



oUUaJlj oLJLiJI j^ Oj^ : ^JuMl 







<u-brl ^ iSjlaJ ^! (^jgI ^^^^,i>^ IA:>^\ iiJ 



« . * 



C^Uva-JtUj 



^ <!U4>Lo aJpU^NIj a^^L-^I jJuJl ^ tji-uJl <i^;V' ji-^ ^j-^^ lJ^ v^*-*^ ^ 

:>ajj (j^l i_yy yy h.J^3 AjiUscs! oLULiJ jJuJl ^iUj ^ oLS" Ji -ul JjN j 4 Sjli*^ Sjljl ^ 

^^\ oij -bV ^-j>:r Jl U>- IjJLiU; ^j c OL.^^Ij ^L:r^l J .a^l 11* jl j^' .^U! ^ _^ 




oJLa jf U/Jb" lilj 4 LjJLk) cufrLi d5 jj^l ^ l^Uy^ jl JuN ^.jlxll ^ \^_ <. Jx*: /U ^ 
Ot^jjJl ^ c^U olj c i*5!j SjU^ .Ijl L;L bi^ jjy LJLJ Jl_^ o^b A^^vi^l j^l^l 

. 4.4,^ I L^JUh^ Li? jj,AJu 



Nvr 



V^^V cr-i-^Vl OJLJ ^^Ij-wJI i.-Jxidl 



£>lj^l0 jdLeiJI 









: ^JLu.jj|>JIjlpjlJI 



4 iayJl ivijJI jb : Oj_;-J t ^-U^l J^^l oJLeli ; 4^">L-^I i.jj| ijJL. ^jb' . 



rij^j^j-j^i- 






: Jilt^^Jli. 



. ^ \ <\AA /j»M'A 



■d^J^J^ 



.^\<{Ar t^ijli : JJL-i ;<i»Uy>^_^^ 



: iliiJI ij*>i-» ^_^Lp 



|. ^ ^nr ; OjUJI jb : -oy^Lill c Ojjj^^l SjU^^I J c_.yJI yl 



\V1 



oULkJIj oLJLiJI ^ Oj^ : ^^^S/l 



:OUp*UI 








ZiiUaNl c\^\ - ti^l ,^UJ1 /t^i^USI ^ tiiUJl j^l ^y v^V' *^J 










/_*\ n ' JlxJI jli A^j-i ajUxo : oJ:>- ; AjjUi>-j A-^L>j 5^jb : iJt^l ^y ^iLtJ^" ^ 



.^nA'l 



: ilJL« ;*<.Ur«j^JLa]| <^»Jlj ^^U1I (^JLill Sjljj 

/» \ '\AA t AjJS'_^I JUjJI Ajuk« : iljLij t 4.-...^l j_^ CjLuIjJ 



: ■a^S\ ^1^1 



1 . Encyclopaedia Britannica . Vol. 17 " Spain" 15 th Edition . 

2 . Encyclopaedia of Islam , 1967 Edition . 



3 . Hitti , philip K. Capital Cities Of Arab Islam , University of Minnesota Press . 



Wo 



oULLuJlj oLJ-jJI ^ djj-J : ^JL^Vl 



3^:^ Jl4^lil AJiil^i >jl 



(*) 



Jv-Jirt^yjc^oj^-^i 



vl^>*JI 




!* ^ 



jXlj ^tjL.^! (JUJI ^y i-^MI J^L-vJI -u-Jl:^! t>-i_^ j-L«Jb ^^j^^/l ^L>JI SjU* jLj 

• '^i J Jj^ JJ^ M'j^ c> V^ .^ -LiUJ d\^j c JJL.X c5_^Vl x^UJI ^U>. J^ JLfr 



(i;^^ jjij V^-jilj Su'-^**^! ^^^1 ^-^j Aih:i^l ^\y^]j ^«-.UJL! j^UJI i^iai^JU iJjLiJI 



. ^Ul t^^^'yi jl>!U cjjh jJI i^JuVl JbrL^I ^yk^ ^Lp J5li4 



THE INFLUENCE OF THE UMMAYAD MOSQUE OF DAMASCUS ON THE 



GREAT MOSQUE OF 
QURTUBAH (CORDOVA) 



By 

Dr. Khaleel I. Al-Muaikel 



( AB STR ACT) 



The architecture of the great Mosque of Damascus was a model for early mosques 
in general and those of Spain in particular. The Qurtubah mosque was greatly 
influenced by that of Damascus. Tliis influence of Damascus on Mosque of Qurtubah 
and the role of the Ummayad Caliphs has been mentioned particularly by the Arabic 
sources. 

This study will focus on the architectural influence of Damascus Mosque by 
considering the plan and different parts of the Mosque, as well as the architectural and 
decorative elements. For this purpose a comparative study of the two mosques has been 
made here highlighting the main features of the influence. 



. ^b^ias'.vJ^UljjL'V!^ I iy^LLllJ\-^lr ,Jj>l^i,b^\,j\fj\^,\jj:Si (*) 



^v^ 



<.l_LJIj v^LJLiJI ^ ojj-^ : ^jjVi 



^,^1 JtjU dUij ^^ ^jj ^j^ J^Ip iLj ,>. J> A. ^ j> <\ t a;^ ^ jjVI c 



(\) 



. jh^i TY iL^ l4]»ji^ ji>- hy^\ ^Ijjdl oL^j (^Jb-I ^jlJ^^I c^w^I ^1 IJLa JL*^ t ^tij^Vl 



(2^. 2:L Jy-j JUo 'Uj^i^ ^Jb^l ^ j>UL)l Jjtl pj U^j LIpLJjI (.LJl i^ ^ojVI cJaJjIj 









t;jtjji^^>i^ji;Vii>-jU}j>.i^;uiojkiJiifLyi^l<jLiiJL*i ir^"U.y^u-""jUx«Ji (r) 



cr* 



j^) 



. U1^i(f\<\AAi^^jb : JJL.j)t^li^^Vl^l:!JI t^^^-s^JI,^ (o) 

Creswell, K . A . C ., A short account of eai-ly Muslims , Architecture(Belrut, 1968) P. 227 . 

t \^ (^ ^ "W \ ; oyJI i^l jb : oj^) c ^jjVI ^ y!>UJl s^l^ U.y c ^L- ji>Jl J^ Ji_JI (1) 

.Y«A,j^ i ((.\'\AA_U'A t OyJlU^Jljb : cjjj^) 

\A\ 



JU>,*^I ljLa> Jj^ J-^O; i^yS\ ^L»JI y\ 



t U>jh l^lil ^1 Ajljt^ ^ dlli ^j VL^I 0l^*lxll CU>J ^«w^ J>.!jJI j^J\ JUp ^v:tP 






(^). 



JLp Jaii ^^v:il2; jj V^^l 0^*IJI oJlA . ^^Up> ojUNl jj^ ^ ^^UJl ^ dHjSj t U>^ 



fr!>Uj ^^^ 11* h .^Ul c3>j ^l>*j V>"jJlj AejUA^l U^^Ljt ^1 c^jjul J. oUull oU^ 
Jlp ^UiJI ^ ^y Lojjj. J>.laJI j-*^^! JUP d\ V^jUl j^U^I OjLil jJii c U^y ^U- ^ 

i. JJL4 Jj <u«l ^ *^L>- ^ ULi Ji) ^/ Sjjvaj <:^y A^W ^^ Sj>Lpt j^J <ij>j| 4^j,Ma>- oljjj 

^^^^OJL^j ^Uyu OUl^l J>-IjlJ1 ^j-«^^I JUP ib! ^JI j^^ IJU»j t <ijU^jJ i>-j:>>Jl 0:1 jip /^liajj 



^1^! jl>-I (1)L^ ^2ri *^' -V*^ <^l^^^l l^-^^ iau^j^l ;>*^^1 Jup Jxi U5 /^t>JI 11* *^1^ t_59 (>7«^ 



^^^^j^rr* i:^U^ljj^x^-^^2;^LL]! 



jUa^Vl O^Lw* AjJb>.| (^11 7ri>*JI 1^^ Jj^l L5>r^' Jl>T oil o\ ^^ Ojiii* 4^!>L-)(I SjUxJl 

j..,a^ JL>-Lwo Ul c a;^ iii^ j,cjo *wJl>- a-«L>J ^ oJjo oLul j^l Ju>-L^l <b oJcil (jS}\ 



. aSjj^/U i?U^t (J^j^\ j>^lj 






^ ;(o.;. t uijUJIsltj^ :i;jjjiC->l) c (.-iL-yiAJji^^^O^uJljijUJl ^ jl^I V Jj^J -V- 



(U) 



. rv-^ t tvi 



SAY 



oUL_LJlj oL-U-JI ^ djj-j : ^ojVi 



Ju^ l>iUj ^>^^l JUP oU ^JUI Jj^/I J*.JI jUSoi^l l_^L- (.lS:>- i^jl AjLiJi Jlp ^bu 



•• Jh 




(\0 



M^l>- Cj\j^h ^J^ t ^l^i <r^y -^^>^-^j J--^-^ A^^ o^. ^ -^j^ ^.^ "^j^ 



. tjJLoi /*-*Wh tJ^^J^' AJJUUj Lj^JJ Jajj^ ^-^^J 4jJI!Uj oUfcJtJI Cjj>-lj 



^jL:o ^1 dLV' iy <^-^ ^^pwJ! ^ Jk ij>-yj j^^c^, -Wl>«i ^^-ob^l ^^^^.^ u! 




i»l^l (_jill *^l^^l ijijJI t JJt^J *^L>- (^"1-^ (_^ oLolj (.UajJI IJLfcj ialpi *^ (Ji^j^*^ J^ Uc* 

U»> ^U- ^jl^j Ul j_^ J^li. ^bb o^ L^ jJL.i ^U- ^ 14:/* obj aUJI JIjj ^ 
^\ LA\Ji]\ ^LJ^I jJli" ^y^ ^J^ ^ IS>J ^U ^ ^\ L ill 01 Jx^ j^LS (^U= olS ^ 



dj oJcil Uij^ U,y jji^U- Jjo- U^ v>*^'j ^Jl:V| ^ (i>-I JL;rlw. Jl ^i Juo U^'L" 



, SJb Jl^ J;>-L.w« 



5i^ Jl ^ ol 0.*^ iJp^ o^u^j jJ^i ^\^ ^ a?_;1JLJI ^^L*JI ^\ ^yc^ d\ JJ 



^ ^4-^1 ^^Nl tiy^l J^L^ ^ ^ i>:u ^1 5^UJ1 a;U^ 4J iJ,y JL>_ ol ^j i,^. 



(Na) 



. All" ^1 ^>Jlj ^JU^I 



« 



. \x ^ ii^. j ^\^ i j\^\ i\r) 



U.y ^U-» ' jUaJl 5 Or^iU.y c^L-ir-^^ ; J.UI ^^1 ; O^IJLp J>pJ J^ ( \ £) 



. ii .ir 



' ^Lv j.>!| u^ ^Ij ^_aJI 0^ ^ ;^^- , UL^l ^ ^^!)L,>I ^1 ; ^_j_y. ,^yr Ji^L. ( ^ 0) 



. ro ^ ( o . J t i«^^lj ^UU <,_,.^l _jl_d| c : 5y.UJI) 



\Ar 



■A^-^l SjU* Js. jJL.a. ^y^\ ^L>J| ^\ 



: vli-JI ^^sri-i«JI --ii-Vl 

j-Ui; .i^ ,^Ml o^..^! ia-kkj ajl, j.Ui: U,^ ^b>J ^\^\ ^ y\^\ ^y^)\ j^ ^\ 






t^^^^ 0^4^ J^jU ^jjVI J* v^l ^'^'^1 V^ viUSj ^LJI ^IkJI ^_^Ul^"o15 J;i|jJl 
O! Jii4 «iDU i -u-alSj J^ljdl ^^^^^1 jup Ja-kiJ Jlp cJiib- Ji^.....U .u:^t>UI oU^_^l 

tAS- ^ i^L-iJI i^LJl oj>U i>^ jlJ ^Jbh/lj ^ULll ^% ^ ^LJ! UuJ)l\ (.lu^^l 




Vo- ojjl jLi. J.^ N (.UU ol o.l:^ J^lj J^ljJl ^>«^^l JUP .Lj ei-JJi M'y (^^ 
^^^^ ix^j'yi ^2,^^! JUP ul^ « JUJLII ob^l) H»JI ciljjj oL^I >JU! -^ Jjl . c>w». 






Creswell, Asliorl account, p.226 i Vo "^ ^ \-r i ii»_;i i JL. ( ^ V) 

Crewell, Ashort sccouiU, PP. 224, 227. 
John D. Hoag , Islamic Architecture, ( New York HaiTy N, Arams Inc., Publishers, (1977) P. 84 . (\ > ) 

\A1 



ol^LkJIj oLJUUI ^ bjj^ : ^JuVl 



£« Oi^J*^ J^ Uc« J^^. cs=J! ^^1^1 Cr* * 



l.J 



%W«H<MM 



^e* 



UJ 




> JiaJ ^1 ;3j> 3l> 



yj <• 



(xr) . , 



SJL« O 







t» 



: JLJIc^ii 



t j^p^vaJI i-*^ ^ ( iJJ>Jl) JUJl C-.-J SJ i^LIj iJay JbjwW) ^_yU jJLai (X-«U- _;JIj y»Ui« ^^ 



U ) JUI c^ V jl> L> '^^'^ -^l °^ ^^^^rvo J wr ^yu^ ^ jJLJI ^'VI Ua;ji ^Ij 






:;:itJI 



v-i-y g -r^ ^ aJjL« ^\i]j /t^UJl ftbj jU5i-^U ol slij Jjo J>-IJJI o-«^^' 'V' oi f ^-~* r^ 



^t>' 



»jI>J! ly^'^ A- 'J t^' -^ (^>^^ _^LJI ^j,4j-jJl Juc- JL^ (_y9 cJjljuvI SjLaJI oJLa <. 



^J>v.^ 



^j.«J 



vt>^>i sjU^i ^y ^ ^ij^ ^Jii! j^ ^y^\ jjJi oii ajjulJi . ^^^^-^.jJ 



^ t^jLvaJI ^ ^j^.^ o^^JuJI ol5 i^JUl JJL.^ J Jl>j)\ x^\ d\Sj\ J S^^l ^l^":^! J\ 



J c^^' cy. Jy^ C::^"^ ^^'^^ (h^ ^^^ -*'^^ ^^ t>^ ^^^r^i J-^^i ^^ -"^j^ ^y ,>! 



Crewell Ashort account, P. 227 ; Iloag, IsUunic Ai-chilectve, P. 84 . 



(xn 



(U) 



.roY 



. YU 



cr^ 



Oji*i s^U^ ! (^^'^yO t 




. A^^ i ^^>l^l . _^.j_^ (YV) 

.^OO^^Oi^^(J^U«Y^ i_^;^ .ilLJI i«U- i oL:SCJI 



\Ao 



Jb>-uJl SjLjp Js. JJL.JI. t5j-Vl ^\^\ }\ 



Jlp (^j^VI ^.^1 J^jU (.LUI i% jiU oJiiU . ^^^^ -^i_^ Oj>-j>Jl Lj-U jiUlj i,lk^ 



jU-1 Jl v^l 'JiL*Jl Jl> JLi^l ^LiJL>. Jj! JUJ ^Ij [<\ JilJi] ^^1 V,S..,JI oli obj-iJl 

[ \ . j5:ji] jjL,. ^Uo ^j^i ijjuu. u^jL- a.> ^u ijii, <^^^ ^juVi ji'^* ^j Uiyi 

OiLJI Jl>! Uiku L:>w>I U'yj olj^l biJiL. . ^^^^ olj^l iJii. Ji> ^^ ^ ^. t^U ^;^. 



^_^ i-::531 >x>L.^j ^U ^ j>oj^l ^W-j ' J\j>A\ t/ OL~Jj- A>w-*j y*lj?Ji oa^ O;; 



(j^lLJI t^i U»y ;;JUU Jl>; Oy'L- oiUJI oJL* J^ ; ^^^' (IJI ^1) iJL^I a>_ i3 Jlt«j ^1^ 



. o5_^l !JLa j::- ^yJI ^>JI oSU ^ Ju-UI jl>Jl yt ^^1 jl>J| ^^T^ ^UJI 



: i_^l 






:>jiJlj l^jJbr S.U^^I IJUJ ^1 \J^\ ^ ^J> ia^j 4jl5j ^j Jj^ Jl dJ UUaJl ^^ t^JJl 



iuJ UjUut :>j^ ^1 \jijy^ JUJ. Ub 5--^ ^ Jjb_^ US' (jtro^ ^iJ ^^^1 ^jjj) ^^^^^^^ 



Crewell, Ashort account , P . 118 . 



^ t J^l-Jl A?"^' t L^Li 



(TO 






David Talbot Rice, Islamic Aj1, (London, Tliains and Hudson, 1984) P.79 . 



. ii ; ir^ ;,-4jUI 



^ t jiUl^^l t^Ui^ nvt ^^-l^ t jjUI^^I .^^^.^^^ 



\A^ 



ol^l_k-Jljol_JLiJI,>^oj^ : ^xN\ 



(ro . 




* ^djVi Jl j'LLlh^l ^y Jiilj jJUo i^U- J oa^j v^^l -^^^ f -^"U VL^ -^1 
IJub «.^t .i^ I ^^^^ U|^l jUJij yiwl ^^^1 j.^\ J>U -LiJI IJLfrJ Jui^\ ^jJI <:)i 















^>=r>i Jir*^ J-^^ ^W- tl)l ^.i-^ ^ S^jL* j-^ cy lT^J (J-^*^ (^^ c>* o--^^^ "^J^ ^1^ 



ijLL- ijif^ ^ O^^Swt ^5-i*^■^ /t^W" ^y^ • A^l>JI u-ii^ J-*-=^ (_5^1 4^l^^l ^ijiJI ^j^ t>?^ 



Creswell A Short accont PP. 74 . 75 



(Xi) 



. rr i rr ^ t « j.ui ^^i » c jikJi 



Creswell , A Short Account P. 75. 



Creswell , A Short Account , P. 75 ^ rr ^ t « *^ ^^1 » ; jU«JI (Vo) 



(rv) 









Creswell, A Short Account , P. 227. 



(in 



\AV 



JL>%*^| S^L*^ j^lc- J-iw<Jw fjj^i\ A^l>J| jj\ 



(1)1j::uJ Jju> JS' ^^^L oLjiiLl iJLLJl ijjSjJl t3j^ ^ /^^LiH j1jl>JI ^_^ S:>-jii4 ^j^y^ >M\y L^jJLju 



I4J ^yc^ ^^^1 lJIJia^I ^jJd c^a>^lv-l A^LiJl :>jiiJI oJla ^c^*-^ ia^jl :»j.*^ ^^ W^ri ^:* 



<>.!*> 



V jJLoji A^W' -^j^ U...*'._^'> ^ idJa^lj *j>tj>J!j ^^1^^.11 *L?-U ^ (j-i-4j> z*^^ -^j^ u^ t— ib>«J *uip^ 

j^^LLJl 5jpj5 ->^^iP JJ4J ^d,,.Jl o^;;^^^^! iji*Jl ^yLi^j jIJl>- j^ °^r:^^*^v=> S^jic* c^Uxli i)j^ d\ j-^ 









(n) 



: ^Mji\ 



V>^)'l ^j-^l (i^y Cr^l 1-^ ■ t/^J ^•-'^ (^1 ^y (^^ L5* ^'- «: ^ ■ ' 1 ^J^J J^" 



) Ml* 

jl ^Sl ^\ i^jLxJI AjIj_^I (_ji£. bUxpl 'iluj-j Jj-^L <^ L >.a. ; .....J. n oJlA iajj oJjb>-j 







UJUj A-.y-tll oL*^ j^ ;-^ <J J^^. o! (^jJ! j>I^NI ) I'j^l dJLL* ^ ^_JLi, ^^jSC^JI 



«-«L>- (jcij^ tiliJI Jut |_^ jJ_^l aLS Jj:>- j^UaJI ^J^^S'S LJ 5^^ 'Sib^l o-^ J^^ "V^ 



Crewell, A Short Account PP . 227 , 228 






(in) 



^ ,{^\\S\i. _^lj i*>-^b oUlj-dJ ^-^ : JJL-;>) t ^>L->I ^1 I ^^^r-^ 



L^l jb : Sy»UJI) . ^ Ju^I y.UJl L^^" ; Uiv-j UL-l ^ ^^1 0^1 



^ . ^^>i^i . ^.jy i r'\ . rh^ 






\AA 



oI^LLmJIj ol-l 5:11 ^ djj-s : ^JUVl 



vLi Jb! > Ujjj ^M-)/! ^1 J^ ciJ ^1 <uk>JI ^Ul jjl^ ^ ^1 c^^i c3>iJ! 



0^ ^ ^jJl 0^" ^i^>^ e^^^^l C^\ J! L^J ^^^1 «-^ ^^ c> -'^^" *^' C^Ual^ 



JLa 



(^0 - 



<AJ^I jlx^Vl tJjJl L^:l^Lw» ojjLj>J ^^Ij jj-soaJI (jt^j cijr^' J;>t.^lj J^^ 








,_ywa)j L^ is>U!l ^^^ !>; 4i;j^ ^ j^\j (.UJI SiUJI oii. *i^l 01 Jl jU^I 



U>:1 Jl j^" ^.jlill jjU-J 



(M) 



iV>^' (>i "jl^' 



(j^-> tV j^ o^M' cy W^ 



0^ 



(OY) 



Jl ^U ^>. AijU w-li J^ljJI j^J\ xs. jUjI ^i ^j ^LiJI i^j ^jS^\ ^^ Cjli ulS 

ol Jj\ ^u ^ vL^i '^^^i jW-i^ c^"^. ^^ fl'J^^' J^'-JJi t>*^^l 



U5:. 




. p 




0^ f\r ^ojVl ^jc-^j 



)) 



; 9- 




! oL«il* ^jLj^/I oLp^:.-/!^ a?^ 0^ ^' (_$^^iJI ^ij 



.Li^iol JI,;aUj c ot^IiJ^'yi Jlt:.b;u. 



(or) 



« 




u (jjJLoJI jJ cJjj^-*J 







.rY6 



^y ' oi 



Ul 



• "^v^c^ t j^i^i ,>^^i Jup ; t^jjjJi (or) 

. T * Y ^ ; W ; vJ»Jl jJu c ;^>JI (or) 

Geofery King , "Spain" , in, Ai'chiteciure of thcl Lslainicwodd , ed , by George Michell, (London, 
Thames and Hudson, 1984) . P. 212 



\A^ 



jL>x-^i SjU^ ^_^ip J-t-4jj tJjA^l Jc*l;>JI jjI 




( Hoag ^ SlsJ ) -uk.,^ J^l'^l o*^-^* 







******* *Atttt ttt 




r 

J 

1 

4 




.1 



v+ -1 




K) W 

F- I I T " T L f 1 ' ^-"^ « 



(r) 



r^^J^ 



( Hoag ^ Svu ) jj.,axJ\ ^.'c^j:? joo aJp^ 





\^. 



CjU 



LAJ 



jo 



i_LaJl 



t>^ ojj~i : 




JuV 









p^^^^m^^ 











\S\ 



Ju*^..*,,^! ojUt^ ij^ ^j^Jj fi^^ J' A-^L>JI jj\ 



^s^\:- 













.. , . ^'fftijf*^- 



^^^^■^'^:''.i'^ 



III: W ■ * : :''"^«ti«*% 




(o)^jJSi^ 



-■_. ^>i 



jlJL^o j«-^L>- A.^^1^ p-Lwvji-.^^ 



C 



rci i^iA^ -^ ^■- 



=-..^^'' 









r f^^ y, y 



y-ff. 



■iu-^-t^/^^^^. 



tiCJ ■?:■- 



TFl-^'.-^ "r. >r J-^^ 



. ^- iv^ 



dvj-.Kn--^ 






W^^ 



rr^ 









n-V.-^^h^ TA^**- ^ I ^ r.'^ TA^X I IA■rt^^l^ k-'>^ 





















^;v>Vn -K^^, 






.1 'K 



■mpf 




(, r^ 



rX_ 



1^^-^ . 



y/*. 









■V;, ^^J^ 



^ jii I r V^ 












j^-n+r ^-i-w^^^'^^-.l ^ ^- 







'--' A 



('"\) ^3 ^ 15^-^ 






«^)L>-t..j v„_ji ___j.>t,-iUi ^4^->''J ^ 




Aj'.>-\ ') pl--.--.v 



u. 



\v< 



(v^ 



) ^Jj , \^ 



r 



h 
-^ 



'^^ 



w^bOl uX3j J3 A^!kP 3 ^.-obf- Aj-Ji^i 



'p'^- 





(A) ^-3 J, 




Al 



\ ' Ml 



■dH 



^„^_iaj ^ ^> 



1 



ji^.0 I: 



>" ^-i:^s.,x:iJ t.. 




JUI 



i^« +-» 



Vj^^,-H''w^** J ^\i-*v>^ 



1- * 



■^*^ 



IHh hr 



^ 




Jlj>%.«^l OjU-P ^Ji^ J--^-^ iSj^^^ A-aUJi y\ 



i^ 



^^ ■ . V 

■ " . . ; ■ J — 

^' ■ ' ' ' 









■; .^ . .^ 



■?*-.^^iv^P^A:^y, 







■ ■ ^ ■■ -; - ■; -i^j^?s:^Plslii«^^ 



r^)^-M- 



■■7;> 



■ .?.iT 






.^ 




.-- 









*^V'-^:S2t; 



^HijHDjJt!- 






.. ...> 









^■-*'y-H^ 







mm 
IS" 







^-r^- ^ 



.1 '.^ 












■^■■-Va 




( 



(\ •) 



'>fv^jj^ 



UT"-? 




) i-JU^I 



t* 






\M 



, . -'^' .;^:,-^r^^v-^;> 



I'D. 



x^flyii 



olfLk*Jlj oLJuUI ^ djj-i : ^xVl 



£f l>Jlj jaLcaJl 



: jiUJI :%\ 









: Ok"; ^ : o) ,^1^1 jujhu. *UI JUP jil t ;^jIJLp ^1 



: ^1^1 : Ou 



.^\<IAA i^^jli : jJL*i t^l^^J^Nl^UJL 



• -«^ o-^. rf*i^l ' (^jj-^i 



^xJ.J\j\i : :>IjlJo t l^jUJIj iJ^WI 4i^L^ : ^jS^\J^\Ai\^y^J\j^ 



.{.^'lAY 



:j:.Li)lxP4^UoJI 



<^l y^JI /^ ; ji>)l j-p SU\ i^U- : sjbr . v^>l SjU>JI ^ SjUJl 



.j*U^« 



\^o 



JL>»-.-^! sjU^ (^^ (j^-^ tij-*^' t*^' y 



rji^lJLpJLJI t JU 









iUl 



: Oji t viJLi 



t t_JjL>i^l jli : OjAUJI (. (_jSC4 JUo-l yfcUaJi <*^Ji i AjLivaj LjL^I |_^ (jij^^ Cf^ 



.(.\^Ao_j>,\S .n 



: JU>.t jly t 6li> 






: JjJLpjJLa^ ( j.2A^1a^ 



^ ^ U^ c cijUJI sIjL:^ iijJJ^Nl c ^:>UNI 2Sj^ J 6>i!lj '.jU^I 



IjiU JU>»> 4 jlkjJl 



jb\ i 'A t (o.:> : ^.^) t jj-tAjOI t l^^y\ SjUjJI Sy» jj>. 5J?y ^L>- 



icl^j^Jj^U t j:ij>* 






N\^ 



oUUiJlj oL.L5rJI ^ djj^ : ^^J^Nl 



d^jUxJI i^U^i |6^1 j j«J:a^I|id ei^' i/^ 'i-MI «=^J^ 



(*) 



(^j'DU^! JU.>»^ J.^ij>w» ;jj::S'Jl]1 






1 *• -- 




^LJI ^ SyLJI ^Nj^ Aj^y! ^ .i^l 11a ot^ diliJ i ^LJl*J1j pLiVlj .ly^l ^ j^l^! 



MASTER BUILDERS IN AL-MAGHRIB 
AND AL-ANDALUS "URAFA AL-BINA" 

Their noted achievements 



BY 



Dr. Muhammed Muhammed Al - Kahlawy 
(ABSTRACT) 

The Muslim architects in the Maghrib and al-Andalus erected glorious buildings 
that are defying the elements of time until today. The Muslim genius in architecture left 



Ur c j_^w .ilUl ;^U ^ J.,^ jL« ; ;y.U!l U.L;r ^ ^i^luJlj>'NI ^.^b^^l U^ djLi^ il:u-I (*) 



. ^i^UljjU^I^ . ^b'y 



\\\ 




JuVlj ^j^-JcJI ^ ^LjJI ^lj^ 



an impression in their artistic works which from then was to distinguish the Muslim 
architecture , the effect of which reached the four corners of the globe and was to 

■ 

become standard works of arts on which all the later European architects drew. 

The author noticed that the Master builders and the Muslim architects are not 
widely studied in modern time compared with the attention given to the scholars, poets 
and people of letters.This is primarily the reason behind choosing this topic which tries 

■t 

to study the great names in Muslim architecture in al-Maghrib and al-Andalus.They 
were widely known individually by thename"'Aiif;pL'Urafa'. 

This paper is an archaeological study that attempts to deal with the subjec of the 
architects and builders by gathering the names of those people who are scattered in the 
published books and manuscripts, and from the few buildings that still retain their 
foundation stones that usually carry the name of the person in charge of the actual 
building The author provides us with list of names of some of the well known master 
builders in al-Maghrib and al-Andalus such as Hanash al-San'ani who constructed the 
congregational Mosque of Cordova and Ahmad Ibn Badr who participated in building 
the new Annex of in the same Mosque ♦ etc. 



Y.. 



oUl_k*!lj ol_J_iJI ^>> Oj^ : ^JlJVi 




I 



j-Ai« "SfUiil IaS\J\ 4-uJl jv+JL-l cr^-J^^lj '-J>*JI ^^ OjJl-JI 0_^Jc>4JI J^ 









JUbU V juI » : jL5i U.y ^»^U- ^ lJ\j^\ iijUucJ! oUUNI ^Lu-b ^i-^ 01^ Ujllp 
^irl I4J1* jjifil ^1 ^1 ^'U-JJ Vj ,y.i»c V <yJI »a*j:Vl »j* Jx-j j.jJI ^>- ^1 Ly;uJI i-Jl^l 



LfiUi. c--<} ^1 i>iil ^jjj . L^ ^jl jDI ^1 (JUh ' c>i*" Oj^lJi^ li*j *-i* (^ ^ aJU Ifi 






^. 



• (^^J 0=^=^1 J 



i^JjVl ^U^l : b^ <1JI -A^ X,.>*^ j^'^J • D.Rodngo Ainador de Los Rios Inscrpiciones de Cordoba P, 8 (Y) 




juVIj ^j-i^\ ^ »LjJI ►L-ij-P 



: j\fi\j ju^UJIj iiUI ^ vJiyJI 



^^1 ^Uy^ iAk^ ^Ui_^ ^^l^ ^^^^\ ^.jUll ^ JiAUl 11* ^jfi. Jij ,^'^ A^i^\ j_^l. 







(^l_^L aJj><.j p-p^ JaI Js. ^^^ .__i,^l Ij^, ol .liyJI .Nj* 4.*^ OJI^ 



(^) 



C-SV'^ yl Up lji4^-ij j*^jU:-lj 



d[^ ^y^\ ^> Ul ^ ^ ^^ OUUJI .b.1 j! olj-'^/l ^Uy^ (^1 -UyJI .NjA J^ Jikj (IjlS-j 



(^Y) 



jik. OlS* US' t Aih>«^l «i|jJI (^UJI JUpL I^^ jjSlj ol V S>J^j . . (^lUJl ^J~c5J "J JUaiij 

..bJI JLp jii2j j\ ^ ^^^«u"jUp ^UjI Jlp o^.j ,_jV*JJ iakio t5JLJl ^yJiJ^Jl Jlc « ^.yJI » iiii 

/ ^ ^ ^ JuJL;Jl JU^l 4JI JL^, t^JU! <^ 



. VV<\y. I Tj^t *^-|«^jJI 4 LiUl (V) 



". VV -^ y T 2^ r *-~i ^_;J1 t LiUI ( > • ) 



(\r) 



R DOZY : Supplement, Aux, Dictionnaire Arabes, Vol, 11 , p 1 17 . 



Ibid , Vol, 11, p. 117. 



(\i) 



V-Y 



oULkJIj oL-JUJI ^ Ojj-J : ^jgVI 



J IJ^J^\ ^y^\ J j! J^S\ JLp j^jLwl Oijj ^jiJJl ^bJl ^Uy^ j^^ JtlU ^yj 



Ujj^ <^.y^» iki] C.J.WJ ^1 i.jb^'yi olUSai fJiil ol 0^ ; ^JJVIj ^>J 



(n) 



(^0) 



/J.OAA ^U ^ ^j> ^ Jory, .L^ i^ ^i JJ 3j^\ J o^ Ji ci.^ iiiiJ .Ij! Ju>J 



(\A) 



tii!>LJI 



^ ^jj\j t^^^^ « ^UyJi qJ. » pUyJi ^jAv ^ ^^1 y^,j\si\ ^y^\ ^y^_ bJi^j si^ 



US' I j_5.A;^j^l _^vajJI ^U^ ^ A-^L ^ JU>-t uJjyJI jA ^_^Jb'i/l nU^ ^ iw-iUI IJL^ Is-^ 






. AiJbi.^1 f IJI JL-p! ^ 



(TY)„. 



c ^>JI ^ L4JLP jikj 01^ UJ ^ ^ ^ ^ «Ak^l » i«p jl ^yx...*^- JS ^U^ 0! ^JJU ^,JU>J1 ^j 

. UiJI ^JU! dUiSj c (»^ UJ L4xi__^ Lft^bjl djjl_^_ sji^lj 5^1 ^Ijol ^ djij^, U LJU 









. VV<\^. \ r- ; l>jUl «.jj| ; LiUl (W) 



t^jLjJI j-j> 




. ^^.->J>\ ^ ( \ h) ^ J l>Jujs Ji)^ I. A^\j ^S^ ^ j^\ ^ (Y«) 



ty 



Y.r 



^ j , „ — loJ^/lj u-;j^Xjl ^-J ^LjuII fLi^ 



t ^sN\j ^jkJ\ J t^^Ml OjXiilj IJujM ^ J J^^\ ^JJ^\ ii^L^j j\jil Jfi- >. IJ^\J\ 



. L^^i^ i*J ^ j5j: jdl 



^ rt_^ JS' jji ,_^ (_i_,jcd <»j>- i_-3-U9 JS'j t tUyJl «-*!lljjb frU^l ^y> />l!JJI Ja^J '^j-^j 






^Ulj^ ^ l^.>o'j oX^ ^U ^ l4^ dJi^j ;^ V^L.-^j ci> S-^ c^J^^ t>^ (>• 



Ijti c,l » : JUi UjJi ^*Wu^ j>« Ifll L? A»^l U^J l/^'j <>^ ^>^ ^^. ^*--* -^j' '^'^^ 



.rv^ c ((. ^ u i t v-^jj\ jIaJi •.^^') . j^o /j.\ ^ OjiJi ^/ v^^V'*^y : o:>u u^u_>]i o^ (^n 



Y.i 



oUUkJI J oUAJiil ^ oj^ : ^xN 



^U)l ^1 i^ ^:;^ ;^j\ ju* ii Ju. . >j*Ji j^chj^c^^j'^^. ^jJ' v-t^i*' tiJ^l i*i»y 




t 




^Uj ULL> ijL*j i UIji ^_^ LffiUjjIj i Ul^ i^j^ ^-^^j * pb^ ^*UJUj Lflji* 



"">V- • 




Lfrlj^l ijAj 



j-^l <j (j 




! 



(Y«) 



' (>^'j*J' .r-'=* ^^y Cy tj^J^^I < ;j«ijsl ^ <UI JLjP » t-JjyJl 



dJii ^ _^" ^l^ ,i^ t (. \ • -^ Y /jki i (.U ^ly. 4.-^L- oCl 0:J-iL- ^^ ^L-_^, ^.J.„..j| 



U^l 










(vv) , . 
(j>Jlj v-^l VtJL-^l o^ L«! ^^^^ K^/'^l ^j ^ Lj jbJ lij 







c A}^\ A . ^U OU-^I Jji.^- ; v>^' o-J-J^Vl ,>4* ^ t-^l ^ t ^U-^JJI 







. ir^ c -i-iJjJUAJl ^'^,jii\ (YA) 




JJVIj ^^-^i ^ 











. « UJluj UJ»i ,;,-u>.j ^yii'ljHt oljL* cJLaj U obJU cw^-M' P-r^ (>* cx^ W 

V* 






^9 % 

oLixJL) cJaJjl ^Ujj |2r° "'V^ ^ A-^ljJi) La « ,ji»ou » 77l>JI (^y.A'^J '^j^j ^j-J'JJ jIj i-jjjtAJ 



O-ji Cfiij>jJ\ ,^1 Ol » : Jlii c jUi^Vl dihJ S-iUaJI v-o-U- ^jjI ^j>JI ^ J:>^ ^y '-a.rOl 









J>l iic iL— Jl i*iJiJI ^1 ^ >JI A*ijl ^^ . . iLuLJIj j>u*JlJL >»JL iuuiii «^;«ju » ^UJ 



(rr) 



>-u.JI ^.yJl 0^ L^- ^ <l;1 J.UI ^1 J ^^^j '' '' « jUJI j^^ » UjLk;l > 










^1 /,>w^ ^ ^^J^c^ ^1 ^ojVl ^>3 OL^ ^ ^'^-^^^ u^ jr^ c^^^' cr^- r^' J 






. \'\o 



^ t JjLJl jXtA^t (. 5^>L^l iw-^j-U-s* 



r.i 



ol^LkOlj oLJUiJI ^ djj-j : ^xN\ 



JUpI Jv*Ij Oi -jI ^I jLil Jj I <_-*->J i*jJL4]| iJUjJI >l:^l J>^ >>JI JU^t oip '^jVi" 



,^,^1 ^1 _;i>JI JjM0) JULc *LJI ^luulj i*^-^! Vv^' Jo^ (^ (5^ £H'-^ cJl^ Lj| I i^)^^ c ^t 



Ujiili Jilj^l (>» Vj-JI -iTj (>> J-jJI JiUii 1 Ji»«j JLi Vj**" CJ' ^'^ ■J'** u*i*i (^J • • hj^^^ 






u^ (j^. (_¥==- ty'j^l «JJJ V^ c5» ^-^ '■^'^ J-^-^ (Ji tj^' "cArM " '-ky^^ ^j-^y.j 



"cAjM " ^^' '^. u^ U^JJ '^ ' o^j"^! ^ Cr* V.^ «Lr»JI ^^ ^^ (j^l^ (yA LT^Ji 

Jl -uLrj -u-I^L ^Ij .. . eUIi ,>:->JI ^1 ^ hj^Ui »^^l Jl ,^ ^jVl ;^ iJjjL. J* 



Orj . ^Jullj L-JU|JI JlJu ^ JjaiJI Jjl J* ^l^j ^Ul v^j ,jj^\ Jl iJL^I j;.li 

(fO . . . - 

. (j^p^l ajLo cjLiiii f-Lj J dljLi ajL JLi: ob» Jjw 



(to) 






Oj j£ A. ; .... »*^ j tw*— Jj ^" ii- J cJUjii ,>»waJL <^l aJLJIj 4-aiiJI Ufj » : Aijh ^j ^\ ^^ 



"* « .UL ijj^lj J^J^\ J*f ^ jlTj l«*-U» ^j . i-Li <^I j;^ ,;^-* ^ ^jA 



'^LJ. J^ ^>^ ^ ^_^ » ci.^1 Lh-:^ jJI iv^lj 4UI 0- JS" j^'-AJl ^ j^JI J^j 



4-;i!l L^-U^^ Jp o^l ^I U^J ^jj ^I ^N jJaJ! <_i^JI J^ a:! ^I ^^j^I ^b^J 






^ — iojVlj ^^.J^l ^ ^L_J! ^l^j^ 






^Ul ^^^'i/l ^UJI ^ ^^^^ jii i ^_^j ^1 ^1 ^^_, ,__^ L^_^ ^, ^j^^ ^ ^<^ 



j^l ^ Oja>Jl .UL <UI obb-l li^i ( v*-^ ) V^l^^ ^--^ oi> o^ <y I JI <>i 



^JJL oj^l^^Vi ^UJI ^ ^^^^x^ ^ OjS^-^l i..,^! J\ijjSxJ\ 



^ lJ>^>^\ .Ul V j>- c5^ ^ij (^>JI 0^ UL^-I ^! <:L i.,.*>JJ JUJI c HI u 



dJ 



^_^I 0^1 _^Ml ^UJI ^ >^ ij^ JLi. <JU 1 Ja^ J ^ i.,,^1 ^y_, ^_^l CU.JJ 



U^ 2:-^. S^^^ Sy:^ c> t^J^" ^Lij Jr- JJ^ ^ ti>«Jl 5.-«^l c:.^ ^! Jl ^LJI ^ JL>w:lj 

JiJ. jJI v>2t!l a* ^^1 J-^' '^'^^l 1^1^ ' <v=^ ti>Jl c kll ^ ojjju ._^^ ^JUI ^Ul 



J J^^\ ^>>i.JJI ;iU ^ ^LJI jlj lilj i^i.;^ ^^.U^l o_kll ^ ^_wiJ (^>JI ^-.-mi iiU L^ 



ob dUS ^ l4jli t i^Uj J-^ i-^i^L ijL.^C._J ^^JJL lAy^ ^\/\ h>y.:>^ Jj^ ^ 

i UJI J^ i^^^iiJI ob53l ^^1 J,,,.^ ^U ai « ^j3 ^1 ^1 )) of a/i jjbro L^j 



(J <l^l U^ cu^ iUI >L ^l^JI dJl^l JU o^ ^^Vl ^=^>JI ^ ^^ .^j J^ 



,}i^^*^^<-^j¥J^^yJ\i-.*J^'^\*^*^,'(^iS(^\cy^'^^ 




Jl* itpl «i; (r A) 



^1 -Ul >J 



Y^A 



ULLJIj oLJLaJI ^ .iij^ : ^jjVi 






j_^ IJLaj i t^y^La>J\li J^ jlkr culls' 4JijJ JV--I -ut» ' cr- W v^ j>^ L*1 ' SJ^I_^1 S^Vl 






j^UJI j^_ J-<i.>oi j^ <dJl S^ y^i ^JLc j_^ J.*>t^ » <u^l ^1 Ujy:- bjjj jl jS'JJlj __ri;-^^l i>»j 



(ifl) 



c-Jjiu i-i^jJ _^l 6 IkL. J I jA S>-\j OU3JL.J -l^>-lj j','a£- f-\J^ /y> ^^_fyA^^\ ^AS" (1>I liilij 'L-Jj 






t iii« 5lj i .Ul J.*>J cJl^ ll>- Sl. j^ ^\ Jl Ujla:ul j^j iUiJ>Li"xJi L-Oip ^^5-1^^1 

: >Jl UlLf ^^ ^1 ^ :ifc^ ^lyl Jj> ;j_;,^ iiU. .^LJI l^ii^'jU i^l jljjl *JU-/| L^iv^j 

. n • ^ I (^ ^ u • I ydij JLUu 4^.>ji sl*^i : i>ui) 



^ ijJilj .^j-Ji^l ^ f-LjJI A ij^ 









••U ij ... CjlJ j^l ,^-JuuJI j^aI Jj o' Jl J./'J^I -rfJ' 'l-* Jji (*^ tij*-" ^ *L. -LL. Gsy: 



aJL^ J^I ol^j oLS" Ur iLJIj LUUIj I.:.^! J j^j g^^JI Jl J-»j ^ ^/Juil j^l 



(iA) 



iP ^^uJi ^j^\ ^ui .:j^i J.-J ^y jj ''"' « « jUJi Ju>i » Uo*Ji ^ >Jij 



.liUaJUi sUu* ^b ^^j;Jl ^i v-^ t^Ill ^^ "^^ « ^■:T-W...Sll JU^I » uiiyJl ^\ LUj t^i->LJI 



(«•) 




. «xjlkJI i>^L/>» J--^ 14:-^ |j.« oLJLi ojlJL iLsLJi oLi:.JI ^yuo 
j^ J* » v-ijyJI (♦-'I iJj! ^y. ojJ-Ji U Ju^ Ojii- j^jU^I oO^rj ^y.iJI pli^l fU--.! ^yj 

^'^^ ^b c-i^jJ «jli (iJJI ojjx; oju. ^1^1 J^l Jp <^l jLi; liiJl ^'^^ «^^a;Ml ^.-ui 



Y.^ 4 JiUI »^^l : J ♦uJi ( n) 



c rU^ J^*^ J'i>-" ' cr^j^'j LA>I M^ J a-^>^' ' r-^' J a^' -^^*-' '^' -^ -«' ' ^^-^ ^' ^ 






. \.V_\«1^^^ i jjLJIjX^I 




JO] (oi) 



VN. 



ol^LkJIj .:^I.,-J„ l:\\ ^ oj^ : ^ojVI 






: Jb»-L^l »Uj Aijf- 



*X}\ ±tP ^^ J^y> ^\ ^AjVl ^ J^UJI slj ^ LiUj ^1 ^l^^\ JJljl ^>o 



^ j:^ dijUi U5 . U,y ^U- ,^^li ^15 OIJLUI ^"''^< ,^^>JI ,>*>.^l jlp^I )>j ^*'^^Ui.JI 



OJU ^ _^iLjl 05 (J U,:...,^ 1 1 Jt:;*- jl J-L.J Ui^j>- '-r^J ik-ij— /<^l>- «-l^ ^ ^U; vaJI -dJI o^ 
j_^j^ j^l |«j>Ur L^jI*^ pUw-'I A;...>..>.^uI Lfvsj-^ c,u.,^" ^^^rJI a*^jljVI Jj>-L~aJ1 /»o»l (y>j 

■ *0j^ (>• vt^l "^* V^J ' C/i^J »j-i* CP ^^ </ **^«^1 <,*^^ '-'^■^ *>* J*^ S?"^ tA' - 'y '-'* ^ * 




(■^^) 



j_^^L-)/l _;^vajJJ ^jj LjL^I ^y OjjAa j^^liS" j_^ ^Jil 4J^ ,_^l 11a A^>^>jfcl ^yj 



of >JJU y.o^l ^j ^^.yVl ^ i^ til (.AY<\ /j*r \ i (.bo J.U1 ^l c,.^ ^j>Jlj 



. Y*A_\'V,_^,^ ; -U-ijJU-JI (0 0) 



4 OL^ Alii JUP X»^^ J-i»J 4 ^Ij^l i ; <UU> ^L^l V ii»U-5/i c X»>^ (jiJJI OU t ;_JaiJI ^1 (O^) 

'. Y n ^'c f 'jr 4 .1 -^1 4 (o . i ; ^l::Sai 




JbrL-JI c ^L- >.>!l JL> xJI : >;l . . U-^l oj^ jL'SU ^\/l '>-i>«iJL o'Vl Ji>>-. ^1 II* (n ^) 




ojNIj ^j-XJl ^ .L_J1 .Li^ 



AjjLJI j^ djwij^ JbJb><Jj 4jL>t^ /.lij ,_yaJI IJuh ^1 jLiI dllj J^ S^UaII i--::-!-^ ^y} 7-J>J 



^^''^ cj!j>«JU <LUJi o^i i^ ^>« AJlill ^!>gi J 2jj\ji\ 



(\r) 



Jp ;^^' ^Ul (^1 ^jS Jl oj^ ^ ^1 o^ ^1 Jl t^jU! ^^.1^1 J^ jy^jJl ^Li! Mj 







<Uy. pLJ! asL. ^y l_/jLi ^.JUI .^liyJI »U^! U^ J5 j2^.w^- ^;_)...,*.5.u U^y x^U- Jiii.^^ Ui" 
c^L) Jlp ^ jl>-jj ^^JJ! ,_y«~-lJI ^_yaJI i ^jiJI cSJUb- (.Jit ^y.j (. ijUjcJl obbjJIj oLiU?)!! 



j_^jli ^yi■>^ ^^\^ ajJL>J j^^jj-* ^^j^ SljL^'bU ^^^\ ^^j ^j^^l ^^;^ ^^jy^ c^!Aj aS ^1 

. JJsy x-«l>u 0:1^331 JUpi J?=— J ^1 fSj^^ ^yj^^ lt^ ^y -J-^ ^-^i^j j^ ^ 



j>,.^-j v-:-'bj v'^^-^j V'y* o^j-^ o-^^ '■^^^-^ c/^'^ "^ ^-^ C::"^ if \:^:L^j ji\ iSj^^^ 









^ (ni) 



Levi Provencal : Inscripciones arabes , p. 17 . 



i Cu-j (1)15 ««ji» (1)1 Ji^>. iJufcj t ^u-^i <Jl5:j Uj>. jJ^ J^jj^ r^' J^ lt-^ r^ r^' *^^-> ^ 




x\x 



ol^LkJlj oLJ_iJI r^ Ojj-i : ^sH\ 



(. i ^ ^U i!-U->.Vl oJLa ;yj . . iwii^Vl JU^l ^y IjS'jLi f-lwaJ (J^l pU^-I CjJ>-j US' 



Jw'L" ^y 1^ t>r>-Ml -^^-- y*"^! I-J^J * Js--J " [»—' J^ *-'y*>" "^-^ t^Wj «-*-**^ (J^ 




tii oSj J-iJl >_jU iiji ^. -^i* i <>y ^U- <; Jiii^. t^JUl jliJl ^^..w^lJI ^^tiJI U! 



^.J ^Ul ^^}*l\ jtA\ ,>*»JI Ju* ^1 . f^J\ ,>*>^l JJUI ^ » : 4^ Uj ^Jj^\ JaiJb A3j^ 

t^JJi «>_jjil ^ 0^^ » jAj ^J, ^U- .liy^ ^ y-l ei.^ j»^N SjLiI j^Ui ^1 ^j 



. L;>!i ^UJI <^!j ^ ^Ijb" U ,^b SjUI Jlc aJl^ _^i aij ^►Ul 



^0^1 eii^l _^ ^Ul ^y^)\ ^^ ^Vl ^^ Jl ^y_ yi.\ ^_y> j^l LUj L5 






(■^^) 



U 



ijjj 






. ^o<\ 




"j-^ :^ 4iJl ^ » ^V <^w.b SjLil J.UI ^1 ,^,,»^- ^j .T^ ^ , J.UI «r^l c uUp <UI o^ (lA) 

<;.> ^y (.Ar /^Y r ." i^ ^'yi ^^ Ujjji v^ui ^_^i ^.^ iju_,' ^ i ^ui ^^,^^1 



OP 



. OJ^I ^.^U ^-.-a;^ Jl _^- SJuO*- ^rkj) l^.-JLi 0j5i«j 



. rYA ^ c ((. nA> c jj^^ijb : iy^m . ^juVij ^>ji jiijL- ^i« ; ^^ ,;,_>. (^^) 



Y\r 



JuVlj i^j—iJl ^ *L_JI ^LJ^^ 



i^J\ ^1 ^ » : akil, a>,.^ ^^^^--Ixll ^1 ,2^ <u-.l J^j t^JUl « .iLlI Jj^ ^2^ ^_^_^i» 






-*• tf 



.Lwl ^Lb:^ ^j < Sil*^ '^yjJ^Cf. L^r ^.^1 '^jLJi _^T ^1:j diL* ol <^^lj SjLiI J.UI 



^ 0^1 ^ Jil o> ^ Oj5:i ^ lift « SiL,u-» ol : UgJjIc ^^^f jL^L ^_^_^- jl5 ^..a::^^ J5Lij 



lj^4xJil ^1 ^j^ .Lw! («^j; jl S^.,^.::;;^ ^'U^! hbS J ^Ji:V Ij ^>JI (^Ui ^liy^ ^__^ 






■ ^1 ^>J 






1 ** *4 44 









• '^■^^u^ ;'jiUf|^_^l t^L-(V\) 



X\l 



oULkJij oL..i,:dl ^ djj^ : ^JiiVl 



(VT)- 



5jjUjc*JI AjU-j^^JL* p\Xi ^^ 



aJLJ.1 l^^ ^W«J fljUj <^L y^ JU>.1 -wiijAll U3;>j1 ^_^t lj^\ ajjLwcJI JUpVI ^ ^j 



v^^^l ;jl^ Jl ^^>!l <iU>l Ujl^l o^ ^ ^1 i^-i! J-LiJi ^ JuJLxJI J.U1 ^1 ^j 






J^ <:lpL^ SJjljJ ^UJI Sjl>-lj o^ L-.Uw»l J^ iu^\ ^yLi\ lift oUaJL- ^ o\Sj 



• ^^^1 dr* '^'-^' i>riJ "-T'^ 



. KS^I ^UJL » J.UI ^i jv^l jLi!^,JL!l iUiJI 









. -^r*^ ; T^; j;iLJl^jJliLiUi(Y0) 



YNo 




JUVlj (^_;_-Ujl ^ ►LJI ►LJ_^ 



jLiI tiUI 0.0^^1 iJ^j V '<i^ crJjjVl ^ Jl L^ jUo ^Ij J^Ul Js^ l^\J\ 45.>JI 



<*>^l hjU^\ cj\j[>jy\ .b ^ ^>J| .UyJ JUiJI jjjJI ^^. 5t>U5l v^U 0^1 4JI 



OlTj . . . -aUi!)^ iJ*j a;:*-j ,jA» JU ^U ^JuVI ^y ^j » : v JU ^1 ^ ^ St)UJ| ^.^L^ 






^ oL-*4 Oi-^l Jib ^ ^jj . ^loSJI ^^l^ AJI_p. jJL-j . o>JI i<* ^ ^j\i% ^Wl 



^ ._ib^ 015 U.J .Ul ^ ^ CU C^l tijUjJl Jlp ^.^ 0! ^^, J.LJI ^\j 






^ (. T^t ((.\^o£ t ^liSJl _;b ;uJ^ : ^Ls^JIjIjJI) 4^U| ju..*^ . ^LJi ^^ j^W ; ^^1 



Melchor.(P) Antuna (M), Sevilla y sus Monumentos Arobes. Escorial la prenta del Real Monasterio, ; J^\ 
1930,p.l39. 



YNl 



oUl-Ulb oL_UJI ,>^ 6j^ : ^JiiVl 



(V^) 






Ji^^l U^f d_^, il.;:>o ^jJcu J5:JL; L^-^ Jj3 i^^y ^Ujc^S/l iiJbioo A--UJI CjI^I ^y 



• • Ui-^^-^l tij-- (*--'' jjc-l^l lij-- C5^ L>^ 

ifcaj^lj A-oUJI ^L) ^^^ oJ>JL>wJl <jLflL^] ^^.^ Jill OlS'j i (JJl;>-j^I yvajjl ^Liji^ ^j-« ^^ jUvJl 







(VI) 



. r^i^iVi^ ;i.U^L^I ;;^jUI_^l (A\) 



YSV 




JUVlj v^-^' ^ ^^-^^ ^ 







*ljip J*-JUL .^-.ly 1^/ l>.T ^.jJI IfifU j>tS-'Uj Cw— i- 1^ »V^ ,rt-*L! Jb JU JU-Uv- -Uiilj 



(At) 



( aJJ I ^ iuo^ . aIJ 



Ji jl; J « <u ! ^ » _^ J ^1^1 V f^i t^^i *^^' r"^ ^^*«-^'j 'j*-^! J^*--^' o^' l5»j 



JUi^ t^Oil o-ui ai a;_^JI «-.L>u ^\j>^\ IS oL Jjii Cb v-jU ^ ^i Jj> -^bjj ^^^>Jajii 



^ 4L'U^ r-iUJ I4J _;^" jjj UjlSciL v-^jJI SjUJl Oi>;l e^li ,_;-^*^ j>» lJ^\j ^^ ^j^.ji\ 

(Afl).. I .11, 






Ju^Vl j>- ij^ ^ ^Jcl J^ *i. >-l ^_^iJ 5i:>liJl sUI frLw.1 cJauijl Uj j53j t i>^^ 



u*wji ^ j*ji . ij^i cjIt » !>. ,,,,-^l- ^ ^ sjU ^_^ij «_^i» v^ a«uJi 




cr* JjVl ;^iU> ^ ^ ^5 ^^-^ ^-j . L-LiUj ^LJ ii- j^ JjVl ^^ >A ^ UJI 



(^^>«(i;LiL*j) aJUj 



i^l t*.l^l Jii>^l ; i.^^1 V«ijl=JI ii^li a!L1. 4^^' J ^UJI <;_j:i;JI a>^ ; ^J^ x^\ (AT) 

^ . H.^ c<^^^( 'c^L- (AD 

j_^i ijUK ^>^ oi—L- . ,^ j >i v^jxJi v^LiJi ^j ; n V ^ i jiLJ'i «->Ji t ,}>:» ( Al) 



oUUwJIj oLJLiJI ^ ojj-J : ^JuVl 



^j-.*>. LjJjU^ cJ>i-.! ^1 JU^^I V oJLi: t^JJl ^^Ij l>^\j SjLil JjUI ^I ^^j 



^ ji 



. J.UI ^1 1^1 jLsl ^^1 '^^\ ^Ij-Jij ^'tAiJl o=Jl:Jt ^l*-! o=i 



_^j iiSA%J\ ^ J\ii\ /t5>»-f!l ^iUI OjiU ^ji ^.jj> (^--l liL^j J\y>^\ ^j 



: !>^ Ja^l ^_^l ix^U ^_^ Jl>wJ ^ ^^^ ^^UiJI Jj> ^ a*>^ v_ii^l (^1 ^[^ 



^ ^ ju>w* J*e \JM . CjLj (JLj JT jLtj jl»*w. Ujum( JU JUI ^^ • (.-».JI (^-^Jl -JJI ,•— <» 



(AV) 



« L'L— i.j ^*^* i:- ^UiJI 



^I *_v-l 4A--I «^ 6_^ |Jj Sialyl i:^l Jl 4.wiJ iJb- Ji jbiJl ol Jt>J JjLJI ,_^I (^J 

Aj c A*aJI s r>iL« ^J *^.p~j oLiii iJliOi ,Jlp ^^^J j^ *^ ,Jlp Ji Oi IIaj 4 OUaJL. jl ^J^ 

. JL^I ^»\-^ ^C3^j:>-\ Uj (>j\y:f-\j 



jj ^Ij Oi-jJ*JI 4-j_^l ^y>j^\ ^ iJJ^l (2;^^ ^ ^jy, "V^J ili--V I ,j*aJI IJtA cJJLS" JL»j 



JJ^y.U^J^ 



p> i^JUl ^_;LiJI CL*^ 14*aI ^ oKj I ^^^^o^j^l dUj" (»^*« o^ v*^l tiJ^' t^-^WJI V^ ^-'i^ 
<_$jbll |»L» Jij a>..>^Jl ^ J:>«-~« (_fi^ ij^ C"^^ "j^^ i5L»-JI (_yMa>J( oUJ? o^tJ aJlp 






1 V 1 



incksieck,Paris. 1968;'PP78-7"9. : Ji^l (A'^) 



Teirasse (H .) : Lamosquee AL Qaraouliyin A Fes, Libraii-ie C. Klincksieck, Paris. 1968, PP 78 - 79 . : ^1 



. YV- ^ ; <JC^jJ\ 4t5jll)l (^0 



Y\^ 



,_, tjuVlj v-r-^l ^5-» *^-^^ ^i-Jj-f- 



>^\j>^\ <4^lj jJ^ a>-^_ ^^ jJI ^Ul t i=^j>JI ^y>j^\ dUj i^JlSl ^yij t ^j>.\ *L^L iJj^ 



aSj ^.>JI <2i>. ^^i ^ iii, ^^1 ^1 l^L 2u_^ j_^ ^J ^ SjU ^Ij 
^ -dJI V' J** » :!^^ ipyJI <_*jtJl <i^ li^-| js:^! ^jcj, ^__^- j^b <*-l OUiJI JiJ. 



h\:S ^ ObiJl v^j s-^l- Jlc A. J^. ^^Ul ^1 >^|_, Jy^^\ ^,_^| J^b ^^i ^>- 




«^lJI ^j-^1 diii Jj. cJi JJj « .u^ J. j^l^l » ^jb ^lillj «^> ^ <JL- » ^Jb 






4J^ 0! (l)ji t "U^-l Jc>'^ U«15GI i^L^I j\pj>-\ J> hjs- f-LJl! d! ri^ji (JjLvJI (J^Ij 






r*^J 




. (A : 



T"^ 



TeiTasse:OP..Cit,P.78. ; ^1 (<\\) 



•^-.A^^ . f^\S\r K^ y\^^^'xs> 4 JJil.-^lj j^ldl 



XY. 



oULJaJlj oLjLiJI j>^ CJjj-J : ^JUVl 



2iSi\ iUij kJi\ ^jA V^ ^y ^. j43 « J^j»^ ^jj c^i^i" •'O' (*--' (-^ ti^l t^^' lT^' '^^ 



C^V).- 



4JL>t--J /^j^ 4_5* ^r<^ ^ »— jjL-* j1 IJLaj c ioLc-i ^j^^ ^jj^ jv-^U— -1 J^wjt.^ iLoLS^I ii»-LwJ 



, ^:.%^\ jL^ J^\ /ci^l ^:»U1 ,1)^1 JJ I^ .Ul jl ^^yJl (t^l j,^- 



^^^1 JUpI c.i.t.< .±^ (. \ \ ^r /-A^^ \ i.L)jL DL^ ^U- Jl ^U ^jj!^\ ^U- ^j 



jjlJU OL^ ^l^ ^j^ ^ ^ \ ^ U (^U ^ ^^^^ A::=rjj ^ dJlyJi^b « Dieulafay » Ul^l ^^t 



^IjU cjjJLiL 4j^^>c:j9 ^riy^ p-U^l ^ ojLp c ol::S' ^J^y^ ^^^ 3 J-*p^lj OUwdl ^;y> ap^^jj^:^ ^^^ 






J>-b ^ « Dieulafay » ^ US' [ \ • : jjj JSLiJI ^1] « j^^v^x^ » ^JU .^^/a^i^ ^\ ^\ ^tyLLJl 



Jl5j t 4J^ljJL>Jlj .♦■■,>...':jj iijaii^ ^ ^^/^ \y^ W^J ' ^L*.^ il oJL^ Jl» j_^ 4jc«j^l 

t A--UJI ^b iJUwP ^ IjS'jLi j^JJI ^'bJl ip^^,*jr«^ i-^U^ ^U-^Nl oIa «Dieulafay» ili^Vl ^ 
(j^ i±-^ (c^U )) ^^ V-^^ <*^ ciJii>-l K^j LiUS ^ « Dieulafay)) *-- Caille)) jiJi a5j 
JL^ ^1>^1 J v^.>^- culls' ^1 SJUp'^l JLp JLU cJlf oUKJl oJLa JJU Ol «Caille» 






Terrasse : op - cit . pp 79 - 

Dieulafoy, la Mosguee de Hassan, Paris, 1914, P,27 

ibid, pp, 27-32. 



