Full text of "tar30"
1
X
'i I .\ 'i . .. ft If,.
i -M
I"-
( t '} v
m-«.^#TO-i:
4
^UjUll -JjJ ^^^''%Myl J,^w^ll|l ^1 4.Ai<lj5
■l!'l
:^:!ii
te(Aw%jB^
i^wfibAAJ I
.IT'
■\«-"
iJ.'. .**s
-^/v
^>Jai C)a:^JI\ Jufr ^j1m1\ jbfr .J
.A^jjJIj 'UjJJjVI CjU-oLaJI ^j-o JJlii (Jl AjaljiaJI jjjUjJjj (JaC
AjIjJ (3alj-»3l _aH < • jjljaxj ^^ . tj^ . AjSLoII ^jjja! jiail aIUJ ^jlc J^-aa.
(jsl_^i ^ £ • • A-v^l (jji (ji AjSj^VI Ajjlji^l \n«.->1 1-j ijiinc. jJiil
iL.'yi AjuuLi. ^jij AjfrLia.'yij ^u^l t>_>l*il ^il^ ^>alj»^' l»^ LLuj iJ*c-
.j.^Ai/l'iAr
.jv!j£ll oljSll yfl ^ji« (»l^» ^^ -
6 r I
mmmt,^^
>r^t
(o.\:i3Wn
^■^ 'Iff'''' ■^»'lri'-"' "'tf-^^'f <''''''
(VA:JaJl)
c^
u
(■Mir /-*vni
/^^^. ^JLlll ^^'(ll ^kJl .^A ^ KL
4^
I.Ni\C.^ J.
jwjUl ^ ^!^V' J^^^ i) ^'^^
ia> ^y>JI A^ ^1 ^
.d
(1) ILi-^U^n i4»:t^\ AJ ..1,,..
© 1414 AH/1993 AC by
The International Institute of Islamic Thought
555 Grove St. (P.O. Box .669)
Herndon, Virginia 22070-4705 U.S.A.
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Khicjr, Abd al Alim Abd al Raljman (1940/1359)-
al Muslimun wa kitabat al tankh: dirasahfi al ta'sjl al Islami
li llm al tafikh/taTif Ahd al Alim Abd al Rahman Khi^r
p. 320 cm. 22 Vj X 15 - (Silsilat al manhafiyah al hlaniiyah: 6)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Romanized record.
ISBN 1-56564-039-X-ISBN 1-56564-040-3 (pbk.)
1. Islamic Empire -Historiography. 2. Islam -Historiography. 3. History
(Islamic theology) I. Title. II. Series
DS38.16.K45 1992 < Orien Arab > '^l
909.097671 -dc20 ^^^
Printed in the United States of America
by International Graphics Printing Services
4411 41st Street
Brentwood, Maryland 20722 U.S.A.
Tel. (301) 779-7774 Fax (301) 779-0570
«\, ^.-^
\o IaJaa
\<\ ^.jbdJ ^1 ^^\ : JjVl ^\
YY Cr-*^' ^' ^'^^
U J:P\ uiJ^I ^M
>f"\ ^ , , . , V*W fj^b riJ^'
i Y OLJ)fl jj^j ^,jWi
i-^ tV^"^' l*^-* Cr-"^'
1 iUaii^bfl (J^j 2;^jW*
, vi.>«Jt 7^^
•^'^ r^.j^\ <--h^ *t^^
«^y uyJl-il -^ ^.J^l ^ '■ v^^' J^'
<\ ^ Wri^' (j i,r^»-^j (i3^' i.yj^ i>i*^' j*-^^
^^ ^jldl ^JuLl ^yjJG J JJu/Jlj iU-l v*t : dJliJl JvwJl
^ \ (^b uiVb v-j^j^'
\ ^"^ jV^*^' U'^^s^'^J^^
^ ^/i^ ^)jJ^ y} "J^ VrJ^' *ibj^ -^ i5>*t^
\rv . . . . ojjOb^ ji\ ^ £jB oij-^ ^^ Gt^' ^!^ = e'^' ck^'
\ i Oj-^ ;j>} »ii*- ^J^' ''^
Y
^ on diiii j^3 J jtjuVi ^1
> A dj.ii^ ^\ JJ VijUl ijl:^! j_^ ^
^V\ ;j^jLj.l Jc* JtjbJl d^l ^U :^Ul-l J-^l
^VV u?»Jull *lflp JC^ Vrjl^l <i^l ti jW^^I
^ v'\ tii^i (j ui*i— i* -J^ «ji~^VU)) ijjjji ^UfliLi
ui t?"^5i j-*a*Ji J v}J->-'*^' -^^ y>^' -^' ^^''
t • r uyju.1 *i> xp ^.jUJi ^jjb' ^i jy-i gfdi
Y • ^ (^jU«-ji xp ^j^\ (jdj"*^ u/^* Sr^'
Y U ,ljySJ.\ A^ Xp ^.jb3l i;b^ J SJL*lii(j ioUll
YYi i_j>xJl^l JuP j^ijl^l (J^ hj^
Yrn j^-->^ t|^^' ->.>^'
^ J y iJlill ii-JuiJJ *t«~liJ( OjaUoJI
Tor I^J^' *^
Yoo 7^J^lj^-^J f^'"^' **^'
Yo<\ j|iJ^ L?riJ^' Jj-^*
Yl^ ^.jUI i;l:;^-.iU> ^^^jL-l 2r*_pJ :^U! J^l
YV^ J^j\^\ ^i^ (>l^ 21^ (h/^I ^~^j^^
YAi ^.jWl ^^ J ^->J^-> *i>rJl *^lj ^.-^'
YAA \)^ Aj\jic^'^\ SjkJl j^Jbj ^j^^II ^.jUl
Y<\ . i^^l i^jWI ^jlJJ>l v^^ Oj^J J^>JI £t^'
Yfl<^ '^j^b **^j*^* cf^-^^ r*'
^ „ obVl <J\jS
1 'O
^^y d^.iU-^l ^^-^
^,^ c^UiWilj f^^l ^LJuT
A
f€
M^U
»
JJU- jiJJl iU* j^Ji\ jjli
0L5Ci t^ oUJ» li Oyt* uiUJ jf cLIJIp ^^t Ot J^ t Ji-lj v^
jjO jt iii» j^l W^ -J^lj </ t/i^! **j^ vU^ a* *?'! ^J^^ U^'^. ^
j:*J_Jl i^JuJlj Jl-<>Jl (V*^^ (>P ^;iiJt j_,.flju I J^J— ^J-JI jt g-fUJi
^Dl ««JjJli) j>J >t ^ c^.jl:Jl Jy^\ -WLi^ V-U-Vl jjUJi
.t5^t if>- ^ ^J^' iJL-Sl JUfr*Jl lj\i ^J tJjLi t^iJl
<L-i iSy^ ((LIi(^jjjl»*fc} ^L1>J JUJI i*-jiaJ j^-sa V IJlAj 4uJLp ?W>1
. .,_yawMOij t/j-ir* "^Uj^J p^'y 'cT^W t|jUi>- t^5^J C**'
^_;*JI ^'Uj ^L ^ ci-^lj iJSVl ^ Lf^jjU- jt tciojliJl i*5l_^l
^ ^ jJLS JIp jSJlpI — . Cjip» J i»J^ii« J** ^Ijif "^ C* t^"^!
l^j--3 A^^.JUI i^yJU (vi:^- jJl oljJjJi ^y ijkJ oIp^*^ ,>
. TujWi Si-Jlij LJyj l« ^ t i-jL^Vlj
t^JJl dJJi t^^ ^>ojWl ^1^^ J^. ^b i3^ ^ 1-^ t|JU
tll^ I4XP oUj^l ^-^. C^^ idJLL- jt ;*3l^l ol* (>P ^.i^U j>u
^ jL^ uV ^^ v-iji^' ¥^ ^J (> '"^^ •-'^ *^i ^^'^
, iiM\j . ^\ o>Jb s^t ■■ Jj"^^ ^'^' ^^^'
^ ^. Ot jjL^I t^}^\ > e"" urJl i-^' ^J^ <>*'^' ^-^
L^^j jl<^l ^j L. i^>Jl *lj=-l > l> «^^. s?^ •^' -^^
^\X^jjj£ji\ ^\ iJjl>- J>. >- ^"li ^ 1-^ •^-^- •^-'
jJl ob>Jlj oU^>JI :,* JiJ-*Jt *V>-^ V^^l ^:}y.J *5^W
t^up^l ^JUj-^j^j v^^t *iij^ :yl:S:3l cAijp>^ 'Js- S>:^j
>\
V-t-Vl oUL-JI ^ t^t J 1 V l^t ^ l*23bj U>;.j1 |.Lf v^A-)!!
t<.>j»^ 1>^JJ *V^J f^' '"^ cr?-^' t/ ^J^^^ * J^* '"^
sltw. iJLcJNU^D U-^ >ly isS:^^.^ iJ^ ii^=^l W^^^
V!^L-.>I UjU^ oLU. Jtw t^JJl i>Jl ^IjJ O^li Cr- js:^ -V^ jl
jj (<^.jb3i \jJ^\ ^\)\i\i • .o-i:>u .UpI ^ ij^u \L-U i>*
Ot U op JLJL;j 4i-i^.jUl y^H^ ^%->l jj-^l^ - *^-^l -
L4*.;^ fJL4: OV >Jj ll-r L>^^ Ot J-i ^ u^j cUjjL;?^
NX
jj^ t^jJl J«>Jl l-i* i*-L-V i^JUl olj^l £^ JbjJl J^ij tolJJl
•_^-^ ,r-Slj f>^^ (>^*-*^ ''4^^J'-^' iij-jcJl iJL.! JL>«^ ^J UilJLfct ^]^1
^ iili jT iwJljJl 1Jl> ^y iiJLj i*J oli i_ij_Jt5' toLiiJi ^^j
' * » * *
. I ^^M. a ' j \^Jij jCx>>uj li>«j t AjjJLJI ?«J jvj
j«-f*Ji f^l IJU ij-^L-l ?JU<aJ Sjj^^Vl lf;i^>«^ cjjJijjj t !*_)*] liis j_^
JL«-^ A-if*>- j_^ t iJLjk cJLS" US' ^if] Lift U aJLwJI t)j-5i ^i^j
. *UI JLi. ,^. Ot o<*i ^ J^ "Vi >. Vt J:^f ^ , J^Vl ^!>u;^i
IjLa* L-(j:ij i^va*- iJiJL>- i«jjU)l ijbSj 0^<>.L..«.I|» 1^15^ «.l>- JliJj
. JUp^Ij vi^LJl53L 4>-ji «Jb-j 4JL) J>;.>Jl -i/ t? 4)1 /^j
^r
Mb^l MAM
• • • '^.j ■ ■ ■ (>!'^l f^. (^1 ol-^k
(1)| J_j . . . j*J*j-jp' jj^ O^^-JL^JI 4-wwutj jjj . . , j_y«>L-^l j_->5CiJl jJLp
cJlSj tJjAJtJ! j>J <f>-jj 4*i*S' ?«jjUl rt^ ^1^ Jjl Oj^Ju~Jli
^y i_*jlj (yJ-Jl jL«^ ^J «L_j>Jl iSj-f-j iij^\j j^ J>«-~^ ^^i (♦-f'7^
j^jjJL^JLl aJL» JLii jvJ,r^l OT^^I UI .cj-fkJl ij^Jlj t(»j_^l Olj-iJi
^^L>«i^l *j (^j_-iJl jt-jjLJl i-S'^ -J-vsj (^ J-oLSiu (jjLjj^) Jj-vt
cAh- XM ajiLJ\ iLJI Ufj . v^^ V l!jb- UUij ilo^j UiJU-j
j(j 4 1^ .■*«'..■...■ « Ariji J t <-«-J (j^ »W«JJ t ^ dJLl^ j^ i*-,iaP . . *>-Ul
iill 01-i ejLl .J^t Syi^ ^y jU,j Vj lA-lU.* ,_,vaij "iJj ij>yj rj_«j
<_^li 4jL*Jl iJLf] iSilj_« j^-aUJI dilj cJiJj I jv^jtJl j^u-J*^ t^^l
• *^ c^"^V' ?«iJ^I (J^ *'*>^^ 'J^J
4^^.J .11 ojU-a^ ^ iS^,jl-Jl .r^' "hr^ C-Aj-i (i-»j-j»«i*) j^aUI"
. -cJj^j cJLsist «^!>l« cJ»\ i>Jl^ Uj*P <iUT ^ C-Jtsijj
cd^l j^UJ c^^j .jL^'^I ^J 4^U>-M1 (Opj 4 01— ^)II
.<^y-Vl ^>Jl (jri c^-J^' (^ c^t c^^ l^tj 4<:-!>U. oUJi^j
JLp _ ^1 dJUi J ^p\ L.J - ^jjJ-^Jl ^UU ui5:p ^A^ GJ-^
a>^j . . .U:Jjj Li^yj W^J-^' J bJ^'j tiil^^-Jl Cr-*^! ^^^
n
jhd'
^^jlJ ^ i3j-J!j iW^I i^b cJjL^' • -^^l J-^' Jj
^1 2^1 j^t)*^) ^ ol^-NI cJjb- . . .(i^l^l J^' ^>J
Jll^l j^JcJl Lfip dj^Jo \j-Oj^j L*jL^ IjiJ-^ 0=^ . . ((>*i-Jl
. ^_jU! j^ J^\ j^-^1 o^ <^^W-^"*^I ^" ^-^^
j.i,J) J:.j5j" UiUI dy^\ oU»** OJ>-j . . ^Ul J-^l ^yj
^ J_^..^l ^ t^jUJl o^UJ (^.jUl i_|L^ SiU>! ^!)U1 j^^
^v
* * f
LiJLp ^ <jjJS^j ^%^y\ t^jj*J J^ «:>L>- aj^i ^j . . .Uju/jj
eiU-)f QjJiJi ^y-t^C)/! 2-<^' C:*^ '^-^^ lH"^ ty OjUdJ ^UJl
^,jS^\ Olj-iJi vi*LlaA* ^Lu! JLo Jba>- ^y. aJL oiUi ^ . . «ijkll ijl:;^
«ijLJt iS'^^ Akj»«Jl i-j^J)!! ^j-Jl (>• JV^' J^LiJl t^JoJl A>.4X*j
' i
^^jLJl d>tjJtj tcj gU^,ll Ajj-Jt iiUl (j-xL-i ^_^j 4(>«_^l j^ t5j-i^l
• J5*>JI Jj <«i)b
r^ j^^l Xp (,-I*)I xp .i
\A
jJl ^j_^l A*- Jl dJUi 2:^^. Vj .(^LJt j-.jlJlj t^iU^'i'l
.<^)<-i^,jtJl oUjJJl ,> i*fJ! (>'L:uJl o^bil Ji ^^^Vl ^ ^>.
J^_ t|Ut ^UJI dUS ^y U. c ! n(^^.) Oil '■^ J^ (J>-Jl) a*
Carr, E. 1961: Whal is History, London. 13-17. (\)
W
J. r*his .Lit c^^y^*^\jj> ^yi ^i>. v of ^j
oU L^t ^. jJl *LiVl Dt LjJ jOs- oUL*p ap^-^ ^y ^^ ^1
dUi ^> ^j u gi uu- cjjjt ^'uy\ jj> i^.jsiu us jojj
(ij-dJ • ^^^-iSit 4Up Lt* 4Jbf JU Jai ^il i>-t Sj'jij iVjf W «^tj
(_^ jL-->-Vl oJLf; Oj]a-ix>^ **i()A I->-t> toljj 4_JLp L* *LJiVl y »^
' ' ' f f
j-^l c5» ^>Wj J-4*r "^ ^>Wr (^iLis-lj (»^'Loi ^1 L*jJLiJ j^yfli
:L;LiS^i Jlo (1)1—^)^1 tj-jj ojU>Ji j^ jv'j i^^^j^' ^ly' ^
tju- ^y^ iJLeJLjr IJL**' i-JL-J)fl ofjLi qIjJVIj iji>Jlj ^Lli_*JI ^yj
-^>UaL_^l ^ iJ^j - obSOl ol — ;^l /J*j" Ji:u fjLJ iljil v^.jbJI j_^^U
.Uf . CJL5 LjJV ^Vlj c^j-^i jM LjJ J.^^^- jJ ^^r^ij ^(-^^
W\i
Ibid. 20-23. (T)
J^UII lUiLilll t-:SUJr 4^lj c^.jLjJI ijUJl t^jjj jj->- .J (i)
tx
'^1
/ii—ftjVi ^1 4_-pi_,_Mi« ^ yW r^^-> ^lj-^*i'lj t-ji_$3ij jj**>dij
Oij Ij^ %i (iijl_pJl ^y ^ «ij Loj (l)Lo_>Jt jA 7«-dJ^' <^'^ '^b
sx-Maj '.i-f>«J *-~-Jl ;>*■ OLJ^I J a'.M.o 01 Jb V oj c AjB ^^yLp cij-cJl ^y-
. ?ujUl ^ iLi_^ olj:di) iUJJ ui« t^jJl I'J'J^ J^ jIj (y=^ '>.»i'-i LpIj
^ j_5l>»^ i^-JJ'j 4oU-U>Jl jf alyVl -u fU! ftlj->- c-jll t^i— J} J'Lij iS^
: 1^1 tj^J^ 0^. ^-^J . rr : YY ^^ i*~i ^^1 (0)
J. Hurtzing, in: Philosophy and History: Essays Presented to Ernest
Cassirer, 1-10 (Oxford 1936).
CH (W m. Ch) Oman: On the Writing of History, V, New York (1939).
Yr
^ cAi>i5:iNl (History) hJ^ ^^\ ^^^ a* ^^*y ^^ ^ 'i^"
> C-jc^l W^^ ^'^^ tl--^i ^ '-^J ' ^ ^=^ *-*-''^^ "^^^ ''^
oVL^Nt vJ^b . ^ .> V^ ^^ 0^*1 ^^ ^^^ ^i '^-^^
^UiJl ySy^\ i.il»:-Jl .Ju* ^ Jb^: C^ lirfr^l irf^l o* "^^ '^^
^ A.^1 a- 6^^' ^^ ^>^' ^^"^ ^' "^^ (u^j^) -^^0^.
^ jvi av-.ji^i v^i» .^ (e->') ^ ^^^^ ^ • • •<^'>^
\^,^p^^J\ «History» U^ ^^ cJ-^ ^^\ ^L. (jo.>-)
^b . . ^-^y e>' ^^ ^ "^^ "^^ "^^ ^- "^^^ '^'' ^^ '^
^>^ . .,^^, diJi ^- d^ ^ - J^> ^'^' ^^ ^'^^^
rt
■f
ajU-j .iL-^Jlj DL-J^rfU AP^^ Uj, : ^.jUI o^ J^ c^J^^I l-^
i.l::$JJ i,^l ^UJI c^J cr^' ^^.J^' '^^^ ^ ^ jM U^
dUU o^J -UJI aU>; Wii i^^ ^J> c^- i^U e,^ l^ Uai^
JjVi ^.y^' /^^i ^ o- VT» c^ ^>^ 'f->-- ^>^ ^t ^ ^ ^
o^r^l tpv' <>• '*^-^ ^^ ^*^^' *"^ ^^^-' • ■ *^''"^ '^'■^*
oJlj U^ U^^. C-^>J' J^J -^ ^-^ ^-"'^ ^^-^ ^^"^
iiL*j . "l^ JiJi^aJ Uilij i^ P^ c^^J J^ u=^- '^^ J^ ^^^
Gormay, P. A, 1888 Precis de la Science de L'histoire. Paris v 28-37. <^)
re
Jj-^^ .^i j^^l ^JU Jl L4^^_ AJi* tJ^jlo^Vl Jix. pi ^^
jj» L*5 ly-T j_^ ^jjj ^_^ -uj ^^_ ^^Ul j.^\ jjU^ of -cSUj Jj
t^JjiJ '^-^ .;-<**■ Jl «j-<^ -^J-^ jjWh: - ei* ii[>J\j _ _^ tAJ^>Jl
*kj-^ V«ijL^I i>JUJt ^y ii^i Sh JjXuj tlfa-^j ii^.jl^l
VmjI^I JJIJ^I ^^ .!^l ^ ^^- ^^jt!| ii^ of i^l*! Jl ^ N
^ i!p^^ 01^ lii VI dUi ^y j^ ^ ^jjji ou juji ^jijj
^"«";'> ' o^ i/" c/*J '-^^L^j ^.jLjJI; (iUuJi) ^j\*}l lijLp toLai
. . .(iUjJl) pi*Jl jf oUpL^I pLJl
j-«i JA>c!i\ 2^1 L-f . Jii>Jlj s/IJUl cJU- Jl j«^,jWl ib:^ ijUfr
x^
c_->-Lv9 i-JUdl 4JLji-l flJuh i^j-J^j JLv»* jjp jy L;L»-f a_jLjJI eJi^. fj-2jj
-Oj-j^ ^U Jai-^ of /».ia..:,..,w u-Jl^l tlJUi ti«L<Jl jf ^k«.jJl SiJaJl ^
. . . l»w ^yVl !5^ J-«j«i of _,«>«Jl jy jf tL^j U; — « ji-*j>i>«j ,_^ 4>~«
^ Ajf Jijo (^JUl jf ?«ijLjdJ ii-ii A_jjJ Cm.«.J <jf ^;^ t^JJl i-Jl^U
jUjo OLS' j3 L*^ j>i>>-^I f^JUs^ ^1 ^_^jf tiJUi JlSs- jAj ij-iJi Uj^phu
i-uJjJI i_^j-^_^_Jl jV^ fAijUl ^/ djijn-:^, UJLiP Oj>-j3*3Ij . i^lS}\
j\ iij-AA JJLi?- fcljL-j| ^If- T-jj^\ ijjS Oj-iju c_JUJl ^_^ (•^i* ' 7«iJ^
^ S_s*.UJI (♦^'i^j-i-J: jf Jlp \jj-^, (J Oi* . »^jl_^l JJLj- oLoj
*^L ljA*ji of (♦-*JJ''^ j^ (j*!^ ti!H->t^l iL5l«^l iJL^jJl CjIj_— -iJl
jW oil oLj>-j jL>«Ji oiji j2r* '■^^ Oj^ *;la oil __^l of L«ij
iJlP ^^ |_^J_>Jl f^j-^il ^y LisJ LJ| ij-aJlJl 4_2>-LJl i«Ji_^_>Jl ijMlSi
Ibid: 41-43. (A)
f t J^ J_^ J^ _;_:P 0\j^% U^}^\ JJJ^. ^l^>i\ ^} - ^.jtj!
.(»jkjUa;t JU^ (^I)l5 «^UkA3l ^y^j 4i«U)l ^-iJJij' Oy-j>Jl W^ -WaJ
«The JjU J_;li" t(>ijUt j>JI t^t) >1^\J^% ^j^i ^.^ -
• ULkl ju.>- jt ^^:>L->1 j^.jUl U5 ^ j^. U ^j history of»
. «The date»
.e:ijjUi «The history »iJiS
l\ ^ -To ^ iJ-Ljl ^_r^l ijUJl i5jy j^;.^ •> (1)
YA
^j <LU;j j>JI ^J^jj I CrijtJI J^ >ijL^' uiJ-^l *-^ -
«Historiography» iU5 Jjli"
. «The Biography» JjUj L" jt JW-^i j;ij^" -
J^JUJ jt (.^1 ^\y J^. Lfci J*-^' C-.>' ^-*^ ^^-J 'i/"^)"
(>>
)U1
. iLJjJtj ^,jJl Jl^t J A^jji cr^ villi
.0\ tO'
1\
I
1
• i< Js^J Lf«>l* t/ -^ (^L ^J^r-j
I_j_aJ_);I L<k* >*j<Jb '*l-^lj j*»jdl ^Lfrjj jJJl j^-L^-f cJlS" ^1 4ju.*>J!
^j^l JjUwj ^1 ^L^f cJlS" J>\ AljiVlj cJUlJIj ^UJ! ^y i^\
^1 _,jj^ Sil^i J> Ji>-f a>Jl ^i Xp (1)^ -0^3 4^ya>-j 4^153 J^fw.
tjjJuJi dJjLvi olj^^lj c^^ULiiTyij ^L-Vlj U.ijUl iJjUJi t3l>i
^^ij JiUJVi ^y> ,_^ ^_^ sIa t3iy^i ly M«i tV!^' r!^*^'-' 'V-*'J'J'
. . i_Jj ei-^j jV^ yl_^vaJl j_^l i-jjil _ JUjO jS- JUl (l)j5o LtJllP U~-
Ij^ ^^- jJl v-ijl-^l oUljjJl c^w^ti c JL^Vl y iJip Jt>U-
oli A_j^,_«ji (j^^Vl 4_-pL«i;j-*y! fjJl^Jl y c-.^>^ " -C (1)1 r-jj^l ( ■ :" " « ":
ilj-^l ip iwjjt* *-ALi« J~iajj (jiLaJlj itoiljJl etlyJL) ^fj ijUj^' ciJ^^
JU> cjyc:; of ^Ikju-l JUJI iJLft ^ ^J-JiJJl 4^ lip -^^"^^VvlJ^I
(^__^tj i^y^ ^-kj^ ijii ^J^'^ tj^-i ' V'l-*^'^' p^' 1/ ^ "^W^J
J L»i^ lip tAJJU^j yj)l y ^ ty*-^)" -i"^-^' '-^J tjs*
Encyclopaedia of Social Sciences.
Stuart A. R. 1931: Methods in Soial Sciences. University of Cliicago.
r\
^Lva-^< o'yu*^ (y> jJl i-JLJ)ll i-jjSf^l jAlk* ^^ Jj^-iJl ^Lj
j.JiUi j^-,-J (^U. ^Jui.i-J - \Jj U5 - VL*^*^! f>^^ -t^^Vl
^ ju^L^- ^1 ^j ,^^\ jL^y\ i^jU\ j*lk*. iUuJI oUa^l
<SLjj 1. 4jL-X;j 4 -CL-M^j-iJ i. AaLfliJ t^l _ A.«M.>JJ ^-r>H^ v-iUajl ^J
Dj-^iji ^li ii«Jj ^o-i^i > > J^^" ^^^ tH" '^>-'^*^- r^^
rx
<^j^ Jl oJJUJi aji L^f ^ t>Uii . ci^l 4^>_JI ^IklL ^■
i>^J>5l a* ji^ Ji ^i^l^ c^^l V^Vl o13 i^ji\ ►bf ^ j^^l
Oi^j iiL^ o^j ty-j^l d-^ ^ obUxJVl «Ji<. f,JLd! ^^
OVi ^ IjUm ^ o=^j>Jlj ^.jUl of U4!jf i^jdl LA/i: U^
oL-ljjJl j^- of JJ^ tM^U^Vl pJUJi ^^- ^ AJlie oj_,_-^
Vr^lj .1^1 iL^ dv^ ^ _^ ^bJi 0^1 ^Ijf JUL* iu^jLJl
Sjj-iJl J^ i^Uj _ ljj_^f 0_^Ui>.Vl aUUJI OL^ Ob .i^i.^'^l
^.jUl j^\ of Up v^^- U^ 4pJUJU Ai;j!^ tk>- o^^l jJ! ^}J:>i\ ^
^Ul i^ . t^jVIl O-^l 0^ iL;^Vl i*>-^- ;^_jUl ^ ,^ ,o ,j^jj. (\1)
Carr, E. H. opcit.,47 -51. (W)
rr
*Jjj vliJl>- t^JJl ^LJI jA j«iJ^' ^'^'^ ^J^. J*-^*^' '"^ t^J
Ux^Aj "^j . -LJ^^^^-jj *jj^^ (^Jdl J-iu*Jlj ^bJl ^ijju ijJi\ ^UJl
o:>^SlJLJl _;ysfl:j tll>- ;iiy>«Jlj i-JL^I <^,Mi\ V«iJ^I <>'^>^' «^J
^_,f:;j ^ *sjjj^ Ls<»_pO L-.-Ua - >^>« LjJV tl^Jj Jj-,<»_^l k--*-.ai i2*4J>- i»^l
jJli^l o_^- dIiLJIj . ,i!j-.tJl gIbJL ;Jil*JI ^ IJ^ JiVl Jip jt
Jl a^U ^loi^-iU UjUJi jJli^l jl^l OU^I j^. dUi JUj
jSlijJL ?«ijbJI Ji>l>» :J^ jV <^WiP jj^Jj^^ J*^ ^ '-^J
U J5o i-.*>«jj J'*r*— £ i^' ij^^ *^ ^-^y 1^>J^ 4Vi-> ^ t<»j:;^*jl
Ibid. 63-69, (\A)
,j^a>Juj tL)l_^->Jl j_^Lili^l 'iii_;l9j IjaaII oUj*.«>- JaJl_^j J^iaJl
(JU iJJbuJi Uijj-Jl Ji>«:jj 'ty*-'^' CjULW ,_^b ^JOf j_^ jL>»^Vt
^y ^yUl »1jI^I jl_^f ^^j-" rj><Jl /cJaXw liJJi JSC . . , ^^Ij^^SJl (^Ojt
Jl ^ Ot UU> c-^. j^j t<^'^>-ciUJ iiwj AJlS'i JLpj JJIJ^I ^iJLi.!-.!
crf^ (J'^J^' j's^^l (J *^^J'.J ^J"^J rJ>^' tP*' JbJ^Jl J^J^I I Jjk ot
C-Ju- Jti JJU^I u^ of ^yiSu V i} ... i-iuj^l Si_^«.Jl ^_^ j>-] IJb-
■ ^,k.,.,.ll
^ d[j .'X^ji\ J^.J^\ VJ^^' *J^' iji ^^^ f^j:^. ^ tJ^^j^^
^Ul lijJL>- c-^jf- ivU- <3'jJ' J' t^"*^ '^j^ iLJL- ji ipj^jfv*
^ U oUlXwil) Jyfc* o.l./a? ^J^^ .Cj[fsP^ j\ <L>oL>- ^^^U.4 AIaS
.11 ^ ;Mr ,j-<» i4--i; ^jJi (X*)
ro
^%.[ ^^ cy ^^^ ^^ J ^^ ^^ -^^^^ ^-^^' ^
(j^U ^.jl=3l cW-b O^-"^--^' *^-^ -^ s?^' ^^^' £*^ ^^-^
jU-T iJWIj . :ieJiJLlJl ij^ijWi oL-ljjJl ^ Ai^jb^l A;rjj ^j^\ 1^
oL b^o-j <;c.j .sji>^ioWi ui ^.^' e-^^' ^^' ^ ^-^^
^^^.^ JiCi. ^l^. -bJ^I ^.jtJl Ot i^y biU iS^ cl* >ll i^j
:L-.LJ! ^>JIj ^.jUJI
^.jWi i-j^ t^^^-J^j • • 6^^' ^-^ ^ C"^ ^^ ^-"^ ^ ^'■^^'
oUjjJi j>: «»» a^y^-> • -^'^ V^^' ^>-' '^^' ^^>^,^
^^ ^ vi^ ^ W*31 r>^ C^^>^' ^^ ^^-^ '^'-^^'
ju>i ii^UO oc^ly ^j^ ^J^ 1^*^ C^' r^^-* 'jr-^ij '■i->-t^
jUrV iHJL; 2;^>w^ II*j . . i-lc^l f^ J^ (n^'j ^-^^^' 01 V u5^ ^^
Warner Levi, 1950: FrndamenXals of World Organization, 28-41. (W)
n
^y oI-lJI lift ^^ Jui oS (qj>J!) of j-p 4vi-::^L)l L^jbi) ^_^l 45:^_>)l
til jji,sA) ^\ (JUJl jJ *Ij N wlS iL.*.L*Jl ijLJiJl ^ «L»«L*Jl Aj_;iaJl 3-~»j
-uip dj^ of j_/«^ L* ji.;^ ii*>U-f ^U^ i^Uj j_j)i f-iJLfi v^L^I iiJUJli
JLp (_y JUJl ^ L5 1 4*>-jJjj-ii VLi i--iL«JI oIjl2xjcJI j-«:j j^JJI
(»-l>c-jj 1^5^ *s*jr^ Vr^U'^lj 'M''.,^^'* ^::^>!>i-^' ■iiL:^' .P'Ui>-Vl
aU*] jf Jl5l*J( ^ Jjui ifiLl* Ai^ tJUJi j^ (6j_^k^Vl) r-t>Uiv!»l
jjJl;>Jl Ji>J of eiUJi ^ (ej_^k--f) ^!>Ua-^l JUjCU-I JUvP (J^^,:uJ|j
i«b ^_jrfUl JJiJ ^ <:.^\ JUX-0 (j;JL!l ikLJl aUsu j^jIp e^jfj LjJ i^jUl
Ibid., 61-73. (H)
Carl J. Friedrich, 1950: Constitutional Government, Boston, 7,41. (Yt)
rv
1
jiiJL>j J ._;tj yj^du (^>U!Ji 25J^i) (/ ^-W (^ -fe
t^:u>-:)Uj sii^i v-W '^iji^i Vj^ ^^^ ^^ t/*' 5f^'
;3UJij _ v-Wi ^y^'^ . 0^. (»J J^ *^ ^ *^>^^ *'j- ^^' ^^*
.(^'')jLi^ j^ U^f i> ^l ^^ '^i '^=^^*
^^UJI 2^1 jJaJ J>-y UJ jt^jij .D^liJt ^ jc--, c^-i^l e^t
ijMy. Xiy, f._^jJl v^l j^ J^.j^^ e^l t> C-L-f L^ u-rV
^1 11* JlJ ^j \^ol J'^ydjHj^ ^^\ u^/dyVl ju.jUI Jl
JUpIj iu^l v^lj;- u^ ^^ J\ ^Ml jt i^' jf ^^'
,e^lj tiJ^UVl ,}iU!lj ^Ve-iJl ■••^b tv-WI ^>Jb
pi; list SJliJi ij>-Ul ^ c--j»iJ jjX—jJl ^_^ j_^«Ja*Jl AJLwJl *Mj:>Sj
tJb-lj JL*Li t^j--. JL>-ji 'y UU-f j^j .([iJU i^UhLX ^y oIj::pI ^^
<>s>*^ j^jf "^jf ^jr" «r^^ .^' JLJs* 3'^ll Jjl-i <1^' '^^ tJli* . l»^^
(j*^ iw«-/<j *^j) •^j' Vj t t)jt-~ii . f / Jj_^ (jiS^ Lf^-^ Jji* '^' j^*^ *^'
i^jV JaJUJi ^jf- t*^j^\ Lfj (-jj-^ iJif j^^ *bj *4^ (•^'*^ rjj^'
JvL^z^lj Ujg>«,a'j «^Jbc«Jlj <uJb>b«Jl <L>«jjli)l ^Ld>Ji ^j^ (jA^^-^
O^^Sx^ >»4J| j^j*^ 4^U:Jl 'U^j^ o^j 4^Uij>-'yi pijtJl ^JL^ Udjf Oj.L>roci
iLyoL>«jj » Jj-uJi ?«djWl JijUoI ^y IjjiS' 0] J_^ of tiUflj^l jyj
j^li* cJlSi tj_^LiJlj 4j»^UJlj tol^^l cJLipf _ j_^jVi djl>uVi
Ibid., 71-80. (n)
cjULJI o^^Ij ^o^'^ ^^^ "^y ^ o*-» *^^^ oLUjJIj ^I>)I
*NjJJ l>t- L^W^ ^V^ 'J^'* ^k^*^'^! ;/ i^' Coj-^i Ot V^iJ^I
lib ■ J.^f-^1 WUii ^1 i-M "^J ^>^> -V "^ i>^ ^^ ■^'
L-i ^1 4SJI ^ Oj^::^ dUJ)fl *Vi i|IJI ^Ul Of dLl Nj
il^, jLxJij V^.>31 l^U ^k;^. vr^lj r"^' .iU J5a 4;U^j <^'
^ j^, ^ a.ui Oj^i 6\f-l i-i: ii^ a- ^ '^^^ ^^J
Jlp 4jPU:>-Nt f">il ^*t: SjLu-. i-Iji ^ Pji^ljL; <i>r» J^->
Ibid., 83-91. (XV)
I
iJLAjJ! jjSj U. j_^ Ait US' . t5>-Vl ^UJI jt ^_>U)I ^ ^ JSj (jp
oU%JI ^_^ L^u J^ ,.ifi d^ Iw^J iJl^y\ ol:Sl53l J-Ui.
