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Aitchison, c.u., A Collection ^^ SdAL_*ll ^l^ u^,>_.^ ^'\ {\)
of Treaties, Engagements and Sanads Vol XII Part II
PP.172-176.
.Yn-TNo^W-^jllllfu-SJI-gJUIJJj-^j^ (V)
Aitchison, c.u. op. cit. Vol Xn Part II P. 179. (£)
: 6jjS:il SdAljuJI eijJ.>-VI tj^l ^ iUi (V)
Aitchison, c.u. op.cit. Vol. XII Part II pp. 180-181.
.Jo^^ljikll (A)
I.O.R. R/15/6/8 Muscat Political Agency Year 1875. (^)
Aitchison, c.u. op.cit. Vol. XII Part II pp. 212-218. (W)
(Y) ^j 3=J. ^1
Ibid. Vol. XII Part II pp. 159-161. (M)
.(SaaWIo^) NN^t-\\<\\
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Aitchison, c.u.op.cit. Vol XII Part III ^ sjjbUdi o^ j^] (NV)
pp. 232-240.
iJLiJ) P^-aJI .y>jJI IaI <la^ - ijl^l (>^[>c JiUJI - (j-^Lu-iua J^j
Peterson, J.E., Oman in Twentieth Century p. 22.
I.O.R. R/1 5/6/8 Muscat Political Agency 1875.
Palgrave, William Gifford, Central & Eastern Arabia
p. 307.
.Mockler, Baluch & Their Race-Lahor 1 895
.VoY-Vo\
Miles, S.B. op.cit. p. 529.
Calvin H., Allen, op.cit. p. 40.
Ibid. p. 40.
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Calvin, op.cit. p. 41. (y^
I.O.R. R/15/6/8 India Office Records-Muscat Political (VA
Agency.
Calvin Allen, op.cit. p. 41. {r\
. \ . ^ Sa^l i^ydl oljLoVI 4JjJ ^^ LjUjjVI L^I : ^'^^ ^^^i (i^"
. 1 TV fj£i 3^Lui jJa-o«o : ^^»ajV (to
Rose Marie Zahlan-The Origins of United Arab (n
Emirates, p. 457.
Rose Marie Zahlan-op.cit. p. 516. (o .
.\\A^^3jLJIf^^l (oY
I.O.R. R/15/6/357 Muscat intelligence summary, (oV
Secrete No. 3 of 1937.
Report for Year 1 872- 1 876. (o i
.r i A a^ - ^\:i ^ - \^ ^LJ\ ^jl\ ; ^^ (oV
Afl
Qubain, Fahim-Social Classes and Tentions in Bahrain (^N)
(M.EJ.) Vol. (9) Summer 1955 Washington p.270.
LO.R. R/15/2/1565 (^Y)
Government of B ahrain- Annual Report for (\x)
year 1947-1948.
I.O.R. R/1 5/6/531 Administration Reports of Kuwait (•\'\)
Political Agency of the year 1931.
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Zwemer, S.M., Arabia the Cardie of Islam p. 100. (V)
LkiJ
Frauke Heard-Bey, From Trucial States to United Arab (W)
Emirates p , 187.
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Oshea, The Sand King of Oman p. 140. (M)
I.O.R. Ryi5/6/508 Report for year 1 908 ( M)
LO.R.R/15/6/338 Gulf Political Residrncy 1914. (NY)
I.O.R. R/ 1 5/6/342 Administration Report for ( \ A)
Bahrain 1918.
I.O.R. R/15/6/342 Administration Report for ( N ^)
Bahrain 1918.
I.O.R. R/15/5/342 Administration Report of Political (X.)
Agency, Muscat for year 1925.
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Bowen, Richard, Pearl Fisheries of the Persian CJulf. (XY)
M.H.J. 178.
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Belgrave, James, Wellcome to Bahrian p. 47. (X'A)
Zwemer, op.cit. p. 100. (XV)
. V \ ^^ Jj Lui ^ j^ : ^ L.3II Jueui (XA)
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Rosemarie, The Origins of United Arab Emirates p.7. (V ^)
I.O.R. R/1 5/5/351 Administration Report of the Trucial (VX)
Coast of Oman for the year 1927.
I.O.R. R/1 5/5/353 Administration Report of Trucial (VT)
Coast for year 1929 .
.MA jji3 l^jljjjjbj <^^l oljLoVI ^JjJ : (_j-"Jj-a LUa-o (V"!)
I.O.R. R/15/2/1869 Copy of Application for year 1933 (Vo)
Messers Viromal Valabdas and warands
Jelhanand Debai Political Resident in the Persian Gulf.
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Oshea, op. cit, p. 139. (V^)
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I.O.R. R/15/1/349 Confidential No. C/89 Bahrain {i \)
Agency 24 May 1930.
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.I.O.R. R/15/1/349 Pearling in Bahrain from 1924-1936 {ii)
Oshea, op.cit. p. 140.
I.O.R. R/1 5/6/530 Administration Report on trucial (1*\)
Coast for the year 1930.
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n n fth
Oshea, op.cit. p. 135.
Ibid. p. 135.
Government of Bahrain Annual Report lor
year 1 942- 1 943 .
Calvin, op.cit. p. 46.
Calvin, op.cit. p. 45.
Kuchal, Industrial Hconomy of India p. 42 1 .
Calvin, op.cit. p. 48.
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Calvin, op.cit. p. 47. (V\)
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Miles, The Countries and Tribes p. 516. (AN)
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Report for the year 1 876- 1 877 . ( AV)
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Fenlon, United Arab Emirates p. 65,
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^^ to*
Qubain, op. cit. p. 275.
Report for year 1876-1877.
Ibid.
. \oo j^>-a f^^l crHi^' jLooiVI - j^^iill dJjJI ja-^.o JaLc
I.O.R. R/15/5/201 Exclusion of Prosperous Indian
from Kuwait.
LO.R. R/15/5/201 Exclusion of Prosperous Indian
from Kuwait.
Calvin, op. cit. p. 46-47.
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I.O.R. R/l 5/2/234. Copy of Order C. No. 317 Dated (NYY)
23rd Feb. 1933 by the Collector of Customs at Karachi.
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I.O.R. R/15/2/351 No. C/448-9/l() from Political (NYV)
Agent to Political Resident at Bushire 1 June. 1940.
I.O.R. R/15/2/351 from Issardas to Political (\Yoi
Agent Bahrain 22 June 1940.
I.O.R. R/15/2/351 Confidential No. C/460-15/2 Brit (NYo)
ish Agency Sharjah, 18 July 1939.
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Calvin, op.cit. p. 50. (
Miles, Countries and Tribes p. 458.
Molly Izzard. The Gulf Arabia's Western Approaches (
p. 139.
Report for year 1876-1877. (
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Calvin, op.cit. p. 50. (Nt'V
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I.O.R. R/15/6/510 Report for year 1910 p. 78-79. (^ o Y
Peterson, op.cit. p. 73. (\ o i
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Rolling Worth, op.cit. p. 20. (\ o'\
Ibid p. 21. (\oV
. Y V V o^ i3j L- t^j.^ : o JjV (No A
.YVVo-v5^L-ilt^jil
R/1 5/5/329 Administration Report on the Per (\^
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sianGuin 905- 1906.
A^V ij.a ^jJiliJI p^aJI - ,^jtlJI j»-uJill ^Lu^j^ : jAi_x^ (NAN)
I.O. R. R/ 1 5/6/337 Muscat Administmlion Report 1915 {\ It)
I.O.R. R/15/6/199 Conridcntial No. C 206 8 {\M)
December 1938.
I.O.R. R/15/6/199 Confidential, Express Letter from, {\^o
foreign, New Delhi to Political Resident,
Bushirc 23 Jan. 1938
I.O.R. R/15/6/200 Telegram No. C444 from Political {\\\)
Agent Muscat to Political Resident Bushirc
Dated August 7th 1 94 1 .
