Full text of "tar24"
^^.^^^^^^j T ^N i n W tf ^fc Wi*W
rf/y-^.r.-
ligmmms^ammmmmmmgmmmm
♦
♦
^
♦ V*
nir/j>nr
YY)
i-iJlj
J/^IWJ
r
Y..^
4^u:i*vij ;luUjvi ^^>ui\^ oui^ou urui
EIN FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL STUDIES
i^u »JL6 ^a jj^^ : |>LjJI uj£X\
jti-^i
: cJ^I
UD
1"
I
(5J'^
L.k±
^1
UJ-iJI
5. J
. J
..-J-
r
-LU
J-.U.
JI^P^. .
r
lA^L.,^ . J
La*o--Ji^
:.>-.-i:Jiji
aiiUL?.:/lj<
ijUamVI
I....I
:"'J'^
i^
b'^oi' :
rAvN^n ^ysii, 6>»:ii3 - tr£ - (>'>-f" - *Am>^' ^j^ tJ
NYa"\V^^Xi^^
L«
yi
—
J^l (^ ^1 II *■ *\0 y . t/*
PubllshenEIN FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL STUDIES
5, Maryoutia St „ Elhnram - A.R.E. Tcl x 3«71693
P . B 65 KJiaiid Ben - Alwalitl ■ Alharam P . C 12567
r-
. ,_j-,LJI JsLiJI iujLu ^ . fhn .l 2--j_) . iLLJI j>* 1^^.
oUL* ^ ijlJlL l1-J %j^ iJU- oyUI ij^ jLS" vivo- ^ J\j^ U Ij^I Ul
1 ^^^ uii^l J5LUI 11^ aL,I^- yjU Jl . ^jij Jx^-I iir Ujji jlj . o^l
j\ ^.^1 p^. 0^1 ^j o>ll ^ j^l a:l> :u-bj ol c^. u;-^' ^'^1 • ^.-^l
. 'i^Ullj iijjJ-l L*j*A Jajo_ ^_yJ\ ^ oLiJI uiiiu US' . dLi j^x ^^ V^l it^
^>. i^^l i^l>t.| i^iSUI Ji- . LoJiJI ^:^7! jcoUl ^1^ uJU JLi
J
r^*L> J[ . ^jiifi Crib J^Jl J^ v>lLi i-'i^ ji ^*'^l chI^ ^Lc :l^^L"j
. jJI .. i*^l ^1 ^V . U."^! oUi- ^ oUL
L^::5LLI . L^l ^\J.\j jiLAl ^ JuJbJI Jl ^^j ^Ul ^l Jl 'jLiVI ,^1 Cj^j
^1^1 c^ ^ <y i-Mi iiL-j uaj . L^->Jb iiiJ^vi J! "-s^ r^b i-o^^
ft -
^
ju iU^-iij j^Vi j^'^i .L^ 0- -^^'ji c> c>-" 5^' '^'^' r-^^'^'
C:J ^Ul jc?ij . ^i ^j . v>il J oi^j4^^j i>W <jyi i5>iJI J i,f4^ i-^
:>il ^i^l j\jl:^\ ^\j* M^ 0- • ^i^' i**^' D- ^ cr^ *J-^' * ^! ^
^. ol ^UJ j-L-i ^^iJI ^'^l . 1+;- jJLVli i^.li*Jlj jiL-^l t-'^- ^y ^1 ^1*^. l-^
^ v^ >i (H^'^-j ' ^jJ^ e;j> W r^' ^**^ ^ ^>^ ^ ^^'^^ '^'' ^-^
^,iL ;.i ^L^ C)U^ i-l-5| u- 0^^^" (J « *J ^1 ' U^lj ' »jrt^ cA ^-*^' '-^
^ii" [£ . j^JLw>j-aJ- JLb Ij-^>>j < ^j.^ J^ yUj . CjUaLJI oL»w»l ^ l>;_>^_>
. JlUi C> ^Ul >l ^ i (**Uu-. ^^Vl JL^^I i^jL J ij4J\ Ji>-j
JLil>4.l i ^:.. >-: 1> v^ . G-iS' J*UI ^ ljjuu.1 L il . USLi LjJLc iliLJI v^'^
CcLj i^l >i* (ji* Ij^^liij liJuUI j*^"L>} iij-U' 1^1 ^^-*--f^J ' iij'-r''-*" -^M-l
J^ ^y ^ »^ .:„ , ill J^jjji ^ uvii-Lj , ^ , ^ >^ > j-^ ^>-. ijOli-tl L. j»4^-^cl v-*" Mi-*-^'j
JjU::^j J^- ^ ii.L^^ oL>i ^^ J> jl^JL^-^l jl . Jill > olSofjVL jUiLJI
. OUVI ji^ <_^l i-UI jtUilj LjL^Kdl L-aVI oli ^Jiil IjjLili ; dUiLJI v-L*^'
. lJJ.|j ijijjl jliUil J l^[^ . ^^71 JUaJI >L i^l JakJ.1 . dIU p^lO
^ « 4
jjLiJi o> ii^i ,;ix*i jjLi^u . CjU- iLi Li^i J iji>j . jiiji i^'^t jui i_^-ir
A
. ji»Lll »I* j^J—llj v_»^' [^'j ' I'^V ^ L*Ji*j Ti^^. JUI ol-^
j^^^l j^jj . oL:^l jjkl ^ (_,,.^L-ui ! i^.i pJLu j^" Jlc ojJlJLI ^_^__^
I-^Lc. illJLjSfl jL*ijlj j.L*J:aI ^ oLft p^l^l -U ^7* 77 U JjjJI oLjL.tf 7ll ^^
r^l I*-^U CJj^b ^^J i jlj^l jy i.>^l JL>lj^ - i-s'Li- L^ LiLaliVl
iji_^-fj oi« *7>u* L^ (ji^j » *-J4-^l (j-^l Cr* ^jt^J jlj-^ i_rH i*-^'^ -*— '
L*-«/ S ■ *lg. i-^r^j * f«4j'^l .<„.J.<i.„7l (J^jIj^j i jf^^jji^ i-^jLi ^^J L«-^ L^j I
i-^-J
r'^o' Cr* ^-^^ '^ b'^'-i J*-J I M *ia « *> jLi-1 J ^>»j I olSUsUI ftjL>j » oIj^lII ^
. J*ijlj v^JJI v:-* ty^l o'-^>-JI i^ t* iijL^dl J>JI OJ4X jl J^ i^U i "S^
i&L-joJI ui^cul -ulnj (jJJI (^jiJiJI cy^l c^ (H^**J ^^*^j * ^''^ ^by ^i t>» lj-*^j
. ^J\ ^j^j v^UI iiU, Ji- ^Vl vJLiJI ^ (.4^
It
L^jSf : ii-tU^Vl ^'L>j (W^-liUj j^jJU; J^ uj>i' c^ 'j^^ ^-' *->^' u^-^
l^iUitl jLic-^l ^ Jii L. lil I^U. ojyJI j^ 'j^'jU ^j ' ^.-^1 (H^-l-iii*- c^ *i-t^
jJUdlj olibJl oiA jl Jlu . ,*4.iMu ^ U>«J1 j>£ |*^-»j>j ' t*5jjJI (»^'UJj j^j— (ji
^
j^-i dUi ,^. *^j ! U^j ^IjjJI i^j . Ll^b yUl iL>j ,^1 Jl- . JkJ^\
i^U. ^. oliLJI Cr> ^ ^^^ Ulj . ^>'^l jJU( il^ ^ i>WI C^ i^ ljiiii.1
LJI
*
c--Jlj ^y-JI IjjU. |,^.j ^ ^ L^iij * Lift ojill i_^. ^ jr>-j . v'^J ' ^^'j
^ i_.X-Y' JjjJI c^SJ. j^L^j . Li,l ^ jl^^i i ^Ju lj^.^^1 ^'1 ,y:> . . Ml
^ ^ ,us^jLLaj i LJii. jljiJI oUwsl 0-* V^^^' <^ ^-H-*^' a^-^ *^^ ^-r* uW.
jj» i^jjfjj ixLuJI (,J:j (_^L-JI ij-fJI jji JL-ljjJI cJiiil (j-LjiJl UjjI oIj oL-ijjJ
j>c uUJljJI o^I tAi-jjil OjJJij ' uul-ilj Li-*:)L-"^I "^jUaJ-l jjLc jJ ij^j "if J-iii
S-
^^^1 IJ-j oLjjuJI oi* (»i.jj . iUiiJI Ji> cJJb ,^i^ Lf^Luj L4ol-^' 0^ ^1^'
. L Jj_^l jJlj_^lj i-jj_»JI jjL-ail AjJ-^j L> Ju dUi j^ uJ
oji ^Ijil ^ iJJ v--Ab' jl p^jLTj ^ ^^ o' JJJ i>4^' v*^^' -H^ ^ u<n
Jt^a^ri^mA
^j : ^,-— iiJI iJjU-* i_H« jl Jjj'UI (^ oL-i£i jji jjl_>JI a-^J iJjL»« ^ »U
i-o^l jiL^I cj^ ^iLi-^l J^ J.^. 2^ Jij ^Ij^ iil^ jj^l li* ^.^ UJjU ^^
»a>j iJji> Jl fiLii-,! ^j-ij ^jjjJIj i^f a- u^^' -4^ ^ iLi^-'i/lj . iiJ^Ij
j--i J L. ci-jii ; 2^1 iJj-i i-ljjJi c-oici-li . J>Ly I
cJjUj . ^.hiTll i-.JLi^i-^ 4JI i^ljjJl corU>lj 4ji-lji ci-- L. cJ-^lj . tji-»>ll
j_^*jLpJI ^ JU U ji . Jljs^'il 2-^L i:L*jL-l .a-^j jiUail cAls.\ L.
. ixlij J_^ i— i (jJI ^^^^l j*--^ (>• ■' ■■ ' I'l l g^l^b
^^1 j^l ii* LLJI JL-i J ^i^l jl^i-Vl jiL- JuJk^ JjVl J-iiJl ^J'
i:^*^! Ii> vM uWj « ^'>^' v>J^' ^^ r^'^'^ *^'^' ^"^^
jIjJLmW
oLljJI ^j ^ UjL>j . o>il i%. J iii>^tj ij441 c^^' J-^' ^/"-«--'
uuJ-:iJI o:^J a^L^\ i^l Ji> c^ v>i' *^ Jl ^.^-H^' ^^^--^l ^>^ J^*^'
L-bjJi ".> ^ v>il ^^ ^^-^ <^' ^^' '^^^ ^^V< ^'>' Ji J-=^'
\\
Ii.y b ij+J\ J-^ Ji. y>il i% J ij^ t^iUui-^l J»LlJ1 ciJLiJI J-aiJI JjUj
^ i^iUI u^ Ijr^J t-^ (^1 ^ti. iiiL^I OUU-JI JLk^ ^ ^jji J^tiJI Ji^.
OjJiJI LJJl (jflJI ii>'il oLcL-aJI ^ dL*U . iJaiJIj UJ1.JUI ii:L-> ixL^ JJL. i_^l
i.^^1 obu ^j J:>u. cj. ij^ i^Ui^-^i -.LJ-i i-b J ^\j\ s-^\ i^i
^y^^\j ^i_^\ ' UaUl ILU ^ J J Ur . ^lidij oUUJIj ^Ullj ot^lj jrljiJI
r
j^ . J ^j . ^>il ,%, ^ ,_^ ,^\j ^UiJI J.LiJL ^Li.1 J-aiJI ,./:l^I
_jJl_yJI ^jliil oU"iLcj . ^i^l (>iJJI j^JjoJI dUJLr, . i-i^l I-^ii! ij-i^l ^
jJI
J
•^% >iJI ^Ijo CH OM . ^l^w.V J-^xiJI v>-^' oi Ll:b v^ljJI ^ oi^ 'ilj
* *
ju-J.1 A** JjUj JU- j>:S'jJI iL:-,'^! iJl_pt cJ' Ci L^ljjJI sJiA ol iJl v^' CjI ^jJ'j
. 2ajx^y\ OU.U. ^ i;^>ll oUljjJt iU-ij J-Ii.1 jJUll
oL--ljJI i.^.^ J[ U[^\ uj5L- ji _Hrjl ^^1 *ij;jLiiJ l--l_jjJI sJa ^^"1 ilj
i*ijx)l Jj ^1
IJ
: iJUl jjLJl J U^S/ u^> £?-Ulj ji^l a- ^ c> i-M' ^-^^^^
:)::A>jj jJiL-j oliU ^ ^*lJL ij^ j^^- i»iij kjj cri ' LT^ lP^- 1^ '■^'^ ''"■^-' •
. ( oMi j^ ) jjyJi c^ c^^i •^'^ or^j
/- ^W ^ <>J ^^^ oJ^b a- ^J^-^l jr>i . ci-L I (H^ Ij-ijj ^^' b-^^ c>^
^'^l ^Ll JL^ I^....SV ^-j : 3*^1 i^l JiLJI = ^^*
(t)
.juu ^j}\ ■.'^'^ ((.AVN /j. YoVo)(.SU.Ij^;yV. ^*-V>lbv^
»> ^ ^1 ^ cnb • liJl^l v^ 0- ^ ' V>^' '^- C-^ ^ '"^-^^ ^■'-'-' r-^"'
(Jj . y' W^ Crt^^r J c> J'^^b . c^ ^ » ^ ^ r^V. i-^l u^l jl-M Ji^-i-- -^>^' ( ^ ^
. u* ^:>u,'i(i u
. i rVA'\ ^j ^ -bbjl JLJljio J»>- -i»>i-ii ( V )
JjLcj J*- Jliul ) . j^l JU. A--=.Lj v>il jii SJi^li CJir j-iu. ui ' 'T^j^l JHJ^" i-b-^ V-J^
^r-
M
u_^ji i--iJb ^'^^^h • iW-j (lA-^ r*^^-^*' ^J ' ''^-^■>^-> ^' r
:>L-vi
. fi_^. L^-15L, Ca^ ^ tr^l o^l t^
4
^^j: (^^rY /j.r.. oii.iii^cH'^. '^^^i-^b^L^i-
i-ijj-i
^ . ^<t.i,iJi .L>i ji^ . r''^^^ ^ JM W*Ji (r)
\0
" ^yd\ pjji ui Jk ^ . i^.-^b i-^i >^j\^ ^^ ^ ^-^^^ '^^'
^^^L^Loi-^h ...^.JIxL^^.r-^li^Jlvr^^-j"^^'-'''-^'^'^^'
j|^_i ^ ijHkJI J-* (> -^ ^^^J ' ^-"^ ^>' ^ r*-^^ '^-^ ' ^'^"^' jl^-i^"^!
^'U. C.P oL.>x Uoij . ^^1 Jail dUJuTj . i^^l l^\ J ^^3 ' L^V
Hj ^LJ i.H^ i-^ULI i^jL^^b iii-'^l o^ ,P Jjj L£ Ui«Oj v^-^' u^.»-*'
jL^.^JI: (^\.U/j.iAV) (^)^.,iUJ.(^' v>ibi^^I^ic^V>i'-
«il_^ ^^ iiJI J LU oL.>x Ux.1 Jiij . .1^1 <^J- h^^. i-^l>4' ^ f*
. oj^ . 5Li.l Ir^ jb oljj-ii- ( N )
jLi-i ^ ,,.^1 . 0^ t/^i) y>ii j^*"^ -t^^i jij^' ^^- w "-^ ^^ ^-J^' '-^'-^"
= ILJI ^L:;SU IL5^I . jL'^l ^1 ' ^^ u^ ' r^ '^"^* '^-'^ ' ^^' '>*^' ^^ ' ^^*^ '^'^^'
M
J L>J.( -U^ J\ j>zi^ . L^ J.LLJI ^} dUlfj . UJI dUUIIj o>il 6X-
^i '■ ^u •%_ ^u " J_^. .1^ fi^. v>ii i>L ^i UjI ^u o-a. aJJTj . '■ i^
. iwL^ ^ i_^l oU.L-»j Uj>u L-j^ Lf . ij^JI j*i ^
uU
. ujLUl auil>4-l v-^ c> Ji*:>^l Jl iil^Y^j . uJ^I olA*Li- ^ fiUic
^ uju.1 u ^i u . u^ ij>x-i ^1 >uii ^ i^i ik^i ^ vj^i c^ c;^
J...,jq ^^jJI lo.^^ rti^V .lJ^j _^-^i . ^ b5J I cr- »^ Cr^ Wh i>^. oL.,^ 0-
i,^ VI - ^vr / -» nr) lu- jyj >j'ul j WI o^ ^j ■ ( ni ^ . ^ . ^\ ^ e o i^uJi
f
CJLT !->-. jjU- > ^-UUi- ^^ x^\ il .i^l ^j^jl i--J^ lJ^I v::'^^^ ^J^-*" C/^ -^Ji ^
. -.j»u]|,. i^.jJiiiUiJiij^cr)
w
, jjU i>L Jl Is-jij i-LjL*u«j oUi.1 j>^ 6jL>.jJI ji> Ifj jx ^1 . j^^ * !
jO- Jl j^. LT . o>ll (^ L^UJI UjJI ^Li Cfii ^>ij . i-U ^^1 oU-^ ^
J^ ^ ^ij^j ij^l c,* »ijjl L. j^Ij . L^j-ljlj^w^j L^>j U^^f-j M^ V>i'
ij . ^^'^Ij o>ll JHjb ^ i-LjJI oL.>iil ^ ^-Ji^L Ujul .i^ : (^N Yr'^
r
. J.^^vri.L;^ jj-adijh^ (y)
/ ^ vrN - ^^Y'^^ / 3 v^^ ) ^^i jUi^ ^-— - J oUxi-u Ll-i^ t->^ c^i c^i J-^ (^^
.^^^LA . :,jjLj, (£)
\A
^1^-.^. : {.U.n/^A.Ao)OjAli.^"^. (^)^ljlAiJloU^j^--Jl
^ jL-c|ju( J-fc^-lj i u; Jm.II jhjI^ ^^ j.Lf--l ^2^ -L-»JLi U <>ui**il uii-jjil 1 . ^ * c - oj"^
aJ|j>I iL^l>j ( v'l^ ^j;^ ^ c^UI J^ i « lj>'l 1<4^ |4^ lujilIL yUSsJij . Ax^JlL*
. ^^'v>iij ^-uVij i^_^! * uu ^jUJ ^ o>ii 2^u-ij vj-^i ji--*ii
J^U ^ ^JojSflj v>if cy ^-H-^ i^Ui*-^! v^1>J-l 0^ ->^j oU>u U^ vi^
. H,
U-S" < ijljiJ-lj JLcL-dJI ^ i-^lij ♦ ^, L C.J , |^L5L./j •5>fsJ' t^'j^ 'SJ^^Hj » i!iM' (^
. Ojj-j JuJ* 1 LiJilL . Ij>l !«*- { N )
. ^^^A^ oj^. ^i^l-yi ^^ii jb . .j*^;^ wi (V)
J, . Jju-* ^^^1 -u^ I^^ L^^\ c^j, . Vj-il .1 i^>Jl Jl LJUaiVI ^ I-^^- tr)
. |.'\^VMiJ,^*JI
\^
£jju US' . i^U a-*ij i.>^. i>. LfJ Uj UiiUij ^i-:l^j SjUuiU L-JL Ljiij-
: v.:^ L^Vl V-* v>*J-^b : Sidj^JI jiLoll : llJU
Cowley : Bodleina Geniza Fragment^^^ :
Mann, Texts and Studies in Jewish History and Literature ^^'^:
li Li^l jiLall (**l ^ yliSUI IJJ» : i^ij-^JI ^i'^\j j«p^' cr* *^l-biJ t/''^^
. ^^^'\■^i>uJl^ {\)
uj^j jiy^Jl ^_,^l jiLw 0- C-l-i G-^-" >^. if'J^I • *j-^l ' W 1-* IjM-b liill ( V )
L.i Ijj--JL iLill c^j . j-^l t^j IjUXI 4.-i-i ijUl ^y-j U-lil o-j -l^J^I <X»^j • oLwj-:
.2 Vol. New York, 1972 ( t )
Y.
• JiLV I
Mann, The Jews in Egypt and Palestine Under The Fatimid Caliphs
^[ijl Ciuj (>£ oLSlJI lift : i^UJI o^l j»5U cJ' qJiJUj ^^;t- ^_^ i^
(1).
iiJij JUdl J-—- (_^ au-J . iJ>ljrf ij-» _;-iS' iji C^\ JlJuj . a-jU" Lf*ic .Uj.kj ^I
:u-j ol ) iSjxi] ^J^J ii^j cUJlS'j . ob-iJI ol«>r>i-« ^ ij^JI t;--jj jl A>UI
i;>L. (_pi AJL ijjuj , u„jil]| i^JjLS'l iJ_j:u-^ ^jJjj ^Ul sIjJI a*I ^I jJhsjj { |_y.JI
jLu Lfci* . JLjijjlj jJuJ IjljJ-* (^ iijLill ij-^l 'Ijj-iJl jl>I jLi-il ij_jjj i Vj-^'
. Li_^l i^ Jl yULlVI Ji£ ^"ISUI
Mann, The Responsa of The Babylonian Geonim as A Source of Jewish
History ^^^ :
{^\. . . o ) ljj--i oJjU-l Ui-ji j^l oLl>Vlj ^jbJi\ ^ iJi*i v-jlSUI L-x.{ jxA.\
^ oLuj^- J-^ (_^1 v>il ij4i Jl Hay (|.\ • TA o ) ^^U OjjU-' ^b Sheiira
^1 oUUyi (> o^^- JJUJI »iA ^>.j . ijULJIj Ol^l JJL. . ^1^1 cj^
. ^jiJij oy.L- cru v^ ^^ LT* < J^' J r^'>lj v>J^' ^j-4i q^^ ou:i*)i jx
• objtt^lj ^4*-» V?. >'j
Hirschfeld, The Arabic Portion of Cairo Genizah at Cambridge.
(3).
tl>l^ j.riT- iiJj v«J^l j-i^. -^-JJ : ^ij-i-^ J »>^' »J^ Cr* ufi^' r^'
. il»y Ij i^^l UJ jj^-j . ^U iiiJ^ c?- '^.^Mi '^^ o^
. 2 Vol. New York, 1970 ( \ )
m
(J.Q.R.)9, 1918-19, 11, 1920-21 (V)
. (J.Q.R.) 16, 1904 (n
YN
: Lju^iSfl Jj>l v-* Vv- : isO*H C?'-^' ' ^'-^
ijji U^ . o^lj ' j.Lt J^ iiH^I iisLi- JLft '-Jj-'^l vi«*-JI iLii oij . ^jlUI Jo-
J
ja:^^j * * L*Jull U-^'-ji^' *^JL?' L-* *J^ i>» cT-'^ ^--^ C^ ^-H-t^" oLui-JHjJ uiijil
oUjjJI ijuj iv c> '-^-r*^' c^ ^■■^- ' 'j-*^' r^' = ^^'cf^-f^*^' cr^'' ^J-H
. ^Vl cr^J ( aDI) .^. au { (.Jl oiJ* ) U:l Jic ^1
. ixoiji MJ>-^i j[ v--^> ^--li ^j . ^*' L^^ji^^i i.^^1 = o'^ Ju>.
Ajgdi >>. fiJL* JLi* oi f^j i^^_> ' j^A^^. o^j J>^ i^^ r -^ -^-H^'
. i,^ Jja}\ . UJI ;jL- dUii' ^_5 . ^%-7l J>i Jf5 '^.ij^ cJj^ iootJl
^l$LJI jj4^. I^-H-^I ^ iii-^ t^J ij4^l Ol^^l 6l -^ Jl il»ii^«- 1*4^ J-*
tf- #
(^Ijj iii>fe £*^=^?-» (^'^'h crtJ •^■' liy-J ' (>»>l-»^' t>» .;*^ cr* i>>4»*il
. /JJI
. ^ji j^:>u a*»« . |J u >j*)i ju* o-Ji i-?^L |.u- . i.^^«■\ »^uji . j^ h^^ i^ if)
"(1
. o>ll J! aJ^I £>-yj V-^l i^l J^ u^
JjLj oij . ^^'ot-jjb iiM ^-=L£ ^y ^-»> cy i j*^ I = r^ ' -^ 'J ^ t>^^ -
juaIi .j^ juu o^ Jl i^i oj> ^:;£ .^j;^ US' . ij^i ^j J! Jiy c^i r^^i ^
' r
N \ ii- LjaiSL.71 Jl ojLL-ij ii^ c^ oL ^1 ^"jji cr* '^"^J ' r*^ • cy^'
. l.^xS^'iS J ^^j^\ t^l oUJ» ^j . L^ i^LL:^-'^! t^-^'"^ ^^ -'^' ^^'-'
r
■ J
tjL>
4jjL?2j y^l l-^b^ j^j^j . J ::>:h ... ? ll J i^i^-^l c*^l 0* '^•^J
.itLJ
r
. i^iiji i>.jjJi 0- iiJ» i^'ir^-ij . C'b r^u C^ji> els' v>ii i^ ^y ^-f^> ^L^
. u^i ^j^ J ^^ lsL ^j ' c'j-^'j ' ' L-^'j ' r*"^ A-i-^"j ^^^1 r>_j
r
. ( jy-^l .jJ-l ) . j.\^Al) ij*UJI . U.J Jl.*- JU*I : I-*jJ (D
rr
^ fXj-iu liUi iy> j^\ ij-J i-aLi! i-iUll ^Jji * l-Uxl >\ji j4J i UiL« [ r; ^ ' »
(^)r
JJ4JI JLjijl*.! (jit A^ iJjjtUj < ^ ^ 'i*^LJI ciUDI jujl; : ,x>— ^j J^'l^-! ~
it»,,<*L. ^y j*i-'lj i^-U^I i-jJiI L-Jtj uui t^D! bj4; ^2^ uj*^ c»j'J^ |*^j^-J a*'^ '*-i"'-'
.euro
: ljJ^y\ <Jj>l o--* i^>j : Iti^^^ ^ijil : CjU
(4).
Abbou, Muslmans Andoious et Judeo-Espangols
, i-f^lj LjL-*' ij-H CAi <jiliiJI JjLiilj ^^J.«Ji l^bLiJj ^^U j^'JUL ,_,iiiw_j 1 V-?^'
Baron and Kahan, Economic History of Jews ^^^ :
. Casablanca, 1953(C)
. New York, 1975 ( 6 )
rt
Chouraqui, Between East and Wast, A History of The Jews of North
Africa ^^^ :
Goitein, Jews and Arabs ^^^:
jL>f iSUix v_jjLS iiwl^ cjiijiVl JL-iil 'i^Li Js. i,j^x-^\ J>\jl\ jJ\ J\ lijX^^\
Jj-U! «jU.jJ (jrjUr.t.ll ij^\ jUjJI i^U jf jLc l_>^l ^ iJ j'^l ^ JuxJI JL*
Goitein, Mediterranean Society, Jewish Communities of The
Arab World as Partrayed in The Documents of The Cairo Geniza 969 -
' ' L
, New Yoxk, 1973 ( \ )
. New York, 1955 (Y)
University ol" California Press. Vol. 1, 1967, Vol.2, 1971, Vol. 3, 1978, Vol. 4,{r)
. 1983
Va
^-iLJj JA\ j^l ^ ^l LJd^ " t^l " ol^ J--H tii^l oh'^' 'i^l l-i
ji oLisai II* i^-^i ^yj . J>di ^uij jrUij ^1 .:^ c>- LSijhW t-^'
Grayzal, A History of The Jews ^"^^r
a*^j
. f |»4^jJji i^iil j>*i dUi I^JLxi Ji Ijjir lil t_^j
. Philadelphia, 1960 ( \ )
K ^
rn
Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in North Africa ^^^:
IJL* jLi iJLJL^j . L^l ^ ^,^::-. obSUIj . Ji^J\ jj^^i^l >ljl tji> f^.^\ Cf*
jJUj JLc JUi*> • i-r^Hj^l- 'i'lJ^^U JL^^j ALLrf J l^j^^\ J:2*^. (—i obiUI
j:l\ .jiL-i- ^ u^lj^ ^-LUjr j^. ^ t/JU! Chouraqui J\jj-^ oMiv ^iLTI
i>. ».i^ . o-iUil 2^-». ^y i-^ LUJ Jl J>- L^ . oL-iJI li* tj-» itir^
. -u;lj> ^^«* ^ r^^i^l ilii Lf i^jjlj . LiL^-:/lj . i-^Li>VI »L^
(2).