«^ Jl >>JI ^> L,^ J^ V^y. cN^J .L*x>^J 4-pt^Vl
jJa; J4>«JI ^ d^ Jl>*- 2--jV AiU>w-l U^ J^ ^Ij ct^y^Vl
J >-'^' J^ r<^ J^ *»-^- ^'y*^' Cj^ '^^ s?* •■^'•^ **^^^ *^^
i'tAiJi jt ^^;JL>JI j> U^LiJ JU^^ SJi>-_^. -^UjVI II* ^j . I^lj M
.^l . ,v-W c>Jb OLJ)!! *LJp, ^y>U>-Ml ^1 jOpj DlSUlj
n
JU- jJLitj A-<^ i^^ Jlp j-lit j|»jvai ii^-s^^ . <3>f»-i *~a; ^y Uljj Ot Up
,y lJL*j v_jbjj Vt ilajj-i Sjt*^- olilil ^y iUU j^jUJl Oi* t<i>^ <>:al-*
^_....-. - iyffU- iiUJ JlSwf «jI:J i-.»I>- l^>«.sfl. 'j (i«jUl4 iLJ-o) SjUp jja-AT
s_^ ^ J. oli Cw-J oUUillj iLpojl" ^y SSjfi i»UJ J5;j tCoU ^UiJ
.M ^ t^-ji; ^^1 (Y'\)
iY
'^ t5>^f J*!>^ vl^' iikuJi ojJiJ U SjUj ,dUi>_^ of iaJLJ'^I
'u-^l ^jk ^\ j^sdiJl ujj^j ^>)lj oba>dl dUi ^ l^jUtJ
^jJlj L>^\ ijl_^l £^ UjJ^j CjUIj5*J|j ol'Ulj 015:JI ^Ua>^j
^>Uii)l j_Jdlj iJLSilL; U.,aiJl j»^LiJl DJ J^l ^^
r
't o,
.Jtj;
of ^iliVj . J^i:-^! ij^ I41- .-iJLuJj ^Ul ^y iyJl i^<>^ jU;
. jO* l^ -J JSLiJ *.l5:^f [^ jjLsflij iyJi ol^l JlL- J
<> Cr'J-Jl Lfci* J^^. JJ^J 0^ c?->^ -^"^J • • • ^ fl^Vl jl-L^L)
«^^ -ucV^ ^^-^j ^^j ^ (^^>*Jt) '^^1 ^ ia-J>)ij 4^is:^f jij^i
j«.jbJI OOA OL (J^. ,«^_, jJ^.jhJ| J5:i,_^ JJIJ^I ^u*;r^. J^ ^j>J|
iUJI xj^ dUS ^> j_Aj t^Ul J OL-J^I JUpL llU Lk>^. *;f
ir
AiLiJ i.b. > 0L-J>1 .Up ^^ Sij . ^Ij > Cf-^Wij Jli'^' r^
ULJ Ua Uj c>-UI OUJNI O^jXi Oy^j>Jl U .^'lAJl 0LJ)J1
oUJJI ;UJj o^I ^*UJij >ibJI i-*li^ i-U. AW ^IS l^jii* ^^
^j^i ^^" ^ ^" v-.ji^" ^i^> L^l ^y ^^^ -^'^^ ^- ^"^
,UpU^ i^^ii^i >.,}^ ^'<^^ '^-^-J 'J-*^ 'C'-^*^ .5-pU^Us»
i^t 'iiL^f s^vi ^.^Jt>-J! oij-^» .y ^^^f -^ f ^' ^'^-^
ii
J-;>.i^l ^y 0^. (J 01 v*^' (>• Cr^f '■^•^ ^-^J • ^^"^^'j-Vj
. ^^"^ajLj^l Jj^ t_»**iJ^ i-Jij^ cASy L^j»*<»j>- Lp«jv»jJ
LfJ U jf 4 J^js^-J jLla^b *^.j^J ^,JJ *^J ' -fi-/ >J i^J j>- o* *-«I^^***Jl
jtjlij ^JU cJJis- t^JJI ^j-^l ^yh 4_ip cJLjuil Uj ^yijVl oJLa
J\ oli SiJbcJl Vl**- 4^ ^'^' i-i^bilj IjJ AiJl ^_j:ij ^y.j . ^jU)l
J li| ^jjJIj . (H^'i^tj jvAJ-JLap-j (*-<^liLpj j_^UI ^'Li> iJ:>Lb^l ^y
jUif JLij .<^^)(.15:^VI -L^ ^.,5:...; Vj j^Vl 4_JLp ^^" -d^ vUUi eiyo
J_-ly. -l5^- tiJUl y*Vlj t j^.jUU ^>1>>Ji ^j-Jl Ujbt Ji ( JJuA)
(Lojjt) _^_>- _^L dUi JLp i, l j,. *- ...M> , . . U *_-Jui ^jj ^3^1 JU. 4Aijk)l
iJIji^*^! iiW- . ol t ^ :>\:? Ot __;f*ej . tr'Jjs'^*^ t5j^' *^^' l5» Jju*JI
OjJLjhJI JUJI JL«ui.<>» US' . ^jlxJI jj-^ Lj-L« Liij^ Ll-J 4^,.,k iWj
t^_^l ^IjhI ivrjJ i^y^II ^y^ ^^1 ^^ ;-pUi>-Vl f>>Jl lUi^ ^UjJl o^ (tr)
.V _ r /a ijsLo^i iV**^"^' f>^ *Jj-^i ii^'
. \ ^ ^y : \ • ^y i-u-ii ^^1 (to)
, YV ^ : I'o ly 4tJ^^' c?"^' lOUip i^-s- (VT)
Carr, E. H. 1961, op. cit. 82-87. (TV)
U
.(^^>I»^.jl2JI jJUH ^.jl:d ij^r ^f«e li-^' -^J^'
ll>- J^ y1 ,^-JtJi Jj^j W-^ Jj^ Wbj^J o^J^^ J^J
:L*;Uj"| sL-^I o>iJ LjiS-^ cil::^! jt ^jVl J-O >"> cOUVi
J_p._, L^ J.^ U^ljj^ i-*^J L*JJ>-* J^J o^J*^' J^^ -^-^
oUL^i ori t*^' r^ r ^-^ ^^"^ ^^-^^^ f'*^"^^' ^^^-^
jiL' UUb 2l4«^ v^.jU i'la^t J;>»wj t W*^l -sj'j*" J->^ *irMI
.;LiojUI d^lJk^Vl ii;^Uei Jl Ji-br
J>-J J '^js^ '*^ 6-^ D:^'^^^-*^' Ds^W a- J^ J^-*iJ
oU*i>Jlj oN*>UI of JiS>.y.j tEllsworthHuntington«Oj:ic;^))
. . .^L^ ^. ^\::ij 5-^^ <^y c.i t^P J^ J^^' Vi-" ^-^'
^ ^"^U- jl>-vilj oU>JI J>- Jl t^if !-• 'iiL>JI vi >^l
' .6A :oi
n
.(**>SJbJ>Jl ji,UI
(-JLJIj ct-JLis- ^ iLil.-.,. ^ , ) ! ,j*«>-j fj-^l rt-^ J— ~^ iJL>Jl jIpLlJI
(>* J^ '^j-^>y4i uijj-*-^ ari>»"j=^ t^i t<-«^j 'I*- t_5l* tO^jiij «-i-Sj
i^j>,jJa^ iOIaUI)) yL^ ^y dJUJU i^ iljut JbJ LJU]j . v^>^)'l
^11 ^J t>Ll« Clili J_;yJ iAJ\j-k>J\ y^ -uUiaI A^jJ ^| rj>Jlj ^S^t
Vlj-«r v=^ W^ ^'-^ -^ 4JUJI ^jljjJl Uf . i^ji!>LJJ sOlJLJUl
E. Huntington, 1924: Civilization and :o*- - «A ^ i4_-ui; ^_f-Jl (£•)
Climate, New Haven. 220-226.
.VY^ tt>iLJl ^jJI 4j*j* (H)
IV
'^j cjJirJU .yi^Ju j-j^ t^JJI p>a*3t jjli» ^i^ ^ \^^ '<^\j.^
^LJi ^f ^yj ^^^.^ri^i d^i^ ^4-^^. ^"^ '^)^ r^--^ ^^
jl iJi>. 4_^Vl jLp l> jjX> ^U ^.jl=3i (-Uj:*! Ot ^IjJlj .('UiL
il^t -A^Sji J-iiJ i-^Uj^-*^! c>Jl Ot jJ^. *J-* >^l M^jJ ^J
oL*-*ju- ^\J Js^ 5_JLJ)fl A_.j>«i!b 2^*:^l j^ <^Ji^J v>-^>"
4;.jL o.^jLw u^-W^i ar^j>Ji ^f e^'^' .y-* -^''^^^j ^->^
^j ci^UJl J-l^lj ^\^% ^j-Hi3 ^lyVljj^lj ^lO^Vl 0^ v^i
4;f^j ,j^UL il>t jl^tj i^^ Oii ^JJj .i^l^l J-I^b ^'^%
M. B. Smith, 1953: Some Recent Texts in Social Psyciiology, 150-159, i "f)
iA
Ul
(4* 01» :<J^ ciUi J] ,jLi ijlj^]» jUf oiJj ^i^U^I Jj ,UuVl
.<'^>^!JLiJl oLiljJlj (4-^jjbJl
jUJij obUJij ol -JJU .(u_^j_^|) LpJL>w-l of J^ ^
jf ^j^^l vL-^ y (4— .» l^S ^_^_^ ^U^-Vi ^UU (W:<._j
Talcott Parsons: The Social Systems {Glsncot, III: Free Press. 1951)
Kingsley Davis: Human Society, 289-307. : J] ^i ^ CT^. (U)
i^
. ol^-'il J oi> vr«d '-^IjJ' L> ^*>^'
j^.^ '. ^^o^■^,^^^\ ^ J ^b^'» v^^ -^^^ '^'^'^'
^1 (;:^1 ;L.^1) > L.«V^j (i*e^l oL.bA3l) ^ *>^l ,;i
l_^\ ^\y^H\j 01.U3I a.^ a- (C^>') J^-^'^b^^tUi
Merton, 1953: Sochi Theory and Social Structure. 115-199. (io)
\
^ OjLjcU ejLu^ L^jJ U jJjJ (. (i_Jj_Ji) ol_^Vlj obUJl ^[
ij.j>-^ Jj_2Jl j^^SC^ 1*5" ,S^_JcuJl ijijjJl Ail5i)l j^lj^^l t^jWI (y ji^j
^LiJi JLOt -Lit j^j (oL»-*^l J^l ^y ^UajJlj Oj>-j3-JI 'UJLi.lw
jjjjlj_Jlj ti_;>»^l ol^J-iJl y Lo-fr U j «ij L« 'iia--lj_j (iUij toi:i
u.>«.>L-JJ 4_jiL-vi| cAS\-f:>\ jy>L*i>.':rfl (^^JaJI ryjJl ^~^j-ij
J Mdj*^ y«-^l ty ^t_j 4J* Aj-^l *li3l ^^^ t^^iu t^LP ^iUl
. ((ll>- ijs:^ U^^:;?^! iAJb^ ^;^l Ids' ^ U^b V^Ui;r'^l ^j>Jl
c>...>
W. Lloyd W. and Paul S. Lunt: 77ie Social Life of a Modern ^^^)
Community, 301.
eS
iJip ^t j^j ^Jl^j 4 ^Li ^ iikj^ ur^*^ a-pUi^VI (.>J1
,,|yVl 0^ <^\ *-rjUj iV-L-Vl V^-^^'b ^^1-^^ O^Ui.-'i'i
^^ ^ Ait > .i3jJi^ S.^ Ae>J U> JU^I iiP-Jlj ^;^\
i.y LJ^\ji\ i^LJlj . ciJ^I jL- > j^ ^'t WJ k:>l^^\ J-lj^l
.('^>L^ vMo^Vl t5>>-j Uj-^x* ^ ysUiu (Jj-^l Cy ^^
Freeman E. A. op. cit., 119-121. (iV)
.rv ^y :To ^ iJjUJi ^^1 '^''-J 'J-^j* <^'^)
A Survey of Contemporary Economics, vol. 1 - II. (i'^)
eY
t liJip jiSi olii jj-j W^jjJ tij**** J^ ' ^^^ oLsJi' jt iiJ? Jj ^y ^i^y
(^ji^^ ,yj cL^ ^1 ("UiJ ^y^idj 'L- iJjjJ iuUlaJI i-LJI ^^>.
y^jj ^^_;,a*-J L^vaju 4iJl^ 4it)U ^yj ti>-A-iJl «L>- ^^j t^l jl *1>-^I
t-ij^^iaJl Jia-^^J . L-*Jj-»-^ J^ SjL-AsJl ^j-^J dlj-*jJl (ij-;;-^ ^y
Sii ii'^j ^yK^ J^b (ijUa>Jl jL-Jl JbJb^" ^y Uy*t> i^UaaVl
:L--L-Vi o!5liLiaJl ot cy ^J^J • • • : J>. '^ ^'j^ J:* «f^^
^ L-jJi* t i.^ls»- A«>«jjlj ii>-j^ *...,.>'.1L /«-i^jJ Ol j^;^^ 4jiL,s<aJ*ilt <iyaM
ju* i_*J ^v^ ijjL-^VI ij^^kJD L« J-iiJ Ot j^^SUj ^f Lot ^
aJUu (r-j>Jl) j5^.io e-^-"^ d^Uuf ^_^1 t^ijo JUJI i*^ U5 tj^lV
^ j;^,^Vl ^^,iUai»Vl ^ywj iijit J_ii jvi ^yj . eO^-j i>iv»^i iiLi^
Paul A. Samuelson, 1 947: Foundations of Economic Analysis, ( o • )
Cambridge.
Alfred Marshall, 1 890: Principles of Economics, London, Mac. and (o ^ )
Co. 130.
or
vt^l Jo xij .<*^>L^j Ob oli ^jVlj J-**31 ^I5i J-i- >l>^
*l^l obUj tUUl UUJ! jJUJ(j c J-*^l (^ ^1*1 J^
ejuk cji^ Uj coisuji M>. ci^' Wl-i *^^ <:^^ J\ J-*^* ^^
. iJ^,j\:i\ J^lyJl *l>-l ^y oL^>Jl jL^I ^^^"
.A\ ^ :Y'\ ^ i JiUl ^^1 lo^'l .^j^ («n
ei
^ ^L^l jLi>J( JJ^ ^\ y^\ JT LJi '■'^"^^ > ^^^^J '^ ^^
\jjx^\j .\^\j i^\ ^s^ > v^i 1^^ ^-^1 ^^^^ r**-^^
.eJU-UJ! SJiiUJi ^y^ *^jI
*JU. JJc^. J. cILL- !a«: V-^t J^b ^r-l-5^' '-^ Vr-i ^" lT^'
.^xo Ai%3i aiJi>.;j J,K'*^^ iyy^ ^'^ -
00
,L^ iUprVlj U^^J U-^J i-c^.jU3l j5L2^t ^Wl -
o-lSOuj ^,...^^1 •^IJ-^^^I r*^. ^ 'l5^-J^' ^^^' ^->"- ^^^
e^
iJL-. AiJl Jt)L>- j_^Vlj jL>u-Vl ol*-Ux>.i L^j aJLs^ImJ ik-j— J ijL— >■
4_^ljJL; (jJuijj) f-UaJU-lj , J_jL^I ^LJ)" ^>^ «■■^:^ <:-»l^j> Ij-Jwi;
(j^ _ oLULjj^U ^^-vjLa* a— mxi 01 i 1.5 la :,» i»-JL->Lj OjuJI ^«i^--' Jl_p- V
^1 i-iUflj . . j^^^^-njU^I jl iliJl OLJ |_jjLp *Ij--» t JbJbjJl TtJjllU ej~**Jl
«_iljj|j . V-^^*^*^' pJ^b -J^i-^l T^J^t oii j.5-^^1 V^l -^J >* <J^
iJjj^^l of ^i - JiVl ^_^ L-u-si* j3j _Ulp c^-Jl oL-SiLJl eJLfc of
Morris R. Cohen: 1947: The Meaning of Human History, 201-213. (OA)
J-0 . JiVl Ju> l!u^^j tllib U53I t3>J' '^1 - 'j-i^J ch-J-*
^ju ^ ^. 4^1 iii>i» fl-^^^^ Jlx:d l^ c^ ui/^--^' Ori ^>^'
^^>^ .:iUU* ^ t^jki v^U::^^! f>5b ^*?*^1 ^.>^' orf fy^>^'
jijUl ^ U53I oUUlj c3>Jl flJ^^I Op dUS > Sj^Apj
toJUisJI oiVl jiUiJI (.iJi^^Lj j^^b^ 0^. *^ ui^' oii^-J^I
^jJJ j_*>Ji L. oljj~Jl ^ i*i ^j . t>jb ^t5^^ *^.>; LT^^^ cP^
L^t UJi^j 4*^1 ii>il J^ ^jl^ .ur" C.LUUI Jl U> lib
Louis G: Understanding History, 209-250. (•;•)
.\o :\r ^ t J;!-" c?"^' 'W*^; ^^^' -V^ 0^)
oA
liLyoAJl «-.>i^j ^^tJlj iffi-'u^'^l pLJl j>j i}jy>i\ v^>>- t/*^ '^■s^
l^LijJ\ J>JI j> is^UVl Jl b i^U- Vj .c^>Jl g-.4i*i iUiJi
CjL»jLuJ\ j jj^\j cjbuill J'l^ 01 ULj>-t JJj 4 J^.jci\ ^i-*4!
tJb-lj ilJUJ ^y J>--U ,ji\ JJU>JI L)t Ja>-"!)lj ,oiJL>«^ oUyfl ^y iJjlJtj
^ LLxs- Jjb N ,_yL?- jt ij Jl» 0l5L- aJs> of i*>-!>lu . t5>>-f *^^^ ^J
i^Jut ^ Jj_; ilJbdl (;j5Jj t,_yL>Jl (iJUi i4J jt OLSUI dilljf (^jiw>
jJbJl ^JlZj -uf ^_^tij.*JLdljt tAjJl-J^l AjIj^^ '^Mjb '^' jf •j^'
y* yL«i jji jjijpi jijii4 ojU- lii dUi j«i of. ^i >^ d^yij
o\
Ot ^ ^L^U\ J^U ^ lil dUl ^y ji^\ 0^. hJj^kj ■ ^yJ
.d^l Jl>«^ ^J J^l V^. *j=rJl
JL>^ JLp ol4JI .1* jJa^" ^ ii J[ ^i^Ul j>^ cL^ A^LdJI
^Lj U>. ^Ij^ (>• olvJi «-J^ ^^M' ■^^. ^^ J^-J ^ ^^'
i^Ui^l si^UU. Jl UjU^f ,>^. ii^^-*^ ^5* v-^' ■^-■^' -^-^-^^
. 4jii>i^
i;^ ^t l> ^i Dl^t ^\^ 4AJi v-JL j^^i ^ ^ji t^-iJI -^M'
oi^ii . jiij^jj ^^" L»^ J j>^^ •^'-' 6-^^' *>^ ^-^^-^"^^
A-jJ-jVljJLc. ^ j-irjj JL-X| of ^jill ^y jui.:^ _^j tDjis^t^^oio
iLsfliJi ^ 4?-Lvail iijiaJl __^_^ o^ illJlu*- yt^yaiJ ti>w-l^l jlS^Vlj
i-jiUJI j-j J— ^U!l JL>Jl jj^_ ^Li ynj tJ,^Vi -ijulijj LUJI Ai*-j j_j^
U_>_Jl ^y ycJLU of jLo DLiio._^jfj o^!>lit» t LfJi i]t» J^j
01 Ijji* jia-.-jf uij -^ij t pJl l^Jji uiii U tijUJi IJlA jia-w-jf L^ i}j^.
j^ i^jUJl oUt)UJl JjLi* ^1 J^,^ C'U i*^ :a^.j>-l 0=^^*- ^^
(,;;J^I vJVL ^_,>«-~Jl i!>LJl JJ iiUi 015" Oij) *UJiJl (>u^.MaJl Xcj
^y OlJj IXa ^^Nl ^jlxJl AjIxS" *^ j_j$3 L^l>- iivaj -UjyJl ejej>Jl
. 6 J j>Jl sJlA
n>
^ lj_vaXP j\ \j>Cj ^ (*_}->• UjLjIf-i |_jS ?«ijlxJl iv-Iji A**AI jj-a^
OL^jVl cIjjIj-p-j ti-jvsLJl «-«Vl jJUo-i ijyw |_^i .vg.Lo 1 t^L»iAl
j»_^LiUA< cJi^ "^"^j '^j^ ^j^-'y^ *^1 (»^ ^UJlj *jJiJl (_jJLJ^I
^_^jLill j-jS^I jLjI jj_ji Jap- (^iJl j_aj t'UjL.Ajj ''Jjl-*^ ivs^L>-j
Ji 4/^)" («-''-*Jl fL-^l .r^Lp ,t^ tL^Ua^Jlj Uj_^j j»^Vl *ytJ
. . . l-JL>-VI ftljjJi A*JaJ iw-i^l 4jlt*j CJI? Ajjbl* Jji
(^Vl L^jlai;^_^l 0_^1 ^ ^.jUl u* "^i* -^ '^^w • • •^>. vi.-- ^Ul
"\Y
i
l<Ji L.J iiJLUI jf oL^U^I jf <».j.kJ< jf ^y.oJl pip cJl^ liL)
<-,i,<ajij L*jji>- 1^ j-^jdJ *-f^ JSJ^^ itJlLj of v_.J>u ^1 iJLkjJl
. jyi tiJlit ty»Jl ^1^1 <^ CJl^ US-j 1^15 Ur l^lO^^tj Lf)l>.j
(jj* «^Jj-^' c->-Ljf L* JX (^^) *3i . . . J . a-: 9. 1 1 CP ^,_i^, of ,:;S1,4
?JUa)IIj ^^jVI e^ly ^y jji>Jlj Oj-Jl j,^«Jt* jlaUI IJla
0^" of 0^. 4/31 <J>^I ^'^h *U»^Vl t_j^ dJUij cSiUi-Vl iJL>o-
Jsjiaj <-:^ ^'^J L^lJpf (5Ajf jy iiuL-. i«ilj i-jji CU**j oUwkiv,^
^,jUll 01^ lib . <J;,^f jSii Vj -uiyu JLp jJlL N ^ 'yi l^ dJLL
nr
. . .iLsfliUiJl aJ>U1 *jljJ JJi>Jl t>«Jl ^5» ^ oL.jJl slyij iljU^^I y>
^H\ Jj> ^ jJl V-W-Jlj V'-^'^'J 4-pU;:>-^!I oLLaJlj t^lj
IJLA ^ V^ J^- jJl tiy^Vl -.JbO^l J^l^b v*U^ vL-"^)'! c>->
;Lpj Jb (^.rMI c^.>') H -^Jj^ C^*^' J\ «i^^ 45 II* <:j1 - ^^!
iilji)! ^Ij A^ijj Jl (,-«Vl coJJUl LJ j^^jUl ;^*At 'iljJj
J_^ iuj aLjj ojUJ ^y Sja^v* uiSlj^ iUJij t Aii-^:^ j_^ 4^UJI
*LJbji o>: o^- Uj ciidJL^ v«i>' '^>-'->^ j^'-j r^' C-^ ^
6j^ oL Uu: j^. c^JJi ^1 ./-jlJi cAJ> ^^--rJi ^J ^J ^*^i
M
no
(^ur j^i
;,f»uu a* (M.jUi 1^
\
(C^J% b^ IjL-r^b ^-^ -r-^>J^' ^'-^ '^'^-^ ^J -^-i^' "^^-r*^'
.JL* o^ jij .b;> ^1^1 ju-j ^vi v-Ji c>=^ L^^ M
-\\
JLP i^yJl ^^1 JJJU., ^\ ^^Vt ^1 II* >■ Oilj . V^iJ^l
Jl ^1 A-^U j>. \^/i jbJb>J jji^t^ dUij (il^» l+iv*^ «^ilj>J!j
(^1^1) ,^^1 .^Ij ^Ul o^yJl uri cy-^J ^i^ ^^^"'J
N ^1 (:ujL.^I) ^L,j .^UJlj i«ctl»^l a- *>^' "^^^' ^'-^
,4k- 01 d^ (^.^1 01^1 ^ (tL-"^l) J ( cpiJI) a- li- ^^— J'
v«
c,\j)\ liL-^ l>Jj c^LJI J c-L- ,^1 ill sliijp J-^uT^ S-iili ^jliU
M ^i^j^ ty!>^>l e^.J>-^ ^^' Cf^^ '^-'^ "^^ "^^ "^-^
^ J_^^l ij^ l<Jj .-ubTj cjLi>J1 ^^!>L-)/I ^,Ji\ (iiU l^ Ai^l
<l)t ^ (iyJl jf ii^^^i^Jl S>Pi *:>U1 J-^ ^ ^ji\ j\ ^yjli\ j\ ^yJi^l
VN
J.LJI ^,^\ t^.J^^. ^.-A-JI C--J^l ^-> Jl '^y^^ ^"^ ^"^
^.ygj :L^b V-J^lj ^L^*^'j hj^^ '^'^\ > r^>'* A-i
b\S Ul .ti^UJl DU^l ^\Jj^ u^>5> a-> ^'^' J^ ^>^' <y^' '^^^
Ot Oji olytfj A^lk.j DUJ^I oUj ^,^ r^l o- ^^J^ 0^ '^^
J^ 01^ -uJ: oUVl ^ly 6b . i*^J J^ ^1^ -J^ •^-^" t> '^^ '^-^'
jj i^:>U)ll SjUi>JI cJl^ Ob IJ^ --iJ'^ M H^i *'3^^ ^^ ^^^-^
^ ^^^j lAJU. Ajjurj Uj ^.joii j^\ oijU^p jsr UJl ci^l
obL.j A-j-J^ '^j^ r*^"^^ ^^ '^>*^ (^ '^^ ^'^'^ '■^-' ^^
^^j ^>ij olUp U.W ^^^ M f^>i <^^ i3ii^^c^(Hiiy- jf r*^^
^^( y_^\ il-A OU Ua ^j c^u: ou ^j^s ii> v^ o-j
vx
JI>JI jUiVli :c->l:5: «^^-^ cJl^ jJbJI ^.jl^- ^ ^^f «%* ^^1
^j-^J cr->"j ^L^l J*f ^jU J-*JL; jAj t«;|jjj;jjL)l ^j>^ ^V -
^.jU :i^UJl j^JjjJI ^ <.^!>UI jJ_^Vl Jjfj .iJ!>yj| ^jjj
cijUJU l^f. 4-j^.>- 4_^ ajjJ cJl5 d-^ tl^oivu-l jJl jiUJIj
oai A^ J5 vi^io^f uf .;L;jJi ji ^^>^ JL. i^u.j ^:>ui_, s^^uJi Up
oij -uJk: Uf .slj^l iUL-j .jiUi« Jl> ^\j cjUl JO ^ u/i
:r ^ ciy^Ull c^^^l ^1 jb .j.^1 J^ ^^1 jj^ ,^;^^ ^, ji_^ _j^^^ ^jj
vr
cJ^y ^j^^ ^^> ^^> J5>^^ ^^ .0^^ ^^ ^ -'-^^^ ^^'
y. ^ ^l. C>' ^-^* ^* ^ '^■^ ^^ ^-'^^ ^•'^' '"^
..U ciJ^l ^^ Wc^^j i:- > ^V ■^. '^'^^ C^->^ '^^-^^ ^-^
^ .>..UI >^l e^ a- C^ r-^*^' f'-^' "-^ "^if
I ^si r>^ ^. ' ^.-^i e«^' -^ ^' ^-''' ^' ^ -Jr,
' .._^ oi"^ - i.wjij y'^'' :v>=^
Vt
j^ ju^V i <J»J ^,j^i> V^ '■^^J ' '^J^^ - •'■'^' '^i* '•^^
^ t^jJtJill dUiSj (^.lyJl *UJi)i ^ ^U!lj Ua5U ju>" ^>» i^^liJlj
/JU j> tSjiU ^ il::53l cJlSj .^>^l L^y ^^^1 d\S Jij
(IjUp j>. DUcj ylkiJI ^ ^^ j.^ OlSj t^ir^' a*" '^^- Js^ -^
•^l**- uJ^ cH ''ij'*' '^t^ "^^ tj»i^ o'. -^Ji-J V^^ S5i^ <>< <J^^
U-jVi (>i ol::SJl cJlJj iJJUJl ^y U . . ..-^^ ^>i OU-- j^t i^y\j
^ jJuJlj iiU ^ JU- ^ l^^. j>*^ DlS'j - dUi^ - iLU 2>)>^lj
x^ ^^.JL^I x^ ( j«.jUI) v^ u* J^V ^' -^^1 -^Jt ctLi ^fj
j,,a...«.1t jf U JiS^, - ^j>^\ ^Wl 0^1 ^Ijt ^ y^xi\ j^ Ax.\
Vo
^ i<;j^' oJl^ Ul 15^*^11 (->Jlj vl^-^lj C-J^' "^^ •''^ - Sr'"'^'
^Wi 0^1 li-bt ^ o>j v=^' (J W^tj - (i,*i^ iibj) - *>iJi
^Ui^ iJiAj V jiJi ^ iiii^^i y^i ^y > ^ ^^*^' o^^ '"^
^jjl V^L c^^Wl (^'^\ 6S^ J\ ^i^' ^^^"^' >■>- "^^
pi - '*i^jj^^ - c^^i - ^^'^') b^ '-^ ^^ "^^
6l>p o^- o^j ^UuJ f^^^l ^ ^J^ C-'^' ^^--^ ^^-^ '^*^'
J\ oTyJl oLVl ^t Uj . \hj iuji r^.>^' ^^^^ (V-.J^> ^J^')
ij>J ^./Jl OT>l U>^ J^ '^^^ ^^^' ^^-^ ^ ^"^^
w
cj'i u^j'-^b jjl^tuJl ^C'Jij j^U->Jl y^l IJ* ^/«^ L-J.S V-rA:
.0)...oisUJlj oU^I ^^ iyJl
oJlJ JjVl V«ijlJI ^l>-jVl Oi J^l ^. viUS ^j JjVl ^.jtJl
:a^ l^ (j^I) JIj>-j iJL-jj d->»j i'Ux-- Jip Jbj; IjU- s^j
«I* cJl5j . JjVl oUjUJl ^y ic-lj sopU JLp ^I IJL* cu-UI i,w.lj
o^J ^rf^l c>'l^l <>~J oU«Vl ^j^ of jO^^ .Slj^lj Os^jjJl
^-^j Ob tj^.jU)! ib^S- ^ iijiij jj ^JjjJl l^ Oj5oS ^1 ^U!l
iijSaij ti^lj ,io^xJ\ of Ji^!>Ul ^yj .i4li;«J| Ujji\ i^JuJlj
{.LUlj ^^ (Jb^JI) loA ^ l4:d; oij , ^,jUl ^.jju- jU.f Uji>-j cJlS*
L^ CU*vij UJi O^ ^1 V^!jWl oLbOl ^j^Of /JUL; ^.Jb^j
ti^^f cr*t)L-)/l ^^1 ^Uf ^ cJi; U5 ,c^ ^%^i ^U
^^aJl a*p of ^ viUi ^j .t^gij > ^ iX* ^ ^^JLJi
^^J lfll>-jj lfp>V L5» J^>^i:^Vl f-U- iUi^ oLu ^.jtJl
UJ oij t^U ^>L.| ^jhjA, UJjj t^joDi ^j^ iLs^ j\ \'j
T J, .o^Vl iJ,.ll o>- Jl f^>| ,^ ^ ;^^, j^^i ^_^, ^^^ ^^ ^^J
vv
Jj .oUj .^^Nl ^UJJi j^\ ^J^ Cj^ e^' Ji^l^^l
.<^)-u^'Ui>-j t/-^^* ^«::>w*Jl oU-^ J^l
^ ^ u^ i^ c^t >u^i o/.- ^ j^j ^^ij-j ^^^ tH
^ ^\ ^ui .10.1^ >,.B ^1 ^ A^i .:»^ LJb '^^>
'j\ 0>)lj -cJu^l ^.J^l -^J^' O^O^- '> -^^ ^^^* ^^^^
'^\^H\ oi,^ ^j ^^ r^i > ^- 'i-^' r^' ^ ^'^ "'^^"
;. j,t oi^j . f^^i Jl ^ r*^-^. f^>^ ^>^' ^^ ^'^^* ^^-'^
.<\« ^ lA— i; Cfrj*5^ (^)
VA
j_^UiJl j^k [^ Oyp^. t/" i-i>»vaJl CJLS" IJJj h-JjaJI -Up Jl>-j Jli (l)Vl
.JUj^Jl
yt isiiyJl iJI^Vlj .iiJ^^I ejU^lj is^yJl ^UaiJlj Jd>Jlj
e^^j*^ jiUiftVl llfl «a>-j (.Ji^lj i->MJl y^CS. J>.Jb Vj
# ' "
j> j_^j-^l L^l ^b»^_ i^^\ ^ l^ ^^- u ^ oU«j ^Ul
(^l^) J\ O^l^lj iU-sJIj cJj^^l ^ ij^l ^LokVl JixJij
^'yf i^ (^" jJi (oUAJi) ^ ^ diijj .*biVij tsUiiij a^j^\
V'\
^ oLT ^ji^, -JljSl ^;A~ -iai:^" Ot J\ <ii5i t^i>. ^1 J^^J ■^.j^'^
ois: ^ .^> :^j . A^u* *u.iJ cJj3i ,;^. .i^. ot Ji hjj^^
\^ >jj( ^ ot:, uljl ^ oo.. :^ u! .o^>:i:U, ^^j ^j
i/l^ '^jyj -^b '->«>»-A' iJ *kJ-^J (*^.j^' '^^-;^' t*^ '^ (H^^-*^' J^jJ
.yUuJl ^y-~>«Jj tvijiJb-Vl vrjj L^ tJ^^' '^ tM
' /^ •^'' ■tf-'f > '' '' i'" "1 -^ ■^ ■*^i'' '' '•''T\'''''\
. oljt Ijiljt lij 'ill;rj -iu 01)) : Ui^ ^.^ ^y
sJLaj .SL-^Jl 4_*;>-^jf ,(SJJ*JI) jjjJL-Jl -Up oLiJ IJ-Sofcj
.JUI
lyL5 tiyr^! JjVl u^l ^> c^^Wb iil>wJi of ^y j^^l ^j
ijl^ CJIS Uj j>J( li* JIp i5^l Jj^i" <J>J' c*^ "^J ■ ^^ f-^'
iLw-LJt oL*j-/a^Jli t«iUiJ>Jl iUS" (»i>J IflS '-Jj^l "^l^ 0>)l li*
Jjw. JS' (JjJi^^ 4ybJJi *i Oj-^'j:j ^!>U^I >.\J^\j tipjUax* *ly>Vb
Uj ^,-JcJij cJi^>JL) ^iUi5 cc-^^j .cUiJI JiU>Jlj *U>.Vlj *UJlJI
AN
dJUi J>^j t^ J^^l ^ ^^b ui-JJI ^-^ *^)' o^ -^.^ L>
i^Ulj .i^!)L-.>l jU^'ill J JU^b "«*^^1 c^^l -^J^ ti-^l ^^ c/
4-.Jj iiil ^Lj:53 ^!)L^>L_; ^^. t5-iJl J^' *-^ t^"' ^
^! i:iJL_Jl Ji* A-^L3j -d.U Jl v^ t^ ^5i^.l J**^ ^ ^J--^*
dUJu^j .«*UJuJI V^i'J r^> o-JJ^ '■^^ '/^^ ^^#. ^1 Jj--J
^j ^l o^ LJj» :^ o^ iiiL>JI J>. clUi ^j .ci^>JI
ju. t5V^^I -^U^ o'J ^.-J^' ^J^ o- ^^^-^ ''■^^' r^' t.^ ^''^^
.to ^ -.rr ^ ly.LJi cr-^' '^^' '^■'-^ ^^'^ '" ^^"^
AX
iUJt 5_Vj ^.jLJI c?* (cAJ' ^^') ^-'-^ ^*-^-^ '^'-' '^-'^^'
^j ob>]l jMj (;^' 'Jcr-) ^'^^ t> ^-^ ^^ '^''^ r-^- ""'^ "^
a5U ^ ji*li i-i-j\-Jl i^^l '-i* (> ^^-^^ J^Jr^ '^^-^ '^ r^^
1 ■,'.■■■ -^ J->- J-^ 01^ id^.JuJl Sljj OLi ^iUi ^y j^Li i-:^l
aIjlia'IjU ^JUitj Jj-^l Jlyt t>*J^-*it fL*^l ^-^ -^ tSjs-~Jb liJ^I
-oUw^! ^ V ly^^-^ ^ ^ h?^* *^^ ^^-^ V-^ ^^ ^ '^'
Ar
:,jjy, L^ ^^^ V-»^. ^^. cy ^L5j c^Mb s^i ^.^^^ '^J-'^-
.LJ^i ^ ^j iu^ W^ J---' cO^UJb ^b^i ^-^^^
•J**-
i^^^_ ot (,>w v^^ W^- -^^-^ ^''->*^' ^ '"^'^^ ^^^-^
5^> D^J>JI J^ o^-' cdUi J->-t c^ dj;i-x^\ f^^ ^'^
^ oijijji ^.^uV( j5 V e^j -^>^ o^^ > *^^^ • • • ■^*-'
;iL. ^ aji ^ ji e-^ij f^b 5L^>!i ^ ii^j • • • s^>^i
^^j ,2,^1 jJl5:u31 JT J^ tiT^l <«-ij Ol-r a;,xJI ^
0L5 ,^ ^jLj> _r^^3 J ^.>J^' -^ <^l^J 'lt^^ Cf. "^"^ f^)"
0^. eil^Vlj *U*JI ^ Sj^ i^ ^j>-J <^.->-JI ■^'^^ J c^-
i^ o^>^J '<^^ o^^ cr-^ u^' > '^^^' ^^^ =^^- -^^
^ Up ^UI ,*^U '<»j^ U> ^jJ : JU Ajt .-.^J ^, J-*** :^^
U-. ^y? JJj i^r^-lJL; ^Ul ^t ^ OlS-j .c-i j-fli c3y J-A^l
JLij Ji^b OLS^ ^y U^-U J^>j tx^lj fji t> S3* JiSj _^ _* V
.(^'^)^UI ycitj^UI -liit pJl oL. :iJli il ^Ul
• oi-j^ cy- •^^***^J t|j-^* u-*^' *j-^' *^ (ir' >^'j
-u^pj j^ ^\ jl» o\Sj ijVl J_^ v*:^ Cf. '^.Jt -r^ J ^'J
V JUj J^Vl ti^^ Ju>. olSj ,1*^ ^ 41)1 Xcj 0*- ^ viUJi I^f
. ^A'^ ^y. I ^ ->- ct5j>U OUUI^ .U-Vl yai^; (\A)
Ko
.(^•>^NYAi:^
.^,^Uj s^l-. w; cJ^i ^ ^j '^.-^-^ £: ;/ ^ -^ ^ L?tJ'
^ viui ob/JJI ^jr-i yj ^' -^ ^>"^' <^ ^t U ^j iUI
'^\j l\jj^\j ^L^\j i%^is -0^ > ^L. js:. jUi L. l^ ^j
.rv ^ ifo ^ i*~^ ^j*Ji (^^)
j.Vi :JyJi J^ L-^*^i Xrt^' iJj-JJ' s^ v->^>' *^' '^-"^ '>^--^' ^^ •' ^^^^
.6A^ :ora^:yWi(\^vr)-* \nr i:- £ i' ^Jj^ ^^>J
An
j^\ _ j>JI ^ - L^ o!>U>- OUJU 4X*^ J^f oii je>!l a^p ^ j-^
. ju^Vi jj^i 'wUJi J\ ^ ^V c?* 'jjM' (^^*-Ji r*^-^ '"^^^ "^"^
olyu^bj j_A -ai^L -CijUSj dua>J! ,«^ J elrj axIa ^j .« Ji^
-L5 b^ lilj .OeijV=->lj »W «'y^ a- '^ ^--^1 *y **>*^ '-^ ^?*-^
f
^j^ ^y^\ jfJ>\j - -u>-*j (^1^1 : U^ OUIp Dl^l ,^jJ OlS'j
XJipu :4j-i ^ o^^ oi "^^ f^)" *^W^ *-^ ^^j-r^i^j • iSj^U
J 4_;^(iJi^ ilH'»(J-^~i •«t^jL^* C^— ^^ L5** «^-r^ (1h'» c5jL-J«^
jL^f AXP ^UVi t-^U» ^p|^. U5 i <>-;>' t> «t5^l)) j i((oUiill»
Vj OlijVl "oiL-p tjij aJlaUJI ^^ -iLj ^yji 01^ ^l^\ ijy^ o'. -^.J"
i^\ ^j olkJJl j^ _,-*^ |»^ ^1 yk |Ij> Oijj . LjJp j^i L*- J^L(
AV
ijuijuJI ^J LUj -A Ao AX- dJj JiSj I tr-j*-* J^^ Ji ^-r** CI* cf'y.