I.O.R. R/15/6/200 Telegram No. kl5 from Camp (N*\V)
Karachi to Political Agent Muscat Dated 29 June 1 946
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I.O.R R/1 5/5/330 Administration Report Persian Gulf (\V\)
Political Residency 1906-1907
I.O.R. R/1 5/2/231 Confidential D.O.No : CV30 of (\VY)
1933. Political Agency Bahrain 19,January 1933
I.O.R. R/1 5/2/231 From the Residency Agent. (NYV)
wSharjah to Captain Castrell 15 December 1933
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I.O.R. R/15/2/1357 Trade and Commerce, Sugar Trade 8 (^)
Jan. 1932 12 Dec. 1934.
I.O.R. R/15/2/301 Administration Report for year 1945. (Y)
I.O.R. R/1 5/2/344 Indian Business Interests in Bahrain (r)
and tlie Gulf 1932-1949.
. OjV I J.^ Ij j^ I ^1 (£)
.o^ ^y:. gJAll Liu ^^ tj^>«Vl u^LLjj^ll (juat^l •■ fjAj '■^^■■'' yJ*-^ ('>)
Government of Bahrain, Annual Report for (^)
year 1946-1947.
Beling, Willard A. Recent Development in Labur (v)
Relation in Bahrain M.E.J. Vol. 13 Spring 1959.
Fahim Qubain, Social Class and Tension in Bahrain (A)
M.E.J, p. 276.
.\oY t>o cjjjSJI tjKiii : J^l Jajij jj«-> n (A)
LO.R. R/15/2/344 Confidential D.O. No. C/647-9/3 18 {S\)
October 1939.
I.O.R. R/15/2/344 Confidential Letter No. D.O/C/569-9/ (\ Y)
3 Bahrain 24/9/1939.
I.O.R. R/15/5/201 Confidential D.O.No.C/388 Political (\T)
Agency Kuwait 16 Nov. 1939.
I.O.R. R/15/5/201 Confidential D.O. No. C/388 Political {\i)
Agency Kuwait 16 Nov. 1939.
I.O.R. R/15/2/1362 Confidential C.T.B. No. 17, 18 (Nv)
October 1936.
)'\
I.O.R. R/15/2/344 Confidential D.O. No. C/647-913 18 (NA)
October 1939.
Raouf Abbas Hamed, Code of Property - Ownership, (^^)
Commerce and Labour in the Arab East. p. 13.
I.O.R. R/15/2/344, Indian business Interests in (Y \)
Bahrain 1932-1949.
I.O.R. R/15/1/547, Banking in Kuwait 6 (VY)
October 1936 - 27 Mar 1946.
Government of Bahrain, Annual Report for ( y o)
year 1356, 1937.
Ibid. (Yi)
Government of Bahrain, Annual Report for year 1365,(yv)
1945-1946. pp. 16-18.
Government of Bahrain, Annual Report for (YA)
year 1350 Feb. 1939 - Jun. 1940.
,lo^ \M' Jjjjl \A-*\. ja*JI - j^ijaJI Sjj_>3. (Y^)
r - g^LiJi <uaji - ojj^i sj4_>^) Lj^i ^J.^ : g:' -j' -j^ (^0
Government of Bahrain, Annual Report for (rs)
year 1359, 1940-1941.
)'\)
Government of Bahrain, Annual Report for (rx)
year 1365 (1945-1946) pp. 16-18.
Government of Bahrain, Annual Report for (vr)
year 1360 (1941-1942).
Ibid, (ri)
Government of B ahrain, Annual Report for (r o )
year 1362 - Jan. 1943 Dec, 1943.
Government of Bahrain, Annual Report for (n)
year 1364 Jan 1945 - Dec. 1945.
Government of Bahrain, Annual Report for (rv)
year 1367 - 1947-1948.
. N \V\ . <\ o^ ^^J^\ nJ^\ m^ ^^ je^l . i^WllI dUUI ^ic (XA)
I.O.R. R/15/2/344 American Mission Hospitales. To {r\)
Political Agent, Bahrain 25 Spt. 1939.
. \r u- ^^^v ^jU ^^iji ^^\ - JjVi 51^1 - s^ii il- (iv)
Michael Tomkinson, The United Arab Emirates, An in- (lo)
sight and a guide. London 1975.
Government of Bahrain, Annual Report for (n)
year, 1365, 1945-1946.
Government of B ahrain. Annual Report for ( i v)
^IT
year, 1367(1047-1948)
I.O.R. R/15/2/1S3 Slatt Post Oiricc. {i\)
I.O.R. R/ 15/2/302 Report lor yciir 1046. (o.)
A'W N^. tjo.cujSJI oljj liA o^ • jlSLJI -dJI j^ (o\)
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LO.R.R/15/2/344 Imperial Airways Ltd. 1930. (oV)
I.O.R. R/15/2/3()l Report for year 1944. (oi)
I.O.R. R/I5/1/715/2 Reptm 1032 p. 39. (oo)
Government of Bahrain, Annual Report lor year 1356, (ov)
March 1037-1-eb. 193K.
6J>=^^''(^(y^L*^^ba^Lj-^' J:^;^«^' L;'-'^ ^ (oA)
fe*
I.O.R. R/1 5/2/344 Government of Bahrain (\)nndential (o'\)
D.O.No. 183«/22 25Sept. 1030.
Government of Bahrain, Annual Report for year 1357, (■\.)
March 1038- I^eb. 1030.
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I.O.R. R/15/6/536 Persian Gulf. Administration Report (lY)
for the year 1936.
I.O.R. R/15/1/718 Report for year 1938. (\r)
I.O.R. R/1 5/6/537 Administration Report of Bahrain (M)
Agency for the year 1937.
J^^Vo iluj «f-jl^l JiUJI - <-iJj_*JI S jJJ-aJ Ij gAlaJ I oLuiIjJ ila^
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Fahim, Qubain, Social Classes and Tension in Bahrain, ('\^)
(M.E.J.) 1955, p. 277.
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Government of Bahrain, Annual Report for year 1938.
I.O.R. R/15/6/539 Administration Report for year
1939.
I.O.R. R/15/6/540 Administration Report for the
year 1940.
I.O.R. R/15/2/301 Report for year 1941.
I.O.R. R/15/2/299 Report for year 1942.
I.O.R. R/15/2/299 Report for year 1943.
aJj-=^' (^ t^'-'^^'j ^ L""* * J J i*"'l* (jLj-e^ • (j^^V^^'
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I.O.R. R/1 5/2/1 575 Cinema Programmes 6
November 1944.
I.O.R. R/15/2/299 Report for year 1944.
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I.O.R. R/15/2/713 Report on the Security of the Oil. {A^)
I.O.R. R/15/2/1719 The Bahrain Petroleum Company (Av)
Limited 1945-1947.
I.O.R. R/15/6/540 Persian Gulf Administration (aa)
Report 1940
I.O.R. R/15/2/299 Report for year 1941. (A<\)
I.O.R R/15/2/503 Petroleum Development (Qatar) {'\ . )
Limited 1942.
I.O.R. R/15/6/536 Administration Report of Kuwait Po (W)
litical Agency for year 1936.
I.O.R R/15/6/540 Administration Report of Kuwait for Cw)
year 1940.
I.O.R. R/1 5/5/261 Telegram Political Agent Kuwait to (^X)
Political Resident, Bushire No. C/261 16 May 1941.
I.O.R. R/15/5/261 Telegram Political Agent Kuwait to {^i)
Political Resident, Bushire No. C/272 Dated 20 May
1941.
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I.O.R. R/ 15/6/3 5 8 Muscat Intelligence Summary No. 22, (i)
Period 16-30 Nov. 1940.
I.O.R. R/15/6/358 Muscat Intelligence Summary No. 22, (o)
Period 16-30 Nov. 1940.
I.O.R, R/1 5/6/357 Muscat Intelligence Summary for the {^)
Period from 17th - 31st January. 1936 .
I.O.R. R/1 5/6/357 Secret Muscat Intelligence Summary (v)
No. 2, for the Period from 17-31 January. 1 936.
I.O.R. R/15/6/357 Muscat Intelligence Summary No. 7, (A)
for the Period from 1st - 15th May 1937.