Malka , Essai , D'ethnographie Traditiannalle des Mellahs
Slousch, Judeo- Hellenes et Judeo- Berber ^^^:
.^^ ^1 ^j^j^ i^li-j . J*i*i U jS] ^y^\ J-^. -u^j . eA^V ^^*^' *-^**<
^-j . ^L.15L< Lij4i JJLii' . A;Li.j b'^joij iJ^jJu Jju ^j^'^\ Jj'LiJ' t^^ ^Jj
, 2 Vol. Leiden, 1074 ( S )
. Rabat, 1946 { Y )
yS^J^ri ^^ <J*
. Paris 1909 : ^_jL ^> v-'^' ^-^l »'jj^'» ^^J V^' (^'
YV
Travels in North Africa ^^^:
^^1^ ^j^_> . u;yxiVl LflUUj Li^l L4J^jJL»j jlj^l c^j . i^^l lHi vi^Jji
^ uy'l^ ^j^j . ^IjjVl JU. ^ ^^1 xJUu-j obU ^ i^.i.^fJI ol^*UI
Udovitch, The LAst Arab Jews, The Cmmunities of Jerba, Tunisia ^^^:
Lh-zJL *4;*^L-a;l Ljauj ^j ■ JaU ^,-3_*j ^_^" ^ CH-JI (> (^'j^! ^^ -!»" U--J
: JL^yJIj i«Jle'^l oVUllj oLjjJ^I : ChL-
Bensasson, Inter-Communal Relation in Geonic Pariod ^^' :
i^^. JUII li* J : LJJJI4I -.j^l Jhi_y4J\ ol.«..7?H u^j UiLjdl ob"X»JI
^ ij^ i-jL*JI IkiJ^j . aOoUij Jl^l ^ ^jl^lj J.>4JI u^ oLi^Ul ^Ul
Goulven, Notes Sur Les Originecl Anciennes des Israrlits du Moroc ^'^' :
^jil\ i^. ijj,r.7 ^ .>j15UI ±f:>\ : ^jiX\ ^ j>fJJ IcJlUI Jj-***^! Jx oUi*^
. ^i^MI j-l£ ij^li.1 j>i> JjVl jjiJI au L. »^1 ^ ^jr^ o^l>-» s— ^
. Philadelphia, 1927 ( ^ )
. New York, 1984( Y )
. Ill Daniel Frank ccl., The Jews or Medieval Islam, Leiden 1995 (f)
. Hesperis, 1 , 1 92 1 U)
XA
Hirschberg, The Problem of The Judaized Berbers ^^^ :
J^ jijJ\ uu o^.^L^I iii.>fJI J JLill li* jji v-"^' <Jji -■ y^l ■^.>^" ^^J^^^-i-
t^' Ji> i>^ u^. (J ^.ij4^' jl-^'' CjI 'iUoS' ^y_, . ij;«^l i^l ^ JjVI OjjUI
^"VjLk-- JJi^j . ( fY - \ A . « V )) d^l ) ^"Ijy ^ uij> JU (>iXkJU^ iuyV
i^jl^JI ^\iji\ ^LUi ^ v>i^ iJlSUlj L>lJI ^^UbU i^H~jLJI J,^^^l ^W^
. i-ioi'jfl i*LLl ^Ji ^J>^l i_^^l OJ=^j * jL-L- j^"lij ^L-*^
Smach, Une Chronique Juive de Fes.
(3).
JLJI iil—j ^^j i ,j-«Li iijjLi *LJLc ^^ Jmu-^U-sj LjJl-«I : j^Li ^y» L j^^-^j ijj«u*
Slousch, L'Ethnographie Juive de L'Afrique de Nord ^"^^ :
Jlj . ^^Vl jL-iU h,^\ Ol^l Jl J>- ^* . Ja^_^l ^1 >U ^ O^Ja--
. The Journal of Aincan History, 4, 1963 { N )
. j.\^'\ViU NOjJj^-uJi . l^jLACi^il^ (Y)
(Hesperis) XIX, 1934. (f)
Bulletin de la Socirte Geographic, 1, Cairo 1921 (i)
r\
Stillman , N.A., The Eleventh Century Merchant House of Ibn Awkal
(A Geniza Study ). ^^^:
^
Stillman, Y.K. Castume as Cultural Statment : The Estheitcs, Economic
and Politics. ^^^ :
jj] JUll IJL* J:^ ;>* v^"l^l ci>. : i_^L- I JiUaJLXl . ^ : ^LL* ,rr-r*^ (JJ^'
cJjUj JUxi^l JJL. * i^:)L-71 oliLJL [^yjuj Li^l u-^:>UI i^l^ c^ jh ^^
. (Jesho) 16, April 1973 ( \ )
In Dmiiel Frank ed., Tlie Jews of Medieval Islam, Leiden, 1995 . ( r )
Bulletin de ia Sodeie d'Etudes Hisioriques Juives D'Egypte, 1, 1929 XX)
Jewisli Encyclopedia and Judaic Encyclopedia . { £ )
. The New Encyclopedia Britannic, 1993 (A)
r.
14.1 JJU^I : li-b
Mohmed Arahou , Juifs et Communautes Judaiques Face aux Pouvoris
Musulmans au Magheeb Al-Aksa " X III, XVII, Siecle " . ^^^ :
Mohmed Laghraib, Role Politique des au Maglireb A travers Les
Sources Arabes du VII, au XIII, Siecle ^2) :
; L^ llix*. ol : Jli ^1 JJLill o-^ oj^ 0-) ^J''^ crJ' J^'MJI i--i_^*: t>
ur"rr
L-JI vU^I u- ^-r^" oLi' 'v^l JL^'^I c^^ *^^^I J-* o' e»* ^>'^' ^^^'j
• itl^J ij>^\ lP'*^' -^^^ ^V v*^ ^Jj^ '^ ^ ' ^^'^^
. Univcrsite De Toulouse- Le Mirail, 1993 { \ )
. Uiiiversite Paris, VIII, 1994- 1995(Y)
. ^\\M ■>j>.{jil\ Z^\jr > vl'>^'M5'(V)
ad^l^l :Uji ^Li J[ ^%.^\ ^1 ^y.
jl>u-"^l - { ^-^1 o^il ) ''^J\ J jl^^"^' - ^^-J^
. ^^1 u,>ll ^ jljIS-^l - J-jVl o>ll ^
^1 jI,UI c^>j . oL*VL U^ Ij.^^ lil • iJaJUl >r^ ,:;-. iL^- ji . TiL^Jx^l
^t |>^l i*^ v-^" <jr^'j ' ijil-*^'^! Uit-iJI g^>^" V— * |^li^«-J ij-4rJ! Ujbil
^ j_^t ^^1 p.* o-j . ijilll p^J^'^Ij it^Uif.'VI ^-L> v-> jl ' ■>-^4-^l UJ^
ikLJI "■•. It : «■ ^ (JujJI |«j*iiJI (i^LUj I dJUIl tjisj Jy-b ' »j**-aJI lijiJIj • »j— ^1
iikdl iL**! -u»jj dUij < IaIj- ^ iu-u ^^l.. ^ « 7 j . Uj-i Qji L» iittii »*jLiii| v_*.
ij^( -oj^ v»i-l> * 'ij'j^'^l jLj:-! 6ji • Ui--*1 iii-^ J! j.4^"^- ^1 J-Ml jl
J>LJI Ou iJjJI ijU-dl i3> 0* i-^"ljJI J^Li i-ljjJI c->j^l . ijL^JI ^ J— JL
-r^ -
fY
jjUj . j.j^i ,;i.*^ ^1 ^^yi Ju^i j^^Juii v^i ^ ^j^j . ^i5U) iM^i
jiii J ^1^ ^^1 j^j . j-^-?ij -.ij>Ji ^u^j . jj\-»jJij ^^1 (^ v^^i >i " I "^ )
lY)
. ^L . YA
. Yv^ ^ . p^^'^^ (rij»u]i . j>.u ^i jl^ j^j-^ . o>iij.,^jv^ . ^i j-c^rt' '^^
. ur^y.. ^^^M iiiii. jl-j-i o-c Jji^j ji*- j-i>2
TY
^^yu.)\ ^L^. a>^"UJI j^li . Lfui-Jll ^ l_^j . ' ^ ) outfUil y^l ^ l4a,ij^
^y ji; jJ^Il. (^ Ijjlx^l cri^i i>JUI JaI JU^ c^jj i-j^-aJI »!* :,! jaLoil Oji"i
jJA j_j^ ^>c 1.^^! ^jj\ cr' ^^jL-^l jl J>iJI J-— J . ^^' L4jjL»w»j i^LJI J
J^ c-i»> ^\ oLLJ.1 jljii a^l>i-l A^jj . ^*^' ^ tlSL- ^U iuju Ijjiiwi ^.JUI
iXJi juH^ ! Cij^-^L^i a>jjiij a>-Ji>4-i Lj-JU jiji Ui" Lf-L-jij . i>u\
(1) JuJicn, History of North Africa, London, 1970, p. 43 .
. \^fl ^ . Ojjt^i . Jjl^UL*l jli . (.JUVl y_^ ^ |,^Usil ,>-,i : ^j,-jLill (0)
n
. <^^olij— Jl i%^^'^^ iLjj ,-1* JujL-» Oix v>J-l JiJ < lu-^l j^l JUJJI i>-
u),-. . Ill . ^ti .....(n
(.LjVI »a* 6' wMj . ^^oaj'^l oydlj . i.-jVl v>ilj . { ^-iSfl v-^il uy^J^I ui«H
o>ll itili jtiH jtiUiiJl aIiL- cJlS' ^1 ■ ^*^ ^-a- 0^ Ujlaj ji L^^- ^ Ui-—; oiiu-
jij-Jl>4.1 ijL^j . ijJLe. 2.^1^ ojjU ^1 jciUl »>J Jl> LfJIj ^j . i^^ii ii>.
^1 0l,„.lT i;uJU j-^ij . J>LJI JU: ijiiljJI jly»j iu^ v> t^ Ali ^iJI Ja-jSfl
VUi iu-, iujL* jji* JLU ^^JJI j^S/l o>ll ^* . ^"^^ jl^j iu^ a* c-^. »^f^ ■^*^"
j*!^ i^j ,juJ ii-.yvi v>*U CilJ-^' LT^'^I vy^' -^-J • ^->^ i-^-i^ '^.^J
. ir^. .^^«t
C^ J^i ,.,-idi ^ ij*j i VLY ^ . r . (.^^•\r ;^u)i . ^^i -'>ii t-^^ ■ i^^
Yq
^ . L>ji 5^j SjMI c^» ^j . ^ ^ ' " ob^i Jl U^ ^-»- u.- r'^f *^>.
J*l JUi .y^-^l L^J li^lj . '^^ fjLoi ^f ^^ L*%* UjIjlI* Lj* JL* lU^ j^jJ
.r\. ^ . Oj^ . jU'iil Jl>l ^ Jliii! i*> . (.r-o^"^!, ( ^ )
. YYY -
« . >
. Y Y ^ ^ . o>i I J ,,-« jv^ . 1^1 jl^chI (V)
. YYY^. dIjJ4JIc>^ (A)
. YVY
(10) Lagliniib, Role PoliLique des Juifs an Maghreb, Du, VII, Au Xllle; D(x;torai University
Pai'is VIII. 1994-95, p. 178 .
r^
(V)
^-H ,^! er^ i>4^' -^1^" ^-^^b • ^ ^ ' cri^l £LiJ I cr* 4>f^ I ^^ V*^ 'iUi JJj
ljjbi.lj . iikll o-i-j c;^ i>H jj^JI ^-iiitj ■ ^ * ^ Ljil i^JJI >i ^ij . jU-il oyJI
^Jji I..«J ijJ 1 1. .t^l.J^ ^ „4 .:-»...«; ^Ll^LJ ; ijiUa-ii"^! *4jL>-j-J» u— Lr ^_^l jtUil
J! j^Jt jjjjj IL^,^ A. o^ ^ 7 .:l U . jli^l i%J i—i-Ldl iLjj i;.J-. ij_«_J
ji>JI ilJ^l J^j . i^.^jjJ-l iii«^l '^ <> ^^1 ^U <> ^idj . ^ ^ ^ ^i-^^^!
(2) liirscliberg, A History of The Jews in Nortli Africa, Leiden, 1974, p. 97 .
. YYY ^ . oliiJI c-^ . ^ji^AJI i rr • ^ . o>ilj^-« j:^^ . 1^1 ^ ch} (*)
. sn^.-N^V. oj^ . ^^1 J^u-i j-i^ . Lii>J.iviir.^>iij^:H.l("\)
(7) Mann, The Jews hi Egypt and in I'aiesdne Under Tiie l^atiined CaUphs, New York,
1970, 1, P. 87.
vv
J^JLi ^^jJI jjLi^l i^U ^.l> loO- ^^-j . l^Jl JI.L* ^1 ^1> ^l A*i
II* ju lj__,iju-lj . i^^^JI -lJI oI* LjL*ii*ifl jvJi'VI J4-^*^J ' '^J^ ii-«^J U-"-* »"^
^.i:*. ► L^i Jlc »^1 ^aUI Juu ^71 ^ i^i^l A>l>dl ^Jj . ^^'^L,jJI ^-o-JI
ijuil_jLi.| XLt U-.-I i-J^Aii-l LI ■ l^ilSL, jLt ij^Jl lift ^>c pi- i: . ... vl l jLi iiuJdl
J .(^' ZjjUu^ ^^ »ja; ^ CJ^- iJu,jdl u! /i u^ ai>Liil iJUJI i>l »
Iju.1
oi Jl-L-^-^j .<'^' i^U- U^ JuL^l j^ iijUJI ^iS-U cjijjj L^l J^ Jl ioL?2
^1^ |.aI (>• c*+-» ' W^ Ijj^^lj U-JI i>«-JI ^J-> (4^7' i^-*^ tA'> ^.-^
(N-)
^b»':il olik^ ^ juOxll l4;SL.j . L^ilj-*! cjJ^j >^^[
. \"\Y ^ . .^^v^^•l>Ll . ^^1 j-^u-i jji^ . ^jU-ij ij'ii^ {\)
(7) Maiiu, Texts mid Sludies in Jcwisli History and Litniture, New York, 1972, I, p. 465 .
(9) Goitein, Mediterranean Society , University of California, Paress, 1983, 4, p. 37 .
fA
IJA J oiJuJU p*i ^ i.H^I i^jJI uii^-j . ^^' ^U iJ^* »^---. C^ u-Lil> ^
>i L^ ^ i^.i JJL-. ^ Uf;^ JiUj cJij^" il . '^' jl^l J ij4-U i-*jjl
,_- J[ UL-JI >Lr (J jlj . ^^^^1 ^ ^ crf L*Ul I4JI jUi ! o;>l »^ ^J^
• \ . V ^ . -^ . Oj^ . >lj i^l uUjj jr-ll ' Oj-^ CrtI ( *> )
Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in NorUi Al'iica.!, p. 131 .
. ^£f.^. jL.^V|. Jj+^(t)
IjJJI ^«^ . OjiL I \ Li ^ > jUi-i-"^l J.^4^ .' ^ u^ • v>tl ' i^jSJ
^
jWI
C-iJ
ojl:-.! . (^£.^ ^ . ^.^'\Y^ . .l/-^l . J-Jj--f-^l oLKlk^lj ^Lill ijij-_^
The Jewish Encyclopedia. 5, pp. 567 - 568 . j.\ • rt iJ- Ijj- ^j ^.^ ■ T A ii- L'iU ^ c^
■ ) »^ hJIj u^i ^^ i^.^i ^j^i ji-^l) ' ^j-^i r^' ^-^^-^ ^j'-^' '-^ ^■^"-'
( \ M ^ . ^\ ^v•\ . iloi; . jlyJi ij4tJ (P.JiJi cp^l :>- f^ • i-j-
, ,) Msmn, (J.Q.R.) 7, 1916-17, pp. 482, 484 .
r\
(f)
. ^^' l- iu.;i i ijiiO- .Ul* « *^-%-lj-. l^j dUi jiTii . ^^'> JJj^ j^l Alii .Iji-^ J^^
Ll. o^UJI > i-i-yl jlSL. IjLJl ^jU-l ,_^Li-i(l ^-y I jlJL_i- ^ jii-. a.ji J.I u ( ^ )
\ . i^u^i oUJ. . ,/->.jjJi ) auJ»uji jL* jj^i ji i->; J-. i^u Uij . ^^TA / ^ r^■\
^1 } ;^ ,^1 jJJI Oiji J > u^L Ij-l vilL* ^Ij J\ ^UJI ifJMll J-jli ( if ^j ISjj
^LUIUJd.lJ-,jl.>>«J:^UJl J*I--^J-*>ijL*j(YYo^. Y . y>ll oLJI . i^ijli*
J^-i U* jiUJI c->*j . ( £.£. iijj \ . l^i:^\ oUJ' . ,r^j>JI ) *4* o^W ^< ^W (^'LiH
(2)Uclovilch, The Last Arab Jews, The Communities of Jerba Tunisia, New York, 1984,
p.8.
(4) Goitein, The Main Industries of The Medilerriuieaii. Area as ReHecied in The itecords
of Cairo Geniza (Jeslio) 4, Part 2, August 1961, p. 1709: Udovitch, op. Cit, p. 11 .
(5)HirscfeJd, Family of The Qabisi From Kairowan, (J.Q.R.) 16, 1904, pp. 573-578 .
(6) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 4, p. 168 .
. ^v^. v>i'' tfjSUi
. YA^^
(9) Mann, Texts and Studies, 1, pp. 140 - 141 .
L-
aJi j-j - ^rtjjj ilx. ij;kj • »ji>J '^.^ ^ ^^ i>*rJi j^^j . ( ^ ) ji^i . uiaj
■J
JLL* L^^ i.^^1 JLil^- *J c^j . i-J4>! 0^ r>i ^;— i Ob^-i^l Oi cr^ 'ii^'^
(1) Mann, (J.Q.R.) 7, 1916-17, p. 483, 11, 1920-21, p. 443 .
. f.. ^ . y>llj ^-« ^jii . ^1 ^ o<
(r)
(3) Mann, Texts and Studies, 1, p. 344 .
Hill, Islamic Architecture in North Africa, London, 1976, pp. 91-94 .
jl ^^^1 ^ ;^ .Ijui oily ox4Ji d^ f^j I^-^l u-^'>-- ':^. ^ '>^' •^'.^ "^^^^-^ t"^^^
. ovi-jjll »Li;t v:^ iii^l
(7) Slousch, Travels in North Africa, Phiiadephia, 1927, p. 247 .
(10) Chouraqui, Between East and West, A History of The Jews of Nordi Africa, New
Yoik 1973, p. 79 .
. ^•^V ^ . a^y . .^IcrS^IJ^ • V^ib i^^oil ^ ^ > )
i\
L>
^ ^jiiJl ^jljw. oLiXft ^jb- Jj. f>iU olSU . ^^^oljj-JUl ^ ^ij^l £-JL»aij
^1 ii JL*( t^:iL-Vi v>Ji i>4d iic »ji.A-Ji ii"j- oi^-j . <*"' ii^.-^i c^ (MJI^^I
. J. \ ^ . ^ • / J . f. OjJdl J^jU |JUJI ij^. tA. U^"^^ tJi'^J ob^l (^ ij---'
JL^ SLw. uj-i- jf t«-l>,r-* >A-~ cjfJ^J ' -^ji * " ^- '^" > - ' '-*^ ^-^^?* cf^ -r-?"^
(1) Mann, Texts and Studies, 1, p. 328 .
(2) Mann, (J.Q.R.) 11, 1920-21, pp. 447-448 .
(3) Ibid, pp. 453 - 454 .
(4) Mann, The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine, 1, p. 102 .
(5)Stillman, The Jews in The Medieval Islamic city. In Daniel Frank ed.. The Jews Medie-
val Islain, Leiden 1995, p. 10 .
(6) Vajda, Problems et Toches de L' investion du Passe Juif en Tunisie, " Caliiers de Tuni-
sie" 3et 4 Trimestre, 1954, p. 309 ;
(8) Goitein, Mediterrsnean Society, 2, p. 243 .
a
Oli oljLr-iJI Cr* ^^ Cr* ^^ ' ' ^ ^^^^1 <^'<^ (»*' *>• C-^"--»b • ^ ^ ^ O'j
cJ*ii-l . Ifili^j »jL?5 j>- W^ IiiL*iiVI AkuVl ^\jjj . j^l t^Jj4sJ' t*^'
OlSL- Jl ^rt-i^- ^1 ioL*^l JJl^V ^jiS* ^3 £«>ji ' ij-«rJI 0- »j^ ^ilJ-*l ii"^'
.^"^^^ ^j\^\ ^LiJj h.Jl\
jL^I i^j LjMI Ui->I c/^ cr*^. ^ ».«i^l oL.UJ.lj JiLUIj jl^Sft o^4i^l
jJUx; ji\i^. UtjuI .^ . I>J-I JJUj ^ Oii-. L. IJ^J . i:.^! I>>:-I i^. jl^
^ji J^l • (p^ • fA / > tr ■ o ) ^A.^fJI JS^ cy^j-^iJ ^jLii' jL^' lM'j^
,.^ ^ . ^ ■ / j» . i o>J' J>^ >j^^ J-*" ^.-^'^ '^.^j-a "^^ ^-^j c^^ ^
u
(3) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 1, p. 276: Hirschberg, A History of Tlie Jew in North
AtTica, 1, p. 103 .
(6) Stillinan, The ElevenUi Century Miirchant House of IBN Awkal, (Jesho) 16, 1963, pp
17, 30 .
u*
. ^>ll . ^>JI ! V8 ^ . j0Si\ \jj^ . Jij^ c^l ' J^J' ^i iM ^.-ii' ^
(V)
. n^ . "V- ^. V . olJJl,.Ji— !£.
tr
(V)
j_jdl »j!jj. iL-i j^ jjJtU. ^>;l li'-biu L.jLii villi Ji£ iJ_,jui: . JLJ.1 CajI \^jfju.\
(>Uj«JI j^ JL&L-^- UjuJ-j iu-_^l ^^jhJ! ^^^ Ail ^\ j*jj ijji-ui i LoLaj «jL>iJI J^
j\ UJjA\ 0^^ cr* bij^ fJl L4I* oj-*^- * (M^^ljl-^:?-^ jeJ^JL^ajUj aU^Jb'Vl i^^-j OJuC
(1) Slousch, Travels in North Afica. p. 271 .
(2) SUllinim, The ElcvenUi CeiUury Marchant, p, 23 .
(4) Maan, (J.Q.R.) 7, 1916-17, p. 484 .
^
. VA ^ . j^Ji\ Ijj^ . Ji^ Oil (V)
. I>JLaJlj j-Uall ^ (A)
u
JL-*JL.) cjU" Lth . ij^ji Lfj,_^i^i ^1 ojdi ^ L4ji VI . '^^.^ . ^y - \ . . V /
(f)
( v>ll i^. J^j |.l-Ulj ^-"j jUJ-lj JMI 0- JL^Ji J^ Wo . jl>^l
Ui" . ^^'issac Alfasi ^^UJI j^u-l ^Jij ^ju'Vlj Li^l JL-i J ^s^ ^li ^^Dl
.'"^Abraham Al-Qali ^yJiUI ^1*1^1 ^jb_, i^l ^.Jl JUj jb-l L^l ._--:.
Js.j . Jau-jSfl v«>II ^y.>L> j;^l * lj*wJI (ji iol^l OliUjIj liX. dUi d*< <y l"
^^ JJ.JU L4JI j-jj . ^"^^cjiij— Ji i^j (>->Vi JL^-iJi o^i 'ji^i -^jJ*^ -^' r*'
o^ijj cy *'J i->-J' -^^i ^'J^^ 0! o^ . ^^' i^^ij -^y*^! v>ii Ji oii^
Jilyiil Ji> o-l uW U^,^l,_^<^'".L^i^--L-.L4i*ij" !^^' I..l>„. ij
L^ jr>i Ci\S Ail dUi ^>. . ^ ^ • > o'ij-JI i>^ Jl ^J^\ V>i'j *^->'! Cr* i-J^'
(2) Latrie, Relation of Commerce de L' Afrique Septentarinate au Maghreb avec Lcs Na-
tions Chreliennes au Moyen Age, Paris 1 886, P.32 .
Abbou, Muslemaiis Andalous at Judeo - Espaiigols, CAsablanca 1953, p. 293 .
(5)Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in Nordi Africa, 1, p. 344 .
.YYt^. jU.ui-VI. J.^4^i \Y'\^. LJI>J-I. a^crt'i^^u^' V>i'' J^l^"^)
. en ^ . Y . ^^Iv>il . JL-XI ^ J^J ^— (A)
to
. ij^ ^L, uku cj[S ^ c^j . ^^\u ^ :i\ij^\ i%. Jl a^jOJij-i^^M
^ i^i*! ^ i^u»i ii . C-L^ fjji L4^ \j^j h^^^. U^ i-^-^j u>jjL-u
CMiUJi,^!^^:— i'v^^-^'V^'^'^ . ^v^ /j^nr . nN^ij-^^ioi — -^ J
uu i--i^ jji c;i^u- i>j ^4- i^^j -^^'jj J '^^:i\ &!>' f ^>^^' o-^- ^^)
j^jLifj i^^i ^ . b/j ^f : >i . jUJ.1 cr- r*^^-^ cr^' J^i ^^^ ^^' -^i j^' c^
. Y^Y ^ . r > v>il jUI . tijilc ^1 (t)
ij . J_y4^ i VY . YV ^ . Y > ^1 . i,J^ 0*1 ) . m*i i^ iU* ^ ^i^j ^i Jill CliJl
Gautier, Le Passe de L' Afrique du Nord Paris, 1937, 0. 402 .
iu.1 . j\fi\ ^1 ■ \r ^ . ie">- JJ . J.>*^ ) ^^Yr / >nY z:-, ^-« ji _>»ii j*joi ^*ij
. oj^ . ^UJI ^L-JI JHjUl J . j:Ul !, \<>A ^ . n . ^1 . oj-^ch') f'^^r / > nY
. -v . ;>iJi »jbj . jIjujjUI ^j-j-rt ) Ui*i ^1 ,/:> D*--iJ iii-^- ijA ^^ ( r \ '\ u^ . (.\ ^VY
. ^^y^l ) _^\ ^.a- ^1 Ij-/ jlxfti ^ Jiii ( Julien, History of NorUi Africa, p. 67) ; ^■^
Gautirer. On. Cit p. ! \VU^ • Yt . ,\^Ar' I>UJI . oLiSUI li-* . y/VI o^ ^P Vj*^' ^iU^
. (402
(6) Mann, (J.Q.R.), 7, 1916-17. p. 484; llirscliberg, A History ofThe Jews in Nordi Africa,
l,p. 105 .
i^
Mann, (J.Q.R.) H, 1920-21, p. 438 .
(2) Laghraib, Role Politique des Juits au Maghreb, p. 79 .
l(i)
. nA-AV^.V>il.Lf>yi(«)
(6) Mann, (J.Q.R.), U- 1920-21, p. 443 .
tv
Samuel B. Abra ^Ul^l ^ Sij--' — " Lr^^-i '^A^ .L-I* j— >l ^ B. Judah
Jijj < ^"^^jbnii) fx-^L. - ^* WUj SSlr jlij lu-j^^l o>il iJuftlS ol— JJ '^^
C^ CLv* UJj^ jj^ iiiJ- cr^^ *-^' yj^l Ur .^^ -^ .Liil (^ ^ij^. Jj>
(1) Mann, (J.Q.R.), 9, 1918-19, p. 163 .
(2) Goitein, Medileminean Society, 1, p. 279 .
(3) SUllmaii. (Jeslio) 16, 1973, p. 20 .
(4) Hirschberg, A History of Tlie Jews in NorUi Africa, 1, p. 308 .
(9) Mann, (J.Q.R.) 7, 1916-17, p. 484 .
ilrt
. r^ ■ y^ . ^\ ^v^ ^Lji
. Y..
£.A
L-Mj il^j iJ^.JUj b"^jLJ " ^ .^'^l v>il (.^ILii ^ Lij^Lj oli JiLUI a-
^^j *fL« Ij^ iljuil Jl ^rt-i; L-JhjUI vi.laj.Vl jV ^a^I ^^ ,J ^^i[ d' ^j
C;Ji^ U;^>o . ijj v>il Jlj 0- jrj^b J>-jJJ a.*^ Ukdl o^ J! ,r-«-^S'l
jir^l a- ai"^l cr» (*4'''>! V*^'^ ur^*^' V-r'i' ^^ c*^ ^jA^^ ^ (>»J ' "'•s^' ^j^
ijL£ -.iLj ^1 5^ Ji" yi Oil jjJ-lj oil oLk^ ui C^J^I o-J ' u^'^l ^^1 U^
iLU y^ij . ^Jb-Vl ?^j* J.Uj ^ . ,^Sl\ y>II i^ Jl G-^ 4j^-- wL
L^^U* »JLcL-< ^jJ^-'ifl Jl ^y^l ,jM-^ iLu 0^ Jjlt J W W^j ' L-^i" » Li^
^i^. oU.-1-l Jl ^-l; (J i^^l jiLJll of Ji>:^l 0-J ' ^"^^ W'i'l >y^l ^
Oyiil (V VI ji^l oU»-i-*^l oX. ow li-- ^Jb" ^ l>-J.I jiUj ji L^ . liiA\ J
. JIJjT C> ^UI >f 4jVj . .jl^-f i^j -u,jl L,.^ ij^l ^15^1 cr*'"'^! V>i' V-*^ ' ^ '
. S.Y^, n .^1 . jjJiii^l (f)
. \-r ^> v>ll. jjSUI (a)
(6) Goulven, Notes Sur Les Origines Anciemies des Israelites du Maroc, (Hesperis), 1,
1921, p. 328 .
i\
-»
. ^-LiJI ^^i\ X\ i>^ Lu^I i*>UJI i^. ^^^^ ^ L|JI j>Uj . osij^il b-^
(1) Goitein, Evidence Sources, Gcniza Study, (Jesho) 6, 1963, p. 355 .