SA*pt ^ 'Cy>^ L^ ^ j^l *.L^Vl i^j^i^r*.- J^ blJU-l « Dieulafayi ^l^Ul J\j ^ « Caille» Sli. 
Caille , Note sur les Fouilles Pratiauees dans des Citrnes do la Mosguee de Hassan JliJi t ^j^, ^^Jjr^ 






au mois de Septeinbre 1953. PP . 14 - 15 . 



^ic*^ 



u 



YY\ 



IjjVIj ^ — vJI ,^ .l_iJI ^L_i 





. <^>UI01^» : JjVl>JI 



(,jhJL*l^b)» : ^^liJI^^I 














.U^ ^ 015 4 a^- oU>. ^ UIJ^^ U J5 ^j ; ^y Jl >^| Jl 

*( jljjJL » c^ JL3J (J^jIj 

. <tJl cu^ e$__^! 'NUp! jl isi^U:- U>-y" 4J A>.1 ^ « j»JLp ^^ » i^.yJI U 



(\M) 



. \ • ^ t jjUi *^^i . ju'^jjdi (^v) 



YYV 



ol.UxJIj oL ..1 >:\\ ^ Ojj-i : ^JJVI 



: ( J.^U1 JU*!) Oj^-^l ^> JU*t ^Uy^ 






jV 4 ^i^j -iij t t^itiLJI ^ J\ii\ I « ti^e^l ^iUl 6^1 .Uy> j^ ybj » ^Ul 




,2pw» V^jV .J-4^- c <JUp! (-*t o-J ' ^^ '^^ O^^' ^-^' "^^J "'J^'-^ ^^^ O-^' ^J^ 








^ ju>l ^ ju«- Uo-JI »>«J » : Dji. ciilS Jl ^jj ^^1 ^:^l jLil Mj ^ ^Ul VU-j 

. ^^ '^^ JljLa^l iJuU .^ LfL. >Li V 



UiLiIj t dilJu-a- i_J^^i^l frlJ_/> <«j j»jcj 015' t5 JJI i_5iLJl (5ji«^! Ttvaii JjLJI (J^I fljil^Uj 



j^ ^wJcj o^lj ^j^ ^UjI j_^ j^jLL^j t (J^J^^ '-^.y*^ iy-~» ^ >w» ^jjJI oj-^U^ 










i* '^ 



i— _;*^l cjUI »bjj ,yfc«<JI ^y oli'j . v-uj Vj »iLi iiji »jjfT (JJI Oj-***'J d'^' *^ £i*^' <y 










^ iJuVlj v^_v. J t ^ *LjJI *L_i^^ 






: »lykjJI ^IhjJu 






. ioJuJl ^L J l_^jLi ^.JLil JiLjIj ^ll^ 5^1 ilJipVl Jl 



*< 






5L-J t ^I^S^I ^>« AiL--.<o:-j jUJ LiSUj ..iL iiLJ!>\J l^ ^y. iu_j ejll ^_^ JS" ^y Jaii l^jwU- 



<^'\iLji 






j^'-^.u? 



^j>^\ ^ iL*L* GIjipI o-pj1^I jJ ^ly>jJI o^ Oj5J jl J..: J I jJ> ^ b\ <5-4^l ^j 






Ocana , Jimenez : Inscripciones de Cubiertas en Madinat al Zahra en 1944 .AL Andalus 1945 , PP 154 -^1 ( ^ • V) 
159. 

MELHOR . OP . CIT . PP 132 - 133. J^\j Y T '^ ^ ; JjLJI j.JUn.JI t ^jj ^I ^ij \ t^S 
Manuel, op. cit., pp. 154 - 159 . ( \ \ * ) 



JuVlj v-^j-J.^! ^ »LjJI ^LJj_o 



aIj^I jVj A>-jJ^ THJl^y ci**^ l4-i'^''; j-^UI ("y"^^^^ ^^^ SjLJL>JI (♦-sji (J-'?'^ ^^ (J^J^ ic-j.«j>i^ 



La . JiDI »U4l ,>-i->JI ^ ,>»»^l Ju* a1) I ju*l 4J I ;^ 15'ji . aU I p-H » : I_^ V^^' 4^UU 



(\\a)„r. 



J5:a1| ^I] ^^^"^^(t ... j,^^ ^^ Juju*j .. ^ ijJUj J-ijj .^Vl Ju— J Jl*- j>< Ju»w. J** L'L. 



.[r : 



(^-^ 







. [i : (JjJ5C^I>:l] '^'^'((,>jL.jJI^I jl«* .^jjjuL*^UJIcr>o^^ 



t AiJliJI *--l aJU— Jl jS'i Jju j»^ iuj^JI ipJLj aJj oLpi r-IJ ,_^ Jil^ j»jlj (_/^ '^ji ^-*^ 



(UA) 



.[0 : j»ij JSLiJ! >Jl] 



: ^jil\ ^\j ^\>-J\ jU ;.l::SOI ^^1 : <^\i 

^^1 (Ji>c.j -aJUP*^l OU^- JlP .iJbfw- ^^1 <ULl- ^;^J ^>j53l L^b A-va^l oljlj)fl J^ 



LiUis- ; ia>JJ <-PiI ^ y^ ajI . >.jU'yi ^ iiJ^i ^,Jl>^ ixii_pi ^jiJi ^p,^.^ u .^-i^ < ^ ^■\) 






YfV 



ol.LWIj oLJLiJt ^ djj^ : ^JuVl 






ioJ^ ^L^lj ^U^l ^U^! owcJI IL>.^\ ^jiJI ;pj^^ J.LJI ^^^1 J!>U. ^yj 






jl5- a:53j o^ ii^ Vjlj^ jl <. Lx^ jl U^ ^ ^j .Ul ^ r>U jl OUJI ^^L^ 



^jiJl ^_,^ j^-^ iLwl iiyj j^ J:^ i ^^Ul ^;;.*^^l jlp ^Lj^ JU ^UJI cj^lJI ^jIjUj 



U^iii -l>JI '^^ a- Jj^ ^>-^ ^l:^ ^^ ^i>o. Jii;>o U^ c^^'^^ U,y ^Uy^ U->.^1 



^^Ui ^i ii. <lUp ^jU. 01^ a;! ^. iJuj ^^^^^ (.-^r \ /jbTY • |.Lp ^>-j < ^j^xj* » ^^i Up 



^ r^- c/>b ^LJI ^^ci-r-Jl c>i>^l J^ u- l^^^J c/51 (>i^lj t^l -L— t ip,,.,^ L.I 



f(U)i=i)j«^»j((ja.))j«oX^j^j»_,«(^^\/la^^)) ; « jL^^ju>^))((<,jupj^)(^ 













YYV 




ju*yij ^_;_j.Ji ^ ^\-iJ\ fV-i 



ioJ^ 4JU>t^l (_PijiJI ^_/ *J*3U^1 Oijj jj^^ JS" 5i_p- j_jLp i^_^\ j^^^Uj dUi s-j-^ cs^-J 



^_^i pLJ^\ ^^^\iAi^))dl ilu t ^ jjjjS ij^ ^ ^ ijiii- (v^j^^ ^j>* «^'yjJi 



^i »■■ « :> .^ ajJL>o" ^^1 dis « J-J.J » J « ojUs » J t ^ » J ft jjj » ^lIvJI fLwS/ v-^^^ ^^ 



^ l_^l^ ^\ ^\\\ MoS ^U ^j>Jlj ^^^'' U,^ ^l^ ^l^p^ ^ j^.Lwl ,>w^- ^JJl 






<ui JLa, (_^JlJI *-^jJI i-ojj Jlp Gbi^l ,_y2>JI ^ ^^U; OlS' Ujj < Ju*-- » *JUaJl l^Ij 



, ^IjJLaJu 4 <^ . *< 













, A^j^\ji^^ji\^jl<j>^][4^\jJuJ.j c ^ ^^JjVl^j^jJuJi.^UUjJUo1 



jJLiJl ^^ *Jli jtlva-* ^j>-J L/Jl Awi^l *-U^V <JLrr**-J t^J^ '^^c^ SJU^l oU*^ ^^J >iJ>* ^J ( \ T i) 

. \c>A^ c jiLJI ajJ-jIjI (.\-:UJ (\ro) 



oULkJlj ol_J_iJl ^ bj^ : ^jg\1 



jj^ (^Lj ^^ l^jLi ^JLil s^UyJ! f^U^l ^^r^/zj^ j_^ oju::pI oi ^jj! ^JJU jjJl>JI /^j 



ojlul dJUJUj ijJ^\ dOd r^^U. *ii^ 5t>L/Jl L-^U' ^>.l fl^iU Jlp ^jgVi J /^j^jJ 



(W'^) 



J^ i^j^j^l OJ-JI (.Lj ^ Ij^L- ^^JLil pli^l ^ S-^UJI ..-^U. ^^1 o/iU ^ ^j 






i\r\) -. 





^-^ ^ .^._,, ••«» 



i U 






^.a>^l >; c^- ^1 ^^'Vl ili^^ £-^ ^ »UyJlj ^^UJIj ooWb t«Jl^l :.- '^^ 



(^n)^ 









(^ro 



(^iJI ^JjcJl ^ J.*j>^ "-^^l ^^rr^' jj-^ ^^ i^ "^^ ^ Ju^I ^yJI ^jli Jij 






.-uJOJl c l.U>li^l c ,5jUI (\Y'\) 



Ji^w . \.^^>i(\r') 



Melchor : op . cit, 131 : j^lj . HV ^ i <.Ju jJLyaJI : J^^UJI ;_^U, ^^'l ( ^yi) 
















<JLi: ^iCaJ 







io^ of J^ ^J>[^\ ^jj JU Jipt oi 015 j^\ Ja-Uo- ol U^^. jj c ^^ ^ ^^<t-uj;>l U c 




^ ^^. ol JJ <iUi^^ .1 J.1 ^ uUxUI ^:^. ^_^j M>-i^lj AijU^I A.-U_^ ^Lp OlkJI 



^L>w»Ij .u^i ^«^^ ^.^1 ^y^i ^1 oujuu ^! j^jui ._aji^ 




Ibid. p. 131. 



(\ro) 

















vr. 



oUL-kJIj OLJ-5.-JI ^ ojj^ : ^juVl 



oUL-JI oLjl. ^ A< UU aJUI ^1 Lj • L»VI ^. j>ib : JUi . . ll^L^ jl^ ^j Jit li* 

^^Li^ij ^.ji^b c«t^ujij ^^ij .i^u^ij :«-*Jj^ij :««ilJb Doi^b c«-*i^( cr* 

eJj|> : UIJ . SJuJi ^j j^\ .b 6lii U^ t^^ t^iJI jl_^l J\ jjUl ^1 jLil 

ip^j j\J\ i*U ^j I5>UI oULJIj bk^l c^^^l JjVI ^ ^Ij j^J\j ^^L iik;»J| 

W-^ joiJIj ^*l>Jlj iiJpl oULJL vU'^b ii^JLJI If>:^l ^jc^ lijyjl oUL-Jl< 
l*^^l y^I ^(^J Jli li* ,^. (Oi . . jj-»iJI JuJ^lj v^JLIL .^1 ^UJI ^ eUi £i^ ^ U^lj 



(.Uc^L U^i-^jl cuJ>j ^1>JL U^l^^l c^,.l^j ^j]|j ^^^b UfJljO^r cui^jj yUlb 









. n £ j^ 1 4«^ jo^oJi t t3jj^ i>i' ( ^ ^^) 



. n <5 ^ 1 4-i; jXaJI I ojjr t>^i ( u O 



Yr\ 




JJ% ^j-XJ\ ^ .LjJI .l_i^ 



^^j}\ ^Ls^lj ^UyJI ipj^>^ ^jjVIj cj>Jl ^ SjU^JI ioLv' coi- JU JipL- U^j 






• (>^lj^l 




^l^\/l ipL^ <J1 ._^. (^JJS ^^ '^^ « .r-^ oil » J^\^\ ^^\ J 04 ^.jU^l .Uy. ^j 



.^Ul jl ^Uj>JI jli.\ Jij J^\ ^b ^l_^l ^jji\ ^U J^lJu, Ji^! ^ IS^\ l^Ji^ 

4jCvi' (^iJI jUoJI j»^^J A^ _^,.*j:i 1^1 ljL *^l > 

S^l oIa ^ ^j t (_5^| Sy. ^_^^l Ju^^^ ^L>JI ^_i|yJl jv^l ii_/J ^^^jO^-jJI _;„^ j_^ Ul 






. ^^° '^ ,>**; ^.UJI J JUL iiJU >' 



(\o\) 



AJ^Lv» aJI .-..-Jo t^Ur ' ^ « illJI ,_,j>.j _^! » ^_^| j»^| ULv'J Ubj tiJl^jJI ^r^l ^yj 



AiJI J^ Jj ^^ %> ^Js^,\^\^^^,y])) jl JU;>JI /i aij c ^U ^jy>\\ ^Ur ^ 



^^*^^y^ljWJI JUUjlS-j t iu. 



■ '^'^ O^ <■ JiL-jTjJL^aJI ; jUj*JI 



i ^ ^ , 4--a;jjUfl-J( I ju>Ji (\oY) 



YTY 



ULiuJij c^LXiJl ^ (^j^ : (J~Ja:Vi 



aSj ; 2:^1 j»^j ^b^Jlj gijbJIj ^j^^'i^lj Jj:-^Ij ^j^I ^.-^ ^ ^^ ^ >JI ^ Ul 

(J Oij ; (. ^ YVA / j.-\VV ^l> ^ oJ.J>Jl ^U oo^ ^1 ^UJJ ,^1 ^'°^^ ^1 i-^U. 



(^fls). 







• « 






(^o^) 









(^°A)„T. . 




:L^^>UJ1 



^ , ^jS>1\j ^>JI ^ vy^l ^\j ^UyJiJ 5^1 oUU-^l ^- J.UI ^^1 ^ 
^IjjJIj oUliJlj J^ljJI 4^j jl^Vl jJij jj-^l ^ ^ ^ c Ubi^l .bJI oNU^ 

oblUlj jj^\j ^j-uJIj >Li]l ^ ^a:Vl J ^y^\ jj-^x^l <uis! U -y^ » : ^^^H\ J 









cr^ 



L 



<^ja-iJl t ^j3"^I^I (^oA) 



YTr 




Ju% 'r'j-^' I/-* *^' -L-Jj-p 



m \ m 



ivaJ^J! V^^^ U^i-^J ^J^^l fL>-^'j u^^ W^I„P- IjJ-^ oi-JJI ^ll^b ''li^ 



A>x.iviJI t->ljj\/lj jLiJjjJIj ^y-Jlj rL»J^ i.»..»ia.JI ^1^1 ifrL,-aj \y\i ^ tMj>6\ ijAj 

. 2Sj>^\ j^\2J\_f ^.i^UauJI (>.ib-^ <_JW- ^\ iJ» JuJlj i^^l «_ii-aVlj t^U^L. 



>■ 






vri 









OlaUl c_Jl> ^ oMI : jliVl ^.yjj jL^'yi ,^y ^U? ^ ^ojVi ^ ^^ 







*•# 



:(j*o^i jju o) juj^ ^ dUUI X* ju>c^ jj! t V:)w^\ i..^\^ ^\ 






YVo 




JLlVlj v-^^-XJt ^ .LjJI *L_ij-P 



: Un'^o : o) ^^1^1 ju»«. <U1 JL* Jit t t^jlJU^^I 






iLi«JI i;:5CJl : ^jJ t jj^U JU>x^ Jc^>^' • V-A^^^b JjJ^jhJI j;;cxlj-iJI ^j^" 

:U"\Y"\: cj) iSi\ A^ ;y, CJ ji\i *^^\ Xs> y\ ^,jS\ ^\^ I i^jA>J10jSlj 




v.yOI ^1^1 : C;li 



O^jt 




• •• 



/^^roo t ^ ^\ hj[^\ U^iJ\ : ^\i c i-Jjj'yijU'iilj jl^"^!^ V-^^i J-^' 



.^\^r^ 



YY"\ 



oUUixJlj oLJLlJI ^ djj-i : ^xN 




LiUI 



. |. \ ^^T t ^jJI 4 SybUJI , OyJI jU'yi JU. vJjUi_^lj v^L-NI 0^1 



: i^al^Jl jlp t ;^jUI 



o>J iayJI A,»b:JI : SybUJI t v'>^>l j^''^! i--^^ J CKiJj^^. <^ji^\ ^j^l 




h 




1 MM 



: ^^ * .^lij^l 






: ^UjJl jlp I LJ^U- 



(.\^AS t v-^_^lj|jJI : ^j] ,j>.o/^\\ djWj'^-J^yi'i-^J 



: ji>Jl J-* t j^jjJI 



' J-^ iy^J^ J^ • lT^^* ' LSi^' ^^-*^^ S-d^ ' t_5.M2i>Jl j.^\ ^J ^y OO* 



.^\'^A\ 



: JL-ij 4 c^ijIJLlI 



j» \ '^A • t cjjj;^ oj^ iJU^ V".*^ : ^y t '-^j>i "-^ 



'. ^ ^<ti ., rt ,« il) l ».. L <i c /«*»«<j 



.^\^ir c iiliiJ!> : ^_^- . ^y^ v^>l>''^la- 



: ji>JI JLp jl-JI t JL- 



^\HV\ co^livMI> : oj^c^Ai^i^l^^i^jUJU^U : U.y _ 



Yvv 



^ — l^Vij V 










:J-cU-.iaL^J t(^>JI 



(. ^ '^VV t i-Ull jU'Vl Aiy.JL* t ^"ijU^yi Sjljj : il-Uo t ^JLi'Ni ^ ^ly*^l ^ 



:4J1 





Ol::* 



r 



\<\1\ I ,^UJ1 




>. : SytUJi c jUj^ljLJU-I^AjUli-J'J^VljL''yi 



: ju»-l t (^ jSS 



t ^Ij ^IJJ A^UJl ^.^.^1 2X^\ : SytUll c ^jjjVl U^l ^ (.^^Ij ^yJlyl 



.(.\^V' 



: ^U 4 iji ^^1 



.(.\'\Alc:La.^li^>JI : j\y>J\ t Ja^_pi Oj^l ^^ v-^-iiVl o>^UiJuJl 



: tJLuK I i^jUtflT 



<ij 



^,.^1 ii^i : -oy^UJI ; V>i>J' ^J-^l f ^ Jl c/i^' c^' Cr' ''^J^^ j^ J r^ 



.|.^^AA t ^bSOJi.UJI 




^y^\ 







t^>. 



.^^-^A' I 




J 



b : ojjfcUJI t jj_JjjNlj <.-j^_,jiaJ1 «jjIj JL*-* 



rvA 



oUUxJIj oLJLiJI ,>4 Ojj-J : a— 1^^' 



• . * 




f JiJ*^ * JkJJ* 






o>JI v^l olj^^ : i^b^l c j^A^Vl JU>.^ I j^,>.w» J^>^ <*r^" i Lii>l <-i<^j 



YY^ 



^ 



kj^" 



fff^^^STXTfAt 







^ ^ 




Li 



I^ 






*^ 



^#> 



^3 J A>- 




a 



■Ul 




)) 



* 



C.'li^ 




!f> 



ff 




^ 



W 



^ 







J*-r 









(( 



i. 



h 



-rtiUiJ^^^i*J 



>«- 



Ul 




}) 



»■ 



K^ 




W*^ ^*™*«**A«^^nJ } ^ ^W-M^ 



^ -*^ 















t* 



^S 



^» 




)) 



nti 



■■p. 




■^F^ 



y> 




*fl 




14 



^ WrtwJ 






Vrt 



J A:>- 




iSt 



Jl -jp )) 




^^^^fl>VitiV/™ 




^ ^WJ^"^ JWatrF^Wr^^^^-^^ffl-" 



^■ 



^J^ 
^ 



-j^^^^-\^ 



W WA4^;^^^rf^'?' 1 ?^'' Vt^-Wrt^^ V^' 



n^ 
















P.- 



%i 




^-«S:., W^»^ 






"%fi': 



^■fc 








'.iW^H'j^'y 




-AKl^ 



O^ 



Ul 




)} 









f^ 



"ITTV^VT^^:^ 



lT"'"' 





■^ 



A; 



jiJi 



A 






T 




U^ 








l( 



Ul^ 



\) 







p 




^ 







■^ 



ij^' 



.15 




■ uT"' 





RAFAELCAS1EJ0N 






(\0 



kr 



Jt^ 



f^J ^^''^ 




^(RAFAELCASTEJON 




)) 



t£V 




jj^\ 



J s 








1 




u=^ 



2 



3 






55 





7 



8 





10 



11 







14 



16 




17 




6 




9 



O^P 



12 



AolA 



13 




Id 



43 



(\)(^^JSLi 



((Dieulolby : ^ » 



YIA 



c^UUaJljoLJLiJl^^ jj^ : ^^Vl 



k<^Ji^£.Si^^(Sih>i^^Si-<i>^ 



'M..^!!^iMkJ<S^k^^l(Syih^S^i^l 




B!s^krSd^AiikBii^(^&^ 






M^^Ask^li^^^^milk^^<MS-^ 






I 




'^ 




LX 




y 



^gw&^l^ ^=ammi] gi "^^JkJk^ 



y 



LT 




LT 



cJli 



c/ 






xn 




juVij 





I 





hdiSid 




, jv?f I jb t^^m 



(_/i_lrUJl 



4)1 



'>» 



(>Oy t 






i]A 





I 





J"^ 



J'' 



(O 



(^jj^ 



(1 \ JSiX ^ yi\ i}^ ^ ) 




C-^v^ 



3 




I 





J^ 






Yo. 



ol^UiJ(j oULiill j^ djj-j : ^JuVl 



(♦) 



■ 4 




jti[ji^!J-i.[|l^iL^I 






G. Moreno y^jy ^l^j^ cy J^ J'^.k •^<— J >^ Jl ^1 *cA" <-^ ^ «jr^Vl oljxJl 
^ ^br-^JI D^ Jl i_^«i ^S JJj . i^ j^J j^ JJ jUij c T. Balbas ^Ub ^^^j 

iijlUb iLj ^-jji: ^b^ Jl iJu , (j^ Cj^ iiy'Vl ^1^1 (Ji^ ^ ^. SI c jL-5:;^l ^.^ 



4ijl'S/l oLOdl u! "yi i ^JLj'N! ^ 2:^^ Sykij^ li^L^ ijprj J\ ^y^\ ^- U SiUj 



. -oUl .1* ^l^ Js> 0^1 Jj. ^^ ^1 ^Oj'yi j^U-^! ^U* ^ til ^ Jbu <jLt^ jj 

( aj^I ) Pechina '^L. J\i^ ^ ^ J^ ^s^\ O^Jl *lUi ^y t 5a^_^l L5Uix^);i iJbJl ^"j 



c Cataluna U_^ ^ h^ >Lu ^ c-.^! ^1 d^Uo*^! ^'IxJ d^ dUi ^ ^^^l Jb^j 







. ( j^jiJI ) USi IfLjj c*JI SiLJ iijj_^ j] 



\ (*) 



Yor 



^ ,^ ^-^^ — .y\ ^L_^>Ji 



j! Siyasa -ujU^ ^y> ^ ^Ij^ <. Murcia v^j^ /»Jil ^ *«^>>-I ^^Jl ^^'^1 c^LiyisJI -iS'jjj 






. Serce Limani ^ aSjUJI i-xJl /»Ua>- «j:j|jjijc» aJjlS"! U IJUj t ( _* i J ) ;^i!>LJI yiUJI OyJI 



. <u!|cJU?j La (^x»j fljUsill oJL* *.>t^ ^y^ o^^ cjUj)i!I Jb>-j_5Sj ; <ui; jl <jJL!i 

. L5gUl jU_;i JtiU::^! li^j c :>y^ JjLiJI J">Ui^l cOli^j 



t oj 



. JL>wJI I JLA j_y -»^ |» Jii yd A^y OJUj aJLp 



y IjLif^l Aj^^VI SjjyJI <uJi ^y i«Jli culls' «iJl i-jjJL-L rW-jJ' iclw» ol tJjyJI y 



i*jU ipLvJI aJi» c^ Jiiij 4 ^ly« jl JU>- JSlJio JUi 01^ ^Ij^ t (^^tiLJI JjVl Oyil ^ 



^ ou^l aj^'I oL>- SJip &U- cOJij v-^ ,/ <-b-JI . JL* ^ l^-oiJ ^y!l ^br-jJi ^Jai JL.^ j/Jl jw -U) ( \ ) 



C->JI Ji> ^ly^ . y^>l vyJl ^_^ V-J^l s'r*'^' i-b^ Jl 'J-** ^^ £J^ '>*^ "^^^^ "-^ 
^Ul «j^^l ^l» Ly'S/lj l^^l oUljJLJI ;^jA ^ J.*jo ciiJt (J. M. Palaz6n) OjiL /jLU jJy JL-Jl 



Xoi 



oULUJIj cjLJUlJI ^ ojj-J : ^JjSfl 










^ 1^ ^j ; \^i" j'^^ ^-^^^^1 ' ( ("AAn/^YVr - ^AoY /jbYVA ) Cr^J\J^ 






. iiL- LJL>,j> jJlid Uij dUij I. I4JI 



yM oL ^ jUl ^b j^>- cu;L^ ^1 c^\^J\ J^! o> sa^ iJL^ J^j liljJI tiJ^-l J:)U 



. (^jiJi) rv i ^ ; J.UI ^^1 (r) 



too 



J. ^ ^-^ — .y I g-L-^^i 



^Iji^yi (iilj cjIspj ^ ^_yJaj^l <iJUUJI ^% ^>» V-J-^^ SJu^aS <r.a..,.3j'U o^ juj^JLj 




(a) 



« t_fUJI Ll. JJUI i,,-z-.f U tj^lS" LJ j_^JUkI JLi jt_j«aJlj 



( (* ^ ^ <3 / -*'\ ) V^^* i^ly-i -^' ^rr?^ (y) '"-h^ cs* -^^' ^'>=r' o"^ y«-ii^ 01 ,j^^-hj 



: SJLvaiJi Jji; i ^,.*^':^1 JLJl (-^Jci^ U:-^ U~»li-i *::jJl23 ^I i>-U-j!l dU; ^y. ^^yajCUj Ujjl^ 



(^) 



^ ^jJl 1Jl*j /''«»li^ iUJ ?*Ui ciUy ^1 I;rUjJI »Ji* ja\ ^J .UaJI (^JI ^[^ gjjiy 

. i^^b" jjU>v. ^jJ^\ \^':K>- ^ ^y h>\j> i, jU^ 1j_^ Lu^ ^jj oljLi^l 

^Lo JSli. ^y L ^jjN\ J JuJI JjLd SJucJl A^l>.jJI JljVl i<^L^ 0^3 dUi ^a^j 



i^U. ^Ul LI ii^L^ ^ i^^:)^ cr* '^-^-" • ^>^' u5^l < ^"^ <i > i^i^^rJI ^-^ ^5JliJI 0^1 




(V) 



. "El Romer" j ij^jo ^^JUIj j^U-jJl ^ji! ijr--! 

(A) 



« dJi ^ ibri>! i)^ j! f"^' o^ *i>^- '-^ ' -^j r-« -^ "^I •^-^' '^-^ *>* c:*^-^' c'^^' 



Peres, H., Esplendor de al-Andalus, Madrid, 1983, pp. 292-93 . ( O 



. (^jiJOYT-l^ ;(^.\ 



UA 



Garcia Gomez, E., Poenias Aral)igoandaIuze.s, Machid. (1971), p.138-39. (T) 



G. G6mez y L. Provencal, Sevilla a coinicnzos del siglo XII/El tratado de Ibn Abdun, Sevilla, (V) 
1981, pp. 136-37. 



. (^j:u3l) Ar ^ . ((. \ 



<\AV 



Yol 



ol.LkJlj oULiJi ^ Oj^ : ^JuVl 






J* -- 



)) 



dUSj <JbJLiJI Jl Ai^_^ (Garci Perez) ^^^ JjU- ^^^-^Ij (Yhuda Mosca) 15L.^ b^^ 



^ UL^I w»! ^ t^j^ JJ:. i^^l aJ^ J-^ JO^j . (Alfonso X) ^UJI j^jiJI y.V Ijl^- 

. ^-'^^i Sj^-Ls^ <3jj^ J-^ ^^ v^^i 2j^' 

/^ V-^jjVI ua^l j^ (Almena) hj^\j (Mdlaga) iiJU ^> ^U JJ <^y» oju iiLS::^ 






t MM 



Rodriguez M. Montalvo, S. (ed.) Alfonso X., "Lapidario" (Segun el Manuscrito Escurialense H. {\) 

I. IS), Madrid, (1981). 

Gayangos, p. de, The history of the Mohammadan Dinasties in Spain, Londres (reimp. Delhi. ( \ • ) 
1984), Madrid, 1951, T.I, pp. 51 y 93, T. II, p. 311. 



YoV 



^ ^^ ^-^ .y\ ^L_^;J1 



^LSJI ^j^ L_Jl^ Jl U^>^ c^l ^/-^ itj;w*JI ^j>^i cr^ <pj^>^ J^ ^^li>Jl dlL" 

/^ ^^^1 vyt^ Vr^j^l ^s5lJ*^' »-J^ ^J^ "^^ -'^^i^-J ' (::^' VA-^ °-^l oUrUrjllj 



oJL* ^ ^ c j_oJi!l oUj Jii>J A^jt^ (.J^i.::^" oJl^ .1-^ t UU-l JUJL. aJUj_;I ^*U53! 



i5j_^! OiJ^ Vb-J^'^ it^^xJIj «(Santo Toribio) ^^.jjJ ^1 ^l5» ^ iij^l dlL" ^i 

^j3531 dlL- uijbij iv L> °JJ^ V"W^ V^J ^-^^ '*^'^' *-^ cs^ ^"-J ' (Astorga) 
oJL* ^ ^ d! L^ . "Hedwigsglaser" 1^ jlku ^U J^l oli l^jl (^>. ^\j Sjj^-LJI 
Ji*JI IJla JJUij t u_JU5L; ^b j! :.jU! ^\ ^jL-l <*:-.a4j a^^IjI* uijUj oli ^U ^^Jaiil 



J 




^^"^^oUpUJ (Elvira) ijjy (Alzahra) ^\j»J\ o^.o^ j- J^ ^li^ ^> o_;^ ailj 



^l oJiA JjbJ ij*;-"j c (Albacete) ia^l Sik^ (Lietor)^ soL ^ ei^^ J^ii U-« 



Ji « tiUVl 1) ^U^ iJj^l Si3 ^ ^Uw 2:u« Lli cJl^\ ljJ\ o> v^ly- ^j 



^ly^^l ■^\^ J ^^y, Ui" t v-L- J^^L. 5I,^I_^ LgiJ^ dJJij ijJ^ vyJ L«^ '-ilj^ W^j 
■^ o.li ^ li^l SOpU jl jlyVl 2^lJ Ul . VrL^iJI ^U=JI l4^ ^^^' ^^ ^.y'^ >" V-^--J> 






Sanchez-Albomoz, C, Una ciudad de La Espana Ciistiana hace mil anos : Estampas de La {\ Y) 
vida en Leon, Madrid, 1965, p. 188. 



^j^\) J-J.J Jjlki- J^j jiO:--' j-kU. C)^ oli oUL^;3l 



toA 



oUL-kJIj oLlixll ;^ Ojj-J : ^jJ^ 






J SSsSj (Badajoz) ^_^ v^ c-i^rl ^1 ;.jVl ^^li>Jl ^ Js> JSj . ^>JI IJL«J 
SjJ^sJI ^UaJJ i^i-,^ii^l Vr^-jJI ( (>lj^l ) OU^iil ^j^ JL;^ (Jerez) j_^.yi oUU^ 

^m ^" fv 



^j c ii^!ilS3i oU^jJl ^ jl l,J^\ JU^\ ol>Ju j^M. ^ oyD ^Ij t ^^Nl 



^^^ JS* ti^UoI lOPj ^ J^jJ! jj-^l ^'ii;- ^ S>lu ^^U; ^ ijlj ybU /Jb il5:;3'y JjliJl 



iio^:j j_^ d\ ^j$i^_ c Ul I4JI jUlJI t Fernandez Galaldon OjjJUr ttaJjUyj Valdes ,j-oJiJL; 
(Mertola)^-^ oljji« aJ ^i-^ t^JJI(^'\MY-^^<\'\Y) 0.0^1 M. Almeida lo^l . ^ 






^. t ( -A^ J ) ti^VJl pUJ! 0^1 J\j^ Jl <iojL- i^, i^JLll o>JI IJL* . W j^ ob 



Fernandez Gabaldon, S. : "Vidrios islainicos de los banos aiabes del Alcazar de Jerez de la Frontera ( \ I) 



(Madrid 



1987). Madrid, T. II, pp. 607-616 . 
Valdes Fernandez, P., La alcazaba de Badajoz, I. Hallazgos islamicos (1977-1982) y testar de la (\ 0) 
puerta del pilar, (Excavaciones aniueologicas en Espana, 144), Madrid, 1983, p. 353-362; Fernan- 
dez, op. cit., pp. 607-616. 

Casdllo Galdeano, P. et alii, "Urbanismo e industj-ia en Bayyana. Pechina (Almeria)" Arqueologia ( \ "l) 
Medieval Espanola. II Congrcso, vol. II, Madrid, 1987, p. 544; Acien Almansa, M. et alii, 
"Excavacion de un barrio artesanal de Bayyana (Pechina, Almeria)", Arcl>eologie islamique, I, 
Paris, 1990, pp. 156 y 157. 



Yo^ 





i^^ ^)ll^L_^jJI 



Jy ^^ JUJI jjb US' - Ji^^U ol >^la:.....> t i^aS iiJuliJ ^J^\ ^Jlp sIjLuJIj iv9':>L^^! :>!>Ui ,j,^ 



f-lijjl cijl^ f^jl ^'-^ 5.vai« (3_^ rW"jJI ^rf*^ &^j ' f^-ij^/^ ilL,*-^ jl^^^ ^-^jj^ mJLLLJI i^^l 

c ?iciJl u^j^l "^7^ jj^,va-*Ji jJ^ Ujt*|jL>.l ^Jy>^ ik-^ljj tiJLlj j^^ <lva:Uj dyi\ OLs^ 



j^ o:>Ip tl)j5J ^^Ij (^>,-a..*j>x-« c SjjS") Jbj-iU is^L>- JjiJI IjL* t^ <flj-^ ^j^ tj^ (vJ **J' J^J 



r - fr 



Jl J^ LJ^ ^U-lJl liA Jl^j c Ju^ (.JLi.1^. U.J Jiu^ o> oUUL^V jlil k\ Js^ 0>]1 



(Hrabanos (j^jjjU (J-^j^L>IjA JUjJai^ c-jUj^^ju ^ ^rfriaj^o JliJl L^ ^^^ W^J '■(_5^j^^ 
i^jS\ dji^ "-r^y^^ r-ij^l J^Jj t ^ (Monte Cassino) j:.^lS' ^J^yi (Ir* ^ f ^ /-^^ ^3 ^ Murus) 
jjjL^\ oJjh ^^^ t f-ljJi^JI rtJ-Uj i*j£>UJI A^;..JLiSI oUjwiwJI L^'A^} ^_y y^^ J-* UjLa. o\xL^j 



Henein, N. H. y J. F. Gout, Le verre souffle en Egypte, Paris, 1974. p. 10. ( ^ V) 

Diem, A., "Techniken des Mittelallers zur Herstellung von Glass und Mosaik*\ Artigianato e (^A) 
tecnica nella societa deH'alto medioevo occidentale, XVIII Settimane di studio del Centro 
Italiano di studi suU' alto Medioevo, vol. 2, Spoleto, 1971, pp. 609-632 . 
Menendez Pidal, G., La E.spana del siglo XIII lelda en Imagenes, Madrid, 1986, p. 193. ( \ '\) 



\\. 



oULkJIj oUliJI ,>. djjr-i ■ o-J-^'^' 



J^l j^ J\ ^iU-NL ; iloJ\ ^^j iyjJi i^ l^j o>il (^ (3^1 ^> ^^ w.<^i 

. Jbj-dJ ajjJLp- Sij^ JLtoLlJ IaS^ t _;4-^l rp^ jc^ V^ 




C;^ 



_A 



Jl^i ^^l- ^ ^j-j-Ji -M^^/^ (.\v/j*n (3) (i>Ji ^j>Ji <^^^i ^jj^ 

Lfi *'vt;j» ; Jjij <l--w^ OJLiuJI L^U-Lvaj dUJiS'j t J^ixJl LAiL>i-^j Lf>c.j^ ay d\ '^J^o dJJij 

^IujI j^ cJi^ ^-iUll ^-u ^j t ^^ ''«vj^jL. «-> jiiJj u-^l v^iyJl c^i" ^^j ^--rJk) 



(TO 




^l k^j ^>JI <J>JI Oj^wi^i \y\^ U5 c iU>-j iill^r JlS^l oii S^ 



US' ; AJliL^ 3^^^;>iJb iJlxJLS 4-vaJ ^y V^y» fj^J ^ cJjtj- ^ ^ T iV / Jb'^ i ^ il.-i ^ Ijl^lj 

1* •* V " 



(_$it>LJl jAci viJlil! 0^1 (wivaTu ^ 'obS' i-JJl Ji Juj«^ j;;jI Oj^, jl ^j:ujj . j^j>>-JjJ| Ijjj 






((.\WY/^onA -j.UiV/jhOiT)^.^^l : L^^-jjL,^,,:^^^^ J-^^^J vJ-^^^l 



. ((.urA/jo-^r-;- (. w u /_* i y i ) ^ y* ^ij 



LlLft S^^4_tj *:^ OLS' il-5- t t^JuJI O jjjl jji 5_^y) j_jS i_4J^I ^y) (jlj f^ r-llal ^1 a-Ju- 






L^ tj^^ ( -av - 1 <i ) ^^^uJi ^lp ^uji 4j|jbj ^ jwi 0^1 J:>u cji^ v-^ *^^ ty 



(TT) 



<_jfeJuJicj>Ji^ix;N 



(X\) 



Gayangos, op. cit., vol. I, p. 51 . 

Navarro Palazon, J., Con la colaboracion cie F. Ajtiigues y A. Garcia Aviles, "Arquitectura y (TT) 

Artesania en la Cora de Tudmir", en J. MAS (dii-), HIstoria de Cartagena, Murcia, 1986b, pp. 



Navarro 



)Siena/Fir 



pp. 144-146. 



X^W 



r ,^_i ^-i. -N/l ^L_^jj| 







. jj-JjU";!/! il)JU 4-i ^jj B^y^JLlI j_^l A-^_^ OJaj C-JjjI e^li 






wj L^ . (Hojan Batista) Ll-^"L ^lijl ^^.J^aU Jui** v>iJl5cii' liUij • ii- JS* t-*iJI ^ 'L-J_^I 






(rn«. 



li^Jj , iaJuJI j_^ ^ o>]| '^,yc^\ k^\ J ^\^\ (Xecura) Sjjii ^L oj^l ^Ul 

dUi ^j . o->-l>- jJI v^ ^^ ( JtA 6 ) (i^^Wt j^ ^)^ -^^1 c/ VM* l-i* r-l js^" Vr-JI 



y. 



SJL, 




(Torres Pontes) ^^-^y ^^^y UJl jLiI ^1 (Alcaraz) ^^1 SAaU. l-^ ^^i J*iJUj 

^ j^l ^Ua:^ ^_^ dUij c 0-J^-JI olSOx*^ .1^ 0^^^^^^ c^ li-^l JK-ij^' '-^^^ 

16^ oU Ujop «^jU:;^NI)) ^j>11 II* ^ ^3 -^'^^ ("^'f'^^ (^ "^^^^^ 6^^ ^^^ 
^Dl , J y-y I ^> dJUuJ I Jb Jp ^Ull-\X^o(j.i'\o- iii ) i^ dUij o-xJI ib>-l 



Torres Pontes, J.: "Los mudejares muiciaiios en el siglo XIII", en Murgetana, XVIII, Murcia, (XT) 

1961, p. 47. 

Ibidem, p. 61. 

Torres Pontes, Repartimiento de Lorca, Murcia, 1977, p. XLII . ^'°' 



yiY 



oULJiJIj oLJLiJI ^ Ojj-i : ^JJ*yi 



j:>- iji OLI di! 



•^ C^}^ '^y *^^^ u^ y ' >>■ 



jy ^jJbJLi3l ,;;;5U: Uxp iJlkJI ijL^ ^j . (Juan II de Aragdn) UjSjVl ^^li!l d\j^ dJU\ 
t (Torrellas) fj^^^y SjiaU« aJ_^ jUu Sihj ^^i*o(-AA•A )c*^ V-'j^ iSX^-o ^JLp Sjia^ 



^1 iiL^VLi yj>wJI vt-^^^ij ^* : V ^jk t5^'j V^j^ *^^ cs^l ^j^l (^Ua>JI (^ ajIjJI 



IjA^ JJ :ij>% U^ -^ Q.J.nJI JuJU ^U i--^ iiiai* ^ 2J^jJ\ iu^l * L-iVl 



^ ; j^bi\ j,5:>o 5w^ c/ ur-J^^l ^J^^ o^ V'^' oUJL::5:JI J^ d^\ ^^ ^LiU J^^ 

(^j^ aij ; ^>>Jy^ Or^ c5* f>*^j*^' '-^ (Navarro Palazon) Oj£lb jjU JjbJ /» \ ^Al aU 







dL;^j ^1^ ^UjJI ^ 4J ^U ul a- r^^' >J • (S. Nicolas) ^Nj5:j ^^oill 




i^j ^ ij^ oU!>b:-l VrU-^1 oUJL::5CJI oJu f'j^kJ^^ ^-^^j • ( ^V (j ) ^:>:>LJ 
^jJl IIa (.IJ;;^! ^ 4^_jLi!| i^iUI JiNoJI ^ a«J oJjbj . f^J^\ '^jA^\ ^^\ Js. SiU 







(TV) 



c U^ olj-»^ oli vM>-j ^ S_LP ' JU^I I JiA ^y L^JLi ^1 ^j>JI _^l ^yCU^.j 



J oJ-t^l U^ ^^! ^ ^U- J\ , '^^ oo- J^b c^„^! ^^U^ ^ iLa^ [^ jj. 



. d^^^LvMtf 



Navarro Palazon, J., Una casa Islaniica en Murcia, Estudio de su ajuar (siglo XlII), Murcia, (\1) 
1991. 

Jimenez Castillo, P., "El Vidrio" en J. Navarro Palazon et alii. Una casa islaniica en Murcia. (YV) 
Estudio de su ajuar (siglo XIII) Murcia, 1991. pp. 71-80. 



t*^r 





^-^ — .y\ ^L^^\ 



: USJLi\ [^ijj U^jJl U^^l:^ ^_^ iii^ i^LvJI 



Oljl ipb-^ jli^\ cy> <■ ^%-^^ Jt» J^^ o^\ J\j^ dShj U^ J^L- ^ ^1 -^! ^ ijjJI 




bj^ lji\^ LiLJb USlJL. i^brj ^ dlU c /JJI ^a;"!^! ^\M\ ^\si^cJ\ <^l^ Jlj 



ji c^^-wa^ ^L:rj Cj^ iPj^^ ^j ( Y ^ ) ^N^ urt-*^' ^ c> W^ -r^ ^ <:;;ij''^' ^'j^ cy 



(TA) 



I i*jji i^jJL^ >Uaij ISwJI I JiA ijjLifl "yt ^j^^ J J - ljAh' c?'^^^*^ -K^^ iw»ix«j l3jj1 t^J^ 



(TM 



t« 1 «■ t* 

u^ jl> Jj> UJU L^I jLlJI a:^I S^2 L^ cJ^" Vr'^J ^Ju^^ J^ ^^ jLSx^V ;...n.,^^ 




Js^-b ^y:- LSL^ ^yj — Jl L^ Jl*j! ^1 a \ Yll / j»"\lo i^ JJ JbJ;>xdUj i ( -aV J ) ^:>%J\ 



h^.J c5* 'j-^JJ ^-^ 



Ibidem, p. 74, No. 360. 



(\A) 



Lamm, C. J., Mittelalterliche Gla.ser und .steinschnittarbeiten au.s deni nalien osten, Berlin, (\'\) 
1920, T. 20, 39, 35y 32. 



Jenkins, M., Islamic Glass, Nueva yorlc, 1986, p. 56. 



(r>) 



YM 



ol^UoJIj oUuJI ^ ojj-j : ^JC^^I 



'■ ^j^i* j=* 5:^-> 



b^-,. 







jj-/wJI ^(Tudmir) ^a: ojj53j t k . J I iikuJ LJU ixjbil ^iJ sal. ^ l>jh> JbJ 




Ul U^j c S^vi^l J\ J^. oLli 2^U-j ^ Cj^y^ u^jn^ ( ijc^*^ ) ir^ 







•» t« « 




^^^^j_LJI jf ,_-JJI Jii*J i^Jw* i--^Uj 1-L-ii L^li-li i^.al> 



Is^ys^ Js- p^ iw-^ ojuj (Plateria) L,_^-% f-jLi ^ cu.^! rJI i,^'Vl ;U>JI J^j 









Perez Bueno, L., Vidrios y vidrieras, Barcelona, 1042, p. 68 . (V\) 



Ylo 





^:>\ — ^y\^i-^ji\ 






^ >• 



< t.^«^lj t^i..<a.)l (4:^ f4jLau IC'>»j^« iji^JlJI pjiVl ^Mk> ^ eUJi^j >^bi^b rwlLJi ti* t^'lyt- 
• W <j* ^'^'L** I4U »Ji>lj Ji* .' Jbu-ljJI ij-,UJI ^'!>-JI ^ p^' l^irt aaSL^I oL»L»JI <^ JU*j 




t 44 







, i^Lw^ »iyA J{k>- ^ 1>-J>c.^\ ifrl^rjJI (^^ ^>*^^ *^i .^r^^ >*J ' ( -^V (i ) c5^t>LJl 



c5 ) ci^^UJI y^ ^Wl 0>!l ^ Jliil ^^ivdl ^ fjUpl <;l^ o^.>^ t^JJI (.J^^l ^y,a>JI 11a 



. SjjL S^^^j j-Z^L^ L»->Jj i^UJU 7^:^l 

Cr* J^J t \-^ -^ J! H"}-^^ cJUJU ^1 VjJ^'^ oliuJl iJ^^l ^^LJI ol ^JJL ^a^ 
11^ KJlu JlliJ JjVl ^.^iJI ul . lJ\J\ a.iU-'yij « J>^! U^U)) uijUj : Ua ^j^^ \4^^ 



Ibn Yubayr, A traves del oriente. E\ sij^Io XII ante los ojos- Rihia, Introd., trad., y notas por (VY) 

Felipe Maillo Salgado, Barcelona, 1988, p. 185. 

Navarro Palazon, J., "La conquista castcllana y sus consecuencias : la despoblacion de Siyasa", en (Vr) 
A. Bazzana (ed.), Guerre, fortification et hal)itat dans le nionde mediterraneen au Mouen Age 



(Madrid 



X^"\ 



ol.UxJij oUUdi ^ oj^ : ^xN\ 






J^^ ^^ ^J^ jl^ uij ; 3-*^ >T,,vi><^ ^' i>.L^ ^U-j ^^^wi Aa.;.,^,Jl v>iJl J»LjV| ^j 









J^ax^ ja U <^L1o ^U^ o_^>J| ^,xJI ^loiVl oIa Ji. ^_^j j^^j . "Hedwigsglaser" 






^ J lLL:^\j UkJl o>;JI oli A>J.^| i^U^I ^^1 ^-UI /III j.^, U.j 






Pavon Maldonado, B., El arte hispanomusulman en su decoracion floral, Madrid, 1981, T. II, (Ti) 
Nos. 6, 7, 9. 



Ibidem, No. 3 . 

Lamm, Op. cit., vol. II, T. 63, No. 

Jimenez Castillo, P. op. cit., p. 78. 



(To) 

(n) 
(rv) 



YIV 



mi M ^mm^ 



t^J^ (^a-t"jCJl ^\^\ dUS jJh twJUlb ^Jci\ .yjJL^L AjO.-^I ij:>-b»-jJl i.J>tJI j^!^ 

. (A ASii) i^y ^.^ (Cort6s) ^jj5 f jU ^ ^JUJI Lujj ^j::^ oy.:i^ cJlj'y oL^j- ^ 



: iiUJl i»jSJ\i uijU-jJI . 



Ejl^pJl! Lg-^yJ J^ic li^jWzA iJjJ aiU j-brjJI 0^^ <J^ (_^ V^i^' VJ^)" '"^ ^=^ JUi»j 



4:>>-LJI Vr*^J^I Jlj'^l ^^' c*^ '^j^-i J--'^ ^^ ^ t5^ ^-^rr^ if^. '■^-e^. <■ y*^' 






^J SiUj L^ilkiiV j:>- jt (. If^ aJ^JI 'Lsj-.-ap^-j iJ^I Ju ^y> <V" "^Ij^-V Ajjij^" <sUaJ 



^ JjVl .J„^-.ll J^U ^Ji^ J5:jto ^>jJI c_.jL-Vl lift jj^jG^I Oj^UrjJ! ("a^.::^! JiSj 



ii^_>Jl ^ji^I ,_r^ Jj^ -o! /Ju: oi i-->o 0^ ' ^J 'Jj^ V-J^ V-^' "-^ J-V'j - Vj^^' 









j:jo d N| , kfrW:)\ J^J^^ ^>-i^ °J^ ^■^•^"^^ Jc-^' ^jJU^^I l-U ot y> ^J\ Js-j 



J, >-ws^j ^U- ,y»..2^.. ;:>j>Jl JiCllI i;/^l o\^h\ oli V^^>^l oL^l dJUL" cjIj-^ ^y. 



cjlf-L_k«Jlj oLXiJi ,y^ ojj-J : ^Jj'Vl 



!>^j ; j^UJl ^1 dJi JJUj c cijjl o^ ji «Ul, J,j^ J.^,0 ;iJL!l ^U^l jjix^ j! ii>.^Ul 



. ( ^ J5Ci ) ^j j531 ^ (.ju;.;^- ^\j i^j2jJ\ Jl l>jl^\ iwJI ciLL-j jix; "^ ^UJI 



5Ji ^ oUaJI Jsj-^lj v-JLillS' ^j^y-j j>;jJ— 1 (iKri ^^*>JI c:jNUJI ^ jJ£ ^J j^,j 

Lfcb _^. ^Ij c i-.L-- oliJlj^SC* ^^^ S^,_i.xuJl jl_^l dUu- j_y LU- dUi _^. ; SJi>.|j VrW- j 
^1 < J>JI U^^)) ^U)L; SliuJI ^-^bJl I*-. j,J!>bo JSCJLj ilJtJI ^ uiU- ^/rW-j i^r^ SjsU 






oUAALt U jly. ^ t S^JwiJI VrU-^l l^j^\ ^\j^ (j-^^-;^' i>^l ^^" CO^ri-Jj 

Jli* ^Laj . i*t,Liu ii^3 t-^ly Js. J_>-^s>aJ SjUaJI J=_^I i^" ^JS^\ ^ojVI ^l>-jJl 



J> jikij . ( iJjL... JjcJa cjli S.x^Lo iUij ULj Sj^^ LgJ^/ ixkaJI (1)1^! j^ v_owsJl ^yij ) 






\ 









^.^^^ — ^y\^\-^ji\ 



O^aU :>yo (Jji\ f^j\Jii\ r^r^^ ^ ^J^, Aa>tX*^ iJy>-^\ ijiJI oJUh OJlSj , iXoL* Sjl^ i>-j^ 



J3! UjjJaJ (^^ 015 Olj c ^jLJ^\ !i^ oy*b 05 U^VI ^W-^l ^^j *1)^ jwUj ^ JL-U 



(tA) 



U> jj>- ^1 L^L^ L*-fl 



Ji> J^ a:^ j^. tij/ Oo. AV^j . U;l aJI jUlJI _^j l^^ J (Plateria) L^"^ <>jLi J 

(Jj^ ^j^ oJ-i^ Ajij.<k^ olfrji a..v».,qJ^ "^./^J-* jJul L^a..^r-4j LgJj>- (V* ^r*c*^^ c:j^>\.pUx11 *— --. 

. (j^l^ ia-il^ ^4c^ (J^^' 



: i^jJaJI cijU-jJl . 



Jj^ 5^U jljb- .1,^^ iJi\ Owb Jj^ <:jJ vrWj 0Ui5 iiU*^ v>->51 ^•>^l «-^ ,^ 



(^^Lp iw>-l>-jJI OlwStiJl oJufc r-j-^j . SjjIj (^yi^Nj 0*yi 5^.:^>»^ ^ oL,.,a.rt.l| t^-J^Uj ^-X:^ <>tLLu.w« obi 



vil__^ iiU otj^I /»la>xXw-lj dUij c <l.J.vJl jl '^J\ ^ tJ^f^ V^J 7-^^ Ai5CJL« iJ^I ^tJa-^ 









JpUj! J,j*^ |.a.i.x>-l .i-^ c i">LJI JJ liJltJIj ^iUl j^>ll ^j;:^ dUSj i hjySH\ iy,y>^\ -u-i 






. L 



J jj-^ J ^y-,<a^ 






Hasson. R., Early Islamic Glass, Jerusalem, 1079, p. 6. 



(VA) 



tv. 



oli^UaJlj oL-IiJI (>-♦ Ojj-J : ^JUVl 















■ l^j=^ 



J 



^sSi\ JaiLJt ^jit .il>! j^] ik^|_^ i^u^l ^IjVl ^I J^^\J, 5.UJI o^ jDj 






Jimenez CasUllo. P., Op. cit., p. 74, No. 360 . 



(Y"\) 



Torres Balbas, L., Arte Almohade. Arte Nazari. Arte Mudejar (Ars HLspaniae. 4), Madrid, 1949. (I') 



YVN 





^-^ ->! cWjJl 






^j i ( ^r JSLi)^yIia.l5aiSJL^jJIL:rl^jJIU»i!l^_>^y-;ll^./ijJMJL*^^ 



J5CJi ji jJjj t JjLk> j;p oli ^j ; L_;J% ^jLi y diJJ5 cUiLl::S'l Vrbr-j Syr ^y^ SjU 



ojui <;1 jJUij . L4JU vLJI i4>JI J j^ viJWI Ul c k^\ ^^-^ ^U- Jj^ Lgi* OWI : lAjiJI 



Jy^ JjL^I Jl U.y. J^l J^j Jj^^\ ^.^1 dUi y; ^1 <jLiJI Dl i]i>-!>Ub yJ^ 



yj Jldbj Jlj^^l oLjy^^ SjUi!l ( ^\jji\ ) obyjJI y- jl c i.i>JI Sy^JI oiyV' 



-iJi\ '^ji Jj^ ^\:jJI .iiL- ^j JJj / ' "^ V ^.M f ■^^^'^.J ' Oe^> J^ ■^^. J*^ <J-^ 

Ai\<._ dUi <0 .-.. :.i t <ui Ji> yp iJ^^I (5y>^ Jjl:ii y« Jl ^p ^^ Jy^J y y-UJl ^ 



i JliJ^^L (Meitola) 4;^ ^ -^j ^■^'^ ^^^ t> ^^ "^ *^ '"^' V'^-' '-^J i/^^^* jr-'^* 11* ( H) 
Almeida Feneira, M., "Vidrios aniigos de Merlola" Arqueologia ^ jy^l ^^^l ^--^-^ ciiJij 
Medieval, 1 , Porto, 1092, p. 45, No. 2 . 
Westermarck, E., "The Magic origin of Moorish Designs", Jornal of the Antropological Institute, (£Y) 

XXXIV, 1904, pp. 211-223 . 



YVY 



cjUUajJIj oLJLiJI J-. djj-J : ^juV 



: LJb UkJI ,-ijUjll . 






^.^ u^ (ij^'^l oUlxJI t5j:L^ ^ JL^ ^"^y^ ■i4*JI 0^ Jj^l '^J^l J^ ^1 «-i* 









■ V^iil^Ulci^^ 



JLi:; ^__^ SiUJI o^ ^j . ii^jJl v^l A>'j jl^^l ^ap ^ jujjlJI ^^^I ^ oL* i:aJ 



4^jl;V| oljjl^l ^ ^ y^ L^L UkJI VrUjJI ^JaiJl dU; ul ^1 5jLi)^l jJ^" U^j 



L^-Ip ^ ijuJi oJL^ *^>=^> cttW-j "^l^j o^r-S" LujJLi diJi (j^ (♦-^^'^j • ty"^^' ix^>i^l ^y 

L^Jl jJUj ixkl! 4jb_^ <3b^ ^ (^^ j^ 5jL^ o^^-.^!j . Ij^!>^ fjL^ y ^ij V*'y ^-^-^ J^'-^ 

u^ i./^l ^jUL)l dUi oLLiiSU U\j 2^\j:> j^ ^JuJ l^j . J\^\ ^ jS ^I^ cJl5 

^^>LJI yLp ^liJl j^l ^ ^liJ! .O^l Jl Lg.^^ jl jSi^ c iAiSl ^Ju iiy^ L^ x^ia. 



^^Uaj ^yJia^ O^^ tl^y^ "^^ • V^JI^I ^^LJI y^ 5^;^-5C]l oi^J o^);s^l (JjL>-jJlj ( J*i"l (3 ) 



. <CAjij Ja^ cJlS" Ujj ^I oHLuJI ^ iLJU j*^" j^SUj pUVI a^Lx Xj>j • Vy^i'' U^^Lc 



. vrj^l '^ — Jj U>-U1 4^1 jA luJL oJDs ^J> pUNI tJjUj j! jO-jj 



Yvr 



j^2^ J Oi^l ^1 h/^\ _;U>J1 J[^ji^ s^ ^ JM\ liy^\ U^l ^JjU* ^/Ujj 

j±e- tJJlill dji\ ^ JjSll .wiwaxJL. U^ijb b:^ (Castillo de Monteagudo) jiyr\ ^ 









U.>.>~->-j . 4jj.^l ^ Ji.^ ^\ cjL-IjjJI ^^ j^_ ^jj)jAi\ \Xa ^js- 1^,....> J I IJl^j . «i_jbUl 



olS v>=^J V^ (^ °J^ j^ i-j^^Sfl lift (1)1 JjiJ j! «^.J Jl>t^l IJLa ^ ctjlj>^Nl -ull cJUtfj 
^ S^ J/N c^j^ v^JUl j._^^l Ol LUi JU^I IJla ^^ j>^Ul (Ji« oJl J^ . t^*5Lui J^l 

<>^ J^ j»j» ^j (Lamm) ^N ^Sy. \.^. i ^>JI cijU-j ^ <lUij v-^^' t>!^l ucri'-' *^ 
villi jl5 \\y^ I «j>j"j ojLa:>j1 r/ 'A^. <^^\ '■'i^\ ^^\ (1>1 ^^ J^^ "^ -^IJ jL:**^' ot*^. 

. A-s-LoJIo^l^y frlJU)! JljJL;>dljj 0>*>L/-)/l jj-/uJI^ M>-^1 ^JLp jl tJjiJI ,_^ 



tj^ J^\ 0^1 Jl ij^. lJ>JI IJLa 0^ c jiU^I -cv*^ U J\ ^iU^U v_-jbUI v-^ ^y^ J^ 









Clainnont, ch. W., Benaki Museum. Catalogue (if ancient and Islamic Glass, Alenas, 1972, p. (£V) 



35. 



YVl 



^LkJlj oU-iJI ^ bj^ : ^JuVl 







. ^J 4JU-S JJUj J^ ^ o.^ dili JL^lJj 
cr-^ ^i^- Vr^i ^Ijji- ^ f^> <J>J^\ U ^1^1 IJLa j^a.j /^*\ j.i-v J ) ^,^| 




^ <^j,».;f^ c^ljjixJI dlL- Ji^-j (Glorieta de Espana-Murcia) ^-^^ UL^l jIjl* i 



O^ J=^^- 0^. ^.^1 dllj uijUj ^ ^j . ^\j J5JL. Ji;^^, LjJU ^-U /^ c LpJa^l 



i-L. a:.^ ^ L^ , ;,_^| iij^ ^ ^^\ 5j^j ^l^ J, ;^,_^s^,^ ^^y, ^lj>Jl 



'Sr**-^^'^-^ 3jJ^ ^Ij^ 4JU->e-« 



^-^j^ J^III^OL c Ji J. jjLLJ a_JI J^ U5 c J^l JIU.>..LJ^^_^ciJUij. 