I.O.R. R/15/6/358 Muscat Intelligence Summary No. 7 (^)
Period 16-31 March 1 940.
I.O.R. R/15/6/358 Muscat Intelligence Summary No. (^.)
22. Period 16 - 30 Nov. 1940.
[.O.R. R/15/6/358 Muscat Intelligence Summary No. (^\)
13. Period 1-15 September 1941.
[.O.R. R/15/6/358 Muscat Intelligence Summary No. 19. {\x)
Period 16 - 30 Nov. 1942.
[.O.R. R/15/6/359 Muscat Intelligence Summary No. 3.(\r)
Period 1 - 15 Feb. 1944.
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I.O.R. R/15/5/201 Confidential D.O. No. C. 106
Political Agency Kuwait, 18 March 1937.
I.O.R. R/15/5/1/713 Report for 1920.
I.O.R. R/15/1/713/2 Report for 1921.
I.O.R. R/15/1/713/1 Report for 1920.
I.O.R. R/1 5/6/532 Administration Report Persian Gulf
Residencey 1920-1932.
I.O.R. R/15/2/1869 Political Agency Bushire, Persian Gulf, (vy)
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LO.R. R/15/2/1871 Claims of Kachband Karachi, (Xo)
January 1937.
I.O.R. R/15/713/5 Report for 1923. (n)
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Liebesny, Herbert J, Administration and Legal Development ( £)
in Arabia "M.E J. Vol X Winter P. 35,
LO.R. R/15/6/8 From the Secretary of the Government of (V)
India to the Political Resident in the Persian Gulf,
19th Oct. 1875.
)Kumar, R., India and the Persian Gulf P. 66. (A)
Part
(^)
Leibesny, HJ., htemational Relations of Arabia "The (\ • )
Middle East Journal No. 1 (April 1967).
Report on the Administration of the Persian Gulf Political ( \ y)
Residency and Muscat Political Agency for the year 1876-1877P. 5.
obesny Herbert,!., Documents British Jurisdiction iij the States ( \ v)
of the Persian Gulf Middle East Journal 1949 .III P. 3^0.
R/ 15/6/67 Memorandum
Bania
of Muscat praying for the revision of the "Muscat
Order in Council of 1867.
R/15/6/67 The Under Secertary
Secertary
Bombay, Political Dept. Sept. 1 1,1900.
Yi)
I.O.R. R/15/1/297 Rules and Regulations made by His Majesty's {\^)
Consul are Published for general
information, 1911.
LO.R. R/15/1/297 Ordinance for Securing the Control of the Press (W)
During war 25th August 1914.
LO.R. R/15/1/302 Summary of legal Proceedings 1921-1931, (\A)
Muscat Order in Council,
.4jjuiJSPunchayatoLLii\,jJI (\'\)
LO.R. R/15/1/302 Letter No. 385 Major T,C. Fowle, C.B.E. (Y . )
Political Agent & H.B.M,S, Consul, Muscat 21,
March 1931 to Secretary the H'onble the Political
Resident in the Persian Gulf, Bushire,
, WYj^ \^V\ ^jAoJj 4x,>a*JI <JiJ^I - ^^^1 ^aLSJIj ^2,1^ - Mxc J^LcAi
Busch, B.C., Britain and the Persian Gulf P. 337-339.
LO.R. R/15/1/296 Political Agency, Bahrain, Captain C.F.
Mackenzie Political Agent 12th Feb. to Major A.P.
Trevor, First Assistant Resident, Bushire.
LO.R. R/15/1/296 The Bahrain Order in Council 1913.
Marlowe, L, Persian Gulf in the 20th Century P. 40.
.Y^^^^Uo-^'\^£^^^l^l : Lj^jJL^
LO.R. R/15/1/305 Annual Report for Year 1927.
LO.R. R/15/1/305 Annual Report for Year 1932.
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I.O.R. R/15/1/305 Annual Report for Year 1935. (rv)
I.O.R. R/15/1/305 Annual Report for Year 1939. (VA)
I.O.R. R/15/1/305 Annual Report for Year 1942-1943. (r'\)
I.O.R. R/15/1/308 From Political Agent, Kuwait, To Political (iY)
Resident Bushire 21 January 1936.
Rosemarie Zahlan, The Creation of Qater - London 1979 P, 77. (ii)
LO.R. R/15/2/301 Report for Year 1945. (iv)
.^^lill Jx^l jliil (lA)
I.O.R. R/15/1/295 The Political Agent, Sharjah, to the Political {i^)
Resident in the Persian Gulf August 31, 1911.
Rosemarie Zahlan, The Origins of the United Arab Emirates P. (o . )
200.
I.O.R. R/15/2/1865 Political Resident to Political Agent Bahrain, (o^)
5 July 1936.
I.O.R. R/15/1/289 Order in Council Jurisdiction Within the (oY)
Territories of the Rulers of Dubai, Sharjah, Ras-al
JQiaimah, Ajman, Umm al Qawain, Abu Dahbi and
Kalba 21st Dec. 1946.
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(l)^|uLal«*
TREATY OF PEACE IN PERPETUITY agreed upon the
CHIEFS of the ARABIAN COAST IN BELEALF OF
THEMSELVES, their THIRS and SUCCESSORS, under the
mediation of the Resident in the PERSIAN GULF, 1853.
We, whose Seals are hereunto affixed, Sheikh Sultan bin
Suggur, chief of Rass-oo-Khaimah, Sheikh Saeed bin Tahnoon
chief of Aboo Shebbee, of Ejman, Sheikh Abdoola bin Rashed,
Chief of Umm-oof-Kheiweyn having experienced for a series
of years the benefits and advantages resulting from a maritime
truce contracted amongst ourselves under the mediation of the
Resident in the Persian Gulf and renewed from time to time up
to the present period, and being fully impressed, therefore, with
a sense of the evil consequence formerly arising, from the pros-
ecution of our feuds at sea, whereby our subjects and de-
pendants were prevented from carrying on the pearly fishery in
security, and were exposed to inter ruption and molestation
when passing on their lawful occasions, accordingly, we, as
aforesaid have determined, for ourselves, our heirs and suc-
cessors to conclude together a lasting and inviolable peace
from this time forth in perpetuity and do hereby agree to bind
ourselves down to observe the following conditions :-
ARTICLE L
That from this date, vis, 25th Rujjub 1269 4th May 1853 and
hereafter, there shall be a complete cessation of hostilities at
sea between our respective subjects and dependants and a per-
fect maritime truce shall endure between ourselves and be-
tween our successors, respectively, for evermore.
r^r
ARTICLE 2
That in the event (which god forbid) of any of our subjects or
dependants committing an act of aggression at sea upon the
lives or property of those of any of tihie parties to this agree-
ment, we will immediately punish the assailants and proceed to
afford full redress upon the same being brought to our notice.
ARTICLE 3
That in the event of an act of aggression being committed at
sea by any of those who are subscribers with us to this engage-
ment upon any of our subjects or dependants, we will not pro-
ceed immediately to retaliate, but will inform the British
Resident or the commodore at Bassidore, who will forth with
take the necessary steps for obtaining reparation for the injury
infected, provided that its occurrence can be satisfactorily
proved.
We further agree that the maintenance of the peace now con-
cluded amongst us shall be watched over by the British
Government, who will take steps to ensure at all time the due
observance of the above Articles, and God of this is the best
witness and guarantee.
L.S. (sd.) ABDOOLLA BIN RASHED,
Chief of Ummool Keiwyn.
L.S. (sd.) HAMED BIN RASHED
Chief of Ejman.
(sd.) SAEED BIN BUTYR
Chief of Dub ay
(sd.) SAEED BIN TAIINOON
Cheif of the B eniy as
(sd.) SULTAN BIN SUGGAR
Chief of the Foasmees
Approved by the Governor General in Council on 24th
August 1853
jjjoi:! ^!ii4i *
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(r)^,UiaJL»*
TREATY OF COMMERCE BETWEEN HER MAJESTY
THE QUEEN OF THE UNITED KINGDON OF GREAT
BRITAIN AND IRELAND AND HIS HIGHNESS SULTAN
SEID SAEED BIN SULTAN, IMAM OF MUSCAT - 1839.