jK^ JL^fj ^^^ 2r*-i *LJ*JI *:>Urt ^ »^ 4_iJli» lix^ - 1^ (ijLS'j
jjjdij JjVl J-siiJi ij^U* ^j^j B Jj-^' t|3^ ^^ '^b
• y.jJ^'^ ^^j o^J ^^^j ^^J tiJi^i
^yuJi JUaJ If; fU jJl Aijj^-j J^JI ^b> i^J*^' *^J
J^Ju- ^Vl Jjf 4ijL«j ^i S^ CJ15 JiSj .^iJ^\ y.Ji\ cjf- l^-^^J
jL->-t cJL5j .iLu-^lj i->\jjJ\ IjiLix-i ^.J^l ,yj ..i^.A^i J-*t
AA
- dUJi5 _ iJjlJj .*^ OTj-ill ^ V JjJ X, ./i -lJ ^ iJjl J_^^
j_^l jLf>-Vl j_;A»u CwA Oij . lo jJjJlj aJ oljjJl aJL^ -uu tiJUi (5j—
Lit dUJ j^j . J>^ ^1 Ji i^.-x* ^^1 jyjl- ^ |.Ll* ^1 l^i^
aj^j>. *m ^ Uajf opLo ^jUI ulSj . -cljjkfj 4j^f ^ jjL 4>^jl"
. t^jUa>Jl ^Jly" W.Tj Oi^)fl v^jj^l (.jikii^ oL^i
^y spjJl Sx>.jJl iL^ji\ ^^_j^f j»^ly3U 4»LJjL ^jbJl of U5
oJA U*«:u-I lil ^lajJl j^^ j5>._^! jjL^l Ua -OUj OLJ)ft JJUJj
tj^ I \^yT *^ «j_ALi)i tj^_^i ju^
*J^ i/ (>7*J' J>^l cjUJi i_Ux)l JU>^ .i (YO)
A^
.^1 2^%^^\ v^.jUI ^\ cy ^"i^l cy e*^*-? *^^'-> *^^*
^%-Ni f^.Jsi\ JLJ^L- viAilj .(jiy^ 2^ .^^^yj^J .^ 'fj^ •^)
. ^_^( >UJI ^.jWl >^i e^ J^* t> ^ '-J^-
j^^jyu ^i5:>Jb ^\y% -ui^b o:^j>^'-' ^^^' c*^* '^ -^^
^^1 ^Ul 0>31 ^ U^b J^^l .^. <r^^ ^j^J^ oi-^^ ^•^» ^^
oiyi\ o^j ^^b e-^'^> ^ ^ '^^^ ^^' ^ ^' ^ ''^
^ J.LJ1 c^^^* i-^* r^-=** o^t^-'-^-^^ '^■
^•
,'^LiA ^i L^l* ^/Jl o^l S^l ^r^^ «i3L.^l <>jl» ^ •^-^'
JjU:;, j^jLfJI o.*^ c^l:^ oJJb f_^. Ot o c_il»j iejJl Sj-Jl v^U»
JIXP Vir^'j r--^' t^-^ *'-'^'-' '^^.jW^)"-' Oj^J>JI «^>-^J
Lj^^vi>u 0>S^") :aJ JLSj cjW^ ^t 'jJ^ l^jj '^^^ t^^^J '^'-^ J\
l^^^- ^ l,^.A;a;iJj t^ jUJi «^> Oi-^^ -^f^^
. H ^y Mv ^j^ lA-i; ^^1 (TA)
'\^
. iJ^JIj ^Vl jo.jL- A.\sS J «t^>)l
iljii. ^.jL- ^> iL^y *J oijj ^j villi ^ j^j <*U ^^-sL-^l ^.jtJij
^ J_^^l teJU. Jui^l jlj J^ . J^jJl -^JJ^ *^=i^ </^-«^' -^^
i.,yJI J>J1 ^IJlil-l ^ pjl Jj^l J*i- u^ > - Jl^l ^/ *1i\
. (^ • )iil> o Ij jj -uJiP yiJj J*ii - WJl
,e\u^ : iV^ iJjUl ^^1 i^^ACr^ ■=>(X')
^t
1
^ t5j-^t i_iJLJ» j-f-Jlj tijLi^l j>-j> v^L^M j-t^ -Mj
ji»-l Jl Ot e-;>»P ^j . »l_^Vl J-iP j*-Jl cT^'-^^ * J* W^ b-^J ^
^y ^_^ ^ l#J-^=^" (^J^^ CJL5 ^Ul ^jL->-)ll *V)4) OjwjI
j\j^% tLjJ ^UJI o'iyaJlj ^L-Vlj .j^i^L; i*^i>Jl ^.jljXJl
*X>* «:)t iiLi Vj . .i*i-> jj^. ois" Uj JJU3I jL>-tj toVUA;:)U s^jiJi
djl cJ^j I ^!>L-.)/l JLfJI JUL. cJ^y> vi^l JL>-V ^j^lj ^^^ILJ dU i A»i
ci^jUJlj (.*Lii>J! f\jU«a^j n}\j->>i\j ^1-iJl rj-^-^ tSi^l ilJil^^-s^ ^j^Aji
t V^>^>l ^JjJ^I fli* Jj^ JJli>JL! iij^ a* Uc* LJ yVl Jjl I4JU
\yy ^y :\\Y ^ tJjUl |«r_^l ijWJl j;;-^ -M^^)
. ^• \ ^ :^'\ u^ iJjUJI (frj*i^ '(^'^1 1>-»- ■•> (V'Y)
^r
JjVl ^!>L-^i ^-^' ^ vJ-3( i^^l o-^t ^^ ^ u«=i l-i^J
y. ^'l ^U . ;o^l sLJb ^.>JI OTyJI ^ jU c|I3i oi-^l ^ ^^
c.l.L^t. Jl^- m ^^ a- ^-^^^^^ ^^^ ^^-^ '^^ '^^ *-^
C^s>^\^*b\s. cijUb ^.^b ^-^b <^> ^^ -^ '-^^
^. ^ L^ j:^. c>3i ^^ -^^ r • f^^> ^'^^ ^ '^;^
Vx^b o.^^b ^U^* ^^ ^^' ^' ^ ^^ "^^^
^^ j^U ciib^i ^lyJi oi* ^ s ^i ^1 i>3b Oy^.Pb
■ M ^ -.VA ^ .^Ul ^^1 .OUA. 0^1 A^t .- (Vt)
^i
i .jUijlj c^.jtJl jj-^ Ji Oil jJl J--lj-*)t j^'^i-^ C/^,J
*^ J^ cM >*j t-u^li* ^y vmj^' '^I -l^^JJ r"^)" ^-^ -
^.jWI iSj^ jL- .0.0 t5-i3i y^ OjSOJ ^Vl (.UJ! ^)fl OjJUJl 01 -
A^^ j4JI >ijUI jj-s^l VM ^ vt>L->i s-^i c>-^J -
i^^yjl -.UJI 5jja3 JS^\ >-JI ^. ,>a-^l ^ (hj^\ f^ «Ji -
jjL-Ji jup v-=^' c/^>^>" fJ-^' c?* 6=-'^' ^'-^^ t^*^ '^i -
Up JL»^ ^.^1 J>-^i JJ-J^ -^ ^.r^ L5^-J^' -"^-^^ C^^-* -
.;aip^(j (j^l) Jj> Ju^txllj i^iOiJI oljU.>Jl j^.jb OT^I f^-:^! -
.^Ulj .LjVI ,;.»^j i^.jWI Si^l c^ J^^' *^' *^^ -
^0
^j^Jl^\ i^L^j L^"l>-^j ^l>Vl <^\J^\ <^'^'^\ ^J^l fL-i -
. <^^)^LLJj %]^j ^j V^ J^'-y* Js'^**^ '-'■'-^ t^l r*-"*'-'
oUUJJL) I^Spj v%-)il i.*>U ^UiJi j>x)l J->^ ir^l jj^ -
^T^l ^^! i--lji Jl ^^" i3L-^l r^J ^>^' ^^^ uM^' -
0_^L» J^ ^j c^b *^>^->^' -^ Jj-"^' '^ tM^" '-'-'-^ -
.i^-^LSLi. ^t > .^1 ^U5b V'^J v:)^)" ^'^^ ^'^ ^ -
^L^VI ^^^j c5^i ^1-^*^' J-=^--^J ai^L-)lij "k- W-j
,^jjl ^ I^-IjA^j ii^->«^l ^^^' ^^ J^^^-' '^'^y^
^Wb c^j>^^b jLji r^' cr-^-^ *>^^' r^' ^^ t^^-*
.^l>V! vtj^' 0?*J--J* ^J^ ^
?->- <^' c> 'y^J '^ ^V'-.J^^ ^^^^^ ^^* r-^' ^^'^ -
.(>'^>^^,,a^i x> >ijix3i >uji *ijJi ^ irf^i c>Ji c^ fW-i -
I
^^
J j^.jh3l jjju vtJ^^l i^J-^l J Oi^^^lj ^'^'^b *^^^' C^^' -
,^ *lk^! Jlj>-b usij'-:^)"^ o^jy^ ^-i^^r^^J ^"^y^ e*^^'
. U^U.^j Uj^ J*I^J Uy^Usw J->wJj
.Y^ ^ ij^ui ^^1 <.^,x}\ ^1 dUiSj
^v
Tf^
^^iikiif jiAyt
^MUfi di^r
4«^.jW»
I
kHB^i^
1
r
r
r
r
r
!
r
^ L. ?:.jjb JUpI JjjL-i Jjl^ J-» : Jli*J' J-^ c>) o^ '^'^
di*>- J Tancred ^^ t3l»j ^ a* ^Catiline ^':U\S iL^ Jw.^-
«^,wi)l *!)U.NI J-* L. ^WA^ i:^ i> Grasse ^l> ^^^ J>-t J
^},\\ ; iu.t>L^ (?C>--- Oiy; ^^ ejy. 01^ J* ^Sieyes ^^-^ U5:J
jju IJL* OLi ill-Vl iUUb- i^t j^ JLJ Uil^ ii^ *-^ ^Jr lib
*i^ 4U. iiJbcuJi >j^i o^ U.JJ L- SjSi M-Ai .3^' <:^t X •il Ait
^ ^i^^jjl ;e^ii d^^i <}^^^ -A?*^' j/^ "J^ 1^*^ ^t^-^' *>*
Carr, E. H. op. cit., 128-139. (^)
-1
J
1
i
\»>
oIJ-aLjuJL)! <^y^ o^-J J-^-^JJ j-^' '*^ ^(js4-~J_r^l t>s^l>*>-^J^I
i_JLi jL5ol Hj-^l J-i^ (OLJVI ^. Lsf_^_va^) 0_^_;i>«uJi Oj-^-jJ^I
(4JUI— S^ e_^..,;.ii9i aUI 4_>Klaj e^^^Lv» 4_ij_^ 4Ul ^ fjbu jLj»t^ c->«.>ti ^.^l
jt ^'1 A) . , A_*;^jjJl ilji>Jbj ij*j-Lj| (Vj1_^I A-*T«-i ^" ''^^Vi t^-»^^i>-J
... I ! I KSjbs^i ii)! 4jJ» ^yk ^jj-^ («-<-^ r"?*^ i^
Oj ^JLfJ La ("L»I AlJL^ L_ai A;>«*»J jlf>- ■*»*«-« Oj5o jIj iv'l^' J^ ^^^J
Ibid.. 140-141. (Y)
^•Y
^^. ol oUo Jiv^ u:i j. . . .^ Jt>-J^ <^ t'^^^ ^'-^^ cy
i,^ o^' iis:^. > ^ u :;i>i opLo ot ^. UuJ viiji^j .iJ.Vi
4^^ il^l ^L> c^ A]t Jl jJiJ jf JI>JI cr^ i^.W)'! Jl '^j^^
.I^VI -dJL^j vJL5ai IJL4^ oUJLiJi ^- N j:^ i^UJl c?'^'-'
j^l Jxl>o i:;^j oW^^^b ^Vb^' <y -^^r^. >- c/ '*J^' ^^^-^
ii>, .^i^Vi :^ f>J jt aj > A^L^i ^jUiJi ^>Ji li-ji
o^j-^ jiLi>Ji bjHj-L ' ^'-^1 ^-^ ^^^' o* cr*'-^ - r^J^ J^
i.i^( o_,^. ^»45^ ^^1 ^y^jii ^^^b C'^-^' ^-^^"^ ^^-^^
Ibid., 99-101. (V)
\»r
jUtf JjLjjJIj Jj— ,* jI t-i-ijj Di n-f^-^ • r>**Jl '*->-j <J^ *4^ sLcpVI
^ OlJisrji JUi^iflj ^-ijijJIj tS^^lj *-— i^l v_^j t x^UaJlj aIjaVIS"
• -ii^ijWl jiUaJlj J_^Vl j>' ^ JS"
^/il Jj-,tfVlj .L4::>fcsaj OjJj^ j*e J^^t) t ^ . " .^</H t3jJ>* Jj-^f :,>*->-»
Charl «tji>J'V JjL-i» jj^j^^l ij^j uLiJl I J* ^j . j_ya->«A; juu '^j
Introduction to : v«ijWl oL-IjJl)I ^1 J>-JuJl» : ajIj^S" ^y Langlois
t.;-->«j Dt d»j^LJl ^y->c) tiU-Vl (>« \je^j*>-« the Study of History))
: U ^ » « oJi^tj
. ejJiSu J f>t (•'^'iS') Jaj t cilJipj i^JaJI (J-U?) ^
tk>-t Jjkj tLfij aJL«j ^■'Jjf u5*^l oUjiitJl ((iJU<9) (^
Ibid., 78-81. (£) 'i
I-
\ ' i i';|
'J
-' 'I
I I — L.il
L-j-A»u tSj^^J tj^Ja— Ji ^y jLJ^I ^y^ ,>:iuJl ^^^ 4_»Jb:- ^y J>wo
^IjoJ Sj^ Jl^ J jJUjJIj i-i^.jLJI olUS3l Ui^yi jjj
C-jijt jL«-iVlj ^jlj-Jlj oLlkiJl jy ip>*>«^ tiUi ik«t ^yj liiki*.
,yMhj a_joj tj_-tp ,_^UJlj ^yLiJl ;j^jJS\ ^^ S_;ja)l ^y (Uoi_y_-,)
•k^ a*' '-^-^-*• ^ 'H'Ai Xj J;^ '!i' l^ *L^ L. of IjJbrj l^I (*UUJl)
IjL-^lj i.*-i oLS^j jL*j J-f ^y y^^J *y^ a.j>,j ot i-*>cp yj
:A»L»- UtijL; ^yJUaJl SUiaJl ^Vj^J O^^U-jj OllfJij uijjJl I JL* Oj>-j^
OI_>pt ^ oL? villi ^j ti^jUl J ^\ byiJj ^IjlJI -l^j ly>^j
i^jjaJIj tJLiJi Ojisalij ciUflJ)/lj ^JI^L ^jiufijj j^jJi>Mj jUutj
oUuJl jUVlj iL^UiJi *ljVl .fib- ^j oUUiJI .JLA i^j Jj
J>JI 4_^j Ij-:-^::; ,jf ^jjJl ,yi*. JLp t^-*^. i-jJUJl v_^>L_?Vlj
•^WW u^ OjI>»--eJ -^JL-^Vlj ^UjVl ^y Dj-^L La yj ^\j^\j
Freeman E. A. op. cit. 13-15. (o)
^\j c-Jk- Cf fj^y ^^ t^i J^' ^^^ *->^^' ^-*^' "'"'-^'■^ ^ -'^ '^'*^'
L. jJLi iL^t Jl*^ ^«iij l-!^U- i-f-iJl o"^UuJVb ^-«-l»lj*Jl ^>J
J iL- ej;>o- OlS-j ;i*J J^ A^\^\j aJI/ ^t ^^ li.U .A^ j\ L^y-
. *>^l JJLiuj *ULJ1 ii^Li SjUl
XV ^ iTU^y- tJiUl ^jJl idjJi^ cy.\ i'-Ai- (^)
.TtT ^ :Tr> ^ i-uJ; ^^l (V)
vn
^yw- L^ 4 ^!>LJlj J^jUaII 4JU. Jj-i^^lj (tJ^I OT^iJI ^JA>■ ^J
e*>UaJl <JLp Jj—jUj . SiJV 'J''^' -W*' oiLfJi Otj tjjliil t.jva^ J—UJl
jl>-I ^^ \^JS 4JI ^jj ttjJLi»ij j^ (Jt.>J>- ^yj :Lj:^ *^->^i ^!>^— Jlj
Vj (►il l,^*.«-J jj L» (»^jJlj>ii j-Uf j^f ^T ^y 'oj^f, J «(>jil50l
. 4j is" ^j AiJLv<» tj^ysi (J j^ JS' jA aJ i^jJl iwjj«j U _
!j_*L_iJl t «^-»i^l «_«UJ| :^;j-_>Jl _j_i' |^^, . . t . a , l l JLj j^ 5^L»»>JI jjj Jl— • (H)
wv
UJbJI J\ Jj-M»jJl Ju^. ^^\ tyr^\ J* ^^» urij . ^3^^^
^^,.->-j ipjj^u <-»j^j •^-^^•"^ "^^ Jl 2;!=*^ j4* ■ ^-^boi-^* <J'j^^ J
j_«.iyj SiL*3l J^t ^ ^j JiJl ij>M ^> I4J J^l I3i jU^Vl dV
w'UJi ^ *^j ^L-3^1 j^L^Nl ^ Jlj^Vlj 01^1 i-j^j i-WJI
^aoJl :U>.j jjixll a- W u^>- f^ ^-^ '^'-^^ ^^'-^ ■^^^- ^
jt iLp jaJI ij>^ J^ W 5*^^^:*^ c^^b olis:^! ^ AJUcJl ^
j\ cJJf 5JL^ IjJLS^ U*j-i ^ oiT^ iy^ a* *^^ C^' J-*^
. ;i_^tJl d\y% '*^jy-^^ -J^V ^-^ 0^- i^y L^ Jr^J
i^H
II
\.A
Xs-f iJj. OjSj j\ oL2j^I DlJlA J-xxL kJSs t Jb jf J Lj%' jt j;;Jj_.
J[ Oj_dij ^jyJ\ J-ip A_*ij| (3^1 jLoj LJp iJLiJ jL>-Vi JLi;
jt «-iij^.j ^ (^1) ^ uj«^ Ot (_,«j^ U i-iljJl Ji»Jj ojj^l J»Sj
a-2JI ^Jf. <s^ A . A jr. « <jj_*^j ^Ij ^tjLUl ^i ^j>J' rj-*-^ 1—j
^ U ij^^ Ojlyj UfU; Djiii iJUbUJL t_JliJl ,j^j ijviyJij ijli)l
: tgJLl ^y ^;j>JJ c^iS^I cjecj ^1 yU-^1 eOjJJbs- ^^l» aji*jj
.t^J>c}i\j Ji^wJl j^i ^^ villi |_,/Ls>«J)J .^^Ulj iiill -
^ Jlp L4, jU^I ^ ^ ■■■■c* '^-J^ j^^\ ^^b 'J'i^Vl i>->.:j
^U. > L^> ot .W-Vl ( J^-) c^ M- l^ljJ oL^ ^^
^i jtPijjiJb J^bu ^.+-5:-- f-^j ' J^' ^^ > r*'^' "-^
^^
: iJli«Vl eJL» (>« ,_jA*j _yS'Jb ^yiSo «-i^j • ^' • ■ ^y.j^J ^yy
^;^ j_fsfli j^^ Dlj^ (>;'>* j^j^te^-^tUT <«jjf jA ^!>LJI L^
jf j^l biVjtj j_fc LfJi yj^W J-^-^ >i^ j-A^ (♦^Li« (1)15 Jjj
j./aj> \ji^i L^j>- j,jfciJU- jLi" li^j 4_u- y,j^j (>^Lo _;-A- jy |»-f«Li«
U ^1 «iJip JUjj tff *i**^l oJuJI IJiA Ji. j_^l JUrf iujf ^y J^l IIa
^1 ^1^1 V- — >y liUi 0^. Ot J*»C— Jl ^ . . 0^ >-3*i/T OjJLp AjjL-j
. JLJ)II ^\ ^ OiljxJl lf> j^.
. XYi ^y. : YYr ^ i-u-i; ^jJI (U)
\^^
».^^j JUi>tj *L-Jj JU-j ^ L» UJl ojJ^l' J* Uy^jr j^AiJ* 4-3} J-^
c^^ otj . ^>.>Vi jL^jJi 4> v>Ji *^ 'j> r^^ r*^ '-'-'-' ""^
2^ L-;-;^ j^'bli 11^ ^L*- t^-AJi >^ -^'b r+*yj yJ^ Lp^-i ^A^l
.(>-^)i.tj^l dLL"^T J[ . .i-b^j ^U^ r*^ <J^J ^^ '>^'j
jiij .I4--U ^ \^Mi U L^-L> ^y J^- iilj^l .1* of <iU %
\\r
. «j>.-4Jl _jAj ^^' "4^ *^"J J2*^ »>* "^^J
^ -db j5"i duos' A->-jij K-yuJi Ij-p (^t>LJl aJIp) OUJL- JL^c- ^
oLSj v-»^ _^f JL*-.t jAj y»-Vl ^" ^y djijii dJUiSj . «j>-y J-_^l ij^
DL>«5jjifj Jv!»_^_Jl dUU <Jl <^\Si\ ^j-iJl iJji* (>• L-iv-li-j Jiff- ^Js-
t5>t di]i d*. Ajtj tviJUi^ iilUj iJU (»jkljp ^ ^\j ^y^ i^ji\ ^j
Jb >Ji 'bj -iijJi (^f ^^ .yj -^^1 ^^ Jb o-j^ i'^.*^.c/' ^'^'
JLj>-ji j;^l ^i ejLUI ^j JUJj— Jl :>%S\ JjVl tUUUi t ^j_^l i'%
. JLfjJl I Jlft ^1 Ljj »^ j:r'^>- tj* j_p^^ tj?*^' ■^^ ^J^^J ' *jbJ<Jlj U^v^j^
J_53 (ijjj-s-i _^f (LJ^jLJl JiLJI) ^y i^^J^I ji>dl iJL~«j
,^^1 Ji>oJl JJL-j ^1 ^ iJU! i»UJl of Jl (vJfcOr^f v*-^ • C-'->'
lIi^J L2i^- ^*^. 2L«iUl ol.>Jl ^y ^^1 J2>«J^ *^--i^" 4/5'
.«ycji^ ^> AiUU ^ ^1 :)t ^ uiit Uj . v^Ji
L^f ^ UJua^ UL-^f i^^l J^J :i>^* jc^^^ t>^^' -
. <^^Y^5'^^»^'^'j "^^^ jUii* Co»«j" **3(j3l oliwJl l*Jl ^f»^'
o(JJl iiy^ A-J^t > ^td( ^ .LJbJI ,5-^ Vgi iyUl CJI^J
Gottschalk, Understanding History, 111-244 : J^V ^>- <^^)
Morris R. C, op. cit., 231-218. _ , .. , ,,,
Morton G W., 1945: "The Attack on Historical Method ,
Journal of Philosophy, 42: 325 (June 7, 1945).
Wi
_ JUbl_^l ^_^l— t iJLp _ J_*clJ OV il>UU-l jJLp bySj Ot L« v_ikjj
^y ^IJJl ^^^aiJl 3_v»j Ot rj>it JLp ^yu:j aJlpj cUJl oLvijiJl t^f
rjy^\ JLXt ikhiMJl «JljjJl ^ ((i>2Jlj (j-L-voll Jj-*^))j ((A--i^jLJl
(*Jill) C*w^t Jlii lJl5^f 0_v^ *2si>Jl ^_jj Ojs^jjJl olS' Uj
. <^'^)>U>^ 0^1) OjS:ij . i^UVt JjJ ^y UJi sjUpL oiiJ j^y^
j_^ jl*LjJ1j _;v9LjtJl JJjJl Vy ^JiS ^ ^j Juijiw-j j_jS^ _ ^
cJL^ lil W- '^ *-*=*^ t/ ^^^ ^^^ "^^ -^-^ t^-' '-^^
*JUd3 OjSC N Otj iLf^->.: jf Lfvi>«* jU**^! os*^ l-i^f '^:fi
JLp jJa; A-^_)3I Sj^l jj^ U i .K. J \ ^^J>iJi\ b'^ 4 p*JI Js-j
. UjVl jiUJi > U^' - o^ > J^ - •-^>^. ^-^^' J^^-**^*
oilj Wiva: jJI i.il_^l ^jJj^j c^ kj^^^ jiU»Jl oo^. UK*
0^, jUdI f"jupj JlJc^Nl O! iJi* ^^ Vr-J> u^j W> .UxpNl^iJK.1
JU:::-! ihy, ^--^l JJ^. ^'^ ^J J^ ^^t-^ ^-J^' ^^' •^- '^^'
n u^ :rA^ iJiUl^^l .^^.-J'^^y ("f")
^n
ill
^y^j^j . -U^i^ cy W-^ J^J J^^l o^'^^^ J ^-^^-^ '•^■>^'
I V L*. 4ijtj Ji^l J>JJi« iJl^^l ^' *> a^^^' a- >^l J*^ -^
J.^ ^ l^ J_^l ^jUl c^jt ^LJUiJl c^lSi Vii^ OV VriJI
jJl ^L^jVlj 4>JUi i^JJl ^^1 ,/ 01^ A_*UJt Jlj^Vl i-ljO JA
;U.' Ot <) ^-fii-' -iJJ^J 'C'^^' a* ^'j J^ ^^' ^J>'b *-r^
<^^. Ot ^ U iiy^j i\jj\ J-iy Ifi uJ>ixJU - t;\yj y\j\ ij>^ ^\
^\ Jup tOjUJi gf-vJl-* .^>i>J' JW^ J^d L^ C-^ "^^ (^^
^•LS^I jj t,t-v.....:« :iL>.i-Jl ^*Li_pi ^ "^Ijt U ..iJLS; 4 Oil OjAU
.^^j^\ oUi i*Ji. .rxo an ^^ iOjjUb!-^ii.ai« ^U(T^)
>>V
jS\ ot tL^ljij ?^jUt ^i\j>- *ljiu-l JU* Oja1>- (^"^ j^ Ji*j
iUJi i»LJjl ,_;^*j» ^-A«J ^j-J tt>i\j>J\ d\ 1^ ,_^jLJl (io^l J*ly
(^iLj iDjJiU- ^1)) b\S \i\j . . .»)-;;Jl)) . . .JL»J1 ol* cJlS' \>[j
^ C.....S..1I A_jy«^ C-JL5 UJj t,y«.jjLJI kl^^sJl Jl>t« ^y «4j---Jlx JL>-i^
.<^^)(JIP ^.jbJU JbJUj cJ.,ft-^»..aJli>dL) ^ ^U *1U JiVl Jl*
iljjij JuiJui L** obi pi (jj ,_^j-^ 0^ iLJ b\S Ait 0^^ ti>ii»l-'f
*_-».*>.j h ^J^ <) CJbj ilJUiJ dlLJl ,_;,al^ -^wUi diUj ce^AJ ^ l^
^L^ ajj pi 5j^~- Jlp l<:^ 015 lit ^ A::Sa^ JaL UJl jL- UjL ^"
• ^VY ^y I JjLJI ^jJl tLa-^ (>»^^' -^ -J^**^ •■=' ('fV')
•V :^l (fYi)
1
inii
^^A
^l^\j i^^JaJl dUi^i .^ Ij-^ *L-Jt cr* '"^^ r*> ^'
J; i*i ^}->\^ J ^j^. JL^ *^ J^-i ^^ "^^ c*^ -«^ -^^
. J^^l dJUi ;i)lj IJLa Jlii <i!>W ^1 ^^^ti ciill
Jlj L.J ^1 ii-j J ^ l— jJ c^ Ljjf Ij— ^j t>Ji OJ-fr t5jl->-^J
Jj_i If^j Sij^^ l<jf ,H^^ y Ui Ot "Vl . v^f OlSJ jU'yi ,y ^ji
^t L^ ^l>. 4^^^lj i-^L;^l J-*t l^ ji^, UJb A_JU L^f
:iPj_MijJl ^;^i-^UVb V^rc?* ur^' olils:>Jl dlL- ^ IjiSj ^' .^jj^-
>N^
^ ^ :L3L^>I ^ .fjl iU, o->J! ^1) s^ly dUS ^ ^-ijj ..U.
. . . (tipj-^jAJI
^ ^y^\ J \j-^jj cl>ip ^ JLJii . . . pi^l '0\jr^ -UJ-i]l
^^ t^^l (fi a; o^^ oi ^'-^) ^^^^ ^^ (o>^b c5^ ^^ ^'^
4(^*aJlJI jV L^jj. , />* tiiJl-A Sjj-L-* cJl5^ tiJL-. iJLJt^U L^^ dJj
4_,L^ N ►LJL l^JOkJ jU«-iVlj L^ ^j^ jW^VIj t-br^j W:a-*pb
diUfj 4l»l L^t 4_>-iUl ow'ljJl oj_^l 6JLjb ^ c^- Ui* . . . UJ
... 4jc» |VJ l.J->-U*
.4>wvftJl ^>p UJbJ ^Jbi ^y^ -Ji! v^ 'i^. t/^' V*'-^' 0L.I5UJI el*
:L-5:; c-~- ^y i-il^ ^>2;^. L. ^yy>^ iJp^A-JI oliLS:>JI ^yj
JLip ^ L*^) Oit j_*iJl L*J»'m ^J^^ (>* L<^l^. *-^, ^^ e^l>-«
U'
*Ua^j ^.JJI uil^f ^ Jbrj i~i VI A^HJ W^ri a>^ o-^ cj^ ^' -V^
^1 tOT^I OU^^- ^1 ^ oil *L^^' L*;^ > oi' ^^^' "^-^^ c^
y,^y^\ diUJL; iJj^b... oLU c^f Ui^^ <^l i^ c?r^l (»J^ o-t-^^
oJU- «a*j ^\ J\y^ ir» Jy^. ^.jr^^ ^^ lT^-^J c^^- U^ >^
61 oUj . Jt-.y ^l^lj J^^l *->** a* ^-^^ *X« J^ o-j-*^' (>•
.ol^Vl JjU* ^^1 ppjj (^^i^iU^lj -Srit ^j <W4 j^ji c^I>-
jJLpj -tUJt JUu JU ^UVI J\y J\ jfX. d\ XJ.J\ cy j>-! ^J
^j Mj^ Ji^ o* c^^- <:::' <i^ .y^ M ^-^'^^^ *^^^ ^> *^*^
. jL->-Vl oJla J-i< j->o 01 ^^;^^ iJLiu 61 J^^r*i c-'^ 4-'X<>.Jl ^JJ>Jyi\ J5'
j--» j|^ oj-^p i^jXj ui 6ji j'^ Vl «Ju *_->Ji5 g6jJJL>- ^l» iijii UJ^j
iJUftj .OljJJl Vlj-»J Ljlj-*><J^ {4* ^ OL? «CV ^y>-jj^l ^y tj-.^as-
dj^j o^JtiJ *-i:~j ^ rJ>*^ i«j">Ul f^UJl -jfct j^ tll»JUi U5 iJUJI
vt^
Tf
I-
iljUu ^y (l^I i*U) U ^UL Ji-Maitj . . .vUJi J^ tiU ^^^UOJ
:<^")Jj^. il ^y ^1 <i^_^ «UI^I ^ ^!>lk^Vl lift gUtU, ^1))
t j -sfl. J l t3_yl« ^ L>-lJj j-AoJl ^^,5j>- ^y ijjc cJl5' iljoJI «Ji* ot *ic-l»
P_>^15' c^j j_,o^, olSi LAiUu-.i jijt L^i>«i»j tUiLS"! olJilJ LJjJ! L^J
i-jbjl (ilj-uij ts^L* li^jJJlj ti_(«ib Jjj^Jij t«j->-lj jj>»Jlj »j-aIj
I»^Lj1 ^ W'^b '^^ (^-i-i*- oUj-sJI (5ji w-Jlyij tiiJU *>Jlj.p
, (Oj^I ^ . . ^ ; w .<j ti_i^l LjJUo *jbj tSybUi i5X»^l i^lj to_^U
Jbv-j A-i^' W-L t^j t*s^^l '^^l *L»^j U-J*^ cr^' oU-MsJ!j
^1^ OUaJLJIj ^j-iJi AdJ^-" *»^'j'* (j^J 'j^'^'TJ (J-AA'I oIjJjj lj:!>«j
ti._--j^ V-^^' iJj-'Jl J^ "^ i^i''A.'} Ij*i^f 1*4!^^ usri *J^' *V>*
, -U^AJ -V^jJ' OjjU ijLiiJl ^Js■ dJJS i3yj Jj
^YY
JjUI J jJUflj" b\ oULSCJl «Ia JtJ jjS^i ^j c JUJI iJl5Uj Ji:«.l
c-JLS" Ljjl rj-^j J5o j-U) ilas^ ^ (Ht^ t.r^J tiSloljJl Jui^l c-pU
jy> ^_,^i ,\^•^ jy. if -> ijJiJbJij (1)^1 i^<^' ^^ ijjUi jJUoJi (W)
^ i'\ ->• lUA jy> jj. i^_^!i/l jt--^ c t^. l • .. MI aII iU.Ji_iJl iOjAU- ^^l (Y1)
.i'i - i-r
cu*3i jJi ;ljl4>Ji vW-*^' ^^ 4 0»iLiJij ijj^i V-.jWi jju^i
jt w_^.jJ jy yo (Jj ^, ^ <!^'^ '-^ *W^ •-^-r*. "^^ i^-^' -^-P'
^t ^ J>^l t|Ul Vr-Jl Jl <^'>j-iW- ^ J^ r^W- j^. 'J^.
NYi
,a
^ JLL-I J.^.^ c~-J ^U-Vl «JLA OV Si'ij i.<^\i i-jjM^\ J^ ^i
UJu>- ^ aJL-- t^JJl Ol-il>- ^ ^1 Ji-*3 Jli L*:^ ^ij ilijU- Ijl^^l
.X'A^
Uo
.^ )|^Aj|_^ j^ ^2^1 (^i ^.y cjX^\j 4~^LjJI jj-aSJI J.>-i fJ Ocyij
e---Jl dJUi JLaj Jlu> Ajp iijLJl ^L— Vl cjUvJ bJ rj^ d-j>-j _
OjiSwJ l_p».«^! 4_SL»ljJI 01 'J^**_;JJ ^[j-r^ '^'>--' Cf^ "^ '^ . e^JL>»J
■^jj^l ,^j^ i^j tLfi w_-jj "if i-iji?- lSj>\jAi Ji_-i^l A-jS^j
Ij^ii J>JI Ji^ Ij^j Ji*>Jl (*-«t'W "4^' "^ V^^ 'j^^ ^■*^
ti-vaiJl eJlA ^ Ij-o-^'jj tJLJl_/il iiJL>Jl C->-l i-uLjJL jLcCi <-;*>»*• is^
-Ofj tlfiiy* JiiajN OLS" J>- i--L*Jl O^V v-->Jl JLjJLi (1)15 XJ.jJ\ of
Ajfj t^lj-i Jjiaj Vj (^j-jJl t_5;:>*i ,>J >»**J V**^' '^'^ 0L5 liili^
UJ|j tLfj >1>»J Vt aJI* isj-I-llj i-LJl j_^ j^*^ H^ -^**' *i^' '-^
^T•\
< I
L^ ^ ^U ^ -ii)l JUP cw l^fj L«J>l>-j Lj.^fj \4i^ J *-lt*Jl
Dt JUi_;J ^j-o .-iiSJ . . . ^l^ cy -^ '^1 *^-^'j 'J*^' '*^->^" o'^-^
L. Uj :Jj_i. ^' ^tJL.T ^j -uujb -u. ^^ j^LpVI ^Ij^ Ji j-«-*.
^.JJI f^^'^\ *lJipt ^j ^ . .lU !)L; _ ^ jJlj t3">^^lj V-i^l
oLj-iiJl •!* Ji*j (H*^^ ly^AiJ u -J"- ' -"' - ^' «>• '^^^ "^^ '"^^ <^^J^.
ijjjjl »lJlpt ;jii^\ ^ |.+i^^" <-5^i^l <_/p ^j^\ ,yy^. (^J
■^■w
^1 ^_^;p^ Ajcui 45j-^ Olj-il ^^ aljt -Ljt xJi_^l ^ JSXj iJUfl3l IJla
0L5 t|JJI cJ^I ^ i^^"^^*^ jJ^. ^ J^l 0^ jj-^l Jl 23=^. -V^^l
:h c^^. d^— ^^ ^-^' '^^' ^ ^"^ "^^ ^ ^^^
A^\i:s.\J -u^ ^t J^ >^ J\ ^J^ *^i Up ^ Uj 4 v-^l
\XA
^ s^ ^ >cr o53j >cro o^^l isJ > %iy ^i Ol^j ..j'^ c^
^ LJj " . J^Ji^l c^tj l^t Oji iSj^\ ^^\ \^ ^j^ jU,f jj^l
^y dlLJl ^Uj SiUl-lj t-CwJOj AJliaL- ^l>->-l ,>* ^-k -it^J^ c^J
. (* • )4Ji J JipU ^ji aVT «j-1p ,^j>^ ^ >«r Cr*
JU il ^*N! ^ i^l^l o^ '*^\^ J j^^ JJ.r^ *^^^ ^ ''JJ ^
^^ u>. cr-^' ^5-^* r^-^' -^ c5^. o^ cT-r cr:^ "^-^^ -^^
tL^. 1^* S-Ji) Jjt dUi OLS-jK : JJ .<'''>-J^ ^AV U-- ^ij ii^L.
jju ^JJt ^U :^ dOJl xp^ ^^1 II* ol^j .<"^>^UJI c~Jl
U^
^,.4^ viLli J_±. ^ ^.^' V ii^lj ,^UI ^j ^^ j.^\j
0L5j ^!>LJI i-jJU ly jJl>Jl _^ ^y t/-^^- y^j •^J\ ^ Ujj ci>-i»
JiJLsi- j^ ,^^->«j t>-jLj j_^ tr'^' f'-*"'*j'j Jj-t**" ^\j^\ litr* "^^l
'*-^' jl>* cJ-^'jI^ JJ-*^ iS"^-^ -^j^ ,_fi>H ^^ (Sj-^t '■J'^ C5^J-^'
jj>VL> j^,;>«j jui-«l : JLsi oj*)l kiJUb; L*Tj US' Jj-s>JI (^ty _;la_:i jt-^-i*'
<jt c.JL*i» : JIS Lfw.1 "ill L^ ^ ^j-Jj aJ :ii-i>Jl ^J Ait>UJl» , ^yji
O^ AjU <^^- Uj ^SJ^\ ^_y:i>H ^'j- i3^1 a*«M'M' a^'» <Jj^_3
^lj_^ (i^)Lt>l ^_Pl jjJ J^' '-'j-^ '-^^^ ' . J-f-i^l (^ t^ tj?-' j-jt
_,_i*>- ^)aja ^"Lj>o : Jui^l Jli . ,j^\ ^ j^^jJI jt«t L aJUu : Jli
jj ol *&\ J^ :-^r^^l J^ j^ f^ *^ .cJUi U jju -.JUi^l <) JUi
^t"
i H
ff
<_:* j^j '^^l i^^ DjJii>- jjl ^li '-^iS' Lbtj aij *j-aUi> L^ ^^'
JLJi_Pl (Jp Oj->-JJ*il ^"^ l^J .j-5^1 ,_^l>^ jy.4i»-i yJ>^\ <^j-^
lelji ,:)t ^.U;...i l!^ lilJ SjU j^bo ;^JJI Urj^_^J^Vl ,JIp jf ^yUiJl
j^ Vj A-*v9 ii5^ JJlJ>Ji 5>w» SJL^ ?s^' "V ♦i'U^! ^ j>- . dliJl
.0")yiVl tiJUi j^ c-JdIj Lf^w' ti./^ <_^ tyj=^ ^^^
Nl ^A-i SiUJI ^>-- (J 1^ *l>^f jf W^t. jJUj _y_jj; of S^ %
. . UJli ik->>Jl 4J JL>wj of jJUJi rjjM}\ ^ cJiko <.l«>o fj^f-iJl ^y ■'jf
^r^
tKjjskJa — I ijAj IJLA j^ ojjUl iliuVl ^j •tps'lj V*^ J^ *-'*^' *->irj"
j»^ oIjjUI oL ilJliJI i^l (^Jd oU-LJI ^ Lf; J,f,t..->..^ DlS" ^_/)l
VLi jJJjjJ ^^ > i 1 ♦ i-^ t^j . V-r^' \j '*-'^b 'W^i t3j-*>-
^y *_ij ^1 iL>«jjLJI *.Uasi-VLj o_^ ilLcu-l LjiCw^ «Luronzo VaUaj
«i_fc Ji* lji2J L*^ tkiJij (^jJl ^ ^j>Jt ^yuu ^j lK*j
jjJ^TJLJI)) J t^^l^l 4_j^y— i^l J^JUU-^II 4_J^^ Jkj «JJ j»jjj
_^l_M.Vl ^_^ <l)L-ii' Ot>tli t_;-lP ^iLJl 0^1 l_»i^ U^ji-xjLi
»,j,'.<„i c-»j^yaj ^ji*^' (j*^^ JL«T j^ jJiSjLi utJJ (1)1 j|j>^ ^1 t4_*»*-iJl
i I
*!>L-i-.'VL ^_>Ji-iJl (.jyliJi t5>* ^iJ^t ^'^. f-"^ -^ OlS" «J. Horao»
dJil_^l I J-j>i)i of 0L5C.J (l)Uj JS' ^y ,y«ii«Jl ^jj^l t--^ljj
j_j^l aiUJI ,j*»u ^J jkJ! ^yuwj i*5::>Jlj JiJi jU*j l^jij 4 ,^'ii^b
jVj ( fti^UpL ^jjyi^ln^ ^^l>wl jj;l.<^'l 4*5jjji>- (_JjIjJ ^_.. 1X J bL>-lj
^_y«.>.j U ^J JL>JI dUiSj ^U^Ut jt "U-jij jjk Ljl^l I djJLijjB jUjijlS3l
Ol:^ <^ U g'« \jJ>^^ t*r^ Oii A*-»L*«3I j~^j^ <J>^jj C-Jji (l)i>- cjI_^JL«
Freeman E. A. 1886, The Methods of Historical Study, London, 66-72. OTy
Carr, E. H.,op. cit. 138- 141. Oi)
\rr
IXjj>- i\'iLS'\j tili^ iX^ L4L0J ^Ji\ L4>.jjljj JJ C-^x^j tVjs^l
jJlijJI oJl* OtjJ US' t^Li-iVlj Juil^l ^_^ Jj3- jji: *i/ uiyi^l
;>^ L^ _;j^ »J^ ^J jt l4iLj>- ^_^ ejjj_« f.^ j:^\ Si-JjJl Oi
_ii Ua-J>- JP i_JLJJl ^ «JCJ *lj>-Vl «JLa Ji* OV 4 !_.>-«>«* LfiU Ja*— J
^ jujo. JUa.» ^ SMS j»^ 04 ^ykj . <— ii; ^^1 dU; JJu ilopjj
iJuk JJ;..j . . JL^^I ^ "i! AJLy»Vl iiJjJl iU^j AJUi>flj J>-~JI
JJjdl Jl oLjNI a^j:^. Uo;^ JijVl S^l ^ v ^>->- ^ |^ aS Ji^Jl
ob>Jl j-^ ^l ii>JLJl ^.Tf-I^U t/^^' u^l orf 'JJ>^1 t/^
^j!iUI ^Lu*"^l Oj-o.-^; 'i/ o^tAJl ^>iw.Ul Dt ^ t Jj-^.-UI jf V^l
dJLJJL5j ^;^;^^^l SJJJI *LJLp c5-J AiUU ;*^U ilSLuJi .1* 01
Gormay, P.A. op. cit., 201-211. (IV)
1
^
A
\
^ri i
1
(I
ju-Jl ^ SJUJLp J-^I.^ O^ Jl* jc— Jl ^iilJ dj^j djjJ iJLJ ^y^
Jji ^ iUul J\ <iil<Jl il^lJUJl »JL* JlJ iJjJl jr-UlP ,_^_^
. T ^jLiJI cjlrS^I oL-Iji ^j Textual criticism ,_^l ^1 i*—!