Jail UijL^i o-iLoJ-jU ,xj^ ch.j>^ oh t^'Li? Ha; Ju: ^U jju- ! M> • ^
oL. " l^%.f JjUl lylj ' V>J-' ^ii ■i***'^' J*^ <>H Jj^' J\ V>J' O- "^^ <y^' ^y^'
. VIA* , ^ V^
(3) Asluor, The Jews of Moslem Spain, Philadelphia, 1973, 1, p. 62 ; Abbou, Muslimans
Andalous, p. 281 .
. Y9^. ijJijllJLLI. J.^^J^.(o)
(7) Cowley, (J.Q.R.) 18, 1906, pp. 403 - 405 .
u J j-^lj . ^oill i-iiLi^ CJj (.N . V / ji £.\ a ii- b^. 0^ a^-i- t^lJI Mi* (A)
(>• (iirt-'^'l 'l-J^I 0*J Mmin, Jews in Egypt and in Palestine, 1, pp. 106-152 . : Jaj\ • ^J>^\
vi LI, , . >j . ^-^Ij iAll <y ij>^i Ui^ JiW-' r^^'*^' ^-^^' ^
cy.i *i'-Jj 'J
Jll
^^- ) CJLT ^1 . ^ ^ ^ ^ ii^ji iiii:- £i^- i-Ub^- c;- ^y>JI V>^l yij . ^IJ-' i*tt^
. Y . Y ^ . jU^-ill . J>4^ (V)
. ^Dl J.^1 >! (A)
(10) Mann, (J.Q.R.) U. 1920-21. pp. 444 - 445 .
. toN^. Y . ^IjJJI ,»,^ . . oy-L I ^ S )
d\
J[ oL Ijjil j^-^'j . I-ftji j-fJ iliL^i ^ ^ ^ (;^^ ^j(>.j LjUU- oljL^j iLaJi^
^_u ^-71 ^ i^t J.^ii-1 ^-Ij . ^ ^' >-^l j>^l hlf ,^ U-. :,^l i^Ut
. Y TV ^ . jLiJll I*>- . ^.^jiVI I \ )
. a I t -ij Ijjj I ifcji ^^ilj JLijL" ^ IcjJI i*Jll7 1 ^^1 { Y)
. AA^. dULilj ^Ull . i^ib> ,>il ! rs^^. jjloLJI. ^.>lJI>:I{9)
. YY-s ^ . jU-ill I*j; . ,.,-ijjVI (V)
. Yro ^^ . jliill I>^ . t^-yj^l (A)
. ^ ■« u* . jls-lllinjJ (NO
(11) Hirschberg, The Problem of The Juclaizd, The Journal of African History, 4, 1963, p
321.
er
.^ ^ ^ ujkiljll ^ lj« L> iij>.-i ilku. ij_^. ol Hirschberg 2>i-ij^ »^1 I-* u*^
^. jj aJI ^j o>il i^H J i>WJ J^b J"^""^' ^-^ ^."^' ^'-^ ^^^^' c»^
Jl CJ jli-I J. JoLi oiil > ^U5L, j-^iir pJj . Li^l oUUI U^Ui ^1 oall
(1) Ibid, p. 321 .
i%, Jl ijij-^JI 5^W i^Jj4 J^ ^J^jJI JjL*^ ^-^ jSLjl^'^ '>jjJaJi\ Jaiii*;
^r^«l iLai. '*^U-. y>il ilit iiJ.^lj J>^l J>J IJM-. jcijij Jb-b6 JAj_j . v_J-r^'
^jf . >.j Ux:* ^j\ . ^jl J^ ^ji Ji ^iiij ^-I c* " ^J ^U^- oi'ji cri rP^>Li»i-
>>J^I cr^ ijj ^ Jj^-j"^ Jiii (t-* ■ ^Y : \A-(Y) J^l^-" . . . J-^j Cuj ^jl . .jji;
Jlj " *~it>*j .:>4.l i-L-J oj-JI ujOiil j^j-xJ ,j<aiJij . ( vo»^ ) JL*j Jj; CuLu- JbUI
AJW ^ji Cu/J4- v^'Ul L^ oi^ u-^l >J • M'-S J^ = ^*^' >J-J-J^ v**^- ■ r*J^
JljiV JL-JI .;+l olj ^ u-^ Ji^l >j ^.1 ^^ JU^I ►^l.l > oj^ilii v-^il 0l5^
,^jLi . Lij^lj V'j^l oL^I joju ^ y>il ,ij_^ . ^sS^^\ a—*— 0* bU: . ijjLJI
. \A^. |.^^^v .,-•::-, ^a ijuJi . i-<>-
t
jjUi ^).\ . tij'iijdi jL*r« ! ^9 ^ . |.^^^•\ liJ 9t\ ij-Ji . ^\ ^^ . W^ju/i^i j>*JI
j^jj . vJLtJI ^1 . I--J>JI iuii>L i^^l ijUJ.1 ^ oUjj . yUjJI a-c j>u-* ,>-* i > V ^
. Yio^. p^^vY
if-
§t
( Berenice) ju^ iiiX. ^j . ^Ml .ULI'I* ^ Cij^. L>lj; ai">. L: /"^i-Juit
(2) Sinallw(X)Cl, The Jews Under Roman Rule, Leiden, 1976. p. 120; Slousch, Travels in
Nonli Africa, p. 212; Hirschberg Aliistory of The Jews hi NoriJi Africa, l,p. 24; Abbou,
Muslimans andoious, p. 277; Grazel, A History of The Jews, p. 250; Tcherilcover, Hellenis-
lic Civilization and die Jews. Philadelphia, 1959, p. 290,
ijLiJ.1 . OjL" ojy* ijj ^j >! . ai-Jii £jU. ii jj4. LJU- ^/I CiAj ^^MJ ^H
A *
ju\ ) -^.j ■^r^ ll- ji^ w ^ ^>7i ullji ljl^i ;^..»i-^ ^aii ^^^ ^^ (r)
p
. V'\
, A . ^ . y-J^.ls:- W^ JHj'J ' j-i^l Jr-'^ ^* )
00
^; .(Y) IJU^I ^j J a>j! Ui> ( Archons) li^\j\ ^ c^ LJ*^ ciSLi
UL;.*
t'^) tLjJI .%Ji Siij i--^l ^1 u^^ J^\h^.^ oW\ c^*-^ ' ^-^^
. Yrr ^ . 1,,- .mtIjII ".jLi«J-' ' cu^" ( ^ )
(2) Lloyd, Reece, Reynolds and sear. Excavation At Sidi Klirebisli Benghazi (Berenice),
vol.1, In Supplemenus to Libya Atiqueties, V, Tripoli 1977, pp. 243 - 245 .
r
. \ V ^ . L.j^lj i-;l^l oL^I a^. J y>il 'jj^ ' viJ^-^' -A-^ C^)
(7) Amallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule, p. 120 .
(8) Araliou, Juifs et Communtcs Judaiques Face Aux POuvoirs Muslmans au Magtirab Al-
Aksa (XII-XVII Siecle). Doctoral d' Ilisioire ct Civilisation, Un. De Touious, 1993, p. 82.
Q^
j^\ ^ iikdL J> a Lk^ ! '^ ^cyL.jJI j-»*JI 'Hi' jj^\ 0- »^' jLjJ
Jx -V . li- J5L4II ^ Jbu y>il itsL Jl ,»4^ oU,,*^ oU aii . a^L cii
Cju ^ i^l i\j^\ oilj ii UJ (»i.Ldl Uji ^[JIj^o^ ?^*^1 »j^I o^ ^
15L- ^>. ll^ OW IjiS^j ( Politeuma) ,j^ ^T^ ^ '->-*^''-' ' ^^^^^^' r^
r
jUvij ^Uj J ,^i*> U ! ^>ij ,**JJx ^L*ii i^l ^^L^l Jl oljLz-Vl
( 1) Gouiven. (Hesperis), Vol. 1, 1921, p. 326 .
(2) Flavius Josephus, The Works of Flavius Josephus, Translated by William Wliiston,
London, 1904, p. 678 .
(3) Gouiven, (Hesperis), Vol. 1, 1921, p. 326 .
hraib. Role I'olitique cle Juils, pp. 24-25 Noted)) j^ J-*! ^r* uyl^UI
^1 oloL, i^l Jl i-^l i^J^JJ WJ-I >^l 0- U y>ll ^^ Jl '^1 ^ ^1
, 1^,.-^ iJL-DI oi>^l J> > y>ll ^ ^ 0- Jr^l J^ <> ^''-^' '^^'^'
.^1
**»iJ
(6)Smallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule, P. 120; Tcherikover, Hellenistic Civilization
and The Jews, pp. 290, 331 .
(7) Smallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule, p. 371 .
(8) Havius Josephus, die Worlcs of Flavius Josephus, p. 678 .
oV
i«U
JLJSJL! d\jJJ\ jjx Ljju xc 'i-^Uj ^_^\ J\ oriJl 0- '^ihJ' j^ J^-^"
i-<l
(^^^tr-
uIUjuu
Jul JJl-j" ^j . <_^ |.%-J i^JuJX ^ 3j4JI ^ d^_
^J^\ JL^I iUi-lj . JM JU {|.o"\6 - dYV) L:i--> j> 1^ V '
JjUJl jJiA 1^ C;*y b-^j ^•J^ -^^
(i)
^ iijj^iil j,^l J^ 4j4JI ^ TiJiii ip^l WIj*^ tr^'"^' V>^' ^^^^ '^.-^
Jj'il ijlSLj >jiJI dUil JiLftI L.auJ i uoi^l £|LJIj ^iLJI j^J^JI J^U J»jiJI
15UI
ill ( Reccared 1)
Smallwood, The Jews Under Roman Rule, pp. 389 - 427 .
- \ VV u^ . (.\ ^"\A ij»UJl . ijLjJIj HUxJI
^ 0^1 . (^1 J4^ Jur ,yik^
. >^t
(2) Goulven, (Hesperis), Vol. 1, 1921, p. 328 .
(3) Ilirschberg, A llislory of 'Hie Jews in North Africa, 1, pp. 55 , 56; Grayzel, A History
of Qie Jews, p. 251; Abbou, Musliimui Andolous, p. 278; Renzo, Jews in an Arab Land,
(Libya, 1935-1970), U.S.A. 1985, p. 2 .
(4)Slousch, Judeo - Mellenes et Judeo - Berbres, P. 164; Idem, L'Ethnographie Juive de
L' AlTique de Norcl, Exuait du BuUentin de La Societe de Geographie , T.X. Cairo 1921, p,
256; Goulven (Hesperis) vol. 1, 1921, p. 328; Grazel, A History of The Jews, p. 251; Ren-
zo, Op. Gil, p. I; Laglirab, Role Poliuque, p. 39 .
oA
L-^ L.Jtii; i^^' j. V - . ii- L^jjji cJAj ij^Jl Jl^ i-.jL» ujJljJ lj*-i»jj . iiSL-S/l
^j^-l^l U^^, (H- ■ ' ■ >J riJ r*''^''-^ Cr* G 5 OJ-i^-H ^.^J-W cr^ 1*4^1 L»J
M^ ,^^\ o>ll ^1 i^l c^ l^ ilJ^i jl> Jl r-^-i' '-^ ^^' -^^^
._^ ^j^L. CH^\ J^^l ^ JJJ i-.^ o-Jju-SU ^^Vl jeuJI ^ oUUJ.1 »i> oa>j
.-.i.,r.-. cjiii. o>ai i:iL ji iju^i iiJ>4^i oi^^i jl Ji dUi cr- j-*^"
^ ^4-i^U JJi ob cH>rU«II JLJI »^k; c^ >-i L^ • >^Jl '^l^ ^L* ^-^^-
Ujl . :_-,.. I I l,yi\ aL j:i*l Uo;* i-'li-j r«Jl-^' '^^^l >>" ^
Goulven, (Hesperis) vol. 1, 1921, p. 331 .
„^1 ^j . Sachar, A History of The Jews, New York, 1953. p. 68. : Ju\ ^i-T
V^ A «4i t Idlll^^tl \i kilt
H,; ^a i^U obl^- >-^l ..--Jl J i--^' uJ^' '^^^' ^^ ' ^^^'^ ^-^' "*
Gouiven, Op. Cit, P. 303 .
(3) Ibid., p. 303 .
(4) Slousch, Travels in North Africa, p. 364 .
s^
l;> j^- . ^ jlkJI i..c.-lj Juj^T i-i*^ Ij. J-i . jLkUj iji c^* vi^l J^'M -dif
ii^- J^ij ^jbJI ^-tJJ a:UL- ^j J^\ . LiJI J* JiLUU Gi^" Jai:i IJA
jj^l oL>j-. jU okJU Jl i^ i>j\jjr iLjJ Jj^i 0^ (^>^ '"^-^ ^^*^ J* •»-j'>?-
^ Ol5^-^ ^71 ii>f'l ■--«*^ J>>^,l ^ J* Vj^I i^ Jl ' ^^^ J^ LT- 'J^l
^ j.^1 j^ lj>u*Jjl JiljVl i^l jl Sknisdi oij- ^iJ ^ ^i -^>. ' ''^^ ^^-*^'
(1) Slousdi Jiidco - Hellenes, p. 164, Idem, L'Etlinographie, p. 256; Hirschberg, 'Ilie Prob-
lem of Uic Judiii/ed Berbers, (The Jounnil ol' AlVican History, Vol. 4, 1963, p. 319 ) ; Graz-
cl, A Misiory of The Jews, p. 250 .
^ , ^s^vs , ;.-:iin.iiii ji^\ Ui:- . Luyj\ i%j\ i^. . ^Li h^ . i^u Jii (n
. r\\
(1) L' Ethnographic, p. 256 .
1.
^ J uvJ^I O^^^l Vi-" JkJl^ JL^I c.^ ^.i^l oUl*J.I c,„^lj .ol5LJI
(\) T
J ^jj. UVH J-V -^.^ iJ^^^I cr^. ^ ' ^ ^ ' io^l ^'i J^'-.J ^'UiJLl ^
IjL^ c^ ^ULiJI Jl ,^J>il ii>^l cPMI oUa^i Lf^ 1^ '^-i-Jj ^U^b oLi^
•^ \y^^ ^JJj . ^^'jb>jJI ^ i--il^ ^y Jii o;JJI (^^^1 ^-^-Ml jM J
• ^M^^. j'J^ '.^~-J L»^-r*" f'j^*^'
;_^i iJuc Jl i>U.I uji ^>il i:>^ c^ VL^I »^^'j "'^4-^-^' *^-^^' oL.*i»aL
i^^l JJUJI Jila Jl oJuUj . yiL* ^^-^J oji o-jJI jjj., j^J\ J\ iiij^t *^.^-J
Ol ji^jVl Jh • Slousch ^>- ^J ^ . UJuSl iJu^- Ai^l J-ii ^j . Lj*^ iji
Slousch
("^)^.i ^U > ^i^UI ^\J\ 0^1 Jli^i- 1:^15^-
Rcnzo, Jews in Arab Land, p. 2 . i Wo ^J<» . i^l > ol^** JW ( ^ )
. -NYV ^ . JHJ^I J ^-^b V>^' J-»i* ' '^^ ■^
I (r)
(3)Hirschberg, The Problem of The Judaized, p. 319 .
. ^Y^, Y .^^^4A J» . jkjJL\ ^i[ju.j ^Ji\ ^jj* i ^ij*^\ (t)
(5) Araliou, Juila et Communaulcs Judaiques, p. 90 .
(6) Judeo - Hellenes, p. 164 .
■\\
Ui >I \ylu ' i-i^.JJI ii>Lj aj_^l ^j ' ^ ' Vj-iil i%. aj-JULI v^l J«-»
j,.^|_^j I^JbJu'U-fi pl.r^lj ,*4:rl5Ui;f 0*— ^J |^"W> Cf^ t^-^l tkl-*-- ^J-4-l Ci^^.
(Y) 7
^1 . ' ^ ^ '■ ,^S;l v>ll -.^U a- Jlj^ -»^J i^Vj '^jkiJ ^Ji-^J h^-^J ' i^->l
ju,j ^_, . ^1 iWI yl^l ^ iljl ti^' r^l 0^ "^U 'J^' C^^ .iJ^
/ ^VMl. jviiJI U il . l^U uy^ ^ o>. L. 0^1 i%} uJ-il v^l j^ -^1 H )
^Ij . ^V^ . / J. ^Y ^di'il j.^ JJi ^^ c^ ^^ li% J ,^\j o^^\ cy.J^^.J^ r^^^
, n.^. \ .v>iioWi'cfjiJ^crfi!'^^°-^'\-u^'^>^'-'^^C-^'r^'-^'^'
(2) Aynch, La Minoriie Juivu IDans l.a Marco PrccoloniacI, (Hesperis), Vol. 15, 1987, p.
148.
(3) Slousch, Travels in Norih Africa, p. 71 .
. s.v^j^. ^ . ^Kt)
(5) Ablxni. Muslimiuis Anclolous, p. 278 .
^y
• jtrt^l i>» :»jA^'
: XuiyU
Ksi UjtUij •
(N)
l>*
. ^I> iLX.j JJ.I uu jLaLT*^! Uj^- Jl ij^. iikil slf! ii^Wj ij-^1 i>rjj
. olS^I II* J> cr* '^^■^.-^' u^^ Lif .1^' JJ.I oUiUiSl ^ ?^VI iUfilj
liklil hJIa ^
I ^ 2^-^ ^ ci-* . ^:>L,7I jJUJ cijL^b v-^l <jj< i+^UI
A «
aUI Jliilj . V>^l i%. J i-^U-l iUJJ I>U:JU ^ J^l >l jl J! JS^ o^l
Jl^-^lj -.ljL«JJ ,.4.JJ=.Jj ^-jlJu Jl 2rjl>l vJ'-il J-l-l >f t^"l cfy. ^JJ • s:-j'>'
. \ \ t ^ . "N . ^1 . OjJi. ch\{\)
^ . r . uI-aMI c^!-" • "^ji^. i ^ti ^ • jL^ir^*^! . ^j-i^ ! v^ ^ . o>i' • i^-^i ^^^
. AY
. AV^. ^j*:^! ijj-' ( » )
(6) A History omic Jews in NorUi Africa, l.p. 98
(7) Julien, History ol" NorUi Africa, pp. 20 - 21 .
nr
yUSOl UjU joi^ Ji J-J U%i.li . (^1 ^ c^J> J M'lj^.i
,:)L--^i
cL.J il . "./U »j:i ^ i->- J-^ ^ Lij^. UL> j^rj Jl ^-iJ Li^+JI joUilj
J>. (J L^AJI oi ^Li)l :^ . '*' J.N ^ • t / > iAV ii^ ^y ^^iJI ^>JI cr*J J.
oiLUI i:nJl>i.l oLLiT Jbi ju^lj . ^JJ*^! ^ ^U lilj . ^^^1 JUJJI ^^j?
r
i-i
. (^^jli^l i^ Jl M>L-JI OJ^l tr* r^WI b^l ^ <> W^->^-'J ^-J^'
^ J i^u-jii a^-
Ul
;^i ^ oIj . i*^ jL:uJI w.; u^. -Ju. r> cr-j • jA^ V^'j ^-^I d- ^ 'j^
f
i
>U':il -. ,LuJ.I
|i-*iil jux
iyUJI . iJUJI ^y-JI i-j:SL. . J»Jl
.Y. .^^vr;JJ.uJl.,,-«^^^JJ(:A-J'liJl|J*;. j»l. ; ^^v^ . i-^i . cu-^crf'
cr)
. UjkuUj S ^y
(4) Maim, (J.Q.R.) 7, 1916-17, p. 484 .
. nn ^ . ^ . iLJi ^liSU iL^i . ji^i crfi n)
. j>^L;jUcdlj>*J:u>>;i(V)
M
u
l^ jOt^l 0-* 6iij4^l ^HJ ^"l U l ^ ^i'l J./-*"^' i^ji L>i>?-^' ijW iJ>^ i^v^
U+Lrt iJL>.^l ^ ^jJ c^* >-l ^Ji\ i.^bi.-^lj £jMI Lh^ i^^V' ^->^' O^-J^ J^'
(N)
J 'jlj*
A * #-1
( 1) Ihuinoum, MyUi and MydimJiking in French Hisiorigraphy of The NorUi Atrica : Writ-
ing The Episcxlc of The Kiiiiina, ( Hesperis Tmnuda), Vol. 34, 1996, p. 152 .
(2) Slousch. Judeo - Hellenes, p. 176; Goulven, (Hesperis), Vol. 1, 1921, p. 333; Grayzcl A
History of The Jews, p. 251; Abbou, Muslimans Andolous, p. 279 .
. i^l jiUill J^ J-^lj ^ b^l (Jw-* i>j*^l '•^ » Hirshschberg jTv^.^ v-'*^' > ^^'
t >.l -U j^ Lf.^^*- i-i/^l j.>l-*il '^j.r^ ^^1 ^-^.>4i ^-^ -^ -^1 •l^i- t^J-^J- ^U C>J
A History of The Jews in Nordi Africa, 1 , pp. 89 - 94 . : >;l . h:>j4J\ i^sLj:.! -ijjj Jj-it
. Laghraib, Role Politique, p. 44 ; \ii ^ ^ y>-^ y^' Cr* ' ^-5- tJi-^ (^)
. SM^. jl^>^^\ i J.>4J^- (V)
^0
-.iLJb uySUJI OjjJI ^ ^j^ J cA>ij . ^ ^ ) ^%.y\ JJ hi^yiJL L^ju Cj«. Cj'aj
Jjl ^1 IjjUj oUdI ^ oL** UjUj I:*15UI J^ ^^1 OJI . i:i*is;jl
^^1 > aJi JJLi . M» Jl ^1> 0- j^L-iJIj 0-J^I ii>^l Co> .<^)j .Vl
l^jjJ^P c^U-L5 i>l5Ul Jj -u-|_^ ^Jb- Oju oU* >-i>J .^^^ ^li ol— > Iji-li-b
jJlL »jIj> (>. ^ iXe. Uy I jjifi (U-l . I— -U ir.^ju. ^ Uj-ix (jp^j ^Li ; .Jie
.j^ J^ oUJb . ^^' JVI 1-- Ju •^{^\ ^Jij cy J5U oL-» JLi£ . uill j-i^ <>JU
L^ui uJuU a Li_^4JL ^y.ju iljLxVl .i* CJir^j . |.:il-,7l Jl b'^ ii-J i>- y«
y.JJI uui-lyuii! Jj'LJJI . U-j Ju 'Vli^ L^ISJI ^ Jiiuq ii Slousch ^;b^ JjL»h
i>i
J^ »jly> ij^J OM ' ii*^^ ^'i »jl^ iW Cr* i'-^' •i^J i>- '^■^ • '
(5) Judeo - Heilens. p. 176 .
. AV^. Lui-^L OJ^'i \N. ^. n .^1. :ujJ^chI (^)
n*\
^j ILL. j>. ^Jil Ijjis-lj t^Sfl v>ll Jl ^4^ia*j ^^ i oLu> oj Jx L^;- j^
(Y)
:iJjiJ-
^U]| / t^.j^l j^ljl 0^1 ^y^ DL..-L- Uku ^^j Li_>^L ^y.AJ IL^I .i*
iljul Ju^^. OjjULi- ,>|l Jy JjJ o5U_^ . '"^^I^.i '^jX* [p, \j^\ ^-i ,^ l^ i^
cr*Vi
la' OjJJ^ Crt' j^-ii • "^s c/" it^>"-V • J-H^ ■' A ^ . V ■ ^1 . Oj-^Ch' (^)
i;iaJJ wu-lL. J^ 1^ ,^^\j ^\ y^j j- . '^jy^\ * 1^1 -^1 i^.^1 u-l i^-i" C)l ■ i-^-^l '^
o>ll ^^ iii^l v^i u-o4 W u-^ '>^l ^i -H-i cr-o^V ^"^1 L-i {^ ^ . V . ^t)
(4) Mann, (J.Q.R.) 7, 1916-17, p. 484 .
ji JilJJ M^ ,_^'^\ ^jJd\ i%. Jiij . jUJJ fj-^ti, -L-jVl y>il ;x*Ul c,L-^- clL.
i^^l
(8)
li.1
. { Y». ^. jLillI*jJ. ,^r--jiVI)
(6) Chouraqui, A History of The Jews oi'Norai Afrrica, p. 84 .
AV
. (n- jljU >4j L"Lij UjJUiJ •J'^J^ " ii*>**^^ W^ u^ -^'^ cr^' ^''^" '>^ "^-^
{^)
1^ L-Uj c- pM c^Ji <>^J i^bJ L-1 . ( ^ • ) >iU>— 1 LI^ L^ a.-^. ^^
j^Li^^Mit->^^j'^^^^^-^W^r*^uP**^i'^-'' U-^l" Jt5 u-^ ii^
. \V9u^.. jL.iti-.^l. J.^4^(«)
nA
(iiljj ,i>^J ijLc IL*i Jj^ Jl* IlladL ljjii-.l Ujj Ju jij<-«JI iau-jVI Ojiilj i*^^*!
a>. cr- U-'i >' c^^. l-*^ . <^^Iiljj i-»U»j L-Uj JJLJ ^ CJ^- L4JI ^^
.jji> ,^\ iUI i^JJI - ai> Crt £)^ ^-^^l O-i • '^'iiJ^^ J-V Jl i^^' cr=J'
Jl cJ> ^* J»kH Juu;l ^ J^ JJU ^Jb'SfL J,L^ ^^ilj ^>. ^^- aJIj - iii^l J[
. (^' Li^. :[^ L^jf J^\ ^jj . UjjJI »a* iJbi Jj^ ^ JaiJ jli . ^^'^
uh^ ^ ;,..i7?li i-iiJJI jlSoVI jy. icj-Jju. JL; cJUiil itii'j> *^j> LfJl >l t^ljj
Y Y ijtf . ujitjljll ilji |.l-» ' Jj-J^ o—* ^ ** ^
(9) Slousch, L, Empire de Berghouata, et Origines des Blad= es= Siba " Revue du Monde
Musulman", T.IO, Paris 1910, p. 394; Lagliraib Role Polidque, p. 67 .
iVi L!u>ll ^ L--.^VI Li:UI liJL- c^lij >\ YY iL- CaJoJl ^1 ^1 5j>* ^L>i J^
jiUI ^>t Siba J-iS" v:uiU.ij . il;-...,ll JjjJl j^^ ^^ ^ ^L- ^Ijj iil*:- c— *l-i • ^j%
. IS%J^\ i>-JJ i-.i'U- J*J (J t/^l
'\^
Ji^JU ujJJu^l jl** J^^J • ^ ' (^"IJ^a^^ t^ ^ijW ^^LJI Jj^ oi'lj . oLiVl
Jjuj LUi ii.lj-ijj ^ ol " JUJ UjJI .Ji* Jl^I Ju^j Uo:^ ui-Jl>i.l x^l Jli L.
u.>il i:ili ^ i^^^l i-.LJI oULSUt l<7 ,1 ^1 ".^.JJ-I ojll of ^ • l^*i/
oJ* >l:> cJlS" . Uiyj jtL. JL* olj^^l L^ju ^^-jU dlUJ -.ocUr ^^1 j^l J*.
. 9 Y ^ . ^\ ^^r , LjjoSLYi . ^-w^i ^-wJi ^y v>ii uh\j. - iJ»i^^ . ^u
{\)
. 00
v-
iji
L- aj L. . Juui Lj*j io*-j i^' 0^ r^V r^ ^^"' ^ ' ^l
tf^
cy
o-^L-*r"^l ui Jl i-ilyJI o-jl^l lt* ^^^iJ' wPW ^^'J ' ^^^ o-tkUij jl^l t^
jii i4j J^iij . pjjJi oijUi ^ a> >«Ji ci: L-. ( ^^o - ur ^ . V . oi-^Mi i-^?-" • "^^'^-^
(2)Mann, Tcxis and Studies, 1, p. 112; Goitein, Medlierraiieaii Sosiety. 1, p. 53 ; Slouscii,
Travels in NorUi Africa, pp. 247, 248; Ashtor, The Jews of Moslem Spain, 1, pp. 142 - 145:
Menaliem Mansoor, Jewish History and Thought: an Introduction, Ktav Publishing House,
1991, pp. 212 -214.
(3) Mann, The Jews In Egypt and in Palestine, 1, p. 102 .
o^j^
Mmm, Texts and Studies, 1, p. 1 12; Sachjir, a History of The Jews, p. 172 .