Preamble - Her Majesty the Queen of the United Kingdom
of Great Britain and Ireland, and His Highness the Sultan of
Muscat and is dependencies, being Dseirous to confirm and
strengthen the good understanding which now subsists between
them, and to promote by means of a convention the com-
mercial intercourse between their respective subjects, and His
Highness the Sultan of Muscat being, moreover, desirous to
record in a more formal manner the engagements entered into
by His Highness on the 10th of September 1822, for the per-
petual abolition of the slave trade between the dominions of
His Highness and all Christian nations, they have accordingly
appounted as the pleni potentiaries, that is to say, Robert co-
gan, Esq., a Captain in the Naval Service of the East India
Company, on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen of the United
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland, & c. and Hasin bin
Ebrahim, and Ali bin Naser on behalf of His Highness the
Sultan of Muscat, &c., &c. who having conamunicated their
full powers found to be in due and proper form, have agreed
upon and concluded the following articles :-
ARTICLE I
The subjects of His Highness the Sultan of Muscat shall
be at liberty to enter, reside in, trade with and pass with
their merchandize through all parts of Her Britannic Majesty's
dominious in Europe and in Asia, and shall enjoy in those
dominions all die privileges and advantages, with respect to
Tdd
commerce of otherwise, which are or may be accorded therein
to the subjects or citizens of the most favoured nations and the
subjects of Her Britannic Majesty shall, in like manner, have
full liberty to enter, reside in trade with and pass with their
merchandise through all parts of the dominions of His
Highness the Sultan of Muscat and shall in those dominions en-
joy all the privileges and advantages, with respect to commerce
or otherwise, which are or may be accorded therein to the sub-
jects of citizens of the most favored nation.
ARTICLE 2
British subjects shall be at liberty to purchase, sell, or hire
land or houses in the dominions of His Highness the Sultan of
Muscat.
The houses, ware-houses, or other premises of British sub-
jects, or of persons actually in the service of British subjects in
the dominions of His Highness the Sultan of Muscat, shall not
be forcibly entered, nor on any pretext searched without the
consent of the occupier, unless with the cognizance of the con-
sul or British resident Agent. But such consul or Resident
Agent, on just cause being adduced by the authorities of His
Higness the Sultan of Muscat, shall send a competent person,
who, in concert with the officers of His Highness the Sultan of
Muscat, shall conduct the search and shall prevent the use of
unnecessary violence or of improper resistance.
The two high contracting parties acknowledge reciprocally
to each other the right of appointing consuls to reside in each
other's dominions wherever the interest of commerce may re-
quire the presence of such officers, and such conculs shall
at all time be placed in the country in which they reside on
the footing of the consuls of the most fovoured nations. Each of
the High contracting parties further agrees to permit his own
subjects to be appointed to consular offices by the other con-
tracting parties provided always that the persons so appointed
rM
shall not begin to act without the previous approbation of the
sovereign whose subject they may be.
The public functionaries of their government residing in the
dominions of the other shall enjoy the same privileges, im-
munities and exemptions which are enjoyed within the same
dominions by similar public functionaries of other countries.
ARTICLE 4
Subjects of the dominions of His Highness the Sultan of
Muscat, actually in the service of British subjects in those do-
minions, shall enjoy the same protection which is granted to
British subjects themselves, but if such subjects of the domin-
ions of His Highness the Sultan of Muscat shall be convicted of
any crime or infraction of the law requiring punishment, they
shall be discharged by the British subject in whose service they
may be and shall be delivered over to the authorities of His
Highness the Sultan of Muscat.
ARTICLE 5
Muscat
not interfere in disputes between British subjects or between
and
When
Muscat
[plainant.
British consul or Resident Agent, who shall administer justice
thereupon. But if the British subject is the complainant against
any other M^omedan
Muscat
Muscat
the
case the cause shall not be proceeded except in the presence of
the British Consul or Resident Agent, or of some person de-
puted by one or other of them, who shall attend at the court
House, or where such matter shall be tried. In causes between a
rav
and a native of the dominios of His Highness the
Sultan of muscat, whether tried before the
authority
received.
Sultan of Muscat, the evidence of a man
ilse testimony on a former occas!
ARTICLE 6
The property of a British subject who may die in the domin-
ions of His Highness the Sultan of Muscat, or of a subject of
His Highness the Sultan of Muscat who may die in the British
dominions, shall be delivered over to their heirs, or executors,
or administrators of the deceased, or to the respective. Consul
or Resident Agent of the Contracting parties, in default of such
heirs, or executors, or administrators.
ARTICLE 7
If a British subject shall become bankrupt in the dominions
of His Highness the Sultan of Muscat, the British concul of
Resident Agent shall take possession of all the property of such
bankrupt, and shall give up to his creditors to be divided among
them. This having been done, the bankrupt shall be entitled to
full discharge of his creditors, and he shall not at any time af-
terwards be required to make up his deficiency, nor shall any
property he may afterwards acquire be considered liable for that
purpose. But the British Consul or Resident Agent shall use his
endeavours to obtain, for the benefit of the creditors, »certain
that everything possessed by the bankmpt at the time when he
became insolvent has been given up without reserve.
ARTICLE 8
If a subject of His Highness the Sultan of Muscat should resist or
YCi^
evade payment of his just debts to a British subject the authorities
of His Highness shall afford to the British subject every aid and
facility in recovering the amount due, and in like manner the
British consul or Resident Agent shall afford every aid and fa-
cility to subjects of His Highness the Sultan of Muscat in re-
covering debts justly due to them from a British subject.
ARTICLE 9
No duty exceeding 5 percent, shall be levied at the place of
entry in the dominions of His Highness the Sultan of Muscat
on any goods, the grov^th, produce, or manufacture of the do-
minions of Her Britanic Majesty imported by British vessels,
and this duty shall be deemed to be a full payment of all import
and export and tonnage duties of license to trade of pilotage
and anchorage, and of any other charge by government what-
ever upon the vessels or upon the goods so imported or ex-
ported nor shall any charge be made on that part of the cargo
which may remain on board unsold, and no additional or higher
duty shall be levied upon these goods when afterwords trans-
ported from one place to another in the dominions of His
Highness; but the above-mentioned duly having once been
paid, the goods may be sold by wholesale or retail without any
further duty. No charge whatever shall be made on British ves-
sels which may enter the port of His Highness for the purpose
of retiffing or for refreshments, or to enquire about the state of
the market.
ARTICLE 10
No articles whatever shall be prohibited from being imported
into or exported from the territories of His Highness the Sultan
of Muscat, but the trade between the dominions of Her
Britannic Majesty and those of His Highness the Sultan
of Muscat shall be perfectly free, subject to the above men-
tioned duty upon goods imported, and to no other and His
Highness the Sultan of Muscat hereby engages not to permit
roa
establishment of any monopoly or exclusive privileg
within his dominions except in the articles of ivory and
part ot the East Coast of Africa from
both
Quila
south
es in His Highness's dominions there shall be no monopoly
whatever, but the subjects of Her Britannic Majesty shall be at
liberty to buy and sell with perfect freedom from whomsoever
and to whomsoever they chose, subject to no other duty by gov-
than
ARTICLE 11
If any disputes should arise in the dominions of His Highness
the Sultan of Muscat as to the value of goods which shall be
imported by British Merchants, and on which the duty of 3 per-
cent is to be levied, the Custom Master, or other authorized of-
ficer acting on the part of Government of His Highness the
Sultan of Muscat, shall be entitled to demand one-twentieth
part of the goods in lieu of the payment of 5 per cent and the
Merchant shall be bound to surrender the twentieth part to de-
manded whenever from the nature of the articles, it may be
practicable to do so, but the Merchant having done so, shall be
subject to no futher demand on account of customs on the other
nineteen-twentieths of those goods in any part of the dominions
of His Highness the Sultan of Muscat to which he may trans-
port them. But if the Custom Master should object to levy the
duty in the manner aforesaid by taking one-twentieth part of the
goods, or if the goods should not admit to being so divided then
the point in dispute shall be referred to two competent persons,
one chosen by the custom Master and the other by the importer,
and a valuation of the goods and shall be made, and if the re-
ferees differ in opinion they shall appoint an arbitrator, whose
decision shall be final, and the duty shall be levied according to
the value thus established.
ri
ARTICLE 12
It shall not be lawful for any British Merchant to expose his
goods for sale for the space of there days after the arrival of
such goods, unless before the expiration of such three days, the
importer and Custom Master shall have agreed as to the value
of such goods. If the Custom Master shall not within three days
have accepted one of the two modes proposed for ascertaining
the value of the goods, the authorities of His Highness the
Sultan of Muscat, on application being made to them to that ef-
fect, shall compel the custom Master to choose one of the two
modes by which the amount of the customs to be levied is to be
determined.