-ui j*«iw (jt ^j>JI Jk^ Lower criticism j_piVl -l>JI li JiJI U^it
(;ii>«Jl jf iiij_JI iLjpi ,>. a^Vl iiJ>3l j^;>Jl >*i ^^j
JJ ilL> ij>-j LfJ ^>S; jjli u^UjJl ^•>«t L.tj t iilJLST 4J_^#>4 cJU
0>)l ^ "ill ^j:>^" ^ V^l iJVl JU> iipUJi Uj t^ ^iUl 0>!(
^j.<i>Ji ^iS-j . .D>)l clDi 4^1^ ^_^ Nl JU^I t3jj J^. (Jj j^ t-lJl
L«j:p i^j .i3jj-Jl ^y Sj-^l i--JLJl i_«%Jl jf lijjJl J-^b (*j^b
jyl^j_«ji| Ojy-iyJl 4»*.^ U j_^l UUJl •!* ^y t/^-'^' O^^ .W^>w»
1^3^ J_J ju ia>- ^ oUl«^ Oj-U" ^ji\ j^\ ,j-^\jJ i^\ Isographies
.'''hj^
. Yt ^ : U ^ I JiUl ^^1 *jW^I tjjj* ur-»- ■■> C*-^)
\r©
1
I
1
^t jir ji^t
dUi J>C-j -ot t^jj ti-iJi «ti>>-AD • ^ • t^M^" JJ-tJj^' tJj* -^ c/*'
J_**; ^1 iikivJl olyjJl uAi5;L> t JbOJl ^.jhJU a-pU:;;-^! y<.!_^l
Jj_J t^tjJl ilJ— (_^4^ Ja*-*^ J-^ . -J Oij-^*^ 'j-*^ ->^ ''-^ Ij^O-i"
Jljp-Vl JJU- ^ J^ykOJl jJo.jU)! ^y ^_^l JftUJl ^yJ)) : Oj^li>- j>jI Jji
iJjy:*! AjU «Determinism» (Aj*>JL;) iJJL-^l JUJUi ajL i_^ L^J
\n
JL>-i ^v"t-j 5_jJ A ,saij C— -oU JLi iljJiJU ,-OjJiJl oLiU^iXM*"^! <-**Js»
^j-tUiu'^l >i-« l4 o -., 5 .i *x<t:i^\j IfJljij j-Mcljt JLii ^li3l J->Jl *Urj 4 JU>-^I
^ »j— J«J 4-^.LJijJ KS-y^yA (Jj-w) ii** »(1)jJJL>- ^^Ij iJj-LjJ -
JLfli-Li J^ r^-:>^ 'J^-»*J' rjy^'^ '^ -^y. ^■^-^ li^^l "^^j-^j-^Jl
i Jljs^Vlj Ol_;-**ll i^jJ'j A_«.LvJl J^ljij SiUJi Jj-^l *5L>J jjj JiJi
Uj_^ t.„jblJJU ^UJlj JUkLiJL I4X4 t_JUJl ^ Nj ^UiNl ^U:>-Vl
;y i-»^*JtJi (_4k>»-« ^-ijly j>:i p-fl ^ «Oj.Ai:>- ^^^l* <>--i»o Jjj «
JLJj . is^UJl ^^^ (JS" Aljj; iaJ^ ji.J ^ l^t t5ji y.j . . J-lj*3l 0^
uLt ^4^ , f UJI ^..^ SJL^lj oUu> IjJl^ Ob J-IU3I ^ ^ jl
eyJij *4J fU3l u. •..11 ^ C\s>^\ JLit ^Jo iv»U- cjLjV t^^-t oU^aP
.1* 3JL*^, t^JJlj iojJiJl J biU5ij iJJl J bjliJ lil 'l^- J* V^'
if^jj '*^}j^^ *^b (♦^■s V^l *j-ej=r (/ f^^)" j4^ ^--^s^J
<^>»j_^ d^iU-f fl-^j^l t5j^J "r"-)^^' <i>-i^ <l5^ t^ '^^JJ L-*^
i^JUl Jv»Vl "-Jj-pj v*^ L5^ JL-JI j_yj-^ IJi» .<*VL«^jr- i«Vl aljJt
,_^j . ..fiw «— ^xJlj eij-Jl JiL~iJ ^^1 i\j^\ cJjUj j_j^ <-J1 ^J-i
t.\jus^\ i....^.»ilj sIaLJIj jifciU rt j....> |_jLp t)j-^^p^ Ijjl^ (♦-J-'s^^ c5*
. iv»l>Jl ixilJlj i»JU<a-Jl ,_5J1 jli^' UJIj Alli ^_^ J>Jl ^1 _,laJ N ^1
tjiJlj :ULUJ ti^Ji>Jl jSUJi jb if!iL.)/l J.a:-« it^jLwJl jiUJl Jup JUj^ (\)
. T i ^^ : T Y ^^ I <~ij (»jrj*3l ( Y)
. \^ \ jj^ ; \A"i ^J^ iij^\ <-:;SUJI lijJU J^j f^)" **l*«Jl ij*j»^ j^U> (i)
• AA ^ :A"V ^y» 4 Jil—Ji A=r/^l 4tSjUjJl jiUll Jup JU>" (0)
MS
LSxJl LJU .(wJtcJij ^_^L>_pij >w>.«. 'J lj i_— >Jl ^ j_jiij ^*>L*/Nl J_«^j
rt^ijLp l4::^j-j LJJJI rt-fci* cJJtj Oj-jJI «_;iJ>Jl rj^ t^l O^j-Jl-vJI
Ij-juj-jj . . iliUJl /»!5L-^I (^iL« *.^_^ ^y cJ*UaJj SJiaUJI ^.^Iw^op
^yi «U) lj*,di?^l LJ viUij)) : JLi vl-j>- dUi ^ v_,^l jjlj . . ^'^'^-JkLjca
Jj^l ^_^ oL5 (,-fJiljw oV . . ^v^l^^l t-j^j Ji_p-Vi cJJiuij ^_y^J«Jl >A^
^ S>-\ ^^ j-JL Vj . . (^U ^y j.-fr*Jkl-i jf ,J^\ y ^ (H^l ^.
UJ tOJS A;i:.tj ^l^ ^ jl>Jl ^1 Jk^I (.4^ JU-lj J^j jJ J^ JWVl
Jijj; ^Ij . .UiL-ij ^UJt lJ:>Li^i ^ LtiJi J^V ,»^ ^jJ a^^;
tJ-iJj i_SUj ^__^._;J iLJ j^^ j-S'J-dJ .^1 J-»t i/> oi^^J^^ '■^Jr^
UiJij ilLj^j J^J Cj* t^ J ^^ j-^'jf : tJ>. d-^ ^ij ^'IWL
^tY
eUUi ^ j^'^Uwj *+-ijL ila::p'i/l ^ <JLp IjJl?- L«j «-JjJI it-i* fji
Ot Jb-t ^ k ,» Vj . olSUj o>-ji ^ Jit t5^^' o*"^^' (^j'-fb
aUxaVI JJ t^U^j (JLiil j>.f;.sAiJ Jj Jiii i*jb ii^ t5>*"^' (j-'^^b
i-j^L-^l jLsAJjl jj^ jJtS^ Co_;-*jj ijj_;_«JI JjJj_< jcwJI L*Jj . *^LJL
Ji ^-^*>JI fb U i^yJl JJUJI Ji *LcJVI k>i*Mij ^U^l C^>i.i
.<_i; jiLJl ^_^i liiUJl,^ cjjjJi (>•)
• YYe ^y iJiUl ^_^l lOj-lis^ jil i'-ii' (^Y)
.Xri ^ t<-^ |«ryJl (^Y')
Sir
^;L*i Ot ^>Cj '^ 4jt dJUi J^j . oii»_; ^^Jl- OUjVI 01 JUi
■J^J jVI> JWj ^Vj '^'jc*" !>* u^J*'" J^
S^l iUUJl i^-bVl Jl ^U^' iii:^ oUL^j o^ill aJ el*i> IH '^l
\ii
jJaJ iUa-:;u^i 4— »*; jCm^ i. h-iJ^ i>u«Ll ii-L- ii-Ji *-^ ^ L»"i*^'
Ja:>- jli- Ji* Luji j>.j njlji L iJlij t^^^yi-Vlj ^^jVl -u JU iJbJb^
v-»iVl OI>Jf j>- UjJ jOjai?:- ^1 i«aJl.j JJ ^jbJl 015 JL2J ?A;j^!>^J
j^ Ul* .jO^, ^j tviJ5l_^^ V*>-j jL>-f Oljii Ji (^A-* Cr-^*^' J\
jjj|» J_j ^^ ^jLJI ot -b-I _,_Scj X) . <>»aL«j 4- — «tj <Jj-,<!'t aJ (»ji*3l
,j— f ^ <-^ J_di . . . <j»«aL.j 4_*«.L !>Ul5cu LIU ^y>wif ((OjJi>-
. AX- iJLJtiC j^ jJtS'L «j_ju ijSlij j^t ^_^ . . . -d Jjt* V f^jlJl t^
ij_«/ L«f tg^-^xJI jA LoJj (iOjJl1>- ^I» xs- «JLa iJL>Jlj Oil Ji;Ji_>Jtj
4>»^j 4-c-^j-- <) 4(5^^1 ^^1 jJL^ jJLp ^jUI Ol JU ^ Jjl
Me
(1)Uj (j—s^t THtj^' ijJb- j^ _^ Laj . If) !>LLu Jj «2->ilj*JJ li^ a*j
01» : Jj-V O^^-J J-*^ J\ jujjWl (*^ ;>w>- L»«-;h-/» ^_h^ *»j-*dJ
I^JslP lil iiJliVl Ifi v-i^J tJli^Vi Lfi *-'j-aJj JijSVt lfe»><»^ iOj^^ill
(, jjj_pj i_*5J>Ji ^ Js-^f kiUiJ j_^ t j-»* W^W^b ^^■^' oLjLSo
. . . « jJb^j tf«>U ^^ Ajv otj jJ>A>-J
LfiLj*- /jP *3_^*1« A5sSvi« vi,>ilj>- jj-J eJllP wjUij . . . UjIj LJLp i j y^iiJ
4_»JUj 4_--L--Jl JL*ij-ij SaLJl J_^f. j^SohJ jjj J-aJI ■>j>^ c^ Wc*
j^ "V^^b f-'^' "^J-O J>**J' U-* Wt* ifji (^ '^y tiw*A(iJL ^^UJlj .
... j(3-WisJl oaU-
. « Science Nouvelle ti-j JbJI
M%
(♦-flp i^ fjlj ^J[ ^J^\^\ <J»-l>-J /»-5^l j»JaJj (Oj-U^ jjjij *:iaI
• J J*" ' i^ ' ' l j-t^^ O^J-^^ti '~^;:-*-a'I (J^ t5j-^' i>***-S* ^_^;-<iJl iJlt,«K»J|
UJi ^jl_^l IJLftj . . .<^^)v-^Ulj^l jk>j c^UJI iip^ ^Ul ^ i^j
•^^^V^>*f (^_> C-«^V c*-*- t^-^' £*^' (HJ
AjV Libl ^j^Xki l^lSv;>-lj is^LwJl ^^^sa^w Mia olS" Uj . . fj^JUj OljJlPj
. ((4)1 jjJ jSj JaJ
jy (»5:JUpt ^ UJji : ^ JLi ojJ^ jf dJUL- ^y ^iL^ ^y |»^ soJU
J*j^ ^*l_;-iJl ^ ^- >a^ i._^ji (^>-l^ j;^^^^ o*^*^ ^jLiJl i^-.aX.j
,,i:>Jl lift jLTj . j^>Tj p^LJj Jl_^t J v^ysJl i^lS^^Vt ^ iiilSJ!
MS
Jtp iiisai J^ J* ^^LJ' ^iiJ^b 'iH-^b c^>JI ^^^^clA Jp yiSJl
i^^jJb kjj^'i^ rpJ'-^ c^ ^5^r^' >J' cr^ > ^^' >^ '>
^U*. UjUpI Jl ^jUJi J:^ ^ cTj^' l^^l Jlj^^ H ■ • Wl ^1^'
aih jj^^tiA^j^^^lA:^' > ^ ^^" *^^ -^ H ^' >
:»j^ JuiJ > j^'UJi oV i--^lj f^?^ «^^ 'r^'" ^^ (^)
i^ ^jLi jipj . V -^ ^ J-^. ^^ ^j^' ^^-^-^ oi'^'^ r^^-' ^'
J_J ^ 4i)l c_ily. ^JU)I fUVlj . . -A^UJj 4i--J <4^^J *^^J **^
jJuLj .^ij-^b o-^l -JJ^^ *-^>J ^ ^' cr^-^ ■'^^^ «>* ^
UA
^^.jji ;*-J( Jjt JiUJi {.L->i J«^j «J^i ^h -ui; ^ >-j y^
^\ji\ ii\j^ .i^^jJ iiiJuJi Jy o^ '^. ^ v-^^' '-^ J^-) . V-^b
aLpJl ^ JJUJI ijla-c-j t-O^ J>- c^i J-^ *^1j '»>>1 Jj-*^ *-^ '*-*^
^ o.Uj ,^>j J>o cr^ -cLI^ ^y-^ ^1^1 aJIopj i^Uelj *^!A>-i
. -Gl3_^J AjlS-j^ JJ JlP ,>*^^ J->JI *Uu>t A^ji i^iJl
•V J-iJ J^ o.^ Ul*JI iiUJI oV t^L^l Jl>^j >U«JI ^l>^"i
t i->.*)t lft>-j SJicJl W^JL^b i- W *^^ t^ ^JjT^^ ' Jv9l>Jl
_^jL7j tjJuJl jLfj-j t^jH.JJl ijL»>»j lj--j-i! Ot dUij j»4:5^ j,^
^Ij^l Jlp t^ ISl iU-A3b ^;^l bH ^L.>!1 ^UJ 4^U-t -Wj-^
^yjbrpij ^y.jJl Ji_2i^ JojJl ^y *LMaP*Jl ^y e^ j-J>i *^J • • ■tr'>^'j
• ^-^ £^ t-^-^ (*^ "^'-^ '■^ -''^■^ *^'-^
.jL5-.aiJl ;DU*ill (ri)
M^
.<'f''>AitA>Jl ^ iJ;_^l MjJ>\ ^y> Ajfj ^^ ^_^ j_^^.oj>Jl
.o^<\ ^ 4J.U1 jjir^i ,1'JaJ\ (fo)
jLv-UJi ^ ^ iJ>3l 0^ >UU Lj. iJ^lj S3_Hr^ iU^I dlL"
NJ U-L>J (J (Uutj bi>^j U^ lij J*^:) L«-Jj U^ lib • W'J^
Uij_>-^ iJjAJIj <-»!)LiJI Ai^jrU • ^^-***5l Wi tJi^' t/^' '<si^\ jUfrl
dUij . Lfi iiJVl Jo- *ii:jj . IfLfctj iUt aJJ (jSL:y i-_wauJl (w>>-Ud3
jSU- JU j»^ olS-j .^ v_iiJl J-*lj ^ >^ 44^.^ l_yL5 Uoy of
4_Ji5:3l (ilj-xil (^>-^ i^-^lj— ' L»* J—'*'' J-*^ J^ • f"*^ dySz^_j
^ ^ij-i Ot j-^ J-SUi ^yi 1*^7-* j-^l Vj • (t^^L-^l f -^J (»^^
^ jJi\ 01^ \i\ U <-i!>Uj iUjJl ,>~>Jj 4-r^'j '^**^' J--a>^ (.-t^ri
:>u ^ iij-i u ji ^JiiJi Uwj ^ui oj^ jj> OjjiU ^H j^.ji
ot j;;~i| ot ^'•••'•i «OjJds:- j>jl)) */i tiJJl ftJ^I l-i* ^5* J'^'-^
A^ J^J cJL^ t^JJi ^>JI ^i J 01^ UJl ^^>J1 v-^l J^l^l ^
LJI _ JLlUf!"- _ ^Ay i-oJ^ . . . ijjill JUjvajJlj OliaJuJij SiL-JI i->-U»
iJbb 015 U L j -M ./ic-j Vj-i 4> iliU;^ cJL5 v-j^I JJLJ Ot _^j
'in
J j.jj iu cju^j c/>:^\ ji^>J ^^^ ^'<ij~^^ ^*^' ^ ^^^^'
^ ^^\ A^L^ J[j\ iSj^\ '^ J\ ^^=^1 ^^-^'j j.^^' c^ -^
J^l c^j ?li :^ O^j-i- '*-^--r r-<-i ^>-^ ^^-<-^-^J
^_:,^^| ^,^ ^tj ^j^ ^^ ^ f'-r^' ^ "^^
J \^,^\ ^ : J^ ^^^ 1*^1 t5^ a* :c5-M-J* ^^^=^' ^^
:^j j>Ji oLrf j[ hjj-^^ y-^ j>r^ ^^j
1
*4
m
. i^S' el^ljj frUiJl flw ^j 4jL>- ^tf aJJju <1)I Jj
J^ US' dUi J^f ^y -cx.-i ^J^J U* ^jj^l t^O a* i*-*^ '"^^
tAj *LJ^( ^ j.^\ ^ J-:^! «^j <-^' S>'1 <>« V ^ •'^^ a* (»4^J
(31k; Vj iij-i J-S" j>« *kpt ^_^j f*^ -^^ ^cr-'*^ (jjr-— <i • ■ -crij*
tUjyL. J*JI ^s'.^J ^1 t> (^-UjU** <>5e>51 Cy -^^ J^ /^. ^J
iLj;* JjI ^j y^ JjJ liSj t «_i. J Ajt ,_^ ^witj Js^-^ *^^ ly (^
• (^ cr^l crM) *>* ^ >* Cr* ^y -^ -iij^'^ -^b G^ M L5^-)
1^ L:jCa (1)1 : Jlij «^i> j_^ Jj^jJ\ ^ tt>Jt50 Ot ^jl^ ^\i (ii\ J_j— j
.Uju. Uj ooi ^ iY -r tl-JiiJl (TV)
^or
i_«i^j J-*^l i*ij_» ^y &4*jT^, jji^JLvJl tUdl j_j!i ci!>UJl IJLA fji\
ij^ '^J-^ t/^' A_*jj-iJl ^lj_Jl jy LAj_i^j '■^j-^ '^J-'J ■ o^
*^ *!>L;r^t 4_;L>waJl *X>A o^j-^ L-fcl* tijia-^ "^^ ct" ^' (>**■
J*^' *>* ^y^ j-^ '^^ ''*-^ -^i cj^j v^^ c5i^ (>; c?^ f^)" a*
JU:S«j (^JJl j*i ^J_aU i-^^ *>bl*>- \i\j . i-»Vl jU>- *^ j-ajLJIj J
J^ Cjs'V f^>. oi-^' f^* s^-rJ <^J>JI j^» : J>. 3i c5:Jb 1^1-^^ \
JjVl OjJiJL i-ki^ iUlJuJl ^j ljJ^\ J^cKJ . «s^jiS3l j-tii j»i U^* \^
IjJtU L*j iXjj ^y^ Nl lj-jik>-l Uj dill. ^yUl ^jf jv^ c-*Jai^l L» «^j
l»4i!>L:>-l of liJUi *-< JLi;p|j . J>- jLjiil j\ A^ A-rr^ c/ "^1 ^J^ -f^
\oi
L : <J JL2j OLS" j-ftj^ Ji^ ftU- LoJi . ^\ Jj-^j i<-i>- L : -J JUj (^gijj li|
4_J LJ OLJLJlj *.xfc*J! ^^ J.a.tl>M. j Lwt dUi jlSj t 4ill Jj-^j 4iJ:>- iii>-
J_^ ^ tj-i^j y^ -*-«J jU2i«»*jl ^ a_Jlp <^j^ L_<Jj t jI^^_j Jj-i» jy
j-j-f I :%'li j..^ t5ibj OV tsL^-j li-u Jol ^^jS^j . . . j-iS"? j\^j ^f
: J-Jj ^_/.>^ ^;^ ^1 JUtyb J>.^| lift of dy>-jy^\ jS'i a5j -oi^j^^
-ilj _ aJI _ 4_»^l _ 4i)lj _ c-j-^f : IjJUj v_-iUl ti_ft ^^Ul j;_,^.>.i>-Li
Uij-«j' ii^UJl c^f ^y. j^xil i_»L.^L; LIU I_^-^ a_jcs-SJI 01*?
J ^'Oj-^ ^l» J^. US' tliUJi ^_,|_^- JLSJ ^^Jjl ^f ^ Uj
UjLii^- yv-i Uju>- v-UJl iJjjJI of '^1 t^_^LJl ^ JLfPj v^ ^ Jt4P
^ 4 a. ; f j__jU lj-»«i>- *^ljj| (JLLL^I Iij6 A_oo! j_^ yy, \Jijj d\ -Ljkj ejiib
tj^ ^ ejy^j t^JJi -uiJ iiJL>- JSvLi . p-*_xj«^ L^ -.^jLij V «wi;JL>- Cull
(_Jli oL$U ji*>- j_ii *j>-l ftJ_Aj tXs^j 4_xc-U»-iJ IjlJl>Jj aSI jl_p-V L«jj.j>»j
oJ_«ij «-U- *J tK^^A-fiJlj)) L_JtL (I)1-$J iJUst^ AJo! eJ*j *U-j (tjj.s<aUjL))
ciilj _;_>-l j_j)l ((-LjJrjJl OjjLa)) e_p-f *L>- eJbu ^v^j (((^jLfll ^_^y1l <^\
\0O
<^ CJPI jji C^ U5 I (^.^' J^^ U^^ >>* -^ C~<VJLij . JJJij
^Lpj «.L>«JL!1j *LsAiJl ^^ ^ »lj>-Vl cJ-/iJj i-i>Jl ^ t^^*^'
^_^ ^ o:>U-j i-'b'yi jjjJ» «:uio; i**!l OlU-j ^>^ y Ojjl^l c5jd
jliJi 4_*-i! «_vilj OLoD :4Jj-x^ (»-ALiJl diiS ^y- .((Oj-Up^ ^yl)) j-r^
iljK^l J O. oj>-jJl AjUJI J:j2>Jj <*5U-i i^lilj >iJUi Oji; ^ ,^./^\
.(/''^^SJuJtij i-U- j»^x^U-j tjH^ly^^ ^'^Ij ly^l
\e'\
Jlp lA 1<J ^Ulllj 5Jl^*>JI JtAiJi J>^J Oj^Ai^ ij^l .rr^l -^-5
: dyi Sl'i Jj ■ • <J^b
^LJlJI J^lj ii~yJl (»>o;j ^ly^Vl Oj^ ^> Jlj^Vt JI.J .04^1
^ ^L>Jlj ■ ,>5o.>~^.U ^Ij-Jlj i^^" «■'< ^I-aSIj t(>^ iLiJ'^b
jU- .JUb Ot LxJu^ idJUi Jli-fj JL4^i ^r^j ci*i-LJjlj ^Ij jJJJl
iill ^lJL. ^^ -Ofj)) i-'L- \y^. of l^ [^ijHul-'lj ^ cJ-,<a^ >Ai tL-Ul
dUi ^ ^r^l;j (H^l *»>-j ^iLU^ (^ «l>i^" -fill «jf ^-^ ^^^*^J
.Uudi jt^JiiJi (f)
.«_i; Oj>iH »UJI JlP jOi *y tsDl rl'i.^JI ui;,«,,.,f»,ll jA \Jli3l j^ JS31 (r\)
Js, JjLij .jlyii-lj ^iiUJI »U^ ^ Oit Al i:)t_^> (IJjJlU ^I ..Uai t^JJl ,^^^1 (tX)
^eV
4i)l OL dUi ! ! . . . L^> d^j Jjii^! ju^ij oUj^Ul ^Li:jj|
-il J-^^j c^X-^Jl ^^^1 j-^J cti'^jj oJ (>^lj ctiJLJiai I
;5^^^ dJLiJi j^l J_iljfj ^liJl 6^1 jAj\ JJ i^^l Ailj^i ^-
^J[ dj-ii i*-ihj^ «"^ (>• *^ j"^^ ff^ "^^-J ■ (*?»^">^b ,_ ya >,.^>«:jl ^^
. ^../a.^l (Je^ U^j OJi ^-^j tt5>^Vt i-J%J^\ oU-^l t-JU-
^ ^» ^Jf■Jy ^—i^ V-^ "^ '^JJ-* 'J>-*'*-5l j-^ t/^ ^JJ ^-^
ujL:5^ ijrS^I JL«^ j>jl)( ^*t uiyuj .-to YoV aju- ^y^j -a UV ax«-
.oj>Jlj JI_^Vl jy Ji«ji j-^ aJLp cJlS" Uj ^^!>L-)fl ^1 j\sH
J ^y u iA:^ t^ui ajIjJ ju joj (^^>«t^jc5:ji ^^ ^fn ut
cLa-U" c^yaj J— ,<x» ?«JJ^ L^ *^ *-->s*r A-*Xr •■^j^ <iL>- j-a« t^J"
■klh ...ail ^Lij c JjVl ,.i:>JI (^ ^y o jU L.J ^y:k^^\ ^\
j^JJl iVjJl jL>-t> j-^ ^J^" lW <ii-^^'l» .tl^^J • • • J'j^' Ifkks^j
l_jJJl>- Jjlj .-A VVO i-^ ^J[ ty^U> ^J>- 7t-^\ ^ Lj.«^0- ^Js- lj^L*J
r^ Jl iJ>^l J-;* C^ r^ ^ J^ Ij^^' oi^\ S*^^' ^.jIj' tJj^
^0^
j1 Jj-»» i_jL5j ■{(-♦iiJ'Jl (^ t5^r-^l J^>-T)» ^T^L-^J jJaksJlj) v-jL^S" JjVl
S_>oji j_^LaVLj <si*j IjJ| j_j^I t^iJl j_j»Ul j*-*^! ^J.«-«ij . i(jXjv>^\
L].ya.>- IjJUa* 4_j!j_j (iwJ J_ij 4_j*^_^l JjLjjJI L«JJJ SJjJL-JI »j!j_J|j
/ _jk tAV - r*"\) tiVjj ^>_^ ^j_-_>^i t •■ I ^jlj 1 ■> s
l»5UJlj 6jjJl^j ^_j>ojll)l t3X>J (IH^ -"J-f?^ Ai>b>-^ L5^^ ^ Wc* '*jr^
«jjLj)) i.-'l^j t((^;va^ Jali^-)) i^VxS" : J.«Jij l*> J^! : j^_,;;A^ ^! j_j>«jjlx]|
. Hj,./Aj> *1jjj j^^iijLJl jU>-i ^_j» iiL-ijj t«^l ^-JJ jjcJl
:4ju /U Ui^ LJly _ b\J^ (>;l t^jji Uw - (^ V Y^ - *\VV
((?-LJj"yij 7-l_Pb t-^^Li^j ((«jj-^lj «jjHl)) t-jl^j ((_«:^' f'ij^'* <— jIxS'
tijiy jAj . . .__^ ^j^j -((f'^^'j ^Uk]|» c>jI::Sj «c3 j-iJij iJ^U V^J
(U^A i;- jxJ) J-»t- j^V wJjJUll ^ j^ vjjiJi :i_<L:5 ^y «^ljJl f_)>Jl K>r\j (XK)
•jaUjJI i_;^lj i_»>-jJlj i_iJLJl t>J ti_>«^)fl _,.-A« _)>-j3^ lOLit Jill JUP X»j>»* (t^)
A-\'
^L.Vl c^l:-! ^U^j (ujI^JDIk v-jI:;^ l^ Qj^b -^1 *> oUx^^ *Ap
yLiSj i*LJl>Jl ju.jlyj J (c-UJ^I u^ *W)"» 'r'^J Koj^-b c5**^-^'
OLSj . . .(t^jL-i^l dj-^i ^l^j ijl^% i»ia-^l ^i J jU^^I»
^-^»-*ij <^Jjj Ojd i'*^ iSi l^j> - »>'i o'J-^.^ - ^^^^^y^UiJl
iL>ujUlj ijiVl LJjUJlj iljJl (>« i<Jap iiiUs c-ju»jr A,»>w9 ^j—j^
. ^yJl uJjVI ^ yl5 JL^ ^ "^J J^ t>* U'*^^. (^ cr^l "^^^
: ^^ iaij JL-iJl J-..;.~» (^ - J— $"1-3 ot Lx:lSC«jj . . ( »_;L^I ia^\j\j
LjJb JHLjiJj Ifwij ilaij J-s*t j_^ (^>:*-j' ^kj-^ ^-^-^ *^J (pt-LJij
. Lgjlyuij LgiUitj ilJtJu *UJL<J (W>-ljj
s-W
d^^l h^y^u^ Ji i4>. !>Cp - O^^l j^l ^ N - JjVt ^^-'i/i
JiiUJJ «jJL-i j^.jL:, ^L^^ * J^i c-^L; ^ ^!>UJi ^.1 ^^
^j^Ujj t5j»-*^'-> r*-'Wj ^j-<Ji M^ c/'j 'o^^ ^J' e^- -'^^^
,jL>^l 4j»-.l^ j*^. IjUJl CyM -r^^ hJ^^^ r^^l -^W^^ u^J
.OlJiKJlj Old^lj i'l^'^b ^J^b Lr->^'-» fJ^'j ^^"^^
c*» vy^' o^ U>is^^\ M"^^ <^^ ^.^ -^ '^' -^ ^-'^^ "^^^
\%X
• j^J^ J^^b 4?^' jr^
Xs^ 4-J^.jl:Jl oljXaJl ,;jijai) ajjJWI jj-^I Of jS'Ub ^.^ jJ^ U^j
JjlJI |_jj Lo| jj-jw* (V^UJ 4_v»l:*- i»^^ «iL« t j -tt-s AVj c-jlS" ^^><>.L>^ttJI aUIp
^y '>t^ g^Uiiil)) cjS'i U ciUi jy aJUj a:*- ^y jf (.5UJI ^J ^_^ jJi
OlSj . . iJji iJL^ LJu- U^fi« ^j y Jji (J-aLwJI «.Uip olSj
Jjf jlS'j .<^^^ijxS^\ Ji^p !:-• ^ jyj J v-LJl ilii-Jl Jj(>a;j JiJ
^^ JL.«>wo)i j_A ('^)LAjLj>-tj - i-^LjJI aJjJJI _ iljjJi ^y tJJf (^
t^yjlj *jJLiJt Sy.j->Jl r^J^ t^^^lj e^UJl Ajic- Jj— _^l ejr~; t3=^'
j_y,f ^^ JL.*I*j (^JJI f-lJi-iJl ^_^f -LXPj t^L^ivVl e>J>- XXP Jit J-?-
M. M. Antuna (Paris, 1937), Textes ar. relatifs a L'histoir de L'occi- (H)
dent Musvlman, 3.
- O. Loth, mMorgaen Landische Forscbungen (Leipzig 1875, Feschrift
H.L. Fleischer).
nr
tl^j (_-—>• i-J^ Jj1Jl>- J5Lio j^Vl 1-ibi.u* ^j^ ■^J iJjLsh^ Ij:^
i^l Juji U^j .:»b->l ^ Ai: ^ i^Uj'^L; t5^l JliJl 0^1 J5ljf
. jOc-. ^( JULP JUJl OU L5 -^Vl Jjt ^ oUiaJI ^V J-**i-l
J c^UbJi A-^U-j JL^^I ^j-!f ^--ic;-^ ^ L. ^ l^U^x-! 01SU)IL
^_jjco Ij^xaI ^Ll: i»j.Jii)l jli'yij ^.jlJL J_^*ifJl OjeyJJl Ol^j
. .ud*i ^/i t^^l jl5^ o^ j-^S «uAiy V-^» V^ ^^
|_^15 SjjUl ^Vl *L^t Ot t ^.jU)l Jl ^UjVI iloi-l J4- U^j
Wi
ip-*J*^jtj cVjJij *lj-«Vl ol;>-j3 *LwL |»j'l_^ «iUiS'j tciJUi ^;j5^t Uij>-
.<*"'>«jjLJl j_j» i5'_,_><<^ oji LajLipL aJLjNI cJi'%^\ ^j a-~-JI o^^I
I. ^-< ^1 iLjJaJl i_«j>-^l jLfpl ;_^-^_j . i-i j .sa. : .Jlj tLJjJl sL>-_^
. . . JL>«JI IJlA ^j■ ^yJ — Jl
Sljjl |»jk a_IaUJI ^ V-H^' i^ ^:4^l jW^*^^ oyJcLiLJl 0l5j
^L)iVl Lplj_S oXjJL>- i-iJLi' («-^i C**^! *j . . . l-jL-JVI) 'Oy.^*^\
^yjjl D>1>JI A-iLUlj i^LjjVIj sIj^I *"^> ^>rf y ^j . . . oU-_^l
^^u^
\\o
^j i-j^i ^1 J^iy 2r^j (/ i^j*-*— i '^'^^^^ *^-»^ f-«^ ^^-5 L*^
A_-.ai: i-w.f jj iJji. cJlSj LfiUJj UjUJifj L^LJj L^L-jfj y_^i jL>-L
^t Li Ai^- ^Ui JS3 ^jjf ^L : JU ?^^l^l ^ J^ p--^/l II-*
"^j «u_^ *^ viUt LJy;*: j^ (,-4:^ jiS'V t5jjf (tJ t aj cu*«— jl (>»JI
j^j <.jj:S : Jli ?^;-«-iJl ^ Jiii>o- L* jl ai. ^ : aJ JUi . . ^jlj>^\
^■\■v
w
viUI-; JlJ_^l ^tj ciJL*WJJ ••^-^" *JU.»-^j Oi^t XJJU a-U 4^>«iJ
^^ 2^1 <-.Jiii* iU-^ ^^ Oj^jpl f j^. <^f i/^' i>* "^^.^
. «jj,-~. cj^^i if«*>-t -4^.^^' ^'"^y* v^ *^ 'i>*"
^ c^i^vb cH' <>^ ^^"^^ f^^' ^^-5^ '^ ^ <*^' •^-'
^ ^gi 0^1 JUrj Cr* J-*J) mri>*^' V«>- J^ r^'^^ c> *^5*^.
fci^ iIj'jL* ll_^t tjpJL-Jl ftLJ*' iJlt a;* t^^^Jl ^ jJj
;|y^l j-^1 ^ i^jJUdl ;L-.^I cJL? ^j tW- Sj>-^ jsj^'
^%. ^.jtJI :uJU. Oyu ,J (^^1 ^Wl CijiJI Ot uij^j
^v^v
01 JjAj ,<f ..Ao. of _;--*• , i»j.r-*^ *i.r*-^ (*^^ t5' 2^ ^ «Jj^' '"^ tj*
i_ji!>U ,_,J*JJI ^r-**^' (^ - ■='■1/^' ty "(jT^ ^ - 'j-»-^^ G*^ *'-/*--' *^'
tiL M "^ 0^ ^> <ii> <^->' »-^^-^ (^ J lMj^^ y^^ rii^Ui
Lj-i L.J Juii^Ji J_i SJb'L^ cJl5 ^1 i--LJl Jl_p-Vl I4J JjU:
^ NlSLit «jL-X>-l >JXJI ^;^*y (3>>-j>Jl J-*^-^ .:>LJj L-Jl^;ia_vil j>«
Ofj . ajJuJuJI iii^L. ijj::5^1 *_^jjlx3l jL>-Vi l^ik^ ^y j»^t>\: y^JJl
jL-X>-l ivisLs^J t Aij_,_«^l AiP-lj_)J Aji_,.j«-iJl 4jjL_J^ AXk_>- iiJ jJ jPUJl
^1 ;L>JI -.jj>-jVl Uf ,<°^'^1 (>il S^lr^ ciJ^Vl J.*^ o-i-J-»^f
t ajIj ^if u-ijJLjLj i»Li a^jLj j1~>-i j*j-^ aJjUus cJlS" aii aj^SC^jJI
toLVt 0*! L-« (_S* ^-'^ l^,la--f uiLs^fj ijy^^ *Ja_:Jl L4J uiJj^l ^1
ii_^i j-^fiii'- A-JJ-JW9 ^y v-iiij i-.yi; cj\Jil>cj jL*-tVi ^ -^-Jt j_,i*^.