+
(4) Mann, (J.Q.R.) U, 1920 - 21, pp. 447 - 448, 453 - 454 .
v\
cJly ^i^ ' ^^'^l 1^ '^ ^^ ^'^■^' ^ ^'-^' £"^' c^ ^-^ • 'J^
(1) Maim, (J.Q.R.) 7, 1916 - 17, p. 482 .
(2) Mann, Texts and Studies, l,p. 152; Aslilor, The Jews of Moslem Aspain, 1, p. 225 .
Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in Nortli Africa,!, p. 101 . i ^A^ . \A«
Goitein, Mediteiranean Society, 2, p. 243 .
(6) Mann, Texts and Studies, I, p. 328 - 329 ; Ashtor, The Jews in Moslem Aspain, I, p.
225.
vr
^U ^^ . iuJujj UjUJ-L (^JL-ji- » l:*i ^ jt^ :,i aJI vjJLJI ^ !>L Jj'i/I -i^
J5:,1.T.„I L. ^ J-ji L. C:lij . JLJiyJI ^JxJJ jlj^l i>^. cr* oU^I vj^
,^l ^ ^.jJI JU.J 1^^ ^>'^l oL^I ^ ".JJuJI L^ D.>*LJll ^ify u? <^ pM'
, _J[il Col J Cf*j . '^^ *^ M cy^lJJiJIj i^-oi^l JIj^VL I^U-I j^Vl
Slillinaii, The Jews of Arab Lands, P. 46, Ibid, pp. 183 - 186 .
Archvies Mfiroaiines, Paris 1908, XII, p. 233 .
(3) Sailman, Op. Cit., p. 183 .
(6) Miuin, Texts and Studies, I, p. 112, Chouraqui, A History of The Jews of NorUi Africa,
p. 79 .
(7) Mann, (Abu Ishak Ibraliiin B. Ata) Nagid of Kairowan, (J.Q.R.), II, 1920-21, p. 430 .
vr
^ LjUjJI ikuVl ^ ijail i^i ^jLi . y>ii a:^ ^ i^^^jLj i^j^i /ij;i ^\
aj c*>UMtfii L» y^j i-Skdl »Jj» (j^ (^^'jji^ f^t-jwj • j--Arf A-« i^U-j iauajjdl j>^\ Jja
Ui ^1 oljLtlj . L^Vl .psA. ^ jii^Ij . '^' ( Mikevh) .^--^yi ^UJ-lj xud\
'*' IJ^l^l vjjJI Uo*" Lf*^-^ Lf-^^^lj -uaj 5.>4tJJ C^
t^.j^ll
(1) McUin, Texts iuid Studies, I, p. 359 .
. To^^. r . jUlL u--o-^^' ^'^^
(3) Stilhnan, The Jews in Medieval Isljunic, City, pp. 10 - 11.
Jaul t ^IjjJiiL ILj^jJl i*j5UL j_;)l (JU- IfjiiM (^ ^rt-^*" *-;^ i-Ji^Oiju (i)
(5) Vajda, Problems etTaches des L'investingation du i^iussejuir en Tunisie, (Ctiliiers de
Tunisie), 3 et4. TrimesU'e 1954, p. 309 .
^\} i .*! .oY /> tif ^^^Uj^^c^^l jljju*-> J^ai;ii-ju^*L^ (^.jL ^>i>*il l^j*j
Vi
^ i-ijJiil IL,j iiju J ^USL-j . ijJLfIL (^JjUj i-jjij! Jlj-f CJli" il . ^j^
j^l^JI iLjj (J ^j . » Lull ^ j*4jJL ^.x-ai |.j-lr 1^ o'i/Li'j ij^j J^ C)ljj--2JI
,>t-a»uji . Liiii j^lj lj^ii oIju-i J:iU::^i ^ i_^i ^\_i . Ija^i ^ ts^^W
j^ljjJI aJi ^ jwLAi . Lf. ^ixt iljL, L^l JL£ i^l jio; j-j:-I .'^' c4>l— ^
a-tij i^j J! Ij^l J^'l^^J ^^" M ' ^ * ^ '^W^' f ^' c)^ c*^ ^■"^' c^ tJiJ^I
,^- ^:h> IiiOll J ji^l £*:>JI J>Uz-l ,>-. lif . ^"^^ iiJ^I J ^i^^l cr^^
J
juuj . <^' J.VAY / > Mt ii- o^L- ^ M i*-,U JL>.jU.I i-^JI UjJI C--I
U>UI jjdl au oX^I^ iii>u.j CU CjW fji> -.jbjbLI I*^UI c^\ u^AI aUi
^ . I-^iJI ol^Vlj jlj-Vlj Lfi--a^ »ik> ty' i>^ t^-M^I olJ ' ' *■ ' . ' I f ^" c*ji' *^l--»* f*aJ =
! N\V^.jL.^^I
Marcais, L' Architecture Musulmaiie d'Occideiit, Paris, 1955, pp. 69 - 70, 78 .
(4) SUllman, The Jews of Arab Lsuids, U.S.A. 1979, p. 43 .
(5) Mann, (J.Q.R.) , II, 1920 - 21 , p. 429 .
(6) Goiiein, Mediterranean Society, I, p. 276 .
(8) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews In Nordi Africa, I, p. 102 - 105 .
Encyclopedia Britannic, Vol. 11, p. 752, 753.
Va
[^ ^jj oljUdl l^ v-^" . ^ ^ ^ oIjJ-JI c?-^j O'ij-J' i^ Jb i^'-JI >^b
i^iu. ^i ,^ .1^1 :^ r«^ G^- ^i>i £iij . •^•'^1 '^^Ji jiMi
^j j:, j>- ;iU :l^u i^/ ^ i>+JLi v*iJ^ W^^-*l -^v*^" '^'t-^i - ^^'J^ij
(A)
u-
U
z-l
(3) Hirschberg, A History of Tlie Jews in Norlli Africa, I, p. 108 .
(5) StilLman, The Jews in Arab LAnd, p. 43 .
(6) Mann, (J.Q.R.), II, 1920 - 21 , p. 443 .
(7) Mann, (J.Q.R.), H, 1920 - 21, p. 443 , Idem, (J.Q.R) 9, 1918-19, p. 163 .
*■
(8) Hirschberg, A History of U)e Jews in Nordi Alrica, I, p. 308.
. rr . fN ^ . v>ii ^Vi . ^jj J crti {^)
vn
j_J, . (^)^y IjjjL. ^ oyUL aJi a*. CJLuf ^1 ijl^ lii^ ij*j Ci^ii eUi jc^^^
. ' ^) iijijii.1 iw^UI ^ Ijyu-lj ob^lj u-J-^'Vl cr* fij^. ty 1^' u-4j4 f ->^^
Jju Lf .^^' jbi ( ^i Clh>1* ) r • • . . ^Ul ^^il ^ JLc Uj^i ^\ Jl^l
L^j I-iu'Li j_i Lljj JU*j (Encyclopedia Briuinnic, Vol. 6, p. 2'44.) . Ly^ iitai* ^ i-j^
. L'^ ^ . o>li ^^S/l . ^jj ^j ch' (^)
(4) Slousch, Travels in Nortii Africa, p. 372 ; Abbou, Muslimans Andolous, p. 281; Asiitor,
The Jews of Moslem Aspain, I, p. 62, Hirschberg, A History of Jews in NorUi Africa, I, p.
99.
. i^^. o>il ^Vl . ^jj Jicy.\{i>)
(6)SIouscli, Travels in Nordi Africa, p. 372 .
jji^\ . Hirschberg r^j-* (>• iKu^^^l • t^^ u^ • v*./^' o-^
CiSi JJli,j if^l Jj-j JSJ LJL>i liLi . N a . . . ujilUI JL-^I ^jl* a>^. ^' c>-j • CrtjL:^^ £lWI
. j^l ^ / \ ■ *<:-. OjSL C>- c/L. a^ .J-jJ
vv
U.I i:,\j Sheiira Ij^ oijM-l '^U^i ^i -^P • i^' 0- *^.-^l Ol^ "•^iS' Jit
.^^' c;-U i^. Jl JlyJI C^ V^l Hay ^U
[jS LfjJlS^j ;ijL>cJI Ujo_^ Jj*i. L^lj*£ ^Ij Oj*ijlj i^-U Iij^ ci
.^\ . />i 0^1 >iji <j^ LT-^ ^> J ti*->^' cr^' *'-^' j'y^*^' iUywiui ^
(l)Maiin,(J.Q.R.),7, 1916-17,p.485.
^ o^Jlj JL-UIj v^Ij J^I Oii ^^jU.JI J,LUI ^x^ Ow Ji-j^l ^Li jJ^ >U T )
jb . C/ix.}J.\ 'iiji (.Li . ij-^ 0-* ) ! u-'-"'^' f V>^' 'jW u* '(yV' r*' C)!^. o'-i"! i^J
oaii oyj u->-» 'M ^H :^*j iijW^ 0:51-, c-u viUij ( YNV ^ . p^^o■^ vLiJi . ,_^i >UJ
Lewicki, West Alrican Food in The Middle Ages. Gunbridge, p. 76 .
. Y • Y ^^o 4 jl iiii7..i^l I J>4J?-« (i)
.Y-A-v-v^.r, ^^■\t.L,uJlJlJl. ^^usai ^^i ju»w. . ^^iUJi
J
VA
(^ Y^Vo / ji nt ijL- Iijjdt j.r^-- .nil (»5U.I ^jij-Hfj iJL;j Jj'M ^^--^^ l-*"J^
^ ^vSX ^>i . . I^Vl ^ quJi L^ i^^Vl iJLiil Jjj . Lj-Vl »iL-iJ UjL*Jxilj
uji^*^lj uUjJ ,^^Sfl v>ll ^j-ai- oV . jjij ^ iJji j--.lj . i*Lf:-» (»-rfij t^yj
^>ll Jl .lA^ iUj . (^)^Jb-Vl Jl ^j ,^Vl y>ll ^1 oli>-JI v*i Ji> J-^>
(n
, ^-jL. Jlc J.,:!-.. j:>u ^Uj . in ^^v^ _^^_ / _, n^ :a^ j^^--^ ^ ,^
iSfi
Jl jlyUI j{ ij^ J . Ui>"i/I JLc U^j AJihh^ ^j ^-J-. 0^ L-Uj j;L5 cbij
Sherira Ij.^ ojJM-I t^j' UL-j dUi o^ jwu. . ^^1 Iija- JI liioll i^. ^^ fio*
.("^) ^^AV / j» rvv iL- ^u <y ^i_^\ i^\ Jl
X.w»l»
^>^u^^'^l .L-^b . ( fAo . \ . v^l jUJ . ^^1 i YYY ^ . r . pliUVl Jl^l . U.JJ-
.>ll.^
_^| . OL-* chI ) ...^^ly^IJi'^
U*" f
. »Y
. Yr^^. ^ . v>ii aW i • i^ji-^ o^i ( » )
Mann, (J.Q.R.). II, 1920-21, pp. 438 - 442 .
v^
. \ ^ . ^ . o>ii ^'-^/i . ^jj orfl crti (A)
(9) Semach, (Hesperis) XIX, 1934, p. 83 .
(10) Abbou, Muslemans Andolous, p., 282 .
(11) Cowley, Bodleina Geniza Fragments, Lctier by Siunuel B. Hphni to tlie Commuinty at
L^i^^H'j kj^\ £• Wl (> £f b »W F'^z. (i" Hebei-w) (J.Q.R.), Vol. 18, 1906, PP. 403 - 405.
A.
JUi*l c-*^. OiJ^I i -rij^l *>W W. . UU I J-^lj Uiu . jjl> ij ^li^L ^^" -i/
JJaJ ^ JL.jVl 6l 4^*L; • |.<-:i-^r. JLc j^iLLi-,lj . olSai ^Ljj-i/ ii,ail ^ p^^j^)
Uju£ ibjii 1^- i^i 0- »^ iiJ^i i^j ^'i ^k ■ ^^^i^i>^ J^ r^ Jl^'
A\ oi^— Ltj .^"'i-Voy/^ ^t. iL- JL-U>c- iuji-. L>^l jTjIj-i
LiJi
ij^l iliU J>jlJlJ o>1I ^ b^l J> u^^- LfJb ' ^"^' " ^^-*-^J V^l
'
u iUjL-1 i-1-* ji j^Jb v^i lhI 0^ • ^ ** ■ u^ ■ 'TJ>ii u-*^"*^! ' VJ <J chI ( ^ )
its
. Ye^. j.^^Y^.LiLJl
. o^ ^ . c^>il ^':/i . gjj cyJ ch' U)
. i . ^ . dUUllj viULJI . ti>L^"^l (A)
AN
iLjII olS^ C>^ i>W ^■^^^. r^J ' ^o-J' oUjuIIj ».^-.*-Jf* Ji^ j^l jL?£ L.dil.
.^^^ 2ijJ} ^y^U yjJU> orujid . l,[k^\ Ji> ^ il^
. vrN ^ . ^Ldi^ . ,j~jjii\ (Y)
Lessard, La Sidjlismasa Ville et ses Relations Commeriales au XI Sioecie, (Hesperis) 10,
1969, p. 33 .
, ^^Y utf . r . ^lii-ii ,.j!"" • <^jk («)
. Jj^l jli . ^> ou-^ Ji.ij2 . :5LJI jIj Ja.1^ ^ iSLjiAll L>jJI . ,,-5^.1 O-^. {V
iLfi*-^! IL« . ;ujl>»wJI JJljJJI bL?2 u* V>il ^J-*^ ' >*jl J*-*-*-- ! V^ . VA ^j^ . ^N AAn
. ^v ^ . ,.\ '^^y li-- ra - rt iJiJi . i-jj^-ii
(7) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 2, p. 402 .
AY
jljJL. (^ ^\ JJ ^ i>»t-J' ^'-^4 '^^ (>* (*^ ' ^>^' "^' »-r- u^\j . ^^ 'Clio.
,yu-iJI JJI jui ^i Jj ji a*J . iiiJdl ^ o;-4^' ^^Lj tj^t^' -^l -^ c*^' 2J> -^
^jjT . ^uJi i--L- j*i c^ ^iij^. ^i i^^i v^ r*>-j ' ^-^ii r^"^' v-^ c*i 'i^ ^^ ^ ^ )
jj^j. ^.Ao^. •\ . jj^l>;S'.ifjbljjJli ^to^. r.^^VlJL^I, wJiil^KY)
U_,-.i Vj* t^:* JL=iJI tV £j-^ '■ -^.^l liJ'^ ("'^ -^J -^J ' (Y"A£. ^ . f . ^-jJI . 6j^ ,:rtl)
. ( \£.4^. r . -^iU':/! JL*i . v^l crtD ' ^\^\ c^ ,,^\ ^\ ^ J o^j
Lagliraib, Role Politique de Juife, p. 167 . i Y • Y ^^ . jLa,i^VI . Jj^^y { f)
. fA ^ . V . ^1 . Ojiii
Af
filjui c-J* ->j2il\ ^ J M' oi Hay t^U OjjU-l c^jL^i o- r^~J ' ^ ^ ' ^i "-''■^'
dUii-j . ^. j-*ii) iii^. i-^^ ^^k r*^ ^1^-^' r^' t^ '-^' '^ '^^
Jl obLJ::--^lj iii-'*^! ^^' J^J -^^^ ^"'^' r-^' t>-0^ ^.^^- ^^-^ ^^"1
ii,UJi i.Jj>^\ j>Ji <y J -^^^ ^ ^'>i J^> ^j^-^ i^ ^^^ ^^
.:>ui u^ ^^ ,^1 r^i J^ o;^>i^i v-iJ' ol ^ t^- r-^" ^ ^^
Ui J.-^l ijLiJ.1 JL.U > I^U ^Ul ^-il C^ ^^yS. Oifij . i--j
1 ul
,>. cJLu^lj . iiyjl JJLUIj iii^^l oU*^l u. Jl5;i>*ifl J^^ C^ j^Lil ^^
o.
C5-
(l)Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in Nortli Africa, I,p. 352
(2) Mann, (J.Q.R.), 7, 1916-17, p. 485 .
(3) Mann, Texts and Studies, I, p. 634 .
oUL* . Xil<Jlj jO^Ij liUllj 2SV-1 . l^^\ oULJI
, LJAjJIj oLfj-iJIj a-i-.-JI s-i>" » ijLjj'-sJI - « ii>f
: AjtJAA
L^ujUl oUjJI J iijlj;JI j>^ Uiki:! I^-jLTj LjLaJLsVI ".U-l L-ljJI JS^^"
uU>UI Jji X^ . C>- i^lj b^l ^>i5' LT^ J-^?*^' »jL^ -^^J ' 'J^' (-*^
U^-^b 6J\j ^ yi j^ t^>'^l LiL-aJLi-VI o-^Uil ^ *>jji c^^ I^^LLj . eU
olLiJI ij44 Jit vJLc lili ! .j-jL. ^.JJI ij4JI oi^-j . ^iUxiVI i»LiJI i*-J» u^
-Afl -
An
^jL::xA ^ ,^jl>i-l jlj^i-lj ' v-'k 0- i-J^I 1*4^^*^ ^-t-H liJb i-ftljiJ^ Ij^-^
^IjS/l J:>U-V i>WI £i'ji tr^ ^i-^l Jl i-M' ^-^-^ Ur . >l u^U. ^ p^L'Li
LfJ4j-aJ. Jbj;j . jUj^^I UiUvjj <_^l i^-.aJ.I L^l oli J^^4-JI Uju ; ^USfl .i*
i_H^ ^l>x .JJI jp^dl J\j . Mo-ilj W"ifl V>i^ cr^*^' V>i' JJ^" L- lilj
J^ 0-jJ^I J i>W J** v-»^l U:^ . c^^-t^l £^'"^b ^J\j '^b^^. JL-L'j i^JI
JLI J ij4J\ <>5L- vJLii i J^JIj oL*Li^l »jb£ L^Uj . U*ii^" ji'l^J U^^.
,>J| p^Jjk^l L. il ! JULU"^I (^JU; J--J . ^^S^\ iJj—- cf^ 1.^-^j^o . *J
ILmLmJI 4I LjtLali
■O^J
(2) Baron and Kahan, Economic History of Tlie Jews, New York 1975, P. 25; Lagiiraib,
Role Politique, P. 169 .
AV
Ci^ji bj^. ^ r^i u^."^ i^bJ cr^\^ ^^1 '^^l Cr* ^^>- 0- i^^l ^^L^l
^ .1 _ ...II jujUb ^L-VL uX^I jiL^I J (->-* • i^W^! l>-~s ^ J
^Li . :uijjJl ^\S^\ ^'^^. ^> oji =^ u^" r^J cjI^i ^k-^ ^-^-J aj^'>^'
-»LJ Ik.l>^ i;j^. Ji> Jj> Hay ,il> ajJ^-l J! o-i^ ^> .^ '^•^' ^ ^'> *>-j'
Jlc oU 0- >*^. L-J '^l^ t^^"^' ^ '^■^ t'-^' ^''-' ' >^ ^'^ J^ ^^ •>• ^
i^'iiji UjjJi ^ c^Jj i^i a> ^ ^<^ o-^^" i^ oi r>- -^'^ ^^-iJi--
^.^,.•-.1,1 ^jy'j AiiJd. <y Oj-^. ^'JJ J^^^ '^. ^^ ^^ i^ ^^" '^ ^'^-^^
(1) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in NorUi Al'rica, I, P. 262 .
. Y '
(5) Menahem, Ben-Sasson, The Jewish Community of Gabes in the 11 The Century, in
Commuates Juives des Marges Stiliariennes du Maghreb, Ediie Par, Michel Abitbol, Jerusa-
lem, 1982, P. 279, 280 .
AA
L^rUJL olj^l c>j4^\ aHj . v-^ ^>. o^jVl .>- Up oUU . j4^\ ^\ Jj^
(2) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in Norili Africa, I, P. 263 .
^ .^b ^-^j ^^jj ^j/j ^>i* ^^1 ^ ij " a)i ^ 11^1 J>-j . I £. L o^
(3) Slousdi, Travels in North Africa, P. 247 .
. ^lil J.-=>iJI >■! dUiS-j ! N ^ ^ . jUh;;-^! Jj4^ i 8^ . sA ^^ ■ r . .aS/i
(5) Sliilman, Tlie Jews of Arab Land, P. 43 .
(6) Ibid., P. 183 .
. \h\^ ^ i^liJI ,>->I . (^Jitl (V)
(8)Chouraque, A History of The Jews of North Africa, P. 79
(9) Mann, (J.Q.R.), 7, 1916-17, P. 483 .
A^
^. : Jj'^i . oVt>- oUi (>£ 2-^. . ot— L- ^ juyi ^jSii ouoi" j^i aiii*i
^> ^ -dU^- U U^.>-*i. ^ OiiT <>JI jUjVI LfiJ^lj . i,-xi.l L^l oli Jj4-JI
^1^ \j^ ;yM *'^> ^l^ ' i^W^ >JH«JI J-^ a-^ L,^ •^^' u^L-*iL ^
L^, ^LT" i^JJI ^\ i-^U. . ' " ^ i^LUIj vj-il jrL^-b u-Li o^^iil ul^ . '^.
.uai.nfftj
oil
cJLi-! ^^^ iu--Jlj j-^t^ ^'^'^o^^l Jiii i-Li>w L.1 .^"^^ ^..i-ijjl Jl jo-aij
i_^| J_^ J*Jj . g.Ub W^U 'i'j^J • ^^^ V-'W J^ c>- (^y ^-i^ i^*l Wv^
(1) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in Nortl) Alrica, I. P. 264 .
(0)
. ^JA\^H\ . ^jjyiio^i .' nn ^ . uj>ii . ^_^\ i h\^^si\\jj^ . ^j>CH
.u^
(6) Lewicki, West African Food in Tlie Middle ages, Cambridge, p. 76 .
^.
• •
'M I < . ^ jj-fJI 'iiJ^' J^^ ' r-^' -J^ *^>-W U^^^ L*^l ^J
LJ.|j nJuJIj »L_,>Jlj 6.^1 Lc^lji iikdl o^-^Jwilj . ^^'o^^-^J^t.
,_^l .Ui>l .jLu.j . ( * ' ^"jUt* Js. ijili icLi A^x-J (^! o^LJI ^^ i£ljt>j
^1 ^ J.,-«JJ Lfixljij o^jVI I>:5U ^ Jl^zJi-ill *4JU *i> Lr iiLJb ^W^
.j5"UI j*uij gJ-JI U*J jrCLtL-aJI uUlf) iJ.
cJU. v:-* . ^>L-7I JHjLdI ^ ".>ill oUl^Vl c,^ i^y I ^j*VI iJl^l ^,x*J
(V)
^ ^
i^l j\Jj^\ ^x^ ^y, Ujj .<^^ U=:^ J^\ cPMU l^ cJir ^yvi o! >l c^ljj
^L-^-l 0^. J^j < i-^LJ-l v^^l ^\i ji* oUjLdlj oj>l jl^-^"^ o>ll i^A. ^
J^^ ^.jjl t^jL-uaJI J^ ,H^*Ua_; Jlju ij-«-Jlj (jwUlI <>L, U. i_Pji A-ik:- J^j
1
^lillj OiUI obJ>
Goodenough, Jewish Symbols Greco-Romjui Period, Pantliean Book, 1953, 4,P. 44.
. Y .V ^;<» . a-Jk" (•\)
w
(S)
.u) i^ijj ^jV ,j4Ji aJ:Ai-i J[ ( i*^^i ) ji^i
: ^\j^\ IjjjJj jyijl
i^ o^fiii il . v^-yH o-tJ ^ij ' '^^••>^' ^^"J c^^' ^^ '^' ^^ '^^
'-t^i^Cr""
. s .
t i^"j :iijj . i^jjl i*JJ" u^' ( ^ )
(2) Hirschberg, A History Of The Jews In NorUi Africa I, P. 264 .
(3) Mann, (J.Q.R) , 7, 1916-17, P. 483 .
(4) Menahem Ben-SsLsson, The Jewish Community of Gabes, p. 279 .
(5) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in NorQi Africa , I, p. 262 .
(6) Ibid., P. 262 .
/i jl oU- . ob^l C^'-^^'^^J i^l e"- '^*^- '^l '^' ^^^ ^'*' ^^" '^^
(V)
: Jul . J.\jJi\ u^ ^ * Ij^ JJli^l cr* ^^
Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 4, P. 252 .
^Y
'^Jj ^y^JI li^ J (^l^iil cr^. -iUij . jljU JL*j "ifiL- iiku i.^^1 ^5^-
^i^li^lij. L^l^o^vl^.(^) ji»ldiaL-l4^o^^l^ljLL%|.Ui'^l
L^^i j:UHiJi '-i^ i^ii -^^^ >^b r^i cH V— ^ >N^-Lr ^.1)1 ,^1^. ^
■^LH^ufJj Aioyj J-il .Usil Jl CjU-jiJI yJLc JjjJI UJi iJLiJI VJ>' *^*i*'j 'i--J>JL>
•.(^5 ^>JI oli^l JJM o> ij4-Jl U^^ ii^l '-i*-? '^^^ ^"-^ LT* ^LU^ ^
l/*
. vt
. N^A^. r . .:>U'^I JLxi . v^-UI ^J i \AV^.jU*i-'i/l. J.^4^(0
(5) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 4, P. 264 .
^ . ^^ ^M dj^i > . u-^> ut-* j^ . iSLJi > -Li^ ^ isLiiii ;>jaJi . ^1 ('\)
. ^rv
. YM^.jL-u:l--^I. J.H^(V)
Lcwicki, West African Food, P. 93 . \ h\^ > oIjJUI yLT^r-ii*- . A-iiil ^rt' ^^'
. \ Y N ^ . v>ll a--''^l . ^jj a<i :^' ^'^'
^r
>i Ufj JjLS ^f JL— j>)l oljil 0- t^j i-i»-JUI JjjJJI o'^' '-^ *>r Cr* ^^
: oUUmoIIj <JjJ-I
J
i-,Vlj o'-'^' -^j'lj^ i^" 'j-^j ' (jIjUI ,_^L o^ ^jl\ ^j^ ij-^\ Jpjju
o>l .JLfl |.LJI ^Ja^\ v^jJi-l . ^ o^^M' i-'Lij oUL-Jlj OjJ.1 v>il i^
^ Jiiii U JUL-JI »!> jj^JI jL— (iUJU . ^"^'i_^JUI LcL.^ Jjl« oLcliMaJI ,jiij<j j_^
jLuil J l>^. of U i^JLc OLS" ' -iUj 4-*— J ' ii-J^ i-'li- I*J*^N^ i!jUii*rfl ij;Uj>-"^l >i)l
. fijju« l^ji Jl*Vl jji a^. L, jUaiil jLtl ^ l_^*, oi Ulj . JJI ^ |^_^ L4JI Jjiuj |J iiLi
(3) Ashtor, The Jews and The Mediterranean Economy, P. 1 1 .
. ^ vo ^ ■ ^:iL,*5ti jujUJi ^ oUji oiLji^fj^i • iijjJi UjiJb-j Uiiyi
(5) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, I, P. 84 .
J -^ i^x^ -c^ O^L*. j^U 6l JI . I-iuUlj v*JJI J i.^1 J-t v^ OiW--l>*- c?>. C^)
l4jiL»i«l (>SLll ;>i OljS^u ' ijj ^ 7^1 oUj-Jv JJ Oj-*^ joUi^f oi* LjjiIjljI ^ __^i ^L
. \'^^ ^ . ^X-'i/i JHjUl J oLIji . iJ^I ji jLi»"il UU ^y ^-l^l jl ^U ^
M
.'«) Aj i^ ifij* CJir il .' OjJ^I i!!. J iJaiil icL-^ 'iUir ij^JI oy:*
O^^j Ljjl Jl UfJL. c^yii lyli-.^ . i_^l ^ LiJ ^'L^ ix^ -^.^ J
^ ^^^1 jlSL. J^i . Ljui ^ ii-- iiiJu. u^^j icLuJI »I* ou U is:iU dU* ji j^_5
^r^^. jLTi^^i^iiL*.^^! ^rY. \ n ^ . :a:^! i>j Ji . ^i ( n )
' (4)Slousch, Travels in North Africa, P. 431.
. £.^r
(6) Goitein, Mediterranen Society, I, P. 50; Idem (Jesho) 6, 1963, p. 280 .
JO ;fj»j . ^u^-^i i-i ^ "^^ ais* t^JJi i*^-Jl tJ^'i ji <^^' oi^*--^' ^-^l "^- ^ ^ ■
ij^ > Ot^- J^^' ^J^ CjlJ^'^--iJlj • :^^ i^>' ^1-^' 0* b^ i«*i oUli*^ >* oL^-J-
jr ^ ..^j ^^. >.j ^j I fAA ^ . a^_,^4-JI oUik^lj ^Uil i*^^ - ^^^1 ) .
:>!i ! gj-^ *tJ^* jf *^ j' *— ^ **^ «:^-j ' ^^' ^^'^ •-^~^" *^-^' r-^-' ■ '^' '^^'■^^^i
Goodenough, Jewish symboles, 4, P. 71 .