Clainnont, Ch. W., Op. Cit.. p. 35 ; Jenkins, M., Op. cit., p. 23 . (a) 

Navarro Palazon. J.. On. rir n \i\.'\ 



(io) 



Wo 



J. .^^ ^-^ — .y\ ^i-^ji\ 



j! oijjx^ VrL>-iJI oljjliuJI oiA cJl5 '^Ij^j . Xa^ o^l ^^ ^ L^ a_F ^t U^«JI oULs^l 












^ fr 



t iiLiis 4il — J Li^l 53jLj ii-i x^ t t^jllo (^yaiU Jpj_^p^ AlJb ^^^^Lp ^_5>-L>- j f^L^j ^j> ^j^ L^iSLi 



^wJ LiiJij ( n t V JSLi ) ajS!1 ^Uj ^ ^y> Jl^ ^_^U-j JaJ^ Sjijy* bjlpUJI iJL>- ol US' 



Ai^^^j ■ L-^ r^"o.r..,„.. Wo ^1^ ^i J.vaii l^ so^l^l 4.^ Ul ^ ipLu^lSbl jUl Jiix^o" 






cjUUkJlj oULiJi ^ Ojj-» : ^JljVi 



/^■^^ Oi ^^.ji>JI i.x^ ^ U ^j;,^^ ^^Uj iljUaJI diL- 

^^ Lgjl US' t r^jJI Cj^ ^j-..^..'I 5A5UJI jtiUp j_^j Jl UjUjJI j:,UxJI _^" dlliS' 



-U-ij lxk>>^ ^y j^, U dUi C1JL.J t <jLaj^l ^^vajJl Jb. ijJLl CJIS" V>jVl pJia Oi» y.Vl «ilj 



(i<\) 



(Lamm) ^"i/ ujU? ^ ^iUJ jLiJi J^-^ ^ ^Ij t tj-«'>U;;il cJj-iJI ^y W 5>jX<. cJlS^ 

Uj^/sLp tiUi j_g9 Uj ) A-rfLv- «Jai Ji-a ^^SLii «U-iJl ioy j_^j t (Jj^waJl Jj-UI jl^'^l |j^ hC^^OA 

if._^*>M J^LijN v-j^i i^^r^i t/ c.,i..t,i,?l ^1 «^lasVl» dlL" j! <uil SjLi)/! j-uj U-oj 

If^ diJi IJUi UJ Ul t oLu v^ly ik^ljj sJLLJI <Jij>-_^\ j-^LJI f IjJIj Jaii ^,-,a>«:; a-JLJI 



t dUoS" iwJUJU ^JJI i_JjJLiL ii>_^:wvaJl jl_^l j2r* 4^ja>x^ ^^y. Oj50J «JaiJI ^jy. ^'i^l oawsJ 






ForUiingham, A., Hispanic Glass, New York, 1941, Fig. 78 . (H) 

{■^\ j\ ^^^\ jl ;^br;JO d^. (^brj) i-l^ vV-)'! J! j^j o^l ^ ^>^ (Peres) ^.^ ^-Lio^l (£A) 

s.l^l oJla Jl (F. S. Alonso) _^_^1 Li™iJL- 
Perez Bueno, L„ Op. cit., pp. 32-36 . 




ii\) 



YVV 



r .^ ^^ ^>l c^-^ill 



Vi l^l:^lj ' ^i>.UJjl Lj^l L4JUL jl^l oJLA ci^^-j .(Wen ^) ij^ ,^L-Vl 
t .-JUJLj sliuJI v>^i^' UjvU^ Lol . l^j ^y t^ji*il *J>«J! jjl O^^UaJ lj>ti\ kJxS" j^. OLSikj 



jt «?-Ij5V|» j^ J\ L^Jiik^ ^y Nj i^^ S-.ws'UJI ^ N <JiJs^ J Ajy> LJii «-—s>-j . J_-U- 












: jJa--JI ^3^^! -^ 



« oU.-^ jl d^b^ » L^ jlk; ^Ij oljJ'^lJl SjiJLoJI Vr'^jJ* ^'j^' W^ 



(o\) 



Lamm, C. J., op. cit, T. 18, No. 13 . 
Jimenez Castillo, P., Op. cit., pp. 71-80 






XVA 



oUUaJlj oUUill ^>-- djj^ : ^^^\ 



^UU ^^^_^- ^ J5 015 ulj c h^\jz» ^oUJ j^>^ e5>- ^-^^^f^ If^ J^ i\^ ^ S\'i ^j 



^'^^SJUlj oUIji ^j->_^l li* J lopfoi o^'y ^^Ij 





U-Uo (Meunie) ^j^ ^^^>i U IJj^j <. ^^;-»L~JI A^tri^l J^'j^' ^l^ iS-^ ii^kiJI ^ oJl5 
«^li!l» jf L^l 2^U-ji *_Jjy«JI ^U-;JI ^b^ ^UJI t|.iJi:JI v^*-'''^' ^^'j^ ^>^ hy-^ 



(«0 



^,.jjL vj ^^Ij ^>!lj cy^l ^1 ^J -I^L^ (T^J ^^^^^1 jJI ^-^-—11 



4j3^l_^ UjlLI Jja>^ diiij ;._^ikj| i^^L jL^ f^ i*kill J^lJtj- J^'^^l ^^1 Jji bUiPlj 



J*" 



Torres Balbas, L., "Ventanas con vidiios de coiores en los edificios hispanoinusulmanes", (oY) 
Al-Andalus, XVIII. Madrid - Granada, 1940, pp, 107-297 . 

Meunie, J., H. Tenasse y G. Deverdun, Nouvelles reclierches archeologiques a Marrakech, (oV) 
Paris, 1952. 

Lambert, E., **Vitraux de couleur dans I'Art Musulinan du Moyen-age", Melanges Georges (ol) 
Marcais, II, Argel, p. 108,; Saljun-Liebidi, H., '*Glass" en City in the desert... cliapl. 7. Grabar, 0. 

(et. alii), Massachussets, 1978, p. 144; Meunie, J., Op. cit., p. 20 . 



YY^ 



y ^^ ^^ .-^S 2-L_^>!l 



. l5>>-1 j-,^l^J (ibj' V*^^ ''-^ Jj^ Cr^ Aiiv-I_^ 4iviU 4-JjJj iJjjis- j-^LlLC- ^^-^ (j5^ A^a^ 

JSLs) ^Liu (;;-~Li»J ^>:ii--< 'UjL- U-uLi l^ t LjJlp ^.^Jii ix^\ 4JUJI ol •> ^l_^l ^uJaiJl u! 









J^ j_^| ijjj LajjA>- CJl5' jLj t _,?xA*JI 5j^j j->JI j-^ ^ ;_5j^ il j^,ajfi\ jjjo IJ^ iLJuj 



(01) 



^ ^yy> jJ»U J\jP- jJLc- (_5--L-«-!I _;-,a«JI J'>l5^ jjJaJl ^_ji 5JLJLJI o Jlfc ^;^>JU^j t ^_^i^':)S 



(OA) I , (OV) . 



6 ) r^i%J\ jr^ li^UJIj ^Uil Oc^^l J^ Cl^O^^l 1^1 U5 c ' ''M^L.j '^'<ujl 



(0-^) 






•• M »• •* 



(5:>UJI j^l t-a^,ar^ ^1 jjjAj ^jli\ iUaJiij Oj^uJI ^j^ ^ U:jj->-j ^^^ ^^ ^:^^J oUjix^ 



(AO 



i.p vlJWl oLU jl ^Lp jWI oyJl ^y. ^li!l <_IvaJl aJjUjj. jl> JU pI:j a^^jjI" ,j^ ^J^\j 






Torres Balbas, Op. cit., p. 198; Galiotli, J.» Le Jardin et la Maison arabes au Maroc, Paris, 1926, (o o) 
p. 73 . 



Salam-Liebich. H., Op. cit., pp. 138-147 . 



(on) 



"Contiibution a TEtude de; a Verrerie Musulinanc de Vllle au XVe siecle'\ <. .^ i. J>J1 xs- (ov) 
Annates du ler Congres International d'Etude Historique du Verre, Liege, 1058, pp. 79-96 . 



Lamin, C. J., Das Glass von Samarra, Berlin, 1928 . 

Meunie, J., H., Terrasse, Op. cit. . 

Torres Balbas, "Ventanas con vidrios ...", Op. cit., p. 199. 



(OA) 
(V) 



YA. 






vlJlill ^^L. i>-jjJlj (Santa Maria la Blanca) 150^N ^.jU L^.aiJI y,i ^y.>" ^^! JiljJI <±UJ 
t ;tU> ^ Alijares^ ^U IJj* Jl <iU>Uj . ( joV J ) ^^^^1 ^ ^UJI o>II ^y 
if ^^ (J^ ^^ aJUJI oJla ^y CUTIS' j[j SJjJU VtLp-j iiljJ Lfj Jb>-y ^1 ^\y^\ jj^ ilUJLS'j 

i>Ja-v-* ^^j Ij^^ 'j^J-* frlj.*jJI ^ 0,..L».:5'I JuJj . Sja^.,.^ V^J L^JUA j^^llP J>JI (wJjlwjb 



. iJJ^l iJo*yi ^ Jj t iJjJJIj aJQ^I ojUjJl^y Jais^^^ ^5jL*ju> ^^^va:^^^ djLJL::]! 



: J-^^AiJI 



UoLi i^lj3 JJi^ ii^ ^ *■ 0^'J' cJjJl (^ Vr^j cjljjix^ ^ UjjJ U a-^ jl jXj 



I4JUI .1^ j^ ^1 oJLa ^jJ^j '^^l^ J^U ^ <;^ ^i j^j ; U$aJI L^ib^^ Uui 









^J^J^ (J^ J-^^ ^1 SJjM' t>*'^' -^^ Vr'-^^i^' iiljJI L^b>- ^_^! \^\JJ^C^\ Xku l aJ^Lo jjJl>- 



^^ GUu-lj . pI^^I j\j^\ Jj^-b ciUij i:ji_pVi :.J.*:uJl «ia«^! rl>-jJI t>- S-LJlp- I^ ^LiJiS"! f^j^ jw" (1 U 



. (Berniudez Lopez. 1991) aj>^---* ^ly'-^ u^'-?*^ 



Lambert, E., Op. cit., p. 108 . 
Bermudez Lopez, 1991, p. 341 . 



(nr) 



YA\ 





^!>^ — .y\ ^L_^^i 



c3 ) ci^^UJI jr^ J\ii\ dyi\ 0- blr^l V-^ ^ AiiUI 5UJI y^Ui. ^v ^ ^ ^5*^^' ^*^l 

*• *• ■* 44 



(-*n 



^jR-j J^ J-^" ^L^ *^ljj^ t>-^ ^^ V^ J^UjI ciULifl jl^" oL JjiJI ^^^ ^Ji5' 

culls' l^f J.^s^^ j:i\j LajJ\ oLoIj>,::^>I oli i^;-!^^! Lpj^I dJU; L^ ^ ; i«^kv=» ipL^ 

. L^ljIjSJL5UJIolj:»!^t*.J;>- 








aJI ^j^- d\ jSUj ^JJI ^^jUI y^j ( jb V J ) t^^^UJI ^ ^lill o^l ^ JjVl ui,.^-J 



^:>t>LJl y^p (j:»l>JI jjiil i»L^ ^^ L^;^ L»^'>1 p-jLi oLrl>-j u! . S^U^ 





. 5Ji5:jlJI L^JpLjI di!i5'j v>=^^' ^r^l^Jb jJbo UJ U» jva>- j 



TAX 



oULkJIj oUjJI j^ ojjS : ^jjV 



JL^IJI ^iLiJii:; 



, (Elvira) o^l ^ « jljjj r-l: » 



. (^> ^ r /-A V c3 ^ jy^l .-,a..^.JI) ^N j^ ^,J^I >Lj ^ ;ji^^ 



4,^^ 



OJSLi 



^)J5^ 



.(^U .^ • /-AO.i J) (Lietor-AIbacete) ^^:-- Jl-^ ^ Vr^j (^U^) ^ 



- U /jb"l - (j) (Plateria - Murcia) v-'y - L»^"'!>^ f ji-i (^ L^ jtf^ <>-^-j 



. ((-n 



. (^ \ Y - n /-A^ . j) (Plateria) L^-% ^jUi ^> ^Ju. >^ ^U^ 



. (^\y /jhV (3 ^ JjVl i_jL^I) (Siyasa) l^L.** xij^ ^ 





(^WZ-^Vci^y* Jj^'l e-iMsdl) (Siyasa) 4^L^ ^ij^^y o^j^t^ 



. ((• ^ t /jt.V o ^ Jj^^l V a..a;il) (Cortes - Murcia) 



. ((^ ^ V /^V o 0^ JjVl .Os^l) (Siyasa) i^L^ ^ oa>"j 5j;ji 



l3 ^y Jj^/I -^^1^1) (Siyasa) <^L^ u^ "-M J^ '^ <»L^ JL>^ ^j^-y u^ls" 



. (^ \ T . \ \ /_An _ (3) (Plateria) ^jLl. oJip-j SjjL OjUj *^ a::^ 



(La Manga - v-y - ^^r^"^ ^jL^ J W^ ^ iwJa^ ^j^ii ^^i-*>-* SJu^^ 



. Murcia) 



nj^ 



oj^ 







)J5a 



^)J^ 



V) j^:^ 



A) J5Li 



M J5:ji 



:( 



)J^ 



:( 



\)^ 



:( 



^)J^ 



. ((• U . U /_»!. (3) (Platena) ^iLi oj^j t ijp_^ ^j>^j <_!*>"' ^.y.* 



:( 



r)j5:ji 



YAr 





^^ — ,y\ j-L-^jji 



(Plateiia)^jLi ^ aJ^ > ; l:uJb Uk. ojU-j aJp ^!5 ^ ^^ : ( U ) JSLi 



. (j. ^r /^V (3 ^ Jj^/I eivdJI) (Siyasa) <^L^ ^/*^^ v^Ju r-Uj-j : ( ^ o) J5Ci 



(La -4^^ . UL^l Olo^ ^ 4_jU ^ t ^LijJ i;^.>x^ ji » ^__a Ju ^L>-j : ( n) JXJt 



. Gloriata de Espana Murcia) 



. ((•^V/j.VJc/- JjVl^i-^l)(Siyasa)^L^^jbrj^;Jw»^t5 : {\W) ^ 



<Ju^\) (Siyasa) 4^U- ^ oj^j t ^UJL ^1 vj^^ sJu^ »^Jw» 5^ : ( \ A) jSCi 



. (c\r/^Vc3a-JjVl 



cy'^j-^ ^^.JiJI J^ ^ <4p ^ t OjJu ( ji^ ) ^Ja_« ^Uj itj.*;-^ : ( \ <\) J5Li 



. ((. \ r /-aV t3 ^ JjVl ._i^l) (S. Nicolas) 



. ((.^r/j»Vocr*Jj'^l^-^-^l)(S.NicoIas) 



tAi 



fen 




J C-fL^A^iJi ^y^ Ojj™-i ; j^J-iJil 




'W 





( 






inos Dienos con restos 







ozo deS. 






. (fi'\T /-^V c3 0^ Jj^^l ^wivoJi) Nicolas) 



w 




ta# 



«* 



rj 





161 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 







unto de vidno 





4 

4 




60 



ULkJIj oL-JUJI ^ dj_r-i ■ a— '■^''^' 




\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



1 



; 



\ 
I 

I 



/ 



/ 



/ 



/ 







1 



2 




3 




Cm. 



Fig (18) : JaiTita soplada en molde (Siyasa) 

j/'yi Ui^\) (Siyasa) ^L^ J o^j c ULUb ^1 ^^L sJuo ijJ^ iy^ -.(SA) J5CJ, 



159 



EL VIORIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 





cm. 



Fig (17) : Vasito Procedente de Siyasa 



158 



c-jULJaJ!j c^LJljJI ^2_j--« Jjj-^ ■ ^j— JKi^^^l 




ng (16) : Vidrio dorado de Pasta azul hallado en La Gloneta de Espafia 



( Lax a .^j yo ^ L-jU 



\^^^^jj 



h 



KM 4 



Ol^-'^ , ^3 *\.^li^ J^.S^ 



i ^L3jj A-U-PxJ^ J -^ ^ ^■""'* — ** "^ ?r ^'-—^ J • V 1 A ^ 



I* 




Gloriata dc Espana Murcia) 



157 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 




Fig (15) : Vidrios dorados de Siyasa 



(^\T Uy 3^ Jj^\ i„a.,^;JO (Siyasa) ^L^ ^aJ^ Js^ c^I. ^l^ j : ( \ o) ^ 



156 



oULkJIj ol_LiJl ^ ojj-J : ^j SaJ^/1 




Fig (14) : Fragmento cle vaso decoraclo mediante esmaltado C/Plateria 



155 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMtCO EN MURCIA 




Fig (13) : Redoma con decoracion impresa C/Plateiia 



154 



oULJkJIj oL_i_iJI ^ bjj-i ; ^jjVi 




Fig (12) : Pie con decoracion incrustada hallado en C/La Manga 

(La Manga - Murcia) A^y> . L>^ V p- jLi ^ l4~U /p '^-.-Ax* ^jl>- jj iUj^>. saj^li : ( H ) J51J. 



153 



EL VIDRiO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 












^r. ^' 




;:,"■■:■■! 



)i^- ■■■' 






■■t- 









mmM.,., 






Fig (1 1) : Redoma con decoracion pellizcada C/Plateria 

(|. \ T . n /j«.n . j) (Platen'a) ^jLJLj oJb-j SjjL ^jU-j ^^ <iji : ( U ) Ji^Ji 



152 



oULkJIj oLJLiJI j^ djj^ : ^ojNi 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 








1 




2 



3 




Cm. 



Fig (10) : Vaso con decoracion aplicada 



151 



EL VIDFilC) ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



^ 



/ 



/ 



\ 



\ 



\ 






/ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 



\ 




cm. 



Fig (9) : Recloma procedente cle Siyasa 

1 50 



oULiaJlj oL-J^I ^>^ Oj^ : ^ojVi 



— J* ' » 111 











Ik 

, h 

I ^' 



' r 












■" ■../(^/ \. 

.-S'. ■■/■ ..'\A>^ 



M" 





5 cm. 



*U-*^ 



y- 



Fig (8) : Vaso soplaclo en molcle hallado en C/Cortes 

^^^P^'jjS* f-jl-i (^ *ui^ J^ t k_JU!b T^ciJl iw-»_^JL^lj f-jwa-o j^yrU-j c-U-j - (A) J^Li 

((" \r /j*.V c3 ^ Jj'^l ^-^^1 ) (Cortes 



149 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



* ■' 



■■ J 



.' 1 









■■■■.. ■■■■■'■ ■.-ir^:v*-V':^''V''^'*'^^^ 

':■■ ■:■■■ . :-'-v"V'^"-;v^^v^ 

''--.!*■'■■■. ', : 1,1 J I ■■►; >-r'. .■-*> iS 

. h ' ■ -■ F J L . ■ r ^ - ^J ■ I ^ rf^j T ^ 



>-./ 



!£' 



,f-V' 



-h 



'1 



li^^ 



tV 






r-<. : '> 



r 



I r 



S, 



^ r. 



I ^^ 






; 



h 






/J 



v. 



t. 



'P 



1 - < 



fr 



i -> 



L «^1 

'■■',<; 



■J 



I i 



;i^ 



j^i 










2 



3 



LmJzzzzUmJ C 



m, 



Fig (7) : Vasito Procedente de Siyasa 

(j* W /-aV (J ja JjVl ...J-aJI) (Siyasa) l^L^ ^yt ^ jj>.j ^\S : (v) LCi 



148 



olf-LJiJIjoLJi-iJl^v^ Oj^ : ^ !jj'^ 







ii 'im 



■ h I ' *i 



m frffi 



m 



±, ^ 



^ i 



^ * 



^ * 



/ 



rf»* 



\ 



:i i ■ U * > i * I "' - -1 ' f 







3 Cm. 




VIDRK) NE(3?0 



Fig (6) : Jarrita procedente de Siyasa 



147 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 




Fig (5) : Lampai-a hallada en C/Plateru 



I 



(^u 



\ \ /_a 1 . J) ( Plalciia) L^-% ^jLi ^ ^ j^ ^U^ : ( o) J5Li 



146 



Olp 




J^ 




J^ jj_^ 



^ 




XVI 



v:^-^'^-' 



f^'h f' 



"■f ^. 




.// 



(^u 



Fig (4) : Botella hallada en C/Plateiii 



I 



\ \ /j»'\.o (j)(Plalcria - Murcia) ^u^^<.. L>^-% ^j,Li ^ L^ /pL^-Uj: (O JSLi 



1 45 



EL Vlt)RIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 




Fig (3) :Ampolla de Lietor 

i^W.S' /-AO.i J)(Lietor-Albacete) Ja™JI.^^L=rU3(ii.U)iiji : (r) jsCi 



144 



oULkiJIj ol—LiJI ^ uj^ : ^jjSf 









1^.18-8^-70-67 




3 cm 



Fig (2) iCuadrupedo del pozo de S. Nicolas 



143 



BL VIDRIC) ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 




Fig (1) : "Corona Lucis" cle Ubira 



(Elvira) o_^l ^ « j\y\ ^ » : ( \ ) js^j;, 



142 



ol.LkJIj oLjLiJI ^ oj^ : ^JjVl 



Sanchez-Albornoz, C. (1965) : 

Una ciudad de la Espafia Cristiana hace mil anos: Estampas de la vida en Le6n, 
Madrid. 



Torres Balbas, L. (1949a) : 

Arte Almohade. Arte Nazari. Arte Mud^jar (Ars Hispaniae. 4), Madrid, 



(1949b) : 



C( 



Ventanas con vidiios de colores en los edificios hispanomusulmanes". 



Al-Andalus, XVIII, Madrid-Granada, pp. 197-297. 

Torres Pontes, J. (1961) : 

"Los muddjares murcianos en el siglo XIII", en Murgetana. XVIII, Murcia, pp 



57-89. 



(1963) : 



Documentos de Alfonso X el Sabio, Murcia 



(1977) : 



Repartimiento de Lorca, Murcia. 

Valdes Fernandez, F. (1985) : 

La alcazaba de Badajoz, I. Hallazgos islamicos (1977-1982) y testar de la 
Puerta del Pilar, (Excavaciones arqueol6gicas en Espafia, 144), Madrid. 

Velazguez Bosco, R. (1912) : 

Medina Azzahra y Aiamiriya, Madrid. 

Westermarck, E. (1904) : 

"The Magic Origin of Moorish Designs", Journal of the Antropological 
Institute, XXXIV, 1904, pp. 2 11 -223. 



141 



EL VIDRIO ISLANDCO EN MURCIA 



Navarro Palazon, J. (1986b) : 

Con la colaboracidn de F. Amigues y A. Garcia Avil6s, "Arquitectura y 
Artesania en la Cora de Tudmir", en J. MAS (dir.), Historia de Cartagena, 
Murcia, pp. 41 1-485. 

(1988) : 

"La conquista castellana y sus consecuencias: la despoblacion de Siyasa", en 

A, BAZZANA (ed.)> Gueire, fortification et habitat dans le monde 

m6diterran6en au Moyen Age (Casti'um, 3) (Madrid, 24-27 noviembre, 1985), 
pp. 207-214. 

y Garcia Aviles, A, (1989) : 

"Aproximaci6n a la cultura material de Madinat Mursiya", en FLORES 
ARROYUELO, P. J, (ed.)> Murcia Musulmana, Murcia. 

--— - (1991) : 

Una casa isldmica en Murcia. Estudio de su ajuar (siglo XIII), Murcia. 

Pavon Maldonado, B, (1981) : 

EI arte hispanomusulman en su decoraci(5n floral, Madrid. 



^ V 



Peres, H. (1983) : 



Esplendor de al-Andalus, Madrid 

Perez Bueno, L. (1942) : 

Vidrios y vidrieras, Barcelona. 

Picon, M. y J. Navarro (1986) : 



cc 



cer^ica 



La loza dorada de la province de Murcie <5tude en laboratoire", en La 



144-146. 



Rodriguez M. Montalvo, S. (ed.) (1981) : 

Alfonso X. "Lapidario" (Segun el Manuscrilo Escurialense H. I. 15), Madrid. 

Salam-Liebich, H. (1978) : 

"Glass", en City in the desert... chapt. 7. Grabar, O. (et. alii), Massachussets, 



pp. 138-147. 



140 



cj\p[Jx^\j ol_,Ltdl ^ Oj^ : ^ajVI 



Henein, N. H. y J. F. Gout (1974) : 

Le veiTe souffle en Egypte, Pan's. 

i 

Ibn Yubayr (1988) : 

A trav6s del Oiiente. El siglo XII ante los ojos. Rihla, Introd., ti'ad., y notas por 
Felipe Mafllo Salgado, Barcelona. 

Jenkins, M. (1986) : 

Islamic Glass, Nueva York. 

Jimenez Castillo, P. (1991) : 

"El Vidrio", en J. Navarro Palaz6n et alii, Una casa isldmica en Murcia. 
Estudio de su ajuar (siglo XIII), pp. 71-80, Murcia. 



(1992) : 



"La Cerdmica y el Vidrio en la Murcia de Ibn Arabi'*, El siglo de Oro del Islam 
en Murcia, (s.p.), Murcia. 



Lambert, E. (1957) : 



"ViU'aux de couleur dans TArt Musulman du Moyen-ilge", Melanges Georges 
Margais, II, Argel, pp. 107-9. 



Lamm, C. J. (1928) : 



Das Glass von SamaiTa, Berlin 



(1929) : 



Mittelalterliche GlSser und Steinschnittarbeiten aus dem nahen Osten, Berlin 
Malpica Cuello, A. (1991) : 



"Cr6nica de la Alhambra. 4. Cr6nica Arqueol6gica", Cuademos de la 
Alhambra, 27, Granada, pp. 337-384, 

Menendez Pidal, G, (1986) : 

La Espana del siglo XIII leida en imiigenes, Madrid. 

Meunie, J., H. Terrasse y G. Deverdun (1952) : 

Nouvelles recherches arch6ologigues i Marrakech, Paris. 

Navarro Palazon, J. (1986a) : 

"Murcia como centro productor de loza dorada", en Congresso Intemazionale: 
La cerdmica medieval en el Mediterraneo (3ccidentale (3°. Siena. 1984), 



Florencia. pp. 129-143. 



139 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCU 



Ettinghausen, R. (1973) : 

"An Early Islamic Glass-Making Centei^', Islamic Art and Archaeology 
Collected Papers, Berlin, pp. 852-856. 



(1977) : 



La Peinture Arabe, Gentive . 

Fernandez Gabaldon, S. (1987) : 

"Vidrios isldmicos de los bafios di-abes del Alcdzar de Jerez de la Frontera 
(Colecci6n Mendndez Pidal", Arqueologfa Medieval Espanola. II Congreso 
(Madrid 19024 Enero 1987). Tomo 11 : Comunicaciones, pp. 607-616, Madrid. 

Frothingham, A. (1941) : 

Hispanic Glass, New York. 

Gallotti, J. (1926) : 

Le Jardin et la Maison arabes au Maroc, Paris. 

Garaa G6inez, E. (1971) : 

Poemas Arabigoandaluzes, Madrid. 

Garcia G6niez y E, Levy-Proven^al (1981) : 

Sevilla a comienzos del siglo XII/ El tratado de Ibn Abdun, Sevilla. 

Gaspar Remiro, M. (1905) : 

Historia de Murcia musulmana, Zaragoza (Reimp. Academia Alfonso X el 
Sabio, Murcia, 1980) . 

Gayangos, P, de (1840) : 

The history of the Mohammadan Dinasties in Spain, Londres (reimp. Delhi. 
1984), 2 Vols. 

Gomez-Moreno, M. (1951) : 

El arte drabe espanol hasta los almohades. Arte mozirabe (Ars Hispaniae. 3), 
Madrid. 



Hasson, R. (1979) : 



Early Islamic Glass, JerusaltSn 



138 



oULIlJIj oL-JLaJl ^ dj^ : ^ojVi 



BIBLIOGRAFIA 



Abdul-Hak, S. (1958) : 



"Contribution & 1' Etude de la Verrerie Musulmane de Vllle au XVe si6cle", 
Annales du ler Congres International d'Etude Historique du Veire, Liege, pp- 
79-96. 



Abu Marwan, Abd al-Malik B. Zuhr (1992) : 

Kitiib al-Agdiya (Tratado de los alimentos), ed. trad, e intro. por Expiraci6n 
Garcia Sanchez, Madrid. 



Aden Almansa, M. et alii (1990) : 

"Excavaci6n de una barrio artesanal de Bayydna (Pechina, Almerfa)", 
Arch6oIogie islamique, I, pp. 147-168, Paris. 

Al-Makkari (1967) : 

Analectes sur THistoire et la litt6rature des Arabes d'Espagne, ed. por R, Dozy 
et al., Amsterdam. 

Almeida Ferreira, M. (1992) : 

'*Vidrios antigos de M^rtola", Arqueologia Medieval, 1, pp. 39-49, Porto. 

Castillo Galdeano, F. et alii (1987) : 

"Urbanismo e industria en Bayydna. Pechina (Almerfa)", Arqueologia 
Medieval Espanola. II Congreso, vol. II, pp. 539-548. 

Clairmont, Ch. W. (1977) : 

Benaki Museum. Catalogue of ancient and islamic Glass, Atenas. 

Chalmeta Gendron, P. (1968) : 

"El Kitib ff dddb al-hisba de Al-Saqatf, Al-Andalus, vol. XXXIII, fasc. 2, 
Madrid-Granada, pp. 367-434. 

Diem, A. (1971): 

"Techniken des Mittelalters zur Herstellung von Glass und Mosaik", 
Artigianato e t6cnica nella societa dell' alto medioevo occidentale, XVIU 
Seftimane di studio del Centro Italiano di studi suH'alto Medioevo, vol. 2, pp. 
609-632, Spoleto. 



137 



EL VIDWO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



catalogar prdcticamente todas las variedades, excepto el grabado y el tallado, que en 
esta6poca se empleaban en los mis reputados ceniros vidrieros del Oriente Musulmdn. 

Hemos documentado la existencia de vidrios decorados mediante pintura dorado, 

tdcnica de mai'cada raigambre oriental, cuya presencia, al igual la de las vidrieras, es un 
exponente del marcado cardcter orientalizante que parece revelarse en numerosos 
aspectos de la cultura material murciana desde el siglo XII. 

La repetici(3n de ciertos tipos morfoldgicos detectada en el ajuar de Siylsa 
demuestra la existencia de una manufactura abundante y en serie de deteiminados 
recipientes vinculados al uso cotidiano, posiblemente para el sei'vicio de mesa. 

En lo que se refiere a cronologfa contamos con hallazgos que abarcan un amplio 
periodo, desde comienzos del siglo XI, que parece ser la fecha de la ocultacion de 
Lidtor, hasta la primera- mitad del siglo XIII, en que podemos datar el conjunto de 
Siyisa. El hallazgo de C/ Platerfa tiene una cronologfa de fines del siglo XI o 
comienzos del XII, mientras que las piezas de C/ Cortds, a falta de estudio detallado, se 
pueden datar en el siglo XII, No obstante, el linico de estos conjuntos que pemiite una 
visidn relativamente amplia de las manufacturas de la 6poca es el de Siyisa, con unos 

r 

1500 fragmentos, del que hemos tratado de presentar en este trabajo algunos aspectos 
muy caracteristicos en relacidn sobre todo a la decoraci6n, pero tambi6n a la 
morfologia. 



136 



oULJaJlj oLJ^I ^y^ Djj-i : ^-l;VI 



rectangular, posiblemente situadas en pequenas ventanas altas del muro frontero al de la 
puerta de ingreso (Torres Balbas, 1949, p. 198; Gallotti, 1927, p. 73). 

Si bien el origen de la vidriera policroma parece remontarse al periodo 
tardoantiguo, los datos que disponemos indican que la vidriera de S. Nicolas es un 
eslab6n tardio de la cadena que se inicia con las omeyas de Qasr al-Hayr y Khirbat 
al-Mafdjar aunque el origen de estas mismas sea cMsico (Salam-Liebich, 1978; Grabar, 
1977), En el periodo abbasi continue) su desarrollo tal y como se documentd en Raqqah 
(Abdul-Hak, 1958) y en Samarra (Lamm, 1928), y ya en los siglos X y XI sabemos de 
su erapleo en el noite de Africa, en Sabra-Mansouriya y la Qalaa de los Banii Hammed, 
(Meuni6 y Terrase, 1952). Los uldmos hallazgos parecen ser etapas intennedias, en el 
tiempo y en el espacio, entre las vidrieras orientales, de 6poca omeya y abbasi, y las 
occidentales del periodo almoravide en adelante. 

En lo que se refiere a ai-Andalus, las primeras noLicias de vidrieras policromas son 
documentales y refieren su existencia en el palacio de al-Ma'mun de Toledo a mediados 
del siglo XI (ToiTes Balbds, 1949, p. 199). El siguiente testimonio en orden cronol6gico 
seria de la casa de S. Nicolas, cuya arquitectura se viene fechando en la segunda mitad 
del siglo XII principios del Xlll. Serfa por tanto, algo mis antigua que las vidrieras 
que decoraban la sinagoga de Santa Marfa la Blanca, del tercer cuatro del siglo XIIL 
Tambi6n el palacio granadino de los Alijares y la propia Alhambra contaban con 
vidrieras policromas aunque, ya en este caso, montadas sobre marcos de plomo al igual 
que las de las madrasas mairoquies Atiarine y Bou Inania, con tern pordneas de los 
palacios nazaries (Torres Balbas, 1949) ^^\ 

La presencia de pintura sobre vidrio piano ha sido documentada al menos en Qasr 
al-Hayr (Lambert, 1957, p. 108) y Samarra. En ambos casos se empleo una pintura 
negruzca con la que se trazaron sencillos motives geometricos y vegetales. 
Recientemente han sido hallados en la Alhambra fragmcntos de vidrio piano, al parecer 
pintado, "adivinandose alguna eslrella y la terminacidn de alguna letra irabe" 
(Bermudez Lopez, 1991, p. 341). 

En resumen, los vidrios pianos de la casa de S. Nicoliis constituyen el mds antiguo 
vestigio arqueol6gico del empleo de vidrieras en el mundo hispanomusulmdn y el 
primero en que se extiendc tal clemenlo arquitect6nico al ambito domtSstico, y no s61o a 
edificios aulicios o religiosos. 



- Conclusion 

El numero de hallazgos con que contamos en la actualidad, parece insuficiente para 
emprender un estudio exhaustivo de las variedades morfoldgicas, no obstante el andlisis 
desde el punto de vista de las t6cnicas decorativas ha sido fructifero: hemos podido 

(5) Recientemente han sido hallados en el reciulo de la Anmnibra nuevos fragnieiuos (Je vidrio piano poUcromo. A juzgar per las 
folografias publicadas son tecnicamenie iniiy siniilares a ios nnircioiKw: cortado-s a partir de discos fabricados por el 
procedimiento "en corona" (Malpica Cuello, 1991). 



135 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



arquitectura tradicional isldmica: las vidrieras polfcromas, llamadas qamariyya o 
samsiyya (Jimdnez, 1991). 

El empleo de tales vidrieras estd perfectamente atestiguado desde 6poca omeya en 
el Oriente musulm^, sin embargo apenas tenemos evidencias sobre la vidriera andalusi 
a pesar de que Torres Balbas (1949) y Elie Lambert (1953) le dedicaron trabajos 
pioneros. 

El numero total de fragmentos exhumados en el pozo de S. NicoMs es de cuarenta 
y echo, y entre ellos los habfa azules, verdes, melados y violetas. Estos cuatro colores 
parecen haber sido los preferidos por los artesanos islamicos de vidrieras tal y como ya 
aprecid Meunifi cuando estudid los vidrios pianos de la Qoubba almordvide de 
Marrakesh y los compar6 como los ejamplares provenientes de la Qalaa de los Banii 
HammM y Sabra-Mansouriya (MeunitS y Terrasse, 1952). 

El an^isis de las piezas permiti6 apreciar que fueron obtenidas a partir de discos 

pianos circulares, manufaturados mediante el clasico sistema del vidiio "en corana" 

(Fig. 18). Este m6todo consiste en soplar una burbuja y aplanarla mediante la fuerza 

centrlfuga generada por la rotaci6n riplda del pontil. Por este mismo procedimiento 

fueron obtenidos los vidrios pianos ballades en Samaira, Qasr al-Hayr Este y Oeste, 

Raqqah y la Qoubba Baroudine (Lambert, 1957, p. 108; Salam-Liebich, 1978, p. 144; 
Meuni6 y Terrasse, 1952, p. 40), 

A partir del disco original se cortaban las piezas con la forma deseada marcando la 
silueta sobre la superficie matriz con algun instrumento punzante. Posiblemente los 
fragmentos se terminaban de separar mediante presi6n. Estas piezas de vidrio de colores 
se colocaban en armazones o bastidores dobles de yeso para conformar un tipo de 
vidriera en la que parte maciza predominaba sobre la calada, a modo de celosias con 
fragmentos de vidrio policromos incoiporados. 

La observaci(5n detaUada de cuau*o de los fragmentos azules, permiti6 descubrir la 
existencia de mstos de decoraci6n probablemente pintada en una de sus caras. El 
proceso de degradacidn del vidrio habia arminado por completo la pintura pero quedaba 
su impronta sobre la superficie, visible s61o bajo luz oblicua. Por ello nos resulta 
imposible deteiminar si se trataba de pintura en frio o esmaltada. Los motives 
decorativos parecen ser de temdtica vegetal. En ti*es fragmentos se aprecian espirales y 
volutas trazadas por un tallo del que parecen arrancar hqjas y otros elementos. La pieza 
mejor conservada presenta, tal y como veiamos mds arriba, lo que parecen ser sendas 
palmetas enfrentadas (Fig. 19). 

Dado que el material fud hallado en el interior del pozo negro, no tenemos 
evidencia arqueol6gica de la ubicaci6n de la vidriera en la casa. No obstante, pensamos 
que debi6 omamentar la dependencia mtls noble de la vivienda el sal6n o sala 



134 



ol^^UxJlj oL.,.L3:.ll ^ djj^ : ^jgVI 



Sin embargo el conjunto de "vasitos" recuperados en el despoblado murciano no 
s61o conforma una serie morfol6gica al use, sino que estamos ante piezas prdcticamente 
id6nticas. En efecto, s61o los diferentes motives omamentales, generados per varios 
tipos de molde, otorgan alguna variedad a este conjunto que por lo dem^s presenta una 
hemogeneidad que casi podriamos clasificar de "industrial". Tal parecido formal parece 
diffcil de entender si no estamos ante piezas fabricadas en un raismo taller. Este mismo 
fendmeno sucede con el grupo que vamos a ver a cDntinuaci(5n, atin mis numeroso que 
el de los "vasitos", nos referimos a las "janitas". 

Se trata asi mismo de piezas sopladas en molde, y que al igual que los anteriores, 
combinan decoraci6n moldeada con aplicada, en este caso se trata de una barra, 
normalmente de hilo de diferente color que el resto del vaso, que circunda el borde de la 
pieza (Fig. 6 y 17). Las "jairitas" tienen un cuerpo globular, aplastado, y un cuello 

F 

aproximadamente cilindrico, relatfvamente ancho y grande en relaci6n al tamafio total. 
Constan de dos asas que airancan del hombro y temiinan en la parte superior del cuello. 
Los motivos moldeados que las omamentan son, en la mayoiia de los casos, el "panal 
de abejas" y las acanaladuras veiticales. Ignoramos la funcidn a que estuvieron 
destiadas, no obstante creemos, en funcidn de la anchura de las bocas> que no debieron 
emplearse para el comercio, ni en general para el transporte de productos; nos 
inclinamos por su empleo como vajilla de mesa, Existen paralelos, cieitamente no muy 
pr6ximos, en el Oriente Islamico, ver Lamm, 1929, T. 18, no. 13. No obstante nos 
encontramos con una problemdtica parecida a la de los vasitos: se trata de un grupo 
abundante, cuya homogeneidad es enorme, y hasta ahora s6lo ban sido hallados 
ejamplares de estos tipos en Siydsa. Ni en Murcia capital ni en nigun otro punto de la 



regi6n ban aparecido, que sepamos, "vasitos" o "janitas" tipo Siydsa.? Estamos pues 
ante manufacturas locales? A nuestro juicio es razonable plantear tal hip6tesis, sin 
embargo aun no contamos con elementos de juicio suficientes: ni en. Siydsa ha sido 
hallado de momento rastro de industria vidriera, ni los hallazgos de vidrio en otros 
puntos de area son aun lo suficientemente abundantes como para poder establecer la 

"exclusividad" de los tipos mencionados. 

Ademis de estas series "cl6nicas" existen otras al uso, que penxiiten agrupar piezas 
que pueden presentar pequenas divergencias pero que bdsicamente responden a unas 
caracteiisticas morfol6gicas precisas, detenninadas por el uso a que estuvieron 
destinadas. Este es el caso de ampollas, redomas, botellas, lamparas, etc. No obsta^nte, 
dejaremos para un futuro pr6ximo, en que contemos con un numero superior al .actual 



foraial 



C. El vidrio piano : 



Finalmente destacaremos el hallazgo en Murcia de vidrios pianos coloreados que 
ban permitido probar la existencia de un elemento que aun hoy forma parte de la 



133 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



las tradiciones formales. No se puede obviar la existencia de objetos o forraas 
excepcionales dependientes del capricho del aitesaiio, pero estos son, sin duda, 
minoritarios y por no reflejar usos sociales extendidos carecen en gran medida de 
interns hist6rico, 

Una primera aproximacion al conjunto de vidrios murcianos revela la existencia de 
determinadas fonnas que se repiten en series mds o menos hemog6neas. Aunque aun no 
contamos con datos definitives, si parece posible establecer algunas consideraciones 
parciales que trataremos de exponer a continuaci6n. 

No es casualidad que el conjunto de mayor magnitud y homogdneidad espacial y 
temporal que disponemos, el procedente de Siydsa, sea aquel que ha evidenciado de 
manera mds clara tales series formales. 

La primera de ellas es la de los "vasitos", a que nos hemos referido mds arriba, 
recipientes de foiina troncoc()nica invertida con el horde ligerfsimamente exvasado, y 
con una baita de hilo, noimalmente del mismo vidrio con que esta fabricada la pieza, en 
la arista de la base (Figs. 7 y 16). Tal aditamento debio contrihuir a la resistencia y 
estabilidad de la pieza. T^cnicamente estan fabricadas mediante soplado en molde y 
conservan la marca del pontil. Su capacidad es de aproximadamente 175 cc. Estln 
decorados mediante motivos moldeados variables, como ya vimos. Parece evidente por 
razones formales que el empleo a que estuvieron destinados estos recipientes era el 
servicio de mesa, en concmto debieron utilizarse para el consumo de liquidos. Una 
piiieba de tal empleo la encontramos en una miniatura de un tratado de historia natural 
de fines del siglo XIV, en que se encuentran representados dos personajes vestidos a la 
moda oriental en tomo a una mesa sobre la que se encuentran dos de estos vasos 
(Frothingham , 1941, fig. 18). La existencia de vajilla de mesa fabricada en vidrio estd 
atestiguada e incluso aconsejada por las fuentes documentales, asi por ejemplo Abu 



Marwdn 




indica: "Los 



(recipientes) de cristal son muy buenos, pero no se puede guisar en ellos porque se 
rompen con facilidad. Sin embargo, es muy recomendable utilizarios en la mesa como 
vajilla." (1992, p. 148) ^'^\ De hecho esta forma es muy comun desde 6poca romana 
como prueban, por cenirnos a la Peninsula, los hallazgos de Belo (Cddiz) (P6rez Bueno, 
1942, pp. 32-36). Ya en la Edad Media su presencia en el Oriente islamico era 
frecuente, vease por ejemplo en la obra de Lamm, 1929, Vol. 2, T. 25, 27, 48, 63, entre 
otros muchos. En la ultima de las laminas citadas (T. 63 no, 8), se encuentran incluso 
vasos de cristal de roca tallado, morfol6gicamente muy pr6ximos a los de Siyisa 
(incluso en lo que se refiere a determinados motivos decorativos como vimos en el 
apartado correspondiente al soplado en molde). 

(4) Nuevamente la palabra que figura en el lexto es Zuydy. que debe traducirse como "vidrio'\ "vaso", e incluso "botella", pero no 
como "cristal", t^rniino mas apropiado para referirnos al mineral. Debo la correcta lectura a D. Fernando Siinchez Alonso, a 
quien quedo muy agradecido. 



132 



oULUJIj oL iJrM ^ bj^ : ^ojVI 



del vaso y al menos uno conserva restos de pintura dorada tambidn en el exterior. El 
dorado va desde el tono oliviceo al pupdreo. Aunque los motivos omamentales no son 
identificables debido al i^ducido tamano de los fragmentos, si es posible apreciar que 
esteban animados por finos trazos esgrafiados. La pasta es blanca y opaca, por lo 
general muy fina; aunque aun no desponemos de andlisis quimicos suponemos que este 
color ha sido obtenido mediante la adici6n de 6xido de estano. 



La cronologia que en Oriente se viene dando a los vidrios decorados en dorado 
oscila entre los siglo VIII y XI (Clairmont, 1977, p. 35; Jenkins, 1986, p. 23), mientras 
que la aparici6n del esgrafiado sobre dorado pai^ece haber tenido lugar en el siglo XI, 
por tanto estd ultima debe ser tomada como fecha "post quern" para los vidrios de 
Siyasa. No obstente, podemos precisar atjn mds en funci6n del contexto arqueoldgico en 
que fueron hallados, que se puede datar en la primera mitad del siglo Xni o fines del 
XII (Navarro, 1986b, p. 143). Tal opini<:^n esti reforzada por el reciente hallazgo de 
fragmentos asf decorados en la ciudad de Murcia en niveles claramente de la primera 
mitad del siglo XIII. 

Los materiales a que nos referimos aparecieron en la excavaci6n efectuada en el 
tramo de muralla descubieito en la Glorieta de Espafia (Murcia). Se trata de varios 
fragmentos de vidrio azul turquesa, opaco, en el que el dorado ha desaparecido pero ai3n 
se conserva su huella con nitidez. Se puede distinguir la existencia de bandas 
horizontales y oti*os motivos de deficil inteipretaci6n pero que, al igual que las piezas 
ciezanas, estaban exornados mediante esgrafiado* 

La existencia en Murcia y su region de este tipo de hallazgos, dnicos segun nuestras 
noticias en todo al-Andalus, nos obliga a planteamos, al igual que hizo Navarro, la 
posibilidad de que se trate de las manufacturas locales alabadas por Ibn Sa'id, En 
cualquier caso, tanto si se trata de importaciones como si son de fabricacidn murciana, 
estamos ante una t^cnica de origen oriental cuya presencia en esti regi6n es una 
muestra mds de un fen6meno que venimos detectando en otros aspectos de la cultura 
material: la fuerte correinte de influencias orientales que parece haber recibido la 
sociedad murciana, sobre todo durante los siglos XII y XIII. 



B. Aspectos Tnorfologicos : 

Hasta el presente, la escasez de hallazgos de vidrio y su naturaleza habitualmente 
fragmentaria ha dificultado la apreciaci6n de series morfol6gicas mds o menos 
honogdneas que, sin duda, existieron. En efecto el trabajo del vidrio ha participado, al 
igual que sucede con la cerdmica, de unas demandas sociales que han generado el uso 
continuado de detenninadas formas. Sdlamente la desaparici6n de las necisidades que 
las originan o el descubrimiento de modelos mejor adaptados, dan lugar a la ruptura en 



131 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



cuando el esmaltado se generalizd en el ambito isldmico. No obstente contamos con un 
fragmento que pertenece a un vaso decorado con esti f'wcnica y que fue hallado en el 
casco urbane de Murcia, en el solar de calle Plateria (Fig. 14). Se U'ata de un fragmento 
de borde de lo que debid ser una pieza cilfndrica con forma de vaso. A falta de un 
estudio definitivo del contexto arqueol6gico parece podriamos fecharlo en la segunda 
mitad del siglo XIL Los motives que se distinguen son geom6tricos: dos bandas 
horizontales de esmalte rojo enmai'cadas por finas Hneas negras que siluetean el dibujo, 
dejan entre ellas un espacio cuya decoracidn ha desaparecido. Junto al borde se 
distingue una serie de traingulos que debieron recorrer la boca del vaso. El esmalte fue 
al parecer aplicado por la cara interna de la pieza, 

Un fragmento procedente de las excavaciones efectuadas en el Castillo de 
Monteagudo y que podrfamos datar en la primera mitad del siglo XIII, presenta asf 
mismo en el exterior restos de dos bandas rojas horizontales. Al parecer se trata 
igualmente de decoraci6n esmaltada aunque debido a su mal estado de conservaci6n no 
podemos aseguarar que se trate de pintura en frio. 



- Decoracion mediante pintura dorada : 

Se trata de la misma t6cnica para ornamentar la conocida loza dorada. Por este 
motivo ha sido objeto de numerosos estudios que han especulado en torno a su origen. 
En el estado actual de la investigaci6n parece que podemos dar por sentado que se 
tarata de una t^cnica genuinamente medieval e isMmica. En efecto, para la mayor parte 
de los autores, la pintura dorada aparece por vez primera en la Mesopotamia abbasf 
decorando cerdmica, mienti'as que para Lamm y sus seguidores se trata de un invento de 
los vidrieros coptos que se podria remontar al siglo IV d.C. (Clainuont, 1977, p. 35). 
Aun asumiendo la tesis de Lamm, nadie puede dudar que el mdximo desarroUo de la 
decoracidn mediante pintura dorada se alcanzd, tanto sobre cerdmica como sobre vidrio, 
en el dmbito del Islam y a partir del periodo abbasi. 

Ya se ha dado noticia en otros trabajos del hallazgo en Siydsa de varios fragmentos 

h 

pertenecientes a vasos de vidrio decorados mediante pintura dorada. Dado que en 
Murcia, tal y como atestiguan las fuentes y corroboraron los an^lisis quimicos, se 
manufacturaba loza dorada durante el siglo XII y la primera mitad del XIII, parece 
16gico pensar que estos vidrios fueran asi mismo manufacturas locales, tal y como ya 
expuso en su dia NavaiTO Palaz6n. En los ultimos afios, otros hallazgos de vidrios de 
este tipo llevados a cabo en la ciudad de Murcia, parecen apoyar tal hip6tesis. 

Los vidiros dorados de Siydsa fueron hallados en uno de los basureros del 
despoblado (Fig. 15). El total de fragmentos ronda los quince, de los cuales tres son 
hordes que pertenecen a formas abiertas. Estos presentan la decoraci6n el la cai'a interna 



130 



ol^^LkJIj cjLJLadI ^ djj^ : ^ IJuVi 



conc^ntricos: un punto centi'al y un anillo que lo circunda, ambos de forma eliptica. 
Esta pieza presenta tres de estos "ojos" ubicados junto a la boca: dos a ambos lados del 
pico vertedor y el tercero en el opuesto. Para imprimirlo el ai'tesano debi6 introducir 
uno de los vdstagos de la tenacilla, el que carecia de decoracion, por la boca de la 
redoma ^^\ 



La enorme similitud que tal motivo decorativo presenta con la forma de un "ojo" 
nos Ueva a preguntamos acerca de la intencionalidad del mismo. En efecto, al estudiar 
las cerdmicas andalusfes sobre todo aquellas profusamente decoradas, hemos 
comprobado el empleo de todo un arsenal de motivos profildcticos, destinados a 
proteger de malos influjos o presencias daninas el contenido de los vasos y con ello a 
las personas que lo consumen. Buena parte de las influencias mel6ficas podian proceder 
de "mal de ojo" y uno de los amuletos tradionalmente mds eficaces contra aquel eran 
precisamente aquellos en fomia de ojo (Westermarck, 1904). La ubicacidn de este 
motivo en el borde del vaso parece estar destinado a prevenir la entrada de algun yinn 
maligno que podiia penetrar en el interior del consumidor a travtJs de la boca y 
ocasionarle todo tipo de males. 



I ^ 



- Decoracion esmaltada : 



Esta tunica es, al igual que la mayor parte de las conocidas en el medievo, de origen 
antiguo. Al parecer pas6 al mundo romano desde Oriente Proximo junto con el soplado- 
Durante los piimeros siglos del periodo islamico se mantiene al nivel de otras tdcnicas 
hasta que a fines del siglos XIII y durante el XIV eclosiona en los centres productores 
sirios: Alepo y Damasco son los piincipales, alli se emplea con profusidn para decorar 
todo tipo de vaso y en especial las conocidas Idmparas de mezquita, Estos vidiios 
esraaltados influyeron de manera muy notable en los centi'os productoi-es cristianos, 
caso de Cataluna, que durante d6cadas imitaron en forma y ornamentaci6n los modelos 
"di^mascenos". 

El esmaltado consiste en la aplicaci6n de pasta vitrea coloreada y machacada sobre 
la superficie del vaso previo dibujo con un aislante graso que evite el corrimiento del 
vedrio liquido. Una vez aplicada la decoraci6n el vaso es reintroducido en el homo con 
el fin de provocar el reblandecimiento del esmalte pero extremando el cuidado para 
evitar la fusi6n del soporte, Esta operacidn nonnalmente se llevaba a cabo en un horno 
especial. 



Los fragmentos de vidrio esmaltado son francamente excepcionales entre los 
hallazgos murcianos de 6poca andalusf. No debamos olvidar que Murcia cayo en manos 
castellanas a mediados del siglo XIII y fue a fines de esta centuria y en la siguiente 



(3) Este tipo de decorad6n e id^ntico motivo, a juzgar pt>r el debujo publicado, decora una taza andalusi hallada en M6rtola 
(Portugal) (Almeida Ferreira, 1992, p. 45, no. 2). 



129 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



Conocemos tres piezas del ai'ea murciana decoradas mediante esti t6cnica, Una de 
ellas precede de Siy^a y se trata de un fragmento muy pequeiio de vaso. La pasta es de 
color azul traslucido, mientras que las baixas, dispuestas en zig-zag, son blancas. 

La segunda es la figurilla zoomorfa procedente del pozo de S. Nicole a que 
hacfamos referenda en relaci6n con la t6cnica del moldelado (Jimenez, 1991, p. 74, no. 
360). 

Y la tercera es un fragmento que debi6 formar parte de un objeto cuya naturaleza 
desconocemos, y que ha side recientemente hallada en unas excavaciones arqueoldgicas 
en el casco urbano de Murcia (Fig. 12), Es una pieza maciza, de foima troncoconica, 
con tendencia cilindrica. Al parecer se trata de un pie puesto que el extreme mds ancho 
esti aplanado conformando un punto de apoyo. Estd fabricada en vidiio azul, mientras 
que las barras que ornamentan la supertlcie son blancas. El tono irisado que 
actualmente presentan se debe a la degradaci6n natural de la pasta. En la superficie se 
aprecian con nitidez los estrechos surcos verticales que son la huella de la herramienta 
empleada para conferir a las bairas incrustadas el diseno caracteiistico de pluma o 
espiga que presentan. 

Existe un vasito de reducidas dimensiones hallado en la Alhambra y publicado ya 
por Torres Balbds (1949), cuya decoracidn es prdcticamente id^ntica a la de nuestra 
pieza. Estd elaborado en vidrio violeta y las bairas son blancas. 



-Decoracion impresa : 

Con esta denominaci6n la t6cnica decorativa consistente en imprimir sobre la pared 
del vaso en caliente mediante presion cualquier tipo de motive previamente grabado en 
negative sobre una estampilla. Este tipo de decoraci5n era frecuente en el mundo 
islamico oriental empledndose para estampar 6nfalos, rosetas , ovas, insripciones, etc. 

Es muy habitual, y este es el case de las murcianas, que la impresi6n se realice 

erapleando unas tenacillas en uno de cuyos vdstagos se ha grabado el elemento 
decorative. 

No era una t^cnica muy empleada entre los aitesanos murcianos: entre los 1500 
fragmentos vitreos de Siyasa no parece existir alguno asi decorado, sin embargo en 
Murcia ciudad si se han producido varies hallazgos. Se u^ata de fragmentos de asa que 
presentan un motive caracteristico de aspecto ocular impreso mediante tenacilla. 

El mismo motive se halla en la unica pieza completa asf omamentada (Fig. 13). 
Se trata de una i-edoma, tambi^n procedente de calle Plateria, con cuello y cuerpe de 
forma trencoc6nica poco acusada. La base es c6ncava y conserva la marca del pontil; 
presenta pico verteder. El tema decorative comprende des elementos en relieve y 



128 



cjWUx^\j^LJJci\yj^djj^ : ^JiiVl 



serie de elementos en vidrio de tono aparentemente mis oscuro (resulta diffcil precisar 
los colores pues la pieza estd cubierta completamente por una pdtina de aspecto 
metdlico). En el borde, seperado del resto del cuello por un hilo horizontal, se halla una 
serie de cabuyones elfpticos. de relieve aproximadamente c6nico con el punto central 
resaltado. El resto del cuello esti dividido en cuatro registros por unos elementos 
verticales a mode de crestas. En los I'egistros se ban emplazado unos motivos 
curvilineos que parecen cormsponder a decoraci6n vegetal estilizada. Pese el estado 
fragmentario en que se encuentra, estii pieza denota una enorme maestrfa tanto por las 
dimensiones y forma del vaso como por la elaborada decoracidn. 



-Decoracion pellizcada : 

Se trata de un tipo sencillo de ornamentaci6n que requiere s61amente unas 
tenacillas y la imaginacidn del artesano. Consiste en pellizcar la superficie del vaso 
creando unos motivos en relieve cuando la viscosidad de la burbuja aun lo permite, es 
decir en caliente. Esta t<5cnica es muy frecuente entre los vidrio pe^'sas de cronologia 
parto-sasdnida, por influencia de los cuales parece haber penetrado en el repertorio 
ornamental isldmico aunque ya con un desarroUo ciertamente menor (Hasson, 1979, 
p.6). 

F 

S6Io contamos con un ejemplar decorado mediante estd t^cnica pero 
afortunadamente es una pieza completa (Fig. 1 1), Se trata de una redoma hallada en las 
excavaciones arqueoldgicas de calle Plateria (Murcia), a que antes haciamos referenda, 
Tiene cueipo globular, largo cuello de tendencia cilindrica, boca polilobulada con pico 
vertedor, y pie anular. Esid fabricada mediante soplado y la pasta es verdosa, fma y 
transparente, Presenta irisaciones por causa de la degradaci6n natural, Tiene cinco 
prominencias de tendencia vertical realizadas mediante pellizcado a media altura de la 
panza. 



- Decoracion incrustada : 



Esta t6cnica consiste en aplicar barras de vidrio sobre el ueipo de la pieza y 
seguidamente hacerla rodar por una superficie plana de manera que aquellas no resaltan 
y se incorporen a la pasta, Normalmenie estas bairas se ondulan formando motivos en 
foiTna de pluma o espiga con la ayuda de herramientas punzantes que suelen dejar su 
huella de arrastre sobre la superficie. Es una t<5cnica antiquisima, muy extendida entre 
los vidrieros egipcios del primer milenio a. C, y por supuesto anterior a la invenci6n de 
la cana de soplar. Alcanz6 gran difusi6n por todo el Mediterrdneo, incluida la Peninsula 
Ibdrica, entre los siglos VI y III a. C. adornando los Uamdos vidrios punicos o 
alabastrones. En el mundo isldmico oriental fue empleada con relativa frecuencia 
durante los siglos XI al XIII, sobre todo en Egipto y Siria. 



127 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



-La decoradon aplicada : 

Esta t^cnica decorativa estd basada en la flexibilidad del vidrio a altas temperaturas 
que hace posible estirarlo en hilos que se adhieren con facilidad a la superficie caliente 
del vaso. Su origen es antiguo, al igual que el del soplado en molde, y alcanz6 amplia 
difusi6n en todas las areas en que se ha fabricado vidrio, espacialmente en Siria en 
6poca romana y tardoantigua. 

El hilo suele ser de un color diferente al del vaso sobre el que se aplica, lo que 
permite jugar con la policromia y acentua el efecto estetico. Ademds puede servir de 
refuerzo en determinadas zonas espacialmente frdgiles de la pieza, o bien contribuir a su 
mayor estabilidad, 

Fue empleada profusamente por los vidrieros andalusies al menos durante la 
primera mitad del siglo XIII. En efecto, el conjunto de Siydsa, cuyo elevado ndmero de 
fragmentos permite obtener unos porceniajes razonablemente fiables, an'oja un 6'5 % de 
total. Esta cifra puede parecer baja pero debamos recordar que a diferencia del 
moldeado, la decoracidn aplicada cubre habitualmente una parte reducida de la pieza, a 
lo sumo una cuaita parte, mientra que en muchos casos no es mis que un ribete en el 
borde o cuello de la pieza, por lo cual una buena cantidad de fragmentos contabilizados 
como no decorados debieron pertenecer a piezas ornamentadas con hilo aplicado. 

Aunque se halla extendida sobre todo de vasos, es caracteristica de las habituales 
redomas de cuerpo pirifoime, un asa y pico vertedor. Suele estar presente en el labio y 
en la parte m^s estrecha del cuello, aunque tambi6n es frecuente que recubra buena 
parte de la boca polilobulada. En la mayoiica de los casos el vidrio aplicado es de color 
azul aunque tambi6n se da el mairdn oscuro; ambos contrastan con el tono verdoso 
generalizado en los vasos (Fig. 9), 

Es frecuente la combinaci6n en un mismo vaso de dos t^cnicas decorativas como el 
moldeado y aplicado. Este es el caso de unas jarritas muy extendidas en el conjunto 
ciezano que suelen presentar un hilo de vidrio aplicado en ei borde en combinaci(5n con 
los motivos moldeados, noimalmente el "panal de abeja" del resto de la pieza (Fig. 6), 
De ellas hablaremos mds en detalle en el punto dedicado a los aspectos morfol6gicos. 

La presencia de ambas tecnias se da tambitSn en los vasitos, como vefamos mis 
arriba. En este uldmo caso, la presencia de aplicado en la arista de la base tiene una 
finalidad prdctica mds que ornamental: refuerza una parte muy expuesta de la pieza y le 
permite ganar en esatabilidad* 

Ademds del efecto sencillo conseguido por el hilo enrollado en espiral alrededor de 
la pieza, el artesano andalusi emple6 la t^cnica del aplicado para la consecuci6n de 
complejos programas omamentales. Ejemplo de ello es el cuello de un vaso de grandes 
dimensiones procedente de Siydsa (Fig. 10). Sobre la pasta verdosa se han aplicado una 



126 



c^ULLuJIj oL-JLiJl ^ djj^ : ^jf>l\ 



completo la superficie del vaso (Fig, 6). Es un tema de origen cldsico que alcanz6 gran 
difusidn entre los vidrieros musulmanes. Las acanaladuras verticales o "acostillado" era 
tambi6n freciiente en el vidrio romano, Tanto el "panal de abejas" como el "acostillado" 
aparecen en el conjunto de Siyasa indistintamente sobre tipos morfol6gicamente 
diferentes (Fig. 6 y 16). 