.^ ^Aoo i-» UJuJ iMT ^y 1.I -^
(T' ' - YAA ^) i^ f:>^ J-M A'J' tSJJl (^1 u<' '^'ji-^ a^^ i^**^ J-^ (*^)
.(\M\ /\r^^ j^i)
^•\A
^^JL iJU,>l :>>J Vj 4 JljJI o*^ t^yJI ^1 c?* 6^ -^J
I
.^0^ i^_jUl jli,;^ jji^^lj 6^)11 n5jUwJl(oi)
n^
JittUf
^^^^•Mr ^ i«^jUJr i^ttUf 1^^
^ X^f > ^L^l jL^t ^ c^ :^ (^j c^UJl C-^^l ./ V=^ a-
^:)U^i .u-tj \^y^j oijJJi e-j^- ^> v^ a* r^J -^^^^^^ *^
^,>- 6IJJLJI jo>- ^ jiJl aSj .1^ ocJj^l -»^ ^ ui^^^-'' '>' ^
_^j _* Aio ;l- ^j^i t-^>Ji c|ji>J» -^ «i^ ^ jU-VbLLiJi
.0%^. ^ ^1^ ^'^^ ^-J^^ ^^'j'-' «>^* '^■'^ <^ ^-^^
Ai^LJl ^Vl- O^Jpl ^ 1- ^J .^yJl-^ ^3^1 ^-^ ^ c5^<
wr
.^,aJl *.Uip ^ UIS3 ^,>*s- ^2rib cfH^-JJl L«t tiJji J>-jj ll^U 015"
*LUp ^y j_^'iiL_^| jjl — c- j^j t J_^-.jJl 4_.l>w> (v^l_r^ ^ l^jj>- OLSj
^j>Jl ^^^ L;5^ lip .<^)L^rU l_^L^^ oLS-j oA*Jt od-^l
ly jj-fl* t^i V-l^l «J4i ^1^ ^ -^ ^l» 1 1/"*-^' oi' <J^^ a«*'-?*^'
• (Cy-'^b ^-^' *LJ^ i>* (f^jW^Li SjLp j»^ijj O^^^-X; JUj j>J|j 1^15
a^j • a=^j>JI a- t-^' '-^ J^ J^^ iSjiJ^^ ,^1 j^i^ of bX^j
iJir*-JJ^b i>S*y-^^>^l iltt>-j3^' l>ri (J— <*^ Cy^b ^ r-^J V*-^l (>•
^ VVA o) JIp ^ ^L-JI J-vaiVLS- ^1 *|^ iJf . ^.jUL;
-* A*i o) ^^i_-_*)i ^ j_^L_4--i ui^-jiVi djuuij .<^)(^rvo
'Recueil des Historiens des Croisades", Historiens Orientaux II, 2, 6 f
Paris 1876.
I \^r^ *-^ O. Lofgren cy.j^j-^ *-\^ -^j n^-*-* >J ?«-jjlJ <.jjl^^ ^} (Y)
>vi
JS aJISU ^ j^-s-t oaUaa'illj iJpUi^Nl j>^j>Jl il5^ "^l^J
^\^\S^\ Qlkl U ^Ui i5JUl ^jjJJ Ol^j . y.x}\ *ULJj (jj^l
iiUaa'^lj v-LJl -Cl^^Jcj ^>JI ^r^ J*A! ^^1 c«* "^^ VSJ^I
iUjJI ^^ ^L>JI ,>wt; L-. *UJI JJuJI ^y SjlfJIj v-LJI i*5:>Jl
c<°>i^lj JJL^L; ^j>Jl ^tj-J! Sjj^ Oj_*i~Jl J>^j>Jl -^^
*LJip JCJ^ 4-^.jUl ilxS^t ^!)U ^j ^ |.!5L-)lt / Jfi JOi UJl II*j
.AV ^ :A0 ^ iJiUl |«r^l iJli;jjj;^l> (i)
^vo
r
r
T V^' i/^ «>— ^' jj-^l jU Lj^^ ^y. ^_,,AiJ IjjJ oJU.f Ujl^j
T 'Jt^r* t^f 0^ (J-^lj ^^^l (X^l ^yj Jy. U iJU ^^^ jjj tA-.^L
'<*c-ij u^^j 0=i^J c^-Lj^j t^y^L^j ^^tj 4,yij_.tj jj-i>^j
i3is ^^ iJ^ t-~^. ^y iJUj i;»j^i sujj ij^\ suj iiu^ . ,_pcJi
^yj . L<Jt>Ua_; j\ L<Ii^ t-jL^tj *UliUJ i*J| JLif^ ^j -U^l iplij |_^j
.<^),^ <4^j L4J Jjjj jjy J53 ll^j i,Ui 0^ ^ L. ^y e^jij
wn
i I
L4l> JLjji V d«>H ''-J^b ^'*'->^ J**-^' ^-*^^' *^-^ Wi* i>*J-^l
cJlij .fbVl jjA^ I^L^ Ijlj-*::-'! cJl^j ioUOm* ^ ^ 'oU
aS>. ^ ... i^\ Ol^ji ijU LLaJ; ^>wti jL-^Vl iljj ^> ^.>
j^ CJ^ j^l Ot JUu L^JlJu <*JU sa>.>5 ^1 U^ ^ ^j>Jl
UJ> ^.jUl vl^l OL^ 0==" j^^Vl ^1 w-JU*. J^ljJI >JI ^j>JI
^ jj:jL. iiJjil ij;v^l i-^l ^Ufl^ ij«i-i» Jj>^ -^^-^i -^
t
-4
•4
2
.(_* ^roA wihJI) r ^j-» 4Y-»r *CHJ*ill v->**^' (^^
wv
ioiVl 4-i-^l C-^l^"^ 1-*^ --we*^' ^-j^ 'j-#^J '-^>^^ ^y>>,^ J\S]\
jbfJ -L^ lj^\ OdjL^I L5** -(f At* - (. VoT /-> T\o _• ^ro
Fleischer, (Leipzig 1831).
\Sh
■llllllillllHIIIP
J hjJJ^\ jL^Vl *Jl-a Ojl J-s>- *l^ (^' te^,_^L^I Je^ ^ JjVl
01^ Ob tiiysai i-M-jju i^Uj (ii^i ^y Oidji-^^Vi **^> js\j
Jj t iSj>^\ Jj^l <lJj-^l <^y tjs» ''^^J <-^^^^>^ ^i\j>- dj\-^ t ^.jWl
-^J -^.jl^' u^ ^ W^^^ Cr'J-Jl t|>-'' U^-> 't>'^^' '^ ^i J-^'
.<^^)J c-^ tij>-^ cF^J ^^i "^^-^
cjbSj <.,j^ >^\:^j 4C>-iJl ^j^ v'^J '*^-^' V^ :aIjL*j ^yj
. t/t>^>l ufiyJI jMb *^lj i^jUJI oUUiJi : ^ Ai^l aJapU
«_« .iUll xjl>J1 JiiiS JU>JI l^witj OLJjSll olaUiJl oA*^ xij
\V^
^iVl y» U/i ^>*4-J '-^^ ^^ •^JrijM'*!" "^J ^J •■»'-^.-> **^'->
l^L.n-,H oUjVlj Utlj-*3I ^ iUJI ciip L. i3U(ojLo^^l),^3jl_^
.jt^^vij vuvi i-ijjJ osi>**^i 1^ o* ^^-i ^-i ^y^^ -^' ^
4^JJ1 (UUI) wL^ jU^I u^j ^i^^' W* J^^ Oi-^* ^' -v^
. JjVl .ijiJl J*-.ljt ^ >LJI c-ij3l ^i
■^ •• • ' , « ' '
^t t^t i J-i ^ A4*3I *J^ 01^ U^ t*^^ <«^W ji l^> ^ ^'^^
jJtJt (J:-JJ) i^U 4^t l>pti ^:;Ji>«Ji v^-^ Oj^-jV^VI ^L-
NA<
0^1 cy Jj*^l -^1 ^^-* ct5^-r^^ Jj*^l "^^^ ^.W^ J-^' '/'"J-"
»^S ,»^ v-^L:? :.j->-j Ji _r^. ^ J^^^ ■ J^^ u^ ^S^J ^-^^-^J
. cj<2lj ^.>J v^j (-* V : o) jy^Ul ^ i^. ^_^h
.t5y:-Vl oLLljJl iiU cJl^ ci^l ij-i53l ^-Ujj o^j tl^
rjy ^ • • <j^^ ^^ lM ^-^^ *-^^^- ^-^ * '*^^^^ ^-^^^ C**>^r
jj J jLpt -dbc>- 4-ilyJl A_-i>3l i^ii^ 4^t» i-Uil of j^^
J 4-.^.^^' JL^ oij--^l OL? xii . . *j-^ a- 'J*^^-^ '^^'J ^'^*
^(^1 ^ Jl>^^ 4d^ Up o> oSj . ^.jUlj v**^^ ^^ -^ ^'
ui:^ J dr*^ L;/i U A. ^Ui "^ llr ^ jOi y.j tiJL-j jt U'b^ Yr<\
i^{^\ Ip Jj^ V=^lj J-JL-^I a* H-^' J=^' ->-^' '"^ ^-^-^
t*l^l jL^fj t*it ,^1 c_^ ^yj t*Ui>Ji jU-tj tUJi jU-tj 4^.y
^( jL^tj .OL_*^(j c J^l jMj 'Sij-Jij J-*>Jb cOUip J-ii^j
lip ^ ^U L. ^ jSL-^lj c^l «i* J^ c^U 05 ^Uj . . .p,
. ;^^i *ljj U I4L. ^_ji Ul^
i tijj^l Cf\ a* C^>' c?* '^'^ ^^ "^ i^V^J 'C^^)'!
^_Pj ^tsLJlj Sti-Nflil <^ J^-^l J^'^ «y Cwa-A^ iPj*>«^ -
• io^^ o^. CT^ Cy- criJ* V~^ - <^^ ^■^
NAY
■■lilMillilliililllll
^_;|^l .^b;^- Oij^l V^- J-^l V^ - *^^* V^) :>
, . . LJL-lj iJUJJI S^.^! iJLfr v!>U))l ^jXdJl
oiUl jjii U5 .^UJI t^Ji3 :;il)l ^y up .Ikpt U^ iL^>l oLJIj oUjJI
^jjJJ ^^^1 jJlvsJl ,>>wit U5 t ^.jBl U^ jjk; ^> i«U i>;i
^Ar
> j[ j^ji\ jj^\ c^ ^"^i -^' e>" ^^- ^i ^ '^^' -^ ^^
i_pu ^.ui (^Li iUJij o^Jl-Ji j-^.) j^-^* bb ^-^ o=«^'
ilii
\Al
. IjJ 3^j 2^,/ JU-ij W-^ V> ^'>->^''j 6^^' >* ^ ^ ^-^
^ D^..^V1 C;^.>JI iS^t Up t-r^ UJ UlA^ ^ L- i-^>
^ ciio^i i^jjjVi -.jU-Ji j--^ ^^^^ ^' ^^^* r^'' >
.<^^)^.jjii. ^ o<^ju- V 'j^^j '>*J r<^- *^-^ ^
.Vr ^ *jr-iij 6-'^' '•^^' ^-'■^ "^"^ ■* ^^^^
>Ae
<Utj JJJI j_^LJl (JLpt ^ d\S Mill 4_^U^I JU^l ^ -ill JUP JU>*^ y\
0^h^j^\ pUJ UJU ip iibsai
^1 5*JUJI JLj^ffc^uJl Aj:3 L;:^, iSUuJij •*i(>J'* V^ t*'-^ '^■^
ijtfX^CJli X* Sjlj^l JUL. jj^a».i ^ ,^.j .j^^s-i—Jl a::* jyjUl iibS"
;!>UJ1 U* J^-jJI s^nr^j t^jli-JI *i^^ tr^ :<JjVl .btJNi - .,
iU-)fU g-4i« y^j Sjy^l ti-i-Ji i-jJ-* t/ ^^ Cr^J '^^ ' r^^'^
. JiJi ^ yjJl (^,/^j iiJUJU ill-Jlj
\lJi2 to-. i|UI ^,jbJI ,;A^1 v>-t>-*j :^;WI •L^'^'* -
^,^j jM.JiiJl ^,jUb yyJl f.UiAl villi jUt Jij t^lj jSJl ^ ^c^lj
. bjj^ dJi ^y Jiiilj i 4^UJ1 ^.jUU i^UiA^I ^j tlfiS- i^l
\An
1 1
o^j^ ^ JJJi "if U* j->j 4-L--^ 0=^L^ oU* t3>' Lwj ;.> ilj^lj
0^1 j;!^ jSH\ v^L^l ^ V-.jl^i ^W V-^ ^^^ -^'-^ ^'^
i»^^lj tl4*f yt-jfj WlJU ^ i^^>^\ LAjUf ^j WJijii Ojii*Jl
iU i^wJlj ciJiii^i £<^ c?i ^.^' ^i^'j ^^^*^' 6-''-'^' '^^ ^'-^^
i^l_,, ^ _pVt i*Ji-* hy ^^^^ ««'-^'-' 'V'" V^ jW^' <j^.
^1^1 0^1 cO-^i:^ J^ ^^t j^l j^ ^^^^ ^ i^^l -*W>JI
^Lj-i v/ b^JJ Oi-J^' »b^' "^^/-^ <^^ «'^^'-' •*^-^'* "^^ ^*^ ':?^'
<^^ t> tt^-'^l* -^ C--*^' '^'"'■^ ^/*^' 25^' '^^ "^^
^ij ^_^L ilii iLij-; s^i\^\ c^^' Jj^ o^^i -^-i^ o^j>^. y'j
.<^^> :l4:^ oJuJiP oUJ> (SUaJlj s^il^ls j^ 4^x^j
s^ SaUOt Jli ^j t-c- ^1 Ji '^^ «j^ ^^. (»Jj :-i»i»^' -
. ^y.!>L-^l ?«ijlJ^ l^iyLj C-Ut IjJ-A* (♦-p«ijly "^^^
J^j i^H\ ^.jU J ^-^ti :L«-JtJI 0^ cf ^^^h^jJ^h d\S L^
I s
j;;^lj : OL-jjjJJJlJI ttiji!>LJb l5!J-^' (ij-^^L-Jw ,yij
(TV)
«tiJ>
ujUI
J_^T Jl UU^ ^V> ,>::^^ ((J1>3I jL:^Vl» ..L^ jUUj c«jL^Vl
^AA
^^^mmimmmmmm
d\S it^j^iJJli Oi JLs-t ^, Vj .JIj^Ij J:J>JIj **^b **.aJI V jii-y
jL>-t 14-1 ^Uj i^^l <iJli)l (iJyiJiUAp j_^l ijijVlj SjJbJl iMkjJlj
jiUw ^y Xj^-j-i ot Ji J-ijJ (,^ ^^) j-»j a-J-*^'-> Vj-*^' »>rf
tij-^l iU v-^ iJl>Jl j^>-Vli *;l::^ J ^J^^ (.— ii'j . .(i>-t
^ lOuUjj JHljL^I <1<I-L>-V jHfiJi (vJaufr ^jj> iJUJ jys- |»^ j^JJl
\A^
. . .iliLojJl i^j jJlp UU IoJL*-
JJ , ...sr.j ^^JuJi AJUjiaJl «j_*l-*Jl wtjl-b-^l JjU:5 u^k^l iiwJ-J
^.jL- J.^^ . .^Vl ,^i j^j .(v^ij ^j^\ VJ^ :^^'
J . . .tilj-^JIj (>->^b jTjIj-^b u^J c5^1 ^-^' ^-^J 'G^'
^ .uxiJj ,:^ lLIj iLJlp l4>^.>" U^ «c5j>^.-^I» Cf ' "^-*
lii^ jL5f OL^ oii ; i-:^jUi 4_;l;^l J S^.O^ ii^^ ((iyilj r"*^' C"^^'»
Ajj ^y^_ Jb.^1 ^ 0l5j .-* r* t ;i- ^ Ji^l idl-^ *^.>' ^-^
j_^uji jjsxji iijUJi ^^.^ oLf! ji t^^i ^*ui^ J^> 'f ^vr/
.it^^i ^.jb iU, *;bso t(i <\rr/ >A rr* iu-
.Aji ci; . ' ..,s A- w l lj
r-j>*Jt -l-f*- ,_^ ^;J-*L- ^1 ^^^^ UiiLs-aJ oj-JtS' io^ *U-*f J-*Jj
j»Ja_jJl mjUS" j^ <_«^i fjji\j iv*,jUi ;jb5Ji ^ :;i,>Li jjl,jl>. ib-^
^j toaa* ^1 ^jVl i-^ijUJI JJL-^lj v=^lj jUVlj oLIjJI jr
(^jUJ! <-jL>«-s«»ij j^jjaJL-JI ^^j3^ *ri^' *U^Vi «Ju ^j-j ^yj
J_^j ^ JJi:^ Cj*^ "j^ -iij'-^j *^J^^. <^^ ^ J-^ ii^l t^ '^♦^^
jj \l\ L^U ^.Jdl ^1 ^^ t v=^l »U^t ^> OjS; ot x>%
,|j^l iJ^ jL^t ^^ U/i ^. l^UJf ij^. j:^ liSJb ^,^_j _
.((. \'\r' /_* ^ri'\ -.y^iiJi) AY ^ :n' ^ tf>Ji j^iu* (yv)
Flint, Robert: History of the Philosophy of History, 86. (1 YA)
i
^^T
o-^' (>i'* - (^^ ■^^•^' y-^ "^^ '*s-'^l 4i*>UJLj JpIojNI -
ilJJo iiJliJ Ua^l 4^ C-W- J^- '^'^J «c5^.J^' i^D-^l)) C5* C^-^
jUlb (iilSj t i-'U ^LJI Jl ^ r.. DLS" i^JUl j^l k_^IJl -
frLJUll Udsi^ ^yJbJl W*ilk; i^-Jaj" "^l-^ -^ • *-wUJl il JJ<J -
J Ai^5L-«J t^jJaJl ^,jl_^- cJl^ L*5 K^>-Vl j^.jljJl Olj-At <!l_^
^^1 ^j^ f^ bpc., ^ii-Ji *L:it ^ l^LS'j . «-J UL^ La^j^
^yuJl ^ jf ijc^^-aJl J^ c^' (H^ 01^ (>- aI_^ Ki^^^l v>^)"
^^r
XSj^JLiij ^j4f^^ <-va. * j UaJj_« ^^UaJI eJUk tujU /j*^ ^ l*i-*J • jj-J'J^Vlj
•^J 'JJ+^b t>r-Jl <---«>- (^ Vj •A»j 4-* ^ YA *:— ^_)\ j'/ijt ^^
t4*«UJl iiJJlj 1;^:^ 0_^ il5o SjLaJI viJLS'j j^ i*.^! Jj-^UJL ujL;^^!
OLX^ «ojLJl aJ ^i-vij Ap^ i- a .. ' ..^ (livaJl ol_j_>-],» /p'-^j t^LJ
t(l3j-j>-y j^li A_«— «l J^rj <-il>*j ''r>'^' C*'>^* *^^y-^J JU**JI IJU ^
UjL:>-l ^Ji\ ii^^kU \JaJj . eJU;>- i-i^JjlJ oUjJU-* j_^ ^y Wl J-^l ^^
i....« ]\ DIS' I JLA JS" . ujlJIj *ULJIj ^:>LJIj V%^\ <lt^ Jj-^l ?4jW
lOLJiSjj-. (A - \roV jL;I jX>-) "vi ,y> t\« ->• n> k.r .«, l l H^jj>Jl j^l:_;liLJl (mYA)
v^i
11
DjLwj v>-ajJI 2yy» ^ aij 4-A tn <^ ^jb^' t^^'^^Ki^i^A^JIj
J^ U ^1 JUJI oIOj d^ ^y ti^l g_jJ ^ V ^^^j (lyj^t
^s, ...ill ■ •jjJjJtjU»w*Jl *L*_iAlj . jJ.JaXJI /w« 4-^l_>- 4jL>«« Jjj_J9 ^v°j
t3jlj_>Jl J_j>i^ (JLSC!! iljL_>c--iNl ^j iLf:jjJL_jj I ,,^, «,<,>! AJb-_;Jlj
^^«
*j>Jl _ \Ao\ U^dxi. <->J^^\ J\ <tj^^» J^.li oJl (tiij .
j_JL; ei-il^>lj4_^l)) v^^ Ot U5 I JjVl ^ ^Lp :^JIvj JjVI
OfkJ j-4^ ((ciJ>*-*Jl)) oLj1::S' ^ i>wilj iwJL««Jl ipjJl JbjJ ^j>^^
tL^L^j iLajI^^Ij tL*ijL>uj tL^'l;>Pj tL^JUj ^^y>j^\ aJU* ,j
tjL>iJl _;Jij-J>-J U-.^^ J^b l-fl-*l^ V-iUv9IJ llfJiUo ^ijbj tUjLjJlj
OLi jS'Jj tii^UJl ^;;S'L>Jlj tiJajiJl ijjVl jl^tj tjlJLvaJl ol^;->»Jlj
alS" L._j J^ jUa» I^ OLS" Uj toUsjVl ^Uj t J^l J-^tj JjuJi
t j_j_fcjJl jjj-5j I ^bVl jjj-« j_jU' lj>»J jUai 1_^ OlS' Uj t Ijj jU<ai l_/*«J
t(w*S'lj_S3l ^lj>»j (^LiVl ^LJUIj t,_ycjJaJlj j^jSUiJl ^-—j 4iiUi iUj
.« . . .(i^Vlj <_5»-l>JI ji-s'^J tiljjVl CjiiaU^J
?1
rf
I'H
;>«i>" J-«-*^ ^j *Aj^kJ\ (jUT J_J p<aJ ^ ^ tijPj^jJl >
.SUJL
,;j;f«-^ f-Lju)/lj Jj_^_-tx)l i_->j— J ^ iAilJl CjL«jJLfcJl *j J-ij -
N^"\
mmmmmmiimm
^ \jjbj . . .uijUJl Jc>>— j' t/ iiJ^J' *-^j^^ '-r^^. J^s^l f-*^
.v!:->iJl ^_^ <~>«^
_,_j_ji *.ijj u s%j jAif-Ju> '"jij^j -^b Lyj^. ^^ tct^l-b-Vi ^i_^
j_^ ^y (JSL-Ai^ ^ JiL* ^yuu ^J 1 4;»y«>i i*-j aUp SjI jP o^yO; ^y
JLX»JI i">Lj ^Ut ^y ejj-fr-i^ 0**"^ (>• r/Kd -i-^l 0I_;4^ ^ 01 (U*j ^J
^ tjjUJij jlJ_il«Jlj ij^ ^y>Jj eijj-; a51*^ Jl ^^1 ^j\ ^y
fjj\ j-f> i-ljji) L>t^j d^xJJ ijUjS dJUJL) «(5i^*-^l)) JL53jj
tj 1 g ■ -' / ^j .».L...«.)l jJ*>-JJaJ1 (1)1 ^JJ L*^ . -y*U.<Jl jJ^jbJI (i»>lJI TJ^l^
:UL-;>-f J_jJ»s* 4 j^J^I Cj^ ^}^ (^ ri-JJ^' l5^«^' -L/xaw _^gla "j
^»j>.f ^y t(/« ^ i<\Y) -A A'^V <J>- ii^ ^_^ K^jUSl ^i ^yJ ^_^L;
ciUbJ ^_,JjJl ^—f^l jL-^o OiJ-J^ J^\ J--tj-*Jl j^a:^' t>^^
JUJI *L.>«jf i-jAj Ot-Jt dUi ^y LfjLji _ jlj_iu-Lj ^-^^^ cJLS' J_23
a_*Lp t_,JL<Jl ^^y\ *-^ j-^^j-i ^^ if^. 'j-^ Ah ^^-J - t/*^^^)"
iJjOL; lj>^" ^,JJI aULJI ^ ^Js- iJlJGT ^ U5 ,J^\ ^^l^j *UUU
y tiL«-.__^ t_ij_iVl ciiULJ L^ OLS" j-^ 01 (H tJiVl *-«-^j J*a]Ij
. iL>«jjUl «__,.^JJu ^jj»l?- <% g -.» a' M
. or ^ ; oY ^ iJjl-Jl t^j*'' '■Cj—^ i>*" -Aj^ J^>>^ (V\)
^«\A
JiLP dJUij) Uj-iU.j V^jbil jt^Vl JIp iU-ZP^fl i^jij t j\;>Jl ^i->«J
.(i^jUwJi JUA dUij) i^%^y\ j^jWl ol>^ ._dk>^j (^15:JI
«^-| JLi .JU>; ^.jUI ujlyJ JjIj- L«x* i,^^I» ot *5-i>Jb
OLJIj iDUUJIj OL-jJI oU^j-* t> >l^ U5^ M* Vi* ^^;^r»<^
^Aa I jijUll pip ^y ^,Ma::i«3ii Aib? ^Ik? cJtj v^ a=^ * JtjUVlj
: J>i M ' o^-i^^-^i^ OUVl ii-^l o^t ^:>^ Up jJ*:^. t*
t ^. Ot j^t j>JI Jl» y-T {.U. ^ j>. U5 . . . lOUIj ^Ij ;^l?
^ ^\j tdU^ ^ jj^l ,>5UJ f%-^l ^> i->>JI j^.>- U
toN^I;^*!*!**!! i-rijJ ^/ d j - /t/i^ ^y.j-* W^ f^. <^^ i/'' (vi'*^')
.k_-Jl_^>Jl ^ jr^ ^ («JU^I "L^jok* t*l^,jXJlj '•Ijjyl *^ij
.0^ ^ ^jiUl ^^1 cJliJjjj jil> (tY)
: JJLdj (Sj^\ Jst^ Ij^W ui-^' '-r^y^^ j^ c>*-^-^' (>=^j3^1 o^J"
^UJl p<ai«Jl oLliJI oU_^. c^j>i-Ji ^.>" c5«^^ caSjIjVIj 2\;l>Jb
.«^*Vl ^V - c.jLJl ^ J-L$3tj c^LJ^I ^^ ^LUh ^liS-j ujlS^i
^1 l^ji 4_-U ^.jU" ^ V ^iUi JvaiJl a* a~*^' r^' *^^ ^
c((c#3^' oil -M- «^L->JI *V»J '"^'"^^ oi^; J"^'" ^^^j^
j^.jli3l ^ ^^f i^jt ^ ^ ^j c^i j^- U-jWl ^'^>J c|>^l
/_» Aoi
^ v_^) AX ^.x^\ C^^*-^ '•^'-^' <-^->^**^) 'iTJ-***" r'^**^' (^^)
JjL*ij t^Ull j«ijLJl Jy^ tJHJ^^ J J^Kilj -H^ -^^^-^ U=» Jj^J
^y^ LjIojUp L^JmJ i_*^! fcMOs-'yi L.f .fc- J-^ ijLjJ J oLi^!
iiJUJi .ju Jlv. ^U)i ^.jUi J*-i:J iJLi*^ ^ Y J\ ^1=^' f*--^; -
J ^ jjS] ((.UJI jvjUll) ^U» Aib5 ^t L^ ^yiJbi^l iJ>Jlj JjJdl
. <Jc^\ Cj\j>Jl/» JI_^ i-AJj^ i>>«jjUl <L,a>iuJiJl ryJ>j -
Y«^
,y^\j Ai^l ^,^\>-% Ih/^\ vTyiJi oL^U :>\^i^^\ -
_,L!>-tj ..LJ*Ji u^tv^j ^1 j^^ u* ^ c'y ^^^ «e-^^'-» '■^''
jj--^»
:j.>f^^
4_iuKj /i-»-*
^ ^^1 JUS yUj c^^ cr-^j .or^lWJl ^Uit ^ V '^"^J
^>j( iJ> jW^t ^\ L^ .yL-^l oUjp JSUSj axSj ^j OUp
X'Y
^«j_^aij| tCJ6\ ^ ^J^\ J^l» i-->-U«9 jAj t » ^ ♦ • /
(1"V).
^^JL>J| *LIp uLSJ uliS' iJLrf ^y *l>- *j» jt eliS" iwx ^yj Jl* i^U-
. <^'^^«ilai; ^jb)) y ojjS'JLJl i-Ja>Jl ^y>j^ ^
.-V^ ^ :T ^ i*_iJ ^^1 (TV)
Y«r
ejj.^ OL j^-j::!-.^^! J\ '*i^i^ hy^, ^^y -^ ^^ -^S *'j^ -^^
^^\ ^j ^.jUl ^>Jl! i-^'!>UJl <U-jJI j^ os^l ^ ^,jUl
4j*j» ,yi>^ j»if> 0=^' "-r^^ v^-^' 6-'^' *^^ ■^-''^ '^^ ' < > -'•'•"•'• "
4jl j^, t^JJl « J*Ai31 jv^l» XP dJJi a>J . . Axli i:-- VMJ^' 1^'I-A^b
Ju> jJU3l ^>- oiJ-^- ^ ^\ 1^ c^>^l >^-ti^ t^'> ^-^ (f "f'
^ ,^,-.>^l y, J!>U vL^ ^ Liif ^i A^j .('^>ci^^l V^
JLp lluL.j *Lu;il C-JL5 oi^ t^-J^i '-^ 6^ -j^f -^^ ^^J ' Jj-^' j'-r^^
De Somogyi ^.^^ lS^ ■ ^^J . ^ M ^ . J;Ul ^^1 . J^iJjjj i^lX i ' )
JJMS 1932. 48.
^1 .lUUj(\AA\ t^AlVOJJ) g:3jic-> ^Y-r^y 4v-*-JI i^^l^Jl :>-^l (H)
t't
-Li* , .t j . /i . e - ^ JLJL*J1 /wijJL! *JiSi '^JJ^ |^_,k_4S3lj *Ji JLllj
iUii cjUjj ^jLJI (jijJ-j ^ t^j->«J' 2*^' *^^->»^ t/^l (wC:SDl Cots'
c5* c5*J i*USoJl jL>-tj *LJLiJI jL>-1» : aip^--^ «,_,laiiJI)( ^^^iJtjj
jL-P^-tj 4_::p^_«.j^ j-f^. US' . . . «^_^jjjJlj LjJ «j_pf ^^Jdl «^,_-/ii;«J|)i
11^ jj, Jjj . . .IJL^j ti^^l S^UJI i-Jl Ji ^jVl iJLJl ^y
JU-jJl ^yAf-ti (_/■ Libs' ^5r*"^' J^ V-^ "^ "t^jj^' i>il)> tJl^j
oUj.«j>wj (►^t*- ^ Uj^" kiJbJl 'lAjJl ^y IjijI ;y aJ t-Jj ((j2;JjyuJl
^y i>j_iJl» Xj^ j-iP dJliJl O^l >ljf J _ Oj>ll Jlp . ^j^.JL^\
r»o
^^jlxll dohJl ^_jX« j^ iJ_yw j^i ti2-i>Jl ,_gUjiJj t/^lJ^' tl)iJ-^'
Jjj_p)ll jlS' lip . ^.JcS\ d^l 2_pi J a^>»i ^ jy j^ j^iJ^' c5*
j^^«Jl I j -A ' wa J Ul^lj 0L»_)Jl Sj_Sj (^Uit ^_^ C->w9j j;,j>- t J-5ljVl
AJyu (J L. ytij jj-x-Jlj jj-«-iJlj ^liVLj S-^ijLJl oJljJl cJjIj l>^j
^'ju 5-oljJI JJ>Jj jJl-^I oLil iJLt tjH^lytj ,>~Ulj iUwiil
^ ^,4:^ Jij ^Ul o\jJ\ *U— tj ejiUw j-i"!: t^ji-Jl ^^ • *^*^
^y JiJUj dt-JkJJl ^jj^» -^-i^^ i_*.lA« ^y i>^j>Jb j>iwaJlj olj^l
Uij ^iJUaj ^j> J^ 0>. d\S 4Ji Ji t^y. jf JtV («-»^ (j^. Cr^ -Sl'jJ
X'"\
C— jil *Jl 4ej_»ii liLiUj tej-,aP 4-ii <u)j^j iJLJUi 0_>^ V <— a-Sj i«GaJU
-fill JLjP j_^f ^jU* dJUiSj .jLJ'ytj ,^1 iU^-j <.jl^^\ *Lfd» pic
4>»-»!iLj» -^ J*=*«J^ 4<*jyaiJ (.^.iuJl ^^_^_>iJl j^_jla-*<ljjl J.*>«^ ^ j»-Jk|^|
tUJLj ci_^^AP J-*' tlr**"' i^^J tail— Jl Jljlj_i ^y *^JU^ tiv»L>Jl t-^
. « . . . (H^'bJjj
iJjL_-Jl y ^ ^,.fs- JJ:. ^jJ Q)>J! .Jbu_;5; ^y Oj-X. Jjj
Jaj^l ^ ■i'lj*^! '"J** t)f "^i tejiUa^ i>«-sO wlSjJ j_^ *Ui)t ^y i?ljJ^lj
(^ iiillj iL-i\jjJ\ JJLv!' ,_^ SUj JL?- A_jf j_^ Oj-5^ JLS t*L:i)lj
cJl^ o*lJ^V Ij-^U- ^jjJl jlS- ii.U . .^^1 jf JIU^I jf JJL.^1 ^y
A_j;L-:5 J ^ ^AYo t_A \ Yi» ij^. Jj-di Jj;^! ^yJ-Jl >^«^ ^-M
Y'V
■^
.!<!
^iji i-jLaJL-; ,_^JL-ix]l j_ftU9_*J J |jL->-Vlj ^\J~i\ J jLiVl (wuLj^P)) ."'.'I
.^ Lv.J I A-j^'%^ W-A> b-*— -^^ ^j^' jr^ <ij^\ jJliJi cJlSj
Oi J-J JLii . . . f:LJ^\ J t>- jgiiJI II* JJi oij . ^\Jo^\j i3jJLJJ
JLp 01 JJ U-J^j .^^^J-Oi)! oLs*iJL.j jL^Vlj v--^' L5* 4>^' r-^
0^1 J i^>-:- 4jL; <:j1 J^ .<'"*>UJ^I J_^I VI oil Vj c^._^l
iJ^I j^ uW>Ul j;u^ LijUj 4 lJ:l^ jj_5C jl ^ dUll of «ejo:-JLJl» .
jujLJI Oj-aJI J (^^1 KOtijj oW-D ^t -i3j .*ljj^lj *lyVlj «-UJi-lj
■ :<J^.
CU«J»-_^Jl4i jJfc Uf . i-jJiS' <ut ^L»f |_^ UJli pJjlill <l3_>f^>«J eiljL>-l (jlS^
IJ\ Ji-*/. pii Ot Jb^LiJl jJUi sJlJi^j ^liai-lj tj_v9Ji)l JU^t -ciJ Ji |
■ • ■ , \
OjJUjj t^lS' (^^ ttLJUJij j^yjilij^l oLiis «^.»j»-|_^l «,.«;:>«^l cjUJ!» I
^ JiJl. ^.jWl Js> ^\ ^UJ! ul5j c^lj ,JjH\ ^%.^\ olj> ^
Or. Marsh 316 (Uri 379) 80 b.
t'A
JuJI ^^1 JLJUJl ^UaJU-l Jij .^>-*Jl SiU J lIl5U (IjL^Vl ^^
t^jU^l xs^ ^.jbJl OiJ-^ ;^l 24^'
. ^•^L-.^l ^.jU\ jJiJ Uj Ll^ |.U! JLi dJUJu bj^, UJl «^.jUl
•^ f-U-d) •wCtS' Jiij 4 4jjIJupI iiv» li olS" t^l_^ AjIp JOj US' i-->b53lj
Jioj j_ikj Jj^LiJI ^^*>J ^L^lj |>j«i^ J->-j 2^1* J-i*i *-a; cJ^I
^^ Ju- Jjlj UJl *j\6 ^ lf.ai,i-.l j_/3l ijXiJi j-jIjcJIj t la>- i^ LjJL
c->-jt JL2j :<«ii« «_ij_^lj tcJjJI i-ii^H*^ ^jL-Jl : (5j_«>j_>JI JjJ
tri*j t^,jj^" '-r'^' '^^*^-'-' *^^->^- (»^>i» •t/'^^^' <-'j*J -"-^^jjj
(1)1— J)ll <j\ t^jLi—Jl J_^ (i«ij^' Ij^j-" (>*■-> -^J^ *-^j' (^^-^
J->-t jyj W^^J c^ J>«*^l ^j*** ^^-^'^ ^b :<J^. ^^"-^'^ iy-J ^^^:^b
»tjjlx)l JU> <)!>U- ^Js- ^i ^yiSj . . . Jj2jj . . .((U^ t*^' jJjcuJi
X'^
.-cut <-ii^j AiyLj ^!)U)||j iJj^JS o-JS:Jl j,AMai _
.(V :^^.) ^ J^tlii
^ iL^:>-!>LJ Cw- ^^...^o-U (l)j-5J 'W'^' j-^*-^ *^p-^l o*"^ -
. <ily«>Jl ejUlj fijS'JD *Ujj Aj\y J->«aj *l>-j J.^1
.*_ip. oL |»^sA < u ^j^ ^ ijAj tS*liSlJlj fci^jljJI Ifs- LijL. j_^l i^L-»SUj
. ^\^^\ jlJU
i>* (^j^ <^^j>Jl <,iL*;»JLjj» :Jji. jyjhJI Oj^^JL j^iJ! ^;/>j
Mj» -^ i^jkj (Hj^^ f^ (ji^^' ly J^. "^ -i^j c«4;lkL- ojiJii
^} La^jJ t-^'-P' i»Jj-i)l ^ <S'y>>%A «j^jl,J*-Jl» ^J Jjj .