M
^x. ^y I^U-j . i-j^U-JI SijU^l O^i e^ J [r^^ 6L5" ^--^"J u-l^l ^^l
CJli" .i^ . 6bj-JI iVu t* 'jU-JL. -LzJ^iU . i>+J) Lf:5U ^1 ^,^Vl v>ll
J,i»i JUII Ji-« Jlcj . UJ liij ci:-* jii . .LJI a:* i->U.j . .^tAJJ |.UJI Js;jiJI
^>| ii^ iiL^I j^ L j>j .^^' ju.>JL) .iLi i..^ JO*)! li^j*^ J ^ ^\
, oL.U.1 OjJ J-^" i-'-^ oLLjc ^ Lj>>L^ Uj liL-aJI ^..-i*; »i-^ . j^I Lf. J*£
^jr^i wjl^h jj-^i »i* ^'i-^j ' ^^^ ijii v-i^ ^^j i-'>- ^^ -^^J t>* u-"-* ^.-^
; ^ jjjJI sJA ,>> iJuc o_>SL o' ^i LT^-) ' ^'^^ •^^^' i.>4^' a^ i^-^' -«-t^l
i._jk*:^| ^^ i_cLJl .!> CJIS* U^ . j^USL, ^ v>JU ^l— tl a>^" vl-->u . ij_fJI
SlouscJi, Travels in NorUi Africa, P. 431 .
(6) Yedida, K. Siiilman, Castume as CuUural The Jews of Medieval Islam, P. 132 ,
. LK^, ^JA\ ^H\ (A)
^^
j^ y^ Cil^jS o^j otLJij ^ ^ )^-^ ^ iiLuJI ilj-. J>fJI ij>i-l ^:-*- < 6^
; . ("^J ^U Jl cl^j L^j ^Jb-Vlj UL^ ^ %\ JUU-JI si* c— I" ^
.('^'ifiL^UiAjy ^Ui_^. J*cj.'^^ llu^ji llU. jbr J_^-, . ^^Uj^cr^
^i ^ju'ilj IJI^ oUju- ^U.; ^LJ ^ jjj.\ -^L^ c^wl ,yi* U^ Ij-cyj
I, o>ll i:it jL^xJtl .>*- . (^^^jUii-itic^*.>-<-Jl:r-^-^^J-^
r
Sic:^ ^\ .'^^' Oj^UI -^j^^^, ^iJI c^Vl v>ll ^ I^li. . ^^^^i^UI
: >;! . ^^ Cr* -Ml ilj^^ *WI r^ Jl d^' r '-^" J^" t ^ >
Goitein Mediterranean Society, 4, P. 172 .
(2) Stillman, (Jesho) 16, 1973, PP. 38-39 .
. ^.Y^. A^i.oj^crti (n
(4) Hirscliberg, A History of Tlie Jews in North Africa, 1. 267 .
Goitein, Op. cit. I, P. 102 . i \ V ^^^ . <^Jl\ . i^jSUI ( a )
(6) Goitein, Tlie Main Industries, P. 173 .
. \^^^' cr-^V' cp^' i^ ^^'-J^ ' cH^'^j^ ^^'
(8) Hirscliberg, A History of Tiie Jews in NorUi Alrica, I,P. 265 .
(10) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, I,P. 84 .
(12) SaUman, (Jesho) 16, 1973, P. 71 .
^v
olj^l yUwsl l^'Uxj c-«L; lil iiiU
m
^ ^b u^ <> i^l i^^^ <^A^ ^ • ^^^i^l^l <> J--^l us^l JJ' <^^-^^l
. i^l U;SL. >L* UiTj . ('^'oUlj ^^'^-Li Ji- ^y^'^S v^^l 6-^
(1) Arnold and Gennep, Jewish Arts and Ciirl'ts in NorUi Africa, (Mcnorali Journal) 12, Feb-
ruary 1926, P. 45 .
(6) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in NorUi The Africa, I, P. 271 .
. Voo ^ . N . ^loLJI j.>*jw . OjiL (A)
(9) Goitein, Mediteminean Society, I, P. 334 .
(10) Ibid, I, P. 155; Idem The Main Industries, P. 170, Note (4) .
^A
^ i>^l i— »U.j . L-JJI JaI U.j5^x^Ij oruLJI JLc jj-^l i-cLi-?
cJ-J
(^)
»^.^^l 0^1 cy 'iUirj . <^' ij-Vlj ^^Vb u*-*^! v^l ^-i i^. ;>JI . .^'^I
^ 1.^-aiilj vJJI ^ l>-J Oii . ' ^)Jli> H o>il i:5l ^ . Ml ieL^ ij^JI C»^
1^1 oLlfiSflj ^UuJI ^--:a.^«J4 lj-'-»" (^' cr*J ' r^riJ^ LJLSj uA
JU-*JI ,_--ai.j ijUJ CU fjS> ^Ju'^L ijUu ijJJU CJl<r jLii . ^^' 0-^1 ,^r^ C^.
^I>ii4. j-u; <>di i;i4ii u-^ v>ii *^ i>^- r>- C)' c?^' 6^j '^ ^ ■ ' i^l i^l-H
. ( ^ ^ ) • ,jJi\ ^J\ h^ 5^^ bJir ^1 iLjjj 6:3^jlj cr=^.^ <y "^^j '^^. J
OUJllJ^c-^ii^l'J^ol^^J'^^ ' ij^Wl^y^
u^
(6) Mann, (J.Q.R.) 9, 1918-19, p. 151 .
.^^Lil.|J^I>;l{V)
^lil aj4> . .LXJ.) J.M.I .ULJI jLii . >iiJI (A)
1 ft
^^
: ijl^l
)^J ijJj+JI oU-j^dl ^ ILJL- i^^j^ ^ jj-l L^ < iL'L, *+!lj^l ii^ jl <Jlfi
Ul ^j . ^^hjj^b Gl^ I.KH^i ^^ (>.j .^^' »^-SUI »jUaJI J> JLc
4 ^
W^ ^^ bM*-! J-^' t> VjJ^ »j*^' (^1 ^-^J ^.-^^ ^*^ '^' ^^^j'
iJ^U^-il ,p«. ^-Vl «^. ol 4-JL*- cr- Jyi <M> j:> \jA.\ Joju v-^I o} LJ
^Uj . .Jlj UlTj ^ ^- il ! ^^ ^ LjUil jUJl .^il^-j ^1 Juu ^JJl ^jj, 0^.
Family Part- iJb'U oli"^ s-o-^b ^^' *^ ^Jy I * ' ^' U^ -^-H^' j^' .rf*^'
(1) Lagliraib, Role Politique, P. 169 .
(3) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 2, PP. ID 1 - 192 .
(4) SUlljnaii(Jesho) 16, 1973, P. 17 .
(5) Goitein, Cominercitii aiicl Fiunily Psutner Ships in The Countries of Medieval Islain, (Is-
lamic Studies) 3, September 1946, PP. 330-331 .
>. .
jU-Jli^^^lc-^-Jlilj. i,^^IJUf^o^.^jl^Vl.i*^J-UJ
(^ -jj - ■■■: jJUl iUS^I ^LJ\ »Ia ,>*j . (,.4-*i..> -» L ji-JI tjii*< Vj-*^' *^
oLi^^LxJL j-L-^Vl ^^VA - ^nV / -* HA - TaV ^ uuJ.j>. uj^
(D Meanaliem Ben-Sasson, Italy and Ifriqia From The Nintii to The ElevenUi Century, in
Les Relation Intercommunautaires Juives en Mediterranean Occidentale, Paris 1982, P. 36.
■^1 oju ^ .ij- wu-uVi j[^u lu-u- 0^ viiu* cjir . jL^jii j^^\ c^ i/ui ^^1 J^u-j
( Fundaco) ^sJ\ J\^jil\^. V^ • i-'::^^! 'l"^'
Lepez, Raymond, I, Medieval Trade in Tlic Mediterranean World, London, 1955, PP. 84-85
(3) Mann, Texts and Studies, 1, P. 359 , 360-363 .
. ^^L;l^>'» ' ^^71 JL-iJJ Ojx^ ^^1 oL^^icr* ^^* >V Jl I>r4l^'l-*J^^" (^)
. YLY j^ . c>-:i^V' CO^' t>^ '^^'-»"'
(5) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, I, R 277 .
(6) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews In North Atrica, I, p. 253
\-\
^jlSJI -.jL?i ^y u.^ ,^4^ LT r^' C^- J ' ^ ^ ' ^J^J '^>' J^ ^^' J^ 'J^**-* -J-^ a-
^ ^j^^ ^^^ i^\ jL^I -^1 ^"1 ^^ • "^^^l "^ >'-'• or^ ^'^ cr=JI
ijO
L-c^lj ^^h..hJHj >LJIj IkJIj i^Llj lu-L-fLlj i-—_^l yLJ
jlj-i c^ OjLi Gji M <iUU . iL'UJI Lp-loV J^JI bl-?^ ^'l^ ^Wl j-L*^' ^-i*
iLA. ^ ^A / J. Y O^iJI Jo- jj-dl ^ 1^ Lii^ . ^"^^ v^II i:^^ c^ J^\ ^J\
^LJI Jl J^'JI ->-jJ^J J-H^J '-*'^4 V-HT cy ^-H-^' J^-^?-^' J-^ -^^ a*
(1) Goitein, Mediierraneaii Society, I, P. 213 .
. Goiiein, Jews mid Arabs p, 1 15 ! Y'\^ ^ . ^^-J^ jvu)^' ur* "^^Iji • OiW^'lj^ (Y)
(4) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, I, P. 212, 216 .
(6) Baron and Kalian, Economic History of Hie Jews, P. 30 .
J aUI -Si . j*jJI J-rilJj J^J »'IJ^I lH« "^J • J*^l ^ *J^^' ^-^-»^' ^W-*J' C=^"
. u\ ^ . ^ . ijiiiJi jwjL" . JiU (V)
v-r
JbJI J ^^^J jJuJI ^y» Dlij-JI a:A. c.»^--.l L.XXJ . t > ' iJU_^lj ofi.^— Jl
t^> X-^ dl J^lj I-*.^--JU IJU-^I Jj^ 'r'^. «jiUt- C-t-iu- L.J^ . <^:>L-7i
JiljJdl Lf-;l- cJli" vl-> . ^^^ jliUjIj jL^ cj- ^^J ^>" '-^ *-^^' r^
(V)
Ij /«;i-J-i cy ^*i-r- J-i' •■^ J^ o"^ r* '^Ij ' '^^' '^ ^-^
"V
. Sachar, A History of The Jews , P. 170 ; ^o ^/» . iji»jVl ij^^ . JJ>^ a<' < '^ >
.sx^^. ui>i.i. j-*-cH.ii »^u*' V ^1 . QjjLii. Oil ( t }
«"^ U* ' ^ • ui/J' V-r^l' • J^' -^ 4^i J*- {0 )
. t . ^^ . dUUIj aJUl . ^Jd^-il (V)
Slousch, Travels in North Africa, P. 43 1 .
. Y^^ ^. « . ^^^Vi
s-r
^^UV IJISU v>ll iJL- jJLi") ^;-U c,>u^l ,ji^ . Jj-*JI (.LSI - olij-JI itit Jl
L^!j_^|j i^L-JI oL^I 0U>JI i^t c^rJI iii-^l ^j>J^ '^^' bU-i)^ (^Li^*^
. '^^'i JLJLiHjL-l jLfij> uyn L.jl1£ ^.JI dUJJ . Uj S\jJ -m J J-j**)l g^i^.
. ^AV - NA^o^. jU^-sd
. Y ■'\ ij^ . jLxji-.'ifl . J.^4J?-« ('^)
. AA ^ . eULllj ^LJI . Lib> chI (V)
(10) Goitein, Mediterranean Sociely, 1, P. 168 .
^.i
,jjb A^u2 Lj. dL*U . 2i\JJl ,j^^_ L. y»j . j>ijAdLJ ll-*i-» dlSL. ^Ju Jju~ i^iJI
^^o-ijJl JLc J-a~ t^ . i*^f i^-iJ i^ i**- 'i CiA Ci'j ' jl^l ^* i>- »->-^'
^ jr^ CrtI f J^J • tAUij jljjJI ^ i.ijW u-j'-^'j ^.J-^' ^.*J-«-^' '^'---^
Jl j*lj ^ U ^ ^ J Ju^ JuLJ . obSUl i^Li.j v>^f ^^ J\ J<J^ u^' ^J-^ c»^
^ ^.a-»Jlj ilj^i-VI oLkft J..^-^ 7)j .^^^ ill. au-^-ij i*ol t^jU ^ "^-^J *i-M
^y LjUil Aj4^I jUJI :^ SM'j jU^?— - Crt »*^ -^^-^l ^-^ J iK^ lh' --ii^
J^j . -,^UJL il^iL'U ^ jrjjJj . *5'\ • tA / ^ ti ■ iL- ub^' 0- r"^ • *^
ioJ »aL Jl aJl^I ij*i Ur . JC4II jU jLS" jl>1j . u)U* jM' J/jj 6-^' <> i>^l
H^ . i.^ »:iW'jj cAoi^ .:iU*r o^pju-ii j^ovu-i c.- ^</j .^"^^ ^^.^
(1) Goilein, Medilerranean Society, I, p. 189 .
(2) Stillman, (Jesho) 16, 1973, PP. 16-17 .
(3) Ibid., 16, 1973, P. 29 .
(4) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, I, p. 168 .
(5) Ibid, I, P. 158 .
. YAN ^ . t^%-VI jvy^' ^ ^^'j* ' OiMlj^ ^^)
(7) Goitein, Op. Cit, 2, P. 295 .
>•«
: IJUI o:iL.UI
ijdl j_^l L-1. «-,...l Ur . ^ ^ 'y-^jsJI £j-^l '^.'^ ijL>^^-> ' a-^->^" J! v-=" t>»
JU
^ ^ ^1^ ^...a--. J AJj Jl J^ji ^y ^J ti^.^. >>-i: v^^ J^
( J>^l ) p-U-JI Cj.**::-lj .^^' LJuL-J ^'Ui Jl ^.^^-J (j^.i ■ J-J
^ J^,,;^- iu'li jU-i, olUai. LUti ^j . ij^l jUai au 2-JUll oLIjJVL . UjJI
lT-J
Ijill Jl ij4JI oUj-; Lf; ^jJ cJLfj . iJL>JI ^ ^- ^1 oU.^i>JI
(V) 7 I
/ ^ foV ol>-J ^y" oljl^l L%* Mann ^L. jjjl xUj . ^ jlyl ^^fi ^>_) oi-^L;
i^_y|j LjJl:5L-7I uru L^%» IfjLi- c-li il^-'i'^^-^-/-**-^ Oyi^l J^
(1) Goiiein, Mediterranean Socieiy, I, p. 216 ,
(2) Ibid, I, p. 235, 238 .
(3) Maiin, Texts and Studies, I, P. 360 - 365 .
. j»-iUI >;! . oljly7! ^j^ cr^ (£.)
(5) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 1, 1'. 212 .
(6) Ibid., I. p. 277 .
N.-^
^ l^.JJi\ ^1>J\ V^j O^LhJI V--H V'S'UI J>-'J JrH^I^ '-ii^J
(N)
(J " : J>ii iijJ^i^V' t> ,rt-^^ 0- or^'"^' ^-^-*^' (^ V*^ V^ ^^ '^- • "J^'
. (Y)ljLi^ Cl^j ,^ Cj. OjJ^t'j i— i- i^ j^J^^J
:uO*JIJiJ<
^ ^-l i^UI JJWI .ai.::-J <^l iijMI uMI^I Ji> LT* r^. 0^ ci^' J^
j^ - ij^ - ^l> - IJJ - ijji - »^Li]l - J-i-i - v^ b^ ^^! c^ ^'"^
yuJi cy:\ ^ ^1 0^. Ujl:^ ' UJLJI J^ ^ J^l Cr* V"^' J^'j^' ^^
L^l J>JI .\JS^\ Jl oljLiI Ij-J-I Ji^'j J ijj . ^>' O^I^^I 0- ^-H-
. Y^^ ^ . ^_^:a-vi cp^' t> ^'-b'> • DiW^ij^
(M
(2) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 1, PP. 319 - 322 .
(4) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 1, P. 277 .
. N tV - N tA . AA i/»
^•v
(1) Goiicin, Mediterranean Society, U PP. 275 - 279 .
Ltissiird, La VilleSicljilmassaetKCsRclalionsCoinmcr- i So"^ ^ i y,^-ill . ij^\ (Y)
ciiUes au XI Sicclcs, (Hesperis) 10, 1969, p. 25 .
Neiiemia, Levlzion, die Jews ot'SidjilinassaThc SiUiaran Trade, in Communies Juives
des Marges Salwiennes du Maghreb, Edite Pm* Miehei Abitbol, Jerusalem, 1988, p. 257 .
(3) Mann, Texts and Studies, I, P. 141 .
VVr^. jU^^I. J.^f:t-*i ^Y^^tK* Mi>l-i. ^V-chJ: nay^. o^ll. ^>Jl(o)
. \ tV - N tA i AA ^
. ^^r . \av - vaa ^ . jU^-^i . J^^^^t- 1 A^ - aa ^ . o>it . t;>Ji iv)
^.A
l^jLc jlkJ jL^JI ^ ?j-JL^ filju:! ^- ^1 ?^^JL^ ii>lj i;^-5Ul JJljJDI JUaj
ii^ i>* aO^I— i' j*^*- ' jL^iJ ^ y^-H <y^'L^j cr-^ W^ '^>^* ' J^ Ch' ^k;
dUlTj . .L^ L4J (_^l c>^L.Vl (>. jjJlL jUi; L-J jij^.-i' jju-*-i ^Ulj^ (>jJ^j
J jji ^ . ^1^ ,fi^. i> ^1 iiiUJI ^ ^j . ^^'uu^l i^b > i^L^'
j^Uy * LN C--JI i*lj JUi Ijiiil* i_^^l jMI jl ^>' v>'^J c> 'j-^- r* ^-"^'
(2) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 1, P. 276 .
■ C-UI pji li/i . L*i ^UJI jlJU JUi Ct^l A. CiJ^^. '^^ ^1-^ i-^<rJI ^ '^^1 c>sJ ( ^ )
.......I I ovub*! fjLJj « ^ ^r h^\ ui^Vi, . ( CijJLju i^-ii" u ^^- dUir |.4-jI- v a,r^. -i/ ^jij
^ . V_,,< nil cjUHweIIj ^Liil i^^^ . ^.,— il ) . 0*^/1 i--i^ t*^^_» i*-!-l ' L— ^>«^
. {r^r
(3) Goitein, Op. Cit, 2, P. 274 .
. Slousch JijL. , Hirscliberg £j-ijJ. . Goitein CH.^\yr • Mmm jLt-l (£•)
^•^
iiiUJI
Ub. Jl :LiKj Cf- -ii^. ^ ■ ^^^J-^' a- ^'^ C^ ^'^' ^^ '^^l •^'j "^^
]JLj ^ Shrii-a Ij^ C)jjU.l Ji> c^ iJjU.1 ^ oL^-^l C^>j . ajU ^Sfl ^iiS;.
^cjiL. u ujj^-i r^j ' ^^' " ^^1 ^'^ LT^^' ^ e'-^- *^' r^- '-^' ^-^
Xi% Xj^\ -^^\y J JL-'^^^- jLJ\ kf^ o[ " = J>. ^^ ^-^' CriW^I-r^ Ji^"
JjJ'il L^*., c^ i^j^Li ^ 6jU ilUj 5-^^ ij>. US' . ' ^'" C^l uyl^ ^li::J^fl
(1) Miuin, Texts and Studies. I, P. 141; Goitein, Meditcmmean Society, 1,P. 279 .
I ^1 . >! ) . u>JI t^ C^• i^.L-Ll c/ y.^!-* Vv-J^ ^O^' J^'^' ^^-^1 ^ '< ^
Jl Ci^J lj-41 ^--Uj . Goiteit\, Op. CiU 1, P. 327. (.\ ■ r^ . \ ■ YA . N • YV ^1^1 cdJi I
H #
(3) Hirscbberg, The Problem, P. 321 .
(4) Goitein, MediteiTanean Society, 2,P. 589, Note I .
^^.
Jil^l ^^-^ ^ c.^1 I^lj > iiiiL^I oi^ i^^^
i>^l jUJI iJLk. Jl Ij^^ CuJU-I l^i ^ Olij-Jl A:>tfj .,-^j v>il i>u ioUJI
Ju. I>iU A^^l of l>^iII-l i^JiJI i>4±Jf vl-^^l oi Li' . <iUi »UI^ iJjUu i^L^I
. iiiUx* "^l Shj J Ujij
1
, ^J^J\ ^jl^J OL>U_^l ftjl^ i-^li- . 6j:j*S^ ^lj>
(1) Hirschberg, A History of Uie Jews in North Aixica, I, P. 173 .
. ( j^un liijfJi i*u4.i
U.lil II* j^i jJUj . i-i^l bl-^' t* i*j^' o'-aM' oIjU^ L>.ix^U . Q_^l
^>. ^ iJl i-^U. . ^ l^ij ^ lj>^ uuLil ^^Ij 0^1 c^ ^^71 JU-iJl
. (H ^.|^ ^ (^j^ u i^i pijJ:iUj . ouLiij ^:i^7i ^^
« «
(2) Graze!, A History ofThe Jews, \\ 25 1 .
. { \ ^U . YfY o^ . ^X-71 jtijUII ^ oLIjj . oiUlj^ . >l ) . MV*l-il -^'!'
- \SN -
\Nr
; ISyUI ^ ^-^1 ^-1 " lijL. o^ o;>l *l-^b £jl>' 0^ ^^ i^^^ ^-»-«^l
-* *
4
^ ^^v^/>n^ iu- ^u ixiju. ju; ^-yi iJax ^ j^j j^i^i lt .^^^ou^-UjJI
. Af^. V-Uiji.L.-^l. i^"^.l{r)
(4) Chouraqui, A History of The Jews ot'Nortli Africa, P. 79 .
(5) Stiilman, The Jews of Arab Lmid, P. 183 .
Guatier, Le Passe de L'Afrique du Nord, P. 402 .
. Guader, Op. oil, p. 402 • ^ V\ ^ . V £ . ^}i\ "LA^ . ^y^\ ( V)
(8) Maiin, (J.Q.RO 7, 1916 47, P. 484; Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in Nordi AMca,
1, p. 105 .
\\r
j»4=(''-^.
ilji^
Jl >*:l ^_, . ilryi-ib ^.^^1 ^ ^^^"^1 > '-^ ^'-^^' ^^ ^■^-^' r^" ^■
>i,i ^u iiix. ^ ^^U .^1 ^) c^i a--i ^^ 'r^ '"^"^M ->' ^^ ^^ ^- fJ-'
(2)Mann,a.Q.IUll, iy20-21,l'.438.
Lewis, Bernard The Jews 01" Isliun. P. 14^) .
L^l oL-,Vl ^ i..,SL-JI i--UI .uuSL- ^iJI ^1 Jl v^
-MU
jjSj aU»J^i v-^ LT* vyJ^ lij^-^i ^-rJ-' ^ j^^
JuOi-l
,l::iv. ju>l J-iai
(5) Lewis, Op. Cil. P. 149 .
. N ■ i/»
. ^ii.1 j^l >1 J^i^ ^Ul 0-j . ^rr ^ . ^^vi JHjUl ^ oUj, . oiW--!^ C^)
\\i
. ^_,«jyi (.Ui.lj i-SL»dlj Ju*II lijji ^^1 * L>Vl <y I^,^.«Ju ^-U*j2 cJir ^^\
jJU V—* ^W j*^. -^"^^ "J1^",H»^ jJ-J U^'L* ^^-ti-" of -^^ ii- ^ Y,« c^ x^
aJuu *rLJv. ^j I^J^ -Lift 14-hJlL"j J*^I Jx ".1^1. Ij**-- jJli'jl ^ Katuba .Lj-zi"
jj~-J
i^l J ^b •^'^' J^'"^' c> J^J '^-i^ '^-^ ^-^l "'^ ^^" '-^-^ • "'^
(1) Menaliera Ben-Sasson, The Jewish Community of Gabes, PP. 283, 4 .
(2) Stillman, The Jews in Tlie Medieval, Islamic City, PP. 10, 11.
. ^^Y . \N\ ^. N\ . jL*ll . ^^.^^1 (T)
(4) A History of The Jews of Nortli Africa, P. 48 .
. xsr^.^\\\r-^jy\^j^\j
^ . ^\ ^ \ ^ i^uJi . ui-Mi^^ i--=Li^i Jl^S/i ^ i^^i ^\^H\ . C).,-*i u^ jL* (i )
. ^-r
■J\ .J* oi c^jli o-j . >iil jf us::^' 3-.i> i^u jrWi ^ ^^j • ^ • a ^ . i— i;y )
= iUl O/'" ab c^.-^l^ Jj^ cWl J.j^ o-J • ^ J^ ui ^4*i^ ^- ^' ^-»^' ^ "^
Uo
<j*-ij ' Lk>j ' ik^ • c>^*^ j*j • "^"^ t^-H*^' -^j-ij c'-^i^ r-J"^ <>^-J '^-^•^'
juu aj:Jjj JLjLJii jl . j:>iy I Ji;Ui £jjJI AjJjb >^lj . i-*M-7l ^IjjJI i.^ ^ ^*Li
Jj
L-JI o^*bj . ' ^ ^ l4i J U i^jjJd . Ij^ iJu^ iii>^l i^^l ^ s^ljjJI ^-?^.
^j . l^%.[ LjUJIj . L j_^i JjVI : jrljjU iLiiJj o-iT jL . :uij4JI ^W i>^
. Ljujil ^lill ^ -uiJI . jyjJ.1 o->yi JL^ ! Cu> ji lli> jrjjJI ^ i-.^« ^ ai*JI >«
rA^, i^uui . i-..-»^-iJiJij*vi . jyj J.I ju^ ! r. ^. t . p^^^t;^LiJl. ^.-J-IjIj.
. V-
ij,,fliuiJI Jl^S/l . 3>j ^i d.^ . ilijJI j\ jliUJI . 6l>Vl vjii J! iypi Ur . >i ji li-^ f.jU.
. vsr- ^^r^
(2) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 3, P. 119 .
J*j JL.iI i^oit ,>*! yi oLi . ji^l tfiU^-^l j-LkJI ^lI y^ Li^l I-^l cJlf a { f.)
Jj ) ^ v^-U i^l ciy U- JU . Ijui*l 1+. JL«I jLT dUi J>l o-j . JU >l J»j Lfcb.1 ll^L
. il*Ui»i Ciii G---U- ^;-Jj i^jL. i^jLuiiii ,,---1; ^j (rv^ ^ . \^y . JjUJ-i i-»i . cjij^.^
. . ^_^1JI ^:iL JJL- . ^jLiJI ii- U-i I^UI ^1 ,%i\ uC\jM ^ j^l £ljj]l oLuA o/L- ( )
(6) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in North Africa, 1, P. 184 .
N>"\
Ju J.U-UI ^Sji . ^ ^ ^i-.tA-VI Lu^iJI (.K*V liij ^. jrlj>!l b^ CH^^\
(Y)
C?-ji v^^Lf*! £'jj Aic JU ^ iiji ^ . ij4-UI ^ iUl ^>. LI" . ^ ' ' ^IjjJI
oUjJI J-3 ,,,-^! j.LJ.1 Jl ^j^l vUJu v>ll i^ ^ ij^ oUjJI ^1^ W
j.^ uiLijJij jlji ^Ij- v*l^. ,.-* . ^^^ bW^ i^-^j '^.H^ aJi j^ .1^ . j.^
uii ?iU JU CJLT U/ . . Ui-L L4.>_, d1>=J^I^ J^"^' a>i^l^ ^j^ jr^J u-Jj^
»JuJ r^.^-^. i-jji GUJil JJ^I JJ^. ^i^ . oUjJI .^ j»!>UIj J.UJI o-JI ^ AhlLI
C^, Y . -NO -.Ju AiliV ^^jyJI jJlj iiJj ^Jui C^j oUi ^j . J>. Jl ^j^i
iv. Cb^l J i^' ' ^-J^' ^J V.^i-i Crt r^--' ^.i si'j-J-' ' '>i^^' ^->*^' -^"^
-. >U}I . L- Jill i^i ^*'^-j • ->i> ^^- ^ d^-^' ^>^ '^''^ ' ^^' -^ ^^' ^' ^ ^ ^
(3) Goiiein, Mediterranean Society, 3, P. 117.
(5) Goiiein, Mediterranean Society, 3, PP. 1 16- 117 .
(6) Hirschberg. A History of The Jews in NorUi Africa, 1, P- 171 .
(7) Goitein, Op. Cit, I, PP. 48, 49 .