Existe otro asunto caracteiistico en el repertorio ornamental de los vidrios de 
Siydsa, aunque sin duda no tan abundante como los dos anteriores, es un motivo de 
naturaleza vegetal aunque muy estilizado (Fig. 7), Deriva de las tradicionales palmetas 
emparejadas aunque en este caso ha desaparecido la mayor parte de la hoya y al 
protagonismo lo cobra el espacio cordiibrme entre los vegetales: las hojas quedan 
practicamente reducidas a unos sencillos tallos cuyo extremo superior se curva en 
espiral. La comparaci6n con otros ejemplos no tan evolucionados nos permite 
identificar el elemento central de forma eliptica y alargada, como una yema axial 
(Pav6n Maldonado, 1981, T. II, nos, 6, 7, 9), y los dos motives circulares que lo 
flanaquean como dos frutos (op. cit., T, 11, no. 3), 

Este tema aparece siempre en el conjunto de Siydsa decorando unos vasitos 
caracteristicos de foima troncoc6nica invertida, borde ligeramente exvasado y con 
ribete de hilo aplicado en la arista de la base. Esta morfologia es corriente en el vidrio 
isldmico medieval y particularmente enter los ricos ciistales de roca tallados, 
habitualmente conocidos como Hedwigsglaser. Es interesante constatar la existencia de 
algunos de estos lujosos vasos decorados con unos motivos muy parecidos a los de las 
piezas de Cieza (Lamm, 1929, Vol. II, T. 63, no. 8). Esta coincidencia en cuantos a 
foima y decoracion los convierte en los paralelos mis estrechos. 

Tambi6n conviene recordar que uno de los fragmentos de vidrio piano pintado, 
exhumado en el pozo de S. Niocolas, que formaba parte de una vidriera dom6stica 
(samsiyya), presenta las huellas de una decoraci6n ya completamente an-uinada pero 
que suponemos fue pintada en fno, y que consiste en dos sencillas palmetas 
emparejadas (Fig. 19) (Jimdnez , 1991, p. 78). 

Tal vez la pieza mds notable de entre las sopladas en molde sea un vaso hallado en 
fechas muy recientes en unas excavaciones aun inconclusas que se vienen llevando a 
cabo en un solar de la calle Cortes de la ciudad de Murcia (Fig, 8). La decoracidn estd 
concentrada en el cueipo globular del vaso dejando libre la mayor parte de un cuello 
muy desarrollado. Consiste bdsicamente en motivos geometricos organizados en 
bandas: la inferior presenta una serie de circulos conc^ntricos mientras que la central, 
de mayor anchura, presenta asi mismo motivos circulares enlazados en cuyo interior se 
disponen florones de cinco p6talos. La parte superior del cuerpo y la inferior del cuello 
estan reconidas por la tercera banda ocupada por sencillas alineaciones de elipses. La 
base de la pieza estd decorada por un llordn octop6talo cuyo centro es el "ojo de buey" 
marca del pontil. 



125 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



conjunto de manera aproximada a hnes del siglo Xi o comienzos del All. La botella no 
presenta decoraci6n alguna; tiene un largo cuello de tendencia cilmdrica, cuerpo 
globulai' y boca sinuosa con pico veitedor. La pasta presenta un buen estado de 
conservacion, las paredes son finas y es de grandes demensiones (unos 40 cm. de altura) 
(Fig. 4). 

En el mismo conjunto apareci6 una lam para fabricada en vidrio fino y traslucido de 
color vioMceo (Fig. 5), Presenta cazoleta c6ncova y una espiga o vdstago tubular en la 
parte inferior. Estas lampaiitas complementaban los objetos metalicos denominados 
lamparas de platillo o "corona lucis" mencionados mds arriba. El valenciano Ibn Yubair 
nos ha dejado en su famosa Rihla una detallada descripci6n de este tipo de Mmparas de 
espiga, tal y como el las pudo ver durante su peregrinaci6n a La Meca en el ano 1184: 
"De los lados de estas planchas y vigas, asi como de todos los brazos mencionados, 
colgaban unas Mmparas, grandes y pequeiias, en sus intervalos habia una especie de 
bandejas anchas de cobre; cada bandeja estaba dispuesta aimoniosamente por tres 
cadenillas que la mantenfan en el aire, todas ellas estaban caladas de oiificios en los que 
se habian insertados los vasos de vidrio (de las Idmparas) provistos de tubos (que salian) 
por la parte inferior de esas bandejas de cobre, sin que de ellas un tubo con respecto al 
(otro) tubo sobrepasase la medida. Cuando se encienden en ellas las Mmparas, vienen a 
ser como mesad provistas de muchos pies que resplandecen de luz" (Ibn Yubair, 1988, 
p. 185). 



-El soplado en molde : 

Es una t6cnica antigua cuyos, origenes se funden con los del empleo de la cana, de 
tal manera que para algunos investigadores.el soplado en el interior de moldes precedi6 
al soplado al aire. Los moldes podian constar de dos o mis partes y solian estar 
fabricado en madera o arcilla, Su interior estaba por lo general decorado con motivos en 
negatoivo que posterioraiente ornamentaban las paredes del vaso. 

Entre los materiales exhumados en contextos de la Murcia andalusi, existe un alto 
numero de piezas fabricadas por este procedimiento que debi6 ser muy comun, al 
menos en la primera mitad del siglo XIIL Esto es lo que parece demostarar el conjunto 
de vidrios recuperado en las excavaciones del despoblado de Siydsa (Cieza). Este hisn 
de grandes dimensiones fue abandon ado por sus pobladores a lo largo de la segunda 
mitad del siglo XIU (Navarro, 1988), por lo que la mayor parte de los materiales 
arqueologicos se pueden fechar en el segundo y tercer cuaito de ese siglo. Se ban 
inventariado unos 1500 fragmentos de vidrio de los cuales aproximadamente el 36% 
corresponde a piezas que fueron sopladas en molde y presentan decoraci6n en relieve. 

Los motivos omamentales moldeados son poco variados, y por encima de todos 
predominan dos: el "panal de abejas", y las acanaladuras verticales. El primero consiste 
en una reticula rehundida de motivos hexagonales o elipticos que suele cubrir casi por 



124 



oUUxJIj oLJuJI ^ oj^ : ^J^'^\ 



txadicionales. Sin embargo desde la revolucidn industrial la mayor paite de objetos de 
vidrio se fabrican mediante moldeado, cuiiosaaiente una de las tecnicas mis antiguas y 
que en su memento vino a ser suplantada por el soplado. 

Existen, no obstante, piezas modeladas, fabricadas directamente con las tenacillas 
sin el concurso de la pipa de soplar. El ejemplo mds notable es un fragmento procedente 
del pozo de S. Nicolds, y que parece haber pertenecido a una figurilla en forma de 
cuadnapedo (Jim6nez, 1991, p. 74, no. 360) (Fig. 2). Esta fabricada en vidrio macizo de 
color azul y decorada madiante hilo bianco incinistado, Resulta inevitable compararla 
con Unas piezas orientales conocidas de aniiguo: los ungtientarios sostenidos por un pie 
en foi*ma de caballo mis o menos estilizado (Lamm,. 1929, T. 20, 21, 25 y 32). El 
estrechamiento del cuerpo del "caballito" de S. Nicolas, entre la gmpa y el pecho, pudo 
estar destinado a acomodar un anillo de vidrio que sujetara el ungiientario propiamente 
dicho, tal y como se puede apreciar en alguna de las piezas orientales. La cronologia de 
6stas, que no suele rebasar el siglo IX (Jenkins, 1986, p. 56), se halla alejada del 
conjunto del pozo de S. Nicolds, fechado con bastante aproximaci6n en el siglo XIII, 
antes de 1266, fecha en que los musulmanes son definitivamente desalojados de la 
madina y ubicados en el arrabal. 



-Vidrios no decorados : 



Aunque nontialmente las piezas presenLan decoraci6n de algun tipo las hay tambi6n 
desprovistas de ornato. Esto sucede con independencia de fonna y tamaiio, desde vasos 
de reducidas dimensiones como las ampollas, hasLa botellas y limparas. 

En las inmediaciones del pueblo de Li6tor, en la acutal provincia de Albacete pero 
vinculado en la Edad Media a la kura de Tudmir, fue hallado un ocultaraiento que 
contenia un notable conjunto de piezas metdlicas y de madera fechable a fines del siglo 
X comienzos del XL Entre tales objetos se contaban dos ampollas de reducidas 
dimensiones, cuello corto y cueipo globular fabricadas en vidrio verdoso, trasparente 
(Fig. 3). Su escasa capacidad asi como el cuello estrecho, que dificultaria la 
evaporacidn del contenido y facilitaria su consumo dosificado, nos hacen pensar quese 
trata de unguentarios destinados a contener algun liquido valioso y que, por tanto, su 
distribucidn estaria en funci6n del comercio del producto que contuvieran. Es probable 
que originariamente estuvieran protegidas por una funda de cuero, tal y como se recoge 
en un invenlario de fines del siglo XIII de la catedral de Toledo: "Item, una bamllejo de 
cuero en que una ampoUa pequena de cristal para tener bdlsamo o 61eo" (P6rez de 
Guzman, 1927 en P6rez Bueno, 1942, p. 68), 

En las excavaciones arqueol6gicas de un solar de C/ Platena de Murcia fue hallado 
un lote de vidrios que contenfa una botella, dos redomas, de las hablaremos mis 
adelante, y una Umpara, junto con un grupo de cerdmicas que permiten fechar el 



123 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



las guerras e de los otros males que son acaescidos en tierra de Murcia, la mayor parte 
de los mores son muertos e los otros fuydos". 



n. 1. Las evidencias materiales : 



Lo hasta ahora publicado acerca de hallazgos arqueoldgicos de vidrio andalusi en 
Murcia es escaso. En 1986 se recogio en dos publicaciones de Navairo Palazdn (1986b 
y 1986f) una primera reflexi6n acerca del asunto, que incluia la presentaci6n de algunos 
fragmentos de vidrio pertenecientes a lujosas piezas decoradas mediante pintura dorada. 
Procedian de las excavaciones efectuadas en un basurero del despoblado de Siydsa 
(Cieza), En uno de estos trabajos Navairo demostraba la fabricaci6n en Murcia de loza 
dorada, tal y como afirma Ibn Sa'id, y sugeria que tales vidrios podrian ser asi mismo 
de manufactura local. 

Racientemente hemos publicado una primera aportaci6n al tema en el marco de un 
hallazgo sin duda excepcional: el pozo negro de la casa de S. Nicolas (Navarro, 1991). 
Aunque el conjunto de vidrios es modesto y su estado de consei-vaci6n fragmentario, 
tiene el interns de ser cronol6gicamente homogtSneo y estar bien fechado en el segundo 
cuarto del siglo XIII. Esots materials muestran una gran variedad desde el punto de 
vista formal y en cuanto a ttScnicas decorativas, que permite vislumbrar la riqueza de 
tales producciones. De singular importancia son las piezas de vidrio piano de diferentes 
colores, algunas de ellas decoradas, que fonnaban parte de un tipo de vidriera montada 
sobre yeso calado. Son las evidencias materiales mas antiguas del empleo en al-Andalus 
de este elemento ampliamente arraigado en la ornamentaci6n arquitectonica musulmana 
y los unices ejemplares hasta ahora documentados en relacion con la arquitectura 

dom^stica. 

Nuestra ultima aportaci6n (Jimenez, 1992) presentaba varias piezas francamente 
excepcionales, halladas recientemente en unas excavaciones efectuadas en el casco 
urbane de Murcia, asi como otra, tambien de gran interes, procedente de Siydsa. 

En base a estos materiales y otros, algunos in^ditos, intentaremos a continuacidn 
una revision de las producciones en base a aspectos ornamentales y morfologicos. 



A. Aspectos ornamentales : 

La mayor parte de las piezas estan realizadas logicamente mediante soplado. En 
efecto el descubrimiento de estd tdcnica en torno al siglo II antes de nuestra era en algun 
punto de las costas de Fenicia, permiii() una difusi6n de los objetos de vidrio inusitada 
debido, sobre todo, a que el nuevo procedimiento hizo posible una fabricaci6nen mayor 
escala. El soplado ha sido la t&nica utilizadamayoritariamente durante los ultimos dos 
mil anos y todavia en la actualidad sigue siendo em'pleada en los obradores 



122 



ol-^U^JIj oLJUdI ^ dj^ : ^a;Vl 



anfilisis quimicos, permitieron demostrar que, al menos durante los siglos XII y primera 
mitad del XIII, Murcia fue un importante centro productor de loza dorada (Navarro, 
1986b; Picdn y Navarro, 1986), 

En cuanto al vidrio, la referenda de Ibn Sa'id no parece aludir a objetos comunes 
de uso cotidiano, cuya producci6n debfa hallarse suficientemente extendida en la 

i' 

Peninsula Ib6rica desde los primeros alios de la era cristiana, sino a articulos de ciudad 
manufactura y posiblemente de lujosa decoracidn que peimitfan a Murcia alcanzar 
"renombre" entre el resto de las ciudades de al-Andalus. 

La existencia de artesanos musulmanes del vidrio en la Murcia de mediados del 
siglo XIII parece estar atestiguada por un privilegio del rey Alfonso X a la ciudad de 
Murcia fechado en 1267, poco desputSs de que fuera sofocada la revuelta de los 
mud6jares: "Otrosy les otorgamos que aquellos que de quien fueran las tiendas o se 
vendieren las obras del esparto o de tierra e del vidrio que nos den un nnaravedf alfonsi 
en oro cada anno otrosy en razdn de gienso por la Sant Hojan Babtista; rads retenemos 
pora nos que los maestros christianos que labraren la obra del esparto e de tierra e del 
vidrio que nos den nuestro derecho asy como en Sevilla" (Torres Pontes, 1963, p. 47). 

Este privilegio parece confirmar la existencia, en el tercer cuarto del siglo XIII , de 
tiendas y/o tallares de vidrio en manos de comercientas cristianos. Posiblemente estaban 
establecidos junto a la puerta llamada Bab Xecura, en el suroeste del recinto urbano, 
que por este motivo cambiarfa su nombre en el siglo XIV por el de Puerta de Vidrieros. 
Sin embargo, resulta aventurado pensar que en esa fecha existiera todavia una colonia 
de artesanos mud^jares del vidrio. Existen poderosas razones historiogrdficas que nos 
inclinan a pensar que los vidrieros musulmanes debieron emigrar de Murcia en los afios 
inmediatos a la sublevacion y represion de los mud6jares o, a lo sumo, a fines del siglo 
XIII. 



En efecto, tal y como ha puesto de manifiesto Toires Pontes, tras el Tratado de 
Alcaraz se produjo un flujo masivo de musulmanes murcianos el reino de Granada, 
favorecido por la autorizacidn formal de dicha emigracion con la concesion alfonsi que 
autorizaba a los castellanos a comprar sus propiedades a los musulmanes, segdn carta 
firraada en Toledo en 1254 (Torres Pontes, 1961, p. 61). Este exodo "voluntario" se vio 
acelerado por la reconquista de reino en 1265-66 llevada a cabo por Jaime I, que dio 
lugar a grandes desplazamientos poblacionales junto a casos especialmente penosos de 
esclavitud masiva (Torres Pontes, 1977, XLII). Otro punto de inflexion estuvo al 
parecer marcado por el dominio de Juan II de Aragon sobre el reino de Murcia entre los 
anos 1296 y 1304. En deilnitiva, el hecho es que en 1305, cuando los castellanos 
vuelven a controlar el reino de Murcia tras la firma del Tratado de TorrcUas, se 
encuentran un territorio en grave crisis motivada por la ausencia casi total de poblaci6n 
mud6jar, asi lo manifiesta Pemando IV en carta a la ciudad de Murcia: "por razon de 



121 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



parece 



concavidad de obra estable (al-tdgin) para albergar la frita, sino que debia contar con 
una platafonna sobre la que se ubicarian crisoles cerfimicos (halla). 



parece haber 
idn horizontal 



tal estructura 



enfriamiento 



existencia de una c^mai-a de enfriamiento superior, Este tipo era muy habitual en la 
Edad Media como muestra una miniatura del manuscritp de Hrabanus Maurus (s. IX) 
procedente de Monte Cassino (Diem, 1971, Taf. I). Mds pr6ximo espacialmente al que 
nos ocupa, es el que apai-ece en una miniatura de las Cantigas alfonsfes (Men^ndez 
Pidal, 1986, p. 195). Este ultimo presenta una cdmara de fuego, en la que se aprecian la 
abertura de carca v el cenicero, dos orificios de trabaio y entre ellos un agujero menor 



camara 



n. El vidrio andalusi en Murcia : 

En su "Histroria de las dinastias mahometanas en Espana", el viajero e historiador 
del siglo XVII al-Makkari acota un texto de Ibn Said al-Maghirbf (1213-1286) acerca 
de al-Andalus. En el capitulo dedicado a las manufacturas, el autor granadino hace 
espacial hincapi6 en los productos murcianos. Tras alabar los panuelos bordados, las 
alfombras y los trabajos sobre metal* indica: 

"Murcia era asi mismo renombrada per la fabricaci6n de vidrio y ceramica; de 
ambos raateriales hacen grandes vasos de las formas mds elegantes y exquisitas; 
manufacturan, asf mismo, ceriimica vidriada, y de otro tipo la cual estd baiiada en oro," 
(Gayangos, 1840, 1, p. 51). 

Murcia capitulo ante Castilla en 1243, inicidndose entonces un rapido proceso de 
despoblaci6n y decadencia econdmica que se aceler6 a partir de 1266, ano en que fue 
sofocada la rebeli6n mud^jar. Cabe suponer que Ibn Sa'id escribirfa su obra a mediados 
del siglo XUI; per tanto es Idgico pensar que la Murcia pr6spera y en expansi6n a la que 
se refiere es la anterior a la conquista, aquella que, desde la segunda mitad del siglo XII, 
desempefiaba un papel de primer orden en la politica andalusi gracias a dos figuras de 
relevancia: Ibn Mardanis (1147-1172), e Ibn Hud (1228-1238), 

La veracidad de la fuente ha sido recientemente confimiada por la arqueologia; en 
efecto, el ultimo pdirafo del texto de Ibn SaTd hace referencia a la fabricaci6nen Murcia 
de un tipo de ceramica de lujo que goz6 de amplio prestigio y difusion en los siglos XII 
y XIII: la loza dorada. Los trabajos arqueologicos que durante los ultimos anos se han 
venido desarrollando en Murcia y en el despoblado de Siydsa (Cieza), apoyados por 



120 



ol.Ll^Jlj oL^Ladl ^ djj^ : ^JuVl 



apropiado por su transparencia. En las excavaciones de la alcazaba de Badajoz y en los 
bafios de Jerez fueron hallados algunos vdstagos de vidrio pertenecientes a lamparitas 



Mds 



Mur 



Conocemos algunas pocas piezas mds, como las depositades en el Museo Nacional 
de Arte Hispanomusulmln, recogidas en anejas memorias de excavaci6n o en 
enciclopedias cldsicas, sin embargo apenas contamos con aportaciones de la modema 
arqueologfa medieval; destacaria, aparte de los aiticulos de Vald6s y Fem^dez 
Gabald6n aniba mencionados, la muy reciente aportaci6n de M. Almeida (1992) que 
recoge los hallazgos de M6rtola (Portugal), y por supuesto, el hallazgo de Pechina del 
que hablaremos a continuaci6n. En general, la aportaci6n de la actual arqueologfa 
medieval al tema es aun prdcticamente inexistente. 



1,3. Un taller de vidrio andalusi : 

En este marco de carencia general resulta especialmente interesante el hallazgo de 
un horno de vidrio en las excavaciones que se vienen llevando a cabo en Bayydna 
(Pechina, Almerfa). Esta instalaci6n se podria fechar en el siglo X aproximadamente, y 
es la linica de estd naturaleza hasta ahora documentada en al-Andalus (Castillo 
Galdeano et alii, 1987, p. 544; Aci6n Almansa et alii, 1990, pp. 156 y 157). 

Se trata de un homo de planta rectangular con sus dependencias anejas. Presenta 
una caldera de tendencia elfptica de unos 20 cm, de profundidad con dos aberturas 
enfrentadas con forma de canales para la alimentacidn del horno y la retirada de 
cenizas. Junto a 61 fueron hallados numerosos restos de escoria de vidrio. 

En los hornos medievales del dmbito cristiano asi como en otros actuales de t6cnica 
tradicional en paises musulmanes, podemos apreciar, al igual que en el de Pechina, la 
existencia de dos aberturas a ras de suelo: una (bdb al-waqqdd), para alimentar la 
caldera (al-kur), y otra (al-mabdal) para extraer las cenizas. En el eje transversal al 
formado por tales orificios, se hallarfan los puntos de trabajo que en este caso debieron 
limitarse al lado E, puesto que el frontero esti apoyado en un grueso muro de descarga. 
El trabajo del vidiiero se desairollaba sobre una platafoima situada aproximadamente a 
la misma altura de la parrilla de homo y comunicada con estd mediante dos orificios, 
uno para cargar la frita mediante la pi pa, y otro para mantener caliente el pontil de 
aprehensi6n. Dadas las reducidas dimensiones de este horno nos inclinamos por la 
existencia de uno s61o de estos puntos de trabajo, aunque no se puede descartar la 
presencia de dos, contiguos, ubicados en el mismo lateral. 

Sabemos que un horno tradicional egipcio cuyas dimensiones son dos veces las del 
de Pechina (Henein y Gout, 1974, p. 10), consumfa aproximadamenten un tercio de 
tonelada diaria de madera, por lo que podemos estimar para el homo almeriense un 
consume de unos 150 kilos por Jornada. 



119 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



muestra del interns en la Espana Musulmana por el conocimiento ae los procesos ae 
fabricaci6n del vidrio. 

Poco mis aportan las fuentes escritas sobre el tema que nos ocupa, ademis del 
texto recurrente de Ibn Sa*id al-Maghribi, al que haremos alusidn mas adelante por su 
menci6n espresa a Murcia. Este poligrafo del siglo XHI la destaca entre el resto de 
ciudades de al-Andalus junto con Malaga y Alraeria, como centros productores de 
vidrio (Gayangos, I, pp. 51 y 93; II, p, 311). 



1.2. Fuestes materiales : 



Las aportaciones de la arqueologia tampoco ban renovado sustancialmente este 
panorama debido, sobre todo, a que apenas se ban producido hallazgos desde la 
publicacidn de las escavaciones de Medina Azzahra. De alli proceden unos pocos vasos 
soplados en molde y algunas redomas y vasos tallados cuya manufactura se viene 
suponiendo oriental. 

Una buena parte de las escasas piezas de vidrio andalusi que son conocidas de 

antiguo se hallaban en las iglesias romanicas del norte de Espana, donde eran utilizadas 

como relicarios. Una de eilas es el llamado cdliz de Sto. Toribio, depositado en la 

catedral de Astorga, que esti decorado mediante motivos vegetales tallados en relieve, 

al estilo de los famosos vasos supuestaraente fatimies denominados Hedwigsglaser, 

Algunos otros presentan una decoraci6n mis sencilla, tarabidn tallada o soplada en 

molde, como los depositados en el museo Diocesano de Vich. Estos vasos deban 

corresponderse con aquellos frecuentemente mencionados en los inventarios notariales 

de la Espana Cristiana como "arrotomas irakes y espanicas", distinguiendo asi 

probablemente aquellas piezas procedentes del Oriente Musulman de las de al-Andalus 
(Slnchez-Albomoz, 1965, p. 188). 

Tanto en Azzahra como en Ilbira aparecieron pequenas ampollas de vidrio soplado, 
de paredes muy finas y pasta verdosa, claramente enraizadas en la tradici6n 
bajoimperial. Dos de estas ampollas han side halladas recientemente en un escondrijo 
en cueva en la villa de Li^tor (Albacete), tal y como veremos mas adelante. 

Entre las iiiinas de Ilbira fueron hallados los restros de seis Idmparas de platillo y 
de una "corona lucis". Las primeras estdn formadas por gruesos discos de bronce calado 
con pequenas perforaciones en las que se enganchan las cadenas para suspenderias, Los 
discos presentan unas perforaciones anulares en las que encajan las lamparitas de 
vidrio. Por su parte, la corona de luces es de foima cilindrica, tambitJn calada, y cuenta 
con una serie de ap^ndices radiales en cuyo estremo, a modo de anillo, se coclocan las 
lamparitas (I 



lampa 



118 



UL-kJIj oL-Uxll ^ djj^ : ^X^\ 



horno de un vidriero en el que el fuego biilla por las dos puertas que el fogonero abre y 
cieiTa alternativamente. A partir de esta andcdota los dos personajes compnen una 
poesfa "al alim6n" (P&6s, 1983, pp. 292-3). 

Precisamente en la poesfa andalusi de corte baquico las copas y botellas de vidrio 
son un tema recurrente. Sin entrai' en una relacidn exhaustiva, citaremos como ejemplo 
el panegirio de Ibn Ammar a al-Mutadid que comienza: " Haz circular la copa de 
cristal (zuydya), pues la brisa se hace sentir ..," (P6r&s, 1983, p. 377) ^\ 

El mismo fondo bdquico se deja sentir en el poema del murciano Ibn Muchbar (s. 
XII), en el que se queja por la botella que ha perdido su transparencia al contener vino 
tinto. Comienza asi "Yo elevo a los comensales mis quejas en este asunto de la botella 
que se ha vestido con una tiSnica de color negro espeso" (Garcia G6mez, 1971, 138-9). 
Este tipo de menciones responde noimalraente a fdrmulas metafdricas estereotipadas de 
las que apenas se pueden exti'aer conclusiones histdiicas. 

No obstante, la fabricaci6n en al-Andalus de vajilla de vidrio destinada al servicio y 
consumo del vino estd atestiguada gracias, precisamente, a un texto que la prohibe. Nos 
referimos al tratado de hisba de Ibn ' Abdun, que data de comienzos. del siglo XII. Dice : 
"Deberi prohibirse a los vidiieros que fabriquen copas destinadas al vino" (Garcia 
G6mez y Ldvi-Provengal, 1981, pp. 136-7). Esto pai-ece indicar la existencia de algiin 
tipo de vaso cuya fonna lo identificaba como especificamente destinado al consumo del 
vino, tal y como sucedfa en la Alta Edad Media en Europa Central con uno de los mfc 
caracterfsticos del Waldglass: el Romer. 

El tratado de hisba de al-Saqatf, escrito en el primer cuarto del siglo XIII, hace 
tambi^n referenda a la producci6n de vidrio. Dice: "Asi mismo se prohibird a los 
vidrieros sacai* el cristal del horno donde se estd enfriando antes de que haya 
transcuixido un dia y una noche. Esto es porque se resquebrajard si se retira antes de 
dicho plazo". En efecto, ^ste es un precepto esencial para el vidriero: es necesario un 
enfriamiento progresivo de la pieza uan vez soplada, pues el cambio brusco de 
temperatura provoca la fractura del vidrio, 

Asi se recoge en el c6dice escurialense conocido como "El Lapidario": "Piedra es 
quefunde ligeramente en el fuego, et cuando la sacan dell tornase asu sustencia. Pero 
si la sacasen a deshora a menos de se enfriar poc en poc, quiebrase'' (Rodrfguez, 
1981). 

Ademds de esa referencia, "El Lapidario" contiene fdmiulas acerca de la 
fabricacidn del vidrio. Es una obra oriental, preisldmica, escrita posiblemente en 
habreo, que fue vertida al drabe por un andalusi de nombi"e Abolais, quien ailadi6 
diversas interpolaciones. En 1250 el judio Yhuda Mosca y el sacerdote Garci P6rez lo 

tradujeron al castellano por orden de Alfonso X. Esta obra es, en ultima instancia, una 



(2) El empleo de la palabra "cristal" por "vidrio" (zuydy) es un error de la traducci<^n al espaiiol del texto de Vixhs. Mis adelante nos 
tropezaremos con un caso similar. 



117 



EL VIDIUO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



Por otra parte, la produccidn de vidrio implica un aprovechamiento y explotacidn 
de recursos materiales que noiTOalmente estaban asociados a actividades industriales 
mal documentadas en el caso de al-Andalus, como se el caso de la obtencidn de sosa 
c^ustica a paitir de las plantas bamlleras, el aprovisionamiento de madera para 

combustible y el aprovechamiento de arenas siliceas. 

En el estado actual de la investicagidn aiin estamos muy lejos de poder arrojar luz 
sobre todas las cuestiones planteadas, no obstante entendemos que el estudio de los 
hallazgos murcianos supone un impoitante avance en este sentido. 



1.1. Fuentes escritas : 



Saberaos que en la Peninsula IbtJrica se debi6 fabricar vidrio soplado desde 
comienzos de nuestra era y que con mayor o menor fortuna estd producci6n pervivi6 
durante el periodo visigodo; no obstante las fuentes parecen dar a entender una 
revitalizacion de estd industria a raediados del siglo IX. 

Segun al-Makkaii el poeta bagdadi Ziiydb, quien marchd desterrado de la corte 
abbasi para instalarse en Cdrdoba al lado de Abd Al - Rahman II, influyd grandemente 
entre las clases altas cordobesas introduciendo numerosas modas en boga en la refinada 
corte de Hdrun ar - rachid, enti*e ellas se contaba la generalizacidn en el uso de la vajilla 
de vidrio en los banquetes oficiales en sustituci6n de la de metales nobles. 

El propio al- Makkari afirma que el fisico cordob^s 'Abbds ibn Firnds, subdito de 
Muhammad ibn Abd al - Rahm^In ( 852 - 886 ) , descubrio los secretos del cristal y 
fund6 numerosas fdbricas en al - Andalus para su elaboracidn. Debemos entender que lo 
que Ibn Firnds descubri6 fue el secreto para fabricar vidrio transpai'ente parecido al 
cristal; en efecto, los vidrieros han tratado desde antiguo de eliminar la coloracidn 
verdosa del vidrio elemental originada por la presencia de inpurezas de dxido de hierro 
en la silice. 



Makkar 



dado que es un autor tardio ( s. XVII ) cuya fiabilidad depende de la fuente que utilice . 
En los casos que nos ocupan ignoramos los autores glosados. No obstante, ambas citas 
parecen indicar que a mediados del siglo IX se revitaliz6 el uso y la produccidn del 
vidrio en al - Andalus debido a la intluencia del Oriente Musulmdn . De hecho, Siria y 
Egipto, tradicionalmente a la vanguardia de la producci6n del vidrio, vivieron con la 
Uegada del Islam un nuevo impulso de dicha actividad a partir de las tradiciones bajo 
imperiales. 

Otra referenda literaria transmitida por al - Makkari ilusti'a la produccidn de vidrio 
en tiempo de las taifas. El texto muestra a Ibn Hamdfs y al-Mutamid en el palacio 
sevillano del segundo a una hora tardfa. Desde la ventana pueden ver, a lo lejos, el 



116 



ol^LkJIj oL4jJ1 ^ djj^ : ^jjVi 



1. La produccion de vidrio en al-Andalus : 

En la actualidad, los datos que disponemos acerca de la produccidn de vidrio en 
al-Andalus son muy escasos. A la tradicional penuria y parquedad de las fuentes 
escritas se une la prdctica inexistencia de ejemplares conservados. Por otra parte, el 
desarroUo alcanzado por la Arqueologia Medieval en Espana durante los tiltimos anos 
apenas ha variado el panorama desolador que resumieron Gdmez-Moreno y Torres 
Balbds hace cuarenta anos. Probablemente 6siQ se haya debido a la fragilidad inherente 
del vidrio, que suele aparecer en casi todos los contextos arqueol6gicos en un estado 
muy fragmentario, asi como a su relativa escasez en comparacidn con otros materiales 
como por ejemplo la cerimica. 

Por otra parte, pese a que los textos indican la existencia de una floreciente 
industria del vidrio en al-Andalus, la arqueologia aiin no ha recuperado talleres de 
vidrio andalusies que nos permitan conocer las caracteristicas de est^ producci6n. La 
unica excepci6n la constituye un homo hallado en las excavaciones de Pechina 
(Almeria), del que nos ocuparemos mas adelante. 

Sin embargo, las investigaciones llevadas a cabo en determinadas regiones como 

Catalufia y sobre todo el Sur de Francia y la mitad norte de Italia han permitido un 

conocimiento relativamente preciso de las caracteristicas de la actividad vidriera bajo el 

sistema de producci6n feudal. Por tanto, cuando conozcamos un poco mds acerca de las 

instalaciones andalusies tendremos un buen marco comparativo que nos permitird 
profoundizar en las diferencias entre ambas sociedades y en la caracteristicas del paso 

de un modelo de producci6n al otro. 

Las excavaciones llevadas a cabo en la Regi6n de Murcia, tanto en el despoblado 
de Siydsa (Cieza) como en la propia capital, nos permiten afiiTnir que los objetos de 
vridrio formaban parte importante del ajuar domdstico de la sociedad andalusi^^^ Por 
tanto, y a la espera de los hallazgos de instalaciones manufacturer as, parece conveniente 
emprender el estudio de estos objetos para tener un conocimiento preciso de la cultura 
material e incluso de los intercambios econ6micos de la sociedad andalusi. En efecto 
sabemos que en los paises isldmicos del Mediterrdneo Oriental el vidrio fue objeto de 
intenso comercio desde fecha tan temprana como el siglo X, tal y como ha puesto de 
manifiesto el hallazgo y excavaci6n del pecio de Ser9e Limani (Jenkins, 1986). Las 
escasas referencias documentales con que contamos para al-Andalus y en concreto para 
Murcia parecen apuntar asi mismo hacia la existencia no s61o de produccion vitrea sino 
tambi6n de comercio: s61o la informaci6n arqueol6gica podrd confinnar o desmentir 
este extremo y en caso afirmativo, su volumen y alcance. 




cabo esta modesta conlribuci6n. 



podido 



115 



ol.L-UIIj oLJ-t-JI ^ bj^ : ^JuMl 



tLiuij^ jii juiH*ii.[|I^L;JI 




'-jj'^. 



V1>>||JI iJ^ii^MMA 



t jjJjuVI ^_^ r'^jJ' itf'b-^ jS'lyi -»JktS' UJUj <iyj! ,_^-U ^ V^j^ V.-* j" J->Ua^l ^J 



J\j% (<waJI ,>^'J:^I jrU-^l ^ V-^ <J^ ijri>*l' -V— o^l j^-^i OW IJ^ ^>J 



JJU:Jlj i.y*Vl ^_pJl U o^.,-*^ HAS ol>^ ±^j . SJLoJl oljJUl JJ jX^" ^1 U*!>UI 



hj^\ cjUJsSiJi o>c->jl aii . A^^Ui c^'b'^^ iiLcuJI iljiJI *Ju i^w» o-iJ <jt VW^' 



EL VIDRIO ISLAMICO EN MURCIA 



By 



Pedro Jimdnez Castillo 



(ABSTRACT) 



The literary sources named Murcia with Almeria and Malaga as the most important 
glassmaking centers in al-Andalus, In this sense, Ibn Said al-Maghribi said that Murcia 
produce fine glass and lusterware which is exported to far countiies. A few years ago, 
the archeological researches and the chemical analysis permits us to prove the truth of 
this observation relating to the lusterware. Now, the archeological fmds of glass in a big 
Andalusian "medina" like Murcia, and in other smaller sites of its hinterland like Siya- 
sa, show for the first time types, decoration and use of a relatively big group of objects. 



(*) CenU'o de Estudios Arabes y Ai*queol6gicos "Ibn Arabi'* Ayumtamiento de Murcia, S/Selgas, S/N Edificio 



Mercado, Espana. 



113 



IfLUJij oLJLiJI ^ Ojj-J : ^Jl:Vi 



.-.*/// 



/// 




- - 4- - munieiool iimli 



Actguiq 



)prTon[;ft (roving 




Principal Acequla 




Fig (2) :Topografic and hydrologic plane of Poqueira Valley (A): 

Schematic view of irrigation canals (B) 



109 



n IE NETtt'ORK OF IRRIGATION DITaiES IN THE ALPUJ ARRA OF GRANADA 





Motrit 



area 



108 



ULkxJIj cjLJl^I j^ djj^ : ^JuVl 



Viguera M. J. y Corriente, F. : 

"Ibn Hayyan: Cronica del califa 'Abdarrahman HI an-Naseir entre los anos 912 
y 942 (al-Muqtabis V)". Castilian. Trad. Zaragoza, 1981 (Spain). 

YusufAliA. : 

"The Holy Quran". Text, translation and commentary. HEFNER Publishing 
Company. New York, 1946 (U.S.A.). Two volumes, 1862 pp. 



107 



TI IE NETWORK OF IRKIGATION DITO-IES IN THE AUHJiARRA OF GRANADA 



Luna M, : 



"Historia verdadera del rey Don Rodrigo...". 4 ed. Valencia, 1646 (Spain). 



Marmol Carvajal L.: 



"Historia del (sic) reblion y castigo de los moriscos del reino de Granada...", en 
B. A. R, XXI. Granada-Madrid, 1573 (Spain). 

Navajero A. : 

"Viaje a Espana del magnifico senor A... N..., embajador de la Republica de 
Venecia ante el emperador Carlos V". Trad, by Jose Maria ALONSO CANO. 
Valencia, 1951 (Spain). 

Pulido Bosch A., Ben Sbih, Y. y Padilla, A. : 

"The careos. A traditional system for recharging in the southern Sierra Nevada 
Granada, 1993 (SPAIN)", in press. 

Quiros C, : 

"La adquisicion oiiginaria de la tierra en el derecho musulman malequi". Arch, 



Inst. Est. Africanos. 10; pp. 57-58. Madrid, 1949 (Spain). 



Rasis : 



"Cronica". Ed. GAyangos in "Memorias de la Real Acadenmia de la Historia" 

Madrid, 1852 (Spain). VIII. 



Rodriguez Monteoliva F. : 

"Los molinos de harina en La Alpujarra de Granada, durante los siglos XVI al 
XVni. Lexico, etnografia e historia". in "El agua en zonas aridas: Arqueologia 
e Historia". I Coloquio de Historia y Medio Fisico. Almeria, 1989 (Spain). 
Two volumes, 735 pp. 

Sabovik P. : 

"Spanish Iirigation Agriculture and Control". Thesis Doctoral. Yale Uiiiv. 
Conn. (U.S.A.), 1973, Two volumes, 735 pp. 

Simonet F. J. : 

"Descripcion del reino de Granada". New edition. Granada, 1872 (Spain). 

Surdon G. y Bercher, L. : 

'' Recueil de textes de Sociologie et de Droit publie musulman contenus dans 
les "Prolegomenes d'Ibn Khaldoun". Argel, 1951, 



106 



oULkJlj oLJLiJI ^ dj^ : ^jgVI 



"Medidas de peso, capacidad y otras en las Alpujairas segun Libros de 
Habices", Cuadernos Geograficos de la Universidad de Granada. 11 
Granada, 1983 , pp. 309-318, Spain . 



Garrad K. : 



"The original memorial of Don Francisco Nunez Muley" en "Atlante", U, num. 
4 (octobre 1954), pp. 198-226. in m/s. 6.176 (R. 29), folios 311-331, 
Biblioteca Nacional de Madrid. Madrid, 1954 (Spain). 



Gonzalez T. : 



"Censo de poblacion de la provincias y partidos de la corona de Castillo en el 
sigloXVI". Madrid, 1829 (Spain). 

Herrera A. : 

"Agricultura general que U'ata de la labranza del campo,..". Edicion Madrid, 
1790 (Spain). 

Hurtado De Mendoza D. : 

"De la guen'a de Granada, commentarios por Don....,edicion critica preparada 
por Manuel Gomez Moreno" in Memorial historico espanol". Madrid, XLIX, 
1948 (Sain). 



Ibn Al-Khatib : 



- "Al-lhata fi Ajbdr Ghamata". By Muhammad Abd-Allah "INAN. Secondary 

edition, 4 vols. Cairo, 1393/1973 (Egypt). 

- "Mi'yar al-'Ikhtiyar Fi Dhikr al Ma'ahid Wa-1-Diyar". (Texto arabe, 
Traduccion castellana e Estudios) by Mohammed Kamal CHABANA. 198 
p. Mohammadiah, 1976 (Morocco). 

- INSTITUTO DE ESTUDIOS ALMERIENSES DE LA DIPUTACION DE 
ALMERIA. "El agua en Zonas Aridas: Arqueologia e Historia". I Coloquio 
de Historia y Medio Fisico. 1149 pp. Almeria (Spain), 1989. 



Levi-Provencal E. ; 



- "Histoire de I'Espagne musulmane". Ill, Paris, 1953 (France). 

- "la Description de I'Espagne" d'Ahmad el Razi". in "Al-Andalus". 1953. 
XVIIL pp. 51-108. 

- LIBRO DE APEO y REPARTIMIENTO, Archive of Real Chancilleria de 
Granada. Apeos section.. Granada (Spain). 

105 



THE NETWORK OF IRRIGATION DrrCHES IN THE ALPUJARRA OF GRANADA 



" "Posibilidades Agricolas", Ponencias y Conclusiones del II Piano del Consejo 
Economico Sindical de la Zona de "Las Alpujarras". Consejo Economico 
Sindical Provincial. Granada, 1964 (Spain). 

- "Granada, la Tierra y sus Hombres". Consejo Economico Sindical Granada, 

1971 (Spain). 

Cagigas L : 

"Toponimos alpujarrenos". in "Al-Andalus". XVIII. pp. 295-322. Madrid, 
1953 (Spain). 

Calderon De La Barca P. : 

"Teatro selecto de Calderon de la Barca". II. Madrid, 1882 (Spain). 

Caro Baroja J : 

"Los moriscos del reino de Granada". (Ensayo de historia social). 298 p. 
Madrid, 1957 (Spain). 

Casiri M : 

"Bibliotheca arabico-hispana Escurialensis...recenso et explanatio opera et 
studio M. .. C. .." II, Madrid, 1770 (Spain). 

Castillo A. : 

"Las aguas superficiales y subteiraneas en Sierra Nevada (Granada y 
Almeria)", in "Sierra Nevada". Ed. ANDALUCIA, S.A. pp. 145-169. Granada, 
1985 (Spain). 

Covarrubias S. : 

"Tesoro de lengua castellana o espanola". Ed. Martin Riquer. Barcelona, 1943 
(Spain). 

Cressier P. : 

"Le chateau et la division territorial dans TAlpujaira medievale: du hisn a la 
ta'a". Melanges de la casa Velazquez, XX, pp. 1 15-144. Madrid, 1984 (Spain). 

Eguaras Ibanez J. : 

"Ibn Luyun": Tratado de Agricultura". Patronato de la Alhambra, 276 p. 
Granada, 1975 (Spain). 

Espinar Moreno M. : 

- "Aproximacion al conocimiento del regadio alpujarreno". in "Sierra Nevada 
y su entomo". Servicio Publico de la Universidad de Granada. 315 pp. 



Granada, 1988 (Spain). 



104 



CilfLkJIj oLJLdI ^ ojj^ : ^jS^\ 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Al-AIwani. G. K, : 



- " La distribucidn pluviom^tiica el la cuenca del rio Guadalfeo y su influencia 

en la evoluci6n especial y temporal de sus recursos hidricos (Granada)", in 
Simposio de "El Agua en Andalucia". I: 43-54 p, Cordoba, 1990, (Spain). 

- "Bases para la gesti6n de los recursos hidricos totales del rio Guadalfeo 
(Granada)". Master's Ttesis (unpublished). Univ. Granada. 212 p. Granada, 
1992, (Spain). 



AI-Himyari : 



" La p6ninsule ib^rique au Moyen Age d'aprds le Kitib ar-rawd al mi'tdr fl 
habar al-aktdr dlbn 'Abad Al-mun'im Al-Himyari. Text arabe des notices 
relatives a I'Espange, au Portugal, et su Sud-Quest de la France, public avec 
une introduction, un repertoire analytique, une traduccion annotee, un glossaire 
et une carte par E. Levi Provencal". Leiden, 1983. 



Al-Makkari* : 



"Nafh al-Tib...". vol. I. pp. 13M47. Cairo, 1302h, (Egypt) 



Asin Palacios, M. : 

- "Abenhizam de C6rdoba y su histoiia crftica de las ideas religiosas", I, 
Madrid, 1927 (Spain). 

- "Contribucion a la toponimia arabe de Espana". Madrid-Granada, 1944, 
(Spain). 

Bermudez De Pedraza F. : 

"Antiguided y excelencia de Granada". Por el licenciado Franciscao Bermudez 
de Pedraza, natural de ella, Abogado en los Reales Consejo de su Magestad, 
Dirigida a la muy noble, nombrada, y gran ciudad de Granada. En Madrid, por 
Luis Sanchez. Impressor del Rey N. S. Madrid (Spain), 1608. 

Bolens L, : 

"Traditions and Rechniques of Andalusian Agriculture". Third International 
Symposium on the History of Arab Science. The National Council of Culture, 
Art and Literature. 14 p. Kuwait, 1983, 

Bosque Maurei J. : 

- "Notas para el Estudio Regional de la AlpujaiTa". Manuscrito (inedito). 
Granada, 1957 (Spain). 



103 



THE NETWORK OF IRRIGATION DITCHES IN THE ALPUJARRA OF GRANADA 



available)^°\ Nevertheless, this land is in a regression phase, firstly for the low 
profitability and secondly, because a large part of the country people seek work in the 
better-Davine greenhouses alone the nearby coast. 



The 



and 



fresh pastures in summer. In effect, throughout the histoiy of the Alpujarra, there were 
some Moorish leaders (Abenabo, for example) who were given more to pastoral than to 



This 



present. 



Finally, I would like to draw attention to the prosperous silk trade, since in the 
period of the Nazai'i kings there was a great central market for silk in Granada, visited 
by merchants from many parts of the old world. Most of the silk was produced in this 
city, despite the quanitities grown in the Alpiujarra; for this reason al-Razi called the 
Alpujarra "Tierra del sirgo" (land of silk). In this period, most people in Granada wore 



silk clothing. In the alcaiceria (which continues today as a commercial centre in the 
city), aside from raw silk and silk cloth, many items were sold, such as woolen towels, 
braided belts, gold embroideiy, linen, etc/^^l Silk leaving Granada reached all the 
shores of the Mediteaanean and even the Sahara and the banks of the Niger. 

After the reconquest, the silk trade played a very important part, as stated by 
Marmol ^^\ the Alpujairan Moors went to Granada not only to sell their silk, but also to 
plan and prepare the rebellion. The silk industry continued until after the expulsion of 

the Moors, since the Christian Alpujan-ans (Viejos) continued the trade. Furthermore, in 
the 16th century the silk woito left this area for New Spain (the Americas)^^'*^ 
Afterwards, however, in the 19th century the silk industry collapsed. Today, old 
Alpujarrans still remember silk factories operating in Ugijar. 



9. Conclusion : 



This commercial and economic prosperity is owed to the acequias of the 
Alpujarras., which occupy a unique place in the hydraulic panorama of Andalusia. The 
technical constancy in applying the acequias network and careos system speak as much 
of constructive initiative as of the efficient adaptation to the hydrological conditions of 
the environment. The skilful use of water was invaluable to both agriculture and human 
life; water in fact was considered the origin of life, as revealed in the sacred Koran: "we 
made from water eveiy living thing" ^'^^\ 

(70) Al-Alwani, op. cit., p. 174. 
(71)Hunadode Mendoza, op. cii.,p. 134. 

(72) BermudezdePedraza, "Atiliguidad yexcelenciasde Granada.." folio.21, v. 

(73) Marinol, p. 134 Gib. I, chapter XI). 

(74) Alonsode Herrera, "Agricultnira feneral". pp. 382-41 1. 

(75) The Holy Quran (vol. 11. section 3. S. XXI, 30-31) p. 828. Iran, by Yusuf Ali. 



102 



oULkJI^ oi-„,,,l.-dl ^ djj^ : ^jgVi 



At present, those in charge of the system are: the encargado del agua (treasurer in 
charge of the water), the ramalero (distributor), and the acequiero (watchman). A 
detailed explanation of the water rights and units, irrigation schedule, and irrigation of 
procedure lies outside the main form of this work, and therefore would require a 
specific study. 



8. Economic Development : 

To provide an idea of the quanitity of land under irrigation in the Alpujarra 
Granadina, I shall describe the iirigation in the taha of Poqueira, which was in the hands 
of the Moors and then passed to the repopulators after the rebellion in 1568 and the 
subsequent expulsion in 1570. Following the repopulation edict of Philip II in 1571, the 
Apeo was ordered a general survey of land left by the Moors. Libro de Apeo contours 
the survey and division (Repartimiento) of land for the new settlers, concerning the 
administrative unit (taha) of Poqueira. 

The property of the Moors in the valley was divided into 100 equal units called 
suertes. A suerte contained a certain amount of every kind of property: house, 31.5 
marjales (twelve marjales equal one hectare) of irrigated land^^\ 2.5 marjales of 
vineyard, four nut ti'ees, twelve chestnut trees, and four onzas (ounces) of silkworms 
(one onza equals 29.4 g). A total of 3,150 marjales of iirigated land, 250 marjales of 
vineyard, 312 nut trees, 1,354 chestnut trees, and 400 onzas of silkwoims (cria de seda) 
was divided ^^^l If the above information is correct, in 1573 there appears to have been 
about 262 hectares of irrigated land and about 20 hectares of vineyard, in the Poqueira 
Valley, owned by the Moors (other land belonged to the Viejos Christian inhabitants). 

In the town of Lobras (taha of Juviles) it was apparently impossible to cultivate 
more trees, according to the report by the Consejo (Council) on 11 March 1609: "that it 
was imposible to plant that number of mulberries and trees because, being very Utile 
irrigated land it would become completely covered by trees" ^^^\ 

The census of 1752 in the archives of ayuntamiento de Capileira (the City Hall) 
indicated 1,000 hectares of irrigated land (possibly 60%' covered by trees), 5,578 
mulberiy trees, 2,233 chestnut trees, 302 nut trees, and 231 small olives ^^^\ There must 
have been otiier trees, although possibly of little iuterest to tax collectors. Today, the 
mulbeny trees and the vineyards in the valley no longer exist. For the whole Poqueira 
Valley the total area of iirigated land is 874 heactares (Sabovik, 1973). 

Currently, the irrigation land in the same valley is some 1,480 hectares (only in 
Bubion and Capileira, without counting that of Pampaneira, for which no data are 



(66) Espinar Moreno, "Medida de peso...", p. 1 1. One niarjal equnl.s about 521 square nits. 

(67) Archive of Ayuntainineto de Capileira, in Sabovik, op. cit., pp. 24-25. 

(68) Libro de Apeo de Lobras, in La Real Chancilleria, folia'!, 310-327. 

(69) Archive of Ayuntaniineto de Capileira , in Sabovik, op. cil., p. 28. 

101 



THE NETWORK OF IRRIGATION DITCHES IN THE ALPUJARRA OF GRANADA 



These two latter classes of water are beneficial during the cold and the heat, for 
producing complementary effects; that is, cold in summer and warmth in winter. The 
water running towards the east of the springs is good [?], and that which surges from 
the bottoms of the wells is even better [?]. They say that the worst water for plants is 
from the ice and perpetual snow,.. Make the acequias in such a way that they have a 
moderate fall, so that the water causes no damuge. The water with an impetuous 
current, or flood water, benefits land used for sowing but is very damaging for fruit 
trees'' ^^^\ These matters and many others related to the hydrogeology of the region are 
explained by Ibn Luyun, an author who frequented the area and lived in Almeria 



7. Organization Of The Irrigation : 

The organization of the irrigation schedule (tanda) and water allocation became 
strong oral traditions passed down from generation to generation, at least from the time 
of the Muslim domination. 



All the captation systems provide equitable distiibution, after being regulated by 
water ordinances and reviewed by a council of men, which in the Moslem period was 
under the direction of a cadi "Kadi" (cadi); these authorized the opening of the acequia, 
balsa (pond or swamp), etc., as shown in the Juviles taha when the cadies allowed the 
water to pass through an acequia over a mosque (masdjid in Arabic)^^l In addition, 
there was the alguacil (governor) in charge of all matters related to irrigation. In the 
same period, the levelling and teiracing, and the supply and distribution of water 
involved the acquisition of land and its profit, according to the malequi Moslem 
rights^^^\ 

The distribution may be directly to the fields. from the balsas or albercas and tanks, 
or from the acequias, depending on the preset turns for the plots of land. On the water's 
arrival to the plot, in accordance with the allocation order, the sluice gate is opened for 
the water to flow from the acequia into the ramal (secondary irrigation canal), and then 
the sluice gate is closed after the prescribed amount of time. 

Today the irrigation is called abierto (open) when the water begins in the high part 
and descends the slope, and recolio (filtering) in the reverse direction. The excess water 
from the highest pait must make up any needs in the lowest parts; tlie characteristics of 
the plots and crops must be thoroughly understood. The Moslems were such masters in 
the ait of irrigation that they were able to cultivate many areas of inferior quality, which 
were abondoned later by those who repopulated the Alpujarra. 

(63) Ibn Luyun, "Kitab al-Filalia". in "Tratado de Agriculuira", p. 183. 

(64) Espinar Moreno, "Aproxirnacion al conociniieiito...", p. 135. 

(65) Quiros, "La adquisicion...", 10. p. 61. 



100 



ol^LiuJIj oLJLiJI U-- oj^ : ^JuVl 



the night into places called matas or careos where it dissappears very quickly only to 



and 



intermittent 



combined together, naturally or artificially , to form a stronger cuirent suitable for 
irrigation. This combination is refeired to as remanientes^^*\ The amount of water 



carried by springs varies greatly. At the time of estiaje (the lowest amount of water 



available in the rivers in summer), when the night imgation has to resumed and no 
water can be diverted into careos, the remanientes, especially, have less water than 
necessary for the efficient irrigation by one irrigator. 

The water is therefore collected into a reservoir (alberca or balsa) from which a 
suitable volume can be taken for imgation (Fig, 2, B). An alberca (Arabic name) is an 
excavated resei"voir with a rounded, stomped bottom of about two to three meters deep, 
the size varying with the amount of available water ^^^\ For night iirigation, it is more 
confortable to collect one's share of water from the acequia in reservoir during the night 
and then irrigate from it during the day. 

These careos are caireid out in two common ways: by spreading the water over a 
plot of land made up largely of permeable materials; or directing tlie water into an area 
of open fractures, this practice a true recharge. This sophisticated method is used only 
in the high Alpujaixa. 

Currently, the careos is used more in the Mecina acequia (supplying to the pueblo 
of Mecina Bombaron) than in other acequias, In the Poqueira Valley the careo system 
depends upon the Lugares acequia. 

The aim pursued of these activities is triple: 1) to guarantee a water supply in the 
dry months; 2) to improve the physical-chemical characteristics of the water for human 
consumption, given that these waters, coming from the thaw, have a very low salt 

content and very cold temperature; 3) to maintain the moisture the slopes where these 
practices are carried out and thus guaranteeing the gi*woth of important vegetation 
(Pulido Bosch et al., 1993; in press). 

The quality of the waters, depending on their origin, for different agricultural uses, 
and the manner of making die acequiasm were well U'eated by the famous Ibn Luyun, in 

r 

his book Tratado de Agricultura (Treatise on Agriculture), (Spanish translation). The 

text, written in the year 1348 (740 by the Moslem calendar) states: " In relation to 

agriculture, four classes of water are found: the best is rain water, and afterwards the 
rivers, for being running water, which, in cold weather kills the worms in the ground, 
and for this reason is beneficial; then the water from springs, and finally, well water,,,. 



(6l)Ibid., p. 283. 
(62)Ibid., p. 283. 



99 



THE NETWORK OF IRRIGATION DITCHES IN THE ALPUJARRA OF GRANADA 



acequias, the Alpujarra, with the exception of the riverbank and gully areas, would be 
uncultivated. 



* Secondary canals : 

The urigable terrain which is situated mostly between the acequia and the river at 
the bottom of the valley (if no other primaiy canal is in between), is dissected by a 
network of secondary canals, peiTOanent irrigation taking water from the acequia, 

springs, or from each other. They are maintained by those whose land is irrigated from 
the secondary canal in question. A canal which is more or less perpendicular to an 
acequia is called ramal cayedero (caer, to fall), while that more or less parallel to the 
acequia is called ramal cabeza (cabeza, head). A canal diagonal to the acequia is 
refereed to simply as ramal (Fig. 2, B). 



* Springs : 

There are t 



explain the difference between a fuente and remaniente in tenns of permanence: the 
fuente supplies water all the year, whereas the remaniente functions only when the 
acequias carry water. Although there are quite a number of permanent springs (fuentes), 
usually sitauted over the acequia, most of those referred to as remaniente and situated 
below the acequia are fed by the seepage from the latter. Irrigation from the acequias 
and springs is considered to be one system (Fig. 2, B). Later, I shall explain the way in 
which these springs function. 



* Irrigation furrows : 

Tliese are situated in the very field which they inigate. Their most distinguishing 
feature is, therefore, their lack of permanence. They have to be renewed after every 
ploughing, weeding, or even after a torrential rain. After the sowing of a field, the 
farmer contours the whole field with an iron plough, making parallel furrows at about 
three- and five-meter intei^vals ^^^\ These imgation fuiTowa (called melgas or mergas) 
must be dug in such way as to facilitate the flow of water across the whole field, and 
since all the fields are located on terraced slope, melgas follow the contours of the 
slope. Every second fuitow is called madre or maestra (Fie. 2, B). 



6. Artificial Recharge: "Careos" : 

As a result of centuries of experience, the villagers know the route of seepage and 
the places in the teirain which very efficiently absorb water (Fig. 2, A). Mn the spring 
and eariy summer, when water is abundant and night irrigation is not necessary, water 
for seepage is deliberately provided by diverting it from acequias or cayederos during 



(60) Sabovik, op. cit., p. 286. 



98 



oULk^lj oUJuJl ^ djj^ : ^X^\ 



conduits into acequia s (primary canals), ram ales (secondai'y irrigation canals), 




(springs) and melg as or m erg as (irrigation fuiTOws), following the locally 
recognized distinctive features such as the origin of water flowing through them, 
permanence of their existence, maintenance and administration of their use ^^^. Some of 
the aforementioned categories are subdivided into types according to additional criteria 
of distinction (Fig. 2, B). 



* Primary irrig;ation canals : 

According to the predominat local usage, the primary inigation canal is an 

artificially excavated permanent water conduit which takes water directly from the 
river, and which is the basis for an independently functioning iirigation unit with its 
own secondary canals. Rules for water use supply to all land owners inigating from the 
acequia. At higher altitudes and at the appropriate point at which the river takes a 
sudden downward tuni, water is diverted into a canal by means of primitive weir (presa 
boquera). The canal then gently descends to the valley floor. The entire volume of 
water available in the river or only a part of it may be diverted. The weir or presa is a 
structure made of stones and earth which can be enlarged or deminished by the addition 
or removal of stones and earth, according to the volume flowing in the river^^^l The 
point at which the water is diverted from the river is called the toma (take) of the 
acequia (in some cases the primary canal has two or more tomas). In the absence of 
modern technically constiucted canals, these removable presas represent a good 
adaptation to the highly variable volume of water in the mountain sti'eams. 

The acequia, as well as the whole network of canals in the high Alpujarra, is an 
open ditch excavated into the terrain and following all the contours of the slopes. It is 
also of varied breadth. Where it has had to be cut into the rocky teirain it may be less 
than one meter wide, whereas on more level terrain it may be up to two meters. The 
enbankments are fortified by flat stones, and occasionally the outer side may be dry 
walled. Since the acequia follows all the contours of the slope, the speed of the water 
flow also varies considerably, becoming in some places almost a waterfall, locally 
called chorrera. Evaporation as well as seepage of water both through the walls and the 
bottom of the acequia is considerable. In total, there are twenty primary imgation 
canals or acequias which originate in the streams of valley of Poqueira ( for 
example ) ^^^\ 

Apai't from imgation, the acequia system served in the past for operating mills 
(molinos). The mills were constructed fundamentally in the town of the high Alpujarra, 



Without 



taking 



(56) Sabovik, op. cit., p. 273. 

(57) Ibid., p. 275. 

(58) Ibid., p. 53 L 

(59) Rodriguez Monteoliva, "Los molinos de harina.,.", "El agua en z*.>nas aridas:..", vol. II, p. 686. 



97 



THE NETWORK OF IRRIGATION DITaffiS IN THE ALFUJARRA OF GRANADA 



5. The Acequias Network : 

"Jagged mountains, plunging valleys, massifs soaring to the sky, narrow roads, 
blind ravines and cliffs..." is the apt description of Alpujarra by Hurtado de Mendoza, 
puting the words in the mouth of Abenjaguar^^^\ In effect, the local Moslems attempted 
to order the geomorphology by levelling plots, terracing, building stepped banks and by 
the distribution of water. Water is a critical resource in the southeastern peninsula, the 
control of which is vital to establish populations and stabilize agricultural production. 
This control became a most prestigious irrigation system, a complex network of 
acequias still functioning. In the Alpujarra Granadina there are 29 acequias of great 
importance, varying the length from 2 to 15 km (acequia of Castaras. 



RIVER 




Lanjaron 


Chico 


Poqueira 


Conflu 


Trevelez 


Cadiar 


Mecina 


Nichete 


N°.AC 


4 


1 


8 


2* 


8 


5 


2 


2 



N : number of acequias; *; below the confluence ofPoqueira and Travelez rivers. 



These acequias, which always cii-eulate tightly along the contours, receive water 
from the rivers mentioned aboved by way of boqueras (sluices) or presas (weirs) (punto 
de toma supply points); these points ai'e situated at altitudes of 700 to 2500 m a.sJ.. The 
principal aim of these acequias is to distribute the water to all plots to be irrigated in all 
pueblos, villas and aldeas (hamlets), from the highest altitude to the middle courses of 
the Guadalfeo and Adra Rivers.. To explain this system thoroughly, I shall discuss die 
network of acequias located in the Poqueira Valley (representing the taha of the same 

name), which still remains in good condition TFip 9 A^ 



The 



watercourse, the River Poqueira, which is forked at the upper and of the principal valley 
into the river Mulhacen and Lagunillos and thus fonns two side valleys. These rivers 
are nourished at higher altitudes by many streams, both perennial and intemittent, as 
well as by many fuentes or manantiales (springs). Water is diverted from these rivers 
and their tributaries, as well as from other streams and springs, into the irrigation 
canals, and it is conducted then across the slopes, following all thier contours at a 
milder gradient than in the river at the bottom of the valley. 

Once diverted, the water is then distributed by many smaller canals over die 
irrigable terrain. Only gravitation powers the distribution of water as well as actual 
irrigation. For a better description of the complicated network of canals, and the 
working of the whole system of irrigation, it is convenient to categorize the water 

(55) Hurtado de Mendoza, "De la guerra de Granada...", p. 22. 