ARTICLE 13
If it shall happen that either the Queen of England or His
Highness the Sultan of Muscat should be at war with another
country, the subject of her Britannic Majesty and the subjects
of His Highness, the Sultan of Muscat shall nevertheless be al-
lowed to pass such country through the dominions of either
power witih merchandize of every description except warlike
stores, but they shall not be allowed to enter any port or place
actually blockaded or besieged.
ARTICLE 14
Should a vessel under the British flag enter a port in the do-
minions of His Highness the Sultan of Muscat in distress, the
local authorities at such port shall afford all necessary aid to
enable the vessel to reUt and to prosecute her voyage, and if
any such vessel should be wrecked on the coast of the domin-
ions of His Highness the Sultan of Muscat, the authorities
of His Highness shall give all the assistance in their power to
recover and to deliver over to the owners all the property that
can be saved from such vessel. The same assistance and pro-
ni
tection shall be afforded to vessels of the dominions of His
Highness the Sultan of Muscat; and property have therefore un-
der similar circumstances in the ports and on the coast of the
British dominions.
ARTICLE 15
His Highness the Sultan of Muscat thereby renews and con-
firms the engagements entered into by His Highness with Great
Britain on the 10th of September 1822 for the entire suppres-
sion of slave trade between his dominions and all Christian
countries, and His Highness fmther engages that the ships and
vessels of war belonging to the East India Company shall be al-
lowed to give full force and effect to the stipulations of the
said. Treaty, agreeably with the conditions prescribed therein,
and in the same manner - as the ships and vessels of Her
Britannic Majesty.
ARTICLE 16
It is further acknowledged and declared by the high contract-
ing parties that nothing in this convention is intended in any
way to interfere with or rescind of the right of privileges now
enjoyed by the subjects of His Highness the Sultan of Muscat
in respect of commerce and navigation within the limits of the
East India Company's Charter.
ARTICLE 17
The present Convention shall be ratified, and the rat-
ifications there of shall be exchanged at Muscat or Zanzibar as
soon as possible, and in any case, within the space of fifteen
months from the date there of.
Done on the Island and at the Town of Zanzibar this thirty-
first day of May in the year of Christ eighteen hundred and
thirty nine, corresponding with the seventeenth of the month
Rubbee-ul-Awul of the Ul Hegira twelve hundred and fifty-
nr
five.
FROM OF DECLARATION MADE ON THE PART
OF THE BRITISH GOVERNMENT PREVIOUS TO
EXCHANGE OF THE RATIHC ATIONS .
The undersidned samuel Hennell, Esq., a Captain in the
Miltary service of the East India Company, and Resident in the
Persian Gulf, appointed on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen of
the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland to exchange
Her Majesty's retification of the Treaty of Commerce con-
cluded at Zanzibar, on the 31st May 1839, by Robert Cogan,
Esq., a Captain in the Naval service of the East India Company
on the part of Her Said Majesty, and by Hassan bin Ebrahim,
and Mahabat Ali Bin Nasir, on the part of His Highness the
Sultan of Muscat, against the ratification of the same Treaty by
his Highness the Sultan of Muscat, is Commanded, by the
Queen, in order to avoid any possible misunderstanding as to
the meaning of the words contained in the ninth Article of the
said Treaty, "any other charge by Government whatever", to
declare to Syud Mahamed Ibin Syud shurruf, appointed by His
Highness the Sultan of Muscat to exchange his Highness's rat-
ification, that the aforesaid words are by Her Majesty taken and
understood to mean "any other charge whatever made by the
Government or by any local authority of the government".
Muscat, this twenty-second day of July 1840.
L.S. (sd.) S. HENNELL.
4^15^1 <>iis: *
rir
(P) ^|uuala:jc
TERMS OF A FRIENDLY CONVENTION ENTERED
INTO BETWEEN SHEIKH MAHOMED BIN KHULEEFA,
INDEPENDENT RULER OF BAHREIN, ON THE PART OF
HIMSELIF AND SUCCESSORS, and CAPTAIN FELIX
JONES, HER MAJESTY'S INDIAN NAVY, POLITICAL
RESIDENT OF HER BRITANNIC MAJESTY in the GULF
OF PERSIA on the part of the BRITISH GOVERNMENT -
1861.
Preliminary - Considering the tribe disorders which arisa and
are perpetuated from maritime aggressions in the Persian Gulf,
I, Sheikh Mahomed bin Khuleef a, independent ruler of B ahrein,
on my own part and on that of my heirs and successors, in the
presence of title Chiefs and elders who are witnesses to this doc-
ument, do subscribe and agree to a perpetual Treaty of peace
and friendship with the British Government, having for its ob-
ject tihie advancement of trade and the security of all classes of
people nagivating or residing upon the coasts of this see.
ARTICLE 1
I recognize as valid and in force all former tratles and con-
ventions agreed to between the Chiefs of Bahrein and the
British Government, either direct or through the mediation of
its representatives in tihis Gulf.
ARTICLE 2
maritime aggressions of every
m
scription, from the proceution of war, piracy, and slavery by
sea, so long as I receive the support of the British Government
in the maintenance of the security of my own possessions
against similar aggressions directed against them by the Chiefs
and tribes of this Gulf.
ARTICLE 3
In order that the above engagements may be fulfilled I agree
to make known all aggressions and depredations which may be
designed or have place at sea, against myself, territories, or
subject, as early as possible to the British Resident in the
Persian Gulf, as the arbitrator in such cases, promising that no
act of aggression or retaliation shall be committed at sea by
Bahreins or in the name of Bahrein, by myself or others under
me, on other tribe, without his consent or that of the British
Government, if it should be necessary to procure it. And the
British Resident engages that he will, forthwith that necessary
steps for obtaining reparation for every injury proved to have
been inflicted or in course of inflication by sea upon Bahrein or
upon its dependencies in this Gulf. In like manner, I, Sheikh
Mahomed bin Khuleefa, will afford - full redress for all mar-
itime offences, which in justice can be charged against my sub-
jects or myself, as the ruler of Bahrein.
ARTICLE 4
British subjects of every denomination, it is understood, may
reside in, and carry on their lawful trade in the territories of
Bahrein their goods being subject only to an ad valorem duty
of 5 per cent, in cash or in kind. This amount once paid shall
not be demanded again on the same goods if exported from
Bahrein to other places and in respect to the treatment of
British subjects and dependants they shall receive the treatment
and consideration of the subject and dependants of the most fa-
voured people. All offences which they may commit, or which
may be committed against them, shall be reserved for the de-
rifl
cisions of the British Resident, provided the British Agent lo-
cated at Bahrein will use his good offices for the welfare of like
manner the British Resident will use his good offices for the
welfare of the subjects of Bahrein in the ports of the maritime
Arab tribes of this Gulf in alliance with the British
Government,
ARTICLE 5
These Articles of alUance shall have effect from the date of
ratification or approval by the British Government.
Done at Bahrein this twentieth day of zilkad, in the year of
the Hegira 1277, corresponding with the thirty-first day of May
186L
Signature and seal of felix jones
Political Resident in the persian Gulf
Seal of Sheikh
Mahomed
Ruler of
Bahrein .
Seal of Sheikh
Ali Bin
Khuleefa,
Brother of
the above.