.«^> ^Ul l^^jfj :^ J_^ -511^ Oj5J i^_^l ^, Nj
^yJ cLu X^\ JjVl ^yjJl dUi ^_^ .^ Y* V ix^ JijxJl t^JiljJl _^
t^jji j^j>ji li^ sjU Lii_^ djwi jjijfj ^^_^i jn oyji y.ijf
'^j^b j-jJij t5jUcJLi <a*J ^Ul aJLp _^U:j ^b\S)\ «/Jb ojL-
*Ljfj AjL>waJl ^bf j>« !>Urj c^jif Uj : <_^ ^^ Co-^ U J_^ d«>.
r\^
Jl
»2\jji\j jIjVIj JULiwJl JLaUjj ^UJ til^l iUfJl SjiaiJi eJL* ^ OajT
JLIP j^JbJl 2f^l ^J-> c^ J^^ ^^ f-*^ «t^ij*-*Jl» ^ \1aj
* * *
oL4JL>tJl ^Jfi*J', ^ A_JiiLui _ eJUkLJuJl ^Js- liUlplj LiJjjj LiJt>»jj
aJ «ij t-i-S' (^jii c— li . . . «j--iUi!t ij>-^ J-Jl ^ AJl ^^ - Ji>-UJI
^ X—Jl j!)L) ^_^U-1 ^y «jj ■< ■ * * <>*■! (>• r.-'^ .li-Jt ol__^ ^ 61 (J^
jla_:ii]|j - J— ^-ii' ^_^. - j_-A-ii j_yJjlj Jjjj_. iSl*^ ^1 ^j-iaJl ^jf
T>Y
Lf*jJLi ^!ApVIj *-^lj-»iU ^s^jLj ^5* ^L>JI J.»j>- ^;_m!>IjuJ) t^.i^_«.. J l
^y (ioLitJlj t.^JU Ijj-stfLi j^^i"^! Oj-»-L«^l o^p-jJaJI OjSo ^j
4_-iJ l_^ lil VI . . .\^. L-*dt> tJl>-tj oUj^l t^t t_^jJL) "% . , .iJbJLi
^y ijjL_»tJl cjL>ws*»1 j^ iUJl eJL* \^j^j . (>>«Jl <^j <J i-J^Sco ^ji>-
^v>-jJajI jV ili (1)1* tU>fcpjj jfl '«7*>«i ^ ^ ;.». L >..o-il jV>-j3^t JLi* «jjLsJI
T^r
J «cr^ 4ilj»
Jirv^lU^
. . ijUl oLaJl j_^ r^i L.
tJJiJl ^^\
;^.jbJl -Gibs' ^y ^jlj }\ La ^j
. oLutiuttJi /ti^tAj IH
.<^^)aJi>.JjoUJI J^j i|
e^ ^!>LvJlj «!A-MaJl -uU Jj-w-^l of ijj JLSi (ijiJij ^_^j-iJlj JJlj_pl
A-jJjjJl Sj_iJ>Jl (J-^1'5 i_5> iw-l-M-Jl J-^' *_iJl:;>«^ L^ ^-^ SJbAP (JjL-J
A_m9j_4 JJljjII ^j*Ju~«Jl j^^jj^ JJL^_Pl ei-ft Oj>-IjI JLSj tLf>-jL>-j
(-il^Vl (--tl— jf »_jI:^ ^j»j ti-j>«jjUl S_*-iJI oli JjlijiJ (^jkjjJu; jL^Ji^
^^JUt ^;^j-sdJl JiijJ Ifr^ DUp ^ OUiP of tiJjd ^L--j Ji>J t^ji^UJ
.<*^)^U.Vl JU*JI ^ SijIjJI JJL-^I dUi^j
Ot (dL-i *^j 4i;JLA_^l i-^jJI oLjUaiJI ^ j^r* "^^ ^ -U^l^j JUaJLJl
OlS" JLii uiUjJI)) JLiP <!>-jt aJu jJ JJli^ jjj*l^l i^jjJl ^la>.i--l
i^UJl ,_^ 4%4j ^j-xJl u-w-ji- i-;_^ oljS'Ju «j_^LiJl tJ^b ,»Jia*3i ajI:5
. li : TT ^ I JjLJ! ^_^I i,>->- ^^1 -^* jl«j>w« (IV)
Flint.. R., op. cit., 113-115.
.(^ \roV i-
(Or Bruce II and Marsh 425 jUx>Jl a.>i^) Ju. dU)I iJi* J ^^\ Cj^. (<>')
y\i
.C''^)ijjUJl ,^1 d^jUJl J^^^JI ^^liJ <*i^ ^ on
jLip V^^-^i <>y^^ J (t>*V) fi-'^*^V tij-^Vi *ii«Vi ^j
JTj ojj-j i>tjjlj) 4_jhS^ S~^ L^JiP cs^*^ crt f*-''-^ <^' tlff*-^"*"^ *ui*'
^ jJl JJUjJl j>* li^ L^ Ojjfj tOj-^Vl JJUj ^ya^i-ij ^l* t«jJ>»J
j^ i-tWl i-jLJl <^y>-y, IfJ ^tj 1^,.-^ j2rJ u^ jiJJ^ *V-> -^jl^ ^^
l_^JL>i-.l j2;-JL-JI j>j?^;>JI Ot ^i ljiJ>y\ j-i->^j . •*-oL:S3l jlj-Jl
U dJUi ^_^ iliuVl jjs^j tA_-;jA)l iw-::S' U^ iv^L^j t*V-* V*iJ^ ^>^
L^t JU- ijj:5Ul ^^1 Jjjtj «<i^ jL>-t» «-iJf t^iJl ^yjjVl «ijjf
ljL>-t ioiT jiL.,A« jV^ 45jj Jlii 4 4_SCo ?«ijL< ^y <_i)t ^yk^ DlSj i j_-l>p
IjCl Aj^U^Ld /^ Si \mS cU^I <L>»i A j aJ>U' U^j c tJl^Loj eljj /^ UkJuJLwul
jLip ^_y>iujUJl ti-jxJl (jJiL^ ,y OIjLjaJI IJla ^ ej-^^i j-M*i l-«-«j
(* WA) -A iV* ii-< aXs<» t^AJl _;fJi jjU^ ii^i;vJl ajI::531^ '^y^^l
.i - \AAY -
Y\o
. ((frUUJi ^\j>-'h ^ Libs' «-i3t t5JJl
. ^i ^ JL x Jl «.UJIp oUbS"
_ » 1<
Joj^l t^ (Hb-^ <ij^, li;*-* 15'Ij4 oLJj>JJ jH^Ij4 (>*J-~oJ1 Os^-JJ*^'
ejkjJl *4iP C-jLiJ I 7*-jjL^I ^~^^>-' Ly'^' -^jJ' Os^J ^■^. ^Ljs- ^I
^ i<«j1_^l oijiia ^y uaJLS^ tOjJLl>- ^1 *L> ,_^ ' j«ijLJl y^^^ 5Jl53t
. ^.^H^' li j.,i7«; *— > yu to jl sjUIUkiVl
<)*^JL)1 ^2?^" (J 01 - (i^l <1*^-JJI 2;<^l i-i* ef» (>wJI J\j JOJj
(Precede de Con- «_^ j_* UJ} t lIU ^ «Charles Cienorios»
^ jJaj *_jjiv-t j_ft ,_,^jWl ?>-fuJl of tiJUJu JLvai J-ij naissance)
.VV^y lA ^_^ iJiUl ^_^l_.r^ .tJtyJ^ ^iS'j (oi)
T^n
i_^*JaJl c^LS" trj>Jl fU-i*( J* '"^-^ J-*^ t/^' (ji-^W*^* ^(* t>>*i
^ ibu jt L.} ;if^__ <^}^ Jj> \tj^ J>k ^^ i^ ^ W b^^ <- cr^LJI
ti_jviLJl ol_~jLiJlj t4_*>fc)jbJl 5_lJIj tidJL- Jl v_jjU«sJlj tJj|j_Jl
Gotthold Ephraim ^J-J j^ljjf jdj-jjj^ ^yUVl JiLJI Jli oiJ
^_^ O^i^ ^>- ^jlJI Oji L^Ij : ^y^l ^y ^y> Jl^ J-i Lessing
Dj^jfi^ |JUJL>- 1^1 \jkizS\ (^1 Oj-A^j)_ iLp- ^|^-a^L>»-::^ ^y *jb jJa^
iij|JLj>-l ^ (Jj»^l-! tk-jJl (^ f-jJijJl j^ JJLai 4JI j_*P L«JL>«j nJjLJl
uL>J)/lj tt^_,_JiJl ,_,->JlJ iJjJL^Jl ijj.>ci\ y^ viJLi % «_jjUL3
0[j iu« »_jL^f t(_^jVl (_^ OLjNI lji~~^ SsZ tj^ss- tOl^lj OL«_)Jl
(_^JJI y> aO-jv-j rjj^lj . aS'IjjJ JijJj -cSUa (3_y Lgjf ^\ <>c.^ y cJlS'
Flint, R. op. cit., 118-123. (oo)
:)0i jLS"! JS" Ojoi^ ^1 t>^ v>^i y-j> ^^. <lJ''V^' '-i* Jj
.»l^ JU4j cijSj Ljij-flJ CjLS" cijP (^JJI *Jb-J j> AJ^i 4 4i>uj^'
L^^j ^UiJl bJly- Ju> ll^j <-iJ ^^. t^iJ! iQ)>3l 01^ lii»
3j^. ^U^l ij>j>«Jl llf; <Jii <^\3 obUJlj cjl5:iVlj ci^^UJI
jt i ^/^U^l jJL^S" t^jjJl Oi* j-^t ^y jj^ U^-j . lJ-->- U.j> 0^
t^jjl ^1 jt ^ ^.j % ... ^Ij ,y*i^ t> L*^ ,»*^l ^1 ^
.e\A :o^V^ tj;Ul ^^1 4i.JiJl (01)
.t\ ^ :rA j^ tJiUI ^_^l .^ .ij 4^^ (OV)
X\A
(^ c^^^)" ^J^l t/ Ji^J' "^^ *^i * C'-'^' ''•'^'^ ^ ^^ '-'^-' i^^
. d<JU«t ^y^ L_lJ_stj jlj ^ LJjIj J-JJIj olj^t J_p _ ^>xa]Ij Sji^Ij
iSj^jliJl -ulj^l JiJ^ ijf- dj^. -ii THJ^ iJj^^ «iUJJ j_^jbJl ^-»^lj
jt id"^ ^ IS% UjJl?- : cjIjLwJI oJL* Jliuf b-^-jJ^ ^ jt^^jVl jlp- j>i:i
LjjlJIj ifUJi ?«-ijlJl ^y -iJ yl^ Jjt Oji ^^j*>- l5^^I r-jj^l l^U-o^rl
•jf 4_ji.jjLlJl «iL4»Jl »_*>- c)j^ JLij . jc>-jj-*Jl jj^ J*^ ,;--*■ ^-^ hXm
JLij ojta ...11 DjJUJl _r-»J! jf - i-fiJtJi V . OjS^I Olj^l JijO.
*-^'j-* Jl t^ji ^^ UiJji t/^l -^.Wj '■i*-^' (J* t^j'^l "-jj-^
SjU>JI .ULbj *UiJl ij^\ iijoJI dUL- ^yJD 015 U ^^L->l N_^j
, Vf jj^ : 00 jj^ I*--*; A^Tj^i ('A)
Y\A
^_.i>^'<Ui ^ d^ij cl:l*j ^uj ^'f j^ ^ J^i ^"suNi j^
L. j-Ui *yi jj^l Ju>^" ^ UUj cJi^^ exo*- sojip 4.^5:*^^ cia>J xo^-
<jL>-j aJ^ ^ ^^. ^ jL^t ^jjJl jhJ c,>JJI JaJlj ^LwJl
^ ^jgVi sl^ st^ ^y 0=^ -j^ n> o ^^1 -Ail ^>^^ ^
L-s'j « Ji^^ o^. '^ J t/^^" '■'^^ J^ "s?^ r^' J-*f c^
y. dUi^-^jf tt^JlJlj Jj-r^^ :tJj-Ai t^.iVl ^J>JI e-A-Jlj (H^J
XY'
toxiJij iLvVi ijo.j> ujJjVi *^i>jij oujyi^j> ^1 Jiij
JLp iL«->l ^y ;i^ t JL^^b i^jUJtj j~Jl J M^ ui-^' tP>jf
^^j^^_>Jl ^^Ij tLfJLjjIj I45LJLPJ ilJiJu djL-C'l j-" t^li«j oLlJ Aji i^j^y
^1 J-j>w» "if U^ ^j^j i((/»^^Vlj j-aLlJI oUJy rt5L*.Nl j^jIjd -ijI^
Uj ajLv ^y ijiJi jj-,^ cy'yv i*jJiiJl iljiaJl jj-^ ^y^ ^y^y^ -^ 'J^'
u-iL;5 iwil^ ((OjLa J_JLw«)) eJ_P ^_^ (3^*^ *^ J*«^ X> t>lL-*i <0 CjLj
ilr* ''j^' u>i' "^1 ^' ^^ '• ^J-Ai "^^ "'^-^ *jr^^ *^y^J *^l— ^jJJ *jLj;>-I j»^j
. *^U«- ^ f> 6 * ^'U (j^^^ -'^y^i^J ' "./P^J 4l ,., Aa< jy.wn. i U . |V>-l_;Jlj
Hart, Michael H.TAe iOO; A Remembering of the Most Influmential (c^
Persons in History 1-5.
YY^
*jC^ U >i^ J^3j . . . «U>-U» y> ^itS" ^^jUi jj^l i_,-^ <i\jj jt oX--
^> t^l -r^'j r^'>" V^ a* «^j*J-~*Jl -l^^^jj^l ^ -^J
^ L5 *^ i/>*^' t^b '(H^ V-^b f^ f^j^^ ^^.-a^'-iJl JUaJ'ifl
^f L*v- c5i>-^l oi-^l C>^ ^ "^^"^ ^ C-^>^' ^'-^ ^' '^•^"
Sj-Jl d^lJ^V (,-^^JO- ^_^ (v^j ^cUJl jijlxll .^ik U^,>iA U5 Uj^;>^
aij t l4->-Lsflj Um9 ^_,)lp 0^1 ^j> (l)^. U Olii jv^j-^U* (>• 015 li^
*^ c5-u>-jJl OU^ o^l ly Ols" U5 t^wiij -uviiJ oij ^x^ iUflJl 4^y"
Y\X
L^ j^!>L-^l ^.jU 4.1^ i-JLA. ^ 11* (-*YiA o) ^iJI ^j>JI
jjjJl» oL:^ i-.JLi. ^y (-*Ao Y o) j^«- j>jl ^j^\ ^jjJl *-»w»
(_ft^«A<l o) JL:>JI aLwJl ^1 <«cutfj t«oliJI i'Ul out ^y ol5:Jl
t * *
iljj^ •j-i-* cJl-^ t,^r*-iJl |^...fl2.U L...s < i i> - *ifl>fc-« Sjj^l cJLSj
(3r*i rj-^ U* jJLi rj-JaJlj JLJJI ^y ^,j*-iJl i j As aS JI IJL* <> J-i>-
xij L^S" iji^\ fj^jy «iL>i-oL jl-1j j_^!iL-^l r^j^^ ij^. -^ ' ?^J^'
^jjL l\^)\ ;JLi.> ^_^ Jlj Uj .^JiLt ^jp^ J>_^ -U>-t oL9-^;~j ^
Ytr
" ^ "
Jj'La kljJLp- ^i eaLM-li ci^l cJij*: jA jf t ^_^"L^ jt l_^U- OlS" j\ j_^
^io j_^ _>-_ OTA jH>" -sy'liii 'c?-'^' r^«/ .r^*=~^' 'i/^j^i ;i.>Li^ (•\r)
XYi
;L^ :LJIj DI^I clc^lj pUUJij j4*Jl J^ ^^jW^^il u>y<^- oij jj
vii^l Ul jOJl JaI ^^ ^ Ji- J_^|j _;^|j i^ji^j ^1^1 ^1 .j^ j^^
c^l >L .UJj ;;^>U\,^j,<-^ W c(U :0I^ J I) f}^\,
Ulj .(^ ^ i :^)4l54l)4i;jt;)>: JU; aJ^j .(TA :>U) <^|rj^-i \ ^
.((^b ^1 Ulj t^Jl i^ *^jj;^ *, 3^ ^j :^ ^1 j^ ^;^| ^-*
oSli Jji*!! Ulj .((jai ^ > (J^l)) :aip ^1 ^^ Jp Jy ^ fi\ Ulj S**
J
-u*
t <"
YY*
1 .1
^iiUf i^^Mi
4;^jUf «;ia.jr jUt ^ iUdMjf Quusni
iw
A-,,.UII s^Uc.Vl oVbv Ji U^'J-*^" Ji 'i»2i <.-:...UH oLUSJij iiyiJl
(^iJl J— MSjJl jy ^jj 0>i^ jyt—j -L^ J-S" L)t «J-ij*» -*-j»:i*ij
Complex v_-5^_JI JS^I ^ j_^l 5jL.,a>JI j_j1p »-->.-* i.-ipj . . . aJL^
Ot oliUJlj ^l^lj J^UVlj cy^\j SJUaiJIj «^I ^y ui!>Jl Whole
Can, E. H. op. cit, 100-103. (^)
G. W. F. Hegel: The Philosophy of Right Eng. Trans, by: T. M. Knox, 1 1 . (t)
tr^
J-J^-'-J 1/ lT^J (^-^J ^Ad (H^J (^jr^" <iA> -r-^' *W^ V?'^^
iJUJui LjJbhJ J-.»>^ GiJ*-=^' otA^w. (jt Jb-'^LJIi ... V *^lj
(J^jb) ol.^ L4JI t^i>* jJI Vs:iiJt A>«~:JI ;^ ^^1 (L^jt!i\) 0I4!
t-ui iji—i N liilji^' L«LlaJ ■--::j J— bif j^J IJLa ,j-Ji3 . . . i;5lj::5JLiJjl
t^^JiSJl ^j^iJLj ^> L^ (yM. J^^ J-V ^^-^ ^.j-*^" u^J
4_jj*-L--JI 4_>.^!>U> (l)tj 44JL4I— . SJ_>-J J!Uj A-jpUi>-V( ejL-,i>Jl ^jLJ
I4K 4-JuJdlj iJiJtj aJI-^^Ij ^'-*" V>U::>-*^tj V^^b i^Uri'^lj
0>i^ L-««**^ Lj.'*? t Living Totality j_^l «-»i.>». U rj_p jf t-^lj-j;-
i^jLuJl c-jL-VIj -LiiUauJJ *SjjJ' C— J SjjjjsaJI 01 Ji-A i^jij
ApULi iJiLill oUUu^ill JLit JJu* jlSof oJJj Jiij . . . 5y U^ljj LJIj
f>j_fi« Ot» J_^ L«U LjPj jJL>- <JujJI>JI f«-djlJl il)f Tfc-^ "^"^j
Ginsberg: Sociology, 45.
Xf
j^^ dUSj tpJiJi ilf) iLju Jlj U ^.jUl Df t^ i^W-^'lj . . .
, , $■
.j^lyu>Jl ,jA^^ frliu-l LilS" UU:>I >^jUl *UJLp *}jaj U Ijjj«j J
oiL^Vl *-?*^' i-'ljs JL>M jji iSj>-^\ fj^' *-s*^J V"^ i>* P-»^'
»Ljjj (^^Up OjLjd JLjvJl ^jj>^\ j^ »LiJ'yi »^— it d.5>- tcjkjJI
oUUJi cJ^- JUJbj t«v^ ^Ijii Cut otjb ^^\ ^s^l^^\ Jiii\
O-i^ ^y W-»*!J '••*5^W^-*^l(y c^^j niJuJl iL^I t>ujci>\
Yr^
Ojj^ JUJJI 4JW jjjj t^jJi j^Vi tyL*- jy.ii)i (1)^1 ajL^j ^ Oi^Jj^'
.j-Ip JC--UI (1)^1
*LJLp ^U (_$JlJI Aij_jiaJl CjUL»JI jy SiLil-.'ill j-^axSJ jjj 1 J_ft
jU-Vlj jj-^Vl JlJ:Jl Jir- J^ ^ /^J • V^^l <U^I S-*^' J-^
^ *i3l 45>-LJ ;y \4^ji ^ ^'kj^^^ '^J-'J ljJ%} iJLjtJl (wiJL5o
oUL-JIoJLa C...»JkL- d.^ tSj—Vl vl>" c^ *^^' Cj\j^\>^ \^JiL»
oUolj j_^L*::;^Nl tUaJl *j^-5jj «j-^W* b.^^ i-i-xJt (^jl*** |^jj_2;^
.lj-^H\ v'j-c-^ W=*t>Lp liS'j ^JuJl iL^t V^jUl oUl>Jl .-J-waJ
oUwii -JUil »-->-!jJl (Ji-)L>^1 (i-^ Ui -J JLj>- ^j JUPj S'*i ilOJU^Ml
Ibid., 108-110.(0)
I
r
IJLa JS" cijJj .j^^-^' '"W V"j-<«»j*Jl J^^ Jj-UrJ ^,-f^. je>iil (*^
jiU*J!» c5~k-J J -i^^ 'c|-JJI f>-*JI J*^)" '^.•^' (-«^ Oi-^' r**
. ^<^Y« J ^A0♦ ^>; e^^ill
jiUxJl *-Ii; i-Jji-'tj ijJ-iJl |,-jX-l>" J-vaij dUJLi" Jj (.^.^-^ _^_)Udb
j\ DjUJi j^.jUl fl^ii*:^! JU:^! J[ l_^f Oj-^jjJl UJ ^2ij
0j5o vi->»- «_jjUJl j_^ A .. a. ;;Ja . " SJls- ^ <J_J*V» 4-^jl«J 4t5j^^' f^^'
ait j^^SUj t-i-S' ii tOjliJJ IjTo^.la; l^Lvi^-j (>^*i "^ JJ-«' (_5* iJjLiJI
4_?-jT cil— .t'wS'l ^y ;>»^ *^ aJL^JUJI 5_i>i>J ^AJoLju i-JSIj-* ^ iJjLi«
oVbv (J JJ^ '^^ *-^.y^^ Js^kjJl JLji-L>J ^^ ,ySS Jj 4*i*:>-LJl
. ,_^L-I O-^S" 4j JCJtJ *i/j AX»-5 JiL Ai^j c li^s^JL)
.!^j_^aJ| rt^XqJ AjJUj 'LxIj.S C > «.>»■ " /«^^ La *^ .Jilli IJUbj
•^b ' ^j^ ^ (tJW -^ >* Ji*JI <^'^ 01» : 4>^ U ^1 . . . A-J">*^l
ol *JUJl ^jl: 01)1 : *ijij . . iiJ^>^ ^J'-**- ^ ly^i C'^- 1*-^^' ?^j^
Annals ((oLJj>»Jb sU— J.I 'UjvJl ajUjJu bJU- Lj-s<»^ 'js*^ jiaLL* j-«
Lik-^ (JHijl^l oUli) jj-pUsj" teL>.j| J^ ^ o>-ja a_«j j«ij^l (»-^
JaL4 5_jt 4.;..a< U Jj-ij "VUj^I oL-!Aa1I jy C-Jt3 U_a! Jj . . . «Jia^l
j^jj! eUJ*yi IJLa j^. L. ij^\ LfllS^t ,j^ ^y 015 Ljjj .ti^t
S| . , .S/LJl «i-«-iaJl)) (oLLJi) ^ oLiJi dUi-^j lO^p-jjJi "i^"!
i, L^-it SJiSLJ ?^jLd3 oLUU jhl>^ (ij^ til) iSli t SJiU vl*- oLLJi
I^.L^^ c-Jjl ^yUJVl j^,>Jl LO ^^AA« ^i ^j-i ui)L- A^ ^>i
History Research& the «^jLJl iiJij t>K>jLxll iJu>Jl» *jL:S ^
cOh^j_^jJ.1 oi-i-> Oh a"«^'-^>^' ^ Philosophy of History
^ f-U LJ jlaJI : (Vjf) : dJi j_^ L.J^i.i-^ U^ ojL«; il>.il JjU-j
; i^^_^.«j>« ^y i^jLJl wjWl oLi-ii
. iJliJi UJLAJl (^)
. v...,Ull A5JJI (^)
^ CjLz OOP s^-^V! C;Lp ocJ^I Ot Jl SjLiNl ja>u L^j
:)L; LuSUij . ^L^b *U^Vl jOpj 0UJ>I (Jp Ji- ^A f^J 6-^^'
^.J^-^' 0:^
Yri
r
oL»->i bX ?UL^"y ajl*i;i jj (^71 ^IkJ y^^ ^. ui^
^^ b^ ^j-^ V ^" ^l> i«>«^ M'^o^ ^U Sbt JiUj AJi* (4*11
^'bJ L«.lji x*J L*5 Ujl_^f J5 ^y^ ^liUl 1.Uj Jb'x^j ti*ja» j_y»^
Jlia^l li_A ^j . . . .l.iUJJ _^_L^ ^^f jU>.| jj_^ ^_^i 0^, Ot
. jUaJI dJJi V»-*f ?wa^ sJb-j
Yr<5
M^jHJ (^dUl jj^l
^^ iL^I ^ Ujj iJLfi ji^ t ^'■c^k u^^^ *^ ^ L/^ ^-i ^J^
j^' jJl . .}^^\i iLs^Vlj olJiiu^l oL ijL^^^lj ^.jLJlj i.-JaJl
ol^Uc)) c-.l::^ JjVl |«-^j aSj . . . %jj^^ c~Jjl» :>* ^i (f^J^')
ytUi_* ijJ . .(v^U^I 4i^t) ^lai,i-L; JlSLi.)/! li* g)Uij »j_;*-l^)i
^1 J^x. : ^1 c^- ^U oU^l jj::?JJI <^^" 't:>^>l ^^ Jl^ 'J^^ ^^— ^jl (V)
oL«Jjlj SiJLxuJl (:)I_^VL) ^JLU^j t LfP^j LaUp i±>iP- ;y AU-«Jl
.«IJU (jP iiJbifc*
j_-p SjJJLij *j*l>J' '^^ djfi'ji-i^ ^l . !<-<■« L ~ -> -i ^y i:>j;^j^l oljiJlS"
j^^ tr«-ijl:Jl <>• <-: — ^ Dl— J)fl Ot JL>«i i^^j^ijj •J^Jj-'jl?" • • • "V^'j^l
»JiAj ui.v»l>- JaJ ifsrji ajI^ i—ljJ j_,» i}*-*kJ t^'>ri cT^ -^"s*^
JjU- JJu (ill) i;->«^ OLJ^I Oi jj"^ *-^ y>' d\S UJj , ^yrJ^ ijty,
y 4jf dL-i Xj tij«-JaJI ^Ijiil jl^ JLp ijPUi>-*i/l jjJlyJl ^^ of
JS" ijy Jb-lj iJjU AJfcj ^ 01^ J^ . jSliJi «-i^ iUJl 6JlA «^ J>-f
_^ iiUJt SUJI ^y ^l:J)/l c-»^f of JU- U ii^ ^y.^ Ofybj t^^
01 . V-Jj-Jlj V-W-Jtj isPU^-Vl SUJi J>J ^UJI ^Ikll j2^, t^JUl
Jj-,<a>Jl _^ 4JUpV a5>-_^l vi^Ulj lialj)/! i^ ^ CLj i__,>^ (-OLJl)
cr^l V-S>JI SOjfUJl^^ lfii>d jj^( OIj .iitJl A>-I_pi JIL.J Js-
J_a>«j S^Lill »lA.jji:J j^j .iLp.U>Jlj iiji)! aJU>- ^_^ «ijjj Lj-Ip
Jvoill ^1 ^ 2:^>l JJL-j OLi liJ . l^ i^'Wl ►Ul ^ J«15 ^'
•AY ^ I J;UI ^jJI lojl^ L.iJii)l -LP (A)
.A^ ^y> tAA ^y t^—i; «-^l (\ ')
.i\ ^ tJiUJI |«r_^l t JJbi ^.Jl iL* .i(\\)
YtA
yk il^SJ J...a-...Jt :>^l Otj i2Ji>Jt ^y> L»a*-j (<pU>JI) oL ^ oL ■ !
juip j-Xdl U*j> OV tl^L^' 4-^ _^ L*Jij « Ji-A» t-jji-V ^U^
JXUI *yi ^ ^y-iJI ^L^lj ^Ju^\ ^UJI ;_iiL>- ^^ (J-v-))
^j .<^')jLS^t J_0 ^ APj_^_j OL-i^l j>Ai ^ — ^, of ^ i^iLJi
^^^ ^y (JUJI Jit J ^ ti-Ul l^jU)) ji> ^y»i^ ^ ^.>; dUi
t^Ul t^jJ iJ^ -^j«=:iaJl ^Ij^l (f^^' c/^' ^-^j*s:^l fj^l (>^'j-»
llj_* ^' "i I4JV JMJ^ ^Jli^l OLjNI Ljj d^jU), oi Jij
. <^''>,y«rjJl lf~LU ^. 1^131 J^Liill ^ Aj^iJ^I
t5jj ^1 4_.UJI Sj-^l ^1—f Jlp ^_^. ^.jb3( 4><^ t^^UJl f>jfiJU
^t ^Lw^^fl fUkjJU JUVl J5:JI Ji UjJI ^y>Ui>-Nl ^1 Jl^Lif
iJUjJJ ijJUJij iULiJl ii^^l eJu jy 4---l5Ul S^Ijj . . .Lpj^\ ^\
t^^l tr^ j/^jl^' j^l "^Ij^ ^?*>- cjlaJu »i.->o 05?*LJl LfPjAjj
(l)j>>-jjJLi . . .Uij-i" tip jjiL*j j_j^l cjljLillj i!^l A_,j*^ rdJ^J
i_^j ti-jiujUl i-jUjtU i*-^>JLJl ytUi_Jl i-lji j^ ^J^ji '^J-Jl
JLp oj/j^. U^ ,L,:>1^% ^jpU^-NI J^Lfll JU f>; jJl oUiJl
iJLsill JLp Jjj ijjL, jUT jU ^ it^jjij jJUJI JU ^^U>JI SjjJ
oUK Oijj Ui" (^.jUU j^iUJl jjwdl i>J) :L^:iUj .
^Ujf-VI c^^l uiX- oiUJI ;L>J| oU-L^ ^Uj jjt> ol»
J_,Vl 1^1 oil :i>rJlj ^j . .«oU iU. sL>JLJ ^^j^lj ^^LJIj
U iJ.j»^ . t^b^l 3J->J ^_^l iiLJl cij^l JLp ^jj::)) *^i«-i. ot
iiL*jj .jl>Vl ^>; i.:>b^Vt Jl5Lif ^y\ ^j^^ .dj>cxi ^j -0_p^.
L«^ ,_^UJ1 (♦^iujU l)j*i^ ^LJUj . . «i»v»jkfj ^ljij> ^ 5_Ld>Jl
4_jjJ>^l 4_iiU ..Ijj t^^,^_ ijj ^ 01 d-^ ^ dUij tA:>v>i Oj_Si;
iT fj^ : T A ^y t *~i; |«r^' ( ^ t)
Yr^
^^ iSj^ erf* • • • ^A^l *^.^ <^A^) *cr^ (J^ J-:* <:>-Jlj
Ui*- /^JljJill «JLaj . . ■ oj->:.>,* iJ>-b j^ljJ UjI^ <^ (*;$^>«:ii (^jLsJl)
* *
• ■ ■ ( V-iJ^I
otj tAi* ^ V f-^ (V»iJ^I cjLUjJI) of ^t-t Js< J*jJJ ty^ijliil
. . . aJLIs oU-LiS^ 7«iJ^
! ! . . . (iUp)
USVI U:L" a^j - ^,jWl J - ui-^t of c5jO ! ! !o!>U>- i_,>^ -iib
S^^'ill SUJI J L. Ji iJliJi oLdl ji^>c. dJUij . . . K^sH\ JJcu-x)
,_^jVl O^Jl^l Uj CU*i»X-lj V^jVl iUJI jJli. Jlp cJjiv.1 (U3VI)
t JL.J_^l>» f^^yS jt^y^X Jlx
. \AA ^ tvjl::Saj i^LjJl i;_,.-fl*Jl il-^Jl
^1
1/1
Yi
If
I f
I <
(J Ajd^ jo.jUt ^y ^.^1 ^^1 *L>^**^i sA- ^^ J^' M '«^/
\y^ b\ bji i.{^\) OLSC Lf-i: ^" i-JLJ)ll (Ijt dUi N» . . .
. . . i4-3jJl 4;Ua?i- IjcjI
^-L *j>J iJU- .> ^> UjV {^\) '"^ cJj^ -i>J-JI -M <^^ ^J
AJJl^ UuL^ Js- iSy>H *^J t/l-^' jy^^ >* J*"^' cr^-> '^^>*>*
j_^jUi)lj . .d^Ulj f\y^y^'^ :v V . J l iiycJI ^ j_^ *ljj i-ii" v-
i^jj~J> J53 Sjl_;_gaj t^Jlvad! tiLS" JL>- ^^f CjU jL>w Ufljf j>j tiJ53l
^,j, Of tJa:^! ^JJI »a>-jy^ c^^UiNI ^Ui>-^II J^SLtdli .^.jUl
. <^^\h ^JJ Ooi^' ^'j^l ^
^^:::>^\ ^r^^li- UJ ^N ^ ^y^ ^- Ob GjV 'i^-^" Lr^> ^J^'
e^(_^l ^ o-lJb ^U>i\j Jii«Jt j>-^l II* j^ J-^ ' J^ (j^ J^J-^^
.oX ^y -.o- y lA-i jv^j*J' (^■v)
.oV j/» :oo ^y i*-"*- J?"^' (^^)
tn
iJliJl U.JU.U UJaJl SytUaJl
>u-iLJI (J_;a]1 ^ 4JLJL— J »^^jjj ((^j^l) ^■i->>^l *ij^ ^^Ij "^
Uj|j L^>jkU^ c—J ijj-A«JI "LJi^jUl oLvuijjJl ^ Lg. i; , »ii JjAlIi j»jfcij
. f^L-J'yi ^fS%^\ LjJU*.* j^k
._* J t(UA£ - U'A) (j-iJji .->■ .->■ Ji* Oj:»^j>^ aiJj
Lo,^;.,.a; o l ■., rt„,^^ ; (\A'\Y /^AYt) OUj^ .t ,t j_^j_^lj (^U'^O
j>i!l J1(UAA- UYOij^ .^jj^jj\j (^An^ /^VV^) ^^U
.f j_^j_;Jij i.{\^^c> _ w'\\) OLJU .-A ^ ^^J lO^uu ^>ujbJi
. ^ Ji ^,jUt Ji ( ^ '\r • / uo ^ ) iiu>
cJUitHuman Evolution ( Oj_-iJI j^k?) :_^ ^U OI^^j^ i^jLJl
iJb>- J jjL>0 l)I tl>j3^ **^>! rjj^' ipual^l (_5J-« Jj>- ^jr^ oUiiL*
«AJli«Vlj ii—liJl *Jbiu» 'Cl r«ijUl I^VO^ /^"lA^ iJj_,->*Jjj jj^» cjivsj
sLj>JJ ?_:-*« Uls- JLfil_>-Sj (ijLj*j)i iJjj^JI ^_^1 t^i)j 4jf j_^l l-waS
ur
L^iji Ji (NA* i /\wrr) J^.j->. ^jj->- ^^ -^j ■ ^j-<^ '^ '"^^
^.jWl J iLiJU dl ^\i «*L.^I kj^Ti J[ iS^ji ^^ ^^y. ^.J^'
Jj^ (i)iU) ol>j jji^' (>- ^^^^ j^j^^ • • • kj^ *^ ^J-^^
^.jUl i-lji J.ji>«i Ot JjUij «JJuA)) OUaL- o>o- Ci\j dlS a:! dU
.yiJl J^UIL. ^i^ ^ ^JiL ^ (^.031 j^t) Ait ^jP _^.
j^.jldLj UJuJi 4-xljjJl Ol >-ii ^j^j c(W-5l) 4^1 <>^l>^ -• t5=*^
«jiU.uJL! jJjdij ^/-jJi (»ii^i J>«JI» ,y^ (lU*) cdj^i Wi cr^.
Ytt
i,\i
{
H
(U^r /\ ATA) c^ A -^ JjL^j ^c^L,^'^! cr^* f^ )>* (J^*-^
wiVlj ^1 L^--5Ui U^ (UrjJ,5LJl) i-lj^ ^J^\ <^ cxi?