96 



oUUa^Jlj oLJLJdl ^>^ uj^ : ^jjVi 



shady side only 12 C, and it may fall to 10 C at night. These differences, so intimately 
known by inhabitants of the Poqueira Valley (Fig. 2, A), have become part of local 
parlance for spatial categorization, such as tierra solana (sunny land) and umbria 
(northern shady side) ^^^\ The sowing and harvesting of crops have been well adapted to 
these natural phenomena. 

When the effects of high summer temperatures*, evaporation intensity, and the steep 
slope are combined, the result is a severe summer drought, making irrigation imperative 
(the summer average is only 5.8% of the total yearly rainful). The northern side of the 
Mulhacen "Mawlay Hasan" (3,482 m) and Veleta (3,398 m) peaks may accumulate up 
to 4 m of snow ^^'^\ It is this melting of snow and ice that keeps alive the agriculture of 
the region, including that of the Alpujarra Granadina. 

The average real annual evapotranspiration fluctuates between 286 and 358 mm in 
the Guadalfeo River Basin. Meanwhile in the upper Alpujarra the RET (real 
evapotranspiration) represents 48% of the precipitation (the mean valued estimated for 
the precipitation in this zone being 829 mm). In the same zone, the main fraction of the 
rainful is converted to surface runoff; another fraction infiltrates, both directiy by the 
melting of the snow and by way of the fractures in the rocky mass, giving rise to tiiree 
types of flow: deep, intermediate and subsurface (or epidermic)^^^^. The latter two types 
of flow become incorporated with the surface runoff by way of springs, gullies and 
rivers; the first type of flow is discharged on the edge of the metamorphic materials 
(from the Nevado-filabride), in contact with the Alpujanides materials (mentioned 
above), giving rise to medicinal mineral waters and/or ferruginous waters. 

From the study of water balances in the soil at certain stations representative of tiie 
Alpujarra Granadina, we can deduce that at all these stations, except Orgiva, the 
precipitation-evapotranspiration balance is negative from about May; although, tiie 
annual deficits are less than the suipluses in all cases ^•^'^^ This means that the cultivated 
areas need to be irrigated, at least for four months during the year (June, July, August 
and September). 

The surface runoff over the Nevado-filabride materials represents 52% of the 
precipitation; and the maximum flows of the principal rivers are registered between 
May and June (thaw period); for example, in the case of the Poqueira River, the 
maximum flow exceeds 3()()() 1/s, with an average annual flow of around 53 Hm3/year 
for a catchment basin of 81 km2. 



(51)Sabovik,op. ciL,p. 10. 

(52) Ibid., p. 11. 

(53) Al-Alwani, "Gestion...". pp. 145-146. 

(54) Ibid., pp. 68-69/ 100-101. 



95 



Tl E NETWORK OF IRRIGATION DlTaiES IN THE ALPUJARRA OF GRANADA 



Nevertheless, the Alpujarran Moslems closely obseived the precipitation patterns. 
Where it rained, they used more the groundwater and developed exploitation systems, 
consdits and storage for these waters. In Almeria and nearby sectors, there was no dry 
ground, according to the documents. Meanwhile, in the Alpujaixa Granadina, where 
precipitation was high, more surface water used, by means of a complex network of 
acequias, which carried the water to the areas to be irrigated. 

The periodicity of the precipitation and the climate in general has not changed 
significantly in the last five centuries in these areas. In a study of the climate of the 
Guadalfeo River Basin (which includes most of the Alpujaira Granadina), made by the 
present author using data for a 30 year period (1995/56 to 1984/5) and 21 pluviometric 
stations throughout the sector studied, it is deduced that the maximum average 
precipitation is registered in the month of December (to 120 mm in the Poqueira 

Valley), and a minimum is recorded for July and August. Another maximum is 
registered in the month of Februaiy in the sector of Juviles ( from 95 mm in 
Berchules)^^'^\ - 

With respect to the distribudon of the precipitation, we find that along the coast and 
depressed zones, the curves of equal precipitation (annual average) are between 450 and 
500 mm, whereas in the Sieira Nevada the average precipitauon exceeds 1,000 mm, and 

can even reach 3,000 mm at an altitude of 2,400 m ^'^^\ Furthennore, the concentration 
of isiyetas (curves of equal precipitation) is denser in the southeastern sector of the 
Sierra Nevada (where more rain falls) than in the southeastern sector (the eastern 
Alpujarra). The value obtained for the average precipitation is 620 mm (Guadalfeo 
basin), and the pluviomeulc gradient is 16 mm /lOO m. This shaip variation is owed to 
many factors, such as altitude differences (from sea level to 3,000 m), mountains, the 
direction of humid winds, and a microclimate in the Lecrin Valley as well as in the 
middle course of the Guadalfefo River ^"^^^ 

Maximum average monthly temperatures are registered during the months of July 
and August, and the minimums between December and February. The monthly 
variation ranges from 5 to 25 C, and the average annual temperature varies from 12.9 C 
(Soportujar) to 16.6 C in Orgiva. In the sectors closet to the mountain tops, the average 
temperature does not exceed 10 C, and, in the case of the Sierra Nevada, can fall 5 C. 
According to Bosque Maurel ^^^\ the Sierra Nevada has 10 C in August and -11 C in 
Januai'y at an altitude of 3,000 m. This mountain thus efficiently condenses Atiantic and 
Mediteiranean humidity, which decrease rapidly with altitude. In the high Alpujanra, 
the temperature in direct sunlight can be over 32 C (in the summer), but on the northern 



(47) Al-AIwarii, "Bases para la gctilion.,.", Master's Thesis (uiipublislied). pp. 50-51. 

(48) Sabovik, "Spanish Irrigation AgricLihure...", p. 8. 

(49) AI-Alwani, "La distribucion pluvionietrica...", p. 48 (vol I), 

(50) Bosque MaureJ, op. cit. 



94 



ol.UuJlj oLJJxJt ^ Oj^ : ^^Vl 



The Moslems of the Alpuj arras wasted no space. The cultivated plots were levelled 
into stepped terraves, and were iirigated by carefully channelled water, the distribution 
of which was determined by detailed mles. A similar form of cultivating the land and 
distributing water continues to this day whem the Moors once lived. The irrigation 
lands of the tahas of Orgiva, Ferreira and Poqueira were famous; where wheat, barley, 
rye and millet were grown under irrigation ^^^\ In addition, there was the cultivation of 
alhena (henna), much appreaciated by the Moors but abandoned after their expulsion. 

The cultivation of the muUberiy tree was the principal source of farming wealth in 
the Alpuj aiTas, which together with the raising of the silk worm characterized the 
Alpujarras even after the end of Islamic domination. In these tahas veiy fine silks were 
produced in Orgiva, Ferreira and Poqueira^'*^\ Less-valued silks were made in Juviles 
and Ceheles^'*^^ although Ibn al-Kharib, two centuries before described Juviles 
(Shabalish in Arabic) as "an element of silk, its ingots pwr^"^'*^^; and silks of lower 
quality were made in Ugijar. 

In each pueblo there was a type of guard or inspector for the silk, die "hafiz or 
hafiz"^'^^^ and in the Nazari period the monarchs exacted their greatest revenues from 
this product, even up to the dme of Felipe II; the king's silk dghts entided him to 68 
cuentos (counts) of maravedis (old Spanish coin), or 181,500 ducados (ducats)^'^l Even 
Nunez Muley could say diat the Spanish crown extracted more profit from Granada 
than from any other realm^'*-'^^ 



4. Climate Features : 



the zone of the Alpujarras can be classified as a subhumid (the western part, 
pertaining to Granada) and semi-arid (eastern part pertaining to Almeria). Historically, 
die Moslems in Al-Andalus has a profound knowledge of the climate and 
geomorphology in the Iberian Peninsula, and classifed the climatic conditions. 



two 



fl 



rains come also from the west; eastern Andalus, or Al-Aksa, the valleys of which slope 
easterly to the Mediterranean Sea (Al-Rumi), and its rains come front eatern winds'\ 
Another Moslem, Ibn Nazam, said: "the stronger the wet winds, the more rain falls on 
the part of Al-Andalus, and the eastern part will remain dry, and vice versa^'^l 

(39) Marmol, p. 191 Oib. IV, chapter X). 

(40) Ibid. 

(41) Marmol, pp. 193-194 (lib. IV, chapter X-XI). 

(42) Ibn al-Kiiatib, "Mi'yar...". p. 1 11 

(43) Marmol, p. 192 (lib. IV, cliapter X). 

(44) Marmol, p. 134 Oit>. I, chapter IX). 

(45) Nunez Muley, p. 214. 

(46) Al-Makkari, "Nafli al-Tib...", pp. 131-133. 

93 



THE NCTWORK OP IRRIGATION DITCHES W THE ALPUJARRA OF GRANADA 



The Moslem economic structure was at first presei*ved by the Spanish monarchy^^^\ 
The Moors were famed silk producers, masterful artisans, and skilful weavers, alarifes 
(masons), carpenters. The Ordenancas (Ordinances) of 1552 contained titles referring to 
74 occupations, of which many included a Christian style and a Moorish style ^^^l In 
Ugijar, for example, there were official titles for smiths, canvas-shoe makers and 
tailors, all for the Moorish style. 

The Andalusian Moslems were renowned as farmers and their works was 
considered superior to that of viejos (contemporai'y) Christians, although more 
precisely, in the field of hoiticulture, as stated by Caro Baroja^-'^^l Navajero comments 
that the Moors keep their field tended and full of great variety of trees^^^l In fact, this 
author attributes the decay in Spanish agriculture to the expulsion of the Moors. Ibn al 
Khatib describes a town in the Alpujarra of Almeria (Berja, or Bardja in Arabic): " a 
site with many trees, but sterile with respect to wheat" ^"^^^ In my opinion, the 
Andalusian Moslems, and above all in the last Kingdom of Granada, devoted more care 
to irrigated crops, with the intensive cultivation and orchards, than to other types of 
agriculture, such as the cultivation of cereals, although they grew these crops in small 
areas, in keeping with the regional climate. Some important data of the economic 
situation in the tahas of the Alpujarra Granadina come from the testimonials of Moorish 
senorios owners when they decided to go (or were forced to go) to North Africa. 
According to these records, the taha of Juviles earned 30,000, tliat of Ugijar some 
22,000, and those of Fen-eira and Poqueira earned 12,000 pesantes annually ( one 
pesante aqualled 10 pisetas in silver) ^'^'^\ 

These mountain districts were quite rich in agriculture; al-Razi (Rasis) describes 
how these area many different species of tree were cultivated, including orange, filbert 
and pomegranate^^'^l The highest tahas, in Poqueira and Ferreira (or today in 
Ferreirola), were rich in agrcultural trees such as pear, apple, walnut and chestnut. An 
anecdote told by al-Makkari-accoring to Ibn Djuzay' -is that there was a chestnut 
growing in the Bushairat Ghamata (Alpujaira Granadina) in the interior of which a 
weaver was working^^-'^l 

The lower places, such as Orgiva, and in more sheltered places, there were oranges, 
lemons and citrons ^^^\ On the coast, especially in Motril-Salobrena, sugai* cane was 
grown ^^'^\ as well as other plants which require a more temporate climate, as orange 
and lemons (brought centuries before from the Orient, as stated by Caro Baroja) ^^^\ 



(28) Ibid, p. 71. 

(29) "Ordenancas...", folios. LVII r.-LXVIII v.. in Caro Baroja op. al.. p. 73 

(30) Caro Baroja, op. cit., p. 76. 

(31) Navajero, "Viaje a Espana...", p. 73. 

(32) Ibn al-Kliatib, "Mi'yar al-"Ildiliyar...". p. 98 (chapter IV, section I). 

(33) CODOIN. f.p. 442-448 (VIII), in Caro Baroja op. cii. p. 83. 

(34) AI-Razi (o Ra5is), p. 37 (f 8) Gayangos edition. 

(35) Al-Makkari, "Natli al-Tib...", p. 146 (vol. I). 

(36) Marnwl pp. 186-191 (lib. IV, cliapiers IX-X). 

(37) Ibn al-Kliatib, "Mi'yar al-'Ikluiyar...", p. 1 11 (cliapler IV. secUon I). 

(38) Caro Baroja, op. cit., p. 92. 

92 



oULkJij oLJLaJI ^ djj^ : ^JljVI 



administraively one pueblo (town) with the municipio (municipality) in Bubion. A royal 
decree in 1821 seperated three of these and gave each settlement the status of an 
independent pueblo with its own ayuntamiento (town hall)^^^^. The fourth, Alguastar, 
had dissolved before seperation. As a result, tlie whole valley was divided into three 
cadastres terminos (townships) belonging to each pueblo. The seperation, however, was 
not peaceful. According to the documents in the municipal archive the officials were 
mistreated by the representatives of the prospective pueblos. 

Many of the lugares such as Ferreira, Ferreirola, Pampaneira, Poqueira and others 
of the same soit, are names which must be considered residual of the language of the 
mozarabes, as proposed by various researchers ^^^\ 



3. Socio-Economic Framework : 



Little data is available on the size of population living in the Alpujarra during the 
first era of Arab domination, but there are many references to population during the 
time of the Kingdom of Granada and later periods. The estimates of the quantity and 
composition of the population at this time are, in my opinion, questionable, Nunez 
Muley indicates a population of some 250,000 to 300,000 Moors living in the Kingdom 
of Granada^^^\ in times of crisis, 50,000 warriors could be called down from the 
Alpuj arras ^^^\ According to the records of royal taxes meant to expel the Moors^^"*^ we 
can calculate that some 65,000 people lived in the Alpujairas. Another important record 
spoke of 30,000 men in the zone, without counting women and children^^^^ ; this would 
imply a total of 80,000 or 90,000 inhabitants (depending on the Moslem family 
structure at that time). Later, 165 villages were counted with a total population of 
almost 48,000 people. The repopulation after the expulsion, however, did not provide 
sufficient labour to maintain population sizes of previous periods. In the middle of the 
seventeenth century, Jorquera, as quoted by Bosque Maurel, estimated the population of 
the Alpujarra to be only 12,000 ^"^'\ 

■ The Moors of Granada were mixture of Arabs, Syrians, Berbers and other diverse 
elements in smaller proportion, in addition to the old mudejar people "evacuated" from 
territories last held by Islam who crowded together in their own quarters^^^\ This 
society maintained its language, religion, dress and customs, as well as a consciousness 
of unity, Nevertheless, there were decisive factors, such as dilTerences based on origin, 
social class, status, economic position, the category of work and the geographic setting. 

(20) Sabovik, "Spauisli Irrigalion Agricullure...", p. 29. 

(21) Asin, "Contribucion a la Toponiiuia...", p. 32. 

(22) Nunez Muley, p. 209. 

(23) Marmol, p. 133 (lib. I, chapter IX). 

(24) Gonzalez, "Censo de pob!acion..."p. 1 10. 

(25) Calderon, in scene I, act II, in "Amor de.spues de la niuerte", II. p. 687. 

(26) Bosque Maurel, op. cit., unpuhli.shed inanuscripi. 

(27) Caro Baroja, op. cit., p. 61. 

91 



THE NETWORK OF IRRIGATION DITCHES IN THE AlPUJARRA OF GRANADA 



or governor (alcaide) who excercised the religious authority of an ulama (alfaqui, head 
of a moMuel^^^l The oeoole who lived in a given taha had more in common than 



and 



and 



Moslems 



the Moors (Moriscos). For many centuries in Al-Andalus, it was possible to bring 
together the consciousness of lineage, a certain type of agnatic solidarity, with the 
territory dominated and the management of agriculture ^^^\ 

Until after the reconquest, many dialects were spoken among the Moors, as 
illustrated by Francisco Nunez Muley, a Moor speaking out against the judgement of 1 
January 1567, one year before the rebellion: "How many people are there in villas and' 
places outside and inside the city whose Arab languages are not properly spoken, but 



different from one another, fi 



II fi 



and grown up in small places, where Spanish was never spoken, these people are 
understood by nobody, except the priest, the beneficiary or the sacristan, and these 



an 



overview not only of many of the factors cited above but also of the tragic situation in 
which these people lived. 

During this same era, the two tahas (Cehel and Suhayl) in the Alpujarra Granadina 
were consolidated into one (the two Ceheles), "the large" and "the small". Nomally, 
each taha was comprised of various lugares (settlements), (the taha of Orgiva had 15, 
Porqueira 4, Ferreira 11, Juviles 20, los Ceheles 11, Ugijar 19), and each lugar was 
composed of barrios (neighbourhoods or quarter). The lugares were called alquerias (in 
Arabic) and the barrios harat (sing, hara or harat). Each barrio might have a gima 
(djim'a) or more commonly Aljama (mosque), a rabita and a macaber (cemetery), and 
perhaps public baths ^^^\ 

Finally, the tahas at the time of the fall of Granada were senorios (estate) which 
speculated upon, since the last Moorish king of Granada., Boabdil (Abu Abdallh), and 
some of his partisans, had tahas as compensation from the conquering Spanish 
monarchs^^^l This system of senorios continued later, though in a more fragmented 
form. 



Subsequently, the Spaniards continued the same airangement. For example, all four 
lugares in the valley of Poqueira (Capileira, Bubion, Pampaneira and Alguastar)formed 



(15) Caro Baroja, op. cil., p. 80. 

(16) Ibid. p. 38. 

(l7)MariiK)l, p. 165 (lib. II> chapter X); Nunez Muley. F.: see Garrad. K., pp. 221-223. 

(18) Caro Baroja, op. cit.. p. 82. 

(19) CODIN, "Coleccion de docuiuentos ineditos para la Hi.sioria de Espaiia" . pp. 413-414, in Caro Caroja. p. 8; Marinol, p. 146 
Gib. I. chapter XIX). 



90 



oUUaJlj oL-LiJi ^>^ Oj^ : ^X^\ 



the Husun in the Alpujarras is their location near the rivers or the tributaries; 
furtheiTQore, each djuz' represents a zone of pasture economy and the town 
governments 

These districts were included in the larger units named 'Akalim (sing. *Lklim) of 
which there were up to three or four 'Aklim in the Alpujaita^^^ The Kingdom of 
Granada (1248/1492) was divided into provinces (Kura) in Arabic, and Cora in the 
Spanish spoken in Granada, These provinces have various climas ("Akalim in Arabic); 
this term implied no administrative or jurisdictional meaning^'°\ According to Ibn 
al-Khatib, in the fourteenth century, the Kingdom of Granada had up to 33 climas, 
distributed in three coras: in Elvira or Granada, in Malaga or Reyyo (Reyyw) and in 
Almeria or Bayyana" (Badjdjna) ^^^\ 

In the climas district physiognomies allude to their orographic variety, and the 
inhabitants. The inhabitants that lived in the plains were moderate in character: e.g., the 
Vega (fertile plain) of Granada, which constituted a clima, the "Alfoz", also called in 
'iklim al-Fahs/^^^ In the Alpujaira, these climas appear to have coiresponded to a zone 
witli an agricultural economy; the character of these inhabitants appeared to be more 
primitive and violent. Nevertheless, the division was based on geographic, 
geomorphological and climatical conditions differences. 

The second administrative division between the fourteenth and sixteenth centuries 
in taha/s (or ta*a in Arabic) was not applied in the entire Kingdom of Granada, but was 
known only in the zone of Alpujarras and bordering sectors. Generally, the tahas are 
equivalent to the *adjza' (mentioned above) in most cases; also, there was a change in 
place name which abandoned the toponymic castral, giving preference to geographical 
terms or to an Alqueria (farmhouse) or a Bairio (quarter)*^^''l In the Alpujarras there was 
a total of fourteen tahas, seven in the Alpujaira of Granada (western part, presently in 
the province of Granada: Orgiva, Poqueira, Ferreira, Ugijar, Suhayl, (Lujar), Cehel 
"Sihil" (Albunol) and Juviles (Cadiar). Each taha coincided, approximately, with a 
morphological unit between the peaks of the Sierra Nevada (or Djabal Shulayr, as it 
was called by the Moslems in that era) and the middle courses of the Guadalfeo and 
Adra rivers, and between these last two and the Mediterranean coast. For example, the 
taha of Poqueira coincided exactly with the basin of the river Poqueira^^'*^ After the 
Reconquest, the Spaniards continued the same arrangement. 

The term taha, is Arabic for "subject" (one who has an overiord). In that era taha 
refeiTed to a group of 1,000 to 2,000 men or vassals, who were the subjects of a leader 

(9) Cressier, op. cit., pp. 138-139. 

(10) Caro Baroja, op. cit., p. 28. 

(ll)Simonet, "Description del reino (Je Granada", pp. 4-5; Ca.iiri, 11, pp. 253-254. 

(12) Al-HJmyari, p. 30, (24) f 19, cites "fahs Ilbira". 

(13)Cressier, op. cit., p. 141. 

(14) Bosque Maurel, "Notas para el Rsfudio...", unpuhlislied iiiiinu.scripl. 



89 



THE NETWORK OF IRRIGATION DITCHES IN THE ALPUJARRA OF GRANADA 



The importance of a hydric system is determined by three factors: 1) the amount of 
water received yearly; 2) the quality of this water for different uses; 3) the geoeconomic 
profitability ^^\ In the Sierra Nevada and its surroundings, these factors are ideal 

Throughout the Las Alpujairas advantage is taken of the regulating effect of the 
snow (accumulated in the peaks of Sierra Nevada 2500 m. above sea level) which acts 
as a store of water in winter, when water is hai'dly needed for agriculture, and releases 
water in the spring summer (during the thaw period)- Ever since the Islamic domination 
water from the main rivers has been put to beneficial use by means of innumerable 

(permanent irrigation canals) for irrigation crops and pasture. There has never 
been a shortage of water in this zone 




2. Historical Aspects In The Alpujarra : 

The Arabs, following the system of classification of land in general terms, found a 
land in the lower region of Granada, called Tihama, and a high land, called (as in 
Arabia) "Nayd" Nadjd^^l The higher areas were famous for their enigmatic name, 
which has remained up to the present: the name Alpujarra or Alpujarras (al - Busharrat 
in Arabic). This Arabic name has received various inteipretations, according to the 
context^^l Some authors have ascribed it to certain ancient languages of southern 
Spain^'*^ The famous visir (vizier) of the Kingdom of Granada Ibn al-Khatib 
(1313-1364), speaks of al-Busharrat (sing. al-Busharra) or al-Sharrat in several parts of 
his book (al-'Ihata) and he describes a lineage from the Alpujarra (Busharrat Bani 
Hassan)^^\ 

The Moslems, keen observers of the physical world, had a clear conscience of the 
diversity in the region they established, with the land or lot; divisions and subdivisions, 
using essentially the following terminology^^\ The territory of the Alpujarra was 
divided into districts, 'adjza" (sing, djuz), between the tenth and eleventh centuries, a 
period of strength for military foits or castles-Husun-(sing, h usn), as Cressier.stated^^\ 
which were built in the previous eras between the eighth and tenth centuries, according 
to Ibn Hayyan, who cites the fort of Xubiles (Juviles)^^\ An important characteristic of 



(1) CASTILLO MARTRIN. in "Sierra Nevada", p, 157. 

(2) Al-Shakundi, p. 108, in Caro Baroja "Los luoriscos..", p. 28. 

(3) Marmol, p. 128 (lib. I, chapter II), where he says that name is ilie same as "La rencillosa" or "La pendenciera" (botli meaning 
quarrelsome), because of the many rebellions ihere. Miguel de Luna (p. 54) says that tlie name "Alpujarra" comes from tlie 
captain Abraliem Abuxarra; the same is said by Covarrubias. Later by Casiri (II, p, 247) associaied tlie name with the Arabic 
word for castle, bury. 

(4) Caro Baroja, "Los nioriscos del reino de Granada", p. 29, say iliat for latinaie writers of a certain peritxl, the "Alpes" were not 
only tlie orograpliic system tliat we know ttxlay by tliai name, but great mountains in general; U»e elements "alp" or "arp" (also 
"carp") have been carried over in certain old names for mountain ranges, and it has been thought that this elements gave use to 
die word Alpujarra. 

(5) Ibn al-Kliadb, "al-IIiata..." vol I, pp. 1 1 1 and 164 / vol. Ill pp. 168, 306. 466 and 538. 

(6) Asi, "Abenhazem de Cordoba...", p. 29; and E. Lcvi-Provencal, "Histoire de I'Espange musulmane", pp. 47-48. 

(7) Cressier, "Le chateau el la division...", XX, pp. 1 15-144. 

(8) Ibn Hayyan. "Cronica del califa 'Abdarrahman HI...", trad, by Maria Jesus Viguera and Federico Corriente, p. 329. 



88 



oUUxJtj oLJOxil ^ 6j^ : ^xN\ 



1. Introduction : 



The methods used by Muslims to find, transport and use water have left their mark 
on the land throughout Moslem Spain, especially in Al-Andalus. Nevertheless, few 
systems from that area continue working up to the present. One such system is the 
network of acequias (irrigation ditches or iirigation canals) in the Las Alpujarras region, 
topic of this communication. I am going to deal specifically with the irrigation canal 
system of the high Alpujan*a region of Granada. 

From a geographical viewpoint the Alpujarra Granadina (AlpujaiTa of Granada) is 
the southern slope (the western part) of the Sierra Nevada. The peaks of this massif 
constitute the northern limit and the Mediteiranean sea the southern; to the east lies the 
Alpujarra of Almeria and to the west the valley of Lecrin (Fig. 1). Geologically in the 
area we find metamorphic materials composed of mica-schists, schists, metaquartzites, 
phyllites, marble, gneiss, which in general, form the complex Nevado-filabride; these 
materials are the oldest of the rock mass, belonging to the Primary Era and occupying 
the higher part of Sien'a Nevada. These materials in general are little permeable; 
however there is an area of the surface which is thick and more permeable. 

Other materials that are less metamorphic than these mentioned above and which 
are more recent (belonging to the end of the Primary Era and the beginning of the 
Secondai7) are those which forni part of the complex which geologists call Alpujarride 
(a reference to the Alpujarra); in this complex there is a cap which has little 
permeability (phyllites and metaquartzites) and another with more permeability 
(dolostone and magnesian limestone). Finally, sedimentary materials appear from the 
Tertiaiy Era and the Quarternary in the more depressed areas (Orgiva, Cadiar and 
Ugijar), and in the rivers which flow through the zone; these materials can be either 
permeable or non-permeable, depending on the lithology. 

The Sierra Nevada seperates the Mediten'anean slope in the south and the Atlantic 
slope in the north. The rain falls mostly on the Mediterranean slope, which has three 
hydrographical basins: the Guadalfeo river basin (province of Granada), the most 
important in resources in the entire region, and the Adra river and Andarax basins (both 
of tliem empty in the province of Almeria). The main rivers that cross through the 
Alpujarra Granadina are: Lanjaron, Chico de Orgiva, Poquiera, Trevelez, and Cadiar 
(the Guadaltiio basin), and Yator, Nechiie and Lucainena or Cherin (the Adra basin). 
None of these rivers has a middle course except the Guadalfeo river from Cadiar and 
the Adra river from Ugijar (Fig.l). There courses are very sloped and deep with very 
little cultivated land on its banks. 



87 



THE NETWORK OF IRRIGATION DITCHES IN THE ALPUJARRA OF GRANADA 



THE NETWORK OF IRRIGATION DITCHES IN 

THE ALPUJARRA OF GRANADA 

AN EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF WATER IN ORDER TO STRENGTHEN 

THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEV ELOPMENT OF AL-ANDALUS 



By 



Mr.Ghatafan Kazam Al-Alwani 



:(*) 



(AB STR ACT) 



The Natural stituation of the Alpujarra establishes a very close relationship between 
its irrigated lands and the water stored as snow on the mountain tops of Sierra Nevada. 
The snow naturally acts as agent of storage between rainfall and surface runoff. For the 
population of that area this meant a great advantage compared with inhabitants of other 
areas. During winter months when there is a maximum precipitation and where it is 
least necessary for agriculture, water is held back in the form of snow, usually above 
2500 m, where as during the spring months and the beginning of summer, when there is 
thawing, water drains gradually and generously through the slopes of the Alpujarra at 

the moment when water was most needed for fannlands. 

Nevertheless, the Muslims were not satisfied with this natural regulation : Islamic 
culture and genius brought the Muslims to command even more so this priceless gift 
which was water for a mostly agricultural region. They built a dense network of chan- 
nels and inigation ditches that took water from rivers coming from Sierra Nevada up till 
farmlands for crops and pasturelands - farther away. At the same time they commanded 
a technique that up to now astonishes researcher : Artificial recharge, "Careos", which 
are still used up to this day. Without a doubt, they took advantage of permeable lands of 
the mountain heights where they had their irrigation ditches in order for the water to in- 
filter through the ground whei^ it would later appear in springs in lower zones to be 
used in irrigation and urban supply to hamlets, coinciding with seasons when there is a 
lack of water in rivers, dry months, and when it (the water) is most demanded. 

These sophisticated methods of irrigation allowed the growth of great zones of 
crops which helped towards an economic and commercial growth and prosperity for Al- 

Andalus, 



(*) Scientific Research, Departamento de Geodinaiiiica, tiniversidad de Granada, Re coursos Iiidricos y Geologia Ambiental, 
Avda. Fuentenueva s/n 18071 Granada, Spain. 

86 



olfUx«Jlj oLJLiJI ^ djj-i : ^a:Nl 






jJaJtll^ 



ji>ji^jiirouuiiu-Vi 



vl.>JI 




^j " Alpujarras - Granada " U.U>]1 olyJl iik^ ^ jli*: t^JJI ^^^1 ^j^l 01 
"Sierra Nevada" ^1 J^ ^^ JIp a^I^I ^_^1 «L»j ^bj^l Ur^b^ ari f-^' -^ ^^' 



J_^lj ikSUI jlk.bU ^>. J.U5 Uv Ijj^ ^^ J^ V^. 2^1 01 .i^ . ( liliJ \j^) 



I L>- <5^l oLJ i>.l:>JI ^JUoJj I4] V~: c>^ J^^^l cV ^^^ -^' J-^ <J^ ' t5^^ u^^^ 



jj> jbiji. js:j4j v-- i^>?*^" «W ij^ ' <J^j-JJi t> G^i W ^-^ ^^1 cH ^J-^j Cr^' 



i^l- ^Ij^lj ol>iJI ^ SJii^ i5LJi Ij.Lil JiiJ . JjVl :1>.jJlJU ^Ijj ^> v^U .UJl AlSiLi 
5^U iii> ^ SjU ^ ^Ij ( A^l:Jw>NI pJ-Jl oiUI ) jl " Careos " UU sU-^l iJiJI ^L" 







24i> Jill iji i-iy J S^^^l oJLA Jljjt cJu.«::~-l .1^ ; Ij^ ^j^\ j^ <^bj '^■H^ ^ 

. ^JjS\ J tijMlj ci^UciNl >^j*^lj c^l J «jj-^ ^^ ^ ^5*r:W> Ji^' 

85 






1m ^ ^1^1 a^LtMi 






J>\ jL^\ ^\S d\J>^ : Sli^'VI 



THE NETWORK OF IRRIGATION DITCHES IN 



THE ALPUJARRA OF GRANADA 



AN EXAMPLE OF THE USE OF WATER 



IN ORDER TO STRENGTHEN 



THE SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEV ELOPMENT 



OF AL-ANDALUS 



Ghatafan Kazam Al-Alwani 



oUUuJIj o»l.,-l-5-JI ^ ojj^ : ^JcMl 



Schimmel, Annemarie : 



Mystical Dimensions of Islam, The University of North Carolina Press, Chapel 
Hill, 1975. 

Seco de Lucena> Luis : 

La Alhambra, Granada, 2nd edition, 1920. 

Shabistari, Sa'd-ud-Din, Mahmud, The Secret Rose Garden. Translated from the 



Persian, Sh. Muhammad Ashraf Publ., Lahore, 1969. 

Steirlin, Henry and Anne, Alhambra : 

Imprimerie nationale, Paris, 1991. (Spanish edition in M. Moleiro Editor, 
Barcelona, 1992) 

Taylor, Rene : 

"Architectui^ and magic: consideratios on the Idea of the Escorial", in D. 
Fraser, H. Hibbard and M. Lewine, eds.. Essays in the History of Architecture 
in honor of Rudolf Wittkower, Phaidon, London, 1967. (Spanish enlarged 

edition in Siruela, Madrid, 1992). 

Valente, Jose Angel : 

Variaciones sobre el pajaro y la red and La piedra y el centro, Tusquets 
Editores, Barcelona, 1991. 

Vogel, Amos : 

Film as a Subversive Art, Random House, New York, 1974. (French edition in 
Buchet/ Chastel, Paris, 1975). 



81 



MYSTICAL DIMENSIONS OF WATER IN THE ALHAMBRA 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Bahkhtiar, Laleh : 



Sufi. Expression of the Mystic Quest., Thames and Hudson, London, 
1976. 



Bargebuhr, Frederich : 



The Alhambra. A Cycle of Studies on the Eleventh Century in Moorish Spain, 
Walter de Gruyter & Co., Berlin, 1968, 



Egidoy Aurora : 



Edition and Inti'oduction of Pedro Soto de Rojas' Paraiso ceirado para muchos, 
Jardines abiertos para pocos Catedra, Madrid, 1981. 



Garcia Gomez, Emilio : 



Ibn 2^amrak, el poeta de la Alhambra, 1943, new edition by-Patronato de la 
Alhambra, Granada, 1975. 



Grabar, Oleg : 



The Alhambra, Allen Lane, Penguin Books, London, 1978. (Spanish 
translation Alianza Editorial, 1980), 



Juan de la Cruz, San : 



Vida y obras comletas, BAC, Madrid, 1964 



Klonsky, Milton : 



Blake's Dante* The complete Illustrations to the Devine Comedy, Harmony 
Books, New York, 1980. 



Lehrman, Jones : 



Eaithly Paradise. Garden and Courtyard in Islam, University of California 
Press, Berkeley and Los Angeles, 1980. 

Lopez-Baralt, Luce : 

San Juan de la Cruz y el Islam, El Colegio de Mexico-Universidad de Puerto 
Rico, 1985. Second edition in Ediciones Hiperion, Madrid, 1990. (Quotations 
are made from the 2nd edition). 

Saenz de Buruaga, Gonzalo / Val del Omiar. Maria Jose : 

Val del Omar sin fin, Documents, Poems and Films in videocassette by Jose 
Val del Omar, Three volumes, Diputacion de Granada / Filmoteca de 



Andalucia 



80 



oULkJIj oLJLiJI ^ djj^ : ^j:N\ 



edundant 



c 1, , -f ^^^ °^ Differences. His emphasis in the inscription of Father Manjon's 



'/ 



'// 



'Arabi, " You will become everything when you make nothing of your own self . 

The people from Granada, mainly the poorest people from Granada, the gypsies 
from Sacromontes caves, the children and the women, the old and the blind persons, all 
the people suffering under brilliant palaces and strong towers of the Alhambra are 
waiting for new garden: the Paradise open for all, the water paradise, the everlasting 
garden open to a new vision. 



4. A Tentative Conclusion : 

As a preliminary conclusion of this first exploration of the secretive level of the 
Alhambra, we propose to stimulate future investigations located in the Alhambra itself. 
This would be an archeological task not on the physical remains (which is already well 
advanced) but on the hidden roots of the Alhambra, mainly the philosophical and 
mystical ideas which laid the foundations of the different periods of the Alhambra 
realities up to date. For such a task there is an area in the citadel, now practically 
abandoned and empty; including the Water Tower and its suiToundings to the Tower of 
Seven Floors. A recuperation of the profound poetical and mystical meanings of the 
Alhambra can be iniciated there with a new life for the Water Tower itself. As remarked 
by Grabar, the Alhambra is more an artefact than a set of buildings, a precious object 
which could transfigure the daily or unique moments of man 's life. For this reason, in 



Water 



library 



designed to explore the inward significations of the Alhambra. The Chamber of val del 
Omar could be located in the water tower, itsalf , a permanent exhibition of this 
audiovisual poetical works. In the cavity of the Tower, the Eye of Water could be 
visualized with a double projection: one, at the top of the interior space as a large 
eye-screen; another at the bottom on a pool or a fountain. The two projections would 
guide people through the ascending / decending tension of human life. 



79 



MYSTICAL DIMENSIONS OF WATER IN THE ALHAMBRA 



Four centuries later a man born in Granada, Jose Val del Omar, maintains with the 
waters of Granada and especially with the water in the Alhambra and Generalife 
another cracial connection: how to discover the true myracle of water through a 
"mecamystical" relation with the poetical roots of Granada. In his masterpiece, 
Aguaespejo granadino (Granada's Watennirror), Val del Omar makes water the 
ubiquitous protagonist of his audiovisual poem: from the galloping clouds to the 
running channels, the twisting fountains, the spurts making a ritual collective dance or 
the cascades coming down and up, all the entire world is a wateimirror of falls and 
ascensions. Even the fascinating reference found by Grabar (1978:127) in the complex 
poem by Ibn Zamrak -water as a solid substance, a sculpted monument, the material 
substance for a work or art- is crystallized by Val del Omar in images of water-fossils 
filmed in the 50's. 



Like San Juan de la Cruz, Val del Omar is nearer to Islam than to Europe when he 
combines fountains, reflections and eyes. As remarked by Lopez-Baralt (1990:360-361) 
the fountain means the faith and it offers the reflection of Divinity as the mystic is not 
yet prepared for the direct and transforming union. This reflection is metaphorically 
expressed in the eyes, as in the mysterious Islamic watersprings. The comparison of the 
soul with a miiror which must be burnished to get rid of the materialistic grime, 
reflecting God, once it is clean, is repeated by Sufis as Algazel and by San Juan de la 
Cmz and San Buenaventura ("it is convenient that the soul would be soil-less mirror 
disposed to receive the splendors ofdevine lighf). 

''Look at the water and look at the basin, runs an inscription on one of the 

Alhambra fountains, and you will not be able to tell if it is the water that is motionless 

or the marble which ripples"^^\ Such a contrast with the solidity and stability of the 

architecture adds a disquieting and deep tension to the nonnal tranquility, coolness and 

moisture of the rooms and gardens of the Alhambra. From this suspensive dynamics, an 

especial technical device made by Van del Omar permits an approach to one of the 

most intriguing feature of the Sufi poetry, that of the Eye of water, as mentioned in the 

later section, Val del Omar elaborated a water lens to film several images of the palaces 

and gardens in the Alhambra and of the people and houses of Granada. Such a modem 

eye of water dives into the transparency of the water where there are no images but 
vision ^^\ 



The film of Val del Omar is not only about the Alhambra but about Granada as a 
whole. It is not an exquisite and "arabesque" piece of art to satisfy an aristocratic or 
elitist audience but, as summarized by Amos Vogel (1974:64) ''an explosive, cruel work 
of the deepest passion, a silent cry, a mystic evocation of the nightmares of Spain". His 

(6) Quoted by Lehrnmn (1980: 37). 

(7) Besides die Val del Omar films, we have receiilly arranged and for die first time presented in tJie Museo Nacional Centro de 

Arte Kema iiofja m December 1992, a series of double slides made by the artist in die Alhambra. We have called this series The 
Eve of Water. -^^ 



78 






Ibn 'Arabi and 'Omar ben al-Farid, both of the Xn centuiy, were able to impact in such 
a deep way the poems of a remote friar like San Juan de la Cruz four centuries later in 
the hostile atmosphere of the ultra-Catholic Spain of the XVI century, it is easy to infer 
that the ideas and symbols of those and other poets and philosophers of "inward 
orientation" (to quote Bargebuhr's expression, 1968:312) should have a crucial role on 
the artists and technicians involved in planning and building the Alhambra. 

As a matter of fact, there were some evidences of inward-oriented roots in other 
Granada's monuments: for instance in the Turpiana Tower, an Arab minaret demolished 
in 1588 to build the Granada Cathedral, several leaden plates with kabalistic 
inscriptions were found and significantly enough San Juan de la Cruz was within the 
theologians' commission entrusted by the Archbishop to analyse and study those 
remains. 



Reinforcing such an inward-oriented line of research there is one extremely 
important precedent: in another emblematic monument of Spain, the Escorial, that 
inward line of research has succesfully started with so distinguished hispanist schoUars 
as Geoffrey Parker and mainly Rene Taylor (1967, 1972). One extraordinaiy hypothesis 
might be that similar ideas to those under the XVI centuiy stones of the Escorial, near 
Madrid, were inspiring, two or three centuries before, the architects and artists who 
built the Alhambra in Al-Andalus. According to Parker and Taylor, not only the 
Escorial architect, Juan de Herrera, but his powerful Catholic king, Philip II, were both 
interested in the constmction of the Solomon Temple. Concerning the Alhambra, a 
recent book by two Swiss authors is exploring this almost uncharted direction: Henri 
and Anne Steiriin (1991), following the Bargebuhr's suggestions, reveal some of the 
hidden meanings of the Alhambra, mainly the Solomonic elements transmitted to the 
Catholic kings through the works and thinking of the Islamic monarchs. 



3.2. Water miracles in the Granada film by Val del Omar : 

The stay of San Juan de la Cruz in Grandaa is very intense and coincides with his 
greater explosion of vitality and creativity (1582-1588): contemplation, material and 
spiritual management and constructions, solitude, fraternity, abundant journeys ^^\ The 
famous convent and carmen of the Martyrs, now a national garden, is linked to his stay 
there, as well as many of his major wridngs in prose, some poems, letters and 
documents. There is also a vital connection of San Juan with the water of the Alhambra: 
since die convent of the Martyrs had no water, a document signed by Philip II grants the 
Carmelites peimission to derive water through channells (acequias) from the Generalife 
but the difficulty to overcome the ravine between the Alhambra and the convent 
compels San Juan to build an aqueduct which is still there. 

(5) See the collective book by Uie OCD friars Diat habla en la noclie. Vi cla. palabra. ainbiente de San Junn dg la CrvtZ..,.Ediciones 
de Espiritualidad, Madrid 1990. (Mainly Chapter 8: 221-252). 

77 



MYSTICAL DIMENSIONS OF WATER IN THE ALHAMBRA 



So the water is Knowledge, or tlie "Fountain of the Lore of Certainty". 

But knowledge and certainty can hurt the mystic, close to the total union or the 
total vision: he must be cautious of his own eyes> since as noted by Shabistari, " the eye 
has no power to stand the dazzling light of the sun; it can only see the sun as reflected 
in the water". 

San Juan, as the Sufis, interlaces the symbol of the fountain with that of the eyes, 
which we see reflected in the silvei7 spring water,. But both words, fountain and eyes, 
means the same, faith, perhaps because in the Arabic language the root 'ain means 
simultaneously eye and fountain. 

As a corollary, which is much emphazied by Valente (1991:76-84), only the Eye of 
Water, according to the sufis, can see the Water. This union is accomplished with the 
vision. As expressed by Jellal-ed-did Rumi, " when your eye has become eye for my 
heart, my blind heai't has been inundated by the vision". Water, the transparency of 
water, is the mediation, where images exit no more, but vision. The fountain is the 
moment of the absolute transparency. Unity of sight: unity of being in the eye or in the 
Oneness of sight. 

A first conclusion of the former preliminary elements on the "secretive level" in the 
Alhambra is the need for further interdisciplinary research on the philosophical and 
mythopoetic roots in such a complex monument, whose more spectacular elements 
were built in the XIX century but with many other remains of former periods, even 
three centuries before. The numerous inscriptions on the walls of its main rooms and 
courtyards -a premonition of the garden / library we have mentioned in sectrion 2- are 
quite insufficient for such a task. While several of tliese inscriptions open many 

infomiative and iconographic paths, others are merely panegyrical texts as pointed out 
by Emilio Garcia Gomez in his analysis on Ibn Zamrak (1943,1975). (The famous "poet 

of the Alhambra" was not only a very sensitive artist but a powerful politician and high 
officer with the Nasrid monarchs during the most brilliant period of the Alhambra 
construction. This explains why his poems designed on the Alhambra's walls are often 
too conventional). 

A guide for a fruitful research has been iniciated with Bargebuhr's discovery (1968) 
of a poem in Arab written by the Jewish Ibn Gabirol on the possible affinities of the 
early Granadine elites with the Solomonic symbology. Since Ibn Gabirol was living 
three centuries before the construction of the main paits of the Alhambra it might be 
relevant to explore the influence on those architects and artists of a much influential 
Islamic thinicer, Ibn Arabi, who lived a century and a half later and was born in Murcia, 
which is not so far from Granada. Unfortunately, there is neither mention of Ibn Arabi 
nor of the Kabala in Bargebuhr's book and only one slight mention of the Sufis. But if 



76 



ot^LkJIj oL,.,Ladl ^ djj-J : ^jS>i\ 



3.1- Fountains and Eyes in the Mystical Garden : 

The "secretive" Muslim mystical symbology in San Juan de la Cruz is being 
increasingly studied by Western specialists from Europe and America. Because of the 
complexities of the translation of these analyses, we are mainly following one 
Latin-American schoUar who is working both in English and Spanish, Luce 
Lopez-Baralt (1990: mainly 227-284) 

One of these Muslim symbols is related to our foimer discussion in Section 2, that 
of the soul as a mystical garden, an image not only extended in the European mysticism 
but particularly in the Spanish Sufis such as Ibn Arabi; ''the unitive station"- composed 
by flowers, rains, breezes, winds- is the soul conceived as a garden or flower orchard. 
In this garden there is also flowing water: "the garden of the souL.. contains a 
foundation, flowing water,,," as expressed by Bakhtiar (1976:30) and foreseen by San 
Juan de la Cruz, who discovers his soul"fl// complete with a paradise ofdevine irrigated 
land, a flourished vine", " a delightful garden" (San Juan de la Cruz, 1964: 676-78) 

The influence of the Arab mind in this immense mystical poet explains the 
complexities, paradoxes and even contradictions of his ideas. The radical modernity of 
San Juan de la Cruz, his "delirious" poetry so close to Ezra Pound, Garcia Lorca, 
Rimbaud or Veriaine flows iVom his "secretive" Muslim sources. As stated by 
Schimmel (1975:13) and mentioned by Lopez-Baralt (1990-221-226), the structure of 
the Arabic language-built upon ti'iliteral roots-lends itself to the developing of 
innumerable word forms... it might be likened to the structure of an arabesque that 
grows out of a simple geometric pattern into complicated multiangled stars, or out of a 
flower motif into intricate lacework .. a joy in linguistic play. 

Another crucial symbol in San Juan is the water as the interior fountain of the soul, 
a symbol whose origin has been extensively discussed by reseachers on San Juan and 
with likely Muslim roots as well. Once again we follow Lopez-Baralt (1990:261-266). 

Ramon Llull, a medieval Spanish author with a lot of Arab impacts, speaks of a 
"crystalline mirror" reflecting the contemplation of the soul with God. For Ibn Arabi, 
the fountain is a mirage (sarab) which the thirsty mystic thinks he is seeing and, once he 
discovers his mistake, he discovers God and his own self. The Sufi symbol of the 
mystical fountain is close to one of the top poems of San Juan de la Cruz (^'Que Men se 
yo lafronte mana y corre") as explained by Bakhtiar: " The mystic enter the Garden of 
the Spirit and finds a fountain, water which gushes forth .... the fountain is the Fountain 
of Knowledge .... which is illuminated by the Spirit ... it is contemplative Truth of 
Certainty, the Knowledge of lUuminaiion... knowledge of the Oneness of all Devine 
Qualities.... the Fountain of Knowledge appears like veils of light, not darkness, behind 
each of which shines the Light of Essence Itself. 



75 



MYSTICAL DIMENSIONS OF WATER IN THE ALHAMBRA 



Although there is no evidence of any library in some of the rooms and places of the 
Alhambra, there are many opportunities for a precise philosophical itinerary in the walls 
of the palaces. As a matter of fact there are several ''books" in the Alhambra, mainly the 
inscriptions on the walls and fountains offering Koranic quotations, poems and 
information which need further research as those already started with the poems by Ibn 
Zamrak. 



The 



labyrinth (also close to the Borges' obsessions). It will perhaps answer the most 
surprising and intriguing findings by Grabar (1978:199): thought the Alhambra, as an 
architectural and vegetal monument, needed-all still needs-an elaborate and complex 
planning, its more important character and mood come from its secretive level: „. " a 



:fi 



wilfully confused; designs of all sons le 
minute muqarnas facet or a single leafy motif; negative and positive; or solid and void, 
are deliberately confused. One is rarely led to a focal point; one has to be in the midst 
of its to realize it This secretiveness is in fact a creation of illusions and ambiquities, 
almost as in a theatrical performance''. 

But to disclose the Alhambra as a ''mythopoetic source of illusions", as the 
theatrical performance imagined by Grabar, is a hard task: its needs modern audiovisual 
and film techniques, as those made by Val del Omar, a man from Granada, with roots in 
the mystical poets of Spain, with both Christian and Mushm traditions. 



3. Searching on the Secretive Level of the Alhambra : 

As new ways to illuminate the secretive levgl of the Alhambra, we are proposing, 
and only summarizing in this paper, two masterpieces of the Spanish mysticism: one is 
from the XVI century and the other belongs to modem times, but both of them have 
Islamic roots and close connections with the interior landscape of some Spanish cities, 
such as Granada, with crucial conflicts and encounters between Christian and Muslim 
societies. Both masterpieces are poetical works: the first is one of the summit of 
mysticism of any Western language, the Cantico espiritual and other poems by San Juan 
de la Cruz, whose lines of language close to those of Ibn Arabi and Omar ben al Farid 
open new insights of symbology in the Alhambra; the second is one of the few 
instances of mysticism through audiovisual and modem film techniques, Aguaespejo 
granadino (Granada's Watermiiror) by Jose Val del Omar (1904-1982), "one of the 
great unknown works of world cinema: according to former Harvard professor Amos 
Vogel founder-director of the New York Film Festival^'^\ The two authors, though 
seperated by four centuries, have many common grounds on the mystical connotations 
of water, fountains and other symbols. 



(4) See Amo5 Vogel (1976: 64) and more extensively tlie iliree volume.': set of Gonzalo Saenz de Buriiaga and Maria Jose Val del 
Oimr(1992). 



74 



ol^LLJIj oLJLiJI ^ djj^ : ^jl;Vi 




that: the Koran locates the Pai'adise into a delicious garden crossed by a river, that 
means the Paradise is inside the garden, or more precisely it is the garden itself, not as 
in other cultures where the Paradise is out whereas near Eden:" and a river went out of 
Eden to water the garden'\ according to the 

The etymology of the word paradise, from the Greek paradeisos, a garden, derived 
from the Persian and Avestan pairidaeza, adds an important dimension to the intimate 
features of the gardens and courts in the Alhambra and even to the secluded atmosphere 
of the traditional house in Granada, the caitnen, a wise regional country house not only 
for daily living but for contemplating the small gardens disposed in built terraces with 
fountains bordered by flower pots and cypresses and protected from the external eyes 
by intiicate walls and the soft shadows of honey-suckles and myrtle groves, (Perhaps in 
the collective mind of every person from Granada there was, and is nowadays, the 
ambition to cmate its own Alhambra, a paradise made by water, with rooms, flowers 
and gardens for himself and his privacy, a place for spiritual contemplation). 

A classic in the Alhambra studies, Luis Seco de Lucena (1920:441) made a clear 
distinction among cannen, madrad and genna: carmen, a word of the Arab-Granadine 
dialect, means vineyard, cultivated land, an orchard with traces of garden of small 
surfaces in terraces, with flowers and views of the landscape, as against the orchards, 
gardens or manors for productive uses; madrag is the carmen disposed in terraces 
whereas genna is in general the orchard or garden of larger extension and surface and 
with less complex topography than the carmen. 

All these peculiarities of both the Alhambra palaces and gardens and the camenes 
(or small Alhambras diffused from the top of the hill to the lower slopes and to the 
Albayzin , facing the Alhambra) seem to emphasize a character not so common in the 
paradisiacal garden traditions : that of a privileged place for walking and following a 
philosophical itinerary in search of the truth. In this way, the Alhambra, as an 
"academy", discovers a new spiritual dimension to its confort and contemplation 
capabilities. Searching for truth in an unconventional aspect of Paradise, foreseen by 
Borges in a vision of the Paradise as a Library ^^\ From here, the conception of Paradise 
as a garden / library overcomes many of the introvert aspects of both the Alhambra and 
the Granadine carmenes: people thinking and living inside a garden / library are not so 
isolated from tlie rest of the people but they communicate with others throught the 
books, the old and the new ones. (This could be a premonition of a new trend in urban 
planning - how to design "paradise islands" formed by country houses or villas with 
garden / libraries, in which knowledge and ecological awareness come together). 

(3) Aurora Egido (1981: 40-41) quotes the Pt>eni of Donations by Jorge Luis Borges for Uie Paradise as a Library, as well a 
Gracian and oUier related references. Also the Aula Dei. designed in Saragosse in the XVII century as a garden rmde for 
meditation and silence (M^: 36), etc. Egido considers ihe work by the Granadine pc^el, P^-imfiise close lo many gardens opens \q 
a few, both a "garden-book" and a book-giu-den". 

73 



MYSTICAL DIMENSIONS OF WATER IN IHE AIHAMBRA 



ff 4 a 



an 



aU 



the other intricate vegetal or architectural constructions. 

The obvious advantages of having running water from aqueducts instead of cisterns 
(mainly supplied with rain waters as in the aljibes built by the Christians near the 
Alcazaba in the XVI century^^^ allows for a sophisticated lay-out of architectural and 
engineering devices quite important for the individual living of the inhabitants of the 
Alharabra as well as for their social life and communication. For instance, baths were 
not only hygienical rooms but, as in odier Mediterranean cultures, a privileged 
sorrounding for socializing and even for witnessing, in a descrete way, the events and 
movements at the palaces. 

More intense were the communicating and social motivations of fountains, pools 



speak 



explanat 



comfort of the people dwelling in the Alhambra, the exact meaning of such a water 
complex is not totally cleai". As pointed out by Grabar (1978:120) many texts from 
Spain and Morocco has long maintained the memory of palatial pavilions known as 
"house of waters'* (in XII century Marrakesh), or huge gardens with elaborate canals 
and belvederes in the midst of vegetation, as in the imperial X century palace of 
Medinah al-Zahra, near Cordova. 

The most common meaning of such an association of water and its surrounding 
gardens was the paradise, not only a holy paradise, as in the word rawdah (garden) for 
some burial grounds in the Alhambra, but also, in other occasions, " a more sensous 
paradise of physical well-being whose possible mystical associations should not 
overshadow occasional orgiastic connotations" (Graban ibid ,). Perhaps, the mystical 
association comes from the interchange of life and death in the garden itself: the 
"eschatological role of the garden'\ as suggested by Dickie (1968: 239-240) derives 
from the word firdaus, meaning both garden and Paradise, while rawdah indifferently 
means garden and mausoleum, indicating a reciprocity between earth and heaven, a 
reciprocity transforming the natural reality of the garden into its supernatural 
counterpart of the Paradise. 

This vision of water is paradisiacal gardens is also common in eminent Christian 
poets much influenced by Islamic roots such as Dante^^\ The nostalgy of the Paradise is 
more or less in all gardens of the world but the Islamic civilization is quite explicit on 



(1) On Muslim aljibesf, see Carlas Vilchez and Antonio Orlhuela, "Aljibes publicas de la Granada musulmana" 2nd Congress of 
;dieval Spanish Arclieologv . Madrid, January, 1987. 

(2) Dante's Paradise: "And diou shalt make drink of the river of my pleasures. For wilJi thee is tlie fountain of life: in thy light shall 
we see liglit", "And she showed me a pure river of water of life, clear as crystal, proceeding out of the tlirone of God and tlie 
Lamb". Dante's vision of tlie river of liglit was derived from Psalm 36:8-9 and Revelation 22: 1. See Milton Klonsky, 1980: 
125.161. 



72 



oUUwJIj oL^J-iJl ^ oj^ : ^jS^\ 



1. Summary and Introduction : 

This paper is a frist attempt to investigate the "secretive level" of the Alhambra as 
suggested by Grabar in his well knov^n book on this monument. Starting from the 
functional uses of water in the citadel and in the suirounding caimenes, we remember 
the traditional connotations of gardens as paradisiacal places and, subsequently, we 
propose a new concept of a garden / libraiy. Secondly, we consider there are already 
several "books" inside the Alhambra, mainly the famous inscriptions covering walls and 
other places. Fascinating as they are, from the informative and iconographic points of 
view, we think they are insufficient to dive into the inward approach needed for 
revealing the interior significations of the Alhambra. For this approach we suggest to 
analyze and to apply to the Alhambra roots, two masteipieces of the Spanish mysticism, 
both with Islamic linkages: one, the summit poetry of San Juan de la Cruz in the XVI 
century Spain; the other, the audiovisual work by a contemporary artist and technician 
from Granada, Jose Val del Omar. Finally we propose to follow further research on this 
line on the very -spot in the Alhambra; in the Southeast part of the citadel, the Water 
Tower area, now almost abondoned and empty, should be transformed into another 
environment of knowledge and meditation on Al-Andalus heritage; in contrast to many 
other places of the Alhambra, today flooded with visitors, this area should be a secluded 
one, perhaps an essay of a garden / library, a paradise open to those who want to 
peneti'ate into the inward meanings of the Alhambra not only in the past but in our days. 



2. Water Significations in the Alhambra Citadel : 

In hot climates, water is not only a symbol of life and growth but the only 
possibility for a real improvement of the quality of life, in both material and spiritual 
senses. Through the Granada region is the freshest region in all Andalucia due to its 
proximity to Sierra Nevada, the builders of Qal'at al-Hamra, "die red fort" (Alhambra), 
wanted to be sure of a continuous supply of fresh and clean water in spite of the setting 
of the citadel on the high hill which made it not easy to obtain such a precious liquid. 

At the end of the XI century there was already evidence of a fortress-palace in the 
Alhambra but not cleariy of the Water Tower located in the southeasten part of the hill. 
But from the very beginning, it was imperative to build a complex system of cisterns, 
reservoirs and aqueducts to change the original wilderness of the hill in one of the most 
refined places in the Middle Ages. Water should come from the east, from the Sieira, 
crossing gullies and ravines and flowing into fountains, gardens, pools and baths. In 
short, water is U-ansformed into new life through spiritual and material development. 
From then on, the Alhambra is connected with water; it has emerged from and because 
of water. All the life and splendor of the Alhambra comes Irom water, it is a "miracle of 
water" as we will see later: the clouds and snows of the neighbouring Sierra Nevada 

71 



MYSTICAL DIMENSIONS OF WATER IN THE ALHAMBRA 



MYSTICAL DIMENSIONS OF WATER 



IN THE ALHAMBRA 



By 

Gonzalo Saenz de Buruaga^ ^ 
Maria Jose Val del Omar^ ^ 



(AB STRACT) 



A tentative outline of this paper includes, in first place, a summary of current 
findings on water significations in the Alhambra, conning from leading Spanish 
schoUars and others researching in English such as Bargebuhr, Dickie and Grabar. 
Iconographic and mythopoetic studies of the gardens, pools and fountains of the 
Alhambra, give way to several hypotheses of the various roles of water in the palaces 
and other buildings of the citadel, 

A second part of the paper will propose a new hypothesis to illuminate the secretive 
levels of the Alhambra and the mystical associations of water systems and fountains. 
These will be explored throughtout two masterpieces of the Spanish mysticism, one of 
the XVI century and one of modem times, but both of them with Islamic roots . 

A final part of the paper will concentrate in some specific suggestions for 
revitalizing water significations and meanings in the Alhambra nowadays. This could 
be made in the Water Tower and its suirounding area in the eastern part of the hill. This 
area, includes the Tower, is now almost abandoned and empty; it should be transformed 
into another precious ambient of knowledge and meditation on Al Andalus heritage, but 
in contrast to many other places of the Alhambra, today flooded with visitors, this area 
should be secluded one, a paradise closed to many, a garden open to a few, as said 
Granada's poet Soto de Rojas in the XVII century. 



■ 

(*) Professor of World Economy in Cai'los III University, Madrid. 

(**) Supervisor of the Group of Reseai-ch on the Works of Ai'ts & Techniques on her Father Jose Val del Omar 
English Language & Literature (CU Eng.) Courses on Sociology, Philosophy & Solar Energy. 



70 



ol«.LkJlj oLJ_iJl ^ dj^ : j^JcSfl 



\j^\ jti <iLJi doAxJI :iUi')f 



U-ij^ j^i ^L^ j3li;j>- 




Ji JU iL^j>- LjjU 



vi*»JI 




iJbJ ^IjJIj S^\j jslo^Jd ^^^*^JLJI ycdlj oU>. *^l ^Ujl oUIji .l^^l ^ J^j 

. i*JLiJL ■^^\ oUUlj ^2;^L.NI ^ .UU iibkJI jljiVi Jj^ oU&>JI ^^ 

f-t^^^^l ^^ ii^l oLji*^ r^j^ 5JbJL>- A^y ^^ Oj^ (.L>iJI IIa ^ ^ylill ^j>JI Ul 










^LJI dj»i\ ^ ^^jj c$^ y^ <^^> y^^ J15 US' JJi iJL.J 



69 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



- "El Banuelo, monumento nacional". La Alhambra, XXII (1919). 

- "Cronica granadina. Banos aiabes". La Alhambra, XIX-433 (1916). 

- "Desde la Carrera del DaiTO a la Alhambra". La Alhambra, XXIII-526 
(1920), 

Valladar Y Serrano, Fco. de Paula : 

"El Banuelo y el Bano del Chas". La Alhambra, IX-2(X) (1906). 

Yillanueva Rico, Ma. C. 

Habices de las mezquitas de la ciudad de Granada y sus alquerias. 
Madrid, 1961. 



66 



ol^i U«.i|j oLJixJI ^>. Djj-i : ^X^\ 



Seco De Lucena, Luis : 



- Documentos arabigogranadinos. Madrid. 1961, 

- "Las puertas de la cerca de Granada en el siglo XIV". Al-Andalus, 7 

(1942). 



Sotomayor Muro, Manuel : 



romana 



Granada, 1984. 

Simonet, Francisco Javier : 

Descripcion del Reino de Granada bajo la dominacion de losnaseritas, 
sacada de los autores Arabes, y seguida del texto inedito de Mohammed 
ebn Alijathib. Madrid, 1860. Facsimile edicion in Madrid, 1982. 

Sotomayor, Manuel et al. : 

Los mas antiguos vestigios de la Granada ibero-romana y arabe. 
Granada, 1984. 