Seal of
Sheikh
Hands bin
Mahomed,
Cousin of
Sheikh
Mahomed.
rii
Seal of
Sheikh
Ahmed bin
Mubarak,
Cousin of
Sheikh
Mahomed
Seal of
Sheikh
Khuleefa bin Mahomed,
Cousin of
Sheikh
Mahomed.
Approved by his Excellency the Governor- Gerneral in
Council on the 9th October, 1861, and ratified by the
Government of M Bombay on 25th February 1862.
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I.O.R. R/15/6/25 Government of India to Major Cox
Political agent at Maskat.
LO.R. R/15/6/25 Major Cox his Britannic Majesty's
consul and political Agent, Maskat to the Marquess of
Lansdowre.
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Aitchison, Vol XII Appendices Appendix No. L
i
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«9
«• *
India Office Records : I.O.R.
A, Political Residency, Bushire, (R/15/1)
1) I.O.R. R/15/1/229 Slave Traffic in the Gulf 6 Jan. 1927-3
Jan. 1930.
2) R/1 5/1/267 Ajman Affairs 26 Oct. 1910-27 Aug. 1921.
3) R/1 5/1/289 Jurisdiction in the Trucial Shaikhdoms. 15
Mar. 1938 - 21 Apr. 1947.
4) R/1 5/1/295 Judicial-Proposed Trucial Coast order in
Council 6 Nov. 1910-7 Dec. 1943.
5) R/15/1/296 Order in Council for Bahrain, Trucial Coast and
the Gulf 12 Feb. 1910 - 14 April 1942.
6) R/15/1/297 Muscat Order in Council - New Regulations 13
Feb. 1917 -22 Jul. 1935.
7) R/1 5/1/302 Annual Report on the working of the Muscat
Order in Council 29 Jan 1917 - llJan. 1948.
8) R/1 5/1/347 Bahrain Levy Corps 24 Jan 1924 - 31
Dec. 1936.
9) R/15/1/348 Armed Police in Bahrain 13 Feb. 1930 - 2
Dec. 1944.
10) R/15/1/349 PearUng in Bahrain 17 Feb. 1924 - 30 Jul.
1936.
1 1) R/15/1/427 Muscat Levy Corps 14 Oct. 1913 - 23 Dec.
1921.
12) R/15/1/428 Muscat Levy Corps 5 Jan 1922 - 23 Jul. 1925.
13) R/15/1/460 Batinah date trade 15 Nov. 1927 - 28 Aug
1931.
14) R/15/1/547 Banking in Kuwait 6 Oct. 1936 - 27 Mar. 1946.
i'T
B, Political Agency, Bahrain, (R/15/2)
1) LO.R. R/15/2/183 Staff Post Office.
2) R/ 15/2/23 1 Appointment of Director of Customs at Sharjah
15 Dec. 1932 -8 Feb. 1933.
3) R/1 5/2/234 Dhamanmal Issardas 11 Mar. 1933 - 22
April 1933.
4) R/15/2/299 Report for year 1942.
5) R/1 5/2/301 Bahrain Agency Administration Report for
year 1945.
6) R/15/2/344 Indian business in Bahrain and the Gulf 1 1
Aug. 1932 - 25 Apr. 1949.
7) R/1 5/2/3 5 1 Smuggling between the Gulf and India 5 Sept
1934 - 13 Apr. 1941.
8) R/15/2/503 Bapco Resignations Leave and discharge 25
May 1942 - 4 Jan. 1943.
9) R./15/2/713 Staff Office Bahrain 12 April 1946.
10) R/15/2/1357 Sugar Trade 8 Jan 1932 - 12 Dec. 1934.
11) R/1 5/2/1 362 Enquiries reports about trading companies in
Bahrain 14 Jul. 1936 - 16 Junl941.
12) R/15/2/1515 Bahrain Sports Club 19 Jan. 1928 - Jan. 1945.
13) R/1 5/2/1 565 School for Indian Children in Bahrain 18
Feb. 1941 -16 Jul. 1941.
14) R/15/2/1575 Cinema Programmes 6 Nov. 1944 - 29
Oct. 1947.
15) R/15/2/1719 Labour employed by Bapco 27 Dec. 1944 -
23 Dec. 1950.
16) R/15/2/1823 Anglican Church at Bahrain 20 Oct. 1943 - 23
Jul. 1947.
17) R/15/2/1865 News Reports 1 Jan. 1935 - 18 Dec. 1936.
18) R/15/2/1869 vimmal valabdas of Dubai 10 Nov. 1933 - 28
Mar. 1938.
19) R/1 5/2/ 1871 Messrs Kuchband Damodardas of Karachi, 27
Feb. 1936 -6 Apr. 1938.
C, Political Agency Kuwait (R/15/5)
1) LO.R. R/15/5/201 Exclusion of prosperous Indians from
Kuwait 16 Jul 1936 - 16 Nov. 1939.
i'i
2) R/15/5/261 Koc (Kuwait Oil Company) and personnel 3
May 1941 - 27 Jul 1945.
3) R/1 5/5/329 Administration Report Persian Gulf, 1905 -
1906.
4) R/1 5/5/330 Administration Report, Persian Gulf 1906 -
1907.
5) R/15/5/331 Administration Report, Persian Gulf 1907 -
1908.
6) R/1 5/5/3 3 8 Administration Report, Persian Gulf 1 9 1 4.
7) R/1 5/5/342 Administration Report, Persian Gulf 1918.
8) R/15/5/347 Administration Report, Persian Gulf 1923
9) R/1 5/5/348 Administration Report, Persian Gulf 1924.
10) R/1 5/5/349 Administration Report, Persian Gulf 1925.
1 1) R/1 5/5/350 Administration Report, Persian Gulf 1926.
12) R/1 5/5/351 Administration Report, Persian Gulf 1927.
13) R/1 5/5/353 Administration Report, Persian Gulf 1929.
D, Political Agency Muscat (R/1 5/6)
1) I.O.R. R/15/6/8 Political Correspondence Dec. 1894-
Aug. 1875.
2) R/1 5/6/25 Transfer and Registration of Property in Oman
28 Aug. 1902 - 27 Nov. 1903.
3) R/15/6/67 Muscat Order in Council 1867.
4) R/15/6/199 Jurisdiction in the Trucial Shaikhdom 15
Mar. 1938 - 21 April 1947.
5) R/15/6/200 Director - General of Customs, 14 Mar. 1941 -
25 Sept. 1948.
6) R/15/6/337 Muscat Administration Report 1911 - 1930.
7) R/15/6/338 Muscat Administration Report 1934- 1941.
8) R/ 15/6/340 Muscat Administration Report 1947.
9) R/1 5/6/357 Muscat Intelligence Summary 1 Jan. 1936 - 13
Dec. 1939.
10) R/15/6/358 Muscat Intelligence Summary Dec. 1939 -
Dec. 1942.
1 1) R/1 5/6/3 59 Muscat Intelligence Summary Jan. 1943 -
Dec. 1945.
£-fl
12) R/ 15/6/3 60 Muscat Intelligence Summary Jan. 1946 -
Dec. 1947.
13) R/1 5/6/372 Desecration of grave-yards and subsequent
Baluchi / Ismail disputes 4 Aug. 1930 - 15 Aug. 1931.
14) R/15/6/508 Persian Gulf Administration Report 1908.
1 5) R/1 5/6/5 1 Persian Gulf Administration Report 1910.
16) R/1 5/6/528 Persian Gulf Administration Report 1928.
17) R/15/6/530 Persian Gulf Administration Report 1930.
18) R/15/6/531 Persian Gulf Administration Report 1931.
19) R/15/6/532 Persian Gulf Administration Report 1932.
20) R/15/6/534 Persian Gulf Administration Report 1934.
21) R/15/6/536 Persian Gulf Administration Report 1936.
22) R/15/6/537 Persian Gulf Administration Report 1937.
23) R/1 5/6/539 Persian Gulf Administration Report 1939.
24) R/15/6/540 Persian Gulf Administration Report 1940.
E, I.O.R.
1) R/15/1/711/lReportfor year 1911.