^\v
{\)
.u^ Ul^Oij l4-i£ ^^j U>jJ >i . ^ J,J j-jULI Jl cJll -.1^1 j.^ yd c/J
iLjL 2^y I U-^ ^^1 .>l ^j UU ^ ( .L^LLI ) J^l ^ ^Ik" ^Ul
(1) Neliemia Levtzion, The Jews ofSijilmiissa aiicl Siilinui Trade, in Cojnjnuiiales Juives
des Mai-ges Saliaiiennes du Maghreb, Ediie Par Michel Abitbol, Jeiusalem, 1982, P. 259
(2) Goiiein, Mediterranean Society, 3, P. 137 .
. \ i ^ , Lj,jJJ\ ,[^St\ , ^yu^^i^i ^ , 6-,ji. Yo r-Uv-*-^!. iuiiJi >-(*-)
. Y \ \ ^ . !^Sfl .UiJ . J'j^'^l ^\ OjJ i \ ^V ^ . rWI ijS^ . JL^I ^f ^
,L^lj j_^l L^l ^ ;j;jLJ.I L,|j* . lii^l ^ ^1 : >j| ! i^l C-. ^."i/ ^ . Ij* li» :
. y^i ja , iij|_^ ^Li^l . UuJI vfjU> JU*1 /ijj.
. Y ■ L ^ 1 tj^alJI •UlJ 1 iJtjftM
U"^
(6) Goitein, Mediterranean Sociciy, 3, PP. 238 - 239 .
^^A
iJL*. ^^j-^a^ 0-^ 't\jjjd\ iji ijj jjj . J-il.^1 (jrt ;/J oL>j_>JI iJuu Ij-^ ^Li
t^'" jIj-JI » ^ ^jVl oUjjJI jji?. (*Ji:; iJ-oj ^jj lilj ' "^'-r^ '^^ J^ u*=^-
iiJUIj . iiJUJI ILL- i-jUIj ijLiJI ILL, ^_^JVl . oL. ^ ,■ LJ jpl lljjJ:- oLS* ^
(1) Goiieia, Medilen-anean Society, 3, PP. 17, 22, 235, 246 .
a» C-UL. . LJ.J-. tl U^-bUc pJii; ^ J»j^ :;- Cli- .U U >'il o>il c> -l»v^-i-- ol '^
JUc'il ^L; -ij J*JJ JlJ lUli . U^ Ji- . ij'^\ ^^ Jiy i-Li-J ^^' ir^ ur* 'U' ^-'^
^Ij : Ju\ . ob-Ji)! ^x*; UU ^1 j-^l o^u ,J Ur . il^l o-J^ c/ 'i'^^^" ^ ' =^-^'
. ri ^ . .^^A^ . lo-ii^*^' ' J^J^ jj-^^ ^ ^^l ^^ • ^^~j
F
^ — ztj .^^ ' j^jd^d gjjjiJI (>. gijJiS' A-i Cui-jj ibIjXjj J-x*.U Ul, . jil-ail jy
»Jl*Ij o> ji^ 5oJ^. ii^j-fi tf ' J JLft o^" cr=^l ' Gershom's Regulations
: J^lj L^jill oUjUl
^j^ oi L-M ' *^^l oL-VI Lf*>l »^ vW-i ^!^^^ ^JjJI oUjLdI Uuj
L. Ul . l^jjl^ ol5obf j^ »j-b L. J5' i^ XiJdi cl l4J>.jJ (>i i*Ji^' ^>:-il u-^>;
i:.jL^ ^^ I^jj)l oUjLdI J^ >l JLl. .^^' jrbjJI i-il-> cj^ -u-i-^-i LfjjJ! ^"io.
. Ujjl Jx-j ^ i-."itJ i^Jj* UJrj |«^ • • / > YAV Zi- o-^UjJI ,y j^l ^ jOc |,^ ^_>i (Y)
ijj4^jiy^\j, LJyJUJi^i.\. /^to^JI-l^-ljIcri^-^^lii-^l' fj-i^ > ► "^J* J^'
LT
^USUl ^--ii > oo^^l * UjJI £>- Ai^.iU-l ojxj . UJb« 1^1 ^JU uOL Ci\S ^oJl jJ-i Jl
^ juJj^. .L*iu ^ . I.j.^ l^% J^\ ^ :i^%Jjii f.^^ ^j . iiij^JI jJUillj . ^Jilt
ikT^ Jc Ijiilj j,: . t^>"il oU-i»Jll Ujj . **.;:;« "oU |»^. ^^i_^. ^_,J;»« jl ^^-^ j-»»« ik-ljj
0^^ ^ ^L-^^I J^ 0^^ . (.^^9- /J^V«\ li- l^V oaii La:^ L.U t • ■ i ji U. ^^*^ Ji> ^yd I
lC.
,_^j oUU , JUJI Ju-Ji JJL4JI j^ i Grtizel, A History of The Jews, P. 318: >jl . 4
^Uij . j.uVi jry I Ju« ^ .J4JI J* jy^'ii^i ^'tji ju.^. . Y . ^ . j-yi
. I^i^l P_^j- j|j-^l oUlj»l Jc |.Lc J^
^,^>>i^ J*^A;lp\^AV^jL. Y£ J:L-^>)I ( O^U^I ) Ii-*w^o^i (f)
. ij/JLlI Ul ^ Cj>u, Ci^ oUjjJI
oUji , oi^lyr . ^jyJI >j^ ^^ jU^I ji" J5^ d^ iJ>l*il ur« {tW -a*^ v**-". 0^^ ( ^ )
St.
J[ *42kfilj . jUji Y . ,0 jljx Ui*al> Jjj*-> cu. ITjU oaL Ujjl* Iaj ,j-.LS
(^).-
>U. o^-^j JJU, cjli eU^ U^'j <.,,Ui-l " SUU .L^Jik. ^1 j:>Udl U^^j J^JI
(V)"
w..::5;jj . Get (Ci-) l.^L^yu-j,lJLiJ\^c^li^.^\-^^^. -'""j^
r
i:^^ <^- i >^ c W u- U*^ i 1 £jiJ^ ' ^^^ <^-^^ I e^ I ^ u^ 1 0^. ^
(1) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 3, P. 183 .
Ji OJ
j-lj oT c/ ^^-/-J 'J^H!^ ^' "^sun-Ill ^-»^ " Lj^' ^^ cW' Cr^" ^' ' ^^' ^'^ '^*^-
.YA.
(3)Malka. Essai D' eUinograpliie Tracliiionnelle dc Mellalis, Rebat, 1946, P. 83 .
(4) Goitein, Op, CiU 3, P. 267 .
^ J;^ ,1 L4^.J t- ^'-^^ ^ -' ^^ '-^ ' '^^'^ ^^'
i -^J ,^^L ^^. ^\J aj>-j ^ 0^^- cH.iJb " JL^- J^
i>J
^ o.ijj ^;i . i.^'i 5^1 ^^ j^j • Y ^^ '^' " * j^ ^*^* '>*-^
iL .-►-a- ^_ OUIM
Lh.--^i ^m > ^1 . ^yjJ-i . >" • *^i >^ ->^ ^>=^' &'^' "-> "''''^ '^^'
«T.
>Y\
i^j^^2i[^jS^\^^^r^j:^j.^^^S^\S^U^'^
,u)i jjj.1 rL.i -u^ji, > ^ 2i^ 6- oi*!^ '^^ ^^-^ -'^^ '-^^ ^ ^^- r^-' -'^'
cj^i J AJi^ j.ji^ ui* J *^jj J\ >^-4-"j j^ ^^'j ^.^ i-v u^>- oi
^- oi ^ c-^iJ' 6- ^'-^ » ^^^' r^" ^^' r'^ r^l -^-^ • ^^'^^■^^'
l^^, uj Jji ^ ujJIj Jji. Jl iiii^i i^- "^j ' »^^*-^ (>-j "^i 0- ^-^ ^^^^^-^
+
,t5U . ^y'J^I ij4^l VL:^' *^J V^' J^^' ^ ^'"^ ^"^'-' '^^^*^' "^ ^^'
^1 > cJUJij i c>M^' v*^^' cy r'^ r'-^l ^-" '^-^' "'■^="^' ^
.Malka, Mallalis, P. 85 ! el ^ . i-^j-Jl ^ISU-SlI . o.y>*^ Crt ti^ ^ ^ '
(3) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 3, P. 1^0
. YY\^.£Wli>U. J^\JJJU)
(5) Hirschberg, A History of Tlie Jews in NorUi Africa, I, P. 185 .
L
\
(6) Goitein, Op. Cit, 3, P. 267 .
(7) Maika. Op. Cit, P. 86 .
UY
Ovj J— ^. Aj\h ^\j . ^^ J" -.5^- L^ fo-^ vU*^' ^ »^— -* til^i (^jji yU
jj^UI ^^Lll J«^ij . lii ^jMJ\J\ j,.t,7ll A^yi J- ^1 ^ul-II . ^juUI oU»! -ii^iU
^j^ c±^j ^Jii. ijjj ^j^i^jJIj .^'^^ jipUJI j*c ^ fi:- J J*kJ ,_^a! jLfi
A #
ib^i ^ i^jji >i oi Ji ^^ ((.^• ^ / j^ YA^ o ) ob^i j^ v>L,i^;b.
. ^^^u-Li i-4ku ^ ^J^uuLSL Ijj.,^- j»^-| Jl Ca.! ^^_, . ^^'uuL-iL 1^.^ . l-
^J vlJJL* ^JJl >-— dlj .^*^ j j_yK^ CJ 15" i^ i j^J I J (Jul 1 uu^}--dl sjU^I ^^Jvli
L.I]I >f l,>^ .i^ . ^y.j5U.| ol^7) ^ Vjdl oi-U^/l ,>u ^ Jl>j 0^.0*^1 ^j
. j^i j-kji 0^ ".ju*ji giiii >jt M>j .ui^i ,,^. u giij . ^Sii
(4) Archives Marocaines, XII, 1908, P. 233 .
. Archives Miirocaines, XII,, 1908, P. 231 . : >l . oij^ '^^
. Jewish Encyclopedia, 6, P. 658 s \ V Y ^ . Z— ^1 ^^ J-^A"" ^^j ' <>t
^1 . ^^J^ ^^ J^lj . CylJI cri •^'i-J-^" ^^ ^■"=' ^^ ^^^^
. N\>\^.jL.^Vl. J.,4^.'a^. 8A^. r..M.^loUJ..i*,-'l^.lcrtl<V)
\ir
\^ L.L-JI i^ U UJ ^^Vl JL-DI ^U ^ a>*JI ^^U *.lJj" L CJ^j
^jrt J? ( Capote) ^Jj^\Lh IS liliiu. ^UA.\ cJU. 0:.jJI JWj c^
I , rll ^|jLiw-l ^ ij-*JI t> oi-*l-il Cr» ^^' ■^'-^" '^^•-^■'j '(W— i^
|_^S/| ^ g^j> 0- '^'-^ *^*^ *^^-^ ^' iiij-4-JI »U' o-Mj ' o^— -."^ «^J^'
Ji. I^.J iJ>j Jl^l^ 'j^il o-^^' u-^y J "^L,.^! Cd**::-! LiT .(^'i-li-jjll
1 ..;|| . _ ,t.7 ^1 ^^- lj-4lj ^^'ii-JI ^:)U,Vl oli ijiji I-^j lJ^j-^' o'-*^'— iJI
UilJI , ^^ai . IJb"jL olii.^^1 * I— :JI JL^i^. Jj . rjj-J^ a*^^ ^L^l J c»*j
;%. Li . ;j!>i ".OiJLi JI.U1I ^_^ yJULJ faiiy dli ois" ^jj ■ v^< J ^i^j
L, ^^.JL-, Jlit'^l ^i7j io^j a-^b- ^j . Ci\j'i\ i^lj cJliU . i.^1 Jlil^Sfl
: jJUdlj obUll
{•v)
(1) MargoUouti), Apilgrimage to The Land of My Fallicrs, London, 1850, 2, P. 46
(2) Loc. Cit: Chouraqui, A History of The Jews of North Africa, P. 65 .
(3) Yedida, K. StilUnan, Costume as Cattural Statement, P. 133 .
(4) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 4, P. 199 .
(5) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 4, P. 19 1 .
(6) Chouraqui, A History of The Jews of Nortli Africa. P. 66 .
OjJu- ) .^-iiJI cr" o-^LJI .>J.I c^.^. L^ . S a - \ ^ j-U,-.-/! . truj^l >- J^\ (V)
rY^ ^ . N/. V' 'j^'^l *-»»" • '^V.i Jj • 0^ tri- ir^*' ur* '-^^J • «^lv;4J«" r"* ( «^J^
\tf.
Li^- LL^I JU-1 i_HTi (>• oLUii. cJu-j} L [rti^j . dJi jl>?u Hay ^^U OjjLLI
Ujo-*. -.iUJI »i* ol ^jL\j .^'■^ it'.-aJI l*Jb*l> i> JJjJI l^lilj . uL:^!
' ^^ V'W u- a->J' ^jJ^ r**i- UjLLfi jU^LI oU i^ia-i .^^' SjL^UIji^lo^
.10)
^ iJ>JI ^ oUil iJu^ ^jJ-j . ^"^'^UII ^ ,^/j ^bW-^f u-*^ *^i ^>.
.^^ • ' ( Mohalim Ja^I ^^^. ) O*^' t/*— i >V^' cr* -^ 0-*^=*" u'=»*«^
^Ut Jl ^j^Ji IL>JI jU-S/l . Lft jL*Vl ,^ ty J*.^.^- W^l o:i:U cJli"
iijul oU i>>.Vl »jLjj ►Uj':/! jj-jJiJ "oUj .< ^ ^ ' liXx^ -^^^ ^ uu-j^I *V>
(1) Mann, Texts and Studies, I. P. 115 .
(2) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in Nordi Africa, 1, P. 106 .
A *
. VL\ ^
Chouraqui, A History of The Jews of North Africa, P. 62 .
. rr^i ^Aj4*Jif^i' •i^t/j l>N)
\u
JUiJI .ISL- u. -..^ cy^. . ' ^ ^^VL; ^=^1 ^-^ ^^'^ ^^* '^>^' ^^ -^
j^l j^. oi b^L:^b ' ^*'-^b .— Jl a- '^^J^ ^>JJ' i^^' ^>^' r^^' ■^'-'
^-isui a^j o-^j vlJJl cy^ • V^>^' 0^ ^ ^^^ ^-^ ^"^ "^'^ ^-'^' '^''^'
.' ^juJI cy> ^W"^' =^^ 0^- '-^^ ^-^ ' ^"^^^^^ ^-^ >>" ^-''"^' r^^ '^' ^^'
(2) Mann, Texts and Studies, 2 , P. 90; llirschbcrg, A History of The Jews in NorUi Africa,
r
1, P. 169 .
i^lj, . ^JJI cr^\ . jjiy o-^ : >l U^ ^.li^b a>'^'"^l ^^ c^ ^'^^ t'"'^^' '^-'
(3) Slousch, L' eainographie Juive dc L' AlViquc dc Bulletin de La Societe de Geographic.
T.X. Cairo, 1921, P. 258.
(5) Yedida K. Stillman, Costume as Caltural Suitcmcnt, P. 133 .
. U ^ . ^ydl 0^1 :iU ^ I:- uiJI . ^•I>j ^^)
(7) Slousch. Op. Cit, P. 258 .
\r"\
^^ . ^Vi .1^ ajji^i ^i^. ^j . u^^ crujui ^f j\ J ^^1 ji O-^uzU
«,i ^ aJuJI .UjJLi (_^j . XuJL ii^cL. LLJij ^j .'^' ( Shochetim) ^.u^l
J c-~ *i " OjJ^ o^I iJ <i-* . ^^V-J-i^ c^^\^\j^ '^^j . (»i-*i^ ;^i>*JI
(■\)" ^j^l J l^^j M^j ^ l^> '. ^\ v^. J^' 0- *^ ci-^' '-^ '-^^
c^ o:>U'^t ji . ^Ul ^ ^jS,^- h^^. •iU ( ^^1 ) oUI^I Oj^ ^ c^
L/j J -uxi- L. js- JU cfJJI <>^j^lj •^''^ -^^^ ^^- r^ ''j^' ^
(2) Chouraqui, A History of The Jews of North Africa, P. 62 .
u (O
, s.Ar^. r .^j
;^. i^i5U . r^u,^^.^Vc.-'W u^. J^'r'-r^-^'^ ^^' ^^' ^"^
1/ " iU- ♦!_-." "^ J "^^-J -"
. ^ . ^ ^ . ^jUij i-*vi ^
{■\)
. \ . . ^ -,>i . Yfl c-Uw»vi . ^iJ^l> ^v)
syv
(-5 & ^ '
LJuJlLX^Ic-.Lij .^^'^LtLai^ij^lCAi J-=uJ^iiJ>*iJ)(^Uil
I
I ^ -J^. . ( » ) ^.jJI c^ C^^j . i-JjjLil i^l J:Ai. U^il »l4. ub^^
jXLI . ( Ab Bet-Din HaggadoU oi-JJ' ^^ v^ j' W-^' ^^ v' V^J . ^"^'jL^Sft
^j^l ilyf ^ JuL.1 i*jijll bUaill J J-^ C-^ l^-^ JSLiij . J ^.oaU^S"
. r%Y ^y. . ^jU.\ ilia* . iijbi.1 (.-» crfl (f )
(5) Hirschtdd, (J.Q.R.) 16, 1904, P. 575 .
.^i^. U*LJ.I ^ vyJIj ^^' CplJ ' Of-^J J^Vl C^)
(7) Mann, The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine, 1, P. 265
(8) Mann, (J.Q.R.) 7, 1916 - 17. P, 485 .
M-A
jTy. J \U^ Ci\^ Cj^, >% 111— l^> JL^I 0^. ^^1 LLkU! U . ^15:*!
^;^_jJI C»*J j.L»l »l^i J.JL3 i^jJI . (j-ujUJI V.^l*i Crt Olj-* tX' V^-> (J-^^ LT*"^- (^■'J4i
Ja^\ L.Jil*j . i-JLi-, Jl -Lii>j ^ jJUj 0^ 6jJlj ilj--. Jlc Jj-^u>d] db,^-^! L»i
Iju* Jl UiL'L*j u:-.JiSj . ob^l t^ v^-^*^' ^^ "^"^'j '^^-^'j ^-=" c*^l >-^
4
(1) Mann, The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine, 1, P. 246 .
. \M^. ^'^^\ JHjUl J oL-Iji . cH^\j>' { Y )
i-_^ ^ U* ^Oll ij^\ 0*1 >J^ . oUi 2.i^ ^j . 8A u^ . \ • . jW*ll . ,^.^jJl U)
. { N Y^ M YA ^ M ■ . jLaII . <^-o^^l ) . uvJ-ll iUiiU »^i JOi ^'^ ji ^
Uji^V Lfii^-. a>i cjl. oU • >^-^ u^ "^j ^' c^ '^y "^ r*"^'-' • csj^-^u <m^i ,.l^-i c>
IS- J ^ I4J ^1^ -i x*jjJij . J^ U>-jj W-V. i^jjJi *^j^- M ' U^^ ^j UJ 0^. (J oij . j^-iJi
(6) Hirsciifeld, (J.Q.R.) 16, 1904, P. 575 .
^Y'\
r
U-, ^v.j . ^ ^ 'i^^l oli UiU*f J-^ljj . L^lbj u^i L^\ Jjljb- J-J--I . jL^-ill
u ^Vl ^Ul 2}[> Jj .(^> j/jJIj vi^WI UiVji uu ^jL-JL WJ Jji- ^ J>JI
^j . Rash Ha-Qehillot oJl> i>o v^ |^J^*-^ Jl* <><UI ,^1 x«. i_^l jiti
(I) Goitein, Mediterranean Socity, 3, P. 288 .
Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 3, PP. 281, 300 .
(3) Mann, (J.Q.R.) U, 1920 - 21, P. 442 .
. OliJJl ^S jL-ali.1 ^j . ^'U jl ^1 L^l J^ ^jXi C'bj . *l^l ^ a*.llJI JaiJ OjL* (0)
. Goitein, Meditcrnmean Socity, 2, P. 24 : >Jl . .I^'^il ,^ij . V-^1 v*^ ^j
(6) Mann, The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine, I, P. 255 .
\Y-
ij^ iiU ij:t.j Jl j-U JJLVl oi '^l • ^Li^l O^Ll. ^ J*UI v^ j^ >l"
li.jL-.^ij-^Jit-^^ji^-jr'^*- /^^^^i^JlU-^f i>-^j'0^^
LL* 0* '-^,^1-. A*.UI oL jm ,u«.^.ll ^>j .^^' ^uuijd 2hUJI ^JI <yj (^LSVI
. i^jjJI ju-iL5j A**i»u. ufu >l V--U. ^j . auLiI (>. ^u->til ijUj a;I>I <>h J-»^I
V . ^ » ) j^ui vJy j>fiJ iiiJ^ J^ i^ij^^i £iji^' cf^ o^^Mij :j>ji>ii '-ii^^
Jy ^ Jurj il . v*^l jj-4^ J^ >iJL! OJU.J v^l II* v*L-* I^V <>=J' ^^^-^l
( 1) Slillman, Tlie Jews of Arab Lfinds, P. 46 .
(2) Mann, Hie Jews in Egypt and in Palestine, I, PP. 13-15, 26
. Ljl^I ^ J^UJI Jl fiU ^^ ^ vuDI li* jjj ii-* . Lj^II Jl^xi*)^ J-*^l (r)
. Goitein, Mediierraneann Society, PP. 33-34, 76: Ju
Hirschberg,
Ra- olijj . viX^ .^i*^ Rabye Jj U^TJ\ i^I J-i .^1 ua yUJS/l ^^ .la*l o.U { « )
Mar jL. Uu .fJI o^l Juu ^f>I ^LiJi '^j-t^J . J.-- ,>-x Rab ^\j j\ oljj . Ui^- ,^ ban
J\ UL-j UiL. i-jx- j^j Slirira b^ CuJ^-l J-jl -^ ' <>->VI J^-^' ^ V^^^^^ J^-
( «-; jL. 0< Vj^. J^ ) r-^ -^^l '>* ':^->^- -^^^ ■*-^ '^'-'■^' cr« r-J Lrt Vj^ lM^J^
^,^1 ^.oJI ^1 ^ ^^-^l ^'^l ' Ji-^ ojUl -^ 'Mann, (J.Q.R.), U. 1920 - 21, P. 430
\r\
f ^ytJuii JjJ . JuflJI ^ J-^. of Oji Lj-*j|yj Ojil ^^ i.i_HJ( icUJ-l iJ_^
ijjjLI.t ".j-'^l il>i a>V v^l j^ il . ^'^I Jj\ i>l>j cA" <> vJLiJIj .i^UJl
i-wl o^j v-^l^ Hay ^U OjJU-' ^i i^iJI Abraham Ibn Nathan
»A^-*j^^
ma- Ju^jjU ^i i^JJI i>4iJ' -^1 Obj^' Ji ^'-^ 0- f-^ c^*^' j-^^ oli>i j_^
U ilJiJI ,i* JJl^ Ui" . ^ ^ ^ Lf-i i^l ^j ^Ui ^Lij l^jji^lj mqba
jLt o^ Jwj . Palteil J^L ^Jb 0- J.J^\ JU-JI j^ J^ :LJ,UJI 2S^\
(1) Goitein, New Sources Concerning The Nagids ol'Qayawan, (Zion) , 27, 1962, (hi
Ilwbrew), P. 1 1 .
(2) Goitein, Mediterraneann Society, 2, 1'. 24 .
(2) Mann, (J.Q.R) II, 1920 - 21 , P. 430 .
ji> ^ LJ,j. ^j Jujj* cy Hay ^l» OjJU-I J\ o'jj^I o- J-ji V^ Stillman
JJ4JI ilU ULJl a-J . \-St> J-— iJ Y4 ^y oljjJiJI ^ iliU- «L* . i-UuJJL jr^ ^ oiii^f
A *
. The Jews of Arab lands, PP. 183 - 184: UL-^I ^ >;!. LU
(4) Hirschberg, A History of llie Jews in Nortli Alrica, I, P, 207 .
(5) Mann, Hie Jews in Egypt and Palestine, I, P. 252 .
Op.) ^liil ^1 y-> JL-JLI ^^ ^j^ ^1 J* ^ Pailcil J-Jb ol Hirsci)berg {r^.^ Jit
Jx. AjjLL[ xjl uu-J^I uyUt x>l *^i ^ UlLI y^ Jl Ju^i j^^^ , Cit, P. 104 , 205)
ImJ» i^lXll jUl *UiiJI jUt . JxJuil Ju\ . >lt i^jLi. ^y ^yUi-j LrjiVl jji-i v^j . Israeli
. Goitein, Mediteixanem) Society, 2, P. 243 i V ^ ^ ^ » j^N rm ^U-l
\rr
. < ^ ) gjLLJL, ii^Sfl ii^l cJ»^ <:^ ^^71 JU-UI o> ^ Li . Samuel J.
^^ Li-^_^ I Ja^ Jacob Ibn Jau ^ ^, ^^jLx, ^a.. Ci_^. _^U J ^ j^^-^l jbil
ij^Ji ^J' JL.Lp ^jL.j Palteil J^L ,^4^^. JiJU . j.^ Jl ^j^^LUI JiJi
ft it
■ Yahuda B. Joseph cijjj* ^^ '•»,^4d t^-^u • l*-i>j Mi^l c^ v-.-adl II* Jj-l) >l
.^^^ oj«J»UJJ j,4^U» uj»l,fi«JI i^^j ^ jii j^ I JJ» (jj Ij^ Ij »^ liJ I
L-l:^ >l (j^i^t-i jUsil Jl^l i-jX. ^ dUi (,::». 1^ i*jL" i^^l iju (J dUJuj
^jj MijJl cji i.>f^' U-^J u*-al* Ji-i ,>• jil Ol^ l-i* lij-*J iHj - ii-aii^ i--L—
^j . ju>.Lll u-iJ I^ijI ^>-. Jjl »x*; » U ;^U I liaLC ^ |.UIjjl ^V . JL>.UI u-U iLk;l
; jl^^iJI iUcrlj oli»J^l V^^^' 0- ^-^" v-^l IJ^ 'jl^' vt- >Jj .^"^^ ^^ ^ /^oJl
ju^ C!u uHj-VI IUl- Cu-LS- oL, . ^ih\.. Iij-*"^l ^^i*^ J»-j'5fl >wj ,.^S(I ejj^l p; { ^ )
u^
i u^"'"^! • t-^ oil ChI • tr-*'"^' V^^J^' "^*^'^ a!>LfL-JI ^yj c^ "'-^M ^jl'^'^l ^J>^ J^
jii. ajI • r . ^ . i-~jlJ JL; . Jh*-. M Ao t;^ . . t^'id jtr^ ' i^oi-iJlU) ; V • Y ■ \ • \
Cu-»**i><
. Y^^. V.^
(2) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews ia NorUi Africa, 1, P. 205 .
(3) Mann, Texts and Studies, I, P. 116 .
(5) mann, (J.Q-R.) , H, 1920 - 21 , PP. 429 - 430
(6) Ibid., P. 429 .
STY
A\* iJjji 1:1^ Hay jU. :jjj(J.l i-»U.j jlj^l ^jl^ ii«^j LJ" . ^^' L^l *^-.j-i;
n) ju-UlyJiLob^lc^l'ijIjJ'^^^l'^J^'" ( oUJUI^I ) uJU^'LVl
iLLJI 2Sjl^j i^U-l iUJUl . U,^ Cji ^" u'jj-^l -J^LJI jUJ.1 J 0> ^^.
^ .(^'>) jlj^l^ j>UJ Ljli^l 0^ l^JI ^L^il J^ pJ ^i dUi ^y_ . »>JI
(1) SlilUnmi , The Jews of Arab Limds, P. 183 .
(2) Goiiein. (Zion), 27, 1962, P. 12 .
. Archives Marocaines. Pairs, 1908, XII, P. 233 . i U\ ^ , Y . jUll . ,,^.^J\ m
(4) Mann, (J.Q.R.), II, 1920-21, P. 430 .
(5) Goitein, Medilerranean Society, 2, P. 24 ,
(6) Mann, (J.Q.R.), H, 1920 - 21, P. 429 .
(7) Mann, (J.Q.R.) , 9, 1918-19, P. 163 .
(8) Mann, (J.Q.R.), H, 1920 - 21, PP. 454 - 455 .
(9) Goitein, Mediterranean Society, 2, P. 25 .
(10) Ibid., 2, P. 30 .
(ll)Ibid., P. 25.
\n
^JDI R. El Hanan Ibn Husheil j-Ji^ i:;^ CiL'UI ^^J. i^fJI jL*Vl
^1^^ ^>. V>*i v-'Lc c^JJI UiU- 0^ JjL> ^^ i>U ^ Ui. / ^ ' A-^UI V-*:
u
i j^yij . j^ J CAiLill c;.> uy. J-«JI J^ aj{ ^j . ^^5 ^Jlj ^jb^l ^i-lII
JLc J^ji l^ V>if ^^ J^^ .J^ cr» jl-H^' r^ '-^^"-^ ^-^' ^' '^-^' ^^*^
^jLiJ.1 ^*yi JiLJ i.:ibi.-4i IJL> gilu C;^j . Jl>Vl ?/J ,;x.-Uj o^^-^Ih ^^^"^1
• i^b jotJ'j vyJ' u-» i^' o^ ^H
(1) Mann, (J.Q.R.). II, 1920-21, P. 430 ;
Mann. (J.Q.R.), 1918-19. 171 , 175 .