Toro Moyano, Isidro : 

"Excavacion de urgencia en el bano ai'abe descrubierto eln el Colegio de 
las Madres Mercedaiias de la Plaza de los Tiros (Granada)". Anuario 
Arqueologico de Andalucia, III (1985), 

Torres Balbas, Leopoldo : 

- "El alminai' de la iglesia de San Jose y las constiucciones de los ziries 
granadinos". Al-Andalus, 6 (1941), 

- Ciudades hsipanomusulmanas. Madrid, 1971. 

- "Ciudades yermas de la Espana musulmana". Boletin de la Real 
Academia de la Historia, CXLI (1957). 

- " Las ciudades hispanomusulmanas y su urbanization". Al-Andalus, 9 
(1944). 

" "La mezquita mayor de Granada". Al-Andalus, 10 (1945). 

- "La mezquita real de la Alhambra y el bano frontero". Al-Andalus, X 
(1945). 

Valladar, Francisco de P. : 

- "El Banuelo' o Bano del Puente del Cadi". La Alhambra, XVI (1913). 

- "Banos arabes". La Alhambra, XV-355 (1912). 



65 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



Lafuente Alcantara, Miguel : 

- El librodel viajero en Granada. Segunda edicion corregida y 
aumentada. Madrid, 1850. 

- Historia de Granada, comprendiendo la de sus cuatio provincias, 
Almeria, Jaen, Granada y Malaga, desde remotos tiempos a nuestros 



Granada 



Lapresa Moline, Eladio : 

Santafe: Historia de una ciudad del siglo XV. Universidad de Granada. 
1979. 

Levi-provencal, Evariste and Garcia Gomez, Emilio : 

El siglo XI en primera persona. Madrid, 1981 

Malpica Cuello, Antonio : 

"Una propriedad del conde de Tendilla: Darabenaz". Andalucia en el 
siglo XVL Estudios sobre la Tieira. Granada, 1981. 

Martos, R. : 

"Daiabenaz: una alqueria nazai*i en la Vega de Granada". Al-Andalus, 

XXVI (1961). 

Melida, Jose Ramo : 

"El Banuelo, Banos mabes subsistentes en Granada" Boletin de la Real 
Academia de la Historia, LXVIII (1916) 

Prieto Moreno Y Pardo, Francisco : 

El jardin hispanomusulman. Granada, 1985. 

Peinado Santaela, Rafael and Lopez De Coca Castaner, Jose Enriquez : 

Historia de Granada. II. La epoca medieval. Siglos VIII-XV. Granada, 

1987, 



Roca Roumens, Mercedes et al. : 

"Nuevos datos para el conociniento de la Granada ibero-romana y 
ai^abe". Revista del centi'o de Estudios Historicos de Granada y su Reino, 
1, (Segunda Epoca, 1987). 

Rodrigo, Antonina : 

Los aljibes de Albaicin. Granada, 1984. 



64 



ol.l—kJIj oULiJI ^ oj^ : ^a;Nl 



Espinar Moreno, Manuel And Martinez Ruiz, Juan : 

"La alqueiia de Monachil a mediados del siglo XVI". Cuademos de la 
Biblioteca Espanola de Tetuan, 23-24 (1981). 

Forbes, KJ, : 

"Hydraulic engineering and sanitation" in SINGER, Charles; 
HOLMYARD, E. I. et al:A Histoiy of Technology. Oxford, 1962, 

Garrido Atienza, M. : 

Las aguas del Albaicin y la Alcazaba. Granada, 1902. 

Gafsi, A. H. : 

"Algunas observaciones sobre el agua en las mezquitas de los pueblos 
andalusies de Tunez". Agua y poblamiento musulman. Simposium de 
Benissa, Abdil 1987. Benissa, 1988. 

Garcia Y Bellido, A. : 

TORRES B ALB AS, Leopoldo et alii: Resumen historico del urbanismo 
en Espana. Madrid. 1968. 

Garrido Atienza, M. : 

- Las aguas del Albaicin y la Alcazaba. Granada, 1902. 

- Los Alquezai^es de Santafe. Granada. 1893. 

- Dictamen sobre derechos en las aguas el rio Dairo, policia rural de sus 
riberas e higiene de sus aguas. Granada. 1893. 

Gaspar Remiro, Mariano : 

"De Granada musulmana. El bano de la ruina o del axautar". La 
Alhami'a,IX(1906). 



Gomez-moreno, Manuel : 



Academia 



XL VI (1905). 

- Guiade Granada. Granada, 1892 

- Monumentos romanas y visigoticos de Granada, 1888 
" Medina Elvira. Granada, 1888. 



Grunebaum, E. von. : 



"Die islamische Stadt" Speculum, 6 (1955) 



63 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



Espinar Moreno, Manuel : 

- "Aproximacion al conocimeento del regadio alpujaiTeno, Noticias de 
la taha de jubiles' Encuend-o Hispano - Frances sobre Sien'a Nevada. 



Poblamiento 



Granada 



- "Apuntes de arqueologia y cultura material granadina. El banc del 
Albaicin (siglos XIII-XVI)". Cuaderaos de Arte, 21 (Granada, 1990). 

- "Bienes habices de Chuniana de la Vega (1505-1548)". Cuademos de 
Estudios Medievales, VI- VII, (Granada, 1978-79). 

- "Consideraciones sobre el' regadio en la Vega de Granada. 
Repaitimientos muslmanes (Siglos XII-XVI)". Chronica Nova, 18 
(1990). 

- "Del urbanismo musulman al urbanismo crisitano. II. Andalucia 
Oriental". Simposium Internacional sobre la ciudad islamisca, 
Zaragoza, 1991. 

- "Medidas de peso, capacidad y oti^as en las AlpujaiTas segun los Libros 
de Habices". Cuadernos Geograficos de la Universidad de Granada. 

11(1983). 

- Vivo la Alhambra. El Agua. Granada, 1990. 

Espinar Moreno, Manuel Y Fernandez Ortega, Antonio : 

"Bab al Hadid o Puerto del Hieiro, segun un documento ai^abe de 1495". 
Revista del Centi'o de Estudios Historicos de Granada y su Reino, 3 
(Granada, 1990). 

Espinar Moreno, Manuel And Abellan Perez, Juan : 

"Captacion, disti'ibucion y usos del agua en las ciudades musulmanas: El 
caso de Almeria, Guadix y Granada". Congreso Internacional " La 
fundacion de Madrid y el agua en el urbanismo islamico y mediterraneo" 
Madrid, 1990. 

Espinar Moreno, Manuel and Quesada Gomez, Juan Jose : 

- "Granada romansa y visigoda. Estado de la cuestion ai^queologica y 
bibliografia", 

- "Nuevas aportaciones a la Arqueologia granadiana. Materiales 
encontrados el rio Beiro". Revista del Centi'o de Estudios Historicos 
de Granada y su Reino, 4 (1990). 



62 



ol^LJwJlj oLJliJi ^ djjJ : ^^:'^\ 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Abellan Perez, Juan : 

"Del urbanismo musulman al urbanismo cristiano. I. Andalucia 
Occidental". Simposium Internacional sobre la ciudad islamica, 
Zai-agoza, 1988. 

Alvarez De Cienfuegos Campos, J. : 

"De la Granada antigua: Sobre los banos y el siglo XV y XVI". Boletin 
de la Camaj-a de Comercio e Industria de Granada, 5 (1969), 

Atienza, Miguel : 

El Dan'o Turbio. Dictaiiien publicado a expensas del Excmo 
Ayuntamiento, Granada, 1908. 

Bargebuhr, Frederick P. : 

- The Alhambra. A Cycle of studies on the Eleventh Century in Moorish 

Spain. Berlin, 1968. 

- "The Alhambra Palace of the Eleventh Centui7". Journal of the 
Wai'burg and Courtauld Institutes. 19 (1956), 

Barrios Aguilera, Manuel : 

Alfacai* morisco (un lugar de la Vega de Granada en el siglo XVI). 
Universidad de Granada, 1984 

Bermudez Pareja, Jesus : 

El Partal y la Alhambra alta. Granada, 1977. 

Dantin Cereceda, J. : 

"Aspectos geograficos de las vegas de Granada". Segunda Reunion des 
Estudios Geograficos celebrada en Granada, Septiembre, 1942. Madrid, 
1943 

Espalza, Mike de el al. : 

Banos arabes el elpais valenciano. Alicante, 1986. 

Espalza, Mike de. : 

- /"El agua en el derecho musulman". Agua y poblamiento musulman. 
Simposium de Benissa, Abril 1987. Benissa 1988; 

- "Un modelo operativo de urbanismo musulman". Shai'q Al-Andalus, 2 



(Alicante, 1985). 



61 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANND^G 



REPARTIMIENTO OF THE RIVER BEIRO 



[DAY 


TURN 


IRRIGATORS 


TIME 


LAND] 


Saturday 


Morning 


Abdalla 


60 h. 


200 


Sunday 


Night 
Morning 


Aben Alxari. his borther and his 


i 
i 


marjales 


Monday 


Night 
Morning 


mother 






Tuesday 


Night 


The inlieritors of Abujefar 


48 h. 

1 

1 


160 




Morni ng 


Abeniazid(Aben Cohod and others) 




marjales 


Wednesday , 

1 


Night 
Morning 




1 




i 

Tuesday 


Night 


Aben Abdul Celni 

Alpiz Ab Oabdi 

Aben Hoceyne and lais brother 


12 h. 


40 
marjales 


Tuesday 

1 
1 


Morning 


Inheritors of Hamete Aben Atas 
Inheritors of El Borday 
EI Laragili 


12 h. 


40 
marjales 

1 


Friday 

1 
1 


^'2 Night 


\ 

■1 

^ 

Abu Muhammad 

i 

Aben Alxart 


6h. 


20 
marjales 


1 




Amolirez 






Friday 


^2 Night 


Abu Deal 


12 h. 12' 


40 




Morning 

1 


Aben Alhaqini 




marjales 






Abu Alodali 


lOh.48' 


36 






Abem La Bey 
Mohamad el Gez 


12 h. 


marjales 


Saturday 


Night 


40 






Alazeli 




marjales 


L 




4 

Heredcul de las Hahiz.es 




J 



60 



oULJtxJIj oLJuUl ^ djjJ : ^oiS/l 



supplier. After the distribution in the Generalife, Alhambra and Torres Bermejas, it also 
waters the area that occupied Garnata alJahud, the Jewish town of Granada already 
attested in the Council of Elvira (IVth centuiy). Other canals drawn from this river 
water the lower parts of the Albaicin and, finally, join the River Genii outside the walls 
of the city. 

7, The River Genii is used more in irrigation than in urban supply. Its repartimiento 
or water division in the older document we have on this topic: it was confirmed for the 
first time in 1219. Like the odier documents on water, this repartimiento was absorbed 



orking 



well-proved system. 



8. The Rivers Dflar and Monachil ran outside the city of Granada and they divide 
their waters between the supply of small urban settlement and the inigation of 
productive fields. 

9. In the city of Granada the waters of the different canals converge in the area of 
the Great Mosque, now the Cathedral. However, this urban is not well documented and 
we need the help of Archaeology to understand the role of this building in the city 
planning of the Muslim Granada. 

10. The water supply system of the city and the Vega of Granada tries to use all the 
water, from the cleanest for men and animals to the dirtiest for the crops. At the same 
time, the presence of water in the everyday life of the Muslim population is attested 
even today with a great amount of buildings that survives in the city and the persistence 
of the ancient water customs in several fields surrounding Granada. 



59 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



im 



e costunbre que antes e primero que los dichos siete pagos comiencen a regar con la 



martes 



que se riegan los dichos pagos, a los algibes del dicho lugar de Gaviar la Grande para 
que se hinchan, y despues de llenos an de tomar la dicha agua para regar los dichos 
siete pagos'' ^^^^ . 

Finally, the hamlet of Hifjar held the water two nights every week: Monday and 
Wednesday, Like in Gabia la Grande, every Wednesday irrigators had to fill the cisterns 
before irrigating their lands. 



8. Conclusions : 



1. We have presented a brief resume of a great amount of documentation and a 
remarkable quantity of studies and monographs on the irrigation and the urban water 
supply in the area that was under the Muslim loile from the Vlllth to the XVth centuries, 
but there are many topics that need investigation, as it occurs with the whole history of 
the Kingdom of Granada, which the water is only a part However, the archives had 
unpublished documentation that will help to understand several problems still not clear, 
especially the development of water distribution network from Roman period to the 
Late Middle Age. 

2. It is obvious that the irrigation of the Vega and the water supply system of the 
towns and villages was developed mainly during the Zirid dynasty, because Granda 
became the capital of the Kingdom, 

3. The complex use of the water in many different activities shows the importance 
of this element for the Muslims and the importance they gave to it in the economy, 
thanks to its presence in the agriculture, the industries and the craftsmanship. 

4. The most ancient part of the city, the quarter of the Albaicin, was watered with 
one of the most importance canals of Granada, the Canal of Aynadamar, that also 
watered many villages to the north to the city, this was Probably die axis of the first 
water supply system of Granada around the ancient Roman and Visigothic Llibeiis. 

5. The River Beiro is a small system, but it waters an ancient settlement and joins 
with the Canal of Aynadamar, watering one of the most interesting Archaeological 
areas of Granada, with Iberian, Roman, Visigothic, Arab and more recent 
archaeological findings. 

6. The River DaiTO, crosses the city from one end to the other, is an important water 



(79) ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel: "Consideracion sobre el regadio en la Vega de Granada. Reparliniientas' musulmanes (Siglos 
XII-XVI)\ 

58 



oUUkJlj oLJUxll ^ dj^ : ^JuS/i 



The River Dflar is bom in the Manar or Lecrin Range, between the Vega of 
Granada and the Lecrin Valley. In the beginning of the valley of the River Dflar there is 
a division to draw the water of the Canal of Gojar or Dflar Low Canal to the right and 
the Canal of Otura or High Dflar Canal to the left. 



The neighbours of Dflar watered witii this river and, when there is water shortage, 
could take the water of other hamlets, like Alhendin; however, this was neither very 
usual, nor unlimited: only from 3 p.m. to sunset. The village of Dflar had three quarters 
and a wide irrigated area, one of the most important in the Kingdom of Granada. 

The village of Otura used both High and Low Dflar Canals. The Low Dflar Canal 
also water Gojar, it divides into High and Low Gojar Canals and it watered Los 
Ogfjares. The High Dflar Canal watered Alhendin, 

Los Ogfjares drew a sixth part of the water of the River Dflar from the Alcafa Dam, 
There exists a fixed order to iirigate proportionally all the famis, according to the water 

drawn. This village had also half of the water from Otura and Alhendin, every night; the 
irrigation turn begins on Saturday. Los Ogfjares had also water from the River Dflar 
coming from Gojar: a sixth part and a "vina". Finally, Los Ogfjares used the water of 
several springs in the Bacayrena Ravine. 

The lands of Alhendin is imgated mainly with the water of the River Dflar, but also 
with small springs of the Manar Range: Juncal Andas, Calera, Lobo Ravine, etc. The 
River Dflar supplied water to the canal of Otura, but also to those of Alcazaba, 
Maranon and Turbia. The Turbia Canal watered Alhendin, Gabia la Grande and Gabia 
la Chica. 



We know the irrigation system of this village from a document dated March 23, 
1570. Juan de Baena and the scribe Diego de Montalban made a list of Moorish real 
state and they take possession of them in the name of the Crown. According to this 
document, Alhendin held a third of the water of the River Dflar: ''y se la cantidad que 
se toina de agua del dicho rio para el dicho lugar de Alhendin, la tercia parte de toda 
el agua corriere a viniere en el dicho rio de Dilar'' ^'^^\ On tuesday and Wednesday the 
water was stored in cisterns for people and animals. Alhendin had also half of sixth part 
of the water of the River Dflar every Saturday night. 

The hamlets of El Marchal y Gabia la Chica used the water of the River Dflar after 
Gojar: Sunday and Thursday from sunset to dawn. Gabia took two thirds and El 
Marchal the third part of this water. 

Gabia la Grande used the water Tuesday and Friday from sunset to dawn. Twelve 
farms iirigated on Friday, although Alcudia Farm held a tliird of the water; seven farms 

(78) ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel: "Con.sideraciones .sonbre el regadio en la Vega tie Granada. Repartiniientos miLsulmane-s 
(SiglosXn-XVI)". 

57 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



the Saturday, one third to the Rio de Abrahen and two thirds to Godco and the field of 
Almagexir; 3) from the sunset of the Saturday to the dawn of the Sunday all the water 
was for Godco and Rh de Abrahen; and 4) Sunday morning is for Godco. Because of 
the ''alquezaf went into effect when water shortage, the rights were very strict ^'^^\ 

The water of the river when the amount of water is enough is divided into five 
parts: 1) two fifths for the Canal of Que Mayor that watered Amilla, Churriana, CuUar 
and the fields of Tarramonta; 2) one fifth and a half for the Canal of Erabmacan that 
watered Purchil, Ambroz, Belicena, a part of Taitamonta and El Lamatar; 3) a half of 
one fifth for the Canal of Quemaur that watered the hamlet and the fields of Quemaur, a 
part of Granada and hamlet of Nafejar; 4) one fifth for the Canal of Tafiar that watered 
Tafiar, El Majaxiz and Tarfe Elvira; and 5) the remnant was for Godco, Rio de 
Abrahen, a part of Belicena and the fields of Almagexir, The testimonies of the 
witnesses dated tlie water division around the early Xllth centuiy or the late Xlth 
century and it was confirmed several times after. 



7. The Rivers Monachil and Dilar : 



The water of the River Monachil, tributaiy of the River Genii on the left border, 
divides tlirough four canals: Gorda (Big) or La Zubia and Genital or Guinatal on the 
left, Alta (High) or Albaricoque (Apiicot) and Esterella (Star), that subdivides through 
the canals Jacin and Zute, on the right. If the water of the river divides in twenty-two 
parts, the Big Canal has nine parts, the Star Canals has nine parts, the Guinatal Canal 
has two and the Apricot Canal has two. The division is in the Mill of Jaca. 

The Big Canal watered the village of Manarchil Friday night, Gojar Saturday night 
and the rest of the water was for La Zubia. The Guinatal Canal watered Monachil two 
hours on Sunday and Monday, Tuesday and Wednesday night; the rest of the water ( a 
part on Sunday and a part of Satuday) it watered Cajar. This canal watered La Zubia the 
rest of the week (a part on Saturday, Thurdays and Friday). 

The canals on the right border watered Huetor Vega, a part of Cajar and Granada, 
The Star Canal, for example, watered the hamlet of Zaidin and drew some water to 
Armilla and Santa Fe. The city of Santa Fe held also another part of the water of the 
River Monachil: "'quando la cibdad de Santa Fe tiene necesidad de agua para el riego 
de sus heredades e tierras tiene facultad de poder towar e toma toda la dicha agua de 
Guit Almayor par el dicho efeto el vi ernes y Sabado de cada semana con sus noches, de 
inanera que sean dos dias naturales, Y que la dicha cibdad de Santa Fe a de toinar la 
dicha agua en el rio de Monachil, en el tonadero que va a Santa Fe. E que otro dia 
ninguno no lapuede tomar syno con su pemf ^^^\ 

(76) GARRIDO ATIENZA, Miguel: Los alquezares de Saiitafe. Granada. 1893. See tlie preliminary study, pp. XLIV-XLV. 
(77). ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel: "Consideraciones sobre en la Vega de Granada. Repartiniienta'! musuhnanes (Siglos 
XII'XVI). Apeo de Juan de Baena. Real Chancilleria Ardiive. Granada. Leg 5-a-2-74. 

56 



Ul UnWj oLiiJI ^ djjJ : ^^Vl 



Godco y el Rio de Abrahen, y lo tengan y repartan por la fornix y manera que lo 
touieron la seinana pasada, fasta el doiningo al medio dia: e asy usen dello todas las 
semanas adveniderast loa acequieros como dicho es, y los del Godco y los del Rio de 
Abrahen y los de Almagexir, como dicho es. Mientras el dicho Rio estouiere seco, esta 
regla se tenga desde la ora que alancaren las acquias, y el Rio Xenil quedare syn agua. 
Y quando el dicho Rio touiere muncha agua, y sobrare agua despues de alcados los 
acequieros el agua de las dichas acequias, quedare agua en. el Rio de Xenil, tomen los 
del Godco y los sobre dichos del Rio de Abrahen y el Magexir, segund lo ouieron 
menester, como primero lo tomaron, antes que se secase el dicho Rio: e quando se 
tornare a secar, tomen a usar e repartUlo como dicho e declarado es, por los tiempos e 

oras suso dichos" ^^^\ 



Tafiar 



Majarazaida 



According to this judgement, the hamlet of Godco, then the city of Santa Fe, and the 
fields of Guydabrahen and Almagexir or Almexexi could draw the canal of Lac Mayor 
or Gorda (Big) from Friday noon to Sunday noon of the when the River Genii were dry 



up and it had no water to fill the canal. When water shortage the right of the ''alquezar" 
or '"alquezares" was used, a Muslim right, ''considerado como derecho al 
aprovechamiento de las aguas del rio Gemr\ The "alquezar" is a special water division 
of the River Genii and the Big Canal: tlie Almadraba Garden in the fields of Jaraqui 
Bajo (Low) drew one '"teja morisca''; Fadin or Fatin Alhachuza or Old in the fields of 
Alcali had right to one eight part during the night; the fields of Tafia la Zufla had right 
to one ''teja m.oriscd'\ the fields of Macharno one 'Heja'' Friday and Saturday night; the 
millponds of hemp and flax had right to an uncertin amount of water. The ''alquezaf' 
lasted 48 hours from Friday noon to Monday, noon except the Canal of Xaque or Jaque 
del Marques, that used the water to 3 p.m. 

The irrigators and the canal keepers knew the right and they agreed its use. It was 
regulated in the water regulations of 1538. People of the fields that had this right asked 
for the ''alquezaf before a scribe, some neighbours of Santa Fe and some inigators of 
the Big Canal, in order to avoid causing damages to the owners of the irrigated lands 
and to an ancient rights. The water was drawn through a fix place, near the fields of 
Daralmeud or, after the conquest, through the bridge of Beiro or Purchil. Nobody could 
sell or give the water because the water of the Big Canal was public. 

The division became complicated after the Christian conqueste, especially because 
of the new boundaries of the municipal councils. The hamlet of Godco, Santa Fe, 
received a part of Belicena and Rio de Abrahen. The division of the water was as 
follows: 1) from the noon of the Friday to the dawn of the Saturday, one third to the 
fields of Almagexir and two thirds of Rio de Abrahen; 2) from the dawn to the sunset of 

(75) GARRIDO ATIENZA, Miguel: Los alquezares de Santafe. Granada. 1893; pp. 1 1-13. 

55 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



River Genii: Towns and Country Water 



The water division of the River Genii is an Arab document written in 1219 and it 
contains the customs in using water in the villages that surround Granada ^'^^\ The rights 
on ''alqueza^" or ''alquezares'' are ancient and were written in the Xllth century related 
to the River Genii and later to the Canal of Aynadamar and the fields of Beiro and 
Almanjayar, The water division of the River Genii was done by Abdallah "e/ conoscido 
repartidor del dicho rio sobre las aldeas de Granada, por su manOy por virtud del 
poder que para ello tenia " ^^^^ .The water division was confinned by several Nasrid 
Kings, the last Aben Ismael, in 1454; then the document was gathered by the Christians 
through the document of Diego de Padilla in 1501 and 1502. 

With the basis of this document, translated from the Arabic by Bernadino Xarafi or 
Jarafi, during the XVth century a great amount of documentation was generated 
containing data on fields, boundaries, rights and many other things that, after the 
Moorish expulsion, were gatliered with detail by the corregidor Loaysa, Juan de Baena 
and others. The water division document establishes the distribution of the water with 
detailed imgation turns and the rights of the lands over some others: ''Ylo que sobra del 
dicho RiOy despues de alcadas las acequias por muno de las que tienen cargo dellas, la 
que queda en el dicho Rio, tornanlo para el alcaria de Balaycena: y que nan saben que 
de todas las sobras del dicho Rio, tenga otra parte delta, poco nin mucho, salvo la 
dicha alcaria del Godco y las del rio de Abrahen, Y quando seco el Rio, y en el non 
queda cosa alguna del agua despues de alcada el agua en las dichas acequias por el 
repartimiento sobre dicho, y non queda poco nin mucha para la dicha alcaria del 
Godco, nin para los del Rio de Abrahen, entonces, los sobre dichos, pueden tomar el 
Rio todo al medio dia del viernes syguiente. Y han de dar el tercio del a los 
heredamientos del pago de Almagexir, dende la dicha era fasta el alva del dia del 

Sabado syguiente: y los dos tercios del dicho Rio, para los heredamientos del Rio de 
Abrahen: el una dellos, dende la dicha ora que ha partido el Rio, fasta la nmnana del 
domingo: y tomen los del Godco lo que quedare el agua, y partan los del Magexir el 
dia del Sabado, y tome el tercio que asy partieren con los del Magexir, a los 
heredamientos del alqueria del Godco y para los del rio de Abrahen; que los repartan 
[los] dos tercios, segunda es dicho e re partido de suso. E quando sea la nmnana del 
domingo, partan los del Godco aquel tercio que se toma para el Rio Abrahen, e tomen 
el agua que estouiereen el dicho Rio de Xenil, e juntanlo todo los del alcaria del 
Godco el domingo de manana, fasta que quieran dar las doze, E de alii lo alcen los 
regadores todo lo que ouiere en el dicho Rio, e repartanlo por las dichas acequias, 
segund de partes de arriba esta ya dicho: e lo tengan e rieguen fasta que sean dadas 
las honze y quieran dar las doze del medio deia del viernes, E de alii lo tomen los del 



(73) GARRIDO ATIENZA. Miguel: Los akiuezares de SaiUafe. Granada. 1893. Facsimile edition. Preliminary study by Manuel 
Rspinar Moreno. Granada, 1990. 

(74) GARRIDO ATIENZA, Miguel: Us alquezarcs de Sanlafe. Granada, 1893; p. 8. 

54 



oU \in\\j oUudl ^ djjJ : ^jjVi 



(also Rabat AbolaZy Arrabal de Abu Abdullah or Abu-l-AsU Jincata and Hondo, after 
the douments), that left the city through the Gate of Bib al-Mazda, and a canal without 
name that runs by the cistern of Zacayatalbaceri. The water division shows the turn of 
irrigation and the name of the fields. 

Genin Arroman had one teja morisca oazami (Moorish roof tile) all the year; from 
1755 it just had the water from dawn to the sunset, Genincada had water every day 
from 3 p.m. to sunset. Genin Alguar had water every Thurdays, Friday and Saturday 
from 3 p.m. to dawn. Genin Almeiza every week from 3 p.m. to Wednesday to 3 p.m. 
of Thursday. Genin Arcaza (Fadin Aria or Fadin Alfar) watered three turns of 12 hours 
{dula) from 3 p.m. of Sunday. The rest of the water belonged to other fields. 

The conquest of the city by the Christians represented the change of the way to 
understand the water and its functions, but the respect of the ancient customs remained. 
Thanks to this respect we can follow the Muslim distribution system through the 
litigations, the request, the everyday problems of the life together of Christians and 
Muslims, and the growth of the city and the new distributions of water according to the 
new needs. The result of many years of conflicts and litigations was a remarkable 
change in the ancient water division. 

The documents that Garido Atienza used was: 1) {Ordenanzas de las Aguas de 
Granada, aprobados par la Real Provision de 18 de junio de 1538, Ordenanza de las 
aguas sucias (Regulations of the Waters of Granada, Regulation of dirty waters ); 2) 
Ordenanza de riegos con las aguas del Darro Turbio (Regulation of the irrigation of 
the DaiTO Turbio); 3)Confirmation of 1652 of the diviosion of the Darro Turbio in two 
branches beginning in the Carcel Baja Street; 4) Command of 1718 to make a lock for 
the sluice of the DaiTO Turbio; 5) Command of 1738 to the users of the canal to keep it 
from Cacarro of Santa Ines; 6) List of users of the DaiTo Turbio, 1750; and 7) Users in 
1771. Finally, Garrido Atienza gave the size of the teja azami o morisca. 

The canals of Axares and Romayla were free according to the Christians 
documents after the Conquest "y dellas no se pagan derechos ningunos". These canals 
were used in the urban supply and they had to be clean: two keepers took care of that 
""desde la puerta de la cibdad afuera" and that "ninguno tome el agua sinon como e 
cuando la deba haben Y cuando vieren que hay avenida, han de tener cargo de altar 
las compuertas de las acequias e dejar correr el agua poe el rio abajo porque non 
rompa la acequias". Just a few irrigators had the right to use the water, because the 
main user was the city. Inside the walls of the city the canals were kept by canagueytes, 
but they had no wages, so every person had to pay them the repairs. Outside the city, 
the water was also free to irrigate the fields, but the lessor could rent some water. All 
the restorations and the cleaning were paid by the city users when the water ran inside 
the city and by the irrigators when outside. 

53 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



century, although Archaeology had found Roman an 
area^^^\ Muslim Kings defended the rights of the 
Muhammad IX asked that nobody disturbed the irri^ 
Beiro and in 1444 he commanded the keepers of th 
should not disturb the irrigators of the River Beiro ^'^^\ 



5. The River Darro. The Alhambra and other quarters of the city : 

The water that supplies the Alhambra is drawn from the River Darro, through the 
Acequia Real or Royal Canal ^''^l Some little aqueducts avoid the differences of level 
The canal begins in the property of Jesus del Valle; the water is stored in a dam and 
then destributed. Three kms downstream the canal is divided in two: the Canal of the 
Generalife or of the Tercio (Third, because it drawn a third of the water) and the Canal 
of the Alhambra, also known as the Royal Canal of the Alhambra or the Canal of the 
Two Thirds, that inins lower and parallel to the other. The Canal of the Two Thirds is 
closed in some paits and it has air holes to oxygenate it, to clean it and to control the 
volume of water. Several authors, Muslims as much as Christian, said that this is the 

best water of the city of Granada. 

The Canal of the Two Thirds supplies water to the Geenralife and the palaces, and 
branch off to water the quarters of San Cecillo, Mauror and Antequeruela, and buildings 
as the convent of Santo Domingo. Finally, it joins to the Canal of the Candil (Oil 
Lamp). 

The branch of the Canal of the Two Thirds that waters the Alhambra enter through 
an aqueduct by the Tower of the Water and then it waters the quarters of the Cuesta de 
Gomerez and joints the Canal of Santa Ana. Between the Tower of the Water and the 
Tower of the Infantas it was another aqueduct to lead the water into the Secano, a plain 
almost without difference of level. 



This water supply system is the result of many centuries of applied hydrauHc 
engineering and the use a physical principle: to transform gravity into pressure in order 
to use the water in fountains as much as in cisterns and baths. 

The Ordenanzas de las Aguas de esta ciudad, June 18, 1538, reuals to us the 
irrigation of some fields inside the city of Granada with the water of the named Darro 
Turbio, the dirty water of the city ^^^\ There are two sewers: the Canal oi Rabatabolaz 

(69) ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel and QUESADA GOMEZ\ Juan Jase: "Nuevas aporiaciones a la Arqueologia granadina, 
Maleriales encontrado5 en el rio Beiro*'. Revisla de! Ceiitro de EsUidios Hisiorica'i de Granada y su Reino, 4 (1990), pp. 
1 1-31. 

(70) See QUESADA GOMEZ. Ma. Dolores: "Reparliniiento nnwiri del rio Beiro (siglo XIV)". 

(71) ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel: Vivo la Alhauihrn. El Agua. Granada, 1990. ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel: "Estruclura de los 
espacios del urbanisnio islaniico; Granada y su provincia". 

(72) GARRIDO ATIENZA, Miguel: Dictainen sobre doreduvs en Ins agua.s el no Darro. (xilicia rural de sus riberas e liigiene de 
sus aguas. Granada. 1893. GARRIDO ATIENZA. Miguel: El Darro Turbio. Dicianien publicado a expensas del Excmo 
Ayuntanuento, Granada, 1908. 

52 



cjUI \^n\\j oUiiJI ^ bjjJ : ^jS^\ 



Muhammad DC had to command that neither the irrigators of the River Beiro nor those 
of Aynadamar disturb each other ^^^\ 

The repartimiento or water division of the River Beiro is an Arab legal document 
that regulates water rights of some people, usually related to irrigation or water supply 
to the city ^^^\ It explains who has the water, which quantity he was, which turn to use it 
and how many had to pay ^^\ The water division continued after the Conquest of 
Granada and some Moorish wimesses verified it ^^^\ 

The River Beiro had two canal: one to the south, other to the north, the Canals of 
Aben Calabre ^^\ The water is drawn according to the land held: 12 hours {un tiempo 
de agua or duld) watered around forty marjales ^^^^. 

The division, according to the two water divisions of 1334 and 1335, is as follows; 
just remember that the Arab day begins at midnight. From the dawn of the Saturday to 
the sunset of the Monday, there are five tiempps for Abdalla, and Ben Alxari, his 
brother and mother. From sunset of Monday to the sunset of Wednesday there are four 
tiempos for the inheritors of Abujefar (Abeniazid, Cano and Aben Cohod). Aben Abdul 
Celni, Alquiz, Aboabdi and Aben Hoceyne and his brother have one tiempo Thursday 
night. The inheritors of Hamete Aben Alas, the inheritors of Borday and El Laragili 
have one tiempo from the dawn of Thursday to sunset. Abu Muhammad, Aben Alxat 
and Amohrez, from sunset to midnight of the Friday, have a half of tiempo. Between the 
midnight of Friday to sunset of Saturday there are one tiempo and a half (18 hours); this 
time is for Abu Deal and Aben Alhagini, on one hand, and for Abu Alodali and Aben la 
Bey, on the other hand. The document just says that the last ones have nine tenth of one 
tiempo, i.e., 10 hours and 48 minutes; so Abu Deal and Aben Alhagini have 7 hours and 
12 minutes ^^^^, Muhammad el Gaz, Alazeli and the Heredad de los Habizes have one 
tiempo from the sunset of Friday to the dawn of Saturday. Accoring to these data, the 
River Beiro water around 550 marjales, near Uie city of Granada, 

The water was held by nobody, because it was just used with the permission of the 
other users. Moreover, the property of the land didn't mean the property of the water. 
One could buy a certain amount of irrigated land, but if the owner didn't sell the right to 
irrigate, that was not properly an irrigated land, because there is no water to irrigate. 

However, the iiTigators of the River Beiro never enjoyed the water because of the 
dispute with those of the Canal of Aynadamar. Their rights were written in the XlVth 



(62) Municipal Arcliive of Granada, Secc. Aguas, Leg. 3.429, fol.s. 30r-v and 29v-30r. 

(63) QUESADA GOMEZ, Ma. Dolores: "El repartimiento iiazari del rio Beiro (.sigto XIV)*'; p. 701 . 

(64) In 1501, tJie Calliololic Kings connnanded lo alcaide Padilia to make a lx>ok of repartiiuineto of the canals of Granada. Reales 
Cedulas y Cartas sobre el Juzgado de Aguas de la ciudad de Granada, 1763; pp. 4-6. 

(65) Bartolonie Ramirez ask that "se liaga un libiiro {cow lo recogido (kx los testigo.«f) y pouga y guarda en el Consejo de Estado y 
aquel visto se hagan las ordenaasas..." Archive of Siinancas. Secc. Caniara y Pueblos, Leg. 8, p. 8, fol. I v. 

(66) See Table. 

(67) Marjal is a surface measure that in die Vega of Granada is et)ual to 527ni2. Sec. ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel: "Medidas de 
peso, capacidad y otras en las AlpujarTa."? segun los Lilvos de Habices'*, 

(68) QUESADA GOMEZ, Ma. Dolores: "El repartimiento nazari del rio Beiro (siglo XIV)-; p. 701. 

51 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



scribe of the Council of Granada. Juan de Paredes and Bartolome del Rincon, Alamines, 



declared 



Councils asked again to respect the rights and they sent to the Judges the testimony of 



Granada 



years old, remembered the customs of inigation of this canal fifty years ago, around 



ma 



testigo por merced que della le hico el Rey Muley Bulhacen para que fuese regador 
della, e que durante el tienpo que este testigo tuvo cargo de regador de la dicha 
acequia vido que los vecinos de las dichos lugares y alquerias de las Pulianas e 
Peligros e Maracena se aprovechavan del agua del agua de la dicha acequia ires veces 
en el ano que heran tres dias con sus noches en el ana, en el tienpo que avia 
esterilidad, que se entiende tres dias e dos noches en tienpo que la querian", Francisco 
de Hanini, neighbour of San Luis, 75 yeai's old, said the same. Alonso Felfy, Ali before 
the conversion, declared that the water was used to inigate the wheat fields three days 
each time. 



Then 



Great Spring; 1) every night of the year the water had to supply the Albaicin from the 
sunset "p^ra prove er los algibes y casas del Albaycin y Alcacava y esto es asy por la 
costunbre antiqud\, and that is why these Councils could not water during the night; 2) 



and 



Monday and 
October the 



Wednesday 



there wei-e two turns, from the drawn to the sunset and from the dawn to the noon; 5) 
between the day of Saint John and October some irrigators used the water every day 
from vespers to the sunset; and 6) the irrigators of the fields of Beiro and Almanjayar 
had one entire day every week, Tuesday, Wednesday, Friday or Saturday. 



4. The Villages and the Fields of the River Beiro : 

During the XIV th centuiy the division of the water of the River Genii is confirmed 
several times. This century is written the water division of the River Beiro ^^^ in order 
to avoid some problems with the water of the Canals of Aynadamar, whose water 
division is written in the beginning of the XVIth century. In the water division of the 
River Beko there are some vague quotations to the water of Aynadamar^^*\ King 

(60) Tlie water division of tlie River Beiro waj! written in 1334, mid il was finished in 1356. The years 1348, 1364, 1374, 1404, 
1433, 1445, 1446 and 1496 was verified by (he witnesses, tlie t]adis and the Kings. Municipal Arcliive of Granada. Secc. 
Agua5, Leg. 3.429. fols. 25v-32v. See especially QUESADA GOMEZ, Ma. Dolores: "El reparUniiento nazari del no Beiro 
(siglo XIV)". On some recent archaeological findings, see ESPINAR MORENO. Manuel and QUESADA GOMEZ, Juan 
Jose: "Nuevas aportaciones a la Arqueologia graiiadiana. Materiales encontrados el rio Beiro". Revista del Centre de Estudios 
Historicos de Granada y su Reino, 4 (1990). pp. U-31. 

(61) In 1445, a witness lamented tliat tl»e rent of die Canal of Aynadamar was a "renta de las cercas de la cibdad". Municipal 
Archive of Granada, Secc, Aguas, Leg. 3.429, foU. 30v-3 1 v. 

50 



oULJ^Jij cjUiiJI ^ oj^ : ^xN 



las 



guarden y manden guarden coma en ellas se contiene, y digo que otro tanto a de tener 



como 



requiero lo susodicho la pido par testinwnio al presnte escrivano. Francisco de 



Padilla'\ 



Waters 



to the villages- They argue that: 1) Franciscoa de Padilla i^eferred to the Libro de las 
Aguas (Book of the Waters), in which these villages didn't appear, but they protest 
against it because the book was done forgetting these villages; 2) despite this, their 
rights were respected by the custom; 3) the book indicated the people had a right to 
water, but it didn't show the people had no right; 4) the book didn't regulate water 
division when water is in short supply; 5) these villages didn't use water for drink, so 
they didn't have to clean the canal; 6) it was different that there were wheat fields or 
vineyards, because the problem was the right to use the water; 7) the authorities just had 



take 



Alonso 



Water 



March 



irrigate the wheat fields; if they watered vineyards or gardens they would be fined 
2.000 maravedies. Moreover, they have to pay the price of the water, or they would be 
fined with 5.000 muravedies for the repair of the canal March 24, the irrigators of the 
Canal of Aynadamar declared that Francisco de Padilla refused the neighbours of the 
Canal of Peligros, Pulianas, Puliniallas, Jun, Dialfate and Macarena, acces to water: ''les 



cibdad'' <-^«>. 



fake 



The authorities of Pulianas and Pulianillas wrote a brief to the Judges of the Waters 
to defend their rights; they said ""que de tienpo ynmenwrial a esta parte los dichos 
lugares tyenen derecho e constimhre ynviolable de tonmr el agua del acequia de la 
Fuente Grande de Alfacar, que se dize de Aynadanm, tres vezes en el ano en en cada 
vez tres dias con sus noches que son nueve dias e nueve noches, conviene a saber en los 
anos que ay o se espera esteriUdad de los panes porfalta de lluvias, e en cada un ano a 
los tienpos e sazones que los vezinos de los dichos lugares vieren que mas aprovechare 
el riego para sus senbrados segund que lo suso dicho consta par la ynformacion questa 
ante Jorge de Baeca, escrivano mayor del consejo...'' ^^^\ 

The Judges issued a command to the alamines or keepers of the water to see the 
fields of those Councils, are wotered if they needed iirigation and they will report to the 



(58) Municipal Archive. Granada. Leg. 52. 

(59) Municipal Archive, Granada. Leg. 52. 



49 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



que nosotros a nuestros antecesores la solian tomar, para ello su magnifico ofico 
yvnploramos ypedimos cumplimyento dejusticia** ^^^\. 

March 29, 1529 Francisco de Padilla wrote a brief in order to answer the request of 
the villages. He said that they had no right to the water for these masons: 1) there was 
no reference to these villages in the ancient customs on the Canal of Aynadamar; 2) 
when the documents referred to the cleaning of this canal, the say ''que entrando el mes 
de marco de cada ano an de linpiar desde la Fuente de Alfacar hasta el alcaria de 
Viznar el acequia los del alcana de Viznar y desde el alacaria por sus pertenencias y 
con ayuda de los del albayzin y A lea cava segund mm largo en el dicho capitulo se 
contiene, y para linpiar la dicha acequia se a de cortar toda el agua cabe la fuente y 
creo yo que a de durar el linpiar do toda acequia tres dias"^^^\/, and 3) any 
modification in any aspect of the irrigation with the water of the Canal of Aynadamar 
had to be approved by the corregidor of the city. Don Alonso de Venegas, Francisco de 
Padilla and the Licenciado Castro. The problem of this area was that the wheat fields 
were replaced by the vineyards, &o the fields needed a growing quantity of water. The 
reasons of Francisco de Padilla proved that the water of the Canal of Aynadamar 
belonged to the city and other irrigators, but those villages had no right to the water, 
even in a moment of water shortage. 



The 



Waters 



de tres en tres con que regasemos nuestors panes por la nescysidad que al tienpo avian 
de regalias porquel tienpo era esteril y por mandamiento de vuestras mercedes dimes 
informacion de lo que se acostunbrada hazer los tienpos antiguos, de ynmemorial 
tiempo aca, y vista mandaron dor su mandamiento para los dichos regadores, el qual 
se les notifico y no lo quisieron cunplir porque Francisco de padilla, administrator de 
las aguaSy les mando que no le cunpliesen'\ The villages needed the water because it 
was a year of drought and they feared for the crops. 

March 26, 1530 Franciscaso de Padilla wrote a brief letter answering that request: 
"Muy nobles senores. 

Francisco de Padilla dixo quel myercoles pasado hize a vuestras cierto 
requerimiento y protestacion sobre que no diesen mandamyentos para Tarazona de las 
acequias que entran en esta cibdad a persona alguna sin que primero se ynformasen de 
my y de las costunbres que esteban escritas. Vuestras mercedes proveyeron que 
nwstrase los costunbres del acequia de Aynadama de las quales el presente hago 

demostracion Sesun auel nlnnvdp mi nnrlr^ prn rifiYn pvrritnv nnr Mivfi,/^ Ao )rt 



(56) Municipal Ardiive of Granada. Leg, 52. 

(57) Municipal Arcliive, Granada- Leg. 52. 



48 



cjl^^LJaJlj oLJiJI ^ djjJ : ^JuMl 



liviana que lo pudiese el hazer, e que no sabe este testigo por parte de quien estaba 
puesta la dicha guarda e quien la pagava mas de como la veya andar e la dicha 
acequia guardandola e linpiandola'' ^^^\, 

May 4, 1524 the neighbours of Viznar presented the witness Hernando Aben Muca, 
before his conversion Yahya ben Muca, 100 years old. He declared that he knew the 
people involved, and he added that the neighbours of Viznar had the fourth part of the 
canal, although they could make agree with the lessors of the canal to draw 'Ha meytad 
del agua que va por la dicha acequia''^^^\ but he never heard that the lessors gave them 
all the water '"por dineros ni sin dineros salvo la dicha quarta parte de la dicha agua 
que los dichos vezinos de Bixnar tienen e si se ygualavan con el quando mucho les dava 
otra quarta parte'' ^^'^^, With tlie fourth part, "'los dichos vezinos de Bixnar riegan todos 
sus panes, vinas, olivos, panyos e linos e los demas" ^^^^,. The neighbours of Viznar just 
repaired snail damages. The lessor paid a keeper who cared about the water and the 
canal. 



c. Some Villages North to the City of Granada : 



Pulianillas 



and Dialfate, villages near tlie city of Granada, in 1530 show us the rights of that area to 
the water of Great Springs: three days when the water shortage. This right is an ancient 
custom before the Christian conquest of the Kingdom of Granada in 1942 and it was 
respected by the Christian authorities. 



The water was divided into three parts, one part to Peligros, another to Maracena, 
and a third to Pulianas and Pulianillas. In 1530 the imgators of Peligros asked for the 
right to water, because the neighbours of Pulianas already had watered. Then the 
neighbours of Jun and Pulianillas begged that justice avoid to Peligros and Mai'acena to 
draw the water: the division in thirds must conimwo.:"' que a nosotros de tiempo muy 
antiguo e ywnemorial a esta parte nos pertenese la tercla parte de toda el agua de el 
acequia y Fuentes Grande de Alfacar y delta tenemos posesyan antyquisima con la qual 
estamos a vemos estado en costunbre de regar nuestros panes, es asy que agora los 
vecinos de Peligros y Maracena queeren abaxar toda el agua syn que nosotros nos 
aprovechemos della lo qual hes muy en dano nuetro y de nuestros panes y heredades, y 
porque nosotros continuando nuestra posesyon podrianws tomar el agua que nos 
pertenesce y porque tenemos que desto se podrya seguyr enojo y quistion, a vuestras 
mercedes suplicamos nos niande dar su mandamiento para que seamos amparados en 
nuestra posisyon y podamos tomar el aqua que nos pertenece antiguamiento segund 

(52) Municipal Archive of Granada. Secc. Aguas. Leg. 3.453. 

(53) Municipal Archive of Granada. Secc. Aguas. Leg. 3.453. 

(54) Municipal Archive of Granada. Secc. Aguas. Leg. 3.453. 

(55) Municipal Archive of Granada. Secc. Aguas. Leg. 3.453, 

47 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



acequia les perturbasen y embargasen ni pusyesen contradicion a ello e que esto se a 
tenido por uso e costumbre desde antes que se ganase la dicha cibdad de Granada de 
cristianos en grandes tiempos e de spues ade ganada hasta el mes de mayo que paso de 
mill e quinientos e veynte e tres anas'" ^^^^. He ratified that the neighbours of Viznar had 
right, and the lessors recognized it , to draw water from the canal any time of the year, 
any hour of the day, just paying half of its cuirent price. He said that he heard that Juan 
el Dagui didn't want to sell the water to the neighbours of Viznar. According to this 
witness, Viznar repaired the canal when damages are small, and Granada repaired it if 
the damages are more important. 

Cristobal Almueden, neighbour of Alfacar, 70 years old, declared that he knew the 
people involved in the litigation, although he had no relatives amony them, and he had 
no fear of anybody. The witness remembered that the neighbours of Viznar had the 
fourth part of the water from noon to sunset, ''haziendo de la dicha agua en el dicho 
tienpo todo lo que quieren coma de cosa suya propia syn aver sido perturbados por la 
dicha cibdad de Granada, ny por el dicho arrendador ni arrendadores de la dicha 
acequia de Aynadamar, e que ansi lo a visto este dicho testigo usar e guardar desde 
mas de veynte anos antes questa dicha cibdad de Granada fuese de Christianas e 
despues aca hasta el ano pasado de mill e quinientos e veynte a tres anos''^^^\ 
However, that was not usual, and the lessors had no duty to do that. That was because 
of the water of the canal was need to the cisterns of Granada, so neighbours of the 
Albaicin had to repair the canal. 

The witness Andres Ydriz, neighbour of Alfacar, said that he knew tlie people 
involved in the litigation, except Juan de Dagui. He coincided with the other witnesses 
and he said that Juan de Dagui didn't want to sell the water to the neighbours of Viznar 
because he wanted to sell it at a higher price. He declared that every city clean its part 
of the canal. 



Hernando de Bayrini, 100 years old, declared that he knew the people involved, but 
he didn't know Juan el Dagui. Ninety years ago, and more because of his father and 
grandfathers, he knew that the neighbours of Viznar had the fourth part of the water, 
every day, from noon to sunset. The witness remembered that until 1509 the neighbours 
of Viznar made agree sometimes with the lessors to get more water from die canal, 
paying a half of its price, although the lessors could deny. Related to the cleaning of the 
canal, he said ''que del dicho tienpo imemorial aeste parte quando la dicha acequia se 
quebrado o tiene algunos portillos este testigo a visto syempre venir la gente del 
Albayzin de la dicha cibdad de Granada adobar e reparar e limpiar la dicha acequia 
de Ynadamu e que este testigo a visto que en la dicha acequia anda siempre una guarda 
que tenia cargo de atapar los agujeros que se hazen eb la dicha acequia, siendo cosa 



(50) Municipal Archive of Granada. Secc. Aguas. Leg. 3.453. 

(51) Municipal Arcliive of Granada. Secc. Aguas. Leg. 3,453. 



46 



oUl h.llj) oLliJI jj.* Oj^ : ^Jb"^! 



The 



tbelongs to the city of Granada; tliey condemned them to set free the water or pay 
10.000 maravedies, Viznar aoDealed the acainsta sentence. 



May 2, 1524 were presented the questions of the litigation: 1) if the witness knows 
the people involved in the litigation; 2) if the witness knows that the neighbours of 
Viznar hold the forth part of the water of the Aynadamar Canal, from noon to sunset, 
and if they irrigate some lands; 3) if the witness know if this water belongs to Viznar 
and if someone has tried to appropriate it; 4) if the witness knows that the neighbours 
irrigate the land with this water and if the lessors or the neighbours of Granada disturb 
this before the conquest of Granada by the Christians; 5) if the witness knows that the 
neighbours of Viznar had right to draw water at the other moments of the day in paying 
a half of the usual price and if the lessors are obliged to supply them the water; 6) if the 
witness knows that Juan de Dagui refuse to sell the water and if he collects more than a 
half of the cuiTent price; 7) if the witness knows that the neighbours of Viznar had 
priority on the neighbours of the city of Granada and if the lessors respect this priority; 
8) if the witness knows that the neighbours of Viznar had to clean the canal every year 
and if this is because of the priority of Granada; and 9) if the witness knows that all this 
is public and known. May 3, 1524 Pedro Bucequil, representing the neighbours of 
Viznar, presented the witnesses Alonso Alzeyttuni, Cristobal Almuden, Andres Ydriz, 
Hernando de Baynini, Franciscao Albiasi, Luis Almocadin, Gonzalo Baqui, Fernando el 
Bayaysin, Fernando Abenmuca and others. 

Alonso Aleytuni, neighbour of Nivar, 70 years old, declared that he knew the lessor 
Juan el Dagui and the neighbours of Viznar 40 years ago (around 1484) and that he 
knew the Canal of Aynadamar 50 years ago. From this time, he knew by his father and 
grandfathers that the neighbours of Viznar drew water from the canal. Tlie interpreter 
Alonso de Aguilar translated his testimony with these words: '*[more than fifty years 
ago] a visto que las dichos vezinos de Bixnar an tenido par suya e como suya la quarta 
parte de agua de la dicha acequia de Aynadamar, regando con la dicha quarta parte 
del agua de la dicha acequia todas las heredades e trigos e cehadas de la dicha alcaria 
de Bixnar, desde medio dia hasta que se pone el sol, usando de la dicha agua como de 
cosa suya propia, e sin que otra persona ninguna se aprovechase de la dicha quarta 
parte del agua de la dicha acequia, e que en esta posision an estado los dichos vezinos 
de la dicha alcaria de Bixnar del dicho tienpo aca viendo e sabiendo este testigo que 
asy a usado e uso del dicho tienpo a esta parte e que la mismo oyo dezir este testigo 
a su padre y su aguelo e a otros onbres muy ancianos e questa es publica boz e 
famd' ^^^\ The neighbours of Viznar held the fourth part of the water of Aynadamar 
canal from noon to sunset. The witness pointed out that the neighbours of Viznar 
irrigated its cultures ''sin que la cibdad de Granada ni las arrendadores de la dicha 



(49) Municipal Archive of Granada. Secc. Aguas. Leg. 3.45?. 



45 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



city and the lessor defended that the right to irrigate was reduced to the lands by the 
hamlet. May 20, 1523. the lessor Juan el Dagui sued some neighbours of Viznar. His 
testimony show us some details of the use of the water: ''para que con ella pudiesen 
regar a reign sus heredamientos que tienen en la dicha Bixnar, alrededor de la dicha 
alcaria, a las quales heredades senaladamente les perteneze la dicha agua, e no para 
otros heredaminetos que ay en la dicha alcaria, la qual agua les pertenece a ciertas 
heredades del dicho lugar, dende melodia hasta que anochece, y en este tiempo pueden 
usar e se aprovechar de la dicha agua las heredades que la tienen de antiguedad. E asi 
es que en mi dano e perjuyzio los susodichos e cada uno de ellos reigan otros 
heredamientos, que no tienen agua ni les perteneze, la qual es en mi perjuyzio, porque 
regadas la heredades de los clichos vezinos que de antiguedad les pertenesze agua de 
la dicha azequia, luego conw acaban de regar me pertenesze a mi como arredador la 
posesion de la dicha agua. e mi la quitan, regando otros heredamientos vendiendo Iso 
susodichos la dicha agua, no lo pudiendo hazer ../'^"^^l Finally, the lessor asked for the 
judges to avoid that people used water without right. 

The neighbours of Viznar send a brief to the Tribunal of Waters; they said that the 
affirmations of Juan el Dagui were false, and that the water of the canal belonged 
entirely to Vi^nar and its islands. ''Nosotros y los otros vezinos de la dicha alqueria 
avemos usodo libremente de la dicha agua e parte del agua de la dicha acequia, desde 
medodia fasta que anochesce y es puesto el sol, y en esta posesyon y uso e costunbre 
avemos nosotros y los otros vezinos de la dicha alqueria etado y estanws syn hazer 
distyncion ni apartamiento de las tierras y heredades que etan junto con la dicha 
alqueria o de las que estan apartadas porque siendo vezinos de la dicha alqueria tienen 
facultad de tomm la dicha agua de la dicha acequia desde medio dia fasta que 
anochesze, y an regado e riegan todas las tierras y heredamientos que quieren con ella 
porque la dicha aguafue syenpre de los vezinos e moradores de la discha alqueria, y 
usaron della libremente desde el mediodia fasta que anachesze, faziendo della lo que 
an querido como de cosa suya propia. Y en eta costunbre en estado e estan de uno, 
cinco, diez^quinze, veynte, treynta, quarenta, cinquenta, sesenta anos y de tanto tienpo 
aca que niemoria de hombres no esen contrario, asy en teinpo de moras como despues 
quete reyno se gano''^^'^\ The neighbours of Viznar argued thai Juan el Dagui acted with 
malice against them. The brief was signed by Doctor Megias, and a copy was sent to 
Juan El Dagui. 

June 13,1523 Pedro Muley appeared before the judges representing the neighbours 
of Viznar; he repeated the arguments and he added that they paid 1 1 cadahes of wheat 
and 11 cadahes of millet, but the lessor exact them by force to pay 11 celemines of 
millet more ^''^l 



(46) Municipal Archive of GraiiAda. Secc. Agufus. Leg. 1453. 

(47) Municipal Archive of Granada. Secc. Agua-t. Leg. 1453. 



(48) Cadalie and celeniin are Muslim mensiire5 of graiiw and .surface, dial depiind.i on every city. On diis measures in Granada, see 
GARRIDO ATIEN2A, Miguel: Us agua.s del Albaicin y la Alcazaba. On diis measures in die Alpujarra, see ESPINAR 
MORENO, Manuel: "Medidas de peso, capacidad y oira.s en las Alpujarras segun Iw Libras de Habices'*. Cuademos 
Geograficos de la Universidad de Granada. 1 1 (1983). pp. 309-318. 



44 



cjUL-LJIj ol-iiJI ,>* djj^ : ^jl:Vi 



January 18, 1531 the Council of the city was condemned to pay 50.000 raaravedies 
to the Crown if it gave no money to finish the building. The Municipal Council 
accepted the command, the last sentence, March 8, is this: 

"En el pleyto y cabsa que es entre los vezinos de las parrochias de San Luys y 
Santa Ysabel y San Bias de Albayzin, e su procurador, de la una parte, y el alcayde 
Francisco de Padilla, administrador de las aguas de Granada de la otra. 

Fallamos: que las dichas parrochias y el dicho su procurador en su nombre, 
probaron bien e cumplidamente su intencion e dernanda: dainosla e pronunciamosla 
por bien probada; e que el dicho Francisco de Padilla no probo cosa alguna que le 
pueda aprovechar, e que por ende, que devemos declarar a declaratnos, competer y 
pertenecer derecho a las dichas parrochias evezinos dellas, para ue devan aver la 
tercia parte el agua que viene por el acequia de Aynadama, para provisyon de las 
dichas parrochias e sus algibes e cauchiles y azacayas, segun y como hastaa aqui lo 
han tenido. E que debmos mnndar e mandamos, que asi lo tengan y gozen de aqui 

adelante, y que en ello no se haga novedad alguna. Y que se tome la dicha tercia parte 
de agua en el lugar acostumbrado, que es junto a la Puerta Faxaleuza, en el lugar que 
se llairuz el Mafrox, y no en la parte do el dicho Francisco de Padilla nuevamente ha 
hecho cierto edificio. Y por cabsas justas, no hazemcs condenacion de castas contra 
ninguna de las partes, mm que cada una dellas pague las cjue hizo, y asy lo mnndamos 
y pronunciamos en estos escriptos. El bachiller Pedraza. Don Diego de Santillan, 
Fernando de Zafra. El licenciado Gregorio"' ^'^^\ 



b. The Canal of Aynadamar and Viznar : 

One of the most influential iirigation network in the city planning of Granada and 
in the northern lands of the city is the famous canal of Aynadamar or of Alfacar. The 
origins of this canal are Roman, according to some scholars, or Arab (Xlth century) ^'^'^\ 
according to some others. Through this canal, the water of Fuente Grande(GrQa.i 
Spring) of Alfacar was led down to the northern quarters of Granada (the Albaicin), and 
to many hamlets: Viznar, Pulianas, Pulianillas, Jun, etc. 

We know a great amount of litigations between the city of Granada and these 
hamlets, but the most important of them are refeired to Viznar and the quarter of 
Albaicin. In 1523 began a litigation between Viznar and the city of Granada because of 
the water of the canal of Fuente Grande of Alfacar^'^-*'^ The lessor of the Aynadamar 
canal brought suit against the neighbours and the municiapl council of Viznar. The 
neighbours of Viznar argued that the water belonged to them from noon to sunset; the 



(43) GARRIDO ATIENZA, M.: Las aguas del AU>aicin y la Alcazaba; pp. 40-43. 

(44) ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel ami ABELLAN PEREZ, Juan: "Capiacion . dislribucion y usos del agua en las ciudades 

musiilinanas: el caso de Ainieria, Guadix y Granada". 

(45) Municipal Archive of Granada. Secc. Agujus. Leg. 3.453. 

43 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



They represented other neighbours" e por los quales prestamvs bos e caucaion de facto 
judicatum solvendo e nos obUgamos que esteran e pasaran por todo quanto en esta 
cadta sera contenido, so expresa obligacion que para ellofazemos e nuiestras personas 
e bienes, avidos e po aver. Otorgamos e conoscemos por nos y en el dicho nombre que 
damos e otorgamos todo nuestro poder cumplido, libre e llenero, bastante, segund que 
lo nos aventos e tenemos, e de derecho se require a vos Pedro Gutierrez, procurador de 
cabsas, e vos Alonso Algafiqui, e a vos Juan el Hibi, vezinos que soys desta dicha 
cibdod que etades presentes''^^^,. The purpose of the claimants was "pedir que seamos 
amparados e defendidos en la posesion e senorio e propiedad de toda la parte que 
tenemos e nos pertenece de use e de costumbre de toda el agua que entra en el dicho 
Albayzin del acequia de Aynadama, asy para henchir los alibes de la dicha coUacion 
como pai*a el servicio e oti'os aprovechamientos de los vecinos della conforme a las 
constituciones e ordenancas e repartimiento de las aguas eue en este caso en nuestro 
favor disponen, e pedir que aquellos nos sean guardados y excutados si e segund e de 
manera que ellas se contiene" ^^^\. The neighbours reminded to Juan el Hibi and Alonso 
Algafiqui ''que por nosotros y en el dicho nombre podays pedir e tomar tada el agua 
que la dicha collacion tiene e le pretenece del acequia suso dicha para servicio e 
aprovechamiento de las vecinos della, e henchir con ella los algibes de la dicha 

collacion, e la encaminar e guiar por los lugares cjue acostumbra venir, todo esto en 
los dias e oras que a nosotros pertenece conforme al repartimiento e ordenancas suso 
dichas, e fazer sobrello todo lo que convenga e que nosotros hariamos e podriamos 
hazer presentes seyendo para lo qual vos damos el dicho nuestro poder con todas sus 
yncidencias e dependencias, e obligamos para la validacion dello nuestras personas e 
bienes^\ 



More than twenty neighbours of San Luis did the same giving the power of 
attorney to Pedro Gutierrez and Bartolome el Hadide, and almost fifty neighbours of 
San Salvador, San Bias and Rabadalbayda did as much giving power to Pedro Gutierrez 
and Juan Garcia Almozaguaque. 

The Tribunal of the Waters commanded that the Municipal Council had to built the 
conduit as it was before the building of Francisco de Padilla. Pedro de Avila was on 
charge of the building, but he couldn't 'fazer ningund edifico syno se la manda la 
ciudad y le la dineros para e'//o"^'*^\. The Tribunal of the Waters thought that the 
building had to continue ''porques muy necesario questo se haga poe el vien general del 
Albayzin y Alcacava, yo requeri al dicho ovrero cwnpUese el mandamiento de Vuestra 
Merced y hiziese el dicho cano, el qual no to a querido hazer diziendo que la ciudad le 
tiene mundado que lo hagcr. 