^.jbJi ^ :Ot^l (^<\^<5 /Uio) c^^V .*3 os-t Jij.iUiJIj
^j . . .L-pU::;^^! \^^yS^\ (JLp JjVl ^UJI ^> j-A UJl duo^l
^\ jJIp, 2^ ^ i^LJii)! j^.jUJl» ^\^J^\ J[ L-Pi <---iaJl
JykUiJi jJLJ *l_;Jt:^'y!j iJliJi iULiiJ 4jj«JaJI SytUi!! «-j-^ j^j
4_JLi>Jl J^,--* ^jL^ L.JLJj> t(A^n) (iJULJl oLJill) jLS:iVi
juu iJliJi UJLil) <,.f...Ull SykUiJl c->L->J iiUJl v>>^j*U *^y^j^\
^ J\ iij^\ oJu ojf olJU! oUj^ ^ j^UU Ji>JI ^1^1 ^yA
?aJ1 ,^^. t^UI L* :l^l Jlj-Jl IJu» JU !>U : J^Vl ►lyi-Vl o^
^jU of jj-2a L-P>sij_Jl J^^, t ^jli^Jl y.j--^ ■=>>rj-" '-^ f"****"'
j_$:UJlj (oaLJl) 2-*lj-Jl i^. ^j-^' cr^.j'-^ '^i>-* '-^ Cr*^^ U.-U3I
yb L. j^jbJli 4S>A1I V'i J^ ^ ^.jWl dj^ j'^^ . . .(aJUJI)
j-^ (^t t3_^ c^ij^ J^\ ji-^l 1-^ t> ^^~> ''*^"^ c?* (o^*^)
/^ LjJLp OLa^^U pi C-5?- tiJiVlj i-iojLJI jJlIjJl jy> Iju*j t^^T
•^ J »J«j«*Jl <3L-Jl i-iW^l ly ?j--^ (j^ (__-~>J AjOiJl ,_^UJl Jt>U-
J^ t3LJlj L^b- i> IfJLiJj t t>>Jl > .i ,„UTn iv^ijUl JJU>JI» i^ljj
,saiU3lj .^>^lj cAiUJIj cMl Jl c-J^I ^M ^jli^ J^"^ ^^^-^'
o^ ^1 i^l A^.^^^ I>U* b\Sj ,(^^\\\\ l\*i^) t^j^l
^ j^-^. *-* J^ o^ 1^ 45U ^ ^;-«i OL^ ^u*Ji diLJi j-^ :^j
^j^l Irwj J>^.j^\ ^^ ^j "*^j • • .^^^b <^b >^^ ^.->->-J^
Jlyf ^^ l^jj-. ^,jUl -*>» U^- ^1 Vi-Iiil tUiiJl iU>- (^.AiJI
. tjL^ jjiI3( ^;S^I i*5T
^..^^ (^,jUI iiJui3) t5^vi*3( JXJI Ot a5>. Ot o^t ^Jaiw jjj
^liJ( 0^1 ^ Sy.:>>JI S>il Jt>l^ J'iUJi ^^Ij ^!>L-)/l -X^^l
;^l :.,^-*>Jl Uj^t ^ ol>^ ^i t)^' . u=i^^» y^ c55^l Jl
^1 ,:,U-~Ji f.> JLi^^i ■^. <:j^^i ^^^^ ■^- c> ^^" ^' ^-'^'
o :uiJL- cju.jUl i/i :aiiSj . W ^ .J^UI ^^1 cSjl^ -ii»Ul a^ :>^l (X^)
• 0/ (^Jur-WJi '^'\^^
rtn
A
I
t
i^UaJl 4j^jJl *^-s^jj *.> j ».i J.J:l-aJI j_j» ^jS-jyJSS ^L**- 01 A*l jJlj
4_Jtf oj^-sdj (j^;-^j_>Jl) a_t ^ LJij j»j' JJ ^jLJl ^y (l_jL--VI)
. (ii^'jUJl) Jj j_5U j~-j J5lij *; US' c OLttjJl (J~-.c>.:j
Oj-l:Jlj c-pLi JlJj tjl^Vl oLJi eykUi *Jl c-^l U ja IJLaj
^_ lijj^S L«lj iJJlJ 4— 'Iji «jjLi!l rt~v«»fj CjjjJUJinJl L^Lpi JU J^
(ij->«Jlj tOl-«>Jl i-:Jli :,;^:tiik>^ brhj^ ij (J-i^*V ^jLJlj »t^jtJl
ij.j>-_pl ,;^ ^jLjdlj .LsjI iiUJ i_;AllJ AjL^jj ^^j tioli a«Uj -u-^^^
j-J^ A*^'~^' 0^1 f'-^ t^ 0j5wJt |_jJLjj_^ oLLiS" (_^ tijjijiJjS' . 1^
of j;;5Uj U iSjj-i o^Jl OL *l-i tjk-^jf aJ ^^-UJ U lJua>- ^^yjo ^Xih
\lk ^ -bo of ,2r^ j^j'^'-i' • •^'^ '^ ji>- ty"i ^i* 7«djlJl L«f t Ml
Gormay, P.A. op. cit. 121-128. (YY)
YiV
d
i^l ,»5:>J «--,i^ L»^ ^.jlJl -^J 4 jlauJl ^lj-i3 4*-,i>-Tj S_^Vl
OLjuiJI ^ itiit ^\ Js^ dUi 2:->-^ Ot j~^l ^y o-sl* .*>J J^j
;j^ ,iXJ»^\ J >\j-> U l^j^\ Jj> ^ji Oi^ iUU h>-jJ ^IjJl j^
^^jUl ^^U (^jjJl V^ai-iJ OU t5>. >^^J) V^ijl^l olS'jOOJ
Ai_^_«J! o!)^SlJL- *srly Ujl^p cjUp <lji pi' ,^1 IJ^ Ji» 01 ^i
Jl ^1 S^Ui J-Jl>J Jl j;:u^. jJ L. pi V ^L^VI ^j ci^UJl ^
i" Sjj^ \j4 j^ ^U lsL -^j) h^j^^ '^^l -i'^^ c?^ V'W
Ibid., 131-133. (rr)
Hart, M.H., The 100: A Remembering of the Most Influential Persons (T i)
in History, 18-22.
UA
f
The - ^^Ul j^t '.A^bS ^ ^'^YT /Ui^ U^lj>-=» fli -Aij
4_*^ J^_^ *ljVl v-aI;:^.^ A_JtiL_Uj Interpretation Of History))
. . . dyAJO' jj-^ JS" oa_ii ^1 (JaJI ^ j-^jJI 0^ *t^j oL:>JI ^^
oLii ^y I t^jAJl J^ f/^ J** ^^ «^J^- <^^ <>^- "^ *'^^ c^JJ
KjjIj^^)) j_ftf tCJ^ O— Pjt jJbj . ,«<«,«j^L ^_^l OUJ^I t-iyalJ *if)>
^_^L-JI ftjjlJl ^ t^j-ij • • «^lj»Vl JL>-_pi JL«j>t ^yi ^j-i^Jl r^-^^
((The Study of History «^jkll L-Iji)) ajI:^' ^_^ Ki^^' AJ^jfj Uf
iLAJb-j ij^^-^l (3jj-iJl ^\ \^\->-j\ J^. '^ oljL.fl>JI j^ <ijj^1
Jij . . .j^ JU- Ji iJUJl .iJLbJ uLiJ ojUpI J[ viJUS ^ ^^,«SUJI JLp
^ ^^—jVl JlkJl oli ^^j tiJuL_-iJI 4_.UJI JjJlII oU ^ Ou>Jl
Jji <jf ju*j . 'U-L.if ^ ^^Ji js*-*' r^j^ A^Ji t5iJl j_^L^I jj*-iJl of
i_J>-ljJl Lj^lji Ji" ^ oU*i>Jl oL-;^ y » jw.jldJ JpUI JiJJI d\
^•■^Jl ^y-UwiVl ojji 01* u*-JU3l OliVlj vJUJI JjJdIj vrjl^lj
j^^SUj V iljit-S" jj/»U*JiVl of ^j f«ijL:JJ (oj**^) ^ Wyj^ ^r-" J'V
iytu ,_^ J53 Oi* t i«lj <Jjp 4^ ^JLS" ^*^L>- l_^-l.*«j of - jtvilj yh US' -
UJ| L*_^Lj ijs-j^l i<kJiJl j_^LJLj Lfc^L V'j^l AldbJIi . . .Uijij
^y jS^f -0^, of 0^. Nj-o^ ^|;*:>-Jlj» . . .<'^^\^'^^H\^ (j^J
^jmIj- i«-l»-" TAe Study of Hisf . ^.jUl i-lji -.J . ^^ .^ .\ :>_;l (Tn)
iw LJWI i_»JiJl i,\\Xi iJ- V 4 X t \ :»ljr^l OjJ-moj i3jji>wj c)JJ tij_^i^(
. -u^/JI amUJI k-iL-kJ ^Ailiu ujLJtill
. (r ^ - V ^ i-uu; ^_^l (YV)
. onT ^ - V ^ i<_j; ^jJ\ (YA)
I
To
^ jrj^Jlj -cii^ oL^l ^-l^l (J-^l) b^ ^^ "^ <X>^' :(J->^')
Uij ^.jWJ t^iLJI jf--ji!l ji:. ^y Jjt ((OjJU^ -^ •£." '^^"'
^l L^jJU l!C-.t>^ ^'yi y^ «v>L^Nl sUJIj :yill)) ^}^ oi^j
*^l ^, N i-^ijUl ojUU LJ_^I ^L^jVI J!>U ^ .^^jLJl
.tj <1„.^>J eJl^ «ii3Ji5'j i^^j-pj «t>J«>» J (/Li)) J ((Aiy-)) J Kjjyk)) j
XeN
L«t . . . <^i_^ _>-* L»j i^L* ^ ^ osrf W-^' ^^'^ O'^ t^ -^^
-jLi «^yJl ?o,jL: ^y 4->-_Pj--j_JIj vrj-VW J-Ij-aUd i^\ <^\j:>
^ '^_y^\ b\ ;>! ^j^L-*- vi^^ jL-^Vl C-^ jt J-^ iUj JjV
J^L. Ij^ ol A<1-.:JI dUb j-»^^ ijJLi L»P C->-dJ cti.UaiL::uJi
Jju ,:)l^_^ U5 I4. (3-Aij o^^y% J^l c?'"^ "^^ ^^' "^ ^
i 1^_^U« jJlJu *Ji» eL>JJ C-jJl iJU«-J U? UIj|j d*«-i ^ -Uaj^^ <^
t^il — Jtj A>^L:-»j *^j-J>y J^ J-^ 4>*'l ^U^Nl ^ Jlj L*j
ij^.^^j?^l JUbULJlj i-SUa^Ni oULJl Jjl^ ^ oj^t ^_^, of -uUj
- >
«_. j-JLi . . . i-Jl JJl JubLJUJl iJLsn>J <_/t2>- ^j_>J jLsw ijf- Li>o
L^t i^l 4JU!JI J lji!ii\j . . .Udf i-:^! *:3liJ aJ ^y^U:^! o~^ (^j
Ibid, 115-120. (^^)
TOY
JaJj ^\ 0531 OiJi <^\ ijtj jy>L*i;rl J-** jj^)?! OL ^-
Oij iitU i^ SJU- -uSGj v_— xi ^/-y^y ^^ V^ "Jj-^ (>^l cr*^
j^^Vl v>U:>-Vl ykl>3lj ipUJlj ^^.ai-^t ^ l*j4Jtj U^j Ujj^
4iUi]U .•JUO:- Jl5lif j^j l^ll^^ u^ *^^'-J e.>^' c?* U^lj^lj
3_^^|j JpUdb ia;>v«J ^ tjr*J^I jiiij^b ^u::>^ t^J^I G^J^' «>rf
*»>xJi o>j (^AVo /^ArA) ^.j ^j^j ,»Jj .i^-UJi jjuii 2\>-
oSLiJi .jlSot ^jj t j^ijUl j^' ^ ^yuiJl v*Ul ^ ^AVY i:-
The Martyrdom OUJ)?! iLjJtiv»lj : 01^ »i^ ty (OUJJl) ^
dU*- Ju~ (i-Ju a* W L.J *iy^^l f*^'^' -M* "Jl U^' J*^ • • • of Man »
ju Vit J>. ^ . - .O^-^ >^>^ «J^. <^^ (>^. -^l ^^^ ^^^"^^ (-Vi)
Ibid., 131-133. (f)
JS <J\ ^...•■i Dt Jb *y J-JX^)) JjAi ,j^ ^ ^}S ^^ iaIiJi 2^L5
«j>-ljj:i -c^j . . . «i-Ma>-j «>--* a* V L-« 2;t*Jrj t«jA) jJLJl jS- ^
(1)1— Ji ^»^k-j V 'o\ AiJip jy 2^, Ij iibjb (1)1 jJ*: ^>>.i«» : Jj^dj W-'
!!!... «V *^j t^y^Jl CrJ^^ *^ 'j-iW* (V^b ^ *^J^ '^ '^^
OV *—> <-i J-4i •'J'->«J «The Martyrdom of Man» : <Aj:S ^Jj
6L.jVl fJLif £/ JUUj -JU^ J«r il tcUlt ^.jUl Jl5lit y> >fSJ. dj^,
^Lwi aJ Ji^ J-ij t„r^ ^Wl OjJaJl ,^ ^Jjjj Mi>l> W-'T ^y
c_^l L»* ljsrj--« ijL-rf ji>-^l /^ *-d^ ijj* •''kjo f-^J t^Jbi* oUJs
IjIsj (^^jlJJI) ji^f ^y jikjJl Id^ yj . . ! ! !OLJ>/l j:^ jjkJl
aJI j-JJUL. y.J^j . J5UJI OLJ>l o-ji Jl .j>Jj (i^ll) *li;jV C«:j
t ! ! iijji» *-^-i>S^ 'iJ^j ^y W'dy ' J-*^^>* •■sLjjI Jju «!* «*ljT «u>j»;
A-lft Jv (i^UJ^^I ^.j^) cf- "i^iJ-^l j^l «aij» Jwj Lo-^j
jLj>.Vt AJ^SX- t^JJl JijkJl y |iLjJLl-<Vlj 'o\ ^J «Jiij» "-jI^ \^j^
^j«:>Jl Jlj__!>-t 4;^~-.><J Aj . ;^ " • ": i^"^' J—* e-^-^-j (^1 Ot c5j-iJ
J^. t^Jdl *^l ^v-^,o^L; (OL*i>l) jy^-^tAj^l Jl~ -Ofj vtiytJl
•o^ ^^ «Jbj, a~j ! ! ULiVl 0^ (^jVl) ^ DU>/I ijj ^^' of
Q>U ,{\^\'\ /\AiO) ^j^,r^ ^jj^\ uFrJj^^ r^^' *^ ^->"
<>^. jJl ^>-JI « The Nature of Man OL-J)/l a.^b -^-i'-^ i>
^ 4jL JJUJI (^.jUI j^ ^^1 ^Ul) c^L u^' -^ ^A ^"^
. <^^)! ! ! . . .hJi^\ oLLmJ sp (DLJ^I ^«:x, (UL>Ul) iJoJl S-^Ul
^ijlsJl jT^d V'JJ' ^^'
i^«>Ul LS^^T ^.t ^ iriJJjt^b ^JJJ*'' ^J- tS^"^' ^"^' ^--^^
^j 4 0^va:jJI j\ '<^j^\->. '*^j-^ V'l-JJl iilii'J *W^I J^^' Cr^'
j^j ^rlkjJlj 5j>-Vb <-*^JJ 4^U-f j^ i^jill iJ^i jLi»l t/
^U-J1!5UI J~^l jt j^lj 0^1 J>-^ o!)ULdl js^ jt t JiVl
jfc diij ^• .^* <ii-Ji A-*j . . . <^^p<a:jJl >~*Jb V^r-^' oLJUj^AJ
- (JJL*) Ji\S ijt- j-^ ^ oL3i3l b\ I The Decline of the West .
Ibid. 140-145. (tt)
Yoo
oUJl^l Cy (.^-go-! iljjt J'>U- ^ 4_«^ J2^. _ *pL*^ Jio >-* u;t?
^ oj_SUJl *U^( Sj>-.Vl dJUb- OLS:- ^> AfJiV Jl» : Jj-Sij
(V'UJI) l4:;NL*i;ij (iv'UJl) tWj-^ W^ J-S^J (<^LiJI) U^jj-^
^^\) ^ i^uji oJbJL>Ji i^-uis:-! - >d^ 0^ . i»uj J5:5j
,\xJ jjH\ \4;ij^ ^y^ ^ U^j t J>-*^j ^r^j ^ C5*-' (c*^'"^'
_^( ^ i^L>Jl -ui^j i^L^i *j^'f jf u^^^i *^j -^ '^^"Ml
jUjt I4; j-*:j jJI ^-J^I ^-^ ^-^'^^ -^-W i^ J^j^ .^f*^b
TM ^ *J;UI ^^1 iii>>-^j -2: •'^^' ^'^^^
yo^
U Lfi *:o Ijj^ j^ UJiS" jJUJi jyjlj J4J1V ^yi» '.jklyii Jjij
oLiUlJl J^>^_^ (^.jLJl) jf Jl j-i^ j^. UJt^jJUjj
O.U Ojt; f JUL (!;! «The Decline of the West» -uUS" ^J JjU- aij
^ cJj j/)t (4j;5LJl) ^ JUjI Jij ioyJl (iiliiJ!) jL^I ^_^ Jjj ^_^|
4->.iLJl JLsj-j t^jJ iJjii-* UjLj^J SjTUw. iJjli i^jbJl eiLJJj
*^a^ Lwb Cj'yij>Jl « Jjuj J_^ t^JUl AjOiJl JlJl ^ UjJL (»IJL>»l-i'yi
^_;-L.f ^ I^J-^ ^ J4=^b ^^^1 (^i^' *^'^^ Ot ^l_plj . .(t-f) ilJb
.T'V ^ lA-iJ Asr^l (to)
YoV
. jVjiJUiiJl ri^jWI *UIp <j<i«J jiaJ t_j» •'^^1
Ojj ^.jUi jJu u v. c/5' '^-^ ^ t^^ ^^*^' r>" tj^-^
«ijl; i^ljOS" tjjUJU iliUi i-'U tij^' <^f V V>-r*Jb J-^x^i a*
tj^^L^ ii\ij tjja tUjjj tii^ jy tOljI^I ^j^Up JU^V j^_)JI
*L-;Vi J-i; x:^ vi-'O**; jJi *lkj>-Vl i-lji j_/ Sj-sjS" ip|_^ «_^i «JL*
(3j_iJlj til__;iVl eiLjJi ^y JJuflJl jf j-JKiII ji-^j - "^ J^^>^' j«--^ -
tij-iL^ eOjLi oli ^ykj i i^L.*^^^/! f>i*H «-Ui« »^r**^' '"^ J**
Jr'^ (i^-^^ 0=^ ijji-MS"! i-JMl>o OLfcXjj Ot liUij 4-pL*x?-VI c.>J^I
r
f
i;
Op oU»::>.^l ,y»j ^ SjLjJI tJi* ij«;^j ^ i*:i« <Jif iJb» 01^ lij
^y i-^L>«jj jj.L t11 ^y /'--'Ij J^"* l-jJ (jjULUJI r-jj^t oL^ j>ij
^^"^>L^.
Cr-*^ «^'-^' ->>^'
.ILj^kJI pi»«Jl ^IJL>«l-.lj Ajjjj UJ Ly Liku \jJaJ (_,U* jjiaJ JS' (l)jSC|
(ij^j-A *-Vj) (^ (is*'* (Jlj— rj-^ y^ *-liLaJj <ILa«j -Lj»-j_. i^jJ^U
Ibid, 103-105. (r-\)
Ye^
The out- 4_JUJ^I ^_)b' (JU^i *i^ i^^U^j . .i\^n /NAin -
Ip j_^ L.J ^jVlj 6j-S3l sLiJ i— IjJU j»i*e j-*j line of History i
0>J ot ^yui. c^^l ^Jb iy.Ji^- t^yJI ^^1 jjijbj :uJi Dl» : JU
^Ul 6j_^.^. L*5 i^.jU- iLJi3» J*aJI ^. (Jj . . . ^_^( -Op o>; U
. \ ^ ^ I J;UI ^j*il iCjUl* (>-^ •■> (V<\)
f\'
J^_^ LJl t^^l ^,p\ dL iUUJI S^l i^Jj)) ^j Ot a*.j
•_^--L t^yJI ^,J^h :bl ^^ Vi^l ■'-Jj^b iSj^ '*^>i^ *t/^ J^
jbL*JI j_^j t5jLjL»Jt oUjui ot Jl ^ ^j ... i-u-t^. Jiji Vj
iolJUj .^--:>- Jl ll^ Olj-t-i ui^VLi ^.jUl ^ JLp dlj'j'^ OLJLJi
t_jJLjf villi «_« -up . . i<*Jk|jJl iij\Si\j iojJl j^ liL- 2*^ t^yM'
o.Li I JjVt (Vj*-^') **>' a* ^-^ 4-^''>*^ cr^ ^>^-* r^-'->
jj tejj-A^ i_il>fc« ^ tSj--^' (,r~^' i.-ljjO U*jJ NL>fc« fljUif-L) ?«ijwt
Ibid., 181-186. (H)
^^^ M Lf«.ja; j_fcljt :Uii i iiJuiiJl 4-^.^i vrU^' 4^ '^ h^
. ^AA* Oly-Jl (_^ C-ij>-t ijyJ Sjjli. diJJj -l^ US' tViy
LfJLJj <:)L*>)I ^ 6y Jl;^ V J-*^' cJl^ ^Ut J-^Vl tij>Jlj i/^--'*^'
, Ujb;ijJb-
Ojlj^l JJUj Jl* ti*^ LV^ 4^j toU 2^iU odpt IIa J^^
Ot Oy^^. (JLJl J-S-j) j^.jUI *Up ^j .L^ia-^ jt oUI>Vl ol*
i^jJL JLidt JbJLJi 4y>U;:^'ifi ^'l^( <3tj ui^L^ c-~J *LiVl y'L-»
. ,_^, L^ -dW jl '-.A^ o\ ^> ■■■■ " t>L» ijl^UJI •!> i-ipt ^i
Laj .<..^\j^\ SaJli ob L^ 0^" i-*Slj uiSI_^ J_;l2; Uii tiL*>-
YIX
i!
dj\jj J\j-r^ oliUa:al ^/ JL«J V Ut 0.>U«j (t^liJl jJi>wj) (»-fi^
^1 t5_^l of "^i ••*-:? ^r-A) '*j-^ .i^J^ ■*-* W*' ^-'j tU»-j>w9 f-L*^!
j-;*^ cr" c5j-*^l 1<^IJ-! t^^ -Ujli *-a^ t)jl>Jl jlj-ii-l ^-A*' ^^ (j-»J»J
.('^).^ J? JJ JHjUl ^ jJl ^ L^t t^f 'Cr*jJ' JJ-^-i oUu>^|
(1)1 ("UjiajJtj <^^^.>ci\ iv»Liuj) /"jJlxJt j^ •_/>*• JjLj*«i Lftj Ij-j-S" UUi*!
. oLJjUJ ^ t^"^' f-''-* (J* ^ ^JJ fc*^ "^ ijUJJ i»Lp Aija^ ipLvaj
iiiL^^ oUiJ J-jJ^t (j^'j^^ (-iko US' ti«lp oL^ >,.lko ?«ijlx)lj
j>- oL*Mj iiJLwf;i oU:>«JI Jl JU-fJI ^IkJI JLp iLUI
^ J-^. (jt *^^ J^ J_ij L-ij *JIp ,;^^^ . . jU-tpi ^ULJl
(4_jiLJl oU-LJl ^^ ^jU) J_icsJ il lisiijjLxJI iiLJiu dl
^ (>ii:SJ tj^l IJ-* J^- (oUJbJl ^j^) J*>Jj tjjW tII LlLv^f
b^y, Vj t^iL^Ml j^jWl jy Oy^j t^iUaa'i/l _^,-«JJL (j_^Jj ^y
Ibid., 191-197. (iY)
.^J i
^^ Ot t5^, i^JJl ( C. Hernshaw^yb) jj^jj^^ ^ 'i/^'
ju^ ^(>JI J>P ;^L$U> S^ ij^ dJJS ^ "iUi iiUAj
0^. Nj . SdjL^ ^^-^ ^Wi^ Jj^. r^ 6^^' ^^ ^-^ "^^ ^-' ■ ^^^^"
^t t^,-JdJ UpjjJI 2?^-^ ot^«^- Lit v^- O^-J ' V*^ J>-^'
^^i ^(1) t:^j.^l Ot ^ vr-J' ^j- ^. c^-^' ^'>-^* «>^ ^^-^^
LJbr ^>J^ -lit U^ tiJJl c^j::^! 1^ f^ ^^ r*'' "^ W^^ V-^-^^l
^ V y^ ^Li3l 0^1 ^b^ (> V^l 'JJ^' ^*"^ I^^J ^ai=:r*J^'
*Ltu-L; c^.jUJL iUuJl pLJl j5- ^> ^L J^ ^ih-Vt el*
j^^t lijip i3LA ijt^^j tvl^lJb-Vl ^J^ ^;~-A? «-Up ph:j t^aJI (^_>:-~JI
J-^l ijij jf OJUJ jUa-* ^y iJ-p^l iJU- : J-J ^y. JJUw. 4*-ljJ
. jJUl jf i^l jf oUjytJl
J^ 6f v^. JLSaJI ^>«ijWl j-JcJb jUi ^U* t|f Oi» tiili ^j
f jjkjJI Ij^, of OjJuy. *:^ jy.UI *ij>jJl WjJjJl *LJpj . . aJUJI
oLaJiJi jf j^^-Ja]l j_^j 4U«-Lii>-(j jjm»Ua1I «._^-iJ UJ^j t^L*- a>-j-)
ol^j--i; ^1 2^:^" i-^l>' J^Li^ vii!i5 0_^<^1ji . .(^>Vl ^ U>j)
jy Lp^ OLi J_^Lj ^_^I •!* ^ycSi 4-?j t ilj-^' ??->'-' *^-*^ cr'y
jV^LLUl j\—j>^\ ^ iJjLU oj-s>A jjJ*-^ ^>^ (ji-*-*^' fHj'--^' *LJLp
cj* Jr?*j cjls' ^Sj-^ "^y^ iy ^j-^ '^^^ *X>* *^^ t^ t-.^>>Ji a»^,_<co
. . . oLiwwj jiUa» aISLI* La aj>- ^1 ilXjUJi eJlA 0_>5v Oij . . . J^l
^ j- ^ia ; *il vmj^I <J>^b oL>-l^;uJlj JJLwJl Ol* dili >t«j .^^
J_9-l_^ J5wi jV^ _PaJl ^_^ tOljliil ?ti_jJ j_^ JJi j^jif of dUi Jli«
i^jiJI j_y«J3Nl ^jjJt ,_^ fj-i 015 ti-ijjit "^j-^j Vj-^' ^y^
IJL* Ot ^j 4 JJ«1m*JI llsli (»-:^ ?5->*^^ • (>*^>=^ G^l J^ ^U^ "W <^f
O^L; _;*i>P /«-^UJl 0_;2Jl iLsisS' : JLju j_;^Uj iJLs<aJl <3*jj OjS>i -ii J-iUwJl
ej^l ^ UjJL^\ ^'LxJl OjJLUj (V^iJJi j«-djUl *LJL«i . .jJt>p ^yUJl
4iJL>«^ 4j«*^ ij^j j[y (♦-AjUaJ J J"^ (J- ; - ^" '-">«-J r-il-*j Oj*-_^-vaj Ayg-L ' wa. ' !
X"\n
^J eJLiw t5j->-f ^Ljv Jl ^LJl ^ji SJU»t4 iJL- j^ JL2i*^l JLp
LjJLj ui-^jJ J-^'j* "^ «irt*^l^l ojjiJl ^IxJ)! Jc^ O*-''*^ I J-il«^l
i-iUJj i--*U2J J— .^Up ^t L^ajf ,^j t Ja2i i>«j i_>>-_jJj:5u jl AjiUaal
« »i>mJI a— jv>J» J— >. . a. i (jf ^_^_jLJl ((^2,.^^!)) JjL^>«j (1)1 v^«ij
^1 ^Iku-Jl ^^. ^ jJl jfUJl ^ lj>w Of ^.jlx)l .Up ^j
ljj_^ of dJUJuS' *j*jjJi* ^yj tjj5p>Jl oVl>fc« ljia_>.j of ljJjL>iuj
r-iLJ of j^ c_--Jl 4Jj-«J ^LJl l_^ii>^ OL j_^jLJl (^^^icl) U-L^
^- ^J i^LiJl ;|f ^j .4_>.->w» ^- ,J i-JL*iJl oU^I jf Ji>Jl
i jLwfjJl j>Jl oL*U;V ^jL. ^ ^bij ijJ^ JA>^ tdUi^
ojJ? Ot-ij iAiwi j5'Li^ j^ i-UjcJI JjJii J*p t--oj !Aj I jla jS"
tJjJLsJl CUi j^ L*j) r-iL»Jl jLjIp^I j-jIjwj tOLj^^laJlj olj_j-~iJl
«JUb OLi >^i /'-'J tiic»-lj_Jt AAjisj t(jLji*-*^l iJLjJ ij>.jjUlj i«,fl>JiJl
Ynv
^m
^ur j^f
^jur ^{si uul^ q^M e^^ ^
. (^)v ^ J^\j j5 L>u, Ol^ t^Ill 0^1 Ji
f
0T_^i) Uju^j ty^--)*-^' ^^-^ Sijji-^ 2r*^ (i^ ^^^^ '^'^
,^^^1 ^.jLJl ^ J-UJI ^ J-L^ (^) J>-^f f-^. (,v.^l
.n
ty •* ij^ 4i^LJl A>-^l 4«jlj^ l_iJxL)l
V(^)
Yv^
i
(_^i) ^ UL?^ iiij-l ^jl^ (^j?--^ i/ ^yj-^i o^J^-i - ,/*rA> -
(ijL>^\)\^\^j^ VWJ^I 4j;Uiv ^^ O^-wjij J_>*>wJI J . ; . a . M .. J Li
jUj.Uj Ifi* ^_^lj V^.jl:JI *^^'-yi>J '-*^r-i,(J - !5Ux«^j I_k^I>-j Cx**^
<_jL:? Oj-Sy CjL jJj SJUpj olJl* ujL^" <JV . . . j>.xJl ^l^\ Js-
liLJ . . . J.^L-i 4^T^I ^4^1 i*^ i> Q)-^_>3I li* J5 J*;j -
YVY
C-lJ flj^„vi,ll eJL-» DtdUS t ^J^*^ hj-^^. '•^^■^ W^ j^ t/'l a!>LJl j_jj
. . ^Uji*Jl iljjJl c pVl iUjoJl ^y^ cX^I Ot JUc J:>t^'^l Jii .J Cut
/♦J t>*j tOLi^jVl f«-jjlj -Libs' jI^j <-...i. i ^%J^\ JHijIj 4-jbS' ■ « ' f-'
tiys>-j OLl jy cJUtj JLUI jt _;la-dJl jf 4_«HJ oLjL^SJl eJL* C^jUj^l
^J iJLsoVl (jP- I JUj 0L>*jLa)I -tit Co-jl^lj t-^jJiJl A^jIjj t^_y»L>J|
Ojj-JiVlj LJbLJlj i-JLUiiJij iJj_P^I jLi ^_^li tA.J»VwaJl <!jj-^\
^J*\M U^J^- ^^ r^)'' y^ U^y '^i* • • • ^Ji^J '*iP>'J^^J kjij^^J
LjJU J>-i |j->- L^fj -U* _^t CJlS" jUaiVl jt (t^Vl OL ^y>-jj t_JjJL-l ^j
jL»jt l t«i aL) A^l IjL.«jCUoI oULz^i ,«<^mj 4jJLpj . aJs- Ojla-^j <CL«LJI
ji^jUl ikS" L4JU c-U j:i\ v-L-Vl 6^1 (1)1 ^_^i -dS" dJUi «j».y_,
^j:> i^^L^)/l ^.jLJ i-ljOJ t3liVl C-*^ ,vk>-j eJiljj i.jUjC-1 5_^
^\^j>ti\j *lj^V!j iJ^-Jl ^_;il*u OU^U- JtA>- ^y V] ^y'yu J (J^y Otr^J
U_^ JLp UJU ULuaI ^.jUL. ^ o.L>...JI *:jk! tj-S" L.fj JLij
Yvr
_^ djJn Ot OUJ>U -ill iAA* cJl^ lib .^UJi ^f ^ ^> J-^
^_Up Ot^^Ju^i JiP -ill (^ o*^ ^<^.j^ ^. ti-J-Jt -V-jJl Jjii-JI
ot> J i*3 ^i l>^ JLij ^.jUI 1^ j^ ii^Ul 5»^jU: ^ iMij
A*t>uJij cjyuJi J v-V^> ^^^1 ^*'->^ ^■=-**-' ^-^- Jt^iy 0-^)
^\ ^uJi .ujf j^ ^ t5^ v^l r^'y^ ^'-^^ ^^' -^-'
L*>j ^jUj JJ:^ij iij^lj it^^J S^^lj ^'■^-J 'I'l^^-^' J^
d^ ^^:>^>'l 2HS^1 Cr*^ "^^-^^ ^' ^-^' '^^■'^' "^ '^"^
'^y:l> '^\j i5S Sibr i^JUa.. t^t ^ ^^.ii^. of c/^. <J^^ ^-^ ^-^^
.Mr ^ -
1— »
(
rvi
jjjf IfjJL* ^U j«-«j !_;-*■ t-^jy^Jl (-JjUxdl oUo!A:>^ M-^J ij^^ ij^
«ijUi ;^^^ i»i^f tiJ^i ^ijJi 41)1 (ju ju^ jj Ji ^^jjuj . . . vM Vi
J C-L-f »J>>->-« LflVj cj-JdIj 6y^\ ^.A-pj iUxllj oUJU ^^--^J \^H
Uij>-j JlSIj t_r?*lyJl liJ^j ;ir^l '-i* ^ (^j^' OljiJl ui-iS" JJi3
Dj>lUlj (o_^j>Jl) aJ JJi cJj ^y IIa ... ^.jUl iS>- t^ l4i2ij
_ Jjji iL>»^»jkj (♦■fV* t^"^' «OjJiL>- (^l» JbJl <»wLj LjliXo-l \i\ iJiA _
«_)LL> JL>-tj (<LJ_j>Jl) jv^---jLi«j (A.>..>..'JI) |»jfc_^_-jU.a LjJLp IjLL*» /t-^^j
^ni ^ Moo ^y. t jjUi ^^i iji»=- ijiJJi j>u^ .* (f)
K^y^j ijUajVl ^jJb' -y t^iJl 4\)b OU.^ v-^Vl i»jyJI a^t Ai«^ij
»JL» cL-L>- -J t-Ju-jj iSlI «.L-Jt ik-lj-J *UJI jiJLju ijAjU Jdl; c^iil
^iw...-aiu v»«wi cr^'j^' <>-> ^>' ^r^' ^^ cr^- **^^**^ ''^^ '^^
^j \y^ Vj o>: *yj ^ ^ t/i 4Ak>«Ji .Ajji^i u^i Ajopis
j\^\ :jii c_^ Vj .M^l '^}j}\ a* cr-^ c> ^'-^ r*-^ 6-'^'
ij^iJjl mIj^I cJl5j . . . ^y^ v^li*J ;^«iJ^ y->^J (»>^U- iljj
jjL-oJi ^>. v-j^i ^loiU-t ^;^- J\j i^j-^\ cW» r-*-! ^^"
YW
III-
•^ ^ Jl ^A V*--^^ ^^*^»^ ^^ (>^ ^
t;LjjjL. v«i>" '^^^ i> -^*^- '^ ^ i^-^ ^**^' ^-'-'-^' ^*^^ *^^
.j-A i\^ % ... '^.^ 3jU>J 1> cJl^ ^1 of 0^ (vi>^l ^ -iiJij
j_^l ^ iil>Jl ^U? J*>«j" *-^J 4j^I ct^ *''*-^^ -^->^' -J^^'
0>JI 11> oP UJjJ-^j U ^j . . .S^l Ji JjVl 0>JI CX-. ^1
^_aUVlj (.:>L->I JJ JlAL>Ji y^l 0UU.J aJUii OU L. S>l JJI
j^Ut ^ 01^ U ^.JkjUitj yyJl oUi_^i>^ ^ jj^i 015 U ji^tj
tOLJ>^ 0L5 L. :L-w«1I iiL*^ jy ^l^b v'j-^ <^^ J^ 'J^ '^-^
^s ^j^ cJLS'j C(»^jU*lt ^ Ij^ jLOt OjL-. I4JJ lo-^-'r"
. \ r ^ i4J .1^1 g>i^j ^^>' C"**^' -'"'^ '^**^^ '^^^ '"^ •■* ^"^
tvv
OjjjLji^t V t^JJ (i"^' -r^l tj^ ^j^J ^J^ y^ "^^ -^
,yj cJLaU *->-\jJ o-i^ i*:^ ^iUi ^y dj^>HJ ^<^bj J^ Oj^j^^^
y.Li ^ iijIjJl jt ty>Li JlP y^Li J-^' ^^j iJjLU v^ J\ <>Jjy.
_pj|j c-^iVlj iJjL)( i-'ljij ti^L^ 4*^j t^yJI y-iJI oL-ljOi
XVA
L^L-Jtj LAjUJifj UjL^tj v^l cliL ^Ul ^t ^>-» ,^i^l ^I'j
ii^l iU*JI 1<JIp vliJ ^^1 jsj^l <^ ^y t^-^ ^^ -^J • -i^^^J
. jUVlj ^UJij lJIiJI ^y v=^ U5
y_ j^\ j_Aj L^ifcfj iijS3l <— jO^ jy Lij'r^^ ^il) Lsijt U* ^j
4_*>JL. ^L«f dLf (^l>» j^jN ,>a^ U^ \j^ cJfj ^i J-=>«iJ
JUflS Aij*k-T i^ ^ tSjjjks-Vl o'il^^b l^Ujjl^ jU-iVL i*^i>«
. JUiJ^U iLvJ •>'>^ ^''-V '^^ "^^ 'JJ-^' «Ia ^_^ Ljj yuiJI JUi^
JJL-pij jUVlj j4-Jb tlJl^l v^^-^^ f^-^l i>^ d^.a^lj
»UdVl J,^. "iLi ULii\j bjji\ ij-i a> ji> j>^\ OVj . . (>ij^lj
.^1 ^jJt Jf-t <:Vj i*lyuiJl
YV^
.1.>JI oi^l, J-^ <ij -^ cy} ^^"^^ v-.^*^' 6^>^' ^^^ ^'-^^
uii. y^\ t->^\ u-^ ^.>" 'o^->^ ^y^^ ^^' '^■^' ^ ^^-^
^> i.J>J, : Wl^ i-^,jLj ij^jt ^..Vl ^j>Jl c5"^^*^J
^j ^yi\ ^^j\^\^ u.i^b cri-^ r^ ^^^' ■^-' «^^'^'
^JJL5^ .'<-i^ L^Jy^ iJjLi ^1 vL^I iij-^1 VJ>- c;^ ^-'-^
XA<
r
,^\ U^li U^Ip J\ \^Jj>- J VL*^I ^J-^'
i^^l^lJ^^<£^i.ti1s-a> > :a--^i. ^^ '-^'^ ^^'^^^
.^jUl <u» J^i Vi-^> ^j-^* ^'j^^ iT ^^■
<:!^ .<I^ j^^j-! JI^JI ^1 *>W ^J ' J^^> c/i^' ^1 2:. iU :/
.j>-JI ^/ij Wf^ W Vmj^' G^j '-^ t^Jy.