(2) Goitcin, Mediterranean Society, 2, PP. 29-31 .
l^l:jj MjJI y-jljdl - ,,^1 - Lo-JI liUI - I-ai.
r
r
,_^j 1^1 oUjJI JXi« l*i^lj ^JOll yLi^l Jijb- (_^ L^U ii-^
(Y>
I
ft *
i^. ^m oiiUt uj ij^oitjL-ij . jikivi ^ <ji ij^\ ^u
Ajl ^ i>UI iiJ Uc uUi, Ct^ . jyLjJt ^^1 ^ ^iVl ij4J\ ^b^y C.hji ojLi
. Yio . ILL ja , ^^^] ^\ . ^jjj ^%i (S)
(2) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in Noitii Africa, I, P. 147 .
sn
sn
^1 L^jjjJ] LJJI ^Ul *>l> ju^- pii CiUJ l3l^ J^- ^ i.^^1 iiUl o'^j . i^^^l
.iUi Xir>. . '^' ^.i jA Vy u^l i-^J i^^l oUlia^l o^ U^ i>^i oU
■4
. Y^V^. ,,-a-^i^l. |4*JI -V^ J^ lA^
(N)
(2) Lewis, Benifird, The Jews of Islam, P. 1 12 .
.^-, 2JiJ\ J^ ii-U LL^. 0:^1 h^\ iiim i<^- ^^i ^^ ^^^^^ ' ^-^^l ^ ^--^I
,^| ^Jl >i)l . l&Ui :^ ) . o-l-^'^l c> ^^V ^-^l '^^^^
^- j,^ c-ir j*.^
(5)G(ntein, MeditemmeaH Sociiy, 2, PP. 173, 193 .
(6) Chouraqui, A History of The Jews of NorQi Africa, P. 64 .
Nrv
ji obUix-vb iii-Vi ^^" ^ i-^i -^ i>4tJi Jt.*=^f <>->7' J^^ ^^'
OU
a-
o^^b ^^b •la>^l C/^J J^>J i^LJ*Jb i^.AJI oLU^I Jj i-.iSlI JUtVl
, t « ^ ^Uil uAJlj . ^^t ^1 i-bi '^^-i ' LJi><^l clhI^I oL1SL*j ii-J
.^^1 o^'iL i-LJ^ i>^. >" '^^ . i^ij4^l ^t^f (y it^i'^l WU bjL*:^!
,ajJI JJL. i-.:^7l oUi'^L ^^Lu iljL^ Jl cX-jl ^1 i-iiOJI p.«jdi-,l (.^-.iSo
ol>Vl f.jui . Lij^l (^Uil ^Ll I^^l iJJJI Cj».i ^Li i^. ^.iiuz-l .<^'.
. VAV ^ . Y . Lrt-lf-Jl iJjaJi . a-ij4 (>?JJ ti^W^K N )
(2) Goilein, Jews and Arabs, PP. 93,94 .
(3) Mann, (J.Q.R.) 11, 1920-21, P. 463 .
■^_ L^l ^ ai>- ^1 I-yJl iiJJI ii^ J ior-JI 'l^' ^Jj» r'"^^^^ ^-^^ ^^
(5) Goitein, Jews and Arabs, P. 132 .
. NYY^^. ^^^^o ;j*ujii*.u.. u^
li'vl
(7) Goielin , Op. Cit, PP. 121 - 122 .
NfA
iiUI Jl*; J[ ^U i^. J-- J*Jj . jL^JJ-VI cr- W^ oU. <y> ^U ^ ^jl ^- of J.
i^^:^ ui-JJ' ^^' ^^' Cr* *>*-^ o*^-^''^' Cr-J Ob^l lt* U^! I^>' r^*' V-t-H i-o^
i^^l ^ljLiLL-,1 jLi. ^U ii^ J ^^i^l ^;*i>cJJ tl-jL, li^ JuJ cy) '^^J ^^
LT . ^^^ 2^^\ JI i-r^l c>-_>JI jj-=.*Jf J:^^ cy^t V>il *>H u^. a4^l r 0-^
(1) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in Norlh Africa, 1, P. 152 .
(2) Y. Demach, (Ilesperis) XIX, 1934. PP. 82.83 .
JJl^l . >•! . U.^--i;j ilj^dl ju'l^ y cL,JI iiJ c^w^li . i-lj'i/l LiUL lljj^l j,»-l> lyjO. ol
.*Li>;l (f)
(5) Choueaqui, A History of The Jews of The Nortli Alrica, P. 64 .
, oV (^ . 1«-Ai u^bi . OjJ^ Crt' ^'^)
^r^
. Lh^i iijji L^L- i^M:iU-i > aii Jju . ^ ^ ^ LjUi i^i 14^ J
^^1 uJ-y. cy. ^J^ ijjM-i v^i Jl i-^^i t^ c^^^' ^**^' *-H^. ^ -^j
LL«1. ^X-^I vL^' 0^ L-^ ^"-"J^^ ^^■^'^^ *^'^ tr-jl-^l »-^ oi C^^f c>
( C>-^^\V />t.ro ) R. Husheil J-i^ ^yi U— 1 JLJ LiJ Ij . ^ ^ ^ I-J 1^ I
0L.L4-I Jj liJj^JI U-iiJ! ji\ ,,*— . >^ aJJJj . ^L.j ^ iij^lj |.>JI {>il JS^ Ij-^l WJ
JJI
j^_^- ju 0-j ■ i-^i Lri'b'^i Jl Ef^ *^j <y V*^J -r^ .y* ^-^^*-' -^j • LJ-^' '-^ L** '-^
: >-| . l^Lc n ^ ^ l+J CJj c^t'c^ b^ I-JjjU. ^ Cv ^i^lj ^1^ r ^ -^i
Menaliem Maiisoor, Jewish History aiul Tliouglu, Kuiv Publishing House 1991, PP. 200-
201.
olJUJL Ju^\j . L^^-^l ^Mj j^I J^ijl ^-^ giU lU^ ^^! JJil. LiL^ /L-
. ^Ij ji^l ^ ulyJIj jUai l-jx. ^yj . ^1 ^ !^lj li^l ^^jo- la< L-XJI oLliUll
. nr - nr ^ . L.jiii . ojj^ w' (y*)
(4) Maiin, Texts and Studies, 1, P. 1 13 .
SL'
(S).-
^j^lj Hay ^\* OjJU-I Jl J-^l »>* o^ ^% • ^--^' 'r-^Ld' ^*'-J-» > ^"^"^
2.- I^-lyJI ^jIjII t- VJ^. o^ r-'' '^'^'-*"' ^'^ ^ -^^^ -^^' Lk.^--' <>M'
r^
U.I ^1 fjuo*. ^/I> DL,JI cr-J^J ' "ay li"^ 'JLJJ^' '^^'^1 >^" '>^ r^' ^
CjjJ
. '»'jL:>^jIjJJ^^J-jl£l--JI 'j^^l^J
(l)Goitein, ModiterraHean Society, 1, P. 53 .
Mmin, Op. Cit, 1, P. 133, 159. : .dJifj J>^t >-l . ob^l ^ VM' ^jl.xJU
(3) SUlLmaii, The Jews of Arab Lands, P. 45 .
(.4) Maim.Texts and Studies, 1,P. 112 .
o-^^ W Lr'-«* '^^j^ v^LJ Jij— ^ jjj
.Ju^^^^J.^^^3X^UML* .^^li^. (pN-VL -^N-rV /> nV - £YS ) ^.
o
USUI ,-^ I^l-* .xi.^lj . ij-<-Jl Mii>UI vW-i ^ oikc . J^l L*^ ^'>'
L^l J a>— -. v-^^aJl 0- "'-e^-^ r
,jl . ^..L M- J ijWl > '-^^. -^1 ^ • '3lyJlj o-^lj '^-^^ ^-^'^l J^' ^ ^-
jb I j-i^-t*(j
UDl . Ti» . ^ULI -^-^ • ^'t>J' Jji . oU ! V4 . rt - VY ^ . r . ^a:Vl J Ci.^J-i
i liJjHk UjA i-Ul ur» v^^LijSil ^ CJj t> Ji^— » ^
. » i> r . a t N Y i«i^ " ^yj ^ i.U " i^^-i/l oj^l i^'li . o-J^"^'
(5) Mann. Op. CiU 1. PP. 137, 142 - 143 .
MY
_^Ll, » L5:J-Ij * ULJL ^7 ,:,- ^I 1:jM »Jl* L-UU- ^ jT^^ '^•^' ^^' ^-^
i^ Jl^l u-j'^ a-^^" Jl ^-■^' ^^' *-«^"J "^^'^ oU^l Jl :l>u.I c^i
(1) Abbou, Muslamans Andolous, P. 281 .
. l^Jlc jjudi dUii-j yu^i ^- >l . ^U Jl Ui>
Miinn, (J.Q.R.), H, 1920 - 21 , PP. 439-442: Idem Texts and Studies, 1, P. 114 .
(3)Hirscliberg, A History of The Jews in North Africa, 1 , P. 346 .
iT-
(4) Slousch, Travels in NorUi Africa. P. 347 .
(5) Menahem Ben Sasson, Intercommunal Relation, P. 23
MY
.L5U.I ci-jfj . oU^I 4j4i u> oU^I v^ j>c ^aUIj Jlj^t j^jlx* c^lij
^^_ iir uij . ii^ i-jji v>n i^i^ J j^^i cr^' v-**^- r^ -^"^^ u-J-^'*"^'
i^,X. cr- .^-^- J ^^ ^^'^ tkL- ^ M ^ (^Jl > iL^MI 5^U^
(♦^r-^ CH
V o>4 c^U' crll J-T- V^ J^ a> o-jljJ^I <>^ ^^' Cr^'j • ^^'u-^-^
^>lt it^lu iJl^l L*iU I-jii J.UI J-IJLI ui-ji CH Jj^ '-"'j^ ■^. Ob^l 4^
(2) MenJiliem Ben Sasson, Intercoiiununal Relation, P. 23 .
(4) Mami, Texts and Studies, 1, P. 109, 110 .
Astoir, The Jews of Moslem Spiiin, PP. 155 - 227 . : Ja^\ . -l»jj--
Sii
Jd>a*J->^^'^t:rJ''^^^'o'^'^^^ ilji.C^y--ljJJI^y>ll^UUIoljj-
^ Jo*-» b^ L-jju ojJ^- t/iil vi^ ' ^.l-^JIj ^L^'j oU^I ^jb; ojA-l c>
. Ij^ UiU JL-jJu cujU. L<Ju. Jjsi^, cjIj^I 0^ ^-l- ^1 oU^I jl c^ ^^
oU^I ^ i-jJu Ji- u---^' JU ,^- . ^Vl o^ J-i 4^LL"I Ij^j ^'iU Ll^j
iJ^I j^J.\ c^ ^ji. Ji^ il^.Lj . Jj^l cr-jl-^ i>* JiUw"ifl J v>il i>p. >i u
^j^ L >j . I^^Lli. LjU-Ij i,.:.:-U ^j>JI ol ^^ ' ^^^\^ V>il i>>i £*^-
jl^l ^;^ i^jjl ".iUJI cJ^j . ^N . fA / ^ £,r • Ii- Hay jL* ajjlJ-l oL Lou
.t») ^^71 JL^Lj UjVUuI jJL^jJI c,-^ ^1
C
^Uj ol U5" . a^i>Ul au Jj^ >> ,Jt-JI l-i* U^ jH^ c»^l ^t^i^' »^l ^0^
UUJIj . o-l-* J j' ^J*^" c> ^^^-^ -^ ^^ «^1 -'^^^ '^^- ^ ^^ "^-"^ ^'
(1) Asluor, The Jews of Moslem Spain, P. 187 .
(2) Mann, Texts and Studies, 1, 1'I^ 148, 159 .
(3) Ibid, 1, P. 148 .
(4) Ben Sasson, Intcrcommunal Relation, P. 27 .
(5) Mann, (J.Q.R.), 9, 1918-19, P. 163, 11. 1920-21, PP. 453 - 454 .
MO
;llJI
5 a* ^^^ *3'^ Crt j-^U »iJji ^ c> i^' V"^' J^-^l ^.•^' <^1 '^-J^"-' ^-^->
^* %i ^^ ijjij ii^ cr* r+V» cyj • i^i^i o-ji-^ '^^^" cr^ ^-^ v^^'
U^j . iljii; Jl ^-i^ ji> ^ ^-x> Jl UUi.1 ^ ^^jL ^ t£jM \psJ^ ,.4^-^
- ro ■ J r.:T...ll ^,5^.1 Jufji ^ j;^S(l Jjk-Sll oiLi ^.^J^l j^l u^j-ft J ^
uu-i ^ L^ J}\ ^ ijoii |j ^u*j ioJ'^^Yi c> r*^ 2>*j r^v"^ - ^"^^ 1-*'^^'^
. { » 5 LJLJI J jtr^\ o^ :^j> JUj . iliiil ^ ^•I>l ik-l^ - ^^ jUj a>
dUi o-«^ Jjl^ *J . ^^' p^V • / j» n • ii-^ i.jJ.1 iJiA jcijl; ijL>.j Mann c^.
Hirschberg, A History of Tlie Jews in NorQi Africa, 1, P. 308 .
(2) Cliouraquim A History of Tlie Jews of Nortii Africa, P. 82 .
(3) Hirschberg, OP. Cit, 1, P. 308 .
i- A-^L ,^^j Book of Tradition v^ u,^-JlJ { \^\\ty^ - \\\A ^jl^ Crt r^U[ ( ^ )
^ %J\ jx^ ^rt^. J ^1 . tl^'i^ll i^jU ^^^^i^^j p\ n N i:- Seter Ha-Kabbalali .liLLJU
Maenhem Mansoor. Jewish History jmd Thought, i*P. 21 1-212 : >Jt * ^^i^l jhjUI j^Ua-*
(5) Mann , (J.Q.R.) , 9, 1918-19, PP. 168, 169; MargoiiouUi A Pilgrimage to Tlie Land of
My Father, PP. 42 - 44 .
(6)(J.Q.R-),9,1918-19,P. 169.
\i^
jjLiJI jh ijujSft * USU.I jJ\ ^JJI Q^. O' J^^\ Mann gU ^1 i-*l-i- • i>^l i>» j-*/
3jli ^j 1-aJ (jrU j*>JJ aJjL^ jji ^j-;-ij-* J4^l . r^-l u--Jj L!*> jlj^l J[
(1) Texts imd Siudics, 1, P. 86 .
^ jJJI juii a>^. U, ( -LJLijj j^^ ) i^^':^! .1f> ^l pb- ^JJI oi Mann oU g-i-l { \ )
^ U eLl uj^ u- Jl^.^'^' IJ* " JU v:^ . p^VY / > nMi- i^ > ^^^l L.a:i. o^ij
(Texts ;uid Studies, IfJl lujUllj j^ ^ X-i'iil v^l^ll j-""^ -!*-^f ^1 ^^ G'^-J G'^ ^^j^'^
M Ju^ ^1 ^.^ j-JuJ Uj;b- ^Ij !JLJ.I jvub- J\ J-^jJJ iJjU- ^j ! 1, P. 86-87, Note (69) )
Ijuill t^i L^ L*ljb.l ^^\ J>-Vl L^. pli i*JJ oL-j>i d)b> ol ijjl j;iJ! : " NAA - \AV
. ^VY / > r'AN ii- ci »JL>ij ".jji^ U^-'i JL- . 0l^'j> ^' 0^*-^' O^jjil •A-^^'-i { Y£.» ^ r
j^iij ' DiJt/-^' <^^' t^ ^+^'j f-»^' b^^ ^^" '•^'■' *J^ ^' ^^- ^ • ^'^' ^ "^^^ ^
j^^i ^1 ^^ J iJikiV • J'l-^i vy ^y '"4^. r>- ^-^' ^'^ ^-^ u^**^' ■^*^'
MV
iU . ,iiui Ufi Ae t^JJI V^^'j
- f . A Duimsh D. Labrat i.l^ crt ^LJji o>ll i^jL ^ i,H^I . ULJI o> ^-H^l
^ . ^>ij ^^1 oiVL f/L- UUJIj I-Uil ^^ c^ J^\ ^^^\ 0- J^^
Lj-lfl'jJlJ •
(1) Hirscliberg, A History of The Jews in NortJi Africa, 1, P. 321 .
(2) Asluor, Tlie Jews of Moslem Spain, 1, P. 252 .
Lb *- ^Li Sj^l l,r-^ Cri-UI ijl> • l^i J*i ^j . i-U* crt ^^Uj. dUJ5-j ( W • ^^ . T . o>l
^1 , tY ^ . MhjL- JuJ . J^w-- ! \ ^ ^ ^ . o>ii ^Vi . ^jj J chD ^^^ / ^0 a>iJ
^I.OjJ^
^ L^yJI *-ba. ^_hJI ^LJj: jw^ . YV ^ . ^J^SlI J ^j^\ . ArfJI A-x ^
(V)
A-j; i dLjV v^l V^l O^j JiiNL-jiilv^loS^: J^-^*^
NtA
crt k^^ JJ\ jj'i J ^\S U^'^l^iU^j .(n ,^j\^ (^)oL^boU>Vb
,j:U*i Jy- il ; ^L JiLi}\ y^\ J Jj . IJ,J Jl ^jy Jjl ( ilj* ) J^y jLi^
(V)
Li* . JL-^lj a--iUVlj jlTiSfl ^y yj^l jjUL j»AiLulj p^JLuVj j^"lj:A7j ^"iU
(^)
^'^ -^ iJuJdl <y ijijJdl oL-ljJI ".jLJ J;k-.I J>^ L^V -Ujj • J--ij> Cri u^'^^b
Zinberg, A History of Jewish Liteture, 'Iranslated by Bernard Martin, London, 1972, 1, P,
196.
(2) Mann, The Jews in Egypt and in Palestin, 2, PP. 21 - 23 .
(3) Zinberg, Op. Cit., 1, P. 19 .
(4) Menaliem Mansoor, Jewish History luid Though, P. 187 .
(5) Semach, (Hesperis), XIX, 1934, P. 83 .
(6) Abbou, Muslmans Andlous, P. 282 .
(7) Ashtor, The Jews of Moslem SpJiin, 1, P. 252 .
^t^
l^ ^I d^ . v-^l WIj • u-^ Jl W^-" iU* i*U Jl l^ J-*>) >^ V*
Li^- JL-jJL> ^'"^ ^j ^j ' u-^J^''^l Jl C>' '-•'^ "J^*^-^ ^--** *>* <«»^' ^-^
^ Jjj ^J^\ (>i> 0^ Jo—^-J ' c^ • «N /^Ufa li^. CH o.>-i- Ji-* ' f4^b>
ii. ^jjji i^jju ^j v-^ ji j-^j ujJu-j . .^'^ . / -* r£.^ Z:- ^u
^ Jijw lI .^"^^ o^Lj olj^L ^ij+JI ^j-^l ^ o%-!^ Jj . ^*^jlyJL^ iJ^U
J-j il J! . JlyJI U-jl-^ <J o-J^J J^l Jl U^ >J cr^l o-^ Jl -r-^ ' LT^
^jjU.1 JLul ^^ . L*iLc i-jO- ^j Ijj-l 6JJM-I ^^J ' ^^' 'j>- i-J-^ ^^J J!
^IjjJI !i> J\ J^ . Jo--» i^l ^l> jrj^j . >iJlj »Uj 0*^ I-jOil i-Uj J^" cS-iJ' iS^
blji+ilj oU_^! jp^" V--H ^^ (> >^*^ "Jy^' ' u^jJ^l *>H oL»:A*)I ^v^- 4>
(1) Hirschberg, A History of The Jews in Nordi Alnca, 1 , P. 347 .
(3) Menaliem Maiisoor, Jewisli History mid Thouglit, P. 186; Rotli, Asliort History , P. 175
(4) Chouraqui, A History of The Jews of Nortli Africa, P. 83 .
(5) Mann, The Jews in Egypt aiid in Palestin, 1, P. 132, 150; Idem Texts and Studies, 1, P.
118.
: Jiul . Ii_^j ^ (i^ i*Jjjl> '*j^ (>* J--»1*=JI Cf "iijij
Mann, The Jews in Egypt and PalesUn, 1, PP. 45 - 105 .
(6) Mann, (J.Q.R.) 9, 1918-19, P. 163; 11, 1920-21, PP. 453 - 454
(7) Semach, ( Hesperis) XIX, 1934, P. 83 .
^6.
UjU£ 'LoM'j « ^U Xliju ^yiilj Vi'i.M* pjt Jjj-<M» oVLxTI OjAXyulj . ^ ^ ' l->>f^li i'Ajlj^l
^y: JUJ il.JL.^_, . JljiVb t*^< U^ • ^^' ^^-'^^ v^"^" ik»— ' J^-.^^> (.^ ^
j,^^j . iJuVi^-xxoL>t ^VA - ^.r / > r^-\ - r^^ <^S/i .uiiibj
^LL-f > M-UJI ii-i^i r^s" ^^' r"^^^ ~ ^ ^ ■ / > ^Y v- - r ^A u?^i ^1 ^^^
(1) Mann, Texts and Studies, 1, P. 148 .
(2) Cowley, (J.Q.R-X 18, 1906, PP. 403 - 405 ^"Ul j-JI >1 J-»liJI ^r* ^J-J
. nA . -vv ^ . iUi, . tfrmj r^Mb oijJ^b co^i ui o^^ ' ^>1 ^'^ ^ ' ^
(6) Julien, History of Nortii Africa, P. 43 .
NoN
a-
*';ji J*- J »J^^" c>-j • ' J^'j ^^-^' c**
,Ai.
,>*J»UJI . UJi.1 1-.jLi- ^J J—cj ii«, ,>o-^ "j-*-* d^J ' (^
. -r.. - i t^i c«' = >'' ■ ^'^i -^i '"^-J r^-> ' ^'j^' ^-^' ^"'-^ '^^ ^'^^ '^ '^'^ -"
(2) Chouraqui, A History ofTlie Jews of NorUi Africa, P. 81 .
. \U-\Y\ u^. jJjWI^^I' ,/-^I J^I >r W*J • J^t lt*^ l> : » ^
^y . Jj^^l ^1 . i^j^\ 3-i>k ^^' 'Jl-^l >>- '^^JJ ' V^jJ' -^ ui— >>-* U )■
(5) Ciiouraqui, A History of The Jews of NorUi Africa, P. 8 1 .
(7) Stillinan, The Jews of Arab Lands, P. 183 .
sor
U.J i^y-71 iJj^^jdl lijJ . IjL pu'lyUl ii^ Cuvt-U . i,^l CLji »bj^l aji>.
^LJJIj -.b_^l ^- ^ ^'Ui d.>L* > au'tiJI i*^ ^^;— i • ^^^j-J^ ^.^j
31 jL>i eUJU . ^ " > L^l ol^^jUl u- ^^ c> pP-J^ ^>>b ' Mh^'l-JI ^ '^^
, 1 . . . I- 11 ) 11 . .11 . . ('\) ^-11 J
. o>il i%. ^')^l V^J^I J>JJ i-^^ Cpl:^ J! Jj-*^' V--*^' 6- - ' -t-^' uJ
i Jl* fiUzj^l <iUi ; j.^ / -» r oyiJI J^ -J^i J! '^.-^^ oUlj Jl A.^^- c;SU
CH 1^^. C?^>^' (^^' «^VI J! V--^-^ '^''' c>->VI J^' Jl ^^^J c^' ^^^
. ^^Ao^. jMi:'Wr--^icj^i.>-c*^' ^-^-^i ; At^.s
, i\j^\ oyj U:i- L^ 'iUii-j . L^u, U^ O-jL-* C^-"^- u^^" M o^J • * W"^' c^ '^ * L*
. r L^ ^ . j.^i ^.jJi ^1 . UiUi c^ >>;!
. tVu*. »L4i^jj' »i->(n
. xr\ . Yf. ^ . p^^^A i^uji . l-j^i iJiioJi ju>- . c
* I >
(i)
. •\\ ^^ . j-« ^/ ii^i jJWjJi . 0*11 j^i ^ (« )
(6) Semach, ( Hesperis) XIX, 1934, P. 83 .
(7) Slousch, Travels in North Africa, P. 221
sat
j^^S}\. ^_^Sl\ v>iL. i^ji j^-l Jl i--J ^jJI ^^ diXSj J^^
(>*
. iJUll Ji*. ^ <iUU . LjLJI LUJI L^J oju-a; .i^ . ^yL^-Jfl JU^I Jl u^-J^
L^ -.ju^l >Uil ^1 OjJi^Mj . ^ ^ ' V>ll i^j^ Jl Ui-j %i ^-=t- Jx
•^ C: J UJi ^'ijUi v*Jii Jj-»j ^-^'^ ^ ob^i i^ ^i -'^^ ^.^' ^' (y '"^-^^"
jj^ . Jl^t ^ . LUI Jl ilL-i IjJ^ J Cuj^ u-^"' ' ^J4-JI LT" U^*^ «^ ^-^'
X
UJI .jLi>l , . wiT ui/j LiAil ^>fi .^AV / ji rVV Ll- IhJl] Jb.1 JL,j ^Jill Ij^
^^,.
/»^ J»UJS/I JC.I* ^L u^ . 5lj^
^iil jl^.^i-1 C^. bf . i^ljL-^ tH ^^-i O^^jlj cri (yl^l V^-^1 r^J Jl
(3) Goitein, Mediterreaji Society, 1, P. 65 .
(4) Hrischberg, A History of Tlie Jews in Nortii Africa, I, P. 159 .
Ojyri 1^1 *Jl* Jltlj ^^ • / -» t j^l J^ iljj^l JiLiJ'i '4<^ <i^ ^^Li jui. UJi ( a )
Ull
. rsY^.^.^l^.oJI^iJI. UiUi^p^. 6yJ>^c^^ta LiJj:lJL*i^(Agron)
(6) Mann. Texts and Studies, 2, PP. 138, 139, 153 - 155 .
\t>i
I^UI . ol-^' ^ « t^ Passover ^\ Xuu ^"VLii^l ^y ^^^WjIh «>yU^I '^'i^ <>*
■.(^) ^^ ^1 (.U o^WI J*i UUL. iUuV' ^^^ ^-> ' *'-'^'^' ^ ^^-^
jL, ^ ^'l>JI u-*Jill oU JU LI Jj^j (rj>l i4^ J^ Oji ' ^^^ ^^' -^ cr— -iJ
U" o
. \ ^fl ^ . ^uLj 21>j . JJ»:J! CryLii ( ^ )
(2) Slouscii, Travels in North Africa, P. 340
Li.1
ml
. j^ij uui i>HJ "J^^i ty4>V' ^^*^'
iyj JiU (jo (J -b^fJI jl. 'iU i y^- J^ J-ui t^iJ I Slousch ^ji- -o Jli t^D! <yj*JI
I_jj*_j iJajj L-ljjJl cr* t^'lj • ^i^ tJjkJLi >V cJ "il J-^Vt Ly^. JjL-5 iLivjI
; oUI^I i-ri/j <^jj i^bJ 0- i^iL^^-^l IM-I ^'LTj iiLi- ij_4^l o^i^l
i^U- . ij--i'olj^* I4X* Ijii^j LfJ \y£.y, yJI »jL»dl j£ b^ ' I^J oULl^Ij
^^ Jl i^l c^i ^1 vL-VI ^ :L-1jJI c.,^b • J^V bMj oUU^I ^U"
- \oo -
NoA
. Juif i*eyJI jaLaII jjlici j-»l y&j i uij^^^lj
if
i_^l c^fVij . vJ>l .Ia oU^I C^ l^i f-* 0-J ' b'j^l (^44* ^4^ lH-UI i^l
J^- ij^i ^^^^ ' i*^j^'^ ^^'^' ^-J^' '^^^' ^ '-^-^^ ^^ ' ^^^^'
i Uji^j^ UJ 3LL'U oir^ l^^joMI li*cx^ C-^ fiM ^ii^ p^ J-r J^
i>cjjb i^b >-Jb i>i-b i^^i vL^l v>ii ^^ o- ^^1 ^^^ • ^'^
Nov
^1 c.Ji.j < o>ai i-^.Jlj^cy^ 2j^\ o%^J\ Jj ii^l ioL^I iPMI <y
. .jurl- JLfi i^l v^l c^^ •-• u^ t> ^^^' ^'j <> *-^' ^^ ^•^'-^
jj o>ll i%. J ^i>^l £^l ol c^ i-lj-AJI o>l i-j:Ui>"5fl -.U.I A-*-* c>
i^X. wbU. ^ j^-U . lu^b ioo^l J-V Ji> c^ V>il i>^- ^L^ cJ-i^' ^-^'
j^u-ii y^i ^ o^ e-^ '^' '^ ■ ^^' ^>^ r^^ '-^ ^'^■^' ^
LJi. oj> a* iL-i* Ul>e L.JLLC olj^l J^j^Liu. iU.1 i^l pjJI uvJ— U
L.JUC iiiJil ,^4*-. Ijj^j . i-^l^VI {[jl>' £• ^>*^' ^>''-^" -^ • '^^'^ ^ "^"^
L^J^ LUSJI o^ ,^ . LfJLfi i^l ^^ t^-i^ i-ljJI c^'^jl »jU^I Jl*" <>j
\dA
.r^i-. jJLc LJI ^ (JJLjj tjljttIL (joii-l ij-Jdl ^ y-(iLJI 'ji-lj ' MSU^' j-^ ex*
.I4;- iiUjJJ jj-.JIj JlSLiVl j-liiii-lj >;dlj L'l^lj ^^cJI JUw. ^ L^^l ol^'ldl
li ' jj-f^ L^ oljLiI ULaJ |J ct-* . o>il iliL <y Lj_^. I-i,^ iiUJ j_^ >lj
^ ^yJI ^Li dj-ft (^1 ukr* lH 'i>fi -^^J ti-^- f ** • / -* ^ 0ir4J' uM ^-•ij^P. CjIh^
^ ij.^\ J . Tfci v^-ij . j.\ ^ - ^ • / jb « - i a^i J^u aL5o obj^i i^.-^
Oji-ij . i^ ca Jjj*-» JJU Jl^l <^j \ijU Oj*^ lM- u-"^I c^J '^y CH ui^J^
. UI^VIj ;,..,.^„llj i->j^(
:uii
I
U . uu.ji ^u-u-ij cjL-i J.U.U.I ^^ "oU)i o-i-' oL*~' r^^i »-^ u- t^"'j '^^-^-^f r>-
r
K> JJL. ^! i-^l '^^^ Lfjl JL-jiU .J^j^. l^ JjL ^1 iiJUaJlj iiJ>fJI i-jjl!