(40) Municipal Archive. Granada. Leg. 3.430. 

(41) Municipal Archive. Granada. Leg. 3.430. 

(42) Municipal Archive. Granada. Leg. 3.430. 



42 



oI^LIliJIj oLJiiJt j^ djjJ : ^^jljVi 



plega saber coma yo traxe cierto pleito, en nombre de la clicha yglesia de perrochianos, 
con el alcallde Padilla, administrador de las aguas, ante los Juezes de la s Aguas, 
sobre el repartimiento del agua de la Puerta de Fajalauza, los quales se concertaron 
quedase el dicho repartimiento comma se estava, porque ha mas se dosientos anos que 
no ovo debate sobrello, y porque quede la dicha sentencia con mayor fuerca e rigor e 
no aya dada dia pleito sobrello, Suplico a Vuestras Senorias en el dicho 
nombremwiden a un cavallero o dos del Magnifico Ayuntomiento lo vean a fagan 
relacion a la cibdad para que el dicho poder se mande dar en publica forma para que 
sejunte con la dicha sentencia " ^^^\. The testimony of Alonso Mumen dated the use of 
water by the neigbours of these parishes at least fi'om 1325, during the reign of Nasrid 
King Yusuf I^^'^L The litigation began with this title: "^4/7/; 1530. Acequia de 
Dinadamur. Proceso entre los vecinos de Ral?adalbayda, de una partey y el alcallde 
Francisco de Padilkiy administrador de las aguas, de otra, sobre la posesion de llenar 
por el ramal antiguo que parte las aguas en el Albaezin, el agua que toca a los vezinos 
de las collaziones de Sant Luis, Santa Ysbael y Sant Bias, hasta llenar sus algives y 
azcicaias, y sus remanientes encanados para el riego de la guerta de Fernando el Feri y 
Pedro Toro'' ^^^\. 



The neignours of the parishes testified and wrote a brief July 13, 1530, on their 
immemorial rights to the water of Aynadamar, during the Moorish rule and after the 

Conquest of the city; they accused Francisco de Padilla because he "nos la pierde y 
perturba a quita sin causa" ^^'^\. The document was signed by many neighbours in 

Arabic language. Next day, in the presence of Bachiller Pedraza, the Mayor, Rodrigo 
Ponce de Ocampo and Miguel de Leon, veinticuatros of the city and Judges of the 
Waters, and the scribe Jorge de Baena the brief was read and they went to the Gate of 
Fajalauza to see the water division. Some old neighbours testified. Juan Alaxi de Viejo, 
neighbour of San Bias, 86 years old, said that the water division had always been like 
then; the water remaining after filling cisterns and houses was led to the garden of 
Fernando el Feri. Alonso el Bor, neighbour of Santa Isabel, 85 years old, said the same, 
and he added that the remaining water was also led to the garden of Pedro Toro. 

Francisco de Padilla sent a brief ot the Judges of the Waters; he reasoned that the 
modifications was commanded by the Emperor and the Municipal Council, so he 
enclosed with the brief a letter of the Emperor (Burgos, October 26, 1527) and the 
agreement of the Council (February 21, 1528). The reason was the building of the 
Royal Hospital. However, the Judges recognized the rights of the neighbours of the 
Albaicin. 

July 31, 1530 more than fifty neighbours of Santa Isabel of the Albaicin gave 
power of attorney to Pedro Gutierrez to defend their rights on the water of Aynadamar. 

(36) Municipal Archives, Granada. I^g. 3.430. 

(37) Municipal Archives, Granada. Leg. 3.430. 

(38) Municipal Archives, Granada. Leg. 3.430. GARRIDO ATII'NZA. M.: Vms agua.s del Albaicin y la Aica7^\ba ; p. 40. 

(39) Municipal Archive, Granada. Leg. 3.430. 

41 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



otra" ^^-^l. The Judges agreed, but Francisco de Padilla obstructed it, so the suit 
continued. 

June 29, 1525 the judges asked the testimony of several Moorish witnesses, living 
in San Luis, Santa Isabel, San Nicolas San Bias, San Miguel and San Jose. The 
interpreter was Diego de Toledo. The question to the witnesses was: '*que entre tienpo 
ellos platiquen e declaren, que tanta cantidad de agua es la que suele y acostumbra yr 
de mucho tienpo a esta parte, par el ramal al pilar de la Puerta Fajalauza, y va a los 
algibes, dos de San Luys, y otro de Santa Ysabel y Sant Bias, y a la azacaya del dicho 
Sunt Blas"^^'^\, Juan el Goraybe, Pedro Alisneyte and Zacarias Chilayrine were the 
witnesses of the parish of San Luis; Alonso Mumen, "mayordomo" or treasurer of the 
church of Santa Isabel, Getan Aben Chanche, Alonso de Boho, Alonso el Chabiylut, 
Diego el Calay, Juan Alhafrida, esteban Aznar and Jeronimo Gafur were those of Santa 



Isabel de los Abades; Rofrigo Cordero, 



Q 



Alaquif and Hernando el Feri were those of San Bias; Juan Damon, Hernando Foytoy 
and Jeronimo Abenocayd were those of San Nicolas; Juan Albarracin, Alonso Rondi 



Martin 



el 



Halaqui were those of San Jose. Don Miguel de Leon, veinticuatro of the city, was also 



witness. 



The witnesses answered after deliberation and they declared that the quarter of the 

Albaicin held a fourth part of the water of the Canal of Aynadamar: "los dichos senores 
juezes coligeron de lo que lo suso dichos dixeron que devian de mandar a mandaron 
que par el ramal de agua que va a la Puerta Fajalauza e a los dichos algibes se eche y 
vaya por el quarta parte del agua que viene por el acequia Aynadama, y en la casa del 
repartimiento fuera de la Puerta Fajalauza se haga un agujero por donde quepa la 
dicha cantidad de agua buelba con las otras tres quartas partes del agua para que vaya 
al Albayzin e Alcacava. Esto syn perjuyzio de otro derecho que alguna persona tenga 
por donde se certifique e declare la nantidad de agua quel dicho ramal de agua a de 
avec porque no se pudo dar declaracion ni detenninacion. Y entre tanto questo se 
determine e declare, mandaron que se guarde lo suso dicho, todo lo qual dixeron a 
mandaron presentes los suso dichos'' ^'^^\, 

The conduit and the building was made by Maestre Antoniiiio, Diego Homayre, 
Francisco Canero and Pedro Portil, because they were in charge of the building and 
maintenance of the water supply system of Granada. Then, the Judges of Waters 
commanded to Aloso Mumen to make a door with a key and he gave the key to the 
scribe until the Council indicated who was responsible for it. 

A few years after, Alonso Mumen, "mayordomo" of the church of Santa Isabel, 
sent a brief to the Judees of Waters: " beso las manos de Vuestms Rpnnrins. nlns mmlps 



(33) GARRIDO ATIENZA. M.: Us aguas del Albaicin y la Alcazalia; p. 42. 

(34) GARRIDO ATIENZA, M.: Us aguas del AllTaidn y la Alcazaba, pp. 42-43. 

(35) Municipal Archive. Granada. Leg. 3.430. GARRIDO ATIENZA, M.: Us aguas del Albaicin y la Alcazaba.. 

40 



oULJaJtj oLiiJi ^ djj^ : ^x>i\ 



need 



clean 



several ways: the water helps the crops grows, it waters cattle, it moves mills wheels. 



and 



3. The Waters otFuente Grande and the Canal otAynadamar: Urban Supply and 
Irrigation 

a. The Quarter of the Albaicin 

A sentence of March 8, 1530 on the property and the rights of tlie water of some 
parishes of Albaicin let us know the situation of the water of this quarter in the XlVth 
and XVth centuries. Thanks to the data provided by the witnesses we can apporach to 
the water distribution in the Nasrid period. Some years later, the parishes had brought 
suit against Francisco de Padilla, "Administrador de las aguas" or pei'son in charge of 
the water. 



Five years before, the Mayor of the city of Granada, Francisco de Peralta and 
Jeronimo Fernandez el Zegri got information on the water division of the quarters of the 
Albaicin. The testimony of some people in charge of the canals cleared the question. 
Maestre Antonio, Maestre Francisco, Pedro Portil and others, 'V/e quien inejor se podian 
ynformar", declared. They were asked on the quantity of water of the branch canal 
going to Fajalauza. The witnesses were neighbours of the parishes of San Luis, Santa 
Isabel, San Bias, San Nicolas, San Miguel, San Jose and other parts of the A/ca^a&a. 
The division of the water from the Canal of Aynadamar for the Albaicin was near the 
Gate of Fajalauza, from where several canals and conduits led the water to the whole 
Albaicin, for the people as for the mosques, for the industries as for the gardens. The 
first sentence (June 29, 1525) was appealed. 

In the sentence of 1531, the Judges of Waters acknowledged the water rights of the 
parishes of San Luis, Santa Isabel and San Blas^^^\. in the Albaicin. The suit began in 
1522, when some repair works were made in the Canal of Aynadamar, near to the Gate 
of Fajalauza. Francisco de Padilla changed the way of the water and some parishes were 
left without water. The neignbours reported, to the Tribunal of Waters (Juzgado de las 
Aguas), the damages and they asked the Judges for the restoration of the water division 
and the building of a structure " con su piierta e cerradura, para que no se azolve 
ninguna acequia, ni ninguna persona pueda quitar el agua a una pare e dalla a 



(31) ESPALZA, Mike de: "Un nuxlelo oixiralivo de url-wriLsino inasuliimn". Sharq Al-AiulaUis. 2 (Alicante, 1985), pp. 137-149. 
ESPALZA, Mike de: "El agua en el derecho niusulnian". Agua y poblaniienio inusuluian. Siiuposiurn de Benissa, Abril 1987. 
Benissa 1988; pp. 13-19. ESPALZA. Mike tie el alii. BaiKxt arato el el= =pais valenciaiio. Alicante. 1986. GAFSI, A. H.: 
"Algunas observaciones sobre el agua en las meztiuilas de los ixieblas andalii.sie-s de Tunez". Agua y poblaniiento musulman. 
Simposiuin de Beni.wa. Abdil 1987. Benissa, 1988; pp. 55-58. PRIETO MORENO Y PARDO, Francisco: El jardin 
hispanomuiJulinan. Granada, 1985. 

(32) Municipal Archive, Granada. Leg. 3.430. 

39 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



(Red Towers) and the quarters of the ancient Garnata aWahud. A testimony of the 
ancient rights of this area of the city is that the neighbours of the quarters of 
Antequeruela, Mauror and Granata had to repair the dam several kms upstream, while 
other users just had to pay a little, according to some documents of the Nasrid period. 

Two canals begin downstream the dam. The Canal of Ajsaris or San Juan, on the 
right border, leads the water to the Great Mosque through the street of San Juan de los 
Reyes. The name Ajsaris can be a translation of Xarea: the name suggests a sacred 
water that crosses the Xarea and tliat supplies water to the Great Mosque, after Mikel de 
Epalza ^"^^^ This area of the city has several Roman findings. 

The other canal is named Almanzora or Santa Ana, on the left border, and it waters 
the hills of the Alhambra and the quarter of Almanzora, founded by the King Badis in 
the Xlth century. This canal gathers the water of Red Towers and the Alhambra and 
goes to Bib al-Fajjarin or the quarter of Santa Escolastica, 



The Canal of the Candil (Oil Lamp), drawn from the River Genii, was built by the 
minister Muamraal in the Xlth century. This canal crosses the village of Cenes and 
waters the quarters downhill the Carmen of the Martires, Antequeruela and Mauror, 
already known in the Zirid period ^-^^^ 

This system of water supply using rivers and canals waters the whole city with the 
help of a network of minor canals that divides and gathers remains to use up the whole 
water. The city users of the water had to repair the damages of the canals inside the city, 
as well as the users in the country had to repair those damages outside the city. The 
precise distribution system tried to make a good use of water and to benefit population. 

The Arab civilization, made water the main element by which understands its way 
of life could be understood. The Muslim, an inhabitant of the desert, made with water a 
sort of paradise that he identified with the oasis. The water is the key of the space 
planning and its functions. The Muslim medieval city is made by several parts closely 
related between them, but autonomous. Inside a city there spaces for recreation, for 
work, for spirituality, and for life, as we can see in Medina Azhara. 

The Muslim individual made the water an indispensable element of his spirituality 
because water purifies. The great and the small mosques had to have baths and 

(29) We til an k Prof. Epalza the suggestion of llii.s topic. Tlii.s theory is supjxirteU Liy tJie anciem luiikling of tlie ma^jque (over a 
Qmstian church, according Goniez- Moreno) or niayl^ il refers lo the cliurcli of San Juan de los Reyes, witli Roman remains 
and beside a Roman canal and a cemetery. 

(30) ESPINAR MORENO. Manuel and ABELLAN PEREZ. Juan: "Captacion. distribucion y usos del agua en las ciudades 
musulmanas: el caso de Almeria, Guadix y Granada". 

38 



olfL-kJIj ol-iiJI ^ Oj^ : ^jljVi 



Al-Qasba Qadima changed from the Vlllth centuiy by the Muslim rulers. Although 
we have no documents, archaeological evidence shows that the ancient Iberian and 
Roman Iliberis was occupied also by Visigoths and Arabs to the Xlth century; the 
works of Gomez-Moreno and Roldan Hervas prove the continuity of the settling and the 
settlement of al-Qasba Qadima over Iliberis, although the capital of the kura or district 
were move to Medina Elvira; even some Roman and early medieval materials were 
used in buildings related to the water ^^'^\ 

The Canal of Aynadamar enters in the city through the Gate of Fajalauza divides 
into two branchs. One goes to the al-Qasba Qadima through Water Street of the 
Albaicin and it watered the ancient palace and the gardens of the Zirid Kings and other 
buildings of the Nasrid period, like Dar-al-Huira and the house of the Marquis of the 
Cenete. Then it waters the Albaicin Bath or Monaita Gate the canal gathers the water of 
the bath and the gardens and goes to the Alhacaba Slope to water the gardens under the 
ancient walls. Near Bib al-Bonud or Monaita Gate the canal gathers the water of the 
bath and the gardens and goes to the Gate of Elvira. All this circuit is attested from IXth 
century through documents and earlier through Archaeology ^^^\ This branch canal 
watered other quarters, like Cenete, San Cristobal, Xarea, etc. dated by Gomez-Moreno, 
Seco de Lucena, Torres Balbas and others to the Xl-XIIth centuries. 

The Second branch of the Aynadamar Canal goes to the quarters of Rabadalbayda, 
Axsaris and other gardens of the Slope of Chapiz to join the River DaiTO. 

The River Dairo supplies water to the Alhambra and the quarters of Antequeruela, 
Mauror, etc., with some evidences of Roman and Visigothic settlements and better 
known from the Muslim conquest. The river source is near the village of Huetor 
Santillan and a dam lifts the water to the Generalife Hill through a canal that divides the 
Acequia Real or Royal Canal and the Canal of the Generalife. 

According to the Chronicle of Copehhague the King Muhammad I led the water to 
the Alhambra, so the water supply of this area belongs to the Xlllth century^^^l 
However, the existence of an ancient canal, and later called of the Generalife, parallel to 
this garden, goes back to the Roman period. The Roman discoveries in the Campo de 
los Martires and other findings inside the Alcazaba and the Alhambra, like the rest of 
the aqueduct, at least of the Xlth century after Bermudez Pareja, are veiy revealing of 
the problems of the date of the development of the water supply system ^^^\ After the 

Alhambra, the water of the River Darro follows downhill to water Torres Bermejes 



(25) GOMEZ-MORENO» Manuel: Monunientos romanos y visigoticos de Granada. See also the preliniiiiary study by J. M. Roldan 
Hervas. ESPINAR MORENO. Manuel and QUESADA GOMEZ, Juan Jose: "Granada romann y visigoda ...". 

(26) ESPINAR MORENO. Manuel: "Apunles de arc|ueoiogia ..." and ESPINAR MORENO. Manuel y FERNANDEZ ORTEGA, 
Antonio; "Bab al Iladid o Puerto del Hierro, seguii un docuinenio arabe de 1495". Kevisia del Centro de Esiudios Historicos 

de Granada y su Reino, 3 (Granada, 1990), pp. 183-197. 

(27) ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel :" Ai>roxiniat:jon al conocinieenio del regadio alpujarrcno, Noticias de la taha de jubiles' 
Encuentro Hispano - Frances sobre Sierra Nevada, l^ Mi.sioria, la Terrra y el Poblaiuiento de Sierra Nevaday y su entoino. 

Granada. 1988; pp. 121 - 167. 

(28) BERMUDEZ PAREJA, Jesus: El Partal y la Alhambra alia. Granada, 1977. 

37 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC dTY PLANNING 



However, we have no mention of aqueducts, except that underground one, that 
Gomez-Moreno mentions in his book on Medina Elvira. 

In Granada we know several examples of stone basins, specially those used as 



ample, the basin of Badis^^^> (Xth 



and 



Granada 



Around 



named of 
antimony 



Granada under the Muslim rule had the water of three different sources:the Fuentes 
Grande or Great Spring of Alfacar, The River Dairo and the River Genii. The Great 
Spring supplied water to the Albaicin though the Canal of Aynadamar or Alfacar, which 
was divided between the country (Lands of Aynadamar and of the Beiro), the city and 
several adjoining villages (Viznar, Alfacar, El Farque, Sacromonte). The ancient 
Albaicin, the dl-Qasba Qadima, had priority over any other part. The documents of the 
water division belong to tlie Nasrid period, to the XlVth century to be precise, though 
they refer to "veiy ancient" customs. Gairido Atienza studied this division and the 
problems it caused after the conquest of the city ^^"^l 



(20) llie basia of Badis is one of tlie scarce reniain5 of (lie Zirid period, allhougli some sctiolars date it in the Xth century. C,f. 

TORRES BALBAS, Leopoldo: "El ahiiinar de la iglesia de San Jose y las const rucciones de los ziries granadinos". 

Al-Andalus, 6 (1941), pp. 22-43. The autlior says that the basin was a part of a despoliation of Cordoba or Medina Elvira, i. e. 

of tlie Xth century. Tliis author in "El Puente del Cadi y la Puerta de los Panderos, en Granada". Al-Andalus, 14 (1949), pp. 

419-428, says tliat die arches of the aqueduct of Medina al-Zalira (Xtli century) are similar to Uiose of the Bridge of the Qadi 
ID Granada. 

(21) BARGEBUHR. Frederick P.: Tiie Alhambra. A Cycle of studies on die Eleventli Century in Moorish Spain. Berlin. 1968 
quotes a poem tliat can be found in IBN GABIROL, Salomon: Poesia secular. Spanish translation by E. Romero. Madrid, 
1978; see p. 177. GRABAR, Cleg: La Allianibra: iconogradia, formas y valorcs. Madrid, 1980; see pp. 127-128. 
BARGEBUHR, F.:"Tlie Alhambra Palace of the Eleventh Century". Journal of die Warburg and Courtauld Institutes. 19 
(1956). pp. 192-258. PEINADO SANTAELA. Rafael and LOPEZ DE COCA CASTANER, Jase Enriquez: Historia de 
Granada. IL La epoca medieval. Siglos VIII-XV. Granada, 1987; see p. 54. ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel and ABELLAN 
PEREZ, Juan: "Captacion, distiibucion y usas del agua en las ciudades nmsulinanas: el caso de Almeria, Guadix y Granada". 

(22) On the bailis in Granada, see AL-GARNATHI: "Lo.s banas arabes". La Alhambra, V-1 13 (1902), pp 979-980. ALVAREZ 
DE CIENFUEGOS CAMPOS, J. "De la Granada anUgua: Solire los banos y el siglo XV y XVI". Boletin de la Camara de 
Comercio e Industrie de Granada, 5 (1969). pp. 14-16, ANONIMO: "De como se construia un bano en tiempo de moros". La 
Alhamra, VIIM 66 (1905), pp. 49-51. BERMUDEZ PAREJA.= =Jesus: "EI banodel Palacio de Comares en la Alhambra de 
Granada. Disposicion primitiva y allernaciones". Cuadernios de la Alhambra, 10-11 (1974-1975), pp. 99-116. ESPINAR 
MORENO, Manuel: "Apuntes de arqueologia y cultura material granadina. El bano del Albaicin (siglos XIII-XVI)". 
Cuadermos de Arte de la Universidad de Granada. XXI (1990). pp. 71-85. CASPAR REMIRO, Mariano: "De Granada 
musulmana. El bano de la ruina o del axautar". La Alhamra, IX (1906), pp. 98-101; pp. 123-125; and pp. 146-150. MELIDA, 
Jose Ramon: "El Banuelo, Banos arabes subsistentes en Granada" Boletin de la Real Academia de la Historia. LXVIII (1916), 
pp. 503-506. SECO DE LUCENA, Luis: "El bano de Sawtar en Granda". Al-Andalus, XII (1947), pp. 211-213. TORO 
MOYANO, Isidro: "Excavacion de urgencia eu el bano arabe descrubierio ein el Colegio de las Madres Mercedarias de la 
Plaza de los Tiros (Granada)". Anuario Arcjueologicode Andalucia. Ill (1985), pp. 139-142. TORRES BALBAS, Leopoldo: 
"Lamezquita real de la Alliambra y el bano frontero", AI-Aiidalus, X (1945), pp. 196-214. VALLADAR, Francisco de P.: "El 
Banuelo' o Bano del Puente del Cadi". La Alhambra. XVI (1913), pp. 304-307, VALLADAR Y SERRANO, Fco. de Paula: 
"El Banuelo y el Bano del Clias". U Alliambra, IX-200 (1906), pp. 304-307 VALLADAR, Francisco P.: "?Desde la Carrera 
de! Darro a la Alliambra?". La Alhambra. XXin-526 (1920), pp. 97-100. VALLADAR, Francisco de P.: "Banos arabes". La 
Alhambra, XV-355 (1912), pp. 569^570. VALLADAR. Francisco de P.: "Cronica granadina. Banas aral>es". La Alhambra, 
XIX-433 (1916), p. 168.VALLADAR, Francisco de P.: "El Banuelo, inonumento nacional". U Alhambra, XXII (1919), pp. 
18-20. V Atv 

(23) SECO DE LUCENA, Luis: "Las puertas de la cerca de Granada en el siglo XIV". Al-Andalus, 7 (1942), pp. 438-458: "el 
vocablo alcohol se usa aqui denominacion de la galena o sulfuro de plomo que se empleaba especialmente para oblener el 
vidriado de la loza y tambien coino producto de tocador", p. 442. 

(24) GARRIDO ATIENZA. Miguel: Us aguas del Albaicin y Alcazaba. Granada, 1902. 

36 



oUl_kJlj cjUUJI ^ djj^ : ^ojM 



in the Xlth century. Lately, some findings in the Alhambra hill and in the Albaicin open 
new perspectives to the knowledge of this topic by using Archaeology and documents. 

The main structure of the water supply system of Granada is a network of rivers 
and canals. However, we know a well that was described by several authors ^^^\ Torres 
Balbas and Gomez-Moreno tell us of a well 136 castilian feet deep in the courtyard of 
the Great Mosque, made of brick; it was by the alminar ^^^\ According to Luys de la 
Cueva this work was bizaire and its stair of brick was impressive^^ ''^ . 

The springs supplying water to Granda are outside the walls of the city, four or six 
kms away. Some springs are natural sources others are man made, done when an 
underground water cuirent is led to the surface. Arab documents use two words to name 
the springs, ayn and alfaguara. The more common way to lift the water from the wells 
was by means of water wheels, but also by qamas, aljataras and even by ropes and 
vessels. By tlie Gate of Elvira of Granada there was a wheel and probably there was 
anodier in the already quoted well of the Great Mosque. 

The increasing need of water to supply a growing population developed the 
buildings to store water. We know many cisterns or aljibes of Granada in the Albaicin 
and other quartes; some of them were built, at least, in the IXth century, like the cistern 
call al " Qadim or tlie King, although some authors think that it was built by the 
Romans^^^\ The cisterns of San Jose, the Great Mosque and Xarea or Colorado (Red) 
were built around the Xllth century and that of San Cristobal and San Miguel around 
the Xllth century. The cisterns that store the water of the River Darro are dated to the 
Roman period or to the Early Middle Ages ^^^\ 

Another way to store water is to use great vessels of pottery, and eveiy home 
usually had one. If the house had right to the water of some canal or spring the vessel 
coud store water for the garden or as a little reservation; if the house had no right to any 
water, people filled the vessels buying water from the owners of cisterns or from those 
who owned the water of the canal Though documents on vessels to store water in the 
city of Granada are mainly IVom the Nasnd period, the archaeological evidence shows 
their from use at least in the Roman period. 



(15) GOMEZ-MORENO, Manuel: Guia tie Granada; p. 280. Tlie author think.s Uiat Uie mosiiues was buill over a church of iJie 
VIIUli century. TORRES DALBAS, I^opoliio: "1^ ine7.quila mayor dc Grannda". Al-AndaUis. 10 (1945), pp. 409-432, he 
Uiinks Uiat liie nioscjue was buih l-wtween 1010/1017 and 1038, while tlie minaret was finished in 1055 under the direction of 
llieqadi Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Tawba, the builder of the known Bridge of Qadi. In 1 115 a bath was buih l>eside the mosque, 
according to Ibn al-Jatib, by Abdernilunan ben Mohamad el Moaferi. 

(16) "El mas hondo que hay en Espana; en redondo tienc veiiiti.seis pies, y cienlo treinta y seis hnsia el agua". TORRES BALBAS, 
Leopoldo: "La meztjuita mayor ...", p. 101. 

(17) CUEVA, Luys de la: Dialogos de las cosas natables de Granada. Sevilla. 1603. 

(18) We have a great amount of Roman findings in the Albaicin: in the Maria la Miel Street there is a cistern with Roman remains, 
maybe reused; oUier cistern in tlie San Juan de los Reyes Street, etc. On d»e Roman findings in Granada, see ESPINAR 
MORENO, Manuel and QUESADA GOMEZ. Juan Jase: "Granada romansa y visigoda. Estado de la cuestion arqueologica y 

bibliografia". 

(19) RODRIGO, Antonina: Los aljibes de Albaicin. Granada, 1984. Luis del MARMOL CARVAJAL: Historia del rebehon y 
castigo de los moriscos el reino de Granada. Book I, p. 35; on the cistern of San Jase the author says that a Moorish tell liim 
tliat he saw letters carved in an ancient stone saying that the neighbours of Ilisn Arroman built the cistern to avoid go down 
d)e river. The Roman materials fond from the XVth century and those used in Arab buiUhngs, like some cistrerns, make some 
audiors tliink that diey are Roman buildings. 

35 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



If we consider the area of the Roman town, it becomes easy to suppose that the city 
has an important water supply system. What happened between the Illrd and the IXth 
centuries on city development and water supply? The fall of the Roman power led to a 
society more rural, although this does not mean that the urbs disappeared as 
administrative centre* both laic and ecclesiastic. The lack of a sti'ong power and, 
consequently, the poor organization of the water supply system, led to injury of the 
towns. Sometimes, the water held not only by the civil power, but also by bishops, 
aristocrats, municipalities and landowners: the Roman social system changed into a 
local system. There are news on the building and maintenance of aqueducts by the 
bishops in the Vllth century^^^l It seems that the settlement of ancient Granada 
continued during the Visigothic period until the IXth century, when the change of the 
caoital to Medina Elvira (Atarfe) ^*^\ 



Over the basis of Roman distribution system, every area had to look for the best 
solvtion of its problems. Some hydraulic machines developed by the Romans were 
used, but also any kind of spring or well. The main problem was to keep the water clean 
and to seperate the water that was used from the water that will be drink. In our mind, 
the opinion of Torres Balbas is correct: until the Xllth century Muslim cities didn't have 
a drainage and water supply systems; still, the systems were almost developed to the 
importance of the city ^^^\ 

In the case of Granada, Gairido Atienza was the first scholar, in the early XXth 
century, to defend the continuity of water distribution from the Roman period. Other 
authors, maybe to avoid the controversy, make the begining of the water supply system 

(12) FORBES. R.J.: "Hydraulic engineering and sanitation" in SINGER, ClinrlM; HOLMYARD, E. I. el al: A History of 
Teclinology. Oxford. 1962; volume I. pp. 663-693. 

(13) GOMEZ-MORENO GONZALEZ, Manuel: Medina Elvira. The outJior studies tJie archaeological findings of tlie capital of die 
kura of Ilbira from late Vllltli to early IXth centuries. There are some evidences of irrigation and water supply of tliis city, 
like an underground aqueduct, wells lead conduits, etc.: "Son niuy interesantes estos restos porque cabe pensar que estos 
restos nos acercan a la liipotesis de que la conduccion de aguas a Medina Elvira o Castilia era parecida a la que habia en Iran 
a partir de acueductos subterraneas y canerias de barro cocido. Pero es que adenias se puede aventurar que el resto de tubo de 
plomo se usaba para la susodicha conduccion de agua. Este sistenia a base de canerias de ploiiio se usaba a Samarcanda; tal 
sistema era anterior a la epoca islaiuica, porque data de la epoca de los seguidores de Zoroastro. Es decir, cabe preguntarse? 
hubo continuidad en los sistenias de conduccion de aguas desde el Iran y Saiiiarcanda, o $ea, el Oriente Islainico, hasta 
Casdlia [Medina Elvira], es decir, el Occidnte Isl ami co? "TORRES BALBAS» Leopoldo: "Ciudades yermas de la Espana 
musulniana". Boletin de la Real Acadeniia de la Historia. CXLI (1957), pp. 305-218. In tlus city tliere were baths, see ABD 
ALLAH in liis Memorias. LEVI-PROVENCAL, Evariste and GARCIA GOMEZ, Einilio: El siglo XI en primera persona. 
Madrid, 1981: "se hallaba poblada de gentes que no podian sufrirse una5 a otras hasta el punto que habia persona que se hacia 
construir delante de su casa un oratorio y unos hanos para no trapezarse con su vecino". 

EGUFLAZ YANFUAS. Leopoldo : Del lugar donde fue Iliberis. Madrid, 1881. Facsimile edition in Granada, 1987, 
preliminary study by Manuel Rspinar Moreno. Tlie autlior says Uiat tlie water was very scarce until die bulding of die Acequia 
Gorda, so tlje houses had wells; he explains Uie noiiie Elvira from Elbir = well. 

(14) TORRES BALBAS, Leopoldo: Ciudades lisipanomusulinanas. Madrid. 1971. GARCIA Y BELLIDO, A.. TORRES 
BALBAS, Leopoldo et al : Resumen liisioricodel urbanismo en Espana. Madrid. 1968. TORRES BALBAS, Leopoldo: " Las 
ciudades hjspanomusulmanas y su urbanization". Al-Andalus, 9 (1944), pp. 341-342. Ibid" Estructura de la ciudades 
hispanoniusulmanas: La Medina, los arrabales y los barrios". Al-Andalus, 18 (1953), pp. 205-235, Ibidem: "Almeria 
L'jlamica". AI-Andalus, 12 (1957), pp. 217-263. SECO DE LUCENA PAREDES, Luis: La Granada nazari del siglo XV, 
Granada, 1975. GRUNEBAUM, E. von: "Die islaniische Stadt" Speculum, 6 (1955), pp. 138-153. MASSIGNON, Louis:La 
"Futuwwa" ou "pacie d'honneur ardsanal" entre les u*avelleurs musulmans au Moyen Age. La Nouevelle Qio, Bruxelles, 
1952.= ==BIANCA, Stefano: Tlie I.-^laniic City: Piiysical Layout. London, 1976. ABELLAN PEREZ, Juan: "Del urbanismo 
musulman al urbanismo crisdano. I. Andalucia Occidental". Sinn^osiuin Internacional sobre la ciudad islamica, Zaragoza, 

1988. ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel; "Del urbanismo musulman al urbanismo crisitano. II. Andalucia Oriental". 

Sirnposium Internacional sobre la ciudad islaniisca, Zaragoza, 1991; pp. 302-251. 

34 



ol.LJaJlj oLJixil ^ dj^ : ^jS^\ 



around 450 ha, The River Monachil L450 ha, the River Dflar 1.350 ha, the Spring of 
Alfacar 350 ha and other minor streams around 8.350 ha ^'^\ 

The relationsship between the land and the water is complex; the water, 
particularly, had several status: one kind of water belonged to the land, onother kind 
could be sold or rented seperately from the land, athird kind has a list of priorities 
according to the need of several fields, a fourith kind was used for human consumption 
and it must be kept clean, and a fifth kind was just for inigation, etc. The complexity of 
the laws that regulated the irrigation affairs forced the Christian authorities to respect 



wide area of the Vega. 



inhabitants 



Water 



Granada, the Roman and Visigothic Iliberis, has a continuity of settling, as were 
indicated by Gomez-Moreno, Toires Balbds and other^^^ , The change of the capital to 
Medina Elvira didn't mean the abandoing of:the ancient settlement, olthough we have 
just a few data on it, sometimes contradictory. Between the Vlllth and IXth centuries 
The references to the ancient alcazaba persisted, and some archaeological works were 
done, and there are texts that refer to the place durigh the rule of the wali of Ilbira Ased 
ben abd al-Rahman al-Saybani^*-'^ In the IXth century we know in this place the fights 
between Arabs and Muladis, also between Arabs and Mozarabs, These are studied by 
Simonet and Gomez-Moreno^^^\ Gomez-Moreno indicated that one capital of the IXth 
century was re-used in the later bath of the Albaicin, and some capitals in the Alhambra 
Museum are dated in the Xth century ^^^\ However, these evidences are referred to the 
water supply system of the city. 



(7) DANTIN CHRECEDA. J.: "Aspeclos geograficos de las vegas de Granada", p. 190. 

(8) Tlie relationsliip Ixilween Ilberis and Medina Elvira is one of die ni«it discussed topics in tlie History of Granada. See 
GOMEZ-MORENO, Manuel: Monuinentos romanas y visigolicos de Granada, 1888. Facsimile edidon with preliminary study 
by J. M. Roklan Herva.<!. Granada, 1988. GOMEZ-MORENO GONZALEZ. Manuel: Medina Elvira. Granada, 1888. Facsimile 
edicion wuh an introduction by Manuel Darria«! Aguilera. Granada. 1986. GOMEZ-MORENO. Manuel: "De lliberri a 
Granada". Boletin de la Real Acadentia de In Hisloria, XLVI (1905), pp. 44-60. Tliis authority indicates die continuity of 
settlement, but he regrets die lack of dt>cuinenlary sources and archaeological findings and die bad influence of some 
falsifications. In tlic nresents days, M. Sotoniayor has found several evidences of Uie Roman and early Medieval setUementin 
Granada. See SOTOMAYOR, Manuel et al: Lai nias aniiguos vestigios de la Granada ibero-romana y arabe. Granada, 1984 
(on a tower of the Vllltli century over a Roman poltry oven) ROCA ROIIMENS, Mercedes et al: "Nuevos datos para et 
conociniento de la Granada ibertvromana y aral>e". Revisia del centra de Estudios Historic^ de Granada y su Reino, 1» 
(Segunda Etxica, 1987), pp. 37-51 adds new Iberian and Roman archaeological materials. A resume of Uie Archaeological 
findiiigs in ESPINA MORENO, Manuel and QUESADA GOMEZ, Juan Jose: "Granada romana y visigoda. Estado de la 
cuestion arqueologica y bibliografica". Cuadrnos de Eiludia-i Medicvales y Ciencias y Tecnicas Historiograficas 
[Forthcoming]. 

(9) Cf. SOTOMAYOR MURO, Manuel et al: Las mas aniiguos vestigias de la Granada ibero-romana y arabe. Granada^ 1984. On 
Uie building of the al-Qasl>a Qadima in the Vlldi century, CONDE, J.A.: Historia de la dominacion de los arabes en Espana, 
sacada de varios manuscritos y memorias antigua.s. Madrid, 1820-1821. LAFUENTE ALCANTA, Miguel: Historia de 
Granada, comprendiendo la de sus cuatro provincias, Almeria, Jaen, Granada y Malaga, desde remotas tiempos a nuestros 
dias. Tomo II, Granada, 1844. 

(10) SIMONET, Francisco Javier: Descripcion del Reino de Granada bajo la dominacion de los naserilas, sacada de los auLores 
Arabes, y seguida del texlo inedilo de Mohammed ebn Alijathib. Madrid, 1860. Facsimile edicion in Madrid, 1982. GOMEZ 
MORElsfO, Manuel: Medina Elvira. 

(11) GOMEZ MORENO, Manuel: Guia de Granada. 1892. describes the balh and Ihe capital in Uie times of Abd Allali (888-912). 
SECO DE LUCENA ESCALADA, Luis: Piano de Granada arabe, 1910. VALLADAR. Francisco de Paula: "El Alcazar de 
Albaicin". U Alhambra. X (1907), iip. 86-90, and his Guia de Granada. Granada, 1906. On tlie Alhambra Museum, NYKL, 
A. R.: "Inscripciones aralvis de la Alhambra y del Generalife". Al-Andalus, 4 (1936-39), pp. 174-194. ESPINAR MORENO, 
Manuel: "Apuntes de arqueologia y cuhura maleriai granadina. El bano del Albaicin (siglat XIII-XVI)". Cuadernos de Arte, 
21 (Granada, 1990), pp. 123-141. 

33 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CTTY PLANNING 



above the sea level; they are like a natural, 600 meters high, barriers of a plain. The 
River Genii and its tributaries water this basin, a plateau in fact, arid and with dry 
weather, occupied by mediteitanean and steppe vegetation. The agricultural settlement 
has stopped in the edge of the mountains and the irrigation has developed an intensive 
agriculture surrounded by dry farming in the foothill of the mountain ranges. The 
organization of irrigation is very impoitant to know the development of landscape and 
urban structure. Over a rough roman substructure, the Arabs rebuilt and recreated the 
irrigation system ^^\ 

Because of the communication facilities and the possibilities of agriculture, this 
area was occupied by man early: there is several Iberian, Roman, Visigothic and Arab 
archaeological findings everywhere in the Vega. However, for the Arab period we have 
also an important source: the documents on bienes habices, Habices were the 
possessions held by mosques and other religious and royal institutions to their support; 
these possessions were lands, houses, industries, crops, and they were usually rented. 
The Crown of Castile held these possessions after tlie conquest and they were granted to 
those that helped the Kings during the war and to the Church for its support. The new 
distributions of the habices generated a vast documentation that contains a great amount 
of information on Agriculture, Populations, City Planning, etc. of the Arab period ^'^\ 

In the late Middle Age the Vega changed thanks to the cultivation of new fields and 
some areas were deeply ti'ansformed, for example the Quenbe Qays or Quempe 
distrit^^l However, the Crown was the main owner during the Nasrid period as well as 
after the Christian conquest; the Moorish expulsion confiimed this process that we can 
see the Repartimientos or land distribution of the villages and towns of the Vega^^\ The 
rivers and the canals were the power of that agriculture and the whole Vega was finally 
irrigated in several steps: the River Genii water around 6.900 ha, the River Darro 



(3) See die already quoted works of Ocana Ocana. Danlin Cereceda and Also RIVAS GODAY and RIVAS MARTINEZ. S.: 
VegeUcion potencial de la provincia de grnriada" Trab. Ocp. Botanica y F, Veg. (1971), pp. 3-85. 

(4) See VILLANUEVA RICO, Ma. C: Habices de las nieztjuitas de la ciudad de Granada y sus alquerias. Madrid, 1961, and 
Casas, mezquitas y tiendas de \o& Habices de las iglesias de Granada. Madrid, 1966, done according the apeo or distribution of 
1505-1506. See also ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel: "Bienes habices de Cliurriana de la Vega (I505-I548)". Cuadernos de 
Estudios Medievales, VI-VII, (Granada, 1978-79). pp. 55-78; "Apeo y deslinde de los habices de Dilar (1547)'*. Miscelanea de 

Estudios Arabes y Hebraicai, XXIX-XXX, fasc. 1 " = =Granada, 1980-81), pp. 135-161; "Noiicias para el estudio de la 
alqueria de Gojar. Bienes habices". Cuadernos de Esiudios Medievales, X-XI (Granada, 1983), pp. 105-148; "Li alqueria de 
Otura. Datas para el estudio del reino de Granada". Anales de la Uiiiversidad de Cadiz, 1 (Cadiz. 1984), pp. 63-78; " Gabia la 

Grande: Toponiniia y Onoinastica, segun los Libros de Habices". Rstudios Roinaiiicos dedicados al prof, Andres Soria Ortega, 
Granada, 1985; pp. 71-78; "Notas sobre la ahjueria de Huelor Vega. Bienes habices (1505-1547)" H"Jornadas de Melodologia 
y Didactica de la Hitoria Caceres. 1981 [Forlhconiing]; "Nora.<i sobre la alqueria de Cajar (1505-1547)". Cuadrnos de Estudios 
Medieveles. (1986), pp. 47-60. Espiimr Mreno, Manuel and MARTINEZ RUIZ, Juan: "La alqueria de Monachil a mediados 
del siglo XVI". Cuadernos de la Biblioleca Espanola de Teluan. 23-24 (1981), piJ. 191-178; ESPINAR MORENO. Manuel 
and MARTINEZ RUIZ, Juan: Las Ogijares (Estructura socio-econoniico, Toponiniia, Onoinasiica, segun el Libro de Habices 
de 1547-1548). Universidad de Granada. 1983. 

(5) SECO DE LUCENA. Luis; Docunienios arabigogranadinos. Madrid. 1961. MANZANO MARTOS, R; "Darabenaz: una 
alqueria nazari en la Vega de Granada". Al-Andalus, XXVI (1961), pp. 201-218. MALPICA CUELLO. Antonio: "Una 
propriedad del conde de Tendilla: Darabenaz". Andalucia en el siglo XVI. Estudios sobre la Tierra. Granada, 1981; p. 9-49. 
OSORIO PEREZ, Maria J. y SANTIAGO SIMON. Eiiiilio de: Dpcunienios arabigogranadina<! romanceados. Granada, 1986. 

(6) On die development of property and die reparliniientat in several places of the Vega, see LAPRESA MOLINA, Eladio: 
Santafe: Historia de una ciudad del siglo XV. Univer.iidad de Granada. 1979; BARRIOS AGUILERA, Manuel: Alfacar 
morisco (un lugar de la Vega de Granada en el siglo XVI). Univer.-sidad de Granada, 1984; Ibideni: Repoblacion de la Vega de 
Granada en tienipos de Felipe II. Exeina. Dipuiacioii Provincial de Granada. Ayiuilaniiento de Atarfe, 1985. 

32 



ol.LJ^JIj oUiJl ^ dj^ : ^jgVI 



1. Men, Water and Land in the Islamic Civilization: Granada^*\ 

One of the most interesting tasks to the historian is to know the complex structures 
of Material Culture and Civilization. The irrigation is one of the pillars of the 
socioeconomic structure of the agricultural societies. The use of water, as part of human 
intervention on the construction of landscape, establishes the dichotomy between 
irrigated and unirrigated farming. At the same time, the rivers are commonly the axis of 
the human settlement and they are essential in order to further the human development 

We have a remarkable amount of documents from the Xllth century, before the 
Nasrid Kingdom, tliat deals with the customs on the water division, the rights and the 
duties of the users, the irrigation turns, the priorities of some places, etc. After the 
Christian conquest the auhorities had to translate the old Muslim laws because of the 
problems of a complex water distribution system that Christians didn't understand 
completely ^^\ 

After the Moorish expulsion the situation changed and the King commanded to 
confiscate the possessions of the escaped. The Christian authorities called to several 
neighbours of each village and town to tell the customs and rights of iirigation. This 
document is the Apeo de Baena, done by Juan de Baena by order of the corrigedor 
Loaysa^^l This document deals also with other topics, such as population, houses, 
industiies, Toponymy, etc. 

The area we study is a part of the ancient Kingdom of Granada called "La Vega'\ It 

is a spdimp.nlarv basin snrrnunded hv mountain ranees, height 1.500 to 2.000 meters 



(*) Tliis topic is Initially written in Spanish and Uien translated by tlie autlior into English. Tlie language is bad, but the subject is 

very important. (CliieMUor) 

(1) Tlie first water division we know was published by GARRIDO ATIENZA, M.: La-: A]<|uezares de Santafe. Granada. 1893. 

Facsimile edition witli preliminary study by Manuel Espiimr Moreno, Granada. 1990* He studied llie "alquezares" and 
published tlie document of the water division of the River Geuil in 1219. although he indicated thai it was at least of the Xllth 
century, because il was written by the father of one of the signers. "Abdalla, el conoscido repartido del diclio Rio sobre las 
aldeas de Granada, porsu niano, por virtud del poder c]ue para ello tenia", diis water division was confirmed by almost all tJie 
Nasrid Kings until 1454. However, die scrilw Xarafi translated it in 1502 as an example of the respect of die Christians 
towards the Muslim irrigation laws. We have some news on this topic l>efore ilie Xllth century; die Acequia Gorda of Big 
Canal, tliat watered some quarters of Granada, was [jaid by tlie faqil» Abucchafar. Cfr. GOMEZ-MORENO, Manuel: Guia de 
Granada. Granada, 1892; p. 229, he qut^tcs Eguiluz Yanguas. On irrigation in Granada, see also LAFUENTE ALCANTARA, 
Miguel: El librodel viajero en Granada. Segunda edicion corregida y auiucntada. Madrid, 1850; pp. 26-27, that refers to the 
water supply from Alfacar, SECO DE LUCENA, L.: Piano de granada arabe. Granada, 1910. GARRIDO ATIENZA, M.: Las 
aguas del Albaicin y la Alcazaba. Granada, 1902. We know the ancient Muslim customs tlirougli die later Moorish 
documentation, for example die Canal of Aynadaniar, see BARRIOS AGUILERA, M.: De la Granada morisca: acequia > 
carmenes de Ainadamar (segun el a|>eo de Loaysa). Granada, 1 985; on the River Beiro. see QUESADA GOMEZ, Ma Dolores 
"El repartimiento nazari del rio Beiro (siglo XIVy'Andalucia enlre Oriente y Occidente (1236-1492). Actas del V Coloquio 
Internacionale de Historia Medieval de Andalucia. Cordoba, 1988; pp. 699-705, On die Rivers Monachil and Dilar, see 
ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel: "Consideraciones sobre el regadio en la Vega de Granada. Repartimientos muslmanes (Siglos 
Xn-XVI)". Chronica Nova, 18 (1990), pp. 1210153. On the Vega from a geograpliical point of view, see OCANA OCANA, 
Maria del Carmen: La Vega de Granada, EslmWo Geografico. Granada, 1974 and DANTIN CERECEDA. J.: "Aspectas 
geograficos de las vegas de Granada". Segunda Reunion des R<:tudios Geograficos celebrada en Granada, Septiembre, 1942. 
Madrid, 1943; pp. 175-279. On die relationship l-)etween water and cily planning in Granada, see ESPINAR MORENO, 
Manuel and ABELLAN PEREZ, Juan: "Ca(>tacion, distribucion y usos del agua en las ciudades nusulmanas: El caso de 
Almeria, Guadix y Granada". Congreso Internacional " La fundacion de Madrid y el agua en el urbanismo islaniico y 
mediterraneo" Madrid, 1990 [Forthcoming] and ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel: "Estructura de los espacias del Urbanismo 
islamico: Granada y su provincia". VIII Convegno Internazionale " La citta islaniica. Altraverso i Catasti. Istnimenti per una 
reconstituzione depocessotipologico". LaSnpienza, Roma, 1991 [Ffvrtlicomdng]. 

(2) ESPINAR MORENO, Manuel: "Consideraciones sobre el regadio en la Vega de Granada. Repartirnientas muslmanes (Siglos 

XII-XVI)" Qirionica Nova, 18 (1990), pp. 121-153. Real Chancilieria Archive, Granada. 50-a 2-74. It is an interesting 
manuscript because it is tlie first one diat deals with Mtx^ri.sh pa^J.^iessions in tlie soulhea.<:teru Granada. U contains the water 
divison of Uie River Dilar and part of die River Genii, and quoted as Libro Apeo de Baena. 

31 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING: 
GRANADA AND LA VEGA (XI-XV CENTURIES) 



By 



Manuel Espinar Moreno^*^ 
Juan de Dios MorciUo Puga^**^ 
Juan Jose Quesada Gomez^***^ 



(ABSTRACT) 



Since Xlth century water supply into the old quarters of Granada like Albaicin, 
Alcazaba, Alhambra, Juderia and others, was a reality because of the policy of Zirid 
kings. Sometimes this supply to the population and the fields of "La Vega" belongs to 
the Roman ages or the early medieval centuries, according to archaeological evidences. 
However, since Xlth century and , above all, Xllth and Xlllth centuries, documentary 
records are more accurate and exact, so we can talk about an urban substructure fitted 
with water to supplying men and industries. For later historical periods, documents let 
us to know better this topic until the conquest of the Kingdom of Granada by the 
Christians. 

Several water canals started in the River Dairo; on the right border starts a canal 

that supplies a pait of the Albaicin and hillsides of the Sacromonte, far from the canal 
of the spring of Alfacar. On the left border, the Canal of Romaila or Almanzora spread 
water through the hill side of the Alhambra and the ancient quarters of Almanzora and 
Juderia. The canal of the Alhambra supplies the Generalife, the Alhambra, 
Antequeruela, Torres Bermejas (Red Towers),,., 

In that way, the spring of Alfacar and the river Dairo, that is born in the Alfaguera 
Mountains, and a part of the River Genii supply water to the Granadian population in 
the Muslim ages. A great amount of little canals and irrigation ditches supplies 
religious, military and private buildings; however, this topic, very important for the 
understanding of the daily life in the city, has not been studied as a whole, although 
particular studies exist. 

Since Xlth century imgation was very important because the population growth 
needs the increase of agricultural production and the existence of industries in order to 
guarrantee trade between city and its hinterland. 

To deepen The scope of discussion on this topic, this paper is based on written 
sources and archaeological materials, so new perspectives will be studied on water 
supply, city planning and the creation of a substructure in Islamic Granada, especially 
between Xlth and XVth centuries, that survives today. 



(*) Professor, Doctor in History (Middle Ages), Departainnto de Historia Medieval y aiencits Tecnicas Historiograficas. 

(**) Associate Professor, Doctor in Geography. Departineiuo de Ana'llsis Geografico Regional y Geografia Fisica. 

(***) Researcli Lecturer, Dpio. Historia Medieval y Ciencias y Tecnicas Historio- Graficas, Campus Universitario de Cariuja. 

30 



oULJaJlj oULUI ^ djjJ : ^xN\ 






J- liL*«0 AjM^ 4>- (1)1 »>■ 




^^ Ji^JJ^ cT'Ji^ ti^ <!)(>>- 






^j t pI^*^! ; ; n l\ I I jyjUl ) Jl. t i^jJLiJl il»U> pU^*^ v-Jb »LJI :>lJL.l Dl^ 



^li)! JbuUj yL«i (^iUJI 0>1I luj t ^i/NI JL*lyJl -uU Jjb- U ._w^ t ^>t^jJl jj-^l 5j|Jb 



a-ij ^y:. ^1^jl>J| bj:5;,li jU»j t IJL!JL>Jj A3i _;i^l AJbj^\ cj':k^\ ojLstf y^ vlJliJIj j^ 



JJIjjJI CjjU=» o^oJl A->ojbJI jj-,Aj«Jl ^yj t ipLvaJlj yLi) oLa olilJU^ '■^J^* <l,7va>- A^L-1 

. (^jUJI JU il»U> KU. i»ji^ j::- y.Vi IIa Jj> J-^I ii>j LJikr 



Ul 








eij^j t fy-^j^l IJl* J i>jcU Aj_;J*yi JiljJij ij_^::$Ul jiLvaJI J^ i^ljOJI al* JUixJj 

il^Uyi oJuJ ijL^ij" ijj jUj JJuJI J3.i1.-io" J t «.LJl jIju.1 JU-. J 6Jl.Jl>- cLjIj^^ii;^ u^-j-'^ 



. d>i\ ^^ j_>>-j^ oJljU j:i\j,^\o oyi\j ^ \ \ djJi\ 0^ 5>J1 J i^U v^^' 



29 






>- lisLwjjS^ <^j>- (l)lj^ 



HYDRIC ASPECTS IN ISLAMIC CITY PLANNING: 
GRANADA AND LA VEGA (XI-XV CENTURIES) 



Manuel Espinar Moreno 

Juan Jose Quesada Gomez 

Juan de Dios Morcillo Puga 



Al-Andalus as a cultural bridge between East & West 



Monroe, James T. : 



Islam and the Arabs in Spanish Scholarship, Leiden: E. J. Brill, 1970. 



Nykl, A. R. : 

'*The 



"L'influence arabe-andalouse sur les Troubadours" Bulletin Hispanique, 
xli (Bordeaux, 1939); Hispano- Arabic Poetry and its Relations wiht the Old 
Provencal Troubadours, Baltimore, 1946. 



Schacht, Joseph : 



The Legacy of islam. Second edition, / e< 
C.E. Boswoith, Oxford, Clarendon, 1965. 



SegraiSy Reignaud de : 



Zayde, Histoire Espagnole etc, 1671. A Treatise on Romances and their 
original. Translated out of French. London, 1672. 



Sismondi : 



Litterature du Midi de TEurope, / English Translation by Thomas Roscoe, 

Historical view of the Literature of the South of Europe, London : Henry 
Colbum, 1823. 



Stern, Samuel M. : 



"Esistono dei rapporti letterari tra il mondo islamico e TEuropa occidentalel 
nell alto medio evo XIL L'occidente e llslam nell'alto medio evo, 2-8 aprile 
1964 (Spoleto). English translation in Hispano- Arabic Sti'ophic Poetry Studiws 
by Samuel Miklos Stern, selected and edited byL P. Harbey, Oxford at the 
clarendon press. 



Warton, Thomas : 



- History of English poetiy, from the Close of the Eleventh to the 
Commencement of the Eigh tenth Centuiy. London, 1824. 

" Observation on the Faerie Queene of Spenser. London, Printed for R. & J. 
Dodsley, & J. Fletcher, in the Turl, Oxford, 1754. 



26 



cjUUwJIj oLJUill ^y^ oj^ : ^xNl 



Foster, So & Alexander, F, : 

Spanish literature, Edinburgh, : William and Robert Chambers, 1851. 

Frings, Theodor : 

'Altspanische Madchenlieder aus des Minnesangs Fruhling ; Anlasslich eines 
aufsatzes von Damaso Alonso, Beitrage zur Geschichte der Deutsche Sprache 
und Literatur. LXXIII,(1951). 

Gentil, pierra Le : 

'A propos de la "strophe zejelesque" , Revue des Langues Romanes, LXX, 
1949. 



Gorton, TJ. : 

'Arabic Influence on the Troubadours: Documents and Derections', JAL, 5 
(1974). 

Haskins, Charles Homer : 

The Renaissance of the Twelfthe Century, Cambridge, Mass., harvard 
University Press, 1927. 

Hitchcock : 

The Influence of Islamic Culture on Medieval Europe, Bulletin of the John 
Rylands Library, Manchester, XXXVIII ( 1955 - 56), 

Latham, J. Derek : 

From Muslim Spain to Barbary : Studies on the History and Culture of the 
Muslim West (London : Bariorum, 1986). 

Leydem, J. : 

the Complaint of Scotland, written in 1548, whith a Preliminary Dissertation 
and Glossary, Edinburgh: Printed for Archibald Constable, etc., 1801. 

Lopez Baralt, Luce : 

''Inroduccion. la matizada occidcntalidad de Espana" , Hellas del Islam en la 
literatura espanola. Madrid, Hiperion. 

Mallet, Paul-Henri : 

Introduction Thistoire de Dannemarc, depuis Gormund en 714 jusqu' a 1689. 
Copenhagen, 1755. 

The Matter of Araby in Medieval England 9 New Haven : Yale University Press, 



1977). 



25 



Al-AndaJus as a cultural bridge between East & West 



BIBLIOGRAPHY 



Andres, Juan : 



Deir origine, progress! e stato attuale d' ogni letteratura. dell' abate D. 
Giovanni Andres, Socio della R. Accademia di Scienze e Belle Lettere de 
Mantova. Parma, Della Stamperia reale, 1775. 



Arnold, Sir Thomas : 

The Legacy 



Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1931. 



Burns, R. I. : 



Mudejar Histoiy Today: New Derections', Viator, 8 91977), repr. in Moors 

and Crusaders in Mediterraneas Spain : Collected Studies. London Variorum 
1978. 



Collins, Roger : 



The Arab Conquest of Spain, 710- 797. OxFord, Basil Blackwell, 1989 



Corriente, F. : 



Poesia Estrofica/ ed. F. Comente and A. Saenz-Badillos. Madrid, 1992 



Denomy, Alezander J. : 



An Inquiry into the Origins of Courtly Love' . Medieval Studies, VI, (1944) 



Dronke, Peter : 



Medieval Lation and the Rise of European Love Lyric 1. Problems and 



mterpretations, Oxford, Clarendon, 1965. 



Dunlop, John : 



The History of Fiction, being a Critical Account of the Most Celebrated Prose 
Works of Fiction, from the Earliest Greek Romances to the Nobels of the 
Present Age. Vol 1 Edinburgh, 1814. 



Errante, Guido : 



Sulla lirica origini, New York, 1943. 
Evans, Arthur Willam : 

Wabuiton and the Warburtonians. A Study in Some Eighte 
Controversies, OXford U.P., London, Humphrey Mildford, 1932. 

24 



oUUxJIj oLJUxJl ^>. jj^ : ^a;Vl 



North of Africa used to be studied independently from al-Andalus, and even though the 
latter was a province of North African dynasties during the Ahuoravid and Almohad 
domination, still both tended to be thought upon as seperate entities^^^'l 

There has always been sense of seperation between an essentially Western culture, 
and an Eastern one. This has been exhaustively analysed by a good number of scholars, 
and is still a subject of debate. It is relevant to us since Spain (together with Sicily) is 
the main place of encounter and interaction between both worlds. Whether al-Andalus 
was occidental or oriental in essence has been a fundamental matter of discussion, and 
it still continues to be so. When under the influence of the latest post-structuralist 
philosophical tendencies terms as familiar as Orientalism, Western and Occidental are 
put into question, it is necessary that we revise which have been the underlying reasons 
for the interest raised by Islamic Spain, and the Islamic legacy transmitted through her. 

Al-Andalus offered to Western minds an arena where the battle for the creation of 
modern Spain and even modern Europe took place. Its being a cultural bridge between 



both worlds ( a perspective thai emphasizes that there existed a fundamental 
seperation); the slmggle between East and West, its character now European 
-Western-, now Oriental; all these factors, together with the fact that it is a lost 
civilization, fashion an image ol' al-Andalus as a far away place that preserves intact its 
power to stir the imagination of the scholar, as kind of last romantic refuge. Perhaps this 
has propitiated that some myths concerning medieval Andalusi Arabs lasted longer than 
other Middle-Eastern counteiparts. It is more difficult to apply the change of 
perspective that took place at the end of colonialism to a world entirely reconstructed in 
the scholar's mind, than to an actual Arab worid with which there continues to be 
certain conflict. 



(83) J. Derek Uiham's ap|irai.sal of ihc polilical and culiural hustory of al-Andalus niul its relalion.sliip wiili Norlli Africa is an 
unavcxlabic reference for the uiiderslanding of al-Aiidalu.s in il.s Mcdiierraiieaji context, Kdore and after Uie Cliri.stian 
rccontjuest. An introduction to Itis work may hi the collection of rei>rinted nrticcls JToiH Muslim ^Vm to Darbftrv; >SUid l, y, ^, QU 
the History and Culture of the Mu.shni West (London: Variorutn. 1986). vSee also the appendix on Andalusian inHuence on 
Norlli Africa: *AI-AndaUis' . ELLl (iOO), pp. 486-503. 



23 



AI-Andalus as a cultural bridge between East & West 



what has been over-emphasized. The influence of Spanish Arabism no doubt played an 
important role in this emphasis. 

Al-Andalus should be looked at in itself, as a whole world with its particular 
distinctive characteristics. It has been however forgotten sometimes that this world 
formed pait of an Islamic universe at large. But the fact that the Islamic presence in the 
Peninsula offered a new and superior civilization should not overshadow the continuity 
of Gothic structures through Umayyad society^^'^^ or the extent to which there took 
place a seperation or intermingling of different ethnic and religious components. 

Going back to the concepdon of al-Andalus as a "melting-pot" or as "iron curtain", 
the former view, taken in a general sense, is the one that prevails in current historical 
works (an example could be Gabriel Jackson's, Tlie Making of Medieval Spain, 1972). 
However, contraiy to Castro's views of harmonious coexistence, it is the conflictive 
character of the interaction between different social groups that is now stressed and 
analysed exhaustively^^'l Islamic Spain did not end abruptly with the conquest of 
Granada, the tragic episode that Romantic historians were so fond of, but rather, the 
abundance of Christian documentation in the Mudejar and Morisco period constitutes a 
mine of information on these societies in conflict, in particular, and casts some light on 
the nature of Andalusian Islam in general 



V. Conclusion: On Mythologies and the Need of Revisionistic Criteria. 

Historians and Arabists have tended to define Hispano-Arabic culture in a too 
generalized manner, passing over the details of the processes that actually govern 
cultural contact and difussion, and focusing on general issues that are likely to make 
one miss the point. It is tine that any study that involves deep knowledge of two or 
more related fields is very demanding, even more if it is needed close acquiantance with 
different, albeit related or connected cultures. It was necessary first a great development 
in factual history, focusing on problematic periods and particular issues, before the 
mechanisms and processes of cultural exchange at large could be unsderstood. For 
example, undl recently, no history of the conquest of Spain by the Arabs included a 
systematic analysis of Visogothic institutions and its sui^'ival in the Umayyad caliphate. 
In the same way, before the extent of Andalusian influence on the Maghrib and vice 
versa was outlined 30 years ago by the pioneering work of John Derek Latham^**^\ the 



(80) Speaking of tJie constant debate befweeii Arabisls and liislorians, Roger Collin.s criticizes tiie study of Muslim Spain isolated 
from its broader Mediterranean coniexi. and ilie Visigolliic civilization that it suKsiituled ('Hie Arab Conquest of ,S p n in. 
7 1 0-797, Oxford, Basil Blackwell. 1989, pp. 5-6). He points mji (o ilie tieginning of a new trend in histcwical studies iJiat 
should be chracterized by interdisciplinarily and Oic rejection of dogiiiaticisni in any field of study. 