2) R/15/l/711/3Reportforyearl913.
3) R/15/1/712 Report for year 1916.
4) R/15/1/712/4 Report for year 1918.
5) R/15/13/1 Report for year 1920.
6) R/15/13/2 Report for year 1921.
7) R/15/13/5 Report for year 1923.
8) R/15/715/2 Report for year 1932.
9) R/15/718 Report for year 1938.
F,
1) Report for years 1872 - 1876.
2) Report for years 1876 - 1877.
f- ^jl U>ij i5J ^ ' ^>* L> *=*J(>*-«» (^)
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A, Government of Bahrain
1) Annual Report for year 1937.
2) Annual Report for year March 1937 - Feb. 1938.
3) Annual Report for year March 1938 - Feb. 1939.
4) Annual Report for year Feb. 1939 - Jun. 1940.
5) Annual Report for year 1 940 - 1 94 1 .
6) Annual Report for year 1941 - 1942.
7) Annual Report for year Jan. 1943 - Dec. 1943.
8) Annual Report for year Jan. 1945 - Dec. 1945.
9) Annual Report for year 1945 - 1946.
10) Annual Report for year 1946 - 1947.
11) Annual Report for year 1947 - 1948.
B, Aitchison C. U.
A Collection of Treaties, Engugements and Sanads Relating to
India and Neighbouring Countries Vol. XII Calcutta 1909.
-^l-L.ii|3(I)
Islamic
University of London vol. L.XLIV part
and African
Middle East Journal, Quarterly
Washingt
£-V
4) Moslem World vol. XVIII April 1928.
5) Population and Development Review 8 No. 1 - March 1 982
(<l=^)i.L^Vl (N)
(a^)ljli^l3!l^l (Y)
<jjil ol->,^ I Ajixllj oLjLgjV I <J^ <jl»^ (o
i-A
(^) c^J*JI ^\ (V)
N^Vo dJI^I jjxil
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(ijjf^ -^ ^) p Lu^ I 0)
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.^^VY jjjis^l or aj*ii
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• Li^l ^ij^ (1)
1) Abbas, Raouf Hamed : Codes of Property Ownership,
Commerce and labour in the Arab East. A case Study of
Eastern Arabia, V.R.F. Series No. 51. Tokyo.
2) Belgrave, Sir Charles
The Pirate Coast, Second Impression.
Beirut 1972.
3) Belgrave, James
Welcome to B ahrain
London 1954.
4) Bush, B.C.
Britain and the Persian Gulf 1894-1914
California 1967.
i)
5) David E. Long The Persian Gulf
U.S.Westview
Press 1976.
6) Fenelon, K. G.
TTie United Arab Emirates
An Economic & Social Survey, Second Edition
London 1976.
7) Frauke Heard-Bey
From Trucial States to United Arab Emirates
London 1982
8) Hawley, Donald
The Trucial States.
London 1970.
9) Hollings Worth, L.W.
The Asian of East Africa.
New York 1 960
10) Kucchal, S.C.
Industrial Economy of India, Allahbad 1963
11) Kumar, Ravinder
India and the Persian region 1858-1907
Bombay 1965.
12) Mahdi Abudulla-Al-Tajir
Longuage and Linquistic Origins in Bahrain
London 1982
1 3) Marlowe, John
The Persian Gulf in the 20th, Century.
London 1 962
i))
14) Michael, T.
The United Arab Emirates - An insight and a guide.
London 1975.
15) Miles, S.B.
The Countries and Tribes of the Persian Gulf Second Edition
London 1966.
16) Mockler
Baluch and their Race. Labor 1895.
17) Molly Izzard
The Gulf Arabia's western Approaches.
London 1979.
18) Oshca, Raymond
The Sand Kind's of Oman.
London 1947.
19) Palgrave, W.C.
Central and Eastern Arabia 1 862- 1 863
Vol. II
London 1865.
20) Peterson, J.E.
Oman in 20th Century
London 1978
21) The Origins of United Arab Emirates . A Political and
Social History of the Trucial Stales.
London 1978
22) Rosemarie Said Zahlan
The Creation of Qatar.
London 1979.
23) Syed, Mujtaba, Ali
in
The Origin of the khojah and their Religious Life today
Bonn 1936.
24) Wendell Phillips
Unknow Oman,
Beirut 1970.
25) Zwemer, S.M.
Arabia the Cardie of Islam
New York 1899.
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A
•w
iVT
THE
INDIAN
EXISTENCE
IN
THE
ARABIAN
GULF
820
947
chose the subject of the Indian existence in the
Arabian Gulf (1820 - 1947) because I wanted to find out
the historical origins of the Indian migration to the Gulf
region, for while researchers have concentrated on the
contemporary migration and its dangerous effects on the
region, they have neglected the study of this migration
before the oil discovery. "
In view of the objectives of this research, the period I
chose to study is from 1820 to 1947, for the year 1820
witnessed the formulation of the first unequivalent trea-
ty between Britain and the Sheiks of the region. As for
the year 1947, its historical evolution helped India get its
independence, and then it was divided into India and
Pakistan, which had its effect on the people of this com-
munity living on their land and out of it.
divided the research into an introduction and seven
chapters. I started with an introduction, for the past ex-
Dlains what happens in the present time. Therefore, first
discussed the commercial relationships between India
and the Gulf region, for the Indian existence emanated
from these relationships, as the archaeological missions
found out that the commercial exchanges happend since
the BC ages - and it flourished in the periods after Islam,
and then continued throughout the Portugese invation and
the colonial rivalry.
J
As a result of the commercial relationships between
the two regions, some Arabic groups settled down in
India, and some Indian groups in the Gulf region, for the
historical events proved that the Pre-lslamic Arabs went
to the Indian coasts In order to trade with its people, and
also the Arabic armies arrived to these regions in order to
spread the Islamic religion.
Moreover, a small community of the Gulf, wich had its
stable position was formed in Bombay for commercial and
rntellectual purposes. However, these families preferred
to return to their home least their children would foraet
their historical origins. ^
III
The Indian traders in turn arrived to the Gulf coasts
since the beginning of the Islamic period, and they settled
down in the region on a permanent basis.
And while the Indian existence had pre-dated the
British domination over the Gulf since 1820, it surely had
its effect in increasing the magnitude of this existence.
In the first chapter of the research, I discussed the
Indian existence after 1820. I started it with a dis-
cussion of the impact of the British treaties on the Indian
existence by following the texts concerning the treaties
between Britain and the Arabic governors on the Gulf
coasts, which caused the Indians to grow much faster in
the areas under the ruling of these governors.
I also discussed the racial origins of the coming
Indians, and I concentrated my study on Hindus and Khoja
who enjoyed the British protection.
also concentrated my study on these regions from
which the Indians came t Oman, for this actually presents
the beginning of the migration and the movement of these
people throughout the Arabic Gulf region.
I also talked about the Gulf regions where the Indians
concentrated, which changed according to the expansion of
the British control, for whereever this control was prev-
alent, the Indian concentration was great. In contrast, It
decreased in the regions which stayed intact by this con-
trol such as Kuwait and Qatar.
As for the second chapter, its title is " The Economic
activities of the Indians in the period of Pearling".
Actually, the Indians formed groups of traders and
Tawawish in the diving seasons. In this chapter, I dis-
cussed the principal elements on which the pearl economy
was based, such as the pearling boats, the diving places,
the diving seasons, the dividing system, and the pearl
commerce. I also made clear the role of the Inlans in
these parts.
IV
In this chapter, I studies the transit commerce and the
Gulf as a storehouse for the Indians, for Oman took the
first position in controlling the distribution of the goods
and products to the Indian Ocean west coast before the
sixties of the 19th century, and it was involved in the
Indian commercial system which was a part of the inter-
national economic system since the 1 6th century.
also clarified the role of the Indians in the slaves and
arms trade, gold smuggling, and coins forge.
Moreover, the increase of the capitals in the Indian
hands led to their investment in other fields, such as the
ownership of lands and buildings in the Gulf. Also as a re-
sult of the icnrease in the magnitude of the commercial
exchanges between India and the Gulf, the Indian currency
normally prevailed in the Gulf region.