.jlJuJl
^^^i Olj^l jj^ ^Jj .f^b »^^' *> ^J--^' ^.i^b ,vdj53l
.U ^.^ ^>• V-^l «j=^b .^nxY U-. Ji aXJI ijJ>i\ :c^ji J[
J cik^l 0:-J^--JI j-^^ -^^ ^"^J .i^jMl *7^ *.^-^ ^-^^'
YA^
Li w-jyJl jU>-V U^.>" oUlJl «jj- oUl ^. ,Hij^' <^^>»^l f-^~)
%j>i oj^j iU> Ji* i^.J^' ^yJ' (>'^J1 u^^i L^ "^J 'f^)'*
^,jLi I4J *U- jJI ^./i\ d\Ji\ jj^ o*j ... u-JI 4>^ M-^ o^.J
. ;suJij uA^ij f-i^\j d\j^ JT) 5>Ji Sj>- *>^JiJi v^'
^ ^^.^1 OT^I U^ ^j i ^-J^l ^T^l ^ *W L* i>w. - JU" -fill
Jl ilu-.":;! i-^w^ us*-r^^=~^ •^>- '-^ t)*^-^ '^^"^^ ^-^^ -''^^ "^
0^. ^ ^V ^i .LfJl jL^t J\ v^ijUJl UUi3l ^ ^./Jl OlyJl
U ^ jiJ l4>JLi d\ U>3 j-PJi. U^j I v^Ul jJ^j v^l '^l— '>
u^ ,^U\ jj-aJi lOii^ jj>u-i ;j~- .* (V)
XAT
.(r rSJu'lil) 4. ^;5
o>. 'Jh ^^' If. •^'-> <^^^ '-^--^'-» ^-^ ^ ^T-^' ^ "^^ ^ ^^
: Jt. ilia:-:- ^,jJ s>>*JI ^Ij-JI J^ ^j^. V^' '"^^ '^^-J -V^
• (^-J £*^ ^-'-^ J^ -^ ty) : ^^^b -
• (lT^T* 2;*^ t3jj 0-*) : cTS^'-^'-* -
U ^ d\Sj (.M ^^ iaas- ^y JL_j *il tils' ^ Jj-->yil «Lij t^^iPj
YAr
/. ^^t Jlp ^j^I IJJj cOT^i ,y *tP CH^ t5>^ ^J^ t/ '^-'■^^
^ \J Ot oUlj^l ULtt t^jjJj ie>i if>-^ -uuSlj OT>)l ^«^ Ji-Unit
joj ^L^J JSLij OTjill ^L*^ L.t t^ Jj-T^' 2^-^ ^-''^ '^' -^ *-'-''^.
xj^ ^.jUI sUi. UJj "^U^'l Jvi=3 ii.r^l ^^1 ^.il^Vt Uf
t^j=i^ jt i>.^ t->-^>* *^ *^-^' ^.b^l» J^ «>*^'» L^^' J «^.-^»
Ut . . ^ J_^^l Jlyt ^ OjUoi ^^UNi ^ L^U ,>** oi^-l ^
" " " ■ ■ '^ M
, ^^^jS\j i^U::>-Vl j^\j^\ J t|iUJl ^j^\ Ai> ^>*X5 K^x^i US'
:u^l -.iUJl ^>«:j 05=^WJ' v-^i -^ ^Jj^ ^^*^' '-^ ^^-5
. \V ^ I JjUl J.U1..II lu^l^Jl J-*>l*-l iJi-- •■> (A)
l^^-^cw ^:y.JLJl Sj_Jl j^ JU\ J::>JI t^t l^jf^jlJll C/> ^b ^.^»^Vl
: JjVl p-«aJl . ,>*-J ^ uiJU J'LS' d^.JL^ JS of <i^ b^P Ii3j
t|Ul ^yji^JtJI Jl ^jJ:oj <ioX^ jlj >»^Lj -^^I ^■^eJ '-«^' ^■^'**^
.vluJl>Jl
Cjtjlj «iljJLj>Ji JLpj jy fj-^ i-s'^ij'-^l ijLlSOl .^J;^ OlJ-i ti-^JKJ
Jj i-^^L-^l iJjJiU |»UJI ^jUl oils' j^l (tj-r^l D-'^* i/ '^'■''"''•^'
LjJ^Uw-lj jUa^VI ij> jji^J tit-Uj j_j» "U-iL«Jl 4i!A^I i_a > ^vg jc«j
^y iLc— Jl JjjJl «ijLj ^L:^ jiUiA^I _^-fia» iaJ^jUI ib:^! c-tj^
tjLjVlj oLiJaJlj jvsrlj-Jl 'w-xS' Oj^ U5^ i^js^-j 0*^'-* t3'^b j-**^
^1-L^Vl j-~~io j;^j>Jl ^L«:>Lj ^ytsL-^l ^.jUl oliS" Oj^" *j'
JU;* Ajjji dJUi iJaj iIJlaJIj ^~--^I ^^1 JijiaJl tj^^ jH^f ij\ tl^LU^j
YAo
i^jJi\ ^J «c5jUi^Is J-^ Uii« <JII) L%jlj Uj^^ ^p4>t ljj>-tj
ftjjL-iJI jl^^ (Sjf^^ ^^^ Hj^h J UljP-t ^a>,i^ «2^*«-Jl)> o^j •
.eiJiicuJl LfJlyrj i^kifcJI LfciUjt j-^wjjj kijiJuj-'yi ^^
4 4_jj-Jl o_^--J! iiyw ^i j»-^^ lj~^l> t^t-fciW^t? ^j>-U*j (.^jU^j
*4»t>L>.t 015 U5 \y\Sj . JUJ^I j^a*Jl j*i-j> j»^ Ojijl^Vlj Dy.A>«Jlj
^y> llj*j ^'jL-.yi^^jbJl sliJ cJISj .|^ tyi^b OUaLJl |»4U»j (1)1j
^ ijm-ijUl fi ^ A^jJU b^y\ ^:^J\ -^ y. J->^ oe-^l u~-^ viijU^l (^)
.V
XA1
iyrj V UJ ^ ^1 i-JI ^ c"-^WI ,ai> j>^ '^^k V^l
l^juoj t^'UiJtj JUI l4-.UiJj iJjaJl Sjli^. J-^. U. t^:>Util ^L-
DLJ U^ U?-M' '-^ t/ ^.^i^ 'i"*^ Cr-'^' **-^ ^^ *^-^ ' '^^^^
.ijju>j uTj-iJi oL.T ^^-j-iJj JjjJl vW*-^ ^J-^ t^l i>-L>JI -
^^^^\ ^,^\ j.U^ ^ ^1 J^ o^j iaii ^f ^.. JiUS V
JSj OjJli *-> «<l>iJ>-» J-^ *t5jr^l Vr>Jlj ol^l *iy^j <^\^H\
dUi t^it JLij tipL*>Jl Sjf~- J ^^>l OjJU J*:Sy ^i JS" J-?— j"
tAV
4_y*Af JuS'LJj 44>- ^;y. J^—^^l i-^./ii«-i jl^)l oj_>tf!lj ^jtxJlj (jijlj^x)!
. JbJl>Jl ^yL~^)fl jliaxJi ^ («-f^ '^^b ^^h
• ^.-^^ 0-*
Oi
■w»JL«.^U
^1 S^^UJl S>JI jf c<j.jLxu-'Vi L^-Ui^ yL.^ ^:)U)ll oLi ^
(^!)U)ll) of J-* ^\j jJu^ ^r* J^" i/^b (^'j i3t>^Vlj a.^U«Jl ^^
^^1 jJJ>i\iJkJj\ 4_->.5^l i.>J ^y.j t,>>c- ^j>V ti^L^ Oi^
j^ ijJb- ^_^1 cJlvjj c^^j cJj-i t>JI -^Vl J^J SLr" £^ "^^^
p_i; ^_^l SJipUJI fjLJ Ua ^j Ujjjt uj> Jl 0=-^' (>• "^^^^' (S-^^
11
^' ij^ ■'< ly 1-'--^ C?"^' *ii-^' J^' C* ')
XAA
*^-U d\ ?(iJj-^Vl JjlpUJI) tJlf; ^jUJl il:^ iiUl sU-a j^T J^
JU ^J i-j5L.LjjjUloVJLi!l ^yi* JLjid t^j-jo JU^ fj\ -ui itUiJl
■ <»Jj^J r^y^ jSL-j t^ iuj>JJI ^i'tjs^b t (SiUJl)
(i;ii>-) iJu^ V^>-iJl jl ti* jII j_;-*Jj . . . W^L* (_jJi ^JJj-t^ Jij-^
ttftL Sf^^Ui iljiVl ^•^-'ajj 'Vj^b f*^^ t/ J^' '"^ "^^^i*** o^ 'j:^
\j\j-^ li-A ^ jJU j_Aj . . . iUJI «JLfc oLJajtJ L^lS'L>»*j (45>-jL>JI
. A ^ : 1 ^ fU^Vl jli .f^-VI 2i>- its' JiUl Jj^ ^ , ^^ji:^! _,_y| (\ \)
TA^
ux^^i v^^jUi ^jiJuJi vJU .jjUjj ^-TjaJl £«xJi
(^^^ju-- J^ ^Sj^\ >~*:JI A^ J-«l^ C-^-^ C-^-* tipU^I ^j
^Lij ^j^j j-i^^J h->^^ '^y ^- f-^ ^"^^ -^' -^-^ '^-'*^' dUJVl
:L.o>JI (IjUJ^I ij^ ^j >jVl ^> lij-iJi ^^ ^>^J ji^>"
e^. ci^J .jL.jJlj c.::JiiJlj ^i^i ^r* (^^' «/ ^.^' ^^^'
juji ix- o>iJ UL^ij i!>w>- G^' v^>fi •■^1 ^^^' -^J
y\'
.(\Ao :d\j^ JT)4 jjjilt^'J^'Gjjf
. iij-f- li%^ j^j JJia)I life i..l/>-\ J\p
. I^Jlp JJjJl ^5* Oir^'* <>*=rb c5'*'^' £^' t^Uw»t Lf«UT c^
JyJi^ t^JL^Jli *ij-^^ ^r*-i ^J ^.J^ *-^i ^ t^^l (>-J-"»
^^yJl ^Ij3lj J-klu JiLJ > eXXP >^l JsJlj ^Uj W^. -^^.
S^ J-^ Ot ,^u*. ^.jUl 5-*^ OL*i)fl (ij* >4* ix-^J^I L.t
«P. G. D. H. JjT . ^.1 .^ .vl» JJ— ^J^' ^.r^ ij^-*
«The Meaning of Marxism* : i^jLJl ,^» aA^ ^ *''' Cole»
L^j^^tj ^^Ml W*sM^ cUbi^Jl oUu*::>^i ^jit l4> t>^" cr'*
ll* > 'ji5j; Ot >JI :^ Ot Ml . i-t-Vl ie^U^NI cij>Jl >J liij
_,! .Lj^Vl'^ L^ W oj,^. d\ v^. ^l^>t VA-^ ^^ a* '^•■^
Ot J^ 0^. N lJL:r tJb^ kJ^-^ "^^^ (Anthropology. OL-JNI
.>N i\' ^ <^ c?"^' 0°)
P G D H Cole: The Meaning of Marxism. 57. (^n)
.00 ^ .JiUJt cfr^l cj>^ ui-J' ^^ ■* (^^)
ciiJuxJl v^lj^lj 4ia:>«Jl iUiV! J>yi-J dt 4>«^>*' U^V liUliil
J_«lj_«Jl ^ ;ii*Jl iJLJ>J! .JLa . lJU:>- iJsd>Jl ^j Lfirf ,jt-^ ^^^
^fj U^ o^tj l_^t JUit J^ly^ ^j ^.^b <s>-jjlj aj>«*)Ij V-^I
SJU^ V ^,j-iJI lJI,^ a>-t_^ t^iJl JL^I^I t^^LJt ^UJI j>- V*l
. <*^) w,t U^t ^j Uos-lj ^ AiS^j
^y ^j *(LJiU jt L^iUiil) 1^- ^•%^y\ ^,J^j f^Uij J!>UJ1 -tip
o'VjUJi »JLjk (iUi: ^1 ^ ^ij^j\ i lij^ 1^-^" *^lyj "^j^l
>Lyi>jj i-JLJ^I il^l i_jI^_^ SaJioJl cjVjI>^I OfrU- L* ^yj t iU^
/yJlJl l)^ r*J "i^* ; *^ sUiil Jlij oJUP JU>^ 7«*-J' J?:*J "^ L^-i CT^'
. \r : ^X ^ VjiUl j^^l I Ja:;^JI j^t (U)
iJijiNi .ijJL->- jjL>Ci L-Li ^^^, V o^j ^1 ijJ-^ jjL*«=i ^AA
. ^ '"'' A 'fj A-l>.<o,,ilJ JL.<>.>w* 0_;A^ eiL-1^1
■x
S^ ^^b 4iv»j j>53j ,_^y.-iJl j-^l cjUstf JS' wU>^ (lit i^j ^j
^ D15 J^*^ ^^ 0L5 01 AJi* 0T>5lj j>J-^l Oi^ iMi ^ Sj^iU^
of JjUi LJl ^!>UN1 ^.jliU ti^U^Nl jf t5^^l jr-i^' -^l -
.Uif ,^-iJ O^L^I vl^ o-J a'>5' >^ 0- (^^ ^^) ^^-'
. <"' iUiNI ^~iJj t3>^Vl j~iJj o-^l j^j cr^' •^' '*^
I4JL 1^1^ ^^1 iy^llij 5^1 ^^^ci=- ^rfyJI oUUAll A>-ly ^j
YSt
^*Vt y,xi- > ^t>L->l :lJ>JI ^.-^- ^ f>i ^-^ k^j^^ c^b
X^6
^S ^ uiJtii 6JL~j ^!>U)ifl J^ ^^ JL:- ^>; ijU* 4^1 Ob 4^*^0231
,jj> b\ jSk b^ J^, cr^J 'M^' J>;^f/ c/*-^*^' Cf^' ^
J SJL--U3I UJiill M>J1 o*L>- j^* tU^t OiSoe N j:^ \^\^
4jL v^I ^ u^jHi L* ^ dJOLJ of u^. ol>>.*JI Ot UiU^t
Ai>u ji^ -iji J^j -oL^ c?*-^-' "^^-^ ^^ '^''^' '^ ^^ "^-^ ^^
\w
;^_;— SCjJl LfiL_-S' Js- *.Lyai ot JUj cJLS" L^iSClj t6Ji_>-j (^iLsoJVl
ij^j j-f^j ^y>-^ *-^ IJjJI^ ^^*SwJ L^JLSwJj iJLJ^l (j-jJl ,_^ L*jL*
(^_^':>L-)ll ?«^l) *uisuJ f^ji^J (^^>~'-'>«-ll 4-lAi CJlS" La ^j _
jlfj JSi* ^j ULp ys* i}!>C 6"^ \} JL*>i* (♦JkL j^Jdl *VjA **:Utf t^iJl
. JbJb- ^y (Jle-ljill) .b
.TA^ :TV^ t<-dt; ^_^l (TY)
l|iUi>Mf^f>lf (»J&i
.Ojjjj 'lj!-'*'' '-'W '*-^ **t^ t-U-li^l 4 6j->l>- fji
t(_^Ljp uL-.>-], jjJiS'jUI i-oJr-j-' ttJ^Vl (J JLio ij^,j^LS' «j:-*Jji
.((.^'\o'\)
Y^^
. _>- _
.S^y_ .!> i\^ toUUij •u-Vi s-^.i*; it5j>^i
.^UaipNl jl^ cf!5L->l ^.jU S-jL:^ i^Uj J---. J it|X>JI jjjl
J:>L^ . V^)ll i-y*3l lUjOJl ^ v"5^>.l !U»JI oj^ Oi-AJI JU^
.^>nr jytuji ,5_,;^^ ^yWij JjVi osJyi^i
. Y ^ t J>^A* ^^J" n:>>^' "-A^ '*M>- i/r-^
i^UJl o^^l iJi-431 4 jy>Jl 4^x531 t(jj-i^J) ij*^ .J-^t a~^
^Uii\j ^.j^\j ^^M' f^j*— ->» jHj^* <.0j^^) r*'-Ht cr-^
tS^liJl tiiUiJi l^\ cj-Jlj 2i->^' 4 0j^i)->^> i53>
c J-^l ik^ 4Vj^i -^^ cru^' '0^^) J^-^' t|J->-* 0=**^ "
. \«\'\^ SykUJt tOt5U Jb-ljJI XP .U>«^
^JJ! jli t^ri-''-^ ,/>^>l .rr-^' ^Oj^^) cM^ Ui-^' "^^^ '
.^^ (^^i iS-pUir'Jii f>ii UjjJi auJi ^^^Ji j^i^i
,ij_;^i i;:XJl t^uJU ly-i f'it-.)ll cili*Jl ij^»j>«^ (_^l:P
■ cr^y *t/M
X-^t ^Ls* jyS\^\ **^y t,>JL-Jl X* ^.jUl jjp I JliJjjj 3Jl>
.cjj^ ti3U-<_;Jl i«^j>t i,_,ljJl
r♦^
,^^l JU-, Sj--. ^ ^1 Jj-231 .(jj^^i) jL^i vtl*^l J-^ -
j^ h^y , \^^r '^ ^\ ^ 4«3l-jj j-^ su>- c^> .a*^ u'i/,^ -
SJU^Jl tOljJu JLoJr i-^^' ^Mhj^' U^I ^ tjjL. .t .-» .
. SytUJI t^tJlj ciJtdJ oUJI Ai^^l
.(»^<\ii teyoUJi t^jJlj igJTjJIj i-fJtJl
u^^- ti^u^-'^i ^>JLj i^:>Uj ^.jUi ;-.iji i^-i .^ .^c*
• ^jjf. 'oii^^ r^' ->'■* ^"^^^ ^-'■*^ -'•^'^^
1
r.x
References ^«^^' ^'j^' (»^'
- AlfredM., U%: Principles of Economics, London, Mac. and Co.
- Carl J. F. 1950: Constitutional Government, Boston.
-Carr.E. H., 1961: What is History, London.
-E.Hintington, 1924: avilization and Climate, New Haven.
-F\mt,R.:HistoryofthePhilosophyof History, London.
-Gormay, P.A., 1B8^: Precis di la Science deL'histoir, Paris.
I - J. Hurtzinga, 1936: Philosophy and History, Oxford.
- Morris R. cohon, 1947: The Meaning of Human History, London.
-Stuart A. R., 1931: Methods in Social Sciences, University of Chicago.
r.r
1
^iA (01 :*u-Ji) i^ Ash J>-j»' 'J*>^J -^^ «r>^>
N T . _^ > A (A-V :^l) <iU-ll OU f j| OW dijj J-i ci/ jJ /^>
^ C^jj ^ ^ C^"tj ,^i f^ ci*^ fia">
xAr r J*-^^') <^-^ r^^'
>oA (V :>JI) iiij/^f^ f^ ^'JJ^'J
xAr :oi^i) ^f uy i*' ^ |»^/^ ^1^
n^ (TA :>li) ^*UU1I Ml^ c^ it i^ ViJ^
XW (Y :UL-ji) 4<i!i^UI C*V^
YN (r^ :j*J\) i^ y*i^ ^ j!>
UN . (N . . :^y») <J»^J ^ »p dUip *^ t^^i *W5^ «>• •tUi^
^JLJ5)\< Ui« fUl jJjtj a^DUIj j» -ill 4Ji "Jl 4J' il ^>
xxo (^A :oi^ JT)
XM (TY :fUNl) 4>j v-J '"^l Vi''*^' »W^» ^>
X*\n (N N . :c^l) <^»J ^Jl f^l ^1 Sl^Jif^J^ ^^ ^i J*>
XAN C^l :*!») ^t?-* •>* ^ »V^ 4>* »ty* u*^ diliS"^
Vi (VA :cJ-») <Ji Oi Ct*^' r^ J» ft»'y P^^ ^>
AN (Xr :^^j>-% i^f- i' 'j***^ ^ '.^••^ J^J •le**J^' «>*^
XA\ C '■'■^y) 4«J*^* «>***"^ "^ «J*^ ♦>^)'
St\ (riuUJi) ^ayJl i^Jljj'UL^l jjJijIlj 4< </^«5lj ill »j'M''j>
^,Y (^'^ •^'^'5!*> ^';^**^
Y^ (<\-\ :oliUll) 4^jU*J Uj ,»^Ul?^ ^ij)>
^Y« OM :<!') 4^1* *i*3 Vj J5j>
,V^ '.'.".*".'. (XA :V) <^j^^J '> ^^ ^ *^i iJUL-; .Uj>
XM (Uo :01^ JT) 4jJ>3» t^ "^1 ^-^^ SU-1 Uj>
^."^ ■• ^A :^1)
^iV (i- o>J>) <jj3 ^ ^ ^ <JJ^ aJ ^^ >f. f ^J>
5j5 f ijij ^jb-^ (^ ^^' J^>' '^'i '-^^-^^ <^ (^^ *-'^^^ ^-^ ^-^^
^^ (oX :iyt) 4:a-j# l^jiJ *5lj (i^i Jl
V . (i i o^i) 4jUuS> iy^ '•^ ^^ '^ ^i '^^'-' ^' ^^ ^"^
r.n
n ^...^^^\ t. «i^'L- Cr- l>^^ '-^^ ^^'^ ^y^* ^^ ^^'
^^ pljl W lil'^^^J ^ ^i"
MS «...^l ^ U-1 lA c^j ^J\ c-lU .^Jl Utjiil Ub
UY «r^ ^^" (^^^ </ ^J"
^^^ «(»i> u-^^ ii5j^>»
^0. «...J^ij f^i -^b '>^b (^J "^1 '^^^ ^-^"
^oi .... «^a53l y^. f IJ^' jl uy> fr>. d/--^' f ^^ '^-'^^ ^'
^.Y «...lj--^- (1 L. ^jJ^. o-^t ^1 ^T ^ dj^))
^.Y «oyi^> ^^ >4^ ^-^ -^^ ^>- ^-■^* "/^ ^"^ '^^
YYo «^l ,4«JI \^b 'Di"^> t) H^J> *^ ^1 V- a"'
MS ,...^J^j >j a' '^^ ^> J^- '^ cJ^^sr^ ^^^^'
r.Y
■
.XA. tfUi tf»' (I)
-T-Y iti^j! iSyS j»\
i'\y a-v cAY «Yr ^j^Vjiyr o*^ -^'^ '*'j^j p^'
tMt ^^ot l^^^ c\\r ai .Yti tj^^'
4>Ar lU' t^Y<V t^YA tAYi .N'W tAA i<;>\f^ ji ii^}
lY.Y ^^<\Y (>'\o c>'\. t^AY .^Yo i^U ,;;> ff'\ji\
.YY> <Y.e tY.. t\Yi 'js^*- t^' -^ "
i.i\ tr. tY^ tYt t>n tOjoi?^ 4>{i -Y'Y l^«\i t^lj t><i
^^^A *>u t\.v «\«r tiY .avi «^iJ» ^i
^^oAt^lt^^l. (>rYt\YY ^^AY i>YY lYt ttA K^j>l ^1
.YYo tYSn tUo t\Ao (\Yi .YY^ tY.o tY. •
oi\ (^n. i^/^Ji^ i»i^ t>»i .YA-
.YY. OAo
.\AA iJUa 4>*1
.YY\ t\ni ar i'\\ tAY 4a*u#,;^1
.\AY tU^ t>!V
.YYA tAV tAY ti^yjJ' •r'^ <y'
.YYY t>»JCi ^;^1
-NAY tOjIjt ^«
.\r. t\YY ttfcy* 4>}'
tYY'\ t^'\Y t\AY i|pJuH
*><'
.^^r tYY i^^i
cH'
•NN-^ 'Ji!j"
*>*'
.Y.o *Y.i tYi t^^l
cK'
.^nY t^^-suit
^'
.^1v tj3«li
^'
.Vi liV *(fj<Jl
.>*'
.Y\0 (l!»i-tJI
^'
■ Y • ij'Jj'i^^
*>«'
.YYr tj)J-l aUiJI
^'
.YYY tJL»*3l
v><'
.s-xr if^^ ^s^ y
.^A^
.Ur cYA tir^ ^ ,_^t
.YY c4^jls)( fl^^'
.\Yr iji*i' y^ tH "i^^
.YYr nij-S* "l^t
.UY ;\Yr t*l-Ji jV^^
.^'\i tUi^i <jiy-i
.YIY iTU en. (jk-iji
. ^ u tiyA^ — f jl
. Y . . t^jljSll
..A'\ tj^Al^l t>< Jts^^lff^l
.YVr ijUjcm\
.Yi tjyi» jAil* tX'
.\-\<\ cMY c/UsP ^1
,Ao ij*^ Ji^
.\o<\ tYo t(»^i JL* ji\
.YA' t\Ai >\YA tMA iMj -^ C;i^
.^AY cU/^ tH'
. \ . *l c \ AA ( ^ Y o ii^jyi^\ M cH'
.\n'\ cYi ij^ Cfi^
.YA. ii^Jli^i JU Jjl
A\ th^ (AY tfLiJ* jjl
.Y.Y i^^\ Ji^l ^^
.\Yt i\'\r c\Y<\ t«-l-li5l ^^
.Y.Y tj^^l j^l y
.YY^l cYY^ t(jl(r^Sll 5^y3i j<t
tYAY i\oo '^*' jJ'UaJi _^ j>}
.YAr
.\0. tJ'j^iUl j5o Jit
. M o t ^ . Y ti]l>Jl J^\s^ JJ^
^^A'\ i^AA i^r t(^jj^*^l i^r*- ^
AM lY- .
.YM 'i^ij'il (ijS'j y}
..YY^ -tYY tOU-' j>t
.YY'\ cYY t«JL^ ^jt
r^
•VY tjj^i tx-n 4\Ao t\M ii£ ^^ 4ji>Sli
• Y-r ic^jj^^Ul .XT. tY^'l
.oi ,0^ iUlkj^ .Y^A n. tOjk'stii
. \ . t^^ .Hi -t Jj-i>US/l
.no cUY tiLi _. ^jJl i^r (Uo ■^^Ai (.\^A l.^JJ^jSi\
.U1 tUi c^YY iU< tA5l.ljJl .YY£ tYYY cYY- tY^r
.\'\A <.^j-OA d)LU — (^L-»^ .Ylo tYo\ tYin t^ . Y tot cLJllt
.Yn cc — iji ((eVjj til tTA irn lOj-SC^f^i ^ is^^t
.Yit tuJJJjir c;j-ij^ .Yoo tYn tV-r 4or '
tU^ lU. cWn tAe tVV c3j^l iVni c^•\Y t\oe (^«r t^l
.\'\. .Y> • (^A'\ t\A. t^vn
tUY c^Y t'\^ i.K\ tVV tVl tJl.Wu .^00 i\iA t^VI t'ln liUU^I
c\'\r c'^i. ^^A. ^^v'\ ^^n^ .Yr'\ tY^ t>?ii
.YY^ cY-r .^rr ii>ii^l
.YM ^^AA tUV '^A tY^ tW i^e ttlfeiJJ*^' — ^Jj'
.ur 4Ji»wJi i^ t^TY ^^.r t'\. tY\ n.
.^Ao tt-iww — iJ'jJ^ t^^e t^A« t\Ai tWn i.\Xo
.Y.Y ij^l cYYo cYio iYU tYn cY-l '
.YYt iJ*>U ^, .^Ao 4Ui 4^.0 tYAA
rn
(r) ■^''^ '"^^
A-X .A-V cY» cYT cYT .ii»^-t -^-^^ '>:a*J^'
.,,. , .\^o ,\yr cNNr tiJjsH - V^y
•''\ .<r, ,^r. .TA .xr c^,y^ .jid^
.At .ijjW^-^j\^' •'^^ ^^,
.AX .>^^ ere ^^^ ^^ ^;j^,
•''• '''""^i!!, -^A^ '^^^ '^^v .al>/c^.^
r\x
.YO tJJJ^j tt.r «^YA tvr tXA txt tpijy-'
.Y.-l c>.r 4j3l> tj^jjj (^)
.■\^Y t\V t>1X 'A>^ 'fJjJ'
cY^'\ cY.l .>Ao iU tl^ 'iJ^jJ' •^^'\ "Mj'* t;< "^^^
.^<\t tia^ — t)*Jj" .YYN tM\ t'\Y tj^i^aAjJI c.^*
.Yot *Yor i3jj3j ^J tJjij iMA tVA lYf tifr^l — i»^'
.>rr iJbajB' — ji-iij .Y.A t^Y"\ c\o«
.YiV tjft>* tCJj^j i>oo t«\i t<\. tA> lYt 4Vr tfrUli-t
.Y\n t^'\Y t>AY
(3) c^'\. t>Y'\ (^V1 t>e- '2,j'>-'
.Y«'
.X.. ^^•^t 4jl§s «y ji?j"
.>^'\ c>\'\ tt/^jJ* (i — i)
.YAT tYAi tVA cY« tCjU *>< -^ij
.AV ij*f- Oi -^-y -^^^ "^Jj'^
^^^<\ c'\^ tYY tYo il!j>- — Ji-»i
.Y^A<c^l-tJ!c>u ■^^- '^'\' '^"^^
.ON .Oj.- -^^"i ^OjVcjlVci^
.Y.'\ .Y.o cNU cYl ci^jl^l .iV- j,l >l _ ^tJ>i^^
.XYY tiU ^ <_^UJ( •^*' 'i«s^'
.An .(ju. j^s^ .wr .^'^\ *Jp d\^
.\\r *:^-Ji -^"^ '^^ '^"^ '^^ '»>^'
(J? — ^) •'''^^ "^-H '^^ *>< *^
.MY cci'UaJl -^^^ ^Y.V^^'\i (^AA c\AX
.^Yr <ni ^^^ t.*^ — oUisJi (tr)
tYl nV c^^UJt j-A»Jl — ttsr-'^l .^^^ i-U-» j< J«*"yi
i\nr t\oo lUY iM i^' AW i\o\ ii^jj^\ ^^i\ >^\^
tNH- t>Ai 4^YA ^^Yn c>Yr ;\AA ^^Yn i\oo '^aV t3*yiJl
.YYi c^'\r .^'\r
«Yr\ U^ 4io ^\^ i^\e^^\ (►U .nA tdJlill j^^l O-P
.YoY tYil . \ oA t,.i^l j>i J>jJl '^
.a lii^l ^brVl ^ .UY t(^Al^' Ji^l •*<*
.Tf. (OY (iUdVI ,»i* ■ .YA t^j-* jj 4>< ^1-^*
t\r<\ 4*1'^ cr^ (YA tn ^i^jUi ,»JU. .u« tOliU- jj 4Siiajt
(Y^ • tUA cUo c\Ai cUo .^«>r (jirfjJl Cfi *"'*^
.Yio cYYt .n^ t^U j< ill-^*-
.YAo cni tun (d^oJ-i ^ .n cAj*-^ j< iii^t*
.uv tY'\ tJW-jJ' (4* .^Y<\ 4^U jj dUli xp
,YoA tg^l (^ .Yin 44_^t i^UfljJl liUli JL*
.00 4^1 (^ .nY 1^1 Sj^ J< -^l J^:-*
.4\ cfo «rr tTY cS-plfsr'ilt fjWI _^oY if^\
.rn «i--W fjWi (U. (W'\ t'\r c'\y ^Ar tji^i
.^ri tiiUI tUIft _Y.Y' j^j\Y t^i^.
. '-^ cY'\ iVo tVr 'l'\ nY cYA t^yJl
l^or (AA tYo tt-Jifc dii 4:^ J*
cui t^Ar tw\ t\<5o t>oi
.YYe (Y. .'
c\YA oni lYY ci^iJJki j^j>*ij«^ ■ ^ ^ ^ '^^j^' '^*-' j< sr^y^
.YU tY.r tMv iJl^Si iUJi .\n. t^oA cj^^^wdi dUli y-
.^YA cUJj ^>) 5jU* .YYr ci^slji JijP
c^oY tAY tYo ttjJlki-l ^;^ ja* •Oh^'^* J^^ 'J^^*^' _;-<»*)'
cYAi iYY. cY\'\ c^e«\\or . no c\ n Y tj^A^-l ^1
.YAA .Ao ti«j^
i^rY iM\ i\'r i'\i tAY
cur i\y\ ^\'\o tnY t^o^
tYYn an tY^'\ t^'\. t\A"\
.YAr cYAY
.\^A cM'\ '^i'» 'J^ .^n"v u^j»«Ji ^ J! ir^
(b
cA'\ cAo cA\ *YV tVn c^o tOT^l
.n- tw\ c\>'\ (*-^)
.ye <^j
.NOT .^o. .^ji •^^» 'Ve cy^yi
.^'\■^ cji t^i Ij'^ W\ *YY tNX cA- c|fejUt ii-Os
.xrn o>-'S' .xrr tui tn^ tNio l^'X
I
.AY .Ao .^\ ^ dUU -^^ '^^ 'f^"^
.Xeo ,J/-Jt^ .^AV c^Ae tN^'^ '>»^ '<^-^'
.Ao .jcr o< J^^ ''>Y'\ c>W c>n 'Ao .VV cSs/J'
.T.r c^TAc^J*l •>'\- '^-^^ '^^•
-AA c/j i CH -^ -^^ "^->^^ '^-^
.^> cAA iAV .At if^^lcf--^ -^i^ '^i^ '^^ '^^^-J^ "^-*^
.Ao i4>ij<-' 0* '^**
.r<\i .«^ ju* •^•i 'Jj^''->^^
.AY (XM' C3>. t^r
.^00 c^V^I t/^^' t^r
.X0\ Cjily 4^^
.AA i^^
.STT lOjJbU
.YY'\ 4(i^ly Ji j^
.Y • Y t-OjlaiJ
.\ro i,\\t> tJiiJt
.rY\ tj^u tOjU
t\r. t^xi t^YY I'W iXyi^Jl OjjU
■ xtr tj<>»
. t i t J^;-"*
.\'\r 4j^i i-jfcJdi
cX\X cX-l cN-^n ^^'\o c\AV
.XXX
.x.x 4nr <^vi cnY t-iJjSC-v.
.AY i-A?"^ fl*^l »li-^
tXAA ^^Ai tUX tY^ cVv-^V
.X^X
iAA tAo cYY lYo <.^\ til ty<A«
t\Yi c\o'\ t^oA t\ ^ \ t^ .a
t^'\r t^'\. i^AV t^A© 4\a«
.X 'Y tX'O t^'\A
t«\« lYA 4Y0 tOLL* JJ jj SjjU*
,x. . t^nx c^or <.\ \\
.A" t<— 'Ji' 4>i J"**
.\sr t\'\o t^ \r t^^x ^yo i.^ji\
.Mo ciY tjjiil
.^AA tWi t\Yr tYl tXl 44/Jjyil
lxx^ tx\ 4\ix ;«YA tvo Ct^
.xn
.X- . it^jJL;!!
.Xir .-» tOUJLo
ixo 4\Ar c>Yi t\ -n '0»
.XY\ lX^n
.XVo iOjsr '*Jjj^
.x^o tN \r t^. 4Yi tj^jl*
r^A
<^?)
.\>e
t\A'\ t^Ar ti/^i 'i^y'i
.iY .jjsyt
.\nA cj)l>Jl c^l *x c^-
c\U
'^T t^^jJ* ^^s'- 4>i l^^
.^r- c^\r
t\AA
c\rr «t^>Ji ^1"^ cH ^■
.ir.
.\oY lAo tJiji '^
.AA tv-^ »i' cH '*ii!
.^T1 tjijjJ* 5j*i^ ^J^-
tvr
tv (w^>y o< "^^ 4j^'
.rx^
tf.n t\AA tVYY t\nr
tWi
<nr t\"\T i'\^'\ *^^^ 'Ur^'
.T.6 ^^^x
t^nr
t\.\ cYN cij^* - ^^Jft^'
.>^\ l^'t <VX 4\"^t
.Vi tjl^l
."rni nAo c^Ai 'i^'ji*
«Y\'\ t\ -Y clY tie 'Xr ij*5»
.Y.I i^\ j-jJ^
O)
.MY cV lH V*J
.Yil t\r'\ tOyT t;^>rA!J
I
r>'\
bd
^yduM'f\ jiill ^jr*^UH J^ju« iM^yjAl^l CxS^aIxaA cJJfrj>^
^ ^ on af-'kJ^ oeno cj.t>a <#'^^V1 cjbSU ^j-lUn JJI i-^Jja*-!* 3Lyj«ll ISLmH
(966) 1-463-3489 :t>Sli (966) 1-46S-081S '■oj^
(962-6) 611420 :o^ (962-6) 639992 :uj»jt
•Cijjiu 135788 -VU- ^»^ ifij^ i-jSlLJl :(:)U#1
C/0 (212) 478-1491 ijySls (961-1) 860-184 :u^ (961-1) 807779 a^
C12-7) 723-216 Cu^ (212-7) 723-276 -a^
s>iiii . .iDLjii 4^jii -.ji.>n £■ jU sj -T-\ yr-A-yi jSiii t^^jun j#-J1 :>*•
QO-2) 340-9520 '.o^ (20-2) 340-9520 'O^
(jpaJI ;^jS;_>Jl <j^ oj") ry cj.^ jj«Jl SpljiJI Ai3S« riJabUI i«j»ll CiljUjrt
(97M) 69WW4 o^ (!Wl-4) 663-901 Joj^yj
SA'DAWIAJNITED ARAB BUREAU iaiJl ^_>JI ^35*11 /(/jb»Jl
P.O. Box 4059. Alexandria, VA 22303 USA. Tel: (703) 329-6333 Fax: (703) 329-8052
ISLAMIC BOOK SERVICE <.f*^y^ "r*^ '^^-^ -
10900 W. Washington St. IndianapoUs, IN 43231 USA
Tel: (317) 839-9248 Fax: (317) 839-251 1
THE ISLAMIC FOUNDATION ii-5L.;rfl **— >ll :tjjU^j;
Marlcfield Da'wha Center, Ruby Lane Markfield, Leicester LE6 CRN, U.K.
Tel: (44-71) 272-5170 Fax: (44-71) 272-3214
MUSLIM INFORMATION SERVICES (.^-^J/l f^X' '^^'^ -
233 Seven Sistm Rd. London N4 2DA. U.K.
Tel: (44-71) 272- 5170 Fax: (44-530) 244-946
LIBRAIRB ESSALAM f^:^^ ^^ -^^^
135 Bd. de Menilmontant. 75011 Paris Tel: (33-1) 43 38 19 56 Fax: (33-1) 43 57 44 31
SECOMPEX. Bd. Mourice Lemonnier; 152 t^-Si.jSj« :l%ajj
1000 Bruxelles Tel (32-2) 512-4473 Fax (32-2) 512-8710
RACHAD EXPORT, Le Van Swinden Str. 108 11 J D^ ' "'''' -^^J '•'J^J*
1093 Clc Amsterdam Tel: (31-20) 693-3735 Fax (31-20) 693-8827
GENUINE PUBLICATIONS A MEDIA (Pvt.) Ltd. :Ji^
P.O Box 9725 Jamia Nager New Delhi 100025 India
Tel: (91-11) 630-989 Fax: (91-11) 684-1104
Jute.
CiLUilj JkiuallMllj CjL)I£]|j g^ jjillj CjLujaJI lujj tl^-fcj.^jJj
:lfl« dJu^c JjLi^ Ai\Mk\ (jjiaul .a4««ll (JjAo l u^j
j^aUII ilia-ill jSij*j CjImLJI Ji uA^Ullj *l*l»ll Jj4* ^-5
. jjilJI ,^-»l«JI j;^)'^ y^J
•iijuJIj jSill LL-S i*laJ ;^-jjlSVIj aIJJI iIjUj^I Aja.j4
i^A^U]^! <u_>iJl CiImUII i> Ait ^ (^jiiull ,^*1ji1I OjI»j11 CjUUjI
.jJUl *Uji alii* j^ lAjjfcj ^jilb
The International Institute of Islamic Thought
555 Grove Street (P.O. Box 669)
Herndon. VA 22070-4705 U.S.A
Tel: (703) 471-1133
Fax: (703) 471-3922
Telex: 901153 HIT WASH
I
1
r
> »
"-
if,
1
i
/
1 '
p.
i JA J.iS.1 el .ISklj , jJ iA aljlJ 1 aJJu , gSl j^^yliakLul «„3>jijj (fAjjljJl <iLl
s.)lc. )( ,,„jsjLj4j pt.|»L» aJu!-<» 4.jLgJui ,,.J {ft-^j ■•Lf^^J.J'^^' '--isiiali (jbw<»
/j,A jiSI XUi , .JiJ,iJ,ljl jSilll ,,,wiul*Jl J1,^,aa]I ''■■ ■ ■ '■■■ ■ •
'*-^' jk^ "■'' W '•*^^\;y4^■■■^'■^ iaMir'-*!'^ >t'.-*-^ i*%"-*-^' -iHi:- •" "
m
•'■Ah
■ -V J
Live Music Archive
Librivox Free Audio
Metropolitan Museum
Cleveland Museum of Art
Internet Arcade
Console Living Room
Books to Borrow
Open Library
TV News
Understanding 9/11