(81) Ttiis aspects is obviously more relevant in mudejar history, such as in L. P. Harvey's Ishunic Spain. 1250 to 50Q . 1991, or in the 
work by R. I. Burns, Max Meyerson, Elena Lourie and oiliers on the Mudejar conmiunities of the Crown of Aragon. See 
Burns, 'Mudejar Hisiory today: New Directions". Viiitor. 8 (1977), repr. in Mcx^rs and Crusaders in MedilerraT^g(^ n ^ mw, 
Collected Studies. London. Varionun, 1978. 

(82) "Towards a vSiudy of Andalusian Innnniigration and its Place in Tunesian lli.siory'. CahJers de Tunis . 5 (1957), pp. 203-52. 



22 



oULJaJljoL-LiJI^>^Oj^ : ^JdNi 



textual similarities do not necessarily imply a genetic relationship^^^l Against these 
refutations, Menocal admits the existence of more subtle ones, as it is the notion that 
strophic poetry, its form and themes, is much more complicated than it was at first 
supposed. Menocal devotes all the second chapter of her book to recreate those 
documented instances when a direct contact between the Andalusian and Sicilian 
Arabic civilization and the Latin West could have existed. 



IV, The Cultural Frontier: The role of al-Andalus in Relation to the Rest of the 



Islamic Civilization. 




1 history, or a kind of "oriental chapter" 



Andalusian historiography has alwa 
of Muslim Spain either as an essentially 
in the essentially wegtg m historical development- Does the Arabist or historian of 
Muslim Spain employ the same perspective as when approaching to the history of an 
Arab country? To a certain extent, he does. Nevertlieless, it has been only recently that 
the histoiy of al-Andalus has been detached from the history of Spain as a whole, of 
which it was considered, consciously or unconsiously, as an outstanding chapter by 
19th-century historiography. 

As we have had occasion to examine, the ideahzed Romantic image of Muslim 
Spain prevalent during most of the 19th centuiy hardly took into account the Islamic 
character of Andalusian history and culture. The historical approach adopted was, 
therefore, that of the Western tradition of historical thought -an approach hardly 
avoidable, and tliat despite recent post-structuralist efforts in detaching the study of 
history from the Eurocentric perspective, will continue entangled to certain Western 
myths for years to come. 

However that may be, al-Andakis appears to the European mind as a strange 
appendage of an alien civilization in what k the European mainland. Such geographical 
proximity may blur the otherwise clear-cut distinction between Oriental and Occidental, 
and al-Andalus might be perceived unconsciously as an exotic offspring of the 
European civilization that, for a while, assumed an Oriental grab. This allows for a 
greater identification of the scholar with those aspects of the Islamic legacy diat were 
more properly Andalusian, than Eastern in general. Even among more recent Arabists 
(from the 30s onwards, taking, for instance, the views of the French scholar Henri Peres 
in the field of Hispano- Arabic literature), it is the distinct characteristic of Islamic Spain 



(79) Ibid. p. 85: 'A significant nuinlier of die arguments against specific pans of (he Arabist tlieory have been assertions of tlie 
impossibility of attributing textual similarities or congruilies to direct interaction between tJie twocullurcs or knowledge on tlie 
part of members of tlie Latin-Romance orbit of the Tileraiure of the Arab world, even those living in al-Andalus and Sicily. 
Tlius it has been argued tliat William of Aquitaine could not have adapted any element of HispanoArabic songs to his own 
poetry because he could not have known entMJgh Arabic (o have understood tliem. Following a similar line of reasoning, it ha.s 
also been argued diat it is more plausible to imagine that where there are siiiiilarilies between the sung lyrics of these two 
different worlds, parallel develqsnienl accounts belter and nuve logically for the phenomenon Uian any theory of direct 

connection. 



21 



Al-Andaius as a cultural bridge between East & West 



problem of fonnal influences^''^^; the problem of the systems of transmission ^^^\ and, 
finally, the linguistic barriers^^'*\ His conclusion is that, given the impasse of these 
studies, the best solution would be to re-state the question from a generic, not a genetic 
perspective, studying each poetic tradition seperately, without giving rise to speculation 
before knowing in depth their respective nature. 

More in accordance with muwashshah and kharj^t studies, Jareer Abu Haidar draws 
attention to the lack of metaphorical affinity between the images expressed in the 
muwashshaht , and those used by Provencal troubadours. While the troubadour aims 
hedonistically to the Joie as his main objective, not being th e amors itself noy the 
domnq but simple ways in order to achieve it, for the Arab poet the object of his 
devotion is the beloved, not love itself^'^'^^l These diferences are apparent in the specific 
images used by Provencal poets when comparing love to natural elements. These are 
usually taken from the Provencal landscape, while Arabic comparisons are drawn from 
die Ai'abic poetic tradition itself, and it is significant the absence in Hispano-Arabic 
poetry of images drawn from the Iberian flora and fauna. Haidar concludes that 
"Troubadour and Hispano-Arabic poetry should be studied for their own sake, and not 
in the light of prejudicial theories of the influence of one literature on the origin or 
sudden appearance of the other"^^^\ 

To conlude, let us make mention of a challenging voice that is openly opposed to 
the skepticism dominat in recent years. Maria Rosa Menocal discusses in her book The 
Arabic Ro le in Medieval Literarv History (1988) the antecedents of the academic 
discussion on this subject, that she considers to be the most illustrative of "the decisive 
effects of a preconceived image upon scholarship"^^^\ and that has airived to 
questioning the nature of the relationship between literature and society^^\ Menocal 
regrets that some prejudices have set aside the "Arabic thesis", and point out that the 
arguments against it are based on the, to her view, rather unrealistic assertion that 



(72) Ibid- pp. 13-14: 'It has been said tliat 'llie word 'influence' is itself misleading, since Uiere can be no influence of one culture 
upon anotlier unless tliere is a prior need in [he 'influenced' culture for a foreign element which it lacks" [Monroe, Tlie 
MtiWflshstinhat, 1965, p. 370]. Tlie evidence, whether based on formal criteria [Genlil 1963] or tliematic elements [Nykl 1949, 
Ecker 1934], does not indicate liial Western poetic tradition was so poor tliat aspiring poets would have fell obhged to borrow 
a sinple metrical base from a largely hostile society whose institutions and literature were foreign and incomprehensible to 
tJieir own [Southern 1962], witJi which tlieir only coniacis were stories of Iwltles, plunder, and massacre [Stern 1965]. Tliese 
studies of Cuitius [1953], Raby [1957] and Dronke [1968] tend to suggest that tlie oppasite is nearer die truUi: almost all die 
diernatic, and musical [Werf 1972] elements in the Troubadours' poetry seem to be found in die earher medieval Latin 
tradition, wilii differences of nuance, combination, and empliasis, to l->e sure'. 

£f. a critjcism of Gorton's negative attitude in Menocal 1987, op. cit.. p. 90, n. 14. 

(73) IbiiL p. 14: 'Many discussions on die subject are vitiated by (he post hoc ergo r^rooter hoc fallacy, perhaps a necessary result of 
die fact that we have no evidence of contacts between Spanish Arabic poetry and Old Provencal' 

(74) In diis way, Nykl, Levi -Provencal and Briffault were of die opinion diat Guillnunie IX spoke Arabic; an argument rejected by 
Istvan Frank, "Babariol-babarian das Guillaunie IX", Romania . LXXIII. (1952), pp. 227-34. 

£1. a more extensive bibliography in Menocal 1975, p. 90, n. 14. 

(75) Jarir Abu Haidar. Tlie Lack of Metaphorical Affinity Detween the Muwassahat and die Early Provencal Lyrics', Poesia 
Estrofica. Actes del Primer Congreso Internacional stibre Poesia Estrofica Arabe y Hebrea y sus Paralelos Romances (Madrid, 
djiciembre de 1989). F. Corriente y A. Saenz-Badillos (eds.), Madrid, 1991. pp. 11-21. 

(76) Ibid., p. 20 

(77) Ibid., p. 7 1 

(78) Ibid., p. 77 



20 



ol.LkiJIj oLJLiJI ^ djj~i : ^jgM 



lyric at other side of the Pyrenees, on the one hand, and a skeptical trend that has 
gradually gained strenght on the other. 

In the first years after the discovery, both Frings and Spitzer saw in the kharj 
confirmation of an Arabic origin of courtly love^*^^\ The British Arabist Sir Hamilton 
Gibb, himself stated that ''there is nothing improbable in the seepage of Arabic 
techniques into Romance literature"^^^\ 

Despite this initial attitude, Stern declared in the coloquium that took palce in 
Spoleto in 1964, that the majority of proofs adduced in order to demonstrate tiiat both 
medieval western poets and writers had knowledge of Arabic poetiy or literature, and 
that they applied this knowledge to their original works in Romance, are lacking in 
scientific validity. If there existed any borrowing or mutual influence, these constituted 
only individual motifs, and these were transmitted through intermediaries, not through 
direct contact. Stern considers this manifestadon of Arabic poetry and that of 
Troubadour poetry "parallel developments that are not linked by any genetic 
relationship"^^''^\ The reason that Stern adduces is the fact that the Troubadours did not 
know the Arabic language, nor could have been acquainted with it in such a way as to 
appreciate its poetry. In any case, some Arabic narrative works could well have been 
disseminated in medieval Latin Europe. 

The existence of "courtly love" properly said in the kharj a s is doubted in more 
recent studies^^°\ It is significant that the opinion of relevant Arabists such as Francesco 
Gabrieli or Franz Rosenthal in the second edidon of The Legacy of Islam , are likewise 
rather skeptical^^^\ 



RECENT CONCLUSIONS 

T.J. Gorton cast doubt in 1974 on the validity of what he terms the "origins 
question". After making an assessment of the most important studies as well as the 
basic primary sources on the subject, Gorton drew attention towards some essential 
problems: if it is necessaiy that a poetical phenomenon be derived from another; the 

(67) Tlieodor Hrings, 'Altspaiiisclie Mndcheiilieder nus ties Miiutesangs Fruhling: Anliwslidi eines Aufsatzes von Damaso Alonso*, 
Beitrape ziir Geschichle de r Dcui.^che Spmclie uiul Liierfllur. LXXIII, (1951), pp. 176-96; Spilzer. Leo +4.4- 

(68) The Influence of Islamic Culture on Medieval europe'. pullelin o f llie Jolin Ryland.'i Library. Manchesler , XXXVIII (1955-56), 
pp. 82-98 (Apud Hitchcock (1977), p. 38). 

(69) Samuel M. Stern, "Esisiono dei rapporti leilerari tra il inoudo islaniico e I'Europa occidentale nelfatto medio evo?" Scltimane 

di, ffmdJQdgl Cgntrp italiaiio de ^M i M iH'alK) l ugdio gvo, XIL .L'Qccidgnie p YUhm ngll'ftll*> m^(\\<? gvQ. 2-^ aprilg 1904 

(Spoleto), pp. 639-811-31. English translation in Hispano-Ara hic sirophic Poetry. Studies bv Samuel Miklos Stern, selected 
and edited bv L. P. Harvev . Oxford at Uie Clarendon Press, 1974, pp. 204-30 ("Literary Connections between the Islamic 
World and Western Europe in tlie Early Middle Ages: Did Tliey Exit?") 

(70) Marqit Frenk Alatorre (1975), op. cit., p. 166, n. 44: 'A inenos que se adjudique a amor cortes el scniido amplio que le da 
Dronke, quien, en efecto, encuentra en las jarclias 'at least certain reflections of it' (Peter Dronke, Medieval Latin and the Rise 
of European Love Lyric. I. Problems and Interpretations . Oxford, Clarendon, 1965, pp. 29-32.) See also Ganglia's criticism 
(1972, p. 330) 

(71) Francesco GabrieH, 'Islam in tlie Mediterranean World', p. 97; Franz Rosenthal, 'Literature', p. 340, botli in 
Islam , second edition, edited by the late Jaseph Schadit with C. E. Bosworth, Oxford at the Clarendon Press, 1974. 




19 



Al-Andalus as a cultural bridge between East & West 




some aspects of the old Provencal lyric are explained by the example or influence of 
Andalusian poetry"^^^\ 

If by the mid-19th centuiy hypotheses concerning this Adnalusian origin had been 
left aside by Romanists and Arabists alike^*''^\ the work of the Spanish Arabist Ribera y 
Tarrago constituted a turning point in these studies, His essays on the prosody of 

and zajal ^'''^^ draw structural parallels between Ibn Quzman's azj a l and 
Provencal compositions. These studies were followed by those of the famous Spanish 
scholar Ramon Menendez Pidal^'''^\ who, despite acknowledging the absence of 
"analogia ideologica" between both traditions^^^\ yet he concludes that "debemos 
reconocer que entre ambas literaturas hay relaciones tan singulares y tan unicas que son 
inexplicables sin un influjo de la una sobre la otra"^^'\ 

The support of the greatest authorities in the Spanish Arabist and Hispanist fields in 
the first half of the present century, motivated a i^birth of the "Arabic thesis", which 
become fashionable once more among European scholars: Nykl^^^\ Garcia G(5mez, 
Levi-Provencal and Henri Pert5s^^^^ among Arabists; Tuulio and Spanke among 
Romanists and, with some more reservations, Ddmaso Alonso, Monteverdi, Roncaglia 
and Alexander Denomy, the latter being one of the scholars that contributed most to the 
debate, with thorough researched studies in which he related concepts such as the 
Provencal fin'amors with Islamic mysticism/^^ There were also some contrary 
opinions, as Le Gentirs^^"*^^ or Errante's^^'^'l 

Stem's discovery of the Roman Kharjas , and therefore, the arising of the possibility 
of a Roman proto-lyric that at first sight seems to coincide in many aspects with certain 
features of the Provencal poetic tradition, determined two different scholarly 
approaches: a continuist trend that tries to discover a link between the kh arias and the 



(56) T. J. Gorton, 'Arabic Influence on ilie Troubadours: Docunenl.'? and Directions', JAL . 5 (1974), p. 1 1 . 

(57) As an example, Uie great Dutch Arabist Dozy staled in liis Reclierchej; (1881, api^endix Ixiv. n. 2): "Nous considerons cette 
question comme tout a fait oiseuse; nous voudrions ne plus la vior dcbailue, cjuoique nous soyons convaincu qu'elle le sera 



pendant longtenips encore. A cliacun sondiavel de Ivitaille!". In tliis way, (he influential work of Alfred Jeanroy Lcs origj 
de la Does'te lvrit|u^ e n France au moven age (Paris, ] 889) also offers a negative answer to tlie question of an Arabic origin. 
Dipertacionss y opusculas. op. cil .. (1928), esp. "El canicionero de Abencuzada" (1912) , pp. 1-91; La niisica andal 



(58) UiPenacionss y opusculas. op. cil .. (1928), eap, "El canicionero de Abencuzada" (1912) , pp. 1-91; La niisica andaluza 
me-diyval en las£ancione.s de travadores. trovro.^; v mimiesinypr (Madrid. 1923); and Historia dela musica arabe medieval 
(Madnd, 1927). 

(60) Ibid., p. 53 

(61) Ibid., p. 66 

(62) A. R. NykI, Tlje Latest in Troubadour Studies', Archivum Rot»anticum . xix (Florence, 1 935); "L'influence arabe-andalouse sur 
les Troubadours". Bulletin Hispanique . xii (Bordeaux, 1939); Hispano- Arabic Pc^trv and jts Relations with the Old Provencal 
Troubadours . Baltimore, 1946, esp.pp. 371-416. 

(63) "La Poesie arabe d'Andalousie et $cs relations ptwibles avec la poesie des Troubadours". L'Islam et I'Occident. Cahi 
(1947) 

(64) Alexander J. Denomy. "An Inquiry into Uie Origias of Courtly Love'. Medieval Studi^.s . VI, (1944), pp. 175-260; 'E 

the Pure Lfave of tJie Troubadours, it5 Aniorality and Possible Source', Medieval Sludiefi . VII, (1945), pp. 139-207; 'Jovens : the 
Notion of Youth among die Troubadours* its Meaning and Source', Medieval Studiej; . XI, (1949), pp. 1-22. 

(65) Pierra Le GeiiUl, 'A propos de la "strophe zejelescjue", Revue de s I^nyues Romanes . LXX, (1 949), pp. 1 19-34. His stance will 
not cliange after tlie discovery of Uie Romance kiiarigjr : cf. Le Virelai et le villancico . Le prol * 
Collection Portugaise, IX (Paris, InsUtul Francais au Portugal and Les Belles Lettres, 1954). 

(66) Guide Errante, Sulla lirica roinnn?^ delle origini - New York. 1943. 





18 



oULLJIj oL-UJI i>' Oj^ : ^JJVi 



works that focus on the Andalusian legacy in the first half of the present century, we 
need to mention those of a general character by Sir Hamilton Gibb and Haskins, on 
music by Farmer, on science by Dunlop and Haskins, and more recent general works by 
Philip Hitti, Anwar Chejne, W. Montgomery Watt and Pierre Cachia, The lastest 
contribution is the volume edited by Salraa Khadra Jayyusi and funded by His Highness 
the Agha Khan, The Legacy of Muslim Spain , designed to coincide with the 500th 
anniversary of the end of Islamic rule in al-Andalus ^^^\ that consists of articles written 
by leading authorities on all aspects of the Andalusian civilization. 





In the field of literature, MenocaFs latest study, The Arabic Role in 

n Heritag e^^*''^^ is a pugnacious but enjoyable review of the 
controversial issues that involve a fundamental Arabic legacy that resulted from the 
cultural interaction in the Iberian Peninsula and Sicily, such as the question of courtly 
love and Troubadour poetiy, the Islamic background of Dante and other medieval 
authors and , especially, the existence of an early -Romance literary tradition that could 
stand in the origins of Andalusian strophic poetiy. These are issued that by no means 
have been closed yet. The latest debate, that involves especially scholars from British 
and American universities, together with Spanish and other scholars worldwide, and 
which is not free from unscholarly assumptions, continues the controversy of the 

and its final verses in Romance fkharajat l opened more than forty years 




III. The "Arabic Theory" in 20th Century Western Scholarship: Troubadours, 
Courtly Love, and the Romance Tradition 

Let us turn in more detail to the fortune of what has been considered to be the key 
aspect of the so-called "Arabic theory" in the present century. 

The thesis of an Arabic origin of Troubadour poetry is several centuries old. 
Monocal call it "the oldest issue", and this lyric, as we examined in the previous 
chapter, has attracted the interest of European scholars from the very beginning of 
comparative literary studies. Provencal poeti-y was the first in many key aspects 
common to Romance poetical traditions: the use of Romance, its formal chracteristics, 
its role with its society, and the thematic of courtly love. The so-called "Arabic thesis" 
is almost synonymous with the Arabic origin of Provencal poetry or, rather, we may 
define it, following Gorton, as "the complex of theories that share the postulate that 



(53) Leiden: E.J. Brill. 1992. 

(54) Pliiladelphia, University of Pennsylvania Press, 1987 

(55) Tlie most important studies on tlie subject still remain those of Samuel M. Stern, Hi-''P^"^-A''»^'c Slropliic Poetrv. a collection 
of studies published postliumously in 1974, tlie worlcs by Eniilio Gomez and, more recently, tlie controversy between James 
Monroe and Samuel Armistead, on tlie one hand, and lUe Oxford scliolar Alan Jones, present editor of basic manuscripts of 
diis poeU-y. See Uie joint volumes Studies on ihc MuwnssaJi and the Kharia> ed. A. Jones, London; Idiaca Press, 1991 and 
Poesia EgljCgfita ed. F. Corriente and A. Saenz-Badillos. Madrid, 1992. botJi tlie acts of the Exter and Madrid colloquiums on 
die subject, respectively. 



17 



Ai-Andaius as a cultural bridge between East & West 



Other works of relevance for the assessment of the importance of the Andalusian 
literary legacy from the second half of the present century are A.R. Nykl, 




lations 



(Baltimore: 1946), Henri Peres, 




Old Provencal 




!Limll£ 




u XT 




(Librairie d'Amerique et d'Orient, Paris, 1953), and the works by the prolific Spanish 
Arabist Emilio Garcia Gomez and those of the Italian scholar Francesco Gabrieli^'^^^ 
The works by the Spanish historian Amdrico Castro are relevant for the awareness of 
the decisive Islamic influence in the Spanish chracter. 

In 1974, there appeared a second edition of Th 




f Islam , which in reality 
constitutes a whole new book. This was edited by Joseph Schacht and C.E. Bosworth 
and , as did the first edition, includes contributions by leading international scholars on 
various cultural fields to illustrate the importance of the medieval Islamic world on the 
development of the so-called Western civilization. It is an indispensable survey, 
intended to reflect "the progress and broadening-out of Islamic studies during the last 
half-century"^'^^\ and that apart from the usual sections on art and architecture, 
literature, philosophy, theology and mysticism, law and science, includes discussions of 
a more general nature on Islamic economic developments, its Mediterranean context, 
and Islamic frontiers in Africa and Asia. A chapter on Western approaches to Islam and 
Islamic culture by the French scholar Maxime Rodinson introduces the reader to the 
rest of the book. 



The 



and political identity of the parties involved in such a transmission. In the last chapter of 
this aforesaid survey, Watt exphasizes the fact that the medieval diffusion of techniques 
and products brought about by the contact with the Islamic civilization in Spain and 
Sicily -as anywhere else- "was not felt by the Europeans to be something foreign 
which threatened their own identity"^'^^\ This is not the case with intellectual 
contributions in the fields of, say, philosophy and mysticism. In these, an obvious 
influence is to be felt, but this was hardly accounted for or acknowledged by medieval 
Western authors such as Dante. Recent works have surveyed the extent of this 
intellectual legacy; take, for instance, the late Enrico Cerulli's revision of Asin's thesis 
on the Islamic background of the Divine Comedy ^^^\ Dorothee Metlizki*s survey of 
Islamic influence in medieval English literature^-^'\ or Raskin's old, but essential 



Renai 




Centur 



Renaissance that were explicitly Arabic-derived" P''^^ As examples of other English 

(47) Esp. his contribution to The Cailibrilltfe \Mm Pf I'^lnm. "Tlie TmiKsmisMon of Leaniing and Literary Influences to Western 
Europe , vol. 2B. pp. 851-889 

(48) Ml. P- vi 

(49) Ihid. p. 72 

^^^^ gl "L i bro (j^lla SctI^" ^ h m^\ ' m^M^ f»nl i qrnb^vc.''Pflgiio l F idelia Divinn Coinmedia (Cilia del Vaticano. 1949); his 
influential lecture Dante e 1 Islam" (Convggno ,., Orieiiie e Occidenle nel Medio Rvo (Renia: Accadeniia Nazionale dei 

Jmvm ■ h^^'A I }n'^' f ,'',/"?'^ recent conclusions in tJie Nouve Ricerdie sul Libro della Scala e la c.nnn.c.e.ny.'i 
dell Islam in Occidenle CCitia d^l Vnnrnnn 1972) 

(5l).The Matter of Arahv inm Medieval P^El-md ^^J■'w Haven: Yale U.P., 1977) 
(52) Cambridge, Mass: Harvard U.P.. 1927, amiil Menocal ( 1987), p. 1 7 n, S 



16 



ol^Li«Jlj oLJLjJI ^ djj-J : j~ix)l\ 



volume on the Islamic legacy published in 1931 in the Oxford series on the legacy of 
European culture ^^^K 

Haskins's oeuvre was, as that of Sarton, concerned piimaiily with the history of 
Islamic science, but the realization of Andalusian achievements covered all fields of 
knowledge, including that of literature. Paiicularly in Great Britain, the way had been 
prepared for the reception of the achievements made by late 19th-century Spanish 
arabism: let us have in mind that the precarious atmosphere of the years immediately 
following the First World War vertainly did modify the image of the Muslimn world, 
bringing, among other interests, a growing concern on "low periods" of history^''^l The 
image of a shining, yet irrettrievably lost Muslim Spain fitted this vision of Romantic 
roots in the revionistic, liberal context that yearned for greater objectivity. Being as it 
unsafe to elaborate broad generalizations, it is nevertheless true that historians shifted 
their perspective in this first quarter of the century towards a better understanding of the 
oriental legacy to Europe. In this way, the literary legacy of East to West was again 
reappraissed --often in an exaggerated way- Mackail (1911)^'*^^ is the first 20th author 
that presents in Britain a wholly pro- Arab perspective. 

The Chapter on literature in die Oxford volume The Legacy of Islam (193l/''^\ by 



H.A.R. Gibb, may be considered to be the culmination of a genuine revolution in this 

field, parallel to the other sides of Arabism. Theories on the transmission of historical 

ideas -and we may appreciate here the influence of Spanish scholars such as Ribera- 

are applied in this essay to the nature of the influence exerted by one literature upon 
another. 



It is, nevertheless, apparent that, all its wishes for objectivity, the general 
conclusions of the "cultural essenrialism" of the period, in the worid of Rodinson^'^\ 
were however far fom an ideal balance. Gibb goes on qualifying oriental literature as 
'esssentially romantic', drawing a comparison with classical Greco-Latin literature that 
recalls the differences pointed out by Sir William Jones almost a century and a half 
before. But the transition towards demythologization, and the achievement of a more 
objective image are also reflected in Gibb's essay. To the point that Gibb's "essentialist" 
view of cultural manifestations allows, there is a genuine attempt to an equitable 
appraisal of Eastern literature, although its veiled feeling is that of superiority of the 

classic spirit, against the primiiiveness and esential strangeness of its oriental 
counterpart. 



(42) Tlie Leeacy of Islam, ed. by Sir Tlioinax Ariiolil and Alfred Guill.iunie, Oxford U.P., 1931 

(43) Rodinson, M. op. p jl.. p. 80. 

('*4) Lggltir?,'' Pn Ppflry. 191 1, p. 97: 'A.'.- Europe owe.'! il.s religion lo Judea, .'io it owes ilii Romance lo Arabia'. Quoted from Gibb 
CP^t. 1931,p. 191. 

(45) Tllg Lpgayy t'f lylnnL Edited by the late Sir llioiiia.'; ArnoUl and Alfred Giiillauine, Oxford Univer.sily Pre.>!s, Oxford, 1931, pp. 

180-209. 

(46) Rodin.<ion, op. cit.. p. 80. 



15 



Al-Andalus as a cultural bridge between East & West 



of medieval Muslim civilization^^^\ In any case, however, the "gothicist" trend in 
European historicism had produced in the second half of the 19th century a negative 
image of the Islamic culture. Despite the importance of the Islamic cultural heritage of 
al-Andalus, its originality was questioned in all its aspects, from art and architecture to 
philosophy. Some authors thought of Islamic art as a mere 'deviation' of Persian, 
greco-Roman etc. models; some others emphasized the Greek essence of Islamic 
philosophy in general and disregarded its original contributions. Andalusian art and 
philosophy came to be regarded as almost purely imitative. 

Most of these stereotypes only began to be overcome with the revolution in 
Andalusian studies that took place in the last quarter of the past centuiy. It is a fact that 
the scrupulousness of historical works on al-Andalus had been increasing throughout 
the 19th century due to the availability of new sources, and continued to be so when the 
positivist trend in the last quarter of the last century gave way to higher scientific 
rigour. Furthermore, historians had at their disposal the edition of new source by 
Spanish scholars who, following in the wake of Conde and Gayangos, had been 
particularly active since tlie work of the Spanish scholar Francisco Codera y Zaidin, the 

most outstanding disciple of Gayangos, and the man "whose skeptisin in inatters of 
scholarship prepared the positivistic groundwork for modern Arabism"^^^\ Codera was 

the originator of modem Spanish Arabism, and his work, as that of the circle of 
disciples that gathered around him, established die solid ground that was needed in 
order to get out of former stereotypes and common assumptions regarding Muslim 
Spain. Having in mind the precedent of Ladn and Greek literary studies, Codera felt 
that it was essential that those basic works for the history of al-Andalus be edited and 
published. He therefore undertook the task by founding tlie monumental Jj 
Arabico-Hispana ^^^K begun under conditions of tme hardship with the help of Codera's 

brilliant disciple Julian Ribera y Tarrago. In this way, ten basic works of reference for 
the political and cultural histoi7 of al-Andalus was published between 1882 and 1895, 

and there began a period of intense activity in Spanish Arabism that has continued 
throughout the 20th century in the works of Julidn Ribera y Tarragd, Miguel Asin 

Palacios, Emilio Garcia Gomez and an ever-increashig group of scholars grouping 
around the latter. 




The achievements of the Spanish school of Arabist --the so-called "Banu Codera"-- 
is attested, in the context of European scholarship up to the thirties, by several works of 
relevance in British scholarship: the influential books of Haskins ^^"^^ or Sarton ^'*^\ the 
chapter on the western Caliphate in the Cambridge Medieval History ^'''l and the 

(36) Menocal Maria Rosa. Tlie Arabic Role in Meciievat I jlerarv Hislorv . (1988) p.2 . 

(37) Monroe (1970), p. 128. 

(38)IhiiLp- 132. 

(39) CHARLES HOMER HASKINS. The Rt-riaissanc* of the Twelftli Century, Cambridge, Mass., Harvard Unviersily Press. 
1927. 

(40) GEORGE SARTON. IiitroducUoii to the History of Science (up to tlie I4lh ceiuury). Balliniore, 1927-48. 

(41) RAFAEL ALTAMIRA y CREVEA, 'Western Cnlipliale' . Cambridge Medieval History, vol. 3, 1922. pp. 409-442. 



14 



oULkJtj oL-iJdl ^ jj^ : ^jjVi 



The 



discarded once and for all in the first quarter of the I9th century. This phenomenon is 
attributable to the effects of the general Gothicist trend at the turn of the century rather 
than to scientific proof advanced by the pai'tisans of the Gothic theory. Nor did any 



exam 





facts. In my carefully considered opinion epic poetry came to be regarded as essentially 
incompatible with the Romantic assumption of the feebleness and gentleness of the 
sophisticated, decadent Arab civilization; lyric poetry, on the other hand, seemed suited 

to the Arab, oriental spirit, as pointed out by the reviewer of Lewis, 

, (1836)^^''*l Ryhme was therefore more easily seen as a borrowing from the 
Arabic via Provencal poetry - itself considered as attractively decadent as the nature of 
the Spanish Arabs. Troubadour poetry obviously derived its 'imageiy and composition' 
from the Saracens and , for the author of Lewis's review, its extinction was not only a 
consequence of political upheaal, and the ciusading campaign of Pope Innocentius in 
against Provence (early 13th century), but also: 

... its decline may be ascribed in a great measure to the nature of its florid legends, 
which, destitute of genuine sentiment, of the eloquence of narrative, and of the regular 
fabric of epic and dramatic poetry, contained but little to satisfy the understanding or to 
inform the iudeement^'^'*^ 



As Britain enters the Victorian age, the Arabic literary legacy on Europe is 
gradually forgotten. Precott would admit a certain influence without going too far, but 
by the 1850s, the Arabic ascendancy of Romantic fiction, rhyme or Provencal poetry, 
seems to have been definitively discarded^'^'^l 



n. Main controversies in the 20th century; the Andalusian "melting-pot": The 



ping of Europe 



By the end of the 19th century, a new trend started that regarded Arabic literary 
history in a different perspective. Many of the issues on comparative literature that 
literary historians had considered up to the mid- 19th century, and which had been in 
their majority discarded, were to be taken up again, this time by Arabists. The Arabic 
literary influence on Europe became fashionable again, due to the new spirit of 
scientificism and key discoveries that charactierized Europe -and, especially, Spanish- 
Arabism by the end of the 19th century. The image of the dark Middle Ages had never 
been quite so dark when it was the Muslim Spanish period what was accounted for; a 
period in Islamic history which, as we have had occasion to assess in the previous 
chapter, was considered to have been "ascendant and uUimately dominant" in the whole 



(33) Review artice. Tlie Edinburgh Review. January 1836, pp. 404-408, 

(34)Ml.. p. 408. 

(35) So Foster, Alexander R, Spanish literature, Edinburgh. Willianiand Robert Chambers, 1851, pp. 17 & ff. 

13 



AI-Andalus as a cultural bridge between East & West 



Provencal poetry. Very frequendy also, in the produictions of the 
Arabian muse, the second verse of each distich terminates with the 
same word; and a similiar repetition was employed by the Provencal 
bards^^^l 

Home goes on to give an account of the political union between Catalan and 
Provencal countries from the 10th to the 12th centuries and, more relevantly, although 
strongly stereotyped, of thematic parallels between Provencal and Arab poetical 
traditions, as well as the role of the jpngleuns or bards in the diffusion of Provencal 
poetry and its rhyme, the main oriental contribution to Europe lyric, in Home's view^^^\ 




Romanticism : 

In this same vein, George Moir, anonymous author of the essay Early Narrative and 

of Spain (1824)^^^\ rewrites the Arabic theoiy with the flourished 
discourse that prefigures the maurophilie of later years, and that shows how fertile was 
the ground for the acceptance of the Romantic sensibility of a Chateaubriand or an 

Irving, 

The Romantic shift of sensibility towards lyric poetiy, which replaced epic poetry 
as the highest fonn of literary expression, generated a new approach. The objections 
that were raised by the supporters of the Gothic theoiy as regards Epic poetry and 
narrative, togetheer with that alluded shift, propitiated that the Arabic theoiy focused on 
lyric poetry considering it as representative of a genuine oriental spirit. 

Between the nairative poetry of the Spaniards and the literature of the 
East, there exit scarcely any features of resemblance; - - between what 
in both countries may be called the poetry of sentiment, the 



r 



elations are infinite^^^l 



Moir raised yet again the question of the relationship between Eastern and Western 
character, and Christianity and Islam in Spain, but on the basis of an entirely different 
theory. Spanish Romances of Chivaliy now emerge devoid of oiiental imagery and 
'taint of exaggeration', and are quite positively said to have derived from 13th century 
French romances^'^^l Only the 'spirit of humanity and gentless* of the ballads could be 
traced to the influence of the Arabs^^*\ while 'the early Romances of France, and the 
Fabliaux of the Trouveres, exhibit, at eveiy step, the traces of Arabian imagination'^^"^l 

(26) Murphy, (1816) op. cit., pp. 316-J7. 
(27)I|iiii.p.317. 

(28) Tlifl Efiinburph Review. January 1824. pp. 398-432. 

(29) Moir, op. cit., p. 397. 

(30)Ibid-,p.347. 
(31) Ibid-, p. 403. 
(32)Il2idMp. 398. 

12 



oULLuJIj ol—UJI r^ djj^ : ^JuVl 



of too naiTOW an approach to such a broad subject. By the turn of the 18th century. 



Warburton and Warton 
various 




started by Mallet^^^^ and continued by 



Percy^^^\ and Leyden ^^^^ in Britain was thenceforth the only one to be considered. 

^ 

Throughout most of the 19th centui7, almost no new fuel waj 
The two irreconcilable attitudes oar excellence remained Warbu 



theory, on the one side, and Percy-Ley den's Gothic Theoiy on the other^^^l Scholars 
would generally refrain from assuming a definite stance on the subject, preferring to 
give a totally non-committal of the different hypotheses^^'*^ 

Occasionally, some authors will give full credit to an Arab origin, adapting the new 
theories put foi'ward by Sismondi^^''^^ and Andres. Of this view is Thomas Hartwell 
Home, co-author with John Shakespear and Mitford of Muiphy's T 




Mahometan Empire in Spain (1816). The Conclusion, which has as a subtitle "What are 
the obligations of Modern Europe to the Arabs?", has this to say on the subject of the 
introduction of rhyme: 

... tlie weight of evidence, it is conceived, will be found in favour of 
the Arabs. It is, indeed, very possible, that the Goths, at the time of 
their first entrance into Europe, from the east, might have brought 
with them the use of rhyme, which was prevalent among the orientals; 
but the essential and ancient form of versification, which was adopted 
among the Teutonic nations, has been discovered among the 
Scandinavians; and that form is alliteration, not rhyme. (...) Rhyme, 
however, which is essential to every species of Arabian poetry, and 
which was combined by the Arabs in various ways in order to please 
the ear, was introduced into the Provencal language by the 
troubadours, and witli the same play upon the sounds. The most 
common form of Arabic poetry is that of distichs, in which way 
second verse rhymes together throughout the sti'ophe, or through an 
entire poem. Such is the most ancient form of Spanish, as well as of 




(20) Mallet, Paul- Henri, Introduction a riiisloire tie Dnniiemarc. depuis Gomuirnl en 714 iusqira 1689 . Copenhagen, 1755, pp. 230 
& ss. (esp. p. 238). 

(21) Percy was die translator of Mallet's work into Engli.sli. See also liis Essay on Romances . incUidetl in his Religues of Ancient 
English Poetry (1765). 

(22) Leyden, J., TItfe Compla vnt of Scotland, written ip 1548. with a Preliminary Dissertation and Glossary. Edinburgh, Printed for 
Archibald Constable, etc. 1801, (Only 40 copies printed), pp. 254-256. 

(23) See My disseration, Anglo-American Approaches to Mu.slim Spain: The Western Bridpe. A Critical 
Andalusian History and Lilerautre (unpubhshed MLilt tiiesis, Oxford, 1993) , pp. 79-81 

(24) So Ellis, George 0753-1815). Specimens of Earlv English Metrical Romances to which id Prefixed an Historical Intodui 
on the Rise and Progress of Romantic Compo-sition in France and England, vol. 1. pp. 27-41 [2nd ed. 1848]; Dunlop , John, 
Tlie History of Fiction, being a Critical Accou nt of ihe Most Celebrated Prose Works of Fiction, from the Earliest Greek 
Romances to the Novels of the Present Ape, vol. 1, Edinburgh, 1814, pp. 130-155. 

However, Ellis lends to accept the Gotliic tlieory after liis survey, whereas Dunlop is more prone to accept llie Arabic one. 

(25) Sismondi. Litterature du Midi de I'Europe . Eng. U. by llioinas Rascoe, Historical View of iJie Literature of tJie South of 
Europe, London: Henry Colburn & Co., 1823. 



11 



Al-Andalus as a cultural bridge between East & West 







a certain country, inhabited by them, called Ginnistian, which 
corresponds to our Fairy-Land. Our old romantic history supposes 
that Arthur still reigns in Faiiy-Land, from whence he will one day 
return to Britain, and re-establish the Round table../^^\ 

In a dissertation, 'Of the Origin of Romantic Fiction in Europe' included in his 
magnum opus , his History of English Poetry (1774-178 1)^^^\ Warton extended 
Warburton's theories and identified Spain as the precise channel of influence, discarding 
the role of the Crasades. He highlighted the role of the Arabs, especially that of the 
Spanish Arabs, in the transmission of romantic (chivalric) fiction and poetry, ascribing 
to them what had often been considered oriental in the broad sense of the tenn. 
According to his view, many elements from the Armorican romances, the mati 

or any romances of chivalry, evince their oriental origin, being modelled upon 
the Spanish Romances moriscos . Festivities of the kind portrayed in Hita's Las Guerras 

would prefigure medieval Gothic tournaments; in the 
rokh . or twelve champions of Cai Cosrou, would lie the origin of the twelve Peers of 
Charlemagne and ultimately of Arthur's twelve knights of the Round Table. 

As was commonplace among Enlightenment scholars, much of the bizarre imagery 

contained in early European literature was found to have counterparts in the creations of 

the oriental genius. This, by implication, raised by the fundamental question of the 

direct communication between East and West, which Warton subsequently uied to 

resolve. 'As the area of the first cmsade was too recent to meet the difficulties already 

alluded to, and Warbuiton had been supposed to prove that the first romances were of 

Spanish origin, the subject seemed to connect itself in a very natural order with the 

Moorish conquest of that country'^^^l These views, narrow and oversimplified as they 

were, nevertheless posited a sound and essentially new perspective of the interaction 

between what were considered radically different civilizations, systems of thought, and 

literary tastes. It is apparent that the concept of a Western civilization was not as 

sharply defined as it would be a hundred year later. The "westeniess" of consituent 

elements of the so-called Western civilization was not beyond question, and although 

there was a remai-kable interest in the subject, this seemed to be motivated more by 

genuine curiosity than by a special scholars' sensitivity on the interaction between East 
and West. 



Warton 



of works that either rejected or accepted his view on the subject. However, there were 
more arguments against than for it, which, by and large, displayed the same limitations 

(17) M- pp. 42-43. 

(1^> H i slP r v Pf iSnsTu^h P^^^try. fr^m (hv; C|o,.^ of Ihf PJv'venlh lo i tieCoinniencemeni of the Ri^Mh..entl^ renrnrv By Tliomas 
Warton, B. D.. Fellow of Triiuly College. Oxford, and of ihe Society of Antit|Ujiries. and Lale Professor of Poetry in die 
University of Oxford, Oxford, 1774-1781. 

(19) J. Douce, 'Editor's Preface* to his edition of Warton. Tlie Hi.^torv of Hnylish Pc^t^v. etc.. London. 1 824. p. 24. Cf. Warton, oa 

cit- pp. ij-uj. 



10 



cj^UUiJlj oLJLiJI ^ oj^ : ^sN\ 



Warburton despises Huet's ti^eatise as a 'superficial work*. But nevertheless has 
appropiates his ideas on epic and chivalrous novels, leaving aside Huet's theory of love 
poetry. He agrees on the common oriental spirit underlying these works, and seemingly 

based, in the last resort, "upon Eastern tales". As the Spaniards were "the fondest of 
these fables", he has no hesitation in affirming that "romances" (romances of chivalry) 
are "of Spanish origin", their subject matter being the wars of the Christians 'against the 
Pagans'. Tmpin, Archibishop of Rheims and author of the History of Charlemagne and 
the Twelve Peers , together with Geoffrey of Monmouth would be the ground-work of 

all 'romances of chivaliy'. In these and subsequent stories the subject continues to be the 
wars of Christians against infields, 'and whether it was by blunder or by design, tiiey 
changed the Saxons into Saracens'. Pope wrote to Warburton telling him of his approval 
of the essay after it appeared in 1741^^^\ 

Warburton's opinion on the subject was soon to be refuted by Tyrwhitt^^'^^ who 
showed tliat there was no Spanish romance of chivalry older than the invention of 
printing, tiiat none of the celebrated heroes of the old romances was a Spaniard; that 

which Warburton believed to be one of the older romances and 
which was one of his authorities for his assertions, was, by comparison with others, a 
very modern one, while Geoffrey of Monmouth, another of his authorities, has nothing 

like a crusade nor even a single Arab in his entire history. 

However, Warburton's authority did convince his college and friend Thomas 
Warton, Fellow of Trinity College, Oxford, and Professor of Poetry in the Unviersity. 
In a note in his Observations on the Faerie Oueene of Spencer (1745)^^^\ he sees an 




eastern origin behind the fiction of the fairies, at a time when the incipient search for 
origins had led to a primitivistic interest in popular literaiy manifestations^^^l This 
fiction was brought along 

... with other extravagancies from the Eastern nations, by the 
European Christians, who had been at the Holy war; and those 
expeditions were some of the first subjects of romance, as an 
admirable judge of this matter observes [Warburton]. The Persians 
call the Fairies Peri; and the Arabs Ginn; and they feign, that there is 



(13) Pope, Works , ed. Elwin & Courthope, IX, p. 227: 'I never read a thing with more pleasure tiian an additional sheet to Jarvis' 
preface to 'Don Quixote'. Before I got over two paragraphs I cried out Am_ Erasnju.s aiil Diabolus! I kncvf you as certainly as 
tlie ancients did tJie Gods, by die first pace A the very gait. I have not a inoinem lo express myself in, but could not oniit tJiis 
wiiich delighted me so greatly* fapud Evans, op. cit., p. 120). 

(14) In his edition of Shakespeare, 17++. Cf. Evans, op. pp. 120-121. 

(15^ Observations on the Faerie Oueene of Spenser . By llioiiias Warton, A. M. Fellow of Trinity College. Oxford. London. Printed 
for R. & J. Dodsley, & J. Fletcher, in die Turl. Oxfwd. MDCCLIV. 

(16) In my degree dissertation (La ' , ' Espana mora "en la lileratura romanlica ingksa. iinpubl. Alicante, 1989), I related 
late-Englightenment interest for autochthonous and exotic ballads of the Spanish type to a priniitivislic trend that followed tlie 
general situation of social instability in die second half of the l8lh century. In tliat study I trace the growing interest for die 
oriental in literary and scholarly circles to die extent Uiat it is possible to speak of a niqurophjle trend. Tliis trend was followed 
by an essentially GoUiicist sensibility occuring at the turn of the century and continuing lo predominate up to Uic diird decade 
of die century, when ii faded somewhat widi the rise of die second mnurophile trend Uiai coexisted widi it till tlie end of the 
century. 

9 



Al-Andalus as a cultural bridge between East & West 



received tradition of literaiy theoiy has considered Oriental, allow for the assignment of 
an Oriental origin to these "oriental" aspects. Some of the hypotheses formulated in this 
spirit have been confirmed; some other have been left aside given the scarce evidence 
available. At the turn of die 17th century, diese hypotheses had been united in what 



scholars termed the Arabic theorv . which postulated: a) the Arabic ongm oi rnyme; d; 
an Arabic decisive influence on the biith of Provencal troubadour poetry; c) die Arabic 
origin of epic poetry; d) the Arabic origin of die novels of chivalry. 

When the role of Arabic literature was discussed, especially by these early scholars, 
that literature was regarded merely as a means for the introduction into Europe of a 
distinctive - and stereotyped - oriented spirit. Their discussions did not include a 
genuine search for elements in European literature deriving from Arabic or any other 
literatures, and dierefore, their hypodieses were of too general a nature and usually 
far-fetched. Guillaume Massieu, one of Huet's followers, enumerates no less dian six 
differemt theories concerning the origins of thyme^^\ he finally opting for the Arabic. 
Here he relies on the authority of Sumaise and Huet. as he acknowledges the Arabs* 
immemorial taste for poetry and their enormous poetic output, and agrees on seeing 
Provence as "to ports par ou la Rime entra en France"^^^^ . 

The English controversy: Thomas Warburton and Thomas Warton 

Thomas Waituiton^^^\ Bishop of Gloucester, a professor of English literature and a 
leading figure in 18th-century English learned circles, was the man who took the 
controversy to Britain. In 1749 there appeai'ed an anonymous "Supplement to the 
Translator's Preface" in Jarvis*s second edition of his translation of Cervant( 




Arabic 



origin of Romance. 



(9) Histoire de la Poisie Francoise; avec une Defense de la Poesie, Par feu M. I'Abbe Massieu. de TAcadenue Francois. A Paris, etc. 
M.DCC.XXXIX. Tlie different theories listed by Massieu are Uie following (p. 76): 

1) From poetry of Provencal provenance. Tliis is die dieory shared by Cardinal Benibe and die majority of Italian writers. 

2). Invendon attributed to Paul Diacre, in tlie time of Cliarieniagne. 

3). Invention attributed to Pope Leo tlie Second. 

4). Derived from Gotliic poetry. 

5). Derived from Arabic poetry, as argued by Sumaise and Huet. 

6). Derived ultimately from Roman and Greek poetry. 

(10) Ibid pp. 80-83: 'Quel parti prendre, parmi tant d'opiiiions differentes? S'il m'est perniis de laisser entrevoir ce que je pense, le 
sentinel de M. de Sumaise & de M. Huet, nierite une attention particulaiere; & ceux qui sans deferer a Tautorite voudront se 
donner la peine d'examiner les raisons, ne pourront disconvenir que la conjecture de ces deux Grands-Hommes ne soit fondee 
sur beaucoup de vrai-semblance. ( ...) 

Avant rimiption 6gs Maures, on n'voii point vu de Vers rimes en Rueope; on ne vit autre cliose depuis. La Rime en peu 
d'annees fit des progres surprenans. Les Espagnols furent vraiseinbablement les primier.*: qui 1 emprunterent de leurs nouveaux 
Hotes. Toulon & Marseille, par la comnKxlite de leurs Ports, nous I'apporterent du Commerce d'Espagne. Ainsi la Provence fut 
la porte par ou la Rime entre en France, ella passa de France en Iialie, A se repandit bien-tot dans tous les autres Pais de 
rEurope; si bien qu'on vit en assez pen temfK une Poesie nouvelle s'elever sur les debris de la Poesie ancienne; s'emparer des 
langues Espagnole, Francoise & Italienne, & generalement de toutes les Ungues vivantes'.. 

(11) On Warburton. see Evans, Arthur William, Warburton and theWarburtoiii^ns. A Study in Some Eiehteendi Cenruty 

oversies Oxford U. P.. London, Humphrey Mildford, 1932. 

(12) "A Supplement to the Translator's Preface ["Communicated by a Learned Writer, well known in die Literary World*'], in tlie 
2nd ed. of Tlie Life and Exploits of liie Ingenious Gentleman Don Oui^plc de la Mancha. Translated from die Original Spanish 
of Miguel Cervantes de Saavedra. By Charles Jarvis, Esq. The whole carefully revised and corrected, wiUi a new Translation 
of tlie Poetical Parts by anodierhand. Tlie Second Edidon (in 2 vols), 80, London, printed for J. and R, Tonson and S. Draper 
in the strand, and R. Dodsley in Pall-Mall. MDCCXLIX, pp. xxiii-xxxi. 

Evans (op. cit. p. 120), believes diat the Supplement was first edited togedier wiUi Jarvis' first edition (1724). However, it has 
been accessible to me only in its second edition. Tliis supplemetil was reprinted in a note at tlie end of Warburton's edition of 
Love's Labour Las t. 17+++, tliis time widi a clear indication of the editor's autliorship of die note. 



8 



oUUwJIj oL-i-adI ^ djj^ : ^juMi 



Claude de Saumaise and Pierre Daniel it: the birth of the Arabic theory. 

Claude de Saumaise (in Latin, Salmacus), well known for his theological and 
political polemic, was the first scholai" to suggest, around 1630, the probability of an 
Arabic literary influence via Muslim Spain on Provencal poetry, as well as an Arabic 
filiation of epic poetry and novels of chivalry^^\ Sumaise's ideas on the subject were 
soon disseminated outside France but, as far as we know, subsequent scholars up to the 
beginning of the 19th century were to rely on Pierre Daniel Huet's re-elaboration of this 
theory. He was the main authority on whom Andres relied (he cites him as "Uezio"), as 
also indeed the authors who took the controversy into Britain in the mid- 18th century. 



His Traitte de I' origine des Roman s (1671)^'^^ was translated several times into English; 



the first of them as early as 1672^^1 In his work, Huet goes further East than either 
Provence or Spain in his efforts to trace the origin of what he, rather confusingly, call 
"Romance". This word is, for Huet, almost synomimous with "Oriental literature"; it 
denotes three different concepts, which are sometimes intermingled with notorious 
ambiguity: 

1. The spirit, oriental in essence and found in Northern epics as well as classical works, 
which impregnates fantastic prose stories of the kind to be found in European novels 
of chivalry. A degenerate offtpring of this spirit was to result in the gay science of 
Provencal poets. 

2. Epic poetry, derived from that same oriental penchant for the fantastic. Huet sees 
Spanish epic poetiy as deriving from its French counterpart, following Giraldi. This 
epic has, in his view, an ultimate Oriental origin, but Huet rejects Saumaise's 



suggestion of an Arabic origin via Muslim Spain. 



Islamic 



cero 



an influence on Provencal poetry, particulariy by providing it with rhym e. 

Romance is, therefore, in Huet's conception of the term, the pecuUar oriental 
flavour with which certain aspects of European, and especially Spanish literature are 
embedded. The suggestion is quite bold, but understandable in the rationalizing 
Enlightenment atmosphere: it implies that the recuirence of certain features that the 

(6) According to Huet, Traitc dc roriginc des roinaivi (1671), Eng. tr. 1720, "A Letter to Segrais on tlie Origin of Romances", p. 
xxxviii, ' ... Uie late Monsieur Sumaise . for whose Memory 1 liave a singular Veneration, botli on llie account of liis great 
Learning, and tlie frientlsliip tliere was between us, intagined tliat S paj n having learnt of the Arabs die Art of Romancing, 
taught it die rest of Europe .' 

It has not been possible to locate tlie exact reference in the works of Sumaise preserved in tlie Bodleian Library, Oxford, and 
die Bristish Library, London. Huet seems to have been llie only source consulted by die majority of the supporters of the Arabic 
Uieory, who cite Sumaise now and Uicn only occasionally and at second hand, but rely on Huet's text. 

(7) Published in Reignaud de Segrais, Zaydc, Histoirc Espagnolc etc, 1671 

(8) A Treatise on Romances and their onginnl. By Monsieur Huet._Translaled out of French. London. Printed by ILJSjlUeisby* 
for S. Hevrick. at Gravs Inn Gate in Holborn . 1672; The Hislory of Romances. Made English by ... S. Lewis. London 1715; 

"M<;>nfig»r Hv^gt'p Letter tP Mp.n.'^iPMr dg Saarfli.S UP^^H Ih? QrigilMlPf RpniOngg,P. in A Select Colelction of Novels in Six 
Volumes. Written bv die Mast Celcbralecl Authors in Several Languages ^ etc. London., 1720; Letter to Sa 

Rouiaiiceg, in C. S.. A Select Collection of Novels, etc. . vol. I , London, 1722 (different e<lition).. 





7 



Al-Andalus as a cultural bridge between East & West 



Of all aspects that are still a matter of controversy as regards the cultural history of 
al-Andalus, I would like to focuse on the more general issue of its cultural legacy to 
Western Europe and , specifically, on the origin and development of the "Arabic 
Theory" concerning the Hispano-Arabic origin or influence on some key aspects of 
European literature. 



Western 



Arabic origin of rhyme and the Provencal question 

The question of Arabic influence on the biith of Romance literature in the Middle 
Ages has been a subject of discussion among European scholars since the 16th century. 
As early as 1581, Giammaria Barbieri, a scholar from Modena, had written a treatise on 
this subject. DeH'oripne della pnasia rimata ^^^. which remained unpublished until 1790, 



when Tiraboschi edited it in the wake of the trend that followed Casiri's publication. In 
this work, Bai-bieri suggested that rhyme as well as the stress-based prosody of 
Proven9al poets could have had its origin in Arabic poetiy. which according to him wa5 
based upon both rhyme and sti'ess^'^\ whereas both Latin and Greeek poetry had a 
quantitative system of prosody, the use of rhyme being unknown to them. 

Some of the theories that we find the Barbieri's work had already been put forward 
between 1782 and 1789 by Juan Andres, a Spanish Jesuit exiled in Italy and author of 



DeU'origne 




n 



— ^ — — ^ — — ^^■f^-^^j ~^ ■ ^ *^ ^^.^Tiiminr r t^.*_ *^ • 

Andres, Barbieri and Tiraboschi are all names familiar to those who have traced the 



history of the pemnnially controversial issue of the Arabic literaiy influence on Europe, 
and -^ - -^ - 



irm 



had already become a hackneyed matter of controversy among European scholars 
espacially French and British. It is true that Andres and his followers started it a freshi 
approaching it with a new insight into and deeper knowledge of the essential facts' 
relating, for example, to Arabic, Latin and Romance prosody, Andres being the first 
scholar to suggest a distinction between learned and popular Arabic poetiy and the 
possible existence of a parallel Romance popular poetry in al-Andalus^-''^ However if 
justice IS to be done to all those who made relevant contributions to the debate we need 
to go as far as the eariy 1600s, when the first hints of the so-called Arabic theory 
appeared in print. 



MUNKUH, JAMES T. . Islam and 
ANDRES. JUAN n,.lPnw-oi«^ «. 



iNis^iSr ,*f „'^''" "'"-^^^^^^^ 



6 



oUU^Ij oLJuiJl u-- <:^j_r-» : a-^OjMt 



Introduction : 



tivt nunarea ana one years age, tne islamic kingdom ot uranada eventually came 
to an end upon the Catholic Monarchs' final entry in the Granadian capital. This and 
other crucial events now commemorated all over the world, of which Columbus' 
discovery of America is the most well known, have made of 1492 a remarkable year in 
the history of Spain, Yet this date, which symbolizes the birth of modern Spain, 
establishes the definite seperation between two cultures that, in varying degrees, had 
been in constant and intimate interaction for more than seven and half centuries. The 
timid Islamic presence in subsequent centuries, isolated and constantly threatened by 
the official catholic order, could not continue the Arabic cultural contribution in the 
same degree. However that may be, this cultural seperation has not prevented the 
invader culture to experience a great fasciantion for the achievements and influence of 
the overcome culture in subsequent centuries. This fasciantion has become widespread 
in the western world, and has determined the arising of an entire branch of knowledge 
that may be termed "Andalusian studies". My intention in this lecture is to succincdy 
review and assess the origins and development of this fasciantion for Al-Andalus in 
western scholarship, drawing examples mainly from Andalusian literary history. It is an 
attempt at discovering the motives and shapes of the recurrent images that have breeded 
in the mind of western historians and Arabists in their search for objectivity. The 
picture that remains of Al-Andalus is that of a torch of light casted from within an alien 
world, that is not so distant, nor was quite so alien. The ground of literary transmissions 
is a fertile one for a reflection on the extent of such a distance or otherness. 



The study of Islamic Spain in Europe has been traditionally placed within the frame 
of Orientalism at large, at least since the study of Oriental cultures began to be 
systematized at the beginning of the 19th centui7. Scholarship on Al-Andalus stands as 
a good example of historiographical approach to a distant culture, temporally and 
spatially distant, as representative of an Oriental cultural setting, essentially different 
from the so-called Western civilizadon. Be that as it may, Islamic Spain presented some 
specific problems that made this approach different from that of the Middle East, This 
distance, - we shall see afterwards — is diminished by the special character of 
Andalusian culture, and the image constructed upon it by historians and men-of-letters: 
its hybrid character, for some scholars, the constant struggle with Christendom, for 
others, but most of all, the always thorny question of the Islamic influence on Europe, 
and the birth of Spanish and European identity, motivated not only trained Orientalists 
— Arabists -, but also historians of Spain and of Spanish art and literature, to produce 
relevant works on the subject that are essential to any analysis of this kind^^\ 

* Most of tliis lecture is drawn from my Oxford Mlilt tliesis Anglo-American Approchcs to Muslim Spaint The Western 

Bridge. A Critical Bibliography of Andalusian History and Literature (1993). 
(1) CF. LOPEZ BARALT, Luce, "Introduccion. La nwtizacJa occidentalidad de Espana", Hellas del Islam en la literatura 

espanola, Madrid, Hiperion, pp. 15-42 reflects on the question of tlie priental character of Spain , and gives a good survey of 

scholarsliip on iJie general subject of Andalusia cullurnl achievements and legacy. 

5 



AI-Andalus as a cultural bridge between East & West 



L- AND ALUS AS A CULTURAL BRIDGE BETWEEN EAST AND WEST : 
THE "ARABIC THESIS CONCERNING LITERARY TRANSMISSIONS" 

IN WESTERN SCHOLARSHIP (17TH-20TH CENTURIES) 

By 
Mr. Ovidio Carbonell ^ ^ 



(ABSTRACT) 



This 



on the provenance of key aspects of European literature, from its origins in the 17th 
century, to the most recent contributions. It aims, in the first place, to evaluate the way 
in which the presence of Arabic elements in European literatures has been gradually 
recognized among Western scholars, and in the second place, to demonstrate that the 
attitude towards this Arabic presence was far from being uniform. 

The first pai't of the paper will trace back the earliest studies on the subject, in the 
light of its European ideological background. As it will be shown, the debate on an 
Arabic origin for such key literary elements as fonnally rhyme and, thematically, the 

chivalrous spirit, were suggested as early as the 1630s, a century and a half before 
Father Andres's well-known studies, or the edition of Barbieri's essay. I will discuss the 
terms of the controversy up to the end of the 19th century, and show to what extent 
ideological trends in European thought determined the shape, development and 
acceptance of the "Arabic tliesis". 

The second part of the paper will be devoted to 20th century contributions to the 
"Arabic thesis". The great advances in Andalusian historical and cultural research, the 
discovery of new sources, the analysis of old ones and, in particular, international and 
interdisciplinary collaboration, have confirmed many hypotheses while casting doubt on 

others. I will therefore review those controversial issues that have been essential to the 
debate, and evaluate their conclusions according to the changing ideological 
background in which these approaches were developed. 



(*) Depto. Estudias Arabes. Coiisejo superior dc InvesUgacioiie!; Cieiilificas. Instituto tie Filologia, Diique tie Medinaceli 6,28014, 
Madrid, Espana. 



4 



oUL-kJIj oL_Jj»xil ^ Ojj-i : J IjjVI 



ijjiJI j jjJiJi ^ ^Liu j<ii%.'^ jjlxlj|l 



(r-j-ivj) 



i^ J J^ J:?^ J^ J ^ Jd-^ ' 



(i..>bj| |j,aU«Xw*,« 



O* Vr:Ij V^lj^ Jjv^ «y « ^^1 ^1>^' » c^^-Ai L* j_^- ^ ^-^- clc^l IIa OjSL^ 






Veils' v-c5j <^Aj^^ ^y* Jj-^^ ^j^J <y o^*^' (^^ ^>-. US'j . i^jjji\ i.JiliJ 













SjjLui* |_^IjJ1 Ojbdl oNU^ J^U- JA J,^U-j t iojJiJl jiUa^l JJi^>o'j t SajA>- j^l^a^ 

. i^l ^bJi diL- L^J'iU- ^ oj_^- j_^l lj^\ hAS[l*i\ i^J>i\ 



:^ 




King Abdulaziz Public Library 
Authentic Works Series (10) 



Proceedings of the Seminar 

AL AND ALUS 



CENTURIES OF VICISSITUDES AND 



ACCOMPLISHMENTS 



Vol. Ill 
Civilization, Architecture and Arts 



Editorial Committee 



Dr. Abdullah B. Ali Al-Zaidan (Rapporteur) 



Dr. Hamad B. Salih Al-Suhaybany 
Dr. Salih B. Muhammad Al-Sonaidy 



Dr. Abdul Ghafur B. Ismail Ruzy 
Dr. Abdullah B. Ibrahim Al-Umai] 



Publications of King Abdul Aziz Public Library 

1417 AH/1996 AD
Internet Archive Audio

Featured

Top

Images

Featured

Top

Software

Featured

Top

Books

Featured

Top

Video

Featured

Top

Mobile Apps

Browser Extensions

Archive-It Subscription

Save Page Now

Full text of "tar10"

See other formats