I also talked about the most important stores, whose
names apeared in the Gulf, through the meetings I got with
the grandsons of this community, who are still settling
permanently In the region.
I ended the second chapter by talking about the Indian
role in the governmental administrative system, and the
customs administration. After that, the Gulf governors
have been depending upon the Indian trading community in
a period when the people of the Gulf had no qualifications.
I titled the third chapter "The Indian Economic Activity
in the Oil period" to continue the subject where I studied
their activities before this period.
In this chapter, I discussed the downfall of the pearl
economy and the appearance of a new group trained in the
oil firms, specially in Bahrain, which constituted the first
consession to search for the oil. Also, a trading class of
the Gulf appeared to compete with the Indian traders. The
oil discovery also led to the existence of trained Indians
in Kuwait and Qatar.
In this chapter, I explained the development of the ad-
V
ministrative system and the using of Indians in the health
administration, the mail and passport administration, the
empire airlines companies, and the wire and wireless
companies. Actually, one Indian was able to be a head of
the clerks, and anotehr a head of the accounts In the
Bahrain government.
Therefore, it was expected that the natives would react
to this Indian prevalence in most jobs In the oil and gov-
ernmental firms which took the form of the strikes of
1938 and 1943 in Bahrain.
In the fourth chapter, I talked about the Inian social
life in the Gulf, for all the Indians from different re-
ligions formed closed communities to the Arabs, and
while the Khoga community had brought its families, the
Hindus preferred to keep their families in India because
they were afraid of the harshness of the weather and
their coming into a completely different environment.
I also explained the religious ceremonies of the Khoga
community, which are the ShI'is and the Hindus cer-
emonies, such as the Dewali feast, which represents the
New Year feast for the Hindus. It is considered an of-
ficial holidya on which the British banks are closed,
I also talked about the Indian organization which had
their own political and social flavor, such as some so-
cieties which represented the community in Its political
matters. These societies ran most of the Hindus
Organizations, such as schools, mosques, and possessions.
There were also the clubs which allowed them to enjoy a
social and sporting life that was prohibited to the Arabs.
terminated this chapter by talking about some phe-
nomenon resulting from the Indian influence on the Gulf
community with regard to the language, dressings, and
meals, while the Indian community did not change its cus-
toms and social traditions, for it kept them as if it still
lived in India because of its isolation, specially the
Hindus. In contrast, the Arabs who visited India were af-
fected by the arts and the commercial expressions.
VI
In the fifth chapter, I discussed the effect of the polit-
ical conditions on the Indian communities, and I divided it
into two parts.
In the first part, I dealt with the impact of the rulers
policies towards the Indians, for there was a close re-
lationship between the policies of the ruling class in the
Gulf and the surrounding conditions. There were no stable
rules by which the Gulf rules could deal with the Indians,
for they differed from tolerance to neglectance. On the
one hand, the governors were annoyed by the Indian de-
mands which were exaggerated because of the British pro-
tection. On th eother hand, this annoyance did not lead
them to the extend of harming the Indian interests. As a
result of the flourishment of the economic life, the Indian
monopoly over the trade, and the formation of the great
capitals and fortunes, the Indian commercial class did not
only depend on the working class of the divers and those
involved in the trade, but it also extended its activities to
the ruling families. Therefore, in this chapter, I talked
about the Indian loans to the ruling families and their
effects.
In addition to the discussion of the conflicts between
the families, which most of the times led to insecurity,
there were also tribal conflicts which affected the Indian
trading interests.
Also, in addition to the conflict with the Gulf people
and its impact, there were some disputes which some-
times resulted among the Indians themselves and among
other communities, such as the Bluch.
As for the effect of the outside forces, it was reflected
in the Wahabi expansion, the Ottoman expansion, and the
Persian claims.
The Wahabbis looked at the Hindus as some atheiatic pa-
gans. Therefore, they arouse from time to time to plunder
the Indian markets.
As for the Ottomans, who arrived to the Gulf area In the
VII
beginning of the seventies after an expedition led by
Midhat Pasha on the Hasa and Qatar, the Ottoman ad-
ministration had a cautious attitude towards the Indians,
for they were considered as British subjects. This ap-
Hasa.
Qata
As foi»e Persian effect, it appeared in the Indian
communi^mn the Bahrain state which Iran demaned to
control, am in the extensions of Oman, that is to stay the
parts of Shahbar and Gowader. The Iranian government
compensated the Indians for the damages which affected
them.
As for the sixth chapter, its title is "The British
Protection of the Indians", and I divided it into three
parts.
The first deals with the protection of Indians as in-
dividuals. The second deals with the British protection of
the Indian interests, while the third deals with the means
of this protection.
In the first part, I talked about the British protection
of the Indians which was represented in four sides: The
human existence, for the Indians concentrated near the
residency.
The social existence for when the British allowed the
Indians to mix with, they looked at the Indians as a class
that followed them in degree, which was apparent in the
clubs and in the participation in the ceremonies specialy
the funerals.
The economic existance, for the Indian community got
the chance of enlarging its privileges in the region from
the British as a way to guarantee the freedom of the trade
for does of economic benefits by spreading the British
goods, and to continue the draining of oil, as it is more
reassuring to its British firms than the native existence.
The political existence: The British officials chose the
VHI
Indians to work in governmental jobs, such as the cus-
toms, the financial matters, the Indian guards, the police
forces, and the British navy, so that they would be able to
find out everything done by native rulers.
As for the second part of the British protection of the
Indian interests, I made it clear through three elements:
The first one is the protection of Indians from the po-
litical disturbances, for the British government made its
most effect to protect them and to ask for any compensa-
tion for the damages that befell them. One of the greatest
disturbances took place in Oman, where the well known
civil war between Imamah and Sultanate happened, and
which continued until the 20th century.
As for the second element, the British challenged the
local authorities in the name of the protection of the
Indians.
They ignored these authorities and realized their de-
mands, and stood besides them whether wrong or right, in
addition to the administrative employments and technical
labourers in the oil era that the British authorities
guaranteed.
It was presented by administrators, such as the agent
and the political agent, specially the political resident.
As for the third element, it involves the protection of
the Indian interests, specially those that had to do with
the Indian loans to the escaping divers, as it was deciated
in the 1879 treaty.
The Indians were bold enough to complain about the
Sheiks of the region and the native agent, for their letters
continuously arrived to the Resident whenever the an-
swers to their demands were delayed. Also, the
Presidency did its best to return the Indian lenders money
on a long term basis.
The means of protection differed from political pres-
sures to violent measures by using the British navy or by
IX
visiting tlie Resident to show off tlieir power. Secondly
it used the political pressures on the Sheikhs to pay for
the Indians money to compensate them for their damages.
As for the third means, it was the military force, and
the Indian police forces which stayed in Oman and Bahrain
These forces participated in the British navy and they
also appeared in the military force in the Gulf region.
However, as a result of the feeling of discontent which
emanated from the World Economic Crisis, this existence
was very expensive to the local native governments. In
consequence, there has recently been a tendency to re-
place them by the natives.
As for the final chapter, it deals with the British ju-
risdiction in the Gulf and its relatinship to the Indians.
The British authorities did not want the trial of all the
Indian groups in front of the Muslim courts, with dis-
regard to the fault of being Muslims or Hindus.
In this chapter, I discussed the judicial authority over
the British subjects. This law applied in the same way as
it was in India. The resumption of the British Agent's
judgements in the Gulf took place in the High Court of
Bombay.
In 1 867, an Order in Council was issued to Muscat, and
so it was the first region where the consular jurisdiction
performed its authorities. Hindus tried to change this
law, but they failed. Then It was followed by the 1910
law in Bahrain, and in 1913 another order in Council for
Bahrain follower, to which there were some amendments
in 1915, and 1917.
As for Kuwait, they issued an Order in Council without
talking to the Sheikh in 1 934, followed by Qatar in 1 945.
As for the TruelaL Coast, the native agents took the
cases to Bushiri,1iya\he order in Council was delayed to
1 946. '' **^-^
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