(*) Cowley, (J.Q.R.), 18. 1906 , P. 403-405 .
- ^9^ -
n.
Ob . liJJlj ^UJlj oUU.U.1 .Uj oL.U.U.1 ^ oljUiUI ^1 ^oi" . .jo^lj
. .^S^i^j { . U» ) Aifc ^ Oij A-U J-,^- jJdl J^ ^
,^s: Jj^ \jajij L:;_^ ^j L^15L. ^ c^^jiilj LJU ojuujU ^jU-l UiL»j
^ -uLl-J ^Sfl iJUkj -^i:^ aHI a*jkj ^^j ji^b <3iJ^I .rt^ ^^ * Laj^O uujJuJJ
J5J oSfl _>* Ju'Sf aJJI i-jLLc ^ l^iuij *i : JUj * JJI yLLc ^^ J,.„aJI 4>* Uji> ^^j-*
. jUwl a:.! j^i UiL> ^ ^1^1 ^^1 L^] <ifjL; U^Ul ol (0^' cP^j « J^Vl cr^
jUi.'ilj . L-t-k JiLUI v^ljj ^^1 ^'1^ ^_^ JL-*^. JJl^l ^ L^JJ! jLsil Jjlj
UJI
j^ dUUIl iUJx^l ..^xJi ^,^1 M]l Ol u-**--^' jLj:i-5^b . ^j^^-^ ^^. J
j^LiJl jLii-^lj . OiL-^lj ^Ij ^L -u*i ^^1 MJI ol o-Liltj ti>-JI jW^^'^Ij
:ajuJIj . v^ . j-i . Jj> . o^ ^j j^ j> iiujl .:iU*Ji ^ji^u i^ui ^i v^^b
» Lii j^j c^ki (ji CHJJf^^J Kfiji^^^^ U^ c*^' C^ >j-iA)Ij . C),.^-^-*^- j*^' t?-
\'\^
jjij Cfi <Ji^ '^iW^I V^^i or* ^^J ^j Hirschberg ^j^j^ u5>-} • i>W^ ^'
j_- Mann U Jiij .'^^(.\-fr /^ t Y £. ii- j>. ^ jJ LJ ,_^ I i^iJ 1 0>. j_^j
. ^^) j-^T ii- j^jL. jiS .V -iJ^j ci> t'^ v^i J 6^ i.>*=JJ
^U CH •-***>* Mie** V^
. . . LiLj L£.L«_Ji ji> Cf^ a>5^: >>-jJ L.jllcj . tj-Jau j^L Jl— j^' i^*^ '-^ ■'^'j
: oi UU-j L-JLill v^l J^J ij-i^lj Ll^'j
(1) A History of The Jews in Nordi Alnca, I,P. 105 - 107 .
(2) Texts and Studies, I, P. 150; Idem (J.Q.R.), 11. 1920 - 1921, P. 339, 340.
• ^ • ^ o^ * *l.rtiTi.**il
(4) Mann, Texts and Studies LP. 159 .
\^x
• ^^. ^^^ jii 3jJWJ^ lM •"
4-
V-^- (X "-^-H ^**'J
ft
V^'^i ^ Cr;-^ Cr*
jUij aiii t^ i*ji-Ji ^ ^>->ij <iU-ri c»i -^ij 'ii-^j 'i'-^.^" -^i r'*' 1^*^-^-' ^-^
.... ji^j^i "^j
(1) Mann, Texts and Studies 1. PP. 142- 143 .
\^T
rj> cij iJ »i»-ij XaI- (_^ Uf ^ Lijil Jijs^t iiJJUs^l ij^ j>kaaljl t^^^^aJj
j_^JU i^Xs- L |JL*J CjIj rji> Ja^-^i jJ j^jjfJ.^ <^\^ ^ LjISU lib* j gjiJ liiUUl
.eULu*
^ * *
^1^ J-^ ob v'j4*' (y ^y-^. ^J L^j i^^ iii«t ^J^ \jj^^^^ vil> ^J^ c^l ^^
.... uJlS' ftJUkj Ljj jil Jij cJu^j jl5 u>^ o' ^j'
(n,.ijjpaiijiiijjLj
■ Mann, TexLs and Studies, 1, P. 157 : jJi*j
uiU' Jl isi*- <y ij*t^l i*^ i^Wj LT* • b*-^
^jUI . . . ia-yj iXj^M^^ Cijia-aJI j|^>_, l^j CLr5Lw, ^j'ill li^.J-aJI <i>ji
jt^. U Xju i>i_jyc« ... JLkjl LhjJ ... (jrvijjjbt
(1) Mann, Texts and Studies l.Pl'. 175-176 .
\M
I
^yycjyi *>j U*JL*-«j UjLL*. *> ^jLfiK-»j (jrvJiU sLbi Cry«JJki* ^j'^j * '-»*'j
. oL-^.'Vlj JjuJIj jJ-lj j-UsJI
j»4;jl*_^ i>^j iiLiL-^ CH.->-^^^ ^"^-^ il^ I^j— iJ ijJ^ J I |>jU«.l, i^-J^-
j»>j^ I^.Ji* ^j-ij lJL^-=» i-iU^ (X-L-i ^ jLp-Vl j-^^j ^^1 ^ JU^
Jlj^ Juuj 1,7, .!.« j-ifj aUI p+^*j urJLLJI ^ L. L. J« 4 (>£ Cj*.! (>~ *ifj
^ jU- ^Jdl (^> (.UUI Cu^U iJo>j auJ^ U.j-^ ^ ^*-l JUi- JJI . . .o>U
ijjLi'u ^i>i ji ^i>i JI i^t.=>K (Jj r^^^'j r^^'^-' ^^^ (^^ • • • •
• - • ■ f* g ^'*
^ . lyliJI IjIiJlj ^J rf45 <y i^^' -^l ^^ '^^ ^'j^'j '>iJ^ JL-J ■ • • .
«■ A
1^ i ^1 1^ L.jJdi i-jjII ^jj oIj^i u^ w-JI cr^j -r-^ ^y cy- ^^' ^^^^ <*'
\^t
^JJI JHjlsU 0>^j LJUj Otil-j uUi ^UJ il^ ^ 0- <y L±)l C^l ^y. J ^[
cJl^ ^-i U«i- OjJ^j jW>1 jI -i*^^ uj^j u>i> ^b Jicj ^ uiL ^Ul o^iji
L^
,ijul Jui ^.ij ^^- **j { i-JL- iL-ft ) ^^'»^'
AU OJLii 1 Ai*
r
^ Ca*^ x-Jli Jl f.UI^J ^, JL^^I Ui Ju; ^'U ^j Jul II* ol iJ-^^-i^- ij-«-i
oUJ (Jiy ^jj
(1) Mann, Texts and Studies l.PP. 360 - 361 .
^.jJi a^ ^>;iaJl jjuiij i^^l^i ^L.1 (>ijJL j\jri\ (^„(*)
.iSL-Ji,>-j-.>-us'(r)
Nn^
aJI pU ol.,^ j^ 0- cHj-^Ij t"!^' -^^I r-^- t^i ^^' ^'^ tr^^ »^U-^
^^«^ 6iijLj C«J:j ^f v-H ^J-r*i' C^Ui -H tJ^-^SU ^^J-^ 'A*'j '.>*^'j *> ^
U.,^ ^ ,^1 UU Ai>jJ iJU ^ i-O; JU; uuS;. oi liA ^^ Cru, ^^ CJ.
^ ijJL-JI »iLii' yjki . . . au— ij Ij'U iJ>i* oUjJi-^j u-^^j oljilj i--AJ (>b
,^- L^ ^ . . . OjJ^I o^U-I v^iJl cy i^'L. U^l jb <,^- <> oJi-lj AJI li*
r-
Jj
i^LJ jj
( 1) Mann, Texts aiid Studies 1 .PP. 363-365 .
i^ U)
. i-*j>>l o"i>i*
^l^ljjiUlli^'U
:OlJ^>kli
. Y t • V V *3jj 1 »_^UJI LuL> ifiS^ Ji»_^iaii-«
Jt
. r "\ Yo*\\ »Sji I ijj-ail y::SsJ! jIju i»_^kw-»
.iVVA^
:jiL*ll
O) . ,y^\ ^^--^^^^ A J Oi "^^ -^ Cfi J-*^ "^^ J-t^ J ' J^"^^ CH^
j^UJI . Jj'^l '>i-l . ii^l V*-^ il*^' : ( ^ ^"^ • / — J*"^*^
.^^^oo
. .^ Mf J^UJl . ^> uru^ ^}t^ . JjVl .;4-t ' ' Ij--J' i^i -
r
. i^JI iJliiJI i^ . jy^l Jl^l J Ji^^l i*>' : V^ ^"^^
:{^\ YAA / 3 lAA o) ^UJl ^ ju>l ^LJI ^^1 ^.JJI Jij- . I--w»l ^J ^\
- ^■\v-
\nA
^> ^^'\ Oj^^ . iljb. IjJui ju»jj . jdU-j : ( j^i'iLlI jj;
oLi_j» : (p^AV / ^ rrv jL*i o ) tyJj^^\ dL-^ ch ^jI* J • J^ ^i
. i^uji . uui ^:ui i^ . >Jij . \jt>% jiii t^ j-*iJ
cULtJI c»j*Jl 0- ty*^! ^-i-^l V^^ .y ' w«-^' iMi* CH r ^' ■><' * ^-»* i^^'
. iljLij . (jJliil Lx^ . dUUIj
^^^
: ((.\rVt / J» VVn O ) ^yUUI iiJl J4-« W "i--^ i>*-^' O'--' • S-s^' Crt'
. (.N ^vv - N ^vr i^^uji . ^^u-i v^
: (Jkn^'^-'^.oo) ^XiJi\ jjLJi\ x.^^^ ch Cf**J^ ^^ ''^ m^ ^ tS"^^
I f-
j> Y . j^j^ j^Ul jJ-: . ub^l >' iJ^ ur* o^V' (^^
^ 2j,:M\ jjJI : ol>^ ^ j^ ' o-i^f '^' ' J>J' e*^-'
. i^\ jb . ^yj 2-JuA jLi-l ^ u-:jil : (f.\y / — » S N
• L^jJ ' <y?^l cy^^l J^" ' Vj^b '^J[
. j.\ ^Vr J^LJI . U\jJ\j icLLU jj-adi jli . ^^li ioJu.
^jLi-bAj^l^oLiS-: if>\-U/j^ii\a)/HjcHi,^k/JiJ
. |.^^v^ y'i;4.i . i^j\i^\ . ^^\ j-*U-i jJu*
NV.
^ JUJUI Oj-a*^' : (p^ YAI / Jk nAft O ) JU.»«. CH c*-J-» trt J^ ' J^f*" wH'
^liJI .J^l . t^jLrtVI (^U U^ ' i^.L-JI i-'^l • l-H^ 0-
'bM«L0>t^
Jj'^U^ll. ,_^'^lo>iljLi.'^Lii-Vl : (->\r\d->V0.o)
1
, . el^b J-^l JHjL- : {p^YY/J»n.o)Ji^Crt•A*^>e■J.c;,*^l
. ^^^flo i^ujL ij^i jU5u
^v^
. j.L^I il^ . a.>^j J--^l ^ J^J ^ i^ ' ^''-^' * ^ = '^*-^'
. j.\ ^^^ . ijjx^-ii
£i'
aJI j.^ ^ ^ . o^Jj^-'ill JHjLJ ^ a-^
r
t
LJIj ^L-'yi : { ^ AAA / ^ YV'^ o ) ,Jl*> crt aJI ^ . -L,-ii CH
J
L^ij itjut jUT : (,.^ YAf / > ^Ar o ) A--« crt i*^ lh k/3 ' c^-xh^'
. ^'\'\"\^ oj^. . iu
L*JI
(
.^Ij uiJliU i-L*UI L^l i— ill . LiJVI iiil:-' J ■ ^"^l
i — ' --,
, Xju. Uj}J\ x^ ^ 3^ ^ (il;>.i^iJI>l^
is:,!
. ^^^^0
Cowley, A . : Bodleine Gcniza Fragments Letter by Samuel B. Hphni to
The Community at Old. Fez. (J.Q.R.) 18, 1906 .
S^UJI . ijJdl CJ^J LJLiI ol- > JJ--J '^J ' c'ji^l i>^ = -^l J t*^
. j.^^^'^
WY
( tfcrt^J j^LjJ' (X»*J> "-i-^ O ) t^lijil dWI Xrfw. ^ £^l . ^yii^Vl oW -
._,V^.I. l.i.^^lJliJLk7lo-*^>. LJL^IU^j:
■J\j^.i'^^\Jll^Ji\l^^\j^^^jj
ijjuM ^ JU.^<_« ^L^*^! Xa^L> IaJ? I jL>l_pi jl^ j_^ .a Xa>|^j
. ^^^v^
^>ji ^Lj : (^^ . tv / ^ tfA o ) iUi ji*fi J CH -^J J^ js;< j<f • cs^iii
. -^^6^ ^^uui
- Mann
York, 1972 .
- The Jews in Egypt and in Palestine Under Ther Fatimid Ca-
liphs, 2, Vol., Ktav Publishing House, inc.. New York
1970 .
- The Responsa of The Babylonian Geonim as A Source of
The Jewish History, (J.Q.R.) 7, 1016-17; 9, 1918-19; 11,
1920-21 .
/ ^ tfl . CI ) t;iljLi-JI liLr--^' Vt^ lH ■*-*-• iJi J-* <>^' J ' i^^JJ^' ~
. i_^.jJI oL^^jJIj i-JlLJuJI (.15:>VI : ((i^ . aA
: (,.^AA / Ji rVA o ) jL»LiJ^^A^' i-^ iill a** .><! ^Jl u-^ • tj-^' "
.^^^AV
\vr
^a:'-il Cr-^ 0- v^i C^ = ^r^"^^^ / ■* ^ • ^^ -^ ^ '-^ <^ ^^ ' ^'
f
. ,.^AAr j"^>.W" *>^- • v^'
oj-ii LUJ : (^vrr / > nvv o ) vi*^i ^ c^ ^1 w^' t^^ * ^^->^' -
- Hirschfeld : The Arabic Portion The Cairo Genizah at Cambrige, (J.Q.R.),
16, 1904 .
^jjf.
^.jiUji.uijJ-iir^ = V^^^^/-*
0^ . oi^i ^LjlS- : ( j.A^v / > rAt o ) joij ^ri v>^. ch^ • t^o^*^
I
*^^j<y-
J
^ ^p, C;^ ,^ . 2^\ j\^ ^\j^ J -^^-^^^ '^^^^ •■ r^^ '^^^-
. ^\^A^JJ^l
1
: ;^^b itt^l «?t-AI
r
\^Vi^
^1 . ^LiJdi ^i . (4*^1 5jijj . <T^>ii ij^. jHJ^" = ^^ r^'J
» J tjj <^ ijj--^ '
wt
i>fj
•r'*^*'^
J^^Ap
i
(_f^ cy.-^ I (j^
^^^rY »_^uji. i-.:>L-yio>Ji :
I
j^.
. -»^UJI . ^Ij i^LUJ ^^1 v--^l jli ' J^'W
cyjjJ
r
\ ^SA J^gji jii . W^j-^' i^' = t:*'^^ "J^ "
. ^^_^i iJxc L^j . i^:>uvi p^b c*-^7' JHji^i <y ^^'j'> = cH.L^Jj^
^^U3l
. ^\M-
»^UJI . ujJljI^^
I Jl^Vl <y
^1 .\^Sl\ :
r
-Crtti'-*'-
.(.^^^^
;_^l i-li>L i^^l :5jUJ.I LT* '^LSjj : uU^I x^* ^
. |.^^VY^^". ^UJI
r
^^Vfl .UfcJijijJi. jc^
ui
i^^iUjl^h^iUI^I
\Vo
r
N ^Vo ?>UJI . ".liJl^ fjL?2 Ij-J i^I : j^U JUIM4 Ju-JI . l^t^ (>«*.
. ^^^o•^»^UJl. ^^^i^iJijli. o^^liUji^Lj :
. ^\ ^nr '>j>m . ^^^i o>ii jsijL- : j^i
. |.\ ^^r Ljji:5L,yi . ^^:>L"^i ^-aJi ^ y>ii iii.i^ ii'i^c^ : (JL.
.\ ^VY JjaUJI . ij^\ xs. UJI : jy^ia Ju*«-» jll*JI
^V'^
"e.1^1 jli . ^i.,-tJI ^ Jl ^1 ^ ^tjL-Vl y^Vl : JiJUJ JU^f ojljl
.\ ^vf jjaUJI < J.A* (_^ ^j^jj j:^\^\ ^
- -T
{Li^ . ii-:^-.^! iiUiJL »/L-j ^i^l >iJI : ui^o-^1 u-W* . jl-i^' j>
. ^.NSVYiijjLL^L-^l. oj
Ul
. ^^^v^ »jaUJ1 . ^
USU]
c
\vv
^M j^l uuiji .>:» J cfi^l e^l y^ c'j^l ^^^^ •' ^^ J tA^
. ^\^^A■iJAUll. JuLuj^jjH
aiJI
r
^Ij uUU) i-L*ll iij^' iinJI • LT-J-^''^' i^ i-^' = -^^l ••^ J^
. |.^^n^ »>»UJI. ^^\ r^\J\
. ^\\\ti ^^UJI, L^LJ! :UjjJI -
r
. ^\ '\v\ oj^ . ^t)L.7i v>ii cy s:J>' -
NVA
. jloi. . ^Ub j»>i^lj oi^U cu^l ,y o^j^ ■■ juM J^'^ -
. ^\ ^vr . Luiji ixJJi . ^b i-f^'j '-M^i
« «
■ oW j'i ' ^^' ^^^' ' ^'^' *-^^- bp^' ^ ^^^' ^^' • *-^^ "^^
. |.^^^v . oiJ
U.I JJUJl
r
- Mohamed Arahou : Juife et Communautes Judaiques face aux pouvoirs
Musulmans au Maghrab AL-AKSA (XHIe - XVIIe siecle) ,
Doctorat d'Histore et Civilisation Universite de Toulous,
1993 .
- Mohamed Laghraib : Role Politique des Juifs au Maghreb A Travers
Les Sources Arabes Du Vile Au Xllle S, These Doctorat
Nouveau Regime " en History " , University Paris, VIII,
1994-1995.
. |.\^^6 »^uji4ju.i>. ^\i^\
: i-iyJI olijjJLJI
Bulletin de laseciete d'etuds Historiques Juives D'Egypte, No. 1, 1929
. ^^ ^AA . ^jSUJ! g^la.!AJ iijLUl /^ 1^ -. Lj:%Ji\ JjUl yli
. j.^\flY »>UJI. L^jLJIoUjjJJii^l
oL-ljJiiJ L^^l i:j-»-4' J'J'*-' • fj^l »jL^ lM '-^.-^ * 'j-^' = <j-»J-*J'
. ^\^Vd . Y iJb^^. i^^LJI
^A.
i^jJI t itJjJ>-» Oj^ iisv» ' ^'^,^4^b *^''j<^' objj:S>il jji y^l »j_^-<? : fjjiM —
. ^^^^viLJ no
- Abbou, Is, D. : Muslmans Andalous et Judeo-Espagnols, Casablanca,
1953 .
- Astor, E. : The Jews of Moslem Spain, Philadlephia, 1973 .
- The Jews and The Mediterranean Economy, 10-I5lh Centu-
ries, London, 1983 .
- Baron and Kahan : Economic Histoiy of Jews, Neew York. 1975 .
- Ben Sasson : Inter-Communal Relation in Geonic Pariod, in Daniel Frank
ed.. The Jews of Medieval Islam, Leiden, 1995 .
- Italy and Ifriqia From The Ninth to The Eleventh Century,
in Les Relation Intercommunautaires Juives en Mediterranee
Occidentale, Paris, 1982 .
- The Jewish- Community of Gabs in The 11th Centuiy, in
Commuates Juives des Marges Sahariennes du Maghreb,
Edite Par, Michel Abitbol, Jerusalem 1982 .
- Bernard, L. : The Jews of Islam, Princeton University, New Jersey 1984 .
- Chouraqui, N. : Between East and West. A History of The Jews of North
Africa. ( Translatede From The French by, Michale M. Ber-
net. New York, 1973 ) .
. Flavlus, Josphus : The Works of Havius Josephus, Translated by William
Whiston, London, 1904 .
- Gautier, E. F. : Le Passe de L'Afrique du Nord, Paris, 1937 .
- Goitein, S. D. : Jews and Arabs. Their Contacts Through The Ages, New
York, 1955 .
- Mediterranean Society, Jewish Commuities of Arab World
as Partrayed in The Documents of The Cairo Geniza 969 -
r
1250, 4, Volume, University of California Press :
- Economic Foundation (1967) .
-The Community (1971 ) .
-The Family (1978).
-Daily Life (1983).
- Goodnough, E. R. : Jewish Symbols, Greco - Roman Period, Panthean
Book 1953 .
- Grayzel, S. : A History of The Jews from The Babylonian Exeil to the Es-
tabishmcnt of Israel, The Jewish Publication Society of
America, Phildelphia, 1966 .
- HIU, D. : Islamic Architecture in North Africa, London 1976 .
- Hirschberg : A History of The Jews in North Africa Volume 1, Leiden
1974.
- Julien, A. : History of North Africa London, 1970 .
- Latrie, M. : Relation of Commerce de L^Afrique Septentorinale au Mugh-
L
reb avec Les NAdans Chretiennes au Moyen age, Paris 1886.
- Lepezj Raymond : Medieval Trade in The Mediterranean World, London
1955 .
- Lewicki, T, : West African Food in The Middle ages, Cambridge.
- Malka, E. : Essai D'ethnographie Trditionnelle de Mellahs, Rebat, 1946 .
NAT
- Margoliouth, Moses : Apilgrimage to The Land of My Fathers, London
1850,Vol2.
- Menahem Mansoor : Jewish History and Thought, Ktav Publishing
House 1991 .
- Nehemia, Levtzion : The Jews of Sijihuasa The Saharan Trade, in Com-
munautes Juives des Marges Sahariennes du Maghreb, Elite
Par Michel Abitbol, Jeiusalem, 1988 .
- Renzo : Jews in an Arab Land Libya 1935 - 1970 , Translated by : Judith
Rouraani, United States of America 1985 .
- Roth : Ashort History of The Jewish , London 1969 .
- Sachar, A. L. : A Histoiy of The Jews, Now York, 1953 .
- Slousch, N. : Judeo-Hellenes et Judeo-Berbers, Rcherches Sur ics Origines
des Juifs et du Judaismc en Afriquc, Paris 1909 .
- Travels in North Africa, The Jewish Publication Society of
America, Philadelphia, 1927 .
- Smallwood, E, M. : The Jews Under Roman Role, Leiden, 1976 .
- Stillman, M- A, : The Jews of Arab Lands A History and Source Book,
The Jewish Publication Society of America 1979 .
- Stillman, Y. K. : Castums as Caltural Statement : The Esthetics, Econom-
ics, and Politics of Islam Dress, in The Jews of Medieval Is-
lam, Edited by Daniel Frank, Leiden, 1995 .
- Tcherikover, Victor : Hellenistic Civilization and The Jews, Translated
by : Applebaum, S, Philadelphia, 1959 .
- Udovitch, A- : The Last Arab Jews, The Commuities of Jerba, Tunisia,
New York 1984 ,
. Zinberg, Is. : A Histoiy of Jewish Literature V.I, Translated by : Bernard
Martin, London, 1972 .
SAT
: L^Si\ objjjJI
- Abbreviation :
' (J.Q.R.) : The Jewish Quarterly Review .
- (JESHO): Journal of The Economic and Social History of
The Orient .
- Archires Marocaines, XII, 1908 .
- Arnold and Gennep : Jewish Arts and Carfts in North Africa, Menorah
Journal 12, February 1926 .
- Ayach, G- : La Minorite Juive Dans La Marco Precoloniad, (Hespens),
15, 1987 .
- Encyclopedia Britannic, 1993 .
- Goitein : Commercial and Family Partnerships in Countries of Medieval
Islam, Islamic Studies, 3, Sptember, 1964 .
- New Sources Concerning The Nagids of Qayrawan ( in He-
brew) , Zion, 27 , 1962 .
- The Main Industries of The Mediterranean Area as Reilect-
ed in The Records of The Cairo Geniza, (Jesho), 4, Part 2,
August, 1961 .
- Goulven, J. : Notes Sur les Origines Anciennes des Israelites du Maroc
(Hesperis), Vol.1, 1921 .
- Hannoum, A. : Myth and Mythmaking in Franch Historigraphy of The
r
North Africa : Writing The Episode of The Kahina, (Hesperis
Tamuda) 34, 1996 .
- Hirschberg : The Problem of The Judaized Berbers, The Journal of Afri-
can History, Vol. 4, 1963 .
- Hirschfeld : Family of The Qabisi from Kairowan (J.Q.R.) 16, 1904 .
- Jewish Encyclopedia,
SAL
- Lessard : La ViUe Sidjilmassa et Ses Relations Commerciales au XI Sie-
cle, (Hesperis), 10, 1969 .
- Lloyd, Reece, Reynolds and Sear : Excavation at Sidi Khrebish Benghazi
(Berenice), Vol.l, in Sapplements to Libya Atiqueties, V,
Tripoli, 1977 .
- Semach : Une Chronique Juive de Fes. (Hesperis) XIX, 1034 .
- Slousch, N. : L'Empire de Berghouata et Origines des Blad = es = Sida
Revue du Monde Musulman, T. 10 Paris 1910 .
- L'Ethnographie Juive de L'Atrique de Nord, Extrait du Bul-
letin de Societe de Geographic T.X., Cairo , 1921 .
- Stillman, M. A, : The Eleventh Centuiy Merchant House of Ibn Awkal (A
Gcniza Study). (Jesho), Vol. 16, April, 1973 .
- Vajda : Problems et Taches de L'inverstion du Pass Juif en Tunisie , Ca-
hiers de Tunisia 3e et 4 Trimestre 1954 .
Uo
oLi>;>ill
*
r
:.|JL>I
6
= (**
V
\r
: gNljiljjaL*ll,*>liuiij*tll
r\ ! c^Ul iJj4 (.Lj c,i* c/'^Y' e"'
or : v>ii 4:i<c>^.*^'j *>^' = ty^'iM'
AO : u.>ll ail< ^ i^ jaUOVI i.LlJI : vlJbJI J-^l
^ \\ : o>ll i:A<^ ij+J] i^Uiij-VI -.LJ.I : £<UI J-^l
\fO : o>ll i:5L< i> i^l ^ f.>)lj iiliJI : c^li^l J-^l
\oa ^i^L-s^l
\o
^ : JV^I
\nV : gjfljllj jiL-^l C-J
Y..V<3£.A^ 5>Ijl.VI
IJM } > f^j
LS.B.N, 977-322-055-9 Jj-Jl^^^i
v^o.•\^t - v^ornr : o z^UiUijiw^Ujjjb
V-i*
^^a^l^^^^^f^p^^-^
9,,
9
'^
FOR HUMAN AND SOCIAL STUDIES
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11